AMERICAN

Veterinary Review

EDITED BY

PROF. A. L1AUTARD, M.D., V.M.

**, *Ji *-* * 5-3 *£Z!ZZJZZi

Veterinary Surgeons (England), ror j
Bruxelles (Belgiqve). AND

Prof. ROBERT W. ELLIS. D.V.S.
WM. HERBERT LOWE. D.V.S.. A—*U Editor.

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF

Pr0f W. J. Coaths, M:D., D.VS New | D. U^g/^ngl^ASh
Pr° York-American Veterinary College. dhicago, 111. Vet Dept.,

Pr°fsSe V^^^S*&i L APMHRILLAT, V.S. Chicago Veterinary
Prof: S Stewart, Kansas 6ty Veterinary L" College, Chicago^ll. f Mon.

ProfYMkHCi^vNOLOS,Universityof Minne- Richard *££&?tfl ter>inary College,
inarian Louisiana Ag. Exp. Sta., Baton j ^ J Philadelphia, Pa.

r*::p. O.UB..V, v.m.d., *— a— — ** «?•■ n- v/

And several others.

VOLUME XXXIV.

^CaHeTER.NARY REV.EW.

7 . / 2, 54

cop*

f . hs

C 7 2 > - • ■ - -;

f> r U 7 /

OLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXIV.

tUtt

mctm with Peri

jnal Wall. PfotruMon of
lnteatinr* Throng*. 51

Hrtna . u6

Dental J43

of Gemini Organ*

•44

>t l pper 1ixim\

•*«

7*»
4V

*mn»l
>(>*««K. »i» » Horn

1 Kavhange* 49,

*.U HU. U7- '»** 744
of laboraiv»ry \V>»rl
Ifctrymnn

Papillary, an (he
tact nf h*r»

Sp4e< n in Trvpat

>f Healthy
I 'pi hi Virua of (jlat»-

Go

1 Cax- of Fnmagn Body

'••»« N fCanmanm
a of the

t Skin h»r,iw in |>ng

4*>f
1;

tf

rnal of the 1 ape

Tuiw»r
#n>m Nature

ihc I'm
he Preae?

i Hog

the S.»b Mimllsrv
tiring tm Attack of

4JJ

tfto
fit

I*

41;

Alpha I'm Fraternity . .agj, ;fi;:
Alveolar Sarcoma of the >

attinunt in a BuHo*
A alalforinotton 4*4

American Vt4crnmry Madarai

Association \aa, ago, 410

" A Morning tan May
Amputation of a Bollock 1 Lav

and Snceeaafui Application

a Wooden I <g . 310s

Amputation nf the lev1.

Xmpmainju erf the Carrn* .

Co*
Arutathetia, General. CMoral

■Irate in . jffk>

Anatomy and ifc»aemom of tha

•a, Manual of "v

A Neoraaka Wcddmg 1JI5

Wmaa. Infection

iherapentK Agent fag
the Treatment of Bono
•wth% and GaJ,
't» Worm in Oatrtckc^
Amn; -i»#a, lot"

*l Management. New li
intereat to Army V«

inartana
Animal Paraaitea and Animal

I haeaaca
\nnoala. JHaheae, S4;

Animal a. Don

Diag
AnamaU, Doajti <-.»i

Pathnlogi of the Mood
Anamala. Tfemaatar. m I
>{ Tohercuftma ti
AmmaK. Example* <>t Malignant

Ihaeaae an
Anmtala in A
Animal fkargatey
Ammal T*Wrcwlo.M. Cauaaonn

and Chamrtar of
Animal Tnawrcntoaia m Dan- '

mark, Mcawire* Agar
\mmal*. The Pathology text

Differential Dwgnoaia of

fee « iom Diirnwi of
Anamala, TraiMplomattni)

gana in . .^jf-,

An Interesting Batltngtapti

ml Managi reat»d

MrftnariAii :*nt1 ' Hh<

Ut.it.

1 \*.

Iklg. 11

Snfeh

* .>3* .*i

;'■•:■;■■'.■? i .-

fjHpaa>r ^

□BNpaj*. vlaaar;-
CoBaae. V*wr****n- Dag?

n& Am*m+\t d A&- M. M»i ?ft*
■In. Votennar

Colon *j*<? Cwrom in t US05
• •Mjenatw* ana Prnflaami* of
JKuat ared. aaa (>W-S:

VMJ t^naxarnBB) ■ -s*^ ,

Cnawadn. Vmriiif)
Aaricnaoral Cowaajr. *«*

jaa, J*U J*a
CoaaanMMd Frartor? oi th;
Cni *S3

•'^aaj aaaaajanajaj^ PwiaanNji
ki A. !

ajt !
CowJanaMr of VcfcivMariM* at

^■bwan. TllfcliiBMlll Mt

CManwanJ MaMii—li 644 :

la CW

■* ;

In-

I Daraaaaaaaaa, Tm

of Emm h ^7

Coataat as* POiiliun «rf ft> >
«a* Taav>Mlaa» w laamdwai

Hnrda

at «f Bonaa* Tanaaiali ihu

ww
Control of Hor Ckcsavr* try

Control of TaWrralott,

Ta. Vmm of TnnanaHii . wt
Guard of TaavfoaAaaai ia Ow-
MaMk Afnaaaia at IVnaoyt-

»M*a ^ • 7M

• *d. Tar rVaatani <»f fc>vnw/
Tnagrcnlom 449 f

CorraawandMnr oi.Au

Carnoil I'atvnrawv iff

Jo* H jra* rtront < tod in

i: Dattaion, Vanmnarton

• **ttM

I *n two's fVawric*
>*am«d Ky the Staatrarr . £g| {

Oriajsi i

Flaqreilaw wtta. I
•jam infect**) at i

ia i

Cow P»f« he Son- Set

najw Narw u
Cow- Pox. £e Wat

Co*.'* wad F»rm Jrwrtdii
Cowa, Too Kongo, for il
Caw. smmoih Earthe!

aW Pcrajaaja in a
Caar. Ttnaanro Mixriw

aaya»M Atttwitn io •
Caw. To a Jemry ( Po*-
Cow. Traajaattc KtArm
Caw. t'tcriar Tortton, Wi

ftajftwa «f tk« ftignt Ho

an a
Corioa* Caot of fHifh~ajrai

r. Homy Growth **< Ew<
Canon* Piilaaunary Ejabolaaa
Cwlaarriat Qatft^.
wrth Sonar* mo;
r*«ern Fottowini,

i (JtaVaW

•CtlOO •

Arvtai, in a &

EJairv Inspect*.*
Dpjtl
tar Poaatrtor Voaa Cav* .

l>OWf

Bowof I.

ilaotMrar
la*
Oaai

Dvnnvartt, "^. -.

mai Tal
DrailatMw^

AJmvuc'

■

Diabetes Mctttf

t£»2 Ovf***

Dog

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49

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Dog*. hks»* Fanfcf

Veterinary

UttJ ,«**>!*«< to*

MsmjL huMittmikw

Day*. M«mkIu> S»Wr* atf

■art. mi Hora«
mImmmmk, Example

«a*u. Inientaos,
♦kn«v and Dafcrawteai

Parata;
Carrie. Oawcat M«tet

mm) tWir
Acc«aMMM«f to Qm-

^owd Impart awr* to titor
j^St«4« SaM*ar>

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Ormmw, BaHftni

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Dag. SflijMJmMi Fotanaim
Eecoeery ay Prritoearal
ttoat o J CMoaaJ

Dap. T*iy*i)rni CeMMI
Guiw**>r WcmmmI m . . .

Doc. Tlar Exv

ivwfitv \a*m

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tcayeaU laawainii .'••

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■lawjaajial Ljf aaatic < U*mi* joj
TllllipiMfci it, fae l's« •( librr-

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Tubercul Gj*****!

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Tumor, A Large.
Taaaor, FiWo«**, Growth ©a «a*

U« <>f a Male
Tumor of the S

Herat
Totiw, Vagpaa!
Taoated Sutarc*, Treataarttf

Toa Oocka t . $42

Tto-HttM Calf. A
Typhoid Fever. Ftft> e*jht

Laws of
Tyaaaad Fever fr<*» y»&
J>-npapjt.<. Omni*, Ranteiac*-

eaay

UAeer. Carcinoaw of ni Dairy

Co*
lhravi«Wc Viru»< 431

Darted Scatra, Vaaae oi Horara

UiHvrriii.v, Conarl V*

l'iv«r lairtMrr* ra a Horv Av-
ar arc

l> u>i>*tr Meet laaprilf
aeniai

L r<thral Stricture m Dag. Uptr
zt*m Ui P?cv<

I'rrthra, Taherrakm* ■■(
m a 1>>«
Art toe of Lpoe aVr Vims
of Glaadrri

Uae of Bone Acid for Prcaerva
Hon of AlnacnUry Product

I'ar <»f Tebefcalin •
lulrn uluti* a H< . aaa

Uae of Oxygee Gat an ftacr

-iee lieaeation. Fxtra ... 634
tTrerm< Hernia in a Mare
lllarme Torairm in Cow wkfc
Rearuee of Riejht Horn. Dtsr

Uteru* in Cow. Anati:.

1 wa mi Sow. Took: rait

UahyajWau bt<>o%tt»c .00

Va<-aar*e« m the Army Veter-

mar* t'tlww

Vaca

> nation of Soviet** Agaetat

TAHJC or toVrfr.vrs VOL.I M E XXXIV.

Agricultural

rti«p\ Kptlcptif irm, V; i

an and Id-- Patiein

■* -*44

loft 5.16. 690. 7jh
atuip i' f 1 uo^rcv

important Relation
iiMk Ileal »*>

inap Make Rrjy.rt of

'»i« C<m§re%» to Medi-

.

an. Not a jpa

»n Philrppme Ser-.

service Fxam 61, 6jo

The Arm jyj

TV- KHd of the . . 11

an. The Vatic Mecum

&*•
iruns. \rmy Proviaian
[aiaMtaV

' at*. 654

nam.

J"?
Appoint Jth

4J

rmary Rilla, Army.. jgo. 534
lleajc Indiana . 7H4

rinary CoDeae. Kanaat City j,y
etermary Coiraje.
Special Report oi 70a

136, #«y

iJepartment. Army.
44. aja. J** S.U. 637 74J

\ 1 tf rotary Field Ifotpit

24B.

7«.V 7«4

f.xamanation 55a

Vetr rmary Interest. Kur «oe*rt

Iteuv
Veterinary Medn al W'vution,
American ':>*. a?, i'-'

■givUt.n:. Army

Ja*. SM
'inary Medical AaaooatMm
Meetinfa 14V a*? 4a* JB? .<*i.7*7

«arv Materia MeaWa and
Therapeutic*. Window. 5th
Edition JDO

Vet r rmary Nntrv Army 4?

Veterinary Note* 10, 147

Veterinary Ohatetrici. hook

Prof W L William* aao

Veterinary Pathology. Fried

berger and Frontiers Work
Veterinary Practice. Some New

Compound* Indicated m an*

Vetermafy Practitioner'^ Oak of
Hndaon Con; Baaaact

At
Veteranary Service. Vacanrtea in

tne Army Filled 637

Veterinary Surgery. Depilation

m «*

Vim itravtaimV 431

Vocal Organ 1 «f the Par 4*6

Voamtmg m Horae. A Ca»e of 49

Wanted the Other One

War Horae*, l.vxm Monument to .aSt

Watkina. Senator 447

Weatern Canadian Notm

What Bemmt Can We litmr
from the General Staff Bill

Where Tt Wouldn't Work 44*

Without Horn*

•rn Leg. Application oi
a Bulloch r, ■

WrmhtltouflaM Vaccine Meth-
od for Treatment of Suppura-
tive Conditatma

Yellow F< >le V

Z«>lof>*l Park. New York

*2fc ^MK?

American Veterinary Review.

OCTOBER, 1908.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, August 15, 1908.

Prolapsus of the Rectum. — Prolapsus of the Rectum is
a frequent accident met with in all species ; but horses, swine and
• legs are probably the animals for which the care of the surgeon
is most required. In the pages of our Review I have had op-
portunity to relate cases among the items of our foreign Re-
views. A general resume of the various treatments which have
been recommended is presented in the Journal de Zootechnie, by
Mr. L. Auger, which considers the subject up-to-date. Let us
look into it.

There are two forms of prolapsus; one partial or mucous,
in which there is only protrusion of the mucous membrane,
which, after gliding over the muscular coat, has appeared out-
side, and another, total, where the rectum is turned inside out,
finger-glove fashion. The former is a mild accident, demanding
generally a treatment of no difficulty; while, on the contrary,
the latter, much more severe, is, in some instances, difficult to
reduce, and principally to keep reduced afterward. To the
point of view of treatment, it is proper to observe the distinction
thus established between the two forms of the disease.

* *

The treatment of the mucous prolapsus is simple: reduction,
and if this is impossible, resection.

In some cases no interference is necessary. Cases of re-
covery are recorded where free and repeated washings of the

1

EDITORIAL.

protruding organ, carefully avoiding all traumatism and allow-
ing a light diet, were only necessary. Yet in small species, dogs
especially, it is necessary to interfere as it is impossible to pre-
vent traumatism of the mucous, which will promote violent ex-
pulsive efforts and give rise to a total or complete prolapsus.

Reduction, then, shall be tried as early as possible in small
species. In large animals one can wait two or three days. Pre-
liminary care is essential. The mucous must be well washed ; all
foreign bodies or false membranes must be removed; vaseline
is then spread over and by careful pressure, reduction can be
attempted. Should the protruding mass be tumefied and big,
astringent applications or scarifications can be resorted to. If
the reduction is impossible, or if the mucous is torn or gan-
grenous, it must be resected.

In large animals, the operation is done in the standing posi-
tion, and consists in cutting off with the bistouri or the scissors
the mucous membrane all around the anus. A haemorrhage,
quite abundant, takes place, but soon stops. A suture is made
of mucous to mucous, although it is not essentially necessary.
It, however, hastens recovery. In small animals the operation
is the same, but the suture is too difficult to apply. To avoid
the haemorrhage, one can use the thermo-cautery to cut off the
mucous, or, again, use ligatures. Then the mass is divided into
two or four parts with waxed thread or an elastic cord, which
is passed around the base of each part.

*
* *

The treatment of the total prolapsus is often difficult. It
consists in reduction and contention of the reduced organ. These
can be attempted only if the accident is not of too long standing
and if the mucous is perfectly free from lesions, as in both con-
ditions it would be better to resort to amputation.

To proceed to the reduction, large animals are placed in their
stall, standing with their hindquarters elevated and higher than
the fore. Casting is to be avoided if possible. Small animals,
of course, shall be laid on a table and their hindquarters kept

EDITORIAL.

raised. The same care shall be applied upon the protruding part,
and the attempt to reduction will be carried out as in the case
of a mucous prolapsus. Sometimes they will be followed with
good results, and, again, , quite often with failures. These are
due generally to two causes : ( i ) Violent expulsive efforts, or,
(2) the size of the mass protruding.

Against the first, chloral in intraperitoneal or intracsecal in-
jections are indicated. Chloroform and ether are also good.
Drench of diluted alcohol has been recommended for cattle and
pigs. Against the second, astringent applications or compresses
with moist cloth or the elastic band. If all these fail, scarifica-
tions of the mucous, stimulating the haemorrhage by tepid
lotions, will do good. After the use of these various applica-
tions, the mass is reduced in size, and returning it to its position
may be easily made by slow and regular pressure. One must not
be satisfied in merely pressing the rectum back into the pelvis.
This must be stretched with the arm or hand or the finger,
whether working in large or in small animals. If these fail,
repoussoirs must be used, although perforation of the rectum
lav result in their careless application. Sometimes tepid irriga-
tion will answer the purpose better. Laxative and careful diet
complete the treatment.

*
* *

But it is rare if expulsive efforts do not reproduce the acci-
dent again, and on that account "contention" of the organ is
necessary. Numerous are the means recommended, but they are
not all efficacious. Pessaries are contra-indicated, as acting as
foreign bodies and promoting the expulsive efforts. Com-
pression has given good results, whether made with pads or a
copper ring held against the anus and secured in place by bands,
etc. These apparatuses must be left in three or four days. They
interfere with defecation and can be easily displaced. Sutures
are much better. The X suture or again quill four sutures are
recommended. The objection to their use is that they must be
let loose at least one hour a day to allow the dropping of the

EDITORIAL.

faeces. Closing the rectum, and anus with wire or needles has
also been recommended. The suture of Walravens Andre, or
the purse or tobacco-pouch string- suture, are left in place four
or five days and is one of the easiest modes to insure contention,
even in larger animals. Finally, colopexia, or the contention by
peritoneal sutures of the organ is an excellent method of treat-
ment for dogs when the other preceding methods have failed.
This colopexia is a simple operation. The abdomen is opened
on the left flank after antiseptic precautions have been taken;
the peritoneum is open, perforated, and, by pulling gently upon
the colon, the reduction is obtained and with sutures is fixed on
the abdominal walls. This operation has been performed by
many surgeons, and the number of successful cases on record
proves its superiority.

But if reduction has not been obtained, contention is impos-
sible, and the organ is more or less injured, ablation or cauteri-
zation remain for the surgeon to resort to.

Ablation is performed in several manners. For large animals
the classical method seems the choice operation, but it is rather
complicated and on that account the simple method of Viborg
and Stockfleth has some advantages. " After division of the
protruding mass, made from backwards forwards, a hollow,
smooth, wood cylinder is introduced in the rectum and an elastic
ligature is applied near the anus; the rectum is slowly cut
through, the fceces dropping through the hollow cylinder. When
the section is complete the apparatus drops of itself."

Another method, also well recommended, as allowing to
make an immediate ablation, almost without any hemorrhage
and without stricture, and perfectly secured as far as sequelae of
the operation : " One takes a very long thread of catgut, each end
of which is passed through the eye of a curve needle, and after
drawing the displaced organ sufficiently to permit operation on
healthy tissue, one needle is introduced from inwards outwards
in the superior portion of the protruding mass and is drawn sufn-

.

EDITORIAL.

ciently to leave on each side an equal length of the thread. About
one centimeter from this first opening of the suture, the needle
that is outward is introduced from inwards outwards and
through the same opening from inwards outwards the one which
is on the inside, thus making a furrier suture which is continued
all around the organ and secured."

Finally a Russian veterinarian recommended cauterization
with nitric acid. The protruding part is coated over with it;
three or four days after the mortified tissues are removed and
another cauterization renewed, and so on. The application of
the acid has to be done three or four times. The author claims
for this mode of treatment one hundred successes out of one
hundred cases where he has applied it. For small animals,
sutures are difficult to apply. Ablation by ligature is the best
treatment. The mass is divided in two halves by a vertical in-
cision and each is tied up at its base as near as possible to the
anus. Strong, fine cord or an elastic ligature will answer the
purpose.

*

Glanders of Bones. — Glanders assumes in horses most
varied forms; and, if some cases are so manifest that an imme-
diate diagnosis is imposed, there are others which remain unsus-
pected; and are detected only at post-mortem by true surprising
discoveries.

Among these must be placed the case published in the Revue
Gencrde by Mr. A. Conte, sanitary veterinarian. It comes as
one more addition to be made to the rare cases of glanders of
bones which are already on record.

A gelding has been worked, and stabled, with one belonging
to a different owner. He has drunk from the same pail and has
eaten from the same manger. Three weeks later the other horse
is killed for glanders. The gelding has become a suspected
animal and is malleined, with the result of slight organic re-
action, local reaction of an average severity and a strong thermic
reaction; the temperature running up to 41 ° — after the eigh-

EDITORIAL.

teenth hour. The general condition is perfect. No symptom of
nasal, tracheal, or pulmonary glanders. No pimples on the skin,
chancres, cords or swellings. On the right side, above the spur
vein, there is a painless tumor, as big as two fists, situated deeply
and rather fluctuating. This is opened and gives escape to thick
whitish grumulous pus. It appears that the horse has had two
other similar abscesses some time before. Those were not con-
sidered as farcinous. At any rate, a donkey that had lived for
some time with the horse, has been malleined twice without re-
sult. However, with the pus of this third abscess, a dog is in-
noculated and the result is negative. A second malleination of
the horse is made, but gives unsatisfactory results. But at a
third test the thermic reaction is again present, the organic re-
action is wanting and the local is positive. Still no symptoms of
glanders on the skin or in the respiratory apparatus. Another
abscess has formed on the left side. The pus is innoculated to
a dog and to two male Guinea pigs. On the former it is nega-
tive. The Guinea pigs died after having shown the character-
istic symptom of orchitis. Glanders is positively demonstrated
and the animal is at last destroyed.

The autopsy is very interesting. Skin, subcutaneous con-
nective tissue and superficial lymphatic glands are normal. Piti-
tuary, mucous membrane of turbinated bones, larynx, trachea
and large bronchia are normal. The liver, spleen and kidneys
are also normal. The pleura shows the ordinary lesions of dry
pleuresy with adherence of both layers. It is covered with long
reddish pedunculated growths constituted by slightly indurated
tissue, fibrous in appearance and containing no pus or tubercles.
The lungs are not congested and present no special lesions. Only
three tubercles, deeply situated, are detected. Bronchial lym-
phatic glands are larger than normal, but free from tubercles.

The. lesions that are most interesting and the most important
are on the ribs, involving on the left side, the seventh and twelfth,
and on the right the ninth and the fifteenth. The left seventh is
the most altered. Widened in its antero-posterior diameter, but

EDITORIAL.

not changed in its coloration, it shows on the internal surface a
swelling, hard, smooth to the touch, bosselated on its surface and
about as big as a man's fist. The borders are thickened and
rounded. The twelfth left rib has similar lesions, but less de-
veloped. On the right side these are still less accused. On the ninth
rib there is a projecting mass about the size of a pigeon's egg.
On the fifteenth only the internal face is more convex and
widened for about four or five centimeters. All these neoplasms
are closed and have no adherences with the other ribs or the sur-
rounding tissues. On their surface the pleura is inflamed, red-
dish and covered with the vegetations already spoken of. Cut
through, the ribs are found hollowed by an anfractuous cavity
containing an oily liquid,. yellowish and rather rich in bacilli of
glanders.

This case which I have resumed here in a concise manner,
besides the fact of being a valuable addition to the pathogeny of
glanders, proves also, as the author remarks, that closed lesions
of glanders, like those of tuberculosis, are not dangerous as far
as contagion is concerned, even towards animals which are very
susceptible to it, such as donkeys. And again, it confirms once
more the already known fact that a negative innoculation to dog
is not sufficient for the conclusion that the disease does not exist
and that the formation of abscesses in the lympathic glands in
the neighborhood of a point of innoculation, is not always present
in the Guinea pigs experimentally injected by subcutaneous in-
jection. But above all, it shows that mallein, notwithstanding
its failings, is yet at the present time the choice reactive in the
practical diagnosis of glanders.

Bibliography. — A copy of the translation of the latest re-
vision of the excellent little work of Prof. Dr. Bernard Malkmus,
by the Dean of the College of Veterinary Medicine of Ohio
State University, Dr. D. S. White, and Dr. Paul Fisher, State
Veterinarian of Ohio, and published by Alex. Eger, of Chicago,
has just come to me.

EDITORIAL.

" Outlines of Clinical Diagnosis of the Domestic Animals " is
an ouvrage well known on the continent of Europe, having been
published in French as well as in German, and having received
at the hands of the profession all the welcome and credit it de-
serves.

The American translators have made a good selection in
choosing it for their work. They have no doubt, by a valuable
contribution, added to our American literature, and while they
seem to have tried to fill up a need for the students under their
charge, it is certain that students of other colleges as well as
veterinary practitioners, will learn much by reading the work.

In the last original third edition recent clinical observations
and new methods of examination have been introduced, the num-
ber of illustrations has been increased, and if these are repro-
duced in the American publication, Doctors White and Fisher
have added besides here and there, short notes of their own.
Covering nearly 250 pages, illustrated by 57 plates, some of
which are colored, and by a color scale for the quantitative de-
termination of Indican, and with contents of great value. " Out-
lines of Clinical Diagnosis " will certainly prove a valuable ac-
quisition for any one who will realize that, as Prof. Malkmus
says, " the only safe foundation for the treatment of animal
diseases is a correct diagnosis of the malady."

This book is the one to help to get at it.

*
* *

With an affectionate dedicacy to his old teacher, if I am not
mistaken, Dr. Samuel Howard Burnett, M. S., D. V. M., of the
New York State Veterinary College, has written a book, which
is published by the house of Taylor & Carpenter, of Ithaca, and
has for its title " The Clinical Pathology of the Blood of the
Domesticated Animals."

After having examined the work of Doctors White and
Fisher, it had seemed to me that there remained something
which, so to speak, left the book incomplete; and as I open the
work of Dr. Burnett, it becomes evident to my mind that it
came just in time to complete the first.

EDITORTAL.

The examination of the blood as a means of diagnosis is
certainly one which has imposed itself since the discoveries that
have been made in late years in its composition and condition
during some specific diseases. As says Dr. Burnett, " Among
the recent methods of examination, that of the blood has taken
a prominent place. * * * It should be more generally used
by veterinarians." But to realize this, veterinarians had to be
educated, and as there has been a lack of accessible data concern-
ning the blood of animals, there was a real need for a text book
which would give the practitioners and the students the means
to obtain the knowledge necessary to proceed with this new
method of examination.

" Clinical Pathology of the Blood of Domestic Animals " is
written to that effect and fills the need.

The subject is divided into eleven chapters. The enumer-
ation of their contents will give an idea of the field the book
covers. Chapter one treats of the methods of examinations;
the second, of the morphology of the formed elements ; the third,
of the normal blood of the several domestic animals ; the fourth,
of the variations in red corpuscles and haemoglobin; the fifth,
of the influences affecting the leucocytes ; the sixth, of the special
diseases of the blood; the seventh, of general and infectious
diseases; the eighth, of the specific infectious diseases due to
bacteria and fungi ; the ninth, of the infectious diseases due to
protozoa; the tenth, of the diseases whose cause has not been
definitely determined ; the eleventh, of the diseases due to animal
parasites.

As one can judge by this concise enumeration, the field cov-
ered by the author is a wide one. Written in an easy reading
manner, concise and yet complete, the text is illustrated by four
colored plates and twenty-four figures, and each chapter is pro-
vided with a list of references which the reader can benefit by.

Dr. Burnett's work is, if I am right, the first original work
on this subject in America. There cannot be the slightest doubt
that the first edition will be rapidly exhausted and that it will

10 EDITORIAL.

become not only the text book of all English reading- students,
but also of all the scientific practitioners who are always ready
to learn of the means by which the diagnosis of a disease can be
made in a positive manner.

*

* *

I have received the three first numbers of " Veterinary Notes,"
published by Parke, Davis & Co., and they were welcome. There
is a similar publication here issued by a large firm in pharma-
ceutical and chemical products, but the American edition is more
to the point. It is, as claimed by the editor, " A Journal of
Practical Therapeutics," which every one will read and benefit
thereby.

In the twelfth semi-annual report of the Chief of the Cattle
Bureau of Massachusetts for the year ending November, 1907,
which I have received lately, Dr. Austin Peters calls especial
attention to the prevalence, at that time, of Rabies and Gland-
ers, and to the condition of Tuberculosis amongst the cattle in
the State.

Dr. Pierre A. Fish, of Cornell University, has also favored
me with a little pamphlet entitled " Abstracts of the Work,"
done in his laboratory, where I read the reviews of the services
rendered to the veterinary profession by Professors Law and
Gage, and also a short introduction of Director V. A. Moore.
Good likenesses illustrate these three articles. The pamphlet
then contains the " Observations on the Schools of Europe," by
Prof. P. A. Fish ; an article on " Tetanus," by D. K. Eastman
and G. R. Chase; one on " Experiments with Barium Chloride,"
by W. E. Frinck and H. B. Tillou, and one on " Rhus Toxi-
codendron," by J. H. Frost.

* *

European Items of Veterinary Interest. — Perhaps the
following European sundry information may interest some of
our readers :

An association has been formed here of scientific investi-
gators for the study of Cancer. Among the members of the

EDITORIAL. 11

rians, Director G. Barrier, of Alfort, and Prof. G. Petit, the
learned teacher on pathological anatomy in the same school.

In the Reviezv of July there appeared from one of our col-
leagues and collaborators, Dr. E. Van Es, a call in relation to a
subscription which is started in Holland to erect a monument
to the memory of Prof. Thomassen. Many of our friends will,
no doubt, be willing to contribute. The inauguration is said
to take place when the Ninth International Veterinary Congress
will be held.

Director Degive, who resigned some time ago his position
at the head of the Belgian Veterinary School at Cureghem, has
been elected Emeritus. His successor to the directorship is Dr.
Dupuis, already well known for his numerous publications.

In the Italian schools, the appointment of directors or pro-
fessors in Veterinary Schools is made by election. The appoint-
ment is for a number of years, which varies, and a second or a
third term is admitted. Prof. Negrini has just been re-elected
director for three years in the School of Parma, and Prof. Brus-
asco to the School of Turino.

Some while ago Prof. G. B. Dessart, of the School of Cure-
ghem, died at the age of j6. For many years he had the pro-
fessorship of surgical pathology, obstetrics and veterinary juris-
prudence. He wrote considerably and many are the articles
that were published in veterinary journals. He also wrote a
very good work on jurisprudence and one on deontology.

In closing, I must make a correction. In my article on
" Tallianine," in the July issue, I stated that this preparation
was " almost entirely ignored on the Continent, at least in
France." This is a mistake, as I have since learned that last
year over 25,000 ampoules have been sold to French practition-
ers. A. L.

THE FIELD OF THE VETERINARIAN.
Subjoined is an editorial which appeared in the Philadelphia
Ledger during the recent meeting of the American Veterinary

12 EDITORIAL.

Medical Association. Such articles in the public press do much
to broaden the lay mind as to the character and scope of the work
of the veterinarian and his relation to the public welfare.

The science, as a science, may advance without the concern
of the general public, but without an appreciation and support
on the part of the general public it is impossible for the profes-
sion to accomplish its mission. It is, therefore, pleasing to read
this liberal recognition of veterinary progress.

" The members of the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, meeting in this city in their forty-fifth annual convention,
are bringing a wealth of technical knowledge and experience
to bear upon questions that even a decade ago would have been
considered altogether foreign to the field of the veterinarian. Of
foremost importance among these questions, especially in view of
the approaching Tuberculosis Convention at Washington, is the
problem of the relation of tuberculosis among cattle to the same
disease in human beings.

" It is evident that legislative parsimony has hitherto stood in
the way of adequate precautionary measures to prevent the trans-
mission of the disease through bacilli contained in impure dairy
products. The eloquent plea of Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Vet-
erinarian and dean of the Veterinary School of the University
of Pennsylvania, should be heard and heeded in this connection.
He urges upon our legislatures the need of appropriations for
the establishment of state veterinary schools for the training of
specialists in the inspection of food products and the prevention
of communicable diseases among animals. The work of the
Department of Agriculture under Secretary Wilson is receiving
high praise from the veterinarians, and President Dalrymple's
address fitly recognized the debt of the meat consumers of the
country to the meat inspection service of the Bureau of Animal
Industry.

" The general diffusion of scientific knowledge regarding the
diseases of cattle and their connection with the ills that human
flesh is heir to is the most valuable result of such a convention.
The progress of the science of veterinary medicine has in a

EDITORIAL. 13

few years relegated to the backwoods the old-time horse doctor,
mingling a little ' horse-sense ' with a vast deal of quackery.
Nowadays breeders of blooded stock and lovers of horses will
intrust their splendid animals only to the care of those who know
just what to do.

' The empirical methods of the ' pow-wow ' doctors, some of
whom still survive in some counties of the state, cannot compete
with the rational and scientific procedure of specialists who
satisfy the exacting standards of the American Veterinary Medi-
cal Association. The work of investigation and enlightenment
that goes on under the beneficent auspices of this association has
the heartiest godspeed of the friends of our domestic animals."

TO A JERSEY COW.

Here's to you, Lady, sleek and fine,
True daughter of a royal line !
From small black feet to dainty head
A lady born, a lady bred.
The quiet, mouse-hued coat you wear,
■ Those faun-like eyes, that timid air
Of fine reserve, plain as your face
Proclaim your ancient, honored race.

Here's to you, Lady ! May you know

Fresh clover field where'er you go.

May daisies nod and cowslips spring

About you like a fairy ring;

May bird songs mingle with your bell,

That tinkles down the shady dell,

And still pools mirror back the sky,

Where you may drink and wade breast high.

Here's to you, Lady ! May you chew
The cud of happy memory, too,
And coming lowing from the field,
To gentle hands full udder yield.
But ere you sink to peaceful rest,
Grant me, I beg, this one request :
That I may drink this health to you
In that pure beverage which you brew.

— May Ellis Nichols.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SERUM
IMMUNIZATION.

By A. D. Melvin, D. V. S., Chief Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. .

Read Before American Veterinary Medical Association, Philadelphia, Pa., September

10, 1908.

It. is probable that most of those present are familiar in a
general way with the experimental work conducted by the
Bureau of Animal Industry during the last three or four years,
concerning the cause and prevention of hog cholera. It will be
remembered that as a result of experiments recorded in Cir-
cular 43 and in Bulletin 72 of this Bureau, the conclusion was
reached that the so-called hog cholera bacillus is not the true
cause of hog cholera, but that this organism plays the part of a
secondary invader, the true cause of the disease being a virus
which is present in the blood of hogs affected with hog cholera
and which, under certain conditions of filtration, is capable of
passing through the finest porcelain filters. Up to the present
time this filterable virus has resisted all attempts at artificial cul-
tivation and we know of its presence only through the effect
upon hogs when fluids from sick animals, free of all known bac-
teria, are injected into susceptible animals.

The methods of immunization described herein have been
arrived at by the Biochemic Division of this Bureau and the
investigations for the past four years have been under the direct
supervision of Dr. M. Dorset, the Chief of that Division, and
through whom the Department has had the process patented in
such manner as to insure to all the people in the United States
the right to its free use.

It is a well known fact that hogs which have recovered from
an attack of hog cholera are completely immune when subse-
quently exposed to the same disease.

14

CONTROL OF HOG CHOLEBA BY SEBUM IMMUNIZATION. 15

These two facts — the presence of the filterable virus in the
blood of hogs sick of hog cholera, and the immunity in hogs
which have recovered from an attack of that disease — form the
basis for the preparation of the serum which we have used suc-
cessfully in immunizing hogs against hog cholera.

Method of Securing Immune Serum.

Without attempting to go into the method of producing this
serum in detail, it will be sufficient to say that the protective
serum is produced by a process of " hyperimmunization," carried
out as follows :

An immune hog is injected with large amounts of blood
from hogs sick of hog cholera. These injections will not pro-
duce more than a transitory effect upon the health of the im-
mune, although they would prove certainly fatal to a susceptible
hog. This treatment of immune hogs with large amounts of
disease-producing blood is known as " hyperimmunization," and
gives to the blood of the immune the power to protect susceptible
hogs from hog cholera. After a week or so, when the immune
has recovered from the effects of this treatment, blood is drawn
from the immune by cutting off the tail. The blood drawing is
repeated three or four times at intervals of a week between the
drawings, after which the immune is usually bled to death from
the • carotid. After each drawing from the immune the blood
obtained is defibrinated and mixed with a suitable antiseptic.
If preserved in sterile bottles this defibrinated blood, or serum,
as it is called, will retain its potency for years.

The protective serum having been obtained from an im-
mune hog in the manner indicated, the potency of this serum is
determined by injecting susceptible pigs with varying amounts
of the serum and at the same time exposing them to hog cholera
along with untreated control animals. In practice it will, of
course, be found best to first collect large quantities of serum
and to mix this before testing. A standard serum will thus be
secured at a minimum cost.

1G A. D. MELVIN.

Method of Protecting Susceptible Pigs.

A standard serum of known potency having been secured,
either of two methods may be used for protecting susceptible
pigs. These are known as (a) the serum-simultaneous method
and (b) the serum-alone method.

The first of these, which is to be recommended for use, es-
pecially in herds which have not been exposed to hog cholera,
consists in injecting subcutaneously on one side of the body of
the pig to be vaccinated a suitable quantity of serum and simul-
taneously on the other side of the body a small quantity of viru-
lent blood taken from a hog sick of hog cholera. Experi-
ments have shown that by this method pigs are given a firm im-
munity lasting at least six months and probably much longer.

The " serum-alone method," which consists simply in the in-
jection of the protective serum without the simultaneous use of
disease-producing blood, appears to confer only a temporary im-
munity upon the treated pigs, unless they be exposed to hog
cholera a short time after receiving the serum, in which case
they also acquire a lasting immunity. For these reasons the
" serum-alone " method is admirably adapted to the treatment
of hogs in a herd where hog cholera has already broken out, but
which have not themselves shown visible symptoms of disease.

The experiments which are being carried out to determine
the curative properties of the serum are not yet complete, but
from the results thus far obtained we know that serum in the
doses used for immunization can not be depended upon to cure
hogs which already show visible symptoms of hog cholera.
Further work along this line is needed. It should be stated that
neither the serum-simultaneous nor the serum-alone method,
when properly applied, appears to injure the hog in any way.

Cost of the Serum.

In order to determine the cost of producing serum for prac-
tical use, every item of cost would, of course, have to be taken
into account and allowance made for all sources of revenue.

CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SERUM IMMUNIZATION. 17

Owing to the conditions under which we have been working,
that is, manufacturing serum for experimental use only, and
utilizing the same force for the production of the serum and for
carrying on varied experiments, we are unable to give an exact
cost price of the serum thus far produced. Sufficient work has
been done, however, for an estimate to be made. With the dose
of serum at 20 cubic centimeters, and with the production car-
ried out with strict economy, it seems likely that the cost per
dose can be brought to 25 cents. This estimate is based upon
the supposition that each hyperimmunized immune will furnish
150 to 200 doses of serum, and that the carcass of the immune
after final bleeding will be utilized for food. There seems to
be no objection to the use of such a carcass for food purposes,
provided the post-mortem examination discloses no reason for
rejecting it.

I have recently been informed by Dr. C. E. Marshall, of the
Michigan Agricultural College, who has begun the preparation
of this serum for distribution to farmers of that state, that it is
their purpose to charge at present 2 cents per cubic centimeter
for the serum, though they hope to be able to reduce the price
materially before another season. It will undoubtedly prove to
be true that the cost of the serum will vary with the conditions
of manufacture, and the proportionate cost should decrease as
the amount of serum produced increases. In any case it seems
certain that the serum can be produced cheaply enough for prac-
tical purposes.

Results of Practical Tests of the Serum.

The statements which have been made above concerning the
protective power of serum from hyperimmunized immunes are
based upon tests upon several thousand hogs. These tests
were not carried out in small experiment pens only, but in great
part upon farms under practical conditions. During the fall of
1907 approximately 2,000 hogs were treated on 50 different
farms, a considerable proportion of untreated hogs being left in

18 A. D. MELVIN.

all cases as a control on the action of the serum. Both methods
of vaccination were used and the herd conditions varied widely.
The herds can be roughly classified as (a) those in an infected
district, but themselves free from disease, (b) those which were
known to have been exposed by contact with sick hogs, but
which had not developed disease at the time of treatment, and
(c) herds in which hog cholera was present and hogs sick and
dying at the time of treatment.

In no cases were any of the ordinary methods of combating
hog cholera by disinfection and separation of the sick from the
apparently healthy practiced. Where disease was present at the
time of treatment, the treated were allowed to run with the sick
animals along with a number of untreated animals, which served
as controls, and the success following vaccination can therefore
be attributed to the action of the serum. In the herds where
hog cholera appeared subsequent to treatment, all of the vac-
cinated hogs remained well, while more than 65 per cent, of the
checks died. In the herds which had been exposed, but were
apparently well at the time of the treatment, 4 per cent, of the
treated animals died, while approximately 90 per cent, of the
checks succumbed. In the herds where disease existed at the
time of treatment, and where we did not anticipate very great
success, 13 per cent, of the treated animals were lost, whereas
75 per cent, of the checks died.

These successful field trials, confirming as they did numerous
tests carried out under experimental conditions, have convinced
us of the efficiency of this method of dealing with hog cholera,
and although improvements will undoubtedly be made in many
of the details of producing the serum, the method is believed to
be now in such condition as to make the practical use of it en-
tirely feasible.

In order that the states most concerned in this question
might be brought into closer touch with the work, and also for
the purpose of discussing plans for effective co-ordination of the
state and federal work in dealing with hog cholera, twenty-five

CONTEOL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SERUM IMMUNIZATION. 19

of the chief hog-raising states were requested to send repre-
sentatives to Ames, Iowa, where the Bureau of Animal Industry
maintains a farm devoted to experiments with hog cholera. In
response to this invitation, representatives from twenty different
states visited Ames and were shown the details of the serum pro-
duction.

A general discussion at these conferences developed the prac-
tically unanimous opinion on the part of state and federal repre-
sentatives that the serum should be prepared by each of the
states for distribution to the hog raisers, and all state represent-
atives expressed their intention to undertake the work as soon as
funds could be secured. At the present time a number of states
have actually begun work. If the serum is prepared in sufficient
quantities there seems to be no doubt that a great saving can
be effected simply by treating animals in exposed herds or in
herds in which the disease has just appeared.

If the greatest good is to be accomplished, however, we
should not be content simply to reduce the losses from hog
cholera, but should undertake systematic efforts to eradicate the
disease. We are all familiar with the course which hog cholera
usually takes when it appears in a neighborhood. A herd de-
velops the disease, which may not be recognized as hog cholera
for several weeks after it has made its appearance. Following
this the neighbors' hogs will become infected, and from there
rapid progress is made, the number of new foci increasing more
rapidly as the infected area widens, until finally the losses in a
single county may be enormous.

It is evident that in order to control the disease there must
be some means of confining it to the original center of infection.
This has been attempted by the British Government through the
quarantine of farms where hog cholera exists and the slaughter
of all infected animals. That such procedures alone will not
yield the desired results is shown by the official reports of the
prevalence of hog cholera in England.

In this country such methods would not be suitable, for, aside
from the enormous expense involved, it would in my opinion be
entirely impracticable to thoroughly disinfect extensive farm

20 A. D. MELVIN.

premises and to carry out a quarantine which would be effective
against such carriers of disease as dogs, crows, buzzards and
other animals.

Plan for Eradication of Hog Cholera by Serum Immunisation.

I have already stated that the serum from hyperimmunized
hogs can be used to protect hogs from hog cholera, and that a
large saving can be effected if the serum is applied promptly after
the disease appears in a herd. Why, then, should not this serum
be used as an agent for the eradication of hog cholera? It seems
reasonable to believe that it can be used successfully for this pur-
pose, but complete success can not be expected without proper
organization and the direction of the work by health authorities*

In order that the possibilities of well-directed work along
these lines may be brought to the attention of those who may in
the future have this work to perform, I desire to submit the fol-
lowing plan for combating hog cholera through serum immuniza-
tion:

( i ) The serum should be prepared by the State Experiment
Stations, or by State Live Stock Sanitary Boards which are prop-
erly equipped with laboratory facilities, the efficacy of all serum
to be determined by such laboratories before distribution.

(2) The field application of the serum should be in the hands
of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board or State Veterinarian.

(3) The states should be organized into districts, each in
charge of a deputy State Veterinarian, or a deputy appointed by
the Live Stock Sanitary Board. These districts should be small
enough to permit the deputy to exercise close watch over them.

(4) The deputy State Veterinarians should keep a supply of
serum on hand so that prompt action may be taken when infec-
tion appears.

(5) Hog raisers generally throughout the state should be
informed when the serum is available for distribution, and, if
necessary, compulsory notification of the presence of disease in
a herd should be imposed.

(6) Upon notification to the State Live Stock Sanitary Board
or State Veterinarian that hog cholera has appeared in a certain

CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SERUM IMMUNIZATION. 21

neighborhood, the diseased herd or herds should be immediately
quarantined, the premises disinfected as thoroughly as possible,
and all hogs on the farm which have been exposed or which are
not visibly ill should be treated with serum alone. All hogs on
the farm which have not been exposed should be treated by the
serum-simultaneous method, and of course the prompt removal
of dead animals should be enforced. At the same time all hogs
on surrounding farms should be treated by the serum-simul-
taneous method.

Prompt action of this kind should result in confining the
disease to the first herd where disease appeared, though we must
admit the possibility of infection being carried beyond the vac-
cinated belt by birds. If this should occur the procedure should
be the same as in the first case of disease, though the probability
of dissemination by birds will not be great owing to the com-
paratively small size of the infected area.

With a well-organized live stock sanitary board and an effi-
cient corps of deputies throughout the state, there seems to be
no reason why hog cholera should not be kept well under control
and possibly in time eradicated by proceeding along the lines
just indicated. By starting the work in early spring or summer
the task would probably be much simplified and the cost reduced
to a minimum.

Aside from the eradication of hog cholera, which is an end
we should all strive for, it seems that an immense saving to
swine breeders and to the hog industry in general can be accom-
plished through the protective inoculation of pure-bred hogs.
Some of these hogs represent years of patient effort on the part
of breeders, and their loss is a loss to the swine industry in gen-
eral which depends for its success in great measure upon the de-
velopment and preservation of the superior characters possessed
by these pure-bred animals.

There is no doubt that the hog raisers would gladly co-operate
with the state authorities and any outbreak of disease would be
promptly reported, as the farmer would have everything to
gain and nothing to lose by so doing.

THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BOVINE
TUBERCULOSIS IN INDIVIDUAL HERDS.*

By Veranus A. Moore, Director, New York State Veterinary College.

Before we can hope to successfully search for methods by
which to control a disease of animals, it is necessary to have a
clear understanding of its nature, its means of dissemination,
and its dependence, if any, upon the habits of the people. In a
previous report I pointed out the occasional close relationship
existing between the practices of owners and certain of the physi-
cal disorders of their animals. It is important here that in the
discussion of the control of bovine tuberculosis we do not lose
sight of the human element as an adjunct to the natural means
provided for its dissemination. With the wide distribution and
extent of bovine tuberculosis, the opinion is oftentimes expressed
that it is almost, if not quite, pan-epizootic in character ; but upon
more careful reflection, keeping in mind the known facts con-
cerning it, we are forced to recognize the great significance of
the individual and the personal responsibility of the owners of
infected cattle. This throws a new light upon the situation, in
which bovine tuberculosis stands out very clearly as a morbid-
complex, involving alike the parasitism of the tubercle bacilli
upon their hosts and the blind activities of the cattle owners in
assisting these bacteria to pass from the infected to the well
animals.

Another member of this committee will discuss the cause and
distribution of bovine tuberculosis. In my part of this report,
it is necessary to anticipate this and to state simply that its specific
character is demonstrated and that its virus is widely and more
or less thickly scattered through the herds of our country.

As tuberculosis appeared in cattle early in the known history
of the species, it had a long time to become disseminated through
its natural channels of transportation and transfer before it en-

* Part of the report of the Committee on Diseases, American Veterinary
Medical Association, Philadelphia, September, 1908.

22

THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 23

countered the hostile activities and barriers of preventive med-
icine. The efficiency of these natural methods of dissemination
has been heightened during recent years by the steady increase
in cattle traffic, especially in dairy districts. We are confronted,
therefore, by this serious situation, in which the natural powers
of dissemination have been and still are being accelerated by the
habits of the dairymen. The problem before us then is, how is
the veterinarian, either in a private or official capacity, to assist,
in fact to lead, the work of controlling this scourge of cattle in
this country and in the near future.

With the gathering of statistics the enormity of its ravages
has become sufficiently apparent to cause a widespread awaken-
ing concerning it. The veterinarians as well as the laymen have
been almost overwhelmed by the knowledge of the extent of
this parasitism. Because of the apparent suddenness with which
this scourge has come upon our herds, much ill-considered legis-
lation has been enacted. This, however, was largely due to the
misconception of the nature of the disease by the profession. In
the past the plagues of animals or epizootics which have been
controlled under the advice of veterinarians have been of an
entirely different type of disease. Tuberculosis is the first in-
fectious disease of animals to be controlled where the infected
individual retains for a considerable time a proportionately large
money value. It was to be expected that a clear conception of
the knowledge of the parasitic nature of tuberculosis, which in-
volves the long struggle that goes on between the invading or-
ganism and the host, should require considerable time to crys-
tallize. It has been a lack of appreciation of the value of the
slightly infected individuals which has checked progress in its
elimination. Thanks to the untiring efforts of Koch, Smith,
Bang and a host of others, we are coming into possession of a
clarified knowledge of the real nature of this disease. With a
knowledge of what tuberculosis is, we need for our purpose only
to look into the past to ascertain how it came about that the pres-
ent condition exists.

24 VERANUS A. MOOBE.

As bovine tuberculosis is disseminated largely by the intro-
duction of tuberculous animals into sound herds, it is natural
that the increasing demand for milk, which in certain districts of
large dimensions has caused a marked increase in the activity
of the traffic in dairy cattle, should have rapidly augmented the
amount of the disease. These conditions have existed through-
out the country, so that in every state we find we are drifting
rapidly to the same condition which existed in Denmark, Norway
and Hungary a few years since, when from 35 to 45 per cent,
of the dairy cattle were infected. The country is now awake to
this condition, so that the control of this most insidious of animal
infections has become almost simultaneously a problem for the
nation, the state and the individual. The point of view of each
is in a measure different from the other, but the solution of the
problem is the application of the same sanitary principles, viz.,
segregation and prevention.

The first of these is difficult for the state, but the two are
practicable for the individual owner. As the family is the unit
for the state, so the individual herd of cattle is the unit to be
dealt with in the control of this disease. As the veterinarian
stands as the guardian of the health of the herds, he is in a posi-
tion to give that advice and counsel which will enable the owners
to protect the sound herds and to weed out the diseased animals
from the infected ones. The problem after all is a personal one.
The man who owns a sound herd is responsible if he allows this
disease to enter. If he has awakened to the fact that he has a
diseased herd, is he not responsible if he continues to propagate
the infection? A negative reply to this question is based on the
ground that the individual owner is ignorant of the nature of
this disease and does not know how to proceed wisely. As the
health officer of a community instructs its people how to protect
themselves from epidemics, so the veterinarian should assist cattle
owners in their efforts to control this disease. Their source of
information being largely the personal instruction given by their
veterinarians, the responsibility of the veterinary profession is
clear. In this respect, however, the veterinarian cannot be

THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 25

charged generally for the existing conditions, because the deal-
ings among men, which have made possible and actually have
brought about the extensive dissemination of tuberculosis among
cattle were largely transacted entirely independent of veterinary
advice. But now that the virus has been spread, and the cattle
owners instructed through public bulletins and the press concern-
ing its effect, the veterinarians are logically the only persons to
assist the individual dairymen in eliminating the infected animals.
In this the practitioner has not only responsibility, but very great
opportunity.

The cattle owner is called upon for his own interests to de-
termine whether or not his herd is or is not infected with tubercu-
losis. The fact should be ascertained for economic reasons if for
no other. As this cannot be done without the aid of tuberculin,
it is evident that the owner must himself apply the test or employ
a veterinarian to do so. It is clear to every professional mind
that tuberculin should not be used by those not capable of making
a physical examination. It is claimed by many agriculturists that
this test is a legitimate part of agricultural work, and some agri-
cultural colleges are instructing their students in its use. As the
veterinary profession is being differentiated from animal hus-
bandry, it is evident that eventually work of this kind will be per-
formed by those who are properly trained and who can do it
best, but at this time* the question vital to this cause is the co-
operation of the veterinarian with the owners of individual herds.
In New York the efforts to eradicate this disease are largely in-
dividual. During 1904-6 the state tested less than one-third of
the animals that were examined with tuberculin. It is the influ-
ence of the individual veterinarian on the individual dairyman
and the wisdom of his professional advice that will do more than
any other influence to set the unit right.

I have emphasized the significance of the individual influence
of the veterinarian over his client to the end that the latter will
assume his share of the obligation in eliminating tuberculosis
from his animals. This should be done, first, because it is better
economy; secondly, the consumers do not want dairy products

26 VERANUS A. MOORE.

from tuberculous cows, and thirdly, there is a feeling developing
that the state should not compensate owners for tuberculous ani-
mals. In New York the compensation for such animals has
recently been increased, but the question whether such a law is
right is being discussed in many quarters. The question, why
should a man be paid for a tuberculous animal any more than
for one dead of anthrax or any other disease, is being asked
repeatedly. We do not pay farmers for decayed vegetables;
why should we pay for infected milk? In some states there is
no compensation, and in certain states where there is, its discon-
tinuance is being urged. The tendency seems to be that payment
for such cattle from public funds is not to last.

It has been amply shown and in many bulletins for distribu-
tion among dairymen, that tuberculosis can be restricted if a
little thought be given to the subject. Our national government
as well as several states distribute tuberculin. All that is lacking
to remove bovine tuberculosis is the introduction of efficient
methods for preventing its entrance and spread and for cleaning
up infected herds. The details of these methods are to be worked
out for each group of animals, according to the existing condi-
tions. There can be no rule for the wise and economic eradica-
tion of this disease that can be applied generally. As the con-
ditions vary, it is the veterinarian who, being versed in its prin-
ciples, can direct the procedure that promises the best results.
It is because of the variety of conditions involving the intrinsic
value of the reacting animals either for fertilizer, beef or breed-
ing purposes, and the extent of the infection in the entire herd
which indicates the probable future of the non-reacting animals,
that the economic eradication of this disease must be accom-
plished in a personal, individual manner.

It is not my intention to omit the significance of proper legis-
lation as a valuable adjunct in the elimination of tuberculosis.
There is great need for the existence of laws that will prohibit
all actions which tend directly to its spread. A new statute in
New York makes it unlawful for a man to sell, except for imme-
diate slaughter, animals suffering with an infectious disease un-

THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 27

animal is suffering and signed by both parties. A copy of this
contract shall be filed with the Commissioner of Agriculture.
Laws to prevent interstate traffic in infected animals, and in fact
many other means of protection, such, for example, as prohibit-
ing auction sales of cattle unless they are guaranteed to be free
from tuberculous infection, are not only very desirable but should
be enacted and enforced. It is clear, however, that such legisla-
tion will not eliminate the infected individuals from diseased
herds. To require by law the universal testing of all cows and
the slaughter of all of the infected, as occasionally advocated,
would be of temporary value only unless retests were made and
in many instances remade. Local and perhaps state laws and
regulations should prohibit the sale of dairy products from in-
fected cows. Such a demand by the consumers has gradually
enforced the tuberculin test and the elimination of reacting ani-
mals in many localities. Such laws or regulations cannot be en-
forced generally without large approriations, which the legisla-
tures of the country are universally refusing to make. The
elimination, therefore, reverts back to the action of the individual
cattle owner, directed by his veterinary adviser.

The fact should not be lost sight of that animals slightly
affected with tuberculosis still possess their beef and usually their
breeding value, hence their depreciation is not so great as it
seems when the infected individuals are detected early in the
course of the disease. In this respect tuberculosis differs from all
other diseases of cattle that have called for special methods of
control. This value of infected animals renders it very desirable
that the veterinarians should advise the owner relative to the
choice of procedures and that the owner be allowed to act upon
such advice. Experience shows that many cattle owners prefer
to have their herds dealt with by privately employed veterin-
arians.

The interpretation of the action or the non-reaction of tuber-
culin has been difficult for many cattle owners to understand.
Our experience is that after a positive reaction, one can find

28 VERAXUS A. MOORE.

active tuberculous lesions on post-mortem examination. When
reported as not found they undoubtedly exist, but may be in
parts ordinarily inaccessible, such as the bones, or they may be
microscopic in size. In cases where there is no reaction the animal
may be infected but the disease may be in the period of incuba-
tion or it may be arrested and healing. The healing- may be
temporary or permanent. The percentage of cases in which the
disease is temporarily arrested in a dairy that is infected and
which will not respond to tuberculin seems to depend upon the
length of time the infection has been in the herd and the number
of cattle that are distributing tubercle bacilli. It is important
that dairymen should understand the possibilities of future re-
actions when they purchase cattle on the tuberculin test from in-
fected herds. The explanation of the failure of tuberculin to
react in certain if not all arrested cases, is found in Eber's theory
as modified by Smith for the action of tuberculin and in the heal-
ing process in arrested cases where the lesions are surrounded
by a fibrous wall. In such cases the specific product is largely
confined to the focus, and any that might have been in the sur-
rounding tissues or circulation may have been eliminated, so that
the tuberculin does not come in contact with it. An appreciation
of the action of tuberculin, and the conditions under which it
may fail to react, will enable one to judge more accurately of
the results of a test and from the conditions anticipate the prob-
able future of animals that do not respond. The following sum-
mary may be considered as a working basis on this point :

i. When a herd is extensively infected, a considerable per-
centage of the non-reacting animals are liable to have the disease
in a latent or dormant stage. These animals may react at any
time during a period of several years.

2. When there are very few reactions in a herd, those that
fail to react are more likely to be free from infection.

3. Where there are no reactions the negative results can be
relied upon as indicating that tuberculous infection does not

exist.

THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 29

4. An animal that reacts and later ceases to react should not
be returned to a sound herd.

5. Dairymen should buy cows from sound herds only.

6. The elimination of bovine tuberculosis depends upon the
individual efforts of the cattle owners.

7. Tuberculin should not be applied by unskilled persons.

8. The great aid tuberculin affords is its power to cause a
reaction in very slight active infections. This enables the owner
to save the beef or breeding value of the animals.

A review of the legislation for the control of bovine tubercu-
losis that has failed in its purpose and the methods which have
given the best results, either in countries as in Denmark or in
private herds in this country, warrant the conclusion that tubercu-
losis can be practically eliminated from cattle. This cannot be
accomplished by acts of legislatures but by the persistent applica-
tion of an intelligent system of action that will prevent the
further spread of the virus and eliminate as quickly as consistent
the animals already infected. Laws may and undoubtedly will
be of much assistance, but the real results must come from the
wise, conservative and scientific advice given by the practitioner
of veterinary medicine and followed by the individual owner of
cattle. When the owners eliminate this disease from their herds,
bovine tuberculosis will no longer be a matter of state or national
concern.

Enclosed find check for $3.00 to square account for another
year. Let the Review come as I simply cannot do without it.
— (A. J. Savage, D. V. S., Colorado Springs, Colo.)

Too Rough for the Cows. — Mrs. Rorer, of cook book fame,
tells of seeing a maid drop and break a beautiful platter at a
dinner recently. The host did not permit a trifle like this to
ruffle him in the least.

" These little accidents happen 'most every day," he said,
apologetically. " You see, she isn't a trained waitress. She was
a dairymaid originally, but she had to abandon that occupation
on account of her inability to handle the cows without breaking
their horns." — Everybody's Magazine.

THE TRANSPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK.

By Dr. N. S. Mayo, Chief of the Department of Animal Industry, Republic

of Cuba.

Read Before the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, at Philadelphia, Pa., September 9-12, 1908.

With the rapid growth of methods of transportation both by
land and sea, the closer commercial relations that are being
formed with foreign countries, and the widening sphere of in-
fluence of the United States of America, the transportation of
live stock to distant parts, not only within the- United States
proper and our colonies but to foreign countries as well, promises
to be an important industry. The greater part of Central and
South America is well adapted to the growing of live stock, the
pastures are extensive and abundant, with a tropical, or at least
mild climate, and it would seem that these countries are ad-
mirably adapted to the growing of the world's meat supply.
While the general conditions are favorable, there are two serious
obstacles to the realization of this prophecy in the near future;
first, the class of cattle that are raised in these regions are not
such as the world's market demands. They are of the small,
lean, Spanish type .and develop slowly. Then, again, tropical
countries are not well adapted to the growing of grain for fatten-
ing purposes, so that before these countries become formidable
competitors in the world's markets, they must first improve their
cattle by importing and breeding better animals. This they are
beginning to do. A good many pure-bred animals of the best
beef breeds are now being imported from the United States, but
mostly from Europe, and it would seem that the breeders of the
United States should make a stronger effort to obtain this trade,
for they are better adapted to supply animals immune to Texas
fever, as practically all of these countries are infested with cattle
ticks.

After the cattle are grown in those countries, they will either
have to be shipped to foreign countries to be fattened or they

30

THE TBANSPOBTATION OF LIVE STOCK. 31

do not grow grain for this purpose.

In the transportation of live stock, the object is to deliver
the animals at their destination in as good physical condition as
possible, to avoid losses by disease or injury en route, and to
avoid hardship or suffering of the animal.

The transportation of animals within the United States is so
extensive, and the methods so well understood and so well regu-
lated by law, that but little need be said regarding this phase of
transportation, so I shall consider largely transportation to
foreign countries.

Before shipping live stock to foreign ports, and investigation
should be made regarding the general conditions in that country
and the diseases existing there to which imported animals would
be subject, and, so far as possible, the animals should be im-
munized, or vaccinated, against such diseases as Texas fever,
black leg, anthrax, or rinderpest. If swine are to be shipped
they should be immunized against hog cholera. Cattle should be
tested with tuberculin and horses and mules with mallein; all
tests and immunizations should be officially certified to. Before
shipping to a foreign port a thorough study of the quarantine
regulations should be made, and they should be strictly complied
with, for with the increased transportation of live stock, the
danger from the dissemination of transmissible diseases is greatly
increased. If the animals are pure-bred and registered, the certi-
ficates of registry should accompany the animal. All animals
should be carefully examined before shipping, to be sure that
they are free from transmissible diseases and external parasites.
Except where cattle are exported to tick-infested countries, they
may carry a few ticks as evidence of immunity to tick fever.
It is not a good plan to ship females in an advanced stage of
pregnancy; while it can be done, the care of young animals born
on a voyage is great, and as a rule takes time and attention that
is needed for others. The risks, too, on shipping females in this
condition is much greater than otherwise.

32 N. S. MAYO.

If animals are to be shipped by rail, the cars should be care-
fully cleaned, disinfected and dried before the animals are loaded.
The car should be well bedded to prevent the floors becoming
slippery. If " green " horses and mules, that is, those that have
not been exposed to shipping or stock-yard fever, are shipped,
care should be taken to avoid public stables or stock-yard stables
as you would shun the plague.

When animals are shipped by rail to a port of exportation
and there re-embarked, they should have at least two days' rest
before reloading. The animals should be inspected at the port
of export by an inspector of the United States Government and
a certificate of inspection obtained from him. It is always ad-
visable to have experienced shipping agents attend to the arrange-
ment of the shipping, as any irregularity in the Consular invoices
or shipping bills is liable to cause endless difficulties and worry.
The attendant in charge should be a person familiar with the
care of animals, a close observer, good worker, and possessed
of natural ingenuity, because there will be many difficulties to
be overcome that will require all of these traits. A close ob-
server will notice anything abnormal and will remedy it before
the animal is down and out.

Before loading the animals, they should be exercised and
fairly fed with laxative food. Horses and mules should have
shoes removed and hoofs trimmed, to avoid breaking. If it is
possible, select a steady ship fitted with bilge keels. All stalls
and fittings should be substantial. If temporary quarters are
built they must be strongly bolted. It is a source of great danger
and vexation to have partitions or other necessary fittings break
loose in rough weather, just when they are needed most, and
when it is practically impossible to repair the damage. When-
ever a number of animals are shipped, one or more hospital stalls,
ten by ten or eight by ten, should be provided so that a weak or
ailing animal can be removed when the first symptoms appear.
The use of slings for sick or ailing animals on ship is a delusion
and a snare; leave them behind. Be sure that the ship is well
provided with wind sails for hatches, and ventilators and electric

THE TRANSPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK. 33

fans for the between and orlop decks. Animals must have an
abundance of fresh air. Horse stalls on ships should be 8 feet
long by 2 feet 4 inches in width and as high as possible; on the
between deck there should be at least 7 feet 2 inches space be-
tween decks. The front and haunch bars should be strong, and
the side bars should be removable at the front end so that an
animal cannot knock them out by kicking. The floor should be
well cleated to give a good foothold and prevent slipping.

In case any of the animals are vicious and difficult to handle,
they should be so placed where there is the least danger of injur-
ing persons or other animals. Feed and water the animals regu-
larly, but do not overfeed. It is better to err by giving them too
little than too much. They should be watered often. Attendants
should be quiet and not excite the animals unduly, as the nervous
strain on animals in transit is great. Horses and mules should
be removed from their stalls on shipboard daily during good
weather and exercised by walking them in the passageways.
They should also be groomed. In cleaning and grooming, re-
move horse No. 1 to a passageway, clean the stall, and shift horse
No. 2 to stall No. 1, and so on- until the end, when horse No. 1
can be placed in the remaining vacant stall. The stall should
be well bedded to prevent the floor from becoming slippery. In
case straw or other material is not available, ashes from the boiler
room answers well.

After Treatment. — While animals do not show the effects
of a sea voyage immediately on landing, if they are put to work
at once or are subjected to any hardship they fall away very
quickly and become greatly debilitated. For this reason they
should have at least a week's rest with laxative food, gentle ex-
ercise, ancl protected as much as possible from extremes of tem-
perature.

While the suggestions offered are simple, I hope they may
prove practical to any one who may be called upon to take charge
of the transportation of live stock to foreign ports. Upon this
subject very little can be found in veterinary literature, as the
writer can testify to from experience.

34 N. S. MAYO.

In conclusion, I would say that the transportation of live
stock in any numbers should be in charge of a competent veter-
inarian; they must have plenty of fresh air and space, opinions
of steamship owners to the contrary notwithstanding. A care-
ful attention to the small details will add much to the comfort
of the animals, and will be a corresponding saving for the owner.

There is an increasing demand for veterinarians trained
along animal husbandry lines.

New Requirements Under the New York Law. — The
recent amendments to Article IV. of the New York State Agri-
cultural Law, relating to diseases of domestic animals, includes
a new section designated as 63-a, important changes in Section
6y, which relates to the organization for carrying on the veter-
inary work, and important amendments also to sections 68 and
70-a.

Among the new requirements and provisions are those which
provide larger payment to owners of cattle condemned by the
state for tuberculosis, definite provisions for following the segre-
gation system in caring for tuberculous animals, and definite pro-
visions relating to the disposition of wholesome meat from re-
acting animals.

It is now illegal for any person to sell an animal known to
have a communicable or infectious disease, except for imme-
diate slaughter, unless such sale be made under written con-
tract, signed by both parties and specifying the disease. A copy
of this contract must be filed in the office of the Commissioner
of Agriculture. A provision has also been inserted intended to
prevent the use of impure tuberculin.

Another new provision, which is in line with veterinary as
well as general medical legislation in other states, requires that
veterinarians shall immediately report to the Commissioner of
Agriculture the existence among domestic animals of any infec-
tious or communicable disease coming to their knowledge. Such
reports must be in writing and shall include a description of the
diseased animal or animals, name and address of the person in
charge, and the location of the animal or animals.

Copies of the amended law and blank forms for reporting
cases may be obtained by veterinary practitioners upon applica-
tion to the Department of Agriculture at Albany.

ADDRESS OF HON. N. KAUMANNS, IMPERIAL GERMAN
AGRICULTURAL SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO THE U. S.*

It is with a feeling of profound pleasure that I have accepted
the kind invitation of your president to attend the meetings of
your highly esteemed association. The brief space of time ac-
corded to me and other causes have made it impossible for me
to comply with your wishes, to give you an insight into the
standing and the position the veterinary surgeon occupies in the
various communities of Germany as a professional man and as
a man of science. It is almost needless to say that a man who
devotes his life and energy to the study and practive of veter-
inary science, and possesses all the necessary qualities and attain-
ments and skill, is positively assured of the highest respect and
uncurtailed recognition on the part of the public.

I take the deepest interest in your proceedings and delibera-
tions, not only in a general way, for among the more important
subjects which come up for discussion there are some that appeal
•directly to my individual interest because I have on behalf of
my government dealt with these questions to a considerable ex-
tent at various times. In this connection I will mention among
other subjects only the highly malignant tuberculosis and hog
cholera, as well as the injurious Texas fever of the Southern
States, and also the great importance of the veterinarian in rela-
tion to the public weal. There is probably no city in the world
where in this direction so much strenuous work is demanded of
the veterinarian as in Chicago, the city of mammoth slaughter
houses. Nowhere in the world is the importance of the veter-
inarian in regard to the welfare of the community more strongly
marked than there. The veterinarian more than any other factor
in public life in that city has the means, through his knowledge

♦Delivered before the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American
Veterinary Medical Association, Philadelphia, 1908. ,

35

3G N. KAUMANNS.

and conscientiousness, to prevent unspeakable distress and suf-
fering among the population, and it is he, furthermore, who
through incorruptible and energetic actions is enabled to raise
the importance and character of an entire industry.

Gentlemen, when I state that I take great interest in your
proceedings, I desire at the same time to express the wish that
a more close relationship between the old and new world may
spring into existence also as far as your profession is concerned.
The great achievements recorded in your domain in the Old
World have demonstrated to us that veterinary science must
closely be allied with the medical science. The veterinarian must
prepare the way for the physician in many cases, and he has the
power to save an entire community from scourges of various
kinds. Both sciences should supplement each other, and veter-
inarian and physician should be co-workers. How often they
have to work hand in hand is shown in the fight against tubercu-
losis among cattle, which has also spread to an alarming extent
in your country. I know that you all look upon our two great
savants in Berlin and Marburg — Koch and Behring — with the
highest measure of admiration and veneration, and in conjunc-
tion with these two gentlemen many of you have achieved an
immense amount of good in combating and exterminating tu-
berculosis and the many other infectious diseases. Most of the
diseases prevalent in this country are also only too well known
in Europe, although there some of them are called by different
names. Very few of these diseases belong exclusively to your
country. I mentioned Texas fever. German agriculture is in-
terested in your labors, at least in so far that Texas fever, ac-
cording to the results of my own researches, very likely has much
in common with the infectious diseases of cattle in Africa, espe-
cially with those that are transmitted by the parasite piroplasms,
and may be really identical with the contagious disease known
as recurrent fever, so that a uniformity in the methods of treat-
ment for the purpose of combating these diseases is a matter of

ADDBESS OF HON. N. KAUMANNS. 37

course. A similar disease exists in Germany and is known there
as red murrain. I say similar, because it can also be transmitted
by other kinds of ticks.

But, gentlemen, it does not lie within my province to discuss
the causes or treatment of animal diseases. Prof. Ellenberge:
intends to speak to you to-morrow of the treatment adapted to
tick fever, and I shall feel very glad if I can learn from your
lectures and discussions that further progress has been made in
combating this plague. Such a disease is able to cause an im-
mense amount of havoc and losses among animals, and therefore
it is of paramount importance that, first of all, preventive meas-
ures should be adopted. Protection must be sought against an
enemy not when the latter has made its threatening appearance,
but before it has had time to begin its work of devastation; and
against foreign countries the quarantine forms the most effective
protective measure when it is of long enough duration to meet
the exigencies of the case. If the administration of such a quar-
antine consists of able and efficient men, then it will prove more
successful and be in better shape to benefit animal industry than
can be accomplished by prohibitive entry, which often prevents
breeders from importing valuable animals.

Gentlemen, veterinary science does not belong to any special
country, it is an international establishment, and for this reason
all nations should participate in the achievements which this
science everywhere accomplishes. In behalf of your association
it is my devout wish that it may step into yet closer relationship
with the Old World. And to your efforts and endeavors allow
me, gentlemen, to propose a hearty vivat, crescat, ftoreat.

The Colorado State Veterinary Medical Association will
meet in special session in Denver this month to discuss state
legislation.

The Leisurely Boy. — Friend — Why did you discharge
your errand boy?

Butcher — Customers claimed he was too slow; said he took
so long that when they ordered veal it arrived as beef. — {Puck.)

REPORTS OF CASES.

"Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By recording
his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up
the solid edifice of pathological science."

TRISMUS.

By W. B. Welch, B. Sc, D. V. M., Marshal, Mo.*

Read before the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, 1908.

The term trismus is applied spasm of the muscles of masti-
cation. As this is only one of the conditions found in that dis-
ease the use of the term trismus is inappropriate and misleading.
The spasm of the muscles of the jaws while being the symptom
probably first noticed is not the most serious, nor is it the condi-
tion which causes the most discomfort to the patient, or the factor
which causes death unless relieved.

There has been a gradual increase in the number of cases
there until the high point was reached last year with fifteen
cases. I think that it is confined mostly to Saline county. The
disease has been up for discussion in several of our association
meetings, but in these discussions nothing definite was brought
out as to the cause or pathology and no treatment was sug-
gested.

The majority of cases are in mares which have been turned
out with their young colts, after being in pasture for several
days or weeks and are caught up, fed corn and put to work.
Yet many cases occur where no work is performed and the sud-
den change of food from the pasture grass to the corn is the
only constant condition found. It brings one to the conclusion
that the change of food is responsible for the symptoms noted.

On approaching the animal your attention will be attracted
first to the drawn condition of the lips and inability to open
the mouth. The mucous membranes are congested, eyelids
swollen and the eyes watering. Sometimes tears running down
the cheeks. The muscles of the jaw and temples are in a state

* Editors — In your September number of the Review I saw an article under the h°ad
of " A Diagnosis Requested,'' by my friend Dr. Kern, of Beloit, Kansas. Thinking that
an answer to his request might be of interest to others, I send you an article written by
myself and read before the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association in February, 1908.
This article will fully answer his query.

Respectfully yours,

W. B. Welch.

.

KEPOBTS OF CASES. 39

of tonic spasm, jerking and moving constantly. Animals are
depressed in the early stages. * * * There are spasmodic
contractions of the diaphragm which can be heard several feet
away. Rapid breathing which becomes more accelerated as the
disease advances and the muscles of respiration take on the same
condition of tonic spasm as the muscles of the jaws. Animals
in the last stages become very nervous and can not retain one
position long and keep moving about, legs jerking and the power
of co-ordination seems to be lost. They stagger about and some-
times fall.

The pulse and temperature are not much affected at first,
but later the temperature rises, the pulse becomes thread-like
and rapid and at last imperceptible. The breathing becomes
shallower and more distressed until finally the animal suffocates
from the apparent inability of the muscles of respiration to relax
and let air into the lungs. I am sorry to state that owing to
the inconvenience of the surroundings, I have never held a post-
mortem and can only promise to give you these conditions at
some future date, but from the nature of the disease the quick
termination in death, or the rapid recovery under proper treat-
ment, I should expect but little light on the subject from the post-
mortem conditions.

There are at least two diseases that can be mistaken for this
condition, namely : Tetanus and Heart Exhaustion.

That trismus is mistaken for tetanus by the layman ac-
counts for the numerous quick cures that have been reported of
tetanus, but no matter how near the symptoms are alike there
is one never-failing test. Even in the mildest cases of tetanus
upon lifting the head by the lower jaw the eyeballs are re-
tracted, forcing the membrane nictitious over the eyeball. This
condition is never seen in trismus, and by this one symptom
these diseases can be differentiated. Also the spasmodic con-
traction of the diaphragm which is always a constant and dis-
tressing symptom of trismus is wanting in tetanus.

The history of the case will almost always differentiate
trismus from heat exhaustion, as this condition has a history of
very hot weather, rapid work or exhaustive journeys, very high
temperature and sudden collapse. While trismus was no pre-
vious history of hard work temperature in the first stages only
slightly above the normal and a gradual increase of the severity
of the symptoms.

40 EEPOBTS OF CASES.

The treatment has been varied, chloral hydrate, fl. ex. gel-
semium, morphine, belladonna, stimulants, bleeding from the
jugular, have all been tried with varying results but with a loss
I think of at least 50 per cent. Belladonna seems to be indi-
cated on account of its relaxing muscular spasm, and strength-
ening a weak heart, but in severe cases any drug is difficult
to give by the mouth and one would probably have to resort
to the use of atropine subcutaneously. But the use of drugs
are of only secondary importance. Noticing a great desire for
water in horses in this condition I have in all late cases gratified
that desire to its fullest extent. The ideal place for the treat-
ment of trismus is when the patient can get to a trough full of
cold water and sup water continuously, if a horse hose can be
arranged so a stream of water can be kept running over the head
and body it will be advantageous, if no proper place can be found
one can fill a tub, place it on the manger, if the horse is still stand-
ing, and let it drink from the tub while the head and body is
sponged with cold water.

In case the animal is down it can be raised on the sternum
and the tub placed in front of it on the ground and cold wet
blankets thrown over the body and sponges to the head. I also
continue to give belladonna every hour, also chloral hydrate per
orem if possible otherwise per rectum. To illustrate the desire
for water — a mare that was found sick in the morning was put
on the treatment above indicated. The owner placed her in a
stall and put the water in front of her in a bucket; in 24 hours
she drank 12 buckets of water and took 30 minims of fl. ex.
belladonna in each bucket full, making a complete recovery in
that time. When first seen she could not be moved for fear of
falling and was in a deplorable condition generally.

This is the line of treatment I have adopted which in the
last two years saved at least 90 per cent, of the animals af-
fected.

Of course we can only surmise at the cause of trismus, but I
think it likely it is a toxaemia due to the absorption of ptomaines
from the intestinal tract.

NINE CASES OF ROARING.

By Prof. Simon J. J. Harger, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

The results of these cases have not heretofore been published.
In all instances excepting the last two cases, which were aryte-

BEPOETS OF CASES. 41

nectomies, the operation consisted in resection of the ventriculus
laryngis lateralis.

I. Sr. g., hunter, roared slightly, which disqualified him in
the show ring. After a speedy recovery from the immediate
effects of the operation, no improvement was noticed, but with-
out waiting to see if time would show any amelioration, the ani-
mal was sold.

II. Sr. coach gelding. Roaring marked. After the larynx
was spread open, no appreciable disparity in the mobility of
the two vocal cords was noticed. True unilateral paresis can be
doubted. It was either a question of erroneous diagnosis or a
bilateral impediment in the abductors of the vocal cords.

After the operation the horse still roared.

III. Bag driving gelding, said to be able to trot a mile in 2.40,
but was incapacitated for his work. After driving a city block at
fair speed the noise could be easily heard in the carriage.

Operated in July, 1907. In two months the horse was driven
and the owner said that he could not hear the noise in the car-
riage. I rode behind this horse and found that he could go a
mile at full speed without any signs of tiring, but the laryngeal
sound was still quite perceptible.

IV. Sr. Trotting-bred gelding. History not recorded. Oper-
ated January, 1907. Left vocal cord slightly immobilized.
Horse was driven in ten weeks. " He roared some yet but not
nearly as much as before " and in June was sold for 240 dollars.
The new owner made the horse perform very severe work and
after four months the roaring became increasingly aggravated
until last May, when the horse had to be destroyed. Post-mortem
revealed ossification of the laryngeal cartilages and ulceration of
the interior of the larynx. No cause for this ulceration was dis-
cernible.

V. Bg. chronic roarer. Operated July, 1906. Reported that
after the operation the horse was worse than before. (Septem-
ber, 1906.)

VI. Bg. chronic roarer. Operation, July, 1906. The result
was reported to be " perfectly satisfactory."

VII. Black g. trotting-bred. Operated July, 1907. Was unfit
for any service other than slow work. When seen six months
afterwards, Dr. Jas. McDonough, of Montclair, N. J., reports
as follows : Although you could still detect a little noise, I wish
to say that he was rendered entirely serviceable for any kind of
service he could perform and the operation was a success from
that standpoint.

42 BEPOKTS OF CASES.

VIII. Sr. m. Operation in 1902. The laryngeal stenosis was
snch that the mare was unable to do any kind of work. After
the operation she was never used for fast work, but was very
satisfactory for moderate work and was driven in a milk delivery
wagon until 8 months ago, when she was traded off for a fairly
good horse.

IX. Black stallion, Special Blend. Racing record 2.16^ on
mile track. The roaring interfered with his speed when driven
to his limit. Some months after the operation he was used for
light driving and in the fall he was campaigned over the racing
circuit around St. Johns, N. B., Canada, where he was owned,
and paced winning races with heats as low as 2.20 on half-mile
tracks, which may be considered equal to his previous one-mile-
track performances. The horse still made a little noise, but it did
not seem to interfere with his speed.

SUPERNUMERARY TOOTH.

By Mahlon Russell, V. S., Bangor, Iowa.

On July 20, 1908, a gray Percheron horse, 3 years old,
weight 1,600 pounds, was brought to my veterinary hospital to
be treated for fistula of the ear. History: The owner said the
horse had suffered from a discharge of the ear for about a year,
and had been treated for fistula of the ear, but from the treatment
had not been able to stop the discharge. The horse had got so
unruly that he had to be chained with a log chain to the manger
before he could be bridled.

The horse was twitched and cocained in five places, from the
base of the ear downward to the frontal bone.

On examination I found a small opening into the ear. I
then introduced a probe into the opening of the fistula, but could
not trace the opening more than two inches down the side of the
ear. I then made an incision down the fistula trace for about
three inches in length. I could not find any farther trace of the
fistula. I then examined the head for enlargement, but was not
able to find any part abnormal. I then cleansed the wound with
absorbent cotton, and again took the probe to explore for further
openings.

I found at the lower perforation of the incision a small open-
ing in which I introduced the probe, and on light pressure led
down to the region of the parietal bone. There was a small

BEPOETS OF CASES. 43

amount of albuminous fluid came out around the probe. On ro-
tating the probe a hard substance was felt in the region of the
parietal bone. I then made the incision longer and deeper toward
the hard substance. I then introduced my fingers, and could
plainly feel a molar tooth imbedded in the parietal and squamosal
bones. The tooth being very solid, and the horse beginning to
get restless, I deemed it best to cast the horse to remove the
tooth. The horse was immediately cast, and firmly secured. The
head was then firmly held by assistants, and I introduced a pair
of root forceps, but could not loosen the tooth. I then intro-
duced a pair of molar forceps, and with slow and steady pressure
broke the roots of the tooth loose. I lifted out the tooth, and on
cleansing the wound I found in the cavity small pieces of roots,
which I removed with a curved bone chisel. The wound was
then cleansed with a solution of permanganate of potassium, the
horse was relieved, and immediately arose to his feet. After
treatment the wound was dressed with the following, used once
a day:

R Spts. of Camphor oz. n

Tinct. Iodine oz. n

Carbolic Acid oz. ss

Oil Olive, q. s pts. i .

On August 15, 1908, the horse's wound is entirely healed,
and the animal is being worked every day, and gives no more

trouble in being- bridled

&

Description of Tooth.

The tooth is a well-developed and perfect molar. It is an
inch and three-quarters in length, and three and one-quarter
inches in circumference. It has four well-developed roots, and
a perfect crown. The tooth was imbedded in the parietal and
squamosal bones, about a half an inch enclosed.

The South Carolina Experiment Station has been separated
from the Clemson Agricultural College and Dr. Enoch Barnett,
formerly Assistant State Veterinarian, has been appointed vet-
erinarian to the station. Dr. M. Ray Powers, State Veterina-
rian, will hereafter devote his entire time to state investigations
and to college and quarantine work. Robert O. Feeley, D. V.
S. (N. Y.-A. V. C. '06) succeeds Dr. Barnett as Assistant
State Veterinarian.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

REQUIREMENTS OF PRELIMINARY EDUCATION.

Of the large number of good and excellent reports on veter-
inary education in the United States made by individual veterin-
arians or committees since the year 1885, none may have more
far-reaching results for better or worse than that just submitted
to the Secretary of Agriculture by the committee of five veterin-
arians appointed for said purpose. As a member of the army
veterinary service, a branch of our profession that is undergoing
severe scrutiny on account of its claims for proper recognition
and higher usefulness, I have studied this report with mixed
feelings of approval and disapproval ; the latter because it needs
no prophetic eye to foresee that one or two of its features may
be readily used by our adversaries to defeat our aims.

Little can be said against the " recommendations for the
course of study." This has been carefully arranged and the
grouping of the subjects is logical, except in a few minor in-
stances.* We only miss the lectures on " veterinary propae-
deutics " as an introduction into the course, and that of " veter-
inary history " as a rational finish. Yet, .as this course stands,
and if taken seriously by students and teachers, it is a mighty
big problem to be solved by a youthful mind. That it can be
properly solved by the average mind in three years of six months
each, as recommended, I believe to be unreasonable to think and
know to be impossible to accomplish. This course, while not quite
complete according to modern requirements is a really compre-
hensive four years' course, unless it is huddled through after the
fashion of the old two-year schools, and should not be degraded
into a pseudo-scientific three-year course of six months each.
Such an attempt is full of contradictions.

But the proposition becomes " contradictio ad absurdum," if
we scan the recommendations for the "entrance examination "
(page 406, A. V. Review). Save me the shame, Mr. Editor, to

*(c) Soundness is made a subdivision of surgery, and (e) jurisprudence one of
zootechnics.

44

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 45

recapitulate them; they constituted the education that is required
of the day laborer to cast his vote at election, and skilled labor
and the trades exact often more of their members. It is suffi-
cient for a course in farriery, but utterly insufficient for one in
veterinary medicine. In the army we ask more, by examination,
of a commissary-sergeant and quartermaster-sergeant, who
handle groceries and general merchandise for which they are paid
$35 per month.

True, this is the so-called " minimum requirement," but
where is the requirement that we can hold up before the world
without humiliation? Sorry must we be, indeed, when, after
twenty-five years or more of struggle for a better preliminary
school education by the many of our brightest, most enthusiastic
and honorable veterinarians, all of their noble impulses, labors,
suggestions and hopes are made to collapse into a dead naught
by such a public declaration of educational impotence. I know
of all the arguments, pro et contra, on the question of this pre-
liminary education, and do not desire to enter into their dis-
cussion if I can keep out of it. But 1 do say that, as an army
veterinarian, I shall fight this particular feature until the last
breath of my life, as it directly and " with intent to kill " tra-
verses our aims in the army to become commissioned veterin-
arians, to represent our science with more dignity and be enabled
to give to the government the full measure of our scientific and
practical capabilities.

At this juncture I must declare my firm belief that we shall
not be granted a commission in the army until we exact of our
future veterinary candidates for the army service the same pre-
liminary education as is required by the medical department of
the army, and this by our own wish and petition. This is, in
extract, as follows (G. O. 134, W. D., June 15, 1906) :

" (6) Written examination on the following subjects:
mathematics (arithmetic, algebra and plane geometry), geog-
raphy and general history, general literature, Latin grammar
and the reading of Latin prose. English grammar, orthography
and composition will be determined from the applicants' exam-
ination paper.

" Candidates claiming a knowledge of ancient or modern
languages, higher mathematics, or scientific branches other than
medical, may be given examination therein.

4(J ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

" This examination will be omitted in the case of applicants
holding diplomas or certificates from reputable literary or scien-
tific colleges, normal schools or high schools, or of graduates of
(medical schools, which require an entrance examination satis-
factory to the faculty of the Army Medical School."

The classification of veterinary colleges, as set forth in this
report, is an innovation upon which I congratulate the members
of the committee. Their scalp will be demanded by those who
feel hurt, but it must bear new fruit. Anyone acquainted with
the innumerable attempts, made in the years gone by, to fix a
" uniform standard," a " single standard," a " minimum stand-
ard," etc., for our American veterinary colleges, has long since
come to the conclusion that they have been a dismal failure.
That the nineteen colleges of to-day, as enumerated in the report,
all of different age, foundation, endowment, faculty and leader-
ship, should be of one class, is impossible because unnatural.
That eleven of such schools can be of one class is at least im-
probable from the same reason. If four, six, or perhaps seven
of them could be made really first-class, we could congratulate
ourselves in America upon this number. Then we could cease
to be clogged by our weakest members among the colleges and
be induced to follow the leadership of the strongest. But this
would imply that these first-class colleges as conform to Resolu-
tion VIII. of the Seventh International Veterinary Congress of
1898:

"The Congress resolves:

" 1. That intending students of veterinary medicine should
possess the certificate of university maturity (which is equivalent
in America to the degree of B. A. or M. A.).

" 2. That the duration of the veterinary studies should be at
least eight terms " (which means four years of study or more).

This accomplished, such colleges would be of one class, of
the first class. They would without trouble propose and accept
one veterinary degree, an aim impossible of achievement in the
chaos in which we are groping at present. Finally, they would
furnish a " base of supply " from which the Department of Agri-
culture could draw its veterinary inspectors, the army its veter-
inary officers, the veterinary and agricultural colleges their in-
structors and professors, the states and municipalities their
health officials. Heaven may grant that we may witness some
day the realization of such or a similar plan of professional vet-
erinary evolution. Olof Schwarzkopf.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 47

ARMY VETERINARY NOTES.

According to the Army and Navy Register, of September
5, Brig.-Gen. J. B. Kerr, Commandant of the Mounted Service
School, Fort Riley, Kansas, in his annual report ending August
31, 1908, recommends additional veterinarians for this and other
military schools, and incidentally pays this tribute to the efficient
work performed by our veterinarians at Fort Riley :

" Training ScJwoi for Farriers and Horseshoers.

The work of this school continues to be satisfactory.

A certificate as horseshoer is issued to only such men as are
qualified to earn the extra compensation now furnished for the
actual shoeing of the animals of an organization. Certificates as
assistants or helpers are issued to the other worthy cases.

In connection with the bill recently introduced in Congress
for extra officers to fill the many details away from organizations
attention is invited to the necessity of a certain number of extra
veterinarians. The two instructors in this training school have
been retained on account of their special qualifications and their
regiments are deprived of their services. Another is urgently
needed. The Military Academy, service schools and remount de-
pots should be supplied with veterinarians without crippling regi-
ments."

In pursuance of General Orders No. 79, War Department.
May 14, 1908, prescribing a physical examination, annually, of
all officers below the rank of major, the armv veterinarians are
now undergoing this examination at their different stations. The
object of this medical examination is to ascertain those officers
who have become physically disabled in active service, and if
found incapacitated, to retire them from active service. Under
the present law army veterinarians are not entitled to retirement
and can be discharged at the pleasure of the Secretary of War,
but the War Department has so far been generous in this respect
and has retained in active service several veterinarians who have
become physically disqualified, one of them being now 73 years
of age. This order is. to a certain extent, a test case as to
whether the pending Army Veterinary Bill in Congress, which
contains a threatening clause that veterinarians found physically
disqualified upon the enactment of this law, may be discharged
from the service without compensation. We sincerely hope that
the present generous policy of the War Department will be con-

48 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

tinned until Congress has passed some law to put the army vet-
erinarians on the same footing' in this respect as all other officers
of the army.

Three army veterinarians attended the Philadelphia meeting:
Dr. G. E. Griffin, Field Artillery, and Dr. F. G. Foster, Cavalry,
officially, and Dr. Chas. B. Jewell, Fort Riley, privately. Dr.
Jewell was elected one of the vice-presidents of the A. V. M.

Assoc.

Applications to take the Civil Service examination for ad-
ditional veterinarians in the Department of Agriculture of the
State of New York, should be in the hands of the State Civil
Service Commission at Albany on or before October 10.

The Tuberculin Test Sustained by the Court. — In the
case of the Dairymen vs. the Board of Health of Meadville,
Pa., Dr. C. C. McLean, Milk Inspector, the Court of Quarter
Sessions, on September 14th, handed down a lengthy opinion
in favor of the Board of Health.

The plaintiffs and the defendant differed only as to the means
of determining the presence of tuberculosis in milk-producing
cows. The former suggested that the disease be determined by
physical inspection. The latter insisted upon a scientific test,
and, in this case, the tuberculin test. Both agreed that the milk
of a sick or diseased cow is not wholesome, should not be used,
and that such cows should be segregated from the balance of the
dairy.

According to the testimony offered the tuberculin test is per-
fectly harmless. Upon agreement it was conceded that all dairy-
men might secure such a test without any expense by applica-
tion to the state sanitary board.

The Court makes the deduction that " It, therefore, follows
that the only conceivable reason for resisting the tuberculin test,
while admitting that the milk of sick cows should not be sold, is
that the tuberculin test discovers and exposes a larger number
of sick and diseased cows than could or would be discovered by
a physical examination suggested in the bill." The case was
decided in favor of the defendant. The members of the pro-
fession will be glad to learn of Dr. McLean's victory in court
because he intelligently maintained the profession's position and
also because of their interest in his welfare.

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

A Case of Vomiting in a Horse [/. Paul, G. B. V. C.~\. —
With the history that the horse was off its food and looked dull
and depressed, the author called and found the animal vomiting,
a condition which had occurred suddenly. The horse had been
worked after his meal, and on his return he refused eating.
Rupture of the stomach was suspected. Aromatic spirits of am-
monia and ipecac were prescribed. At a subsequent visit, finding
the condition the same, subnitrate of bismuth, extract of bella-
donna, pulverized ipecac and gum acacia were prescribed, to be
given in an electuary every three hours. The first dose partially
checked the vomiting, and after the second it entirely disap-
peared.— {Veterinary Record.)

A Case of Hydrothorax [A/. M. Swanston, Capt. A. V.
C]. — Concise record of the case of a horse that took pneumonia
complicated with pleurisy. On the fourth day of the disease
four quarts of fluid were drawn off; then the next day, one;
fourteen days after, ten more ; and then, three days later, twenty-
six. Four days after another puncture gave but four ounces.
The horse died. The lesions found at post-mortem were those
revealed in similar cases. — {Veterinary Record.)

Splenic Abscess in a Horse [F. /. Dunning, G. V. S.~\. —
Bay mare of nine years presented the following symptoms : Very
dull appearance, capricious appetite, head carried low, extremities
cold, hind legs swollen, mucous membranes congested, pulse
feeble and quick, respiration accelerated, temperature 1050.
Fceces and urine normal. Percussion revealed dullness on the
left side, which seemed to involve the posterior lobe of the lung.
Auscultation gave crackling noise. Diagnosis unsatisfactory.
Animal placed on observation; gets rapidly weaker, tries to lay
down, drops and dies. Post-mortem : Blood stained fluid in the
abdomen. Huge mass attached to the left side of the stomach.

49

50 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

It is ruptured and its decomposing contents have escaped. It
was an abscess of the spleen with much new tissue formation
and weighing exactly 40 pounds. Peritonitis and enteritis were
also present. The abscess involved the external wall of the
stomach, but no foreign body could be found. — (Veterinary
Record. )

Uterine Hernia in a Mare \}V . Waters, M.R.C.V.S.']. —
Aged eight years, this mare, near her time to foal, is found
after two or three days of discomfort with a large swelling of
the udder, about the size of a man's body and extending from
the usual seat of the udder to the xyphoid cartilage of the ster-
num. It hangs about one and a half feet from the ground. The
udder is of course carried forward so that each teat seems as
big as and in the position of the sheath of a gelding. This con-
dition had occurred during the night. Diagnosis was certain.
The mare was slung. But after five days, labor set in and the
slings were taken off. The foal was born alive but soon expired.
The mare improved, but of course remained with her hernia.
The swelling has considerably reduced and the mare can yet be
a useful animal. — (Veterinary Journal.)

Death from Hemorrhage from the Posterior Vena
Cava, Due to Ulcerations [H. Gamble, Capt. A. V. C.~\. —
Horse has colic. Gets pint of linseed oil with one ounce of tur-
pentine and enema. He grows worse. Receives 8 grains of
morphia. No improvement and he soon shows signs of imminent
collapse. He dies in two minutes.

Post-mortem. — Large blood-clot in abdomen. When this is
taken off and the intestines are removed, two bleeding points are
observed on the under surface of the vena cava, about five "inches
back of its entrance to the anterior fissure of the liver. These
points were ulcerations and opened into the vein, which was the
seat of extensive phlebitis. Death was due to hemorrhage from
the vein. All the other organs and tissues were normal. — (Vet-
erinary Journal. )

Case of Physostigmine Poisoning [Edivard Elphick, M.
R. C. V. S.~}. — Horse has colic and symptoms of impaction.
Linseed oil failing to relieve, one and a half grains of physostig-
mine sulphate was given subcutaneously. Half an hour after
there are intestinal murmurs, flatus, no increased uneasiness.
Pulse is fairly strong and slow. Respiration slightly increased.

ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 51

Temperature 102 ° F. An hour and a half later the animal is in
a state of collapse. Respiration up to 60. Pulse is hardly per-
ceptible, pupils contracted. The mucous membranes are cya-
notic, the temperature subnormal and the extremities are cold.
The bowels have moved three times and micturation has taken
place. Treatment: Stimulants, hot blankets, hand-rubbing and
bandages on the extremities. In the evening the animal improved
and ultimately got well. — {Veterinary Journal.)

Three Cases of Heart Disease in Horses [IV. E. Scho-
iield, Capt. A. V. C.~\. — 1st. Has been treated for intermittent
fever. Examination of the heart showed only a certain amount
of weakness of the beats. The animal dropped dead suddenly
during the night without a struggle. Post-mortem : Mitral valve
thickened and dark purple in color. Acute endocarditis is also
present. Tricuspid is also diseased, but to less extent.

2d. This animal dropped dead while at work. Post-mortem :
Heart larger than usual. Its tissue is firm and of good color.
Mitral and tricuspid affected with verrucose endocarditis of some
standing.

3d. One morning this animal suddenly dropped dead. Post-
mortem : Heart appeared normal externally. The mitral valve
is extensively affected with verrucose endocarditis. The tricuspid
quite normal. — {Veterinary Journal.)

A Remarkable Accident to a Mare [G. Maynall, M. R.
C. V. S."]. — The history of a mare that had the skin of the head
torn by being caught on a stake of a box-stall and had a large
wound with a piece of skin loose and hanging measuring about
one foot by nine inches. The entire cheek was uncoverered and
the tear extending to near the chin. Attempts to obtain rapid
cicatrization with stitches was only partially successful, and it
took forty-six days for the healing process to be completed. —
{Veterinary Journal.)

Protrusion of Small Intestines Through the Abdo-
minal Wall. — Recovery [Capt. Griffith, A. V. C.~\. — In taking
a jump, a mare came in contact with a stake and tore her ab-
domen. The intestines protruded, and about eight feet of the
bowels were exposed. With careful antiseptic preparations these
were returned, not without some difficulty, and the wound closed
with stitches. Four silk sutures were applied in the muscles and
five in the skin. During convalescence the mare had several

52 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

attacks of colic which gradually became lighter. The animal
was discharged after seventy-four days of convalescence. At
one time a slight discharge was observed, being due to one of
the deep sutures. Since her recovery the animal has been again
under treatment for abdominal pains. — (Veterinary Journal.)

Clinical Notes [E. Clide, Lieut. A. V. C.~\. — ist. Abscess
in the pelvic cavity. — One month after being castrated, a horse
has abdominal pains. His temperature is up to 1020. Rectal
examination reveals a short distance in the rectum a large swell-
ing situated on the right side. Forward, as far as the finger can
reach, the bowels are quite immovable. The swelling is hard
and seems as large as a cocoanut. Abscess is diagnosticated.
Unsuccessful attempts were made to disperse it by manipulations.
The animal died after a couple of weeks. The autopsy showed
a thick-walled abscess in the wall of the rectum. It contained
pus and cheesy debris. A loop of the floating colon was firmly
fixed by new tissue round the right internal abdominal ring.
There were also a few smaller abscesses in the gastro-splenic
omentum. There was no generalized peritonitis.

2d. Ascites due to cirrhosis of the liver. — An American
stallion donkey has been more or less under treatment since six
months, suffering with general debility, irregularity of the bowels
and capricious appetite.

All kinds of treatment have failed, and finally his condition
is such that he is destroyed without a satisfactory diagnosis
being arrived at. Autopsy : Thoracic organs normal ; liver enor-
mously enlarged, weighing forty-two pounds. It was light in
color and with the tabulated appearance very marked from ex-
tensive cirrhosis. Very little normal liver tissue was left. About
two gallons of clear, watery, dropsical transudate were present
in the peritoneal cavity. The kidneys were pale and flabby. —
Journal of Compara. Pathol, and Therap.)

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Fracture with Sequestrum of the First Pastern Fol-
lowing a Cutaneous Quittor [E. JMricux, Army Veterin-
arian^.— In December, 1907, a mare, eight years of age, is laid

ABSTBACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 53

up for cutaneous quittor of the left foreleg. Recovered after
about two weeks. She is after four days disabled again, being
lame and having the lower part of the same leg very much
swollen. A blister and rest are prescribed, and after nearly two
months she resumes her work. One month later she is again
laid up, lame on three legs and with a similar condition of the
coronet and fetlock. With another blister she has so improved
that an attempt is made to trot her, when she stumbles, and her
condition gets worse and worse notwithstanding treatment. She
does not stand up any more and, always lying down, she is soon
covered with bed sores. Incomplete fracture is suspected. In
the presence of her bad condition she is destroyed. The entire
lower part of the leg, coronet, fetlock and lower extremity of
the cannon is surrounded with very hard, lardaceous tissue, where
several fistulas are running; some pus surrounds the joint. The
first phalanx is rather deformed in its superior half by extensive
osteitis. The super-internal part of the bone is gone, and on
the centre there is a sequestrum, loose and surrounded with little
splinters of bones. The lesions of osteitis extended as far as the
lower end of the metacarpal bone.

The author considers that the cutaneous infection, extending
deeply, had spread to the fetlock, giving rise to a rarefying de-
formans osteitis, with fracture taking place at the moment the
mare was made to trot, and finally causing the formation of the
sequestrum. — (Revue de Pathol. Compar.)

Curious Case of Diaphragmatic Chorea [M. M. Demora
and Adriansen.~\ — Horse has traveled on railroad for five hours.
At its arrival he refused to drink and has several chills. The
mucous membranes are injected, the pulse small and the tem-
perature 380. He gets 10 centigrams of pilocarpine. The next
day the diaphragmatic chorea is well marked. The jumpings of
the contractions are 56 in a minute. Mustard poultices, opium
and chloral drenches are prescribed. Seen six times during the
day he has the diaphragmatic contractions all the time, but they
are less frequent and weaker. Second sedative drench is given
in the evening. The next day same condition. The contractions
are stronger, more frequent, and again 56 per minute. Ausculta-
tion of the heart reveals a double movement of the first beat.
Chloral per rectum is given. Then bromide of potash in 20-
gram doses is given. After having taken 30 grams, improve-
ment manifests itself, although the double beating of the heart

54 ABSTKACTS FEOM EXCHANGES.

persists. The horse now takes liquids,- but with difficulty, and
drinks like a dog by lapping. He takes the drinks containing
bromide better. The following day the symptoms return more
severe than ever. Suspicion is aroused that the animal is subject
to this trouble and that he is in the habit of receiving bromide
from the dealer to conceal his affection. During the day 40
grams of the bromide are given. After two days the horse seems
to be in perfect health except the condition of his heart, where
the double beat is always heard. To insure our suspicion, say
the authors, we stopped the bromide for one day and gave in
place the iodide. The symptoms of the first day return in a few
hours and the bromide had to be resorted to again to relieve the
horse. — {Rec. de Medec. Veter.)

Invagination and Prolapsus of the Colon and Cecum
in a Dog [Mr. Parent]. — Six weeks' pup, nine days after re-
ceiving the first Phisalix vaccination against distemper, has in-
testinal hemorrhage. The blood is in the state of nature, red,
with an odor sui generis, and has been expelled during the day
two or three times every hour. There is no vomiting. The next
day a sausage-like body is felt in the abdomen about 10 centi-
meters long; it is movable, elongated, and situated in the upper
part of the abdomen. It is an invagination of the colon. Wash-
ing of the intestinal tract by long enemas are prescribed, with
boiled water, and the animal being held with the hind parts
raised. No change is obtained except that the bloody faeces have
passed away. After a few days there is prolapsus of several
centimetres of the intestines. They are returned in place and
sutures of the anus applied. But nothing would give a perma-
nent result. It is not a true prolapsus, but the invaginated colon
which makes its appearance on the outside.

This condition was allowed to remain, and it was only after
over two months that surgical interference was decided upon.
Laparotomy was performed. A certain portion of the invagina-
tion was relieved without difficulty; another portion demanded
more care on account of easily broken adhesions, but in the last
portion these were such that it was impossible to separate the
portions of intestine glued together. Resection of the intestine
was made and both ends of the intestines brought together, but
the dog died the following day. — (Rec. de Medec. Veter.)

Treatment of Canker in the Foot [Dr. Drouet, Army
Veterinarian.']. — It is the record of a success obtained in the

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 55

treatment of this troublesome disease with iodoform. Since sev-
eral months an animal was under treatment for canker of three
feet, the two hind ones and the left fore. All known and recom-
mended treatments had been tried without good results when
that with iodoformed ether was heard of and resorted to at once.
It proved perfectly successful, and in a short time the animal
was able to resume work. He was not only cured but radically
so. Since two months no signs of relapse have been observed.- —
(Rec. de Medec. Veter.)

Strychnia Poisoning of a Dog. Recovery by Peri-
toneal Injection of Chloral [Mr. Bringard']. — Called to a
dog which shows extraordinary nervous symptoms, possibly
rabies, the author finds an animal which is laying on its side, has
tetanic accesses, returning at close intervals, resembling electric
discharges. The legs are stiff. There is opisthotonos. The
teeth are tightly closed and abundant saliva flows from the com-
missure of the lips. All these are of the nature of strychnia
poisoning. Indeed the dog has been well all day and has run
out, where he has mussed through all kinds of swills, and it is
probable that in one of them he has picked up one containing
some of that1 poison, as in fact it was but a few minutes after
he had come in that he was taken ill. With a syringe of Pravaz
an injection of one gram of chloral dissolved into five of water
was thrown into the peritoneal cavity. In two minutes the
anaesthesia was complete. All the muscles were then relaxed.
After about half an hour, although the dog was still asleep, the
contractions reappeared as strong as ever. But by degrees they
diminished in severity, and when the dog woke up at the end of
one and a half hours they were all gone and the dog had recov-
ered. This is a new treatment that lovers of dogs will bear in
mind. For the author the dose to employ must be estimated be-
tween 20 and 25 centigrams for each kilogram of the animal.
The chloral must be dissolved in four or five times the volume
of water. — {Bullet. Vetcr.)

BELGIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Synovectomy of the Tarsal Sheath in a Horse. Re-
covery [Prof. Hendrickx'].— This operation was performed
upon a horse which had been treated previously without success

56 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

with two injections of tincture of iodine* made in the right tarsal
sheath and followed by deep actual cauterization. After these
treatments the lesion, instead of improving, had grown worse,
and the lameness was so severe that the animal had to be laid up
for good and became useless. The right hock measured 64 centi-
metres in circumference when it was decided to resort to the
operation, viz., the excision of a flap of the tarsal sheath, made
with all aseptic precautions possible so as to avoid its infection.

A cutaneous piece of skin, limited by elliptic incisions in
shape and measuring 15 centimetres in length upon 7 in width,
was removed; the tarsal was first punctured so as to remove a
certain quantity of synovia and then a piece of its walls, of the
size of the flap of skin dissected, was excised. Clots of fibrine
and fibrinous bands within the sac were removed, and the edges
of the wounds were stitched with catgut for the sheath and silk
for the skin. An elastic and dry dressing was applied enveloping
the entire hock. The next day the horse stood on his leg; the
general condition was good and improvement was gradually ex-
hibited in his movements. After fifteen days cicatrization was
complete. Daily applications of tincture of iodine stimulated
the resorption of the inflammatory exudate. In five weeks there
remained nothing of the previous trouble and the horse resumed
his work. — (Annates de Belgium.)

The Use of Boric Acid for the Preservation of Ali-
mentary Products. Its Toxicity [Prof. G. Dupuis and L.
Coppens']. — It is one of the disinfecting agents most used on ac-
count of the weak irritation it produces and of its innocuity when
taken internally. Its antiseptic qualities and the weakness of
its toxicity have contributed to the generalization of its use. It
therefore seemed to be the ideal alimentary antiseptic, and for
that reason was rapidly called upon for the preservation of dried
meats, fish, milk, butter and margarine. But hygienists were
watchful, and they ask if it was not dangerous to add boric acid
to alimentary products. Some objected to it entirely. Others
said it was not dangerous. Results of experimentation and clin-
ical observations show that the question was worth being ta^en
into consideration. Animals have died after three or four weeks
of a diet mixed with boric acid. Men taking it internally in
treatment have exhibited manifestations more or less marked of
intoxication. Even one case has proved fatal after the washing
of the stomach. Conclusions : Boric acid must be considered
as an antiseptic whose internal administration is not entirely
without danger. — (Annates de Belgi.)

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 57

Experimental Researches Upon the Hypnotic Action
of Bromural [Prof. A. Van Den Eeckhouf]. — The properties
of this new preparation have been the subject of a series of ex-
periments by the author, and he has observed that out of the
whole series of compounds of valerianic and butyric acids with
which he has experimented, Bromural was the only one which
kept its hypnotic action on animals. And he concluded that his
experiments showed it to be possessed of rapid effects for frogs,
rabbits and dogs that, administered in therapeutic doses, it gave
rise to no nocive secondary phenomena, that it exercises its prin-
cipal effect on the cerebrum and leaves the bulb and marrow
intact, that it was harmless, as large doses are seldom fatal. It
possesses also a secondary action upon the respiratory centre,
while therapeutic doses scarcely influence it; larger ones do, as
observed by the reduction in the quantity of air expired. Blood
pressure is not affected by it and remains normal. — (Annates de
Belgium. )

Treatment of the Femoro-Tibio-Patellar Arthritis
[F. Hendrickx~\ .^-This affection is very common is some coun-
tries, and although probably no statistics exists of the losses that
result from it, it is likely they are very large. The positive
pathogeny is yet to be established. It may be of infectious origin.
Why not? At the time that it attacks colts, umbilical and in-
testinal infections are very easy. And there is nothing extraor-
dinary in supposing that the stifle joint might become the centre
of the localization. For the authors, the primitive lesions consist
in the arthritis, manifested principally by the synovial hyper-
secretion and the displacement of the patella occurring as a com-
plication. There is hypersecretion of synovia, distension of the
capsular and inferior patellar ligaments, finally displacement of
the patella.

Hence in the treatment it is not sufficient to eliminate the ex-
cess of synovia, but it is necessary to prevent as much as possible
this displacement.

Puncture and irritating injections will fill the first indication.
Hoping to realize the second the authors, after having made the
manipulations demanded of the first indication, have exposed the
internal tibio-patellar ligament, excised about one centimetre of
it in its upper portion and with sutures sewed the two stumps
together. The operation is not severe but the result was not
satisfactory. And they then resorted to another method of op-

58 ABSTBACTS FBOM EXCHANGES.

eration due to Mr. Deghilage, which has given them good results.
This operation consists in the section of the patellar insertion of
the external ischio-tibial muscle, thus removing the principal
abductor muscle of the patella or at least reducing its action.
The operation is very simple, without dangerous complications,
and is one that can be recommended especially when the animal
to be operated upon is not too old. — {Annates de Belgium.)

Upon the Puncture of the Pericardium in Traumatic
Pericarditis [Prof. Lienaux]. — Although preconized since
some years by Prof. Moussu, of Alfort, this operation is not
fully entered into the domain of general practice as much as it
deserves. Made on the animal in the standing position in pref-
erence to being cast, which is always dangerous in those patients,
the place of selection for the puncture is in the angle formed in
the left hypochondriac region and the xyphoid cartilage of the
sternum. With the bistouri, an incision is made; the insertion
of the abdominal muscles are divided so as to reach the layer of
adipose cellular tissue that separates there the sternum from the
point of the pericardium. Soon this is felt distended and fluctu-
ating with the finger pushed through; then a trocar similar to
the one used for puncture of the caecum is introduced and the
fluid is allowed to escape; sometimes thin and clear, or again
sanious, foetid and mixed more or less with blood. Sometimes
a drainage tube is introduced and left in place so that the flow
of the exudation can continue. Of course this is only a palliative
treatment and is one that can only give some special advantages,
namely, the possibility of granting a new lease of life, permitting
the animal to be fattened. The puncture, says the author, ought
10 be attempted whenever there is a dropsical condition caused
by traumatic pericarditis. The use of the drain is one that ought
not to be neglected.— (Annates de Belgium,)

A Case of Poisoning with Spirits of Turpentine [R.
Straunard']. — A heavy draught horse received early one morn-
ing a drench for worms, prepared by a druggist. He struggled
very much while receiving it and he soon had colic and laid down.
He passed faeces three times and had a profuse discharge from
both nostrils. His pulse was 80; temperature, 40.50; respira-
tion, 50. The nasal discharge was rusty, spumous. It subsided
late in the day. The throat is painful. The loins are stiff. A
strong odor of turpentine came from the breath. Treatment:
Injections of caffeine; 2 grams are made three times during the

ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES. 59

day. It is only in the evening that they give rise to a local swell-
ing at the point of injection. Temperature is then 40; pulsa-
tions, 66; respiration, 44. Micturition, which first was rare and
painful, has become clear, more abundant and more frequent.
The urine has a slight odor of violet. An injection of artificial
serum was then administered and repeated the next day, acti-
vating the improvement obtained with the first. There were
some slight respiratory troubles on the right side with some
muco-purulent discharge, but these gradually diminished and dis-
appeared.— (Annates de Belgium.)

GERMAN REVIEW.

By J. I\ O Leary, V. M. D., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y.

Red Lymph Nodes [Med. Rat. Dr. Baum, Dresdenx. — The
following brief notes are compiled from an extensive work by
Baum on the presence of red lymph nodes in the domestic ani-
mals.

1st. In most of the domestic animals lymph nodes are present
which by their intense red color are designated red lymph nodes.
They are divided into two groups, those which have no lymph
vessels (hcemo-lymphoid nodes) and those which have afferent
and efferent vessels (hcumo-lymph nodes).

2d. They occur within the most extreme limits. They are
found more regularly and are more numerous in sheep and cattle,
occasionally in dogs, and probably not at all in horses.

3d. They may be found in almost all parts of the body, pref-
erably, however, in the abdominal and thoracic cavities and in
the proximity of the true lymph nodes.

4th. They vary in size from a millet seed to a walnut, but are
usually from that of a pinhead to a pea. In number they are
variable, and particularly so in the different species of animals.

5th. Microscopically they are differentiated from the two
glands in that the lymph sinuses and particularly the subcapsular
tissues are more prominently developed and contain a greater
number of red blood corpuscles, and that the parenchyma is
formed of a homogeneous, lymphoid mass which contains germ-
inal centres ; but a distinction between the cortical and medullary
substance is not recognizable. — (Deutsche Tier. Wochenschrift,
1907, No. 34.)

60 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

The Action of the Spleen in Trypanosomiasis [A.
Laveran and A. Thuroux'}. — The specific action of the spleen
in infectious diseases has not yet been fully explained. Laveran
has expressed his opinion in opposition to the protecting action
of the spleen in malaria. In trypanosomiasis the spleen is al-
ways enlarged.. Various authors have ascribed to this organ a
protecting trypanolytic action. Laveran and Thuroux have
again taken up the work from an experimental standpoint and
from which they conclude that the trypanosomes jn the spleen
in vivo immediately after death have the same appearance as
those in the blood. The described changes appear only post-
mortem. The splenic juice has no trypanolytic properties in
vitro. The course of the trypanosoma infection was not per-
ceptibly altered in animals in which the spleen had been removed.
The role of the spleen in the trypanosome diseases, as in malaria,
seems to be limited to the retention of the disorganized parasites
from entering the circulating blood. — (Annates de VInst. Pas-
teur, 1907, page, 593.

Tuberculosis of the Bronchial Lymph Glands
Through Intestinal Infection [Calmette, Guerin and De-
learde~\. — The authors infer from their experimental investiga-
tions on animals and the clinical symptoms in children, that in
all cases of tuberculosis of the bronchial lymph glands, tubercle
bacilli were found in the mesenteric lymph glands even when
the latter appeared to be healthy. The disease of the mesenteric
lymph glands, which precedes that of the bronchial lymph glands,
as in all cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in children and adults,
is of intestinal origin. The infection with tubercle bacilli oc-
curring in children and adults in the majority of cases originates
in the "digestive tract through the consumption of the milk of
tuberculous cows or from foodstuffs, particles of dirt, etc., which
have been contaminated with human tuberculous matter. —
Deutsche Tier. Wochenschrift, No. 24, 1907.)

Dr. W. W. Courtwright, an Inspector in the Quarantine
service of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry and stationed at
Ft. Collins, Col., sustained a severe injury while attending to his
official duties. He received a kick from a horse just above the
left temple, which resulted in partial paralysis of one side of his
body.

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION.

VETERINARIAN— PHILIPPINE SERVICE.

The United States Civil Service Commission announces an
examination on October 21, 1908, at the places mentioned in a
list printed by the Commission, to secure eligibles from which to
make certification to fill vacancies as they may occur in the posi-
tion of veterinarian, in the Philippine Service, at an entrance
salary of $1,500 or $1,600 per annum. Appointees are allowed
field expenses when absent on duty from their permanent stations.

The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned below,
weighted as indicated :

Subjects. Weights.

1. Letter-writing (a letter of not less than 125 words on

some subject of general interest. Competitors

may select either of two subjects given) 10

2. Veterinary anatomy and physiology 20

3. Veterinary pathology 20

4. Veterinary practice 40

5. Training and experience 10

Total 100

Seven hours will be allowed for this examination.

Applicants must indicate in their applications that they are
graduates of reputable veterinary colleges.

Information relative to employment in the Philippine Service,
cost of living, leave of absence, transportation, climate, clothing,
medical attendance, contract, etc., is contained in section 31 of
the Manual of Examinations revised to July 1, 1908, a copy of
which may be had upon application to the Civil Service Commis-
sion, Washington, D. C.

Age limit, 18 to 40 years on the date of the examination.

The medical certificate must be filled in by some medical
officer in the service of the United States. Applicants should
appear before medical officers of the Army, Navy, Indian, or
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service. If such an officer

61

62 CIVIL SEBVICE EXAMINATION.

can not be conveniently visited, a pension examining surgeon
may execute the certificate. Special arrangements have been
made with Pension Examining Boards throughout the country
to give such examination for a fee of $2, to be paid by the ap-
plicant. This certificate must not be executed by the family
physician of the applicant. The medical officer should indicate
his rank or official designation on such certificate.

Each applicant for the Philippine Service will be required
to submit to the examiner, on the day he is examined, a photo-
graph of himself, taken within three years, which will be filed
with his examination papers as a means of identification in case
he receives appointment. An unmounted photograph is pre-
ferred. The date, place, and name of examination, the examina-
tion number, the competitor's name, and the year in which the
photograph was taken should be indicated on the photograph.

This examination is open to all citizens of the United States
who comply with the requirements.

This announcement contains all information which is com-
municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination,
the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re-
quired.

Applicants should at once apply either to the United States
Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C, or to the Secre-
tary of the Board of Examiners at any place mentioned in the
list printed by the Commission, for application Forms 2 and 375.
No application will be accepted unless properly executed and filed
with the Commission at Washington. In applying for this ex-
amination the exact title as given at the head of this announce-
ment should be used in the application.

As examination papers are shipped direct from the Commis-
sion to the places of examination, it is necessary that applica-
tions be received in ample time to arrange for the examination
desired at the place indicated by the applicant. The Commission
will therefore arrange to examine any applicant whose applica-
tion is received in time to permit the shipment of the necessary
papers.

The Missouri Valley Veterinary Association will hold its
semi-annual meeting in February.

The Veterinary Department of the Colorado Agricultural
College has a larger attendance this year than last.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The Pathology and Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases of
Animals. By Veranus Alva Moore, B. S., M. D., Professor of Com-
parative Pathology, Bacteriology and Meat Inspection, New York
State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. With
an Introduction by Daniel Elmer Salmon, D. V. M., Former Chief
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of
Agriculture. Third Edition Revised and Enlarged. 127 Illustrations.
Ithaca, N. Y. : Taylor & Carpenter. 1908.

This is an indispensable book to the student and to the prac-
titioner alike. In the recent revision, Dr. Moore has amplified
the text and incorporated many new facts pertaining to the path-
ology and diagnosis of the infectious diseases of animals brought
out by the activity in the study of comparative pathology and
bacteriology since the publication of the second edition. This
rapid increase of new knowledge, and the elimination of obsolete
methods and interpretations, made the third edition advisable.

The grouping of the infectious diseases in accordance with the
classification of their etiological factors is an attractive feature of
the work. The book is concise and comprehensive and in every
way in strict harmony with the present state of our knowledge of
pathology and differential diagnosis. We commend it to the
student and to the practitioner. The subjoined Table of Con-
tents conveys a very satisfactory idea of the plan of classification
and the scope of the work :

Table of Contents.

List of Illustrations — List of Reference Books — Introduction.

Chapter I. — General Consideration of Etiology, Infection and
Specific Infectious Diseases.

Chapter II. — Diseases Attributed to Wound Infection.

Chapter III. — Diseases Caused by Bacteria — Genus Strepto-
coccus.

Chapter IV. — Diseases Caused by Bacteria — Genus Micro-
coccus.

Chapter V. — Diseases Caused by Bacteria — Genus Bacterium.

Chapter VI. — Diseases Caused by Bacteria — Genus Bacillus.

63

64 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Chapter VII. — Diseases Caused by Bacteria — Family Spiril-
laceae.

Chapter VIII. — Diseases Caused by Fungi.

Chapter IX. — Diseases Caused by Protozoa — Genus Piro-
plasma.

Chapter X. — Diseases Caused by Protozoa — Genus Amceba.

Chapter XL — Diseases Caused by Protozoa — Genus Try-
panosoma.

Chapter XII. — Infectious Diseases for which the specific cause
is not yet determined.

Chapter XIII. — Immunity and Protective Inoculation.

Chapter XIV. — Disinfection.

Prof. Coates Entertains Distinguished Guests. — Prof.
W. J. Coates, Dean of the New York-American Veterinary Col-
lege, entertained Docteur S. Arloing, Correspondant de l'lnstitut,
Professeur a la Faculte de Medecine and Directeur de l'Ecole
Nationale Veterinaire. Lyon, and Docteur J. B. Piot Bey, Direc-
teur Veterinaire aux Domaines de l'Etat, Correspondant de
l'Academie de Medicine, Le Caire, on their return from the In-
ternational Congress. Doctor Coates had planned giving these
distinguished gentlemen a dinner, at which the entire faculty of
the New York-American Veterinary College, the Chancellor of
New York University, Dr. Munn, chairman of the University
Council ; Dr. Weiss, of the old A. V. C. Trustees, and the French
Consul to the United States, were to have been present to receive
them ; but Drs. Arloing and Bey came to the veterinary school in
West Fifty- fourth street, New York, with letters of introduction,
with but one day between the time of their arrival there and the
day of sailing for Europe ; so Dr. Coates had to content himself,
after showino- them through the school, with a drive_ around the
city, during which they were shown many public buildings of note
and some of the prominent private dwellings. They visited
the Medical Department of New York University and were
greatly interested in the Histological, Pathological and
Bacteriological Laboratories, used in the education of the medi-
cal and veterinary students. They were also especially inter-
ested in the Bacteriological Department of the Board of Health ;
took great pleasure in noting the method of making the vaccine,
and, finally, visited the Tichner-Grand " Horse Mart," in West
Sixty-first street.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The forty-fifth annual meeting- was held in the auditorium
of Houston Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.r
September 8, 9, 10, II, and was called to order at 10 a. m. of the
first day by President W. H. Dalrymple.

When the meeting had been formally opened the President
introduced Mr. William F. Gleason, secretary to Hon. John E.
Reyburn, Mayor of Philadelphia, who, in the absence of his
Honor, extended a very cordial welcome to the members of the
profession and their families to the City of Brotherly Love. The
mayor's secretary was followed by Vice-Provost Edgar F.
Smith, who in an eloquent address welcomed the A. V. M. A.
within the portals of the grand old university of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Smith said the invitation to the university bore the message
of welcome; reminded his hearers that the university was the
child of Franklin; that sixty acres in the heart of the town had
been given up to educational purposes ; that the profession would
find itself in a congenial atmosphere, and alluded to the need of
having the minds of the laity impressed with the supreme im-
portance of veterinary science in connection with agricultural and
public health progress. " Open wide the door. Enter and be
happy." Sir Edward W. Patton, of Philadelphia, also spoke
words of welcome. He said that veterinary medicine had been
growing faster, during the last few years, than most any other
branch of medical science. Dr. W. Horace Hoskins extended
cordial greetings on behalf of the local members of the profes-
sion and welcomed the delegates from other veterinary associa-
tions.

The response to the several addresses of welcome was made
by Dr. H. D. Gill, of the New York-American Veterinary Col-
lege, in his usual able and eloquent manner.

At the conclusion of the formalities attending the opening-
exercises, the President delivered the annual address as follows r

PRESIDENT DALRYMPLE'S ADDRESS.

" The exalted position to which this association did me the
honor of electing me at our last annual gathering has claimed

65

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

my attention almost incessantly up to the present moment, and
with a gradually increasing sense of the immense responsibility
it carries with it. For, to occupy the office of executive head
of the American Veterinary Medical Association, which em-
braces this entire western continent, as well as the colonial de-
pendencies of this great republic, is not only a position of great
honor, but one, which, if conscientiously filled, demands a great
deal of serious thought and earnest endeavor.

" Onward and upward seems to have been the motto of this
organization from its inception, when a few earnest souls met
together and called it into being, up to the present time, with its
membership almost 1,000 strong; and onward and upward the
motto must continue to be: a thought, however, which, although
inspiring earnestness and devotion, tends to create within the
hearts of those who are chosen to guide its destinies, a sense of
conscientious foreboding lest the onward pace should slacken,
and the upward tendency be checked by the gravitating influence
of inertia, or any other factor, retrogressive in its effect, which
God forbid.

" If we are to be guided in our forecast by what this asso-
ciation has accomplished in the past, then the future is replete
with great things yet to be achieved. But we must not forget
that the men who have, hitherto, ' held the tiller ' form a galaxy
of the most brilliant mental stars which the veterinary profes-
sion in this country has produced; some of whom have gone to
their higher reward, leaving us poorer by their departure; yet
richer for having lived and labored for the noble cause which we,
as a profession, here represent to-day, viz., the cause of hu-
manity in its broadest and deepest sense.

" Buoyed up with the rich legacy of earnest devotion to the
interests and advancement of our noble profession which our
predecessors in the executive chair have bequeathed to us, may
those of our membership who are to lead and guide this great
body in the future, be stimulated and encouraged to the accom-
plishment of even greater things, in keeping with the spirit and
the demands of our modern civilization.

"I feel that I cannot proceed further without making brief
allusion to the serious inroads which the " grim reaper " has
made into the ranks of this association during the past year.
Death is no respecter of persons — a fact which has again been
fully exemplified by his having deprived us, not only of a num-
ber of earnest workers among the rank and file, so to speak, of

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 67

our membership, but of some of our leaders; men like our late
lamented Roscoe R. Bell, to whose individuality, earnestness, de-
votion and ability this association and the profession generally
owes so much for what it has achieved, and stands for to-day in
this country — ' Requiescat in pace ! '

" I trust that the committee on necrology will draw up suit-
able resolutions of condolence to be adopted by this association,
and that copies will be sent to the families of our deceased con-
freres, showing to them how deeply we regret and deplore the
great loss which they and we have sustained. And we should
not forget to note, also, the further loss which the veterinary
profession has sustained during the past year by the removal,
through death, of several distinguished representatives in other
countries, who held reputations of an international character.

" I am sure it must be very gratifying to all who are in any
way associated with the ' healing art,' to meet here in the ' City
of Brotherly Love,' with its world-renowned university, whose
medical department ranks with the highest in the land; whose
diploma, if I mistake not, was the first to receive recognition in
European countries, and whose Department of Comparative
Medicine is an honor to any civilized nation.

" It must, I am sure, be very gratifying, also, to the members
of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association that
' Dame Fortune ' should elect the annual meeting of this asso-
ciation in Philadelphia during the 25th anniversary of their
organization, to help them celebrate the auspicious occasion.

" And, although immaterial to this body, I may, perhaps, be
pardoned for adding, that there is an element of personal grati-
fication in our meeting here at this particular time, as it was in
Philadelphia, in 1894, that the speaker first saw • the light of
day ' as a member of this, which is probably the most influential
organization of its kind of modern times. Consequently, I have
the pleasurable feeling akin to that of the young man on his
return to the place of his nativity after an absence of fourteen
long years.

" I believe a presidential address is expected to contain a
resume of all the important professional events that have trans-
pired anywhere and everywhere during the fiscal year, and to
forecast as many that may, and a considerable number that, per-
haps, never will, happen in the future. Or, in other words, one
is expected, in a measure, to refer to, discuss, and possibly criti-
cize, events that have actually happened which concern the asso-

68 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ciation and the profession generally, then venture upon sug-
gestions for future guidance, and, finally, to draw upon one's
imagination in order to make up for what one's knowledge is
deficient in. 1 am afraid it is upon the latter that I have had
to depend for the makeup of my address.

" In order to obtain an idea of what I would say, and how I
should say it, I have scanned the horizon of presidential addresses
from the year of my ' membership birth,' right up to, and in-
cluding, that masterpiece delivered at Kansas City by my dis-
tinguished and honored predecessor, Dr. James Law, with the
hope of discovering something new; something untouched; some
hiatus, so to speak, through which I might be able to discern some
undiscovered points or topics which would afford a clue upon
which I could lay hold, in order to be able to present some new
ideas, or some old ones furbished up to present-day require-
ments. But to my utter dismay and undoing, I found that the
entire field of presidential-address topics had been covered. Gen-
eral practice has had its share of attention ; state veterinary med-
icine has been touched upon; our great National Bureau of
Animal Industry, with its important pathologic and biochemic
divisions, has received well-merited recognition; and the schools
have, by no means, been left out. In short, I found nothing but
discouragement by my search, as the number and variety of
topics, already utilized, included any and everything, from the
life-history and pathogenicity of the lowly bacterium, and the
equally lowly trypanosome, up to, and including, a most impres-
sive eulogy on the public character and career of that distin-
guished American citizen, Hon. Tom L. Johnson, of Cleveland,
Ohio. Is it any wonder, then, that I should have exclaimed:
' Woe is me, for I am undone,' so far as new ' thunder ' was
concerned.

" Our constitution tells us that one of the objects of the asso-
ciation is, ' to promote good-fellowship.' This, of itself, is a
most laudable object, and one without which no organization can
well be held together. Congregation and good-fellowship, sa-
vored with an element of conviviality, do not seem to be alto-
gether confined to we creatures of higher intellectuality, but ap-
pear to be instinctively adopted by those lower down the scale,
evidently for the sake of companionship as well as protection.

" Good-fellowship, companionability, ' brotherly love ' might,
perhaps, be the more appropriate term on this particular occa-
sion— call it what we may — is a most indispensable primary fac-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 69

tor in the accompli shment of important results in other directions
sought to be brought about by such an organization as ours, as
its tendency is to synthesize, rather than analyze; to unify, rather
than produce discordance; to eliminate, rather than create, fric-
tion. In short, to bring about and maintain that community of
good feeling among individual members which makes for the
best interests of the organization as a whole.

" I think there can be little question that the American Vet-
erinary Medical Association has been strikingly successful in its
effort to accomplish, and maintain, good-fellowship among its
members, when we consider the ever-enlarging annual list of
applicants for membership, and the formidable and healthy
growth and splendid development of the organization itself.
Speaking from personal experience, I may say that there is no
event of the year to which I look forward with so much pleasure
as our annual gathering, with its wealth of good-fellowship;
where friend meets friend, and new friendships take their birth;
where professional experiences are exchanged; where mutual
benefit is obtained; where the continent's brightest professional
intellect is focussed. And what does it all mean? Is individual
benefit the sole object to be attained? Not so! True, the indi-
vidual does benefit, and that very materially. But the aim has a
much wider and more beneficent scope, viz., to raise the standard
of our noble profession higher, and yet higher, before the world,
and to endeavor to be, and remain, worthy of the standard which
we float from our 'masthead.' Good-fellowship creates unity;
in unity there is power ; long may it remain an unruffled factor in
the membership of this great organization!

" Another object of this association, our constitution tells us,
is • to elevate the standards of veterinary education.'

" In all spheres of human effort the demand of the twentieth
century is for a higher standard of education, whether it be the
training of the intellect or the so-called special senses, in order
to keep abreast of modern advancement in the numerous and
varied ramifications into which man's effort is directed by the
arts and sciences.

" Institutions of learning and of training of all kinds are
constantly adding to their requirements for matriculation and
graduation, and, thereby, increasing, it would seem, the dif-
ficulties to be overcome by the aspirant to proficiency, and to
honors, in the different fields of the world's work. These dif-
ficulties are, however, more apparent than real, I think, when

70 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

one takes into consideration how much better the educational
preparation of the youth of to-day is, on account of the great ad-
vances made in public school and high school equipment and
curriculi, than it was even a decade ago. For the educational
preparation of the professional man of to-day to remain in statu
quo, would be a very anomalous state of affairs, when modern
advancement and demands are calling to him ' come up higher; '
and when his present-day more advanced scholastic or academic
preparation, at the other end, is saying to him, ' go up higher.'

" In order, therefore, to articulate both, that is, to meet,
and keep abreast of, the demands of to-day, in the different
professions, and at the same time provide more advanced work in
keeping with, and to respond to the higher class preparation
afforded by our educational system, generally, throughout the
country, professional education and training must advance.

" May we not apply this thought to the education with which
we, as an association, are more intimately concerned, viz., that
of the veterinarian? There can be no doubt that the twentieth
century requires, and is calling for, the man of higher educa-
tion and attainment to cope with, and endeavor to solve, the
many new problems that are ever springing up in the field of
comparative medicine; and I think there can be no question, also,
that the prospective student is, as previously stated, now much
better equipped than formerly to enter upon a course of profes-
sional study requiring a higher standard of intellectual training.
To meet the necessities in the case, therefore, it seems to me, we
must look to the professional schools and colleges to perform
their part well, as they appear to occupy the important central
position, and in them seems to rest the power of satisfying the
demand at each end of the line, so to speak, and which, I take it,
is a position of grave responsibility.

" The veterinary schools of America, as a whole, have done
a splendid work ; they have fulfilled a great mission ; they have
educated and turned out able and capable men. But we must
not lose sight of the fact that the requirements of a decade ago
are not those of to-day. They are ever on the advance, and they
keep on advancing. So that there must be a gradual elevation
of the standard to meet those requirements. This is so in all
other professions and callings. A condition imposed by the
Carnegie Foundation is, that before the professors of State Uni-
versities and Colleges are eligible to be placed upon the. Carnegie
pension list for teachers, the requirements for matriculation at

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

these institutions must be not less than a specified number of
units. This is going to have a very salutory effect in bringing
up the standard of these great centres of learning throughout
the country, because, with the entrance requirements increased,
the curriculum of study is more than certain to be in keeping
with the higher matriculation standard.

" It would seem that our National Department of Agriculture
has caught the infection as to higher standards. Or at least, in
so far as the eligibility of graduate veterinarians for special de-
partments of its work is concerned. I cannot think otherwise
than that this recent move on the part of the Department of'
Agriculture is in an upward direction, and in keeping with the
educational spirit of the times; and although at first, and for a
time, it may create a ripple of dissatisfaction in some cases, I
am forced to the opinion that it will eventuate in the greatest
stimulus which the veterinary profession in this country has ever
experienced.

" May it not be truthfully said, that the eyes of the world, or
at least, those of our foreign customer-countries, are upon the
great meat inspection service of the United States? Conse-
quently, it becomes thebounden duty of the national authorities
to foster our immense export trade in meat and meat food-
products by seeking to raise the standard of education for those
who are to be employed in its protection.

" I know of my own personal knowledge that in Secretary
Wilson the veterinary profession of America has no truer nor
stancher friend, who realizes, to the full, that our monumental
live stock industry, on which such a large proportion of our
citizens depend for their living, can never attain to its greatest
measure of success without a thoroughly educated and equipped
veterinary profession. And if such is deemed a necessity to
guard the health of those who consume our meats, and for the
benefit of the people generally, is it not just as much so for the
private citizen, in order that he may be the recipient of abler and
more enlightened professional service?

" I think it is a fact, and I believe all will agree with me,
that the great school of comparative pathology in this country is
the National Bureau of Animal Industry, to which the profession
is indebted, more than to any other factor, for the advancement
that has been made in this important branch of work in recent
times, and whose researches claim the attention of scientists, not
only on this western hemisphere, but all over the civilized world.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Can it possibly maintain this well-earned reputation unless there
be a gradual elevation of the standard of education to equip its
staff to meet the ever-growing demands of the times ?

" Permit me, here, to quote a short paragraph from the sum-
mary of an address on ' What the American Medical Association
Stands For,' by Dr. Geo. H. Simmons, of Chicago, before the
Kentucky State Medical Association last year :

" ' It (the American Medical Association) stands to-day, as
it has stood for sixty years, but now in an entirely practical way,
for a higher standard of medical education, for a gradual eleva-
tion of this standard, until the physicians of the United States
shall equal in scientific attainment, as they equal in intellect, the
physicians of any other nation on earth.'

" May we not apply the foregoing to our own case ? For,
has the medical profession any juster grounds for such a claim
than has the veterinary profession ? Surely not !

" A further short paragraph from the summary of the same
address might also be apropos here. Dr. Simmons says :

" ' The American Medical Association stands for uniform
legislation in all the states ; for a law based on principles adopted
after careful scientific study of the problems involved that shall
be equitable and just, and that shall make possible rational
reciprocity among the states.' Which refers, of course, to the
medical practice acts in the different commonwealths.

" To obtain this ' rational reciprocity ' in the medical profes-
sion, with its many different schools of medicine, and its large
numbers of institutions representative of each school; and,
besides, the many graduations in the quality and value of the
different diplomas, must of necessity, it seems to me, be sur-
mounted by much greater obstacles than would be the case with
the veterinary profession, with its comparatively limited number
of diploma-granting institutions, and with its one main allopathic .
school.

" The trend of professional opinion, both medical and veter-
inary medical, I think, seems evidently to be in this direction of
reciprocity among the states; and which I believe is a prospec-
tive condition, concerning our profession, worthy the best thought
of this association.

" If I mistake not, one of the first steps in the accomplish-
ment of this end, would be uniformity in the educational require-
ments, both for matriculation and graduation, in the different
veterinary institutions throughout the country, somewhat similar

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 73

to that which obtains in some other countries. The ' one portal '
through which to enter the profession, and a single diploma-
granting body, as is the case in Great Britain and Ireland, would'
not, I presume, be altogether practicable in the United States,
owing to certain conditions existing with us. But, if all of our
veterinary colleges and schools were uniform in their require-
ments, and those requirements sufficiently high to meet modern
demands, then their diplomas would, logically, be of equal value,
which would amount, practically, to the same thing. Given,
therefore, the uniformity spoken of, as regards the education of
the student, both preparatory and professional, and equality in
the value of the diploma, reciprocity might not only be eventually
brought about, but the work of the State Examining Boards be
greatly minimized, so far as testing the eligibility of graduates
to practice in the different states is concerned. Or, in other
words, all diplomas being of equal value, no matter from which
institution obtained, would, or should, be passports to practice
the science and art of veterinary medicine and surgery in which-
ever state the holders chose to select.

" Of course all this may savor of the wanderings of a de-
ranged intellect, and be thought altogether ahead of our condi-
tion and time. But, I think there is no getting beyond the fact,
that it would, and if ever it crystallizes will, be an ideal state of
affairs, and that would make for the best interests of the profes-
sion, eventually.

" In glancing over Circular No. 133. of the National Bureau of
Animal Industry, recently issued, entitled, ' Report and Recom-
mendations Regarding Veterinary Colleges in the United States,'
I was forcibly impressed with the thought, that the approval, by
the Secretary of Agriculture, of his expert committee's report,
will go a long way toward solving the problem of uniformity in
educational requirements, and make for equality in the value of
the veterinary diploma. It cannot but have its influence for good,
ultimately, upon the profession, as a whole, in this country, when
we consider for a moment that the National Department of
Agriculture alone gives employment to over 800 members — a
number about equaling the entire membership of this organiza-
tion— and that they, in order to be eligible, in the future, for
admission to the civil service examination for Bureau appoint-
ments, will be required to show that they are thoroughly qualified,
in every way, to fill these important positions.

74 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

" I may be in error, but the ' signs of the times ' seem to
indicate to me that the future, and the not far distant future at
that, will find a standard of education for veterinarians in this
country which will enable them to ' equal in scientific attainment,
as they equal in intellect, those of any other nation on earth.'

" Another object of this association is ' to enlighten and
direct public opinion regarding veterinary problems of state
medicine.'

" I believe that this association, through its membership scat-
tered throughout the country, has accomplished, and is accom-
plishing, most excellent results in this important direction, if
we may judge by the number of the states having satisfactory
laws to control the different infections of our domesticated
animals, some of which are communicable to human beings.

" From my own personal experience, the enlightenment of
public opinion to the importance of this branch of medicine, that
is, to the point of action, on its part, has, I am free to admit,
been one of the most arduous tasks that I have tried to undertake
during the entire course of my professional career, and I pre-
sume I am by no means alone in this experience, if the whole
truth were known. It is all the more gratifying, however, when
success does crown one's efforts, especially if those efforts have
been encompassed around with discouragements and, apparent,
insurmountable difficulties. Like some other matters we have
been discussing, it is a question of education.

" The public mind, as a rule, however, is of sufficient plastic-
ity to be moulded in the right direction, provided the proper
methods are used in the operation. True, the operation is fre-
quently of the ' major ' class, and requires time, and lots of
patience. But the prognosis being generally favorable, the re-
sults are worthy of abundant effort, as nothing tangible is pos-
sible of accomplishment in the absence of an educated and
enlightened public opinion, which, I am sure, it may truthfully
be said, this association, and reputable . members of the profes-
sion generally, are endeavoring to do their part in bringing about.
Would that the Congressional mind was more receptive to en-
lightenment with regard to the needs of our Army Veterinary
Service.

" It might be appropriate, here, to allude briefly to an event
of great moment that is to take place shortly, and which, if fully
availed of by the members of this association, should aid us, very
materially, in this important work of enlightening and directing

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

public opinion. I refer to the coming International Congress on
Tuberculosis, which is to begin its labors in Washington City,
as no doubt all of you are aware, on the 21st instant.

" This will be one of the most important and influential Con-
gresses ever held on this, or any other continent, and the veter-
inary profession has rightly been given a place on the proggram,
there having been provided an entire section (section VII.)
which will be devoted exclusively to a discussion on ' Tubercu-
losis in Animals in Its Relations to Man,' and of which our dis-
tinguished ex-President, Dr. Leonard Pearson, is the worthy
President.

" This will be an opportunity rarely afforded the veterinary
profession of any country to hear and participate in, with
eminent foreign representatives, discussions of the many im-
portant points and problems connected with the ' great white
plague,' to which humanity pays such extortionate toll, and
through whose insidious inroads so many of the valuable food-
producing animals of this and other countries succumb.

" To attempt to control and eradicate tuberculosis without
due regard to the animal source of infection, would, it seems to
me, be but a one-sided effort, futile in its results, notwithstand-
ing the opinion of a few eminent scientists to the contrary.
Consequently, the veterinary profession has a most important,
and I should say, indispensable, part to play in this great and
beneficent work, not merely when viewed from its economic
aspect, but for the sake of humanity. Let us show to the world,
therefore, that we are not only capable, but that we are willing;
in fact, indispensable, as combatants in the general onslaught
against this insidious scourge which leaves world-wide destruc-
tion and death in its wake. I would, therefore, earnestly urge
upon all who possibly can, to attend this great gathering of de-
voted men, whose deliberations will be heralded, not only all over
this country, but throughout the world.

" The menu prepared for this annual meeting is a veritable
1 feast of intellectual fat things,' ' fit for the proverbial gods,'
and I feel sure that your appetites must be keenly whetted for the
fray. Consequently, it would exhibit a most unpardonable lack
of thoughtfulness and good judgment on my part, did I attempt
to ' prolong the agony.'

" Before closing, however, there is just one other object of
this association that I would like to touch upon, viz., ' to protect
the material interests of the veterinary profession and present to
the world its achievements.'

76 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

" Naturally, one of the main purposes of organization is for
protection. That is generally understood and accepted. The
question might be germane, however, How can this association
best protect those interests? I don't know but that the best
answer to the interrogatory would be simply to enumerate the
other objects, such as, Promotion of good fellowship; elevation
of the standards of education; the cultivation of medical science
and literature, and the enlightenment and direction of public
opinion regarding veterinary problems of state medicine, etc.
All of which, when finally summed up means, I take it, education.
Or, in other words, with a thoroughly educated veterinary pro-
fession, both intellectually and morally, combined with an edu-
cated and well directed public opinion, which it is one of the
chief aims of this association to secure, the material interests of
the profession will largely take care of themselves.

" I question very seriously if any similar organization, in
any country, when we take into account the many diverse
branches of work in which the membership of this association
is engaged, is presenting to the world its achievements to such
an extent as is this. And I believe I am more than justified in
the statement, when we consider, first of all, the compilation of
most valuable literature, a great deal of which is original, that
every year forms the Report of our Proceedings, and which is
widely distributed.

" Then let us look at the monumental amount of research
work done, and the literature, showing the results obtained, by
what might be termed the ' veterinary division ' of our National
Department of Agriculture, which is scattered to the ' four winds
of heaven.'

" Have we not, also, our great professional literary medium,
the American Veterinary Review, through whose pages we
are able to, and do, show to the world at least some of our
achievements? And have we not the colleges, themselves, with
their quarterly periodicals, endeavoring to fulfill a similar mis-
sion? Have we not, also, the veterinary departments of our
State Boards of Health, and our Live Stock Sanitary Commis-
sions working in the same cause, and to a similar end? And
last, but not least, I think, have we not the veterinary divisions
of our agricultural colleges and experiment stations, in almost
every state and territory of this great union, engaged in the
investigation of the many occult problems connected with the
diseases of the lower animals, and publishing to the world their

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

achievements in the form of bulletins, whose number may be said
to be ' legion ?' Is there another country in the world, I say,
with an association whose membership units can, and do, make
such a showing in achievement ?

" Long may the American Veterinary Medical Association
continue to exhibit its wonderful accomplishments in behalf of
the profession as a whole, and mankind, generally; and may it
ever stand out prominently before the world, with the motto
still emblazoned upon its unfurled banner, and which can be read
from afar. ' Onward and Upward !'

" I trust that our Forty-fifth Annual Meeting may be an un-
qualified success in every particular, and that all of its delibera-
tions may be conducted in such a manner as to promote the best
of ' good fellowship ' among the entire membership."

THE GREAT ATTENDANCE.

As has been the custom for a number of years, the calling
of the roll was dispensed with, and a registry bureau was estab-
lished at the entrance which was in charge of Mr. H. Preston
Hoskins, U. of P., 1910. Every member and visitor was re-
quired to sign a card giving his name, degree, address and his
relation to the meeting — whether a member or visitor — before
receiving a badge. In this way the desired information was ob-
tained.

The total number of registrations was 611, divided as fol-
lows: Members, 243; gentlemen visitors, 237; ladies, 131 ; total,
6ll. Quite a number designated as visitors are now meml
having filled out their registration cards prior to becoming mem-
bers. There were also others at the meeting who failed to regis-
ter at all, so the attendance was even larger than the registra-
tion indicates. From the registrations made the following lists
of those in attendance has been arranged :

Alabama-— Members, C. A. Cary, Auburn; W. B. Fleming,
Montgomery. Lady visitor, Mrs. C. A. Cary, Auburn.

California — Members, R. A. Archibald, Oakland; C. M.
Haring, Berkeley; A, R. Ward, Berkeley. Gentlemen visitors,
Edward Records, Jr., San Francisco; W. L. Williamson, San
Francisco. Lady visitors, Mrs. R. A. Archibald, Oakland; Mrs.
G. M. Haring, Berkeley.

Colorado — Members, George H. Glover, Fort Collins; Chas.
G. Lamb, Denver.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Connecticut — Members, Harry E. Bates, South Norwalk;
Thomas Bland, Waterbury; V. M. Knapp, Danbury; G. • W.
Loveland, Torrington; Richard P. Lyman, Hartford; H. H.
Newcomb, Bridgeport; Mulford C. Thompson, Sharon. Gentle-
men visitors, G. Capewell Atwood, New Haven; Chas. F. Rob-
erts, New Haven. Lady visitor, Mrs. H. E. Bates, South Nor-
walk.

Delaware — Member, H. P. Eves, Wilmington. Gentlemen
visitors, J. R. Kuhns, Dover; J. W. Montague, Wilmington;
Chas. F. Dawson, Newark ; H. B. McDowell, Middletown. Lady
visitor, Mrs. H. P. Eves, Wilmington.

District of Columbia — Members, Adolph Eichhorn, Wash-
ington; A. M. Farrington, Washington; R. W. Hickman, Wash-
ington; Lee H. P. Maynard, Washington; A. D. Melvin, Wash-
ington; John R. Mohler, Washington; R. A. Ramsey, Wash-
ington; William Thompson, Washington; John P. Turner,
Washington; B. T. Woodward, Washington. Gentlemen vis-
itors, D. E. Buckingham, Washington; M. Page Smith, Wash-
ington. Lady visitors, Mrs. D. E. Buckingham, Washington;
Mrs. John P. Turner, Washington; Mrs. B. T. Woodward,
Washington.

Georgia — Members, Robert J. Foster, Dodge; E. M. Nigh-
bert, Atlanta; T. E. Jago, Athens; C. R. Jolly, Atlanta. Lady
visitor, Mrs. E. M. Nighbert, Atlanta.

Idaho — Gentleman visitor, G. E. Noble, Boise. Lady vis-
itor, Miss Agnes Noble, Boise.

Illinois — Members, A. H. Baker, Chicago ; L. E. Day, Chi-
cago; O. E. Dyson, Chicago; D. Arthur Hughes, Chicago;
Joseph Hughes, Chicago; George B. McKillip, Chicago; L. A.
Merillat, Chicago; H. D. Paxson, Chicago; James Robertson,
Chicago ; H. R. Ryder, Chicago. Gentlemen visitors, L. C. Tiff-
any, Springfield; Joseph P. Dunn, Chicago; Alexander Eger,
Chicago; Master Sherrington P. Hughes, Chicago; W. T. Keen-
er, Chicago; Frank Kover, Chicago; H. P. Rasmussen, Chicago;
Harry H. Howe, Savanna; C. P. Shaughnessy, Chicago. Lady
visitors, Mrs. A. H. Baker, Chicago ; Mrs. L. E. Day, Chicago ;
Mrs. D. Arthur Hughes, Chicago; Mrs. H. R. Ryder, Chicago.

Indiana — Members, O. L. Boor, Muncie; E. M. Bronson,
Indianapolis; Dickinson Gorsuch, Glencoe; J. O. Greeson, Ko-
komo; Joseph W. Klotz, Noblesvijle; J. R. Mitchell, Evansville;

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SOCIETY MEETINGS. 81

G. H. Roberts, Indianapolis; O. R. Whitestine, Huntington.
Gentlemen visitors, J. L. Axby, Lawrenceburg ; Robert F.
Harper, Indianapolis; J. C. Rodger, Anderson. Lady visitors,
Mrs. J. L. Axby, Lawrenceburg; Mrs. O. L. Boor, Muncie; Mrs.
Dickinson Gorsuch, Glencoe; Mrs. J. W. Klotz, Noblesville;
Mrs. J. R. Mitchell, Evansville; Miss Jennie Mitchell, Prince-
ton; Mrs. O. G. Whitestine, Huntington.

Iowa. — Member, G. A. Johnson, Sioux City. Lady visitor,
Mrs. G. A. Johnson, Sioux City.

Kansas — Members, R. F. Eagle, Kansas City; L. R. Baker,
Kansas City; Chas. H. Jewell, Fort Riley. Gentleman visitor,
F. S. Schoenleber, Manhattan. Lady visitor, Mrs. Chas. H.
Jewell, Fort Riley.

Louisiana — Member, W. H. Dalrymple, Baton Rouge. Gen-
tleman visitor, Fred. J. Mayer. New Orleans.

Maine — Member, George F. Wescott, Portland. Gentleman
visitor, W. H. Robinson, Woodfords.

Maryland — Members, Charles R. Biles, Elkton ; Samuel S.
Buckley, College Park; William Dougherty, Baltimore; Michael
T. Griffin, Baltimore; J. P. Grogan, Baltimore; Herbert Hoopes,
Belair ; Glenn W. Horner, Westminster ; G. Allen Jarman, Chester-
town; Samuel E. Lloyd, Baltimore; F. H. Mackie, Baltimore;
Win. H. Martenet, Baltimore; Harry A. Meisner, Baltimore;
E. F. Sanford, Baltimore; E. C. Schroeder, Bethesda; Robert
V. Smith, Frederick. Gentlemen 7'isitors, H. H. Counselman,
Baltimore; Frank M. Keller, Baltimore; W. S. Gimper, Balti-
more ; Wm. H. Ivens, Chestertown ; Joseph D. Hoopes, Belair ;
Thomas Shields, Govanstown. Lady visitors, Mrs. Herbert
Hoopes, Belair; Mrs. F. H. Mackie, Baltimore; Miss Martha
Watson, Fallston.

Massachusetts — Members, Francis Abele, Jr., Quincy;
Daniel Emerson, Lynn; H. B. Hamilton, New Bedford; Harry
Lukes, Springfield ; Charles H. Perry, Worcester ; J. G. Pfersick,
Greenfield ; Benjamin D. Pierce, Springfield ; Calvert H. Play-
den, Reading; Charles R. Simpson, Somerville; J. F. Winches-
ter, Lawrence; George M. Blair, Springfield. Gentlemen vis-
itors, George E. Harder. Pittsfield; W. J. Hennessy, Worcester;
A. A. McDowell, North Adams; R.' J. Marshall, Williamstown ;
W. T. Pugh, Southbridge; W. M. Simpson. Maiden; Jesse A.
Viles, Lowell; A. G. Walker, Taunton; H. F. Leighton, Wal-

82 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

pole; Roger N. Perry, Worcester; Kenneth M. Simpson, Mai-
den. Lady visitors, Mrs. Daniel Emerson, Lynn ; Miss Margaret
Flint, Reading; Mrs. A. A. McDowell, North Adams; Mrs.
Chas. H. Perry, Worcester; Mrs. J. G. Pfersick, Greenfield;
Mrs. B. D. Pierce, Springfield; Mrs. C. H. Playden, Reading;
Mrs. W. T. Pugh, Southbridge; Mrs. C. R. Simpson, Somer-
ville.

Michigan — Members, Judson Black, Richmond; S. Bren-
ton, Detroit; J. S. Donald, Bay City; George W. Dunphy, De-
troit; G. D. Gibson, Adrian; L. Kenneth Green, Detroit; James
J. Joy, Detroit ; Harry E. States, Detroit ; George Waddle, Kala-
mazoo. Gentlemen visitors, W. E. Coomer, Bay City; William
Hansen, Greenville ; J. Hawkins, Detroit ; Theodore F. Krey,
Detroit; H. L. Schuh, Grand Rapids. Lady visitors, Miss Bren-
ton, Detroit; Mrs. S. Brenton, Detroit; Mrs. J. S. Donald, Bay
City; Miss Adeline Joy, Detroit; Mrs. Mary Schroeder, Detroit;
Mrs. H. E. States, Detroit.

Minnesota — Members, Charles E Cotton, Minneapolis; G.
Ed. Leech, Winona; C. A. Mack, Stillwater; M. H. Reynolds,
St. Anthony Park; C. S. Shore, Lake City; S. H. Ward, St.
Paul.

Missouri — Members, Lloyd Champlain, Kansas City; H. H.
George, South St. Joseph; A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City; Frank
C. McCurdy, St. Joseph ; R. C. Moore, Kansas City ; B. W. Mur-
phy, St. Joseph; S. Stewart, Kansas City. Gentlemen visitor,
Master Albert S. Kinsley, Kansas City. Lady visitors, Mrs. H.
H. George, South St. Joseph ; Mrs. A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City ;
Mrs. S. Stewart, Kansas City.

New Hampshire — Member, Lemuel Pope, Jr., Portsmouth.
Visitors, F. L. Blake, Portsmouth; C. E. Burchsted, Concord;
F. P. McCushing, Keene; Harry H. Crawford, Manchester.
Lady visitor, Miss Mary McCushing, Keene.

New Jersey — Members, T. Earle Budd, Orange ; Henry W.
Dustan, Morristown; William Gall, Matawan; S. G. Hendren,
Montclair; R. W. Hewitt, Camden; John B. Hopper, Ridge-
wood; W. B. Kille, Salem; Bassett Kirby, Woodbury; Charles
Labash, Passaic; E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick; J. Payne Lowe,
Passaic; Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson; W. J. Reagan, Pater-
son; T. E. Smith, Jersey City; L. E. Tuttle, Bernardsville ;
George B. Vliet, Hackettstown. Gentlemen visitors, E. D. Bach-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 83

man, Newark; L. J. Belloff, New Brunswick; H. G. Black, Ham-
monton; J. H. Conover, Flemington ; Robert Dickson, Fair-
haven; G. F. Harker, Trenton; George O. Forsyth, Pemberton;
W. B. Hobson, Faterson; L. D. Horner, Woodstown; J. B.
Jones, Atlantic City ; H. J. Kohler, Trenton ; A. P. Labash, Perth
Amboy; James L. Lindsay, Jersey City; James McDonough,
Montclair; Charles E. Magill, Haddonfield; Harry C. Millar, As-
bury Park; A. A. Moody, Camden; Oscar Nelson, Woodcliff
Lake; Thomas B. Rogers, Woodbury; C. T. Rogers, Wood-
bury; W. Runge, Newark; J. A. Stuart, Burlington; S. C. Tre-
maine, Bridgeton; Frank A. Wright, Burlington; Harry H. Wil-
ensky, Mt. Ephraim. Lady visitors, Miss Rhoda A. Ashcraft,
Mullica Hill; Mrs. Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson; Miss Rogers,
Woodbury; Mrs. W. Runge, Newark; Mrs. L. E. Tuttle, Ber-
nardsville; Mrs. George B. Vliet, Hackettstown.

New York — Members, E. B. Ackerman, Brooklyn; W. L.
Baker, Buffalo; George H. Berns, Brookyn; W. Reid Blair,
New York; S. H. Burnett, Ithaca; W. J. Coates, New York;
J. F. DeVine, Goshen ; Robert W. Ellis, New York ; P. A. Fish,
Ithaca; Harry D. Gill, New York; F. C. Grenside, New York;
H. D. Hanson, New York; Thomas J. Herr, New York; W.
G. Hollingworth, Utica; Frank Hunt, Jamestown; Wm. Henry
Kelly, Albany; George A. Knapp, Millbrook; George W. Meyer,
New York; Veranus A. Moore, Ithaca; John P. O'Leary,
Buffalo ; M. M. Poucher, Oswego ; J. L. Robertson, New York ;
Charles C. Schloemer, New York; Clarence E. Shaw, Brooklyn;
T. G. Sherwood, New York; Walter J. Taylor, Ithaca; W. L.
Williams, Ithaca. Gentlemen visitors, A. W. Baker, Brasher
Falls; David W. Cochran, New York; C. R. Eno, Pine Plains;
Alexander Findley, Camden; Robert A. McCausland, Brooklyn;
W. J. McKinnev, Brooklvn; Robert S. MacKellar, New York;
Frank H. Miller, New York; P. V. Weaver, Glen Cove; L. R.
Webber, Rochester; Bellmont Bell, New York; Malvin Dough-
erty, New York ; Arthur S. Houchin, West Shokan ; William F.
Kirschner, New York ; Henry L. Sommer, New York ; Raymon
M. Staley, New York ; R. E. Waters, Gravesend ; F. E. Poucher,
Oswego. Lady visitors, Mrs. W. L. Baker, Brasher Falls ; Mrs.
George H. Berns, Bay Ridge; Miss Nellie C. Berns, Bay Ridge;
Mrs. David W. Cochran, New York ; Mrs. Robert W. Ellis, New
York; Mrs. H. D. Gill, New York; Mrs. H. D. Hanson, New
York; Mrs. A. S. Houchin, West Shokan; Mrs. Charlotte W.

84 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Hunt, Jamestown; Mrs. George W. Meyer, New York; Mrs.
P. J. O'Leary, Brooklyn; Miss May Stafford, Auburn; Mrs. L.
R. Webber, Rochester.

North Carolina — Members, Tait Butler, Raleigh; Adam
Fisher, Charlotte; W. J. Hartman, Raleigh. Lady visitor, Mrs.
Tait Butler, Raleigh.

Ohio — Members, F. E. Anderson, Findlay; W. A. Axby,
Harrison; J. H. Blattenberg, Lima; T. Bent Cotton, Mount
Vernon; A. E. Cunningham, Cleveland; J. D. Fair, Berlin; W.
C. Holden, Delphos ; J. C. Meyer, Cincinnati ; H. T. Moss, Ger-
mantown; John V. Newton, Toledo; Edgar H. Shepard, Cleve-
land ; W. B. Washburn, Tiffin ; Davis S. White, Columbus. Gen-
tlemen visitors, Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati; Robert C. Hill, West
Alexandria; H. N. Manley, Dayton; R. J. Michener, Lebanon.
Lady visitors, Mrs. W. A. Axby, Harrison; Mrs. R. J. Michener,
Lebanon; Mrs. John V. Newton, Toledo; Mrs. W. B. Wash-
burn, Tiffin.

Pennsylvania — Members, John W. Adams, Philadelphia;
F. S. Allen, Philadelphia; E. P. Althouse, Johnstown; Harry
E. Bender, Lititz; Adolf Berg, Germantown ; U. S. G. Bieber,
Kutztown; Francis Bridge, Philadelphia; Thomas Castor, Phila-
delphia; Amos O. Cawley, Milton; Thomas S. Carlisle, Chest-
nut Hill; H. B. Cox, Philadelphia; E. S. Deubler, Media; G.
A. Dick, Kane; E. C. Dingley, Philadelphia; Mayhar W. Drake,
Philadelphia; John H. Engel, Philadelphia; D. B. Fitzpatrick,
Philadelphia; Albert F. Elkin, Smicksburg; Frank U. Fe-rnsler,
Lebanon; George S. Fuller, Philadelphia; Carl W. Gay, Swarth-
more; Charles T. Goentner, Bryn Mawr; Guy M. Graybill, East
Petersburg; James Graham, Germantown; R. C. Gross, Eliza-
bethtown; F. A. Hamilton, Du Bois; S. J. J. Harger, Philadel-
phia; Jacob Helmer, Scranton; W. Horace Hoskins, Philadel-
phia; Edwin Hogg, Wilkes-Barre; Philip K. Jones, Pittsburg;
Louis A. Klein, Harrisburg; William J. Lentz, Hatboro; Stephen
Lockett, Philadelphia; John F. McAnulty, Philadelphia; A. J.
McCloskey, Chestnut Hill; C. Courtney McLean, Meadville;
James Mahon, Philadelphia ; C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia ; Henry
Marshall, Bridgeport; T. E. Munce, Harrisburg; E. W. New-
comer, Mount Joy; Irwin C. Newhard, Ashland; Otto G. Noack,
Reading ; Leonard Pearson, Philadelphia ; E. C. Porter, New
Castle; Edgar W. Powell, Bryn Mawr; John Reichel, Philadel-
phia; John J. Repp, Philadelphia; W. L. Rhoads, Lansdowne;

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 85

\Y. H. Ridge, Trevose; F. H. Schneider, Philadelphia; B. Frank
Senseman, Philadelphia; E. L. Simpson, Knoxville; Charles W.
Springer, Uniontown; W. J. Tomlinson, Williamsport, B. M.
Underhill, Media; James A. Waugh, Pittsburg; S. E. Weber,
Lancaster; W. E. Wight, Pittsburg; George H. Woolfolk, Ches-
ter; Elken H. Yunker, Philadelphia; J. W. Sallade, Auburn.
Gentlemen visitors, Wm. Russell Andress, Philadelphia; Wm.
Bender, Philadelphia ; G. G. Blank, Allentown ; Dr. H. P. Bolich,
Ashland ; Bertram Allen, Philadelphia ; Charles Auerbach, Phila-
delphia; H. W. Barnard, Philadelphia; James M. Bourke, Phila-
delphia; Henry Bower, Collegeville ; John L. Bradley, Mercers-
burg; H. P. Brooks, Philadelphia; Harry Brooks, Philadelphia;
C. W. Brown, Philadelphia; S. E. Bruner, Greensburg; H. W.
Burd, Philadelphia; H. C. Campbell, Philadelphia; Samuel
Coane, Philadelphia; Harry R. Church, Luzerne; W. B. Collom,
Philadelphia; Milton E. Conard, West Grove; Joseph J. Corkill,
Mauch Chunk; N. B. Critchfield, Harrisburg; Howard H. Cus-
tis, Malvern; Charles H. Detwiler, Royersford; Nathan M.
Drake, Philadelphia ; Warren T. Edwards, Philadelphia ; Fran-
cis Falls, Lancaster; George W. Famous, Berwyn; Howard B.
Felton, Olney; John C. Foelker, Allentown; Wm. W. Fox, East
Downingtown; B. M. Freed, Sharon; W. D. Fuller, Somerset;
George M. Garrett, West Chester; John O. George, Strasburg;
Alexander Glass, Philadelphia; D. A. Gorman, Kittanning; John
E. Gregory, Gilbert ; C. C. Harrison, Philadelphia ; William F.
Gleason, Philadelphia; J. P. Gerety, Philadelphia; Arthur D.
Goldhaft, Philadelphia; R. S. Hamilton, Philadelphia; Howard
E. Hoff, Philadelphia; Oliver T. Hendren, Roxborough; W. L.
Herbert, York; Joseph S. Hibbs, Fallsington; D. E. Hickman,
West Chester; Fred S. Hope, Philadelphia; H. Preston Hos-
kins, Philadelphia; Cheston M. Hoskins, Philadelphia; George
B. Jobson, Franklin; Joseph Johnson, West Grove; Frederic
S. Jones, Roxborough; Ralph L. Kann, Mechanicsburg; Thomas
J. Kean, Philadelphia; Kerro Knox, Philadelphia; Robert W.
Keeper, Chester; Thomas Kelly, Philadelphia; J. T. Kiethline,
East Stroudsburg; D. R. Kohler, Boyertown; William J. Lee,
Philadelphia; Charles Lenhart, York; Richard P. Lienhardt,
Wayne; Charles Lintz, Chester; James T. McAnulty, Philadel-
phia; James A. McCloskey, Chestnut Hill; William J. McCoy,
Philadelphia ; W. O. McHugh, Pittsburg ; M. J. Maloney, Phila-
delphia; Henry D. Martien, Philadelphia; Wesley Massinger,
Chalfont; J. W. Mather, Berwick; A. R. May, Boiling Springs;

86 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

John P. Miller, Reading; Warren B. Morgan, Philadelphia; P.
F. Murphy, Philadelphia; William S. Nicholas, Bedminster; J.
F. Olweiler, Elizabethtown ; Adam W. Ormiston, Germantown;
J. H. Oyler, Harrisburg; Edward A. Parker, Philadelphia; Wm.
Henry Paxson, Lahaska; Howard F. Pegan, Cochranton; J.
Chester Pennell, Philadelphia; M. A. Porter, Philadelphia; Edw.
W. Patton, Philadelphia; Frank K. Nice, Philadelphia; Horace
Ridge, Trevose; Edward A. Rile, Ambler; C. S. Rockwell, Phila-
delphia; F. B. Rutherford, Philadelphia; James T. Ross, Frank-
ford; C. A. Schaufler, Philadelphia; A. H. Schmoyer, Boyer-
town; Edgar F. Smith, Philadelphia; J. J. Staley, Philadelphia;
Samuel B. Stewart, Philadelphia; William R. Smith, Philadel-
phia; Frank Standen, Philadelphia; Fred Stehle, Jr., Philadel-
phia ; Ellwood B. Stevens, Fox Chase ; Hilbert S. Stoker, Wilkes-
Barre; George K. Swank, East Mauch Chunk; Elmer E. Tower,
Philadelphia; George W. Teufel, Philadelphia; H. W. Turner,
New Hope; John H. Turner, Wellsboro; William T. Webb,
Quarryville ; Richard G. Webster, Chester ; Grant A. Wehr, Den-
ver; A. W. Wier, Greenville; Fred Weitzel, Pittsburg; J. At-
kinson Wilkinson, Oxford ; Walter G. White, Philadelphia ; John
H. Winstanley, Philadelphia; I. W. Zellers, Harrisburg; Joseph
J. Zilligen, Philadelphia; John H. Zollinger, Philadelphia; Tal-
cott Williams,' Philadelphia; Edwin S. Stuart, Harrisburg;
Charles Williams, Philadelphia. Lady visitors; Mrs. E. Bauer,
Philadelphia; Mrs. H. W. Barnard, Philadelphia; Mrs. Franklin
Briggs, Woodbourne; Miss Brown, Philadelphia; Mrs. Thomas
Castor, Philadelphia; Mrs. H. B. Cox, Philadelphia; Mrs. H. P.
Brooks, Philadelphia; Mrs. Harry Brooks, Philadelphia; Miss
Emma Brooks, Philadelphia; Mrs. G. A. Dick, Kane; Mrs. B.
M. Freed, Sharon; Miss Du Bois, Philadelphia; Mrs. Charles
T. Goentner, Bryn Mawr; Mrs. G. M. Graybill, East Peters-
burg; Miss Hall, Philadelphia; Mrs. W. Horace Hoskins, Phila-
delphia; Miss Margaret E. Hoskins, Philadelphia; Miss C. Dor-
othy Huber, Philadelphia; Mrs. S. J. J. Harger, Philadelphia;
Miss A. Jobson, Franklin; Miss Jessie I. Jobson, Franklin; Miss
D. A. Jobson, Franklin; Miss Evelyn M. Kooker, Philadelphia;
Mrs. W. S. Kooker, Philadelphia; Mrs. Calvin Leightman,
Hazleton; Mrs. Charles Lintz, Chester; Mrs. Bernard McCurdy,
Philadelphia; Miss Ella McCurdy, Philadelphia; Mrs. A. J.
McCloskey, Chestnut Hill ; Miss Mary McDonald, Philadelphia ;
Mrs. McKnight. Philadelphia; Miss Meriam McCartney, Phila-
delphia; Mrs. C. Courtney McLean, Meadville; Mrs. James

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 87

Mahon, Philadelphia; Mrs. C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia; Mrs.
Henry Marshall, Bridgeport; Mrs. John P. Miller, Reading;
Mrs. William Mullen, West Chester; Mrs. T. E. Munce, Har-
risburg; Mrs. Frank K. Nice, Germantown; Mrs. Howard F.
Pegan, Cochranton; Mrs. E. W. Powell, Bryn Mawr; Mrs. A.
W. Ormiston, Germantown; Mrs. W. H. Ridge, Trevose; Miss
Mabel Ridge, Trevose; Mrs. C. S. Rockwell, Philadelphia; Mrs.
W. L. Rhoads, Lansdowne; Mrs. James T. Ross, Frankford;
Mrs. C. A. Schaufler, Philadelphia ; Mrs. B. F. Sensemen, Phila-
delphia; Mrs. F. H. Schneider, Philadelphia; Miss Thompson,
Philadelphia; Mrs. Martha Vansant, Fox Chase; Mrs. J. W.
Vansant, Fox Chase ; Mrs. R. G. Webster, Chester ; Mrs. W. E.
Wight, Pittsburg; Mrs. I. W. Zellers, Harrisburg.

Rhode Island — Visitor, J. M. Armstrong, Providence.

South Carolina — Members, Enoch Barnett, Clemson Col-
lege; Benjamin Mclnnes, Charleston. Visitors, G. F. Mclnnes,
Charleston; John H. Morse, Sumter.

Tennessee — Members, W. P. Ellenberger, Nashville; J. W.
Scheibler, Memphis; George R. White, Nashville. Gentlemen
visitors, A. O. Kennedy, Columbia; J. W. Scheibler, Jr., Mem-
phis. Lcdy visitor, Mrs. J. W. Scheibler, Memphis.

Texas — Visitors, L. E. Johnson, San Antonio; J. G. Kerr,
McKinney.

Vermont — Gentlemen visitors, Frank W. Chamberlain, Bur-
lington.

Virginia — Members, Harry Bannister, Roanoke; C. R.
Clark, Hampton; John Spencer, Blacksburg. Gentlemen visitor,
G. E. Finney, Onancock. Lady visitors, Mrs. H. Bannister,
Roanoke; Miss Edna Bannister, Roanoke.

Washington — Member, S. B. Nelson, Pullman. Lady vis-
itor, Mrs. S. B. Nelson, Pullman.

Canada — Members, F. T. Daubigny, Montreal; Albert
Dauth, Montreal ; John D. Du Chene, Quebec ; E. A. A. Grange,
Toronto; Charles H. Higgins, Ottawa; William Jakeman, Glace
Bay; D. McCuaig, McAdam Junction; J. G. Rutherford, Ot-
tawa; Thomas Thacker, Renfrew. Gentlemen visitors, Wm. N.
Middleton, Cayuga; H. W. Jakeman, Halifax. Lady visitor,
Mrs. Wm. H. Middleton, Cayuga.

88 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Cuba — Member, N. S. Mayo, Santiago de las Vegas. Visitor,
Gerald E. Griffin, Havana.

Germany — Visitor, N. Kaumanns, Berlin.

Honduras — Visitor, S. Moncado, Tegucigalpa.

New South Wales — Visitor, Thomas G. Doyle, Sydney.

NEW MEMBERS.

The total number of new members elected number 126. The
various seatings of the Executive Committee were greatly pro-
longed in the examination of credentials of applicants, and many
were laid on the table for further investigation or were rejected
outright. The following is a complete list of those elected to
membership :

Allen, John Franklin (Ind. V. C, '07), Greenwood, Ind. ;
Anderman, Frederick W., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C, '93), Hartford
City, Ind.; Anderson, Wm. Albert, D.V.S. (K. C. V. C, '07),
Sleepy Eye, Minn.; Axby, Leonard, M.D.C. (Shic. V. C, '03),
Lawrenceburg, Ind.; Baker, John Bennie, D.V.S. (K.C.V.C. '08),
Mitchell, Neb.; Bannister, H., V.M.D. (U. P., '90), Roanoke,
Va.; Barnes, Clarence Lyon, D.V.M. (N. Y. S. V. C, '00),
Manhattan, Kans; Becker, Charles J., D.V.M. (Cin. V. C, '08),
Jamestown, Tenn. ; Berg, Adolph (Berlin, '06), Philadelphia,
Pa.; Biles, Charles Ross, V.M.D. (U. P., '06), Elkton, Md. ;
Bolich, Harry Peter, V.M.D. (U. P., '08), Ashland, Pa.; Bol-
ser, Felty A., V.S. (Ont. V. C, '85), New Castle, Ind.; Bower,
Henry (U. P., '97), Collegeville, Pa. ; Carter, R. W., V.S. (Ont.
V. C, '83), Jobstown, N. J.; Case, L. E., D.V.M. (N. Y. S.
V. C, '08), Auburn, Ala.; Chamberlain, Frank Wilbut, B.S.,
D.V.M. (N. Y. S. V. C, '06), Burlington, Vt. ; Conrad, Burton
Wesley, D.V.S., B.Sc. (K. C. V. C, '07), Labetha, Kan.; Cos-
ford, S. E., V.S. (Ont. V. C, '87), Rapid, S. Dakota; Cox,
Harry B., D.V.S. (A. V. C, '95), Philadelphia, Pa.; Cum-
ming, David, V.S. (Ont. V. C, '70), Port Huron, Mich.; Cus-
tis, Howard Hansell, V.M.D. (U. P., '07), Malvern, Pa.; Dick,
George Alexander, V.M.D. (U. P., '04), Kane, Pa.; Dryden,
Wm. A., V.S. (Ont. V. C, '82), Columbus, Ind.; Edington,
Bruce Hv M.D.C. (Chic. V. C, '07), Mt. Sterling, Ohio; Emig,
W. H., M.D.C, V.S. (Chic. V. C, '08), Lima, Ohio: Engel,
John Herman, VM.D. (U. P., '08), Philadelphia, Pa.; Exline,
James C, M.D.V. (McK. V. C, '05), Walenberg, Colo.;

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 89

Farmer, Thos., D.V.S. (Chic. V. C, '88), Grand Blanc, Mich.;
Fenckinck, Derk, M.D.V. (McK. V. C, '07), Chicago, 111.;
Fernsler, Frank U., V.M.D. (U. P., '02), Lebanon, Pa.; Find-
lav, Alex., V.S. (Ont. V. C, '91), Camden, N. Y.; Fitzpatrick,
D. B., (U. P., '93), Philadelphia, Pa. ; Foster, J. P., B.Sc, V.S.,
M.D.V. (Ont. V. C, '00; McK. V. C, '08), Huron, S. Dakota;
Fox, David F., D.V.S. (Chic. V. C, '91), Sacramento, Cal. ;
Fraser. Walter, M.D.C. (Chic. V. C), Fort Myer, Va.; Fred-
erick, E. B., V.S., D.V.M. (Ont. V. C, '93, and Ohio S V. C,
'00), Canton, Ohio; Fridirici, Ulysses Grant, V.S. (Ont. V. C,
'90), Tamaqua, Pa.; Fuling, Geo. G. (Ont. V. C, '82), Rich-
mond, Ind.; Goodrich, Gilbert G., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C, '05),
Larke Park, Minn. ; Graybill, Guy Martin, V.M.D. (U. P., '07),
East Pittsburg, Pa.; Greeder, Herman, D.V.S. (Cin. V. C,
'07), Detroit, Mich.; Gross, R. C, V.S. (N. Y. C. V. S., 94),
Elizabethtown, Pa.; Hanewalt, David. C, V.S. (Ont. V. C,
'91), Nashville, Tenn. ; Hanna, Robert Lee, V.M.D. (Ind. V.
C), Brookville. Ind.; Harms, Herbert Frederick, D.V.S. (N.
Y. A. V. C, '08), Pearl River, N. Y.; Harrison, Geo. H.,
D.V.S. (Chic. V. C, '90), So. St. Joseph, Mo.; Heiny, Edgar,
V.M.D. (Ind. V. C, '08), Lebanon, Ind.; Hendren. Oliver
Tripple, V.M.D. (U. P., '07), Philadelphia, Pa.; Hilty, Reuben,
D.V.M. (Ohio S. V. C, '07). Bluffton, Ohio; Horner, G. .W.,
V.M.D. (U. P., '00), Westminster, Md. ; Hobstman, Edward,
D.V.M. (Cin. V. C, '08), Sioux City, Iowa; Howe, Walter E.,
D.V.M. (N. Y. S. V. C, '97), Denver, Colo.; Hurt, G. M.,
D.V.M. (Iowa S. C, '04), East Lansing, Mich. ; Huvett, Walter
G.. M.D.V. (McK. V. C, '99), Wernersville, Pa. ; Jago, Thomas
Edward, V.S. (Ont. V. C, '92), Athens, Ga.; Jeffrey, Fred
M., V.S., Ph.G. (Ont. V. C, '87), Toledo, Ohio; Johnson,
Joseph, V.M.D. (U. P., '98), West Grove, Pa.; Jolly, Charles
R., V.M.D. (U. P., '90), Atlanta, Ga. ; Jones, Philip K., V.M.D.
(U. P., '98), Pittsburg, Pa.; Kartrade, E. H., D.V.S. (K. C.
V. C, '08), Hardwich, Minn.; Keane, Chas., D.V.S. (U! of
Cal., '97), Sacramento, Cal.; Kelly, Thos., V.M.D. (U. P.,
'06), Philadelphia, Pa.; Kelley, S. G., D.V.M. (Ind. V. C,
'06), Elwood, Ind.; Kiernan, J. A., V.S. (N. Y. C. of V. S.,
'94), Raleigh, X. C; Lampe, W. H. G., D.V.M. (Cin. V. C,
'08), Nashville. Tenn.; Langley, Wm. Gilbert, M.D.V. (McK.
V. C. '03). Dalbs, Texas; Lauman, Frederick Joseph, D.V.S.
(K. C. V. C, '07). Wichita, Kan. ; Lentz, Frank Edwin, V.M.D.
(U. P., 07), Hatboro, Pa.; Linch, Chas., D.V.M. (N. Y. S.

90 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

V. C, '05), Albany, N. Y. ; Lovell, Roy, M.D.C. (Chic. V. C,
'06), York, Nebraska; Mackie, Clemant Leroy, V.M.D. (U. P.,
'06), Towson, Md.; Mahon, James, D.V.S. (U. P., '06), Ash-
land, Miss.; Marshall, Henry, V.M.D. (U. P., '97); Bridge-
port, Pa.; Marstellar, Ross P., D.V.M. (Ohio S. U., '05), Col-
lege Station, Texas; Mauldin, C. E., V.M.D. (U. P., '04), New
Orleans, La.; Maynard, H. P., D.V.M. (Ohio S. U., '04)
Washington, D. C. ; McAdony, I. S., B.S., M.D.V. (McK. V
C, '08), Auburn, Ala.; McCushing, Francis P., V.M.D. (U
P., '07), Keene, N. H. ; McCloskey, A. J., V.M.D. (U. P., '08)
Chestnut Hill, Pa.; McCoy, Franklin Clare (Ind. V. C, '07)
Orleans, Ind.; McDowell, Harris B., D.V.S. (A. V. C, '88)
Middletown, Del.; McEvers, Albert E., M.D.V. (McK. V. C.
'08), Chicago, 111.; McKillip, George B., M.D.V. (McK. V
C, '08), Chicago, 111.; McNair, Fred Henry, D.V.M. (N. Y
S. V. C, '05), Berkley, Cal. ; Meiser, William A., V.S., M.D.V
(Ont. V. C, '05), McK. V. C, '06), Newport, Pa.; Moody
Arthur Henry, V.S. (Ont. V. C, '85), Three Rivers, Mich.
Morel, F. F., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C, '07), Chicago, 111.; Mueller
Ferdinand A. (Ind. V. C, '96), Indianapolis, Ind.; Morrison
W. E. D., D.V.M. (Ames, Iowa, '84), Los Angeles, Cal.
Nelson, Chas. A., D.V.S. (K. C. V. C, '08), Granite Falls
Minn.; Newhard, Irwin Chas., V.S. (N. Y. C. V. S., 93), Ash-
land, Pa.; Noble, George, M.D.C. (Chic. V. S., '91), Boise
Idaho; Norgaard, Victor A., V.S. (Royal V. C, Copenhagen
'89), Honolulu, Hawaii; Noyes, Ralph E., D.V.S. (K. C. V
C, '07), Jasper, Tenn. ; Oesterhaus, John H., B.Sc, D.V.S
(K. C. V. C, '05), Fort Riley, Kan.; Parker, Cowles C.
D.V.S. (K. C. V. C, '08), Mineola, Texas; Potter, Geo. W.
D.V.M. (Ohio S. V. C, '06), Hixson, Tenn.; Prien, Otto Louis
M.D.V. (McK. V. C, 06), Laramie, Wyo. ; Prouse, Wm
Caleb, V.M.D. (U. P., '07), Minneapolis, Minn.; Redhead
Wm. H., D.V.M. (Ohio S. U., '04), Cleveland, Ohio; Renter
Waiter W., D.V.M. (Cin. V. C, '07), Kansas City, Mo.
Rodger, J. C, V.S. (Ont. V. C, '87), Anderson, Ind.; Rogers
Arthur B., B.S., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C, '07), Sioux City, Iowa
Rowe, John, D.V.S. (National V. C, '94), Germantown, Md.
Rustad, Alvin P., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C, '07), Fergus Falls,
Minn.; Selby, Orval C, M.D.C. (Chic. V. C, '08), Worthing-
ton, Minn.; Senseman, B. Frank, V.M.D. (U. P., '91), Phila-
delphia, Pa.; Shaw, Chas. Wyman, D.V.S. (A. V. C, '92),
New York, N. Y. ; Simpson, Wm. Martin, D.V.S. (Montreal

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 91

V. C, '87), Maiden, Mass.; Snyder, Eugene J., D.V.S. (K. C.
V. C, '07), Kansas City, Mo.; Spear, William Henry, D.V.S.
(McGill V.C., '02), Portland, Me.; Staples, William D.,
M.D.C. (Chic. V. C, '05), Anniston, Ala.; Stover, John Price,
V.S. (Ont. V. C, '93 j, Shady Grove, Pa.; Tansey, Ed. J.,
V.M.D. (Ind. V. C, '08), Moravia, Ind. ; Traum, Jacob,
D.V.M. (N. Y. S. V. C, '05), Washington, D. C. ; Vermilya,
Ralph F., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C, '06), St. Paul, Minn. ; Vulhainy,
H. T., V.S. (Ont. V. C, '91), Crowley, La.; Wagoner, C.
Otto, V.S. (Ont. V. C, '94), Richmond, Ind.; Walch, Clarence
C, D.V.S. (K. C. V. C, '07), Sioux City, la.; Warnoch, David,
M.R.C.V.S. (Glasgow V. C, Scotland, '89), Pincher Creek,
Alberta, Canada; Weber, John H., M.D.C. (Chic. V. C, '08),
Pendleton, Ore.; Weitzel, Frederick, V.M.D. (U. P., '02), Pitts-
burg, Pa.; Wilkins, John E., V.M.D. (Ind. V. C, '08) ; Green-
ville, Texas; Windsor, Arthur E., M.D.V. (McK. V. C, '05),
Postville, la. ; Woodfolk, George H., D.V.S. (K. C. V. C, '06),
Chester, Pa. ; Worcester, Harry, D.V.M. (Cin. V. C, '07), Mid-
dletown, Ohio.

RECEPTION BY THE PROVOST.

At the close of the morning session, Provost Charles C. Har-
rison, of the University of Pennsylvania, gave an informal re-
ception to the delegates, and a luncheon was given by the uni-
versity in the recreation room of Houston Hall. These lunch-
eons were continued during the following days of the conven-
tion so that those in attendance were not obliged to return to
their hotels in the middle of the day.

A CABLEGRAM FROM PROF. LIAUTARD.

" Paris, Sept. 8. — John Smith joins sending greetings with
best wishes and hopes for better education, reforms and im-
provements.— Liautard."

A MESSAGE FROM DIRECTOR ARLOING.

" New York Harbor, Sept. 12. — Remercimant confraternels
voeux pour success trevanz de association. — Arloing."

COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION.

Since the educational problem is still uppermost in the pro-
fessional mind, we give space in the following pages to the entire
report of Dr. Leonard Pearson, chairman. The reading of this

92 SOCIETY MEETINGS,

report provoked a heated debate, and a motion to approve
the report was lost. It was finally referred to the Executive
Committee. Upon recommendation of the Executive Commit-
tee it was received and referred to the Committee on Publication
for insertion in the Proceedings of the Association.

" During the past year the veterinary schools of the United
States and Canada have been visited and investigated by a com-
mittee of five veterinarians appointed by the Secretary of Agri-
culture of the United States. The committee was appointed to
gain definite information regarding the equipment and facilities
for teaching in the various schools, and also to indicate to the
Department the necessary matriculation examination and the
course of instruction to qualify graduates for admission to the
Civil Service examination. The report of this committee was
submitted to the Secretary of Agriculture May 28, 1908, and is
published as Circular 133 of the Bureau of Animal Industry.
This circular shows the objects of the investigation, the organiza-
tion and procedure of. the committee, the colleges visited and
it contains twenty-seven recommendations.

" The findings as to individual colleges are not published in
this report, but are filed with the Secretary of Agriculture. No
statistics of the colleges or reports upon any individual institu-
tion are made public. Each college has, however, received from
the Secretary of Agriculture a statement as to the criticisms of
the committee with relation to that institution.

"The published report (Circular 133) recommends certain
minimum educational requirements of matriculation. The
standard is that of the second grade examination as adopted by
the United States Civil Service Commission, supplemented by
history and geography of the United States and its possessions.
Recommendations are also made in regard to conducting and
putting in force the recommendations as to the minimum stand-
ard for matriculation. A course of study is recommended which,
manifestly, is modified from the outline for a course of study that
was presented by this committee at your last meeting and that
is to be found on pages 92 and 93 of the proceedings of the
American Veterinary Medical Association for 1907, but with
regard to which the association took no action. The minimum
length of the course of instruction shall cover a period of three
years of not less than six months each, exclusive of final exam-
inations and holidays. It is proposed that this course of in-
struction shall have as a minimum 150 days of actual teaching

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 93

in each year and a minimum of 3,200 actual teaching hours for
the entire three years. The minimum amount of time that shall
be devoted to each constituent part of the course is set forth. It
is recommended that the course shall be graded, that exclusive
night classes shall be discontinued ; that there shall be at least
five veterinarians on the faculty, that each of these shall have
not less than three years experience in teaching or in practicing
veterinary science subsequent to graduation from a veterinary
college, and that not more than three of the five shall be gradu-
ates of any one college. It is advised that five of the eight
groups of subjects into which the curriculum is divided shall
be taught by veterinarians. Other recommendations have to
do with the management of students, the admission of students
to advance standing, requirements for graduation, the keeping
of records of students' attendance and work, and of making
reports to the Department of Agriculture.

" The nineteen veterinary colleges of the United States and
Canada that were visited by the committee are divided into three
groups, designated Classes A, B and C. Class A comprises
eleven institutions whose graduates are recommended as eligible
to the United States Civil Service Examination for veterinary
inspectors in the Bureau of Animal Industry. Class B com-
prises four institutions whose graduates have been allowed to
take the United States Civil Service Examination subsequent
to 1898, but are not now recommended. Class C comprises
four institutions which are new and do not yet have graduates,
or whose recent graduates are not eligible to the United States
Civil Service Examination and are not recommended.

" This entire report, with all its recommendations, has been
approved by the Secretary of Agriculture, under the date of
June 8, 1908, and it is assumed that these recommendations are
now regulations and are intended to be binding upon the veter-
inary colleges of the United States who desire that their gradu-
ates shall be eligible for the United States Civil Service examina-
tion for appointment as veterinary inspectors in the Bureau
of Animal Industry.

" Some action on the part of the Secretary of Agriculture
was highly necessary on account of the numerous schools of
low grade that have within recent years been established in the
United States and that have been maintained in this country and
in Canada. The same results might, no doubt, have been reached
by the Veterinary Examining Boards of the United States, act-

94 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ing jointly, if joint action could have been secured. Thus far,
however, it has not seemed to be possible for an effective plan
of co-operation to be designed or enforced for the purpose of
securing co-ordinate action on the part of the State Examining
Boards, for the purpose of raising the standards and improving
the course of instruction in the veterinary schools. The great
results that these boards have accomplished in this direction
have come from the work of the more careful boards in a few
of the leading states, acting independently. What the boards
could not agree among themselves to do is now essayed by the
United States Department of Agriculture.

" There can be no doubt that every veterinary college in the
United States will endeavor to comply as nearly as possible
with the standards and obligations established by the Secretary
of Agriculture. The results will be most beneficial with regard
to institutions of low grade. Whether the results will be equally
beneficial as concerns the leading institutions of those grouped
under Class A is most decidedly open to question.

" It is my understanding that all of the sections of this re-
port are intended to be binding upon veterinary colleges, and
that the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture of the recom-
mendations makes it compulsory for all veterinary colleges to
arrange their courses of instruction and to conduct their work
in accordance with these recommendations, which now are rules.
If this is a correct interpretation of the act and intent of the
Secretary, it will be necessary for every veterinary college in the
United States and Canada to make material changes in its
curriculum, staff of teachers and methods. While such changes
are, no doubt, desirable in some cases, it is a question as to
whether many changes, made merely for the purpose of meet-
ing the letter of the rules, would be for the better; some would
positively weaken the veterinary college and its work.

" Moreover, there is also reasonable ground for doubt as to
whether the Secretary of Agriculture has any right, either legally
or morally, to say that all the subjects entering into the course
of instruction shall be grouped and divided in a certain way,
and that certain subjects shall be under the control of certain
professors and other subjects under the control of other profes-
sors, or whether any useful purpose can be achieved by such an
order. For example, to say that a professor of anatomy must
give at least 200 lectures and 300 hours of laboratory work is
to interfere with a detail of pedagogy with regard to which the

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 95

Secretary of Agriculture has positively no right to interfere. The
essential is that veterinarians entering the service of the United
States Department of Agriculture shall have a sufficient knowl-
edge of veterinary anatomy. It is reasonable to require that
the institution in which the student received his teaching in
anatomy shall have adequate equipment and facilities for teach-
ing anatomy. Furthermore, a sufficient amount of the student's
time must be set aside for the study of anatomy, so that this
subject shall not be unduly infringed upon by the other sub-
jects of instruction. But to say how, or in what proportion, the
professor shall divide his instruction into lectures and laboratory
work, is going further than such an order can properly go, and is
irrelevant. Anatomy is a subject difficult to teach by lectures.
If there is adequate opportunity for dissection and if there is
adequate instruction in the dissection room, it is well known that
the lectures upon anatomy become, to a large extent, a matter
of form. In one of the foremost medical schools of the United
States the lectures on anatomy have been abolished. In all of the
leading medical and veterinary colleges, the tendency is, more
and more, to teach anatomy in the dissecting room rather than
in the lecture room, and this tendency is quite in line with the
whole trend of modern teaching, under which pupils are not
merely told about things but are required to do things with their
own hands, and to learn by close personal contact with the ob-
jects studied. Of course if a veterinary college with limited
facilities for dissection is handicapped by larger classes of
students than it can properly handle, it is then necessary to do a
large part of the anatomical teaching in the lecture room, but
this is far from being an ideal condition and should not have
the sanction, and much less should it be required by the Secre-
tary of Agriculture.

" I do not mention this matter for the purpose of discussing
the way in which anatomy should be taught, but to emphasize
the point, for the support of which numerous illustrations might
be taken from this official document, that the report endeavors
to establish a sort of control in the management of schools that
is not appropriately vested in the Secretary of Agriculture. This
cannot but produce confusion and do harm, unless the Depart-
ment is willing to admit that certain parts of its peremptory
regulations are not to be enforced.

" To return to the subject of anatomy, and again to use this
merely as an illustration. If a precise method for teaching

96 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

anatomy may properly be required by the Department of Agri-
culture, then this subject should be considered by a board of the
leading teachers of veterinary anatomy of North America. The
committee appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture to investi-
gate veterinary schools surely cannot claim for itself expert
knowledge as to how class instruction in anatomy had best be
given. This knowledge is possessed in largest measure by those
who have made a careful study of the results of various methods
for teaching anatomy, in this and other countries, and who have
themselves had experience in teaching this branch. If this
subject is to be considered in such detail as to justify the recom-
mendation even as to the minimum amount of time that must
be devoted to anatomy and as to how this time shall be appor-
tioned between lectures and laboratory instruction, then the
question had best be referred to the Association of Veterinary
Faculties and by them submitted to a committee of the teachers
of veterinary anatomy.

" Precisely the same type of criticism applies to the pre-
scribed instruction under most of the other headings. Numerous,
peculiar disharmonies can be pointed out. For example, there
shall be 50 lectures in parasitology and only 40 in pathology.
Only 10 hours, lectures and laboratory work included, need be
devoted to post mortem examinations. Twice as much attention
is required to be devoted to dentistry as to shoeing. Laboratory
diagnosis is required to be taught by the professor of pathology,
thus having a tendency to divorce the professor of the practice
of veterinary medicine from the laboratory work required in the
diagnosis of the diseases with which he must deal. The subjects
of hygiene, including the principles of the prevention of disease,
the control of infections, meat hygiene, milk hygiene, etc., is
very much divided and scattered. For example, the professor
of physiology is expected to teach a certain amount of hygiene,
the professor of pathology gives instruction in meat inspection,
the professor of the practice of medicine gives instruction in
controlling infectious diseases and the professor of zootechnics
furnishes instruction in dairy inspection. As shown by the de-
velopment of the great Institutes of Veterinary Hygiene at some
of the leading foreign veterinary schools, as in Berlin, Hanover,
Dresden, Budapest, Brussels and Copenhagen, the modern tend-
ency is to concentrate these subjects under one head; and these
subjects are being best developed where such concentration is
practiced. There may be some difference of opinion as to

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 97

whether physiological chemistry should be taught by the pro-
fessor of chemistry or by the professor of physiology, or whether
toxicology should be taught by the professor of materia medica
or by the professor of chemistry, and as to whether animal loco-
motion should not receive attention in connection with conforma-
tion and judging rather than in physiology. The subject of the
physiological action of drugs or of pharmacodynamics seems
altogether to have been omitted, unless it is to be understood
as included in therapeutics; in that case it is a question as to
whether it might not more appropriately be handled by the
professor of materia medica or pharmacy than by the professor
of the practice of medicine.

" I think I have said enough to show that the Department of
Agriculture is not on safe ground when it attempts, in effect, to
establish, by a decree, the way in which subjects constituting the
course of instruction shall be classified and divided. With all
possible respect to the committee which has worked conscien-
tiously and hard on this problem, I do not believe that the men
composing it will be willing to assert that they are competent,
either individually or collectively, as experts, to decide these
very large and momentous questions. Questions of this kind
should be referred to those responsible for instruction in veter-
inary schools, namely, to the Association of Veterinary Faculties.
And, even then, a general, iron-clad rule for all colleges cannot
be made. Local conditions must govern to some extent.

" A very remarkable requirement is that not more than three
of the five veterinarians of each faculty shall be graduates of
any one veterinary college. This regulation makes no reference
to the competency or skill as a teacher of the members of the fac-
ulty or to the time they shall devote to class instruction and to
scientific work. It merely provides that not more than a certain
number shall be graduates of the same college. If a college has
five veterinarians on its staff, four of whom are from the same
school ; or ten, eight of whom are from the same school, and all
of whom are tried and proven teachers, that school cannot rank
as of Class A and its graduates will be debarred from the service
of the United States Department of Agriculture. But if this
school shall dismiss one of its experienced and capable staff and
shall employ some graduate of an inferior school, without teach-
ing experience, and not necessarily with real ability to teach, the
college may then rank as of Class A, however much the quality
of instruction may suffer.

98 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

" If a college shall develop some of its men by sending them
abroad, where, for long periods, they are placed in touch with
the best the world has to offer in the way of veterinary educa-
tion, and shall then recall these men to do teaching work in
the mother institution, it may not be possible to give them em-
ployment, under this rule, however much they may know or
however much they may have been influenced by other colleges,
simply because they are, perhaps, graduates from the best veter-
inary college in America and do not have a diploma from some
other inferior school. But there is nothing to prevent this va-
cancy on the teaching staff being filled by a man of no special
knowledge or experience who graduated three years ago from
the least efficient college of Class B or of Class C, and then
the rules of the Secretary of Agriculture would be complied
with.

" This recommendation shows complete disregard for sound
principles of teaching. The question should not be as to what
college a man has graduated from, but as to whether he is a
well qualified and efficient teacher. This is all that properly con-
cerns the Department of Agriculture, i. e., that the men who
wish to enter its employ shall have been well taught. The
source of the knowledge of the teacher is immaterial so long as
it is a good one. Have the great veterinary schools of other
countries been damaged by using their own best graduates as
teachers ? Do medical colleges suffer from this cause ? Eminent
educators claim that the best teacher is the alumnus, who comes
back to his alma mater after broad experience elsewhere; the
man who knows the traditions, the faults, the obstacles of
the institution, and who is able to see them in the light
furnished by other colleges and who is then able to cor-
rect the faults with full knowledge. Such a man will be
most likely to give his college and his classes the best that is in
him — service for which he cannot be paid from the treasurer's
office. What we need in veterinary faculties at this stage of
our development is filial devotion to the institution of a kind
that a professor employed from outside cannot give — a passion
to serve the institution, irrespective of the amount of the salary
check. Where can one find this loyalty to a college more surely
than among her own sons? The Secretary of Agriculture must
not interfere with this condition. He is badly advised if he at-
tempts to.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. U9

" No doubt this regulation was made for the purpose of pre-
venting some struggling veterinary college from filling their
faculties with their own graduates. If this was the real intent
of the committee, a better way to prevent such occurrence could
surely have been devised than this sweeping, indiscriminate regu-
lation.

" It is not at all likely that any veterinary college in North
America can fully and strictly comply with the letter of every
one of these regulations. Certain exceptions will have to be
made with relation to the best colleges. Since this is the case it
would have been far better if some of the recommendations had
remained as recommendations instead of having been converted
into regulations through the approval of the Secretary of Agri-
culture. Of course the Department may contend that the schools
are not required to observe its rules, but this is not true. The
penalty for not observing them is to blacklist the college and to
publish to the world in an official document of the United States
that the recreant college is unworthy to furnish veterinarians for
the federal service. This penalty is so severe that the rules are
in effect, compulsory.

" There is a very large and important question of principle
in this connection which it appears should enter into my report
and which should be discussed by this association. This ques-
tion is as to the extent and nature of the power of the Department
of Agriculture with regard to the conduct of veterinary educa-
tion. Undoubtedly, the Department of Agriculture, as an em-
ployer, has the right to say that it will not employ a man to do
expert work unless the individual shows that he is qualified to do
the work properly. As a means of testing his qualifications,
the Department of Agriculture requires what is equivalent to a
letter of recommendation, in the nature of a diploma from a
veterinary college. In addition, it requires the candidate to pass
an examination. In connection with the recommendation, or
guarantee, the Department of Agriculture is safely within its
rights when it goes back to inquire into the competency of the
guarantor; that is, the college that has issued the diploma held
by the candidate. As proper subjects for inquiry with relation
to the guarantor (the college) the Department may ask: how
long is your course of instruction ? What are your facilities for
instruction, as to equipment and staff? Upon what terms are
students admitted ? What are your requirements for graduation ?
If it shall be evident that the institution is one that is equipped

100 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

to furnish a veterinary education of the required grade, and
that its management is such as to give assurance that the rules
are regularly and impartially enforced, so that there is a warrant
that a graduate from such an institution is likely to have the
collateral training that is required by the Department of Agri-
culture of veterinarians, in respect to subjects that cannot be
brought out sufficiently in the Civil Service Examination, then
the Department of Agriculture should recognize the diploma
of that institution.

" This-, I believe, is as far as the Department of Agriculture
may properly go. It has absolutely no right to set up a classi-
fication of subjects, or to attempt to enforce regulations as to the
internal administration of the veterinary colleges, that do not
affect the quality of the instruction. It can examine things as
they are, and on the basis of what it finds it may decide that the
institution is sufficient or that it is insufficient. It should not,
however, attempt to arrogate to itself the power to say that
within the school certain things must be done in this and in that
way. There may be several ways equally good. The Department
of Agriculture may approve or it may refuse to approve things
as it finds them. If a certain condition is unsatisfactory, a
college should be informed as to the particular feature in which
it is unsatisfactory. No one will deny the Department this
power. But it is too early in the veterinary development in this
country to attempt to organize and conduct all of our veterinary
colleges in accordance with a model made at Washintgon.

" The veterinary schools of this country have developed to
their present status in the face of numerous difficult obstacles.
Their development henceforth must, necessarily, be influenced to
a very large extent by local conditions. Local conditions cannot
be disregarded and individual initiative must not be repressed.

" In the development of our schools we ought to be influ-
enced and, to a large extent, guided by the development of the
veterinary educational systems and institutions in older countries.
The pitfalls that have entangled them, we should avoid. The
success that they have achieved, we should endeavor to emulate.
Perhaps, in a given instance, these pitfalls cannot be avoided or
the successes followed if we are obliged to keep to a certain
rigid course defined by the Secretary of Agriculture.

" So much by way of statement, now as to suggestion. It
is admitted that it is important that the Secretary of Agriculture
shall be fully informed as to the condition of each veterinary

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 101

college that furnishes candidates for employment in the federal
veterinary sanitary service. As the condition of institutions can-
not be learned excepting by personal visit (catalogues, periodical
publications and statements of officers have, in some cases, been
known to have been misleading), therefore, let the practice con-
tinue of sending around a committee of visitors who represent
the Secretary of Agriculture, and let this committee make an
inspection of each institution and gather statistics and facts con-
cerning it. If it shall develop that a veterinary college is not
equipped, or conducted, in such a way as to furnish the required
guarantee of fitness for its graduates, let the institution be noti-
fied as to its shortcomings.

" A list could then be published every year showing the in-
stitutions whose graduates will be admitted to the Civil Service
Examination, and showing those whose graduates will not be
admitted to this examination. There should also be published,
at the same time, a statistical statement giving, in detail, with
regard to each of the various veterinary colleges of the United
States, the number of teachers, the number of hours of class
instruction given by each teacher and in what subject, the num-
ber of hours of instruction required of each student in each
subject, the conditions under which each student was admitted to
the school; if upon certificate, the source and scope of the cer-
tificate ; if upon examination, the nature of the examination and
the subjects examined in. A financial statement of the institu-
tion should also be obtained and published. The equipment of
the school should be described and the equipment and material
used in instruction in each subject should be noted. Each sep-
arate institution could then be judged upon its individual merits.
A certain college is capable of training men presumably com-
petent to render the government the services required — or it is
not. Its equipment and methods are sufficient, or they are in-
sufficient. The quality of the work is adequate or it is inade-
quate. Such are the questions and the only fair questions. The
point that concerns the Secretary of Agriculture is not : How does
this school measure by my arbitrary standard ? But it is : Is
the work of the school a good and sufficient one, and how does
it measure up to its own standard?

" If this were done the Secretary of Agriculture would then
be dealing in each case with actual conditions and facts. We
would not be in the foreign and false position of formulating
regulations for the conduct of veterinary schools with regard to

102 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

points upon which he has no personal knowledge, upon which
competent experts differ widely, and with regard to which he
has no authority.

" The condition of veterinary affairs in this country is not
as it is in France, Germany and other continental countries.
There the government regulates the arrangement and scope of
the instruction furnished by the veterinary schools but with this
important difference, which the Department of Agriculture ap-
pears to have overlooked — the government owns the schools and
supports them. Here the federal government furnishes not one
penny for veterinary education and is every year taking, without
return, the results of veterinary teaching that has cost the schools
and the states many thousands of dollars.

" There are ten state veterinary schools in this country and
eleven private schools. The states make certain requirements
upon the schools they support, the State Boards of Veterinary
Examiners make other requirements. Any state, any examining
board and any large or small employer of veterinarians has the
same right to establish conditions as to how veterinary schools
shall be conducted to meet its requirements as has the Department
of Agriculture; and suppose these requirements shall conflict —
suppose a certain examining board requires that not less than
three-fourths of the instruction in veterinary anatomy shall be
given in the dissecting room, that toxicology shall be taught by
the professor of chemistry, and that there shall be a professor of
veterinary hygiene to gather together the scattered subjects un-
der this heading. What is the poor school to do? It will be
blacklisted by the United States Department of Agriculture or
by the examining board, and its graduates will be denied the right,
however competent they may be, to work for the United States
Government under the Department of Agriculture, or to prac-
tice in a certain state — and perhaps the state is the one that is
supporting the school.

" The essence of my contention is that the whole function
and power of the Secretary of Agriculture in this matter is to
determine what schools are capable, and are actually training
veterinarians able to do the veterinary work for which the Sec-
retary is responsible to the people of the United States. One
school may do this work in one way and another in another —
both equally good. He may prescribe certain minimum require-
ments in so far as these relate to the efficiency of the men he
may employ, but he has absolutely no right or excuse to pre-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 103

scribe forms, methods and details of courses of instruction and
of management that do not directly and necessarily effect the
efficiency of the graduates as prospective employees of the De-
partment of Agriculture. No universal standard for the arrange-
ment and division of studies can be prescribed ; the only just rule
in regard to teachers is that the students shall be well taught.
To go beyond this is an arrogation of power for which there is
no need, that affects the Department of Agriculture and for
which there is no warrant or valid precedent in history, morals
or law.

" While no exception is taken to the integrity or impartiality
of any number of the recent departmental committee, there
would have been less criticism in some quarters if none of the
members of the committee had been directly connected with
veterinary schools. If the work of the committee were re-
stricted to its only proper function, to make a survey and get facts
and to report separately upon the conditions of each school, a
suitable committee could easily be made up without going out-
side the staff of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

" Undoubtedly the general effect of the work of this depart-
mental committee will be wholesome. If it does little or nothing
to improve the good veterinary colleges, and even if it hampers
and injures them, it will, at least, arouse and stimulate the bad
veterinary schools or cause them to discontinue. We should, as
a profession, be grateful to Secretary Wilson and to Dr. Melvin
for organizing this committee and for bringing to pass the good
that surely will follow its work, while we may hope that a new,
safe and sound direction will be taken and that a part of their
work will promptly be undone.

" There are now nineteen veterinary colleges in the United
States and Canada. This does not include the contemplated
veterinary schools in Alabama, Illinois and Utah. One veter-
inary school, a department of the George Washington Univer-
sity, has been established during the past year and it is to be
opened this fall.

" It is significant to note that of the eleven veterinary col-
leges arranged in Class A by the departmental committee six
are state institutions, and of the four new veterinary colleges to
be opened this year, or next, three are state institutions.

" It appears that public opinion, the great power that molds
policies and makes laws in this country, is finally coming to
favor public support for veterinary education. This is in con-

104 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

sequence of the growing realization of the importance of a well-
trained veterinary profession to the public welfare.

"As the country becomes more densely settled, and as the
government becomes more mature, and our leading men permit
themselves to look beyond the turmoil of the moment and con-
sider the needs of the future, there is an ever-increasing realiza-
tion of the importance of preventing the waste of our natural
resources. A great deal of thought has recently been focused
upon this subject through the action of President Roosevelt in
calling a conference of the Governors of the states to consider
means of conserving and perpetuating the natural resources of
the United States. The chief attention of this conference was
given to forestry ; to minerals, coal and iron ore ; to water pow-
ers and to navigable streams and irrigation. Not much was
said about the conservation of the fertility of the soil, and yet
this is by far our greatest and most enduring source of natural
wealth. This is the foundation upon which American power and
supremacy rest, and it has therefore, been treated quite as waste-
fully and destructively as the forests.

" We know now, more clearly than ever before, that the
chief wealth of the United States is agriculture. Just as this
critical time in the industrial and financial status of the country,
the railroads, the manufacturers, the merchants and bankers are
all hoping for good crops, and agree that the return of good
times depends on a good year for the farmers. The national debt
of the United States, the earnings of the railroads, the capitaliza-
tion of the Standard Oil Company or the United States Steel
Corporation are all small, as compared to the value of the crops
raised on the farms of this country. Successful agriculture, then,
is the keynote of the economic condition and of the progress of
the United States. Great efforts are now being made through
public agencies, as the national and state departments of agri-
culture and the numerous richly supported agricultural colleges
and experiment stations, and at numerous recently established
local or state colleges or high schools for giving practical in-
struction in agriculture, to improve farm practice and to improve
the varieties of crops and breeds of animals, to introduce new
crops and especially, and above all, to build up the fertility of the
soil.

" It is the experience of all countries and of all times that
conservative, and at the same time profitable, agriculture is not
possible, on a large scale, excepting with the aid of domestic

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 105

animals. As the population increases and, with it, the need for
more extensive agriculture, more animals are required. In or-
der that these animals may do their proper part in the develop-
ment of successful agriculture and in contributing to the indus-
tries and to transportation, and in furnishing wholesome food
supplies for the nation, it is necessary that they shall be healthy.
For the protection of the lives and health of animals reliance
must be placed upon the veterinary sciences. Hence, it is im-
portant to the public that these sciences shall be developed, as
they can be only in adequately equipped and supported veterinary
schools.

" The support for these schools has been very meagre as com-
pared with what older countries have found necessary in this
regard. In the future they will be supported more generously.
The next few years will surely witness great development in this
direction, and it is high time, as judged primarily by the needs
of the public and secondarily by the development of our pro-
fession.

" There is already a large, unsatisfied demand for veterinar-
ians of special competency; men equipped to do teaching, re-
search and public administrative work. On account of the
scarcity of men of sufficient training to do this work that has to
be done, it is falling into the hands of men who are not trained
veterinarians.

" A great deal of milk hygiene work is conducted, very in-
competently, by laymen, because there is not a sufficient number
of available well trained veterinarians. A great deal of laboratory
work that should be done by veterinarians especially trained as
pathologists and bacteriologists, is now carried on, less efficiently
than it should be, by men of no veterinary training, just be-
cause the schools, on account of their weakness, have not been
able to develop a sufficient number of men of these special quali-
fications. If the veterinary profession is to grow into and hold
these new lines of work, the equipment of the schools must be
enlarged and improved. It is important to the public that the
work requiring veterinary knowledge shall be done by veterinar-
ians and not by men drawn from other fields.

" To train men adequately to do this special work, that is
done in Europe by veterinarians, and that the veterinary profes-
sion here aspires to, requires extensive and expensive laboratory
equipment and requires, more than all, the undivided time of
highly competent men, who ought to be and must need be well

106 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

paid. The meagre income of the veterinary schools has not
made it possible for the constituent veterinary sciences to be any-
where near adequately developed or taught. The older veter-
inary schools have taught men to deal with the ailments of in-
dividual animals; the newer, public 'veterinary schools must
teach men to deal with the diseases and hygiene of animals in
mass, from a public standpoint, as well as to deal with indi-
vidual animals. As it is quite impossible to supply from tuition
fees the equipment and maintenance funds that are necessary,
and as few successful appeals have been made to philanthropists
for the endowment of veterinary schools, it is necessary, if this
work is to be done, to obtain public funds.

" When such proposals have been made they are likely to be
objected to by the uninformed or the unthinking, as an effort to
obtain public money for private benefit. This same objection
was made, and had to be met, with regard to public support for
agricultural education, for agricultural experiment stations, for
the irrigation of arid lands and so so, and so on. All of this
work has amply justified itself by the results that have sprung
from it.

" No individual capable of helping himself and no strong cor-
poration would continue to suffer avoidable losses comparable to
the losses that afflict this country year by year, that result from
the prevalence of preventable diseases of animals. They would
take the only successful course that can be taken, namely, to
discover and develop successful methods for preventing these
losses, and then put them into operation. This is precisely what
we ask the public to do in developing veterinary schools and
laboratories for training veterinarians.

" Suppose for a moment that there were ten strong State
veterinary colleges in this country, supplied with ample funds to
make it possible for at least one man in each institution to de-
vote all of his time, under favorable auspices, to developing and
teaching some one of the major veterinary sciences. Consider
how rapid would be the progress not only of these schools with
their students, but of all the schools and all veterinarians of the
country if ten capable, high-class men could devote all their time
to veterinary physiology and ten to veterinary surgery, and ten
to veterinary medicine and ten to animal engineering. The dis-
coveries and teachings of these groups of ten would permeate the
whole veterinary profession, to the enormous advantage of ani-
mal husbandry and animal industry in the United States.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 107

" Why is it that most of our standard textbooks in all of the
branches of the veterinary sciences are translations or compila-
tions from foreign sources? It is because there are so few men
in this country or in Great Britain who are so situated that they
can give their best thought and energy to the development of the
sciences they are interested in. They have to couple their teach-
ing and research work with some more remunerative employment,
as administration work or practice, and so they cannot do the
necessary original work and produce the much needed veterinary
literature. In Germany, France, Austria, Hungary, Denmark,
Sweden, Holland, Belgium and Switzerland, veterinary teachers
are employed by the government to teach and develop certain
branches of veterinary knowledge ; they devote themselves to this
work and they produce the veterinary literature upon which we
in this country and in England so largely depend. In the United
States there is one veterinary journal ; in England there are four ;
in France there are six; and in the German language there are
seventeen, including three weeklies, showing the relative numbers
of productive scientific workers in these countries. In the few
instances where it has been possible in this country for men to
devote themselves to and* specialize upon a limited veterinary
field, note the result: Consider what has been done by Law,
Salmon, Smith, Moore, de Schweinitz. Schroeder, Stiles, Mohler,
Ravenel, Frothingham, Connaway, Dinwiddie, Dorset and Ward.

" With ten men working, with their assistants, in ten state
veterinary colleges to develop each one of the seven principal
groups of the veterinary sciences, the veterinary profession would
quickly be placed in a wholly different light before the public.

" In my report last year I recommended that an appeal be
made to the federal government for a fund for the support of
veterinary education, somewhat as agricultural education and re-
search are now supported, but not necessarily in connection with
the same institutions. The federal contribution, if made, should
be not for the purpose of supporting the work of one or two
veterinarians of an agricultural college or an agricultural ex-
periment station, but should be for the purpose of maintaining
complete and adequate veterinary colleges. A large part of the
veterinary work that has been done in the agricultural colleges
and experiment stations in this country has been of very limited
or very local value.

" This is no reflection on the men who have been engaged to
do this work, although naturally there have been some misfits in

108 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

these positions; it has been due rather to the inability of college
and experiement station veterinarians to specialize in a limited
field, owing to the poor equipment that they have had to get along
with and to the lack of sufficient assistants to make it possible to
cover their routine work without exhaustion.

" If a federal appropriation of a few thousand dollars a year
were made to each agricultural college or experiment station for
veterinary work the result would inevitably be disappointing to
the profession and the public. We need a limited number of well
equipped colleges in each of which there shall be a group of
strong veterinarians working in co-operation. This would es-
tablish in each of these places opportunities for consultation and
a favorable atmosphere to specialize upon veterinary problems.
Such a condition cannot exist in an agricultural college or ex-
periment station where one or two veterinarians are working in
association with more or less unsympathetic men, engaged in
other lines of teaching or investigation. To prevent the fritter-
ing away of federal grants for veterinary teaching, it ought to be
provided that not less than a certain amount, say $20,000 or
$30,000, or whatever it may be, shall be appropriated to any one
state, and this only on condition that an equal amount shall be
raised from local sources.

" No state needs, or, at this time, should have more than one
state veterinary school or veterinary research laboratory. For
any state to establish, under present conditions, a second public
veterinary college or a second research laboratory would be most
unwise and ought to be strongly opposed, not only by the entire
veterinary profession of that state, but by all clear thinking citi-
zens. To establish a second institution when the first one is
unable on account of insufficient funds for maintenance to do
the work that state needs and expects from that institution,
would be the worst possible public policy and could have but the
one effect of duplicating a weak institution and of preventing the
people of the state from enjoying the benefits that would come
from an adequately supported, capable and efficient school or
research laboratory."

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

The Executive Committee held six sessions during the week
of the convention, some of which were prolonged far into the
night owing to an enormous amount of accumulated business.
Dr. William Herbert Lowe, chairman, presided at the several
sessions.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 109

Every member, with the single exception of Dr. J. H. Mc-
Neil, Columbus, Ohio, was in attendance, which is a remark-
able circumstance when it is taken into consideration that most
of the members had to journey from distant parts of the con-
tinent. Another remarkable circumstance about the Executive
Committee of 1907-08 is that its membership included both the
Veterinary Director-General of the Dominion of Canada and
the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Dept. of
Agriculture, the highest veterinary official of the respective
governments, as well as two members of the expert committee
appointed by Secretary Wilson to investigate the status of the
colleges and members of college faculties and examining boards
of North America.

The business of the Executive Committee was transacted
with dispatch. A large number of applications for membership
were acted upon and several important recommendations were
made which were promptly adopted by the association.

COMMITTEE ON DISEASES.

Special interest was shown in the report of the Committee
on Diseases, three members of this committee presenting indi-
vidual papers on different phases of the tuberculosis problem:
Dr. Veranus A. Moore, chairman, on " The Control and Pre-
vention of Bovine Tuberculosis in Individual Herds "; Dr. John
R. Mohler, Chief Pathologist Bureau of Animal Industry, on
" Recent Studies in Animal Tuberculosis," while Dr. O. E. Dy-
son, of Chicago, considered the subject from an economic point
of view. Space will be given in the pages of the Review for
the valuable report of this committee.

THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

The report shows that the total cost of the 850 copies of the
1907 " Proceedings," including stenographer and all other items
of expense, amounts to $2,022.79, which is about $700 more
than the cost of the 1906 volume. This is accounted for by the
fact that it contains 63 pages more reading matter and a great
many more cuts and half-tones than the preceding one. Each
book cost the association about $2.40, leaving a balance of only
sixty cents from each member's dues, in addition to the initia-
tion fees, to pay the running expenses of the association. This
means that the cost of the publication will have to be kept lower
or the annual dues will have to be increased.

110 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

COMMITTEE ON NECROLOGY.

This committee, Dr. A. H. Baker, chairman, reported six
deaths and offered resolutions as follows, which were adopted:

Roscoe R. Bell.

It is with the most profound regret that we have to pay
tribute to the memory of our late associate and esteemed friend,
Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, whose death occurred February 8, 1908.

His death, though sudden, was not altogether unexpected to
those acquainted with his condition. He, himself, was aware
of the cause of his sickness, Bright's disease, but with that de-
termination and energy so characteristic of him he journeyed
to our last annual convention at Kansas City, Mo.

He was born in Augusta County, Virginia, on the 16th of
September, 1858. His parents were William H. and Eveline
Shields Bell. He leaves a family consisting of his wife, Re-
becca (nee Moss), two sons, Bellmont, aged 16; Hollingsworth,
aged 14, and a daughter, Virginia, aged 3 years.

His early education was obtained in the public and private
schools in Richmond, Va., which prepared him for Norwood
College.

In the year 1880, after completing his college course, he
came to New York City.

In a short time he became a member of the staff of the
Spirit of the Times, which he held until he became a student
of the American Veterinary College. He was graduated with
honors in the class of 1887 and the following year was elected
to the chair of materia medica. He retained that position until
1907 when failing health forced him to relinquish that work.

Not only did his alma mater recognize his worth, but the
Bureau of Animal Industry, also appreciating his ability, ap-
pointed him, in 1888, an inspector to assist in the eradication
of contagious pleura-pneumonia. He retained the position until
1892 when, recognizing that he must apply his energy to his
increasing practice and also to his duties as professor of materia
medica at the American Veterinary College, he resigned.

Dr. Roscoe R. Bell's career as a veterinarian was threefold.

As a teacher he was successful, being capable in speech, in-
teresting and persuasive, and always prompt at his post of duty,
cordial to all ; he was held in the highest respect and esteem by
his pupils which the nineteen years of actual work will attest.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. Ill

As a journalist, all well know that the American Veterin-
ary Review is a journal second to none, a fact largely due to
his energy and ability.

The call-book that bears his name is a reminder of his fore-
sight, and, being perpetual, it will ever be a reminder of him
even when the numerous editorials and other journalistic records
have passed from memory.

As a practitioner he was a man of keen observation and
sound judgment, the result of which caused his clients to trust
him implicitly and become personal friends.

His duties were never so arduous that he neglected becom-
ing an active member in the local, state and national associa-
tions; each association honored him with their highest gift.

As president of the various associations, all will remember
him as a fair, courteous, and talented presiding officer.

Dr. Roscoe R. Bell was pre-eminent among veterinarians of
this continent; his acquaintance and friendship was universal.
No man has devoted more time to the interests of the profes-
sion and no man has succeeded in being more highly appre-
ciated.

Whenever, since his death, a body of veterinarians have as-
sembled in America all have paid their mark of respect to his
memory.

This association, of which he was an active member, recogniz-
ing his sterling worth, honored him with the highest gift at their
disposal, and now it becomes the sad duty to honor his memory by
adopting resolutions of respect and incorporating them in our
records and sending a copy to the family :

Whereas, The unerring reaper has seen fit to remove from
this sphere one of the most untiring, energetic, and loyal mem-
bers of the veterinary profession; and

Whereas, We recognize his untiring efforts to advance the
cause of veterinary science, not alone on this continent, but
throughout the world ;

Whereas, We recognize the great loss to this association of
this brother veterinarian, educator, and journalist, Dr. Roscoe
R. Bell ; therefore, be it

Resolved, That we record our appreciation of him by having
space set apart in our records to his memory and this obituary
and resolution inscribed thereon ; and be it further

Resolved, That we extend to the family of the late Dr. Ros-
coe R. Bell our consolation in their bereavement.

112 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Thomas B. Raynor.

At this association's first assembling- in 1863 there went forth
from this city one who then typified the hope and made for
the strength of to-day, a part of the record of the growth and
progress of this association.

Following in the pathway of his father, associated with four
brothers, who served under the same parental apprenticeship,
each of whom gave more than fifty years service to his and our
profession, this year 1908 records the finished work of the last
of these five brothers, in the death of our colleague and co-
worker, Thomas B. Rayner.

Passing far beyond the three score and ten, his last years
on earth filled with the deepest sorrows and much physical suf-
fering, we should not complain that he now rests from his labor
and toil in that bourne from which no traveller returns.

Commending to every member his half century's faithful
work in his profession, his deep interest and loyal support of
this and kindred veterinary associations to which he gave liberal-
ly of his earthly possessions and timely aid in all their needs,
we should cherish his memory as a fitting example of one who
did well what he could.

To his family we extend our sympathy in recording this
minute on our records in testimony of our appreciation and
regard for our late fellow-member.

William S. Kooker.

Almost reaching the seventieth milestone in his well-spent
life, there has passed from our midst our esteemed colleague,
William S. Kooker.

Privileged to pursue his vocation, which he has zealously fol-
lowed for about fifty years, until the moment of his final sum-
mons, he has entered the mysterious sleep that knows no waking.

His lifework among those with whom he daily labored ful-
filled in every respect that of a true and sincere worker in all
he elected to do.

To the family who mourn keenly this irreparable loss, this
association extends its deepest sympathy and adds this minute to
our records as a fitting testimonial to one who sought in vain
glory for his every day performance of faithful work.

W. C. Brcthcrton.
It is with regret that we have to record the death during
the last year of Dr. W. C. Bretherton, of New York City, where

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 113

he was a well-known practitioner of veterinary medicine for
many years.

Albert Youngbcrg.

It is with regret that we have to record the death of Dr.
Albert Youngberg, which occurred on September 27, 1907, from
ptomaine poisoning at Selma, Cal.

Dr. Youngberg graduated from Chicago Veterinary College
in 1892, practiced his profession at Lake Park, Minn., till about
1905, when he removed to Selma, Cal.

W. C. Ferguson.

It is with regret that we have to record the death of Dr.
Ferguson^ of Paterson, N. J., which occurred during the last
year. He was a graduate of the American Veterinary College,
and was a successful and highly respected practitioner of his
profession."

REPORTS OF SECRETARY AND TREASURER.

Secretary Lyman presented a comprehensive report of the
work of the Secretary's office and made some valuable sugges-
tions worthy of careful consideration.

Dr. Geo. R. White presented a neatly printed report of the
transactions of the Treasurer's office. Every item is enumerated.
The report shows total receipts amounting to $4,353.92 and
disbursements $3,315.18, leaving a balance in bank at opening
of meeting of $1,038.74. The funds received during the meet-
ing are sufficient to swell the amount to more than $2,000.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe, in behalf of the Nominating Com-
mittee (consisting of Ex-Presidents Robertson, Williams, Hos-
kins, Pearson, Butler, Winchester, Stewart and Lowe), submit-
ted the ollowing names :

For President — S. Brenton, Michigan; M. H. Reynolds,
Minnesota, and J. G. Rutherford, Canada.

For Vice-Presidents — O. L. Boor, Indiana ; P. A. Fish, New
York; E. A. A. Grange, Canada; C. H. Jewell, Kansas; Chas.
G. Lamb, Colorado ; B. Mclnnes, South Carolina ; C. J. Mar-
shall, Pennsylvania; John R. Mohler, District of Columbia; C.
H. Perry, Massachusetts, and A. R. Ward, California.

For Secretary — H. D. Hanson, New York, and R. P. Ly-
man, Connecticut.

114 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

For Treasurer — G. E. Leech, Minnesota, and Geo. R. White,
Tennessee.

The names were submitted alphabetically so as to avoid
showing preference. The election resulted as follows :

President — J. G. Rutherford, Canada.
Vice-President — C. J. Marshall, Pennsylvania.
Vice-President — John R. Mohler, District of Columbia.
Vice-President — P. A. Fish, New York.
Vice-President — Chas. G. Lamb, Colorado.
Vice-President — C. H. Jewell, Kansas.
Secretary — Richard P. Lyman, Connecticut.
Treasurer — George R. White, Tennessee.

PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

The papers presented were all of a high order of merit and
covered a broad field. As may be seen at a glance, the work of
the educator, the laboratory man, the sanitarian and the prac-
titioner each received consideration. The Review has been for-
tunate in securing copies of the papers of the greatest value,
and aside from those published in this number, it will produce
others monthly for several issues.

" Veterinary Science an International Institution," Hon. N.
Kaumanns, Imperial German Agricultural Commissioner to the
United States, German Consulate, Chicago.

' The Important Relation of the Veterinarian to the Public
Health," Frederic J. Mayer, M.D., Special Medical Inspector,
Louisiana State Board of Health, New Orleans.

" The Transportation of Live Stock," N. S. Mayo, Santiago
de las Vegas, Cuba.

" Shipping Fever of Horses," Charles H. Jewell, Artillery
Corps, Fort Riley, Kans.

" Glanders in the Metropolitan District," Harry D. Gill,
New York, N. Y.

" A Clinical Examination of the Blood of Glandered
Horses," S. H. Burnett and C. D. Pearce, Ithaca, N. Y.

" The Eradication of Cattle Ticks in the South," W. P. El-
lenberger, Nashville, Tenn.

" The Work of the Bureau of Animal Industry in the Con-
trol and Eradication of Cattle and Sheep Scabies in the West-
ern States," Robert A. Ramsay, Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 115

" The Control of Hog- Cholera by Serum Immunization,"
A. D. Melvin, Chief Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington,
D. C.

" Opsonic Therapy," Robert A. Archibald, Oakland, Cal.

" The Bier Treatment," S. J. J. Harger, Philadelphia, Pa.

" Pustular Eczema," F. C. Grenside, New York, N. Y.

" Milk and Milk Inspection," C. Courtney McLean, Mead-
ville, Pa.

" Hygiea Not the Child of ^Esculapius," Lloyd Champlain,
Kansas City, Mo.

" The Army Veterinarian," G. E. Griffin, 3d Artillery, Of-
ficial Representative, U. S. Army.

" Disease of the Mammary Glands of Cows," Hans Jensen,
Weeping Water, Neb.

" The Pathological Effects of Captivity on Wild Animals,"
William Reid Blair, New York, N. Y.

" The Making of American Veterinary History," ' D. Ar-
thur Hughes, Chicago, 111.

" Our Personal Responsibility to the Profession," Charles
G. Lamb, Denver, Colo.

" Pyaemic Arthritis," John Spencer, Blacksburg, Va.

" The Significance of Pathology to the Practitioner," A. T.
Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo.

" Shifting Lameness," Geo. R. White, Nashville, Tenn.

ELIGIBILITY TO MEMBERSHIP.

Upon recommendation of the Executive Committee, Article
6 of the by-laws, in reference to what shall constitute eligibility
to membership in the association, was referred to a special com-
mittee of three members to be appointed by the incoming presi-
dent, for that purpose.

THE HONOR ROLL.

Eligibility to the " Honor Roll," established in 1904, was
modified, upon recommendation of the Executive Committee,
to read as follows : " Members who have been in active mem-
bership for twenty-five consecutive years and continuously there-
after until death or honorable withdrawal from the association,
shall be eligible to the honor roll of the association, and shall
be exempt from dues. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to
report the names of members who are eligible to this list at each

11G SOCIETY MEETINGS.

annual meeting. The list shall be referred to the Executive
Committee for consideration and recommendation."

Upon recommendation of the Executive Committee the names
of Drs. C. T. Goentner, L. H. Howard, Austin Peters and Benj.
D. Pierce were placed upon the " Honor Roll."

secretary's salary.

Owing to the growth of the association and the additional
duties of the Secretary's office the Executive Committee deemed
it proper to recommend to the association that the Secretary's
salary be raised to $500 per annum. The recommendation was
adopted by vote of the association. The Secretary was instruct-
ed to furnish a bond payable to the association for the same
amount and under the same conditions as is now the case of
the Treasurer.

reinstatements.

By recommendation of the Executive Committee the associa-
tion reinstated the following to active membership : Baker,
Walter L., V.S. (Ont. V. C, '88), Buffalo, N. Y. ; Bird, Rob-
ert H., M.R.C.V.S. (R. C. V. S., '73), Greeley, Colo.; Dauth
Albert (Laval University, '90), Gateau de Lac, Canada; Ernest
John, Jr., D.V.S. (A. V. G.f '90), Salt Lake Citv, Utah
Formad, Robert J., V.M.D. (U. P., '88), Washington, D. C.
Hamilton, Robert, M.R.C.V.S. (Glasgow V. S.), Victoria B.C.
Hogg, Edwin, V.M.D. (U. P.), Wilkesbarre, Pa.; Lloyd, Sam-
uel Erdman, D.V.S. (A. V. C, '93), Baltimore, Md.fMcDon-
ough, James, D.V.S. (A. V. C, '91), Montclair, N. J.; Schaufle,
Chas. A. (Stuttgart, Germany, '81), Philadelphia, Pa.; Schoen-
leber, Francis S., M.S.A., D.V.S., M.D. (Chic. V. C, '90) ;
Schwarzkopf, O., D.V.M. (Royal Veterinary School, Berlin,
'80), Fort Sam Houston, Texas; Staples, Shirley Bruce, B.S.,
D.V.S. (Louisiana S. U., '91), Alexandria, La.

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED.

The following were submitted by the Committee on Reso-
lutions, Dr. S. Stewart, chairman, and were unanimously
adopted :

Privilege of Membership to Veterinarians of the New World —
Representation From Other Veterinary Associations.

Resolved, That the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion extend the privilege of membership to veterinarians of

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 117

the new world, and that veterinary associations in other coun-
tries of North, Central and South America be invited to send
representatives to our annual meetings.

Amendment to Army Veterinary Bill.

Resolved, It is the opinion of the members of the American
Veterinary Medical Association assembled in annual convention
at Philadelphia, Pa., September 8 to II, 1908, that the pres-
ent Army Veterinary Bill (H. R. 11790), " To Increase the
Efficiency of the Army Veterinary Service," passed by the Senate
at its last session, should have the following amendment added
to Section 6 : "If found disqualified for active service on ac-
count of wounds or disability incurred in line of duty, their
cases shall be disposed of in conformity with the requirements
of Sec. 3 of the act approved October 1, 1890" (26 Stats., p.
562);

Be it resolved, That the American Veterinary Medical
Association, as a body, request that the bill with the above
amendment be enacted into law and that every member of this
association use his earnest effort to bring this about at the com-
ing session of Congress.

Be it further resolved, That copies of these resolutions be
forwarded to the Secretary of War, Chief of Staff U. S. Army,
Chairman of the House Military Committee, Chairman of the
Senate Military Committee, and to the Speaker of the House
of Representatives.

International Congress on Tuberculosis.

Whereas, The International Congress of Tuberculosis, which
convenes in Washington, September 21, has added a separate
section relative to tuberculosis of animals and its relations to
man, recognizing in this act the importance of the veterinarian
in the fight against tuberculosis;

Be it resolved, That the American Veterinary Medical As-
sociation extends to the Congress its heartiest appreciation of
this recognization for the need of co-operative work between
the medical and veterinary professions and adds its earnest good
wishes for a meeting productive of good-will, as well as for
the highest benefits for man ; and be it further

Resolved, That the association manifest its appreciation
through the attendance of the Congress by as many of its mem-
bers as possible.

US SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Distribution and Sale of Tuberculin and Mallcin.
Resolved, That the distribution and sale of tuberculin and
mallein should be regulated by law, with the object of prevent-
ing its fraudulent use.

Tuberculin Test of Cattle for Interstate Shipment.
Resolved, That enacted laws prohibiting the interstate ship-
ment of animals affected with or known to have been exposed
to a contagious or infectious disease, be rigorously enforced by
the Bureau of Animal Industry, and that all cattle intended for
breeding or dairy purposes, be prohibited from entering inter-
state trade, unless officially tested with tuberculin and certified
as being free from disease.

Tuberculin Test of Cattle for State Fairs and Live Stock Ex-
positions.

Resolved, That the management of state fairs and live stock
expositions be requested to assist in the eradication of tubercu-
losis to the extent of prohibiting the exhibition of all cattle
for prizes, or their exposure for sale, unless they are officially
certified as having received the tuberculin test within a period
of six months, and no reaction shown.

Symposia in Lieu of Reports on Intelligence and Education and

on Diseases.
Resolved, That the president-elect, in organizing his com-
mittees on intelligence and education and on diseases for the
incoming year, be requested to so select such committees as to
provide for a symposium upon some topic affecting veterinary
education, to be presented at our next meeting in lieu of the
report of the Committee on Intelligence and Education; and a
similar symposium upon some one important disease to be pre-
sented in lieu of the report of the Committee on Diseases, and
that the titles of various papers constituting each symposium be
entered in the official program of the association by the Sec-
retary.

Commendation for the Secretary of Agriculture.
Resolved, That this association commend the Secretary of
Agriculture for the investigation that he has caused to be made
of the status of the veterinary colleges in this country.

Appreciation of Kind Words from Germany's Representative.

Resolved, That this association express its appreciation for

the kind words of Mr. Nicholas Kaumanns, the German Impe-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 110

rial Special Commissioner of Agriculture, and that we join with
him in his wish that there shall be a closer relation between the
veterinarians of the old and the new world.

Appreciation of Work of Local Committee.

Resolved, That this association express its sincere apprecia-
tion to the Local Committee of Arrangements for the splendidly
planned and perfectly conducted arrangements for this meeting;
for the delightful entertainment of members and visitors; for
the excellent meeting quarters provided by the University of
Pennsylvania 'midst surroundings which were themselves inspir-
ing and that did much to elevate the tone and ideals of the con-
vention; and also for the uniform courtesy and untiring labor in
our behalf, which will long be remembered with pleasure by all.

INSTALLATION OF OFFICERS.

President Dalrymple appointed Ex-Presidents Winchester
and Butler to conduct President-elect Rutherford to the plat-
form, who performed their duty with due ceremony evidently
to the satisfaction of all. It was apparent from the start that
no mistake had been made in the choice of Dr. Rutherford. His
brief remarks were pregnant with words of wit and wisdom.

After, the installation of the five Vice-Presidents, Secretary
and Treasurer, resolutions were passed expressing the appre-
ciation and thanks of the association to Dr. Hoskins and his
associates of the Local Committee. In response to cries of
" Hoskins." " Hoskins," that gentleman appeared on the plat-
form as " happy as a big sunflower," and voiced and bowed
his acknowledgments to the assemblage of his colleagues. Reso-
lutions especially thanking the ladies of the Local Committee
and a motion extending a vote of thanks to the retiring officers
were also unanimously adopted amid wild cheers of enthusiasm.

Dr. L. A. Merillat, in an eloquent speech, made in behalf
of the Chicago delegation, extended a most cordial invitation
to the A. V. M. A. to come to their city in 1909 which was
enthusiastically applauded. No better place could be selected.
Chicago is centrally located and is equally accessible from all
parts of the continent.

THE CLINIC.

The clinic was held September nth at the University of
Pennsylvania, Veterinary Department, Thirty-ninth street and

120 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Woodland avenue, Philadelphia. The visitors had an oppor-
tunity of inspecting a magnificent veterinary establishment, mod-
ernly constructed and efficiently equipped, As on previous days
of the meeting luncheon was served at midday by the University
for all those in attendance.

A special feature of the clinic was an exhibit of eight cases
of epizootic lymphangitis. The animals were isolated in a se-
cluded spot in a field on the opposite side of the street from the
new veterinary buildings where a most interesting clinic was
held by Professor Pearson. About one hundred cases of epi-
zootic lymphangitis were in quarantine in Pennsylvania at the
time of the meeting.

Operations and Demonstrations.

Prof: S. J. J. Harger, of the Faculty, directed the conduct of
the clinic with great success.

I. — Bay gelding, Fistula of the branch of the inferior max-
illary bone (left). Trephining and removal of necrotic tissue
by Surgeon, W. Axby, Cincinnati, O. Tooth not affected, so
allowed to remain.

II. — Bay gelding, Cold abscess on point of shoulder. Ex-
cision by Surgeon, J. W. Klotz, Indianapolis, Ind.

III. — Black gelding, Pus in nasal sinuses. Trephining by
Surgeon, C. H. Jewell, on Williams' operating table.

IV. — Bay gelding, Spavin. Subcutaneous cunean tenotomy,
followed by firing. Surgeon, F. G. Schneider, Philadelphia, Pa.

V. — Gray mare, Ringbone, near hind. Firing and blistering
by Surgeon, G. H. Roberts, Indiana Veterinary College.

VI. — Black gelding. Ringbone on off fore. Median neu-
rectomy (standing) by Surgeon, Geo. S. Fuller, Philadelphia. Pa.

VII. — Passing the stomach tube for demonstration, by Sur-
geon, B. F. Senseman, Philadelphia, .Pa.

VIII. — Side-bone, Plantar neurectomy. Scissors operation,
by Surgeon, H. D. Gill, New York, N. Y., assisted by E. M.
Bronson, Indianapolis, Ind.

IX. — Fox terrier bitch, Ovariotomy, by Surgeon, W. G. Hol-
lingworth, Utica, N. Y.

X. — Gray gelding. Foot lameness. Plantar neurectomy, bv
Surgeon, F. G. Schneider, Philadelphia, Pa.

XI. — Pony. Diagnosis by Surgeons, E. L. Loblein. \cw
Brunswick, N. J., and T. E. Smith, Jersey City, N. J.

/#/

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 123

XII. — Black mare, Enlarged hock, lameness. Tarsal neu-
rectomy, by Surgeon J. H. Blattenberg, Lima, O., assisted by
Dr. W. E. Wight, Pittsburg, Pa.

XIII. — Collie dog, exhibited by Dr. Henry D. Martien, Phila-
delphia, Pa., because of the presence of two perfectly formed
penises, and two bladders, both of which were functional.

XIV. — Demonstration of the use of the " stocks " of the hos-
pital of Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, by
Prof. John W. Adams, of the University Faculty.

XV. — -Chestnut gelding, Navicular joint lameness. Low
plantar neurectomy, by Surgeon, Chas. H. Perry, Worcester,
Mass.

XVI. — Surgeon Frank H. Miller, New York, N. Y., op-
erated 011 bitch for adenoids. •

The foregoing is an incomplete list of the operations and
demonstrations performed during the forenoon. The entire af-
ternoon was likewise devoted to surgery and a number of demon-
strations were also made. There was an abundance of clinical
material and some of the most eminent veterinary surgeons of
America performed operations. It is useless to attempt to de-
scribe the individual operations or even to enumerate the cases
further, for one had to be an eye-witness to appreciate the skill
and dexterity of the demonstrators.

NOTES OF THE A. V. M. A. MEETING.

A good many went from the meeting to Atlantic City.

The sentiment seems to be strongly in favor of Chicago for
the 1909 meeting place.

A reception given Tuesday evening, September 8, at the
Hotel Walton, proved to be a most enjoyable affair.

The local committee of ladies proved to be such a congenial
party that they contemplate continuing the organization.

Some one counted 65 members of the Ancient Accepted
Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine at the A. V. M. A.
meeting.

Commercial features were entirely eliminated from the meet-
ing. No exhibits of drugs, books or instruments were allowed in
Houston Hall.

124 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Shriners at the A. V. M. A. meeting- went over, September
1 2th, to Atlantic City where they were heartily greeted by the
nobility of Mecca Temple who had, that day, made a pilgrimage
from New York to the city by the sea.

Among the guests at the A. V. M. A. meeting were Mrs.
W'm. N. Middleton, Cayuga, Canada; Messrs. Wm. N. Middle-
ton, Cayuga, Canada; H. W. Jakeman, Halifax, Canada; Gerald
E. Griffin, Havana, Cuba; N. Kaumanns, Berlin, Germany; S.
Moncado, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, and Thomas G. Doyle, Syd-
ney, New South Wales.

One of the first things that attracted the eye of the visitor
upon arrival at Philadelphia was

" WELCOME A. V. M. A."

displayed over the entrance to the City Hall. The letters were
composed of electric lamps and the effect was brilliant when
illuminated at night.

The twenty-fifth anniversary of the Pennsylvania State Vet-
erinary Medical Association was handsomely remembered by the
delegates in attendance at the A. V. M. A. A pleasant incident
occurred at the banquet, September 10, when Dr. Gill, in behalf
of the delegates, presented a beautiful gavel to the Pennsylvania
association through its popular president, Dr. C. J. Marshall,
of Philadelphia.

It seemed strange indeed for the A. V. M. A. to be as-
sembled in annual convention without the presence of Roscoe R.
Bell, who for many years was foremost in everything calculated
to advance and uplift the profession. The members, however,
were glad to have an opportunity to welcome his young son,
Master Bellmont Bell, who enjoyed the social features in a way
that only a boy can do. He was a guest of the Hoskins family.

Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Veterinary Director-General and Live
Stock Commissioner of Canada, is honored on both sides of the
Atlantic. In January the honorary degree of Fellow of the
Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, England, was conferred
upon him, and at the forty-fifth annual meeting of the American
Veterinary Medical Association, held in Philadelphia, he was
exalted to the highest honor in the gift of the profession of the
western hemisphere.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 12o

The representatives of the profession assembled at the A. V.
M. A. meeting at Philadelphia were very much pleased to have
Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania, present on that occasion as their guest.
The Secretary is deeply interested in all scientific progress and
especially in the veterinary profession. Although not generally
known, he is a member of the profession himself, having quali-
fied many long years ago under the old law.

Four of the members of the A. V. M. A., in attendance at
the Philadelphia meeting, viz., Drs. R. A. Archibald, C. M. Har-
ing and A. R. Ward, of California and S. B. Nelson, of the
State of Washington, as well as a number of visitors, came
all the way across the continent; three of them, Drs. Archibald,
Haring and Nelson, being accompanied by their wives, yet there
are members living on the Atlantic Coast who were willing to
allow one of the greatest veterinary gatherings that has ever as-
sembled in the world come and go without scarcely giving the
matter a thought. Strange, indeed !

11 A Morning Gallop." — Dr. W, Jacoby Lentz, late Resi-
dent Surgeon at the Veterinary Department of the University
of Pennsylvania, was an especially busy man during the week
of the A. V. M. A. convention at Philadelphia. He took time,
however, to get married on the evening of September 9, and
also to dedicate a pleasing piece of music entitled " A Morning
Gallop," two-step, composed by himself, to the A. V. M. A.

Dr. Lentz is an estimable young man of considerable pro-
fessional attainments. He graduated from the U. of P., 1904,
and successfully passed the examinations of the state exam-
ining boards of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He was duly
licensed, in that year, to practice his profession in New Jersey as
well as in his native state.

The profession appreciates the honor the young composer
has conferred upon it by dedicating this appropriate piece of
music to the A. V. M. A., congratulates him on his marriage and
wishes him long life and much happiness.

Association of Veterinary Faculties and Examining
Boards of North America. — Met at Hotel Walton, Septem-
ber 7th with Dr. Joseph Hughes, of Chicago, President, in the
chair. Dr. Tait Butler officiated as Secretary-Treasurer.

There seemed to be only one problem before the meeting,
viz., the Government investigation of the schools and the report

126 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

and recommendations of the expert committee appointed by Sec-
retary Wilson. A heated debate arose. The work of the com-
mittee was criticised and the right or authority of the Secretary
of Agriculture to classify veterinary colleges of the United States
into different grades according to standards of his own creation
was questioned.

On the other hand, it was considered that the committee had
given us a good working basis from which to build. It was
declared that the committee had accomplished more in a few
short months than had been accomplished in years towards
placing veterinary education on a higher plane. The work of
the committee had caused colleges to build new departments,
install laboratories and make additions to their faculties.

The following resolutions were finally agreed upon and
adopted :

" That the action of the Secretary of Agriculture in having
had made an inspection of veterinary schools is hereby approved."

" That the Association of Veterinary Faculties and Exam-
ining Boards of North America approves in general terms
the report of the Committee on Veterinary Education appointed
by the Secretary of Agriculture, and accepts it as a basis upon
which to take united action for the elevation of the profession
and as a definite starting point for unifying, improving and ul-
timately leading to a higher standard of veterinary education."

The association decided to divide its work into two sections,
a Faculty Section and a State Board Section. These sections to
hold preliminary meetings before the general meeting. The new
president was instructed to appoint a chairman for each section.

The election of officers resulted as follows : President, Dr.
Tait Butler; First Vice-President, Dr. M. E. Reynolds; Second
Vice-President, Dr. A. H. Baker; Secretary and Treasurer, Dr.
Chas. G. Lamb.

The Banquet. — This proved to be a social function of no
mean order. The attendance was large, and an excellent menu
was served. His Excellency, Hon. Edwin S. Stuart, Governor
of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; C. C. Harrison, Pro-
vost of the University of Pennsylvania; Hon. N. B. Critchfield,
Secretary of the State Department of Agriculture; Talcott Wil-
liams, Editor of the Philadelphia Press, were among the dis-
tinguished guests who occupied seats at the banquet table.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 127

The retiring President, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, presided as
Toastmaster, in a happy and entertaining manner.

Toasts were responded to as follows :

The State — Governor Edwin S. Stuart.

The University — Provost C. C. Harrison.

National Veterinary Control Work — Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture.

The State Department of Agriculture — Hon. N. B. Critch-
field.

The Press — Talcott Williams.

State Meat Hygiene Service — Dr. Leonard Pearson.

State Examining Boards — Dr. M. H. Reynolds.

Our Canadian Triumph — Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Veterinary
Director-General Dominion of Canada, President-elect A. V.
M. A.

The Ladies — Dr. Frederick J. Mayer.

His Excellency Governor Stuart said that " in the state of
Pennsylvania we have a corps of ten meat inspectors, all quali-
fied veterinarians, constantly engaged in the inspection of
slaughter houses, animals and animal food products. This work
has already shown its worth to the state to an extent that can-
not be gauged by its cost."

The Governor made a plea for the conservation of the state's
natural resources which are being wasted. He added that " it
is upon successful agriculture that the prosperity of this country
depends to a greater extent than upon any other single factor."

Further, he insisted that the animal industry in this state is
a most important part of its agriculture, representing as it does
an investment of $150,000,000. For this reason, and for the
sake of humanity, these animals should be protected from disease
and should be kept in healthy condition. Continuing, he said :

" For this protection of domestic animals and for a large part
of their development the veterinary sciences have to be relied
upon. Veterinary work also has an important part in public
health relation. It is necessary that the sources of our foods
of animal origin shall be free from infection. The veterinary
profession has a great deal of responsibility in regard to the
protection of the meat and milk supplies.

"In the control of tuberculosis of cattle what is known as
the Pennsylvania plan has proven its value and has been advised

128 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

in other states. Altogether, we have reason to be proud of the
veterinary institutions and conditions in Pennsylvania, and we
are glad to exhibit them to the profession of the United States
and Canada."

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
SOCIETY.

The nineteenth annual meeting was called to order by the
President, W. L. Baker, in the assembly room at Bagg's Hotel,
at 10.30 a. m., September 2, 1908, in the City of Utica. About
forty members were present at the opening session, but during
the day the number was increased to at least seventy-five.

After the address of welcome by the Corporation Counsel,
representing the Mayor, which was responded to by H. D. Gill,
of New York City, President W. L. Baker gave his address.
We will not attempt at this time to discuss any of the papers,
as we feel confident that the Editors will 'find space to reprint
them in full in the future numbers of the Review. The Sec-
retary-Treasurer's report showed 141 members in good standing
and the sum of $540.64 in the treasury.

The Board of Censors reported favorably on the application
for membership of W. S. Eggleston, W. L. Clarke, Geo. R.
Chase, A. J. Battin, J. N. Frost, John Gordon Wills, W. J.
Taylor, Thomas Sheldon, W. A. Young, W. H. Wheeler, C. H.
Rowe and John Drew, and these gentlemen were duly elected.

The Committee on Resolutions, Robert W. Ellis, Harry D.
Gill and Claude D. Morris, reported as follows :

u Inasmuch as Roscce R. Bell departed this life in the zenith
of his ambitions, this committee desires, in the name of this
society, to record expressions of our deep appreciation of his
worth to the profession in general, through his literary contribu-
tions, kindly advice and personal influence, in elevating and
maintaining a high professional standard throughout the veter-
inary world.

" This committee recommend that a biographical record of
the life of our late member, Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, be inscribed as
a memoriam in the minutes of this society."

" Be it resolved that it is the sense of this society that we
desire to express our feelings of respect and appreciation to

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 129

Professor James Law for the great work he has done in behalf
of the veterinary profession in this country, standing out in
strong relief as representing and typifying the highest ideals of
the social and professional activities of life ; that during his long
career he has with unceasing consistency exemplified the noblest
traits of man and made an endearing impression not only in the
hearts of his immediate students, but also in the minds and hearts
of all who have had the privilege of his acquaintance and coun-
sel. We appreciate that in behalf of his forethought and purpose
of mind we have the State Veterinary College at Cornell, and
that as a lifelong instructor of veterinary medicine at that in-
stitution and recent director, not only the state of New York,
but the whole country has profited through his efforts, and we
also recognize that as an author and writer on veterinary medi-
cine he has no peer in the world. On behalf of these exalted
attributes of his nature your committee recommend that the
society convey to Prof. James Law this expression of our respect
and esteem."

' Your committee desires to present a testimonial of appre-
ciation of the untiring efforts of Prof. Veranus A. Moore, not
only in this society, but in the interest of the profession in gen-
eral, in the solution of perplexing scientific problems; despite the
fact that he is actively associated with no less than twelve
scientific bodies, has assumed the duties of Director of the New
York State Veterinary College, and continues to contribute to
scientific literature. We appreciate the great demand on his
time and wish to encourage him by this recognition.

" Resolved, That this testimonial of our appreciation be
spread upon the minutes of this society."

" In appreciation of the appropriate generosity of one of our
members in presenting to this society a memento which not only
carries with it an expression of fellowship and good will, but
also of historic relation, which will be a living symbol of the nine-
teenth annual meeting of this society, held at Utica, September
2, 1908.

" Be it resolved that the society extend to Dr. J. M. Currie
their sincere thanks for this implement of beauty and useful-
ness, in the form of a gavel."

130 SOCIETY MEETINGS;

The Legislative Committee, W. G. Hollingworth, Chairman,
reported as follows :

" I regret very much to be compelled to make a report of
the nature necessary in regard to the outcome of the proposed
amendment to the veterinary law which was placed in the hands
of our legislators in Albany last winter. I will admit I was con-
ceited enough to think there would not be much difficulty to be
able to get the law through, but I have come to the conclusion
that New York is not Pennsylvania or New Jersey as far as
loyalty goes with the veterinarians. The letters I received in
many cases were very unpleasantly worded. There must be a
better feeling and unity among the veterinarians in this state if
they wish to accomplish any legislation in regard to progression,
something which is very slack in this state.

" To be loyal to the profession which we represent we must
work for the cause; majority always rules, and if the majority
of our profession in the state would unite, their influence would
be felt among our servants at Albany. I am willing to work for
anything which will in one way or another tend to help the good
cause along, whether to my liking exactly or not. There is too
much rivalry and selfishness among our profession.

" A man to be a worker must put his shoulder to the wheel,
be on hand at the critical moment and have his presence felt.
There is not a law ever drawn up which would meet the ap-
proval of everybody, so whenever a bill goes to the Legislature
we must expect opposition, but if the same is in the majority
and the majority can impress on the committee that they are
right, or it is necessary, give and take a little, the measure will
be reported. Knowing the objectional points in the bill, and
also the part of the state where most of the objection came
from, as chairman of this committee I think we should try again.
I also fear that our society lost a very important chance to go on
record in regard to special legislation during the last session. I
think the time is ripe, and nothing can be accomplished without
trying. It is very discouraging to the veterinarians that have
the profession at heart to be confronted by such an amount of
opposition when they, the opposers, know in their own mind
it means another step backward to try and block the wheels of
progress; but to make it unpleasant for one that they have no
liking for, influence is brought to bear and a point scored for
Mr. Groucher, much to his discredit.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 131

"It is very easy to find out who the promoter is. Another
thing is, that in framing an amendment it should be for the in-
terest of the profession, not to make it unpleasant for any special
one, or to get back at anyone, so to speak. Our professional ties
should be closer together. Do not for personal reasons try to
block necessary legislation, because you have had some unfriendly
dealings with an officer of the association, just to embarrass him.
That is too much like cutting your nose off to spite your face."

In addition to the very interesting and instructive papers that
were read in the morning and afternoon sessions, and which we
trust will find space in the future numbers of the Review, we
must not fail to mention the thorough discussion of the two most
leading subjects at present, viz., glanders and tuberculosis, at
the evening sessions. This new feature of the program, holding
a banquet each evening, followed by the program, worked ad-
mirably. The first evening was devoted entirely to the subject
of glanders, the second to tuberculosis. The second evening we
were honored by the presence of our Commissioner of Agricul-
ture, Raymond A. Pearson, who outlined the policy of the De-
partment of Agriculture in regard to tuberculosis.

The election of officers resulted as follows : For President,
R. W. Ellis; Vice-President, W. G. Hollingworth ; Secretary
and Treasurer, J. D. DeVine; Censors, George H. Berns, W. L.
Williams, F. D. Holford, W. H. Phyfe, R. C. Reed.

The third day was devoted entirely to the surgical clinic.
Dr. Hollingworth's spacious and well-equipped hospital made it
possible to perform two or more operations at the same time
during the day. Over twenty cases were operated on during the
day.

President Ellis appointed the following committees :

Legislative Committee — W. G. Hollingworth, Chairman ;
Wm. Henry Kelly, J. M. Currie.

Committee on By-Laws — W. L. Baker, Chairman ; Geo. H.
Berns, W. L. Williams.

Committee on Resolutions — Harry D. Gill, Chairman; E. B.
Ackerman, James Law.

Committee on Medical Jurisprudence — Claude D. Morris,
Chairman ; Veranus A. Moore, F. C. Grenside.

Committee on Arrangements — P. A. Fish, Chairman; G. S.
Hopkins, S. H. Burnett, W. J. Taylor, J. N. Frost.

Question Box Committee — Geo. H. Berns, Chairman; W.
Reid Blair, Chas. E. Clayton.

M. Hamilton, Secretary.

132 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

NOTES ON THE NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY
MEDICAL SOCIETY MEETING.

The nineteenth annual meeting of the New York State Vet-
erinary Medical Society, held in Utica, September 2d, 3d and
4th, was, without doubt, the most successful, satisfactory and
profitable one held in many years, if not ever.

President Baker's plans for the literary program certainly
worked out to advantage, making it possible to accomplish much
more in the time allotted than it has been possible to accomplish
in the same length of time under previous arrangements. The
master stroke in these plans was the assignment of the two great
subjects, Glanders and Tuberculosis, to the two evening sessions,
in the order named. On each evening a banquet was held, and
the subject for consideration presented after the coffee had been
served. The evening session was thereby opened, and continued,
in the banquet hall.

This feature of the programme was very satisfactory; as the
members were loath to leave, and were still enthusiastically dis-
cussing glanders at midnight of the first evening.

Just before Dr. Geo. H. Berns, the essayist for the evening,
opened the subject of Glanders, Dr. J. M. Currie, of Rome, a
member of the committee of arrangements, presented the so-
ciety with a beautiful gavel which he had had made from a piece
of wood taken from the corduroy road near Herkimer, that
was built and used during the battle of Oriskany. The presenta-
tion was made with an historical sketch that was most interesting.
The more so because of the verv clear and pleasant manner in
which it was delivered.

That the long evening session in the dining-room, after a day
of close attendance in the assembly hall, had not dampened the
ardor of the members, was evidenced by the fact that they were
still discussing with animation and in the most earnest manner,
the subject of tuberculosis more than an hour past midnight on
the occasion of the second evening session, at which they were
honored by the presence of the Commissioner of Agriculture of
their state, Mr. Raymond Pearson, whose address to the mem-
bers, expressing his desire for co-operation in their work, was
most welcome and gratifying, and foretells the accomplishment
of much good through a better understanding and closer re-
lationship between the agriculturist and the veterinarian. A
most desirable condition, when we consider that there are ap-
proximately 2,600,000 cattle in New York state.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

133

A prominent member of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, in a familiar
comfortable position, listening to the reading of a paper, at the late meeting in Utica, when
he was sketched (entirely without his knowledge) by the young lady stenographer during
her leisure moments. The sketch, which Miss Zoller made hurriedly with her pencil, on the
back of her note paper, was so good, that we determined to reproduce it for our readers.

134 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The success in carrying out the literary program was aug-
mented very materially by the local committee of arrangements,
whose genial chairman, Dr. Walter G. Hollingworth, aside from
his great executive ability, has the happy faculty of making
every one feel at home; and his good nature is positively con-
tagious.

The assembly hall had taken on a cheery look by the touch
of his hand, and was decorated with our country's flag. The
members seemed unwilling to absent themselves from the ses-
sions for a moment in search of recreation, as has been frequently
observed on other occasions, but remained in close attendance,
earnestly discussing the matters that were presented to them by
the essayists. Another very important factor in the success of
the Utica meeting was the large attendance. Out of a member-
ship of about one hundred and forty, seventy-five were present —
practically every county in the state being represented.

Twelve new members were admitted during the convention,
and the society is in a sound condition financially.

The third day was exclusively devoted to clinical work,
which began at 8.30 a. m. at Dr. Hollingworth's modern and
spacious hospital, the splendid appointments of which were a rev-
elation. Clinical material was in abundance, more than 20
horses having been presented for surgical operations and diag-
nosis of their ailments before the clinic day had been reached.
Among the important operations was a " second operation "
in a roarer by Prof. W. L. Williams, of the State College, at
Ithaca, the subject being a sorrel mare which had been operated
upon for roaring a year previous, and had at this time an ossifica-
tion of the thyroid cartilage.

An operation on a cryptorchid yearling was next performed
by Dr. J. F. De Vine, of Goshen, N. Y. The right testicle,
which was down, was removed standing, the colt then being
thrown for the removal of the second organ.

Dr. P. J. Axtell, of Binghamton, N. Y., then performed
plantar neurectomy, standing.

Prof. Williams operated for roaring due to paralysis of the
left vocal cord, on Geldine, a trotting stallion, who had raced
with a tube in his trachea. This operation was performed under
general anaesthesia.

Dr. De Vine operated on a case of scirrhous cord in an aged
gelding.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

A case of arthritis of the atlo-axoid articulation in a roan
gelding was operated on by Dr. Axtell, under general anaesthesia,
on the operating table. Dr. J. M. Currie, of Rome, N. Y., pre-
sented an exaggerated case of exuberant granulation on the off
hind leg, for examination.

Dr. R. N. Gordon Darby, of Fort Plain, N. Y., operated for
scirrhous cord, on a black gelding, assisted by Dr. L. G. Moore,
of Trenton, N. Y.

A case was presented for diagnosis to Dr. F. C. Grenside,
of New York, N. Y. A chestnut gelding that had run away
some time previous, presented as a result of injuries received
at that time, lameness in the off fore, and atrophy of the an-
terior and posterior spinatus muscles of the off fore scapula.

Another clinical case in which advice was sought was pre-
sented to Dr. Geo. H. Berns, of Brooklyn, N. Y., with a pro-
nounced spavin that had been fired and blistered several times
without satisfactory results. Double torsal-neurectomy was
recommended by Dr. Berns, to be performed later in the day.

A most interesting case for diagnosis had been driven in
from eighteen miles out in the country two days previous and
was turned over to that careful and painstaking diagnostician,
Dr. Berns. The case proved so unusual that Dr. Berns called in
consultation Drs. Grenside and Williams. The subject, a slightly
built young bay mare, impressed one at first as a case of rabies,
as she would, while peacefully picking hay from the floor, sud-
denly reach for her forearm and bite at it violently, and would
reach for the other arm at the same time with the hind foot
of the opposite side. These contortions would last but a few
minutes, during which time she would nearly fall down, when
they would subside and she would be quiet again, as before.
These " spells " would come on about every fifteen to twenty
minutes — seldom at longer than half-hour intervals; and, ac-
cording to the owner's statement, this condition had existed for
two and one-half years. She sometimes fell when the " spell "
was extra bad, which frequently was the case in harness — as
the owner drove her regularly despite this condition, which he
said he could usually dissipate by " hitting her with the whip."
She had a " spell " which he tried to dissipate in that manner
when driving her away from the clinic, which resulted in her
going down and mixing up into a terrible tangle.

Drs. Berns and Grenside gave the following extemporaneous
" field " diagnosis : Dr. Berns said : " This is a peripheral irrita-

13(5 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

tion of the sensory nerves, over a circumscribed portion of the
body, best marked in front of the inside left fore-arm and im-
mediately behind the right elbow. Probably due to the same
obscure condition of the nervous system which causes involuntary
shaking of the head."

Dr. Grenside, who at this time did not know Dr. Berns's
diagnosis, said : " It is pruritis, of nervous origin." Dr. Williams
did not give an opinion.

An adjournment for luncheon was taken at noon-day, when a
sumptuous spread was served in another part of the hospital,
where long tables had been plentifully supplied with many good
things to gratify the inner craving of the operators and their
ladies. The presence of the horse ambulance and other appliances
in the dining-hall in no way detracted from the pleasure of
lunching.

The repast over, the clinic was resumed and continued until
6.30 p. m., during which, time many valuable points were demon-
strated in surgery, in which Drs. Williams, Baker, Ide, Axtell
and others took part. Drs. Baker and Axtell each performed
tarsal neurectomy; Dr. Axtell also performed peroneal tenotomy
for relief of stringhalt, and Dr. Baker, the retiring president of
the society, demonstrated puncturing the stomach by passing the
trocar into it at a point just posterior to the xiphoid appendage
of the sternum. The doctor first pumped the subject's stomach
full of air through a stomach tube.

Dr. Currie demonstrated various methods of destroying large
animals painlessly and rapidly. The clinic and 19th annual meet-
ing were thus brought to a close, each one present expressing
entire satisfaction at the wonderful accomplishments of Dr.
Hollingworth in getting so much good material together and
at the splendid facilities he had for handling it.

ILLINOIS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA-
TION.

The twenty-sixth semi-annual meeting called to order 10
a. m., July 15, 1908. Minutes of last meeting read and approved.
Applications for membership read and each elected to member-
ship as follows: Drs. W. S. Tomlinson, Galesburg; G. J. Graem,
Elmwood; W. G. Neilson, Monmouth; W. J. Morgan, Seaton;

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 137

Oscar A. Sego, Springfield; Wilbur C. Doss, Lewiston; J. L.
Montooth, Neaponset; J. C. Brown, Joy; W. W. Warnock,
Aledo; L. B. Michael, Collinsville ; Jno. Harrison Wolaver, As-
sumption; R. D. Denton, Carthage; H. L. Wickwire, Ipava;
Albert R. Cowser, Glasford; E. K. Kane, Warren; A. M. Mair,
Streater; W. H. Stephenson, Stockton; H. C. Barth, Amboy;
Geo. B. McKillip, Chicago; A. C. Spurling, West McHenry.
The following communications were then read :

Macomb, III., July 7, 1908.
Dr. Stringer,

Paxton, 111.:
Kind Friend — I received your invitation to Dr. Cale to the
meeting of the Illinois Veterinary Medical Association. Dr.
Cale wanted that I should write and inform you that he could
not attend, as he is in the St. Francis Hospital, where he has
undergone two severe surgical operations for rupture and ap-
pendicitis. He was sorry, especially as the meeting is so close.

Respectfully yours,

Mrs. Harry B. Cale.

Dr. Martin moved that the Secretary send a letter of sym-
pathy to Dr. Cale, and it is the wish of this association that he
may hasten to a speedy recovery. Carried unanimously.

A communication was then read from the President of the
A. V. M. A., Dr. Dalrymple, requesting that this association
send a delegate to the meeting of the A. V. M. A., to be held at
Philadelphia, Pa., September 8-12, he stating that " The associa-
tion will be pleased to grant the privilege of the floor in debate
to delegates."

Moved by Dr. Martin that the President appoint a delegate
to the A. V. M. A. carried. Dr. L. C. Tiffany, of Springfield,
was appointed by Dr. Mills as delegate.

A communication was read from the manager of the Palmer
House. Chicago, inviting this association to hold its annual meet-
ing at the Palmer House. Reasonable rates were offered and a
convention room would be furnished free of charge.

The communication was referred to the Committee of Ar-
rangements. Next in order was the reading and discussion of
papers. Paper by Dr. G. C. Eckley, Monmouth, " The Benefits
of Local Associations." This was a very able paper, and was very
interesting from the fact that it did prove that the local associa-
tion was of much benefit to the veterinarians in that part of the
State.

138 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Several took part in the discussion and all present seemed
to agree with the doctor that the local associations were of much
benefit and protection. Dr. Martin states that this is an age of
consolidation and amalgamation, and that it was his intention
to make an effort to create a local organization in his territory.
Dr. Geo. Eckley reported that a quack that was practicing in
that vicinity without a license left instanter when he heard that
there was a summons issued for his arrest. Dr. Hanawalt re-
ported one quack at Yates City that quit after being placed in
jail five days.

Paper by Dr. T. J. Gunning, Peoria, " One of the Lame
Points of the Veterinary Profession." The doctor criticized
the veterinary colleges in a mild way for not giving more instruc-
tion upon the diseases of the eye; that he had taken a special
course in an eye, ear, nose and throat college and he has found
that he has been well repaid for his effort. He states that in
many cases of diseased eyes in a horse where the veterinarian
had failed to effect a cure, that cures could have been effected
had he had the proper knowledge of such diseases and treatment.

The paper was discussed by several of the members. The
most interesting part of the discussion was that upon periodic
ophthalmia. The doctor believes it to be a germ disease, and
begins in the conjunctiva and extends from that over the eye.
Dr. Tiffany thinks it very similar to glaucoma in the human.
Discussion closed.

Dr. Hanawalt, of Galesburg. Paper, " Eclampsia." This
subject has been before the association at several previous meet-
ings and still continues to be a subject of much interest. Like
azoturia, its pathology is not very well understood. Some veter-
inarians report very satisfactory results treating this trouble with
bromides and nerve sedatives, such as potassium bromide, gel-
semium, viburnum prunifolium and asafcedita. Dr. Hanawalt
reported a case with very marked symptoms of eclampsia in a
gelding. This seemed just a little bit funny, for the disease had
always been considered one wholly peculiar to females. Dr.
Brownlee recommends bromides internally and ice packs to the
head.

Adjourned for lunch at the Union Hotel. The menu was
very elaborate and a very pleasant social hour was spent.

Meeting reconvened at 1.30 p. m.

Dr. A. H. Baker gave a very interesting talk on a case of
sarcoma. The horse having periodic symptoms of colic over a

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 139

period from the ist of April to the middle of June. The doctor's
description of the pathology of sarcoma was very instructive and
was much appreciated.

The next in order was the report of the Legislative Committee
by Dr. Martin. He stated that nothing of importance had come
before said committee during the past six months.

The resolutions upon the death of Dr. Bell that had been
sent to the Review, and published in the April number, and also
to family of Dr. Bell some time previous to this meeting, as
drafted by Dr. Mills and signed by Drs. Mills, Glendenning and
Stringer, were read and approved by a unanimous vote. Mrs.
Dr. Bell had replied to the receipt of same, thanking the associa-
tion for its kind sympathy and high esteem that it held for Dr.
Bell.

The following resolution was read and adopted unanimously :

Whereas, We acknowledge our indebtedness to Governor
Charles S. Deneen for his favorable attitude- toward the veter-
inary profession within our state for a more liberal education
in the science of veterinary medicine and surgery, the result of
which is already apparent in the demand for a higher standard
of excellence in our profession, we offer our professional and
personal support to the advancements thus inaugurated and com-
mend to every veterinarian the need of careful and earnest co-
operation to insure the success of these improved conditions to
the betterment of the great live stock interests of the State of
Illinois ; be it

Resolved by the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion in semi-annual convention assembled, that we appreciate the
wise, patriotic and progressive administration of Governor
Charles S. Deneen. Particularly do we commend the conduct of
affairs under his direction in that branch of the state government
in which we, as veterinarians, are interested, viz., the eradica-
tion and control of contagious and infectious diseases among
domestic animals. The important changes brought about by him
in the department of live stock inspection, which were favorably
commented upon by this body a year ago. have found their
fruition in a distinct advance in the cause of live stock sanita-
tion, and a more active and aggressive movement for the pre-
vention and extermination of diseases among domestic animals.

The following question to the association was read : Hon.
George Prince has lost several pigs from an ulcerative sore mouth
and throat, and wishes to ask the association what it is and its

140 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

cure. Dr. L. A. Merrillat stated that the disease was somewhat
prevalent and was known in Germany as Schneifelkrankheit,
commonly known in this country as contagious ulcerative sore
mouth in pigs. The disease extends over the nose and sometimes
over the head. Thorough disinfection by the use of coal tar dips
disinfecting the premises, or better still, keeping healthy animals
away from infected ones and infected premises.

Dr. James Wright, State Veterinarian, requested that a rep-
resentative veterinarian from each county in the state be ap-
pointed to ascertain the number of animals slaughtered in his
respective county and the number of slaughter houses, and re-
port the same to the Chairman of the Advisory Board, Dr.
Joseph Hughes, Chicago. He stated that this report would be of
much value to the veterinarians in this state.

The question regarding the licensing of non-graduates was
brought up and thoroughly discussed. The discussion was some-
what animated, but it brought out the fact that our State Board
of Examiners were using every precaution to protect the veter-
inary profession and that our state law is a good one and is
sufficient to protect the profession where honest state attorneys
are appealed to.

At the close of the meeting Dr. W. C. Hanawalt presented an
interesting case for examination. It was a horse having a soft
fluctuating tumor on the inside of the foreleg at the head of the
radius. It appeared to be a serous cyst, but Dr. Hanawalt
stated that the aspirator proved it to be a varicose vein.

Our mid-summer meetings are proving to be a success, and
are growing better each year.

Meeting adjourned to meet in annual session at Chicago,
December 1-2.

N. I. Stringer, Secretary.

YORK COUNTY (PA.) VETERINARY MEDICAL
SOCIETY.

A goodly number of the members attended the quarterly
meeting of the society held in the parlors of the National Hotel,
York, Pa., September 1. Representatives from all sections of
the county were in attendance and shared in the discussions.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 141

The most interesting questions brought before the society
were the discussions of " the Meat- Hygiene, the work of the
State Live Stock Sanitary Board and what they are doing for
the public at large," delivered by Dr. G. M. Graybill, of East
Petersburg, Pa.

Dr. Graybill attended the meeting by special invitation, and
his address was heartily received by the York County surgeons.
At the conclusion of his address, Dr. Graybill was given a rising
vote of thanks.

" Tuberculin, Its Experiments, and Its Reactions," together
with " The Treatment of Simple and Compound Fractures of the
Limbs of Domesticated Animals," were discussed by those
present. The next meeting will be held Tuesday afternoon,
December I, 1908.

E. S. Bausticker, Secretary.

The address of Dr. Burt J. Eno, Ironton, Ohio, is now Phil-
ippine Islands, care of the Governor-General. Dr. Eno, who has
been appointed to the Philippine service, sailed Sept. 25 for his
post of duty.

A gold cuff button was found after the clinic of the N. Y.
S. V. M.S., at Dr. Hollingworth's Hospital, at Utica. If the
owner will communicate with Dr. Hollingworth, 54 Lafayette
street, Utica, N. Y., he will be glad to return the same.

The city of Greenville, S. C, has appointed Dr. Clarence E.
Smith, of Newbern, N. C. (K.C.V.C), to the position of meat,
milk and food inspector. Greenville is the first city in the state
of South Carolina to appoint a graduate veterinarian to the po-
sition of meat and milk inspector. We congratulate the city of
Greenville and we congratulate Dr. Smith.

4 The Need of State and Municipal Meat Inspection as a
Supplement to Federal Inspection " was the subject of an able
paper by Dr. A. M. Farrington, Assistant Chief of the Bureau
of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, presented
at the twelfth annual convention of the Association of State and
National Food and Dairy Departments, at Mackinac Island,
Mich., Aug. 4-7, 1908. He particularly recommended a system
of central slaughter houses for smaller cities and towns. Ger-
many has more than 600 of these.

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Society was out in full force at the Newport Horse Show,.
September 7-9.

Dr. Ralph W. Balkam, Sarles, N. D., has leased the veter-
inary hospital formerly conducted by Dr. Switzer, in Spring-
field, Mass.

Professor Robert W. Ellis, D.V.S., was obliged to decline
a cordial invitation to attend the banquet of the Alpha Psi Fra-
ternity held at Chicago on the evening of September 4.

Dr. C. L. Barnes, of the Veterinary Department of the Col-
orado Agricultural College, acted as official veterinarian at the
Northern Colorado State fair the fore part of September.

Dr. W. H. Lynch, Portland, Me., en route to the Inter-
national Congress on Tuberculosis, Washington, D. C, made
a pleasant visit to relatives at Mount Vernon and Lynchburg, Va.

Ex-Presidents Robertson, Williams, Hoskins, Pearson, But-
ler, Winchester, Stewart and Lowe were in attendance at the
forty-fifth annual meeting of the A. V. M. A. at Philadelphia.

Dr. Harry C. Millar has been a member of the Board of
Health of Asbury Park, N. J., for the past four years, and Dr.
Thomas Bland, Waterbury, Conn., serves his city as Health
Commissioner.

The entertainment provided for the ladies at the A. V. M. A.
meeting was a continuous performance. Luncheons, reception,
banquet, automobiling, theatre-going, boat-sailing, sight-seeing
and shopping are only some of the features of the entertainment
afforded. The social features were all that could be desired.

Dr. W. G. Hollingworth, Utica, N. Y., on his return
home from the International Congress on Tuberculosis, found
his appointment as official veterinarian of his city awaiting him.

143

NEWS AND ITEMS. 143

Dr. Hollingworth is chairman of the Oneida County Education
Committee of the New York State Charities Aid Society for
the prevention of human tuberculosis. The right man in the
right place.

Dr. A. R. Ward, Professor of Veterinary Science and Bac-
teriology in the University of California and Director of the
State Hygienic Laboratory, is spending a year's leave of absence
at eastern institutions doing research work in bacteriology and
writing his book relating to the pure milk problem. He attended
the A. V. M. A. meeting at Philadelphia and the International
Congress on Tuberculosis at Washington.

It is still President Dalrymple. At the meeting of the Inter-
state Association of Live Stock Sanitary Boards, held at Wash-
ington, D. C, the week following the A. V. M. A. convention
at Philadelphia, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple was elected president of
that organization. Dr. S. B. Nelson, Pullman, Wash., was
chosen vice-president, and Dr. C. E. Cotton, Minneapolis, Minn.,
secretary-treasurer.

Secretary Lyman Returns to Kansas City. — On Sep-
tember 17, Dr. Richard P. Lyman, Secretary of the American
Veterinary Medical Association, left Hartford for Kansas City
to resume his chair — the Practice of Medicine and Obstetrics —
in the Kansas City Veterinary College. He will also teach first
Year surgery. All communications, hereafter, for Dr. Lyman
should be addressed to him at Kansas City, Mo., in care of the
Kansas City Veterinary College.

Dr. Theodore F. Krey, who lectured last year at the New
York-American Veterinary College, in place of the late Dr.
Roscoe R. Bell, Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics,
during the latter'" s illness and subsequent to his death, has moved
to Detroit, having accepted the position of head of the Depart-
ment of Experimental Medicine (Veterinary), Parke, Davis &
Co. Dr. H. D. Hanson, as announced in the September Re-
view, has been appointed Professor of Materia Medica and
Therapeutics in the New York institution.

Marriage of Dr. C. M. Haring. — It will interest many
readers of the Review to learn of the marriage, at Berkeley,
Cal., on August 22, of Dr. C. M. Haring (N. Y. S. V. C, '04)
to Miss Grace Moody (Univ. of Cal., class of '05), a successful

144 NEWS AND ITEMS.

High School teacher. Dr. F. H. McNair (N. Y. S. V. C, '05)
acted as best man at a prettily appointed evening wedding. Dr.
Haring was recently made Assistant Professor of Veterinary
Science in the University of California, an acknowledgment of
his splendid work for the live stock interests of the state. Dr.
Haring was a delegate to the meeting of the A. V. M. A. at
Philadelphia and the Tuberculosis Congress at Washington, D.C.
He and his bride will visit Boston, New York, Philadelphia.
Washington, Ithaca and other places before returning to Cali-
fornia. Drs. A. R. Ward and Haring have for nearly two years
been carrying on a series of tests for the attempted artificial im-
munization of calves against tuberculosis. The results of their
tests will be published in the near future.

Western Canadian Notes.

R. A. McLoughry, V. S., reports a few trials with Yohim-
bin (Spiegel), a new sexual tonic and stimulant and states that
good results were obtained with sluggish stallions.

Dr. Patton, Coutts, Alta., who has been seriously ill at the
Medicine Hat Hospital, his illness necessitating surgical inter-
ference, is recovering slowly.

The Globe, Toronto, reports the marriage of Madeline Ham-
ilton Dwar, of Paris, Ont., at Lethbridge, Alta., Sept. 5, 1908,
to Dr. W. T. Patton, Coutts, Alta.

An epidemic of matrimony has struck the Saskatchewan In-
spectors of the Health of Animals Branch, Dr. J. C. McMurtry
succumbing in August, Dr. N. P. Olsen in September, prognosis
in both cases favorable.

All Canadian veterinarians rejoice in the election of Dr. J.
G. Rutherford to the presidency of the American Veterinary
Medical Association. Honor has been done to the recipient, the
association and to Canada. No one man has done more for the
veterinary profession in British North America than Dr. Ruth-
erford. He was responsible for the placing of a model act re-
garding the profession on the statute books of Manitoba; he
created and organized the Health of Animals Branch and later
the Canadian meat inspection service, and was the power behind
the throne in raising the standard of veterinary education in
Canada incidentally by the reorganization of the Ontario Veter-
inary College on a three-year course basis under the aegis of the
University of Toronto.

JtAajJ^j^JI^

American Veterinary Review.

NOVEMBER, 1908.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, September 15, 1908.

Veterinary Notes — A Correction. — The " Veterinary
Notes" (No. 4) of Parke, Davis & Co., have arrived, with the
likeness of Wm. Herbert Lowe, D.V.S., President American Vet-
erinary Medical Association (1905-6), on the outside cover page.

It is the continuation of the series of Presidents of the A. V.
M. A., inaugurated by the Editor of " Veterinary Notes."

I have read the biography of the Ex-President of our national
association, and may be allowed to correct some parts of it, in-
correctly stated by " Veterinary Notes."

It is said that " Dr. Lowe is now, and has been for several
" months, the Managing Editor of the American Veterinary
" Review. He had for many years been a member of the staff
" of editorial collaborators, and the late Dr. Roscoe R. Bell,
" realizing early in the present year that he was soon to pass
" away, called in Dr. Lowe and asked him to assume the task of
" directing the editorial work of the journal, as the associate of
" Dr. A. Liautard, of Paris, who still continues his position as
" Editor-in-Chief."

The corrections are to the effect that Dr. Lowe is not man-
aging editor of the American Veterinary Review. This im-
portant post is occupied by Dr. R. W. Ellis. When Dr. Bell's
health began to fail rapidly in November last, Dr. Lowe was
requested to contribute to the editorial work of the Review, and
in January, 1908, was made Associate Editor to Drs. Liautard,
Bell and Ellis. On the death of Dr. Bell in the early part of the

147

148 EDITORIAL.

month following, the direction of the editorial work of the
journal passed into the hands of Dr. Ellis (the then only remain-
ing- editor in America), with the approval of the Chief Editor,
Prof. Liautard. Dr. Lowe was continued on the staff as asso-
ciate to Drs. Liautard and Ellis, which position he has creditably
filled and still occupies. All material for publication, as well as
all business communications, should continue to be addressed to
the American Veterinary Review^ 509 West One Hundred
and Fifty-second street, New York, N. Y.

* *

Bibliography : The History of the School of Alfort.
— A so far unique addition has just been made to the literature
of the veterinary profession of the whole world.

Prof. Railliet, of Alfort, and Mr. Moule have completed the
enormous task that they undertook, and to-day the History of
the School of Alfort is published and will, in a short time, be
found in the library, not only of every Alforian veterinarian,
but in that of every veterinary institution, whether in the old or
in the new world.

It is indeed an enormous labor, almost a work of giants, that
these gentlemen have accomplished, which has demanded sev-
eral years of long and patient researches among the many docu-
ments that were put at their disposition in the national archives,
those of the schools, and with the books, pamphlets and pro-
fessional journals where information of more or less value could
be found.

And these investigations were necessary, for if already pre-
vious attempts had been made, attempts which on many occa-
sions were not very exact, the well-known reputation of the two
authors of the new work imposed upon them that every effort
should be exerted so as to do justice to the subject and show
to their readers at large the well due homage belonging to their
undertaking and to their alma mater, which is that also of so
many generations of veterinarians, that of the many who have
figured in the work of spreading veterinary science, and of those
who from Alfort have given to many schools of the different

EDITOBIAL. 149

parts of the world the benefit of their Alforian education, among
which I extract from the book the schools of Padua, Dresden,
Vienna, Hanover, Turin, Carlsruhe, Munich, Berlin, Milan,
London, Madrid, Naples, Abouzabel in Egypt, La Plata, Lis-
bonne, Bruxelles, Constantinople, Bucharest, New York, Phila-
delphia, etc., etc.

The work, which covers over 800 pages, is handsomely il-
lustrated by 92 plates, among which are those of Bourgelat, Ber-
tin, Chabert, Vicq d'Azir, etc., etc., from the first days of the
creation of the school to modern times, and the manner in which
the whole work has been done and is offered shows how well
the House of Asselin & Houzeau appreciated the superiority of
the new publication, which is arranged as follows:

First, a preface, where the authors state that " although the
school is nearly one century and a half old, no one has yet at-
tempted to describe the various stages of its development."
There was a want which had to be filled and they have attempted
to do it as a respectful homage to their alma mater and also to
show the relative importance that belongs to the school in rela-
tion with the development and progress of the veterinary pro-
fession. The " History of the School of Alfort " is divided in
four parts. In the first are three chapters : ( 1 ) Veterinary medi-
cine before the foundation of the schools ; (2) The first veterinary
schools, Lyon, Limoges; (3) The School of Paris: Temporary in-
stallation. Transfer to Alfort.

The second part treats of the evolution at Alfort, and is,
from 1766 to 1903, divided into nine periods. There the au-
thors consider the theoretical and practical teaching of the school,
treat of what related to the students, to the curriculum, to the
professional societies, etc., and recall the memory of the victims
of their professional duties.

The third part treats of the financial questions, and the fourth
of the various buildings and materials.

It is not possible in this short notice to mention all the points
of importance and value that can be found in this new book.
Historical facts, anecdotes that have taken place in those many

150 EDITOBIAL.

years, faults and errors that have been committed, most valu-
able advice for other similar institutions, etc., etc., all can be
found in MM. Railliet and Moule's last publication.

They certainly deserve much credit, and the veterinary pro-
fession the world over must feel indebted to them for the work
they have so conscientiously and successfully accomplished.

*

Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine at St.
Petersburg. — Among the material accumulated on my desk
during my vacation, I found numbers 4 and 5 of the Impe-
rial Institute of Experimental Medicine at St. Petersburg. They
complete the thirteenth volume, and in them I saw the Comptes
rendus of the scientific works carried out at the institute during
the year 1906. Their number and value are of great importance.

To give an idea of the work done in that institution, let us
give a glance to the peculiar subdivision of the departments
where the scientific researches are carried out and look at the
number of assistants or workers each department occupies be-
sides the principal director and his special assistants, who are
quite numerous. There are altogether twelve sections or ser-
vices :

1. Section of Physiology, which, besides the staff, has fifteen
investigators. Among the work that has been carried out in
that laboratory, it is stated that 5,978 vials of gastric juice have
been prepared and delivered.

2. Section of Pathological Anatomy, with eleven co-workers.

3. That of Biological Chemistry, with twenty-three workers.

4. That of General Microbiology, with four assistants. •

5. That of Epizootology, where, with the staff and twelve
other assistants, works on glanders, tuberculosis and trypan-
osomes receive special attention. In this laboratory there have
been prepared and delivered 25,883 vials of mallein, 12,975 of
tuberculin, and 641 of antidysenteric serum.

6. The Laboratory of General Pathology has, besides its
staff, ten workers.

EDITORIAL. 151

J. The Practical Service for the Preventive Treatment of
Rabies has a large staff and only four outside workers.

8. The Pathologo-Bacteriologic Laboratory counts thirty-
eight co-operators.

9. The Service of Public Hygiene.

10. The Pathological Laboratory.

11. The special laboratory for the preparation of products
against pest; and finally

12. The Service of Disinfections.

Each of these have published a large number of reports and
papers relating to their special work, all of great value. They
constitute important evidences of the immense amount of work
carried on by the institute. In previous issues of the Review,
I have made our readers acquainted with notices of some of them.

In the last numbers that I have received there are contribu-
tions of great interest to veterinarians, upon which I will have
occasion to refer later on. Certainly, the contributions of Dr.
W. W. Podwyssotzki on the " Alterations of the Sub-maxillary
Gland in Rabies," that of Aimee Hortwitz, Study of the bac-
terian flora of the stomach and small intestines of dogs, are
deserving of more than this general notice.

*
* *

Plantar Tenotomy. — Is plantar tenotomy as taught in our
classical works to be reserved for desperate cases? Is it, as
claimed by some, more injurious than the disease against which
it is performed, and, on these accounts, is it losing its popularity
to see that of the perforatus tendon alone be the indication in
incurable sprains of the tendinous apparatus of the canon, in-
curable affections which so often give rise to frequent return of
lameness and end generally in rendering an animal useless?

Such is the object of a communication that I have found in
the June and July issues of the Recueil de Medecine Vet-
erinaire, written by an army veterinarian, Mr. A. Querreau.

For fifteen years he has experimented with this mode of
treatment, and, as the results of his experiments, he has come to

152 EDITORIAL.

the conclusions that the advantages that the tenotomy of the
perforatus presents are such that it is certainly the most radi-
cal and most economical treatment to resort to in cases of reci-
diving or incurable sprains of the tendons, of the radial reinforc-
ing band, of the suspensory ligament, and even in the relief of
some incurable lameness due to traumatic synovitis of the great
sesamoid sheath. Indeed, this operation gives, until the cicatri-
zation is organized and is complete, radical rest to the perforatus,
to the radial band, to its ring, and to its insertion upon the sec-
ond phalanx. It differs from the classical tenotomy by remov-
ing entirely a function (that of the flexion of the phalanges), and
simply relieves a secondary action, that of the perforatus. When
this is divided, flexion of the phalanges upon each other remains
integrally insured by their principal flexor or the perforans. And,
besides, it places the weak tendon (perforatus) under the influ-
ence of the strong (perforans). Indeed, the former is the weak-
est as' long as it is liable to snap in its entire length, from its
radial band to its insertion upon the second phalanx. Finally,
perforatus tenotomy is justified by the general principle so often
applied in surgery, namely, that it is better to remove an incur-
able organ than to preserve it when its condition of disease and
pain may compromise the functions of surrounding organs that
have remained healthy.

* *

Mr. Querreau performs tenotomy of the perforatus in two
different manners, according to cases : ( I ) Subcutaneously and
according to the classical manner, when its objects are to remedy
lesions of the radial band, of the ring, or of the great sesamoid
synovial. (2) On the contrary, it must be performed open, when
it is to relieve lesions of the body of the perforatus, accompanied
with induration of the tendon. In describing the various stages
of the operation and the specific cares in the dressing, Mr. Quer-
reau insists upon the necessity of packing well the cavity and the
surface of the wound with pads of iodoformed gauze before the
closing of the wound with sutures. The use of a shoe with a

EDITORIAL. 153

long toe is also recommended to avoid knuckling. There is al-
ways a large callous following the operation, but this is almost
completely resorbed after a few months.

A great number of observed cases are recorded of the suc-
cesses obtained with this tenotomy against sprains of the radial
band (15 cases and 13 perfect successes), against sprains of the
perforatus in its metacarpal portion (6 cases with 6 successes),
against incurable lesions of the great sesamoid sheath (2 cases,
with one success and one failure).

To resume : The efficacy of perforatus tenotomy is shown
clearly by the above considerations. The greatest objection is
the possibility of leaving a permanent more or less disfiguring
nodule on the length of the tendon, nodosity which is no more
unsightly than that left by the retracted and indurated tendon
before operation and which cannot be more objectionable than
the ugly cicatrix which is left by other forms of treatment such
as blistering, firing, etc.

With this single objection, there cannot be a doubt that this
operation is bound to become the favorite means of treatment for
injuries of that kind.

Eleventh Annual Meeting of Interstate Association
of Live Stock Sanitary Boards. — It was quite a surprise to
me to find in my desk lately the report of the eleventh annual
meeting of the Interstate Association of Live Stock Sanitary
Boards. I acknowledge with regret that this was the first infor-
mation, as far as I recollect, of the existence of such an organi-
zation ; and the perusal of the comptes rendus made me feel that,
personally, I had sustained a great loss by not having known of
it before, of its meetings and of its work. I have no doubt that
some of my readers will feel as I did.

The eleventh annual meeting was held in the parlors of the
Murphy Hotel, in Richmond, Virginia, on September 16 and
17, 1907, more than one year ago. I cannot give a detailed ex-
amination of the subjects that were treated, and yet in reading

154 EDITORIAL.

the titles of the papers that were presented and discussed, one
may judge how interesting the meeting must have been :

" State Control of Hog Cholera," by Dr. J. H. McNeil, of
Iowa; " Tick Eradication," by Dr. Tait Butler; " Federal Inspec-
tion of Meat," by Dr. A. D. Melvin ; " Purchase of Cows for
Slaughter Subject to Post-mortem Inspection," by Dr. I. E.
Dyson ; " Relation of State Veterinarians and Live Stock Sani-
tary Boards to the Public Health," by Dr. C. G. Lamb; " Rabies
and Its Control," by Dr. Austin Peters; "Animal Parasites."
by Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough.

The meeting lasted two days and important resolutions were
taken :

On the subject of " Federal Meat Inspection," " that the dif-
ferent states should organize and put in operation a system of
meat inspection."

On the subject of " Eradication of the Fever Tick," " that
the appropriation made by Congress for this work be increased
to $500,000."

On the subject of " Hog Cholera and Tuberculosis," " that
the attention of the sanitary authorities of each state and national
government be called to the fact that these diseases are assum-
ing such importance that their eradication can only be accom-
plished by the combined and concerted action of all sanitary au-
thorities and that such steps should be taken to insure perfect
combination of such authorities, to the end that these diseases
may eventually be wiped out."

On the subject of " Milk Inspection," " the association urged
upon all state authorities and the public, generally the absolute
necessity of state supervision of the milk supply, and that all
states pass laws requiring the testing of all dairy cows with tu-
berculin."

The comptes rendus concludes with reports of the sanitary
condition of some states, for instance, in Arkansas by Dr. W.
Linton, in Colorado by Dr. C. G. Lamb, in Illinois by Dr. J. W.
Wright, in Maryland by Dr. G. Allen Jarman, in Missouri by

EDITORIAL. 155

Dr. D. F. Luckey, in Minnesota by Dr. M. S. Whitcomb, and
in Virginia by Dr. J. C. Ferneyhough.

No doubt that by this time the twelfth annual meeting of
this working association has taken place and that at an early
date I may be fortunate enough to glance at their next report.
The profession at large, I am sure, would like to hear from it.

*
* *

Hippophagy. — Hippophagy is no longer a special subject of
curiosity. It has entered into the customs and habits of people,
although in some countries it has spread more extensively than
in others. Anyhow, its origin is old. Already, in olden times,
horses were certainly killed and used for human food. Accord-
ing to Julius Caesar, Gallics were especially fond of horse meat;
and, according to Pliny, young donkeys were especially fattened
for the table of patricians. But it must be acknowledged that
there is a great difference between the use that was made of
horse meat in olden times and that of to-day. As it is certainly
less on account of palatable taste, than to palliate against the
difficulties for obtaining meat for use that horseflesh is resorted
to. And yet there is an important opening offered for this use.
For some time, physicians, at least in France, have become great
propagators of the use of horse meat. In prescribing to their
patients the continued ingestion of raw horseflesh, in preference
to that of beef which is higher in price, they have incited poor,
and even people in better social situation, to obtain from the
muscles of healthy horses a better supply of energy for their fail-
ing strength.

Hippophagy has been the object of many writings. Phy-
sicians, veterinarians and sanitarians have all published articles
upon it. Laws, sanitary regulations,, slaughter-houses, and shops
have been established, and the number of solipeds that have been
delivered for public consumption has, since 1866, when it was
officially recognized in France, been constantly increasing. In
Paris, between 1866 and 1869, the number scarcely reached 3,000;
in 1906 there were nearly 60,000. In Germany, during 1906,
nearly 150,000 solipeds were slaughtered and sent to market.

15G EDITORIAL.

In Belgium, says the chief editor of the Gazette du Village,
the number of horses slaughtered, in proportion to the extent of
its territory, is even larger than in France. Therefore, the de-
velopment of hippophagy is slowly progressing in all countries,
except in England, where no shops exist where horse meat is
sold.

In a recent communication on the subject of hippophagy, I
read the following taken from the comptes rendus of the meet-
ing of the Congres Hippique :

" But certainly it is America which leads in this special in-
dustry (that of horse meat supplied as food). There, horses
" are raised especially for this purpose. They are typical horses,
" not too big, but having an excellent meat.

" When hippophagic shops made their appearance in America,
" the butchers that sold bovine meat protested and made vigor-
" ous objections and all possible efforts to stop them. But Car-
" negie became interested in the question; he gave the new in-
" dustry its aid, and to-day, in the suburbs of Chicago, there exist
" special factories where horse meat is prepared in all manners.
" It is made in preserves, it is made in sausages, it is salted and
" frozen."

" These factories do not exrort their products."

I do not know how far those statements are correct and I
cannot help thinking that the writer has committed a grave error,
as an examination of the twenty-third annual report of the
Bureau of Animal Industry shows that between 1891 and 1903.
no horses had been inspected at abattoirs for slaughter, except
in the years from 1899 to 1903, when about 3,000 were inspected,
in 1899, a little over 5,000 in 1900, to drop below 2,000 in 1901
and 1902, and finally died out in 1903 with 344 inspections.

At any rate, if there are horse meat shops in the United
States, I must acknowledge that I do not know it.

* *

In the July issue of the Review there was a list of the gen-
tlemen that Prof. Leonard Pearson had invited to serve as mem-

EDITORIAL. IT) 7

bers of the National Committee for the United States at the
ninth International Veterinary Congress.

In Circular No. 2, just issued by the Executive Committee
at The Hague, this list has been published, among those of other
countries, and a glance at them shows that indeed these national
committees will be representatives from Holland, of course, and
then from North and South Africa, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Denmark, England, France, Germany, Hungaria, Italy, Norway,
Roumania, Russia, Servia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Our
American friends can be assured that they will be in good com-
pany.

The circular gives also the following program of the work
of the Congress :

A. — The Congress rvill open on September 13 and close on

September 18, 1909.
N. B. — The names of the reporters will be published after-
ward.

B. — Official opening meeting, September 13th, at 2 o'clock p. m.
C. — General meetings: September 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, at 9 o'clock

a. m., September 14, at 2.30 o'clock p. m.

Subjects.

1. Government efforts against swine plague and hog cholera
(swine fever) based upon the recent researches regarding their
etiology, vaccination, sero-vaccination, etc.

2. The protection of the practice of veterinary medicine.

3. The role of the veterinarian as expert in zootechnical
questions.

4. The conditions necessary to obtain the doctorate in vet-
erinary science.

5. The sanitary control of milk and the obligatory systematic
inspection of meat.

6. The methods employed in removing the carcases and meat,
with the object of rendering them harmless.

7. The prophylaxis and pathology of protozoan diseases
(piroplasmoses, trypanosomoses) with demonstration of the

158 EDITORIAL.

specific parasites and of the transmitting animals (ticks, mos-
quitoes, etc.).

8. The governmental control of sera and bacterial products
and their preparation by the government.

9. Avian tuberculosis in its relation to tuberculosis in mam-
malia.

10. The sterility of cows and its dependence upon the infec-
tious diseases of the genital organs.

11. Governmental efforts against tuberculosis, with regard to
the ways of infection in this disease.

12. Construction and interior of stables in relation to the
prophylaxis of diseases of animals, especially tuberculosis, and
also to the hygiene of milk.

D. — Sections of the Congress:

1. Public veterinary medicine; control of food. II. Path-
ology and bacteriology. III. Practical veterinary medicine. IV.
Zootechny and veterinary hygiene. V. Tropical diseases of ani-
mals.

E. — Meetings of Sections: the 16th and ijth September, at 2.30
o'clock p. m.

' First Section.

1. Inspection of fish, game, poultry, crustacean, and of other
animal foods, not included in the question 5 of the general meet-
ings, in relation to the hygiene of man.

2. Insurance of stock in relation to obligatory meat inspec-
tion.

3. Disinfection of the vehicles of transport and animal prod-
ucts in international traffic.

4. Sero-therapy and sero-prophylaxis of foot-and-mouth dis-
ease and their value from the point of view of legal sanitary
police.

Second Section.
1. The diagnosis of infectious diseases by means of the re-
cently discovered reactions of immunity (except the subcutane-
ous injection of tuberculin and mallein).

EDITORIAL. 159

2. Etiology and pathogeny of malignant tumors, especially
of carcinoma.

3. Vaccination against tuberculosis.

4. Anatomo- and histo-pathological diagnosis of rabies.

Third Section.

1. Specific chronic enteritis of cattle.

2. Infectious pleuro-pneumonia of horses.

3. Hemostasis in the modern methods of castration.

4. Pathology and therapeutics of streptococcic infections in
the domestic animals.

5. New investigations of the two last years concerning
chronic deforming arthritis of horses.

Fourth Section.

1. Physiology of milk-secretion; relation between the external
form of cows and the production of milk.

2. Influence of the various foods upon the quality of the prod-
ucts (meat, milk). Application of Kellner's principle in the
nourishing of animals from the point of view of the production
of milk, meat and strength.

3. Prevention of the prejudicial effects of the forced breed-
ing for special purposes.

4. Teaching of zootechny.

Fifth Section.

1. Hygiene in the maritime transport of cattle.

2. Sanitary police in colonies.

3. Teaching and laboratories for researches in tropical dis-
eases.

P.— Official closing meeting, September 18, at 2 p. m.
As final notes, the circular adds :

1. The amount of the contribution has been fixed at 10
guilders — 17 shillings = 21 francs = 17 marks.

. 2. The application for the membership is to be addressed to
Professor D. F. van Esveld, of the State Veterinary School at
Utrecht, General Treasurer, accompanied by an order for the
above-mentioned amount.

1G0 EDITORIAL.

3. The members will receive the plan of the statute of the
Congress, in addition to their card.

4. The names of the reporters will be published as soon as
possible.

5. During the Congress the monument of the late Professor
Thomassen will be inaugurated in the Veterinary School at
Utrecht.

A. L.

New York's zoological park has 4,050 living specimens, the
next largest being in Berlin, where there are 3,150 specimens.

Veterinary Colleges of the Old World. — President
James, of the University of Illinois, has returned from his trip
abroad, which had for one of its missions an investigation of
the principal veterinary colleges of the old world. He was aston-
ished at the importance attached to these institutions and the
activities of several nations in extending and perfecting their
work. Belgium has spent over $1,000,000 on a new plant for
its veterinary college, and Germany has planned to expend con-
siderably more than double that amount in reconstructing and re-
equipping its veterinary schools. It is likely that work on the
new state college, which will be located at the Chicago stock
yards, will soon begin. The breaking of ground has awaited
President James' return, with the helpful suggestions he has
gathered on the other side. — {The Breeders' Gazette.)

A Large Tumor. — There arrived at the Bourbon Stock
Yards, Louisville, Ky., on October 18, 1908, a cow weighing
about 1,100 pounds, and probably ten years of age. Her abdomen
was very large and, while she was able to walk from the car,
she was soon afterward found down and unable to rise, where-
upon she as ordered destroyed by the city live stock inspector
and the carcass was taken to a nearby fertilizer plant for final
disposition. Upon dissection there was found in connection with
the uterus a tumor which weighed, including the very small por-
tion of normal uterine tissue remaining, 350 pounds.

From a macroscopical inspection only, ' the tumor seemed
mostly of a fatty character, although portions of it were quite
hard and dense and apparently fibrous in structure. — {G. W.
Butler, Veterinary Inspector, B. A. I., Louisville, Ky.)

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS
IN DENMARK.

By Dr. Bernard Bang, Professor of Pathology and Therapeutics,

Royal Veterinary School, Copenhagen, Delegate of the

Danish Government.

Report of the Danish National Committee submitted to the International Congress on

Tuberculosis, Washington, D. C, 1938.

Measures against tuberculosis among domestic animals were
first taken by the state by Act of April 14, 1893, relating to the
Prevention of Infectious Diseases Among Domestic Animals.
According to section 1 1 of this act cattle owners are prohibited :

(a) From sending animals (cattle and pigs) that obviously
suffer from tuberculosis, to fairs and cattle shows, to common
pastures, stables, etc., of other cattle owners as well as from
selling such animals, except for slaughter.

(b) From selling or using as human food animals or any part
of an animal, obviously suffering from tuberculosis, unless a vet-
erinary surgeon's certificate be produced stating that a previous
examination of the carcass and the entrails has shown the meat
to be fit for human consumption.

(c) From selling the milk of cows suffering homtuberculosis
of the udder or using it as human food or in the preparation of
food or as food for animals, except when boiled.

These measures have, however, produced few practical re-
sults. It is true that a number of animals have been rejected
when presented for admittance at fairs and common pastures or
for exportation, and no doubt the sale of such animals for other
than killing purposes has now and then been prevented ; still, it
is difficult to impose fines in such cases, the term " obviously
tuberculous " being too vague. Paragraphs b and c were amended
later, so as to provide more fully for the cases mentioned in them.

By the Act of April 14, 1893, relating to State Help Tozvards
the Combating of Tuberculosis Among Cattle, an attempt was

161

1G2 BERNARD BANG.

made to encourage cattle farmers to take measures to get rid of
tuberculosis among their stock. By this act a sum of 50,000 Kr.*
yearly (afterwards increased to 100,000 Kr.) was — for a term
of five years — placed at the disposal of the Ministry of Agricul-
ture to pay for gratis distribution of tuberculin, for the injection
of this substance by veterinary surgeons, for measuring the tem-
perature of the animals and for giving directions as to isolation,
if the farmer in question wished to apply the tuberculin test to
ascertain which of his animals were infected with tuberculosis,
but only on condition of his binding himself to keep the healthy
animals safely isolated from those suffering from tuberculosis.

As the primary object of these measures was to promote the
breeding of healthy young cattle, at first only young animals were
tested gratis; soon, however, the test was also applied gratis in
the case of full-grown animals, and gradually it became quite
common to subject the whole stock of a farm to the tuberculin test
in order to make it possible to isolate the healthy among the full-
grown animals.

The passing of this act was chiefly due to a proposal of B.
Bang, who for some years past had been studying the efficacy
of tuberculin for proving the existence of tuberculosis among
cattle and other domestic animals and who had worked out a
system for the extermination of tuberculosis in an infected stock
by thorough isolation of the animals that were not yet attacked
and by preventing the transmission of infection through razv
milk.

According to Bang, tuberculosis is a purely contagious dis-
ease. It is true that infection may take place in the uterus
so that the calf is born tuberculous, but this happens very rarely,
practically only when the cow is highly tuberculous. Most calves
are born healthy, even if born of somewhat tuberculous cows, and
they will remain so, if they are only preserved from infection.
In the first place, tubercle bacilli are not ubiquitous. They are
mostly found in stables, where tuberculous animals discharging

* 1 Kr. (Krone) = ioo O. I (Ore) = about 26 cents.

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 1G3

tubercle bacilli are or have lately been stabled. Secondly, raw
milk very often transmits infection, mostly, it is true, when the
udder of the cow is attacked, but also frequently when this is not
the case, partly because tubercle bacilli may be excreted through
an apparently healthy udder, if the cow is highly tuberculous,
partly because the pure milk may be fouled by the introduction
of tubercle bacilli through flux of the uterus or by particles of
the feces of highly tuberculous cows.

The tuberculin tests proved that a great number of cattle of
all the herds among which tuberculosis had long been prevalent
were infected with this disease. Post mortem examinations
proved, however, that most of the reacting animals were only
slightly affected; in many cases only small caseous-calcareous de-
posits were found in a few of the lymphatic glands, processes
that no doubt often remain unchanged for years or are even
sometimes cured.

According to Bang, therefore, there was no reason to kill
milch cows that did not show clinical signs of tuberculosis, but
only reaction to tuberculin. So long as they were stabled in
isolated stables, there was no reason why they should be killed
or why their milk should not be used and calves bred from them,
provided the latter were as soon as possible removed from the
infected stable and were not infected by being fed on the raw
milk of tuberculous animals. The highly tuberculous animals
should not, of course, be allowed to form part of the stock, but
should be killed as soon as possible — a measure which had cer-
tainly been taken rather often in former times though not nearly
as often as circumstances demanded.

It will be seen that these measures — devised by Bang and
founded on the above facts — for combating tuberculosis among
cattle, interfered as little as possible with the breeding. He
wanted farmers to remove from their stock only such animals as
from reasons of general economy they would feel inclined to
remove, i. e., the animals that a merely clinical examination
proved to be tuberculous. They were allowed to keep those that

104 BERNARD BANG.

did not appear tuberculous until subjected to the tuberculin test,
as long as they found they yielded sufficient milk, and to breed
their calves, if only they took good care to keep the latter isolated
from the perfectly healthy animals. If the isolation could not be
carried out in any safer way (which would, of course, be prefer-
able), a part of the stable might be partitioned off by a wooden
partition, reaching from the ceiling to the floor. The common
water-pipe would have to be cut off, or if this was not practicable,
it might be sufficient to let the water pass first through the part
of the stable reserved for the healthy animals. If absolutely
necessary, it would be permissible to have tight-fitting doors in
the partition wall — though this has certainly often proved a
drawback, it being, of course, very difficult to keep such doors
shut when not in actual use. Whenever it is at all possible, as
it would be in the case of a large stock, there ought to be two sets
of stable hands — one for the healthy animals, one for the in-
fected ones. If this was not possible the servants would have to
tend and milk the healthy animals first and have two sets of
boots or shoes and overalls as well as of implements, one for
each class of animal. In the pastures the two divisions would
also have to be kept apart as much as possible, though the danger
is considered to be less when the animals are grazing than when
they are in the stable.

As from the very outset it was quite clear to Bang that
isolation of the animals on the same farm, especially if such
had to be effected in one building by means of a partition wall,
could not be a complete guarantee against the introduction of con-
tagious matter among the healthy animals, and that the tuber-
culin test was not in every case quite infallible (for instance, the
animals might have been infected just before the test and so be
unable to react), he directed that the healthy division was to be
subjected to the tuberculin test once — or preferably twice — a
year, so lhat those animals which, in spite of the isolation proved
to be infected, might be removed without delay from the healthy
division to the reacting one, his object being the gradual purifi-

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 105

cation of an infected stock during the course of several years.
It would thus become possible for a farmer possessing a stock
in itself valuable, though infected with tuberculosis, to gradually
convert it into a healthy one by breeding from his own stock.

As early as 1892 Bang was enabled by a special government
grant to demonstrate the practicability of his theories by gradu-
ally changing a highly tuberculous stock into a healthy one. The
farm of Thurebylille was selected for this experiment. On the
first application of the test 131 animals reacted, while only yy,
mostly young animals, were found to be healthy. Of the milch
cows 80 per cent, reacted, and of the young cattle and calves
only 40 per cent. The isolation of the two classes, the reacting
and the healthy ones, from each other was effected by partition-
ing off a part of the stable with a solid wooden partition, the
shed occupied by the calves forming part of the healthy division.
There were two sets of stable hands, one for each of the two
divisions, which were, moreover, kept apart when grazing as well
as in the stable.

The practicability of the plan was soon proved, as the calves
which were born in the infected division of reacting parents were
nearly all found to be healthy (very few being born tuberculous)
and remained so, provided they were at once removed from the
infected stable and fed on boiled milk, their mother's milk (raw)
only being given to them an the first day.

Still, as had been expected, year by year some of the animals
of the healthy division did not pass the half-yearly test; in other
words, some infection was introduced into the healthy division in
spite of the isolation. Generally it was only one or a few per
cent, that did not pass the test; on a few occasions, however, it
was as much as nine per cent. It will thus be seen that the
elimination of the infection proceeded rather slowly, but then
circumstances were rather unfavorable, because the isolation was
not a thorough one, the daily control less effective than might
have been desired, and lastly because the farmer was not suffi-
ciently alive to the importance of removing highly tuberculous
animals, discharging great quantities of bacilli, from the reacting
division.

1GG BERNARD BANG.

In spite of these drawbacks the healthy division increased
year by year and at last the task of eliminating the disease was
successfully accomplished by selling- the remainder of the reacting
division, about thirty head of cattle. The farm is now one of
those that supply Copenhagen with " Milk for Infants " (i. e.,
superior milk) ; the stock is every year subjected to the tuberculin
test and the last time, in 1907, not one out of 211 animals re-
acted.

As the Act of 1893 provided generous assistance to such
cattle farmers as were anxious to improve the sanitary condition
of their stock by employing the method which had been tried at
Thurebylille, a great number of both small and large farmers set
to work, in many cases with excellent results. At all large
farms, however, where tuberculosis is generally very prevalent,
the elimination of infection progressd slowly, just as had been
the case at Thurebylille, a few of the animals of the healthy divis-
ion reacting whenever they were subjected to the test a second
time. The stricter the isolation, the better the results; the best
results being, of course, achieved, when it was possible to remove
the healthy animals to another farm. The thorough disinfection
of stables where highly tuberculous animals had been stabled, in
order to destroy all contagious matter, often proved a very diffi-
cult task, especially in buildings where the woodwork and the
stone floors were old and dilapidated. Where tuberculosis was
not very prevalent, as was very often the case among small herds
and sometimes even among large ones (in one case, for in-
stance, only 6 animals out of 134 reacted), it was of course easy
enough to root out the infection completely.

By means of the numerous tuberculin tests which — especially
during the first few years after the introduction of Bang's method
— were applied to cattle in all parts of Denmark, much valuable
information was obtained as to the extent of tuberculosis in Den-
mark, closely corresponding with the results obtained in all other
countries where tuberculin was largely used. In many herds the
disease was very prevalent. Among large herds (i. e., herds num-
bering 50 or more animals), only few proved to be quite free

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 167

from tuberculosis. Among stocks of this size the average num-
ber of reacting animals was 50 or 60 per cent., while among
small herds (numbering less than 50 animals), a great number,
about one-fourth, were perfectly healthy, and the number of re-
acting animals in infected " small " stocks, was considerably less
than that of the large ones, hardly 30 per cent.

The fact that a great many small stocks consist of none but
healthy animals (in 1898 there were 2,203 stocks, numbering
30,101 animals, on an average 14 in each), clearly shows that the
opinion, prevalent among many medical men, that tubercle bacilli
are ubiquitous, is fallacious. They are never found except in
places where animals (or human beings) discharging tubercle
bacilli, live or have lately lived. Tuberculosis is a purely con-
tagious disease.

This view is strikingly confirmed by a closer examination of
herds, among which tuberculosis is found. Only such herds are
perfectly healthy as are kept up by breeding, receiving hardly any
increase from outside, except a calf now and then, while the
prevalence of tuberculosis is generally the greater the more fre-
quently the stock is increased by buying cattle at fairs, and con-
sequently the most infected parts of the country are those where
a brisk trade in cattle is being done and where buying and sell-
ing of cattle is common.

Another way by which infection may be introduced among
hitherto healthy stocks is by feeding calves on skimmed milk
from a co-operative dairy, amongst whose suppliers will always
be found owners of tuberculous cattle. In cases where the in-
fection had been introduced through the milk, the cows were
very often healthy, while it was the calves or the young cattle
that reacted; sometimes the peculiar fact might be observed that
only animals of the same age, for instance, yearlings or two-year-
olds reacted, and when this happened, the heating apparatus of
the dairy was found to have been out of order just at the time
when milk was supplied to the set of animals that had reacted.

In all other cases the tuberculin test proved conclusively that
tuberculosis is more prevalent among old than among young,

168

BERNARD BANG.

cattle. A close examination of 40,624 head of cattle, which dur-
ing the years of 1898- 1904 where subjected to the tuberculin test
for the first time, showed that of calves under 6 months 12.1 per
cent, reacted, of yearlings (from 6 to 18 months) 27.5 per cent.,
of two-year-olds (from iy2 to 2x/2) 38.6 per cent., of full-
grown animals (from 2l/2 to 5) 44.9 per cent., and of animals
over 5 years old 48 per cent., figures which correspond with the
results of tuberculin tests in other countries, as well as with the
experiences of slaughter-houses and with the results of the study
of human tuberculosis.

The method recommended by Bang for enabling cattle farm-
ers to combat tuberculosis by their own efforts, i. e., strict isola-
tion of the healthy animals and feeding calves on uninfected
milk [milk of perfectly healthy animals or milk heated to 85 ° C.
(now only 8o° C.)], had at first many enthusiastic followers, as
will be seen by the following tables :

April 1893— June 1894...

June 1894 — October 1895

■October 1895— May 1896

May 1896— June 1897 ...
June 1897 — May 1898 ...

May 1898— January 1899

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

Stocks.

Total
Number

Number of stocks

tested the first

time

327
1873
930

73i6

1454
1293
noi
695
895
646
738
705
689
580

327

1645

749

3012
2165

618
543
417
259
396
213
277
221
294
232

Number of
animals tested

Total
Number

Of these
reacted

8401

44902

20791

24897
65788

35533

33568

26078

18818

23347

19364

23164

24 161

25035
22982

3362

17303

6622

21668
15642

7725

6759

4976

2857

353i

2875

3750

3370

3398

2252

Percentage

of
reacting
animals

40.0

38.5

3i-9

25-I
23.8

21.7

20.1

18.0

15.2

15. 1

14.8

16.2

13-9

13.6

9-8

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 1G0

After a few years, however, there was a sad falling off. The
carrying out of the above measures demands great vigilance and
perseverance on the part of farmers as well as on that of their
servants, qualities not often met with ! The importance of strict
isolation was not at first realized by all, the watchfulness was
often relaxed, the disinfection of the stables was not always as
thorough as it should have been, the milk was not always suffi-
ciently heated. Many farmers thought the method too trouble-
some in the long run. If accidents happened so that too many
animals of the healthy division reacted on the repetition of the
test, the farmer would lose courage and listen to the many voices
(especially those of butchers and cattle dealers), eager to assure
him that the tuberculin test was mere humbug. The serious mis-
use of tuberculin in employing it for the immunization of cattle
intended for export to Germany for killing purposes — these ani-
mals, according to the peculiar German regulations, are to be
subjected to the tuberculin test in passing quarantine at the Ger-
man frontier — contributed greatly to the dissemination of wrong
ideas among the public. The well-known and unfortunate cir-
cumstance that highly tuberculous and consequently infectious
animals sometimes do not react at all or only very slightly, must
also be taken into account, veterinary surgeons sometimes neglect-
ing to subject the non-reacting animals to a sufficiently careful
clinical examination, so that it sometimes happened that a spe-
cially infectious animal was placed among the healthy ones.

However, although there was a great falling off, many farm-
ers have persevered and most of them — both owners of large and
of small stocks — have obtained excellent results. For instance,
on the first application of the test in 1894 at the farm of Borup-
gaard in Jutland, 139 out of the total number (82 per cent, of
the full-grown animals) reacted and only 86 were found to be
healthy. When the test was applied at the same farm in 1908,
out of 245 animals only one calf reacted and so slightly that the
reaction must be considered doubtful. This excellent result had
been attained by strict isolation (division of the large stable by

170 BERNARD BANG.

a wooden partition and separate stables for calves and young
cattle). According to the careful calculations of the owner of
the farm, the total expense of the isolation was about 1,000 Kr.

When the test was first applied in 1896 at Count Wedell's
estate, Wedellsborg (Funen), 166 of the animals reacted and
only 74 were found to be healthy. Now there is a stock of 264
head of cattle, of which only 3 reacted in 1908. In this case the
division of the stable had been effected by means of a brick wall.
Although during the first few years very few of the animals did
not pass the half-yearly tests, the result was now and then rather
bad, as when on one occasion as many as 22 per cent, reacted,
which discouraged the owner of the estate so much that he very
nearly gave up the whole thing. Fortunately, however, he per-
severed, and eventually reaped the reward of his exertions.

A well-known cattle breeder, Mr. Ahlmann of Langholt and
Striben (Jutland), had, in 1895, 271 reacting and 68 healthy
animals. At present the reacting division has been reduced to
10, while of the remaining stock on his two farms only 6 out of
373 animals reacted at the last test. Mr. E. Tutein of Edelgave
(Sealand), had, in 1895, 115 reacting animals and 48 healthy
ones; the last time the test was applied, only 2 out of 158 re-
acted. As early as 1899 Bang in the report submitted by him
to the veterinary congress of Baden-Baden (Congress Report,
vol. I., p. 541), expressed his opinion that the best way of root-
ing out tuberculosis in a large stock among which the disease
had long been prevalent, would be to subject at first only calves
and young cattle and none of the full-grown animals to the test,
as experience had shown that among such a stock 80 per cent, or
more of the full-grown animals would react. Consequently only
very little would be gained by isolating the 10 or 20 per cent, of
non-reacting cows, as a great number of these animals, having for
a long time been exposed to infection, would turn out to be in-
fected, even if they did not react. Not a few of such cows will
be found to have in some of the lymphatic glands small tubercles
of long standing, encysted, it is true, and consequently harmless

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 171

but still in some cases liable to break out again. By not subject-
ing the full-grown animals of their stock to the test, farmers
would avoid the unpleasantness of learning (and of having to tell
their friends!) that the greater part of their stock was infected,
and the task of isolation would be the easier at first.

It is really beyond comprehension that every great cattle
farmer, who is the owner of a valuable herd and knows it to be
infected, does not take the simple precaution of isolating his
calves from the full-grown animals of his stock and feeding
them on uninfected milk, %. e., milk that is sufficiently heated or
milk from a few perfectly healthy (non-reacting and clinically
examined) cows. In countries where the " artificial " feeding,
which is common in Denmark, is unknown, a way out of the
difficulty would be to make some perfectly healthy cows act as
wet nurses and suckle the calves. Indeed, as has been proved
by the Hungarian Ujhelyi, good results may be achieved, even
if the mothers are allowed to nourish their own calves, provided
the calves are kept in separate stables except when they are let
in to their mother for feeding two or three times a day. This
breaking away from the isolation rule involves, of course, some
danger of infection ; there is, however, a great difference between
such a brief exposure to infection and constant cohabitation in
the same stable day and night.

Of course the isolated calves should be subjected to half-
yearly tuberculin tests so that the infected ones may be removed
as soon as possible, and the healthy stock which is being formed
by the above measures should of course be kept continually apart
from the old infected stock. The Ostertag method of keeping the
healthy animals isolated only as long as they are young and later
stabling them together with the full-grown cattle, cannot by any
means be recommended, as the infected stock, even though its
sanitary condition may be improved by removing the most in-
fectious animals by means of a careful clinical control, will never
be so completely rid of animals that may transmit infection, as
to obviate further danger. This cannot be attained by the clini-
cal control alone.

172 BERNARD BANG.

For great landed proprietors, owners of several farms, it
will be an easy matter to get rid of tuberculosis by sending all
the healthy animals of their stock to one of their farms and
gradually — by means of the above method — eliminating the in-
fection from the herds of their other farms. The following ac-
count of how matters were managed at the farm of Ourupgaard
and three other farms at Falster, belonging to Mr. Fr. Tesdorpf
may serve as an instance to show how infection may be rooted
out in this easy and cheap way. Here a beginning was made in
1893 by subjecting calves and young cattle of the stock of Ourup-
gaard, but no full-grown animals, to the tuberculin test, with the
result that 31 reacted while 152 were found to be healthy. The
healthy animals were strictly isolated first at Ourupgaard, in
separate stables, later at two of the other farms. During the
succeeding years the testing of this healthy stock of young ani-
mals, as also of the calves that were born, was continued. At
first the result here, as at many other farms, was sometimes rather
unsatisfactory, for instance in 1896, when 23 animals out of 361
reacted, but in time as the isolation was carried out more and
more carefully, better results were obtained, until last year, when
at the four farms belonging to Mr. Tesdorpf, only 11 animals
out of 876 reacted. At one of the farms there is still a herd
of 114 reacting (or non-tested) animals.

Just as good results have been obtained by Count Danneskjold-
Samsoe at his three large farms in the island of Samso. Here,
as early as in 1891, a beginning was made by testing the calves,
of which relatively few reacted. The reacting animals were
killed and the healthy calves and young cattle were kept isolated
for some time, only, however, until the beginning of the calving
season, which was certainly a great mistake (one that could not
be prevented, the test being a private one). They were then
placed in the large, well appointed stable together with the non-
tested cows, which, though apparently healthy, infected the
others, so that when at length Bang, in 1898, prevailed upon
Count Danneskjold-Samsoe to have the whole stock, which dur-

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 173

ing six or seven years had been continually recruited with abso-
lutely healthy young animals, subjected to the test, 286 animals
reacted, while only 29 were found to be healthy! From that
time the healthy animals were kept isolated at two of the other
farms. In 1901 there were at one of these farms 208 animals
which all passed the test and at another 126, four of which re-
acted. In December, 1907, there were in the healthy division
593 animals, of which two reacted, though doubtfully, on being
subjected to the test. In addition there was still at one of the
farms a reacting division of about 30 cows. So the great task
of changing a large tuberculous stock into an all but healthy one
by breeding had been accomplished in 10 years, an excellent re-
sult indeed !

Excellent results may also be obtained by isolation at one farm
as will be seen by the two following instances. In 1896 Farmer
Langermann of Faurholm had 45 calves subjected to the test,
15 of which reacted. From that time until now, the calves bred
at the farm have been tested and kept isolated, while the full-
grown animals of the stock were not tested at first. That they
were highly tuberculous was proved by the fact that 19 of the
apparently healthiest cows reacted on their being subjected in
1900 to the test as an experiment. Gradually a perfectly healthy
stock has been bred, numbering — in April, 1908 — 197 animals,
none of which reacted when tested.

At the large estate of Voergaard in Jutland (belonging to Mr.
Scavenius), the same method of leaving the full-grown animals
untested at first was adopted. In 1895, 94 yearlings and two-
year-olds were tested, half of which reacted. The result of con-
tinued isolation of the calves and the young cattle and repeated
tuberculin tests (of the calves twice yearly, of the older animals
only once) is that there were in 1907 healthy divisions number-
ing 443 animals of which only 9 reacted upon the application of
the test, and a reacting division of 41 animals. The manager of
the cattle farm was much struck by the gratifying fact that the
cows live mucJi longer now than at the time ivhen tuberculosis

174 BERNARD BANG.

was prevalent among them, a. fact that is of course of the great-
est importance as regards the profits of cattle farming, and which
is generally taken too little into account.

It is by no means only at the large farms that excellent re-
sults have been obtained by the method of isolation. It is indeed
quite possible to carry it out at the same farms as well. The diffi-
culty at these farms is, of course, to find two sets of stable hands
to tend and milk the two divisions, but on the other hand there is
the advantage that at a small farm nothing escapes notice and
that the farmer can personally see to the execution of his orders.
A small farmer, if he has only intelligence enough to grasp the
main point, can, much more easily than a great landowner, take
care that the transmission of infection is avoided. Generally it
will not be necessary to have two sets of stable hands, if only the
rule of tending and milking the healthy division first is strictly
adhered to and if the hands change their boots or shoes, and —
preferably — their overalls as well, on going from one division to
another, and use different sets of implements in the two divisions.

It is a fact that the carrying out of the method of isolation
has been attended with excellent results on many small farms.
Where only few animals reacted, it was easy enough to get rid of
the disease; but also in cases where almost the whole stock was
infected, the gradual elimination was often successfully accom-
plished. It may here be mentioned that it repays one's trouble
to work for small farmers, men who have felt their economic
existence threatened by the prevalence of tuberculosis among
their cattle. These men are deeply impressed with the impor-
tance of getting rid of the disease and so take more care in per-
forming their daily duties to avoid the transmission of infection
than do most others.

The result of a computation made by Bang in 1905, was that
at 66 small farms, of which the average number of stock was 29
head of cattle, a gradual changing of what were for the most part
highly tuberculous herds into healthy ones had been successfully
accomplished by the method of isolation. When this work was

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 17."

begun the total number of reacting animals on these 66 farms
was 1,045, ancl of healthy ones 780; when it was finished there
were 1,896 healthy animals and none reacting. On being asked,
several of these farmers told Mr. Bang that the work had cer-
tainly caused a good deal of trouble, but that the expense was
nothing to speak of. Thus one farmer had by spending a sum of
less than 200 Kr. on the establishment of two small provisional
byres in one of his farmhouses, succeeded in changing his highly
tuberculous stock (12 cows and heifers of which he had to sell
for a mere song within a few years) into a perfectly healthy one,
numbering 30 head of cattle — in 1907 there were 36 — which have
been several times subjected to the tuberculin test and have each
time been found to be healthy. Other farmers have achieved
similar excellent results at still smaller cost.

It will thus be seen that there is not the slightest doubt that
both small and large cattle farmers may gradually change a
tuberculous stock into a healthy one, if they are determined to do
it and if they have quite grasped the nature and the modes of
infection of tuberculosis.

X. O. Nielsen, veterinary surgeon (Remkolde near Vording-
borg, Sealand), has had the good idea to persuade a great num-
ber of the small cattle farmers of his district to join an associa-
tion with the object of " promoting the breeding and maintenance
of healthy, non-tuberculous stocks of cattle and pigs." Only such
farmers are allowed to join who have had their stocks subjected
to the tuberculin tests and, in case of its proving only partially
healthy, have suitably isolated the healthy animals from the dis-
eased ones. Xo increase of the stock by animals of other stock
except calves under one month is allowed, unless they come from
a healthy stock and have been found healthy on being injected
with tuberculin. The object of the association is, besides setting
a good example, to facilitate the purchase of healthy animals, as
members who want to buy or sell may apply for advice to one
amongst them, who keeps a list of the farms where healthy ani-
mals are for sale. To some of the members is delegated the task

17C BERNAKD BANG.

of superintending the heating of milk at the dairies. Members
pay a subscription of 2 Kr. yearly.

The association was started in December, 1905, and has pros-
pered so much that it has now 125 members possessing stock
amounting to 2,740 cows and young cattle. [According to a
report dated January 1, 1908, 2,070 of the 2,442 animals of the
association were healthy and only 14 of the members had react-
ing (isolated) animals, 372 in all.] Within three years the task
of rooting out tuberculosis from 25 stocks of cattle has been
accomplished by means of killing or selling the reacting animals.
(On the first application of the test 85 stocks — most of them
very small, it is true — were found to be healthy.) More than
half of the cattle of the four parishes — the scene of the labors of
the association — belongs to members. There is no doubt that
such association may do much towards rousing an interest in
small farmers in the great problem : How to breed healthy cattle
and pigs. " Union is Strength," may be more truly said of Den-
mark, where so much is achieved by co-operative fanning, than
of any other country.

The growing interest in the rational application of the tuber-
culin test and the method of isolation has — in addition to the
founding of the above association — manifested itself lately in
another way.

During the last seven or eight years several thousand head of
Jersey cattle have been imported into Denmark direct from the
island of Jersey. These cattle, as well as all other cattle that are
imported for breeding purposes, must undergo a brief quarantine
detention and are subjected to the tuberculin test (in accordance
with the Act of February 5, 1904, relating to the Combating of
Tuberculosis among Cattle and Pigs). This has further cor-
roborated the truth of the already well-known fact — that tuber-
culosis is all but unknown among the Jersey cattle, an interesting
circumstance which is accounted for by the fact that the Jersey
stock has been kept pure for more than 100 years, the importing
of cattle, except for immediate slaughter, being prohibited, prob-

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 177

ably to prevent the introduction of rinderpest. Of the Jersey
cattle mported into Denmark, only very few animals reacted on
being subjected to the test, and when these animals were killed,
it was either quite impossible to demonstrate the presence of
tuberculosis (accidental fever) or it was found to be present in a
very slight degree only (perhaps caused through human infec-
tion?). On being placed among infected Danish cattle, healthy
Jersey cows will very soon become tuberculous; sometimes even
they have been known to give way to the disease quicker than
Danish cattle. The man who first imported Jersey cattle and who
is the most eager advocate of the introduction of this excellent
breed, which, owing to its wonderfully rich milk, is of special
value to a butter-producing country, viz.. Mr. J. Larsen (Gaard-
bogaard), was fortunately also a very eager advocate of the use
of tuberculin and has always taken good care to keep his stock
free from tuberculosis. Consequently it has been easy for him to
induce the majority of the cattle fanners who imp irt Jersey cattle
to keep their newly imported animals free from the disease by
means of isolation. There are at present about 5,000 head of Jer-
sey cattle in Denmark — on small as well as on large farms —
most of which are either quite free from tuberculosis or success-
ful efforts are being made to make them so. At many of these
farms the stock is composed exclusively of Jersey cattle, at some
the breed is mixed.

The foregoing is chiefly an account of what is being done in
Denmark to combat tuberculosis among cattle by the cattle farm-
ers, assisted by the state, which pays the expenses attendant on the
tuberculin tests on condition the farmers bind themselves to keep
the healthy animals safely isolated from the infected ones. In
conclusion follows an account of the two measures with the same
object (as passed by the Legislature) :

The amendment in 1898 of the Tuberculosis Act of 1893
provides that all cows found suffering from tuberculosis of the
udder are to be killed and that a partial compensation is to be
paid to the owner by the state; further that all skimmed milk and

178 BERNARD BANG.

butter milk returned from dairies to be used as food for calves
and pigs is previously to be heated to 850 C. In 1904 an amend-
ment was added providing that the compensation for a cow, killed
on account of tuberculosis of the udder, is to be increased a little,
so as to represent one-third the market value of the carcass, calcu-
lated at the current average price for meat of inferior quality if
the meat is declared by a veterinary surgeon to be fit for human
consumption (which happens very rarely), and five-sixths of the
market value of the carcass if the meat is condemned. By an amend-
ment of the provisions relating to the heating of the milk it was pro-
vided that the milk is now to be heated to 8o° C. instead of to 85 °C,
and that this provision is also to apply to cream, destined for the
making of butter for exportation. The object of this later provis-
ion, which has, of course, in itself nothing to do with the endeavors
to combat the prevalence of. tuberculosis among domestic animals
in Denmark, is to keep Danish butter free from viable tubercle
bacilli. It cannot be said to have revolutionized the dairy work
to any great extent, as the heating of buttermilk has always been
performed indirectly by heating the cream. Long before 1898
it was common enough to heat the cream very considerably in
order to insure the perfect purity of the butter. There is no
doubt that the usual heating of the cream and the adding of cul-
tures of acidifying bacteria before the churning has contributed
much to the practically invariably superior quality of Danish
butter.

The object of the killing of cows suffering from tuberculosis
of the udder is to get rid as soon as possible of these animals,
through which, more than through any others, infection may be
spread to calves, pigs and other domestic animals and also, un-
doubtedly, to human beings, especially children, if the milk is
taken raw. The endeavors to combat tuberculosis of the udder
have met with great sympathy among Danish farmers. About
2,500 samples of milk of cows, suspected of suffering from this
form of tuberculosis, are sent in yearly through veterinary sur-
geons to the laboratory of Dr. Bang, and the microscopic ex-

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 179

animation of these samples, either of the particles, produced by
exudation or — in case of the milk being unchanged — of the sedi-
ment after centrif ligation showed tubercle bacilli to be present in
about 30 per cent of the cases. After the killing of the cow
parts of the diseased udder are subjected to examination in order
to ascertain the correctness of the diagnosis, which in only about
one per cent, of the cases has turned out to be at fault. About 700
cows are killed every year and the compensation paid for them
generally amounts to 50,000 Kr. yearly.

The object of the killing of cows suffering from tuberculosis
of the udder is of course best attained if the case is established
when still at an early stage. The fact is therefore worth mention-
ing that of the 6,228 cows suffering from tuberculosis of the
udder, destroyed in Denmark in the course of ten years, 2,149,
or 34.5 per cent, were still at a very early stage of the disease,
as the secretion of the diseased gland still had the appearance of
natural or almost natural milk. In many other cases also the root-
ing out of these infectious animals has had great hygienic im-
portance, as cows suffering from tuberculosis of the udder may
often go on living for months after their milk has changed, and
even though at this stage the milk is not generally mixed with
uninfected milk, it still contributes to spread infection in the
stable by being milked on the floor.

The compulsory slaughter of these animals is therefore in-
dubitably justified, but much more ought to be done. The best thing
would be to order all cows, suffering from " open tuberculosis,"
i. e., all which discharge tubercle bacilli through any of the ex-
cretory ducts, to be destroyed to the owner and partial compen-
sation granted. Should the authorities hesitate for the present
from acting upon this recommendation — partly because of the
expense, partly because it may be rather difficult in some cases to
decide whether a coughing cow is suffering from pulmonary
tuberculosis, especially of an ulcerative, infectious form — there is
at any rate one form of tuberculosis, which is extremely easy to
diagnose, as the presence of the bacilli may be proved directly,

180 BERNARD BANG.

viz., tuberculosis of the uterus. This disease, which seems to be
even more frequent than tuberculosis of the udder, is most in-
fectious; not only are enormous masses of tubercle bacilli every
day spread in the stable through the discharge from the vagina,
but a great number are no doubt mixed with the milk during the
milking. It is six years since the veterinary authorities of Den-
mark recommended that the same action should be taken with
regard to cows suffering from this disease as with cows suffering
from tuberculosis of the udder, but up to the present day their
advice has been disregarded.

The most important of all the measures against tuberculosis
among cattle and pigs which have been carried out in Denmark-
is the law relating to the heating of skimmed milk and buttermilk
to 8o° C. before it is returned from the dairies. As in Denmark
nearly all milk not sold directly for consumption is sent to co-
operative dairies, it is clear that there is very great danger of a
wide dissemination of tuberculosis, if raw skimmed milk and but-
termilk are returned to the suppliers to be used as food for calves
and pigs. There will always among suppliers of a dairy be one
or more farmers who have a highly tuberculous stock, one or
more cows of which yield in the course of the year great quanti-
ties of infected milk, and so, by employing this milk, after it has
been skimmed, to feed other stocks, the infection is spread to
hitherto healthy herds. ' As mentioned above, this was formerly
done on a large scale, and there is no doubt that most stocks of
cattle and pigs in Denmark would gradually be infected in this
way, if measures had not been taken to prevent it. Of course
the heating of the whey ought to have been enforced by law
as well; this was proposed, but the proposal was not accepted,
chiefly because the heating of the whey is rather troublesome.
It is, however, to be hoped that this measure will be carried out
some day, though, as whey is mostly used for feeding pigs, it is
not so important as the other dairy products, as regards bovine
tuberculosis, and, besides, cheese making is not nearly so con-
siderable in Denmark as butter making.

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 181

In Denmark the observance of the law regulating the heating
of skimmed milk is controlled by the police as well as by the
margarine and butter inspectors, who procure samples at the
dairies and send them to the laboratory of Prof. Storch, where
they are subjected to his color test, which consists of pouring a.
few drops of paraphenylen-diamin and peroxide of hydrogen into
the milk. The milk turns blue if it has not been heated to 8o° C.
Offenders against the act are fined. On the whole the regulations
governing the heating of milk are fairly scrupulously carried out,
though, of course, there are exceptions. The best plan would be
for one or two of the suppliers of each dairy to apply the above
easy and simple test every day. This is done in some places and
has produced very good results.

One useful provision of the Tuberculosis Act is that the sedi-
ment, deposited on the sides of the cream separator, is to be
burned, which is no doubt always done now. In old days this
product was now and then used as food for pigs, and thus many
pigs were infected, as it contains enormous masses of tubercle
bacilli which are separated from the milk by the centrifugal
force.

Act of February 5, 1904, Containing Measures Against
Tuberculosis Among Cattle and Pigs.

A sum of 100,000 Kr. granted every year by the Rigsdag
(Parliament) on the recommendation of the Committee of Ways
and Means, shall be placed at the disposal of the Minister of
Agriculture for the support of cattle farmers, who wish to employ
tuberculin as a diagnostic remedy in combating tuberculosis
among their cattle, the tuberculin test being applied according
to detailed regulations issued by the Minister. The support shall
be granted to none but such farmers as guarantee their ability
to keep the animals, proved by the test to be healthy, safely
isolated from the animals affected by tuberculosis, or which
have not been subjected to the tuberculin test.

" The Minister of Agriculture shall — on the same conditions
— be entitled to employ part of the sum to support cattle breed-

182 BERNARD BANG.

ing associations which wish to subject the animals selected for
breeding purposes to the tuberculin test as well as to support
farmers' associations desiring to subject cows belonging to cot-
tagers to the tuberculin test."

Farmers who do not fulfill their obligations with regard to
isolation shall return to the state the grants which have been
made to them in accordance with the above provisions.

Any veterinary surgeon superintending the application of the
tuberculin test on a farm shall satisfy himself under penalty of a
fine that safe isolation between the animals is established and if
his orders to this effect are not obeyed by the farmer, he shall
notify this to the chief veterinary surgeon of the country.

" Applications from cattle farmers, cattle-breeding associa-
tions and farmers' associations desiring to take advantage of the
opportunity offered to them by this Act of having their cattle
subjected to the tuberculin test, shall be sent direct to the Minis-
ter of Agriculture."

Section 2.

Importation of live cattle from abroad shall only take place
at such places as are mentioned in the regulations issued by the
Minister of Agriculture. Immediately after their arrival the
animals shall be quarantined and shall in accordance with the
regulations of the veterinary police be subjected to the tuberculin
test, according to regulations issued by the Minister of Agricul-
ture, within five days after their arrival at the quarantine stable.
After the test the non-reacting animals shall be left at the dis-
posal of the owner while the reacting animals shall either be re-
turned or taken direct to a public slaughter house or to a slaugh-
ter house recognized by the Minister of Agriculture, where same
shall be destroyed under control of the veterinary police.

The expenses incurred in providing the requisite quarantine
stables at the places of import as well as the expenses of the
tuberculin test — but none of the expenses attendant on the other
measures mentioned in this section — shall be borne by the state.

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 183

" The regulations relating to tuberculin tests, mentioned in
section I, shall also apply to such other diagnostic remedies as
may be recommended by veterinary authorities for the combat-
ing of tuberculosis among cattle and are approved by the Minister

of Agriculture."

Section 3.

Animals imported for killing purposes may be exempted from
quarantining and the tuberculin tests ordered in section 2.

" Such animals shall — after having been branded (see section
4) — be taken direct to a public slaughter house or to a slaughter
house recognized by the Minister of Agriculture.

" The Minister of Agriculture shall be entitled to permit cat-
tle imported for killing purposes — after having been marked —
being taken direct to a cattle market, where the animals shall be
stabled so as to be — in the opinion of the veterinary police — duly
isolated from all other cattle. From this place they shall be taken
direct to a public slaughter house or to a slaughter house recog-
nized by the Minister of Agriculture."

The animal imported for killing purposes mentioned in this
section shall be killed within ten days after their arrival in this
country.

Section 4.

" The Minister of Agriculture shall issue regulations for the
marking of the imported animals."

Section 5.

Cows suffering from tuberculosis of the udder shall be killed
in accordance with the regulations of the state under control
of the veterinary police or in a public slaughter house. The
owner shall be entitled to a compensation for the animal amount-
ing to one-third of the market value of the carcass, calculated
at the current price, according to regulations issued by the Minis-
ter of Agriculture. The owner shall further be entitled to a
compensation for such parts of the animal as are declared by the

184 BERNARD BANG.

veterinary surgeon to be unfit for human consumption, amount-
ing to half of the value of the condemned meat, calculated as
above. Such parts of the animal as are declared fit for human
consumption shall be left at the disposal of the owner.

The compensation as well as the expenses attendant on the
killing shall be paid by the state.

Section 6.

None but such milk and buttermilk as has been heated to a
temperature of at least 64° Reamur (8o° C.) shall be returned
from dairies to serve as food for cattle and pigs. Exceptions
from this rule may take place when the heating cannot be per-
formed on account of an accident, which fact shall be made
known to the person to whom the milk is to be returned.

The heating mentioned in this section shall also apply to all
cream destined for the making of butter for exportation.

The sediment scraped off the sides of the cream separator
during the cleaning of the same shall be burned.

Section 7.

" None but such milk and buttermilk as has been sufficiently
proved in the opinion of the Minister of Agriculture to have been
heated to a temperature of at least 64 ° Reamur (8o° C.) shall
be imported from abroad. The Minister of Agriculture shall,
however, be entitled to grant exemption from the above prohibi-
tion when special circumstances necessitate it."

Section 8.

The carrying out of the provisions of this act shall be en-
forced by the veterinary police, the custom-house officers and the
butter and margarine inspectors in accordance with the directions
of the Minister of Agriculture.

Section 9.

Offenders against the provisions of sections 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7
shall be liable to fines of from 10 to 20 Kr. for the first offense.

MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK. 1S5

in case of repetition to fines of from 20 to 200 Kr. Repeated
offences against section 6 shall not be looked upon as such if
at least one year has elapsed since the offender was last fined.
The fines shall accrue to the exchequer. The proceedings in these
cases shall be summary. In the case mentioned in section 7 the
prohibited articles shall be confiscated and heated to the tem-
perature defined in the above section. In Copenhagen the pro-
ceeds of the sale of such articles shall accrue to the municipal
fund, in other places to the poor fund.

Section 10.

This act, which shall not apply to the Faroe Islands, shall
come into force October I, 1904.

In North Dakota the state allows no compensation whatever
to owners who suffer loss occasioned by bovine tuberculosis, yet
a law has been passed there providing for state aid in the case of
glandered horses.

The Grim Reaper. — Death has been uncommonly busy dur-
ing the past year. Old Sam Garlick passed in his checks last
week, aged eighty-three; Aunt Peggy Skinner skipped the gut-
ter at sixty, and Jake Spooner's stump-tailed bull died a linger-
ing death of hollow horn. Thus passeth away mankind and
youth in its very prime. — (Tripoli Leader, la.)

A Nebraska Wedding. — A beautiful wedding took place
early in October at the home of Mr. James Ely, Auburn, Nebr.,
when his charming daughter, Miss Alice Ely, was united in mar-
riage to H. L. Feistner, D.V.S. Both Dr. Feistner and his bride
are natives of Nebraska. We quote from an Auburn, Nebr.,
paper : " Dr. Feistner is a veterinary surgeon by profession and
there is not another young man in the city who possesses a more
sterling character than he. Sincere in all his beliefs, loyal to
what he thinks is right, self-respecting in the largest sense of
the word, with scrupulous regard for integrity, he has in him the
elements which will make him a highly successful man, and
one who will have the respect of all of his fellows." The
Review congratulates Dr. and Mrs. Feistner, wishing them long
life and much happiness.

IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN
TO PUBLIC HEALTH.*

By Fred. J. Mayer, M. D., Special Medical Inspector Louisiana State

Board of Health, Secretary Louisiana State

Sanitary Association.

In the State of Louisiana, outside of New Orleans, not many
years ago, the veterinarian was an unknown quantity ; horse doc-
tors galore infested every community who, for a song, yea,
verily, too often without a note of warning, armed with a gen-
eral utility barlow blade, reeking with microbian filth, would
scrape the buccal mucous membrane of one's favorite steed to
cure the botts, deliver a sledge hammer blow on a plank laid
over the poll of your Arabian for cerebral congestion, trephine
the forehead with a common wood auger or tenpenny nail driven
home for blind staggers ; saw off the tail of the dove-eyed Jersey
for hollow horn; instantaneously relieve glanders by forced in-
halation of the fumes of burning feathers, filthy rags or noxious,
malodorous weeds; infallibly cure anthrax by inunction, incan-
tations, bleeding or cruel, crucial incisions in the tumors; stop
tetanus by counter irritants, stuffing the wound with burnt wool
and drenching with cockroach tea; and as a general alterative
and tonic, or for kidney troubles, weak back, sore eyes or blind-
ness, or as a last resort, when other procedure, medical or surgi-
cal, had failed, they would cut out the hooks and with a germ-
infected blade remove the nictitans membrane which nature
provides the horse in lieu of hands to cleanse the eye of foreign
bodies; in view of all these barbarous practices, is it a wonder
that this correlated branch of medicine and comparative anat-
omy fell into disrepute, and that the horse doctor had no status
in medical and scientific circles. But a great change has come
about ; how great the change is manifested by the passage of Act
22 of 1908, regulating veterinary practice. Section 15 pre-
scribes :

*Rcad before the American Veterinary Medical Association, Philadelphia, 1908.

186

IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH. 187

" That any person who practices or attempts to practice vet-
erinary medicine or veterinary surgery in this state without
having first complied with the provisions of this aet shall, for
each and every instance of such practice be guilty of a misde-
meanor, and on conviction thereof be fined in the sum of not
less than $25 nor more than $100 or imprisonment for not less
than one month nor more than six months, or both, at the dis-
cretion of the court, and any person filing or attempting to file
as his own a license of another, or a forged affidavit of identifica-
tion, shall be guilty of a felony and upon conviction thereof shall
be subject to the punishment prescribed by law for the crime of
forgery. All fines for offense under this act shall be paid over
to the Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners to constitute a
part of the fund of said board."

" Section 18. Be it further enacted, That the Grand Jury of
each parish in this state is hereby given inquisitorial power over
all offenses against or violations of this act, and the judges of the
State District Courts shall give the same in their charges to the
Grand Juries, and it shall be the duty of the Board of Veterinary
Medical Examiners or any member thereof to report any viola-
tion of this act to the proper authorities."

And Act 274 of 1908 :

" An Act to encourage the breeding of live stock ; to create
and established the Louisiana Live Stock Sanitary Board, specify-
ing who shall constitute the same and how they shall "be ap-
pointed ; fixing compensation for the service of members, dele-
gating powers and authority for regulating live stock sanitary
matters and the right to establish and maintain quarantine lines,
prevent the introduction and spread of Texas and tick fever or any
of the infectious or contagious diseases of live stock ; appoint offi-
cers and inspectors for the enforcement of regulations, and to fix
their compensation; to prescribe their qualifications, powers and
duties and to prescribe penalties for the violation of this act; to
provide a sufficient appropriation to carry this act into effect."

The final passage of these acts show that the people are
awakening to the difference between the educated veterinarian

188 FRED. J. MAYER.

and the horse quack, and to no one factor or collection thereof is
this more attributable than to the ethical teachings by precept
and example of your learned president, who as Professor of Com-
parative Medicine in the State Agricultural College, as Agri-
cultural Editor of the New Orleans Picayune, as ofttimes con-
ductor and lecturer to Farmers' Institutes, he has won the dis-
tinction by universal consent of being called State Veterinarian,
and as such consulted by municipalities and parishes, although
no such office exists in law; but he has done more, as President
of the State Sanitary Association, as honorary member of the
State Medical Society, as one of the original protagonists of
the Louisiana System of Hygienic Education, he has raised the
veterinarian above his honorable calling to a still higher plane —
that of the sanitarian.

For too many centuries the reproach has lain against prac-
titioners of medicine, whether among men or the lower animals,
epitomized in the lines of the caustic poet :

" Some fell by laudanum and some by steel

And death in ambush lay in every pill ;

The piercing caustics ply their spiteful power,

Emetics wrench and keen cathartics scour ;

The deadly drugs in double doses fly

And pestles beat a martial symphony."
A wholesome reaction has set in, in both branches of medi-
cine, and polypharmacy is giving way to drugs administered for
certain physiological effects, to serum-therapy and other meas-
ures to strengthen or increase the phagocytic resistance to patho-
genesis and to measures of prevention. Who in medicine to-day
would think of combating tetanus in man or horse without re-
sorting to the prophylactic use of anti-tetanic serum? In the
cholera of both man and the hog, the immunizing value of vac-
cine virus, while yet in the experimental stage, holds forth some
promise, indeed in the latter recent reports are gratifying in a
lessened mortality; but it is not alone as an advocate of pre-
ventive medicine in veterinary practice that your attention is

IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH. 189

asked but to the " Relation of the Veterinarian to Public
Health," and that his first duty and highest function, like that
of the physician, is to protect the public health, by bringing to
bear the modern teachings of veterinary sanitary science to the
suppression and prevention of disease common to man and the
lower animals.

This newly recognized responsibility raises the veterinarian to
full fellozvship with his medical brother, for no medical man is
better equipped than the comparative anatomist and physiologist
to teach and practice those preventive measures for the suppres-
sion of contagious and infectious ills that depend on the lower
animal kingdom for their transmission to man, or that are inter-
communicable.

A Post-Graduate Institute of Comparative Medicine.
May I be pardoned the temerity of expressing the hope that
this great international organization will take the initiative in
establishing a post-graduate school or Institute of Comparative
Medicine devoted to the study of those diseases common to man
and the lower animals, and to the relation of insects to disease
in both, where medical men and veterinarians may take a course,
which neither should neglect; and that the university extension
feature pursuant to the Louisiana System of Hygienic Educa-
tion be added thereto and made its capstone. This system is
based on the principles that : " Life is not mere living, but the
enjoyment of health;" that " The sanitary safety of the repub-
lic is the supreme law;" that education must precede sanitary
legislation to make the latter effective; that, having an inalien-
able constitutional right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happi-
ness, all of which are inseparably connected with the sound mind
in a sound body, it is the highest duty of the state to furnish
this instruction to the masses; that this instruction can best be
conveyed by the Louisiana System which correlates and co-
ordinates all educational factors, medical, veterinary, legal, peda-
gogical and clerical, and focuses them on the supreme duty and
effort of enlightening the masses in the cause and prevention of

190 . FRED. J. MAYEB.

communicable diseases, and most especially of those common to
man and the lower animals or that are conveyed by insects, this
being iaccomplished by a course of illustrated public lectures, be-
fore colleges, high schools, agricultural, pedagogical institutes;
before legal, clerical, press and other conventions, and by special
popular institutes of hygiene, by correspondence, . sanitary cate-
chisms.and hygienic sermons. This scheme of hygienic educa-
tion, never carried out in its entirety, was tentatively tested in
Louisiana in the early eighties, passed the experimental stage
successfully in the nineties, and in 1905-6 converted an entire
people, black and white, to the mosquito doctrine of yellow fever
transmission, so that to-day the bronzed dragon of death no
longer stands as a menace to the commercial advancement of the
state.

The intelligent application of the principles of this scheme
of education to the larger problems involved in other communi-
cable diseases, will have the same effect in removing the annual
blight that falls upon the home and farm. But is there any
Crying necessity for such an Institute of Comparative Medicine?
t)0es a high humanitarianism plead for it, or does public econ-
omy demand it? Are physicians and Veterinarians sufficiently
posted in comparative medicine to preclude the necessity for its
establishment? One fact alone would warrant its founding,
and:$iat' is that there are still some who, wrapping the mantle of
the great :Koch about them, insistently deny the possibility of the
intercommunicability of human and bovine tuberculosis.

A brief allusion to some of the other diseases common to man
and the lower animals will add strength to the argument in
favor of its establishment, permit me then " to tell you that,
which you yourselves do know."

Actinomycosis.— How many modern specialists in medi-
cine or even the all-round, well-posted general practitioner would
recognize a case of actinomycosis in the family cow, and trace
a connection to some case that had baffled his skill, and yet the
sporogenous Actinomyces bovis (ray fungus) is perceptible to the

IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH. 191

naked eye in the pus and secretions of those infected, and
the disease is common to both man and the domestic animals,
the infection entering through mouth or nose, wounds, decayed
teeth or infected food; while its intercommunicability has. not
been proven, it is generally recognized that barley, oats or rye
serve as a vehicle for the fungus. Crookshank has pointed out
its long and frequent unrecognized existence in England.

Anthrax. — How frequently in both man and the lower ani-
mals has the sporogenous Bacterium anthracis (Charbon) found
entry through wounds, abrasions, etc., in skinning charbonous
carcasses, or in eating their meat or drinking infected milk, or in
sorting wool of charbonous sheep, or eating f oodstuffs contam-
inated by infected flies or grown on infected pastures where
earthworms brought up the spores, as pointed out by Pasteur,
and more recently confirmed by Bollinger, or by being bitten
by infected flies or mosquitoes. One would suppose that a dis-
ease known to Moses and described by Homer, and probably the
first disease in which the agency of bacteria was indicated by
Pollender (1849), Davaine (1863) and Koch. (1876), would
have attracted more general attention, for its suppression by
physicians and lawgivers, on the Gulf littoral of Louisiana, where
some of the finest grazing savannahs in the world have in many
instances been made unfit for stock raising because of the willful,
wanton and persistent neglect to cremate or deeply inter with
sanitary precautions all infected litter and charbonous carcasses,
the latter ofttimes dragged at the tail end of a cart over country
roads probably infecting every foot of territory traversed, since
the sporulation of the Bacillus anthracis takes place outside of the
body, as it requires free oxygen; and then dumped where dogs,
buzzards and flies serve as wide distributors of this resistent
germ, entering new channels of infection, sometimes miles from
the original focus of infection, carried on the feet or excreta
of buzzards, or washed by creeks that traverse the infected area
to pastures green and new.

192 FRED. J. MAYKR.

Small wonder that the disease has caused an economic loss, in
one year on a single plantation, enough to have established and
endowed an Institute of Comparative Medicine in every parish
where a focus of infection exists.

Glanders., caused by the non-sporogenous anaerobic Bacillus
mallei found in the nasal secretions of glandered animals, and
easily destroyed by boiling or bacillicides of ordinary strength,
is another disease of animals (horses, asses) contracted by man
through handling diseased horses or their trappings, the bacillus
finding entry through wounds, abrasions or the mucous mem-
brane of the nose, and yet how infrequent is the necessary dis-
infection practiced of the soiled discharges of those infected,
even where the disease is recognized, and how often is destruc-
tion of all diseased animals postponed until the whole drove is
infected; in the rural districts of Louisiana no effort is made to
protect the infected from flies, mosquitoes or other insect car-
riers of bacteria, nor is mallein resorted to as a diagnostic test
in epidemics of epizootic where a reasonable suspicion of gland-
ers should exist.

Bubonic Plague. — The continued existence of the plague in
South America, and its recent presence in California, is near
enough to centres of rodent population in the United States for
serious thought and active steps for the destruction of rats. The
Indian Commission recently reported that " Bubonic plague in
man is entirely dependent on the disease in the rat, being con-
veyed from rat to rat, and from rat to man by the rat flea ; that
these infectious fleas are frequently carried in clothing and bag-
gage." More recently they quoted Verjbitski's doctoral thesis
wherein, among other things, he has shown that all fleas and
bugs which have sucked the blood of animals dying from plague,
contain the Bacillus pcstis; that their feces contain them as long
as the Bacilli pestis are present in their intestines; that infected
fleas communicate the disease for three days, and bugs for five
days after infection ; that the Bacilli pcstis can remain virulent

IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH. 193

for five months on infected textiles; that while the rat flea does
not bite man, human fleas bite rats, and that fleas on dogs and
cats bite both man and rats; that human fleas and fleas on cats
and dogs can live on rats, which accounts for the infection of
many children in India after playing with these domestic animals.
Dr. McCoy, M. H. S., has also observed leprosy in rats in
San Francisco; add these sanitary dangers to the great economic
loss inflicted by the rat, by what it eats and destroys, and the
sanitary and economic necessity of exterminating them is ap-
parent. The veterinary sanitarian by his greater knowledge of
animal life than the medical sanitarian will find here a wide field
for usefulness and civic duty, for he is the one the public will
naturally turn to for information and advice on this subject in
the event of plague visitation.

Hydrophobia. — The unrecognized germ of which is con-
veyed to man by the bite of any animal infected, whether dog,
wolf, horse or cat, is probably also conveyed by midges and
flies (Nocard) and mosquitoes, and by the milk of the infected.
Here is a disease recognized since the days of Aristotle, for
which Pasteur provided a method of attenuating the virus re-
sulting in an antitoxine vaccine for the protection of individuals,
and yet only a small per cent, of those bitten ever receive the
treatment, and many that do are too far gone to be benefited
as free cauterization of the wound should have taken place within
thirty minutes after being bitten, or by failure to note what
Roux has pointed out that the saliva of a mad dog is virulent
for three days before symptoms appear. Surely the combined
influence of the medical and veterinary professions ought to force
the passage of dog-muzzling ordinances in every community and
the killing of ownerless dogs, the maudlin sentimentalist to the
contrary notwithstanding.

Smallpox. — Over one hundred years have elapsed since
Jenner gave us a prophylactic, the intelligent application of which
has stamped out the disease in Germany so effectually that Nie-
meyer twenty-five years ago in substance said that it had lost

194 FRED, J. • MAYER.

its significance there, and was only seen among barbarous people.
The veterinary profession could aid in lifting this reproach and
in breaking down the prejudice against vaccination, by installing
a vaccine farm in every populous centre, giving the masses an
opportunity of seeing how the vaccine is made and receiving the
inoculation fresh from a healthy calf, as was once done in Lima
by the Peruvian authorities in their successful effort in breaking
down the unreasonable prejudice against it.

It seems almost a work of supererogation to call the atten-
tion of a profession that was the first to apply the tuberculin
test to cattle and that pointed out the danger of milk from tuber-
culous cattle which causes such enormous loss in human life and
money, for in the United States alone, twice as many souls died
from tuberculosis in 1907 as died from yellow fever there in one
hundred years, and the economic loss there has been conserva-
tively estimated at 300 millions of dollars annually. It is as-
sumed that the intercommunicability of human and bovine tuber-
culosis is accepted by you in spite of the statement of Koch, in
1901, that "human tuberculosis differs from bovine, and can-
not be transmitted to cattle."

,: ' The researches and writings of Behring, McFaydean, Crook-
shank, Ravenel, Salmon, Smith, Mohler, Moore, Melvin, Cotton
and Schroeder, and both the eminent British and German Commis-
sions on Tuberculosis, have most convincingly negatived the con-
clusions of Koch and confirmed the early teachings of Villemin
(1865) and Chauveau (1868) as to the intercommunicability of
human and bovine tuberculosis. Behring's experiments proved
its transference to man through the medium of tuberculous milk,
and that a large per cent, of infants are infected in this way; his
experiments on newborn foals, calves and guinea pigs proved that
the baccilli could pass through the intestine into the blood current
while later in the development of the mucous membrane, their
passage was inhibited, and he concluded the same obtained in in-
fants, which would account for the greater frequency of tuber-
culous infection in infancy. Since from five to seventy-five per

IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH. 195

cent, of the dairy herds tested throughout this country respond
to the tuberculin test, we have here unquestionably the chief
source of tuberculotic infection in children. The Schneiders of
Cruzot proved that in France, for in combating depraved milk
and furnishing a wholesome quality, they reduced the infant mor-
tality during the first year of life (the most dangerous period)
from eighteen per cent., the average for all France, to nine per
cent, in one year.

It is hardly an exaggeration to say that fifty per cent, of the
infant mortality of Christendom is due to the ingestion of tuber-
culous milk, that the assertion of the Royal Commission (1895)
that : " As regards man we must believe that any person who
takes tuberculous matter into the body as food incurs some risk
of acquiring tuberculous disease." The Bacillus tuberculosis,
whether human, bovine, avian or ichthian, is probably the same,
differing only in so far as the nature of its environment makes
necessary for its existence, this difference being modified or
changed when introduced into a new environment as by suc-
cessive passages through different animals, even where the change
is from avian to animal, or from mammalian to cold-blooded ani-
mals.

Milk, " the great uncooked food," is the vehicle of trans-
mission of other diseases, c. g., the Bacillus diphtherias, which has
been found in the ulcers and milk of cows and proliferating in
the raw milk after it is drawn. Hundreds of epidemics of scar-
let fever have been traced to the milk supply, infected by being
exposed to the sick or convalescent, or through bottles from the
sickroom not properly sterilized.

Anthrax, as hereinbefore stated, has been conveyed by both
the milk and meat, and yet the masses fear more the milk of cows
that have been vaccinated, although the latter is entirely safe;
as to meat, the wonder is the infection is not more general. A
wealthy town in South Louisiana has an open market, daily
cleaned by a flock of buzzards, whose beaks and feet laden with
microbian filth convey the Bacillus authracis to the cleaver's
block.

190 FRED. J. MAYER.

Malta Fever has been traced to the milk of goats infected
with the Micrococcus melitensis (Bruce), and so the list of milk-
borne diseases could be extended, including cowpox, gastro-
enteritis, milk sickness and the relation of the last to low, swampy
areas, and the milk of cows suffering with puerperal sepsis, sup-
purative wounds or any condition likely to septically affect the
milk supply, not to speak of typhoid fever and the many out-
breaks traceable to the milk supply from cows drinking sewage-
polluted water, or milked by typhoid convalescents, many of
whom remain walking laboratories for the production of the
Bacillus typhosis, or milk that has been received in cans washed
in polluted water, or milk in which an infected fly has accidentally
dropped, suffice it that milk from the time it leaves the cow until
it reaches the consumer should be carefully guarded from in-
fection, whether from diseased cows, or cows improperly housed
or fed, or from cows in a tuberculous environment.

What a field for the philanthropy and labors of the veterinary
sanitarian; as your profession first applied the tuberculin test to
cattle, which is a reliable diagnostic in ninety-seven per cent, of
cases when properly applied, and through the use of which we
must in a measure be guided in eliminating tuberculosis from
dairy herds, continue the good work and teach the multitude,
for it is only through an enlightened public opinion that the
sanitarian can hope to find that co-operation necessary to secure
the enactment of sound sanitary laws covering the subject matter
of this paper, and their execution when enacted. Every state
should have an Institute of Comparative Medicine, whether it
should be in connection with the state universities or the medical
or veterinary colleges, or the Department of Agriculture, is not
material, so the basic principle of the scheme is preserved — the
education of the masses. In a city like New Orleans, whose
geographical position entitles it to be the entrepot of the Mis-
sissippi Valley, Latin-American and Oriental trade, it should be
in connection with a great veterinary school, the establishment of
which would be more than self-supporting; first, by reason of its

IMPORTANT RELATION OF THE VETERINARIAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH. 197

proximity to Latin-America, from which source it could draw
matriculants ; second, because of semi-tropical conditions there, it
would afford the exporting interests unrivaled opportunities of
studying tropical diseases in horses, mules and horned cattle,
and give a tremendous impetus to stock raising in the South.
The Gulf littoral could supply the tropical world with a grade of
medium sized, wiry mules, suitable for agricultural and war pur-
poses and better able to stand continuous work and strain in the
tropics than the Northern breeds, but the successful pursuit of
this occupation is contingent on the knowledge to be obtained
in a veterinary institute.

But the humanitarian overshadows the economic; the great
question of the hour is, Shall we in the light of present knowledge,
and ability to do so, limit the encroachment of that great white
plague that annually cuts down, in our own country, and in the
flower of life, one-fifth of a million of human souls, and many at
an age of greatest productivity and usefulness, and consigns them
to the scrap pile of oblivion ? A part of the responsibility of pre-
vention rests on your profession, hence the " important relation
of the veterinarian to public health."

Fifty-eight cases of typhoid fever occurred from milk fur-
nished to sixty-nine families from a dairy in which an attend-
ant had typhoid. The attendant, though ill, milked the cows
and attended his sick wife, who also had typhoid. The excre-
ments were emptied in an open cesspool where millions of flies
gathered. This is an instance in which Denver finds herself,
and the veterinary fraternity earnestly hopes that the city will
wake up and pass a law creating the office of dairy and milk
inspector and when such law is enacted put a competent veter-
inarian in charge of it, not someone trained along other lines.

Recently a student of the Colorado Agricultural College
was taken sick. A diagnosis of appendicitis was made and an
operation recommended, which was undergone by the patient.
At the operation there was found, instead of one vermiform ap-
pendix, three appendices, one in a normal state, one containing
some earthy concretions, and a third containing much pus and
in a sloughing condition.

THREE DISEASES OF ANIMALS WHICH HAVE

RECENTLY ASSUMED IMPORTANCE

TO THE STATE SANITARIAN.*

By John R. Mohler, Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal
Industry. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

The three diseases to which I desire to call your attention
to-day are infectious anemia (swamp fever), mycotic lymphan-
gitis (pseudo- farcy), and chronic bacterial dysentery (Johne's
disease). These diseases have recently been found to have a
greater distribution in the United States than has heretofore been
known, and they have therefore assumed importance to you as
state sanitary officers, not only on account of their own individual
character but also because of the great similarity which they bear
to other more common infections with which they may be readily
mistaken. A brief discussion of the more important features of
each of these three diseases will be given below.

Infectious Anemia.

Infectious anemia, known also as swamp fever, American
surra, malarial fever, and typhoid fever of horses, the unknown
disease, no-name disease, plains paralysis, and pernicious anemia,
has recently been the subject of much investigation, and the
cause of the disease has now been definitely determined as an
ultramicroscopic body which is capable of passing through the
pores of the finest Pasteur filter, like the infection of foot and
mouth disease, rinderpest, hog cholera and similar diseases. The
disease is most prevalent in low-lying and badly-drained sections
of the country, although it has been found in altitudes as high as .
7,500 feet on the marshy pastures during wet seasons. Therefore
proper drainage of infected pastures is indicated as a preventive.
It is also more prevalent during wet years than in dry sea-

* Presented to the twelfth annual meeting of the Inter-State Association of Live Stock
Sanitary Boards at Washington, D. C, Sept. 14, 15, 16, 1908.

198

THBEE DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 199

sons. It usually makes its appearance in June, and increases in
frequency until October, although the chronic cases may be seen
in the winter, having been contracted during the warm season.

Cause. — It has been conclusively proven that infectious
anemia is produced by an ultramicroscopic organism which is
transmissible to horses, mules and asses by subcutaneous inocu-
lation of blood serum. The virus which is present in the blood
may be transmitted to a number of equines in a series of inocu-
lations by injecting the whole blood, the defibrinated blood or the
blood serum which has been passed through a fine Pasteur filter,
thus eliminating all the visible forms of organismal life, includ-
ing bacteria, trypanosoma, piraplasma, etc. This virus has also
been found to be active in the carcass of an affected animal
twenty-four (24) hours after death. Following the 'injection of
the infectious principle there is a period of incubation which may
extend from ten (10) days to one and one-half (i/^) months, at
the end of which time the onset of the disease is manifested by
a rise of temperature. If uncomplicated the infection runs a
chronic course, terminating in death in from two (2) months to
one and one-half (i/^) years, or even longer. The probability
of the virus being spread by an intermediate host such as flies,
mosquitoes, internal parasites, etc., is now receiving careful con-
sideration. From experiments already conducted it appears that
this disease, formerly supposed to be confined to Manitoba and
Minnesota, is more or less prevalent in Kansas, Nebraska, Colo-
rado, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota and Texas.

Symptoms. — Swamp fever is characterized by a progressive,
pernicious anemia, remittent fever, polyuria and gradual emacia-
tion in spite of a voracious appetite. The disease begins to
manifest itself by a dull, listless appearance, and by general
weakness, the animal tiring very easily. This stage is followed
closely by a staggering, swaying, uncertain gait, the hind limbs
being mostly affected. There is also noted a weakness and ten-
derness in the region of the loins, and at the same time the pulse
increases in rapidity and may run as high as seventy (70), though

200 JOHN R. MOHLER.

weak, stringy and intermittent. The temperature may rise to one
hundred and three (103) degrees or higher, remaining high for
several days, and then dropping, to rise again at irregular inter-
vals. Towards the end of the disease, the temperature occasion-
ally remains persistently high. The horse may improve for a
time, but usually this temporary improvement is followed by a
more severe attack than the first. Venous regurgitation is some-
times noticed in the jugular before death. The quantity of urine
passed is enormous in some cases. Death finally occurs from
exhaustion or syncope.

The blood shows a gradual but marked diminution of red
corpuscles, the count running as low as two million corpuscles
per cubic millimeter, the normal count being seven million per
cubic millimeter. If the blood is drawn from such an animal,
the resulting red clot with be about one-fifth (1/5) of the
amount drawn. Occasionally a slow dripping of blood-tinged
serum from the nostrils is observed as a result of this very thin
blood oozing from the mucous membranes. Petechia are some-
times noticed on the membrana nictitans and conjunctiva, and
paleness of the visible mucous membranes is usually in evidence,
although they may have a yellow or mahogany tinge. Often a
fluctuating, pendulous swelling may appear on the lower lip,
point of elbow, sheath, legs, under the belly, on some other
pendant portion, especially late in the disease, which is indicative
of poor circulation, thinning of the blood and consequent loss of
capillary action.

Lesions. — After death the carcass is found to be very emaci-
ated and anemic, the visible mucosai being very pale. This
marked absence of adipose tissue makes skinning a difficult task.
Subcutaneous and intermuscular edema and hemorrhages are fre-
quently observed, although it is remarkable in many cases to see
how few macroscopic lesions may be present. The predominating
and most constant lesion is probably the petechia so often ob-
served in the muscle or on the serous membranes of the heart.
The heart is generally enlarged and may be the only organ to

THBEE DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 201

show evidence of disease. In other cases the lungs may be
studded with petechia?, with a serous exudate present in the tho-
racic cavity. The pericardial sac, in addition to the petechiae
already noted, generally contains an increased amount of fluid.
The abdominal cavity may show a hemorrhagic condition of the
intestines and peritonitis which probably results from overfeed-
ing in consequence of the ravenous appetite present. The liver
sometimes presents a few areas of degeneration although usually
normal. Spleen is at times found to be enlarged and covered with
petechia?. Kidneys may appear normal or anemic and flaccid,
but microscopically they usually show a chronic parenchymatous
degeneration. Lymph glands may be enlarged and hemorrhagic.

Diagnosis. — The diagnosis of the disease is not difficult,
especially in advanced stages. The insidious onset, remittent
fever, progressive emaciation and anemia, unimpaired or raven-
ous appetite, staggering gait and polyuria are a train of symp-
toms which make the disease sufficiently characteristic to differ-
entiate it from other diseases affecting horses in this country.
The peculiar relapsing type of fever is sufficient to differentiate
it from the anemias produced by internal parasites, while it may
be readily separated from surra by the non-susceptibility of cattle
and the great ease with which the trypanosoma may be found
in the latter affection.

Prognosis. — The prognosis of the disease is very unfavor-
able. Veterinarians in different sections of the country where the
disease is prevalent claim a mortality of seventy-five per cent.
(75%) or even higher. Recovery only takes place when treat-
ment is begun early, or when the animal has a long convalescent
period.

Treatment. — The treatment of the disease has so far been
far from satisfactory. The iodide, permanganate and carbonate
of potash have been used. Arsenic, axytol, quinine and silver
preparations have been suggested, but all have been without
uniform success. Intestinal antiseptics have been resorted to and
the results are encouraging but not altogether satisfactory.

202 JOHN R. MOHLER.

Symptomatic treatment seems to be the most dependable. For
instance, Dr. Davison, of this Bureau, was able to reduce greatly
the mortality from this affection by giving an antipyretic of forty
(40) grains of quinine, two (2) drams of acetanilid and thirty
(30) grains of powdered nux vomica four times daily. In the
late stages with weak heart action, alcohol should be substi-
tuted for acetanilid. Cold water sponge baths may be given,
and in addition frequent copious injections of cold water per
rectum, which has a beneficial effect in reducing the temperature
and likewise in stimulating peristalsis of the bowels, which, as
a result of the disease, show a tendency to become torpid during
the fever. Avoid giving purgatives unless absolutely necessary,
on account of their debilitating effect, but instead give laxative,
easily digestible foods. Not infrequently a dirty, yellowish tinge
of the visible mucous membranes has been observed, in which
cases twenty (20) grains of calomel in from two to four (2 to 4)
drams of aloes in a ball of two-dram (2) doses of fluid extract
of podophyllin may be given. Following the subsidence of the
fever a tonic was administered, composed of iron, quinine, nux
vomica and gentian, in combination.

Mycotic Lymphangitis.

Epizootic lymphangitis, pseudo-farcy or Japanese farcy is
a chronic contagious disease, particularly of equines, caused by a
specific organism, the Saccharomyces farciminosis, and charac-
terized by a suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous lymph
vessels and the neighboring lymph glands. Owing to the fact
that this affection does not spread as an epizootic, and that its
causal factor is an yeast-like fungus, the name mycotic instead
of epizootic lymphangitis is suggested. This disease was first
described by Italian and French veterinarians, and the specific
organism was discovered by Rivolta in 1873. The presence of
the disease in the United States was first observed by Pearson in
Pennsylvania in 1907, although it is probable that it has ex-
isted in various parts of this country for many years. More
recently its presence was definitely established in Ohio, Iowa,

THREE DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 203

California and North Dakota, and there is a probability of its
existence in Indiana and several Western states. The disease is
also present in the Philippine Islands, Hawaiian Islands and
Porto Rico.

Bacteriology. — The Saccharomyces farciminosis form
slightly ovoid bodies 3-5 microns long and 2.4-3.6 microns broad,
which are somewhat pointed towards the poles and have a sharp
double contour. They have more or less of a homogeneous con-
tent and grow by budding. This characteristic can be especially
well observed in old growths on culture media. Their staining
with the ordinary stains is quite unsatisfactory; however, they
may be readily recognized in fresh smear preparations or in the
hanging drop of a small quantity of the suspected pus, where the
above described bodies can be distinctly noticed.

A satisfactory method of staining the organism is the Claud-
ius method, which is as follows :

1. Stain with 1 per cent, aqueous solution of methyl violet for
2 minutes.

2. Wash.

3. Place in a half-saturated solution of picric acid for one-
half minute.

4. Decolorize with chloroform or clove oil.

5. Treat with xylol.

6. Mount in Canada balsam.

The organisms grow very slowly in the various culture media ;
it requires about ten days before vegetation is noticed on agar in
the form of grayish-white granules which gradually grow to
larger colonies, appearing considerably elevated and having a
wrinkled surface. It also grows in bouillon in which a white
flaky deposit makes its appearance after fifteen or eighteen days.
In taking cultures it is advisable to open a fluctuating abscess
over which the skin should be shaved and well cleaned with
bichloride solution and alcohol. The abscess should be opened
with a sterilized scalpel and culture media may then be inocu-
lated in the usual way. In case of a mixed infection, the organ-
ism may be isolated by plating.

204 JOHN R. MOHI.ER.

The period of incubation varies greatly ; it extends from three
weeks to four months or even longer. In artificial inoculations
with pus through wounds in the skin, inflammation and swelling
of the lymph vessels may be noticed in twenty to sixty days,
which show in their course a development of hard nodules from
which abscesses form.

The natural infection is without a doubt caused through
superficial wounds such as galls, barbed wire cuts, or through
various stable utensils, harness, bandages, insects, etc. Solipeds
are mostly susceptible but cattle may also be infected.

Symptoms. — The inflammation of the lymph vessels is
usually first observed in the extremities, especially one or both
hind legs ; it may also appear on the fore legs, shoulder or neck,
more rarely on the rump, udder and scrotum. The lesions, as a
rule, develop in the tissue adjacent to the place of inoculation. In
the early stages of the disease the lymph vessels appear very hard
and thickened, and along their course hard nodules develop,
ranging in size from a pea to that of a hen's egg. Later these
nodules soften, burst spontaneously and discharge a thick yellow-
ish pus. The surface of the resulting ulcers or abscess cavities
soon fill up with exuberant granulations which protrude beyond
the surface of the skin, giving a fungoid appearance. The af-
fected extremities are considerably enlarged, similar to cases of
simple lymphangitis. In rare cases the mucous membrane of the
nostrils may also become affected, showing yellowish flat ele-
vations and ulcerations, and these may extend by metastasis to
internal organs. In cases where the mucous membrane is af-
fected the submaxillary lymph gland may also become enlarged
and suppurate. The constitutional symptoms accompanying this
disease are not often marked or may be absent. There is usually
only a very slight fever observed which seldom runs over 1020 F.
The appetite is not impaired except in the advanced cases.

Lesions. — Of the anatomical changes the skin and the sub-
cutaneous tissue show the most marked lesions. They may be-
come 2/3-inch thick and indurated as the result of fibrous tissue

THREE DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 205

formation due to the inflammation present. On the bacon-like
cut surface suppurative areas and granulating sores may be
noticed of various sizes; also enlarged lymph vessels filled with
clotted lymph mixed with pus. The neighboring lymph glands
are usually enlarged and frequently contain suppurating foci.
Rarely the internal organs may show metastatic abscesses.

Diagnosis. — The diagnosis is based on the characteristic
appearance of the ulcerations which show exuberant granulation
of a bright red color, inverted edges and a thick, creamy glutinous
discharge. These manifestations differentiate the disease from
glanders in which the ulcers are crater-like, do not contain ex-
uberant granulations and the discharge is of a viscous, oily
character. The submaxillary and other lymph nodes, as well
as the corded lymphatics in glanders, are more firmly attached to
the adjacent tissues, and are therefore less movable. In some
chronic cases of mycotic lymphangitis, however, the lesions may
closely resemble those of farcy, and in these cases the microscopi-
cal examination of the pus will disclose the nature of the affec-
tion. In the pus the saccharomyces can be easily seen in the un-
stained specimen and is recognized by its size, shape and highly
refractory double outline.

Treatment. — Treatment consists at the onset of the disease
in entire extirpation of the nodules, lymph vessels and neighbor-
ing lymph glands in case the lesions are localized. In cases where
the nodules formed abscesses their opening is recommended, fol-
lowed by the application of the actual cautery or a 1-250 solu-
tion of bichloride of mercury. It must be borne in mind that the
organism is highly resistant to almost every antiseptic and the
best results will be obtained from the application of a solution
of a strong antiseptic following the opening of the lesions.

In the most favorable cases recovery results in from five
to seven weeks ; as a rule, however, it requires several months.

Prophylaxis. — In order to prevent the spreading of the dis-
ease the affected animals should be isolated, the products of the
disease should be destroyed, and the stable should be disinfected

20G JOHN B. MOHLER.

with very strong liquid disinfectants in consideration of the great
resistance of the causative organism.

Chronic Bacterial Dysentery.

Chronic bacterial dysentery is a chronic infectious disease of
bovines caused by an acid-fast bacillus simulating the tubercle
bacillus, and characterized jby marked diarrhea, anemia and
emaciation, terminating in death.

Recently the disease has been observed in the United States
for the first time by Pearson in Pennsylvania cattle and later by
Beebe in Minnesota and Mohler in Virginia cattle, and in an im-
ported heifer from the Island of Jersey, at the Athenia Quaran-
tine Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

The former has proposed the name chronic bacterial dysen-
tery for this affection and it has also been termed Johne's disease,
chronic bacterial enteritis, chronic hypertrophic enteritis and
chronic bovine pseudo-tuberculosis enteritis by various European
investigators. The disease was first studied in 1895 by Johne and
Frothingham in Dresden, but they were inclined to attribute the
cause of the peculiar lesions of enteritis which they observed to
the avian tubercle bacillus. In 1904, Markus reported this dis-
ease in Holland, and subsequently it was observed in Belgium,
Switzerland, Denmark and Great Britain.

Cause. — The bacillus, which has been invariably demon-
strated in the intestinal lesions and mesenteric lymph glands in
this disease, is a rod about 2 to 3 microns long and 0.5 micron
wide. It stains more or less irregularly like the tubercle bacillus
and, moreover, the similarity goes further in that the organism
is also strongly acid-fast, which fact led Johne and Frothingham
to surmise that the disease was caused by avian tubercle bacilli.
However, it has now been plainly demonstrated that the bacillus
of chronic bacterial dysentery is readily distinguished from the
latter organisms, for while it resembles the tubercle bacillus in
form and staining qualities, no one has succeeded in growing it
in culture media or in reproducing the disease by injecting ex-
periment animals.

THREE DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 207

Symptoms. — Probably the first symptom noticed is that the
animal is losing condition despite the fact that its appetite is good
and the food nourishing. This is soon followed by a diarrhea
which, while moderate at first, soon becomes excessive and may
be either irregular or persistent, the feces being of the consistency
of molasses and passed frequently. In the meantime the hair
becomes dry and harsh and the animal falls off considerably in
weight. The temperature, however, remains about normal. The
appetite does not seem to be greatly impaired until the last few
weeks of life, but nevertheless emaciation continues, "the animal
becomes more and more anemic, great muscular weakness and
exhaustion are manifested and death follows, apparently as the
result of the persistent diarrhea and great emaciation. The dis-
ease may continue for four or five weeks or may last for a year
or even longer before death intervenes.

Lesions. — The lesions observed in post mortem are re-
markably slight and out of all proportion to the severity of the
symptoms manifested. The disease appears to start in the small
intestines, especially in the lower portion where the lesions are
usually the most marked, but it also involves the large intestines,
including the rectum. The mucous membrane may alone be af-
fected, although usually in the long-standing cases the sub-
mucosa is also invaded and the entire intestinal wall is then much
thicker than normal and the tissue infiltrated with an inflamma-
tory exudate. The mucous membrane or inside lining membrane
is markedly wrinkled or corrugated, showing large coarse folds
with more or less reddening or hemorrhagic patches or spots on
the summits of the ridges, especially noticeable in the large in-
testines. The mesenteric lymph glands are usually somewhat en-
larged and appear watery on section. The other organs do not
appear to be affected except from the anemia present in the lat-
ter stages of the disease.

Differential Diagnosis. — The principal disease with which
bacterial dysentery may be confused is tuberculosis, but the ap-
plication of the tuberculin test will readily diagnose the latter

208 JOHN R. MOHLER.

disease while no reaction will be noted in case the injected animal
is suffering with only the former affection. The disease may also
be mistaken for the parasitic affections resulting from stomach
worms (verminous gastritis) and intestinal parasites, especially
uncinariasis, but a microscopic examination of the feces is nec-
essary in order to establish definitely the diagnosis.

Treatment. — As with all other forms of infectious disease,
it is advisable to separate immediately the diseased and sus-
pected cattle from the healthy animals. The feces passed by the
former animals should be placed on cultivated soil where healthy
cattle would not be exposed to them, as the bacilli producing the
disease are readily found in such manure. The stalls, stables and
barnyards should also be thoroughly disinfected, special atten-
tion being given to those places which have been soiled by feces.
The administration of medicines has thus far been quite unsatis-
factory, although treatment should be directed toward disinfect-
ing the intestines with intestinal antiseptics, such as creolin in
two teaspoon ful doses given twice daily, hypodermically. Salol,
turpentine, or subnitrate of bismuth in a starch or wheat flour
gruel may also give temporary relief, but the diarrhea is likely to
reappear and cause the death of the animal. In all cases the
food must be carefully selected to assure good quality, and should
consist preferably of nutritious dry feed.

Vain Recrimination. — " Calling names don't make any
real difference," said the conservative campaigner. " No," an-
swered the scientist. " If it did those Latin titles we have be-
stowed on germs would have discouraged them long ago." —
( Washington Star. )

Owners of dairy cattle, in the State of New York, who
purpose to have their herds freed from tuberculosis and to keep
said herds free from the disease, may, under the amended agri-
cultural law, obtain state aid by complying with conditions pre-
scribed by Commissioner of Agriculture, Raymond A. Pearson.
Applications for examination for tuberculosis should be made
on official blanks supplied by the Department of Agriculture.

DAIRY INSPECTION*.

By W. G. Hollingworth, D.V.S., Utica, N. Y.

There is no subject of greater importance to the veterinarian,
especially one who has the benefit of a rural practice, than dairy
inspection.

Why? Because the whole community subsists on products
of the dairy during the most critical period of their physical ex-
istence, and the health of the community depends largely upon
the healthful condition of our dairies and the cleanliness of
the products produced from such; and by competent inspection
the death rate, especially among children, which is largely caused
by polluted milk, either caused by neglect of the producer or
the consumer, would be greatly lessened. I mentioned competent
inspection. How are we going to have this come about ? Only
by protecting the young graduate from the illegal practition-
ers that are scattered so thickly among us. They are thriving
on what rightly belongs to the veterinarians who have fully
complied with the laws. Now, if these laws are effective, why
not make an example of some of them. If they are not, let us
improve them.

These unqualified men are a menace to the dairymen. They
may be handy in a case of dystokia; but take, for instance, a
dairyman that has anthrax in his herd. It is their notion that
the cause of death is due to a poisonous weed. They take no
precaution. Why ? Because they do not know how. The owner
will ask, What am I to do with this carcass ? Why, skin it and
give to chickens or hogs; maybe the dogs come in for a meal.
Some bury it. How often you see or hear of someone infected
by skinning a cow. Get dead animals off the premises if pos-
sible; burn them; do not make a cemetery of the farm; thor-
oughly disinfect the place where the cadaver has lain.

♦Read before the 19th annual meeting, N. Y. S. V. M. S., Utica, N. Y., September 3, 1908.

209

210 W. G. HOLLINGWORTH.

Now, in regard to sporadic diseases. Their panacea is to
cut a hole in the skin of the tail; sew in a piece of salt pork;
"bore a hole in the horn and pour turpentine in it and a
pound of sul. magnesia. Others give a piece of salt pork to
make them chew their cud, etc. It seems to me that we have
enough to contend with without letting these fellows reap the
harvest that rightly belongs to the others who are well worthy
of proper recognition.

In the city we have the automobile which, with a certain
class, has developed a sort of insanity, " Dementia Automobile-
ania," which in time, with the reckless handling of the ma-
chines, more headstones and monuments, relief will come. In
the country, we get the farm desertion, a very serious thing
for the veterinarian and the state at large.

The sons and daughters are flocking to the cities seeking
work and when they get it they are not any way near compen-
sated as they would be on the farm. The trouble is the rising
generation want to see more life and gaiety, notwithstanding
the ruination of health that such living leads to.

The attraction on farms are many now to what they used
to be. There is the rural delivery; many farmers get the morn-
ing papers as soon as their city friends, also their mail. There
is the telephone; it is a rarity to go to a farmhouse and not
see this instrument of gossip. There is the trolley roads that
are constantly being built, much to the convenience of the farmer,
along with the good roads movement. All these things, along
with other ways of entertainment which can be advised, will lead
to a way to check this " dementia rusticana " that is prevailing
at present.

In regards to the good roads movement, the farmers must
unite and see to it that the laws to check this horseless vehicle
from ruining them be enforced, which they are doing by speed-
ing so fast they suck up the top dressing and distribute it to
the farm buildings and houses much to the detriment of clean-
liness; in fact, the farmers have had to move their aeration

DAIBY INSPECTION. 211

stands on account of this dust and dirt that comes in clouds from
the roads caused by the excessive speed of the automobiles.

A campaign of education would greatly help to benefit the
dairymen. Farming and dairying now and years ago are en-
tirely different. We want more educated farmers. When we
come across a farmer's son of intelligence that tries to learn, see
to it that he is properly educated; have him attend an agricul-
tural school; if money is lacking, there are philanthropic people
that would lend the necessary funds; all they want is a personal
note, and it would be a very ungrateful person that would not
attend to this in due time. When he graduates, there will be
plenty of openings awaiting him. He will set up a rivalry
amongst the rest of the community where he is located; he will
do things so differently and his ways will be copied.

Our institutions of education should devote more time to
agriculture, especially the high schools in rural districts. In-
dustrialism is an important problem; have the hand and brain
work in unison; more time should be devoted to plant and ani-
mal life. Let them study languages, etc., that like, but it would
be more credit for colleges to turn out more students of agri-
culture than bank clerks, school teachers, etc. He is a factor
in his community who has improved the condition of some vege-
table, or, by scientific breeding, has improved his dairy. It
wants an active brain to do such things, and by education a
foundation has been laid for the student to build a good sub-
stantial frame on, and by so doing you will keep them on the
farms.

The farmers are not the only ones that need the education;
the consumers of the dairy products need it also. Some do not
seem to realize what the farmer means to the success of this
great country. Just think, for a moment, what would befall
us if the farmer should change his ideas of livelihood. Take
the dairy for one thing. There are some that have gone out
of the dairy business for various reasons. One is the scarcity
of help, and another is the insufficient compensation for the
products of the dairy. Some have gone into sheep raising; others

212 W. 0. HOLLINGWOBTH.

into hay and grain. Another is they find it impossible to com-
ply with the regulations which they are required to live up to
if they want to sell milk for city consumption. Here is where
the veterinarian knows better than anyone else what the farmers
can do and do it right. They, the veterinarian or the veterinary
inspector, are the ones that should attend to these regulations
rather than the health officials.

Our farms are not as productive as they were years ago.
The fertility of the soil has been lost, due to constant vegeta-
tion and not enough replenishing. The productiveness of the
soil is of great consequence to the dairyman. By constant fer-
tilization, he can produce sufficient food to supply his stock dur-
ing the season that they cannot help themselves.

A farmer does not lose when he grains his stock ; the manure
is of much more value by so doing, and the farmer, by not let-
ting the refuse of the stable go to waste, greatly improves the
richness of the soil. Now, instead of having to dispose of some
of his stock, due to lack of sufficient fodder to winter them,
he will have to increase his belongings. And here is a propo-
sition for a dairyman : That is to raise stock from his best cows,
and by so doing, he will have young stock to take the place
of the ones to be discarded, and this is a very necessary thing for
a dairyman to do. And another thing is to know which cows
are paying their way. To do this is to number or name each
and every milker in the herd and weigh the milk, and by so
doing an accurate account can be kept.

To be able to furnish dairy products to a community that
is rapidly growing is a proposition which the farmer must wake
up to. He is a necessity; we cannot exist without him. There
is no doubt that a successful farmer or dairyman is a most in-
dependent person. How many young men that have inherited
fortunes could make themselves useful to a community by in-
vesting in a farm.

I have a friend that bought a farm that cost him twenty
thousand dollars ($20,000) by the time he had it stocked, etc.
Last year his gross receipts amounted to eight thousand dollars

DAIRY INSPECTION.

213

($8,000), divided as follows: His dairy produced three thousand
six hundred dollars ($3,600), his hogs two thousand three hun-
dred and fifty dollars ($2,350), his sheep one thousand seven
hundred and fifty dollars ($1,750), and other receipts enough
to make the amount. His total expenditure was four thousand
dollars ($4,000), making his net receipts four thousand dollars
($4,000) on the investment. Now, where could this man invest
this amount and get such returns?

It is a matter of much importance that our veterinary schools
should see to it that they pay more attention to milk and meat
inspection. Our boards of health would seek their advice in
regard to such duties, and it would create a source of revenue
for the qualified veterinarian, just as our neighboring State of
Pennsylvania has done by passing a state meat inspection law.

The veterinarian, and especially the rural practitioner, should
be the one to encourage this dairy inspection, and that is what
the country districts lack, is rural practitioners. The cities
are caring for themselves. Many cows die just because the
cost of getting a city veterinarian would be too great, and so
the unqualified man is called in, much to the regret of the in-
telligent farmer.

To make dairy inspection a success, we must have laws to
back it up, and at present there is a man at the head of the agri-
cultural committee, a Mr. Boshart, a very large farm owner
and business man and a thorough believer in the veterinarian,
that is working on this line. The object of such legislation
would be to better the products of the dairy farms and also
benefit the producer in turn, and by so doing and with the help
of the Agricultural Department stamp out the fraudulent con-
ditions existing in some districts.

A few words about the frauds that are going that the con-
sumer has to pay for and the dairyman gets the blame un-
justly. There are in this state five hundred and ninety-one
(591) milk-gathering stations situated in different parts of the
state; they purchase milk from the producer and reship it for
consumption; the fraud consists in skimming milk and selling

214 W. G. HOLLINGWOBTH.

it for whole milk. The procedure of this adulteration is as fol-
lows: They put thirty-six (36) quarts or a little less of whole
milk in forty (40) quart cans; then they fill this up with milk
that has been skimmed, and this is shipped to New York as
whole milk. The Department of Agriculture estimates that 10
per cent, of the milk of some districts shipped to the cities is
skimmed in this manner. Now, the amount that the consumer
is cheated out of will figure, no doubt, into the millions. The
fraudulent dealers make a good thing, as they sell the cream
for six dollars ($6.00) or eight dollars ($8.00) a can, which
is clear profit for them if they are not caught.

Naturally, pure milk rather than artificially purified milk is
what we expect to produce under competent dairy inspection, and
to accomplish this with the limited experience I have had in this
line I have adopted a few rules to be governed by:

1. Is to see to it that the buildings and surroundings are in
as hygienic condition as possible.

2. Proper care in feeding.

3. Healthful condition of herd.

4. Healthful condition of help.

5. Cleanliness of stables and cows.

6. Certain requirements about milking.

7. Proper care of milk immediately after milking.

8. Proper straining and cooling.

9. Proper care of utensils.

10. Proper conveyance of milk.

11. Agreement signed by producer and dealer.

Rule I. Barns should have all the light that is possible and
good ventilation ; if possible, have it situated on high ground ;
a cement floor is the best ; surroundings must be clean ; do not
have manure pile just outside of the door so the cows have to
walk through it coming and going; it brings unnecessary filth
to the stable and smears the appendages which greatly interferes
with the milking, that is, as to cleanliness.

Rule 2. In regard to proper care of feeding, if you expect
to get milk you must feed; the quantity of milk depends on it;

DAIRY INSPECTION. . 215

it is better not to give dry rations just before milking on ac-
count of the dust that naturally rises; if the dairyman insists, a
moist food can be given ; better not give food that might produce
a taste or odor too near milking time as it might be noticeable
in the milk; do not let silage remain about the stable, as the
odor of it might be absorbed by the warm milk, if the milk is
not taken out of the stable immediately after milking.

Rule 4. The healthful condition of the help is very neces-
sary; no sickly person should assume care of stock; in case of
a contagious or infectious disease on the premises radical
measures should be adopted, and so it may be in regard to
convalescent stages; take typhoid, where the faeces are infected
for months after; some of the discharges might in some way
pollute the water and in due time might infect the milk, and
by so doing an outbreak of typhoid might result; there is diph-
theria and scarlet fever also.

The physicians in charge of rural patients should be com-
pelled to see to it that strict measures are carried out in this
line. Notify the dairy inspector, if there is one in the locality,
and he in turn will govern himself accordingly. What would
give a veterinary inspector more pride than to assume charge of
an investigation of an outbreak of some contagious disease sup-
posed to be due to milk pollution? That would be the case if
veterinary inspection were established. The boards of hea|th
would find it necessary to call upon us.

The rule as to milking — the words " be clean" — are neces-
sary to be taken into consideration :

Care of the milk after milking. As soon as the milker is
through with a cow, he should remove the milk from the stable
to a proper receiving place where the animal heat can be re-
moved. The aeration of milk is a very necessary thing to do.
It removes the gases and helps to remove the odor, but the
stands must be located in a proper place, not along the roadside
where it will collect the dust, etc., from them. The necessity
of keeping milk at a low temperature, about 45 to 50 degrees F.,
as this checks bacterial growth.

216 W. G. HOLLINGWORTH.

Care of the utensils. There has been a law passed which
makes this compulsory. I am of the opinion that the women are
the ones to see to it that the utensils are kept clean. The woman
is a very necessary adjunct to the dairy farm; she is naturally
more cleanly and observing about such things, but she must
not be made a drudge of. Give her a varied life. By so doing,
a great many more would be contented to remain on the farms
and get married to some farmer's son, and they, in turn, start a
life of. industrialism on a scale within their means.

Conveyance of milk. It is a common thing to see a farmer
carrying garbage and milk cans and possibly manure in the same
wagon box; also milk exposed to the sun's rays and possibly
has to be carried a long distance ; this should be abandoned.

Healthful condition of herd. Of these rules the one that
gives me the most anxiety is the one pertaining to the health-
ful condition of the herd and I am in a quandary to know what
is going to be done to eliminate the diseased animals, the one
most especially is tuberculosis, which is rapidly gaining head-
way in this state among our dairy herds. In 1897 I tested herds
that supplied milk to my city by order of the Board of Health
and I found about 7 per cent. Now, within a year or two I have
tested some herds in the same locality and found 60 per cent.
That may have just happened so, but it scares me to think of it,
and I see no reason why other parts of the state should be dif-
ferent, with the lax condition of affairs as they exist at the
present time. Very often I am asked to test a herd. I am only
too willing to act if I have an opportunity of holding a post-
mortem examination on the reactors. Few comply with my
request, but the large majority want to rid the dairies or herds
of this disease, only to dispose of the reactors to some innocent
person. Now, this is the way that the disease is spreading.
There is another serious proposition and that is over-testing,
so to speak. Some dealers just previous to sale, knowing that
the prospective purchaser requires cows that will not react, will
get tuberculin and inject them. They do not care whether they
have a reactor or not. They have found out that a recent re-

DAIBY INSPECTION. 217

actor may not react a second time within a period of a few days.
I always advise a purchaser that he had better retest in three
months if he is anxious to have a healthy herd.

The use of milk from the herd should be discontinued if any
diseases should break out that is affecting any num-
ber of them. The use of milk from any cow should
be discontinued while she may be suffering with any
febrile malady. It is quite proper not to use milk
from a cow that has just freshened, or one that the afterbirth
is retained, or one that is nearing the period of gestation. The
quantity she gives is of no consequence and should not be mixed
with the milk for human consumption. To have these require-
ments lived up to a great deal depends on the dairyman, whether
he is a conscientious person, or dishonest, or careless, or ig-
norant. Whatever may be the cause the way to rectify it is
to have the herd or herds under veterinary inspection, and I
have every reason to think that a great deal of diplomacy can
be used in such cases. Because we are trying to carry out dairy
inspection there is no reason why we should get the enmity of
the dairymen.

' Animals indisposed should be taken from the herd and proper
care given them according to the nature of the case. There is
another sad state of affairs: that is the falsified tests. I have
every reason to believe that such are given out, and I am very
sorry to think that one of our profession would belittle him-
self for a mere sum to lend his signature for such purposes. He
cannot have the interest of the dairy at heart, or his profes-
sion, especially if he looks ahead and thinks what the conse-
quences might be, as the healthful condition of the community
depends much on reliable dairy inspection.

The procedure of handling of tuberculosis by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, I think, could be improved, in regard to
compensation especially. It does not seem right to keep the
dairyman the length of time without his check for the con-
demned animals, if the state has the funds ; if they haven't, then
they should go slow. I can call to mind one herd that the state

218 W. O. HOLLINGWORTH.

officials tested early in the spring and as yet this dairyman has
received no compensation.

I think the post-mortems should be held in the neighboring
vicinity so the results of such could be witnessed by the owner
and neighbors as well as medical men, many of whom have
never seen a case of bovine tuberculosis. Their indorsement
would go a great ways. When they are shipped away it makes
the farmer suspicious as to the findings. Of course, the owner
has the privilege of going to see the same, but there is an extra
expense for him.

Many farmers are not advocates of the tuberculin test, but
if you can demonstrate to them, before their eyes, what the test
has done it will be a great help to us in regard to inspection.
The health departments of our cities are asking for a better
quality of milk. They are not partial to pasteurization but ask
for clean milk from healthy cows. This is of as much conse-
quence as pure water, and some means must and will be ad-
vanced to bring this about. Stamping out would be expensive
and next to impossible. The Bang system would not be popular.
Perhaps the time will come when we can immunize the young
stock as successfully as is being advocated.

As our population increases, so the demand for our dairy
products will increase also. Take New York city. The demand
for milk increases at the rate of seventy-five thousand (75,000)
quarts yearly, and other cities in proportion. A milk famine will
be the result if some plans are not advanced to encourage the
dairyman to continue this very necessary occupation, and make
it an investment rather than a side issue. Dairy inspection would
greatly help the farmer, as the inspector would see to it that the
dealer lives up to his contract as well as the producer. There are
some dealers that want the best end of the deal.

It was only a few days ago that I saw a notice in the papers
where the Department of Agriculture seized forty carloads of
dirty cans that were going to be shipped back to the producer.
These cans must be thoroughly cleaned immediately upon empty-

DAIRY INSPECTION. 219

ing. By proper inspection such cans as these would be watched
and attended to.

In regard to certified dairies, there is no doubt that these- are
blessings to a community. They have been brought about by
dairy inspection and we must encourage them, as one in a lo-
cality has wonderful influence upon neighboring farms. They
have to get better prices for their products on account of the
extra cost of producing them, but there is a ready market for
such.

There is one thing that the veterinary inspector should see
to and that is to have the public have confidence in his judgment,
so when they see his signature affixed to circulars of certified
products they can depend on it. A man's reputation or char-
acter in a position of trust is worth more than gold.

A recent number of The Breeders' Gazette contains an ex-
celent portrait of Dr. Wm. F. Pflaeging, State Veterinarian of
Wyoming.

The next meeting of the New York State Dairymen's Asso-
ciation, to be held in Utica, December 8 to II, will be devoted
almost entirely to the consideration of bovine tuberculosis.

" The Review is a very welcome monthly visitor." So says
Horace B. F. Jervis, V.S., of Houlton, Maine, in sending his
check for the renewal of his subscription. Dr. Jervis has just
returned home from a European trip.

A Careful Dairyman. — " There," said the honest dairy-
man, as he put a gallon of water into his two-gallon milk can.
" No one shall say that my milk is not clean. If that don't wash it,
I don't know what will, unless I put in a little soap." — (Harper's
Weekly. )

It was a veterinarian, in the person of the newly-elected sec-
retary of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, John
F. De Vine, D.V.S., of Goshen, N. Y., who made the report
of the proceedings of the recent International Congress on Tu-
berculosis to the Medical Society of Orange County, N. Y., on
the occasion of its recent quarterlv meeting held at Port Jervis,
October 20, 1908.

THE USE OF TUBERCULIN IN CONTROLLING
TUBERCULOSIS IN HERDS.

By C. J. Marshall, V. M. D., University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Read at the International Congress on Tuberculosis, Washington, Ef. C, 1908.

There is an increasing desire on the part of breeders and
dairymen to get and to maintain herds free from tuberculosis.
Consumers, physicians and veterinarians are also interested in
this subject. By good luck or good management many herds
have never been infected with tuberculosis. Even more care and
better judgment may have been exercised in guarding herds
that have become infected.

Tuberculosis may be detected in the advanced stages by a
physical examination. The physical diagnosis depends upon the
stage to which the disease has progressed, its location and the
cleverness of the observer. No pathognomonic symptoms are
known by which the disease can be diagnosed in its incipiency
and there is no case recorded of a herd that has been infected
with the disease and made free from it where the diagnosis has
depended on a physical examination alone.

Ability to recognize the physical symptoms is an absolutely
necessary qualification of the veterinarian, but by this means
alone we have never been able to detect all cases and we may
never hope to do so. In tuberculin we have an agent that will
show the disease in all cases to within a very small percentage.
Tuberculin has been used and its action has been critically stud-
ied for the past eighteen years. We have yet to find one case
where tuberculin has injured or has produced any ill effects in
a healthy animal, when properly used. There is no doubt, in
the minds of those who have studied it most critically and used
it most extensively, of its reliability and harmlessness. It has
been criticised for its abuse, not its use.

220

THE USE OF TUBERCULIN IN CONTROLLING TUBERCULOSIS IN HERDS. 221

Tuberculin is but one link in the chain that is used to elimin-
ate tuberculosis from a herd. When its judicious use is com-
bined with the necessary isolation of reacting animals, thorough
disinfection, ventilation and proper sanitation, its value cannot
be gainsaid. We have a very large number of examples to show
what it will do in controlling tuberculosis when accompanied by
other measures for its suppression.

Seeing is believing with many people, and too many cannot
understand that a disease exists till they can see its external
effects or experience losses from it. Unfortunately, in the case
of this disease, much of the damage has been done before there is
ocular evidence of its presence.

The true cause of tuberculosis of cattle is no more a mys-
tery ; its. presence can be detected at an early stage. Its con-
tagious nature has been established beyond all doubt. The disease
can be caused in no other way than by the tubercle bacillus and
this germ does not multiply outside of the animal body, although
it may retain its life and virulence for a long time. Agents for
destroying the tubercle bacillus outside of the animal body are
well known and can be applied practically. For these reasons
the task of eliminating it is not impossible. It is, however, diffi-
cult in some cases.

We realize, more and more, that tuberculin is a safe, re-
liable test when honestly and intelligently used. There is no
doubt but that its use should be restricted to those who are com-
petent and skilled in its use, as well as in the disease of animals,
who possess good judgment and are as truthful as tuberculin is
itself. There is no better means for defeating the value of this
test than to allow it to become an household remedy. Any in-
telligent person can soon learn to use a hypodermic needle and
a thermometer. There are other things about the tuberculin
test that are more complicated and at times men the most skilled
in its use are put to their wit's end to know how to handle
peculiar questions that arise in connection with this subject.
It would be as easy, and far safer for the community, to try to
teach the average farmer to be his own blacksmith, wagon

222 C. J. MABSHALL.

builder, lawyer, physician, etc., as to instruct him to do his own
testing for tuberculosis. We need more persons who are skilled
in the use of tuberculin and in the control of diseases of animals
in general. The states or governments should spare no effort in
training men as thoroughly for this work as the importance of
the subject requires.

The time may not be ripe for legislation to attempt the com-
pulsory eradication of tuberculosis from all herds, but many in-
dividuals have discovered that the disease can be controlled and
that it is more economical to do this than to let it run its natural
course. The state should at least furnish such men the neces-
sary assistance. With our better class of breeders and dairy-
men this idea is spreading. The demand for meat and milk from
tuberculosis-free herds is helping to bring about this desirable
condition of affairs. 'Medical milk commissions require a tuber-
culin test once yearly, at least. There is no other known means
of ascertaining whether a herd is free from tuberculosis.

The transmissibility of the disease from animals to man is
an important question, but it is certain that this disease is trans-
mitted from animal to animal, and those interested in dairy cattle
cannot afford to allow it to run unchecked in a herd.

It will be a difficult matter to convince the masses of the fully
established harmlessness and the usefulness of tuberculin so
long as some agricultural and daily papers continue to malign
its use. It is hoped that these agencies will soon see the facts in
their true light and recommend the truthfulness and good quali-
ties of tuberculin rather than continually to condemn it and to
herald the mistakes and blunders that are made by those who are
incompetent to use it.

Even those most enthusiastic in the campaign against bovine
tuberculosis do not recommend the immediate slaughter of all
animals that react to the test. No country, perhaps, could af-
ford such extravagance. There is no doubt but that a majority
of the animals that fail to pass this test have a monetary value.
The sooner public opinion is educated to this fact, and that the
products of such animals can be handled in such a way that their

THE USE OF TUBERCULIN IN CONTROLLING TUBERCULOSIS IN HERDS. 223

safety can be assured, the sooner will ways be devised to use
them profitably, and thereby encourage the cutting off of the
main sources of infection.

A sufficient amount of knowledge has already been accumu-
lated in reference to this disease to eliminate it from our herds
in a few years if all parties concerned were in possession of the
already known facts, and could and would make the necessary
effort and sacrifice to apply them. The first necessary requisite
would be a thorough knowledge of the disease on the part of
the owner and his willingness to accept and follow the known
facts in reference to handling it. No person should undertake
this task unless he is willing and able to follow every require-
ment faithfully. Testing the herd once and cleaning the stable
of all known sources of infection is a good beginning, but these
measures must be followed year after year till the task is com-
pleted. This is especially true in herds where cows are con-
stantly being added from the open market.

It has been found by experience that some cows will pass a
satisfactory test at the time of purchase and react to a sub-
sequent test in two months or less. This may be due to one of
several conditions. First of all, the test may have been made
carelessly or dishonestly, or the animal may have been in the
incubative stage of the disease at the time of purchase and there-
fore fail to react. It is known that there is a period of incuba-
tion for tuberculosis of from one to three weeks. It is also
known that animals will not react to a test during this period.
Another possible cause for a reaction soon after purchase is
the fact that the stable may not have been disinfected before
the new members were added to the herd and thus they may
have contracted the disease in their new quarters. Some animals
have a much higher resisting power to this disease than others ;
this is especially noticeable in the new members of a herd.

It has been demonstrated that it is not safe to put newly
purchased cows with the old members of a herd till they have
first successfully passed a retest. This can be applied two or
three months from the time of the original test and a double

224 C. J. MABSHAIX.

dose of tuberculin should be used. Cows from tuberculous herds
may develop the disease in the future, even though they be re-
moved to a sanitary stable after having passed a satisfactory
test. For this reason it is not advisable to purchase cows from
herds that are known to be highly tuberculous, even though they
pass the test successfully. The lesion of disease may become
dormant for a time and the diseased area encapsulated but later
it may break down, when the proper conditions are supplied.

In large dairy herds where cows are being added to take the
place of undesirable ones, it is a difficult matter to keep the dis-
ease out entirely. It can be kept within bounds, and in a form
that will seldom show itself physically. The chances are very
great that the herd has tuberculosis where the tuberculin test is
used only at the time of purchase.

In cases where many reactions are found at the time of test,
a retest should be made in not more than six months. If the
percentage of reactions is not more than from two to five, and
the sanitary conditions are good, the retest can safely be left
for a year. In large herds the test should be made at least once
a year, even though it has previously passed with no reactions.

The records show hundreds of cows that have been tested at
least once each year and sometimes twice, for several years, and
are still breeding regularly giving a full and profitable amount of
milk and are in perfect health, so far as can be determined by
any known method. It is a question as to whether a cow that
reacts once to the test should ever be considered free from
tuberculosis even though it may appear healthy and, later, pass
the tuberculin test.

Some of the most common errors made with tuberculin are
due to carelessness or dishonesty. The test may be applied
when the animals are in no condition for it. This is especially
true in cows offered for sale by dealers. Such animals may be
heavy springers fatigued and overheated by being driven from
ten to twenty miles in the heat of the sun and then kept in a
strange stable with no water, or an inadequate amount. The
weather may be excessively hot and the stable badly ventilated,

THE USE OF TUBERCULIN IN CONTROLLING TUBERCULOSIS IN HERDS. 225

or an animal may be of a nervous temperament and become
unduly excited. Dealers are often anxious to get the animals
through the test early in the day so that they can be shipped or
sold and for this reason the temperature readings are sometimes
not carried on long enough after the injection to show the re-
action that might take place. The animal may have been injected
with tuberculin before an honest test is applied. It happens oc-
casionally that an animal will not react on successive tests where
the intervals are less than two months. The test should never
be applied unless the animals are quiet, contented and undis-
turbed.

In applying the test it is necessary to establish a normal tem-
perature before making the injection. This can usually be done
by two preliminary temperatures. The test may not prove
satisfactory if the initial temperature is above 1030 F. In cases
of a high initial temperature, if the temperature is not above
normal the next morning the animal is usually considered to be
free from the disease. Where the temperature is high at the
beginning and remains so it cannot be decided whether the high
temperature is a continuation of the pre-existing fever or is a
reaction to tuberculin. It is best, by all means, to start with
a normal initial temperature.

A temperature measurement should be taken not later than
ten hours after injection — eight hours is preferable, and in cases
of retest it should be earlier than eight hours. The last tem-
perature should be taken not earlier than the sixteenth hour
but it must be followed longer if there is any upward tendency
and a reaction is not already established.

The point at which a reaction is considered positive is a rela-
tive quantity. A temperature that rises gradually from the
eighth to the sixteenth hour from 102 to 104 or above, under
ordinary conditions, can be considered a positive reaction. In
well marked reactions the temperature may rise to 107 or higher.
This is more liable to occur in cases of recent infection or where
the disease has not become generalized.

226 C. J. MARSHALL.

In advanced cases of tuberculosis or where the disease is
suspected from a physical examination, a rise of one degree
should be interpreted as a reaction. In herds where a large
number of reactions have been obtained the line may be drawn
more closely on doubtful cases. Animals that show a question-
able rise in temperature at the time of test should be isolated and
retested in about two months. In this case a larger dose of
tuberculin should be used. It may be advisable to use three or
four doses at one time.

During the time of testing the herd should be fed, watered,
milked and stabled as usual. Water can safely be given soon
after a temperature has been taken but it should not be allowed
freely just before a temperature measurement. In stables where
there is a constant water supply, there is no danger of the animals
taking enough to interfere with the temperature. Tests in hot,
muggy weather may not be satisfactory. So far as possible it
should be arranged to do the testing in the cooler parts of the
season.

Advanced stages of pregnancy seem to make little if any
difference with the test. Many successful tests have been made
during the day of parturition.

The utmost care should be exercised in sterilizing thermo-
meters, needles, syringes, hands, clothing, etc., before and during
the time of making a test. Contagious abortion, tuberculosis and
other contagious diseases may be carried from animal to animal
or from herd to herd if this precaution is not taken.

For those who are in sympathy with the work, the plan for
handling tuberculosis is somewhat as follows: In herds where
no animals are purchased, or but few, the tuberculin test is
applied, the reacting animals are isolated and the stable disin-
fected. If a large percentage of the herd fails to pass the test,
the above measures should be resorted to again in six months.
Where but few reactions are found the retest can be deferred
for one year. It is not safe to allow more than one year to
elapse before making the retest, which should be repeated yearly.

In herds where animals are purchased frequently, the test

THE USE OF TUBERCULIN IN CONTROLLING TUBERCULOSIS IN HERDS. 227

should be applied at the time of purchase by a veterinarian ap-
proved by the purchaser. Animals thus tested and passed should
be kept on probation for two months and retested before they
are allowed to mingle with the older members of the herd. The
stable in which these animals pass the period of incubation should
be carefully disinfected before they are admitted to it. The test
of the herd should be applied at least once each year. In cases
where many reactions are found the test should be made every
six months until a low percentage is obtained. It is not advisable
to test too frequently. The repeated use of tuberculin may pro-
duce immunity to the test.

The sale or distribution of tuberculin should be controlled by
state laws and it should be given out only on the order of an
official veterinarian. Every animal tested should be reported to
some officer who has charge of this work and the records of
such tests should be available for public investigation.

Every effort should be made to disseminate what knowledge
has already been accumulated in reference to handling tuber-
culosis. The disease can never be satisfactorly controlled as long
as ignorance and old, false ideas reign supreme.

The next annual meeting of the American Veterinary Med-
ical Association will be held in Chicago, September 14 to 17,
1909.

A Veterinarian is a Physician. — The Morning Press,
Santa Barbara, California, of October 15th, states that the
School Board refuses to recognize the Health Board as a legal
body because Dr. J. H. Hester, one of the members of the
Board of Health, is a veterinarian, in contradistinction to be-
ing a " physician," as the law requires, and demanded his re-
moval. The mayor refused to remove Dr. Hester on any such
ground, as the veterinarian has a broad knowledge of compara-
tive medical science and best knows the needs of an efficient
dairy inspection. A later report says that a legal opinion has
been given to the effect that a veterinarian is a " physician."
Dr. Hester will retain his seat on the Board of Health as
a guardian of the health and lives of the human population
from infection of animal origin.

REPORTS OF CASES.

"■Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with hint. By recording
his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up
the solid edifice of pathological science"

OBSTETRICAL CASES.*
By P. A. Aagesen, V. S., St. Ansgar, Iowa.

No. I — April 19, was called to Mr. Kleinworth's farm
and found one of the most difficult cases I have ever seen. Mare
strained hard and could not stand up and half of the placenta
loosened. In exploring I found a transverse presentation, but
could not find head, tail or legs. I at once injected oil and
tried to get a different presentation. Failing in this I punctured
the foal and lots of gas escaped and then succeeded in getting
a posterior presentation. I then explored for the legs and found
them to be bent so it was impossible to lift them up to the
pelvis. To make as quick delivery as possible I amputated the
limbs in the hip joints and got them out and found two hock
joints on each leg. The extra bones were bent over each other.
I then fastened a rope in the pelvis of foal and two men pulled
without results. I then made two long cuts, one on each side of
the backbone (and more gas escaped), then one man pulled and
the foal came out with balance of placenta. After disinfecting
the wound we went to our dinner. Upon our return the mare
was standing. Two weeks after she was put to work. If the
mare had been able to stand up I think I could have delivered
her in one hour, whereas it took three hours.

No. 2 — On May 10 I was called to Mr. Robertson's place to
attend a mare. As I was sixteen miles from home and not
quite ready to start I told him that it would take about three hours
before I could get there. On my arrival found mare in severe
labor pains and vagina very swollen. I found I had a difficult
case. Posterior presentation with back downward. I succeeded
in getting the legs through the pelvis and expected to turn the
foal. Not succeeding I explored again and found the head over
the hip. I put the repeller in the nose and mouth and pushed it
back about one foot. Then I found other trouble. The belly
was too large. I made an incision at the belly and removed

* Report made to the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Association.

228

REPORTS OF CASES.

229

its contents. Then I succeeded in turning the foal and the mare
was delivered and came out all right.

No. 3 — Anterior presentation of monster. This was at the
Austinson farm. The head, as large as a candy pail, was turned
downward. I punctured the head and the water emptied out.
By succeeding in introducing both of my arms I telescoped the
skull bone. I found the skull devoid of brains.

In my professional practice of forty-three years I have never
met so many obstetrical cases as last season. I was called to
thirty-three cases during the period named.

A TWO-HEADED CALF.

The Review is indebted to J. W. Rossiter, D.V.S., Fostoria,
Ohio, for this picture of a two-headed calf. Dr. Rossiter writes
that the spinal column was double dividing or parting just back
of the shoulders and connected by short ribs. There were two
hearts and two sets of lungs, one stomach and single intestines.
The animal had two tails.

230 BEPORTS OF CASES.

ANTIPERIOSTIN.*

A NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR THE TREAT-
MENT OF BONY GROWTHS AND GALLS.

By Veterinarian S. Wachs, Vienna.
Translated by J. V Laddey, D.V.S.

Of the samples of various modern medicaments that have
recently been submitted to me, Dr. Klein's Antiperiostin inter-
ested me most, since several commendatory testimonials in re-
gard to its uses and results obtained by Austrian and German
veterinarians have already been published. To judge from its
composition, Antiperiostin is a solution of (C-io H-io J-2 O-5
Hg), which is prepared by a special process.

The principal application for Antiperiostin is found so far
in all cases of exostoses and bursal enlargements. In my prac-
tice, in which occur many surgical cases, I have applied Anti-
periostin in addition to above conditions, also to acute inflam-
mations of tendons, tendinous bursae and articulations, as well as
in spavin. I have had the opportunity to apply and to test
Antiperiostin repeatedly in cases of newly developed bony
growths as well as in those of old standing.

First of all I can state that in cases where there was lame-
ness, due to these new growths, the same was abated in about
three to four days, when the respective animal could again be
worked. It should be mentioned, however, that a few days after
the application of Antiperiostin an edematous swelling set in
which, however, was not serious and in a short time resolved
itself.

As is the case with other counter-irritating applications, the
usual consequences also presented themselves here. The area thus
treated became gradually covered with an extraordinarily hard
scab, which in a measure appeared to be equivalent to a pres-
sure bandage. After three to four weeks these scabs would be-
come loosened and the exostoses which had existed were either
entirely removed or had become reduced to a hardly noticeable
minimum.

In recent new growths, also in periostitis, the patho-
logical process had run its course in a highly satisfactory man-
ner. The analogous procedure in the various kinds of galls
and bursal enlargements produced equally satisfactory results.

•Reprint from Tierarztliches Zentralblatt.

REPORTS OF CASES. 231

In other acute inflammatory processes where consequently a
marked lameness existed complete cures set in after about eight
to ten days.

To corrobate the above I will cite from my case-book all those
cases which were treated by me with Antiperiostin.

Case i, June 12, 1906. — Light wagon horse belonging to the
firm of Sch. & Co., affected with spavin, presents three hours
after application an edematous swelling of the respective ex-
tremity with an accompanying serous transudation at the seat
of operation; in the next few days resolution of the edema and
a desiccation of the exudate to a thick and closely adhering scab
took place. After the fourth day the horse was used for work.
Lameness had entirely disappeared and in about six weeks the
scabs fell off.

Case 11, July 14, 1906. — Middle-weight carriage horse be-
longing to F. & Co., had gone lame in varying degrees for some
time in near hind leg due to an old bony growth just below the
hock-joint. On the fourth day after applying Antiperiostin the
horse traveled entirely sound and is being used regularly ever
since.

Case in, August 24, 1906. — Middle-weight draught horse
belonging to the express firm, L., went lame in near front leg
due to two old bony growths and a thickening of the flexor ten-
dons. Six days after an Antiperiostin application it was all ready
able to work. The bony growths have almost entirely disap-
peared.

Case IV., August 25, 1906. — Light wagon horse of the same
firm was treated with Antiperiostin for tendinous bursal enlarge-
ments on both hind legs. After eight days it had made a com-
plete recovery.

Case V., January 5, 1907. — Russian coach horse belonging
to the firm of S. & H. went lame in the off-foreleg due to a
recent exostosis. Six days after Antiperiostin had been applied
the horse was fit for work. The bony growth has been entirely
removed.

In the last four mentioned cases the same accompanying local
changes presented themselves as in case No. 1. One application
of Antiperiostin sufficed to produce these astonishingly quick
and excellent curative results.

The hair will fall out at the seat of operation with Anti-
periostin, as is the case with all counter-irritating applications,
but these will grow again in a comparatively short space of time.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

PROVISION FOR PHYSICALLY DISABLED VETER-
INARIANS.

The forty-fifth annual meeting- of the American Veterinary
Medical Association is an event of the past and it was in all
probability the greatest meeting- in the history of the associa-
tion. Its deliberations were of the highest order and will be of
the greatest importance to the profession.

The Army was represented by Drs. Griffin and Foster offi-
cially and by myself of my own volition. The chairman of the
Army Legislative Committee (Dr. Turner, of Washington,
D. C.) was present and rendered his report which consists, in
brief, as follows:

That the committee, feeling dissatisfied with the Veterinary
Bill which passed the Senate at the last session of Congress, on
account of no provision for those physically disabled in the ser-
vice in the line of duty, used all their power to prevent its pass-
ing the House unless so amended.

The association accepted this report with its hearty approval,
and passed resolutions* to the effect that should Congress amend
the present Veterinary Bill so as to provide for those worthy
members of the profession in the army that it would have the
support of the association, and it further voted that copies of
said resolution be sent to the Secretary of War, Chief of Staff,
and the chairman of the Military Committee of both the Senate
and House. C. H. Jewell.

The Kansas City Veterinary College has an enrollment of
over five hundred for the current session. This excellent in-
stitution has added several veterinarians to its faculty, includ-
ing: Dr. H. Jensen, of Weeping Water, Nebraska, instructor in
Pharmacy and Materia Medica; Dr. S. L. Stewart, of Coffey-
ville, Kansas, Director of Laboratory Anatomy; Dr. C. C. Kins-
ley, Oakley, Kansas, Hospital Clinics.

•The Resolutions were published in October Review, page 117.

232

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Fibrous Tumor Growth on the Leg of a Mule \_D. SU-
vestro Rabagliati, B.Sc, M.R.C.V.S.~\. — Record of a case in a
mule which was stopped working on account of her condition.
She had a large tumor-like mass involving the whole metacarpal
region of the off leg and extending from the knee to the foot.
The growth was irregular, raw, and looked like granulating tis-
sue with small centers of suppuration. The anterior part of the
wall of the hoof was partially separated from the rest. The
upper part of the wall, the heels and the frog, being composed
of a very irregular growth of horn in fungoid masses. The mule
had marks of having been fired on the off thigh. The animal
being incurable and useless, she was destroyed.

Post-mortem — Carpus normal. Metacarpus much enlarged
with great mass of fibrous tissues surrounding the bones. Ten-
dons are normal. Suspensory ligament had lesions of old stand-
ing sprain. Large exostosis on the head of the small internal
metacarpal, also on the upper third of this bone there was a
large splint, interfering with the action of the suspensory liga-
ment. There was one also on the external metacarpal. The
sesamoids were much enlarged with exostosis. There was also
one on the os suffraginis and on the os pedis, which had very
large side bones. The navicular bone was normal. — (Veter.
Record.)

Comminuted Fracture of the Os Calcis [Lieut. H. C.
Stezvart, A.V.C]. — Discovered disabled on early morning, a field
battery horse presented the near hock and surrounding tissues
much swollen and inflamed. On examining the leg no evidence
of fracture, such as crepitation, etc., could be made out on ac-
count of the swelling of the parts. The gastrocnemius tendon
was much relaxed and similar to what is observed in case of rup-
ture of the flexor metatarsi muscle. No weight was put on the
leg and moving was possible only by scarcely touching the ground
with the toe. The position of the point of the hock was some-
what similar to that of the point of the elbow in the condition

233

234 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

known as " dropped elbow." Diagnosis: Fracture of one of the
large bones of the hock, possibly the astragalus or the os calcis,
most likely. The animal was destroyed and a fracture of the
lower half of the os calcis was discovered, and, after boiling
the joint, this bone was found to have been broken into thirteen
pieces. The cause of the accident was a kick from another horse.
— {Veter. Record.)

Note on the Occurrence of a Large Flagellate, As-
sociated WITH PlROPLASMATA INFECTION IN A COW, IN BRIT-
ISH Columbia [Thos. Bozvhill, F.R.C.V.S., F.R.C.S.~\. — Inves-
tigations have recently been undertaken by the author in order
to determine, if possible, the cause of a disease known locally
as red water. He writes that, during his investigations, he found
with an atypical piroplasmatic infection in the blood of a cow
killed for post-mortem, a flagellate belonging to the trypan-
osomidae. The parasite presented a flagellum at both extremi-
ties, but whether it was a true trypanoplasma or a trypanosome
with a flagellum was a matter for future consideration. The
piroplasmata observed occur mostly in pear and polygonal form.
A few flagellates were Some times seen, but in only a few in-
stances did he observe a true bigeminate leaf form. These
parasites may be modified form of the Piroplasma bigcmiuiim.
The malady runs a chronic course and the parasites are difficult
to find. Infected animals succumb after a third attack. The
role played by ticks in the spread of the disease is not yet fully
determined. The author proposes to name the parasite Piro-
plasma hudsonius bovis. — (Veterin. Record.)

A Malformation \W . E. Blacktvell, M.R.C.V.S.]. — A case
of difficult parturition in a cow with a foetus in breech presenta-
tion. The abdomen of the little fellow being distended and em-
physematous, an incision was made through the median line and
the viscera removed. More room being obtained, examination
was possible. It was then found that the foetus was abnormally
large and that the hind legs were fully flexed but with the points
of the hocks turned underneath the sternum and between the
fore legs, while the hind feet were just above the udder. In
other words, the hind legs were turned completely round with
the points of the hocks looking anteriorly. The stifles were
in the pelvic cavity. With much difficulty and considerable trac-
tion the cow was delivered but not without an abundant
hemorrhage which was arrested with cold applications. Two
days after the cow was doing well. — (Veter. Record.)

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 235

Two Cases of Scrotal Hernia in Dogs [Prof. F. Hob-
day, F.R.C.V.S.~\. — First Case — Two-year-old dog had scrotal
hernia on the left side. Put to sleep with morphia, he is oper-
ated on. The swelling was reduced and an incision made over
the external abdominal ring. The inguinal canal being thus ex-
posed, the finger was passed into the canal to push the bowel and
the omentum into the abdomen. The internal ring being then
free, it was sutured with fine silk, the stitches being made close
together and with great care that no space be left at either end
as it is at this point that most frequently a return of the bowel
takes place. The skin was sutured with silkworm-gut and cov-
ered with iodoform colloid. Complete radical recovery.

Second Case — Pekinese, two months old, had a right scrotal
hernia. Operated, as in the preceding case, six or seven months
later. Had several sutured abscesses. Was discharged after a
month. Had diarrhea and a violent cough, which caused much
strain, until one day the dog looked dull and would not move
any more. On the side where the hernia had been there was
a swelling of different nature, dark, tense and painful to the
touch. Evidently it was a piece of bowel or omentum strangu-
lated. Gersuny's operation is tried but fails, and castration with
removal of the right testicle by covered operation was indicated.
It was performed and followed by radical and complete recovery.
— (Vetcr. Journ.)

Enterotomy — Removal of Foreign Body from the
Bowel — Recovery \_A. Johnson, M.R.C.VS., and F. Hobday,
F.R.C.V.S.']. — Japanese spaniel bitch has had no action from the
bowels, notwithstanding castor oil and enemas. She vomited
several times and abdominal palpation revealed the presence of
a foreign body. Laparatomy was performed, the dog being put
to sleep with morphia, and antiseptic care being taken. The
foreign body was found twelve inches behind the stomach, the
bowel there being rather inflamed. An incision through the in-
testines brought out a smooth pebble about one inch long and
half an inch thick. A double row of Lembert's sutures was ap-
plied with fine stitches of silk. Antiseptic care was resorted to,
and, with hygienic measures and careful diet, a recovery took
place without any unusual event. — {Vetcr. Journ.)

Death from Obstruction of the Bowel by a Pebble
\D. Chastcrley, M.R.C.VS.]. — Aged fox terrier being treated
for otorrhea was taken with vomiting which was relieved with
subnitrate of bismuth. After a few days he is found in collapse,

236 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

almost unconscious, and extremities cold. Is revived with stimu-
lants. Finally he dies. Post-mortem : The only lesions found
were in the large intestines, which were intensely discolored and
contained a large pebble one ounce in weight and one and one-
half inch in diameter. — (Ibidem.)

Fractured Pelvis Caused Distokia [C. W. Townsend,
M.R.C.V.S.~\. — Five-year-old mare cannot foal on account of ab-
normal small size of the pelvic cavity. She is destroyed. A large
callous involving principally the pubic bones and the region round
the cotyloid cavity was found, preventing the extraction of the
foal. The passage was reduced by nearly one-half its normal
width. — (Ibidem.)

Fractured Jaw in a Horse [M. M. Hodgkins and Sons,
M.R.Q.V.S.~\. — With a kick the jaw of a mare was fractured in
two places. Holes were drilled on each side of the fracture and
the pieces of bones brought into position and held together with
silver wire. After one month the mare went to work, the wires
being left in situ. — (Ibidem.)

Interesting Fracture Following a Previous One
[Clement Elphice, M.R.C.V.S.~\. — History of a bay gelding,
thirteen years old, which was a bad worker. He has had three
or four falls without any discernible cause. Walks in a peculiar
way, the body swaying from one side to the other, with marked
platting of the fore and hind legs, and every few yards a drop-
ping of the hind quarters. His motion looks rather that of loco-
motor ataxia. Backing is difficult. By rest the animal seemed
to improve ; but finally relapsed. He was destroyed. The post-
mortem showed that all the organs were healthy. But there was
a large callous on the body of the second lumbar vertebrae on
the oft side and another smaller of more recent formation. There
was also a slight protrusion of this last into the vertebral canal. —
(Ibid.)

Cloacal Formation in a Bitch [H. Brassey Edwards,
M.R.C.V.SJ]. — Bitch, ten days old, has been unable to pass faeces
and nevertheless has taken moderate amount of milk. In the
perineal region the prominence usually felt in imperforated anus
is missing. Dog is put to sleep. A probe passed into the vulva,
a short incision is made over the perineal region above the vulva.
But on dissection no trace of the rectum was found. Laparatomy
was then decided upon, but before the abdomen could be opened
the dog died. At the autopsy the rectum was found to have an

ABSTRACTS FB01I EXCHANGES. 237

opening into the neck of the uterus and evidently the dog had
been passing faeces and urine through a common orifice. — (Veter-
Journ.)

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Epithelioma of the Mammae, Generalized by Circula-
tory System in a Slut [Mr. A. Daille']. — An old slut
had a tumor of the mammae in the inguinal region
for which she was operated. An abundant hemorrhage
having occurred, another growth situated in the left
flank was left for further interference. Two months
after recovery from the first operation the animal had become
cachectic and soon died. At the post-mortem were found on the
left flank, at the deep face of the abdominal muscles, under a
much-thickened peritoneum, an enormous growth weighing 3
kilogrammes 650 grammes (over seven pounds) and as big as a
man's head. Suspended to the left psoas muscle and the trans-
versalis lumborum it did not extend in the lumbo-sacral arch.
The spleen was congested and had a whitish pisiform nodule,
similar in aspect to the large one in the abdomen. The kidneys
were full in the cortical substance with similar neoplastic no-
dules. The lungs contained numerous tumors also. The right
semi-tendinosus muscle has one in its femoral portion, which oc-
cupies the greatest portion of the fleshy part of the muscle. A
subcutaneous abscess, back of the left shoulder and due to a
septic injection of artificial serum, had given rise to myositis of
the olecranon muscles. The growth of the flank was surrounded
by a thick fibrous capsule, sending partitions and forming lodges
in which was contained the neoplastic tissue, firm, white-yellow-
ish and lardaceous. The nodules of the kidneys and lungs had
the aspect of sarcomas. Under the microscope the growths ap-
peared made of epithelial cells, with disorganized development.
It was an atypical epithelioma, having in places the structure of
adeno-epithelioma. — {Revue Veterin.)

A Case of Jabot in the Horse [MM. Grosjean and Les-
bougris, Army Veterinarians]. — This is a peculiar case. In 1904
a horse has colic, accompanied with abundant salivation and re-

238 ABSTRACTS FBOM EXCHANGES.

peated movements of mastication. Gastric indigestion is suspect-
ed, treated, and in less than an hour the animal is well. Six
months later, return of the trouble, but more severe. There are
violent pains which last for four hours and ended by the animal
coughing through the nostrils food which has not the gastric
odor of that which has been in the stomach. Ruptured stomach
is suspected. It was an error, as the animal gets well over his
trouble. Perhaps we have to deal with a jabot of the oesophagus
and hygienic dietetic treatment is prescribed. For two years
the condition is about fair, the animal has spells at irregular in-
tervals and these seem to occur only when there has been com-
mitted an error in his diet. In the last year of the life of the
horse he has had about ten attacks. The last one, more severe,
was accompanied with rejection of greenish spumosities, and
from that day he presented all the symptoms of broncho-pneu-
monia which carried him off after eight days of sickness. In
making the post-mortem no indication of jabot was found in the
thoracic cavity. It was in the abdomen that it existed. Preced-
ing immediately the stomach, of which it seemed to be a diverti-
culum, it formed an ovoid mass as big as a man's head which
was hard on pressure. Its walls were formed of a very thin
serous and a mucous membrane. There was no muscular tissue
involved and the lesion was not a simple dilatation. It was the
consequence of a hernia of the mucous through the muscular coat.
— (Revue. Veterin.)

Paraphimosis Complicated with Gangrene in a Dog
[M. Barrat~\. — This is not a rare accident in the dog after coitus;
although it is not generally serious it may become so, as is proved
by this case. Having been left with a slut in season, and satis-
fied himself and her, a well-bred dog three days after, besides
having paraphymosis, is in a bad condition. His nose is dry,
the eyes hollow, belly retracted, no appetite. The penis, which
has resumed its normal dimensions, hangs out of the sheath,
greenish in some places, in others blackish. The end of the
urethra alone is red. The organ is hard and gives the sensation
of a dry mass. Back of the swelling of the head of the penis
the preputial ring has given rise to a strangulation sufficient to
bring on mortification of some tissues but not enough to arrest
micturition. The dog urinates normally. Treatment: The dog
was secured, the mortified and ready to slough tissues are re-
moved or excised, the prepuce is incised so as to enlarge its en-
trance and permit the return of the entire penis. Daily wash-

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 239

ings and injections of phenic acid water with substantial tonic
treatment brought out a rapid recovery. — (Ibidem.)

Hydrometry or Hydrops Uteri in a Cat [Mr. P. Leblanc~\.
— Rather uncommon pathological case. A female cat that has
had several litters of kittens shows, since several weeks, a much-
enlarged abdomen. She eats well, has no cough and is other-
wise in apparent good health. However, she has a peculiar ap-
pearance. She looks like a balloon. Her abdomen has the shape
of a spheroidal mass no matter in what position the cat is placed.
The abdomen is not drooping nor fluctuating, as in ascitis. In
feeling the abdomen one gets the sensation not of a liquid mass
collected in the peritoneum, but more of a big cystic tumor or a
large collection occupying in all probability the uterus. An ex-
ploring puncture allows the escape of one litre of citrine, aqueous
liquid, odorless, but not having altogether the characteristics of
an ascitic liquid. The cat is destroyed. The lesions of post-
mortem revealed an enormous intrauterine collection. The
uterine horns are enormous, communicate together at their emer-
gency from the body of the uterus, and both contain one litre
of liquid similar to the one obtained with the puncture. The
walls of the uterus are thickened ; the ovaries and the other or-
gans are healthy. — (Journ. de Zootechin.)

Gangrenous Pneumonia Complicated with Septic Lo-
calized and Fibrinous Pleurisy — Post-mortem [A. Chanicr.
Army Veterinarian]. — Paulonia was a six-year-old mare, which
was under treatment for a traumatic exudation of the left
haunch, which had been treated by puncture with the actual
cautery and a blister. Nothing abnormal occurred for a few-
days when, towards the tenth day, she looked dull and low-spirit-
ed. Perhaps she had been cast during the night, as the hairs
of the tail are roughened and the wound of the cautery and blis-
ter is raw and bleeding. The temperature is only a little higher.
Two days later the aspect has become alarming. Anorexia, great
thirst, conjunctiva injected, the forehead is hot while the ears
and extremities are cold ; serous discharge escapes from the nos-
trils. No cough, either spontaneous or by pressure of the throat.
Breath odorless. On percussion there is an area of tympanic
resonance; respiratory murmur is absent in the lower third of
the left lung; no pathological bruit is detected. Heart sounds
plainly heard and normal. No sound by succussion. Percus-
sion gives the sensation of subcostal liquid collection. Explor-
ing puncture gives escape to 1400 grammes of sero-blood clear

240 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

fluid, after which the mare seems relieved. Two days later re-
lapse. ' The animal throws all her weight on the right lateral
biped. There is great hypersensibility of the left costal walls.
Several clots of blood have been expelled through the nostrils.
Breath is still normal. The left tympanitic resonance still ex-
ists. Respiration is louder on the right. New thoracenthesis
gives out only 1250 grammes of colored fluid. By exclusion in
the differential diagnosis, localized intrathoracic effusion is di-
agnosed. The mare died after five days of illness.

Post-mortem — Pulmonary lesions. On the anterior lobe of
the right lung there is a spherical induration as big as a child's
head, composed of a central zone and a peripherical. This is
formed by the splenization of the lung tissue; the other is a cen-
ter of pulmonary gangrene, filled with sanious, foetid mush,
where are found bronchia and blood vessels more or less
necrosed. The left lung is atelectasied in its anteroinferior
region. At the lower part of the gangrenous center there is an
opening going through the mediastinum into the left pleural sac,
and, hence, formation of a large suppurative collection whose
cavity is lined by a fibrino-purulent layer, here yellowish and
there red brown or dark gray. The heart is normal. Peri-
cardium contains 500 grammes of cloudy, reddish fluid. There
were also abdominal lesions. The kidneys and the liver had un-
dergone softening and degeneration. There were also hemor-
rhage, perineal and subperitoneal; also hyperemia of the
pelvic curvature of the large colon, ecchymotic spots
in the mesentary and a wide subcutaneous hemorrhage
in the right flank. The muscles were softened and dis-
colored, especially those of the hind leg. The march of these
manifestations must have occurred as follows : ( 1 ) Localized
infection of the right lung by a septic foreign body; (2) Gan-
grenous pneumonia followed by perforation of the lung and
anterior mediastinum with infection of the left pleural sac; (3)
General intoxication ending in death. — (Revue Gener. dc Medec.
Veter. )

Hypodermic Injections of Sulphate of Veratrine [Mr.
Detchevers]. — Some years ago the author published an article
on the use of that drug for post-partum inflammatory mammitis.
It is a method which has given him and many others excellent
results and it deserves to be more generalized. Post-partum mam-
mitis implies with the arrest of milky secretion often the loss
of a part of the udder and not rarely that of the life of the ani-

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 241

mal. Mr. Detchevers has resorted to those injections as prophy-
lactic measures and has had good success. To be efficacious
the injection must be made during the febrile initial stage as
much as possible. After it, often as early as the next day, the
mammitis is on the road to resolution. In severe cases it can
be renewed without fear. Employed in full febrile stage it has
the advantage of not interfering with the milky secretion, not
reducing the appetite, nor the rumination. As prophylaxy, the
injection must be made two or three days after calving, and it
can be renewed every ten days during the critical period ; that
is, twenty or thirty days after parturition. The dose is from
5 to 8 centigrammes, which can be raised to 10 for large animals.
— (Semaine Veter.)

GERMAN REVIEW.

By J. P. O' Leaky, V. M. D., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y.

Investigations Concerning the Patho-Histological
Changes in the Lens in the Various Forms of Cataract
in the Horse [Dr. Ferd. Mette\. — The author had examined
19 eyes of 13 horses which suffered from cataract. The cause
of the cataractic clouding was found in previous attacks of peri-
odic ophthalmia {cataracta symptomatica). In some cases the
formation of the cataract was attributed in part to old age
(cataracta senilis). The well-known classifications: clouding of
the lens (cataracta capsnlaris), clouding of the lens substance
(cataracta Icnticularis) , clouding of the lens capsule and sub-
stance (cataracta capsiilo-lenticiilaris) , the author found the fol-
lowing exceptions: 1st. The pathological changes in the lens
capsule consisted: (a) deposits on the anterior of the capsule,
(b) the formation of fibrous tissue on the inner surface of the
capsule, (c) proliferation of epithelium on the inner surface of
the lens. In a case of cataracta symptomatica, we found on the
inner surface of the anterior capsule a deposit of organized
fibrous tissue which evidently had formed through fissures in
the capsule of the lens. 2nd. On the substance of the lens the
following anatomic conditions were perceptible :

(a) Extensive sclerosis and destruction of the lens fibres.

(b) Vacuole formations.

(c) Morgagnic bodies.

242 ABSTBACTS FBOM EXCHANGES.

(d) Fatty degeneration of the lens fibres.

(e) Cholestearin crystals.

(f) Calcareous deposits on the lens substance.

(g) Haematoiden crystals.

(h) Connective tissue degeneration.

3d. In the cataracta capsulo-lenticularis, we find anatomic
changes in the lens capsule and substance. In their nature they
coincide with the lesions described under 1 and 2. All the above-
mentioned changes are not observed separately, but are found
more or less simultaneously on the lens capsule and lens sub-
stance.— {Monatsheft fiir praktische Tierheilkunde, XVIII.
Band. )

An Outbreak of Herpes Tonsuraus and Trichorrhexis
Nodosa, Contagious in Character [Vet: H. Schindler and
J. Moser\. — These diseases appeared among the remounts of
the 5th and 15th dragoon regiments. Herpes tonsurans affected
the greater number of horses in a mild form, and was treated
successfully with tincture of iodine. Trichorrhexis nodosa at-
tacked 61 per cent, of the remounts. The symptoms were char-
acteristic, particularly on the hairs of the tail, and, in some cases,
on those of the mane. Numerous whitish-gray spots and nodular
swellings were perceptible, at which point the hairs were easily
broken. The belly hairs were ravelled and appeared like a hair
brush. The body hairs were not affected. In some cases the
tail became denuded of hair to such an extent as to deserve the
name of rat tail for considerable time.

Carboneum Sulphuratum in the Treatment of Disto-
matosis [Vet. R. Floris, Gyor~]. — During the current year great
floods occurred in Hungary, and, as a result, distomatosis ap-
peared very frequently in many localities. Hitherto no remedy
had been discovered which when given internally would destroy
and expel the liver fluke. The treatment of distomatosis former-
ly was limited to the liberal use of good, nourishing food in con-
junction with bitter medicinal agents and the mineral salts. In
many cases 50 per cent, of the animals affected died. In the
beginning of this year Chief Veterinarian Julius Taar published
the results of his experiments with carboneum sulphuratum on
horses affected with intestinal worms. Floris made similar ex-
periments in cases of distomatosis. He prescribed carboneum
sulphuratum in gelatine capsules, 10-15 grammes pro dosi. The
succeeding day the faeces were colored a 'dark brown and had
a disagreeable, penetrating odor. At each defecation 5-10 dis-

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 243

tomum were visible in the excrement. The above medication
was repeated three to four times a week for animals of all ages.
During- the course of the treatment the animals showed good
appetite. Xo ill-effects from the CS2 were observed. The treat-
ment is very inexpensive, one dose costs only a few cents. —
(Allatorvosi Lapok, 1907, No. 45.)

News from Georgia. — The work of the State Veterinary
Association of Georgia has been rewarded by the enactment of
a law creating a State Board of Veterinary Examiners and regu-
lating the practice of veterinary medicine, this act being passed
by the Legislature on August 10th, and approved by the Gov-
ernor on August 17th. The law requires the endorsement of the
State Veterinary Association for the five members of the Board.
The candidates were elected by the association on September 3,
and were confirmed and officially appointed by Governor Smith
on September 17th, being Drs. Anderson, Jago, Jolly, Morris
and Schwencke.

The new examining board met for organization on October
7th, drew lots for terms of office and elected Dr. Anderson, of
Macon, president; Dr. Jago. of Athens, vice-president; and Dr.
Schwencke, of Thomasville, secretary. The first regular ex-
amining session of the board will be held in Atlanta, on De-
cember 2.2(1, to issue licenses for practice in Georgia. The law
requires all persons who profess to be veterinarians and who
charge for their services, to be properly licensed, under penalty
of fine and imprisonment. The fee required for examination is
$10.00, and the license when once issued is permanent. Candi-
dates holding diplomas from recognized veterinary colleges are
licensed upon payment of the same fee, by showing proof of
graduation.

The examining board depends solely upon the fees for travel
and other expenses of the work, so the task will be largely a
labor for the good of the cause. But the members of the pro-
fession are elated over this recognition and help, and feel con-
fident that it will be the source of much good in the near future.

During the same session of the Legislature, a bill for the
establishment of a State Live Stock Sanitary Board and appoint-
ment of a regular State Veterinarian, met an untimely death at
the hands of the Agricultural Committee, and was reported un-
favorably to the House, on account of an appropriation clause of
$3,000. A similar bill will be introduced at the next session,
which we sincerelv trust will meet with a better fate.

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS.

EDITOR.

Office of Experiment Stations, Department of Agri-
culture.

The United States Civil Service Commission announces an
examination on November 24-25, 1908, at the places mentioned
in a list printed by the Commission, to secure eligibles from
which to make certification to fill a vacancy in the position of
editor in charge of the departments of entomology, economic
zoology, and veterinary science, in the Experiment Station
Record, Office of Experiment Stations, Department of Agricul-
ture, at $1,500 per annum, and vacancies requiring similar quali-
fications as they may occur in that Department.

The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned be-
low, weighted as indicated :

Subjects. Weights.

1. Spelling (twenty words of more than average dif-

ficulty 3

2. Arithmetic (fundamental rules, fractions, percent-

age, interest, discount, analysis, and statement of
simple accounts) 3

3. Penmanship (the handwriting of the competitor in

the subject of letter-writing will be considered
with special reference to the elements of legibility,
rapidity, neatness, general appearance, etc.) .... 3

4. Letter-writing (a letter of not less than 150 words

on some subject of general interest. Competitors
may select either of two subjects given) 6

5. Copying from rough draft (the writing of a smooth

copy of rough-draft manuscript, including the
correction of all errors of spelling, capitalization,
syntax, etc. ) 5

6. Editing and abstracting 10

7. Proof-reading and indexing 10

8. Special subject — (a) Economic zoology and veter-

inary science, or (b) Animal husbandry and
dairying 40

9. Training and experience (rated on application) .... 20

Total 100

244

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 245

A rating of at least 70 per cent, in the special subject chosen
is required for eligibility.

Some knowledge of French and German is required, and
the candidate's proficiency in these languages will be considered
in the rating for training and experience.

The position to be filled as the result of this examination re-
quires a man of special qualifications, including not only funda-
mental knowledge in the subject chosen, but considerable ad-
vanced training, and general familiarity with its literature.

Two days will be required for this examination.

Age limit, 20 years or over on the date of the examination.

This examination is open to all citizens of the United States
who comply with the requirements.

This announcement contains all information which is com-
municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination,
the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re-
quired.

Applicants should at once apply either to the United States
Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C, or to the secre-
tary of the board of examiners at any place mentioned in the
list printed by the Commission, for application Form 13 12. No
application will be accepted unless properly executed and filed
with the Commission at Washington. In applying for this ex-
amination the exact title as given at the head* of this announce-
ment should be used in the application.

As examination papers are shipped direct from the Commis-
sion to the places of examination, it is necessary that applications
be received in ample time to arrange for the examination desired
at the place indicated by the applicant. The Commission will
therefore arrange to examine any applicant whose application
is received in time to permit .the shipment of the necessary papers.

CHIEF, CATTLE AND GRAIN INVESTIGATION
LABORATORY.

The United States Civil Service Commission announces an
examination on November 9, 1908, to secure eligibles from which
to make certification to fill a vacancy in the position of chief in
the cattle and grain investigation laboratory, Bureau of Chem-

240 CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS.

istry, Department of Agriculture, at $2,500 per annum, or less,
and vacancies requiring- similar qualifications as they may occur.

Men only will be admitted to this examination.

Competitors will not be assembled for any of the tests.

The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned be-
low, weighted as indicated:

Subjects. Weights.

1 . Education and training 40

2. Practical experience in the examination of cattle

food materials, grains, cattle remedies, and in the
enforcement of state feeding-stuff laws 40

3. Original contribution to the literature of cattle food

and grain analysis and composition, or essay on

" The Enforcement of a Feeding-Stuff Law " . . 20

Total 100

Age limits, 25 to 45 years on the date of the examination.
The examination is open only to applicants of mature years,
whose education and training are such as to enable them to
carry on and direct original work in cattle foods and grains and
to aid in administering the National Food and Drugs Act in so
far as it applies to cattle foods.

This examination is open to all ctizens of the United States
who comply with the requirements.

This announcement contains all information which is com-
municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination,
the vacancy or vacancies to be tilled, and the qualifications re-
quired.

Applicants should at once apply to the United States Civil
Service Commission, Washington, D. C„ for application Form
304 and special form. No application will be accepted unless
properly executed and filed, in complete form, with the mate-
rial required, with the Commission at Washington, prior to the
hour of closing business on November 9, 1908. In applying for
this examination the exact title as given at the head of this an-
nouncement should be used in the application.

The veterinarians of Saskatchewan will approach the new
legislature and endeavor to get a bill through the coming session.
At the present time an ordinance is in force admitting veterina-
rians to practice on payment of a fee of $15 provided they are
graduates of a college approved by the A. V. M. A.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Animal Parasites and Parasitic Diseases. By B. F. Kaupp, D.V.S.,
Instructor in Parasitology, Kansas City Veterinary College; late Veter-
inary Inspector, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department
of Agriculture; Secretary of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Associa-
tion; late President of the Missouri State Veterinary Medical As-
sociation, etc. 207 pages, 73 illustrations. Chicago. Alexander
Eger, 1908.

Parasitism is becoming a highly important study accessory
to the vast field of bacteriology and bio-pathology, a thorough
knowledge of which is essential to the veterinarian whether in
private practice or engaged in veterinary sanitary work.

The study of parasites as the cause of irritation, depletion
and exhaustion interfering directly with the functions of the
organs they invade is not sufficient for the modern practitioner.
He must know in what way they contribute to the production
of toxins which interfere with vital functions, but what most
concerns the sanitarian is the fact that certain parasites are the
bearers of dangerous microbian infection from animal to animal
and from animal to man.

Students have been greatly handicapped in pursuing the
study of animal parasites and parasitic diseases for the want
of a suitable text-book, having to depend largely upon such in-
complete notes as they were able to take from lectures.

Therefore, a book that gives the essentials in a concise and
comprehensive manner will be helpful to the student and appre-
ciated by the profession in general.

While Dr. Kaupp, in his treatment of the subject, has made
no attempt at exhaustiveness, he has been remarkably successful
in presenting the essentials of parasitology in a simple and con-
cise manner, adapted to the student and others interested in the
subject. He has condensed much valuable data in one small
volume and his classification is comprehensive and well adapted
for the purposes intended.

Dr. Kaupp has had twelve years' experience in teaching para-
sitology. In the preface to his book he says that he has long
felt the want of a concise text-book incorporating the names of
the common parasites of domestic animals. The work is di-
vided into four chapters, treating the following subjects, viz. :
External parasites, internal parasites, protozoa and the prep-
aration of specimens.

247

2-iS BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The names of parasites are arranged in tabular form at the
beginning of each of the first three chapters. In the first column
of the table will be found the Branch; in the second the Class;
in the third the Order; in the fourth the Family, and in the
last the Genus and Species, names by which we know the para-
sites. By reference to this table one can trace each species at a
glance down through the classification to the starting point —
the Branch.

Each parasite is dealt with in the order of the tabulation.

The facts about each are noted under the headings : Synonym,
Distribution, Description, Life Cycle, Animals Infested, Parts
Infested, Conditions Produced (pathological anatomy), Symp-
toms, and Treatment when the latter is of any avail.

His student, Mr. C. D. Folse, has greatly aided the author
in illustrating the book by making pen drawings from the more
common parasites in his collection. These are natural size and
according to measurements.

The photomicrographs are made by the author himself with
an ordinary kodak over the ocular lens of the microscope and
given time exposure.

In short, Dr. Kaupp's book contains in brief all about the
common parasites and is worthy a place in every veterinarian's
library. The work of the publisher leaves nothing to be de-
sired, the paper, letterpress, illustrations and binding being uni-
formly good.

Dr. Kaupp has recently accepted a professorship in the Veter-
inary Department of the Colorado State College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts at Fort Collins, Colorado. We bespeak a
large circulation for his excellent book.

The Veterinary Department of the Colorado Agricultural
College is now making and distributing Black Leg Vaccine to
the farmers and stockmen of Colorado. They expect very soon
through the Experiment Station to take up the work of Hog
Cholera Serum as recommended by the Department of Agricul-
ture.

The Colorado Veterinary Medical Association met at the
State Capitol, Denver, on the 24th ult, to consider needed legis-
lation. The law as it now stands permits anyone to practice
veterinary medicine, surgery or dentistry, providing he does not
in any way advertise as a veterinarian.

The law has proved to be entirely inadequate, and an amend-
ment will be asked for.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON TUBERCULOSIS.

The Review begs to offer its readers a brief report of the
transactions of the International Congress on Tuberculosis held
in Washington, D. C, from September 28 to October 12, and
especially of those of Section VII., in which veterinarians of
national and international reputation took leading parts. The
sessions of this section, which were of the highest value, dealt
with the very important subject of " Tuberculosis of Animals
and Its Relation to Man." It is not necessary to dwell upon
the significance of the latter portion of this subject, but it should
be mentioned that there was no question discussed at the con-
gress in which a greater interest was manifested than in this one.

Koch's position on the question of the relationship of bovine
and human tuberculosis is well known to all veterinarians and
with his presence at this congress it was thought probable that
the relation and the danger of animal tuberculosis to man, whether
through milk or otherwise, would be definitely established. This
phase of the subject as well as the economical side of animal
tuberculosis chiefly concerned Section VII. , and we cannot re-
frain from congratulating the veterinarians who participated for
the excellency and high character of their work, which was noted
all through the transactions. It is difficult now even to estimate
the amount of benefit which will be derived from this congress.
However, it seems from the character of the papers and discus-
sions that with the energetic and thorough work now undertaken
by the municipal, state and federal health and sanitary depart-
ments, it will be possible not only to check the spread of tuber-
culosis but to considerably diminish it.

The opening session of the scientific program of the congress
took place on September 28, on which occasion addresses were
made by the official representatives of the various foreign coun-
tries. Secretary Cortelyou presided as a representative of Presi-
dent Roosevelt, who wras the president of the congress. This
session was very impressive and will be, without a doubt, a
pleasant recollection to all those who were in attendance. Prac-
tically every civilized nation was represented, sending their great-
est specialists for the good cause of aiding in the determined fight
against tuberculosis, the greatest menace to the development and
prosperity of every country.

249

2o0 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

After the ceremonies of the formal opening were concluded
the various sections went to work in the different halls to carry
out their extensive programs. A good-sized hall containing 150
chairs was provided for Section VII., and it was gratifying to
note the great interest manifested in the work of this section,
as there was scarcely any period during the meetings when all
of the chairs were not occupied and frequently " standing room "
only was to be obtained.

Section VII. had on its program a large number of papers
which it shortly became evident would require more time to
present than was originally planned. In spite of the time limits
given to the readers of papers and to the discussions, two extra
sessions on Saturday, October 3, had to be arranged in order to
conclude the program, and at the last session one of the most
important phases of tuberculosis was taken up, namely, that of
immunization. It would have been an irretrievable loss to those
in attendance if Dr. Pearson and Professor Heymans could not
have been heard on this subject and their addresses were greatly
appreciated by all. Following the precedents of other inter-
national congresses to select honorary presidents of each section,
the following were elected for Section VII. : Prof. Arloing,
France ; Dr. Piot Bey, Egypt ; Prof. Bang, Denmark ; Prof. Hey-
mans, Belgium; Dr. Rutherford, Canada; Prof. Wladimiroff,
Russia; Prof. Hutyra, Austria; Prof. McFadyean, England, and
Prof. Ostertag, Germany.

Dr. Pearson, as president of the section, opened the first ses-
sion with very appropriate introductory remarks in which he
pointed out the importance of tuberculosis of animals from an
economical standpoint and also from its relation to the public
health. The first subject taken up was that of the " Prevalence
and Economics of Tuberculosis in Animals." Dr. A. D. Melvin.
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, opened the series of
papers on this subject and revealed astounding facts about the
prevalence of tuberculosis in animals and the great financial
losses occasioned by it.

Dr. Melvin said in part :

" While the saving of human life affords the highest rtiotive
for combating tu1>erculosis, the prevention of financial loss is
alone a sufficient reason for undertaking the eradication of the
disease from farm animals. Statistics of the United States Fed-
eral meat inspection for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908.
covering 53.973,337 animals, or more than one-half of all those

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 251

slaughtered for food in the country, show the following percent-
ages of tuberculosis: Adult cattle, 0.961; calves, 0.026; hogs,
2.049; sheep and goats, o. The proportion of tuberculosis is
probably higher in animals slaughtered without inspection. Re-
ports of tuberculin tests made in the 15 years from 1893 to 1908
by Federal, State and other officers with tuberculin prepared by
the Bureau of Animal Industry have been carefully analyzed and
tabulated. Out of 400,000 cattle tested (mostly dairy cattle)
there were 37,000 reactions, or 9.25 per cent. From these two
classes of statistics it is concluded that on an average about 10
per cent, of the milch cows, 1 per cent, of other cattle, and 2
per cent, of the hogs in the United States are affected with tuber-
culosis, the average percentage for all the cattle being estimated
at 3.5.

" The accuracy of the tuberculin test has been confirmed
in a remarkable way by post-mortem examinations. Out of
23,869 reacting cattle slaughtered, lesions of tuberculosis were
found in 23,585, a percentage of 98.81. Properly prepared
tuberculin applied by a competent person is therefore shown to
be a wonderfully reliable agent for diagnosing tuberculosis. In
cases where the test appears to give unsatisfactory results this
is usually due to the use of a poor quality of tuberculin or to ig-
norance or carelessness in applying it.

" The economic loss on account of tuberculosis in food-pro-
ducing animals is heavy. The loss on animals in which tubercu-
losis is found in the Federal meat inspection is estimated at
$2,382,433 annually, and if the same conditions were applied to
animals slaughtered without Federal inspection the annual loss
on all animals slaughtered for food in the United States would
be increased to $4,102,433. The stock of animals on hand is
also depreciated in value because of tuberculosis. Assuming that
living tuberculous milch cows are annually depreciated to the
extent of one-tenth of what the loss would he if they were
slaughtered, other cattle one-third, and hogs one-half, the total
animal depreciation amounts to $8,046,219. The annual loss
from decrease in milk production is estimated at $1,150,000, and
there also is some loss from impairment of breeding qualities.
Taking all these items into account, the aggregate annual loss
because of tuberculosis among farm animals in the United States
is estimated at not less than $14,000,000.

" Such heavy financial losses make the eradication of tuber-
culosis from farm animals very desirable purely as an economic

252 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

matter. As the disease is found principally among cattle and
hogs, and as most of the infection in hogs is derived from cattle,
the main effort should be directed against the disease in cattle.
Among the measures proposed are the following: Live stock
owners should be educated by means of official publications, the
agricultural and general press, lectures at farmers' institutes.
Public authorities should make a systematic effort to determine
to what extent and in what localities the disease exists, and
should apply the tuberculin test generally and systematically to
cattle in sections where this seems desirable. Reacting animals
should be slaughtered under competent veterinary inspection, so
that the loss may be minimized by passing carcasses for food
where the infection is so slight that this can safely be done;
dangerous carcasses, of course, to be condemned. In the case
of valuable breeding animals where slaughter would involve great
sacrifice, the Bang system of segregation may be used. A sys-
tem of tagging all cows sent to market is advocated, so that when
animals are found tuberculous in the meat inspection they may
be traced back to the place of origin, centres of infection located,
and steps taken for eradication. The Bureau of Animal In-
dustry is already co-operating with the authorities in some states
in reporting and tracing the origin of tuberculous animals. Each
state should require that all cattle brought in for breeding or
dairy purposes shall have passed the tuberculin test.

" As the eradication of tuberculosis is largely a public health
measure, it is only reasonable that the persons whose cattle are
slaughtered should be paid indemnity, at least in part. This is
not only just, but is absolutely essential if the co-operation of
cattle owners is to be secured. Several states already have pro-
visions of this character. The benefits to follow from the eradi-
cation of tuberculosis from farm animals are so great and so
obvious that the necessary expenditures, even though they must
be heavy, may be regarded as a highly profitable investment."

Other excellent papers on this subject were given bv Dr.
O. E. Dyson, Dr. W. H. Dalrvmple. Dr. C. A. Cary. Dr. L. A.
Klein. Dr. M. E. Knowles, Dr. George S. Baker,' Drs. A. R.
Ward and C. M. Haring. and by Mr. Jesse E. Pope.

The discussions on these papers were animated and brought
out very interesting data on the subject, amongst those who par-
ticipated in the discussions being Prof. Arloing of Lyons, France;
Prof. Heymans of Ghent, Belgium, and Prof. Bang of Denmark,
and the pleasure of the audience in listening to the expression

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 253

of views of such eminent men was manifest. It would require
a very lengthy description to go into the details of the sessions
and therefore only a very brief resume will be given.

At the third session, " The Pathology and Bacteriology of
Tuberculosis " was the subject presented. Papers were read by
Drs. W. Reid Blair, C. Y. White, Herbert Fox, E. C. Schroeder,
Alfred F. Hess, Sesco Stewart, A. T. Kinsley, J. R. Mohler and
H. J. Washburn. The discussions which followed were of the
greatest interest and amongst those participating one could ob-
serve many noted medical and veterinary scientists and sani-
tarians of this and foreign countries.

In the fourth session, which was held jointly with Section L,
" The Relationship Between Tuberculosis of Animals and Man,"
was presented, and as it was generally known that Prof. Koch
was to open the series of papers, the large assembly hall with a
seating capacity of 2,000 was provided for the occasion. Long
before the meeting was called to order the hall was filled to
its entire capacity and everybody listened attentively to the paper
of Prof. Koch on " The Relation of Bovine and Human Tuber-
culosis," in which he practically repeated his statements of 1901.
He went so far, however, as to admit that bovine bacilli may be
found in certain forms of tuberculosis of man and he further-
more stated that he did not deny the possibility of one type of
the tubercle bacillus becoming transformed into another type.
He was followed by Prof. Theobald Smith, who read a paper on
1 The Relation of Human and Animal Tuberculosis," with spe-
cial reference to the question of the transformation of human and
other types of tubercle bacillus, in which he stated that about one-
half of all the cases of tuberculous adenitis and abdominal tuber-
culosis of children was caused by bovine bacilli. Then the more
strenuous opponents of the Koch theory took the stand and
paper after paper was read in which absolute facts were presented
which proved without a possibility of doubt that in many cases,
especially in tuberculosis of children, the infection was caused
by the tubercle bacillus of the bovine type. We refer to the
papers of Prof. G. Sims Woodhead of England, Prof. S. Ar-
loing of France, Drs. Fibiger and Jensen of Denmark, Dr. M. P.
Ravenel, Dr. Nathan Raw of England, Dr. A. P. Lewis, Dr.
Charles W. Duval, Dr. William H. Park, Dr. Charles F. Daw-
son. Dr. R. R. Dinwiddie, and Drs. Davalo.s and Cartaya also
presented papers at this session.

254 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

It was late in the afternoon before this meeting adjourned,
and the discussion was taken up the following day at a session
at the New Willard Hotel, where about fifty noted scientists ex-
pressed their views on the subject. While there were no reso-
lutions adopted it was almost uniformly recognized by all par-
ticipating in this session that there is a real danger of human in-
fection from bovines which should be recognized by all sanitar-
ians. Moreover this view was crystallized in a resolution unani-
mously adopted by the entire congress on the closing day, as fol-
lows:

" Resolved, That preventive measures be continued against
bovine tuberculosis and that the possibility of the propagation of
this infection to man be recognized."

The fifth and sixth sessions were given to the diagnosis of
tuberculosis in animals. This important subject was splendidly
treated in the papers by Dr. A. W. Bitting, Dr. A. T. Peters, Dr.
George B. Jobson, Dr. S. B. Nelson, Drs. D. S. White and Eu-
gene McCampbell, Prof. J. Lignieres of Argentina, Prof. G.
Moussu and Dr. Ch. Mantoux of France, and Dr. Burton R.
Rogers. The papers were all ably discussed and in general tuber-
culin appeared to have received additional support as a reliable
diagnostic agent. Prof. Arloing expressed his faith in tuberculin
and stated that in all cases where a tissue reaction is obtained
we can assert that there is a tuberculous infection of the animals.
A negative finding on macroscopical examination of reacting
animals does not mean the absence of the disease, as in such
cases a microscopical form of the disease is present which can
only be determined by inoculations into test animals. Prof. Hey-
mans has also found that a large number of reacting animals fail
to show any macroscopical lesions, but his experience proved that
the disease in such cases is present, which to him is indicative of
the imperfectness of the macroscopical examination. The " Con-
trol of Tuberculosis of Animals " was taken up in the seventh
and eighth sessions, and this subject is probably of the greatest
interest to all those who are occupied with the problem of tuber-
culosis. Prof. Bang presented his paper on this occasion on
" The Control of Tuberculosis of Cattle in Denmark, "* showing
the splendid results which have been obtained by his system. He
could not see why the Bang method could not be followed in this
country with the same advantages. Papers were also presented
on this phase of tuberculosis by Drs. J. G. Rutherford, Austin
Peters, C. J. Marshall,* Piot Bey of Egypt, John M. Deering, V.

* Published elsewhere in this number of the Review.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 235

A. Moore, M. H. Reynolds, D. Arthur Hughes, J. W. Connaway
and Otto G. Noack.

The animated discussion of this part of the program required
all the time allowed for the conclusion of the program, and there
was still an important subject to be taken up, namely, " The Im-
munization of Cattle Against Tuberculosis," which was accord-
ingly postponed for the following day, the subject being pre-
sented in two extra sessions. Dr. Pearson presented his method
of immunization with which a relative immunity can be estab-
lished in cattle and which protects the animals from the disease
for from two to three years. Dr. Pearson was heartily congratu-
lated on his success in this line by Prof. Bang and Prof. Ar-
loing. Great interest was manifested in Prof. Heymans' vaccina-
tion against tuberculosis of bovines, which he not only described
theoretically but also demonstrated the method with a splendid
exhibit, and besides on live animals at the Experiment Station
of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Bethesda, Maryland. All
those who had the pleasure of seeing the professor demonstrate
this method of vaccination were greatly impressed with its sim-
plicity.

The remarkable success which he has achieved by his method
in Belgium makes it seem very promising as a practical way of
controlling that disease in animals. Thus far he has vaccinated
over 40,000 animals, during a period of four years, and in some
of the herds where previously to the vaccination 60 per cent, were
tuberculous this number has been reduced in the mentioned period
to 28 per cent.

This method will soon be given an extensive trial in this
country in order to test its efficiency and also its practicability
in meeting the conditions existing here.

It might also prove of interest to mention the excellency
of the educational and pathological exhibition as there was never
placed before the public a more complete exhibit than that pre-
sented at this congress. Of the total number of exhibitors, 312
were from the United States and 126 from foreign countries.
Two hundred and twenty-two were collective contributions from
associations, societies and other corporate bodies, and 216 were
from individual members of the congress. Of the 222 collective
contributions, those from the United States numbered 170, and
those from Europe or from other parts of America numbered 53.
Of the 216 individual exhibits, 142 were from the United States
and 74 from other American countries and Europe.

230 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The exhibition included demonstrations and clinics, accom-
panied by stereopticon illustrations and popular lectures. Of the
pathological exhibits especially beautiful specimens were displayed
by the Boston University, Pennsylvania Live Stock Sanitary
Board, Phipps Institute, Canada, England, Germany, Iowa, Mich-
igan, Cornell University, the Bureau of Animal Industry, etc.

Particular interest was manifested in the fresh tuberculous
specimens exhibited by the Bureau of Animal Industry in long
sanitary refrigerators with glass sides and tops. In awarding
prizes for the above exhibits a special gold medal was given to the
National Bureau of Animal Industry for having the best collec-
tion of pathological specimens at the exhibition.

Referring to the social side of the congress, the visiting
members were well taken care of, and especially does this apply
to the foreign delegates, as one of them remarked that, judging
from the invitations to social functions, it appeared as if the local
members thought they came here solely for social pleasure, with
no other thought in mind. Receptions, dinners, banquets, smok-
ers and other entertainments were in evidence all through the
congress.

Especially elaborate was the banquet given by the Secretary
of State to the foreign delegates. Then there was also a smoker
at the New Willard Hotel, given by the members of the District
of Columbia, which was attended by over 1,800. This proved a
splendid opportunity for the foreign and American scientists to
discuss affairs in an unconventional social way, and they were
at the same time given a good example of democratic American-
ism and American hospitality. A smoker was also given at the
University Club by the veterinarians of America to the foreign
visitors. On this occasion a social exchange of opinions was
thoroughly enjoyed with our noted foreign confreres. There
were present at the gathering Prof. Arloing of France, Prof.
Bang of Denmark, Prof. Wladimiroff of Russia, Dr. Piot Bey
of Egypt, Prof. Fibiger of Denmark, Prof. Heymans of Belgium,
Dr. Freund of) Germany, Dr. Eastwood of England, and others.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

Discussion on Report of Committee on Intelligence

and Education.
The interest manifested by the profession generally in the
report and recommendations of the Government Committee on
Veterinary Education, appointed by Secretary Wilson, to in-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 257

vestigate the veterinary colleges of the United States, is so
great that we are printing in the following pages the steno-
graphic report of the full discussion of the report of the Commit-
tee on Intelligence and Education,* by Dr. Tait Butler, before
the forty-fifth annual meeting.

Dr. Tait Butler: Mr. Chairman — I do not wish to take
up the time of the association, but it seems • to me necessary
that something further be said on this report. I am in the un-
fortunate position of having been one of the members of the
committee appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture and also
of having been delegated by the committee to make any remarks
that it might be necessary to make in this convention regarding
this report, and I want a little time, if you will bear with me,
to discuss some of the remarkable, even marvelous statements
which have been made in this report on " Intelligence and Edu-
cation."

I want to say that there is much of this report which I en-
dorse and much which is on a high plane for which the chair-
man is to be congratulated, but there are also many statements
made in connection with the report of the Committee on Veter-
inary Education appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture that
I must take exception to, and I shall endeavor to discuss them
on as high a plane as has been adopted by Dr. Pearson.

The first criticism was that no statistics of the different col-
leges were published. My own opinion is that the committee ob-
tained information that it would not be practical to publish;
that the committee obtained information which it was necessary
for it to have in order to do the work it was instructed to do,
which it would not be proper to publish. I do not believe that
such statistics as enumerated by the chairman of the Committee
on Intelligence and Education would be of any material benefit
to any man in judging of the standing and the position of the
veterinary colleges. That is, 1 believe our committee had more
information than the statistics asked for by Dr. Pearson would
supply and that we had sufficient information to judge of the
merits of the schools.

Now, then, as to the courses of study. Dr. Pearson has
paid himself the compliment of saying that the course of study
outlined by Secretary Wilson's committee was modeled after
the one which he suggested last year. While this is plainly not
so, I wont hurt his vanity by saying it was not; but if it was

* Report of Committee published in October Review, page 91.

258 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

so modeled, is it not remarkable that it should receive such
severe criticism from its real author?

Dr. Pearson tells us that if the course that is recommended
in this report is maintained all of the colleges will have to change
to comply with the letter of the law. I want to say candidly
and frankly to the members here, and I say it without prejudice,
that there is not a single one of the colleges but what ought to
change. (Applause.) There is not a single one of them that
will not be benefited by making these changes wherever they
fall below the recommendations of this committee. Dr. Pear-
son seems to see serious trouble ahead, if the colleges are re-
quired by the Department of Agriculture to comply with the
" letter " of the recommendation of the committee appointed by
Secretary Wilson. There is no danger in the enforcement of
these recommendations. " You can't enforce the letter of the
law " is simply a favorite expression of people who want to
mystify their hearers. Why, gentlemen, no general law was
ever promulgated that was ever enforced to the letter. It is not
practical to do it. It is not done. The main purpose of the ad-
ministration of such a law is for the general good. Justice is
the cardinal principle of the administration of all law, and it
is not possible nor practical in every case to enforce a general
law to the letter. It is absurd to object to any law, and cer-
tainly to such a general one as this, because the letter of it can-
not be enforced. You would object to all law if you did, for
all laws are broken and none enforced to the letter.

Now, then, I do not know what the Secretary of Agriculture
will do regarding the carrying out of the recommendations of
his committee. I do not know what his advisers will do, but I
believe that he has it within his power to command the services
of men that are just and (I hope Dr. Pearson will pardon me
for saying it) as competent as any of those who are criticising
him for his actions.

Now, then, we come to what Dr. Pearson calls the essence
of his contention; namely, that the Secretary had not the right
to do what he did. Gentlemen, if you followed the reading of
that report closely you will have observed that in one place it
was stated that he had not the right to do a certain thing; and
then in a few sentences afterwards it was deliberately stated
that he did have the right to do that same thing; that he had
not the right to say what the length of the course should be,
and then it was admitted that he did have the right to say what

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 259

courses, and what the length of the courses should be for the
employees of his department. Now, gentlemen, it seems to me
that we might just as well, right now, thoroughly understand
what this report really is, what were its purposes and what its
aims. All that the report purports to be is a measure for judg-
ing the colleges or a minimum standard for the guidance of the
Secretary of Agriculture in the selection of men for employ-
ment in his Department. That is all it is and all it was in-
tended to be. How can there be any question of the right of
the Secretary of Agriculture to fix a standard of qualifications
for the employees of his own Department ? It seems to me that
any other view is ridiculous.

It is true that Dr. Pearson has admitted this, but in the next
breath he has denied it. For instance, it is stated that he did
not have the right to say how anatomy should be taught, and
in another sentence it is admitted that he did have the right
to require that it should be taught to applicants for employment,
in a competent way. Dr. Pearson also tells us that the commit-
tee was not competent to say how anatomy should be taught, but
I am of the opinion that the committee was as competent to
say how anatomy should be taught as Dr. Pearson is to judge
of the competency of the committee, for on that committee was
a man who is recognized as one of the best teachers of anatomy
on the American continent, and a man who has been teaching
it longer than Dr. Pearson has been in the veterinary profession.
Is Dr. Pearson justified in saying that this man did not have
knowledge of how anatomy should be taught? If it is within
the province of the Secretary of Agriculture to say that anatomy
shall be taught his employees, then it is within his province to say
how it shall be taught and how much shall be taught.

The committee did not need Dr. Pearson to tell it that the
laboratory method of teaching is the best one, but the committee
had knowledge which Dr. Pearson evidently has not, that there
are schools giving only fourteen hours a year, and forty-two
hours in the whole course, to dissections. Must the Secretary
accept graduates of such a college or shall he give out advance
information that unless a certain stated minimum of dissecting
be done such graduates will not be eligible to employment in the
Department? If many colleges had not been found very de-
ficient in laboratory teaching no minimum would have been sug-
gested by the committee for the guidance of the Secretary in
judging whether applicants for employment had received ade-
quate training.

2G0 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Now, then, the whole thing seems to devolve upon this point,
has the Secretary of Agriculture a right to lay down a minimum
course or standard which applicants must conform to in order
to be eligible to employment in his Department. Dr. Pearson
says in one sentence of his report that the Secretary of Agricul-
ture has that right, and in another that he has not. I rather be-
lieve him when he says that the Secretary has the right. It
seems to me that he clearly has such a right and that Dr. Pear-
son himself has shown that it is a right which cannot be ques-
tioned.

Is the Secretary of Agriculture dictating how the colleges
shall lay out their courses of study, or unlawfully controlling
the colleges, when he gives out information as to what the courses
should be to fit men for employment in his Department? He
does not say to the colleges, you shall do this or that, but he
does say to the prospective employees, you shall be adequately
trained as judged by the reasonable standard which my commit-
tee has recommended.

On the face of it this criticism is factious, for the Secretary
of Agriculture has done nothing more, than to simply give out
advance information to the colleges of the United States respect-
ing the educational requirements he intends to demand of the
employees of his Department, and what training they must have
had in order to be eligible for appointments in the Bureau of
Animal Industry.

Surely it is better for the schools, surely it is better for the
veterinary profession that the Secretary of Agriculture state
in advance, frankly and clearly, what he is going to insist upon
from his employees. Is it not much better that he should state
it in advance so that all may know what the qualifications are
to which they must conform? The report of the Committee on
Veterinary Education, appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture,
is not an attempt to fix a standard for any veterinary college,
but merely an attempt to show the least educational qmlifications
that the Secretary will permit his employees to have received.

It is admitted that this report of Secretary Wilson's Com-
mittee will. do good to the schools of lower grade, but it is
mysteriously hinted that it will injure and lower the standard
of the better schools. Now, I am extremely interested, gentle-
men, in knowing how this report is going to injure the better
class of schools and colleges. It was hinted at yesterday in
the discussion that we had at the meeting: of the Association of

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 261

College Faculties and Examining Boards and hinted at again here
to-day, and yet we have been given no clear, frank statement
of how it is going to do it. The chairman of the Committee
on Intelligence and Education appears to imagine that there is
something in the report of Secretary Wilson's committee that is
in some mysterious way going to lower the standard of those
schools which claim to be superior institutions, but I would like
to know how it is going to do it. Is it going to injure them
to make them strengthen their weak points? If it makes them
strengthen their weak points isn't that a benefit, even if it is
some inconvenience? Certainly, it is hard for anybody but the
head of one of these schools or colleges to see where the injurv
is to come from. It seems to me that any reasonable man must
agree that whatever is going to cause the veterinary schools
and colleges to strengthen their admittedly weak points is going
to be for the great benefit and uplifting of the veterinary pro-
fession.

The next point of criticism that I wish to discuss is that of
requiring five veterinarians on the teaching staff, not more than
three of whom shall be graduates of any one school. Now,
gentlemen, I wish to consider this frankly and candidly. Can
you make a rule that will fit all conditions? You cannot. Then
must you refrain from making such rule if it is needed and will
do very much more good than harm, even if it be admitted that
any harm will come from it, which I do not believe is so. If
you do not make a regulation of this sort are you going to
make one that will avoid putting certain institutions to a little
inconvenience, or are you going to make a rule that will be
beneficial to the greatest number? Is it individual schools that
you are going to consider or is it the schools as a body, or the
majority of the schools that you are going to try to elevate?
That is a point that you have to keep in mind in considering
this report or any other general proposition of a similar nature.
Now, it is a well known fact by every man who is familiar with
the conditions in the veterinary colleges in the United States
to-day that the chief sinners in the violation of this regulation
are some of the state colleges, that they take their own grad-
uates immediately after graduation without experience or suf-
ficient training and fill up their faculties with them. Do you
think that the Secretary of Agriculture has not the right to say
that they shall not do this if their graduates are to be employed
by his Department? Has not the American Veterinary Medical

2G2 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Association said ihat they shall have four veterinarians on their
faculties? Haven't you established the principle right here in
the American Veterinary Medical Association that the Secretary
of Agriculture has the right to require that the faculties of Amer-
ican veterinary colleges be up to a certain minimum standard
if the graduates of those colleges are to receive employment in
his service? If we have the right in the American Veterinary
Medical Association to do this regarding our membership, pray
tell me why it is not right for the Secretary of Agriculture to do
the same regarding his employees. It is a fact that I grant Dr.
Pearson fully, that a teacher coming back to his alma mater
after years of study and training elsewhere, may be the best
man for that institution. No one will deny that, but we have
said that he ought to have three years 'experience before he
is put on the faculty of his own alma mater. Furthermore,
while you may find one or two instances in the United States
where these rules will hurt a good man, still for every case
that you name where a good man is hurt I will name you three
where the institutions will be benefited thereby. Right here to-
day there are many ' men within the hearing of my voice who
know that one of the greatest difficulties that the schools have
had in maintaining a proper standard of education has been their
inability to get good, live, new blood into their faculties, and
that the chief reason for this difficulty is that those in control
of most schools will not put the money into the institution
necessary to get other than their own recent graduates. If this
association and the American veterinary profession will support
this single rule it will eventualy do a vast deal of good for every
one of the schools, because I tell you there is not a school in
this country that does not need some new blood on its faculty,
that does not need to get outside ideas, that does not need the
stimulus that comes from getting into contact with men edu-
cated in different institutions. And I want to say to you, gentle-
men, that some of these schools, that have assumed to them-
selves the great superiority that we are continually hearing about,
need a few outside men and some new blood in their faculties.
Now, gentlemen, if you have the interests of the American veter-
inary profession at heart more than personal considerations you
will back up this clause of the report of Secretary Wilson's
committee. It is essential to the broadening and upbuilding of
our institutions. I have been at the institutions in this country
and I know the facts that I have stated are true, and so do you

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 263

know that they are true. Then why not correct the difficulty,
even though one or two schools may imagine they are incon-
venienced thereby.

Now, then, after being told that the Secretary of Agricul-
ture did not have the right to say what the length of the courses
should be, or to say what the subject taught should be, or how
they should be taught, we are told that he has not the right to
inquire how prospective employees got their training, but it is
sufficient for him to ask have they the required information.
This association has adopted the principle which Dr. Pearson
repudiates; we have said what the course shall be for eligibility
to membership and shall we deny the Secretary of Agriculture
the same rights? Moreover, how on earth is he going to look
into this matter, or judge of a man's competency unless he has
some standard by which to judge the qualifications of applicants
for employment in his Department? Gentlemen, you judge
nothing except by comparison. It is simply arrant nonsense to
talk about judging these colleges without first fixing some sort
of a basis by which to judge them. How is it possible to judge
if the training a man has received qualifies him for a certain
position unless you have some information of the course of study
he has covered and also a well-defined standard or idea of what
he should have? Now, that is all the Secretary of Agriculture
has done, and it seems to me that any man by reading the recom-
mendations can see that this and nothing more is the purpose
of the minimum course of study and requirements adopted by
the Secretary of Agriculture. And it seems to me that any man
must also know that there is nothing in that report to prevent
any college going as far above the minimum as it shall see fit
to go.

It may occasionally inconvenience certain individuals and in-
stitutions to insist that veterinarians teach veterinary subjects,
that a veterinarian shall have had three years' experience before
being assigned to the teaching of major veterinary subjects ;
and that the colleges shall not fill their faculties with their own
inexperienced and recent graduates, but the general effect will
be of great benefit to veterinary education in America, for there
is no man in the United States so big or so great that you can-
not find another one that is just about as big and just about as
great. We heard yesterday and now again to-day that the state
schools are to be the great institutions in the system of veterinary
education in this countrv. I believe it is so, but it is also so

264 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

that in the past they have been the worst sinners in taking up
their own cheap recent graduates and giving them professor-
ships. The private schools to-day are picking up men, good
men, and paying them better salaries than the state schools, and
every one of you know it. Why not come out frankly and say
that you do not like this rule because you have not had the
money to enable you to comply with it. But, gentlemen, if the
state schools will not do this themselves, let us help them do it,
let us help them do something which will make them what some
of their friends claim they are, the real shining lights of the
veterinary educational institutions of this country. They are
doing good work, many of them; I am far from saying that
they are not, but they are not doing all of the good work, and if
they are going to claim all the credit and assume to themselves
such superiority, then let them be possessed of it and let them pay
the money necessary to get superior men.

In all the criticisms of the recommendations of the com-
mittee appointed by Secretary Wilson, which I have heard here
or elsewhere, there has not been a single remedy offered for in
any other way correcting the real defects in the colleges which
we sought to correct by our recommendations. Not one recom-
mendation was made except for the purpose of correcting an
existing vital defect, and while it has been intimated that these
recommendations were made without adequate consideration and
knowledge, I wish to state that I have not heard a criticism from
any source during the meeting yesterday or in this report of
Dr. Pearson's that was not made, carefully considered and fully
discussed, pro and con, by the committee during its deliberations.
No one has denied that the defects which we sought to correct
are real and vital defects and no one has offered any other rem-
edy for correcting them.

We are told that it is not a question of how the schools meas-
ure up to the standard of the Secretary of Agriculture, but of
how they measure up to their own standard. I am not certain
that I know what is meant by that, but if you had seen some
of the standards that they are maintaining, such as I have seen
in the last year, you would want them to measure up to a higher
standard than many of them have maintained in the past.

1 want to say, gentlemen, that I believe as fully as any of
you that we have been doing a good work in the American
Veterinary Medical Association and in all of the other organiza-
tions related thereto. We hnve done a great deal in the last

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 265

twenty-five years, and substantial progress has been made up
to the present time, but you know how often it has been the
case during that period that the state boards have not been able
to get together and accomplish what they wanted, and you also
know that the colleges themselves have not been able to come
up to the standard of this Association as rapidly and speedily as
we hoped. We have accomplished a great deal towards bringing
them up to that standard simply by the adoption of a regulation
that the qualifications of applicants for membership in the Amer-
ican Veterinary Medical Association should conform to a cer-
tain standard. Now, then, is not this report of the committee
appointed by Secretary Wilson a step in the right direction?
This report does give us some basis for the schools to work
on and it does give the Secretary of Agriculture a standard for
judging the schools so far as the training of veterinarians for
service in the Department of Agriculture goes. It will serve to
bring the lower grade schools up to a certain higher basis, that
is all it means. Does anybody really suppose that the Secretary
of Agriculture ever had such an absurd idea as to attempt to
make uniform the schools? The colleges still have the same
right that they always have had to lay out their courses of study
as they see fit, providing they at least comply with this mini-
mum standard of the Secretary of Agriculture, and they need
not even do that unless they wish their graduates to be eligible
to employment in the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United
States Department of Agriculture.

It is not an unlawful attempt of the Secretary of Agricul-
ture to force the colleges to a uniform standard. It is as plain
as the nose on a man's face that the object of this report was
to find out what the schools were doing, and then, when in pos-
session of that knowledge, to make certain recommendations for
the guidance of the Department which would help it in securing
men of the necessary efficiency. Now, gentlemen, you may
criticise the committee as much as you wish, we expected that,
but I want to say that the committee has information that even
Dr. Pearson, with all his wisdom, does not possess regarding
the schools of North America. It has facts in its possession
which Dr. Pearson never could get unless he was backed up by
official authority from the Secretary of Agriculture. Now, in
the light of all that evidence, and in the light of all the evidence
which has been gathered together from all sources, the com-
mittee made up its report, and I want to say to you emphatically

2GG SOCIETY MEETINGS.

that it did not put out a report without full knowledge of
the facts and existing conditions, nor without full consideration.
As to the competency of the committee, I am for obvious reasons
not at liberty to speak. The Secretary of Agriculture and the
veterinary profession may judge that question for themselves.

Now, gentlemen, all I want to say is that with all the progress
which has been made in the last twenty-five years, it is not equal
to the progress which has been made since June i, 1908. I
call upon the heads of the veterinary colleges of America here
to-day to stand up and refute or back up that statement. I am
not afraid of the result. The Secretary of Agriculture has done
more in the last six months to elevate the standard of veterinary
education, to build up and complete laboratories in our colleges,
to extend the courses of study, to secure more proficient faculties,
to raise the requirements for entrance and the standard for grad-
uation than all the work of the previous ten years has done. Now.
I ask you members of this serious, deliberative body, this body of
men banded together for the promotion and the betterment of
the veterinary profession in America, are you gong to send this
report of Dr. Pearson's to the Secretary of Agriculture condemn-
ing the report of his committee, and send it with your hearty ap-
proval and undo the work that has been clone, or attempt to do
so? I ask you to consider it seriously before you vote on that
question. I am perfectly willing for and I would like to see
Dr. Pearson's report put in the hands of the Secretary of Agri-
culture. I would like to see that done, for I know it will be ruth-
lessly analyzed and torn to pieces to a greater extent than I am
able to do on the spur of the moment and in the short time at
my disposal. I want to see that report go into the hands of the
Secretary of Agriculture, but I do not want this association to
say that it gives it its hearty approval because I do not believe
the profession, or the rank and file of the membership of the
American Veterinary Medical Association, feels in any such way
about it. I do not believe that they for one moment would give
this report of Dr. Pearson's their hearty approval.

In conclusion, I want to say that right at this hour the Amer-
ican Veterinary Medical Association, and the profess:on as here
represented, has the opportunity to do more for the elevation of
veterinary education in America than any other body ever had
in its power to do during the entire history of the profession.
You can throw away the opportunity or you can back up this
advance that has been made. If vou take this stand for ad-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 2G7

vancement I need not tell you our great schools of veterinary-
science, like the University of Pennsylvania and Cornell Uni-
versity, will not be hurt, for no one man is sufficiently great to
kill or cripple a school. Therefore, gentlemen, in conclusion, I
want to move an amendment to the amendment that this report
be sent to the Secretary of Agriculture, simply transmitted to the
Secretary of Agriculture, without approval or disapproval, and
along with it the discussion which follows.

The amendment to the amendment seconded.

MINNESOTA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

The eleventh bi-annual meeting was held at Duluth, July 8
and 9, 1908, with President Amos in the chair. Forty mem-
bers answered to roll call.

President Amos introduced Hon. Mr. Hayden, Mayor of
the city of Duluth, who spoke as follows :

" Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Association. —
On behalf of the city I wish to extend to you a most hearty wel-
come and I trust that your stay in our city will be marked by
incidents of pleasure that you may take away pleasant recollec-
tions of this week. It is unnecessary for me to call your atten-
tion to our city because before you get through, under the guid-
ance of the local representatives of your association, you will
probably be introduced to all the points of interest. It is nat-
ural for each and every one to stick up for his own town. This
reminds me of a story of St. Patrick's day parade in London.
One Irishman going down the street feeling pretty good, said :
' Hurrah for old Ireland.' An Englishman said : ' Hurrah for
hell.' The Irishman said : ' That is right, Every man for his
own country.' That is like us in Duluth.

" I am sure you have come to our city in a good time of the
year, and you won't be inflicted with rain and other disagreeable
propositions that we have in the months preceding this one, and
I believe that you will say after leaving our city that we have at
this time of the year the best climate to be found. While they
are sweltering in New York, as I read in the paper this morn-
ing, you who were here last evening were able to sleep under
cover and sleep sound, and I am sure every man here has a

268 SQCIETY MEETINGS.

clear conscience, so he will have no trouble on that account.
I am sure matters of great importance are coming before the
meeting and you are probably all busy men and want to get out
and see what is here.

" I am glad, indeed, of the honor of welcoming you to our
city. Gentlemen, I extend a most cordial greeting" (Applause).

President Amos responded to the Mayor's address in a few
well-chosen remarks.

The minutes of the previous meeting were then read by the
secretary.

Dr. Leech — I understand that the committee on by-laws and
constitution, since the action taken at the last meeting on that
set of by-laws and resolutions adopted at that meeing, has
asked for an extension of time, for changing that constitution,
and that has been granted outside the meeting. I move the
adoption of the minutes, as read, with the extension of time.
Motion seconded and carried.

President Amos' Address.

The President then read his address, as follows :

" The eleventh semi-annual meeting of the Minnesota Veter-
inary Medical Association is to be congratulated and the mem-
bers may well feel like congratulating themselves on the oppor-
tunity afforded us by the generosity of the citizens of the
metropolis of the Northwest, a city a mile high and several miles
long. We could not have selected a better place for the semi-
annual meeting of the state association ; and I am safe in saying
no place has made such arrangements for our accommodation,
as to the professional, literary and business parts of the meet-
ing, and also the social features, as we will find out before the
time has come to say good-bye, shake hands and leave for our
various homes. I am sure we will feel like shaking hands with
Duluth, and the home committee of entertainment, and joining in
singing, ' They are jolly good fellows,' and be unanimous in
expressing the home that Duluth will extend another invitation
and say, ' Come again.'

" ' All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy,' and I am
sure the members of this association are fully able to enjoy a
good time.

" The object of this eleventh semi-annual association meeting
was intended to be both literary and social and for that end the
clinical part has to a great extent been cut out so as to make
room for a little more social enjoyment and intercourse than

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 269

heretofore. We are short-sighted indeed if we cannot see the
benefit derived in coming in closer contact with one another in a
social as well as a professional way, and for that reason the
second day of the meeting has been given mostly to our en-
joyment.

" My remarks will be short as there is not much for the
president to touch on at this time. All work seems to be
progressing in a most satisfactory manner. Our different boards
all report ' a flourishing condition.' The State Live Stock Sani-
tary Board and the State Veterinary Association are indeed to
be congratulated in the return to our midst of one whose de-
parture from our state a little over a year ago we were sorry to
chronicle. We are all glad to have Dr. Ward with us again and
we extend a hearty welcome to him, and are glad that he has be-
come one of us in person, as we know he has been in mind.

" As to the profession, it is encouraging to note that every
step is marked with progression. We are receiving a high type
of young men into the state association. The eyes of other
states are on Minnesota, copying our veterinary and sanitary
board laws and regulations. Our examining board is doing
good work and working in closer touch with this association
than ever before.

" It ought to be a matter of congratulation for the veterinary
profession that the state association has been recognized by the
state agricultural association, and we now have an equal voice
with other associations and agricultural societies in the manage-
ment of the State Fair; and, by the way, this recognition will,
I think, necessitate a change in the articles of our incorporation.
In article three (3) it reads, 'The purpose and object of this
association shall be the cultivation of the science and art of veter-
inary medicine, etc.,' and right here we want, ' and promotion
of live stock industry,' or something to that effect.

" The veterinary profession should be interested in the an-
nouncement that an effective hog cholera vaccine has been per-
fected which is prepared by our state experimental station. This
is the vaccine that has been worked out by Dorset and Biles of
the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry.

" The profession of the state and nation has met with a
severe loss since our last meeting in the death of Dr. R. R. Bell,
editor of the American Veterinary Review, to whom we are
all indebted for his untiring labor in the advancement and eleva-
tion of the veterinary profession.

270 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

" As we have considerable business to transact and several
good papers to be presented and discussed, I will occupy no more
of your valuable time. Gentlemen, I thank you."

Report of Committee on Infectious Diseases.

Dr. Whitcomb — This report is rather brief; it is for the last
six months. The work with tuberculosis resulted as follows :

No. Tested. Reacted.
17,136 1,462

At South St. Paul 668 16

Importations 994 8

Totals 18,798 1,486

Glanders.

Number of horses inspected 1,234

Number killed on inspection 36

Number tested after inspection 929

Reacted when tested 224

Number killed after test 179

Quarantined 52

Reinspected 186

Number killed after reinspection 39

Total killed . . . 244

Anthrax.

Three animals died at Hastings in June. Dr. Beebe in-
vestigated this report and it was found on laboratory exam-
ination to be anthrax. In previous years animals died probably
of this same disease. Last year seventeen cattle died, and the
year previous seven cows and one horse died. The herd was
vaccinated with Parke-Davis anthrax vaccine.

If you wish to ask any questions concerning this outbreak, I
think Dr. Beebe will explain it.

Hog Cholera.

There are practically no reports at the present time of
hog cholera, and very few have been received during the past
six months. The Bureau of Animal Industry reports in Bulle-
tin No. 102, concerning the production of immunity from hog
cholera, would lead us to believe that the results obtained show
quite clearly that a comparatively certain method of protecting
hogs from hog cholera has been secured, and it is strongly be-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 271

lieved that this method will be of great service in combating
hog cholera. It is also very probable that it can be used suc-
cessfully as a curative agent if administered in the early stages
of the disease.

President Amos — You have heard the report on infectious
diseases. Are there any questions you wish to ask Dr. Whit-
comb?

Dr. Lyford — I would like to ask Dr. Whitcomb about this
new treatment, and whether he has seen any of it tested, and at
the same time give us a little of the technique as well as the
theory.

Dr. Whitcomb — I think Dr. Reynolds can give us that, as he
has been experimenting quite extensively at the farm.

Dr. Reynolds — There are two methods, one which we may
call simultaneous, and the other serum only. The simultaneous
consists of virulent blood and " serum only," injected separately
into the two thighs at the same time; that is giving the animal
hog cholera and an antitoxin for it at one treatment. The double
vaccination is to be used where there is some time available,
that is, if there is an outbreak of hog cholera; the simultaneous
method could be used on the adjoining farms where the dis-
ease has not appeared. The serum only is used where protection
must be immediate. For instance, a man has had one or two
die and the serum only is used to protect the remainder of the
herd, with the expectation that a considerable number of hogs
are not infected, or if infected, the disease is not advanced to a
stage beyond which the serum may protect. The process of
developing the serum is this : A hog that is immune from cholera
is given increasing doses of virulent blood, first I c.c. per pound,
live weight, then 2.y2 c.c. and then 5 c.c. He gets in three in-
jections 8y2 c.c. for every pound of live weight, an enormous
quantity of virus. The hog is thus hyper-immunized. It is
bled at the tail about four times and about 450 c.c. taken each
time. This is clotted ; the serum is removed by pressure and
preserved with one-half of one per cent, of carbolic acid. It
has been demonstrated that serum after two or three years is as
efficient as when first made. Every lot of vaccines must be
tested as to potency and it is necessary to sacrifice at least one
check pig in each test of potency.

We did some work with this at the station last fall, using
shoats. In one lot we put eight which were given the simul-
taneous vaccine, and with them three unvaccinated pigs to test

272 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

the point whether there is any danger of spreading disease by
this vaccine, which is in part virulent blood. None of the
checks developed hog cholera, although associated with the hogs
that were so vaccinated. In another pen we inoculated three
shoats with virulent blood and put with them check shoats and
those all died with hog cholera, proving the virulence of the
blood used in the inoculating process. We have seven of those
simultaneous vaccine hogs that have been through three expos-
ures. We had them at the Fair Grounds and then at the Univer-
sity Farm, and on an adjoining farm. We divided the sick
University Farm hogs into three pens and put one simultaneously
vaccinated, one serum only and one check in each pen of sick
hogs. Two of the checks died. The six vaccinated sur-
vived in perfect health and grew every day. Later we put
seven vaccinated on the Carling farm where the disease
was so virulent that they lost 39 out of 42. Our
seven vaccinated hogs grew and thrived every day. They were
there from April 1 to the 15th of June, shut up in the pens with
the Carling hogs. I have them at the veterinary building now,
and propose to use them for hyper-immunes. Wre hope to pro-
duce some vaccine this fall and a large quantity next year. It is
the plan to distribute the vaccine this fall gratis where it will ac-
complish the most good. We propose to sell it next year at
cost of production.

Dr. Lyford — How much serum do you require for a dose?

Dr. Reynolds — The dose is 20 c.c. There are several points
to be perfected. One of the things to be accomplished is to
increase the potency so a smaller dose will give immunity.

Dr. Cotton — Do I understand that the dose will insure a
permanent immunity?

Dr. Reynolds — Permanent for a hog; that is, for a year or
two. Serum only is supposed to give immunity for only a few
months. This is one of the things not yet worked out.

President Amos — Any other questions on the report of in-
fectious diseases? If not we will pass to the report on legisla-
tion by Dr. Cotton.

Report of Legislation Committee.

Dr. Cotton — I think that has been pretty thoroughly gone
over. All we can do is to watch during the next legislature and
see that there is no unpleasant legislation attempted.

President Amos — The next report is that on bacteriology by
Dr. Beebe.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 273

Report on Bacteriology.

Dr. Beebe — My report at this meeting will be rather brief.
I have kept careful watch of the literature but have not been
able to find much that was of practical interest to the veterinarian.
There is one that I would like to bring up although not belonging
to bacteriology, and that is that A. C. Crawford has recently
discovered the cause of loco poisoning. Of course, this poison-
ing does not exist in this state, but is of practical interest to
veterinarians. He has been able to isolate barium salts from the
weed and found that this is the cause. He has been able to pro-
duce the disease by giving barium salts for some length of time.

Recently there was an article in a French journal that states
that Negri bodies have been found in the salivary glands. A
great many people have tried to demonstrate these structures in
the salivary glands, but only recently have they been able to find
them.

I would also like to mention the cuti-reaction for tuberculosis.
I referred to this briefly at a previous meeting, stating that it had
been tried but failed to find it successful in animals, although
in the case of human it is quite extensively used for diagnosing
tuberculosis, and at the present time there are large establish-
ments putting out tuberculin in this form to be given ejther as a
cutaneous application or by the ophthalmic method. This method
has also been tried extensively in cattle, but as yet it has not
proven of much benefit. That is they find that it is not very
reliable. In some cases they will get a reaction where an animal
is tuberculous and a great many times they will not get a re-
action where, by post mortem examination, they find the animals
badly infected.

I would also like to say a word regarding the outbreak of
anthrax in this state. This occurred about five miles below
Hastings on the Mississippi River. The land is located on flat
ground that is overflowed by the river every year. Before the
Mississippi River gets down to this point it receives the St
Croix and also Minnesota, so that of course a carcass could be
brought from a long distance above and might be landed on
this ground. In all probability that is how the infection origi-
nated at that place. I imagine they have had this disease on this
farm for several years, at least in the last three years they have
been losing cattle. Three years ago they lost seven head and a
horse, last year seventeen head died and this year three. I made
positive diagnosis by cultures and also by animal inoculation and

274 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

so there is no question as to whether or not it is anthrax. The
cattle were vaccinated immediately after making a diagnosis and
as yet there have been no more cases. The ceasing of the out-
break might be due to two things. It might be due to the vac-
cine, or to the fact that this pasture was flooded right after these
cattle died so they have not been able to get the cattle on low
ground since.

Dr. Lyford — I would like to ask Dr. Beebe if they have de-
cided upon any treatment for loco poisoning?

Dr. Beebe — No, they have not.

Dr. Lyford — A great many people have written from the
west asking what we know about it and if there is any treat-
ment.

Dr. Beebe — No, they have not tried any treatment. They
have only been able to demonstrate the poison that is present in
the loco weed.

Dr. Price — Is it in rabies that they find negri bodies in the
salivary glands?

Dr. Beebe — Yes.

Dr. Price — In regard to barium salts, the brick companies use
it in bricks. A great many of their horses die from it and I
might say that a physic of barium will produce inflammation of
the bowels, and in loco poisoning you would have inflammation
of the bowels.

Dr. Beebe — We know that barium is a purgative when given
in small doses. Dr. Pearson published a paper some time ago
and he advocated giving it in 10 or 15 doses, hypodermically,
and we would expect giving it in teaspoonful doses to produce
inflammation of the bowels. You do not get these symptoms
unless it is given for a continuous period for several weeks.
After several weeks you should get the production of these
symptoms.

Dr. Cotton — In regard to the testing of cattle for tuberculosis
by tuberculin being placed in the eyes I would like to inform the
association that Dr. Dyson told me last winter that the Chicago
Board of Health were using it as a test on cattle located in the
city limits, and he rather smiled when he said it, but they were
getting very satisfactory results. I asked why they were using
it in place of the old test and he said it was cleaner, quicker and
they could get over more ground.

Dr. Leech — Was it satisfactory to the board?

Dr. Cotton — It was satisfactory to the health commissioners.
Dr. Dyson is not a member of the board.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Dr. Leech — Were they satisfied that they determined the dis-
ease from what the post portems showed?

Dr. Cotton — He did not go that far. They are using it on
cattle in the city limits.

Dr. Leech — It is a very clean way and would save time, but
the question of reliability is another question to take into con-
sideration.

President Amos — Any other remarks. If not we will proceed
to the next paper. The report on medicine by Dr. Price.

Report on Medicine.

Dr. Price — Recent literature gives us reports of the fight
against tuberculosis amongst our dairy herds. Claims of con-
siderable progress are made by German practitioners, especially
for the recent modification of vaccination with " Bovo-vaccine,"
which is termed " Tauruman." It consists of human tubercle
bacilli which are supplied in a perfectly fresh state, suspended in
physiological salt solution. The injection confers immunity on
cattle, which has been demonstrated by a great number of trials.
It requires four weeks at least to confer immunity. Animals al-
ready infected become rapidly worse if vaccinated with " Tauru-
man," as also those suffering from pneumonia.

Exposure to infection from bovine tuberculosis must not be
permitted for three months following vaccination. The usual
precautions against infection of calves is to be observed. The
period of immunity following vaccination with Tauruman is not
stated.

The use of Aphrodine or Yohimbin Spiegel for the purpose
of stimulating the generative organs in both male and female,
where impotence exists, has received strong endorsements. Its
expense makes its general use at present prohibitive in many
cases, as there are certain subjects that are not benefited by it,
and others of long standing require its continuous use for some
time. Individual response also has to be studied in regard to
dosage. Cuti-malleination has been tried with claimed success,
but with greater by ophthalmo malleination. In man mallein
diluted to i to 10 in carbolic solution is applied to fresh scarifica-
tions, if affected with glanders. A reaction occurs after twenty-
four hours, and on the second day, swelling and hyper-sensibility
with great itching. Between the second and third day the re-
action is at its maximum and a citrine serosity oozes from the
swelling. On the third to fourth day the swelling subsides. There

27G SOCIETY MEETINGS.

is desquamation on the fifth day. The skin remained red for
some weeks. Reaction occurs even after a long time in man.

The same method is used for diagnosing tuberculosis.

Cancer in animals seems to be much more common than is
generally supposed, and is being investigated by scientists and
even by several governments, with a view to elucidating its
causes and if possible discover a cure. So far no reliable rem-
edy has been found. The incriminating agent is unknown.

Infectious anemia in horses has been observed in Alsace-
Lorraine and adjoining parts. The various secretions and ex-
cretions of the body of affected animals conveys the disease.
The blood and serum in small quantity will give rise to infec-
tion, when administered subcutaneously.

Dorsett and Niles of the Bureau of Animal Industry have
prepared a vaccine for hog cholera that is claimed to be effective,
as an immunizing agent.

The use of serums in infectious diseases is gaining headway.
In cases of umbilical infection in calves and colts good success
is claimed by Dr. Peters for antistreptococcus serum if used early.
In furunculus, carbuncle of the coronary band or gangrenous
dermatitis its use is also indicated, as well as in any infection due
to streptococci or staphylococci.

Bursatti or Summer Sores. — As a preventive arsenic and
iron have proved effective in a number of cases which have been
treated in my private practice — given internally and applied lo-
cally.

Coley's Mixture is recommended by Dr. Lyford in cases of
osteo-porosis or big head.

The administration of oxidizing agents in azoturia is again
urged by me as the proper treatment for the disease, which
convert the catabolic products and toxins into substances that are
inocuous and suitable for excretion, such as uric acid, etc., the
sulphates, adrenalin, chlorates, acids, uranium, nitrates, etc.

Tetanus is another disease in which these agents are indicated,
especially when administered intravenously, the local wound be-
ing treated with hydrogen peroxide, bichloride of mercury, and
iodine, alternately. Intravenous injection of solution of oxidizing
agents, I believe, will cure this disease even in apparently hope-
less cases.

The administration of drugs by means of electricity promises
great results. Life and electricity are an inseparable combina-
tion, and many seemingly incomprehensible life processes will be
demonstrated before long.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 277

Report of the Board of Directors.

The board reported on applications for membership, as fol-
lows:

Applicants recommended for active membership — Drs. O. C.
Selbey, M. J. Guidinger, C. A. Nelson, E. H. Sayer, F. J. Flana-
gan, A. J. O'Hara and H. C. Plapper.

The application of Dr. P. Bailey is recommended to be laid
over until the January meeting.

The application of Dr. McDevitt be rejected.

It was moved, seconded and carried that the report be ac-
cepted, the by-laws be suspended, and the secretary instructed to
cast the ballot for the election to active membership those names
which the board recommended.

The secretary then cast the ballot as instructed.

Announcement by Dr. Annand, Chairman of Local Com-
mittee.

Dr. Annand — We have decided, of course, at your own sug-
gestion, that the first day be devoted to papers and general busi-
ness of the association, and on the second clay, on which we usu-
ally have a clinic, we will have for recreation, so that we will get
acquainted with each other. To-morrow morning at 9.30 we
will leave the hotel for a boulevard drive along the hill, and you
can see the lake and all parts of Duluth, the docks, harbor and
the elevators in Superior and West Duluth. You can even see
the St. Louis River, and at 1.30 in the afternoon we will take a
boat ride to Fon du Lac, up the St. Louis River, which I think
is one of the finest trips any of you ever had from the standpoint
of scenery.

At 7.30 p. m. there will be the banquet. We wish all to
stay for that part of the program.

Most of the ladies have decided to go to Minnesota Point
to-day and from there to Lincoln Park, which we are very proud
of.

A motion was made to adjourn until 2 p. m., which was sec-
onded and carried.

Report of Committee on Colleges.

M. H. Reynolds, Chairman — Some time ago I addressed a
letter to veterinary colleges inviting the secretaries to report any-
thing in the way of news items concerning their institutions
which might be of general interest to a state association, includ-

27S SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ing such items as freshman class of last year as compared with
class of year before; number of graduates for 1907-1908; num-
ber of students that failed to graduate ; changes in faculty ; plans
with reference to improvement in matriculation requirements,
etc. Reports have been received from a portion of these in-
stitutions.

Dr. J. H. McNeil, dean of the Division of Veterinary Medi-
cine, Iowa State College, under date of June 29, makes an in-
teresting report from which I extract the following information :

" As compared with an entrance class of 43 for 1906- 1907,
the class of the past year numbered 61. The class of 1907 at
the beginning had a membership of 30, eight of whom were
graduated. The class of 1908 started with a membership of
35, 14 of whom were graduated.

" For the past several years the entering class has outnum-
bered the freshman class of the year previous by a steadily in-
creasing number, notwithstanding the fact that the entrance
requirements have been considerably raised.

" Our entrance requirements now demand a diploma from an
accredited school for matriculation, or its equivalent, or the
successful passing of a matriculation examination of a recog-
nized college; and this has been adhered to except in a few in-
stances, and the results of these exceptions have proven very
satisfactory, the men in each case having proved capable and
successful in the work. By maintaining this high standard of
entrance requirements we are enabled to confine much of the
general and preparatory work, usually included in a veterinary
course, to the secondary schools. Consequently our students
receive four years' technical training bearing directly upon veter-
inary medicine and including many subjects which tend to give
him a broader grasp of his chosen profession, and more thor-
oughly equip him for his place in the professional world when
he leaves this institution.

" Of the class of 1907 one member is now a professor of path-
ology, histology and therapeutics in a veterinary college."

Dr. A. H. Baker, of the Chicago Veterinary College, re-
ports under date of June 30, 1908, from which I take the fol-
lowing :

" In reply I will say that in accordance with the report of
the committee appointed by the Department of Agriculture to
investigate the veterinary schools last winter, the Chicago Veter-
inary College will comply with the requirements embodied in

Society meetings. 279

that report. The matriculation examination required is the sec-
ond grade Civil Service of the United States Commission, with
geography and United States history added.

" More laboratory space is arranged for the coming session.
The various subjects will be graded to avoid repetitions.

" We had 148 freshmen last year as compared with 118 the
year before. There were 113 in the senior class during the last
session, 106 of whom graduated. The faculty consists of fif-
teen professors and three assistants. This is no addition to our
previous faculty, but a change is made in the chair of histology.
Dr. T. O. Edgar, M.S., M.D., takes the place of G. E. Amadon,
B.A."

An interesting letter from Dr. Frazier, dean of the McKillip
Veterinary College, brings us some suggestions and information
and states that McKillip is meeting all the requirements of the
Department of Agriculture.

" This institution has, during the present vacation, completely
reorganized the faculty and rearranged its courses of study. The
present organization is in accordance with the recommendations
of the Department of Agriculture, recently issued. The college
has added to its teaching staff two professors, Dr. F. P. St.
Clair and Dr. B. E. Sherman, and a number of instructors.

" Improvement in the equipment of the college has been made
at an expense of $10,000. This includes a complete laboratory
equipment in bacteriology accommodating 160 men; a complete
laboratory equipment in pathology accommodating 140; a com-
plete laboratory equipment in materia medica accommodating 140
men ; additions to the laboratory equipments of the departments
of chemistry, histology and physiology; and the addition of a
dissecting room. This institution is meeting all the requirements
of the Department of Agriculture and our aim is to give a thor-
oughly scientific and practical course so far as present conditions
will allow."

Dr. Mueller reported for the Indiana Veterinary College :

" The applicants for graduation in the Indiana Veterinary
College, session 1907-1908, were 35; of this number 4
failed, leaving 31 graduates. Our freshman classes have been
gradually increasing in the past five years, each succeeding class
containing an increased number of better educated men. Our
institution has added four additional well-known veterinarians
to our teaching staff — Dr. A. W. Bitting, Dr. R. A. Craig, Dr.
O. L. Boor, and the fourth to be still appointed. The chair of
pathology has been changed.

280 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

" Dr. O. L. Boor, for many years connected with our State
Examining Board, takes the chair of clinical medicine. Con-
tagious disease will be taken by Dr. R. A. Craig. Dairy inspec-
tion by Dr. A. W. Bitting. Stock judging teacher is still to be
appointed."

Under date of June 30, 1908, Dr. Stewart, of the Kansas
City Veterinary College, makes a most encouraging report, to
the effect that the freshman class of last year, 215, was much
larger than that of previous years, and that a large percentage
of these students have had high school training, 109 were gradu-
ated with the class of 1908. Three seniors failed to graduate.
He goes on to state that :

" The course for the coming session has been materially en-
larged, especially along laboratory and clinical lines, in this
particular meeting the recommendations made by the special
committee of the Board of Animal Industry, and made official
through the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture. In fact
any difference or shortcomings in the course will be rectified and
every condition of the secretary's recommendations fully met.
See the new announcement, where you will note, on page 16, a
statement of the new curriculum.

" There have been only a few changes in the faculty. Dr.
H. Jensen, of Nebraska, has been added and it is probable that
others will be engaged before the opening of the next session, as
the college is anticipating a still larger attendance for the coming
term.

" The secretary's recommendation relative to matriculation
examination will be promptly put in force notwithstanding the
colleges have another year to meet the requirements, in fact the
examination in this college has been nearly identical with the
requirements for the past two years, with the exception of two
subjects, which have been added; namely, geography of the
United States and American History."

Dr. Law reports for the New York State Veterinary College :

" Our freshman class entering in 1907 was 35, as compared
with 32 in 1906, and 24 in 1905. The 1905 class went down
from over 50 because the entrance requirements were doubled
in that year. The numbers are again rising and in a year or
two the course will doubtless be extended to four years.

"The graduates of 1908 were but 18, representing the small
class entering in 1905, but this will be remedied year by year.

SOCIETY MEETiNQS. 281

" No immediate increase in matriculation requirements is
anticipated. Every matriculant must now show four years of suc-
cessful high school work. The conditions are parallel with those
of other colleges in the university.

" The faculty this year loses the first director, who is re-
tired at 70 on the Carnegie pension. Dr. V. A. Moore suc-
ceeds as director, retaining his functions as professor of path-
ology and bacteriology. Dr. D. Udall of the University oi
Ohio, succeeds to the chair of veterinary medicine."

It should be explained that the Kansas State Agricultural
College, Veterinary Department; the New York- American Vet-
erinary College, the San Francisco Veterinary College, and the
State College of Washington were unintentionally omitted from
the list of colleges invited to report. The chairman of your com-
mittee recently had a quite extended conversation with Dr.
Schoenleber, dean of the Kansas State Institution, and was
pleased to learn of the rapid and satisfactory development of the
institution. Among other things, it may be remarked that
they are just completing a new $75,000 building for the veter-
inary department. They are starting in with a four-year course.
This very young institution has already won its way to recog-
nition among the veterinary colleges listed under class " A " by
the committee, which will be reported later.

Members of this association are doubtless all aware that a
committee of prominent veterinarians was selected some time ago
for the purpose of investigating American Veterinary Colleges,
with a special view, I presume, of classifying and listing those
whose graduates should be accepted for civil service examina-
tions in the Bureau of Animal Industry. This committee has
reported. Its report appeared as Circular No. 133, Bureau of
Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, is-
sued July 6, 1908. [Report was published in full in the August
Review.]

I think that most of the older members of this association
will realize by reading the report that in order to be a good
student at a modern, well equipped veterinary college, the young
man will have to " go some," and there will be very little time
for sitting around the stove and visiting in the dean's office. The
total number of hours to be covered in three years of six months
each is 3,200, or an average of something over 42 hours per week
for the entire period. Note that the report recommends and all
of the reputable colleges will unquestionably accept, three years

282 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

of six months each exclusive of final examinations and holidays,
and that there must be 150 days of each year of actual teaching
and 3,200 actual teaching hours, 42 hours per week for the entire
period.

I remember visiting one veterinary college not so very long
ago where, during the ordinary class room hours there were
actually no classes in the entire institution in progress, a con-
siderable number of students were sitting around the stove tell-
ing stories and a study of their courses outlined only claimed
four hours a day of class room work. There was not a micro-
scope in the institution. I understood from good authority that
very many of their periods were on paper only and that even
lecturers who actually gave work were frequently irregular or
missed their periods altogether.

This institution, however, is not listed among those men-
tioned under class " A."

We have had a number of good veterinary colleges in the
country, colleges that have been for years actually living up
practically to the recommendations of this committee. These
institutions will need to make but -slight changes in their work
in order to comply fully with these regulations and such are
the colleges which we ought to recommend for the young men
who are planning to take veterinary training.

Papers were read and discussed as follows : " The Need of a
Better Meat and Milk Inspection," Dr. G. E. Leech ; " Glanders,"
E. L. Tuohy, B.A., M.D. ; "Something New," Dr. C. C.
Lyford ; " The Relation of Eczema to Tissue Reaction and Con-
stitutional Derangements," Dr. Edmund Mackey.

Committee on Resolutions.

The committee on resolutions, Dr. G. E. Leech, chairman,
reported as follows :

Resolved, That we hereby express our appreciation of the
untiring efforts of the local committee, in furnishing to this
society the commodious quarters and the elaborate entertainment
which we have received in the city of Duluth, and extend to
them a vote of thanks, and express our appreciation of the wel-
come extended to us by the mayor and citizens ; and be it further

Resolved, That we extend a vote of thanks to those who have
contributed to the interesting program, thereby making this one
of the best meetings of this society.

Whereas, Death has taken from the ranks of the profession
Dr. A. Youngberg, a member of this society, be it hereby,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 283

Resolved, That we express our deep sense of feeling at the
loss of one that has contributed so freely his time and labor to
the interest of the profession, and be it further,

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be spread upon the
minutes of our society.

Whereas, Dr. R. R. Bell, one of the active members of the
veterinary profession of America, and one of the foremost work-
ers in the profession, has been taken from our midst by death, be
it hereby

Resolved, That the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical As-
sociation expresses its deep sympathy and that it regrets his loss
to the veterinary profession.

The report was adopted by vote of the association.

The second day was devoted to recreation including a tally-ho
ride on the boulevard in the afternoon, a steamboat excursion
down the St. Louis River in the afternoon, terminating with a
banquet in the evening.

C. A. Mack, Secretary.

GEORGIA STATE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The semi-annual meeting was held at the Kimball House,
Atlanta, September 3, 1908, being called to order at 11 a. m.
by the president, Dr. P. F. Bahnsen. Others present were as
follows — the largest attendance of any previous meeting: Dr.
J. R. Anderson, Macon; Drs. W. E. Carnes and H. G. Carnes,
of Atlanta; Drs. J. N. Cook and C. D. Coker, of Atlanta; Dr.
E. L. Fryer, Blakley; Dr. T. E. Jago, Athens; Dr. A. Jasme,
Savannah; Dr. T. E. Lindsey, Rome; Dr. J. E. Miller, Gaines-
ville; Dr. M. A. Morris, Savannah; Dr. J. H. Oliphant, Augusta;
Dr. H. J. Schwartz, Atlanta ; Dr. W. A. Scott, Columbus. Hon-
orable members present, Dr. C. A. Cary, of Auburn, Ala., and
Prof. C. L. Willoughby, of Experiment, Ga.

After approval of minutes of the December meeting held at
Auburn, Ala., the president announced a committee to complete
the Constitution and By-laws of the association, with advice of
Dr. Cary. A recess was taken to permit the committee to pre-
pare its report. Upon assembling after lunch, at 2 p. m., the com-
mittee submitted draft of final Constitution and By-laws, which
was accepted unanimously, and put into effect at once, and
ordered that copies be printed for distribution.

2S4 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The literary program was taken up, as follows :

Paper on Epizootic Lymphangitis, by Dr. C. A. Cary, of
Alabama. It was stated this disease had not yet appeared in
the southeast, but the author desired to have practitioners on
the lookout, and the paper was given close attention.

Dr. John E. Miller, of Gainesville, gave description of a
case of a cow, diagnosed by Dr. Nighbert, of the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry, as parturient meningitis, occurring about three
weeks after calving, which had many symptoms different from
parturient apoplexy.

Dr. Scott, of Columbus, detailed some methods used in the
treatment of cases of open joints. Other successful treatments
were mentioned by Drs. Anderson and Oliphant.

Dr. Jasme, of Savannah, read a short paper on " The Bots,"
mentioning some life history of the bot-fly, and describing an
infection upon his own hand.

Dr. P. F. Bahnsen, of Americus, gave an interesting paper on
" Fistulous Withers," and modern methods of treatment.

At the close of the program, a business session was held, to
take the proper steps on the part of the association in complying
with the law recently passed by the Georgia Legislature on the
creation of a Board of Veterinary Examiners, and regulation
of practice in the state. The requirement being that the mem-
bers of the Examining Board be endorsed by the association,
nominations were called for, Vice-President Carnes being in
the chair. Dr. Bahnsen presented a list of candidates for mem-
bership upon the Examining Board, regard being had for proper
distribution from the various sections of the state, and also
among the different colleges represented, as follows :

Dr. Thos. E. Jago, of Athens (Ont. Vety. Col.) ; Dr. Chas.
R. Jolly, of Atlanta (Univ. of Pa.) ; Dr. John R. Anderson, of
Macon (Chicago Vety. Col.) ; Dr. M. A. Morris, of Savannah
(Am. Vety. Col.) ; and Dr. J. C. Schwencke, of Thomasville
(Copenhagen).

After some discussion, these candidates were unanimously
endorsed by the association, and the secretary instructed to send
the list to the Governor for appointment, which was done the
following day.

The time and place of the winter meeting was left to the
executive committee, with preference to Atlanta, during holiday
week.

• Adjourned.

C. L. Wii.loughby, Secretary.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. • 285

VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

COLUMBIA.

The regular meetings of the Veterinary Association of the
District of Columbia were resumed on the evening of October
21, 1908, at 514 Ninth street, N. W., Washington, D. C. The
president, Dr. John Lockwood, occupied the chair, and there
was the usual large attendance.

Dr. J. F. Morris was elected to membership.

It was decided to hold the meetings of the association here-
after on the third Wednesday of each month, instead of the
fourth Wednesday, as heretofore.

Dr. M. Page Smith, of the Committee on Contagious Dis-
eases, reported that since the adoption of the muzzling ordinance
in the district the number of cases of rabies in dogs had de-
creased greatly; he reported a noticeable increase in cases of
tetanus of horses, and several cases of spinal meningitis. He
reported favorable results from the antitoxin treatment in
tetanus. Dr. E. S. Walmer reported a number of cases of tetanus
in horses in his practice, the antitoxin treatment being used, and
recoveries resulting. Dr. John Lockwood spoke at length on the
prevalence of tetanus.

There was an interesting discussion with reference to the
proper designation of members of the veterinary profession —
veterinarian, veterinary surgeon or veterinary — the consensus of
opinion being that the term veterinarian was the correct and
proper one.

The question of the operation of the veterinary law of the
District of Columbia having been brought up, Dr. Lockwood
stated that during the short time it had been in operation it had
proven a success in every respect.

Drs. E. S. Walmer, J. F. Morris, C. E. Dornheim, J. P. Tur-
ner, and John Lockwood were appointed as the Committee on
Contagious Diseases to report at the next meeting.

F. M. Ashbaugh, Secretary.

On Saturday evening, October ioth, a few of the prom-
inent veterinarians of Detroit surprised Dr. S. Brenton, by call-
ing at his residence, and after partaking of supper, presented
him with a fine gold watch fob, in commemoration of his fiftieth
birthday.

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Dr. H. J. Thole, formerly of Brookville, Ind., is now prac-
ticing at Deer Lodge, Montana.

Dr. A. J. Savage, of Colorado Springs, is taking a post-
graduate course at the Kansas City Veterinary College.

Veterinarian B.*E. Barham, of Louisiana, is enrolled as
a student at Toulane Medical College, New Orleans, La.

Dr. Edward Pugh, for several years located at Lawton,
Oklahoma, has recently established a practice and has a hos-
pital at New Carlisle, Ohio.

The family of Dr. R. P. Lyman accompanied him to Kan-
sas City. The Doctor has engaged apartments in the Albe-
marle, 2900 Troost avenue, for the winter.

Dr. W. A. Davidson, of Kansas City, Kansas, was recently
appointed Veterinary Inspector of the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry and reported to Chicago for duty the last of October.

Dr. Logan Bruce Huff, Spokane, Washington, was mar-
ried, October 3, to Miss Lulu Eva Bumgarner, daughter of Mr.
and Mrs. James J. Bumgarner of Moscow, Idaho. Dr. and Mrs.
Huff will be " at home," Spokane, Washington, after Novem-
ber 1.

Dr. D. M. Campbell, of Hiawatha, Kansas, has been ap-
pointed Milk and Dairy Inspector by the city of Topeka, Kansas.
That thriving capital city has become very interested in the
pure milk problem and have made a wise selection in procuring
the services of Dr. Campbell.

Dr. Logan B. Huff, an inspector. Bureau of Animal In-
dustry, Spokane, Washington, has been introducing his newly
acquired bride to his many friends and relatives in St. Joseph
and Kansas City. The Doctor says it is not well for man to
live alone, even if engaged in the Government service.

Mr. Scott Wisner reports 108 cases have been presented
at the clinic of the Veterinary Department of the Colorado Agri-
cultural College from September 8 to October 10, 1908. These
represent 50 different diseases. Ten autopsies were also held,
representing nine different diseases, and included horses, cattle,
hogs and dogs.

<yjj^a-v

American Veterinary Review

DECEMBER, 1908.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, October 15, 1908.

Chloral Hydrate in General Anaesthesia. — I have
lately made several allusions to the recent boom that the use of
chloral hydrate has received in the treatment of some diseases
and I have related the results that have been obtained and re-
corded in the societies.

In fact, it seems as if there was a tendency for scientists to
take hold of the subject again and show the benefit that sur-
gery in both medicines could derive from its use if it were more
generally resorted to.

In Italy, D. Bernardini, adjunct and libero docent at the
Royal Veterinary School of Milan, has published lately in the
Clinica Vetcrinaria, a series of articles, a reprint of which, in
a neat and complete pamphlet, he has presented me with.

" II Cloralio Idrato Nell Anestesia Generale " (Chlorate
Hydrate in General Anaesthes'a) is a most valuable plea in favor
of its use in veterinary practice.

After a brief statement considering the local and general
effects of chloral, its action on the heart and on the blood, the
posology is considered. The dose of chloral introduced in a
vein, as an anaesthetic is 30 to 35 grammes, according to Lanzil-
lotti, Wolff and Poitevin. It is of 30 to 50, according to Ar-
loing, Humbert and Burgraeve, while Cagny raises it to 60 and

289 '

290 EDITORIAL.

80. Cadeac and Mallet gave by rectum 120 grammes to hoist
with 1 gramme of Chlor. of Morphia * * * and 2 gramme
to dogs with o. 10 of Morphia. * * *

Toxic effects, although they have not been very well studied
and are riot very common, are detected by the dilation of the
pupil. It is the first indication of the intolerance of the organ-
ism. The means to overcome an intoxication are numerous
and have given rise to much discussion. For some strychnia
is the antidote, for others the cold douche on the head ; or again,
for many, the electric current. Pilocarpine has also its advo-
cates and is well recommended.

The clinical indications for the use of chloral can be gath-
ered into two great categories, those where hypnotic and
anaesthetic effects are desired, and those including the advan-
tages that can be obtained by its application upon tissues. The
first are the most interesting as they relate to the use of chloral
as a general anaesthetic. It is there that it deserves a greater
diffusion in clinics and private practices.

The mode of administration varies. That per the stomach
has not yet been regulated. That per rectum, although more
precise, must be made with mucilaginous solution. That by
tracheal injections is too unstable and dangerous. The endo-
venous injection is the best; or again, the intraperitoneal. The
author's method is here illustrated. It is similar to the steps
taken for the injections of sera in the veins. Prof. Bassy uses
a solution which is kept already prepared in vials of various
doses hermetically sealed.

The article of Dr. Bernardini would probably have only a
scientific interest if it was not completed by a long list of the
clinical applications where he has had the opportunity to US(
chloral as a general anaesthetic. They form for the generaliza-
tion of this method a most powerful argument and cannot but
induce veterinarians to resort to it.

EDITORIAL.

291

Between the years 1906 and 1908 chloral has been used in
forty-seven cases. Twenty-seven in horses and twenty in dogs.
Among the horses five received peritoneal injections; for the
other twenty-two, the endovenous injections were resorted to.
With the dogs, only three received chloral by the veins; the

How an Intravenous Injection of Ixotonic Solution of Chloral
Hydrate is made for General Anaesthesia.

others had it by the intraperitoneal method. The difficulties
accompanying the venous injections by reason of the small size
of the blood vessels accounts for this. The operations that were
performed were : In horses, Plantar neurotomy, scirrhous cords,

292 EDITORIAL.

castration, fistulous withers, removal of the sole of the foot, ex-
cision of the plantar aponeurosis, laryngo-tracheotomy, removal
of the arythenoid cartilage, parotid abscess, cold abscess, col-
lection in the guttural pouches, umbilical hernia, removal of car-
tilaginous quittor, tumors, median neurotomy, and amputation
of the penis. For dogs, it was resorted to for entropion, fistu-
las of the paws, cyst of the shoulder, lupus, amputation of the
vagina, removal of mammae, ovariotomy, laparotomy and ca-
taract. In none had there been any accident. The results thus
obtained in so many clinical applications speak for themselves.
With few exceptions, due to errors in the dosing, and the tech-
nique of the operation, in the great majority of the cases, the
effects of anaesthesia were complete and perfect, and to such an
extent that in the presence of the indifference of the patient and
of the great sufferings that might have ben exhibited, the sur-
geon had the impression that he was operating on a cadaver.
Among the conclusions of his investigations, Dr. Bernardini
says : " The effects of chloral introduced in the veins or in the
peritoneal cavity are constant and complete. The results ob-
tained in clinical and experimental applications show the great
usefulness and services that it may render in general practice."
It is now to general practitioners to speak !

* *

Tallianine as an Antidote for Acute Phosphorus
Poisoning. — It is true that intoxication with phosphorus is
not as frequently met nor observed in our practice as it is in
human. Yet, 1 believe that some cases have been recorded
where fatal results have followed. The observations that were
made at the Societe de Pathologie Comparee are then interest-
ing, as they refer to the use of Tallianine as a counter-poison
in cases of acute intoxication with phosphorus. The communi-
cation was made by Dr. Gautier, who has made of this drug a
most careful study, as our readers may know from our chronicle
of last July. From the Revue de Pathologie Comparee I extract
the following facts :

EDITORIAL. 293

Among the various therapeutic agents recommended in the
treatment of this intoxication, spirits of turpentine stands as
one of the best. But it is necessary that it should be old and
strongly charged with ozone, so as to form when in presence
of phosphorus an harmless terebenthino-phosphorous acid.
From the study that the author has made of the principal thera-
peutic properties of Tallianine, it has seemed to him that the
qualities necessary to act as an antidote, energetic and always
active, existed in it; as it contains always a sufficient quantity
of ozone to oxydize a fatal dose of phosphorus in the digestive
canal. He carried out three series of experiments, giving to
several dogs phosphorated oil to i/ioo, injecting it directly
in the stomach. After a varying time, these dogs were treated
with Tallianine administered in the same manner. In one series,
two dogs rceived i cc. of phosphorated oil. Fifteen minutes
after, one received 5 cc. of Tallianine. He survived, and the
other died.

In another series three dogs received a dose, twice as big,
of phosphorated oil. The next day only 5 cc. of Tallianine
were given to one. He and another died two days and a half
after. The third dog, three hours after taking the phosphorus,
received 10 cc. of Tallianine. This dog died only fifteen days
later, although he had had the same dose of Tallianine given to
him every day. From all this, the author concludes : That Tal-
lianine may, to some extent, be considered as an antidote of
phosphorus; a fact which has an important practical value.
Every practitioner who has Tallianine must give, per mouth, a
large dose of it as soon as he is in the presence of a case of such
poisoning. However, it must be remembered that it will prob-
ably be useless in a case where the dose of toxic has been very
large. At any rate it is worth trying.

Permanent Fixation of a Metalic Tube in the
Urethra of a Dog, to Prevent Urethral Stricture After

294 EDITORIAL.

Urethrotomy. — Prof. R. Bassi, the director of the Royal
Veterinary School of Turino, has recently published in the
Revue of Leclainche the history of a case from which much is
to be learned. The article is headed, " Permanent fixation of a
metallic tube in the urethra of a dog, to prevent urethral stric-
ture after urethrotomy."

It seems that a hunting dog had two fistulous tracts on each
side of the urethra, a little below the ischiatic fossa. The dog
had difficulty in micturating and only urinated by the escape of
a few drops through the urethra or one of the fistulas. In the
history of the case it was said that a veterinarian had already
treated the dog and opened with the actual cautery a tumor,
which had existed where the fistulas then were. Catheterism
made with very fine and elastic instruments revealed that the
urethra was obliterated by a hard substance, probably a cal-
culus, it was supposed. The fistula of the right side communi-
cated with the urethra. Urethrotomy was performed on a level
with the posterior extremity of the penian bone, but instead of
a calculus it was found that the obstacle was due to a deforma-
tion of the canal of the bone of the penis, which had been
fractured and the fragments displaced. An ordinary traumatism
was then supposed to have been the cause of the whole trouble.
Error! Under the skin of the internal face of the left thigh
several shots were found and two dropped from one of the fistu-
las. The fracture then was due to the dog having received a
gunshot wound on a previous occasion.

These points established, the prognosis remained neverthe-
less serious, and it seemed only possible to overcome the dif-
ficulty and save the dog by making another fistula back of the
obstacle : and, as said the Professor, " he performed a second
urethrotomy a little below the ischial fossa, between the orifices
of the fistulous tracts, so as to allow a free micturation and ob-
tain the cicatrization of the two fistulas now existing." But
yet the possibility of the urethral stricture remained the same.
Only a mechanical means to prevent it was necessary.

EDITORIAL. 295

A German veterinarian, Raber, had already kept the urethra
dilated with a tube in T-shape, made of lead. Prof. Vachetta
had also attempted with a tube made of tin. Prof. Bassi says:
" I decided to attempt the same operation by the introduction of
" a metallic tube and had one made in silver, which I applied.

Length of the whole tube A B.— 4 centim %.

Length of the branch for exit of urine C D. — 12 millim.

Solid part of the tube, A D.

Internal diameter of the tube.— 5 millim.

" The introduction of the tube required a larger incision of
" the' wound towards the ischiatic fossa, after which, the intro-
" duction of the tube was easy. It was introduced in such a way
" that the solid part, A D, was turned towards the os penis and
" the hollow portion, B, towards the ischial curvature. A
" stitch of suture is sufficient to hold the tube in place."

The dog urinated freely immediately; and with some atten-
tion to the fistulous tracts and to the wound of urethrotomy,
recovery was such, that the dog was soon cured of his fistulas,
and was able to do his shooting season that year, and was in
excellent condition for the next.

As Prof. Bassi remarks, although this is a simple observa-
tion, yet the success he has obtained will justify similar inter-
ference in favorable conditions in dogs and also in cattle and in
horses, so as to avoid the urethral stricture which so commonly
occurs after urethrotomy.

The Treatment of Tetanus by Intra-Rachidian In-
jection of Sulphate of Magnesia. — The treatment of teta-

296 EDITORIAL.

nus in the human patient by intra-rachidian injections of sul-
phate of magnesia is not altogether new. It has already been
tried in America and also on the continent, with a sufficient num-
ber of recoveries to justify the conclusion of an article on the
subject published lately in the Revue Scientifique, from the pen
of a Dr. Griffon, who has had recently a recovery by this mode
of treatment.

This therapeutic method is the result of the experimental re-
searches of Meltzer and Aner, who have demonstrated the spe-
cific action that magnesia salts have upon nervous conductors.
After puncture at the lumbar region and removal of a certain
quantity of cephalo-rachidian fluid, a solution of sulphate of mag-
nesia at 25 per cent., in the dose of 1 cc. for every twenty-five
pounds of the weight of the body, is injected. After an hour all
the muscles are relaxed, the patient has no more pains, can drink
and turn in his bed. The pains and the contractions generally
return the next day, but with less severity. A second injection
is made. Five have been necessary in the case of Dr. Griffon.

The method of intra-rachidian injections already used for
surgical anaesthesia and again in the treatment of some nervous
diseases, has sometimes given rise to accidents which, however,
have not been very frequent, and above all are only temporary
and readily subside by the subcutaneous injections of 1 millig.
of atropine.

Dr. Griffon's conclusions are : Rare accidents, temporary and
relatively mild when they occur, and good results in six re-
coveries out of nine cases treated, are sufficient evidence that
this method deserves to be applied in the treatment of this dis-
ease. In our days when the preventive treatment of lockjaw is
so extensively resorted to in veterinary surgery, cases of this
disease are not as frequent as they used to be, but yet in the
presence of a case when anti-tetanic serum and other means of
relief could not be at hand, the question may be put, Why not
try the sulphate of magnesia in intra-rachidian injections? Of
course, there is a great difference in making the lumbar puncture

EDITORIAL. 297

in a large animal and in man; but yet * *. Time may tell
more of the value of this new treatment !

Extirpation of the External Genital Organs for
Primary Carcinoma of the Prepuce. — In one of best jour-
nals published in Italy, // Nuovo Ercolani, I have found the
record of a case which has proved most interesting by the na-
ture of the disease from which the animal suffered, by the daring
treatment which was applied and resulted as it was anticipated,
namely, recovery followed by relapse and death some short time
afterwards and also by the rarity of the case. The record is
made by Dr. Felice Cinotti, of the Veterinary Surgical Institute
of the University of Pisa, who operated on the patient. The
title of the article is, " Extirpation of the external genital or-
gans for primary carcinoma of the prepuce " in a dog.

The history is quite simple. Arno is a valuable dog of fifteen
years, which for some time has had at the preputial orifice a
little tumor. This has recently grown very rapidly and is now
as big as a hen's egg. There are some cutaneous ulcerations
more or less wide, and in the inguinal region two tumors are
detected. The growth of the prepuce has a certain amount of
mobility, without fluctuation, and is uniformily hard. The
prepuce is infiltrated. There is no pain nor heat. The clinical
characters are sufficient to indicate the nature of the trouble. It
is a malignant tumor, probably carcinoma with advanced infiltra-
tion of the inguinal lymphatics. The prognosis is serious. Sus-
picion of other growths existing in the splanchnic cavities, jus-
tified by the detection, with careful palpation of the abdomen,
of an enlargement of the sublumbar lymphatic glands, pos-
sibility of a return of the trouble and a fatal generalization, all
these points were carefully taken into consideration and the final
conclusion is that the only possible relief, the only chance, was
the extirpation of all the external genital organs.

Under all necessary precautions the operation was per-
formed, with the animal anaesthetized with morphia, scapolamine

298 EDITORIAL.

and ether. Starting four ringers from the anus, two incisions
were made running from near the ischiatic arch on each side of
the scrotal root of the penis, round it, forward on each side
of the scrotum, to the prepuce and then to the umbilical cicatrix
where they met on the median line at acute angles ; thus leaving
between them a surface in which were enclosed the tumor, the
prepuce, penis, testicles and the scrotum with some infiltrated
tracts of skin. The second step of the operation consisted in
the dissection of all by transverse section of the preputial muscle,
rapid dissection of the surrounding connective tissue, exposition
and amputation of the testicular cords, drawing back of the mass
of the penis backwards and amputation of the organ back of
the os penis. The entire mass was then loose, the stump of
the urethra was secured to the skin, and the blood vessels ligated.
The two swollen lymphatics of the inguinal region were re-
moved, and the animal left to himself. He woke up having been
four hours under the narcotic effects. The recovery presented
nothing particular, cicatrization by first intention took place
almost in the whole extent of the wound and sixteen days after
the operation, the dog was returned to his owner. But forty-
one days from the day he was operated, the dog was brought
back to the doctor. He had a bad relapse and was in a condi-
tion which left no possible doubt for the result. He was then
killed. At the post-mortem the lungs, heart, spleen, kidneys, in-
testines, mesenteric and sublumbar lymphatics were the seat of
an extensive carcinomatous degeneration most marked !
Successful operation, but the patient died !

Some New Compounds Indicated in Veterinary Prac-
tice.— The Berliner Ticrarztliche Wochcnschrift has recently
called the attention of veterinarians to new compounds which
can render good services in some indications in veterinary sur-
gery.

One is the Phenyform, a compound of phenol and formol,
which is recommended as a substitute for iodoform. Already

EDITORIAL. 291>

used for some time on the continent, it has been experimented
with by some veterinarians with satisfactory results. It is a
bactericid, desiccative, cicatrizing, hemostatic and deodorizing
agent. Very fine powder, it is odorless, has a gray-yellowish
color, is not altered by contact with the air or by light, is not hy-
droscopic, insoluble in water, ether, chloroform or benzine, but
soluble in alkalines and alcohol. Veterinarians have already used
it in inflammation of the keratogenous apparatus, also of tend-
dons, in suppurating wounds and in cutaneous ulcers. From
the tests which have been made it has proved that it is not irri-
tating to wounds, and can be used on them in the shape of
powder, forming a well-protecting cover superior to that ob-
tained with iodoform. By its stimulating action upon the granu-
lations and its odorless qualities it makes an agent far superior
to iodoform. However, its effects are more manifest if used in
powder than in the shape of ointment.

Lcnicct is a new acetate of aluminum that Dr. W. Stieten-
roth recommends. It is a white powder, very fine and light,
which is not altered by contact with air, light or humidity and
which is possessed of powerful antiseptic qualities. Not irritat-
ing nor toxic, it has a stimulating, astringent, deodorizing and
desiccative action. Little soluble in pure water, it is, on the
contrary, very soluble in weak acid or slightly alkaline soutions
and can be mixed with other pharmaceutic ingredients. It can
be used in veterinary practice under five forms : as pure powder,
mixed with talc. (20 to 50 per cent, for wounds), as paste, being
mixed with little water or glycerine, as pencils and as ointments.
Pencils are principally useful in fistula?.

Clonein, which is also spoken of in the same journal, is a
solution of the albumen of milk. It is prepared by a firm of
Hanover, Bengen & Co., which delivers it free of charge under
further orders. This preparation has been used lately in sub-
cutaneous injections in the treatment of colics in horses, cattle
and pigs. Its effects, which are quite rapid, are to excite the in-
testinal contractions. Clonein is said to be excellent in all cases
of colics of horses except in enteritis. It helps to make a diag-

300 EDITORIAL.

nosis of gastro-enteritis. It stimulates the peristaltic actions and
reduces the frequency of the pulse. The doses are six to eight
cubic centimetres in horses, three to eight in cattle, one to two in
pigs.

* *

Bibliography. — Just about six months ago, I gave notice
here of the latest edition of the Veterinary Materia Medica and
Therapeutics of Kenelm Winslow, M.D., M.D.V. It was the
fifth edition, and as I had had the opportunity to notice the works
of the Doctor before, and pointed out its qualities, I had little to
add to my previous appreciations, merely calling the attention
to what modifications and changes were in the new work. To-
day it is the sixth edition that is before me, coming out just
about one year after the fifth.

For this last edition I must satisfy myself in merely quoting
from the preface of the author, who says : " The chief change
consists in the entire revision and almost complete rewriting
of that part of the text treating of the Physiological Action
of Drugs."

I will, however, add that there are interesting revisions of
the action of alcohol, ether, and chloroform and besides that, the
additions that are made relating to iron, iodine, opium, caffeine,
strychnine, pilocarpine and others, are certainly worth much con-
sideration.

The part of General Therapeutic Measures, which in
previous editions ended by Serum Therapy, Toxines and Vac-
cines, has also been revised and to them is added a short chap-
ter on General Vaccine Therapy. The book is published
by the house of William R. Jenkins Co., of New York.

It is useless to promise the sixth edition a good success as it
is bound to have it as well as its predecessors.

* *

Prof. W. L. Williams, of the New York State Veterinary
College, has been for some time engaged in writing a book on
" Obstetrics," which is one of the branches which he has been

EDITORIAL. 301

teaching- for years. Besides this, the Professor has had a very-
extensive practice in this special branch of our art; and, taking
all this in view, it is evident that the new work, " Veterinary
Obstetrics/' will be the standard book in English literature.
The book is in the hands of the printers. I have been favored
with some of the advance sheets and from perusal I am sure
that I can claim for it a grand professional success. In the ad-
vance sheets the author notices the manner in which he has
arranged the work which will cover: Obstetric Anatomy, Ob-
stetric Physiology, Pathology of Breeding, Teratology, Path-
ology of Pregnancy, Dystokia, Pathology of the Puerperal State,
and Diseases and Accidents of the New-Born, etc., etc.
But more of it when the entire book is out.

Necrology. — I will close to-day with the sad notices of the
deaths that have occurred of late in the ranks of our professsion.

In England, the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons has
to regret the death of one of its past presidents, Mr. Francis
Whitfield Wragg, F.R.C.V.S. For twenty-five years he
has occupied the position of treasurer to the college.

In Italy, Dr. Ezio Marchi, late president of the National
Veterinary Association of Italy, Director of the Journal 77 Mo-
demo Zooiatro, died lately from meningitis, sequela of an attack
of median otitis.

Dr. Leopoldo Baruchello, Army Veterinarian, Professor
of Zootechny at the University of Rome, Director of the Labora-
tory of Bacteriology attached to the Bureau of Health, and well
known by his scientific writings, has died from an infection con-
tracted by inoculation received in his laboratory. His death
comes to increase the already too long list of veterinarians who
have died victims of their professional duties, victims of sci-
ence.

And then come others !

302 EDITORIAL.

At the Laboratory of Czernowitz, Dr. Luksch was study-
ing on the bacteriology of glanders. While making centrifuga-
tion of some virus, a glass tube broke and spread the bacilli all
over. He became infected, and those who were present picking up
the pieces of glass, in a careless manner, infected themselves also.
Dr. Luksch, one assistant, a bookkeeper and another man died.

A. L.

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.

Early in November the attention of the profession was sud-
denly diverted from the tuberculosis problem, with which it was
deeply engrossed, by an alarming report to the effect that the
dreaded foot-and-mouth disease, after an absence of nearly six
years, had again made an unwelcome appearance on American
soil. Investigation demonstrated it to be contagious foot-and-
mouth disease, and that the situation was one that required
prompt and vigorous action.

How it could reach our shores is a mystery unless it was
introduced in imported merchandise such as hides, skins, or
hay, straw or similar fodder, or through the personal effects of
immigrants; for it is quite certain that it could not come through
the quarantine stations maintained by the federal government
for imported animals.

The possibility that the disease might spread to the great
cattle raising states of the west and southwest was a matter of
vital concern to the animal industry of the country, to transpor-
tation and to commerce. Should such an untoward event happen
it would amount to a public calamity. It would, undoubtedly,
produce a famine in meat and other animal food products and
send prices skyward.

It is highly reassuring, however, to know that the federal
forces, as well as the authorities of the several states, are fully
awake to the grave situation and are righting the extension of
the plague with every weapon known to veterinary science.

EDITORIAL. 303

There is every indication, at this writing, that their efforts will
prove effectual.

Four states were promptly placed under federal quarantine,
Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan and Maryland, closing the
ports of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore. Cattle, sheep,
other ruminants, and swine cannot be shipped from these com-
monwealths either in interstate traffic or for export.

All animals that have been exposed to the infection, as well
as all affected animals, are promptly appraised and slaughtered.
The stables and the contents of the buildings where the animals
have been sheltered, as well as pens, cars, boats, etc., are also
thoroughly disinfected. The owners receive the full appraised
value of the animals condemned, the federal government paying
two-thirds of the loss while the state stands for one-third.

Fortunately for the live stock interests of the entire country,
as well as for the welfare of the individual states concerned,
the principal centers of infection occurred in two of the states
best equipped to effectively deal with the situation, Pennsylvania
and New York. It is indeed a fortunate circumstance that the
disease did not break out in a state not prepared for such an
emergency.

No better proof of the necessity for an adequate state veter-
inary sanitary service could be offered to a legislative body than
that afforded by the present situation. Those states which have
not already placed ample safeguards around their live stock
interests should see to it that the requisite legislation be enacted
at the coming sessions of their legislatures. Each state has its
individual responsibility. The Bureau of Animal Industry deals
with the problem exclusively from a national and international
standpoint.

On the twelfth day of November Hon. James Wilson, Secre-
tary of Agriculture, issued an order quarantining the counties
of Columbia, Montour, Northumberland and Union in the state
of Pennsylvania. This order became effective on the day fol-
lowing.

304 EDITORIAL.

On the nineteenth day of November the following order,
quarantining the entire states of Pennsylvania and New York,
was issued :
(B. A. I. Order 156.)

United States Department of Agriculture,

Bureau of Animal Industry.

Rule 6, Revision 1. — To Prevent the Spread of Foot- and-

Mouth Disease in Cattle, Sheep, Other

Ruminants, and Szvine.

Effective on and after November 19, 1908.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Office of the Secretary.

The fact has been determined by the Secretary of Agricul-
ture, and notice is hereby given, that a contagious, communicable
disease, known as foot-and-mouth disease, exists among live
stock in the states of Pennsylvania and New York.

Now, therefore, I, James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture,
under authority conferred by section 1 of the act of Congress
approved March 3, 1905 (33 Stat., 864), do hereby quarantine
the following area, to wit :

The States of Pennsylvania and New York.

During the existence of this quarantine the interstate or for-
eign transportation, movement, or trailing or driving of cattle,
sheep, other ruminants, and swine, from the states of Pennsyl-
vania and New York is prohibited.

When shipments by rail of cattle, sheep, other ruminants,
and swine are made from and to points not included in the ter-
ritory herein quarantined for foot-and-mouth disease, the said
shipments shall not be unloaded within the quarantined territory,
except when the animals are unloaded en route, as hereinafter
provided, for purposes of feed, rest, and water, as required by
the act of Congress of June 29, 1906 (34 Stat, 607). Such

EDITORIAL. 305

unloading shall be into pens or yards which have been specially
cleaned and disinfected for the purpose, under the supervision
of an employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and which
have been specially designated and approved for that purpose
by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

When shipments by rail of cattle, sheep, other ruminants, and
swine are made from and to points not included in the area
herein quarantined for foot-and-mouth disease, the cars contain-
ing the live stock shall be sealed by an employee of the Bureau
of Animal Industry before the cars enter the said area; and
when such shipments are unloaded en route, within the said area,
in cleaned and disinfected pens, for the purposes of feed, rest,
and water, as hereinbefore provided, the cars shall, after reload-
ing, be again sealed by an employee of the Bureau of Animal
Industry, it being the purpose and intent of this provision that
cars containing such shipments shall remain sealed during the
time they are passing through the quarantined area, except when
broken for the purpose of unloading for feed, rest, and water.

Under authority conferred by section 2 of the act of Con-
gress approved February 3, 1903 (32 Stat., 791), shipments of
dressed carcasses of calves, sheep, and other ruminants, inter-
state or to foreign countries, from a point in the territory herein
quarantined are prohibited, unless the hides or skins and hoofs
are removed from the carcasses; and the interstate or foreign
transportation of hides, skins, and hoofs of cattle, sheep, and
other ruminants, and of hay, straw, or similar fodder, from a
point in the quarantined territory, is absolutely prohibited unless
the said hides, skins, and hoofs of cattle, sheep, and other rumi-
nants, and all hay, straw, or similar fodder be disinfected prior
to shipment under the supervision of an inspector of the Bu-
reau of Animal Industry.

No railroad cars or boats, within the area herein quarantined,
which have carried live stock, shall be moved interstate until the
said cars or boats have been cleaned and disinfected with a 5
per cent, solution of carbolic acid.

30G EDITORIAL.

Rule 6, dated November 12, 1908, effective on and after No-
vember 13, 1908, shall cease to be effective on and after Novem-
ber 19, 1908, on and after which date this Rule 6, Revision I,
which for purposes of identification is designated as B. A. I.
Order No. 156, and which is subject to amendment or revision
on statutory notice, shall become and be effective until otherwise
ordered.

Done at Washington this nineteenth day of November, 1908.

Witness my hand and the seal of the Department of Agricul-
ture.
[seal.] James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

On the twenty-fourth day of November amendment 1 to
B. A. I. order 156 was issued by the Secretary from Detroit.
This amendment quarantined the state of Michigan.

On the same date amendment 2 to B. A. I. order 156 was
issued from Washington by Wrillis L. Moore, Acting Secretary
of Agriculture, making provision for interstate and foreign
transportation of hides and skins, from points in the quarantined
area, which have not had an opportunity of becoming infected.
Hides and skins which have been exposed to infection shall be
immersed in a five per cent, solution of pure carbolic acid, or
a three per cent, solution of formalin, containing a thirty-seven
per cent, solution of formaldehyde, or a 1 to 1,000 solution of
bichloride of mercury, before being moved in interstate or for-
eign commerce.

On the twenty-seventh day of November amendment 3 to
B. A. I. order 156 was issued by Secretary Wilson. This amend-
ment quarantined the state of Maryland.

The quarantine interdict prevents the exhibition at the In-
ternational Live Stock Show at Chicago of any animals from
infected states, a keen disappointment to many exhibitors and
others, but nevertheless is absolutely necessary for the protection
of our vast live stock interests.

EDITORIAL. 301

As we go to press circular 141 of the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry, on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, issued November 28,
1908, comes to hand. This is a reprint from the Special Report
on Diseases of Cattle, 1904, with slight revision and gives the
nature and losses, cause, symptoms, diagnosis, differential diag-
nosis, prevention and medicinal treatment of foot-and-mouth dis-
ease. The treatise was originally prepared by Drs. D. E. Sal-
mon and Theobald Smith and has since been revised by the
former gentlemen and Dr. John R. Mohler. It is a concise and
comprehensive contribution to our literature and will be very
acceptable at this time to all Uiose who are in any way concerned
in the extirpation of this scourge from the American continent.

Some 150 camels in Australia are reported to be affected
with abscesses and a skin disease somewhat resembling mange.
The majority of the animals are in a poor and wretched con-
dition. Veterinary Surgeon Desmond is making an investiga-
tion and laboratory diagnosis.

Gotham Veterinarians to Hold a " Smoker." — The Vet-
erinarv Medical Association of New York City will hold a
" smoker " at Reissenweber's, Fifty-eighth street, Columbus
Circle, on the evening of December 9, 1908. The object of this
affair is to encourage a social mingling of the members of the
veterinary profession of New York City and the surrounding
cities, and let them get better acquainted with each other. The
exactions of veterinary practice are a constant strain on the ner-
vous system and an occasional relaxation is beneficial both phys-
ically and mentally, and it is earnestly hoped that this attempt
by the city association to bring the members of the profession to-
gether socially may be sufficiently encouraged to warrant others
during the winter season. Tickets covering expenses will be is-
sued at a cost of* two dollars ($2.00) and may be obtained from
Dr. W. Reid Blair, secretary of the city association, New York
Zoological Park; from the president of the association, Dr. F.
C. Grenside, Durland's Riding Academy, Sixty-sixth street and
Central Park West, or from any member of the committee, Drs.
Clayton, Mangan and Ellis. Any gentleman not of the profes-
sion may be an invited guest of any veterinarian who desires to
bring one with him from among his circle of friends.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

THE CONTROL OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS.*

By Dr. J. G. Rutherford,, Veterinary Director-General and Live- Stock
Commissioner, Dominion of Canada; President American-
Veterinary Medical Association.

The official program has the subject assigned me of the
" Control of Bovine Tuberculosis in Canada," the last two words
having been added to the title originally sent in by me. I have
but little to say on the control of bovine tuberculosis in Canada,
inasmuch as while in some districts, under municipal and Pro-
vincial laws, efforts are being made to control the disease in dairy
herds supplying various centres of population, very little is now
being done by the Federal Government, through the Health of
Animals Branch of the Department of Agriculture, which is in
my charge.

Canada's policy conservative.

Although for some years, at a period prior to my assuming of-
fice, a very considerable amount of testing with tuberculin upon
the application of owners was carried on, no appreciable benefit
was found to result, and, as a matter of fact, we now confine our-
selves to the testing of cattle imported or exported for breeding
purposes, those on the Experimental Farms, and a few other
herds which have been placed by their owners under the direct
control of our officers. We, however, on the request of owners
of cattle who desire them tested, supply tuberculin free of charge
to any reputable, qualified veterinary surgeon, on condition that
he will send to the Department the results of the tests made by
him, on charts which we furnish for that purpose.

* Read before the International Congress on Tuberculosis, 1908, at
Washington, D. C.

808

THE CONTROL OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 309

All cattle reacting to tuberculin in Canada, save those pri-
vately tested, are permanently earmarked, by cutting a large T
out of the right ear.

I may as well frankly state that the reason for this apparent
inertia is that, so far, no satisfactory intelligent method of deal-
ing with bovine tuberculosis has been evolved, and we deem it
wiser, before taking action, to await the results of the investiga-
tions now being conducted by veterinary scientists in various
countries, in the hope that some better way of dealing with the
problem may be discovered.

Our knowledge of tuberculosis, the tuberculin test, and of
their vagaries, have all along been defective and incomplete, and
undoubtedly is so to-day, and when we bear in mind the many
legislative mistakes which, owing to this lack of exact knowl-
edge, have been made in the past, it must be admitted that caution
is commendable, and that, before taking any definite departmental
action involving the large interests which are at stake in such a
country as Canada, it is reasonable that we should " look before
we leap," and guard, as far as may be, against the possibility of
having to recede, more or less ignominiously, from a position once
taken.

UNWISDOM OF COMPULSORY TESTING AND SLAUGHTER.

Many of our medical friends, and some veterinarians whose
zeal outruns their discretion, advocate compulsory testing and
the slaughter of all reacting animals. At first sight, to men lack-
ing practical experience, and, perhaps, devoid of responsibility,
this policy may appear a very simple solution of the problem.
That it is very far from being so, however, needs but little demon-
stration to an audience of this nature. All practical veterinary
sanitarians, dealing in large matters, are, even without taking
into consideration the painful experience of those communities
which in earlier days were rash enough to adopt it, well aware,
not only of the great difficulties to be encountered in carrying out
such a policy, but of the fact that under ordinary circumstances,

310 J. G. RUTHEBFOBD.

in spite of the great economic waste involved, its results are by
no means so satisfactory as its advocates would like to have us
believe. Most of us can remember the time when the majority
of veterinarians, many of whom should have known better, be-
lieved that if a herd of cattle were tested, the reactors destroyed
and the premises disinfected, the disease was stamped out, and the
owner might thereafter be left to follow his own courses.

Intelligent men have, of course, understood from the be-
ginning that there must be, in the very nature of things, a period
of latency or incubation between the time of infection and that
when an infected animal would react to tuberculin. This period
was fixed in 1899 and 1900 by contemporaneous but entirely in-
dependent experiments, carried on by the Tuberculin Committee
of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, and by Drs. No-
card and Rossignol, under the auspices of the Societie de Mede-
cin Veterinaire Pratique of France. The results in both cases
were practically the same, and showed the period of incubation,
while depending somewhat upon the mode and degree of infec-
tion, to range from eight to fifty days. This fact, affecting vitally
as it does both the original herd and any additions or replace-
ments which may be made, is in itself a very serious obstacle to
the satisfactory working out of a policy of compulsory testing
and slaughter, even with liberal compensation. Taken in con-
junction with the vagaries of tuberculin, especially on second,
third and fourth tests in the same herds, and the numerous in-
genious methods adopted by owners, especially of pure-bred cat-
tle, in order to defeat the test, it is sufficient to exclude from the
field of practical action this method of dealing with tuberculosis,
except in small and circumscribed communities, in which all, or
at least a majority of the owners, are alive to the necessity of
stamping out tuberculosis, and are willing to co-operate heartily
with the authorities in bringing about that result.

LIMITATIONS OF TUBERCULIN AS A DIAGNOSTIC AGENT.

This conclusion on my part has not been rashly arrived at.
Ever since tuberculin was first used as a diagnostic agent in

THE CONTROL OF BOVINE TUBEBCULOSIS. 311

bovine tuberculosis, I have been studying its action, and during
the whole of that period my opportunities for such study have
been considerably greater than fall to ' the lot of the average
veterinarian.

Let us go a little more into detail. A herd of, say, one hun-
dred cattle, kept under ordinary stable conditions, is tested, and
twenty-fire reactors are found. These twenty-five animals, to-
gether with any which, owing to the disease being in an advanced
stage, may fail to react, but which are detected by clinical ex-
amination, are slaughtered and the premises carefully disinfected.
It is not so very long, as I have already said, since many veterin-
arians were teaching that such a herd was safe and sound, and
that provided any animals added were carefully tested before
being brought into contact, no further danger need be appre-
hended. This is, of course, very far from being the case. In
the first place, a re-test after three months will, depending to
some extent on the virulence of the particular infection — a point
of great importance — and the sanitary conditions, reveal, per-
haps, from five to ten new re-actors. Even after these have been
destroyed and the premises again disinfected the herd is by no
means safe. The ten reactors, taking that as the number, have
been living in close contact with the remaining sixty-five, and it
is quite likely that three months later several of the latter will be
found to be affected. Here also comes into play the uncertainty
of tuberculin in repeated tests — a most serious consideration. In
spite of Professor Valle's important and valuable discovery, which
I may say does not by any means apply in all cases, it is quite
within the bounds of possibility that a number of animals, af-
fected to a greater or less degree, will fail to react when tested
for the third or fourth time. This acquired tolerance to tuber-
culin is one of its most serious limitations, and constitutes another
difficulty somewhat hard to overcome. Let us admit, however,
that after the lapse of a longer or shorter period and a number of
carefully conducted retests, the survivors of the originad herd
are properly pronounced healthy.

312 J. G. RUTHERFORD.

We must now take into consideration the question of addi-
tions and replacements, one which, from a business standpoint, is
in the majority of instances of paramount importance to the
owner. It is not enough to have the new animals tested before
bringing them on the premises. The same limitations, viz., that
of the incubative period, applies to such tests as those with which
we have been dealing. New arrivals must be isolated,* not only
from the original herd, but from each other, and submitted to a
re-test at the expiry of at least three months before being allowed
to come in contact with any other cattle.

Two further points here demand out attention. We have
hitherto, presumably, been speaking of tests honestly applied to
the cattle of an honest owner, and by a capable, intelligent and
experienced veterinarian. We must now first consider some of
the nefarious methods employed by dishonest and unprincipled
owners to nullify the test and so defeat the end in view.

The old method of dosing beforehand with tuberculin,
although still followed in many herds, has largely lost its value
through the discovery of Professor Valle, above referred to, and
is now, as a rule, only employed when the testing veterinarian is
agreeably complacent, or a few years behind his age. It has,
among the more astute dealers and breeders, been largely super-
seded by the practice of administering one or other of the modern
antipyretics, combined for the sake of safety with other drugs,
to such animals as are known to be tuberculous, or which show
any rise of temperature when undergoing the test. This plan is
beautiful in its simplicity. Temperatures are quietly taken from
half an hour to an hour before the veterinarian makes his rounds,
and the febrifuge, mixed with a little sugar and disguised in a
handful or two of meal, is licked up by the animal without fuss or
trouble. There is no drenching, no handling, no excitement;
the temperature drops, and although there may be and often is
thermal irregularitiy, there is no distinct rise, and, above all, no
tuberculin arch.

This brings us to the second of my two further points, viz.,
the veterinarian making the test. While, with all its limitations,

THE CONTBOL OF BOVINE TUBEBCULOS1S. 313

I have great confidence in the diagnostic properties of tuberculin,
I must confess to a feeling of suspicion with reference to all
charts that are in any degree what I may term colorless, unless I
know that the man who signs them is an honest, conscientious,
wide-awake and experienced veterinarian. Too many men take
it for granted that everything is fair and above board, and de-
pending entirely on their thermometer readings, allow themselves
to be hoodwinked by dishonest and unscrupulous owners. I
could go into many details, and perhaps furnish some amusement
by recounting a few of the artful dodges resorted to in order to
keep the veterinarians away from their cattle between tempera-
tures, so as to permit of their being safely manipulated, but time
will not permit. One thing, however, should be emphasized,
viz.. the fact that in the overwhelming majority of cases we have,
in addition to the temperature rise, a distinct clinical reaction,
some of the most salient features of which may be, and often are,
only temporary, while others persist until at least twenty-four
hours after injection. Among the temporary signs which may
be noticed, as a rule, from six to twelve hours after injection, are,
in severe cases, rigors, often accompanied by staring coat, general
excitation and frequently diarrhoea. In less well-marked cases
we have coldness over the loins, quarters, thighs and tail, sub-
acute excitation and general malaise. Even when these symp-
toms have passed off the animal maintains a standing posture, and
is more or less stiffened; there is loss of appetite, rumination is
suspended, and in milch cows the flow of milk is diminished.

Close attention to, and observation of, the animals under-
going the test are, in my opinion, indispensable. Even with them
it is possible for mistakes to be made, without them the tuber-
culin test is very apt to be badly discredited. The older veterin-
arians here will recollect that, prior to the discovery of tuber-
culin, much attention was paid, both by teachers and practitioners,
to the clinical diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Of late years
this phase of practice has been almost entirely lost sight of, the
younger men practically depending on tuberculin as a diagnostic.

314 J. G. RUTHERFORD.

This state of affairs is regrettable, and should be remedied by-
cultivating, with regard to cases of tuberculosis, that habit of
painstaking observation which alone makes for success in the
diagnosis of most of the other maladies to which dumb animals
are subject.

ECONOMIC WASTE OF COMPULSORY SLAUGHTER.

I might, perhaps, explain that the foregoing remarks on the
necessity of care and exactitude in making tests are intended to
emphasize the idea that only skillful and specially trained men can
with safety be employed in this work, no small difficulty in itself,
when it comes to undertaking a universal and compulsory testing
policy. There is still more to be said against compulsory testing
and slaughter. Many reactors are but slightly affected, and while,
in the case of beef cattle in good condition, the loss from their
slaughter may be insignificant, it is a very different matter when
valuable pure-bred herds, or even common grade stock, thin in
flesh, are condemned.. It is true that with the latter the question
of compensation may be more easily settled than with the former,
but the matter of economic waste is only one of degree, for while
the pure-bred reactors might live out their natural lives and
produce much valuable, and, with proper precautions, healthy
stock, the thin grades might be fattened and slaughtered under
careful supervision for purposes of human food. For the rea-
sons given above I am convinced that, at least on any large scale,
the policy of compulsory testing and slaughter is not a practicable
one.

QUESTION OF VOLUNTARY TESTING.

Turning to the policy of voluntary testing, or testing in re-
sponse to applications from owners, now followed in parts of the
United States and in several of the countries of Europe I would
point out that not only do most of the arguments against com-
pulsory testing apply to it with equal force, but several other
factors come up for consideration. Among these, perhaps, the

THE CONTROL OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 315

most important is the fact that in testing only those herds in a
country that are voluntarily submitted to the authorities, the
progress made in the direction of eradicating tuberculosis must,
of necessity, be not only very slow, but very uncertain. Pro-
fessor Bang admits that, under the experience of repeated and
often disappointing tests, the patience and courage of our Danish
friends not unfrequently fail, and they become weary of well
doing and relapse into carelessness. This phase of the matter is
one which must be taken into account, and when with it is con-
sidered the fact that the last to ask for the test are, as a rule, the
breeders of pure-bred stock, whose herds are the principal agents
in disseminating disease, the ultimate ineffectiveness of volun-
tary testing is pretty clearly demonstrateed. Owners must obtain
fresh blood from time to time, and unless a man is heart and soul
with the authorities in their efforts to clean up his herd, and takes
every possible and minute precaution accordingly, it is, so long
as tuberculosis exists in the country, only a matter of time until
his stock relapses into a condition of disease.

In this connection, I have read with much interest the plan
proposed by Dr. Nivan, Medical Health Officer of Manchester,
and supported by Professor Delepine and Mr. Brittlebank, the
Chief Veterinary Officer of that city, which includes the forming
of disease free in lands by eradicating tuberculosis from certain
farms, and gradually extending the work over small districts, to
be still further enlarged as the system finds favor with stock
owners. While there are some features of the scheme, such as
the spending of public money in specially selected localities, to the
exclusion of other taxpayers, and the supplying of sanitary build-
ings, through bringing pressure to bear on landlords, or other-
wise, which are scarcely applicable to conditions in America it is
in my opinion much more sensible and likely to be productive of
ultimate benefit than the diffuse policy of promiscuously testing a
herd here or there over an extensive territory, difficult, if not im-
possible, to keep under observation or control, without an enor-
mous staff of well-trained, experienced, and absolutely conscien-

316 J. G. BUTHEBFOED.

tious veterinary inspectors, having no interest, beyond that of
duty, in the herds with which they are called upon to deal or
their owners. I might here say that the policy of employing local
practitioners for this work has been repeatedly tried, and, in my
experience, at least, has not, in the majority of instances, proved
either beneficial or successful.

THE BANG SYSTEM.

I have nothing to say against the Bang system itself, in fact, I
am, and always have been, one of its most consistent advocates
and admirers. I cannot, however, after thirty years' experience
as a veterinarian on this continent, and with the knowledge ac-
quired in that time of conditions on the ordinary North American
farm, bring myself to believe that it is capable of successful gen-
eral application on this continent.

There is no doubt that, if all our stock owners were thor-
oughly intelligent, well-informed, anxious to rid their herds of
tuberculosis, and gifted with an infinite capacity for taking pains,
either the Bank system or that of Ostertag might be adopted with
every hope of a successful issue. As matters stand, we must, in
order to deal with bovine tuberculosis effectively, have some defi-
nite policy of legal control, and the question, to my mind, is
whether or not such control can properly be based on the tuber-
culin test.

COMBINATION OF SYSTEMS PROPOSED.

At present I am inclined to favor a combination of the sys-
tems of Bang and Ostertag with that of the Manchester man,
accompanied by a closer supervision of infected herds than is
recommended by either of the two first-named authorities, so far
as I understand their methods. All clinical, or, if they can be de-
tected, open cases of tuberculosis, should be destroyed, all the
adults in herds in which such cases are found to be treated as if
diseased, marked and segregated accordingly; all milk from such
herds to be pasteurized, whether used for human food or for

THE CONTROL OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 317

that of animals, the progeny to be effectively separated from the
adults, regularly submitted to the tuberculin test, and kept by
themselves until the disease has been eliminated from the premi-
ses by the death or removal of the affected parent stock. Any
animals added to the healthy herd would, of course, have to be
tested on purchase, and retested after three months' careful isola-
tion. I am free to admit that this plan is open to many of the
objections which I myself have advanced against the other two
already mentioned, but it appears to me to obviate the enormous
economic waste and the tremendous popular opposition involved
in the policy of compulsory slaughter, while it promises, if sys-
tematically applied, and patiently and carefully carried out, infi-
nitely better results than can be hoped for from that of promiscu-
ously testing the herds of only such owners as are willing to sub-
mit them to the action of the authorities. The presence of one or
more actual clinical cases of tuberculosis in any herd would con-
stitute a perfectly defensible and reasonable ground for official
action ; and by making notification by owners or veterinarians
compulsory, as in other scheduled diseases, reliable information
on which such action could be taken, would in most instances be
forthcoming.

As has been well said by the editor of the Lancet, in com-
menting on the recent able paper of Dr. Overland, of Norway, the
famous address of Dr. Koch, in 1901, has, after all, by stimulat-
ing others to investigation and research, been productive of good,
perhaps to an extent sufficient to offset the hesitation and delay
in actual practical effort which it undoubtedly caused.

As a result of that address, we veterinarians to-day know, or,
perhaps I should say, have the proofs conclusive and satisfactory,
of many things which we knew before, but were scarcely able to
prove, regarding the transmissibility to man of bovine tubercu-
losis, and vice versa.

BOVO-VACCINE.

And this brings me to vaccination, a subject on which I have
nothing to say, beyond that, up to the present, the published re-

318 J. G. RUTHERFORD.

suits of inoculation with bovo-vaccine are, from a practical view-
point, singularly confusing, inconclusive, and discouraging. The
immunity acquired under the most favorable conditions appears to
be of short duration, and any advantage which may be gained is,
to my thinking, more than offset by the danger of spreading the
disease.

Where cultures of the human type are used, the risks appear
to be, if possible, even more serious. Weber and Tirze, working
under the direction of the German Imperial Health Office, report,
according to Theobald Smith, that the udder of a cow vaccinated
with a human culture shed human bacilli into the milk for a
period of fifteen months.

Let us make haste slowly in work of this kind, and be sure
of our ground before we issue any more of these definite pro-
nouncements which make nasty swallowing later on.

I have now briefly and inadequately placed before this Con-
gress my views regarding the various methods recommended by
scientists for the control of bovine tuberculosis. While these
views may to some appear pessimistic, they are at least honest,
and have been carefully considered, with due regard to the re-
sponsibility which the veterinary sanitarian entrusted with large
interests owes to humanity at large, as well as to those inter-
ests. Dogmatize as we may, we are still groping, and in this, as
in other matters of a like nature, those who have delved the deep-
est are the least sure of their ground.

In the meantime, while we are waiting, as I fear we will for
some time yet have to wait, the discovery of a certain and satis-
factory scientific method of dealing with bovine tuberculosis, let
us, as practical men, carry on an energetic campaign of education
among cattle owners and the general public. Bovine tuberculosis
will be stamped out when individual owners realize that it pays
much better to keep sound cattle than to lose money and feed in
maintaining herds tainted with disease.

IMPORTANCE OF STABLE VENTILATION.

In this campaign of education there should first be taken up a
question in regard to which veterinarians have hitherto, in most

THE CONTROL OF BOVINE TUBEBCULOSIS. 310

cases, been culpably negligent. If there is one matter to-day in
which veterinarians are behind the age, it is that of failing to in-
sist, at all times, in season and out of season, on the importance
to live stock of thorough and effective stable ventilation. Hav-
ing before us the object lesson afforded by the medical profession,
and the marvellous results which its members are achieving by
open-air treatment, not only helping, but actually curing, ad-
vanced cases of tuberculosis, to say nothing of checking the dis-
ease, as is now daily done in its early stages, it is nothing short
of disgraceful that we are yearly permitting thousands of valuable
animals to become infected, owing to the insanitary conditions
under which their owners insist on keeping them. Of the truth
of this contention, which is, perhaps, at first sight, rather sweep-
ing, there is no lack of proof. In northern countries, where cat-
tle are generally closely housed, and where a proper system of
ventilation is the exception, and not the rule, we almost invari-
ably find bovine tuberculosis rampant. In milder climates, where
animals have free access to fresh air, as, for instance, among the
Hereford cattle in England, it is a rare thing to find a case of
that disease. On the ranges, tuberculosis is unknown, except
where it has been introduced by some pampered, stable-bred indi-
vidual, and even such a one is more likely to recover than to
die, provided the malady is not too far advanced and the first win-
ter can be endured. To put the case plainly, stockmen are
breeding tuberculosis a great deal faster through neglect of this
important subject of ventilation than it would ever be possible
to stamp it out by the promiscuous use of tuberculin and the
slaughter of diseased animals.

OPEN-AIR TREATMENT OF A TUBERCULOUS HERD.

I may be pardoned if, while on this subject, I refer briefly to
an experiment which I have been carrying on for the last three
years. A herd of forty-three (43) cattle, twenty-one (21) being
dairy cows, twenty-eight of which had reacted to tuberculin, the
remaining fifteen being apparently free from disease, has been

'620 J. G. KUTHERFORD.

kept under open-air conditions since the fall of 1905. The ob-
jects of this experiment, which is of a purely practical nature, are
threefold; firstly, to ascertain the effect of open-air treatment
upon the diseased cattle themselves; secondly, to ascertain to
what extent healthy cattle, kept in contact with diseased cattle,
under open-air conditions, are subject to infection; thirdly, to
ascertain what percentage of healthy calves it is possible to rear
from diseased cows, kept without any precautions under open-air
conditions. The experiment is not yet concluded, nor have its re-
sults been properly tabulated for publication. I may say, how-
ever, that of the 28 reactors, only one has broken down from
generalized tuberculosis during the three years which have elapsed
since the experiment began. One other has been killed, owing to
tuberculosis of the udder. Of the healthy animals kept in contact
with them, feeding from the same racks, grazing over the same
ground, drinking from the same pool, not a single one has become
affected, and this in spite of the fact that from time to time ani-
mals suffering from acute, generalized tuberculosis have been in-
troduced to the herd, and allowed to mix freely with its original
members.

The results in the rearing of healthy calves, however, remind
one somewhat of the Irishman's pigs, which, you will recollect,
when killed, did not weigh as much as he expected, and he never
thought they would.

Of the calves dropped and reared by reacting cows, seventy-
five per cent, have so far entirely failed to react, while twenty-five
per cent, have reacted, at various ages, ranging from four months
to one year. One calf died at six weeks old from generalized
tuberculosis, this case being probably congenital.

The results of the various tests of the original reactors, made
at intervals of about six months, and in the last case after a lapse
of twelve months, are exceedingly interesting, and will, when
published, together with the post-mortem notes, merit the careful
perusal of those who believe in the absolute reliability of tubercu-
lin as a diagnostic agent.

THE CONTBOL OF BOVINE TUBEBCULOSIS. 321

I might add that the cattle have had no shelter but open sheds,
and have, with the exception of a few of the weaker individuals,
been fed nothing but hay for the three winters during which they
have been under observation.

It should be mentioned that, through an error in judgment on
the part of an over-zealous herdsman during the first winter, our
calves began to arrive in December of 1906, the first being
dropped when the thermometer was 29 below zero, the others fol-
lowing at intervals, sometimes very short until the middle of
March, 1907, and that, in spite of this, both dams and progeny
throve well in the open air.

The results are very interesting, in view of the present ten-
dency to consider the digestive tract the most frequent and cer-
tain channel of infection. While the experiment above outlined
assists in proving that young animals can be and are most fre-
quently infected through the digestive system, it also, to my
mind, shows that, in the case of adults, infection through the air
passages plays an important part.

I feel satisfied, and I think all practical men will agree, that
had the healthy cattle in this experiment been kept under ordinary
stable conditions with their diseased companions, they would not
have escaped as they have done.

GET CLOSER TO NATURE.

The highest medical authorities are nowadays advising — and
with the very best possible results — our modern hot-house hu-
manity to get " closer to nature " in every possible way. The ad-
vantages of adopting a similar policy in the handling and hous-
ing of domestic animals are too apparent to admit of discussion.
Nature has furnished our animal friends with every conceivable
requisite for protection against ordinary climatic conditions, and
most of the diseases and disabilities to which they are subject
have been caused by and owe their continuance to the irrational
artificial conditions imposed upon them by well-meaning but
ignorant, or, rather, unthinking owners and attendants.

322 J. G. RUTHERFORD.

I am here, however, to learn, and not to teach. The problem
of the control of bovine tuberculosis is undoubtedly the most seri-
ous confronting the veterinary sanitarian of to-day, and if the
labors of this section of the International Congress result in its
solution, I, for one, will be forever grateful.

Dogs have their friends and lovers in large numbers. The
monthly sales of them in New York City amount to about
$5,000.

One Better. — Englishman (in British museum) — This
book, sir, was once owned by Cicero.

American Tourist — Pshaw, that's nothing. Why, in one of
our American museums we have the lead pencil with which Noah
used to check off the animals as they came out of the ark.

Horse Breeding to Type. — Farmers, and others, for that
matter, as well, must breed to type. They must know what kind
of horses they wish to produce and strive to that end. To do
this, they should know what kind of material is at hand, and
how it can be used. Here is something that the United States
Department of Agriculture should do. And the War Depart-
ment might also assist, for proper cavalry remounts are difficult
to secure. In European countries, where great standing armies
are maintained, there are not only governmental breeding farms,
but the farmers are encouraged to breed army horses by the giv-
ing of prizes, and by permitting government-owned stallions of
proper breeding to stand to approved stock at merely nominal
fees. In Austria I have seen a whole regiment of cavalry
mounted on horses so true to type that it would take study and
acquaintance to tell one horse from another. In Germany the
government has been breeding for the cavalry since the time of
Frederick the Great, and with most satisfactory results. In
these continental countries much enterprise is shown in securing
the best blood that may be had in other countries, not omitting
the Desert of Arabia, whence comes the best and purest equine
blood in all the world. In this matter of horse-breeding the
Italians are not the least enterprising, nor, by the way, are the
Italians by any means inferior in their horsemanship. — (John
Gilmer in The Century.)

RECENT STUDIES REGARDING THE CAUSATION AND
CHARACTER OF ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS.*

By John R. Mohler, Chief Pathological Division, Bureau of
Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

There is probably no disease of animal or man which is at
present receiving more consideration from the practitioner, sani-
tarian and economist than tuberculosis. Furthermore, it is one
of the most prevalent diseases, and is responsible for more deaths
among people, and greater financial loss to stock owners than
any other affection. Because of this widespread interest attached
to tuberculosis, and on account of its ravages, which extend to
all the mammalia as well as birds and reptiles, the chairman
of your Committee on Diseases has deemed it advisable for this
portion of the report to include a brief discussion of the char-
acter, causation and prevalence of tuberculosis.

In the study of tuberculosis the names of two scientists stand
out prominently. The first is Villemin, who in 1865 demon-
strated by animal experiments that tuberculosis was an infectious
disease; the second is Koch, who in 1882 isolated the causative
factor of the disease, bacillus tuberculosis. This bacillus is the
only cause of tuberculosis, and is always derived from a pre-
existing case of the disease, whether in man or animal. Its pres-
ence is readily demonstrated in the lesions of the affected parts
as well as in certain discharges and secretions. A peculiar ability
to hold tenaciously the stain after once taking up the color, de-
spite the action of acids, and the difficulty in obtaining a growth
of the organism on culture media, are facts with which you all
are familiar.

The chief method by which the tubercle bacillus enters and
obtains lodgment in the animal body is not so well known,
however,, and to-day there are two principal ideas on this sub-

•Presented to the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association
Philadelphia, 1908, as part of the report of the Committee on Diseases.

323

324 JOHN B. MOHLER.

ject, both of which have many adherents among leading scien-
tists. One opinion which has been adhered to for years is that
the principal mode of infection in tuberculosis is by the inhala-
tion of bacilli-laden air, thus permitting the almost direct lodg-
ment of tubercle bacilli within the lungs, with subsequent devel-
opment of pulmonary lesions, which are generally the most pro-
nounced alterations present. The opposite view, while admitting
that pulmonary tuberculosis is by far the most common form
of the disease, holds that the lungs become diseased indirectly as
a result of the tubercle bacilli entering the system by the mouth
(ingestion), after which they are swallowed, taken up by the
intestinal lacteal s without any injury to the intestinal mucous
membrane, pass into the thoracic duct, thence into the venous
circulation, and finally are filtered out of the blood by the lungs.
That this latter opinion is correct in a great number of instances
is supported by numerous careful experiments, and is probably
the chief method of infection, especially in animal tuberculosis.
That other modes of entrance for the tubercle bacilli are present
in addition to their entry through the digestive and respiratory
tracts is evident by a study of such localized lesions as tubercu-
lous genitals of a bull, or a local tuberculous arthritis of the hock
joint, indicating respectively infection by way of the genital
tract and by direct inoculation through the skin. Hereditary
transmission, or congenital tuberculosis in the offspring, is evi-
dently more frequent in cattle than in man, but nevertheless it
must be considered as a rare form of infection. In the few
cases of fetal tuberculosis that have come under the writer's ob-
servation, lesions of the maternal placenta were always in evi-
dence. However, infection could occur by means of the semen,
although exceedingly rare. Hereditary transmission is, there-
fore, not to be regarded as an important cause of the genesis
of tuberculosis, but rather the exposure to infection during post
fcetal life. Predisposing causes which arise from insanitary condi-
tions, lowered vitality, exposure and forced development, etc.r
are only responsible for giving the true cause (bacillus tubercu-

RECENT STUDIES REGARDING ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS. 325

losis) an opportunity for lodgment and development, or better
facilities for propagation in case the lesions are already present.

Character and Relationship of Tubercle Bacilli.

The greatest interest attaches to the relationship of tubercle
bacilli as found in their several hosts. This relationship between
the tubercle bacilli recovered from the various species of mam-
mals, birds, fishes and reptiles is certainly very intimate. It
may be that the slight differences which may now be demon-
strated between the different types of tubercle bacilli have been
of slow development, and due to their environment, to differences
in the temperatures at which they have been forced to live, and
to differences in the amount and quality of the nutrition with
which they have been supplied. Whatever the variations be-
tween the types, they are not great enough to prevent the suc-
cessful interchange of tubercle bacilli by means of inoculations
between representative hosts of the several types.

The slow but gradual transformation of certain growths of
tubercle bacilli should not be considered such an impossibility.
Other forms of bacterial life yield to the peculiar influences of
their environment, and why should not the tubercle bacilli be
equally susceptible to change? The attenuation of the Bacillus
anthracis by submitting it to elevated temperatures, and the
prompt recovery of its primary virulence by passage through a
white mouse is a notable instance of the manner in which one of
the most dangerous and active pathogenic micro-organisms may
be transformed. The diphtheria bacillus becomes promptly at-
tenuated by the addition of a small amount of iodin trichlorid
to the nutrient media in which it is growing. Swine erysipelas
becomes much less virulent by repeated passage through rabbits.
The Streptococcus pyogenes, and the bacillus of Asiatic cholera
rapidly become affected while growing artificially, through the
action of the products of their own growth, and unless removed
frequently to fresh nutriment they will gradually weaken and
die.

32G JOHN K. MOHLEK.

Since then it must be admitted that there are many forms
of pathogenic micro-organisms that can be materially altered
by increase of heat to their surroundings; by the application
of the direct rays of sunlight; by increasing or decreasing the
acidity or the alkalinity of their nutriment; by the influences of
the products of their own growth; and also by passage through
animals either susceptible or resistant to their action, is it too
much to suppose that the tubercle bacilli may also be altered in
form, virulence, or in vigor of growth when cultivated under
unusual conditions? Experiments have shown that some tuber-
cle bacilli may be transformed in form, pathogenicity, and cul-
tural characteristics as well. More than this, cultures which
seem incapable of attacking certain species of test animals with
the degree of severity which one would expect, in view of their
average virulence for animals of other species, may be brought
to change their peculiar affinities until they will prove virulent
for a species of animals formerly resistant.

An interesting experiment was recently made in the Patho-
logical Division by means of cultivating a bovine bacillus upon
sterilized human blood. After three months' growth upon this
medium, the bacilli became transformed into long, beaded organ-
isms which grew more readily than upon dog or bovine serum,
and closely simulated the human type of bacilli. They had evi-
dently assumed a more saprophytic character and were capable
of more rapid accommodation to cultural exigencies as a result
of some constituent of the human blood.

The experiments which have been made in a comparative
study of tubercle bacilli from various sources have demonstrated
that the bovine bacillus is distinguished from other forms of
bacilli chiefly by a higher degree of virulence as well as by cer-
tain less important morphological and cultural characteristics, but
it was likewise found that there are also tubercle bacilli of hu-
man origin which cannot be distinguished from those derived
from cattle. Furthermore, these differences are not constant,
for transition forms are observed in different hosts which are

RECENT STUDIES REGARDING ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS. 327

not typical of the forms usually peculiar to that host. Nor is
the virulence of the bovine or human bacillus always the same,
but varies within a wide range. In fact, the virulence of certain
bacilli from both man and animal have been found to become
accentuated in consequence of passage through a series of ani-
mals, and on the other hand, the pathogenesis has been dimin-
ished by long development on artificial culture media. There-
fore tubercle bacilli should be regarded as polymorphic organ-
isms of a single species of bacteria which have become differen-
tiated by their environment in the different hosts, and the varia-
tions which afterwards form among individual varieties are
transitory forms which have not had sufficient time nor proper
nutriment to become transformed into the typical varieties.

Relation to Public Health.

The latest researches into the question of intertransmissibility
of tubercle bacilli from various sources have shown that Koch's
doctrine, enunciated in 1901, is not warranted. Variations do
occur among tubercle bacilli as among other forms of bacteria,
but they are not constant. It is well known that Koch demanded
as a criterion of the animal origin of tuberculosis observed in
man the proof that cattle when injected with human tubercle
bacilli will contract tuberculosis. Decisive proofs of such in-
fection have now been obtained not only by the German Com-
mission on Tuberculosis, which was appointed at Koch's re-
quest, but also by the Royal English Commission, besides numer-
ous French, Dutch, English, Scandinavian, Austrian and Amer-
ican investigators. In fact, there have been so many instances
on record of bovine tubercle bacilli having been recovered from
human tissues, and of instances of butchers and others receiving
accidental infections of the skin directly from bovine lesions
that it appears entirely proven that man is susceptible to tuber-
culosis caused by bovine bacilli. While the presence of bovine
tubercle bacilli in human beings is seen to be not infrequent, no
definite conclusions can at present be drawn as to the extent of

J2S JOHN B. MOHLER.

such infection owing to the lack of data on the subject. But
the fact that tubercle bacilli of one species may be transmitted
to an animal of a different species or to man makes it apparent
that any preventive methods for controlling tuberculosis, to be
successful, must take into consideration all species of animals
which are susceptible to tuberculosis.

The most frequent sources of danger from bovines to man,
and the only ones to be considered, are the milk and meat of
tuberculous animals. The fact that most of the cases of bovine
tuberculosis which occurred in man were cases of infantile tuber-
culosis points with grave suspicion to the milk rather than the
meat supply. That milk coming from a tuberculous udder is
capable of transmitting the infectious principle requires no fur-
ther argument. It has been equally established that in advanced
generalized tuberculosis the udder may excrete tubercle bacilli
without showing any indication of being affected. Other ex-
periments have demonstrated that tubercle bacilli may be elimi-
nated from cows affected with tuberculosis to a degree that can
be detected only by the tuberculin test, so that in a herd of cows
in the various stages of tuberculosis it is to be expected that
some of them will excrete tuberculous milk, which, when mixed
with other cows' milk, makes the entire product dangerous. The
ease with which tubercle bacilli may be eliminated by the udder
was strikingly illustrated by an experiment conducted by the
Royal British Commission in which a cow, injected with human
tubercle bacilli under the skin of the shoulder, began excreting
tubercle bacilli from the mammary gland seven days later, and
continued to do so until its death from generalized tuberculosis
thirty days after inoculation. It has been shown by Gaffky and
Eber in Germany, and Schroeder in this country, that even when
the tubercle bacilli are not excreted by the udder, the dust and
manure of the stable where the diseased animals are kept are in
many cases contaminated with tubercle bacilli. This contami-
nated material may readily pollute the milk during the process
of milking, even though the milk comes from a healthy cow.

RECENT STUDIES REGARDING ANIMAE TUBERCULOSIS. 329

The importance of this method of infecting milk cannot be too
greatly emphasized when it is known that cattle with slight
alterations in the lungs frequently raise tuberculous mucus into
the pharynx while coughing, and by swallowing this material
contaminate the faeces.

Having ascertained the grave and positive danger to man
of tuberculous milk, it becomes necessary to determine if tuber-
culous meat contains the infectious agent, and if it can repro-
duce the disease in animals fed or injected with it. Through
the extensive experiments of numerous investigators much evi-
dence has been accumulated to the effect that meat of animals
affected with generalized tuberculosis may contain virulent tu-
bercle bacilli. The experiments of Kastener, Hoefnagle, and
Westenhoeffer are especially of interest as well as of great im-
portance because they took into consideration the extent, char-
acter and condition of the tuberculous lesions. In one series
of tests Kastener fed to experiment animals meat from cattle
which were affected with localized tuberculosis, the carcasses
of which had been passed for food. In this series he could not
obtain a single positive result, while with meat of condemned
tuberculous carcasses his results in every instance were positive.
It is therefore apparent that the condemnation of tuberculous
meat is carried out not only from an esthetic standpoint, but
because there is sufficient proof at hand which points to the
danger which might arise from the ingestion of such meats. For
this reason it appears desirable to have all products coming from
animals affected with tuberculosis, as well as the slaughter and
disposal of such animals, placed under the supervision of an ex-
perienced inspector, since the flesh of all tuberculous animals
is not equally dangerous, and consequently there must be ra-
tional discrimination between the meat of slightly or locally dis-
eased carcasses, the flesh from which has experimentally given
negative results, and the more extensively diseased carcasses the
meat from which has been proven to be infectious.

330 JOHN K. MOHLEB.

Ophthalmo-Tuberculin Test.

The symptoms of tuberculosis in cattle are not sufficiently
prominent except in advanced cases or when superficially located
to enable one to diagnose this disease by the ordinary methods of
physical examination. Consequently such adventitious aids to
diagnosis as animal inoculation, biological test, serum agglutina-
tion and the tuberculin test are made use of in arriving at a
definite opinion relative to the presence or absence of this dis-
ease. The value of all but the last of these is discounted by the
technique required and their impracticability, while the tuberculin
test (subcutem) is most satisfactory and is the best diagnostic
method known for the disease.

Although the subcutaneous tuberculin test in bovines, when
correctly applied, proves reliable in about 97 per cent, of cases,
there still remains a prejudice against this form of testing among
the farmers and dairymen which has been difficult to overcome.

It is therefore natural that any new method which may fa-
cilitate the diagnosis of tuberculosis should be accompanied by
great interest. Of the various biological methods of diagnosing
tuberculosis, the greatest interest has been manifested in the last
few months in the cuti-reaction of von Pirquet and the ophthal-
mo-reaction of Wolff-Eisner and Calmette.

The very favorable results which were reported from the
application of both of the above-mentioned methods excited a
great deal of interest amongst investigators and soon numerous
results of the experiments were published, which, however, were
not uniformly favorable for either of these tests. The best re-
sults, however, were apparently obtained from the ophthalmo-
reaction, and if this method should prove reliable the simple
method of its application would greatly aid in the early diagnosis
of tuberculosis. Thus, up to the present time the ophthalmo-
tuberculin test has been principally applied to the human, espe-
cially infants, and while the results obtained in these tests are
very encouraging, the reactions and failures were never, or only
in the earliest instances, verified by post-mortem examination.

BECENT STUDIES REGARDING ANIMAL TUBLKCULOSIS. 331

]t appears therefore desirous to test the reliability of this reaction
on animals in which the reaction may be controlled by autopsies
or by the known reliability of subcutaneous tuberculin test. This
has been undertaken by various investigators, and while many
of the results obtained were unsatisfactory, the general findings
are somewhat encouraging. The different results which were
obtained might possibly be attributed to the various preparations
of tuberculin which have been employed and the different
strengths in which the tuberculin was applied. The varied re-
sults thus far obtained make the reliability of the ophthalmo-
tuberculin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in bovines ques-
tionable, and it will be necessary to perfect this method by fur-
ther experiments. If this method of testing should prove as re-
liable as the subcutaneous tuberculin test, it would unquestion-
ably greatly facilitate the eradication of tuberculosis, inasmuch
as the farmers and dairymen would not object to this external
method of applying the test as they do to the subcutaneous tuber-
culin injection.

The changes in the eye resulting from a marked reaction
are characteristic: photophobia and lachrymation are the first
indications of the reaction which may be followed by more severe
symptoms as marked congestion of the conjunctiva, a whitish
film-like exudate over the bulbar conjunctiva, and a grayish-
yellow discharge from the eye which, running down the face,
forms crusts. The test is applied to only one eye, and in the re-
action the other or control eye should remain normal.

Thus far the ophthalmo-tuberculin test cannot be recom-
mended for general practice as a method of diagnosing tuberc-
culosis of bovines, and it will require further work and per-
fection before it should pass from its experimental stage and be
adopted in place of the present reliable subcutaneous applica-
tion.

Prevalence.

It is a well-known fact that tuberculosis is the most serious
disease with which the American farmer has to contend. It is

332 JOHN R. MOHLER.

widely spread among cattle and is yearly appearing with in-
creased frequency among our hogs. Centres of poultry infection
are recently being recorded in various parts of the country, which
fact is naturally leading to great uneasiness among breeders of
pure-bred fowls. In addition to the farmer and poultryman,
the owners and keepers of menageries and zoological parks are
forced to pay heavy animal toll to the ravages of tuberculosis.
Monkeys and deer when kept in captivity rapidly succumb to
tubercular infection, while animals of the raccoon and beaver
families, and occasionally some member of the bird tribes, will
give evidence of their susceptibility to tuberculosis.

Infection of cattle and hogs is most frequently seen in dis-
tricts in which dairy interests are prominent, but the arid south-
western plains and even the Pacific Mountain regions are not
totally free. The losses from tuberculosis to the farmers of this
country can hardly be appreciated or calculated. There are at
present approximately 19,000 carcasses of beef and 66,000 car-
casses of hogs condemned annually by the inspectors of the Bur-
eau. State dairy inspectors condemn numerous dairy cows for
tuberculosis in addition to these, and many others are slaugh-
tered at small private slaughter houses, where no record of num-
bers or values is kept. Breeders of pure-bred cattle are also
forced to bear heavy burdens through losses of valuable breed-
ing animals and through the disturbance of their trade with
would-be purchasers. In this connection it may be stated that
the breeder of pure-bred stock who is in a position to warrant
his stock as free from tuberculosis will find such guarantee to be
a valuable recommendation for his herd, and satisfactory sales
will no doubt result, which could not be made from a herd in
which tuberculosis was suspected.

The recent awakening of interest in the matter of obtaining
pure milk supplies for our various cities and towns, forty-one
of which 'have tuberculin test ordinances, has led to the appli-
cation of this test to many dairy herds. The extent of tubercu-
losis detected in these cases by the use of Bureau tuberculin varies
from 2.79 to 19.69 per cent, in the several states.

RECENT STUDIES REGARDING ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS. 333

The increasing frequency with which tuberculosis is being
discovered among flocks of fowls and pigeons calls attention to
another source of considerable loss through this disease. These
centres of avian tubercular infection are widely separated, having
been found on the Pacific coast, along the Hudson river, and at
intermediate points.

In aH of the flocks attacked and examined it has been noted
that the spread of the disease among the birds has been very
rapid, and so virulent has the infection in these cases proved, that
only few of the individuals in the flock escape after the infection
has become established. The disease is spread readily from bird
to bird by way of the digestive tract, and from the well-known
habit of fowls picking their food out of dirt, and even from
manure piles, it is evident that the infection will be quickly taken
up by the healthy members of the flock.

Federal Co-operation in Suppressing Tuberculosis.

You have already learned from the preceding report of the
various methods recommended for the suppression of tubercu-
losis which should be carried out by the stock raisers and the
various state authorities, but the co-operation which will be ex-
pected from the Federal government was not- discussed.

Inasmuch as there are already 13 states which are enforcing
laws regarding the entrance of tuberculous cattle, other states
will naturally follow sooner or later in order to avoid becoming
the dumping-ground of tuberculous cattle not permitted entry
into the first-mentioned states. While the laws in these states
differ much in detail, the general plan is to require that cattle in-
troduced for breeding or dairy purposes be tested with tuber-
culin and their healthfulness certified by the authorities of the
state from which they originate, or failing in this, by the authori-
ties of the state in which they are destined to remain. With a
large number of states demanding the tuberculin test for all
breeding and dairying cattle entering therein the establishment
of tuberculin testing stations at appropriately situated stock yards

334 JOHN B. MOHLEK.

for the inspection of cattle being shipped interstate will no doubt
become a necessity both from an economic as well as a sanitary
standpoint, and such work will naturally come under the super-
vision of the Federal government. The Bureau of Animal In-
dustry is doing much toward reducing and preventing tubercu-
losis in the United States, which action is indicative of what
may be expected in the future. About eight years ago the
Bureau endeavored to assist the individual states in guarding
against infection from foreign countries by requiring cattle im-
ported from these countries to be accompanied by a certificate
of healthfulness shown by a tuberculin test made by an official
veterinarian, while those coming through the quarantine stations
were tested by the superintendents during the period of detention.
Two objectionable features led to a change in these methods.
The first was the frequently unsatisfactory certificates of tests
made in the country of origin, and second, the loss which was
inevitable in case any of the imported cattle reacted after reach-
ing the United States. To overcome these objections, the Bureau
in 1900 detailed one inspector to Great Britain and another
along the Canadian border for the purpose of testing all cattle
intended for export to this country, in order that only healthy
cattle would be brought in. This practice still continues in
Great Britain, but reciprocity has been established with Dr. Ruth-
erford's department by which we accept the tuberculin test cer-
tificates from any of his official veterinarians. The benefit de-
rived from this regulation is indicated from the fact that the
inspector in Great Britain has rejected on account of tubercu-
losis as high as 33 per cent, of all the cattle tested by him in
one year for shipment to this country, and a large number of
badly diseased herds have been located from which no importa-
tions are permitted. Similarly, the Bureau has had occasion to
tuberculin test a large number of pure-bred cattle intended for
shipment into Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, and other countries
requiring such certificates of health; and the breeders of full-
blooded cattle are also being encouraged and assisted in cleaning
their herds by the Bureau. By such testing new centres of in-

RECENT STUDIES REGARDING ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS. 333

fection are located, advice furnished the breeders as to the best
methods for controlling the disease, and the state authorities
notified for such action as they deem advisable. Furthermore,
the meat inspection service during the past two years has been
used as an adjunct in determining the extent and prevalence of
tuberculosis in individual states. This has been accomplished by
obtaining all available information concerning each lot of tuber-
culous animals slaughtered, and in case these animals can be
traced back to the farm whence they came, the breeder or feeder,
as the case may be, is notified concerning the post-mortem find-
ings on his animals, and likewise the state veterinarian or sani-
tary officer is informed, in order that the testing of the remainder
of the herd and the disinfection of the premises may be properly
carried out. In order to prevent as far as possible the interstate
traffic which has evidently been going on in cattle that had re-
acted to the tuberculin test the Secretary of Agriculture last fall
issued a regulation classifying tuberculosis as one of the con-
tagious diseases to be controlled and making it an offense to
drive or transport cattle that were known to be tuberculous
across state lines. While the fact that such action is illegal will
not cause it to be universally obeyed, at the same time law-abiding
citizens will conform with the law, and with the earnest prosecu-
lion of all cases of violation detected, this practice will be greatly
reduced. Notice has been furnished railroads and steamship
companies, cattle raisers and stock papers that it is a violation
of the Federal statutes to ship animals affected with tuberculo-
sis from one state to another, and the only hardship it occa-
sions is with stock owners in one state who are unable to send
their cattle to a packing house centre located in close proximity
in an adjoining state. However, the benefits of such an order
are so superior that they greatly overcome the few disadvan-
tages. Congress has also granted power to the Department of
Agriculture to examine and report upon the results obtained from
the use of various kinds of tuberculin sold in this country. This
power of keeping the public informed upon the value of such an
important biological product as tuberculin came none too soon

330 JOHN K. MOHLEB.

for worthless tuberculin has been found on the market, and there
can be no question that many inconsistent results — results which
were embarrassing to the testers, and caused dissatisfaction
among the stockmen, from the use of different tuberculins can be
explained by the inertness of certain of these products. The test-
ing of a few dairy herds near the District of Columbia showed
the widespread distribution and serious extent to which tubercu-
losis prevailed among the cattle in that vicinity. This knowl-
edge, coupled with the agitation of the citizens of Washington
for a pure milk supply, led the Bureau to volunteer the testing of
all herds supplying Washington with milk, providing the owners
would agree to disinfect the premises afterwards, and endeavor
so far as possible to keep their herds free of this disease. The
herds belonging to government institutions, and other public
organizations, in various parts of the country, have likewise
been tested by the Bureau not only as a repressive, measure but
also as an object lesson for the owners of other dairy herds in
their vicinity.

Since 1893 the Bureau has been .constantly assisting some of
the states in controlling tuberculosis, preparing and distributing
tuberculin to their state and municipal health authorities and
sanitary officers, but during the last few years the demand has
been greatly increased, 215,000 doses having been sent out in the
past year. Before adjourning last May Congress made an ap-
propriation of $25,000 for the study of the extent and preva-
lence of tuberculosis in the United States. In order to deter-
mine these facts both quickly and accurately the work will neces-
sarily be undertaken in those states where co-operation can be
obtained, not only from the standpoint of organization and funds
but also with reference to having proper laws regarding the
entry of tuberculous cattle; in other words, to help those states
that are endeavoring to help themselves. Already several veter-
inary inspectors have been stationed at important shipping points
for the purpose of accommodating shippers who desire to have
cattle tested which are destined for states requiring the tuberculin
test certificates, and while this work at present is entirely volun-

RECENT STUDIES REGARDING ANIMAL TUBERCULOSIS. 337

tary, the establishment of a large number of such points would
probably follow if more states had compulsory tuberculin test
laws upon their statutes. It will, therefore, be seen that a con-
stantly increasing activity relative to the suppression of tuber-
culosis is being manifested by the Bureau of Animal Industry,
and I believe the day is not far distant when all breeding and
dairy cattle crossing state lines will be required to show a tuber-
culin test bill of health. A great impulse will be given this sub-
ject in consequence of the educational propaganda which will
result from the International Congress on Tuberculosis to be
held in Washington this month. If the states themselves would
all obtain such laws the enforcement of an order for the testing
of the above, classes of cattle entering interstate commerce, and
the appointment of veterinary tuberculin testers by the govern-
ment to all the principal shipping centres would be more likely
to follow. And it would be long before the country would be
divided into districts with a chief inspector in charge, for the
eradication of tuberculosis, as it is at present in the South for
the repression of the fever tick, and in the West for the extermi-
nation of the cattle and sheep scab mites. The effort to control
tuberculosis is a most reasonable and proper one, and if con-
servatively directed, should receive the support of every friend
of the cattle industry. Not only is tuberculosis a disease to be
dreaded because of the value of the cattle which it injures or
destroys, but its existence is believed by the best sanitary authori-
ties to be a serious menace to the health of the consumers of
meat and dairy products. The individual states therefore have
good reason for desiring to stop the importation from other
states of tuberculous animals, and for adopting measures intended
to lessen or control the disease within their own borders. The
herds of the United States are far less seriously affected with
tuberculosis than are those of European countries, and the pro-
portion of animals affected in Europe indicates both the danger
which threatens our herds, if the disease is allowed to progress
here, and the importance of thorough measures to prevent it
from becoming as prevalent in this country as on the Continent.

A CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD
OF GLANDERED HORSES.*

By Samuel H. Burnett and Charles D. Pearce, New York State
Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y.

Though a great deal of work has been done, especially of
late, on the blood of horses affected with glanders, compara-
tively few clinical examinations of the blood have been reported.
Mikrukow found in horses and cats that the red corpuscles are
diminished in two or three days after infection and sink toward
the end of the disease to one-third the normal number, that the
hemoglobin decreases gradually, and that the red corpuscles
are smaller in glandered animals than in healthy ones. Schin-
delka includes glanders among the diseases in whose course there
is a decrease of hemoglobin. Prus reports that the red corpuscles
are diminished, 4-5 million being found, and that the blood-
plates are increased to 700,000-1,600,000 per cmm. The leuco-
cytes have been found increased in the cases reported. Macchia
found them increased 24 hours after inoculating an ass. The
third day there were 17,500 per cmm., the sixth day 31,250,
the eighth day 34,792, the ninth day 60,000. The fourteenth
day the ass died of acute glanders. Mikrukow examined glan-
dered horses and cats and found that the leucocytes increased
till toward the end of the disease they were at least three times
the normal number. Noniewicz examined three glandered
horses and found the leucocytes increased, in a case of chronic
farcy being in the proportion of one leucocyte to twenty red
corpuscles, and in a case of chronic glanders, early stage, being
in the proportion of one to thirty. Prus found that the leuco-
cytes are increased in glandered horses to 20,000-60,000. Of the
leucocytes he found the polymorphonuclears in greater than
normal numbers and percentages (polynuclear leucocytosis). He

* Read before the 45th meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Philadel-
phia, 1908.

A CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD OF GLANDERED HORSES. 339

found the following percentages of the several varieties : Eosins,
3 per cent.; mast cells, 2 per cent.; basophile cells, .5 per cent;
neutrophile cells, 75 per cent. ; small lymphocytes, 10 per cent. ;
large lymphocytes, 2 per cent. ; and transitional cells, 3 per cent.
Christot and Kiener report a leucocytosis in acute glanders in
man, horse and guinea pig and in chronic cases in two horses
and a guinea pig. Bidault found a polynuclear leucocytosis in
horses with the following percentages :

1. Chronic case with nasal and pulmonary lesions, cachexia,
mononuclears, 2 1 per cent. ; polynuclears, 78 per cent. ; eosins,
o per cent.

2. Chronic case with pronounced nasal lesions, discrete pul-
monary lesions, in good condition, lymphocytes, 8 per cent. ;
mononuclears, 18 per cent.; polynuclears, 71 per cent.; eosins,
2 per cent.

3. Subacute, farcy, mastitis, lymphocytes, 2 per cent.; mono-
nuclears, 12 per cent.; polynuclears, 85 per cent.; eosins, 1 per
cent.

Prus and Bidault both found that mallein produces a leuco-
cytosis in both non-glandered and glandered horses; but that the
leucocytosis is much more pronounced in glandered horses.

From the cases reported it seems that the examinations offer
results lacking in certain details and conflicting in some of the
others. The present study was undertaken with the purpose of
learning something more definite as to the changes that occur in
the blood of horses affected with glanders.

The examinations of horses 1-15 were made by one of us
(Pearce) during the summer of 1907, while assisting Dr.' G. H.
Berns, of Brooklyn, N. Y. Our sincere thanks are due Dr. Berns
for his kindness in affording the opportunity and for facilities in
making the examinations. Dr. Berns tested a large number of
horses for glanders by the agglutination method. The cases
Nos. 1- 1 5 are some of those that gave a reaction by this method.
Tn cases where the mallein test was made, the blood was exam-
ined before the mallein was injected, except in the case of the
second examination of horse No. 7.

340 SAMUkX H. BURNETT AND CHARLES D. PEARCE.

The blood was procured for examination from the ventral
surface of the tail where free from hair in cases 1-3. In the
remaining cases it was obtained from the inside of the lip near
the commissure. The puncture was made with a narrow-bladed
scalpel, guarding it with the fingers to insure making a puncture
only sufficiently large to obtain the proper amount of blood. In
the tail it requires a rather deep puncture, while in the lip it
was only necessary to puncture the skin. The site of puncture
was thoroughly cleansed, then dried. The first few drops of
blood were wiped off with a towel, then blood was obtained for
examination. The blood was wiped off if exposed to the air for
more than a few seconds. The red corpuscles and leucocytes were
counted by means of the Thoma hematocytometer having the
Zappert-Ewing ruling, both red corpuscles and leucocytes being
counted in the same preparation. For the number of red cor-
puscles, the corpuscles in 100 squares, for the leucocytes the num-
ber in the entire ruled space, 9/10 cmm., were counted. Toisson's
fluid was used to dilute the blood. Smears were stained with
Tenner's stain and differential counts of the varieties made from
these. From 500 to 1,000 leucocytes were counted in each case.

The following are brief descriptions of each case examined.

Case No. 1. — This was a large bay draft gelding, advanced
in years, in good condition. He showed no clinical symptoms
except that he was off his feed. The temperature fluctuated from
day to day; at one time being high, at another time appearing
normal. This is a chronic case and gave an agglutination re-
action of 1 :8oo. Red corpuscles, 6,148,000 per cmm. ; leucocytes,
6,640'per cmm.; lymphocytes, 30 per cent.; large mononuclears,
5.8 per cent.; polymorphonuclears, 61.5 per cent.; eosinophils,
2 per cent. : mast cells. .4 per cent. The blood is practically nor-
mal for a horse of this age, except that the number of red cor-
puscles is low. It is to be noted that there were no clinical symp-
toms except the appetite was poor and the temperature fluctuat-
ing.

Case No. 2. — This case was a bay gelding roadster, ten years
of age. The submaxillary lymph gland was enlarged, having

A CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD OF GLANDERED HORSES. 341

a grapy feeling; also a whitish nasal discharge present. Horse
did not eat well and lost flesh. He also had a persistent tem-
perature, about 103 degrees. Chronic case. The blood ag-
glutinated 1:800. Red corpuscles, 6,174,000; leucocytes, 9,555;
lymphocytes, 18 per cent; large mononuclears, 5.6 per cent.;
polymorphs, 73 per cent.; eosins, 2.9 per cent; mast cells, .1 per
cent. The examination of the blood reveals a diminution of red
corpuscles and a polymorphonuclear leucocytosis. The lymph-
ocytes are present in normal numbers, though the percentage is
low. The increase above the normal is in the polymorphs.

Case No. 3. — Bay, driving mare, weighing about 1,100
pounds and advanced in years. Animal was very much emaci-
ated. The lymph glands over the surface of her body were en-
larged and the lymphatics leading to the glands were corded.
The submaxillary lymph gland was enlarged, had a nodular
structure, and was painful upon palpation. Some of the cutane-
ous lesions were necrotic and discharging while the others ap-
peared as small tumefactions. There was a bi-lateral, opaque
nasal discharge, and upon careful examination, ulcers, character-
istic of glanders, were found on the nasal septum. As the case
showed clinical symptoms the Board of Health destroyed the
animal the following day. The agglutination test was positive
1:800. Red corpuscles, 7,736,000; leucocytes, 20,750; lymph-
ocytes, 15 per cent.; large mononuclears, 4.5 per cent.; poly-
morphs, 80 per cent. ; eosins, none; mast cells, .17 per cent. The
number of red corpuscles is normal or somewhat above the nor-
mal. This is interesting, as the mare was much emaciated. The
explanation is probably that there is reduction in the total amount
of blood due to exudation. The lungs were probably involved
to a considerable extent. Under the circumstances this high
count of red corpuscles is decidedly unfavorable. The leucocytes
are much increased, the increase being largely in the polymorphs.
The absence of eosinophiles indicated that the disease is actively
progressing.

Case No. 4. — Sorrel driving mare, weighing about 1,000
pounds. Mare had been brought from Kentucky and was kept

o42 SAMUEL H. BURNETT AND CHARLES D. PEARCE.

alone in the stable as a pet of the family. When first seen, the
animal was suffering from a slight fever, 103 degrees, and had
a unilateral, opaque nasal discharge. The submaxillary gland on
the right side was enlarged. Mare did not eat well, so some
of her blood was drawn and the agglutination test made. It
gave a positive reaction, 1 :8oo. Red corpuscles, 6,500,000;
leucocytes, 6,000 ; lymphocytes, 30 per cent. ; large mononuclears,
1 1 per cent. ; polymorphs, 58 per cent. ; eosins, .9 per cent. ; mast
cells, .3 per cent. The blood appears normal, except that the
number of red corpuscles is diminished. The mare was exam-
ined about a month later. The nasal discharge had dried up and
there was no fever. The animal in the meantime had been given
potassium iodide and Fowler's solution. The agglutination test
was again made with the same result as before, a reaction 1 :8oo.

Cose No. 5. — Black draft gelding weighing about i,6od
pounds, about fourteen years of age and in good flesh and condi-
tion. Animal appeared healthy from all external appearances,
except that the temperature remained about 102 degrees and on
the inside of the left hind leg, close to the body, were found some
slight enlargements which were diagnosed as farcy buds. The
agglutination test was made with a reaction of 1 :50c The horse
was destroyed as a case of farcy. Red corpuscles, 6,500,000;
leucocytes, 9,444; lymphocytes, 22 per cent.; large mononuclears,
10 per cent.; polymorphs, 65 per cent.; eosins, 1 per cent.; mast
cells, .1 per cent. The red corpuscles are diminished; the leuco-
cytes moderately increased, the increase being in the polymorphs
and large mononuclears.

Case N^o. 6. — White draft gelding, fourteen to fifteen years
of age, weighing about 1,500 pounds. When seen the animal
appeared in good flesh, although at the time he was not eating
well. He had a temperature of 102 degrees F., and the owner
said it fluctuated from day to day. No other clinical symptoms
were observed. The agglutination test was positive, 1 :8oo. A
short time before the animal had an abscess in the submaxillary
space. At the time of this examination the abscess had dis-

A CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD OF GLANDEKED HORSES. • 343

charged and was nearly healed. Red corpuscles, 7,142,000;
leucocytes, 7,600 ; lymphocytes, 26 per cent. ; large mononuclears,
7.8 per cent.; polymorphs, 55 per cent.; eosins, 9 per cent.; mast
cells, .5 per cent. The blood is apparently normal, except for a
large number of eosinophiles. The lesions of glanders were evi-
dently not sufficient to produce a noticeable effect on the blood.

Case No. 7. — Bay gelding roadster, ten years of age, weigh-
ing about 1,250 pounds. There were no observable lesions. The
animal did not eat well and lost condition. The temperature
varied from 101 to 103 degrees F. The blood reacted to the
agglutination test 1 :8oo. Red corpuscles, 6,300,000 ; leucocytes,
12,000; lymphocytes, 14 per cent.; large mononuclears, 4.7 per
cent. ; polymorphs, 79 per cent.; eosins, 1.3 per cent.; mast cells,
.3 per cent. The red corpuscles are diminished; the leucocytes
increased. The increase in leucocytes is confined to the polymor-
phonuclears, the other varieties being present in normal numbers.

The evening of the same day mallein was injected at 10 p. m.,
with the following result :

10 p. m. 2 cc. mallein injected. 7 a. m., 103.8 degrees; 9
a. m., 104.4 degrees; 11 a. m., 104.8 degrees; 2.30 p. m., 105.4
degrees; 6 p. m., 103.5 degrees. A typical mallein reaction
Where the injection of mallein was made on the side of the neck
there appeared a large raised swelling about the size of the flat
of the hand, painful on palpation. The lymphatics leading to
the swelling were raised and corded. The horse was destroyed.
Blood for examination was obtained at 2.30 p. m. when the tem-
perature was 105.4 degrees. Red corpuscles, 6,280,000; leuco-
cytes, 15,000; lymphocytes, 12 per cent.; large mononuclears, 3
per cent. ; polymorphs, 84 per cent. ; eosins, .09 per cent. ; mast
cells, .16 per cent. The effect of the reaction to mallein was an
increase in the polymorphonuclear leucocytes, the other varieties
showing no increase.

Case No. 8. — Gray mare, advanced in age, weighing about
1,300 pounds. The left submaxillary lymph gland was much
enlarged, having a nodular feeling and was very painful. . On

344 • SAMUEL H. BURNETT AND CHARLES D. PEARCE.

each side of the face there was an ulcer which was discharging
a purulent fluid of a yellowish-white color. There was also a
unilateral, thin, slightly opaque, nasal discharge from the left
nostril. This animal gave a strong agglutination reaction i :8oo
and was destroyed. Red corpuscles, 6,000,000; leucocytes, 16,-
000 ; lymphocytes, 1 1 per cent. ; large mononuclears, 5 per cent. ;
polymorphs, 82 per cent.; eosins, .45 per cent.; mast cells, .5
per cent. The red corpuscles are diminished. The leucocytes are
much increased, a marked polymorphonuclear leucocytosis. The
number of large mononuclears is high, about double the normal.
Case No. 9. — Gray draft gelding, weighing about 1,600 pounds.
Five years of age. No external symptoms could be found. He
gave a positive agglutination reaction 1 :8oo ; but did not react
to mallein. Red corpuscles, 6,500,000; leucocytes, 6,500; lym-
phocytes, 24 per cent.; large mononuclears, 6.9 per cent.; poly-
morphs, 61 per cent.; eosins, 6.3 per cent.; mast cells, .59 per
cent. The red corpuscles show a diminished number. The total
number of leucocytes and the percentages of the several varieties
except the eosinophiles are normal. The eosins are increased.
Case No. 10. — Bay draft gelding, weighing about 1,650
pounds, five years old. The submaxillary gland was enlarged
and very painful on palpation. Animal did not eat well and had
a temperature of 103 degrees. The agglutination test was posi-
tive 1 :8oo. Red corpuscles, 6,400,000; leucocytes, 14,000; lym-
phocytes, 19 per cent.; lare mononuclears, 3.7 per cent.; poly-
morphs, 74 per cent. ; eosins, .7 per cent. ; mast cells, .7 per cent.
The examination shows a diminution of the red corpuscles and
a polymorphonuclear leucocytosis. The leucocytes also show an
increased number.

Case No. n. — Bay draft gelding, advanced in years, weigh-
ing about 1,500 pounds, much emaciated. There were painful
lymphatic nodules over the chest and forelegs. Some of these
were suppurating and discharging while others appeared as tume-
factions. Animal refused to eat and had a temperature of 104
degrees. He gave a positive agglutination reaction, 1 :8co and

A CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD OF GLANDERED HORSES. 345

was destroyed. Red corpuscles, 4,195,000; leucocytes, 8,666;
lymphocytes, 23 per cent.; large mononuclears, 5.5 per cent.;
polymorphs, 68 per cent; eosins, 1.2 per cent.; mast cells, .7 per
cent. The red corpuscles show a marked diminution. The leuco-
cytes are somewhat increased in number, the increase being in the
polymorphonuclears.

Case No. 12. — Buckskin gelding, weighing about 1,250
pounds, advanced in years. When first seen it was thought that
the animal was suffering from pleurisy, was treated accordingly
and later brought to the hospital. About the third day after
coming to the hospital he broke out with lymphatic swellings over
the neck, chest and fore limbs and a bi-lateral, dirty, opaque dis-
charge from the nostrils set in. Temperature remained about
105 degrees. The blood gave a strong agglutination reaction,
1 :8oo. Later the animal was destroyed. He was apparently
taken with an attack of acute glanders. Red corpuscles, 5,600,-
000; leucocytes, 25,000; lymphocytes, 9 per cent.; large mono-
nuclears, 5.4 per cent.; polymorphs, 85 per cent.; eosins, none;
mast cells, none. The red corpuscles are much reduced. Com-
pare with the condition in Case No. 3. There is a marked poly-
morphonuclear leucocytosis. The number of large mononuclears
is also increased. No eosinophiles were observed.

Case No. 13. — Brown gelding roadster, weighing about 1,000
pounds, and fifteen years of age. The history of the case was
that the animal was not eating. Temperature was found to be
103 degrees. There was a slight nasal discharge and on the
septum were scars which appeared to be healed glanders ulcers.
The blood gave a positive agglutination reaction, 1 :8oo. Red
corpuscles, 4,700,000; leucocytes, 8,000; lymphocytes, 23 per
cent.; large mononuclears, 5.7 per cent.; polymorphs, 68 per
cent.; eosins, 2.2 per cent.; mast cells, .5 per cent. The number
of red corpuscles is much below the normal. The leucocytes are
somewhat increased, the increase being in the polymorpho-
nuclears.

Case No. 14. — Buckskin draft gelding, weighing about 1,600
pounds and twelve to fourteen years of age. Animal was con-
siderably run down by hard work, but showed no symptoms of

34U SAMUEL H. BUBNETT AND CHABLES D. PEABCE.

glanders. This was one of the reactors in a stable that was tested
by the agglutination method ; reacted I :8oo. Red corpuscles,
7,428,000; leucocytes, 12,000; lymphocytes, 13 per cent.; large
mononuclears, 4.6 per cent. ; polymorphs, 80 per cent. ; eosins,
•57 Per cent.; mast cells, .3 per cent. In this case the number of
red corpuscles is high considering that the animal was not in
good condition; but the number is within the normal limits for
a horse. There is a marked polymorphonuclear leucocytosis, the
other varieties being present in normal numbers.

Case No. 15. — Gray draft gelding, advanced in years and
weighing about 1,500 pounds. When first seen the animal was
not eating well and had a temperature of 103 degrees F. The
blood was tested and found to react at a dilution of 1 :8oo. When
this reaction was reported another physical examination was made.
In the meantime the animal had developed small lymphatic swell-
ings on the neck, breast and fore limbs. He was then tested
with mallein, showing a typical reaction. # Later the animal was
destroyed. Red corpuscles, 6,500,000; leucocytes. 10,000; lym-
phocytes, 12 per cent.; large mononuclears, 3.4 per cent.; poly-
morphs, 82 per cent.; eosins, .5 per cent.; mast cells, .19 per
cent. The red corpuscles are diminished. There is a well-marked
polymorphonuclear leucocytosis.

Case No. 16. — Bay draft gelding about 8 years old, in good
condition and weighing about 1,500 pounds. The animal had a
viscid, unilateral, nasal discharge. The submaxillary gland on
the same side was enlarged and indurated. The blood gave a
positive agglutination reaction ; a few days later a mallein test
was made, with a typical reaction. Later the discharge ceased.
The horse is now at work and is apparently well. The examina-
tion of the blood gave the following: Red corpuscles, 6.972,000;
hemoglobin, 76 per cent.; leucocytes, 8,^44; lymphocytes, 23.8
per cent. ; large mononuclears, 5.2 per cent. ; polymorphs, 67.6
per cent. ; eosins, 3.2 per cent. ; mast cells, .2 per cent. This
shows a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin and a moderate
increase in the number of leucocytes. The increase is mainly in
the polymorphonuclears, the other varieties showing little,, if any,
variation from the normal numbers.

A CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD OF GLANDERED HORSES.

347

The following tables, I and II, show the number of red cor-
puscles, leucocytes and the percentages of the several varieties
of leucocytes in the cases examined :

Table I. — Numbers of Red Corpuscles and Leucocytes in Cases of Glanders

in Horses.

Case

No. Sex. Age. Temp.

Red
Corpuscles.

Leuco-
cytes.

Remarks.

I

g

old

rtuct.

6148000

6640

2

R

IO

perst.

6174000

9555

3

f

old

105

7736000

20750

4

f

old

103

6500000

6000

5

S

14

102

6500000

9422

6

g

15

102

7142000

7600

7

g

IO

102

6300000

12000

7

105.4

6280000

15000

8

f

old

104.5

6000000

16000

9

g

5

norm.

6500000

6500

IO

J?

5

103

6400000

14000

ii

g

old

104

4195000

8666

12

g

old

105

5600000

25000

13

K

15

103.5

4700000

8000

14

ff

13

7428000

12000

IS

g

old

103

6500000

IOOOO

16

g

8

norm.

6972000

8444

no symptoms

submax. gl. enlarged, ulcers.

nasal discharge, submax. gl.
enlarged, emaciated.

submax. gl. enlarged, nasal dis-
charge.

few farcy buds.

no symptoms.

no symptoms.

typical mallein reaction.

ulcers on face, nasal discharge.

no symptoms.

submax. gl. enlarged.

emaciated, farcy.

nasal discharge, farcy.

slight discharge, scars.

no symptoms.

small lymph, swellings.

viscid discharge.

Table II. — Differential Counts of Leucocytes in Cases of Glanders in Horses.

0

Variel

ies of

Leucocyt

es.

<v

0 *r

Lympho-

Large

cti

3 aj

cytes.

Monuclears.

Polymorph.

Eos

ins. Mast Cells.

-J

%

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%
2.

No. «
133

4

No.

I

6640

30

1992

5-8

385

61.5

4084

27

2

9555

18

1720

5

6

535

73-

6975

2.9

277

1

10

3

20750

15

3113

4

5

934

80.

16600

17

35

4

6000

30

1800

11

660

58.

348o

0.9

54

3

18

5

9422

22

2074

10

942

65.

6124

1 .

94

I

0

6

7600

26

1976

7

8

593

55-

4180

9-

614

5

38

7

12000

14

1680

4

7

564

79-

9480

1.3

156

3

36

7

15000

12

1800

3

^50

84.

12600

0.09

14

16

24

8

16000

11

1760

5

800

82.

13120

0-45

72

5

80

9

6500

24

1560

6

<)

440

61.

3965

6.3

410

59

38

10

14000

19

2660

3

7

5i8

7A.

io?6o

0.7

98

7

08

n

8666

23

1993

5

5

477

68.

5894

1 .2

104

7

61

12

25000

9

2250

5

4

13.SO

85.

21250

13

8000

23

1840

5

7

456

68.

5440

2.2

176

5

40

14

12000

13

1560

4

u

552

80.

0600

o.57

68

3

36

15

IOOOO

12

1200

3

4

340

82.

8200

05

5o

19

19

16

8444

23.8

2010

5

2

439

67.6

57o8

3-2

270

2

17

348 SAMUEL H. BURNETT AND CHARLES D. PEABCE.

Summary. — Only two of the cases had a normal count of red
corpuscles. These two cases were so slightly affected that no
clinical symptoms were observed. In one case, a very pro-
nounced one, there was polycythemia. In all of the others there
was anemia. The lowest count was 4,195,000.

In four cases the leucocytes were practically normal. In these
four cases there were no clinical symptoms observed, except in
case No. 4 a sticky nasal discharge which dried up later. One
of these cases, No. 9, did not react to mallein. The other cases
show more or less leucocytosis, the increase being in each case
mainly or entirely in the polymorphonuclears. One case exam-
ined during the mallein reaction showed a considerable increase
in the polymorphonuclears over the number present the day be-
fore. The worst cases were those showing the most marked
leucocytosis. There were also cases having a marked leuco-
cytosis; but showing no easily detected symptoms of glanders.
It is unfortunate that post-mortem examinations of these cases
could not be made. It would have assisted a great deal in inter-
preting the examinations of the blood. However, it seems from
the marked increase in the leucocytes that the disease was actively
progressing in these cases, Nos. 7 (1st exam.) and 14.

In Nos. 1 and 9 there were no gross clinical symptoms and
no changes of importance in the blood. In No. 4 there was a
unilateral, nasal discharge and enlarged submaxillary lymph
gland on one side while the leucocytes were normal. The nasal
discharge had dried up a month later. The blood in this case
gave information of prognostic value. Such a result, it seems,
might be expected considering the lack of changes in the blood.

It is hoped that studies of the changes in the circulating
blood may be made of a large number of cases of glanders.
These examinations strongly suggest that the blood may afford
valuable information as to the extent of the disease or at least
as to whether the disease is actively progressive or not. These
examinations also suggest that the examination of the blood is
valuable in examination for soundness. Finding the blood as

A CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD OF GLANDERED HORSES. 349

in case No. 14, for example, shows that that animal is not
sound. The condition of the blood in such a case is not diag-
nostic of glanders; but it shows that something serious is the
matter. An animal showing such changes in the blood could
not be certified as being sound.

A Shipwreck. — Muggins, gazing intently at a dead dog, in
a resigned tone at last said:

" Here is another shipwreck."

" Shipwreck ! Where ? " blurted out Juggins.

" Where, my dear friend ? " quoted M. " There is a bark
lost forever."

Juggins growled and passed on. — (London Fun.)

New Jersey Commission Will Purchase Stallions in
France. — Dr. T. Earle Budd, of Orange, E. T. Gill, of Haddon-
field, and Professor F. C. Minckler, of New Brunswick, sailed for
France the early part of November as a State Commission, to
purchase stallions to improve the class of horses for farmers'
uses in New Jersey. After examining 195 horses in the state,
the commission found them too light in weight and otherwise
deficient in qualities desired. Dr. Budd will visit Professor Liau-
tard while in France.

Animals in Art. — " Sheep are in strong demand in the pic-
ture market," said the manager of a department store art gal-
lery. " If I were a painter of animal studies I would confine my
work entirely to pictures of sheep. They sell better than any
other animal pictures. I suppose the reason is that sheep lend
themselves to more artistic poses than other quadruped subjects.
They can be more effectively grouped, and the contour of their
bodies is in soft and rounded lines well adapted to artistic work.
Then sentiment is a factor in the popularity of these pictures.
The women and children always are attracted by them, especially
by pictures of sheep lost in a storm, which appeal to their sym-
pathies. Cows are a poor second to sheep in popularity, and
the demand for horses is very light. The horse is a somewhat
conventional subject and one very difficult to portray artistically,
while the sheep can be easily and effectively introduced into a
picture." — (Philadelphia Record.)

THE BIER TREATMENT.

By Prof. Simon J. J. Harger, University of Pennsylvania.
Read at the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Philadelphia, 1908.

Although the passive hyperemia or stauungs-hypercemie of
Bier has been but little employed and is of unknown value in
veterinary surgery, I am led to present this paper because com-
parative therapeusis permits us to borrow certain remedial
measures from the physician, and vice versa, and often with
much success.

The therapeutic effect of active hyperemia, increased blood
irrigation, is well-known and its modus operandi will be spoken
of later. When a part suffers an infection or a solution of con-
tinuity, reactive inflammation with hypersemia follows. This,
though classed as a pathologic phenomenon, pathology teaches
us, is of therapeutic sequence — protective and reparative — pre-
venting further infection and repairing the injured tissues.

To combat, therefore, an inflammation too actively, though
this is often the first resort, is not scientific treatment and op-
poses itself to Nature's healing power unless congestive s.tatis
is of such extreme acuteness as to pass beyond the stage re-
quired by Her.

The surgeon has for a long time unknowingly imitated na-
ture's method by the use of friction (massage), revulsives, lini-
ments, vesicants, hot air, hot water, Priesnitz dressing, the
thermo-regulator of Ullmann, photo-therapy, the actual cautery,
etc. Applied over an inflamed joint, tendon or muscle, these cure
by increasing the congestion and inflammation of the parts. The
actual cautery successfully applied to a spavin or a splint quickens
the ostitis and leads to early anchylosis. In side bones it hastens
the ossifying process. The nicety of judgment in " firing " a
spavin consists in not producing too little irritation but what
the co-ossification will be completed and yet not too much to in-

350

THE BIER TREATMENT. 351

cite an arthritis in adjacent bones unaffected. Exostoses of
the phalanges involving the superficial bony layers and
brought in close proximity to the cautery are quite amen-
able to treatment. With an interarticular extension, on the other
hand, the diseased epiphyseal cartilage is too large, too deep-
seated, and the effects of the cautery too superficial to result in
speedy anchylosis.

We call such treatment counter-irritation, and yet, how
falsely ! It is local excitation, intensification rather than counter-
irritation ; the very antithesis of the word-meaning. A cup ap-
plied to the chest wall draws the blood to the surface ; but the
pleura over a corresponding area also becomes congested. Cau-
terization of skin of the back induces congestion of the deep
muscles, vertebrae, menenges and spinal cord. Iodin and local
astringents acts by virtue of reactive congestion. Cold irriga-
tion causes primarily vasomotor constriction and anaemia fol-
lowed by vasomotor paralysis and increased blood flow to the
part. The practical uses of active hyperemia, though misin-
terpreted in meaning, are, therefore, not new to us.

Bier, formerly of Bonn, now of Berlin, aims at the same re-
sults by creating passive congestion or blood stasis in diseases of
the extremities by mechanical compression. He encircles the arm
or leg on the proximal side of the diseased area with an elastic
bandage. This was spoken of in a fragmentary way by Ambrose
Pare in 1875, Nicoladoni and Helferich, but Bier systematized
and developed it. It has the advantage over active hyperemia
in that it is painless and transmits its effects to deep-seated tis-
sues. He conceived this idea from the absence on post-mortem
of active tuberculous lesions in lungs with hemal stasis due to
heart disease ; on the other hand, in left-sided stenosis, restricting
the blood to the lungs (anaemia), the latter were very prone
to be actively tuberculous.

This method has been used by medical men of Europe and
America in the most varied kinds of affections, and certainly with
superior results. It is economic and simple of application and

352 SIMON J. J. HABGEE.

has revolutionized surgical therapeutics. Ice, scarifications, the
vertical position, sedative and antiphlogistic remedies (anti-
phlogosis) are thrown to the winds. The same vascular exci-
tation that was supposedly restrained by such means is now a
teleologic factor in organic repair. The so-called antiphlogistics,
when efficacious, act through hyperemia after a temporary
ischemia. Local sedatives are useful only when nature passes to
the point of producing a total arrest of circulation.

The compression is made with an Esmarch bandage, rubber
webbing and tubing, piece of suspender, or elastic tourniquet.
Two or three turns of the band should overlap, to prevent ex-
cessive pressure at one point, and shifted up and down on suc-
cessive days. The following points may be observed : ( i ) Apply
the bandage as far away from the 'diseased tissue as possible
(arm and thigh in man) ; (2) It should not be painful or un-
comfortable, shown by uneasiness, pawing and biting. A pain-
ful bandage is one not properly applied; (3) The superficial
veins and lymphatics are compressed, the deep ones and the
arteries unmolested. There should be arterial pulsations on
the distal side; (4) CEdema or " cold congestion " must be avoid-
ed. The leg should remain warm; (5) Where the skin lies
against a resisting surface pressure-necrosis must be avoided ;
(6) Moderate pressure gives the best results; (7) When oedema
appears, remove bandage and massage the region; (8) Reapply
the bandage after the oedema has subsided. The points of elec-
tion in the horse are the canons, forearm, elbow, tibial region.

The duration of the application is modified by the tension
of the bandage, the regional anatomic disposition, the nature of
the affection and the stage of the treatment — two to ten hours
and even longer, and shorter periods toward recovery; in the
horse, for ten to eighteen hours; in the dog not well determined.

Therapeutic Application. — The Bier hyperemia was first em-
ployed in tubercular arthritis. The patient obtained rapid relief,
and joints which called for resection and amputation were made
useful.

THE BIER TREATMENT. 353

In erysipelas, parotitis, sinusitis (frontal and antral), coryza,
necrosis of facial bones, parulic fistula of the teeth and matoid-
itis, a rubber band is applied around the neck for twenty out of
twenty-four hours or until facial oedema is manifested.

In acute pharyngitis the pain soon subsides and the patient
is able to swallow. Maxillary fistula has been so treated without
surgical interference. In orchitis a rubber band is placed around
the scrotum.

Bierism is most recommended in acute infections and pus for-
mations in the extremities. These include suppurating joints,
articular synovial fistula with intense pain, suppuration of ten-
dons and their bursa, bone fistula, white swelling, compound frac-
ture of the phalanges, furunculosis, panaris (felon), osteomy-
elitis, operative and infected wounds of all kinds. Infections of
fingers and hand with a tendency to spread up the arm, like those
contracted during bovine parturition, can be aborted, after a
proper surgical dressing, by passing a small rubber band around
the base of the finger or the forearm.

Suppurative processes of the large articulations, synovials
and tendons have given the most brilliant results in comparison
with the routine surgical treatment. The bandage is maintained
for as many hours — twenty and even twenty-four daily. The
pain ceases, pus formation, after a temporary access, subsides, fis-
tulas dry up without curetting and providing for drainage, and
the articular functioning is restored. Phlegmons and osteomy-
elitis have been treated successfully.

Dr. Alfred Gordon has ameliorated and in a few instances
cured neuroses like writer's, pianist's and telegrapher's cramp,
acroparethesia, erythromelalgia and tic of the neck associated
with an impoverished local blood supply.

Much of the success depends upon securing the proper degree
of stasis.

Effects of Hyperemia. — (i) Hyperemia, active or passive,
is an analgesic, a local nerve sedative and relieves pain. This
is known from experience.

354 SIMON J. J. HABGEE.

(2) It is bactericidal. The blood from the compressed part
shows, in vitro, greater bactericidal properties than the normal
blood. The theory of phagocytosis of Metchnikoff is well known.
Leyden and Lazarus have found in the hypersemic area an in-
tense leucocytosis and an increase of the bacteriolytic elements of
the blood, such as opsonins, lysins, alexins, coagulins, agglutins,
etc. According to Dr. J. C. Hollister, it is principally a con-
dition of hyperopsonization. He found that the opsonic index
of the blood serum exuding from a diseased area is less than
normal — (1) about .5. After hyperaemic stasis begins, the op-
sonic index rises to approach that of the general circulation.

Bier has also shown by exploratory puncture that abscesses
giving pure cultures of staphylococci become sterile in a short
time after applying the band.

(3) It opposes itself to generalized toxcemia from toxin ab-
sorption : ( 1 ) The elastic band closes the absorbing channels —
veins and lymphatics; (2) Toxins imprisoned in the tissues for
some time lose their poisonous effects. If a fatal dose of
strychnia be injected into the leg of a guinea pig supporting an
Esmarch bandage, the latter can be removed at the end of from
one to four hours with impunity (Czylhaz). If, likewise, rab-
bits are injected with virulent streptococci, only 25 per cent, are
fatal ; the survivors are not immune. This shows that the toxin
not only fails to manifest its immediate effects, but that its
properties are destroyed in situ.

■ Veterinary practice. — When we come to speak of the Bier
treatment in veterinary practice, we do not have at our com-
mand the data which the physician has. Our information must
be collected from the isolated experiences of a few continental
veterinarians. In the domestic animals, especially in equines, we
find numerous lesions of the extremities which actually cause
death or reduce their economic value by impairment of function
and blemish, such as arthritis, synovitis, open-joint broken knees,
suppuration of tendons and synovials, contusions, subcoronary
abscess, diffuse coronary suppuration and deep penetrating street
naif.

THE BIER TREATMENT. 353

Roder, of Dresden, declares passive hypersemia most effica-
cious in traumatisms of the coronary region and mild phlegmons ;
also to promote healthy granulations after resection of the lateral
cartilages. He found it less useful in large diffuse phlegmons
and tendonitis. The ligaturing is maintained six to eight hours
at first, and, if pain is not relieved, twelve to eighteen hours.

Parent has obtained excellent results. He employs an elastic
band 3 mm. thick, 3 cm. wide and 1 metre long for eighteen
hours, renewed after twelve hours. It is applied 10 centimeters
above the diseased articulation. He cites : ( 1 ) Deep, irregular
wound of knee, much pus, enormous swelling, walking on three
legs, no appetite, arthritis suspected. Classical treatment failed.
Applied ligature. -Next day improved, swelling less, eating;
daily improvement, and at end of eight day only a small wound
which cicatrized rapidly remained. (2) Painful suppurating
wound on outside of hock, with fever (39.3°C) and anorexia.
In eight days cicatrization was almost complete.

Kiinnemann employed the elastic ligature of Bier with suc-
cess several times in diseases of the members in dog. However,
he questions its everyday use in veterinary practice on account
of the complexity of the technique and the difficulty of regulating
the tension.

Mammitis in woman is successfully treated by cupping, an-
other means of inducing passive hyperaemia. This disease, com-
mon in diverse forms in milch cattle, often leads to the de-
struction of one or more quarters. Cups large enough to cover
one or two quarters, and even the whole udder, the last giving
the best results, are exhausted with a small vacuum pump.

Walter had remarkable success in three cases of parenchyma-
tous mastitis in cows. One was as follows: Udder (left half)
swollen, hard, painful, skin stretched, red, hot, anorexia, tem-
perature 400 C. After oiling the skin, the glass was adjusted
over both quarters, and, after, producing a marked raising of
the skin, remained suspended for five minutes; a small quantity
of yellow milk was aspirated. This was repeated twice at ten-

33G SIMON J. J. HAKGER.

minute intervals. On the second day there was more milk, the
udder was smaller and softer. The cup was applied for ten
minutes at fifteen-minute intervals. The milk increased and
was frequently drawn. The third day the appetite had returned
and no treatment was necessary^ This should also be efficacious
in purulent collection of the lacteal sinus.

Sturham speaks also of the good results obtained in two
cases of diffuse phlegmon of the leg in the horse caused by
contusions.

Schmidt, of the Vienna School, made the most systematic
study of the method of Bier in animals. He relates his experi-
ence in six cases of trauma of the coronet; seven of suppurative
inflammation of the great sesamoid sheath, with more or less
success; also in inflammation of the perforans and perforatus,
street-nail, necrosis of the podophyllous tissue with cartilaginous
quittor, without appreciable results.

Two cases of penetrating wound of the phalangeal articula-
tions with synovial discharge were cured in twenty-one and
twenty-five days respectively, after routine treatment had failed.
A third was a complete failure. The band was applied on alter-
nate days above and below the knee and hock. A few patients
would not tolerate the band.

In a purulent synovitis of a hind fetlock joint which had
become aggravated after a week of antiseptic treatment, Lemine
and Ducrotoy secured cicatrization of the fistula in fifteen days,
although the mare was still lame. The band, which temporarily
increased the oedema, was maintained for twelve hours daily
and gradually reduced to two hours. All symptoms were at
once ameliorated.

In a second case of traumatic synovitis of the bursa of the
extensor pedis with inflammatory swelling of the knee from a
fall, a recovery was effected in four days. A third one of throm-
bosis of the internal saphena vein with intense lameness, swell-
ing of the leg and pulmonary thro'mbosis and treated ineffectually
for ten days, improved immediately and rapidly on the applica-
tion of the elastic band around the region of the tibia.

THE BIER TREATMENT. 357

By analogy, we may think of an elastic band placed around
the neck like a cribbing strap in coryza, acute pharyngitis, pharyn-
goplegia, post-pharyngeal and guttural adenitis and suppuration,
parotitis and subparotid abscess; also of a band around the arm
or forearm against the irremedial osteomyelitis in the St. Bernard
and other canine breeds.

After all that has been said about Bierism, what has been
gained or what can be divined ? In measuring the superior merit
of a new agent, our homage to nature's virtues and results from
classical remedies must be reckoned with.

We are handicapped by forcible restraint, absence of speech
and of intercommunicable intelligence between patient and bene-
factor. Rubbing, tearing, biting and leg movements are con-
tending factors in regulating the pressure. Thickness of hair and
skin and resistance of the parts underneath are factors in avoid-
ing accidents.

That the Bier treatment has given some marvellous results
in diseases of man is accepted by physicians who laud it as one
of the most renowned discoveries since the days of Lister and
Pasteur. In many ailments it has replaced all previous reme-
dies. As veterinarians, we may profit „by these facts. In our
patients we have many conditions, like arthritis, open-joint, etc.,
quite unamenable to known remedies, and anything more effica-
cious is eagerly sought. In some instances, at least, the results
have been better than those obtained by the usual means.

The discovery of Bier opens a new and promising line of
work and seems destined to have a fair trial, even though, simple
as it is, it is a radical departure from older methods. Much de-
pends upon intelligence and experience in its application, the
perfection of its details and the proper selection of the clinical
material.

Bibliography.

Rec. de Med. Vet. ; Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet. ; Berl. tierarz.
Wochen.; Amer. Vet. Review; Jour. Amer. Med. Ass., Medical
Progress; Dr. Alfred Gordon, Pamphlet.

PY/EMIC ARTHRITIS.*

By Dr. John Spencer, Veterinarian, Virginia Agricultural Experiment
Station, Blacksburg, Va.

Prior to the more recent bacteriological research the theories
advanced regarding pysemic arthritis in young animals were as
numerous as the writers. Observed in all species, it affects par-
ticularly colts, calves, lambs and young pigs. Up to the middle
of the last century Lecoq reports one-fifth of sucklings destroyed
by it. Out of 187 colts that died in the provincial breeding stud,
Wurtemberg, during fifteen years, 85 were killed by this disease.
While its frequency has diminished with the progress of hygiene
of. stables and barns, its mortality remains 50 to 90 per cent,
of the subjects affected, and most of those that survive remain
with persistent chronic swellings of the joints, and continue to
be sickly and backward in growth.

Causes.

In 1869, Bollinger first drew attention to the correct etiology
of this form of arthritis, when he demonstrated it to be a gen-
eral infection proceeding from the primary navel infection, prin-
cipally by the Streptococcus vulgaris, which naturally and easily
occurred at the time of birth through the fresh navel coming
in contact with infected soil or bedding, giving rise to certain
pathogenic conditions about the umbilical vessels (Omphalo-
phlebitis), with thrombosis of the portal vein and its branches
to the liver, followed by general pyaemia.

Symptoms.

Frequently a chain of general symptoms precede articular
manifestation. Their duration, however, are in keeping with
the severity or virulence of the infection, while all cases of neg-

* A paper read before the American Veterinary Medical Association, Philadelphia,
1908.

358

PYAEMIC ABTHEITIS. 359

lected pervious urachus (according to our experience) have led
to pyaemic arthritis, this condition is not essential to its produc-
tion. The earlier manifestations are usually those of fever with
indifference or entire lack of desire to suck; the little subject is
listless and gaunt. In mild cases these symptoms may be over-
looked and the first noticeable symptom is that of lameness, which
at first simulates traumatism; metastasis, quickly followed by
suppuration, being usually sufficient to unveil its true identity to
the experienced; the umbilicus is swollen — painful and irritating;
the patient lies down most of its time, is feverish and becomes
rapidly emaciated, the affected joints are much swollen, hot and
painful, the animal being unable to bear weight upon the lame
leg; foetid diarrhoea, followed by constipation, usually occurs;
such complications as are usual in pyaemia set in, ophthalmia,
pneumonia and nervous disturbances, quickly followed by a fatal
termination.

Course.

In foals the course is usually acute, the average duration
being from a few days to as many weeks. The prognosis is
very unfavorable; estimates of mortality range from 50 to 90
per cent. ; the remainder gain health slowly if at all.

Differential Diagnosis.

The metastatic character of this disease is very suggestive
of articular rheumatism, but the latter's rarity to attack young
animals and far greater rarity to suppuration serves as a guid-
ance, especially when the former is associated with the usual
manifestation of umbilical suppuration or pervious urachus; trau-
matism is also permanent in the injured region.

Post-mortems reveal evidences of general pyaemia. Com-
mencing with the umbilicus, we find suppurative inflammation
along its course, with thickening of the umbilical vein; within
the inner umbilical ring abscess formation is usually present, with
thrombosis of the portal vein ; the synovial membranes are thick-
ened and reddened, the synovial fluid increased in quantity and

360 JOHN SPENCEE.

opaque, which shows the presence of numerous streptococci,
upon bacteriological examination. The appearance of the articu-
lar cartilage will vary with the duration and degree of attack,
when death occurs within two or three days of the onset; very
little change may be noticed, but where the attack has been pro-
longed for weeks, extensive ulceration is usually present frequent-
ly extending into the bone. About the affected joints purulent
infiltration between the tendons and ligaments is usually exten-
sive ; foci of infection may be present in nearly all tissues of the
body, especially liver, lungs, kidneys, muscles, and subcutaneous
tissue. Evidences of pleurisy, endocarditis, and pericarditis are
rarely wanting, with fatty degeneration of important affected
organs.

Treatment.

The treatment of pysemic arthritis is limited to its prevention ;
the proper disinfection and dressing of the umbilicus at the time it
is severed prevents this trouble. It is the only preventive
measure known to us (Moore). All authors lay great stress
on prophylaxis, but where the disease is comparatively rare, or
where colts are foaled in the absence of attendants such measures
are likely to be overlooked or applied too late ; but where prompt-
ly and properly done there is little or no danger. As previously
stated, a neglected or persistent urachus will always lead to this
form of arthritis; such conditions demand prompt attention; the
measures recommended are clamping or ligating the umbilical
stump ; we have not found this satisfactory. Others again resort
to injecting the urachus with such irritant antiseptics as iodine,
carbolic acid, and nitrate of silver solutions. These are excellent
when carefully used, but are attended with danger if the anatomy
of the parts is not accurately known. We have found astringents
externally give the best results without risk.

Among the drugs most frequently resorted to when arthritis
is apparent are salicylic acid, salicylate of soda, quinine, hypo-
sulphite of soda, arsenic, various iron preparations with laxa-
tives, as oil, salts, calomel, etc., giving surgical and antiseptic

PYAEMIC ABTHKITIS. 301

attention to the joints where suppuration occurred, yet these
cases were tedious and unsatisfactory, the mortality varying
between 50 and 90 per cent. Those which did not die remained
sickly and unprofitable.

The spring of 1906 was marked by severe loss among foals
in parts of Ontario, one practitioner of our acquaintance having
as many as 20 cases on hand at once. By his consent we placed ten
10 c.c. bottles of antistreptococcic serum in his hands for trial,
giving him directions for his guidance. Out of five cases treated,
four made rapid and complete recoveries, the fifth, as he ex-
pressed it, was beyond all hope of recovery before the serum
arrived. In the spring of 1907, we had the pleasure of witness-
ing some very rapid and complete recoveries in typical and se-
vere cases. Experience with it has taught us that large doses
(10 c.c.) daily are necessary for a two to three weeks old foal.
We have seen no advantage or disadvantage in dividing the
quantity, giving 5 c.c. morning and evening. As soon as reso-
lution is established, reduce the dose to half, or even less, through-
out the illness. Where the disease is prevalent it is advisable
to give 5 to 10 c.c. immuning doses on eighth and fifteenth day,
which, with proper care of the umbilicus at birth, will effectually
prevent the trouble. Our favorite remedy for persistence of the
urachus consists in frequent applications of a saturated solution
of alum and borax, to which should be added an amount of car-
bolic acid equal to 2 per cent, of the whole mixture. When the
disease has been well established, before serum treatment is at-
tempted, and extensive suppuration about the joints has taken
place, no time should be lost in giving exit to the pus at the most
dependent parts of the abscess; the resulting cavity should be
carefully flushed out with warm antiseptic solutions. Resulting
enlargements may be lessened or dispersed with such absorbents
as Tr. Iodine, combined with daily friction. The patient should
be kept under the best hygienic conditions; the mother should
have equally good attention, with careful but generous diet.

362 JOHN SPENCER.

Among cases so treated by us, we will give details of a few
representing all degrees in severity of attack :

No. i. Grade Filly. — On the seventeenth day after birth the
owner noticed the foal was lame in left hock, which, upon ex-
amination, was found swollen and painful. Suspecting in-
jury, he consulted us as such. Local treatment was
prescribed. On the third day following our attention
was called to another suspected injury of the right hind
fetlock. Our interest was at once aroused sufficiently to visit
his farm and make a personal examination, when we recognized
a typical case of pyaemic arthritis. The foal was very lame, gaunt,
listless, and required aid to rise and suck. Very little outward
manifestations of suppuration were evident about the umbilicus,
yet the stump was hard and tender. 5 c.c. serum were given daily,
which delayed the apparent rapid progress of the disease; the
colt's appetite regained somewhat and slight general improvement
was noted. On the fifth day following a large amount of pus
was evacuated from the hock, which did not involve the synovial
membrane; about the same time extensive sloughing occurred
about the fetlock extending to the coronet. Two days later an
abscess of considerable proportion appeared over the lumbar
region, followed by a painful swelling of the left stifle, when
we increased the dose to 5 c.c. morning and evening, improve-
ment at once becoming apparent, resolution taking place suffi-
ciently rapidly in the stifle to prevent suppuration. The abscess
on the back healed very rapidly; nothing eventful except a rapid
recovery took place, the only trace of the disease existing being
a slight blemish of the fetlock where sloughing was extensive.
The foal has developed as well as its associates which escaped.

Case No. 2. Grade Filly. — Apparently healthy until the third
week after birth, when it suddenly and without visible cause de-
veloped a painful swelling in one stifle. Our diagnosis being
pyaemic arthritis, we at once resorted to serum treatment. Lame-
ness and swelling increased during the delay in procuring serum.,
but disappeared as suddenly as it came after three days' injec-
tion, leaving the colt as thrifty as its mate.

PYAEMIC ARTHRITIS. 363

Case No. 3. — Standard bred; dropped two weeks premature.
Since its mother had no milk an attempt was made to raise it
by hand. During the second week the foal became dull, which
symptom was quickly followed by swelling and lameness in both
hind fetlocks. Antistrepococcic serum was given in 10 c.c. doses
daily, giving apparently good results, all swelling disappearing
on fourth day without suppuration. When examined by us a
week later we found this case in an emaciated condition, and it
required assistance to rise. Both elbows presented large open
wounds. Closely following our visit a large, painful swelling
appeared in the region of the right elbow, which did not yield
to serum treatment, the foal dying two days later. The case bore
strong relation to one of a local septic infection contracted from
the elbow wound, as it was not provided with bedding other than
soiled sawdust, the wounds being in a filthy condition. The case,
however, had scarcely a fighting chance for life without the
disease.

Case No. 4. — Grade percheron, which was brought to the
hospital at the age of six weeks with a history of having dis-
charged pus at left hock for three weeks. Upon examination was
found to be lame and unthrifty, the navel still swollen and
tender, with pus streaming from a greatly enlarged hock. One
ounce influenza serum daily for four doses, together with local
antiseptic dressing for the same period overcame all infection.
The hock healed and reduced in size rapidly.

Case No. 5. Saddle-bred Colt. — Brought to the hospital at
the end of second week after birth. Upon examination was found
feverish, dull and constipated, with drawn flanks, navel greatly
enlarged and tender. This colt was given one ounce influenza
serum on Friday, repeated on Monday. The navel was bathed
freely with warm creolin solution. Constitutional symptoms
disappeared within the next two days. A small abscess was
formed three inches posterior to the navel on the median line.
This was opened and flushed out once. This case returned to
health promptly.

364 JOHN SPENCEE.

Case 6. Pure-bred Percheron. — Foaled in a dirty yard and was
a weakly colt. Ten days after birth well-marked symptoms of
illness were apparent. The foal became constipated and dull,
was indifferent about sucking. These symptoms were soon fol-
lowed by lameness and swelling in left hock, which became so
severe as to render the foal unable to rise without assistance. This
being a bad case we ventured to double our former dose of in-
fluenza serum, which proved exceedingly irritating to the kid-
neys, and, on the fourth day, we were compelled to reduce the
dose to 10 c.c. each morning and evening. Marked improvement
soon followed, yet this case did not convalesce completely until
we had administered a teaspoon ful of nuclein and normal salt
solution in equal parts, twice daily by the mouth, in a little
water. Enlargement of the hock was reduced quickly by the in-
ternal administration of 10 grains Pat. Iodide, twice daily, with
Tr. Iodine locally applied.

Case No. 7. Clydesdale Filly. — Strong and well nourished.
On the twentieth day after birth was noticed dull and gaunt, with
slight stiffness. Two days later was very lame, its left stifle
swollen and painful. Influenza serum was given in 30 c.c. dose
daily for three days. The colt returned to health in less than
a week, making a complete recovery.

Case No. 8. Grade Clydesdale. — Strong when foaled. Ten
days after birth urine flowed from navel freely, which persisted
for ten days in spite of treatment, at the end of which time well
marked lameness set in. When examined by us ten days later
we were informed by the owner that every joint in the body had
been swollen and that the foal required assistance to rise. Its
emaciated condition bespoke the truthfulness of his remarks.
One ounce of influenza serum was given on Friday, followed by a
similar dose on Monday. In less than a week this case had ap-
parently made a complete recovery. Late reports confirmed this
opinion, the foal regaining thriftiness.

Case No. 9. Clydesdale. — Pervious urachus from birth, which
persisted nearly a week, at which time the colt became stiff. A

PYAEMIC ARTHRITIS. 365

large abscess formed on the left costal region. During the two
weeks following, abscesses formed on both front legs, both
hocks and on right costal region. Antistreptococcic and influenza
serum were alternated daily in 30 c.c. doses from June 27 until
July 10, at which time a large, painful swelling appeared on the'
left hip. The treatment was now changed to influenza serum
daily, conjoined with nuclein solution by the mouth. Improve-
ment was apparent on the second day, the foal making a complete
recovery.

Case No. 10. Standard-bred Filly. — Developed a painful idio-
pathic coronitis during the second week after birth. Upon ex-
amination was found gaunt and listless with emphalitis and great
lameness. The administration of one ounce influenza serum was
followed by a complete convalescence in less than a week.

Case No. 11. Clydesdale. — Foaled in a dirty box stall. Dur-
ing second week was noticed dull. When examined three weeks
later we found the foal with arched back and unable to rise or
to stand unaided. The owner gave us the assurance that every
joint in the body had been inflamed, yet no suppuration had oc-
curred. Four bottles of influenza serum, administered in as many
days, gave us no results, the colt dying a week later.

Dr. C. J. Brodie, Claremont, Ont., also gave us his co-
operation, and gives detail of some nine cases with two deaths,
resulting unquestionably from contaminated serum, which had
been previously uncorked. Both cases in question were appar-
ently making excellent progress, but died in 18 and 24 hours re-
spectively after the cloudy serum was injected.

Summary.

Pyaemic arthritis is a disease of young animals, due to infec-
tion gaining access to the system through the navel wound coming
in contact with soil, dirty floors, or soiled bedding; shows itself
by suppuration of the navel, followed by general symptoms of
illness, with lameness and suppuration of the affected joints,
which, if not checked early, terminates in death or else leaves

366 JOHN SPENCER.

the patient sickly and unprofitable. Preventive treatment, for
which consists in disinfection and protection of the navel at the
moment of birth, providing the animal good hygienic quarters
the first few days of its life, and where infection has already
taken place an early resort to antistreptococcic serum and we be-
lieve recovery will be much assisted in a more rapid convalescence
by conjunction with nuclein, especially in weakly foals. Large
doses of serum should be employed early, and discontinued as soon
as resolution is established. The treatment should be coupled
with thorough disinfection of parts involved, good, general care,
with well-regulated generous diet of the mother.

References — Williams, Fleming, Moore, Friedberger, Froh-
ner, Cadiot and Almy.

A Thoroughly Up-to-Date Meat Inspection Service. —
The great meat packing establishments have been held up to
the world as examples of the highest development of specialized
industry. They are the result of an evolution of years of grad-
ual improvement. The federal meat inspection service, in spite
of its organization into a great business almost immediately fol-
lowing the passage of the law, to-day stands side by side with,
and is as modern and up-to-date as, the finely organized business
that it supervises. The bureau furnishes a sufficient number of
inspectors for the work, and they will work as fast as the im-
proved appliances of the establishment permit or its needs de-
mand. The government will not require the proprietor to< stop
his work to send for the inspector or to wait for him to retire
and make an elaborate report, a procedure common in the in-
spection systems of foreign countries. The American meat in-
spection is probably the model for the world. Its employees are
capable and expert veterinarians, bacteriologists and chemists,
and the regulations and organizations are so stringent, and the
transfer of inspectors and inspection of inspectors so frequent,
that collusion or dishonesty is practically impossible. The con-
sumer of meats which bear the stamp " U. S. Inspected and
Passed " may have the very comfortable assurance that he is
buying and eating products from healthy animals, prepared under
clean and sanitary conditions. — (Review of Rcviezus.)

THE ATTRIBUTES OF A SADDLE HORSE.*

By Dr. F. C. Grenside, New York, N. Y.

The object of the study of the external conformation of the
horse is to enable us to determine the merits of an individual
for the purpose for which he is required. The conformation
desirable differs in a measure in different classes of horses, but
there are certain points which any good horse should possess, in
order to be up to a reasonably high standard of excellence.

For instance, every good horse must show evidence of the
possession of sufficient chest capacity, and well-developed di-
gestive organs, in order to have stamina and ability to maintain
good condition and perform a desirable amount of work.

Valuable as a correct knowledge of conformation is, in af-
fording indications of a horse's capabilities and wearing ability,
we may form very erroneous conclusions, until we have deter-
mined by experience largely, the character of his nervous organ-
ization.

We may get a horse so perfect in conformation as to fill the
eye of the connoisseur, and still be comparatively worthless when
it comes to performance. On the other hand, we may get a
specimen of horseflesh with well-marked defects of conforma-
tion that is a brilliant performer, which excellence is almost
entirely due to his nervous organization, so that we must not
over-estimate the indications of conformation, valuable as they
are, and we must be particularly careful not to underestimate the
value of an animal's nervous organization, in influencing his at-
tractiveness and ability to do things.

We hear and think so much of conformation that we are apt
to forget what an important role the nervous system plays in
contributing to qualities that make horses valuable.

It is well for us to endeavor to realize how much influence
the nervous organization has in contributing to speed, action,

•Read before the 19th Annual Meeting, N. Y. S. V. M.S., Utica, N. Y., Sept., 1908.

367

368 F. C. GRENSIDE.

style, high-stepping, carriage, power, courage and stamina.
When this vitalizing, power-giving, controlling element of nerve
force is adequately supplied to a horse's physical mechanism,
constructed so as to prevent friction, to conserve energy and
promote mechanical advantage in movement and balance, then
we have an individual bordering on perfection, providing he
has sufficient and good quality of material, in his various com-
ponent parts to confer wearing ability.

In studying a horse's conformation, and in endeavoring to
form an opinion as to his power, stamina and wearing ability,
we observe his tout ensemble before going into details as to his
points. Other things being equal, the long, low, deep horse has
the most power, stamina and constitutional vigor, and can to
the greatest degree economize force, and stand wear and tear.

Judging from the character of the horses we frequently see
used for riding purposes in this State, we might be led to form
the conclusion that there are no essential differences between a
harness horse and a saddle horse.

Certainly one can ride any sort of a horse, even a draught
horse, and one can drive any kind of a horse, even a race horse,
but it does not follow that they are the best for these respective
purposes. Individual tastes differ very much as to the qualifica-
tions demanded in a horse for riding purposes. Some equestrians,
and their number seems somewhat on the increase, care prac-
tically nothing for any gait but the trot. As long as a horse
can shuffle along in some sort of a way in the walk, that gait
will pass, providing he can trot fast. Others do not care so
much for speed in the trot, but want that gait performed with
decision and force, which means a pretty fair amount of action
at both ends. To the latter the canter is of very secondary im-
portance, though they may attach some to the walking gait.

There are others that consider the trot of minor importance,
and particularly demand a good smooth canter and a good walk.
The majority, however, of riders of experience that have given
the subject much thought desire to have all three gaits as good

THE ATTRIBUTES OF A SADDLE HORSE. 369

as possible. Change of gait in riding is conducive to the com-
fort of the rider, and the variety gives additional enjoyment to
a ride. The horse as well as the rider derives relief from a
change of gait.

If a vote were taken among riding men (those that ride on
the road and in the park) as to the values to be assigned to the
three gaits, on a scale of one hundred points, the majority would
be in favor of giving at least forty to the trot with thirty each
to the walk and canter. The trot is the gait at which the rider
gets most exercise, and covers ground well at the same time. It
is usually less tiring to a horse than the canter, and less injurious
to the feet and legs, particularly if the ground is hard.

Assuming that the walk, trot and canter are the desirable
gaits for a saddle horse, let us endeavor to determine the at-
tributes essential in an individual which contribute to the proper
execution of these, as well as the other attributes necessary in
making up a good saddle horse.

One of the greatest delights in riding a horse is elasticity
of movement, which confers easy paces. This is in a large
measure due to the high nervous organization of the easy mover.
There cannot be any question but what the thoroughbred pos-
sesses this in its very highest state of perfection. The question
then would be naturally asked, " Why is he then not the most
perfect saddle horse?" Some people think he is, and don't want
to ride anything else, and many men with this taste are very
good riders. The average rider, however, will not say so, for
he demands level-headedness, reliability and good manners, and
he is willing to concede some loss of elasticity of movement for
greater tractibilitv. Great perfection is an attribute apt to
be associated with serious defects so that we find most thor-
oughbreds excitable and highstrung and some of them obstinate
and intractable. They have as a rule sensitive mouths, and are apt
to be very fussy with them, quick in their movements, and unless
a rider is of lightish weight, and has good balance and hands, he
is apt to experience a great sense of insecurity on their backs.

370 F. C. GRENSIDE.

Many of them carry low heads, have little action or speed at
the trot, and are apt to stumble. Still, with all these tendencies
to defects he is the horse to aim at, for he undoubtedly gives two
things without which no saddle horse can be considered very
high class, viz : elasticity of movement and quality. Quality ap-
peals even to the casual observer by its attractiveness, but with
two-fold force to the horseman, as he knows that it also means
toughness, ability to stand " wear and tear " and wiriness. Oc-
casionally we find a thoroughbred, however, with fair speed at
the trot, sufficient action, well-carried head, tractability and sure-
footedness, then we have a gem; but usually in order to get
these latter qualities, some other blood that has been tempered
with cold blood has to be infused.

The saddle horse in order to be well balanced should have
his head up, nose in, neck arched, and his legs well under him.
His head should be of moderate size, clean-cut, or in other words,
show quality, with well-carried ears. It is particularly im-
portant that he should be able to bend his neck at the anterior
part, otherwise he cannot flex his head upon it, be well balanced
and have a steady, responsive mouth. A horse may have the
unsightly ewe or bulging neck at the inferior part, but still have
a good carriage, providing its anterior part is well formed.
Length of neck adds very much to the attractiveness of a horse,
and contributes largely to the long rein the horseman prizes so
much. It also gives flexibility to that organ, and is apt to be
associated with a responsive mouth. The neck should show
muscularity, but be clean-cut with an absence of beefiness.

The withers and shoulders are points of very considerable im-
portance, and perhaps constitute the most essential feature in
differentiating the conformation of a saddle and a harness horse.
It is no reflection upon a harness horse to say he has riding
shoulders, but it is an aspersion upon a riding horse to say he
has harness shoulders. The make-up of the withers and shoulder:!
so modify each other's form that it is difficult to study them
separately. It is of importance in a saddle horse to have the

THE ATTBIBUTES OF A SADDLE HOBSE. 371

withers of moderate prominence and clean-cut, for if they are
flat, round or beefy it is a difficult matter to keep the saddle in
position. It is not easy to keep the saddle from rolling on round
withers with a man's saddle, and it is almost impossible in a
lady's horse. Such withers necessitate .tight girthing, making it
very uncomfortable for a horse and inducing fatigue, while girth
sores and seriously bruised withers are apt to result. The with-
ers, however, can be too high, and if sparsely covered with
muscle as they usually are, are also very liable to bruising. Thin,
high withers are usually indicative of delicacy of constitution
and defective muscular development. Some low-withered horses
have easy paces, but the majority of round, beefy- withered ones
lack the smooth, easy play of the shoulders upon the thorax,
and are apt to roll. In considering the withers with relation to
the highest point of the croup, they should be at least as high,
otherwise, the saddle and weight of the rider gravitates forward,
throwing too much weight upon the anterior extremities. This
is accentuated in horses with a dip just behind the shoulders.

The shoulders should have a pretty fair amount of length
and obliquity, in order to give range of movement in promoting
a reasonable length of stride. Length and obliquity of shoulder
also have a very important effect in dispersing concussion, and
consequently in enabling the forelegs to stand " wear and tear."
Straight-shouldered horses in doing saddle work are very apt to
become unsound in the fore extremities. Fully eight-tenths of
the lameness occurring in saddle horses is in the forelegs.

Great length and obliquity of shoulder, however, is apt to
result in a lack of action, and a fair amount of action of the
right sort adds to the attractiveness, and usually the sure-footed-
ness of a horse.

For reasons already given, it is particularly important that
the forelegs of a horse should show strength and wearing ability,
and be well poised. The back is very frequently referred to as
of first importance in a riding horse, and shortness of this point
emphasized as being particularly desirable. It no doubt in-

372 F. C. GEENSIDE.

creases the mechanical strength of a horse's back, particularly if
associated with well-sprung ribs and muscularity, but in order
to contribute to elasticity of movement moderate length is neces-
sary. The short-backed horse must have long fore and hind
quarters, otherwise he is a poor specimen, either to ride or to
look at as an object lesson.

The roach-backed horse is usually a rough-gaited one, while
the slack-loined one lacks strength. The full and easy flexion of
the stifles and hocks in the trot adds much to the comfort of the
rider, particularly in a woman's mount.

Transplanted a Dog's Leg. — Some of the wonders of ex-
perimental surgery accomplished at the Rockefeller Institute
for Medical Research in this city were made public the other day
at the opening session in Philadelphia of the American Philoso-
phical Society.

Dr. Alexis Carrel described the grafting of one dog's leg on
another dog's body. The leg was taken from a dead dog and
grafted on a fox terrier. In three weeks' time the wound healed
and the dog was able to use the new leg. He had perfect control

Of it.

Cats' kidneys have been transplanted to other cats, even after
the organs have been in cold storage sixty days.

Human arteries and jugular veins have been interchanged
and the patients have not been able to tell the difference.

It is entirely possible, Dr. Carrel thinks, to apply some of
these methods to the relief of suffering humanity. This is the
end toward which the Rockefeller Institute is working. The
chief difficulty will be to get healthy' organs to transplant.

It was suggested by Dr. W. W. Keen that when a healthy
man dies his kidneys may be kept in cold storage until it is pos-
sible to operate upon some one suffering from an incurable kid-
ney disease. What has been done with the kidneys, Dr. Keen
thinks, can also be done with other human organs.

Already a knee joint from the leg of a dead man has been
used to replace an injured joint in a living person. — (AT. Y.
Sun.)

THE ARMY VETERINARIAN AND OTHERS.

Bv Gerald E. Griffin, D. V. S.. Veterinarian, Third Field Artillery,

U. S. Army.

Read before the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association,

Philadelphia, 1908.

Gentlemen of the American Veterinary Association : The
subject of the Army veterinary service has, to my personal
knowledge, been before this association for twenty years until,
I presume, the older members are heartily tired of it. But,
gentlemen, if you are weary of listening to the barren reports
of your committee each year, how weary must we of the Army
be, waiting and hoping for a quarter of a century. Hoping for
much, only to be met with continual disappointment.

I am here with Veterinarian Foster, of the Cavalry, as a
representative of our efficient and invincible Army. I do not
believe the authorities at Washington thought the Army needed
representation here, nor does it, but I do hope they believed the
Army veterinary service needed representation, and therefore I
take this opportunity of placing our needs before you, trusting
that your influence may be exerted in behalf of this service.

This association has grown so fast and increased in member-
ship so rapidly that it resembles a child suddenly developed into
a healthy giant, incapable of determining its own strength, and
I am of the opinion, as are hundreds of others of this associa-
tion, that one of the best ways in which to test this strength is
through the War Department and Congress in an effort to estab-
lish a decent, competent and effective veterinary service in our
splendid Army that is organized in every branch except this.

Before proceeding further, a brief outline of Army veter-
inary history may be of interest to the younger members of this
association.

In the seventies, and before, any able-bodied man could be-
come a veterinarian in the U. S. Army, a vacancy existing and
he making application to the commanding officer of the particu-
lar regiment.

378

374 GERALD E. GRIFFIN.

These vacancies were frequently rilled by stablemen of the
service and by nondescript civilians, all without examination as
to professional knowledge. This condition maintained until
about 1880 when the War Department issued an order to the
effect that thereafter applicants for the position of veterinary
surgeon in the Army should be graduates of a veterinary college.
At that time and until 1899 the entire veterinary work of the
Army was attended to by twelve veterinary surgeons, ten with
the pay of $75 per month, and two with the pay of $100 per
month, all having the rank — yes, rank — and allowances of a
sergeant-major; with this exception as to allowances. They
were not furnished with either rations or clothing.

This condition continued until 1898 when a committee of
this association, known to us in the Army as the Huidekooper
Committee, was instrumental in persuading Congress to pass
a bill creating a decent veterinary corps, but by some means
that none of us ever clearly understood, and called by your com-
mittee " a fiction of procedure." the bill was killed, although it
was " awaiting only the signature of the President."

The discussion in Congress on this bill opened the eyes of
the veterinarians of the United States to the prejudice existing
against their profession. This prejudice has almost disappeared,
due, undoubtedly, to the work of this association and to that of
the Bureau of Animal Industry; although I believe it still exists
in the minds of superficial and narrow-gauged individuals who
instinctively connect the word veterinarian with that of " horse
doctor."

I may remark in passing that the time of which I have just
spoken was a trying one for us in the Army. The flaying re-
ceived from several members of Congress, although undeserved
and groundless to say the least, made me for one feel as if I
was associated with a gang of criminals in belonging to a pro-
fession into which to gain admission I had to give three years
of preliminary study and to expend upwards of two thousand
hard-earned dollars.

THE ARMY VETERINARIAN AND OTHERS. 375

As a substitute for this bill the War Department, realizing
that the veterinary profession was of some importance, had a
bill introduced and passed providing that thereafter all veter-
inary candidates for appointment in the Army should be grad-
uates of a recognized veterinary college and that they should
pass such examination as the Secretary of War might direct.
This bill made certain provisions for those in the service, but
insisted on the examination. On passing this examination suc-
cessful candidates were appointed veterinarians, first class, with
the pay and allowances of a second Lieutenant of Cavalry. The
failures, in the service, were provided for by an appointment
as veterinarian of the second class, with the pay of $75 per
month and all of the allowances of a Sergeant-Major. Nearly
all of us were in field at the time in Cuba, Porto Rico and the
Philippines, away from books, and when the order came, as
high as 50 per cent, failed on the mental examination, which
was a severe one and continued for eight days of six hours a
day. The vacancies created were slowly filled by successful ap-
plicants from civil practice, and from that time we began to
get good men, gentlemen with the interest of the service and
the profession at heart and possessing dignity, self-esteem and
ambition. After a time Congress abolished the position of vet-
erinarian, second class. Promoted those in that class and called
all veterinarians. This is the status at the present.

The law says a Cavalry or an Artillery Regiment shall con-
sist of certain members and among them it says " two veter-
inarians;" nevertheless, we are not considered as belonging to
the Army, nor have we any military place in it that I know of.
It is proper to suppose that if a regiment of Cavalry or Artillery
is part of the Army of the United States and that a veterinarian
is part of that regiment he certainly is a member of or is part
of the United States Army, be he enlisted man, officer or miss-
ing link; such is not the case, for it has been decided that a
veterinarian shall not wear the letters U. S. on his uniform,
as such a mark of honor and distinction is reserved for commis-
sioned officers and enlisted men of the U. S. Army alone.

376 GERALD K. GRIFFIN.

This decision places us in an awkward position, especially
when serving- with militia or with troops of other armies and
in time of war we would, if captured, have an uncomfortable
half hour trying to explain things.

The omission of the letters U. S. may appear to be a small
thing- to you gentlemen, to us in the Army it is one of the pro-
verbial straws, and when you come to consider it it will, I am
sure, indicate clearly the position occupied by your colleagues in
the service.

Some years ago a Secretary of War in a letter to the military
committee of the Senate remarked as follows : " If the country is
willing to pay for more ' Colonels, Majors and Captains ' (refer-
ring to a veterinary bill then before this committee) the money
should be expended upon the fighting force of the Army to
furnish promotion to the hundreds of gallant fellows who have
been enduring hardship and facing death on the battlefield." I
have often wondered if the Secretary of War thought the veter-
inarians remained at home when hardships and death had to be
faced. He certainly knew that our place is on that same battle-
field facing death and hardships with our outfits at the front,
where we are not protected by the Geneva Convention, where
when not occupied professionally, the rifle and revolver are the
instruments in hand and that the national flag and the regimental
standard mean as much to us as it does to any Colonel, Major
or Captain.

No provision that I know of is made for the safekeeping of
the Army veterinarian from hardship or death on the field, and
I also know that many of our veterinary comrades have been
summoned to their last muster by the hands of the enemy of
our country and by the gaunt specter of yellow fever while
serving in the tropics, while still others have had their health
ruined by service in our island possessions.

Many are unfitted for service by reason of old age and length
of service and disability, but up to the present no provision has
been made for taking care o-f them and filling their places with
young and virile blood. The privilege of retirement, which is
the right of the meanest soldier, is denied to the veterinarian.

THE ARMY VETERINARIAN AND OTHERS. 377

I do not believe the Secretary of War intended to convey the
impression that the veterinarians of the Army were not gallant
fellows for gentlemen gallantry and bravery are cheap com-
modies in our service and among our people and after a service
of twenty-five years in this Army I can truthfully say I have
never seen or heard of a coward.

The Army of the United States, with its sixty-five thousand
gallant fellows, would storm hades itself if they were so ordered
and could locate it, and T can inform you that the rear rank
would not be the place in which to look for its forty-two veter-
inarians, unless some of them were ordered to the rear for pro-
fessional duty; bowed down as some of them are by weight of
years and active service and disease.

We have been accused of not knowing what we want, of not
agreeing together, and of other sins. Gentlemen, we do not
disagree beyond an honest difference of opinion fairly expressed.
We know what the service needs and what it is bound to have
sooner or later — a properly organized veterinary service, com-
petent and capable, with an experienced veterinarian at its head
to properly direct and guide, and we know also that if Congress
made each and every one of us a Brigadier-General to-morrow
without this organization which we know is necessary, the ser-
vice and the country would not benefit one iota.

As we now stand we are as a body incompetent and incapable
of rendering the efficient service of which we are capable. In
time of war all of us, able to do so, would go to the front with
our regiments, leaving the important work of examination of
remounts and the veterinary work and sanitation of remount,
reserve and recuperation corrals as well as veterinary base hos-
pitals, not in the hands of such men as compose this association,
men of professional standing, education, family, paying practice
and property interests who would not leave their homes until
the necessities of the country were imperative, but in the hands
of veterinary failures and green youngsters fresh from the coun-
try districts and from colleges not recognized by this associa-
tion, untrained, unsoldierly and undisciplined who would only

378 GERALD E. GRIFFIN.

be too glad to give their questionable services for a compensa-
tion of $100 per month flat and no allowances or status; while
at their head, if they had one, would probably be one of them-
selves whose professional mind and executive ability would, ten
to one, be exercised in compounding specifics for bots, " heaves "
and glanders.

We are all of us in favor of the present bill, now before Con-
gress and awaiting action in the house. It having passed the
Senate. But, gentlemen, we regret that this bill makes no pro-
vision for our comrades in the service suffering from disease and
disability contracted in the line of duty.

We do not as men and brothers desire to gain advancement
for our profession or ourselves by stepping over the diseased
bodies of these comrades who were ever willing and ready to
sacrifice their lives and health in the service of that flag which
has never known defeat. We, as men and veterinarians, trust
that the War Department and Congress will look at the matter
from this point of view and attach an amendment covering this
oversight to this otherwise satisfactory bill.

And now a few words as to others.

I have in mind the veterinary service of the Quartermaster's
Department, U. S. Army. A service composed of sure-enough
civilian veterinarians whose compensation is fixed by law at $100
per month and no allowance whatever.

They serve where they may be sent. Heretofore it was only
necessary for an applicant for a position in this Department to
lead the authorities to believe that he was a veterinary graduate
when he was immediately appointed, for you must remember
that a position as veterinarian at $100 per month flat, and abso-
lutely no status would not appeal to graduates of New York,
Cornell, Pennsylvania and colleges of that class, so it followed
that this Department had to do its recruiting among the inferior
colleges and places and consequently appointed what it could
get, which accounted for the many resignations and vacancies.

These green chaps were placed upon their own professional
responsibility and as their veterinary training, education and in-

THE ARMY VETERINARIAN AND OTHERS. 379

telligence, in a great many instances, were limited, they did not
do much to illuminate the veterinary profession in the Army or
out of it.

This condition of affairs is being remedied by the present
Quartermaster-General — General Aleshire — an eminent authority
on the Army horse, who now compels veterinary candidates for
appointment in his Department to take a not very rigid civil ser-
vice examination. I have been given to understand that very few
men are willing to take this examination, they probably believing
that a veterinarian's position paying but $100 per month and
carrying with it no allowances and a status not superior to that
of a teamster is not worthy of being sought after.

There are good men in the veterinary service of the Quarter-
master's Department — first-class men — but having examined —
no, talked — with a number of applicants for positions in this
Department and having served as Supervising Veterinarian,
Quartermaster's Department, Army of Cuban Pacification, for
two years I can say that most of these men, and I have known
many, are no better than they ought to be.

The Quartermaster-General is powerless to improve the pay
or the status of these men.

It looks to me now that no distinction should be made be-
tween the veterinarians of the Quartermaster's Department and
those of the Army, but that all should be on the same foot-
ing, for I am sure that if the men in the service in 1898 were not
deemed good enough to remain in that service without an ex-
amination there are those in the Quartermaster's Department to
whom the same law should apply.

The old Army veterinary service previous to 1898 was cer-
tainly superior in every respect to what the veterinary service
of the Quartermaster's Depatment is at the present moment.

I thank you for your attention and appreciation, but before
I take my seat permit me to say that the few remarks I have
made have not been made in any spirit of complaint, faultfinding
or criticism.

380 • GERALD E. GBIFFIN.

Things move slowly in the service. It is harder to change
a custom there than it is to have an order revoked, which, of
course, accounts for the slow progress made by us.

The War Department has many matters of importance on its
hands probably more pressing than a veterinary service, but I
know it is favorably disposed toward us.

I will say here that all Army officers, except two, with whom
I have come in contact are in favor of increasing, advancing and
organizing the veterinary service of the U. S. Army.

(In reply to a question:)

As to the feeling among the members of the profession serv-
ing in the Army. They feel that they are neither fish, flesh or
good red herring. They are in the Army and yet do not belong
to it, which feeling is, as a matter of course, not conducive to
good results professionally or to good fellowship socially.

Yes. I think the War Department is wrong in not consulting
with us as to the needs of the service. I do not know who gets
up the veterinary bills, nor what is being done to advance them.
We are not permitted to have a hand in this.

Personally, I am trying to do my whole duty according to
my lights, and what I have said here to-day I, as a soldier — for
I am one — and an Army veterinarian, consider part of my duty
to the service.

Unhygienic Roosting. — The Countryman — Down here,
sir, we make it a rule to go to bed with the chickens.

The Britisher — Er — don't you find it beastly unhealthy? —
(Puck.)

Students of the Veterinary College, Toronto, conducted
extensive hazing operations this year on the freshman class, so
extensive in fact that sufficient freshmen could not be found, and
civilians who happened to be. passing the building at the time
were pressed into service and several initiated in the most ap-
proved style. The police on duty around the college were forced
to send in a riot call to headquarters and a squad of constables
was required to club the vets into submission. — (Farmer's Ad-
vocate, Winnipeg, Manitoba.)

REPORTS OF CASES.

'' Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies -with hint. By recording
his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up
the solid edifice of pathological science"

THE USE OF OXYGEN GAS ON RACE HORSES.

By L. C. Marshall, V. M. D., Rome, Pa.

In the early spring of 1908 the writer had, in training a fast
trotting mare. In the beginning or training she showed great
dyspnoea when driven a mile in 2.30 or faster. The labored
breathing would last from thirty to forty minutes after a work-
out. The time between racing heats is twenty-five minutes and
in order that a horse may give a good account of himself it is
necessary that he should be cooled out as soon as possible. The
groom usually follows the same routine of caring for a horse
between heats. While he may not be schooled in the principles
of physiology, he has learned by experience certain things that
are important. The animal should stand with his head to the
open door or window so he can get all the pure air possible. The
fifth of the volume of atmospheric air is oxygen and it is known
that this element is consumed rapidly during hard or rapid
work. The writer reasoned that, instead of giving alcoholic
drenches, as is too often the case under such conditions, which
would consume oxygen still faster, that it might be advisable to
supply still more oxygen than normal.

The mare was given a fast workout and immediately oxygen
gas was administered from a tank that had been provided for
the occasion. The results were most gratifying. Normal
breathing was re-established much sooner than when it had not
been used. The same experiment was repeated in a few days
and the results were equally as satisfactory.

She gradually got in better condition, so it was not necessary
to resort to the oxygen treatment. She raced well the balance
of the season with no more trouble.

381

382 REPORTS OF CASES.

The writer is not aware that oxygen gas has been used
before for the above purpose. Since experimenting with it there
have appeared a few references in the daily papers to its use on
athletes.

It was used on some of the runners in the Marathon races
during the past summer.

Some experiments were conducted at Huntington Bay, Long
Island, during the summer, under the direction of Dr. E. E.
Smith, professor of physiology at Fordham College. Oxygen
gas was administered to one of the athletes just before swim-
ming ioo yards on time. He made the distance seven seconds
faster than he could under similar conditions without having
taken the oxygen gas.

Another swimmer took three inhalations of oxygen gas and
swam under water one minute and thirty-six seconds and came
from the test with apparently no exhaustion.

Miss Eline Golding, the champion woman swimmer, swam
a quarter of a mile on a triangular course in eight minutes and
four and two-fifths seconds. Two minutes before she started
to make this record she took three inhalations of oxygen gas
and remarked after leaving the water that it took much less
effort than under normal conditions.

After reading of the above tests I decided to try it just be-
fore a heat on a horse that had band wind. For this experi-
ment a horse was selected that could go very fast for five-eighths
of a mile but was unable to finish the heat. He was given a
fast heat under normal conditions and at the five-eighths of a
mile was blowing so hard that it was not considered safe to force
him further. He was then walked till normal respirations were
re-established, which took thirty minutes. He was then given
oxygen gas and started immediately in another heat. He was
exhausted at the five-eighths as in the previous effort. Oxygen
gas was given at once and normal respirations were re-estab-
lished decidedly sooner than in the previous heat, when oxygen
was not given.

Whether oxygen gas administered to a horse just before a
race will increase his endurance or not I am not prepared to say,
but I am convinced that if given, after a heat, to a horse that is
exhausted it will be of great benefit.

REPORTS OF CASES.

383

SHOULDER JOINTS HIGHER THAN TOP OF NECK.

The accompanying illustration represents a remarkable case
reported to the Review by Dr. E. E. Bittles, veterinarian, New
Castle, Pa. The subject was an 18-months-old colt that ap-
peared to be in perfect health and no sign of any injury, but

the body settled down between the scapulas until the shoulder
joints were two inches higher than the top of the neck when
the colt was grazing, which all came on in a very few days.

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS OR FORAGE POISON-
ING?

By A. T. Ferguson, D. V. S., Cleburne, Texas.

I have just had three cases of what I would term forage
poisoning, all three occurring on the same farm.

The first being that of a gelding, about eleven years old and
weighing about 1,000 pounds. The second was a sorrel gelding,

384 KEPOBTS OF CASES.

about seven years old and about 1,100 pounds weight. The
third was a bay mare fourteen years' old, about 1,000 pounds.
All of these animals died with the same symptoms, with little or
slight variations.

The first animal the day before was in all respects in good
health. The following morning the owner found it did not eat;
it had a staggering gate: became partly blind; vertigo. These
symptoms became more severe until the animal went down;
there is an inability to swallow; pain is absent; the temperature
below normal ; pulse normal and respiration sporadic, at times
quick and catching. The animal remained in a state of coma
for several hours and finally died without pain or any outward
symptoms to indicate that there was any suffering. In this case
treatment seemed useless.

The second case : The animal was at work and at 6 o'clock
was taken out of the harness. He immediately became very
violent and unmanageable; ran away and was stricken with ver-
tigo; broke through every fence he came in contact with. He
was found next morning two miles away in a complete state of
stupor, brought home with great difficulty and terribly cut up.
He was given an hyperdermic of i grain of arecoline. The ani-
mal was extremely vicious and unable to swallow. He remained
quiet for several hours, when delirium developed, with inability
to stand: with rigidity of the spinal muscles. He went down
and remained in a state of coma for 6 hours, evidently painless,
with all other symptoms similar to the first case; finally died
without a struggle.

The third case : That of a mare fourteen years, was being
treated for intestinal worms, but before this was completed, the
animal showed signs of vertigo, with staggering gait, refused
its feed, and was unable to swallow. There seemed to be an in-
ability to hold up its head. After staggering around in an aim-
less manner it went down; went like the other two into a coma
or deep sleep, with lack of all sensation. Pulse normal, respira-
tion unchanged, temperature below normal ; a weakness is ob-
served in the tail. Stimulants were given but with little results ;
the animal remained four hours in an apparent sleep and finally
died painless and without a struggle.

On questioning the owner, I found he had been feeding very
liberally of smutted corn. Much of it was moldy and decayed.
I ordered that the feed be entirely changed for one month, and
that a general house-cleaning be undertaken at once.

REPORTS OF CASES.

385

In all three cases it was impossible to administer medicine
by the mouth owing to the partial inability to swallow and the
impairment of eyesight. What treatment was given was entirely
hyperdermic, and with great risk to those in attendance, until
the animal had become practically insensible. In every case
there was lack of pain. Vertigo, coma, low temperature, normal
pulse in first stage, afterward became rapid and irregular, was
very manifest in all the cases.

CARCINOMA OF THE PENIS.

By B. F. Kaupp, D. V. S. Pathologist, Veterinary Department, Colorado

Agricultural College.

On July 10, 1908, a black gelding, 8 years old, belonging
to the college farm, was presented by the farm foreman to the
clinic of the veterinary department.

a
-b

c

X 1 X 1.

a. Nuclei.

b. Connective Tissue.

c. Epithelial Cells.

An examination of the penis revealed the fact- that there was
a new growth involving three inches of the free extremity. An

386

REPORTS OF CASES.

operation was decided upon and the growth removed including
apparent healthy tissue. A microscopic examination of this part
showed a scirrhous carcinoma. An abundance of fibrous stroma
and nested epithelial cells. The horse made an apparent recovery ;
that is, the owner thought he had recovered. On October 15th was
stopped by the college farm foreman who complained that the
horse had a bloody discharge, not abundant but sufficient to

Photographed by Stewart.

cause a soiling of the hind legs. There was also some odor
present. As the horse was of broncho type and an examination
impossible unless he was restrained, the foreman was advised to
send him over to the clinic where he could be put on the table
and a thorough examination made. This was done, and it was
found that a new growth about the size of a hen egg had formed
upon the stump of the penis. This was removed and sent to the
laboratory for .diagnosis. The new formation had less fibrous
stroma than the original tumor. The accompanying photograph

REPORTS OF CASES. 387

was taken from a sectioned surface of the second tumor. The
drawing was made from the microscopic study and shows the
fibrous stroma, connective tissue cells and the meshes or spaces
filled with the large nucleated epithelial cells. The farm foreman
was advised of the inability or impossibility of curing cancer.
He then decided to dispose of it for dissecting material.

CHRONIC THORACIC CHOKER.

By F. C. Meckstroth, M. D. C, St. Marys, Ohio

The following subject was a io-y ear-old gelding which at
different times this summer choked on grass, of which he was
relieved every time by a stomach tube and pump. Later this
fall his condition became so aggravated that he could hardly eat
a feed without getting choked. He rapidly became emaciated
and weakened to such an extent that he could not be worked. I
informed the owner that treatment would be useless, so he de-
cided to have the horse destroyed. A post-mortem was held,
but we did not find anything wrong with the oesophagus till we
opened the thoracic cavity, where we found a pouch in the
oesophagus about 8 inches in circumference and about 5 inches
long, full of finely comminuted food. This pouch was about 5
inches from the cardiac opening of stomach. About 2 feet su-
perior of this pouch the oesophagus was filled with the same kind
of material. The oesophagus seemed to be in a partial state of
paralysis for it was enormously dilated all along its course. The
wall of pouch was slightly thickened, but the mucous membrane
was normal, it having clinging to it a few immature bots. The
reason why the animal would so easily choke will be evident if
we study the physiology of the muscular walls of the oesophagus,
and why food should accummulate in this miniature stomach as
it may be termed. I considered it an interesting case, worthy
of publication, to assist others in making a diagnosis in cases of
chronic chokers.

A GOOD INTESTINAL ASTRINGENT.

By J. J. Farrell, M. D. C, Montpelier, Vt.

For the benefit of practitioners who have experienced diffi-
culty in securing a good intestinal astringent, I would like to
relate my experience with gallogen.

388 REPOKTS OF CASES.

The chief advantage of this drug is its ability to pass through
the stomach unaltered, thus enabling it to reach the affected parts
and there produce its effects.

' For the larger animals one-third of an ounce administered
three times a day for about a week will check a very severe
diarrhoea. In chronic cases, should a tendency to looseness re-
appear, it may be necessary to repeat the treatment. In my ex-
perience, further treatment than this have been unnecessary.

In dogs from 4-15 grains three times a day gives most satis-
factory results. Where the diarrhoea is suspected to be of specific
origin it is well to combine the gallogen with an intestinal anti-
septic, such as Xeriform, of which 5 grains is the dose for a
medium-sized dog.

The administration of gallogen is much facilitated by the
fact of its being odorless and tasteless. For horses and cows
where there is no anorexia it can be made up in powders and
mixed with the feed. In cases where there is loss of appetite it
is best given in capsules. In the treatment of dogs it can be
given in capsules or concealed in a small piece of meat.

Such satisfactory results have I obtained with this drug that
I feel it my duty to make them known. It is very gratifying to
state that with gallogen cures have been effected in cases where
with ordinary astringents relief was obtained only temporarily
or not at all.

Cornell University has bought within the past year for
the benefit of the College of Agriculture and the Veterinary
College, approximately 500 acres of ground contiguous to its
other holdings.

Michigan's Practice Act Sustained by the Supreme
Court. — Lansing, Nov. 4 — Practicing veterinarians who failed
to register under the law of 1907 before January 1, 1908, can-
not now be registered and continue in practice under a decision
of the Supreme Court in the case of Leo W. Kerbs against
the State Veterinary Board. The law was passed in June. 1907,
and provided that persons who had been engaged in the practice
of veterinary science for five years must register with the State
Veterinary Board before January 1. 1908, or be prohibited from
practicing in this state. This provision of law the court holds to
be mandatory.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

VETERINARY FIELD HOSPITALS AUTHORIZED.

. The Army and Navy Register, of October 31st, contains the
following interesting news for Army veterinarians :

'■ The recommendation has been made to the War Depart-
" ment that steps be taken to equip the military force in the
" field with such materials as will permit the maintenance of
" a veterinary field hospital. Such an institution has been in
" existence at Camp D. S. Stanley, Tex., and the results achieved
" led to the suggestion that such hospitals be adapted in a per-
" manent way for all encampments. The question has been dis-
" cussed in the General Staff of the War Department with the
" result that it is considered that paragraph 92 of the Army
" Regulations contains sufficient authority for the establishment
" of veterinary field hospitals and no further regulations are
" necessary. In other words, whenever a veterinary field hos-
" pital is needed the authority for, and means of, its maintenance
" exist in full measure."

This is good and curious news. Army veterinarians know
that they have tried in vain for the past twenty years to have
such veterinary field hospitals established with marching columns
and at the camps during manoeuvres. The paragraph of the
Army Regulations, referred to above, has several times been
taken as a basis for recommendation of their establishment, but
without success. A report of the results attained at the veter-
inary field hospital at Loon Springs, Tex., was ordered and for-
warded, and Dr. Foster, 12th Cavalry, hearing of it, made a
critical report of the hampered veterinary service at this sum-
mer's manoeuvres at Chicamauga Park, where such hospital was
not in operation. This seems to have turned the tide.

The above decision of the General Staff, apparently easily
arrived at, means another step forward. It means good progress
when taken in conjunction with the several substantial veterinary
hospital buildings now finished or under construction at our new
and modern mounted posts.

389

390 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

A " Veterinary Field Hospital, U. S. Army," being an estab-
lished fact, a brief description will be given in the next issue
of the Review^ outlining the necessary steps to be taken for its
establishment when needed, to enable veterinarions concerned
to make use of the provision cited before the manoeuvres of next
vear.

THE OFFICIAL ARMY VETERINARY BILL AND
OTHER BILLS.

Just as if to remind us of the days gone by when there were
never less than two veterinary bills in circulation asking for sup-
port, with dire results chronicled or forgotten, so we are now,
at the last moment before reconvening of Congress, besieged by
well-meaning and courageous friends to abandon the official
Army Veterinary Bill in Congress and to substitute new ones
for it.

One of the new bills suggested is by Dr. Nockolds and the
other by Dr. Fraser. The first comprises a complete veterinary
organization, well thought out and surely operative with some
minor changes. Its reading makes one long for its enactment,
but on second thought reminds one of the story of the fox and
the sour grapes. It will be a valuable draft to go by when the
time comes to prepare a veterinary organization scheme. The
other bill again recommends a commission for 2nd lieutenant,
and after five years of service that of ist lieutenant. It is
made to suit the very young men in the service, but does not
consider the very old men, nor does it concern itself with any
working scheme that will benefit the Army generally.

Now, a word of warning and encouragement. The facts
before us, from which to draw conclusions, seem to be these :
The official bill before Congress was made by the General Staff,
approved by the Chief of Staff and by the Secretary of War,
and is now half passed. Its faults have been pointed out time
and again, but out of respect and in good taste and foresight,
we should at least not question the sincerity of its purpose. //
this bill passes with the amendment asked for by the American
Veterinary Medical Association, it will give us some temporary
relief as far as most urgent individual benefit is concerned, as

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 301

it practically confers a commission upon us. Its drawback is
that we know beforehand that it cannot " improve the efficiency
of the veterinary service," because it lacks provisions for co-
operative veterinary work and for professional supervision. If
this bill fails to pass and is out of the way, then we are free to
start anew and try again and try better. No new veterinary bill
has any claim before the present Congress because there is one
already before it not yet entirely passed, but neither is it dead.
Moreover, there is no time to carefully prepare and forward
any kind of new measure. Single-handed attempts, as of yore,
will only tend to confuse our friends and give a powerful weapon
to our adversaries of which — we trust — there are perhaps less
than in 1901, but plenty enough left to defeat us for another
seven years.

Conclusion: "Allow the bill to pass if it can; help it; if it is
going to die, kill it dead, to end suffering and agony," as pro-
vided for in Army Regulations, and in order to give us a new
and clear right of way. O. S.

Glanders Kills a Physician. — Chicago, Nov. 19 — Death
from glanders, rare in a human being, overtook Dr. Thomas M.
Wilson, of At wood, Ontario, at the Presbyterian Hospital in
this city to-day. Dr. Wilson absorbed the germ of the disease
while conducting experiments at Rushwell College.

Milk. — Dr. John S. Fulton, of Washington, the secretary
of the International Congress of Tuberculosis, once told this
milk story :

" He said that a city man took a house in the country for
the summer. He sought out a farmer at once, looked over the
cows on the farm, found them to his liking, and said:

" ' Mv servant will come to you every morning for a quart
of milk/

" 'All right,' said the farmer; ' it will be 8 cents.'

" ' But it must be pure milk, mind,' said the city man ; ' ab-
solutely pure.'

" ' In that case it will cost you 10 cents.'

" ' Very good. And you will milk the quart from the cow
in mv servant's presence?'

"'Yes— for 15 cents.'"

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Tuberculosis of the Dorsal Vertebra in a Mare \W .
Brown, M.R.C.V.S.]. — Animal five years old had "filled
hocks " and from them rather stiff motions. Treated, she got
over it. Later she had influenza badly, and then presented a
most noticeable manner of moving her neck and head which were
very stiff. Notwithstanding special treatment applied for this,
the immobility of her neck and head persisted, and in fact grad-
ually became more marked. At that time she always rested her
near foreleg in a forward position about one foot in front of
the other and stood with her nose pointed out. When trotted,
she went lame on the near foreleg, and grunted going down hill.
The appetite remained good, but she had to be fed from the
manger owing to her practical impossibility to take her food
otherwise. She was placed in a box stall loose; she was turned
out, but gradually became thinner, " lost the muscles of her
neck," gradual paralysis set in, and she was destroyed. At the
post-mortem the lesions were found on the dorsal vertebrae,
which were firmly attached together and which had nodular
growths on the spinous processes. These were examined at the
Royal College and pronounced to be tuberculous. The record of
the case was illustrated by handsome photographs. — (Vctcr.
Record.)

Abdominal Abscess with Peritonitis as Sequels [/. /.
Aitken, Capt. A.V.C.~\. — The history of a fatal case of perito-
nitis which was observed in a twelve-year-old mare. The mani-
festations had been quite obscure and the diagnosis difficult to
make. The animal, while on observation, was treated for
anaemia. Her temperature had ups and downs varying between
ioi° F. and 103. 40 F. She had some abdominal pains, but
rectal examinations were not very satisfactory. Various diffi-
culties had been noticed in her defecation. Possibilitv of an
abdominal tumor was entertained. Finally, after a few days, the

392

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 39c

mare died. At the autopsy, a small quantity of purulent ma-
terial was found in the left iliac region. There were evidences
of well-marked peritonitis in the portion of the peritoneum form-
ing the vesico-uterine ligament and also congestion of the floating
colon in which some three or four pounds of faecal matter tinged
with blood and coated with mucus, were found. There was
an abscess in the vesico-uterine ligament, with rupture of the
walls through which its contents had escaped in the peritoneal
cavity. The abscess was large enough to contain about two pints
of pus. The spleen was slightly enlarged. The other organs
were found healthy. — (Vetcr. Record.)

A Case of Tuberculosis in a Horse [James Anderson,
M.R.C.VS.]. — Big well-bred six-year-old Clydesdale gelding
reported as having worms and being off his food. He, indeed,
passed lots of Strongilns armatus. He is in a weak condition,
pulse slow, temperature ioi° F., respiration normal, mucous
membranes rather pale. He stands with near forefoot a little
in advance of the off forefoot and carries his head a little de-
pressed. He got some worm powder and began to eat better.
Yet he points his foot more, his neck is stiffer and more ex-
tended. He moves more stiff and on backing cannot take off
his forefeet from the ground. Temperature is raised, 1030 F.
The condition grew worse. He carries his head lower and his
nose pokes out more. There is a small swelling in front of the
scapula, running up the neck a few inches. Tuberculosis of the
neck is suspected, and tuberculin injected gave a good reaction,
the temperature running up to 1060 F. The animal is killed as
tuberculous. Post-mortem shows that he was suffering from
general tuberculosis, both cavities being affected. In the abdo-
men, tubercular peritonitis, spleen badly affected and weighing
twenty-two and one-quarter pounds. Bacilli were found on
examination, mesenteric glands are diseased, liver cirrhotic with-
out tubercles, kidneys enlarged but free from tuberculosis. Tuber-
cular pleuresy extensive. Lungs perfectly healthy. Bones of
the neck are more or less affected with tubercular periostitis. In
some cervical vertebrae the spinal canal is also the seat of dis-
ease.— {Vetcr. Record.)

Tuberculosis of the Retropharyngeal Lymphatic
Glands [Walter Jowett, F.R.C.V.S., D.V.H.~].— To show
the frequency of such lesions and the importance of their being

394 ABSTKACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

looked for at post-mortem, the author extracts from his notes
taken at a hundred consecutive post-mortems the following facts :

In the lungs, lesions were found in sixty-five cases, in the
bronchial glands in sixty-two and in the mediastinal glands in
forty-two. Next in order of frequency come the retropharyngeal
glands affected in thirty-nine animals. In the mesenteric glands
lesions existed in thirty-five animals, in the liver in thirty-four,
the portal lymphatic glands showed lesions in sixteen. The
pleura was diseased in sixteen, the peritoneum in three only,
the submaxillary in five, the spleen in three, whilst the dorsal
and sternal lymphatic glands, udder and mammary were found
diseased only in two.

These post-mortems have been made in animals which in the
majority of cases gave no clinical indications; to all appearance
were in perfect health and in many cases in good condition. But
all had been reacters to tuberculin test. An important fact to
notice is that in four of the thirty-nine animals where- lesions
existed in the retropharyngeal glands, no other trace of tuber-
culosis could be found elsewhere. In eight of the one hundred
animals which had reacted, the lesions were detected only after
a most searching and minutious examination, namely, in the
retropharyngeal glands alone in four, in the liver and portal
glands alone in two, in the bronchial glands in one, and in the
mesenteric alone in one. — (Veter. Record.)

Impaction of the Rumen in a Dairy Cow [H. Thompson,
M.R.C.VS.~\. — Dairy cow gets in a field of ripe standing oats
and overgorged herself. Result, an impaction of the rumen, with
all its manifestations. Treatment, Hyposulphate of Soda, and
standardized fluid extract of ginger of Parke, Davis & Co. in one
and one-half ounce doses. Six hours later, no change. Sul-
phate of magnesia, aloes and same dose of fluid extract of
ginger. After ten hours, slight improvement ; linseed oil and a
third dose of ginger. After two hours the bowels are moving.
Cow is improving, but yet gets another dose of ginger. To the
effects and actions of this last drug, the author attributes the
success of the case. — {Veter. Record.)

Sarcoma of the Hind Leg in a Dog — Amputation [G.
H. Wooldridge, F.R.C.V.S.']. — A male dachshundt, much re-
duced in flesh, has had a tumor in front of the left metacarpus,
which was excised but recurred after a while and grew quite
rapidly. This second growth was removed, but same results

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 305

followed. Attempts to check it with caustics failed. The dog
grew thinner and a swelling appeared behind the thigh, which
became hard, indurated and not very painful. Malignant sar-
coma was suspected, the owner being very desirous to save the
dog's life, if possible, he was put on the operating table, anaes-
thetized, the leg amputated at the tibio-tarsal joint and the en-
larged popliteal lymphatic glands removed. The case did well,
wounds healing rapidly. The dog regained his spirit and put
on flesh. Examination of the nature of the growth under the
microscope proved it to be spindle-celled sarcoma. — {Vetcr.
Journ.)

Chronic Metritis in a Bitch [By the Same]. — Record
of a fox terrier slut which had occasional drip of blood-stained
discharge — from the vulva. Pus in the uterine horns was made
out ; histerotomy recommended and performed. The uterus re-
moved weighed two and one-half pounds. The contents con-
sisted of purulent bloody material. — (Ibid.)

Carcinoma of the Testicle and Alopecia in a Dog [By
the Samel. — Aged black Pomeranian dog was brought to the
author to be destroyed on account of " his age, of the swelling
between his hind legs and being bald." The swelling was a dis-
eased testicle and if removed the dog might live a few years
more. The owner would not consent. The alopecia began by
the clog loosing some of his hairs on his neck. He was treated
by an empiric without result. Then the hairs on his belly began
to fall and at that time the swelling on the testicle made its ap-
pearance. Soon and gradually the hairs on the back came off.
The general condition had been good all the time. There was
no apparent irritation of the skin and no other lesion than the
loss of hair could be found. The right testicle was large and
firm, the left was also, but not as much. Both were painless.
The right testicle weighed one pound and one ounce. It was
carcinomatous in nature. — (Ibid.)

Amputation of a Bullock's Leg and Successful Ap-
lication of a Wooden Leg [John Cameron, M.R.C.V.S.']. —
A steer had a broken leg about the right metacarpal bone. The
leg was much swollen and as it was at night the true nature
of the injury was not exactly made out. Yet splints and ban-
dages were applied and covered with plaster of paris. A week
later a small 'abscess appeared above the top of the bandage,

39G ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

which was opened. After a while, noticing that the animal did
not use its leg as well as might be expected, the bandage was
removed and it was found that union had not taken place, that
a large patch of skin was dead, leaving a big open wound and
exposing a comminuted fracture. The leg was amputated at
the knee, between the rows of small bones, with all antiseptic
precautions possible. The wound did comparatively well, al-
though some difficulty was met with on account of the shrinkage
of the skin, saved to cover the stump. An artificial leg was
made, to which the animal soon got quite accustomed. He re-
ceived abundant nourishment, grew bigger and fatter, to finally
come to a useful end. — (Vetcr. Journ.)

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Rupture of the Tendon of the Internal Flexor of
the Metacarpus [L. Dupas, Army Veterinarian']. — No record
of a similar accident has been found by the author. A twelve-
year-old trooper has become suddenly very lame on the right
foreleg. He walks with difficulty, carrying his hind legs under
him and with a jump advances his fore parts; the right leg
being thrown forward as one piece and slightly in abduction.
The animal rests on his well leg. On the internal face of the
forearm, a little below the lower end of the radius, there is a
very tender spot, with a slight cutaneous abrasion. The pain is
such that the animal rears up when the slightest pressure is put
on it. Besides these, an abnormal subcutaneous depression is
felt, with the sensation of bone under. Upwards this is bound
by a small swelling, and below, the free extremity of a hard,
rolling cord is detected. There is no swelling nor bloody infil-
tration. A diagnosis of rupture of the tendon of the internal flexor
metacarpi was made, probably due to a kick. Douches were
prescribed. Improvement is already marked on the following
day. Walking is less difficult. Flexion and extension of the
canon are still reduced. There is a slight oedema, which fills
and conceals the depression of the inside of the forearm observed

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 397

the clay before. The tendinous cord is not so readily defined.
The animal was better the second day. A blister was applied on
the leg. On the 26th day after the accident the horse went to
work.— (R. G. dc M. Vete.)

Diaphragmatic Hernia of the Right Lobe of the
Liver in a Cow [Mr. Rouard, Army Veterinarian']. — This was
a surprise of post-mortem and was discovered in a cow that
had never revealed her condition by any manifestation. The ani-
mal was in fair condition. On opening- the chest a mass, black
in color and as big as the fist was found lying on the anterior
face of the diaphragm muscle. In the right and superior por-
tion of the phrenic centre, there was an opening, only big enough
to push the thumb through it. It is regularly round and has
some reddish connective bands which unite the posterior face
of the muscle to the anterior of the liver. A portion of the right
lobe of the liver has passed through that opening and on the
anterior face of the diaphragm is continued with the mass in
the chest, which is covered by the diaphragmatic pleura. In
excising the growth carefully there were found in it the pleura,
the peritoneum surrounding the liver, Glisson's capsule and the
hepatic tissue in its normal condition. — (Rev. Vetcr.)

Epithelial Cancer of Caudal Origin in a Cow [Prof.
Noussu]. — "In clinics, the most unexpected observation can
be recorded and the most ordinary (in appearance) lesions may
prove of exceptional interest."

A cow has had three peculiar lesions on her tail which have
shown a tendency to spread. The first appeared on the tip of
the organ, then some way higher, and the third nearer to the
root. They all have had a warty appearance, varied in size and
were surrounded by a skin which was thick, inflamed and ad-
herent to the tissues underneath. Examination under the micro-
scope of sections from these tumors revealed their nature, it was
an epithelial cancer. Complete amputation was performed and
temporary relief obtained; but after a short time the cancerous
generalization had made extensive progress. Among its mani-
festations was a peculiar deformity that had taken place on the
hip of the left side. An enormous swelling having developed
between the ischial tuberosity and the trochanterian region. A
rectal examination confirms the suspicion of abdominal general-
ization. The lymphatic glands are all involved and form a bos-
selated chain which extends in the subsacral region from the tail

308 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

way forward. The animal was destroyed. At the post-mortem
no lesions were found in the thoracic and abdominal cavities,
all the viscera being- free from disease. The sub-lumbo-sacral
neoplastic tumor of the hip is enormous. It is granular, with
lardaceous, yellow-grayish tissue. Here and there it shows a
centre softened and containing pus and necrosed muscular tissue.
The muscles surrounding are also involved; the veins of the thigh
and hip, largely dilated, are thrombosed. — (Rcc. de Med. Veter.)

Depilation in Veterinary Surgery [Messrs. Simonian
and Neau, Army Veterinarians]. — Having observed that an ab-
normal swelling would often take place on a field of operation
where antiseptic measures had been minutiously carried out and
where, notwithstanding, healing by first intention had taken
place, the authors inquired into the cause of this, and found
that this swelling could be attributed to shaving. Having a
median neurotomy to perform, they had the region shaved the
night before the operation, and when the time for operating
came, they found that the shaved part was the seat of a local
inflammation due no doubt to infection by the razor. They then
experimented with all kinds of razors and have never met with
one which would not have the same accident more or less. In-
deed, to be of perfect use, the razor must be extremely sharp,
have an edge varying with the condition and hardness of the
hair and besides be applied in given regions, some being rather
difficult to shave.

To avoid the use of the razor, could not some other means
succeed as well in removing- the hairs from a field of operation ?
The authors have tried a depilatory mixture which is truly per-
fect. Take equal parts of monosulphide of sodium, quick lime
and powdered starch. Mix the sodium and starch first, add the
lime and when the mixture is thorough, add enough water to
make a paste. The hairs are clipped as short as possible, the
region washed and dried and the paste spread over. It is left on
ten or fifteen minutes, when the surface is thoroughly washed
to take off the paste. There then remains a surface absolutely
glabrous, not irritated and asceptic, in which the hair-bulbs re-
main perfect and where hairs will grow over again, with their
original color. The paste must be used when freshlv prepared
and only for the time it is to be used. — (R. G. de M. Vetc.)

Tuberculosis of the Bladder and of the Urethra [Mr.
Bedel]. — A cow coughs, loses flesh rapidly and makes frequent

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 399

efforts to micturate. The prescapular lymphatic glands are
swollen and auscultation reveals suspicious rales in the thoracic
cavity. Tuberculosis was suspected and tuberculin test decided
upon. But the animal died before it could be applied. The
autopsy revealed a generalized tuberculosis in all the thoracic
and abdominal organs. The vesical mucous membrane pre-
sented, near the neck of the bladder, some small nuclei of tuber-
culosis; five existed in the urethra, accounting for the difficulty
of micturition observed during life. — {Revue Veter.)

Bovine Nodular Helminthiasis is an (Esophagosto-
miasis [Mr. Marotel]. — This disease is characterized by the for-
mation in the intestinal walls of tuberculiform nodules, in all
of which is enclosed a larval nematode. The zoological nature
of these worms is yet much discussed; some consider them as
uncinaries, others claim that they are cesophagostomes. The
studies of the author which have brought him to this last opin-
ion, have caused him to form the following conclusions: (i)
— In bovine nodular helminthiasis, the metamorphosis of the
larvae into adults always takes place in the canal of the intestines
and never inside of the nodules. (2) — It ordinarily takes
place towards April and June when the worms, aged eight or
ten months, measure about four or five millimetres. (3) —
It gives birth to typical cesophagostomes. It is, therefore, an
cesophagostomiasis and not an unciniarosis. — {Rev. Veter.)

Fatal Hemoptysis in a Steer Suffering with Broncho-
Pneumonia [Mr. Pierre Bitard]. — This animal was going to
be put to fattening regime to prepare him for market. He has
been working hard and been exposed to heavy rain for a whole
day. He probably felt the effects of this exposure, as he was
taken with rheumatic pains all over, his joints were swollen and
an attack of acute rheumatism was threatened. This was, how-
ever, avoided, and thanks to an energetic treatment of alkalines
and salicylate with frictions and warm blanketings, the steer
resumed a satisfactory condition and was placed then under the
regime for getting fat, which he followed for over two months,
when he suddenly gave signs of being very ill. The author
visited him and found him suffering with broncho-pneumonia.
A severe treatment was prescribed and followed by return of
the appetite and rumination; the only symptom remaining being
a certain irregularity in the respiration and a thick hard cough.
One morning he was found dead in his stall. In the abdomen

400 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

the visceras were found bloodless. In the chest, the lungs are
pale and emphysematous. The right lung is hepatized and on
the upper border presented a broad surface where the visceral
pleura is raised, and under it is a hard, dark mass, a large clot
of blood extending into the bronchia, trachea and vasal cavities.
— {Prog. Veter.)

ITALIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

A Case of Nephralgia [Dr. Arnaldo Fumagalli]. — The
diagnosis was confirmed only at post-mortem, although by ex-
clusion of possible cystitis, acute or chronic nephritis, or even
of a moving kidney, nephralgia had seemed the only possible
conclusion to arrive at. The history of the case was that a
steer, aged six years, that had never been ill, had done heavy
work, and had been at times, say every eight, ten or twenty
days, presenting peculiar symptoms. He was dull, would not
lay down, kept his hind legs spread apart with the tail raised
and striking right and left. These manifestations would last
several hours, at times diminishing and then again returning
more severe; saliva would flow abundantly from the mouth,
the respiration would be accelerated, the eyes much injected * * *
and then all would stop as quick as it came; all the troubles
would subside and by his appearance the animal seemed in per-
fect normal condition. Unable to make a diagnosis at once,
the author visited the animal several times and watched for an
occasion to observe the symptoms himself, but he could never
detect anything that would guide him. He, however, observed
that on pressing over the lumbar region he could obtain from
the steer a manifestation of pain more marked on the right than
on the left side, no matter how slight was the pressure. Rectal
examination, chemical analysis of the urine, minute examina-
tions of all the functions, nothing abnormal could be detected.
As the animal was in good condition he was sent to the abattoir.
The most careful inspection of every organ failed to show the
slightest lesion, except that the right kidney presented a strong

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 401

pigmentary color similar to that of roasted coffee seed; the left
kidney had its normal aspect.

The absence of all lesions seem to justify the diagnosis of
nephralgia due to periphic irritation of the renal branches of
the great sympathetic. — (77 Nuovo Ercolani.)

The Action of the Urine of Healthy Horses Upon
the Virus of Glanders [Dr. Prof. C. Nencioni], — After sev-
eral experiments that the author made to find out what would
be the effects of the urine of healthy horses upon the bacillus of
glanders, he arrived at the following conclusions :

i. That the urine of healthy horses kills in a maxima
of forty hours and a minima of thirty, the virulent bacillus
of glanders.

2. Filtration through a F. Chamberland filter does not
take off from the urine its microbicid quality. Therefore, the
idea that the death of the bacilli is due to vital concurrency be-
tween micro-organisms must be laid aside.

3. Heating at ioo° C. during twenty minutes has
no effect upon the microbicid property of the urine towards
the bacilli and consequently it is not to thermogenous substances
that urine owes its power of destruction towards the virulency
of the bacillus.

4. Bacillus mallei keeps in water its pathogenous
power much longer than in the urine of healthy horses. The
microbicid action of the urine cannot be attributed to an hydro-
litic phenomena. — (7/ Nuovo Ercolani.)

A Curious Case of Foreign Body in a Calf [Dr. Alfonso
Palagi]. — On the 7th of July, 1907, a calf was bought and after
remaining twelve days at his new owner's he was resold to an-
other man. At that time he was in good health and remained
so for fifty days after, when he was kept among others turned
out to fatten. On the morning of the 5th of September, the
owner discovered that on the right side of the abdomen, a little
above and in front of the umbilicus, the calf had a swelling as
big as the head of a boy, oval in shape and rather hard to the
touch. The author was called and examined the calf, which ex-
hibited much pain when the tumor was manipulated. On that
account a thorough diagnosis could not be made out, although
it was evident that it was not a hernia. Thinking it to be an
abscess, proper treatment was prescribed and directions left, that
information be sent as soon as the tumor showed indications of

402 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

getting soft. After a few days the only change that was reported
was that the tumor had diminished, was not larger than a turkey's
egg, but that it still remained hard. However, on the 17th of
the same month, seventy-four days from the date of the first
purchase, a yellowish discharge, mixed with sand and air was
noticed coming out from the apex of the tumor and on passing
the hand over it, the owner felt a rough body pushing away
through the skin, he took hold of it and pulled away a branch
of willow tree, as big as a pencil, and measuring fifty centimetres
in length. Cicatrization followed without difficulty. It is won-
derful to see such a long piece of wood remaining for such a
time and having never given rise to any morbid manifestations. —
(77 Nuovo Ercolani.)

Laceration of the Rectus Femoris [Prof. G. Gamba-
rotta] . — Heavy draught horse drawing a very heavy load, slipped
backwards in starting and dropped heavily to the ground. The
harness was taken off, the animal remained quiet for some little
time and after violent efforts, succeeded in getting up. The
right hind leg is disabled. The horse walks with great difficulty
on three legs, the toe of the right hind foot drags on the ©round,
the external angle of the hip is down and all the joints of the
leg are in semi-flexion. There is a wide depression on the stifle
and the anterior face of the thigh. Diagnosis of the laceration
of the rectus femoris was made and the prognosis is quite seri-
ous. The owner will not allow the horse to be killed on ac-
count of his qualities and of his value. During three days con-
tinuous irrigations were applied on the stifle joint and after that
a severe irritating blister was applied. Three weeks after, the
animal rested on his leg and two weeks later was able to resume
his work. — (II Bullet. Vet. Ital. and B. V.)

Salivary Calculus in Steno's Duct of Horses [Dr.
Nicola Oreste~\. — A concise case recording the history of a horse
which presented the symptoms of calculus in the duct of steno.
As the animal was a stallion used for private breeding purposes,
it was objectionable to have him operated on the cheek on ac-
count of the cicatrix, and it was decided to attempt to remove
the stone per mouth. With a speculum widely open, the cavity
was kept sufficiently large to allow the introduction of a grooved
probe into the opening of the canal and to push it some five or
six centimetres when the calculus was felt. With a gentle pres-
sure from outside, it was displaced and soon there dropped into

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 403

the hand of the operator two calculi, one weighing ninety
grammes and the other sixty. The former was seven centimetres
long and twelve in its larger diameter, the latter was only four
centimetres long and eleven in diameter. There was no further
trouble. — (La Clinica Vetcrin.)

Cuti, Dermo and Ophthalmo Reaction with Tuber-
culin [Dr. Alberto Ponizza, of Modcna. Veterinary School]. —
The author has made numerous experiments on these methods
of diagnosis, he passes in review the work that has been made
before him and relates his own which he has carried on with
many animals, which he has divided into four series. In a
first series he tested the cuti reaction of Lignieres, in the second
the dermo-reaction as described by Vallee, in the third the oph-
thalmoreaction as modified by Lanfranchi, and in the fourth
the three together. He then came to the conclusions :

i — Cuti and dermo-reactions when applied separately to non-
tuberculous animals cannot be relied upon.

2 — Ophthalmoreaction has a very characteristic and marked
effect on tuberculous animals, which does not occur in healthy
animals.

3 — Ophthalmic reaction will also occur in cases of actino-
mycosis.

4 — When ophthalmo, cuti and dermo reactions are applied
simultaneously there will be an ocular reaction in diseased ani-
mals and a doubtful one in healthy.

5 — Which may be confirmed by resorting after, to the oph-
thalmic test alone. — (La Clini. Veter.)

An Observation of Eustrongylus Gigas [Dr. Rinaldo
Pico']. — Similar cases are not common, and although kidneys
are the ordinary seat where the nematode develop, there are
cases where it is found in other parts of the organism. Besides
those already on record, the author relates the following:

A pointer dog after making a bad jump presented on the
left inguinal region a small swelling. At first it seemed not to
interfere with the dog, but after a few days it grew so much
larger that it required attention. It formed in the left groin
a tumor rather well defined, about as big as a potato and having
on the centre a cyanotic spot. To the touch it is hard, rather
bosselated, not painful or reducible. Suspecting it to be a fibro-
ma, the dog was secured and anaesthetized with intraperitoneal
injection of chloral hydrate. Proceeding in the removal of the

404 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

growth it was found to contain a large cyst in the centre of
which was a big strongilus gigas, female, which measured
seventy-five centimetres in length. The dog had never pre-
sented any trouble about his urinary function. After his death,
which occurred two weeks later, a careful post-mortem examina-
tion failed in finding any lesions in the kidneys or in any part
of the urinary apparatus. — (La Clin. Vcterinaria.)

GERMAN REVIEW.

By J. P. O'Leary, V. M. D., Bureau of Animal Industry, Buffalo, N. Y.

Intoxication Through Animal Food Stuffs [Dr.
Movel, Toulouse \. — When man and animals contract severe dis-
eases through eating animal food stuffs, it is usually the meat
which has undergone a specific decomposition with the forma-
tion of toxins microbic in origin. However, it remains for us
to decide how these changes are brought about. As a result,
two very distinct groups of diseases present themselves and
which must be more clearly differentiated from each other than
has hitherto been the case. The term (Fleisch vergiftung)
" meat poisoning," constitutes an abusus linguae. The name
" intoxication " can only be applied to Botulism, the basis of
which is a very poisonous toxin (similar to that of tetanus).
Van Ermongen was the first who discovered the bacillus botulis-
mus. The poison originates in the dressed meat of healthy ani-
mals or in its conserves, where it accumulates in the deeper parts
and is protected from the air. The meat assumes a changed
appearance, and the disease resulting therefrom is distinguished
in this particular manner, that mycotic intestinal inflammation
is lacking throughout.. The prominent symptoms are those of
diplopie, mydriasis, ptosis, which can only be the result of poison-
ing in the strict sense of the word. Totally different from the
sausage poisoning, together with its nature and symptomatology,
are the other diseases emanating from meat, the so-called " meat
poisonings," which occur more frequently and appear epidemic-
ally among people at intervals, arise from an infection which
the slaughtered animal had acquired during life. The regula-

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 405

tions prescribed for determining- the harmfulness of this infected
meat depends exclusively upon its origin, and almost invariably
inquiry reveals the fact that it was derived from animals which
had been affected with umbilical and uterine inflammations, septic
enteritis, pneumo-enteritis and similar diseases. The meat, al-
though in a fresh condition, is dangerous to eat; it has a normal
appearance, a good taste and odor and even chemical examina-
tion reveals nothing harmful (Bber). Infection is due to the
Bacillus enteritidis (Gartner, 1888; Johne, 1894), and to close-
ly related microbic types, gastro-intestinal inflammations be-
ing the predominating lesions. The infection in man, however,
resembles typhoid fever, cholera, and their intermediaries. The
micro-organisms in many respects resemble the B, paratyphicus
B, the bacillus psittacosis, the bacteria of hog cholera, cholera
nostras. They all belong to one family and resemble very much
the coli (Eberth) group. They are all equally virulent for man
and animals. They prevent or retard the process of putrefactive
decomposition. As the muscle sugar undergoes fermentation,
for this reason the suspicious meat appears normal. With re-
gard to the remarkable epidemics caused by such meat infections,
one in particular deserves especial mention, and which occurred
in the French city Gand in IQ05. A veterinary meat inspector
examined some sausage which had been declared suspicious by
the police, as some persons became ill after eating it. The in-
spector found this sausage to all appearances healthy. He ate
two or three pieces of it, as did also a colleague and an employee
of the slaughter house, and thereupon released the sausage, be-
cause it had a good taste and smell. Ten to twelve hours later
all three persons became sick, had fever, vomiting and diarrhoea.
The attending physician pronounced it a case of ptomaine poison-
ing. On the fifth day the inspector died. Could this have been
the result of meat poisoning? The autopsy on the body of the
veterinarian proved otherwise.

The stomach and intestines were intensely inflamed; here
and there gangrene had set in, and in all the organs myriads of
microbes were present, with which other animals were inocu-
lated successfully. In the liver and kidneys and large vessels,
masses of these organisms were found in clumps and to the ex-
tent that after straining a section they could be discovered with
the aid of a lens. The most remarkable fact in connection with
such meat infections is that the period of incubation is very
short, frequently only a few hours, also that the severitv of the

406 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

disease bears no relation to the quantity of the aliment eaten.
Finally, a great deal depends upon the individual susceptibility
and immunity. Concerning the pathogenesis of these meat in-
fections the etiological investigations have furnished additional
data which is very interesting. As to the dissimilarity of these
diseases, gastro-enteritis is the more prominent, the intestines
particularly contain enormous quantities of bacteria. These may
be distributed from the dejections of the diseased animals by
the various intermediaries and infect anew both man and ani-
mals. Opportunity also presents itself to infect the freshly-
drawn milk in such stables where infected animals are housed
and which accounts for the mysterious appearance of epidemics
in the country of gastro-intestinal inflammations, continued
fevers, cholera infantum and similar affections which hitherto
had been difficult of explanation. Publications of this nature
are intended at the present time to attract the attention of med-
ical practitioners, veterinarians and hygienists to the etiology of
these diseases.

Poisoning through eating cream puffs occurs in the same
manner, also milk diet, vegetables, and even by eggs, the latter
when hens are kept in crowded roosts, the oviduct becomes in-
fected and before the shell is formed. In England and America
the fact has long been demonstrated that oysters are dangerous,
even when they are eaten while fresh, if they are taken from
polluted waters or reservoirs the drainage of which was defective.
Similar conditions prevail with regard to fish and clams. As
a result of these opinions the question arises, How preventive
measures can be employed to obviate such infections. They must
consist solely upon sanitary police supervision with regard to
the origin of the food stuffs in question, not merely in the line
of meat inspection. The control should be extended to the rural
districts, which is more important than that of cities and large
towns. — (Deutsche Tier. Wochen., Feb. 22, 1908.)

The Auditory and Vocal Organs of the Parrot [A.
Denker]. — No essential anatomical variation exists in the audi-
tory apparatus of the parrot and that of other birds, with the
exception of the macula neglecta being absent. Tense elastic
fibres of various lengths are present in the basilary membrane
which act mechanically. These individual cords vibrate to the
sound of a tone. Not only the parrot but also the other birds
hear the human voice. The faculty of the parrot to imitate the
human voice is not due to the formation of the larynx, as that

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 407

organ is not so widely different in construction as compared with
other birds. The peculiarity of the parrot in imitating the human
voice is derived from the well-developed arching of the mouth
and pharynx and to the peculiar formation and great develop-
ment of the muscles of the tongue. — (Der Tierarzt, 47 Jahrg
No. 5.)

Papillary Acanthomes on the Internal Surface of
the Ears of the Horse [Prbscholdt, Berlin]. — In the course
of his clinical experience, Proscholdt observed frequently pecu-
liar formations on the inner surface of the ears of horses, and
which in many cases were visible at a distance on inspection of
the ear, but nevertheless were only visible in the majority of
cases when the muscle of the ear was averted. They appear
as circular elevated growths which are sharply differentiated
from one another by their color.

Proscholdt made this disease the object of his investigations
and arrived at the following histological and clinical conclusions :

1st — On the inner surface of the ear we frequently find flat
warts of various shapes and sizes.

2d — They occur in two types, the pigmented and non-pig-
mented.

3d — The non-pigmented type predominates.

4th — The position of the wart is exclusively on the inner
surface.

5th — Both types resemble each other very closely histologic-
ally and differ only in pigmentation.

6th — The neoformations are to be designated as papillary
acanthomes.

7th — The term acanthome has hitherto not been employed in
veterinary medicine.

8th — The new formation is composed of a primary epithelial
and secondary connective tissue growth.

9th — The experiments conducted with regard to its trans-
missibility to horses, dogs, cats and rabbits, were resultless.

10th — The etiology of the acanthomes remains unknown. —
(Aus der medizinischen Klinik der K'dngl. Tierarzt. Hochschule,
Stuttgart, Archieves fiir Wissenschaft und Prakt, Tievheil-
kundi. )

It is impossible for a man attempting many things to do all
things well. — (Xenophon.)

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION.

VETERINARIAN.

The United States Civil Service Commission announces an
examination on December 15, 1908, at the places mentioned in
the list printed by the Commission, to secure eligibles from
which to make certification to fill a vacancy in the position of
veterinarian (male), salary $1,200 per annum. Quartermaster's
Department at Large, Washington, D. C, and vacancies re-
quiring similar qualifications as they may occur in any branch
of the service.

The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned be-
low, weighted as indicated :

Subjects. Weights.

1. Letter- writing . . 10

2. Veterinary anatomy and physiology 20

3. Veterinary pathology 20

4. Veterinary practice 40

5. Training and experience 10

Total 100

Applicants must indicate in their applications that they are
graduates of reputable veterinary colleges.

Age limit, 20 years or over 011 the date of the examination.

This examination is open to all citizens of the United States
who comply with the requirements.

This announcement contains all information which is com-
municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination,
the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re-
quired.

Applicants should at once apply either to the United States
Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C, or to the secre-
tary of the board of examiners at any place mentioned in the list
printed by the Commission, for application Form 13 12. No ap-
plication will be accepted unless properly executed and filed with
the Commission at Washington. In applying for this examina-
tion the exact title as given at the head of this announcement
should be used in the application.

408

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 409

As examination papers are shipped direct from the Com-
mission to the places of examination, it is necessary that applica-
tions be received in ample time to arrange for the examination
desired at the place indicated by the applicant. The Commis-
sion will therefore arrange to examine any applicant whose ap-
plication is received in time to permit the shipment of the neces-
sary papers.

CORRESPONDENCE.

NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF VETER-
INARY MEDICINE AT THE HAGUE,
SEPTEMBER 13-19, 1909.

The Secretary-General states that the prospects of the Con-
gress to be largely attended are most promising. The commit-
tee has received communications from every part of the world,
and the efforts of the various national committees in the differ-
ent countries are already felt.

The International Commission and the many veterinary
journals are sparing no efforts to make the Congress a success.

Two circulars have already been freely distributed and a
third will soon be issued, which will be sent only to members
of the Congress whose names shall be entered with Prof. D. F.
van Esveld, Veterinary School of Utrecht, Holland, who is
General Treasurer.

This circular will, with the names of the members of the
Permanent Committee, contain supplementary communications
relating to the national committees, the names of the reporters
upon the various questions treated before the Congress and other
statements thought necessary by the Executive Committee.

Veterinarians desirous to know of the progress made in the
preparation of the Congress are notified to have their names
registered as members with the General Treasurer and to send
him the cotisation of 21 francs. Besides their card of member-
ship, they will also receive one copy of the regulations of the
Congress and later all the publications of the Executive Com-
mittee.

For the Executive Committee,

D. A. de Jong, General Secretary,
Leyden (Holland), 20 Maresingel.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

Secretary Lyman announces appointments by President
Rutherford as follows :

Committees 1908- 1909.

Executive. — M. H. Reynolds, chairman; Tait Butler, W. H.
Hoskins, E. A. A. Grange, R. A. Archibald, W. H. Dalrymple.

Publication. — C. J. Marshall, chairman; E. B. Ackerman,
R. C. Moore, O. L. Boor, R. P. Lyman.

Finance. — Thomas Bland, chairman; F. C. Grenside, O. E.
Dyson.

Diseases. — V. A. Moore, Chairman ; J. R. Mohler, C. H. Hig-
gins, A. T. Kinsley, L. E. Day.

Intelligence and Education. — L. Pearson, chairman; S. Bren-
ton, Jos. Hughes, M. H. McKillip, J. H. McNeil.

Association of Faculties. — C. E. Cotton, chairman; G. H
Berns.

Legislation. — J. P. Turner, chairman; W. G. Hollingworth,
A. S. Cooley, T. E. Budd, J. R. Mohler.

Necrology. — J. F. Winchester, chairman; Wm. Dougherty,
R. W. Ellis, Sesco Stewart, J. L. Robertson.

Resolutions. — A. H. Baker, chairman; Wm. Herbert Lowe,
J. V. Newton, G. W. Dumphy, H. D. Gill.

Resident Secretaries.

United States. — Alabama, L. E. Case, Auburn; Arizona, J.
C. Norton, Phoenix; Arkansas, R. R. Dinwiddie, Fayetteville ;
California, P. H. Browning, San Jose; Colorado, Mark White,
Denver; Connecticut, G. W. Loveland, Torrington; Delaware,
H. B. McDowell, Middleton ; District of Columbia, B. T. Wood-
ward, Washington; Florida, T. J. Mahaffy, Jacksonville; Geor-
gia, W. A. Scott, Columbus; Hawaii, W. T. Monsarrat, Hono-
lulu; Idaho, Geo. E. Noble, Boise; Illinois, L. A. Merillat, Chi-
cago; Indiana, J. W. Klotz, Noblesville; Iowa, R. R. Hammond.
Cherokee; Kansas, R. F. Eagle, Kansas City; Kentucky, J. W.
Jameson, Paris; Louisiana, J. A. Goodwin, New Iberia; Maine,

410

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 411

A. Joly, Waterville; Maryland, F. H. Mackie, Baltimore; Massa-
chusetts, B. D. Pierce, Springfield; Michigan, H. M. Gohn, St.
Johns; Minnesota, M. F. Leffingwell, Austin; Mississippi, E. M.
Ranck, Natchez; Missouri, T. S. Hickman, Kansas City; Ne-
braska, C. A. McKim, Lincoln; Nevada, J. O. Jacobs, Reno;
New Hampshire, F. P. McCushing, Keene ; New Jersey, J. Payne
Lowe, Passaic; New Mexico, F. L. Schneider, Albuquerque;
New York, E. B. Ackerman, Brooklyn; North Carolina, A.
Fisher, Charlotte; North Dakota, T. D. Hinebach, Tower City;
Ohio, G. W. Cliff, Upper Sandusky; Oklahoma, Robt. A. Phil-
lips, Oklahoma City; Oregon, W. Dean Wright, Albany; Penn-
sylvania, S. H. Gilliland, Marietta; Philippine Islands, C. E.
Newsom, Maila; Porto Rico, T. A. Allen, San Juan; Rhode
Island, T. E. Robinson, Westerly; South Carolina, L. Dried-
heim, Rock Hill; South Dakota, S. D. Brimhall, Redfield; Ten-
nessee, W. P. Ellenburgher, Nashville; Texas, J. W. Parker,
El Paso; Utah, N. C. Spaulding, Jr., Provo; Vermont, F. W.
Chamberlain, Burlington; Virginia, R. R. Clark, Hampton;
Washington, S. B. Nelson, Pullman; West Virginia, L. N.
Reefer, Wheeling; Wisconsin, Chas. Schmidt, Dodgeville;
Wyoming, A. W. Whitehouse, Laramie.

Canada. — British Columbia. — S. F. Tolmie, Victoria, B. C;
Alberta, J. C. Hargrave, Medicine Hat, Alta; Saskatchewan, J.
F. Burnett, Regina ; Manitoba, F. Torrance, Winnipeg, Man. ;
Ontario, T. Thacker, Renfrew; Quebec, M. C. Baker, Montreal;
New Brunswick, D. McCuaig, McAdam Junction ; Novia Scotia,
W. H. Pethick, Antigonish.

Cuba, — N. S. Mayo, Santiago de las Vegas.

Argentine Republic. — Uruguay, D. E. Salmon, Montivideo.

South Australia. — J. Desmond, Adelaide.

INTER-STATE ASSOCIATION OF LIVE STOCK SANI-
TARY BOARDS.

The twelfth annual meeting of the Inter-State Association of
Live .Stock Sanitary Boards, held in Washington, D. C, Sep-
tember 14, 15 and 16, was the most successful in the history of
the Association. There were representatives present from
twenty-four states and the Hawaiian Islands. There were
twenty representatives from the Bureau of Animal Industry
who contributed greatly to the success of the meeting.

412 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The forenoon of the first day was entirely taken up with the
address of welcome by A. D. Melvin, Washington, D. C, the ad-
dress of the president, Chas. G. Lamb, of Colorado, and the
usual routine business.

A committee was appointed, to report at the next annual
meeting-, consisting of A. D. Melvin, Washington, D. C, chair-
man; S. B. Nelson, Washington; H. B. McDowell, Delaware;
Tait Butler, North Carolina ; and W. H. Dalrymple, Louisiana,
to compile and arrange the laws and regulations of the various
states, governing live-stock sanitation, together with a list of
sanitary officers.

A committee was appointed by the president to draft a Live-
Stock Sanitary Law to serve as a basis for uniform legislation
in the various states; also to prepare a statement showing the
fundamental principles which should enter into the live-stock
laws; this committee to report at the next meeting of the asso-
ciation. The committee consisted of the following members :
M. H. Reynolds, Minnesota, chairman ; Tait Butler, North Caro-
lina; Leonard Pearson, Pennsylvania; D. F. Luckey, Missouri;
R. P. Steddom, Washington, D. C.

In the afternoon, Tait Butler, North Carolina, read a paper
on " Progress of Tick Eradication." The discussion on this
paper was opened by Cooper Curtice, Washington, D. C.

A. D. Melvin, Washington, D. C, read a paper on " Control
of Hog Cholera by Serum Immunization." * D. F. Luckey,
Missouri, opened the discussion.

The rest of the afternoon was spent in a general discussion
of these papers and all the salient points in the control of these
diseases were elucidated.

The entire second day was given to the subject of tubercu-
losis. The following papers were presented :

" Federal, State and City Co-operation in the Eradication
of Tuberculosis," D. F. Luckey, Missouri.

" Control of Tuberculosis in Domestic Animals in Pennsyl-
vania," L. A. Klein, Pennsylvania.

" Ways and Means of Eradicating Tuberculosis in Domestic
Animals," O. E. Dyson, Illinois.

" Bovine Tuberculosis in Louisiana and Some Other Southern
States," W. H. Dalrymple, Louisiana.

" Control of Tuberculosis," A. D. Melvin, Washington, D. G

" State Meat Inspection," J. M. Wright, Illinois.

* October Review, page 14.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 41o

These papers were discussed collectively by men who have
been engaged in the work of control of tuberculosis in the va-
rious states and for the general government, for the past ten or
twelve years ; men who knew what they were talking about, and
who covered the subject from all standpoints.

On the evening of the second day a banquet was given in
the small banquet hall of the Hotel Raleigh. Plates were laid
for forty. A number of the representatives were accompanied
by their ladies, which added greatly to the pleasure of the even-
ing. President Lamb acted as toastmaster.

On the third day, S. H. Ward, Minnesota, read a paper on
" Glanders." The discussion was opened by J. M. Wright,
Illinois.

Victor A. Norgaard, of Hawaii, gave a talk on "Glanders in
Hawaii, and the Efforts of this Territory to Protect Itself"
Against the Repeated Introduction of this Disease from Cali-
fornia." The discussion of this paper was opened by R. A.
Archibald, California.

John R. Mohler, Washington, D. C, then read a paper on
" Three Diseases of Animals Which Have Recently Assumed
Importance to the State Sanitarian." * The diseases were In-
fectious Anemia or Swamp Fever, Mycotic Lymphangitis
(pseudo- farcy) and Chronic Bacterial Dysentery (Johne's dis-
ease). Dr. Mohler states that these diseases have recently been
found to have a greater distribution in the United States than
has heretofore been known.

W. H. Dalrvmple then gave a talk on " Anthrax in Louisi-
ana."

S. B. Nelson, Washington, talked on " Veterinary Sanitary
Laws in the State of Washington."

W\ H. Dalrvmple, of Louisiana, was elected president for
the ensuing year; S. B. Nelson, Washington, vice-president;
Chas. E. Cotton was re-elected secretary and treasurer. The
time and place of the next meeting was left to a committee con-
sisting of the officers of the association.

The Committee on Line and Open Season, consisting of Tait
Butler, North Carolina, chairman; R. A. Archibald, California;
G. T. Bryan, Oklahoma, and J. H. Wilson, Texas, submitted
the following report, which was adopted by the association :

* Published in the November Review, page 198.

414 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Gentlemen — Your committee on " Line and Open Season "
begs leave to submit the following report :

Quarantine Line.

i. That the line and quarantined area in Virginia remain
the same as for 1908, except that Pittsylvania County be added
to the free or non-quarantined area, and that Warwick County
be added to the infected or quarantined area.

2. That the line and quarantined area in North Carolina re-
main the same as for 1908, except that the counties of Union,
Anson and Warren be added to the free or non-quarantined
area.

3. That the line and quarantined area for Tennessee remain
the same as for 1908, except that the counties of Pickett, Putnam,
White, DeKalb, Warren, Marion, Franklin, Giles and Shelby
be added to the free or non-quarantined area.

4. That the line and quarantined area for Alabama, Missis-
sippi, Louisiana, Texas, California and Arkansas remain the
same as for 1908.

5. That the line and quarantined area for Oklahoma remain
the same as for 1908, except that part of Blaine County south
of the Canadian River be added to the free or non-quarantined"
area.

Inspection Privileges and Restrictions 'Relative to the
Movement of Cattle.

1. That the regulations relative to the inspection of cattle
for movement from the states of Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee. Alabama, Mississippi, Missouri,
Louisiana, Texas and California remain the same as for 1908.

2. That the county of Washington, Arkansas, be added to
the territory of that state, out of which cattle may be inspected
for movement under the usual restrictions.

3. That that part of Kay County lying east of the Arkansas
River; that part of Payne County north of the line between
townships 19 and 20; that part of Canadian County south of
the Canadian River and that part of Caddo County north of the
line between townships 10 and it north, in the State of Okla-
homa, be added to the territory of that out of which cattle may
be inspected for movement under the usual restrictions. And
that inspection privileges be withdrawn from Osage County.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 415

Open Season.

i. That the regulations regarding the open season remain the
same as for 1908, for the states of Virginia, North Carolina,
Louisiana, Missouri, California, Oklahoma and Texas.

2. That there be no open season for the states of South Caro-
lina, Georgia, Tennessee and Mississippi.

3. That the open season for the state of Arkansas be from
November 15, 190S, to January 31, 1909.

The committee desires to offer the suggestion that, in its
opinion, the maintaining of any considerable area from which
cattle may be inspected for movement, other than immediate
slaughter, is not generally conducive to the best efforts towards
lick eradication, and consumes resources which could be more
profitably spent in eradicating ticks, and that therefore this prac-
tice and all other inspection privileges should be discouraged,
and this area reduced to a minimum at the earliest possible time.

The following resolutions as submitted by the committee,
D. F. Luckey, Missouri, chairman; S. H. Ward, Minnesota; W.
F. Pflaeging, Wyoming, were adopted by the association :

1. Whereas, During this meeting we have learned with pro-
found regret of the death of Hon. S. L. Patterson, Commis-
sioner of Agriculture of North Carolina, and

Whereas, The foresight, liberality and great interest of this
lavman in live stock sanitary work was clearly manifest in his
official support of the preliminary work necessary to first demon-
strate the feasibility of tick eradication from large areas at a
time when even professional sanitarians failed to give the work
their support ; therefore, be it

Resolved, That the Inter-State Association of Live Stock
Sanitary Boards, in convention assembled, offer its tribute of
respect to his memory and extend our sympathetic condolences
to his family in their great bereavement.

Whereas, Since our last meeting death has removed from our
midst our worthy and esteemed co-worker, Judge S. W. Hud-
son, and

Whereas, His services as a member and president of the Mis-
souri Board of Agriculture, and as a member of the Missouri
State Fair Association, were of a high and efficient character,
and

410 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Whereas, The members of this association, after only a very-
short acquaintance with him, recognized in him such sterling
worth and character, have honored him with the office of vice-
president, be it

Resolved, That the Inter-State Association of Live Stock
Sanitary Boards in annual convention assembled, do commend
the character and life work of S. W. Hudson and extend its most
cordial sympathy to his family and to his friends, and lament
the loss to the state of Missouri of his services, and be it fur-
ther

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be spread upon
the records of this association and a copy be sent to his family.

Whereas, Through the untiring efforts of the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture
it has been demonstrated that a vaccine can now be produced at
a nominal cost, which, when introduced into healthy hogs will
immune them to that disease known as hog cholera, be it

Resolved, That this association, in view of the efficacy of the
vaccine as a preventive and control measure, heartily recom-
mend that all State Legislatures be requested by their represen-
tatives now assembled, to appropriate sufficient funds whereby
such vaccine may be manufactured and distributed under the di-
rection of the state authorities charged with the control of ani-
mal contagious and infectious diseases of their respective states.
Be it further

Resolved, That the delegates of states represented at this
convention extend to the Hon. Secretary of Agriculture, their
appreciation of the excellent work of his officials in solving the
control of a disease which annually causes an immense monetary
loss, not only to swine breeders but to the entire United States.

Resolved, That this association strongly urges upon every
state the enactment of some provision looking to the immediate
eradication of tuberculosis from the herds of its state institu-
tions.

Whereas, It is the consensus of opinion of all veterinarians
experienced in sanitary work that a public watering-trough is
the most common source of the spread of glanders and other con-
tagious diseases, be it

Resolved, That the Inter-State Association of Live Stock
Sanitary Boards strongly recommends closing all public water-
ing-troughs in and during any outbreak of glanders, and be it
further

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 417

Resolved, That hydrants from which teamsters may draw
water in private buckets be substituted for the type of watering-
troughs now in common use.

Resolved, That the management of State Fairs and Live
Stock Expositions be requested to assist in the eradication of
tuberculosis to the extent of prohibiting the exhibition of all
cattle for prizes, or their exposure for sale, unless they are of-
ficially certified to as having received the tuberculin test within
a period of one year, and no reaction shown.

Resolved, That the Bureau of Animal Industry be requested
to assist as far as possible in the testing of cattle for breeding
and dairy purposes, intended for interstate shipment in those
states requiring this test and requesting such assistance from the
Bureau.

Whereas, It would appear the authorities of a certain state
are placing in the hands of laymen tuberculin which is applied
by them under no restrictions; as the test is a delicate one, re-
quiring an intimate knowledge of conditions unknown to laymen,
which through ignorance on the part of the one applying the
same, has raised the question as to the reliability of the test, be it

Resolved, That this association condemn the distribution of
tuberculin by state authorities to others than veterinarians.

Resolved, That the distribution and sale of mallein and tu-
berculin should be regulated by law, with the object of prevent-
ing therein its fraudulent use.

Whereas, The disease known as rabies has been found to be
increasing in prevalence in various parts of the United States,
and

Whereas, The origin of this disease has been definitely proved
to be dependent upon direct inoculation, practically always
through the bite of a rabid animal, and

Whereas, The Board of Commissioners of the District of
Columbia, recognizing these facts, have promulgated an order
requiring the muzzling, for a period of six months, of all dogs
while at large in the District of Columbia, be it

Resolved, That such action of the Board of Commissioners
of the District of Columbia be highly commended by the Inter-
state Association of Live Stock Sanitary Boards, with the recom-
mendation that similar action be taken by all sanitary officers in
other sections where rabies is known to prevail.

Whereas, There are a number of states and localities within
said states where no adequate facilities are maintained for the

418 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

slaughter of tuberculous cattle, and whereas, the U. S. Federal
regulations prohibit the shipping of tuberculous cattle from one
state to another, necessitating the destruction of diseased animals
within its borders, thus causing a wanton loss to owners of ani-
mals not sufficiently diseased as to cause their condemnation as
a food, be it

Resolved, That this association recommend that the law be
modified to allow the shipment interstate of tuberculous cattle
to any abattoir at which the U. S. Department of Agriculture
maintains inspection. Shipment to be under such restrictions
as the Secretary of Agriculture in his wisdom may determine.

Whereas, When cattle are shipped from one state into an-
other for breeding or for dairy purposes, are tested with tuber-
culin at destination and found diseased, it sometimes happens
that the consignor is willing to accept the return of the cattle,
and

Whereas, The prohibition of the shipment of such cattle in
such cases usually involves the buyer and seller in a dispute that
interferes with prompt and proper disposition of the cattle, be it

Resolved, That this association request that when cattle
shipped from one state into another for dairy or breeding pur-
poses are found to be tuberculous upon inspection at destination,
that the proper authorities of the state into which the cattle have
been shipped be authorized to issue, upon request from the con-
signor, a permit for the return of said cattle in quarantine to
the point of origin, provided notice of such return is given im-
mediately to the proper authorities of the state to which the
cattle are to be returned.

Whereas, The success of the 12th annual session of the asso-
ciation has, in a large measure, been due to the assistance ren-
dered by officials of the Department of Agriculture, be it

Resolved, That this association extend to said officials their
hearty thanks for the able and scientific papers presented; for
their assistance in obtaining for the association a complete steno-
graphic report of the proceedings, and in divers other ways,
which have been conducive in making this .session the most suc-
cessful in the history of the association.

Chas. E. Cotton,

Sec. and Treas.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 419

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
SOCIETY.

THE BEST MEANS OF COMPENSATING FOR THE CRIME OF MURDER.*

It appears on examination of the criminal records that since
1847 to J9o6, a period of 59 years, that in the State of New
York, there have been 770 convictions for murder in the first de-
gree, and that from this number 123 persons have had their
sentence commuted to life imprisonment, leaving 647 persons to
either pay the death penalty, or while in waiting for execution
to sicken and die, or become insane and thus be removed to some
state institution for the care of such.

The most definite data on this question begins with the elec-
trocution law which went into effect January 1, 1889, cover-
ing a period of 17 years to 1905 inclusive, during which time
200 persons were convicted of murder in the first degree. It
appears from the record in the department of prisons that 100
persons have been executed, and also from the office of the
Secretary of State that 31 persons have had their sentences
commuted to life imprisonment, which leaves 69 unaccounted
for, and it is very possible that any of these are still in prison
and some of whom may yet escape the death sentence.

After careful consideration, I think that it is entirely safe
to say that during the last 60 years 123 convicted murderers
have had their sentence of death changed to life imprisonment,
and that that number is about 16 per cent, of the total number
convicted in those years.

In this connection, it may not be amiss to call attention to
the fact that some of the number may have had their sentences
again commuted or have been pardoned outright. There seems
to be no way to tell in what cases this is true. The following
is taken from the report of the Superintendent of Prisons for
the year 1906, the latest report on the subject. " Of 202 prison-
ers who were in custody at sometime between 1870 and 1880
there was at the close of the year 1905, 60 such persons still
in confinement, 18 of whom had served 10 years, 66 had been
discharged and 76 had died."

"Less than 12 per cent, of the 142 convicts whose cases
had been disposed of served 20 years, less than 3 per cent,
served 25 years, and but one had served more than 29 years.
Of the 202 prisoners considered in the tables 35 or 17 per cent.

* Report of Committee on Medico-criminal Jurisprudence.

420 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

became insane. Of those who died, 48 or 66 per cent, served
less than 10 years. . It appears from these statistics that less
than six life prisoners in each 100 remain in prison 20 years."

The value of a human life to civilization depends upon two
features of man's existence, namely, what he is capable to per-
form by brawn and muscular effort on the one hand, and the
exercise of intellectual genius on the other. Someone must dig
the trenches and lay the foundation upon which the humble
dwelling, the palace or the cathedral is to stand, and no matter
in whichever sphere the workman is engaged, that unit of labor,
the individual, has a value. It matters not whether it be the
artisan or the architect at work on the structure, and it may be
the former can comprehend only his daily task. The other
through the exercise of the imagination portrays with detail in
perspective the genius of his mind, looking beyond the founda-
tion work, and viewing as it were, the finished product of archi-
tectural labor. In the one case it is commercialism plus its
measure of humanity, in the other; it is the exercise of the same
forces plus some genius.

The most recent estimate on the value of human life ap-
peared in an article on economics in the July Number of the
Ohio State Medical Journal, which puts the potential value of
the artisan at $12,000 per man. This would be accepted as
conservative as it relates to the purely artisan class, but is too
low an estimate on the potential value of professional life.

By a brief review of the dockets of the Criminal Courts.
we find that the greatest per cent, of murder is committed by
the artisan and so-called middle class, than by people of leisure
and semi-wealth. And it is quite admitted that out of this com-
bination of human life and effort originate and reside the funda-
mentals and the germ of substantial success in our commercial
life, to say nothing of the many successes of social life.

It would presume on your patience at this time to undertake
to define and point out some of the causes which make for social
unrest, and a desire on the part of some persons to exercise vio-
lence as a means of expression in seeking justice for the in-
fliction of real or imaginary wrongs imposed on the individual
or on an aggregation of individuals, and above all that more
drastic sense of individual judgment which in climax commits
murder, but we will on the other hand offer a compensating
solution for the crime of murder which clings to the race, leaving
its indelible stain on the brow of every generation throughout
the existence of man.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 421

For an individual to commit cold-blooded murder is an
awful crime, and for the state to commit murder after careful
investigation and it may be said upon premeditation, is, I be-
lieve a still greater crime. To be sure, the act is carried out
under the protection of legality, and the officer of the law is
compelled to perform a painful duty, all for, it is said in the
name of justice, to protect society it is said, and it's the penalty
for crime.

Our civilization it would seem is far enough advanced to
abolish barbaric methods as a part of the function of civil gov-
ernment, and your committee believes this statement justified
as it relates to the present statute which imposes the death
penalty as the proper punishment for the crime of murder, and
we offer as a substitute to give the criminal an opportunity to
compensate society and mankind in general as the proper pun-
ishment for this kind of crime. We therefore, would suggest
to the state authorities to repeal the death penalty, and in its
stead provide and alternate such as, life imprisonment at manual
labor, or the convict under sentence may offer his live body for
the purpose of adding to medical science more definite knowl-
edge to determine the theory of the transmission of diseases of
animals to man, by methods which in no way would inflict
bodily torture, or necessarily take his life. Such valor on his
part would mean a sincere desire to do penance for crime, a de-
sire to make good for wrong doing, a desire to justify however
small the traits of his nature that possess nobility, and a hope,
that at last he can serve some beneficent purpose in behalf of his
fellow-kind.

" To rob the man of the possibility of expiating his crime
by his repentance or by acts of virtue; to close to him without
mercy every return towards a proper life, and his own esteem ;
to hasten his descent, as it were, into the grave still covered
with the recent blotch of his crime, is to my eyes the most hor-
rible refinement of cruelty."

We believe there are voices of justice and reason ringing in
the ears of judge and jury not provided for on the statute
page while sitting in judgment upon the crime of fellow-man,
pleadings perchance which say, what warrant have we to require
of one convicted, his life, when we ourselves are so liable to
error.

It is estimated that it costs to obtain conviction for murder
in the first degree on the average, about $10,000 in this state

422 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

If the potential value to the community of labor of the $2 per
day man is $12,000 he would if convicted of murder in the first
degree and upon paying the penalty consume his value in its
relation to the community as measured by dollars, which is
equivalent to a total loss, and standing as a convict before the
bar of justice, if he accepts the alternate as making an endeavor
to compensate for his crime, he would in a large measure make
good such loss, if not in some cases fully compensate for the
wrong committed. It is from this data that your committee
abstracts the following conclusions.

FIRST. For the state to take a human life is brutal and un-
warranted in the light of civilization.

SECOND. That legal murder is no compensation for
crime, because it cuts off all opportunity on the part of the crimi-
nal to make compensation, and that the death penalty is not a
protection to society against crime.

THIRD. That all values should be conserved, and so util-
ized as will produce the greatest amount of efficiency, whether
it be of the brawn or the brain type.

Mr. PRESIDENT, It is for these reasons that your com-
mittee offers this rqiort, in the hope and confidence that it wiH
be received in the spirit in which it is submitted, a plea for jus-
tice and worthy of consideration by a Christian sfate, and with
all, to provide a way by which erring man can expiate for his
crime, contributing to the relief of mankind, a solution to body
ills for which the common folk are not always responsible.

Claude D. Morris, Chairman.

TUBERCULOSIS CONFERENCE.

The convention on animal tuberculosis called by the Univer-
sity of Illinois was in every way successful. On Tuesday even-
ing, October 13, Dr. H. L. Russell, of the University of Wis-
consin, gave an illustrated address upon the methods of handling
the disease in Wisconsin. Wednesday morning Dr. Bang, of
Copenhagen, read an address in which all of the significant ques-
tions involved in this troublesome matter were clearly discussed
from the standpoint of his experience of twenty-five years in
Denmark. This was followed bv an address by Dr. Leonard
Pearson, dean of the College of Veterinary Science, University
of Pennsylvania.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 423

In the afternoon clinical demonstration was made with three
cows reacting- to the tuberculin test but in no other way giving
symptoms of the disease. All three were found seriously in-
fected. None of these cows would have been suspected by any
observer to be diseased but the internal condition of the animals
showed that in a short time they would be dangerous members
of the herd. The evening session was devoted to the discussion
of the general situation and the appointment of a permanent
committee to recommend measures for the control of animal
tuberculosis in Illinois. The committee consists of the following
members : E. Davenport, director of the experiment station,
chairman; P. S. Haner, Taylorville, chairman of the Illinois
Board of Live Stock Commissioners; L. N. Wiggins, Springfield,
president Illinois Dairymen's Association; A. P. Grout, Win-
chester, president Illinois Live Stock Breeders' Association; A.
O. Auten, Jerseyville, president Illinois Dairy Cattle Improve-
ment Association; Eugene Funk, Shirley, representing the cattle
feeding interests; J. P. Mason, Elgin, president Illinois State
Farmers' Institute. It is said that the committee will not urge
legislation but will press a campaign of education and co-opera-
tion of stockmen in dealing with the disease.

MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The quarterly meeting of the M. V. M. A. was held at Water-
ville, Elm wood Hotel, October 14, 1908. President Murch occu-
pied the chair and Secretary Joly was at the desk.

Members present : Murch, Russell, Lord, Blakely, Parcell,
Sally, Potter, Perry and Joly. Visitors : Hon. John M. Deering,
Dr. W. H. Robinson, George Littlefield, Harry Smith and J. H.
Montgomery.

Dr. Parcell was invited to address the meeting upon his recent
trip at Washington in attendance at the International Congress
on Tuberculosis, and was followed by Hon. John M. Deering, who
also attended at Washington. Both gentlemen were very inter-
esting and brought a very animated discussion upon the sub-
ject of tuberculosis. All members taking part in the discussion.

Mr. Harry Smith, representing the firm of Parke, Davis &
Co., spoke at length upon the value of the veterinary drugs of-

424 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

fered to the veterinary profession by his company. Mr. Smith
had a fine display of the latest preparations.

Drs. Murch and Joly reported their experience in the method
of diagnosing glanders by the agglutination method.

The following veterinarians were admitted to membership :
Drs. E. E. Russell, of New Harbor; W. L. Mebane, of Bangor;
W. H. Robinson and W. H. Lynch, of Portland.

Dr. Thomas Don, of Caribou, was rejected.

Moved by Dr. Sally and seconded by Dr. Russell, that in
the future each candidate to membership to this association should
be voted upon separately.

Motion carried.

Moved by Dr. Perry and seconded by Dr. Blakely that when-
ever a member is appointed to prepare a paper for discussion that
in the event that he cannot appear personally, he must send his
paper to the secretary to be read at such meeting. Motion car-
ried.

Moved by Dr. Russell, seconded by Dr. Sally, that a commit-
tee of three be appointed on New Legislation. Motion carried.

Drs. Murch, Joly and Lord were appointed.

A vote of thanks was taken in appreciation of the subjects
treated by Drs. Parcell, Russell and Hon. John M. Deering.

Drs. Kerry and Sally were appointed to read a paper at the
next meeting, which will take place in Augusta, January, 1909,
at the Cony House.

Adjourned.

A. Joly, Secretary.

KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

This association held its regular monthly meeting at Broad
and Filbert streets, Philadelphia, on Tuesday, November 10,
1908. .

There were present seventeen of its forty-one members.

The chair was occupied by the vice-president, Dr. Frank H.
Schneider, and the regular order of business was gone through.

The interest of the evening was centred around the following
questions, which were proposed for discussion, impromptu :

1. " What is the best treatment for forage poisoning? "

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 425

2. " Does a veterinarian practicing in Pennsylvania have a
legal right to test cattle with tuberculin and not report reactors
to the State Live Stock Sanitary Board ? "

3. " Does Dr. Robert Koch chim that there cannot be in-
testinal infection of humans from tuberculosis of a bovine
source ? "

4. " Is there much danger in puncturing a horse's chest to
draw off fluid in a case of hydrothorax, and what is the prognosis
in a chronic case that has run three weeks or more, is eating
well and yet getting progressively weaker and thinner? "

5. " How many temperatures before and after the injection
of tuberculin do the State Regulations require in applying the
tuberculin test to imported cattle? "

The association had the pleasure of hearing from Dr. Wood-
ward, of Glasgow, Kentucky, who was on a visit to the city.
He mentioned with regret the deplorable lack of state control of
veterinary practice and animal diseases in Kentucky, citing as a
particular instance the present ravages of contagious abortion
among horses and cattle in that state.

There were also present representatives from the 1909 class
of the Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsylvania.

The meeting adjourned at Ti.30 p. m.

S. Lockett,

Acting Secretary.

VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

COLUMBIA.

The regular monthly meeting was held November 18, 1908,
at 514 Ninth street, N. W., Washington, D. C. The Presi-
dent, Dr. John Lockwood, occupied the chair.

Numerous cases of excessive ptyalism were reported by Drs.
Dornheim, Lockwood and Walmer. Dr. M. Page Smith re-
ported a very interesting case of persistent hymen in a valu-
able mare. The subject of patent foods was discussed at length.

The death on November 9, 1908, of Dr. William Edwin Yet-
ton, an old and valued member of the association, was reported,
and resolutions of condolence were adopted.

Fred. M. Ashbaugh, Secretary.

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Pride went out on horseback and returned on foot. — Italian
Proverb.

The International Tuberculosis Exhibit is now open in New
York, at the Museum of Natural History.

The 25th annual meeting of the Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation of New Jersey takes place at Trenton, January 14, 1909.

The twenty-sixth annual meeting of the Ohio State Veter-
inary Medical Association will be held at the Ohio State Uni-
versity, Columbus, January 12-13, 1909.

President-elect William H. Taft is partial to the Ken-
tucky type of saddle horse and will, it is said, ride a single
footer when he moves into the White House.

The Veterinary Practitioners' Club of Hudson County,
N. J., will celebrate its second anniversary by a banquet at the
Columbian Club, Jersey City, on Tuesday evening, December 15.

Dr. Walter McHenry, a graduate of the Veterinary De-
partment of the University of Pennsylvania, 1908, has been ap-
pointed assistant in bacteriology in the New York State Veter-
inary College, Cornell University.

Exercising the Dog. — The Vicar — Do you give your dog
any exercise, Mr. Hodge ?

Farmer Hodge — Oh, yes, he goes for a tramp nearly every
day. — (Tit-Bits.)

Dr. Geo. W. Turner, B.A.I. , formerly at Highwood, 111.,
has been transferred to Kansas City, Mo. Dr. Turner has been
sixteen years in the service and his transfer is in the form of a
promotion, with an increase of salary.

Dr. Alexis Carrel, of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical
Research, New York, read a paper on " Recent Studies in
Transplantation of Organs in Animals," at the meeting of the
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, on November 6.

426

NEWS AND ITEMS. 427

Defined. — A little girl who had listened to a discussion of
nature fakirs in literature when asked to define the human and
animal families replied :

" A brute is an imperfect beast ; man is a perfect beast." —
(Judge.)

Reversed. — "Yes," remarked the race horse, " all my
achievements have been due simply to putting my best foot for-
ward."

" Yes? " replied the mule. " Now, I find that I accomplish
most by putting my best foot backward." — (Philadelphia
Press. )

Twenty-five days without a bite of food or a sup of water,
and not only alive but kicking!

The last word is used advisedly, for it was a horse that per-
formed this wonderful feat, and it has so far recovered from
the effects of its enforced fast as to be able to munch her hay
and eat her oats like a yearling. — (Denver Nczus.)

Professor L. H. Bailey has been given leave of absence
from the directorship of the College of Agriculture of Cornell
University to devote his time to the chairmanship of the com-
mission appointed by President Roosevelt to investigate the con-
ditions of rural life. The other members of the commission are:
Henry Wallace, of Wallace's Fanner, Des Moines, la. ; President
Kenyon L. Butterfield, of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege; Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the Forest Service, and Walter
H. Page, editor of the World's Work.

Hon. L. Whitney Watkins, Senator-elect to the Michigan
Legislature, is a prominent live-stock man, interested in all that
appertains to the advancement of scientific agriculture, being the
junior member of the firm of L. D. Watkins & Son, known in
the stock yards and markets from Kansas City and Omaha to
Buffalo. The Senator is a first cousin of the Associate Editor of
the Review. His father was a guest of the A. V. M. A. at
Detroit in 1900, and those present at the banquet will recollect
with pleasure his felicitous remarks upon being dubbed " Doc-
tor " by Toastmaster Salmon. The Watkins farm is said to be
the largest and one of the best-managed farms in the state of
Michigan.

428 NEWS AND ITEMS.

The Year Book of the Department of Agriculture, just pub-
lished, estimates the number of horses of the various breeds
registered in the stud books of the United States at 342,340.
Of this number 206,000, or more than one-half, are trotters.
The number of registered runners (thoroughbreds) is about
50,000; of French draught horses ( Percherons, ) 27,000; of
English draught horses (Clydesdales and Shires), 22,000; of
Belgian draught horses, 3,000; of Kentucky saddle horses, 7,000;
of German coach horses, 2,500; of English hackneys, 3,300; of
French coach horses, 2,000, and of Cleveland Bay coach horses,
1,800. A singular feature of the statistics of registration is
that all foreign breeds excepting the hackneys show a larger
number of stallions than of mares in the stud books; the German
coach horses, for example, having 2,149 stallions and only 290
mares, while the number of registered hackney stallions is now
about 1,200 and of mares about 2,100.

Peculiarities of the Horse. — The horse is a strict vegeta-
rian, and the most particular animal about the quality of his
food known in domestic life. His taste and sense of smell are
acute, and he will almost famish before he will partake of tainted
food or water. He is a creature of strong muscles, and shows
a constitution of iron when put to tests of endurance, but for
all these qualities his is a delicate physxal make-up in certain
ways and easily upset in health by ill treatment. Heat him up
and let him stand in a draught, and pneumonia or at least a bad
cold will result; nag and bully him and he will steadily lose flesh,
no matter how well fed; work him immediately after a hearty
meal and he is liable to indigestion and colic; give him poor care
and he will prove weak in the performance of his duties, and
his useful life will be shortened. On the other hand, the delicacy
noted in him will turn just as quickly in response to good treat-
ment. Good food, sanitary stabling and kind handling will tell
their story on almost any horse in an incredibly short time. A
thin and abused horse under a new and kindly master who is
a real horseman can be made to pick up flesh at the rate of a
pound a day till he reaches the normal state, and with his flesh
there will be a return of spirit, and, best of all, a return of re-
spect for that certain elongated, two legged creature on whom
the horse in slavery must rely for care. — (Exchange.)

American Veterinary Review.

JANUARY, 1909.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, November 15, 1908.

The Ultravisible Viruses. — The Ultravisible Viruses is
the title of a long article published in three numbers of the'
Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics, by Sir
John McFadyean, the learned veterinarian, principal and dean
of the Royal Veterinary College and president of the Royal
Veterinary College of England; an article which is like all that
comes from the pen of Sir McFadyean, full of interest and valu-
able suggestions.

Beginning by saying that, " During the last thirty years the
application of the method of researches initiated by Koch and
Pasteur has revealed the fact that the cause, formerly vaguely
designated ' the virus,' of many of the contagious or infectious
diseases, is the presence within the body of animal or vegetable
parasite (bacteria or protozoa) which, although minute, can be
made manifest to the eye by the use of the microscope ' and
that ' in all these cases the term ' virus ' has lost its former use-
fulness; there are yet a considerable number of cases where that
term is still the only one that is justified in speaking of the cause
of the disease. There are, indeed, contagious, infectious or in-
oculable diseases in which the ordinary bacteriological methods,
so fruitful in other cases, have entirely failed to resolve the
virus into a visible micro-parasite. Perhaps in some cases fur-

431

432 EDITORIAL

ther investigations may show that the cause micro-parasite, has
been overlooked; but in other cases there appears to be sufficient
reasons for abandoning such expectations and for holding that
the causal parasites have not been simply seen, because they are
too minute to be made visible to the eye, and thus a group of
diseases has to be recognized as caused by " ultravisible viruses;"
bearing in mind, however, that the belief that the viruses of cer-
tain diseases are ultravisible, rests mainly on the fact that niters
which are efficient for the arrest of the smallest of the known
visible microbe, such as that of fowl cholera bacillus or the bacil-
lus of influenza, allow the viruses of these diseases to pass
through their pores.

Following this opening of the subject, the writer initiates
us to the use of the domestic filter, and principally to those used
*in laboratories for scientific purposes; such as the Chamberland
and the Berkefeld, with their different degrees of closeness and
density, giving wise advice as to the manner of regulating the
process of nitration, and closes what might be called the preface
of the article.

*

* *

We are now entering into the consideration of the diseases
so far known, for which the denomination, ultravisible viruses,
can find its application. But between the visible and ultravisible,
there is a certain gap, not very wide to be sure, and these ultra-
visible bacteria do probably differ among themselves in size.
" We, however, as a matter of fact, know at least one bacterium
which is just on the borderline, between the visibility and ultra-
visibility, and that is the bacterium of contagious bovine pleuro-
pneumonia, which Nocard and Roux succeeded in cultivating in
collodion capsules of broth, introduced into the peritoneal cavity
of the rabbit and subsequently in vitro, and which with a mag-
nification of 2,000 and a brilliant light, they recognized just on
the limit of visibility and which they inferred had a diameter
somewhere between i/5th and i/ioth of a micron, say one-
fifth or one-tenth of the size of a fowl cholera bacillus." The
virus of pleuro-pneumonia, therefore, belongs to the visible and

EDITORIAL. 433

not to the ultravisible class, is cultivable with more or less suc-
cess outside of the body, but owing to its small size cannot be
identified in the diseased tissues or exudates, in which it is still
for all practical purposes invisible. Then proceeding with the
enumeration and detailed consideration of the viruses with the
established claims to be regarded as ultravisible, the author treats
on them in a long and interesting study, of which I will only make
concise extracts.

i st. The Mosaic or Spotted Disease of the tobacco plant.
The juice of diseased plants retains its infective power after it
has passed through a porcelain filter. The virus has great re-
sisting power and can be inoculated.

2d. Foot and Mouth Disease. — The first disease of ani-
mals where Loefler and Frosch discovered that its virus is not
arrested by a porcelain filter, although in their experiments
they were brought to the conclusions " that the virus was par-
ticulate in its nature since repeated passages of the diluted lymph
through the close-grained Kitasato filter rendered the liquid non-
infectious." Fruitful as the discoveries and researches have been
on the nature of the virus,, nothing beyond the fact that it is
ultravisible has been gained.

3d. African Horse-Sickness. — In 1900 Sir McFadyean

wrote that the cause of horse sickness was an ultravisible virus

and was uncultivable. From his experiments, he also showed

that it is far less fragile than most of the other ultravisible

•viruses.

4th. Fowl-Plague. — Name given by Italian scientists to a
disease that prevailed in Italy, which, although it resembles fowl
cholera, differs from it principally by the absence of the easily
recognized fowl cholera bacteria in the blood. The virus of
Fowl-Plague is ultravisible, passing through a Berkefeld filter.
All attempts to cultivate outside of the body have failed.

5th. Yellow Fever. — The first human disease due to an
ultravisible virus, which has not yet been cultivated artificially.

6th. Cattle Plague. — The virus of which passes through
a filter which arrests the smallest visible bacteria.

434 EDITORIAL.

7th. Sheep Pox, — For Borel the virus largely diluted passes
a Berkefeld filter and the nitrate is sometimes infective. But
Chamberland's filter arrests it.

8th. Epithelioma Contagiosum of Birds. — Virus is con-
tained in nodules which develop in the epidermis of legs and
wings. Sometimes and almost generally arrested by filtration
and sometimes not. It is said not to be necessarily invisible and
may be at least as large as the organism of bovine pleuro-
pneumonia. The virus has not yet been cultivated artificially.

9th. Swine Fever (Hog cholera). — Referring to the late
work done in the United States and that done by himself, the
author, after having said that acute and chronic or mild out-
breaks of swine fever are caused by ultravisible virus, writes :
" The virus has so far proved to" be uncultivable as well as in-
visible."

10th. Rabies. — If Nocard and others have said that the
virus of rabies was not filtrable, Remlinger showed that under
some conditions it passed a Berkefeld filter, if it was arrested
by a close-grained Chamberland. Up to the present time the
virus has not been cultivated and it.s actual nature is uncertain.

nth. Cow-Pox. — The virus is filtrable, but may, like the
virus of bovine pleuro-pneumonia, not be entirely invisible.

1 2th. Equine Pernicious Anemia. — Of all diseases which
>to the point of view of veterinary pathology is of the greatest in-
terest. The ultravisibility of its virus being well established by
the experiments and researches of Carre and Vallee.

13th. Canine Distemper, which according to Carre is due
to an ultravisible microbe.

14th. Blue Tongue, an interesting ovine disease of South
Africa, which appears to have many analogies with horse-sick-
ness. The virus is filtrable.

15th. Leucocythemia in Fowls. — Affection not uncom-
mon in Denmark, caused by an ultravisible virus, which appears
to be uncultivable.

EDITORIAL. 435

The space that is allowed me does not permit going in all
the details that one can find in the second part of the articles
just considered and for more complete information I must refer
the reader to the originals, where will be found the entire sum-
mary of the article of Sir John McFadyean. In part, it reads
as follows : " From the preceding survey, one can see that the
diseases caused by ultravisible viruses form a remarkably hetero-
geneous group. When compared with one another they exhibit
differences almost as great as one finds among the diseases caused
by visible bacteria. Some of them, such as foot and mouth dis-
ease, are among the most contagious diseases known, while
others, such as rabies, horse-sickness and blue tongue, are neither
contagious nor infectious in the ordinary sense of the words.
Some of them, such as horse-sickness and fowl plague, appear
to be of a septiccemic type. * * * In most of them, however,
there are extensive structure alterations, as illustrated in swine
fever, sheep pox and epithelioma contagiosum. With regard
to the viruses themselves, it is obvious that they vary consider-
ably in size. * * * One remarkable feature common to the
whole of the ultravisible viruses is that they have hitherto re-
sisted to all attempts to cultivate them in artificial media out-
side the body. Assuming that these viruses are bacterial in their
nature, one has great difficulty in understanding why this should
be so, for one does not see why the ability of a bacterium to
grow under artificial conditions should in any degree be de-
pendent on its size. * * * Another character common to
all the ultravisible organisms, is that they appear to be obligatory
parasites. No morbid condition of a sporadic character has yet
been found to be caused by an ultravisible virus, and such viruses
with a saprophytic habit, are also unknown. * * * In the
last place, attention may be called to certain possibilities, which
are suggested by the facts recently ascertained in connection with
one of the diseases caused by an ultravisible virus, viz., swine-
fever. * * * Assuming that the lesions, that have always
been regarded as characteristic of swine fever, are secondary in

430 EDITORIAL.

their nature, as advanced lately, and caused by an organism which
does not constitute the actual cause and contagium of the dis-
ease, the question naturally arises: May not this be true for
what are regarded as the essential lesions of some other dis-
eases? In considering what answer should be given, it is well
to remember that until the discovery of the ultravisible virus
of swine-fever, the claims of the swine-fever bacillus to be re-
garded as the cause of the disease were generally regarded as
satisfactorily proven. But as Dorset, Bolton and McBryde have
pointed out, a mistake was made in accepting the effects pro-
duced by cultures of the bacillus, when administered to pigs by
the mouth, as the exact equivalent of a natural attack of swine-
fever! That these effects could not be so regarded was proved
by showing that the disease experimentally set up by the bacilli,
was not at all contagious, even under the most favorable cir-
cumstances, whereas, as is well known, swine-fever is a strikingly
contagious disease." " Therefore, it is clear that when any one,
as part of the evidence proving that an organism is the cause
of a particular contagious disease, claims that he has success-
fully employed pure cultures of that organism, he ought to show
that the experimentally induced disease, when afforded the op-
portunity, spreads by contagion like the natural disease. And
when one reflects on the nature of the evidence, on which it has
been held and very generally accepted, that particular bacteria
are the cause of contagious diseases, it becomes manifest that in
some cases, the proof is no more complete than it was in the
case of swine-fever. It is not, therefore, improbable that future
investigations, conducted on the lines necessary for the detection
of an ultravisible virus, may bring on certain bacteria, at present
accepted as the cause of disease, the discredit that has already
fallen on the so-called bacilli of swine-fever, swine-plague and
canine distemper."

Does it not seem, after all this, that the field of investigation
for the bacteriologists is far from being exhausted?

EDITORIAL. 43"<

Alterations of the Sub-Maxillary Gland During an
Attack of Rabies. — The researches for the discovery of the
microbe of rabies are already very numerous and many are the
investigations that have been made and recorded relating to the
study of the most minute alterations of the central nervous sys-
tem, \Vhich is the one most affected in rabies and that contains
the rabid virus. Since the discovery made by Negri in 1903,
these researches have been renewed with the expectation that
the discovery might be made, and if the nervous centre has been
the principal object, the pathological morphology of the other
organs has received much less attention; with the exception of
those on the cardiac muscle, the pancreas and other glands made
by Doct. A. N. Adamoff, of Petersburg. In the Archives of
the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine, to which I
alluded in my last chronicle, I noticed an article, headed " Altera-
tions of the Sub-Maxillary Gland During an Attack of Rabies,"
published by Doct. W. W. Podwyssotzki, who related a series
of experiments, which he has made with the object of studying
the alterations met in one of the important organs which con-
tain the rabid virus, viz., the salivary glands. Among the three
large glands that secrete saliva, he selected the sub-maxillary
because it is a mucous gland and as such, all the pathological
alterations which occur in the structure of its cells would be
more marked than they would be in a serous gland. If the
pathological morphology of salivary glands in rabies has been
neglected, it is evidently because after the great researches of
Pasteur upon rabies, the attention of almost all scientists has
been attracted either upon its method of preventive injections or
upon the study of the lesions of the central nervous system, the
principal seat of the disease. And yet it is certain that not only
the virus is eliminated with the saliva, but that it exists in the
salivary glands. The question is, however, yet the object of
discussion. The researches of the author were carried upon the
sub-maxillary gland of dogs that died with rabies (street virus)
and of rabbits inoculated with fixed virus. He has studied com-
paratively the gland of mad dogs and that of healthy sub-

438 EDITORIAL.

jects, submitted to various degrees of activity. This last being
realized artificially with injections of pilocarpine, by irrita-
tion applied on the cordae tympani, the sympathic, etc., etc.

From the series of experiments and researches made by
Doct. Podwyssotzki, he draws the following conclusions :

i. Among the characteristic lesions in rabies of dogs, which
permits the recognition of street rabies, those of the sub-maxil-
lary gland must not be overlooked.

2. In rabies, there are alterations in the secretory elements
of the gland, in the cells of the efferent canals, in the interlobular
connective tissue and in the nervous ganglions of the gland.

3. The lesions of the secretory epithelium occur in masses,
they are not diffuse. The epithelium undergoes an albuminous
and fatty degeneration which gradually becomes necrotic. The
diseased lobules contain a small number of isolated leucocytes.

4. This character of the lesions in masses is also observed in
the inter-lobular connective tissue. They are progressive and
located principally around the diseased lobules, then they spread
gradually. Where the interstitial tissue is most altered, granu-
loma and nodules (rabid nodules) are formed, similar to those
found in some parts of the nervous system.

5. In the numerous microscopical nervous ganglions that are
found in the gland, the same process of degeneration and de-
struction of the nervous cells with formation of granuloma
(rabid nodules) already mentioned in the cerebro-spinal and
cardiac ganglions, take place. The nervous cells which are on
the point of death are gnawed and eaten by neoformed macro-
phages.

6. The efferent canals are packed with secretory granula-
tions, which being united, form globes and masses which mix
with the cellular elements.

7. In the sub-maxillary gland of rabbits dead with fixed
virus, alterations in masses of the glandular lobules are observed.

EDITORIAL. 439

The interlobular interstitial tissue and the microscopic nervous
ganglions in the gland of the rabbit are not altered.

8. No corpuscles of Negri are found in the sub-maxillary
gland neither of rabbit nor dog. The big mucinogenous secre-
tory granulations, which are acidophil as the peripheric parts
of the corpuscles of Negri, resemble these much, and this re-
semblance may be a cause of error to an inexperienced observer.

9. In the salivary glands of animals dead with rabies, a very
great number of secretory granulations are observed and also
giant cells in glands freshly dissociated.

10. The corpuscles of Negri do not constitute the active rabid
virus. The true virus on account of its small dimensions is in-
accessible to our sight.

*
* *

A Study of the Action of Bacterian Flora of the Di-
gestive Canal. — The bacterian flora of the digestive canal has
already been the subject of frequent researches with the object
of studying its action in the process of digestion. Most gen-
erally, dejections were used as material for researches; or again,
cadaveric fceces and finally in the products of excretion through
fistulas, in which cases their exact localization was not always
possible. It is evident that these methods not only do not allow
a sufficient exactitude in the study of the bacterian flora of the
digestive canal during the life of the animal, without saying any-
thing of the changes that this flora undergoes in one or in an-
other part of the digestive tract; but besides they present some
inconvenience from the technical point of view.

It was for this reason that Doct. Aimee Horowitz made the
experiments that he related in the Archives of St. Petersburg.
He made fistulas on six dogs. In one on the great curvature
of the stomach, in another near the pyloric portion of the duode-
num, in a third at the end of the duodenum, in a fourth at one
metre from the duodenum, in the fifth one metre .from the ccecum
and on the sixth at the end of the small intestine. The researches
of the bacteria in the contents of the stomach and small intestines
were made in the six dogs, either when the stomach was empty

440 EDITORIAL.

or after the animal had fasted 24 hours. In a second series
of experiments, after a meal of milk, and in a third, after having
eaten the white of a cooked egg. The food was always given
after being sterilized. To obtain material for observation
through the fistulas, all precautions were taken to avoid possible
infection from outside.

The following are the conclusions of the results obtained :

1st. The quantity of bacteria in the stomach and intestines
increases regularly from upwards downwards. It is not great
in the empty stomach and increases during digestion.

2d. The bacterian flora of the small intestine is composed of
permanent and accidental species. These last disappear rapidly.

3d. The permanent bacteria live in special regions of the
small intestine, some in the superior, others in the inferior;
some such as the (B. Coli is met indifferently everywhere.

4th. During the digestion of different food, one will observe
in the small intestine, the marked pullulation of some specie, as
Bac. ac. lactici with a milk diet, Proteus vulgaris after eating
white of eggs.

5th. Some permanent bacteria of the small intestine, spe-
cially those of the lower portion, peptonize and separate the pro-
teic matter; the majority have a certain action on the hydrates
of carbon ; for instance, transform lactose into lactic acid.

6th. Saprophites, which do not belong to the series of per-
manent bacteria of the digestive canal, die rapidly when they
enter it.

7th. Of all the digestive secretions, pure gastric juice alone
kills bacteria. Bile, and biliary acids, pancreatic and intestinal
juices are excellent nutritive media.

8th. The products of digestion of proteic substances, that is,
their mixture with the juices, are also favorable media for the
development of bacteria.

9th. Permanent bacteria of the small intestine prevent in
vitro the development of facultative saprophites bacteria, which
die after one or two days of cohabitation with the bacillis coli.

*

EDITORIAL. 441

New Contribution to the Study of Vaccination of
Bovines Against Tuberculosis. — If our readers remember the
allusions that I have made some time ago to the possible im-
munity that could be granted to cattle against tuberculosis as
attempted by some scientists, by way of the digestive tract, I
suppose that the following conclusions that Docts. A. Calmette
and C. Guerin advance in the " New contribution to the study
of vaccination of bovines against tuberculosis/' which they
have published in the Annates de lTnstitut Pasteur, will be in-
teresting. These conclusions are the results of experiments to
test again the possibility of vaccinating cattle by the digestive
canal and also the comparative results as obtained by intravenous
injections.

i st. By the ingestion of tuberculous bacilli, virulent or modi-
fied by heat, one may give to young or adult bovines a relative
immunity. When, afterwards, the resistance of the animals so
prepared, is tested by giving them a massive dose of virulent
bacilli, which would surely infect witnesses, it will be observed
that, after from four to six months, they remain free from
disease, do not react to tuberculin and that their mediastinal,
mesenteric, bronchial and retropharyngeal lymphatic glands con-
tain tuberculous bacilli no more. Inoculations with these glands
to guinea pigs remain negative.

2d. By opposition, when, from eight to twelve months, after
having resisted to a massive infection by the digestive tract,
bovines, thus supposed vaccinated, received by intravenous in-
jections, a dose of virulent tuberculous bacilli, sufficient to kill
witnesses in four or five weeks with acute granulie, it is found
that the vaccinated animals, after a short lapse of feeling ill, keep
for six or eight months all the appearance of perfect health.
They, however, keep in their bronchial, and mediastinal glands,
virulent bacilli, which can give tuberculosis to guinea pigs. These
bacilli give no manifestation of their presence, not even the posi-
tive reaction to tuberculin. But when, after about six or eight
months more, immunity of the animal disappears, these bacilli
become susceptible of creating tuberculous lesions.

442 EDITORIAL.

3d. Tuberculous bacilli from cultures, introduced by the di-
gestive tract then, after a various length of time, finish by being
resorbed in the mesenteric glands, where they are not in suffi-
cient number to create lesions, while introduced by intravenous
injections they remain living and virulent in the lymphatic
glands of the thoracic organs.

4th. Tuberculous animals or those sensibilized to tuberculin
by two or three massive injections of that substance in the veins,
offer a very great resistance to reinfections or to severe tuber-
culous infections, natural or artificial, even if these are made by
the intravenous method.

Although smaller, this resistance seems to be of the same
nature as those obtained by vaccinations, either by intravenous
inoculations of human or bovine bacilli (Behring, Koch and
Schultz), or of homogenous bacilli (Arloing) or by subcutane-
ous inoculations of these same bacilli (Lignieres, Arloing), or
again by insertion under the skin of collodion sacs containing
cultures of bovine or human tuberculosis (Heymans).

Then it is not in any zvay a true immunity, because the ani-
mals, thus vaccinated, although not reacting to tuberculin, remain
carriers of living and virulent bacilli and that those are able,
when the resistance diminishes to create in the organism of these
same animals serious lesions, and again because, as Roux and
Vallee have demonstrated, vaccination by venous or subcutane-
ous methods do not protect against intestinal infection.

*
* *

Bibliography. — Some short time ago a warm friend of
mine wrote me from America asking what I thought of an ex-
cellent German work on Internal Pathology being revised and
brought to modern ideas and discoveries. I answered him that
while the work he referred to was very good and one whose
general arrangement was superior, I would rather suggest the
entire writing of the book, as it was certainly beyond possibility
to revise a work written forty years ago, in a manner sufficient
to bring it to scientific modern standing.

EDITORIAL. 413

When I wrote this I had in mind the success obtained by
Cadeac's Encyclopedia and principally to that part of it that
treats of Internal Pathology. It is but a short time since the
first edition has come out and already it is exhausted. A second
edition is now offered for sale. I have noticed already the first
part, that which treats of the mouth, pharynx and stomach. To-
day it is the second volume of the second edition of Internal
Pathology, continuation of the digestive apparatus, the Intes-
tines.

This volume is, properly speaking, not a revised copy of the
first edition. It is an entirely rewritten work, with nearly 150
pages more of reading matter, with 1 53 more illustrations and
with a different arrangement which will prove to all readers of
great advantage. Published by the firm of Bailliere and Sons
it will certainly meet with as much success as the first.

Decidedly, no, it is useless to revise an old German work,
superior as it was forty years ago.

* *

Among the other communications that I must acknowledge,

I may mention : The Report of the works done at the Bacterio-
logical Institute of Halle, by Doct. L. Raebiger; the Agricultural
Journal of Cape of Good Hope, with an excellent practical article
by Dr. \Y. Robertson, M.R.C.V.S., director of the veterinary
laboratory at Grahamstown, on Tuberculosis in animals and its
Relation to Public Health; a copy of the Industrial with cata-
logue of the Kansas Agricultural College; the Chicago Veter-
inary College Bulletin, and the catalogue of the Colorado State
College of Agriculture, department of veterinary science.

And as I am closing, there arrived from Keener & Co., of
Chicago, the authorized English translation of Friedberger &
Frohner. which I will review in my next. A. L.

THE BUREAU'S EFFECTIVE WORK.

In the December issue of the Review reference was made to
the appearance in this country of the European. foot-and-mouth

444 EDITORIAL.

disease, and the alarm that was felt that it might spread through-
out the great cattle-raising states of the west and southwest and
thereby jeopardize the entire live stock industry of the country,
but thanks for the prompt, energetic and drastic work of Secre-
tary Wilson, and Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry, in co-operation with state officials, to restrict and
exterminate the disease, for it is believed by the authorities at this
writing, that they have not only checked its further spread, but
have stamped it out and they are now gradually, as conditions
warrant, removing the quarantine regulations that were found
necessary to prevent a spread of the contagion to the vast area of
the country unaffected by the disease. The prompt mastery of
this highly contagious and dreaded plague, which is always more
or less prevalent in certain countries of Europe, speaks volumes
for the efficiency of the work of the Bureau of Animal Industry
and the respective state authorities. They arose fully equal to
the task of coping with the dangerous and threatening outbreak,
and all it meant to one of the most vital and important indus-
tries of the country.

At this time the Bureau is engaged in conducting an investi-
gation to determine the origin of the outbreak, but the Review
is informed by Chief Melvin that it has not as yet progressed
far enough for him to be able to announce definite results, that
would enable him to make positive statements as to the source
of the infection.

In the copy of " Service Announcements," issued by the
Bureau under date of December 15, is contained, Chief Melvin
states, as much as he is now able to say regarding the origin of
the outbreak. That publication also contains a statement of the
situation up to the date mentioned, and as it is practically a his-
tory of the outbreak and a statement of what work has been
done by the Bureau, the affected territory and the methods pur-
sued for its eradication, the Review believes that it will prove
of interest to its readers and takes the liberty of quoting from it.

" For the second time in recent years the bureau is engaged
in a campaign for the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease.

EDITORIAL. 445

The affected states are Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania and
Maryland. The disease was first observed in the vicinity of
Danville and Watsontown, Pa., and was reported to the bureau
by the state veterinarian of Pennsylvania, November 10. The
Chief of the Bureau, accompanied by the chiefs of the inspec-
tion and pathological divisions, at once went to Danville and
confirmed the diagnosis. A quarantine was declared November
12 against the interstate movement of animals from four coun-
ties in Pennsylvania. Within a few days the disease was also
found in several other counties of Pennsylvania and in the vicin-
ity of Akron, New York, and on November 19 the quarantine
was extended to include the entire territory of those two states.
It appeared that the cattle causing the Pennsylvania outbreak
came through the Buffalo stock-yards, and from Buffalo sus-
picion pointed to Michigan. Investigations in the latter state
confirmed the presence of the disease in several herds near De-
troit, and on November 24 the state of Michigan was quaran-
tined. A few days later the disease was also found near Line-
boro, Maryland, and that state was quarantined.

The work of eradication is being carried on vigorously in
co-operation with the state authorities. The diseased and ex-
posed cattle are being slaughtered and buried and the premises
disinfected. The department pays the owner two-thirds of the
appraised value of his stock and the state pays the remaining
one-third. Other expenses are shared in the same proportions.

The localities in which the disease has so far been found are
as follows: Michigan — Oakland and Wayne counties; New
York — Erie, Genesee, Monroe and Niagara counties: Pennsyl-
vania— Chester, Clinton, Dauphin, Delaware, Juniata, Lancaster,
Lehigh, Lycoming, Montgomery, Montour, Northumberland,
Philadelphia, Snyder, Union and York counties; [Maryland —
Carroll county.

One hundred and forty-eight herds or premises have been
found affected, as follows: Tn Michigan, 8; in New York, 44;
in Pennsylvania. 94; in Maryland, 2. Practically all of the dis-
eased and exposed animals discovered up to date have been

440 EDITORIAL.

slaughtered and the work of disinfection is well advanced. A
careful canvass of the infected districts is being made, the in-
spectors going from farm to farm inspecting the animals in
order to make sure that no cases have been overlooked.

It is evident that the present outbreak had its origin in the
vicinity of Detroit, Mich., but the investigation has not pro-
gressed far enough to determine the exact manner in which the
animals became infected. In view of the bureau's strict quar-
antine on imported animals and the fact that no animals are
allowed to be imported from countries where foot-and-mouth
disease is known to exist, it has all along been considered highly
improbable that the contagion was brought in with imported live
stock. It is therefore believed that it must have been introduced
in some other way.

It was fortunate that in this emergency the bureau had a
large force of trained veterinarians, many of whom had had
experience in the New England campaign of 1902-03, who could
be promptly assigned to the work of eradication. The good
work being done by the force is much appreciated, and the chief
is confident that it will lead to another creditable achievement
by the bureau in effectively dealing with outbreaks of contagious
disease which have menaced the live-stock industry of the coun-
try. It is highly important that the contagion should be
promptly and completely eradicated, and it is expected and be-
lieved that every individual employee engaged in this work will
realize his great responsibility and will do all that he can to bring
about a successful result.

Members of the force outside of the quarantined area should
be on the lookout for new cases of the disease and should
promptly report any rumors indicating that it may have spread
beyond the localities already known to have been infected."

Following the above well-deserved compliment for the effi-
ciency and skill of the Bureau inspectors in charge of the work
of eradicating the disease, their names are given as follows:
for Maryland and Pennsylvania: Dr. S. E. Bennett; for New
York, Dr. U. G. Houck; for Michigan. Dr. P. H. Mullowney.

EDITORIAL. 44"i

The regulations put in force absolutely prohibited the move-
ment of cattle, sheep, other ruminants and swine from each of
the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Maryland,
for any purposes whatever, and it was very largely through this
drastic stand taken, along with other preventive measures
adopted, that at this writing the Review is in a position to state
that the disease has been, it is believed, obliterated from this
country.

So prompt and efficacious was the quarantine, the slaughter
of diseased and exposed animals and the system of disinfection
of premises carried on, that, only one diseased herd has been
found since December n. In a letter to the Review under date
of December 23, Chief Melvin says, " While I hope the con-
tagion has now been eradicated, it is, of course, possible that
some further cases may be discovered, and a careful canvass
from farm to farm in the infected regions is now being made in
order to detect any cases that may not have been previously re-
ported. The Federal quarantine in the states of Maryland and
Michigan has been modified so as to permit the interstate ship-
ment of live stock for immediate slaughter from those states
except from parts of Carroll and Baltimore counties in Mary-
land, and from Macomb, Oakland, Wayne, Washtenaw and
Monroe counties in Michigan, provided the authorities of the
state to which the animals are destined have previously signified
their willingness to accept them. The modified regulations also
permit the interstate movement of hay, straw, and similar fod-
der, and hides, skins, and hoofs from points in Michigan and
Maryland, except the counties and parts of counties named, with-
out disinfection or certification. The quarantine has been modi-
fied in this way because no infection whatever has been found
in Maryland and Michigan outside of Carroll county, Maryland,
and Wayne and Oakland counties, Michigan. The Department
will modify and finally remove the quarantine on the other states
just as soon as it feels that this can be safely done, but as new
cases were found in the New England outbreak of six years ago,
several weeks after it was supposed that the disease had been

448 EDITORIAL.

completely eradicated, we can not afford to take chances on rais-
ing the quarantine prematurely. The total number of animals
slaughtered as diseased or exposed was 3,605 on 154 farms or
premises. The total appraised value of these animals was $88,-
269.08, of which two-thirds has been, or is to be paid by the
Federal Government, and one-third by the states. The figures
for the different states are as follows : Michigan, 9 premises, 242
cattle, 23 hogs, 9 sheep, 3 goats, value $5,359; New York, 45
premises, 520 cattle, 246 hogs, 214 sheep, value $24,378.13;
Pennsylvania, 98 premises, 1,202 cattle, 999 hogs, 52 sheep, 4
goats, value $56,903.12; Maryland, 2 premises, 31 cattle, 60
hogs, value, $1,628.83."

The general public and the live stock interests of the country
have escaped through the intelligent and vigorous handling of
this scourge that would without doubt have proven a great ca-
lamity, financial and otherwise, and the Review takes pleasure
in commending the work of Chief Melvin, the state officials and
the force of trained veterinarians for their splendid work in this
great emergency, all the more so because they not only confined
and held the disease under control in the sections in which the
outbreaks occurred, but speedily eradicated it and thereby saved
the country at large from an immense financial loss. It is an-
other splendid demonstration of the ability of the Bureau of
Animal Industry to cope with and stamp out any contagious
disease outbreak that may occur in the future, and this fact
should prove a source of widespread confidence to the owners
of cattle as well as the live stock interests and the public in gen-
eral. The Bureau went at the work promptly and drastically.
There was no temporizing and the result is most gratifying.

Where It Wouldn't Work. — His Teacher — Don't you
know, Tommy, you should not let your left hand know what
your right hand does?

Tommy — Yes'm, but you've just got to take both hands
when you want to tie a tin can to a dog's tail. — (Chicago
Tribune.)

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL*

By Dr. M. H. Reynolds, University of Minnesota, Experiment Station,
and State Live Stock Sanitary Board.

A brief review of its historical development may perhaps
prove helpful in a careful study of this great problem.

Historical. — At the beginning in each state there has been
either an amateurish and premature attempt at eradication with
unsatisfactory and harmful results or else there have been irregu-
lar testing of herds here and there just because owners wished
to know whether their herds were sound, or because they wished
to really try the tuberculin test. Such work has been fragmen-
tary and has accomplished little of permanent value.

After a considerable period of this kind of work there has
come better organization of individual state work and there
have followed inspection ordinances providing for tuberculin
test of dairy herds.

Following the adoption of such ordinances and the first at-
tempts to put them in force, there has been quite uniformly a
prolonged period of frantic opposition by dairymen and fearful
anticipation of dire results that were sure to befall the dairy
interests and the public milk supply. Most of these ordinances
have led a precarious sort of existence with many ups and
downs, suffering adverse court decisions and many amendments
and revisions. But in the meantime the public has been grad-
ually awakening to the fact that there were such things as clean
dairies and dirty dairies and that tuberculosis of cattle was not
altogether a myth but possibly a matter of serious concern.
Eventually the dairymen have uniformly fallen into line, con-

* Address before Section VII. Sixth International Congress on Tuberculosis, Washington,
D. C, Oct. 2, 1908.

449

450 M. H. REYNOLDS.

ceding the need for this work. The intelligent consumer is by
this time asking his dairyman when he had his cows tested and
whether he is quite sure that they were all tested.

The miscellaneous scattered work has been gradually increas-
ing over the state but a careful estimate will always show that
but a very small percentage of the entire cattle in any large
neighborhood have been tested. Purchasers of breeding cattle
soon begin to inquire whether the prospective purchase has
been tested or whether the owner will sell subject to test. A
few herds are advertised guaranteeing freedom from tubercu-
losis. Municipal public opinion is by this time generally sup-
porting the idea of city work, and public opinion in general is
calling rather blindly for something more general and more ef-
fective, something on a larger scale, but with a very vague idea of
what that something may be.

State dairy associations and live stock breeders' associations
soon begin to pass resolutions calling for the testing of breed-
ing cattle. And the principle of reimbursement is quite firmly
established.

Up to this point — and this is where we are at present in
the few states which are most advanced with bovine tubercu-
losis— the work has not usually been conducted on any com-
prehensive or well organized plan that can possibly lead to eradi-
cation or to a positive control. Herds that have been tested
have not been wisely retested, if at all. Stables in which test-
ing was done have been poorly disinfected if, indeed, thorough
disinfection has been attempted. Stables from which tubercu-
lous cattle have been removed have often been commonly refilled
with untested cattle.

I believe that Minnesota has done as much effective work as
any other state in the union, but our work is open to this same
criticism of lacking permanence and of incompleteness. We
are using a large quantity of tuberculin — and testing a large
number of cattle in comparison with other states. Several other
states are doing a considerable amount of tuberculin work, but

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 451

as the small boy expresses it, we are not getting anywhere.
There is no finality about it. We are not getting to the end of
the read.

Public sentiment in Minnesota, and perhaps in Wisconsin,
Pennsylvania and other states is nearly or quite ready for some
important development. There is no very clear idea as to what
that development may be, for there are two things lacking, first,
a comprehensive plan that has in it the possibility of an actual
working out, and second, provision for financial support.

We have passed through a long period of preliminary train-
ing for the public and for those in charge of the work and sev-
eral states are nearly ready for something different and better.
The question is what that something may be. Before taking up
this question as a problem to be solved let us see what individual
states are already doing.

A Study of Individual States.

From the list of states that have been doing serious work
with bovine tuberculosis I have selected Minnesota, Pennsyl-
vania, Wisconsin, and Massachusetts because these are pioneers.
Their present laws and methods are outgrowths of years of
experience. A study of these four will bring out all the im-
portant features and methods used in the United States.

The statements made under this heading are based upon
the most recent and reliable authority which the author was able
to secure. It may be that some states whose work is here dis-
cussed may have changed their procedure by the enactment of
new legislation or otherwise, and hence possible errors in the
present discussion are apparently unavoidable.

Wisconsin.

The Sanitary Machine. — Wisconsin has placed her veterin-
ary sanitary work with a live stock sanitary board consisting
of three members of the State Board of Agriculture, the ex-
periment station bacteriologist, and the State Veterinarian. The
state veterinarian is appointed by the governor.

452 M. H. REYNOLDS.

Board members serve without salary 'but are paid three dol-
lars a day and expenses when in service. To this board is given
the duty of protecting the health of domestic animals, especially
against the serious infectious diseases. It has the usual authority
to quarantine, kill, make regulations, and so forth.

This state has been making a special feature of public dem-
onstration and educational work. Such demonstrations are fre-
quietly held at the agricultural college and at farmers' gatherings
over the state. The Wisconsin station has also published a
number of valuable bulletins on the subject of bovine tubercu-
losis.

Distribution of Tuberculin, — An interesting feature of the
Wisconsin work and one which the writer has been watching
with some curiosity has been the general distribution of Bureau
tuberculin to parties making application. The Wisconsin ex-
periment station in connection with the sanitary board fur-
nishes tuberculin freely and gives instructions for testing to
their agricultural students, short course students and others, and
these are encouraged to do general testing.

Satisfactory information has not been obtained concerning
the practical working of this method ; but it seems quite certain
that a state can hardly continue long to pay directly or indirectly,
indemnity to owners on test so made, even though the records
may be reviewed by the State Veterinarian's office.

An official statement published in 1908 gives figures for
total tuberculin work. This report shows for the year 1905-6,
9,718 cattle tested, 17.7 per cent, reacting, and for 1906-07,
15,816 cattle tested, 8.1 per cent, reactions. During the year
1907-08, 40,993 cattle were tested with 5.6 per cent, reactions —
a total of 66,527 with 8 per cent, of reactions. The total num-
ber of cattle tested in Wisconsin by veterinarians for the state
during the year 1907-08 is 13,791. As there were a total of
nearly 41,000 cattle tested in Wisconsin during the year there
must have been about 27,000 unofficial tests by others using
Bureau tuberculin furnished by the Experiment station. It is

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 453

thus seen that approximately two-thirds of the testing done in
Wisconsin during the past year has been done by farmers' short
course students, dairy course students at the agricultural col-
lege, and farmers in general.

Tuberculous Cattle. — The owner of condemned cattle is
granted an option ( I ) of retaining animals under quarantine,
or (2) he may ship them to an abattoir for slaughter under
Federal inspection. In case he chooses the latter procedure, the
owner receives the returns from carcass sale and has no further
claim against the state. (3) If the owner does not choose either
of these methods and the board deems it expedient to slaughter,
the owner receives written notice. After a certain procedure,
appraisal is had. The amount of appraisal is based upon the
value of cattle in conditions as found, the limit being $50. The
board may then order such diseased animals shipped for killing
to some point where federal inspection may be had.

It is ordered that the owner shall receive no compensation
until the board is satisfied with the disinfection given the in-
fected premises.

Wisconsin pays two-thirds of the appraisal, the amount to be
expended not being limited. Assuming that the $60,000 of-
ficially reported as paid for condemned cattle during 1907-08
was for the total 2,334 reactions, we have a showing of $25.70
per head paid owners or $25,700 per thousand cattle for reim-
bursement. The state receives for carcasses $7,250 per thou-
sand. Net reimbursement in Wisconsin was. therefore, $18,450
per thousand.

A statement of the expense of office management in the
experiment station's part of this work indicates a cost of $103.75
per thousand cattle tested.

Results. — The census for 1900 gives the total cattle for Wis-
consin as 2,314,000. From the best official information, Min-
nesota cattle have increased approximately 60 per cent, during
the same interval, so that 40 per cent, is probably a conservative
estimate for Wisconsin. On this basis the present cattle of Wis-
consin, would number about 3,240,000.

454 M. H. REYNOLDS.

For a study of the amount of eradication work being done
by the states that are leading in this work, suppose we take Wis-
consin with her 3,240,000 cattle — not as a criticism, nor even
as a special study, of Wisconsin; but as a general study. Nor
does this study of Wisconsin work, or that of the other states
here especially considered, take into consideration the splendid
and absolutely necessary work in these and other states in the
way of educating and arousing public sentiment. At the rate
of testing done this year including the unofficial tests (two-
thirds of the total) we have about 41,000 the highest record for
one year. By process of simple division we find that about
80 years would be required to test once all the cattle in the state
and one test accomplishes very little toward eradication.

Supposing that the plan of complete eradication is not under-
taken and Wisconsin should attempt to test only her breeding
herds and her dairy cattle. A Wisconsin official connected with
this work estimates that there are. at least 1,200,000 dairy cows
in the state to-day. It would be foolish to test only the cows
in any stable, so that it will be quite safe to bring the dairy herds
up to 1,400,000. This, plus 64,800 pure breds, gives us 1,464,-
800 cattle to be tested including only the classes of cattle that
are the worst and most immediate sources of dissemination.
Testing 41,000 per year would require 35 years to test once
these most serious sources of immediate danger.

I wish to repeat here, and very clearly, that these statements
are not made in an unkind spirit or to belittle the work. Wis-
consin deserves generous recognition as one of the pioneers in
this field and for a large amount of work done as compared
with the majority of other states.

Massachusetts.

Sanitary Machine. — In this state, authority for dealing with
infectious disease of domestic animals is vested in a cattle bureau
consisting of one individual, the chief. This bureau works in
close connection with local boards of health through inspectors
appointed by the local boards, and approved by the chief. The

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 45")

Massachusetts law places the first responsibility for examina-
tions, which are physical, upon these local inspectors. These
inspectors are not trained veterinarians, but laymen.

Work and Method. — Tuberculin test work is divided into
three classes :

(a) Examining cattle quarantined by local inspectors or re-
ported by owners as suspected. These cattle are examined by
proper agents who destroy or advise release of quarantine.

(b) Quarantine work and tuberculin testing with imported
cattle.

During the year ending November 30, 1907, there was done
under division " a " the following work :

There were quarantined 2,985 cattle. Of these 723 were
released ; 1 ,478 were condemned, killed, and paid for. Number
condemned, killed, and in process of settlement, or otherwise
disposed of 401. Of this item there were 10 killed with no
post-mortem lesions found.

Work under class " b " for this same year shows that the
cattle imported at Brighton numbered 84,677. Of these there
were tested 14.480, the remainder being presumably cattle be-
longing to classes not subject to importation test. Of the tested,
169 were condemned and 49 others were killed on permit. There
were released 14,262. In addition to these records for Brighton,
official report shows that there were 7,238 additional cattle
brought in for dairy and breeding purposes of which about
one-third were tested before shipment and the remainder after
arrival.

Massachusetts is doing a very large amount of herd inspec-
tion, the tuberculin test not being commonly used on Massa-
chusetts cattle. The 8th semi-annual report, January, 1906,
gives the total for the year of 32,760 herds inspected ; total ani-
mals inspected 230,140, including 143,300 milk cows. I did not
find a statement as to the number of animals so condemned; but
very low pay is given these lay inspectors, in some of the smaller
towns. $15 to $20 per year, hence it is hardly conceivable that

456 M. H. REYNOLDS.

these inspectors are doing efficient work even in the way of phys-
ical examination.

Tuberculin test is imposed for imported dairy and breeding
cattle. Beef cattle for slaughter, calves under six months of
age and export cattle are exempt from test. Some testing is
done for owners upon applications.

Expenditures. — The following items are given in round
numbers and for the year ending November, 1906. The total
available for all veterinary control work was $95,854. In this
there is included $18,854, balance of a special appropriation for
deficiency in 1905 accounts and appropriations for 1907 work
$77,000. Of this total there was expended $89,337. There
were unpaid balances and accounts at the end of the year suffi-
cient to leave a deficit of nearly $3,500. These funds were ex-
pended in part as follows :

(1) Total salaries $20,232, excluding special agents and ex-
penses for glanders work.

(2) Employees expenses, $9,896.

(3) Paid for condemned cattle, $42,326.

Some portion, probably small, of items 1 and 2 should evi-
dently be charged to glanders and other live stock sanitary
board work. The office expenses including salaries of chief,
clerks, and assistants, and miscellaneous office expense amount
to $6,960.

The officer in charge has estimated for the year ending 1908
for $77,000 to cover all veterinary control work. $7,000 of
this is for office salaries and expenses and $70,000 for general
outside work. The maximum allowance for tuberculous cattle
is $40; average for several years is something less than $21.

Results. — The chief's personal estimate of results is to the
effect that inasmuch as Massachusetts is killing a few more on
physical examination each year there is probably being accom-
plished but little in the way of decreasing prevalence; and that
they are simply killing cattle that are of special menace to hu-
man health.

THE PBOBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 457

Pennsylvania.

Organization. — Pennsylvania has a state live stock sanitary-
board consisting of the governor, secretary of agriculture, dairy
and food commissioner, and state veterinarian. The state veter-
inarian is ex-officio a member and presumably executive officer
of the sanitary board and at the same time reports as state veter-
inarian to the secretary of agriculture, which makes this organ-
ization somewhat confusing to an outsider.

Apparently the arrangement is to the effect that control work
with infectious diseases which involve the community as a whole,
and dealings with owners of such diseased stock and with own-
ers whose stock is not yet affected are under the sanitary board.
Whereas, subjects relating to the health of animals and sani-
tary work in general aside from work with infectious diseases,
falls upon the state veterinarian as an officer in the department
of agriculture rather than upon the sanitary board. The state
veterinarian apparently acts in dual capacity as executive officer
for the sanitary board and as state veterinarian in the depart-
ment of agriculture.

Method. — Dairy and breeding cattle are imported subject to
tuberculin test at the expense of the owner.

The Pennsylvania work with tuberculosis is apparently based
to a considerable extent upon the theory that owners realize the
seriousness of the question and that they will gladly co-operate
if fairly treated, desiring to eradicate.

If an owner wishes to have cattle tested, he makes applica-
tion to the sanitary board. In order to secure this assistance,
he must agree to aid in the examination ; to quarantine reacting
animals promptly ; to disinfect stables ; and to improve the stable
sanitation if directed to do so.

Application for test from owners whose cattle are not known
to be affected, may be granted with the owner paying the ex-
penses of test. Official reports are to the effect that so many
applications are received that they can not all be granted with
present available funds. An attempt is therefore made to con-
fine the work to the worst infected herds.

458 M. H. BEYNOLDS.

When cattle are tested under application from the owner,
he must agree to retest at his own expense within eight months
providing one-fourth of the original herd is found to be tuber-
culous. He also agrees that he will not add untested cattle to
his herd thereafter.

An interesting feature of the Pennsylvania work is that when
cattle are killed for beef and incidentally found tuberculous to
an extent which condemns the carcass for food purposes, the
carcass may then be appraised and paid for by the state at a
price not exceeding $25 for the entire carcass.

When an owner has cattle inspected by a veterinarian at his
own expense and finds some animals diseased, he may apply to
the state for assistance in disposing of the cattle that are tuber-
culous and receives practically the same help in practically the
same way as though cattle were tested at state expense.

When Pennsylvania cattle have reacted in the course of state
work as already outlined, they may be disposed of in different
ways. (1) Such cattle may be first appraised and then killed.
Appraisal considers actual value and condition of the animals,
the limits being $25 for grades, and $50 for registered cattle.
Owners receive the full amount of appraisal which, however,
must not exceed three-fourths of the actual value at time of
slaughter. The owner receives the carcass salvage in addition
to such appraisal and the cattle are killed under inspection. (2)
Reacting non-clinical cattle may be retained under certain re-
strictions presumably for use according to the Bang system. It
is stated that owners rarely use this permission.

An interesting provision is made for co-operation between
the sanitary board and municipal authorities. When a munici-
pality arranges for tuberculin test of herds supplying city trade,
the state board is permitted to bear one-half the cost of such
work in case of herds kept beyond jurisdiction limits of the local
board of health.

Amount of Tuberculin Work Done. — Pennsylvania uses
tuberculin made in her own sanitary board laboratory. During

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 450

the year 1905 there were distributed about 20,230 c.c. of tuber-
culin. The laboratory sent out 19,880 c. c. of tuberculin in 1906.
We will estimate that this was all used, which would be a very
generous estimate for Minnesota. The dose of this varied from
0.25 to 0.4 c. c. Estimating an average dose at .33 c. c. there
were probably about 60,000 cattle actually tested. The writer
was unable to find an accurate statement on this point in the
official reports.

For this fiscal year, 1905, the board had available a total
of $45,000 for general control work. Of this amount there was
expended for reimbursing owners and inspecting cattle for tuber-
culosis about $29,500. For the year 1905 with the same total
appropriation available for control work, the state spent $27,230
for reimbursement and inspection work in connection with this
disease. For the year 1904 the sanitary board had available for
work $45,000, of which there was spent $31,766 for reimburse-
ment of owners and expense of inspections. During the year 1905
there were condemned 1,352 cattle from 773 herds inspected.
During the year 1906 there were condemned 1,536 cattle from
858 herds inspected.

Please bear in mind that we are not now studying results
accomplished in the way of public education and enlistment of
public support. These studies of methods and results in the
four states selected are presented that we may have a clear view
of the amount of field work done with cattle and stables. A fur-
ther purpose is to show the need for comprehensive plans and
large appropriations, and cold figures are more reliable than
rhetoric as guides for judgment.

Results. — The census of 1900 gives a total of 2,000,000
cattle, of which there are 1,062,000 dairy cows over two years
of age, and an estimated 40,000 pure bred cattle, or a total of
1,102,000.

We have estimated the total number of Pennsylvania cattle
tested during 1906 at 60,000. Tests of recently imported cattle
should not be included in this estimate. This number tested

460 M. H. REYNOLDS.

when compared with the total number of cattle in the state about
2,000,000 indicates that 33 years would be required at this rate
for testing all cattle in the state; or on a basis of 1,022,000
dairy cows and an estimated 40,000 pure bred cattle or a total
of 1,062,000 dairy and pure bred cattle to be tested there would
be required for these classes at this rate of testing 17 years for
one test of each herd. One test, even though followed by disin-
fection, accomplishes comparatively little in the way of eradica-
tion. It will, therefore, be seen that Pennsylvania, one of the
leaders in this work in the United States, is like other states really
accomplishing very -little in the way of eradication or actual
control.

Minnesota.

The Machine. — Sanitary control work in Minnesota is in
charge of a live stock sanitary board consisting of five members
appointed by the governor. Three members must be financially
interested in the maintenance of live stock, and two members
must be veterinarians, graduates of recognized colleges. The
secretary and executive officer as well as field veterinarians and
other assistants are employed by the board without any political
oversight. It is provided by law that the secretary must be a
graduate from a reputable veterinary college. One board mem-
bership becomes vacant each year. Board members receive no
compensation except actual traveling expenses.

This board meets quarterly for consideration of work ac-
complished, to plan future work, and consider proposed regula-
tions. The secretary is an executive officer carrying out plans
of the board and provisions of the law. The legal basis for this
work and powers bestowed upon this board are very
broad so that the board should rarely or never be hampered by
lack of authority to a given work. Apparently the only prob-
able source of failure in a board so organized must lie in sheer
incompetence of board members. Thus far there has been de-
scribed only the central control power of a great machine, for
which this state board there is intimately associated by law

THE PBOBLEM OF BOVINE TUBEBCULOSIS CONTBOL. 461

2,500 local boards of health and health officers who have certain
prescribed responsibilities in connection with this state work
and who are subservient to the state board.

Features of the Law. — It is the legal duty under penalty
for anyone who knows of or suspects existence of any infectious
disease to report this to his local health officer and he within 24
hours to the state board. In case of animals to be killed the
owner is given all reasonable protection in the way of protest,
appraisal, reimbursement, etc., but the protest does not delay
killing-.

For veterinary control work Minnesota uses, and we much
prefer, the plan of employing field veterinarians on full time
and for the exclusive service of the board. This plan is chosen
rather than that of deputy or local state veterinarians who are
engaged in private practice and frequently embarrassed in per-
formance of state duty by reason of private practice jeopardized,
and by lack of special training and large field experience. There
are many reasons which the writer believes to be good, which
may be advanced in support of this plan.

Minnesota forbids importation of cattle for dairy or breed-
ing purposes except under tuberculin test. The penalty for
violation of this is quite severe, being not less than $500 nor
more than $1,000 or imprisonment for not more than one year.

Minnesota has had for years a law which provides for the
pasteurization of creamery skimmed milk. Sour milk has proved
a very serious source of dissemination for other states that have
no such legislation.

Disinfection and Refilling. — It is expressly ordered by regu-
lations that when cattle are tested and diseased animals are re-
moved and paid for, the owner must disinfect the stables in a
prescribed manner and must not put any untested cattle into
such stables. Violation of this regulation forfeits claim for
future reimbursement.

Method with Tuberculosis. — The general plan with tuber-
culosis is as follows:

462 M. H. REYNOLDS.

Testing may be done by certain veterinary representatives
of a state or local boards Or by any graduate veterinarian recog-
nized by the state board for this work. When reacting cattle
are found, such cattle are appraised on the owner's premises.
They are then shipped to some convenient point within the state
where there is federal inspection and are there killed under
such inspection. If no tuberculosis is found, the owner receives
full appraisal, which must not exceed $75 for registered cattle
or $35 for grades. Carcasses are disposed of to the best pos-
sible advantage and the carcass returns or salvage goes directly
to the owner, who is paid in addition by the state three-quarters
of the difference between appraisal and carcass salvage.

A large amount of tuberculin test work has been done in
Minnesota and a large number of tuberculous cattle have been
disposed of — large numbers when we consider them in the ab-
stract or compare with other states, but very small as will be
shown later in proportion to the total amount of work to be
done. The actual amount of work done together with a study
of the results, expenses, returns, etc., is presented in the fol-
lowing table :

Tuberculin Work for the Year Ending August 1, 1908. —
Registered cattle, tested 1,329; number of reactions 490 or 36.8
per cent.

Number of reacting animals killed 428 ; number of carcasses
passed 199 or 47 per cent. ; number of carcasses condemned
229 or 53 per cent.

Appraised value of 428 cattle $27,770.50; average about $64.

Carcass returns $5,296; average $13.37.

Owners received from the state in addition to carcass re-
turns $16,795; average $39.20 per head.

For all registered cattle appraised in addition to this, the
state spent for freight and yardage $666.

The total net cost to the state for reimbursement, freight,
yardage, etc., was $17,460; or average for all killed $40.80.

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 463

Grade cattle, number tested, 25,887; reacted, 2,000, or 7.7
per cent.; number killed, 1,941; of these there were inspected
1,797; carcasses passed 851, or about 47.3 per cent, of carcasses
inspected; carcasses condemned 946, about 52.7 per cent, of car-
casses inspected.

Killed without appraisal 144.

Killed with no lesions found on inspection, 52 animals, about
2.7 per cent, of killed.

Total appraisals $51,027; average $26.23.

Total carcasses returns $17,054; average carcass salvage
S8.79.

Paid owners in addition to carcass returns including full
appraisal for the 52 animals about $25,820.

Freight and yardage $1,784.85.

The total expense to the state for reimbursement, freight,
and yardage for grade cattle was $27,605, averaging for all
grades killed $14.20. Note that this total cost to the state is
the merest trifle over $1 per head for all grade cattle tested.

The average percentage of reactions for animals tested re-
gardless of breed was 9.3 per cent.

Dr. Melvin has recently reported records of 400,000 tests
made during the past 15 years in various portions of the United
States and by various authorities. This shows 9.25 per cent,
reactions, the average for all breeds and conditions represented.
Note two points : ( 1 ) the close agreement with the Minnesota
average for the past year 9.3 per cent, for all classes.

(2) That only 400,000 recognized tests seem to have ac-
cumulated in the past 15 years in the United States. Minne-
sota alone has about 3,000,000 cattle.

It is estimated that 41 per cent, each of the office salaries
and expense; field veterinarian salaries; laboratory expense and
30 per cent, of total travelling expenses may be charged to tuber-
culosis work under the present Minnesota plan.

Study of Minnesota work shows the following summarized
data for the cost of such work:

Cost of office work per thousand tested $70.20.

404 M. H. REYNOLDS.

Total cost to the state for tuberculosis work per thousand
registered cattle tested; reimbursement, freight, and yardage

$i3>i37-

Net cost to the state per thousand grades tested for reim-
bursement, freight, and yardage $1,067.

Appraisal per thousand registered cattle $63,940.

Appraisal per thousand grade cattle $26,230.

Carcass salvage per thousand registered cattle $13,370.

Carcass salvage per thousand grade cattle $8,790.

Net cost to the state for reimbursement per thousand regis-
tered cattle tested, paying three-quarters of the difference be-
tween appraisal and carcass salvage, $12,637.

Net cost to the state for reimbursement per thousand grade
cattle tested, paying three-quarters of the difference between
appraisal and carcass salvage, $997. Note the relatively great
expensiveness of this work with registered cattle.

Financial Statement. — Minnesota during the present bi-en-
nium has available $130,000 exclusively for work with tuber-
culosis and glanders. As before stated, it is estimated that 41
per cent, of the total office and field veterinarians' salaries may
be charged to tuberculosis and 30 per cent, of the total travelling
expenses. The sums paid in reimbursement for tuberculous cat-
tle during the past year have already been given.

Residts and Present Situation. — It is stated on good author-
ity that there is not an untested herd of pure bred dairy cattle
in the state. A considerable proportion of the other breeding
herds are reported as tested one or more times. We have 12
cities with tuberculin test ordinances in effect or which will very
soon be in operation.

Our cattle breeders are becoming very cautious about buy-
ing untested cattle. The state dairy association at several an-
nual meetings during the last few years has endorsed the tuber-
culin test without a dissenting voice and called upon the legis-

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 465

lature for legal provision whereby stock sold for breeding pur-
poses must be sold with tuberculin test or subject to test.

Of the special features of Minnesota's law and methods
there may be summarized the following:

There is a peculiar organization of the sanitary board,
previously described. There is a fairly comfortable financial
situation with $130,000 for the last bi-ennium exclusively for
glanders and tuberculosis, $172,000 for all work for the board.

There is a close organization of local health officers and
township supervisors with the central board. There is concen-
tration of energies and funds on dairy and creamery herds, and
pure bred cattle, the most serious factors in disseminating the
disease among other cattle and most threatening to people.

A hasty survey of the figures for work in Minnesota as in
other of the few states that are doing considerable work with
tuberculosis gives the impression that the state is doing a great
work, and so it is, when we consider that as such problems and
movements go, this work is young. But when we consider work
already accomplished or that can possibly be accomplished by
our present methods and funds in the light of the entire prob-
lem the amount of work done in Minnesota is trivial. To illus-
trate this, let me suggest that we have a total of nearly 3,000,000
cattle in the state of which there are 590,000 creamery and
city dairy cows and about 60,000 pure bred cattle. In these
classes alone the most serious classes, we have 650,000 cattle.

At the present rate of 27,216 cattle tested officially last year
it would require about 24 years to test the dairy and breeding
herds alone or 1 1 1 years to test all the cattle in the state. Test-
ing infected herds at intervals of five years or even two years
for instance would accomplish very little toward eradication,
as every experienced veterinary sanitarian well knows. Testing
only these most important classes of cattle once in 24 years
is accomplishing nothing so far as eradication or effective con-
trol work is concerned. We are simply removing a small pro-
portion of the infected cattle capable of disseminating infection.

466 M. H. BEYNOLDS.

Think of the 142,000 farm cattle barns in Minnesota and 3,650
other barns containing cattle in the state, any of which are pos-
sible sources of infection, and worst of all, we do not know
which herds and which stables are disseminating this infection.

Gathered from Study of Individual States.

There appears to be very much to criticise in the best work
of the best states so far as actual results are concerned, and
many things worthy of praise in the poorest — if we consider age
of the work, time, conditions and opportunities. This study of
individual states forces certain conclusions :

It is apparent that the most important among results thus
far actually accomplished toward efficient control of bovine tu-
berculosis has been in the way of public education and the en-
listment of a favorable opinion.

(1) The work with cattle and stables is fragmentary, un-
systematic, and accomplishing little in the way of permanent
results, but is perhaps the best that could be reasonably expected
up to this time.

(2) The best field work being done leaves untested and un-
protected a large proportion of the most important classes of
cattle and a large amount of testing is being done with herds
capable of doing little harm.

(3) Available appropriations are very small if we consider
human lives and live stock interests to be protected.

It should be remembered in considering justification for large
appropriations that the live stock interests are not the only ones
involved in live stock sanitary work, even if we consider only
the financial side of the problem and ignore the question of hu-
man health.

The writer recently heard a large wholesale merchant state
in public that jobbers always feel safe in extending large credits
to merchants in farming districts where there was plenty of live
stock. When we are protecting live stock interests we are pro-
tecting to a very important extent the entire commerce of the
state or nation.

THE PBOBLEM OF BOVINE TUBEBCULOSIS CONTBOL. 407

(4) ]n order that generous appropriations may be had, it
is absolutely necessary that the live stock sanitary control work
should be efficient and should be managed with the most scrup-
ulous economy and honesty and fair treatment so as to gain and
retain the confidence and support of the stock owner and influen-
tial public in general.

(5) In order to plan work on a large scale and get results,
appropriations must be more stable. A standing annual appro-
priation upon which a board may depend is to be preferred over
larger but uncertain appropriations. This great sanitary prob-
lem can never be solved by any temporary measure. Work of
permanent value must extend through a term of years. This
problem will never be solved in any satisfactory way until it is
possible to plan work for years in advance and with the under-
standing that plans may be carried out.

(6) Tuberculin test work which may entitle the owner to
reimbursement should be done by veterinarians and their re-
turns accompanied by an affidavit showing definitely just how
the test was made and who did it. The sanitary authorities
should have a rigid rule concerning tuberculin test that will be
accepted and that rule must be enforced even though in some
cases features of the rule may appear to be useless and unneces-
sarily troublesome.

States doing serious work with tuberculosis have had quite
enough trouble with tuberculin tests done by veterinarians who
know how the work should be done. It does not appear wise
to extend this trouble by throwing such work wide open to
students and farmers in general with the state to pay for cattle
condemned on such basis even though some veterinary officer
does look over the test records.

(7) The writer is convinced after this study of the work
of individual states that the ideal state organization for this
control work consists of a board of about five members, a ma-
jority of whom should be ex-officio. The secretary and execu-
tive officer should be a graduate veterinarian and employed by

408 M. H. REYNOLDS.

the board from outside its membership. The board should be
composed of veterinarians and prominent owners of live stock.
The members should serve without compensation or opportunity
for remunerative employment by the board. The veterinarians
and live stock memberships in their influence on the board and
considering the secretary, should be fairly balanced. I would
not have such a board composed exclusively of either veterin-
arians or live stock men.

This board should be in close organization with all local
health officers and boards of township supervisors of the state.

Professional politicians should be entirely eliminated, which
is not difficult. This board must have ample authority and
should be closely organized in connection with all of the local
.health officers and township supervisors of the state. Its appro-
priations must be large and stable.

Eradication.

We frequently hear intelligent people say that all this tuber-
culosis work is wrong. They say : " You must test all the cattle
in the state and eradicate the disease, and that is the only busi-
nesslike thing to do." Sweeping plans have been proposed for
eradication; but those who propose them do not appear to have
had a close view of the great difficulties in the way of actually
carrying out such propositions.

The problem of tuberculosis eradication is a very different
one from the federal pleuro-pneumonia work of some years ago
which cost only the mere trifle of $1,500,000 and five years'
time and involved but six states.

The eradication of foot and mouth disease cost less than
$300,000, including about $129,000 indemnity paid to owners
of cattle. Those tasks were but as child's play and relatively
trivial in expense as compared with the work of eradicating
tuberculosis from the United States. These two sums com-

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 469

bined would be small in comparison with the cost of eradicating
tuberculosis from Minnesota or Wisconsin, or Pennsylvania,
or any one of a large number of states.

It is easy enough to insist on complete eradication and say
away with tuberculosis, but when one familiar with this class
of work sits down to figure, he is appalled by the way figures
run into the millions. And even- if an unlimited amount of
money were available there are other and almost insurmount-
able difficulties in the way of complete, rapid eradication under
present conditions. To illustrate this the writer will present a
careful estimate as to the expense of so eradicating tuberculosis
from a single state. Let us use Minnesota for a study of the
general problem — and as a national problem.

Basis of Calculations. — Calculations are based on the follow-
ing standards :

Testing all cattle in the state twice a year for two years
and annually for the next five years ; stable disinfection after
each test; reimbursement to owners of one-half appraisal —
owner to receive in addition the carcass salvage.

The appraisal limits are $75 for pure breds, $35 for grades;
average appraisal for pure breds $60, and $26.25 for other cat-
tle; average carcass salvage for registered cattle $13.37; other
cattle $8.79.

There are about 2,993,600 cattle in the state of Minnesota.
Two per cent, of these or 59,872 are estimated for pure breds;
total dairy cows over two years of age 590,728.

Our Minnesota records show about 37 per cent, of reactions
for pure breds, other cattle y.y per cent. For this present com-
putation the pure breds are placed at 15 per cent, reactions, dairy
and creamery cows at 4 per cent., other cattle 3 per cent, for
the first test and all classes at .75 per cent, reactions for subse-
quent tests. Pure bred cattle are valued at an average of $60;
creamery and dairy cows at $35 ; other cattle at $20.

470 M. H. REYNOLDS.

Expense of office management for the past year in Minne-
sota during which 27,216 cattle were tested officially, was about
$70.20 per thousand tested. Of this $70, $34 was for clerical
work and general office expenses. This item would continue
nearly a level rate even when dealing with very large numbers
of tests. The other item of $36 for executive salary would not
increase with the amount of work, but would practically disap-
pear as insignificant in the general rate per thousand. $35 per
thousand tests is therefore used as the rate for expense of office
management. The best available figures for neighboring states
is $103 per thousand.

Average cost of disinfection per barn $13 and the barns
averaged is 1900 according to census, 13 cattle each.

Cost of test is based on the following:

Veterinarians employed on full time for testing are put at
$1,200; helpers $600. Each pair (one helper and one veteri-
narian) is allowed to keep one horse at state expense, which is
estimated at $150 per year per horse; aside from this, they pay
their own expenses. Each pair is to make three tests per week,
averaging in all sections of the state 25 animals per test or 75
per week. Enough veterinarians are to be employed for the
first two years to test all cattle in the state once in six months.
The number of cattle is supposed to remain stationary. After
the first two years, one-half as many veterinarians are employed
so as to test annually.

Objection to these calculations may be raised on the ground
that it would be unnecessary to test all herds semi-annually for
the first two years. True, there would be a rather large per-
centage of herds showing no reactions on the first general test.
But we have no reliable basis upon which to estimate this per-
centage. If we could make this correction but one item in the
following list " cost of testing " would be varied, and the gen-
eral conclusions would not be affected in the slightest degree.

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 471

Computing on these basis we obtain the following startling
figures as to losses expenses of an active and reasonably thor-
ough eradication work :

Total Value of All Reacting Cattle.

For the first year $3,289,502 00

For the first two years 4,527,172 00

For the seven years 7,121,847 00

Total Net Loss to the Cattle Interests of the State, i. e., Valua-
tion of All Condemned Cattle Less the Carcass Salvage.

For the first year $1,968,430 00

For the first two years 2,492,283 00

For the seven years 3,931.844 00

Net Loss to Owners for All Classes of Cattle.

During the first year $965,204 03

During the second year 1,264,988 71

During the seven years 2,014,447 92

Cost to the State (Reimbursement), All Classes of Cattle.

For the first year $650,897 23

For the first two years 898,021 51

For the seven years 1,515,831 21

On the basis previously given the cost of testing all classes
of cattle by veterinarians and helpers would amount :

For the first year $1,893,450 00

For the first two years 3,786,900 00

For the seven years 8,520,525 00

Suppose it is held that this required number of veterin-
arians is not available, which is quite true, or that it is unneces-
sary to employ such expensive men to do the work. By employ-
ing farm school students, dairy school students, farmers' short
course students and others, which procedure experienced sani-

472 M. H. BEYNOLDS.

tarians would hardly approve, we find that the cost of testing all
cattle as before would be :

For the first year ,, $2,019,666 00

For the first two years 4,039,332 00

For the seven years 9,088,497 00

Cost of Disinfecting All Stables.

For the first year $4,686,000 00

For the first two years 9,372,000 00

For the seven years 21,087,000 00

Cost of Office Management at $34.00 per Thousand Tests.

For the first year testing all cattle $203,564 00

For the first two years 407,128 00

For the seven years 916,038 00

Amount of Tuberculin Used B. A. I. Standard for All Cattle.

During the first year 11,974 litres, or approximately 2,994 gal-
lons.

During the first two years 23,949 litres, or approximately 5,987
gallons.

Total for the seven years 54,885 litres, or approximately 13,471
gallons.

During the past year the government distributed a total of
259,100 c. c. tuberculin, which cost the government to produce
about $10 per litre.

To test all the cattle in Minnesota alone on this plan for the
first year would require 46 times this entire federal output.

The cost of producing tuberculin needed on this plan would
be:

During the first year $1 19.740 00

For the first two years 239,490 00

For the next five years 299,350 00

Total for the seven years 538,840 00

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 473

Total expense for veterinary services, disinfection, reimburse-
ment, office management, and including the cost of producing
tuberculin which could perhaps be produced by the state at about
the same expense as by the government :

For the first year $7>553>65o oo

For the first two years 14,703,540 00

For the seven years 35,004,260 00

The total value of all Minnesota cattle in 1900 was $37,197,-
198. The present value of Minnesota cattle is probably about
$50,000,000. These figures give a careful estimate as to the
actual cost of rapidly eradicating tuberculosis from one state.

The total annual expenditures for all purposes by this state
amount to about $6,500,000. Eradication work on this basis
during the first year would require considerably more than the
entire available resources of the state that year. Can there be
any question concerning the hopeless impossibility of rapid
eradication under present conditions and with present available
agencies? Nor may we reasonably expect complete eradication
in the near future. But if absolute eradication, which would
be ideal, is unattainable, is it not the part of wisdom to content
ourselves with the best work that may be within the limits of rea-
sonable possibilities?

Eventually there will come a time when public sentiment will
support thorough and careful work and when sufficient funds
may be secured to carry on large work. We may yet have a
cheap, safe and efficient vaccine and when other aids unknown
at present may then be available. But we must not wait for
public sentiment and other conditions to be entirely favorable
before making a beginning. The progressive sanitarian must
always work somewhat in advance of public sentiment, mean-
while doing his part toward a wise development of public in-
formation along intelligently progressive lines.

Solid Ground in Sight. — Thoughtful students of this prob-
lem are beginning to ask the question "What next?"

474 M. H. REYNOLDS.

Those engaged in this work have been wading through an
unknown slough for something like fifteen years and we are
beginning to feel that we have found some spots of good firm
ground. There have been developed certain general principles
upon which we may base future work.

So far as we can see now, it is evident that comprehensive
plans for dealing with the bovine tuberculosis problem must be
based upon" tuberculin test.

Tuberculin is firmly established as a reasonably accurate
diagnostic.

Tuberculosis is now recognized as a serious menace to hu-
man health and as an actual source of danger and a constant
threat to livestock financial interests.

It is well established that this is not a disease of breed or
type, and we are probably well acquired with the sources and
methods of spread.

The principle of indemnity is apparently established as a
necessary preliminary procedure.

It is clearly established that one tuberculin test and one dis-
infection can not be depended on to eradicate tuberculosis from
an individual stable and we must plan with this in view when
attempting to do thorough work. The classes of cattle which
are most actively spreading the infection should be tested first
and this means city dairy cattle, creamery herds and pure bred
herds.

The first retest of reacting herds should be given in about
six months and there should be preferably semi-annual tests
for the first two years and thereafter annual test as needed.

There must be adequate disinfection after each test where
reacting animals are found.

Stables must be refilled with tested cattle only, or the owner
should forfeit his right to future indemnity. There must be
used some reliable system of marking that will obviate the proba-
bility of fraud.

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 47>>

It is quite clear also that we must have the co-operation
of owners and the support of public opinion before anything
effective can be accomplished. On the other hand, it will not
do to wait for this before making an active start in the work.

Ideal state work employs field veterinarians on full time and
in exclusive service rather than deputy or assistant state veter-
inarians engaged in private practice.

Importation of cattle for dairy and breeding purposes to a
state that is undertaking any serious tuberculosis work should be
only under the guarantee of a competent tuberculin test.

We must take up the most serious and urgent problem in
order and the work must continue to be something of an evolu-
tion.

A Proposition for Control Work.

After a careful study of this problem extending over quite
a period, the writer is disposed to suggest a program for deal-
ing with the problem of bovine tuberculosis control.

It is unquestionably desirable to locate by tagging or other-
wise and deal only with infected herds, but the practical pos-
sibility of this on the needed scale has not been demonstrated.
There are very difficult problems and complicated details yet to
be worked out.

Assuming that a state has a good law and an effective sani-
tary machine, both having the qualities and features already out-
lined, I submit the following to be taken up in the order given:

( i ) In the early history of control work with tuberculosis
all resources of energy and money should be concentrated as
closely as possible upon importations, dairy and creamery herds,
and pure bred herds. Whenever public sentiment and available
funds may justify more thorough work, there should be under-
taken what may be as nearly as possible eradication of tubercu-
losis from these three classes of cattle.

(2) The first compulsory testing should be of all herds from
which milk is offered for sale in the cities, towns, or villages.

470 M. H. KKYNOLDS.

With suitable provision for retesting, refilling with sound cattle,
and proper disinfection of the stable.

(3) All cattle sold for breeding purposes should be sold
with certificates of test or subject to test under such wording of
the law as will protect the purchaser against fraud. Compul-
sory test of all cattle in breeding herds would, of course, be
preferable, but there might be question whether it is feasible to
force the test for breeding cattle not actually on sale and so long
as the cattle remain in the present owner's herd.

(4) Compulsory testing of all creamery herds may come
third providing the state has effective provision for pasteurizing
creamery skim milk. This should imply suitable retesting, refill-
ing and disinfection.

(5) Cattle imported for dairy or breeding purposes must
come in with satisfactory certificate of test forwarded to the
secretary of the sanitary board or cattle should be held at the
first suitable point within the state for testing. Testing imported
cattle should be done at the owners expense and every possible
precaution taken to avoid fraud.

Heavy fines must be imposed upon violators of this provision
and the penalty should fall upon either or both the owner and
transportation company.

(6) All official testing should be done by veterinarians who
are definitely listed and recognized by the sanitary authorities.

The sanitary authorities should define fully and in detail
just what constitutes a tuberculin test which will be accepted
and every test record should be accompanied by an affidavit from
the one who signs the test records; which affidavit should specify
just what and how much the affiant did in connection with the
test. r

Financial Statement.

A series of computations have been made in order that we
may have a clear view of the probable cost of eradication from
eity dairy, 'creamery, and pure bred herds. Knowing approxi-
mately the cost, we may more intelligently consider the feasibil-

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 477

ity of undertaking the work, let it be clearly understood that
the following is offered as so much data, so much information
that may be useful, and not as work and expense which states
are now advised to undertake.

The bases for calculation are the same as for those pre-
viously used in studying the possibility of complete eradication.

Value of Reacting Cattle in These Classes.

City Dairy and Creamery.

First year $982,065 00

First two years 1,292,165 00

For seven years 2.067,415 00

Pure Brcds.

First year $639,882 00

First two years 1,041,950 00

For seven years 1,547,120 00

Total for Both Classes.

First year $1,621,947 00

First two years 2>334> 1 1 5 °°

For seven years 3*614,535 00

Total Net Loss to Cattle Interests of the State.

(Total healthy value of condemned cattle minus carcass
salvage.)

Creamery and City Dairy.

First year $660,670 00

First two years 738,557 °°

For seven years 933>276 00

Pure Bred Cattle.

First year $5 19,808. 00

First two years . 57r»789 °°

For seven years 831,693 00

478 M. H. REYNOLDS.

Total of Both Classes.

First year $1,180,478 00

First two years . . 1,310,346 00

For seven years 1,764,969 00

Net Loss to Owners.

Pure Bred Cattle.

First year $219,667 88

First two years 240,588 63

For seven years 292,890 50

Creamery and City Dairy.

First year $227,895 66

First two years 299,704 80

For seven years 497,222 65

Total of Both Classes.

First year $447^63 54

First two years 540,293 43

For seven years 772, 113 15

Net Cost to State for Reimbursement.
Pure Bred Cattle.

First year $209,387 00

First two years 230,326 00

For seven years 282,672 00

Creamery and City Dairy Merds.

First year $176,282 00

First two years. 242,388 00

For seven years 407,652 00

Total of Both Classes.

First year $385,669 00

First two years 472,714 00

For seven years 690,324 00

THE PBOBLEM OF BOVINE TUBEBCULOS1S CONTBOL. 479

Cost of Testing.

Cost of Testing by Veterinarians — Creamery, City Dairy, and

Pure Breds.

First year . $650,175 00

First two years 1,300,350 00

For seven years 2,925,787 00

The number of veterinarians required for the first two years
would be 333 and for the next five years 167.

If it is argued that there are not enough veterinarians avail-
able for this work at the proposed salary and that the work
could be done by graduates of agricultural colleges, short course
students, dairy course students, etc., then the calculation and
testing would be as follows. The author would not approve of
this method; but will submit the calculation.

Cost of Testing Creamery, City Herds and Pure Breds.

First year $550,150 00

First two years 1,100,300 00

For seven years 2,475,675 00

Cost of Disinfecting Stables.

This is on the basis of 50,000 barns for city dairy, creamery,
and pure bred herds which is very nearly correct for Minnesota.

First year $650,000 00

First two years 1,300,000 00

For seven years 2,925,000 00

Cost of Office Management.

(For creamery, city dairy and pure bred cattle at 34 per thou-
sand tests, possibly high for work on large scale.)

First year $44,200 00

First two years 88,400 00

Seven years , 198.900 00

480 M. H. REYNOLDS.

Amount of Tuberculin Used and Cost.
Creamery, City Dairy and Pure Bred Cattle.

First year about 2,600 litres or 650 gallons, costing. $26,000 00

First two years 5,200 litres or 1,300 gallons, costing. 52,000 00
For the seven years 11,700 litres or 2,925 gallons,

costing 1 17,000 00

Total Cost of Eradication.

These figures indicate that the total cost of eradication in
seven years on this basis and from these classes, city dairy,
creamery, and pure bred herds would be as follows:

First year $1,756,080 00

First two years 3,213,460 00

For the seven years 6,857,000 00

Data. — It is interesting to note in this connection that on this
basis there is required .5 of a gallon B. A. I. tuberculin per thou-
sand cattle, per test.

Testing by veterinarians would cost on the basis previously
given very nearly $0.50 per head. Testing by farm school grad-
uates, etc., would cost about $0.43 per head.

The cost of disinfection on the basis given amounts almost
exactly to $1 for each animal tested for each disinfection.

It is possible that some more economical plan for utilizing
tuberculous cattle than by slaughter and carcass salvage may be
developed.

This may come with tuberculosis stock farms under private
management licensed by the county or state; or possibly with
tuberculosis farms managed directly by the county or state. No
difference what form this plan may assume, it is safe to say
that it will receive a royal welcome after it has made good, as
we say in American phrase.

Tn order to stand test, any plan for utilizing tuberculous
cattle must answer favorably to one difficult question: Is it
profitable in cold dollars? Can tuberculous cattle whether mixed

THE PROBLEM OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL. 481

grades or pure breds of many breeds, be purchased at the average
price of carcass salvage and then be managed profitably in the
United States, with the products honestly labelled and competing
in the open market with similar products from healthy cattle?

With this question in mind the writer has been unable to
formulate anything that would stand careful analysis. Neither
has any method suggested by others come under observation that
does not appear hopelessly impracticable. Several have sug-
gested plans, some features of which may yet be utilized, and
we may all wish earnestly that something better may appear.

In Conclusion. — It need not be argued in this connection as
to whether vigorous control work on a large scale should be done
by the state alone or by the state with federal aid or whether by
federal authorities chiefly. Abrogation of police powers of a
state involves legal questions which need not enter into this dis-
cussion. But whether this final work of eradicating tuberculosis
from these three classes of cattle is to be undertaken by the state
alone or by the state with generous federal aid, it is very evident
that the work must be done with individual states as units.

Hitherto there has been too much theorizing and too much
guessing. Students of this problem have been dealing too much
with glittering generalities. It seems high time for us to develop
some tried bases for more efficient work; time for statements of
basic principles and quite time to outline large plans. Our own-
ers and consumers and legislators are entitled to practical plans
and prosy statements of probable cost and probable results.

Let us all— all who are directly interested in this problem and
familiar with it. endeavor to work out practical methods of doing
much larger and much more efficient work than we have been
doing.

" Still achieving ; still pursuing.
Learn to labor, and to wait."

In Prussia the price of medicine is regulated by the state, a
new price list being published every year.

SHIFTING LAMENESS.*

George R. White, M.D., D.V.S. , Nashville, Tennessee.

When honored by the Secretary of the American Veterinary
Medical Association with an invitation to contribute to this
program, by presenting a paper that would be of interest to
the general practitioner, I cast around for a subject which would
be of most benefit to those fellow practitioners who would do
me the honor to listen to the reading of the paper, or others who
might chance to read same when published either in the printed
proceedings of this meeting, or in the American Veterinary
Review.

The subject which J have selected appealed to me as one of
sufficient importance and interest for presentation on this occa-
sion. In this age of modern veterinary science the study of lame-
ness in general, and special lameness in particular, is not receiving
as much attention as it very justly deserves.

Lameness may be defined as pain or stiffness manifested by
weakness or soreness in one or more limbs, associated with per-
verted function of the limb or limbs affected. The term " shift-
ing lameness " is self-explanatory.

From the viewpoint of the practitioner of veterinary med-
icine, accurate diagnosis of lameness is the most difficult; how-
ever, the most important problem with which he is called upon
to contend. It is always puzzling and is indefinite ip many cases.
Accurate diagnosis stands essentially for two things : Accuracy
of observation based upon extensive practical experience, and the
basing of conclusions on facts gleaned from the actual symptoms
presented, rather than assumptions or " fine-spun theories."

We view with a degree of pride the advances in our knowl-
edge of veterinary science. This pride is in a measure justified
when we compare our knowledge of to-day with that of only

*A paper read before the 45th annual meeting, American Veterinary Medical Association,
Philadelphia, Pa., September 8, 9, 10, 11, 1908.

482

SHIFTING LAMENESS. 483

a few years ago. But we are mistaken if we assume that veter-
inary medicine and surgery has already attained the rank of a
perfect science, for we have as yet made only a few steps in that
direction. This applies to physical diagnosis in particular, which,
of course, includes lameness.

Unfortunately, the knowledge of lameness by the average
general practitioner has lagged far behind many other branches
of veterinary science. As an example may be mentioned veter-
inary sanitary medicine. We, as general practitioners, must
freely admit, without hesitation, that most of the gifted members
of the veterinary profession have deserted our ranks and entered
the field of college or experimental station work, or the domain
of sanitary veterinary medicine. They have been attracted to
other fields of endeavor by attractive salaries and official posi-
tions with less work and worry than is encountered by the aver-
age general practitioner.

Of course, we must all admit that the opportunities for honor
and achievement are greater with the man who chooses sanitary
science or experimental medicine as a profession; however, it is
a great misfortune that the ranks of the general practitioner
are to be depleted by some of our best and most gifted men de-
serting us. Their advice and counsel is needed most where the
darkness is greatest.

The trained diagnostician recognizes the fact that the loca-
tion of lameness is one of the most tedious and difficult prob-
lems which daily confronts him. His reserve faculties are here
constantly brought into action. It is here that his skill is sub-
jected to the severest test. It is here that a mistake in diag-
nosis often causes embarrassment by inviting adverse criticism
and uncomplimentary comment. It is here that reputations are
quickly made, and it is here that they are more quickly lost. We
must ever be on our guard in diagnosing lameness. One reason
for this is that we do not sufficiently train our senses to the
necessary keenness of perception. We are too often insensible
to the distinction between facts and fancy in our observation,

484 GEORGE B. WHITE.

and too quick in arriving at the conclusion. There is no subject
more worthy of consideration, no time more fitting, no place
better suited to the act, than the discussion now before the Amer-
ican Veterinary Medical Association of the subject of this paper
— " Shifting Lameness."

It has been correctly suggested that the diagnosis of lame-
ness is a triple problem, viz : I, Recognition of the Affected leg;
II, Location of seat of lameness; III, Determination of cause or
nature of lameness.

The treatment of lameness deserves secondary consideration,
as that is often simple when once a correct diagnosis has been
made. Of course, the prognosis in " shifting lameness " is al-
ways indefinite, as this depends altogether upon its etiology, or
we might say the systemic disease which is always its forerunner.
We must bear in mind the fact that shifting lameness — exclusive,
possibly, of septic arthritis in foals — is not a sign of localized
soreness, but it is a pathognomonic symptom of one of the fol-
lowing three systemic affections : Osteoporosis, Millet Disease,
Rheumatism.

The stages of lameness may be classed as acute, sub-acute,
and chronic. The stage must be established or determined from
the history of the case. We will now briefly consider the path-
ology of the lameness producing lesions, of each of the three
systemic diseases in which " shifting lameness " is a prominent
and well marked symptom :

Osteoporosis.

The bone and joint lesions, which produce lameness in osteo-
porosis, are of a gradual, slow developing character. The dis-
ease causes absorption of the calcareous or compact bone sub-
stance, which, of course, leaves the bone in an impoverished,
porous and weakened condition. It also attacks the articular
cartilages of the joints — most often those of the hock, stifle and
hip, of the hind leg, and those of the knee and elbow of the fore-
leg. The smooth, glistening surfaces of the affected joints be-

SHIFTING LAMENESS. 485

come rough and uneven, something' similar to ulceration, with
no pus formation. There is synovial distension and periarticular
infiltration. The synovial and articular function of the joint is
distorted to such an extent that the movement of the affected
joint or joints causes friction, hence pain and lameness. The
bones of the limbs rarely if ever become enlarged. The marrow
is more vascular than normal. The synovia is thick and light
brown in color and contains broken down debris from the ulcer-
ated articular cartilages and bone. Occasionally a ligament or
tendon may become detached at its insertion by tearing the
periosteum from the diseased bone.

Shifting indefinite lameness, involving first one leg and then
the other, is always suggestive of beginning osteoporosis. Of
course, if the disease has advanced to the degree where the char-
acteristic symmetrical swelling or thickening of the maxillary
(superior and inferior) bones takes place, the diagnosis is easy.
However, until the occurrence of this characteristic enlargement
of the face and jaw bones the lameness from osteoporosis can
easily be mistaken for that of either millet disease or rheumatism.

Millet Disease.

In millet disease the bone becomes decidedly softened; how-
ever, there is no tendency to absorption of the calcareous or com-
pact bone substance. There is a marked tendency to detachment
of the ligaments and tendons at their insertion. They frequently
tear away and carry bone substance and periosteum with them.
There is a well marked, or, we might say, profuse, infiltration
into the joints and tendon bursae; however, the supply of true
synovial fluid is in all cases considerably diminished; in fact, in
many cases its secretion is entirely suppressed. In cases where
the synovial fluid is scant, adhesions of important structures
sometimes occur. The disease has even produced ankylosis of
one or more of the important joints.

The articular surfaces of the affected joints show numerous
indentations of an ulcerative or softening character; of course,

48G GEORGE B. WHITE.

these leave the joint in a roughered condition and capable of pro-
ducing friction and pain at every movement.

The kidneys present all the pathological lesions usually met
with in acute and chronic nephritis.

Rheumatism,

Rheumatism is a constitutional inflammatory affection, for
a long time thought to be of lactic acid origin; however, it is
now considered a toxaemia as a result of bacterial development.
It has a tendency to attack articulations as well as muscular
tissue. In fact, it can truly be said that rheumatism is no re-
spector of tissues. It has an acute onset and does not present
peculiar or constant lesions. Although the joints are the chief
seats of invasion, still in many instances, and even in aggravated
cases, the pathological changes presented are slight or altogether
absent. Especially is this true in muscular rheumatism. Usually
the synovial membranes of the affected joints are injected, dis-
colored, and swollen, and their articular surfaces coated with
fibrin. The soft parts around the joints are often extensively in-
filtrated and swollen, which causes them to be extremely sensi-
tive to the touch. These swellings are often soft or they may be
tense and elastic, or edematous and pit on pressure. There is
never suppuration unless there is mixed infection.

The effusion accompanying rheumatism is chiefly of a serous
consistency; however, it contains a small amount of fibrin and
leukocytes. A similar exudate appears in the periarticular tissue,
the tendon and synovial sheaths. In protracted cases the car-
tilages may become eroded. The synovial fluid is usually in
excess and deeply colored with red. There is a tendency to for-
mation of coagula and false membranes, which, when they be-
come organized, produce lameness and stiffness. Softening and
rupture of the tendons has been observed by several well known
authorities. Calcification sometimes occurs. The affected joints
often become denuded of their articular cartilage.

Whenever we are called upon to examine a horse suffering
from lameness of the shifting variety, it behooves us, as con-

SHIFTING LAMENESS. 487

scientious practitioners, to make a correct diagnosis in the living
animal. To do this we must intelligently consider the several
differential diagnostic points between osteoporosis, millet disease
and rheumatism. These we will now briefly consider.

Differential Diagnosis.
Osteoporosis.

i. Shifting lameness.

2. Chronic or slow onset.

3. No history of millet feeding.

4. Recoveries are extremely rare.

5. No decided kidney or urinary changes.

6. Bowel action normal or near normal.

7. Very slight elevation and variation of temperature.

8. Course and severity not influenced by atmospheric condi-
tions; however, same is decidedly altered by climatic changes.

9. Almost always assumes the chronic type in spite of care
and treatment, unless there is a rapid change to another more
favorable climate. No results from treatment with salicylates
or asperin.

10. Lack of spirit, sluggishness, ease of fatigue, even with
moderate, slow and light work, are prominent symptoms. In
the beginning there is presented very slight articular or bone
(ostitis) lameness, which becomes gradually aggravated, accom-
panied by a slight elevation of temperature. No generalized or
localized muscular soreness.

11. "Choppy," awkward, and clumsy gait, with a decided
tendency to stumble. They frequently lie down and have no de-
sire to get up.

12. No tendency toward the development of complications
involving either the heart, lungs or kidneys.

13. Tongue not coated, and there is no sour odor from
mouth, unless the jaw bones have become involved to such an
extent that mastication is interfered v/ith.

14. No discoloration of visible mucous membranes.

488 GEOBGE B. WHITE.

15. No noticeable localized muscular atrophy. General
emaciation develops gradually and slowly.

16. No tumefaction of vulva and vagina in mares.

17. The mule is as much susceptible as the horse, and the
disease affects them similarly.

18. Localized or generalized inflammation of the joints,
characterized by heat, slight swelling, and some pain on pres-
sure. Infiltration into the tissues in close proximity to the af-
fected joints. However, infiltration and swelling of the joints
is by no means a constant symptom, as we oftentimes observe
lameness with no visible evidence of joint involvement.

19. In most cases there is a well marked synovial distension.

20. Does not attack tendons, hence rupture of them never
takes place.

21. The bones become enlarged, thickened and softened.
They may be easily pricked with knife or needle, and are readily
indented by pressure. The teeth become loosened and mastica-
tion is impaired, difficult or impossible. Of course, in such cases
digestion and assimilation is imperfect. Characteristic sym-
metrical face and lower jaw enlargement occurs in over 95 per
cent, of the cases.

22. There is a tendency for the ligaments and tendons to
tear away from their insertions, carrying periosteum and bone
with them.

MILLET DISEASE.

1. Shifting lameness.

2. Acute or sudden onset.

3. History of millet feeding.

4. Discontinue millet feeding and the symptoms rapidly dis-
appear ; a large per cent, of the cases make quick and complete
recoveries.

5. At first there is overstimulation of the kidneys, char-
acterized by frequent and copious flow of urine. This is fol-
lowed by partial or complete suppression of urine. The urine in
the sub-acute and chronic stages is thick, light colored and

SHIFTING LAMENESS. 489

scanty. When the disease advances to the stage where chronic
nephritis begins, we get intermittent colicky pains and other
symptoms ordinarily encountered in cases of suppression of urine,
including those of uraemia.

6. Bowels constipated.

7. Slight elevation of temperature (102-104) of the remittent
type, which continues throughout course of the disease.

8. Course and severity not influenced by climatic or atmos-
phere conditions.

9. Rarely ever becomes chronic, provided the millet feeding
is discontinued early. Medical treatment is unnecessary. We
get no results from treatment with salicylates or asperin.

10. Lack of spirit and energy, associated with restlessness,
loss of appetite, accompanied by indigestion, staring coat, pain-
ful expression, and general debility. Very little muscular sore-
ness.

11. " Stilty," uncertain " straddling," and painful gait, often-
times eliciting a groan at each step. There is constant uneasiness
and the animal frequently shifts weight from one leg to another
in rapid succession. There is a " tucking up " of flank and the
animal assumes a cramped position with back arched and head
dropped.

12. There is no tendency to the development of cardiac and
pulmonary complications. However, kidney involvement is con-
stant.

13. Tongue coated and peculiar sour smelling odor from
mouth.

14. Visible mucous membranes are reddened.

15. There is no localized muscular atrophy; however, gen-
eral emaciation takes place rapidly.

16. In mares there is often a tumefaction of the vulva which
extends into the vagina.

17. Mules are not near so susceptible to millet disease as
horses; however, when once contracted by the mule, it runs a
severe course, and often leaves permanent lesions from which
they rarely completely recover.

490 GEORGE B. WHITE.

1 8. Localized or generalized joint soreness characterized by
heat, swelling and pain. The joints involved are usually hock,
stifle, knee and elbow.

19. Diminished amount of synovial fluid in the affected
joints. In fact, its entire absence is not by any means infre-
quent.

20. No softening of the tendons, and they have no tendency
to become ruptured.

2i. No thickening or enlarging of any of the bones. No
loosening of the teeth or interference with mastication.

22. There is a tendency for the ligamentous and muscular
attachments to tear away from their insertions, carrying peri-
osteum and bone with them.

RHEUMATISM.

1. Shifting lameness.

2. Acute or sudden onset.

3. No history of millet feeding.

4. Spontaneous recoveries are frequent.

5. No decided kidney or urinary changes.

6. Bowel action normal.

7. Temperature varies from normal to 106-107 degrees.

8. Its severity and course is altered to a slight degree by
climatic changes. Atmospheric conditions play an important
role in the development of symptoms, course and termination of
rheumatism.

9. If not treated it ordinarily assumes the chronic type. In
most cases the disease readily yields — temporarily, at least— to
treatment with salicylates or asperin.

10. The animal becomes languid; has no desire to move; has
a restless and painful expression. In most cases there is very
pronounced lameness and generalized or localized muscular sore-
ness. The elevation of temperature usually precedes any articu-
lar or muscular symptoms.

11. The gait varies in rheumatism, depending upon its loca-
tion and severity and character of tissue involved. The affected

SHIFTING LAMENESS. 491

joint is usually held in a semi-flexible position and absolutely mo-
tionless.

12. There is a tendency to complications, such as myocard-
itis, pericarditis, endocarditis pleurisy, bronchitis, etc. No kid-
ney complications develop.

13. Tongue is not coated and there is no sour odor from
mouth.

14. Visible mucous membranes slightly injected.

15. Oftentimes there is a decided localized muscular atrophy.
This may involve one muscle or a group of muscles. Emacia-
tion takes place slowly.

16. No tumefaction of vulva and vagina in mares.

17. The disease is no more severe in the mule than it is in
the horse. It is no respecter of animals. Appears in horse,
mule, dog, cat, sheep, goat, and even wild animals.

18. Localized or generalized joint soreness, characterized by
heat, swelling, pain and injection of affected joints. The sore-
ness wanders from joint to joint, from joint to mUscle, or from
fascia to tendon, etc. It is no respecter of tissues. However,
it rarely ever attacks bone. A joint which has once been rendered
weak by previous injury or disease is especially liable to suffer.
Infiltration and swelling of the soft parts about the affected
joints causes them to be very sensitive to the touch. The swell-
ings may be soft, tense, elastic, or oedematous and pit on pres-
sure. In some cases there is no swelling or other external mani-
festation of disease; however, pressure or movement will elicit
excruciating pain.

19. Excess of synovial fluid in the affected joints.

20. The tendons sometimes become softened and rupture.

21. No symptoms of bone lesions.

22. No tendency for the ligaments and tendons to tear away
from their attachment.

For the past ten years, when called upon to diagnose cases
of " shifting lameness," I have pursued the following course,
and I am gratified to state that very few mistakes in diagnosis
have been made during that time. My routine is as follows :

492 GEOEGE B. WHITE.

Examine maxillary bones. If they are not thickened we are
quite safe in excluding osteoporosis. Make inquiry into the his-
tory of millet feeding. If informed that no millet has been fed,
we can safely exclude millet disease. This leaves us to make a
diagnosis of lameness from rheumatism by excluding the other
two.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Ander's Practice of Medicine.

Law's Veterinary Medicine.

Cary — Osteoporosis. Printed Proceedings United States
Veterinary Medical Association, thirty-fourth and thirty-fifth
annual meetings.

Mohler — Osteoporosis — Special Article.

Merillat's Principles of Veterinary Surgery, Vol. 2, page 636.

Berns' Osteoporosis, Vol. 2.2, page 455, American Veteri-
nary Review.

Goubaux and Barrier — Exterior of the Horse.

Fair — Lameness — Printed Proceedings, page 305, thirty-
eighth annual meeting, American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion.

Freidberger and Frohner's Pathology and Therapeutics of
Domestic Animals.

Malkmus' Clinical Diagnostics.

Moller's Operative Veterinary Surgery.

W. Williams' Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery.

W. Williams' Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medi-
cine.

Hinebauch — Printed Proceedings thirtieth, thirty-third and
thirty-fourth annual meetings United States Veterinary Medical
Association.

Wellner — Printed Proceedings thirty-sixth annual meeting
American Veterinary Medical Association.

Moussu and Dollar — Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Goats and
Swine.

THE POISON WEED PROBLEM IN THE ARID WEST.

By Geo. H. Glover, M.S., D.V.M., Veterinary Department,
Colorado Agricultural College.

Of all the untoward conditions which hamper the live stock
industry in the more arid regions of the West, that of poisonous
plants on the open range certainly has the greatest economic sig-
nificance.

While this question is paramount with the stockmen and
depreciates the leading industry of this enormous area, yet strange
as it may seem, very little systematic work has been done looking
to a practical solution of the problem.

The open range conditions still prevail largely, and always
will, because of the existing climatic conditions. A conservative
estimate has placed the annual loss of live stock in Colorado alone
at $100,000.

Poisonous plants are often aggressive in the struggle for
possession of the land, and thus become pestiferous to cultivated
crops and supplant native grasses. Animals because of hunger
eat more or less freely of them.

The results are not always acute poisoning, but on the con-
trary, may, as in the case of loco weeds, bring about a protracted
condition of unthriftiness, failure to breed or put on flesh, fol-
lowed by cachexia and death. The valuation of the animals
actually destroyed does not near represent the aggregate loss sus-
tained by poisonous plants. The loss of a few animals and a per-
manent injury to many, combined with the monopolizing of
grazing lands by noxious weeds, have in many instances depre-
ciated land values and curtailed profits until the owner is at last
forced into bankruptcy and obliged to abandon otherwise ideal
ranges.

The total loss to the state from poisonous plants no doubt ex-
ceeds one million dollars annually.

493

494 GEO. H. GLOVEE.

In the realm of toxicology we are still groping in the dark;
the problems are many and intricate; it must be acknowledged
that we have not made great headway. The following are a few
of the many obstacles to contend with in poisonous plant investi-
gation. - .

Some Animals More Susceptible Than Others. — Plants in-
jurious to one species are harmless to others. The horse, mule,
and goat eat poison ivy with impunity. Clover and alfalfa may
cause a true intoxication, with bloating, under certain condi-
tions, in ruminants; horses pasture upon the green plant with-
out danger. Individuals of the same species show a wide di-
vergence of susceptibility to poisons. As has been well said,
" What is one man's meat is another man's poison." Poison ivy
produces a violent inflammation of the skin on most persons.
Some will escape and are apparently immune at one time, and
equally as susceptible at another period of life. Throughout
the vegetable kingdom, from bacteria all the way up to the
mighty oak, we find species of plants poisonous under certain
conditions, but few of them poisonous under all conditions.

Some Plants Are Poisonous Only at Certain Stages of
Growth. — The lupines (wild pea — horse beans), are found grow-
ing in almost every section of the state and in great abundance
on the Western Slope, and in many places are cut for hay; they
are poisonous only at the time of going to seed. Larkspur (Del-
phinium), is very deadly early in the spring, and loses its toxicity
almost at flowering time. The death cama (Zygadenus veneno-
sus), growing from a poisonous bulb, is very deadly early in the
season, but gradually becomes less harmful and dries up in July.
Sorghum and kafflr corn, which became popular forage crops in
the non-irrigable sections of eastern Colorado, have produced
such disastrous results from feeding green at certain stages of
growth that their cultivation has been generally abandoned. In
Bulletin No. 37, of the Idaho Experiment Station, is found the
following bearing upon this subject: "The roots of the wild
parsnip or water hemlock, which are so virulent in the early

THE POISON WEED PBOBLEM IN THE ARID WEST. 495

Fig. 1.— Astragalus Mollissimus. Commonly called " Wooly loco.'

496 GEO. H. GLOVEK.

spring, have been fed to cows in the late summer and early fall
without ill effect. Another member of the same family, the
hemlock water parsnip, has a root which is poisonous in the
early spring, but harmless after midsummer, while the roots of
another plant of the carrot family, poison hemlock, contain no
trace of poison during March, April or May, although consider-
able quantities of the active principle coniin are present in the
leaves and stems by May. Later in the season the roots also
become dangerous."

Variations According to Season, Climate, Etc. — There are
other serious difficulties to contend with in a systematic investiga-
tion of this subject. The danger of certain plants varies accord-
ing to season, climate, character of soil, etc., from year to year.
A dry season is generally favorable for the development of poison
in most plants. A plant may be poisonous in one country and
harmless in another. Jimson weed is more active in America
than in Europe. Some plants become less poisonous by cultiva-
tion, such as wild hellebore and aconite. Where the plants con-
tain poison in small quantity the native stock obtain a certain
amount of immunity and will feed without harm on a range
that will prove disastrous to other animals. The active principle
may exist performed in the plant, which is generally the case,
or it may be formed by the action of ferments during mastica-
tion and digestion.

Unusual Conditions May Affect the Quantity of Poison in
Plants. — In sorghum and kaffir corn a stunted growth, resulting
from arid conditions, is best suited for the development of
prussic acid, the most powerful poison known. The poisoning
by Johnson grass (a near relative of sorghum), is no doubt due
to the same cause, as shown by Crawford and by Jeffries.

The common potato, which belongs to the same genus as
black nightshade, spreading nightshade, bitter sweet, and other
dangerous plants, contains an active alkaloid solanine which de-
velops in large quantities when potatoes become green from ex-
posure to the sun. This is no doubt the cause of the sudden and

THE POISON WEED PROBLEM IN THE AMD WEST.

497

Fig. 2.— Delphinium Geyeri Green. One of the more common lark-
spurs. Not in bloom.

498 GEO. H. GLOVEB.

mysterious death of horses in the vicinity of Greeley that had
been turned into potato fields after digging time, many small
potatoes having been left on the surface exposed to the sun.
The wilted leaves of the wild cherry are poisonous. In the
eastern section of the state a scrubby cherry is found growing
along the small streams and arroyas, and some loss in cattle has
been reported. Several species of cherry are found growing
abundantly along the ravines in the mountains.

Poison Found in Different Parts of Plants. — Another dis-
couraging feature in poisonous plant investigation is that the
poison is not always found in the same part of the plant. In
the case of wild hellebore, aconite, showy milkweed, thorn apple,
and many others, the entire plant is poisonous. In wild parsnips
the roots contain most of the poison. In lupines and yellow dock
the seeds are dangerous. In potatoes the roots may be harmless
and the tops poisonous. In the mountain laurel and wild cherry
it is the leaves. In milkweeds the stems are said to be poisonous.
In the crowfoot family it is found that the flowers are especially
dangerous.

Conditions Under Which Poisonous Plants Are Eaten. —
Most poisonous plants are bitter and are avoided by animals.
When confined to a certain range and not interfered with,
they learn to avoid them, but are frequently poisoned while being
moved from one locality to another. When an animal is hungry
it will eat weeds that it would not otherwise touch. While driv-
ing the herd at the time of the roundup or to market they will
be seen reaching for the tops of weeds that at other times they
would not molest. It is a matter of common observation that
the greatest amount of poisoning occurs under these conditions,
and the reasons assigned are that the animals when driven for
some distance become ravenously hungry and have not time to
make the same choice of forage plants as when at rest.

The time of greatest danger is during or immediately after
a rain or snow storm in the spring months. Alfalfa, whether
green or cured, is known to be much more dangerous for cattle

THE POISON WEED PROBLEM IN THE ARID WEST.

400

Fig. 3.— Delphinium Nelsonii. Dwarf larkspur. In bloom.

500 GEO. H. GLOVEB.

and sheep when wet from rain or dew. This seems to be the
case with some poisonous plants, especially larkspur. The ex-
planation most commonly proposed for this phenomenon, how-
ever, is that when the ground is wet the roots are more readily
pulled and eaten, and being much more poisonous, the danger is
enhanced.

The Chief Offenders. — The list of plants that are poisonous
at all times and under all conditions is a short one; those that
have been known to poison animals under special conditions,
constitute a long list and range all the way from bacteria and
fungi to the poison oak. Loco and larkspur are the chief offend-
ers on the Western ranges and no doubt are responsible for fully
98 per cent, of the loss in Colorado.

Loco Weeds. — That certain plants known to the Spaniards as
loco weeds (crazy weeds) were dangerous to horses, was tradi-
tional among the natives and early settlers prior to i860. Ex-
ceedingly interesting were the many theories advocated to ac-
count for the strange phenomena induced in animals from eating
these plants.

The " cow men " were as a unit in declaring that these plants
were directly responsible, on the other hand there were those
possessing less intimate knowledge of the subject and reasoning
from analogy, by casual observation of the " feast and famine "
method of conducting the range cattle business, who were equally
sure that there was nothing to it but malnutrition induced by
starvation and neglect. Of the many theories advanced by the
cattle men to account for this condition it may be of interest to
mention a few of the most common — First : Sand in the stomach,
gotten while digging for the roots of the loco weeds. Second :
Parasites commonly found in crown of the roots which eaten by
animals poison them. Third : A fungus growing upon the plants
which was supposed to account for their being very poisonous
in some places and not so in others.

These and many more equally absurd hypotheses had no
scientific value in themselves and were of interest only so far

THE POISON WEED PBOBLEM IN THE ARID WEST. 501

as they added to the sum total of evidence against the particular
plants as being in some way the causative factor.

Although several investigators have undertaken to solve the
mysteries surrounding this perplexing problem nothing definite
was ever acomplished until the Department of Agriculture under-
took the work in a systematic way four years ago. The Experi-
ment Station at Fort Collins co-operated with the work in Col-
orado by furnishing live stock and assisting in post-mortems.

In Bulletin No. 121, part 3, issued by the Bureau of Plant
Industry, is found a brief report of the results of both field
work and laboratory conclusions. In this report we find the fol-
lowing: " The name loco-weed has been applied to a large num-
ber of plants, but two are considered especially obnoxious —
Aragallus lamberti and Astragalus mollissimus." " The prin-
cipal pathological changes are pronounced anemia of the whole
system, diseased stomach walls, and in acute cases a congested
condition of the walls of the stomach, while in chronic cases,
there are frequently ulcers. There is an excess of fluids in the
various cavities of the body. This is especially noticeable in
the epidural space of the spinal canal. In most locoed females
the ovaries are found in a diseased condition."

In regard to the possibility of exterminating the weeds, the
report says : " There seems to be no way of ridding the ranges
of this, however." In regard to the care of the disease the re-
port informs us that, " it was found that locoed cattle can in
most cases be cured by a course of treatment with Fowler's So-
lution."

As to the cause of this condition, Albert C. Crawford, phar-
macologist, reports, " It is the inorganic constituents, especially
barium, which are responsible for this poisonous action at least
in the plants collected at Hugo, Colorado."

The discoveries revealed by this investigation already are of
much scientific value — their economic significance is in the
future.

Larkspur. — In the category of poisonous plants of the West,
the several species of larkspur easily take second place.

502 GEO. H. GLOVEK.

The genus Delphinium contains no less than eighteen species
in Colorado and many of them are known to be poisonous at
times. The poisoning occurs mostly in the spring time and in-
variably during a rain or snow storm. Last spring in one in-
stance seventy-four head of cattle died out of a herd of about
two hundred. The conditions in brief were — cattle grazing upon
larkspur after a spring shoiver that did not last to exceed ten
minutes. The same favorable conditions existing a large num-
ber of animals are liable to succumb, making the loss heavy in
each instance.

Larkspur grows in great abundance in the mountains and
the greatest damage is done at an elevation of over 7,000 feet.
Dragendorff and Marquis report that in Delphinium Staphisagria
a number of bases (delphinin, delphinoiden, staphisagrin) have
been isolated. Several Western species of larkspur have been
reported to yield an alkaloid, delphocurarin. This alkaloid has
been used in vivisection work and promises to be of some com-
mercial value. As to treatment for poisoning by larkspur atro-
pine as a physiological antidote and potassium permanganate as
a chemical antidote seem to give the best results. The stockmen
relieve the bloating by " sticking " in the rumen; bleeding from
the ear vein or tail is thought to best afford relief?

Most of the poisoning occurs when the animals are alone
on the range, and therefore any effort calculated to curtail this
heavy loss to the stockmen must be prophylactic in nature. In
referring to my note book I find that of seventeen cases of heavy
losses from poisonous plants in various sections of the state,
sixteen of them were found upon investigation to have been
caused by larkspur.

When you think of poison weeds in the Rocky Mountains,
remember that it is mostly a loco-weed and larkspur proposition.
The accompanying cuts were made from photographs taken from
specimens frcm the Veterinary Department poison weed her-
barium.

THE VALUE OF TUBERCULIN IN THE CONTROL
OF TUBERCULOUS HERDS.

By Veranus A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y.
Presented at the International Congress on Tuberculosis, Washington, D. C, Sept., 1908.

The awakening to the fact that tuberculosis existed to any
considerable extent in the cattle of America was a result of the
discovery of tuberculin by Robert Koch and its later application
as a diagnostic agent. A careful inquiry into the extent and
distribution of bovine tuberculosis shows that it is most preva-
lent in those districts where there has been the greatest inter-
change of cattle. As its dissemination depends largely upon
the introduction of infected individuals it was not strange that
with an unrestricted cattle traffic, many infected animals were
innocently bought and sold, thereby carrying the disease and
spreading its virus.

The usual slow development of tuberculous lesions in cat-
tle, and the fact that many infected individuals are spreading
the bacilli before their true condition is suspected, made it pos-
sible for a large number of herds to become extensively dis-
eased, as a result of the increase in cattle traffic caused by the
constantly growing demand of our large cities for milk.

When the extent of bovine tuberculosis was first ascertained
there was a tendency to radical state control and slaughter of
infected animals because of its supposed sanitary significance.
The disease appeared to be one of such magnitude that the peo-
ple looked to the state for both counsel and financial assistance
in its eradication. The state efforts by legislation and official
control, however, have not eliminated it as quickly as was gen-
erally anticipated. With a growing knowledge of tuberculosis
and its parasitic nature, we are growing to realize more and
more that it is not so much a matter of state, as it is one for
the individual to deal with. Like a noxious plant its seed must

503

504 VERANUS A. MOOKE.

be kept out. While the state and nation have their responsi-
bilities concerning it, the individual cattle owner must in the
last analysis see to it that his herd is protected from infection,
which usually comes with the purchase of tuberculous cattle or
the feeding to calves of milk from tuberculous cows. It is
therefore largely a personal problem, the solution of which is
to be found in the methods adopted and followed by the indi-
vidual owner protected by proper legislation and given as much
other assistance by the state as the legislature may see fit to
confer. The burden of the effort to eliminate bovine tubercu-
losis is with the individual farmers in whose herds the disease
may exist. The work before us is to formulate methods that
will enable individual cattle owners to apply the present knowl-
edge of tuberculosis to the existing conditions in their herds
with the least loss and the quickest returns. It is my purpose,
therefore, to discuss the subject of bovine tuberculosis as an
individual matter, and to point out the value of tuberculin in
this personal conflict with it.

As tuberculin made it possible to determine the presence of
tuberculous infection, it is also the one indispensable agent to
rely upon in the control of this parasitism. While many of
our states have passed laws relative to the use of tuberculin in
the official effort to control tuberculosis, a large number of
cattle owners have privately attempted to eradicate it by the
same means. In New York I have collected some data on this
point. In 1907, I secured the results of the tests made (1904-
6) with tuberculin on 683 herds, containing a total of
12,721 animals. Of these only 262 herds, including 3,088 ani-
mals, were tested by the state, while 421 herds with 9,633 ani-
mals had been thus examined by privately employed veterinar-
ians. The practical dairymen have come to recognize the in-
efficiency of a physical examination, and the necessity for some
specific reaction to detect tuberculous infection. This has caused
the value of tuberculin to be appreciated and employed by a
steadily increasing number of cattle owners.

VALUE OF TUBERCULIN IN THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOUS HERDS. 505

In using tuberculin certain apparent discrepancies have ap-
peared which have caused many dairymen to question its value.
This is due to the lack of knowledge concerning it. The dairy-
man does not distinguish between active, healed or latent tuber-
culous lesions, and up to a comparatively recent date patholo-
gists have been unable to instruct them in the significance of
these technical differences. It is important, however, that the
interpretation of the reaction or non-reaction of tuberculin
should be clearly understood. The experience of the last few
years has called into question certain interpretations and con-
clusions concerning its accuracy that heretofore were accepted.
The findings of Carini, that failure of tuberculin may be ex-
pected in about 17 per cent, of cases, and Lignieres, that a toler-
ance may be established which results in a failure of the tuber-
culin to give a reaction in certain cases where later post-mortems
reveal the presence of tuberculous lesions, have been somewhat
general when tuberculin has been applied under certain condi-
tions. The phenomenon of the tuberculin reaction has not been
satisfactorily elucidated. The explanation offered some ten
vears ago by Eber, and recently modified by Smith will, it cor-
rect, do much to clarify the confusion regarding the non-reaction
of tuberculin in cases where there are healing tuberculous lesions.
According to this theory for the action of tuberculin " the
tubercle bacilli have induced certain tissue changes, and with
them certain new functions of the tissues have been aroused,
which are the result of immunization." It is the action of the
specific product resulting from these changes upon the tuber-
culin that causes the latter to split off a poisonous substance
which produces the elevation of temperature.

A study of tuberculous lesions shows that when the process
of healing begins there is formed about the foci a wall of
fibrous, or fibrous and cellular, tissue which tends, to a certain
degree, to separate the lesions from the surrounding tissue and
the circulation. The specific product resulting from the tissue
changes as stimulated by the tubercle bacilli in the focus is

5CKJ VERANUS A. MOORE.

therefore largely confined to the diseased area and cannot act
upon the tuberculin if it is subsequently injected. This ex-
plains the failure of tuberculin to react in those cases where
tubercles are healing. As a small part of the specific product
of the tubercle may be disseminated in the circulation or sur-
rounding tissues and as its elimination may be slow, it is not
unlikely that the partial reactions that often occur may be ex-
plained on the hypothesis that there still remains enough of the
specific substance to liberate poison sufficient to disturb the tem-
perature, but not to cause a characteristic rise. More extended
investigations are necessary to determine at" what stage in the
healing process reaction ceases either in part or completely. It
is presumable that a number of conditions contribute to this
result. In an experiment with 17 tuberculous cows, 12 failed
after a certain time to react. The post-mortem examination
revealed lesions that were small and few in number and in all
cases but one they showed evidence of healing. In four of
the five cases that reacted, ciuite as much reactionary tissue
existed about the tuberculous foci as there was about those in
the animals that failed to react. In one the disease was very
active and general In other words, the line of demarcation
between the lesions in animals that react and those that fail t )
do so is not always apparent. Likewise, the failure of the ani-
mals to react during the period of incubation and the reaction
that occurs before the lesions are in evidence, bring us to an-
other point that must be recognized and explained on the same
basis. Because of these limitations of tuberculin, results have
been accepted as failures, when the conditions were such that
the tuberculin could not cause a reaction or when the reactions
have occurred before the lesions were of sufficient size to be
readily found, or were localized in organs and tissues not ordi-
narily examined.

In the application of tuberculin by veterinarians for eradi-
cating tuberculosis in private herds, it is very important that
the limitations of its action be fully appreciated and explained
to the owners. This is desirable in order that the necessary

VALUE OF TUBERCULIN IN THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOUS HERDS. 507

precautions may be taken, and the expectations of the owner sd
adjusted that he will not be disappointed by the results. The
tendency of cattle men to believe that when an animal fails to
react, or ceases to react if it has previously done so, it is perfectly
safe to be placed with sound animals, cannot be overcome with-
out duly acquainting them with the facts. If the limitations of
tuberculin and the possibilities of infection are taken into ac-
count, the conservative method of dealing with bovine tubercu-
losis, as first recommended by Prof. Bang, has great possibili-
ties. In the state of New York it lias been applied in a num-
ber of private herds with excellent results. In certain breeding
herds it has been the means of saving valuable strains of ani-
mals. After separating those that respond at the first test, re-
peated injections at proper intervals have pointed out the in-
dividuals that were infected, but did not respond in the begin-
ning. The breeding from the infected animals has been suc-
cessful so that the infected individuals have been replaced by
sound offspring. The infected animals are eventually a loss to
the owner beyond what beef value they may possess; but valuable
strains have been preserved so that the final depreciation is not
serious. There are scores of infected herds in New York state
that are being replenished with sound animals after this method
and the Commissioner of Agriculture of that state is recom-
mending it to the dairymen generally.

The real purpose of the Bang method is to build up a sound
herd from a tuberculous one. The existing conditions relative
to the duration and extent of the infection are important factors
in considering the probable outcome of the non-reacting ani-
mals in the original herd. In certain herds where the Bang
method lias been applied under my personal observation, the re-
sults have been quite different respecting the original non-react-
ing animals. In one case, where there were 17 reacting and 13
sound individuals, but one of the T3 subsequently reacted, al-
though tested semi-annually for four years. In other herds a
much larger percentage haVe been victims of this insidious in-
fection.

5U8 VEBANUS A. MOORE.

In one herd of 491 animals tested, there were 96 cows that
did not react. These were placed by themselves in a practically
new barn, and three months later, and every six months there-
after, the herd was tested. Those that responded were promptly
removed and the stable thoroughly disinfected with 5 per cent,
carbolic acid after each test. The results of the consecutive tests
of the non-reacting animals are exceedingly instructive. They
are as follows:
1904, July, 96 tested, 31 reacted, 65 did not react, 32.3% reacted.

1905, Jan., 65

a

8

a

57 "

it

a

12.3%

July, 57

n

15

it

42 '

a

it

26.3%

1906, Jan., 42

it

15

a

27 «

a

a

35-7%

July, 27

a

3

tt

24 '

a

n

11.1%

1907, Jan., 24

it

2

n

22 "

tt

tt

8.3%

July, 22

n

1

a

21 '

tt

a

4-5%

1908, Jan., 21

tt

1

a

20 '

a

tt

4.8%

Aug., 20

a

1

n

19 *

1 it

tt

5- 7c

During this time these animals were kept by themselves.
There was no opportunity for infection after they were removed
from the general herd. Several of the reactors were examined
post-mortem. The lesions were slight in extent but of long
standing. They were surrounded by a wall of fibrous tissue.
The conclusion seems to be warranted that these animals were
infected while associating with the diseased cattle and that the
lesions had become arrested before the first test was made. The
lesions in those examined post-mortem were too old, and the
tests were made too frequently, to suspect that they could have
started and reached the stage of development found in the short
time between tests. The repeated tests of the reacting animals
in the same herd support this hypothesis. The tuberculin test
made three months later showed fully 25 per cent, of non-re-
actors. Several of these continued not to respond, while others
reacted again later. This oscillating of the morbid process be-
tween an active and an arrested condition is an important factor
in considering the future of the supposed healthy animals and
in interpreting the tuberculin reaction.

VALUE OF TUBERCULIN IN THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOUS HERDS. 509

In addition to the value of tuberculin in eradicating- tuber-
culous infection from a herd, it is indispensable in examining
cows to be purchased in order to prevent its introduction. If
they fail to react, and they come from infected herds, it is very
necessary that the test be repeated. Experience has shown that
when a herd becomes extensively infected (50 per cent, or more
reacting) a considerable number of the non-reactors are suffer-
ing from latent or dormant tuberculosis which may become ac-
tive later. The failure to recognize this fact has caused the
disease to reappear in many herds where the reacting animals
from the first test had been destroyed. This is illustrated from
the following observation. In July, 1906, 92 cows from a tuber-
culous district were purchased on the tuberculin test. They
were tested every six months thereafter. They were kept by
themselves for a year, and were never exposed to known in-'
-fected cattle after their purchase. The results of the subse-
quent tests were as follows :

1907, Jan., 92 tested, o reacted.

June, 92 tested, 3 reacted, 89 did not react, 3.3% reacted

1908, Jan., 89 " 24 " 65 " " " 27 %
Aug., 65 " 4 " 61 " " " 6.2%

In 1907 there were purchased for a dairy herd on the tuber-
culin test, 65 cows from a dealer who had secured them from
a district in which there is considerable tuberculosis. At the
same time, 52 cows were bought from a herd that has been
kept free from this disease. The results of the subsequent, tests
of these two groups of cattle which were kept separate and not
exposed to other diseased animals are instructive.

( 1 ) Cows from Infected Herds.

1908, Jan., 65 tested, 17 reacted, 48 did not react, 26.2^ reacted
Aug., 48 " o " 48 " " " o (<

(2) Coivs from a Tuberculous Free Herd.

1908, Jan., 52 tested, o reacted.
Aug., 52 " o "

510 VEBANUS A. MOOBE.

These animals were exposed to as much infection, if there
was any at all, in barns and pastures as the previously men-
tioned cases. It is unfortunate that we have not records of
these animals extending over a longer period of time, but they
are sufficient to point out the importance of considering both
the accuracy of tuberculin and its limitations.

Tuberculosis is unlike most other infectious diseases in that
the tuberculous animals still retain their beef and breeding values
if the disease is detected early. It is this intrinsic value of the
slightly infected animal, which in some cases exceeds that for
its milk production, that justifies the opinion set forth in this
paper, that for the best and quickest results in eliminating bo-
vine tuberculosis it must be controlled in individual herds. It
is in this connection that the subject comes close to the practicing
.veterinarians, who, as guardians of the health of the animals,
have not only great responsibilities concerning the prevention,
of this disease, but also unlimited opportunities.

The work in New York has pointed out very clearly the dan-
ger of building up herds with non-reacting individuals taken from
herds in which there is a greater or less amount of tuberculosis.
The sound herd rather than non-reacting individuals should be
sought for by the purchaser. This will require more attention
in breeding and less indiscriminate buying of cattle. The essen-
tial facts that have been elicited from the results of our work
and which we have found to be important in the control of tuber-
culosis in individual herds may be summarized as follows :

i. The cattle should be tested with tuberculin, subcutaneous
injection, and all of those giving a reaction should be removed.
The reacting animals should be either destroyed, slaughtered
for beef under proper inspection, or kept for breeding purposes
after the Bang method. The choice of procedure must depend
upon existing conditions.

2. The herd should be retested at intervals of from six
months to a year and all reacting animals promptly removed.

3. Cattle for dairy or breeding purpo^s should be bought
from sound herds only.

VALUE OF TUBERCULIN IN THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOUS HERDS. 511

4. Animals that have once reacted should not be placed with
sound cattle, although they may cease to react and remain well
to all appearance,

5. Milk from cows of uncertain health should not be fed to
calves unless previously sterilized.

6. It is desirable that the owners keep a record of the tuber-
culin tests of their cattle, made by competent veterinarians. Such
a record of each animal is a valuable asset.

7. The application of tuberculin should not be trusted to un-
skilled persons.

8. In eradicating tuberculosis the individual herds are the
units to deal with, and their owners must be held responsible
for them.

The management of the recent International Congress on
Tuberculosis at Washington, D. C, awarded to the Bureau of
Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, a special
gold medal for the best pathological exhibit. The Review con-
gratulates the Bureau on winning the highest prize in competi-
tion with other governments and with the leading tuberculosis
institutions of foreign countries. It is an honor of which we
may all feel proud*

A Different View of the Situation. — Since reproducing
the little extract from the Farmer's Advocate, Winnipeg, Mani-
toba, in regard to hazing at the Ontario Veterinary College,
Toronto, the Review has learned some facts that show that
account to be misleading. It would seem that the young men
instead of " pressing civilians into service " as there stated,
were, on the contrary, raided by a curious crowd, who forced
themselves upon the students, even to the extent of entering
the court-yard of the college; where, becoming mixed up with
the freshmen, they were initiated in due form. Upon being
released, they stirred the crowd outside to an attack upon the
students, who naturally resented it and sought to protect them-
selves and their rights, and police interference became neces-
sary. This throws a different light on the matter, and justifies
the display of righteous indignation in the vigorous young men
of that venerable institution.

SHIPPING FEVER.*

By Chas. H. Jewell, Veterinarian, U. S. Army.

The term shipping fever is one generally applied by ship-
pers of horses, to all the various febrile conditions of a con-
tagious or infectious nature, attacking young animals during or
following shipment.

These troublesome fevers are always present in the large
sale stables of our great cities and costs our live stock owners
many thousands of dollars annually. It seems to be one of the
great problems for veterinary science to solve and I believe it
is one of the duties of our great Bureau of Animal Industry to
take up the work of eradicating these much-dreaded diseases
from our great horse markets.

From a professional standpoint we recognize four (4) dif-
ferent forms or types, namely, influenza, strangles, catarrhal
fever and pharyngitis with or without its accompanying laryng-
. itis. All of these are infectious and cause great losses and in-
conveniences to the mounted service, especially when new and
young animals are purchased. It is not uncommon to have
fifty to seventy-five per cent, of such animals disabled on this
account for several weeks and not unusual for large numbers
to succumb from one of the many complications which so often
follow an attack of any one of the above disorders. The most
common complications are pneumonia, pleurisy, purpura haemor-
rhagica and rheumatism.

The symptoms of the various forms may be enumerated un-
der the head of each disease and a general treatment can be pre-
scribed with the exception of special cases.

Influenza. — Symptoms: High fever, 1030 to 1070 F.,
great muscular weakness; loss of appetite; yellow color of the
visible mucous membranes; discharge from the nostrils; legs

* Presented to the forty-fifth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Philadelphia, 1908.

512

SHIPPING FEVER. 513

may be swollen ; eyes swollen and watering ; colicky pains ; dung
coated with mucus; flatulence causing the anus to be constantly
open; respirations may be accelerated, especially when the lungs
are involved; pulse full and bounding in the early stages later
may become weak; nervous symptoms may occasionally de-
velop.

Strangles. — Symptoms: High fever, 1030 to 1060 F. ;
muscular weakness; sore throat and cough; profuse discharge
from both nostrils of a thick sticky nature; constipation; full
bounding pulse ; legs may be swollen ; loss of appetite ; the early
swelling and abscess formation of the glands of the sub-maxil-
lary and partoid regions and in some cases the formation of ab-
scesses on different parts of the body, such as the neck, shoulder,
etc.

Pharyngitis. — Symptoms : Those cases which appear in a
contagious form show marked fever, 1030 to 1060 F.; loss of
appetite; weakness; throat sensitive to the touch; head held
stiffly and extended; water and feed are ejected through the nos-
trils when the animal attempts to swallow; discharge from the
nostrils of a dirty green color; cough is often severe; breathing
at times very difficult on account of the inflammation of the
lining membrane of both the pharynx and larynx; swelling of
the sub-maxillary glands; pulse accelerated; bowels constipated.

Catarrhal Fever. — Symptoms: This form of shipping fever,
when uncomplicated, runs a much milder course than the pre-
ceding classes; usually we see a profuse sticky nasal discharge;
temperature ranging from normal to 1020 to 1040 F. ; mucus
rale heard when the ear is placed over the trachea; throat may
be slightly sore; legs occasionally swollen. The symptoms re-
semble very closely those of acute nasal catarrh, with the ex-
ception of the nasal discharge; which is more profuse in catar-
rhal fever and the latter disease takes an epizootic form, attack-
ing all young animals within certain areas. As to the con-
tagious or infectious nature of the above diseases the profes-
sion as a whole is united, but as to the incriminating germ in

514 CHAS. H. JEWELL.

any one of these maladies, we are as yet in the dark. It is my
belief that each, representing distinct symptoms, must be caused
\ by some specific infection.

Treatment. — The treatment of these disorders varies accord-
ing to the severity of the symptoms manifested; first we look
to the surroundings of the animals, such as the provision of a
comfortable box stall free from drafts, the food should be laxa-
tive and of a tempting nature, all sick animals should be isolated
if possible from the healthy ones to prevent further spread of
the disease, in cases of strangles the abscessed should receive
surgical attention, pharyngitis is often relieved by local applica-
tions, such as cold or hot packs and if the swelling be so great
as to endanger the life of the animal it may be necessary to
perform tracheotomy, the mild cases of catarrhal fever need
only ammonium chloride 2 drams in the drinking water twice
daily, should the legs swell it should be alternated with postass.
nitrate one-half ounce once daily, complications must be treated
as the symptoms arise.

In all cases where the fever runs high and accompanied by
great muscular weakness the following prescription, which has
combined, a valuable stimulant, tonic and diuretic is of the great-
est value :

Spts. Nit. Dulc.
Spts. vini Recti aaf§xvi.
Quinine sulph. §ii.
M.

Any of the quinine which may not dissolve can readily be
made to do so by adding a small amount of sulphuric acid, say
one to two drams of the concentrated acid. Of this mixture
give two ounces diluted with four ounces of water, administered
with a dose syringe every two hours and gradually lessen the in-
terval as the fever diminishes. This invariably reduces the tem-
perature in one to three days, without the injurious effects so
often seen by the use of dangerous antipyrites such as aceta-

SHIPPING FEVEB. 513

nilid and the other closely allied products. In cases where the
heart is very weak this treatment is greatly augmented by the
hypodermic injections of small doses of strychnine, one-half
grain, twice daily. Many of the newer products have been tried
by the veterinarians stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas, and in
most instances with gratifying results; among them is tallianine,
nitrox antitoxin, antistreptococcic serum and influenza antitoxin,
the two latter has been most used as a preventive, of which I
will speak later. Tallianine in many cases seemed to work like
magic in reducing the fever and strengthening the animal, and
again the results were nill. The later product which is now
claimed to be heavier charged with ozone and more stable, I
have not had the opportunity of observing its effects. The
nitrox antitoxin has given uniform results in all cases upon

which we have used it and has proven highly beneficial especially
in cases where we have lung complications. It reduces the
fever very quickly and increases the vigor. It should be in-
jected intravenously and at blood heat, using precautions as to
antisepsis. Most of these new drugs are great aids in the treat-
ment of these maladies ; but on account of their high price most
practitioners can only use them as adjuncts to the older and
cheaper remedies.

Preventive Treatment. — This consists of employing means
to prevent young horses coming in contact with the contagion,
such as infected animals, stables, cars, etc., through an intelli-
gent disinfection of stables, cars, utensils, etc., which may have
become contaminated, and the use of antitoxins. The latter is
along the lines of advanced medicine and deserves more than a
passing notice. These serums are prepared from blood taken
from horses, whose immunity to these diseases is at its maximum.
This immunity is produced by the animal having passed through
a previous attack rendering the blood strong in antitoxic prop-
erties. The blood must be drawn and handled in a manner to
keep it perfectly sterile, if contamination takes place it is worth-
less. The serum is passed through a filter and then tested upon

516 CHAS. H. JEWELL.

culture media to test it for contamination, if sterile it is then
tested upon a guinea pig to test its safety; if it then meets all
requirements it is sealed under strict aseptic precautions.

There are three different products or serums upon the market
at present, namely, Park, Davis & Co.'s influenza antitoxin, Mul-
fords' diphtheria antitoxin and Pasteurs' antistreptococcic
serum. Of these we have used all three to a certain extent in
the army and all apparently have antitoxic properties, but the
immunity produced is transient, lasting all the way from two
weeks to three months. The experience gained by their use at
Fort Riley showed the influenza antitoxin of Park, Davis &
Co. to produce a longer immunity than the antistreptococcic
serum.

The serums were all tried at different times upon horses pur-
chased in the St. Louis sales stables and shipped to different
army posts, but since these animals had, in most cases, the con-
tagion of some one of these fevers within their systems at the time
of injection, the test could not be considered a fair one, yet the
results in each case seemed to denote that there was a material
benefit derived. The animals which I had an opportunity of
observing stood the shipment well, the cases were tardy in de-
veloping after arrival and in most instances mild in form.

At Fort Riley, we have upon two occasions used the serums
to control outbreaks of influenza with very satisfactory results.
The first outbreak in which we used the antitoxin was in the
spring of 1907, when we injected about twenty young animals,
which had not previously passed through any form of shipping
fever, with antistreptococcic serum and about thirty with in-
fluenza antitoxin, the outbreak was immediately checked and
we did not have any more cases develop under two weeks, then
at different intervals several cases developed, five which re-
ceived the antistreptococcic serum developed very mild forms of
influenza, and later three which received the influenza anti-
toxin came down with a mild attack of the same disease.

In the spring of 1908 we had another attack of influenza,
which threatened to severely cripple the Mounted Service School

SHIPPING FEVER. 517

and we injected seventy-four young horses, which had not pre-
viously been affected, with influenza antitoxin, and thus far only
two horses have developed influenza or other forms of shipping
fever and from two to three months have elapsed since the ani-
mals were injected.

Six private horses which were associated with the school
horses were injected with diphtheria antitoxin and among that
number not one case of fever developed.

Conclusion. — The results of our experience seem to be highly
gratifying and I believe that there are many advantages derived
by the immunization of young horses against these dreaded
fevers. The advantages are as follows : if horses are injected
before shipping into markets where the contagion is sure to be
met with, it insures the dealer to almost a certainty that he can
dispose of his animals before they are taken sick with shipping
fever and thus insures him against the loss of some of his ani-
mals which if they are not injected is pretty sure to happen; if
the animals are to be shipped it insures their reaching their
destination before being attacked and should they have an at-
tack after the immunity is worn off they are under better condi-
tion to withstand it than when weakened through shipment; in
case of an outbreak under conditions whereby a business is
liable to be crippled one can by injection of the well horses check
its spread and save great loss by the increased work which the
animals can accomplish. I believe with thorough disinfection
and repeated injection that outbreaks can be thoroughly stamped
out by the use of antitoxin.

The objections which might be raised is the expense incurred
by repeated injections of a large number of animals, and also
the short period of immunity produced, but if through its use
we can save the life of two or three animals out of a hundred
the expense is soon eliminated even without taking into consider-
ation what a large firm might lose in the loss of work from ani-
mals being laid up with some form of shipping fever. The
length of immunity usually" carries the animal over the period

518 CHAS. H. JEWELL.

when the contagion is at its greatest virulence and then if the
animal suffers an attack it is very mild, owing to the lessened
virulence and the increased resisting power of the animal, the
result of the antitoxin.

This is a subject which should concern the advanced men of
our profession, since the majority of veterinarians concede that
our future treatment of contagious diseases will be along the line
of immunization.

This work is in its infancy and there is a great future for
serums and serum therapy in both human and veterinary medi-
cine.

A Lesson from Nature. — " Young gentlemen," lectured
the eminent instructor, " you are old enough now to put away
the childish and trivial amusements that sufficed for you when
you were younger. Learn a lesson from the dumb brutes and
even from the reptiles. When they arrive at maturity they com-
port themselves with a certain dignity."

" It isn't so with the rattlesnake, professor," objected the
young man with the bad eye. " The older he grows the more
rattle he plays with." — (Chicago Tribune.)

Petting a Horse. — " Not many people know how to pet a
horse, from the horse's standpoint, at any rate," said a trainer.
" Every nice-looking horse comes in for a good deal of petting.
Hitch a tine horse close to the curb and you'll find that half the
men, women, and children who go by will stop for a minute,
say ' Nice horsey ' and give him an affectionate pat or two.

" The trouble is they don't pat him in the right place. If
you want to make a horse think he is going straight to heaven
hitched to a New York cab or delivery wagon, rub his eyelids.
Next to that form of endearment a horse likes to be rubbed right
up between the ears. In petting horses most people slight those
nerve centres. They stroke the horse's nose. While a well-
behaved horse will accept the nasal caress complacently, he would
much prefer that nice, soothing touch applied to the eyelids.
Once in awhile a person comes along who really does know how
to pet a horse. Nine times out of ten that man was brought up
in the country among horses and learned when a boy their pecu-
liar ways." — ( Exchange. )

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PATHOLOGY TO THE
PRACTITIONER.

By A. T. Kinsley, M. Sc, D. V. S., Pathologist, Kansas City Veterinary

College.

Presented to the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation at Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 10, 1908.

Pathology is the science of disease. It includes the etiology
and pathogenesis (course, pathologic anatomy and physiology)
of disease. Pathology, like some other subjects pursued by vet-
erinary students, has advanced rapidly in the last few years.
Veterinarians that graduated twenty years ago, fifteen years ago,
and even ten years ago did not have the opportunity of obtain-
ing a comprehensive understanding of pathology because patholo-
gic knowledge was imperfectly classified, and an understanding
of pathologic principles was not deemed essential in the educa-
tion of veterinarians.

Veterinary practitioners' professional duties are primarily the
prevention, treatment and relief of disease of the domestic ani-
mals. A thorough understanding of the normal structure and
functions of the various organs of the animal body is a pre-
requisite to the comprehension of disease. Rational treatment
is dependent upon a correct ante-mortem diagnosis of the disease.
The underlying principles of an accurate ante-mortem diagnosis,
regardless of method employed in obtaining the same, are the
pathologic lesions and modified functions.

Ante-mortem diagnosis may be determined by a clinical ex-
amination alone, especially in those diseases having characteristic
or pathognomonic symptoms as tetanus, spavin, etc. The diag-
nostician consciously or unconsciously notes the perverted func-
tion of the voluntary musculature evidenced in tetanic contrac-
tions in an animal afflicted with tetanus, and the abnormal osseous
formation that alters the structure and produces pain during the
activity of the tarsal joint in an animal afflicted with spavin. The
recognition of the pathologic lesion is the basis of the diagnosis.

519

520 A. T. KINSLEY.

|

A correct ante-mortem diagnosis, in some cases, is obtained
only by laboratory examination, as in lukaemia and follicular
mange. Lukaemia is not distinguishable from Hodgkin's disease
and lympho-sarcoma except by a microscopic examination of the
blood of the affected animal. Follicular mange is so similar to
eczema that it is necessary to demonstrate the presence or absence
of the follicular parasite to differentiate the two diseases. Lab-
oratory diagnosis is looked upon with considerable disrespect by
some practitioners, probably because of their lack of knowledge
of its importance. The laboratory is only an extension of a hos-
pital ward, and a hospital ward is in reality a laboratory where
the pathologic phenomena of disease can be more closely ob-
served. Laboratory diagnosis is not necessarily a microscopic
examination. In some pathologic diagnoses, as the examination
of urine for albumin, all the apparatus required is an alcohol
lamp or Bunsen burner, a few test tubes, and a bottle of concen-
trated nitric acid. The technique is simple; it requires only a
moment's time; the reaction is easily recognized, and the pres-
ence or absence of albumin having been determined, the diag-
nostician has this additional information to aid in diagnosis. The
presence or absence of sugar in the urine can be determined by
the addition of a few drops of a i per cent, aqueous solution of
picric acid to a small quantity of urine; a mahogany or carmine
color indicates the presence of sugar; any other color indicates
its absence. The haemoglobin content is quickly, easily, and ac-
curately determined by use of a haemoglobin scale book, a book
containing several sheets of absorbent paper and a color scale.
This test can be made by a practitioner efficiently in one minute's
time, and a knowledge of the relative percentage of haemoglobin
is of considerable value in diagnosis and also treatment.

In the ablation of carcinomata and soft sarcomata, the op-
erator is often at a loss to know whether the entire growth has
been removed. The following test applied to the dissected sur-
face of the ablated tumor has been found quite reliable:

i. Wash the cut surface until all the blood has been removed.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PATHOLOGY TO THE PRACTITIONER. 521

2. Submerge the cut surface in 5 per cent, aqueous solution
nitric acid ten minutes.

3. Wash in running water five minutes.

4. Submerge cut surface in methyl alcohol two to three min-
utes. •

5. Examine cut surface with unaided eye to ascertain whether
any tumor or glandular tissue is exposed.

The effect of the above method is to render all malignant
tumor tissue and glandular tissue dull, and opaque, white and
fibrous tissue is rendered gelatinous, translucent and homo-
geneous in appearance and somewhat india-rubber-like in con-
sistency. Fat is unaltered. If dull, opaque, white spots appear
on the cut surface of the ablated mass, more of the tissue must
be dissected away.

The agglutination test for glanders is now at the command
of practitioners. Inoculation of small animals, as guinea pigs
and rats, may be resorted to in determining the specific infectious
agent in an outbreak of an infectious disease. Thus the micro-
scope is not essential for every pathologic diagnosis, and a
laboratory diagnosis is not essential in all diseases, however its
application is extensive, and a thorough knowledge of it is of
inestimable value to veterinarians. Some pathologic diagnostic
methods require so much time and apparatus that the successful
practitioner can better afford to send the specimens to some
pathologist for diagnosis.

Practitioners are frequently called upon to diagnose disease
by post-mortem examination. Correct interpretations of lesions
observed in post-mortem examination is certainly the application
of pathologic principles or is applied pathology, and may be illus-
trated as follows : In the group of diseases designated septi-
caemia, soft tissues have a parboiled appearance and are hemor-
rhagic. Acute inflammation, regardless of its cause, is accom-
panied by loss of lustre, swelling, increased amount of blood in
the affected area, and more or less tissue destruction. Chronic
inflammatory disturbances result in proliferation of fibrous con-

522 A. T. KINSLEY.

nective tissue or fibrous hyperplasia. Granulomata are a group
of diseases in which the principal lesion approximates granulation
tissue, as in glanders, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, botryomycosis
and epithelioma contagiosum. New growths or tumors are quite
variable in their gross appearance, but there is little difficulty in
differentiation of them from other morbid conditions by macro-
scopic examination. Sufficient concrete examples have been
enumerated to indicate that a knowledge of pathology is abso-
lutely essential in arriving at a correct post-mortem diagnosis.

The symptoms are suggestive of the treatment of disease, but
the lesions are the only true guide to the rational application of
remedial agents. When the lesions have been determined in a
given disease, the specific reason why those tissue changes oc-
curred should be understood by the prescriber. However, there
is and probably always will be different interpretations of the
existing lesions and the medicaments that will give relief to the
same. Thus active pulmonary hyperemia is treated by some prac-
titioners with febrifuges and heart depressants, while a neigh-
boring veterinarian claims equally good success in the treatment
of the same condition with heart stimulants. Where is the discrep-
ancy? The actual lesion existing is excessive dilatation and en-
gorgement of the terminal capillaries of the bronchial veins. The
practitioner that prescribes febrifuge and heart depressants to a
horse afflicted with active pulmonary hyperemia invites an extra
amount of blood to the cutaneous tissue, thus diminishing the
quantity of blood in the internal organs and in this way relieving
the hyperemia of the lung. In addition, heart depressants
diminish the force of the heart and this tends to diminish the
quantity of blood passing to the lung. If the cause of the active
pulmonary hyperemia was undue exposure in which the cuta-
neous vessels have been constricted, then the febrifuge is cor-
rectly prescribed. But if the active pulmonary hyperemia is a
result of irritation to the pulmonary mucous membrane, the
febrifuge is contraindicated because the reaction of the mucous
membrane in the production of an hyperemia is nature's method

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PATHOLOGY TO THE PRACTITIONER. o2o

of neutralizing or overpowering the effects of the irritant upon
the mucous membrane, and a heart stimulant is indicated to in-
crease the activity of the heart and thus maintain the hypersemia
by sending more blood to the scene of action. From the patho-
logical point of view all active hypersemia and inflammatory dis-
turbances should be treated by those means which will maintain
the increased quantity of blood flowing into the affected jfert.
Bier's treatment of disease consists in maintaining an excessive
amount of blood in the diseased tissue by mechanical means.
The foregoing is the same proposition except it depends upon
physiologic and pathologic processes rather than mechanical in-
terference. (Edema is usually a secondary condition due to de-
pressed circulation, as valvular stenosis or insufficiency, obstruc-
tion of venous outflow, vasomotor neurosis or hydremic blood.
Efficacious treatment depends upon the specific cause of the
oedema, i. e., the prescriber must know and understand the exist-
ing pathologic condition to successfully treat the case. Fever is
an excessive high temperature, a result of disturbance in the ther-
mogenic or thermo-regulating nerve centres produced by toxins
or metabolic tissue products. The proper treatment for the relief
of fever, from the pathologic viewpoint, would depend upon
whether the fever is the result of nervous influences producing
cutaneous disturbances and failure of radiation or dissipation of
heat, or whether it is the cause of excessive oxidation in the
tissues. The treatment of fever must be combative, for this
process is not, like active hypersemia or inflammation, a protec-
tive action, but is destructive and injurious.

Prognosis of disease is of considerable moment, and many
practitioners have gained an enviable reputation by accurately
foretelling the outcome of disease. To give the prognosis of a
diseased condition requires an understanding of the existing
lesions and a knowledge of the termination of those lesions. If
a practitioner examined an animal with a swelling in the region
of the withers and prognosed a speedy recovery, his prognosis
may be correct if the swelling was inflammatory, but if the swell-
ing was sarcomatous his prognosis would probably be incorrect.

524 A. T. KINSLEY.

In the preceding an attempt has been made to show the im-
portance of pathology and its relation to the practice of veter-
inary medicine and how practitioners may readily confirm their
clinical diagnosis by pathologic tests. It has been indicated that
a pathologic knowledge is the sheet anchor for accurate diag-
nosis, both ante-mortem and post-mortem, macroscopic and
microscopic, for rational treatment and for correct prognosis.

We predict that the practitioner of the not far distant future
will be employed to prevent disease in the domestic animals, his
financial reimbursement being proportional to the degree of suc-
cess he has in the prevention of disease ; each sick animal in his
charge will mean a deduction from his income. When this time
comes the practitioner will be of necessity a pathologist, and will
determine the haemoglobin content and the opsonic index as
readily as he now determines the character and frequency of the
pulse.

Troubles of the Inanimate. — " Tough old world, this,"
sighed the anvil. " I get nothing but hard knocks all day long."

" Yes," assented the bellows, " and I am always hard pressed
to raise the wind." — (Boston Transcript.)

Veterinary Directory of Illinois. — The Board of Live
Stock Commissioners of Illinois has issued a very useful little
book of 115 pages, neatly bound in leather, containing a revised
list of the veterinary surgeons licensed to practice under the
terms of an act entitled " An Act to regulate the practice of
veterinary medicine and surgery in the state of Illinois." It
also contains the names and addresses of the members of the
Board of Live Stock Commissioners, Board of Veterinary Ex-
aminers, State Veterinarian, Secretary, and a copy of the Veter-
inary Practice Act of Illinois.

Two divisions of licensed veterinarians, an alphabetical one
and one of veterinarians by counties, are included in the direc-
tory. The name, post-office address, county, and kind of license,
whether graduate or non-graduate, are given. The name of the
college is stated in case of graduates. The directory contains
1,289 names, of which 656, or something over 50 per cent., are
graduates.

REPORTS OF CASES.

"Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By recording
his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up
the solid edifice oj pathological science.'

INFECTIOUS ANEMIA OR SWAMP FEVER.

By G. H. Acres, V.S., Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

I have just read Dr. Mohler's very interesting article in
the November Review on infectious anemia, typhoid fever, also
called swamp fever and other names. I have seen and treated a
number of horses suffering from this disease during the past
eight years, and have found it prevalent in both North and
South Alberta, the Yukon Territory and Northern Ontario. The
symptoms, causes, etc., described by Dr. Mohler are so well given
that I will not repeat them. I would like, however, to draw
your attention to my latest method of treatment of the above,
and the results obtained; also my theory of infection.

I believe that this disease is found only on low-lying and
swampy pastures, where the water becomes stagnant during the
hot months of the year. I have never seen an outbreak of this
disease caused by putting a diseased animal in a stable with
healthy horses, but I have seen horses feeding on high, dry pas-
tures, with good water, contract the disease in this way : A dis-
eased animal turned out in said pasture with healthy horses, ex-
pels the germs which are excreted in the faeces of the diseased
animal, which germs again become virulent after coming in con-
tact with the ground, particularly if the weather is at all wet,
and healthy animals grazing in the immediate vicinity become in-
fected.

Regarding the treatment of this disease, 1 have always been
very careful about feeding, and give little or no hay; green food
if procurable, but very little; plenty of fresh water and warm
bran mashes; small amounts of boiled oats. My reason for this
is that I believe the germ is situated principally in the intestines,
and in order to secure good results from internal antiseptics, the
intestines should be practically empty. I think a little exercise
every day, if the animal can take it, is good. I have treated sev-

525

520 REPORTS OF CASES.

eral cases near here within the past few months, and have ob-
tained the best results with the following treatment : When the
first case was observed, the men it] charge were instructed to
watch the remaining animals very carefully. Immediately, one
refused its feed, and appearing sick, was at once put in the stable
and treatment commenced. In this way, they were caught in
the early stages ; medicinal treatment was as follows : 2 drachm
doses of Liquor Cresol in a pint of water, four or five times
daily; if the animal is very weak, grain doses of strychnine three
times daily are beneficial. The following was given three times
daily in a bran mash : Potassium-chlorate, ]/2 oz. ; Antifebrin,
2 drachms ; Ferri-sulphate, 1 drachm. In cases where strychnine
was not being given, nux-vomica was added to the above. I
have tried quinine sulphate, potassium iodide, iodii resub, arsenic,
hydrochloric acid and other drugs, but obtained the best results
from the antifebrin treatment. The animal, however, is gen-
erally subject to several relapses which none of the drugs above-
mentioned seem to prevent. This occurred in the cases which
1 have been treating recently; so frequent were the relapses,
that I despaired of the recovery of the animals. The first case
brought to my notice was so far gone that she died after the
third relapse. Five remaining cases did well, excepting for the
continued relapses. I then decided to try Antistreptococcic
Serum. I obtained an ounce vial of this, and injected the con-
tents hypodermically into a bay mare, which had just recov-
erd from her second relapse, and had been under treatment about
three weeks. For two days following the injection, the liquor-
cresol was continued, with light diet. On the third day the
former was stopped, and exercise increased daily. In two weeks
more, she was put to work in a logging camp, and is doing
very well. Two more animals were then injected; one had been
suffering for six weeks, and had had four or five relapses; the
other had been sick about four weeks, and had had three re-
lapses. The injections were made when the temperature was
near normal. The second case was a very bad one, but after
the serum, he made a rapid recovery, and is now working every
day. The other animal had a relapse and eventually died.
There remained two cases yet, both of which had been sick
for over two months, and had had so many relapses that hopes
for recovery were given up. One horse made a splendid recov-
ery, and is now doing light work and rapidly gaining in flesh
and strength. The other, a few days after the injection, de-

REPORTS OF CASES. 527

veloped lymphangitis in the foreleg, with a temperature of
105 ° F. In the course of a few days, the temperature became
normal, but the leg remained enlarged and painful for several
days. I communicated with Parke-Davis & Co. regarding the
serum treatment, and they kindly sent me a dose of serum to try
on this last animal, which I did about a week ago. This was
two weeks after the first injection, and at this time he was very
weak, and unable to move. The animal is now able to be exer-
cised, and appears to be making a good recovery. I believe that
if one or more doses of this serum were given to the animal
during the first symptoms, or at the end of the first attack, a per-
fect recovery would follow, and the utility of the animal would
be restored. So far, I have only injected the serum when the
temperature was near normal. Under the medicinal treatment,
few of the animals which did recover were able to do any work,
and were continually subject to relapses. I think it would be
well worth while giving this serum treatment a thorough test,
but at the present time, it is too expensive for private experi-
ments, although I am sure any practitioner who has had any
experience with this disease will realize what a great help it
would be if it is proven conclusively that the antistreptococcic
treatment is reliable.

A short time ago, I sent a sample of blood drawn from one
of the above-mentioned cases to the Biological Laboratory at
Ottawa for analysis, and was informed that the germ influenza
was very prevalent under the microscope. They are now mak-
ing cultures, and I expect to receive further information shortly.
From the clinic, no symptoms of influenza were to be observed,
excepting the high temperature and labored breathing, which
we have in most forms of fever. The blood obtained formed
a solid clot shortly after extraction, and only a small portion re-
mained red, as described in Dr. Mohler's article.

If any readers have had any experience with this serum treat-
ment, I should be very glad to hear from them.

NEW LIGHT UPON NYMPHOMANIA IN THE MARE.

By Mark White, V.M.D., Denver, Colorado.

We are all aware of cases of nymphomania in the mare due
to ovarian diseases and inflammation of the vaginal mucous
membrane and clitoris, but I have something new.

528 REPORTS OF CASES.

My attention was called to a fine mare that had been a suf-
ferer of nymphomania for over two years, without any improve-
ment. My course of examination was first to pass my hand in
the rectum and feel the ovaries, to ascertain if there was any
enlargement of the organs. I found that the ovaries were normal
in size and had a normal feel. So I informed my client that the
trouble must be elsewhere and that it was not a case, in my
judgment, for ovariectomy. Next I examined the vaginal mem-
brane and the clitoris and I found that the sack-like gland of
the clitoris (which has for its function the manufacturing of
sebaceous lubrication material) filled with a calcarious material
to its utmost, imprisoned so it could not get out. So I curetted
out this material, which reminds one of the " bean " that we
often remove from the gland of the horse's penis when washing
the sheath.

Here is the important point that should be of much value
to the practitioner when dealing with these cases. This cal-
carious deposit had laid in this gland of the clitoris for years
and acted as a foreign body setting up irritation and creating
much inflammation of the organ, followed by excessive passion,
stimulation and symptoms of nymphomania.

The important lesson taught by this case is that many mares
have suffered their ovaries to be removed unnecessarily; that
most or a large per cent, of cases of nymphomania of the mare
are due to nothing more than the filling up of this gland of the
clitoris. We know how annoying to the dog it is when the
Anial glands (which are sack-like) become filled up with sebace-
ous material and almost run the dog mad. This same gland sit-
uated on the horse's penis, no doubt causes considerable annoy-
ance to the animal, when the so-called " bean " forms.

It is quite possible that some of the profession are in pos-
session of the knowledge that I have only just gained pertain-
ing to nymphomania in the mare, but I must confess that my
education and experience has not afforded me such knowl-
edge. So if I have not told the profession anything that is new
to them, I most modestly beg their pardon for my presumption.
The practitioner often meets diseases and important conditions
of animals that are entirely new to him and fore:gn to his educa-
tion and text books, but he is too modest to report such cases
to the profession, for fear that he has not come across anything
of interest, and would only be exposing his own individual ig-

RHPOBTS OF CASES. 529

norance, if he should report such cases. For this reason many
veterinarians are in possession of knowledge of great interest
and value to the profession, that will go down with them into
their graves.

Do not be too quick to remove the ovaries of the mare.

TALLIANINE AND PHENOL TREATMENT IN

TETANUS.

By J. Fergus Donnelly, V.S., St. John's, Newfoundland.

On September 25th a client of mine brought one of his horses
to my infirmary, wishing me to have a look at him, and also
stated that he seemed rather stiff in his action.

Upon examination of the animal I noticed that he was de-
veloping tetanus, and ordered him to immediately take him home
and I would go and see what could be done for him. Upon ar-
riving at his stable I found the animal in question showing well-
marked symptoms of this disease, and upon examination found
both knees cut, the skin covering the head of the Humerus badly
torn, and anterior to the angle of the " Ilium " another abrasion
which had a scab formed.

Questioning the owner relative to the history of the case,
I was informed that another horse kicked and knocked this one
down some time ago, and it received the above cuts.

I told him that the horse had tetanus, and I was very much
afraid that nothing could be done for him, but that there was
a new treatment now being used and if he wished I would try it.
He seemed perfectly satisfied, as only a month previous he had
paid $200 for him. I began my treatment as follows :

First I placed the animal in a dark place away from all other
horses and gave strict orders that no one was to go near him,
only the man in charge, and he was to be very careful when
approaching or working about him.

I then plugged his ears with cotton wool, and opened up all
the cuts, having to dissect a large piece of the muscle from the
shoulder, which I then treated with a 5 per cent, solution of
Phenol, and applied Ac. Borasic after.

I then gave him 30 c.c. of Tallianine intravenously, and
ordered V2 o Phenol to be .given in his drinking water twice a
day.

530 KEPORTS OF CASES.

The animal could eat and drink fairly well, but was very stiff
and the Membrana Nictitans was about two-thirds over the eye
and tail erect.

The following day I again gave 20 c.c. Tallianine and the
usual dose of Phenol.

I continued this treatment for 4 days when I reduced the
dose of Tallianine to 10 c.c. and then stopped its use, but con-
tinued Phenol for 8 days after, when all symptoms had disap-
peared.

I then placed him on tonics and about one week later he was
hitched and used a little in the mornings, and to-day he is hard
at work and looking much better than before his attack.

PERSISTENT HYMEN.

By M. Page Smith, D.V.S., Washington. D. C.

On October 14, 1908, a sorrel mare was sent to the Hos-
pital of the United States College of Veterinary Surgeons, for
examination.

This mare is owned by Mr. James S. E. Maddox, of War-
rentown, Va., and is valued at $5,000. She is a sorrel, about
2^ years old.

About eight months ago the owner noticed a membraneous
sac protruding between the lips of the vulva, after each act
of micturation. Owing to the value of the mare, the owner
became alarmed and sent to this city for a veterinarian. She
was examined by several veterinarians, all of whom said that
there was a rupture of the vaginal wall, allowing the bladder
to pass up into the vagina. They said the mare could not be
operated on and would never breed.

Dr. Harry W. Achisen was called in later and ordered the
mare sent to the Hospital.

On October 1 5 I examined the mare and found that by press-
ing firmly on the so-called tumor, that it reflected back into the
vagina, forming a curtain, attached all around its edges. The
meatus being on the floor just posterior to it. This curtain was
nothing more than a persistent hymen, very much thickened and
entirely imperforate. Behind the hymen was a quantity of gray-
ish-colored thick fluid which pressed the hymen out and gave
it the appearance of a cyst.

REPORTS OF CASES. 531

A consultation was held by Drs. Robinson, Achisen and
myself. We decided that the case was very simple and only
required a rupture of the membrane, and the removal of a por-
tion of it.

"When the first incision was made about a quart of the thick
grayish fluid flowed out. After the operation the vagina was
flushed twice daily with an antiseptic solution, and on October
25th the mare was shipped home, ready to breed.

SUBPERIOSTEAL FRACTURE OF THE META-
TARSUS.
By Prof. L. A. Merillat, Chicago Veterinary College.

Subperiosteal fractures (fractures without displacement)
occur occasionally in the extremities of horses, but it is usually
the tibia and the radius that sustain this injury. A kick on the
internal face of the tibia or the anterior face of the radius just
above the carpus is always looked upon suspiciously by the know-
ing practitioner, for what at first seems to be only a simple
abrasion of the skin often proves to be a serious fracture of the
bone by the sudden separation of the broken segments two or
three weeks later when the inflammation by softening the peri-
osteum allows the fragments to collapse.

The writer has recently observed a case of this character on
the metatarsus. The subject — a horse — received a kick on the
antero-internal part of the lower third of the metatarsus and
after three days' rest returned to work still slightly lame but
able to withstand the ordeal of drawing his share of a large
truck. The claudication, however, increased from clay to day
and at the end of fourteen days the horse was thought too lame
to work. A few days' rest restored him to apparent usefulness
— the lameness had again disappeared. On the morning of the
eighteenth day when the teamster entered the stable expecting
to hitch him into the team the leg was found dangling from a
compound, oblique fracture of the metatarsus, and for the first
time realized that the apparently trivial abrasion of the skin
was in reality a serious injury that had fractured the bone.

532 BEPORTS OF CASES.

SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF PURULENT SYNO-
VITIS.

By R. W. Gannett, D.V.M., Newark, N. Y.

While I was House Surgeon at the Berns Veterinary Hos-
pital, Brooklyn, N. Y., Dr. Berns removed about three inches
of the flexor pedis perforans tendon at the hock in a desperate
case of suppurating tendon sheath. Opening the sheath freely,
disinfection having proved of no avail. Recovery followed in
a comparatively short time. There was a certain amount of
lack of control of the foot when off the ground, but no lameness.

Recently I was called to see a mare which had sustained a
severe kick on the outside of the hock. Splinters of tibia were
removed. The flexor pedis perforans synovial sheath was
found open and infected. The animal was very lame. Tempera-
ture 1030 F. ; no appetite. The leg was swollen considerably.

Treatment. — The sheath was laid open for about four inches
on the outside of the hock and for about three inches at its lower
portion on the inside of hock. A quantity of pus and synovia
escaped. Tincture of iodine and 2 per cent, carbolic solution
were injected faithfully for three weeks. Meantime, the patient
was growing steadily worse, being scarcely able to stand with
the aid of slings, and when down was unable to arise. After
guiding the probe-pointed bistoury into position through the
outer opening I severed the tendon, but removed none. Pain
and fever ceased, in two or three days, appetite returned and an
uneventful recovery took place in about four weeks. There is
the same swinging or lack of control of the corono-pedal articu-
lation when the foot is off the ground ; but no lameness at farm
work.

RELAPSE AFTER APPARENT RECOVERY IN AZO-

TURIA CASE.

Bv Mark White, V.M.D., Denver, Colo.

Horse attacked with azoturia 2 p. m. ; apparently well at 6
p. m. and no signs of any physiological disturbances, walking
normal, and muscles of hind quarters soft and normal in size.
7 a. m. the following morning horse again showing typical
symptoms of azoturia, stiff in hind legs, and paralyzed in near

REPORTS OF CASES. 533

fore leg. When attempt was made to turn horse around he fell
to the ground, apparently giving away and falling to the front.
On examination I found great toxic disturbances with paresis
of the hind legs, urine slightly discolored, which showed great
discoloration the day before. The horse received a good physic
during the night and was able to make his urine from the first.
This horse lived until the second night following, being placed
in a sling and let down as often as he showed discomfort.

The point of interest in this case is the long period of time
which elapsed before the horse went down, the paralysis of the
front leg and the apparent recovery and re-attack when the
bowels and kidneys were all well opened, the gluteal muscles
normal and soft.

Food for Squirrels. — Most people who feed the gray squir-
rels in the big parks fail to realize that it is no kindness to
give these pretty little animals such soft shell nuts as almonds,
peanuts and chestnuts. Human beings who do not have to
actually forage for food naturally enough feel that it is thought-
fulness itself to save the squirrels work. The fact is, however,
that a squirrel's teeth grow so rapidly that, deprived of their
normal use, they might even through their very uselessness be-
come long enough to put this charming rodent of the trees in
danger of starvation. Hickory, pecan and hazel nuts are the
proper food to throw to the squirrels. — (Exchange.)

Taking Their Temperature. — For three days on a trans-
atlantic cattle steamer, with passenger accommodations, Mrs.
Billings had been endeavoring by persistent and continuous ques-
tionings to obtain some ideas as to nautical proceedings, and the
other passengers had about reached the end of their patience.

" Well," remarked Miss Talbot at dinner as she passed the
salt, " I am glad to find that they treat the cattle so humanely
on board. Why, they take the temperature twice a day regu-
larly."

" Oh," cried Mrs. Billings in a high, piercing crescendo,
" do they really? I'm so glad to hear it, but I shouldn't think
they could very well."

" Why not, madam ? " inquired an elderly man on her left.

" Well— well, why," said Mrs. Billings, " I should think that
it would be hard to keep a clinical thermometer in a cow's mouth
long enough to get any temperature without having it crushed."
— (Youth's Companion.)

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

WHAT BENEFIT CAN WE DERIVE FROM THE GEN-
ERAL STAFF BILL?

In response to the above query, coming to me from different
army colleagues, I gladly quote Sec. 4 of the Bill : " That
" the veterinarians appointed under this act shall be on the same
" footing as commissioned officers of the Army as to tenure of
" office, retirement, pensions and increase of pay, and in all re-
" spects shall be governed by the rules and Articles of War as
" are commissioned officers of the Army."

Remember that we are mortals, and that the following
" honor-roll of our dead " comprises all young men except one :
1. Dr. Albrecht Heusinger (Germany) 7th Cavalry, killed by
the Sioux in Yellowstone Valley, 1873. 2- Dr. Samuel Going,
M.R.C.V.S., 1st Cavalry, killed in the Nez Perces War, 1875.

3. H. Humphreys, V.S., 2d Cavalry, died from wounds, 1885.

4. M. J. Treacy, M.R.C.V.S., 8th Cavalry, died from yellow
fever, Cuba, 1899. 5. Dr. Samuel Gelston, 3d Cavalry, insane
from sunstroke and bolo cut over head, disappeared, Philippines,
1901. Dr. Paul Gettler, Q. M. Department, died from abscess
of liver, P. I., 1901. In addition we lost from time to time, a
number of capable men, who resigned as unfit for further mili-
tary service to save their lives, some of whom have long since
gone to eternal rest; while others, still living, are reminded by
continuous pain of hardship and perils undergone. We were
never more than twelve up to 1899, and not more than eighteen
as late as the Philippine campaign. Figure the percentage of
loss and reflect. Even now we have " our own four," of whom
one has only one leg and the other three are" physical wrecks
from amoebic dysentery, and for whom we seek the " amend-
ment " to this Bill. As for the dreaded section which "elimi-
nates," this will be found in any other veterinary Bill.

No further comment is necessary, as I do not want to preach
a sermon. But I am pleased with one cool-headed young man
among us, who writes me : I shall favor this Bill when the time
comes to consider it " At present I want a change in our
status, and want it quick." I second this common-sense motion.

O. S.

534

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 535

A NEW PUBLICATION OF THE VETERINARY DE-
PARTMENT, BRITISH ARMY. -

A book of special interest to our army veterinarians and
entitled : " Animal Management. 1908. Prepared in the Veteri-
nary Department, for the General Staff, War Office," has recently
been published. The contents are as follows :

I. Animal structure and function. II. The points of the
horse, colors, markings and age. III. Stable construction and
fittings. IV. Stable management, grooming, washing, clipping,
clothing, methods of securing, bedding, stable tricks and vices,
daily routine. V. Foods, feeding and watering. VI. Manage-
ment of horses in the open, condition and exercise, marching,
feeding, swimming, watering, picketing. VII. Saddles and sore
backs, collars and sore shoulders. VIII. The foot and shoring.
IX. Transport by rail and sea. X. The mule, donkey, camel
and ox. XL The prevention and first aid treatment of disease.
Plates of grasses, herbage and weeds, are added in a pocket.

It is impracticable to fully review this book, consisting of 370
pages of closely printed matter and liberally interspersed with
fair wood-cuts. Briefly, it may be stated, that it is evidently in-
tended for officers of the mounted service of the British Army,
because it is elementary, avoiding technical terms in the text
and explaining subjects that are familiar to every graduate of
a veterinary college. Yet, there is also a mass of matter that is
more or less unknown to the young veterinarian who enters the
army service, because it cannot be taught in a college that does
not make a specialty of training veterinary students for the army.
The novice in this service, after reading the book, will feel that
he knows something of what will be demanded of him, and he
will be spared many of the painful pitfalls which he prq^ares for
himself either by his own overvvillingness or by his ignorance
of the real object in view. The more experienced army veteri-
narian will find, every now and then, subjects touched upon
which remind him of the hours and days spent in anxious study,
in close observation or experiment to discover for himself the
secrets that are here nicely laid bare. Three chapters are of
special merit. That one " saddles and sore backs, collars and
sore shoulders," is a masterful exposition of the subject, the
best I have read in English, French or German. " The mule,
donkey, camel and ox," explains much that we were trying to
learn in our Philippine campaign when the " carabao and the

530 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

zebu trotting bull " were burdened upon us as new charges,
thousands of them being used for transportation by our Quarter-
master's Department. The book commends itself generally for
its simple, lucid style, and furnishes most entertaining reading
for several evenings.

There has never yet been written a book on " Military Veteri-
nary Science" one that is intended for veterinarians only, a
truly scientific book that no army officer would care to read.
It is very desirable and necessary that these officers should know
something of our science, and the more they know the better
they co-operate with us in the practical ends to be attained. Yet,
the subjects of military veterinary hygiene, military veterinary
surgery, military veterinary history, etc., have all been separately
treated in a scientific manner by English, French and German
veterinary officers, and it would seem that the time is on hand
when all these subjects could be gathered together into one com-
prehensive, technical treatise, and we would encourage our Brit-
ish Army colleagues to make an attempt.

In the meantime, we heartily approve of this book and recom-
mend it to our army veterinarians. It is for sale by : YVvman
& Sons, Fetter Lane, London. Price : One shilling and sixpence.
Perhaps it can be had through W. R. Jenkins, 851 Sixth Avenue,
New York City.

Olof Schwarzkopf.

The only serious and formidable thing in nature is will. —
(Emerson.)

Sixth Sense in Birds. — In the animal kingdom the birds
seem to be really the class most highly favored by nature.
Though they are not placed near the summit of the line of evo-
lution, their ability to fly marks them off as having some advan-
tages over nearly all the mammalia. Their mysterious power
of changing their polarity or weight in order to dive in water or
soar in air has been often discussed, and the almost incredible
velocity of their motion when migrating, sometimes amounting
to four miles a minute for vast distances, has no parallel among
other animals. In addition, experiments with carrier pigeons
at night demonstrated beyond doubt that these birds at least
possess a highly developed sense of direction. — (New Century
Path.)

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M.

Sarcoma of the Liver \_E. Wallis Hoarc, F.R.C.V.S.']. —
A twelve-year-old Irish terrier dog has since a week an exten-
sive enlargement of the abdomen, but until then has always
been in good health. He is much emaciated, the abdomen is not
painful, ascitis is evident and a solid enlargement is also felt
in the abdomen. Tapping on the median line is not followed by
escape of fluid. This operation performed in various places is
again without result. No sickness is manifested by the animal,
nor pain but the enlargement of the abdomen seems to increase.
The dog is found dead one morning in his kennel. On opening
the abdomen a tumor was found attached to the spleen and an-
other on the mesentery. There was a large amount of fluid in
the abdominal cavity ; dark-yellowish in color. The liver re-
sembled an enormous tumor with irregular nodules on its sur-
face. These were whitish in some parts and of a marbled ap-
pearance in others. The whole organ weighed five pounds. The
neoplasm was a typical spindle-celled sarcoma. — {Veter. Nezus.)

Doubled Telescoped Intestine Accompanied by Twist
\H. Thompson, M.R.C.VS.]. — A foal is found very ill one
morning. He was a colt, twelve weeks old, running with
his dam in a field. That morning he was found lying on his
back, propped up by a fence. Pulled away, he jumped up, but
laid down again, assuming the same position, on his back, when
he seemed to have much relief. Notwithstanding treatment, he
dies in four hours. Post-mortem revealed a beautiful twist of
the intestine, one portion of the gut overlapping the other in
form of a half knot. On examining this part, it was found to be
telescoped and that the invaginated portion measured six feet
and two inches in length and besides this, the latter part of this
telescoped portion was doubly telescoped to the extent of two
feet and 2 inches. — {Vetcr. Nezus.)

537

53S ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

Cold Water Treatment for Open Joints [H. Thomp-
son, M.R.C.V.S.~]. — A horse got his legs entangled in some
barbed wire and received an extensive jagged wound in front
of the bend of the hock. The synovial bursa was torn and
synovia escaping freely. Following his usual form of treatment
in similar cases, cold water irrigation was applied continuously
for a week and then stopped, when the wound was filled with
healthy granulations and synovia had ceased to run out. In
about two weeks all lameness had subsided and the wound
dressed with iodoform, charcoal and pulverized sulphate of cop-
per to keep the granulations down. — (Veier. News.)

Some Examples of MaliTgnant Disease in Animals [/.
Burton Cleland, M.D., Western Australia]. — These examples of
cancerous conditions show the widespread geographical distri-
bution of such diseases.

Carcinoma of the Breast of a Lioness. — Found in an
animal that died in the zoological garden of Perth, at about the
age of ten years. In the lower part of the breast there was a
hard dense scirrhous mass about the size of the palm of the
hand. The right sublumbar gland was enlarged. There were
numerous secondary growths in the lungs, liver, spleen and
omentum. One of the kidneys was also diseased.

Carcinoma of the Udder in a Dairy Cow, large scir-
rhous-looking mass in the udder and secondary deposits in the
iliac and sublumbar glands.

Squamous Epithelioma of the Perineum of a Cow, a
large cauliflower like papillomatous mass projected from the
perineum, firm with some yellowish granular areas.

Epithelioma Growing from the Conjunctival Surface
of Lower Eye-Lid of a Horse, Displacing the Globe.
Probably originated in one of the gland appendages of the skin.

Alveolar Sarcoma of the Mediastinum in a Bullock.
A big tabulated mass as large as an infant's head, covering the
base of the heart to the left side and in front of the auricles
and large vessels. On section it was moderately firm with scat-
tered extravasation of blood.

Carcinoma of Supra Renal Glands of Sheep. The
right supra-renal gland was enlarged, rounded, white, hemor-
rhagic and adherent to the kidney below and to the liver above.
There were some nodules in the liver and in both lungs. — (Journ.
of Com p. Pathol, and Therap.)

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 539

Case of Ataxia in a Horse \Capt. Jolliffe, M.R.C.V.S.] —
After being ridden some distance, to reach a certain place, a
horse is found seriously ill, he is extremely exhausted and
walked back to his stable with great difficulty, supported on
either side. His weakness and exhausted condition with high
temperature and a rusty nasal discharge justified a diagnosis of
influenza for which he was placed under treatment. He rallied
and was progressing favorably when towards the 14th day
after the attack, all signs of constitutional illness having dis-
appeared, he showed loss of co-ordination of the muscles of
the legs and a consequent ataxic gait. He walked with his hind
legs apart, in a marked ataxic manner. The legs were raised
unnecessarily high. The tail was weak and could be raised with-
out resistance or difficulty. The forelegs also seem to be un-
steady but not as much as the hind ones. Covering of the head
and eyes increased the amount of ataxia and the horse had
great difficulty in turning, and the unsteadiness was greater.
No alteration in the sensations could be demonstrated. The
knee and ankle jerks could not be obtained. The sphincters
were normal. Although the general condition was good, all
the treatments used having failed (iodide of potassium, biniodide
of mercury, strychnine counter irritation, etc.), the animal was
destroyed. At the post-mortem, nothing could be detected in
the spinal cord and brain, except when the specimens were
stained by the Marchi's method, when various degrees of de-
generation were found in the posterior columns and in the an-
terior tracts. The specimens were taken in mid-thoracic region,
tipper cervical and lumbar. — {Veter. Jour.)

Two Interesting Cases of Tuberculosis [Prof. F. Hob-
day, F.R.C.VS, and E. Belcher, M.R.C.VS.^.—ist Case: In
a five-year-old bulldog; has never been ill, never run out in
the street, had no possibility of heredity from its family, had
as a rule never had any milk, lived on meat cooked in the house,
no members of the family where he was had been known as
consumptive. The manner he was infected remains a mystery.
His coat was harsh and staring with an unpleasant smell. Oc-
casionally he seemed to have "heart pains." breathed heavily.
Auscultation of the heart gave muffled sounds; pulse irregularly
intermittent. Nothing definite is arrived at and at the request
of the owner the dog is killed. s Post-mortem: Pericardium much
thickened, and adherent to the heart in several places. Fibrous

540 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

tumors, not caseous, exist in the muscular heart structure; they
are irregular and flattened. Over the left auricle, there is a
sac formed by the pericardium, whose inside is studded with
tubercles, distinctly caseous. There were also nodules in the
spleen and the mesenteric glands. The case was one of tuber-
culosis.

2d Case : Female cat had a swelling in the parotid lymphatic
glands, which was treated as an abscess. After a while, the sub-
maxillary gland, then the prepectoral and finally the precrural
became enlarged. The cat was destroyed as suspect of tuber-
culosis. At autopsy, scarcely any organ could be found which
did not contain tuberculous lesions. The pleura, the lungs,
thoracic and abdominal lymphatic glands were all full of case-
ous tubercles in which the microscopic examinations revealed
large number of bacilli. — (Veter. Jonm.)

Destroying a Dog with Morphia [Henry Taylor, F.R.
CVS.'}. — A dog was, at the owner's request, going to be de-
stroyed. The author injected sub-cutaneously 4 and /4 grains of
morphia which he followed by 4 more a few minutes later. In
fifteen minutes after the dog received 8 grains more through
the right intercostal region into the lungs. The animal was
in deep sleep but did not show any indication of dying soon.
Then every ten or fifteen minutes doses of 5 and 6 grains were
given until not less than 45 grains had been administered. At
last convulsions followed by coma took place and the dog died,
but not until an hour later. — (Veter. Jo urn.)

Ruptured Colon and Old-Standing Pericarditis [C.
Powell, M.R.C.V.S.]. — Five-year-old gelding had colic and as he
gets worse the author is called and finds the horse in great pain
and restless. Temperature is normal, there is slight tympany, the
mucous membranes are rather pallid. The most noticeable fea-
ture of the case is the distressed character of the breathing, which
is accompanied with an haggard expression of countenance very
peculiar. Respirations were quick and short, nostrils dilated,
pulse quick, small and irregular. Sounds of the heart seemed
very muffled in character. Lungs normal. Purge, stimulants
and enemas are prescribed with chloral to be given as needed.
Next morning the horse seems better. Another examination re-
veals the same condition as before. Temperature has risen two
degrees. Later the body gets covered with cold, clammy sweat.
The horse dies. At the post-mortem there was found lesions of

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 541

acute peritonitis with a rupture of the colon. And, on opening
the chest, the heart was seen adherent to the right side of the
chest wall, by adhesions which existed between a large portion
of the surface of the right ventricle, the pericardium and two
ribs, which had at some previous epoch been fractured; the
ragged ends piercing and lacerating the pericardium and also
the heart itself as evidenced by an old cicatrix. — (Veter. Joiirn.)

Cases of Chorea in Horses [Joachim Da Costa, C.B.V \C.~\.
— No. i. Brown country-fored entire, six years, very spirited,
worked on a sandy road, dragging with his mate for a distance
of four miles, a wagon that had one of the wheels stuck fast.
As a consequence, he was all in a perspiration, very tired, and
in being unharnessed he fell on the ground in a semi-conscious
state. Stimulants, hand-rubbing, etc., brought him to and in
a few hours he seemed alright. The next day, he began pawing
his forefeet and showed soreness on the slightest pressure on
the shoulders. On the third day he had an involuntary spas-
modic contraction of the levator humeri muscle. Spasms coming
on at intervals whilst standing, walking and lying, or again by
raising the head, frightening the animal or touching the sore
parts. The general condition was otherwise good and the tem-
perature normal. Electuaries of belladonna and camphor were
given for a week. Spasms and pawing stopped but returned after
four days. Same treatment for one week longer gave the same
results. Then to the electuary treatment, full doses of bromide
of potassium and bicarbonate of soda were added, bringing a
good permanent and satisfactory result.

No. 2. Bay colt, three years old, was forced to run with
his mother for a long distance and in state of perspiration was
given a wash in a river. He refuses his food, shivers and is
treated by the owner. Soon, however, he is taken with sud-
den involuntary contractions of the abdominal muscles. The
spasms are seen far from him, flattening the abdomen each time
and a sudden gush of air felt at the nostrils synchronous with
the convulsive movements of the abdomen. The animal was
submitted to the same treatment as the preceding, camphor,
bromide and bicarbonate, and recovered in a little over two
weeks. — ( Vcter. Record. )

542 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. LlAUTARD, M.D., V.M.

Treatment of Toe Cracks by Twisted Sutures of the
Wall [Mr. Mouilleron]. — This treatment is only indicated
and can only be applied to animals which have been operated
by the classical method by the thinning process or again in
those when after a complete operation, the cicatrization of the
soft tissues is complete and already protected by a thin layer of
new horn, and when the repair is sufficiently advanced to avoid
all secondary infection. The object of the treatment is specially
to favor the cicatrization in immobilizing the foot and to avoid
the annoyance of ordinary protecting dressings which in time
promote atrophy and contraction of the foot. The treat-
ment is as follows : On each side of the thinned surface, begin-
ning as near the coronary band as 'possible, four nails are driven
through the thickness of the wall as in the method of treat-
ment called " barring of the crack," and when the point of the
nail appears on the level with the thinned portion of the wall,
the other point of the nail, which is the head, is cut off a short dis-
tance from the point of implantation. A pad of oakum or wadding
with hoof ointment, tar or like ingredient, is laid in the hollow
of the front part of the hoof and a solid malleable wire is passed
in figure 8 style round the first, then the second nail and so on,
as is the thread, silk, or wire used for twisted suture. The ends
of the two wires are twisted together and cut short. The dress-
ing can remain for months before it needs to be renewed.
Claims of the author: It gives complete immobilization, pre-
serves the integrity of the foot, prevents deformity and removes
all danger of contraction. It reduces the indisposition of the
animal to its minimum, gives a perfect solid dressing and is
unusually easy of application. — (Ballet, de la Soc. Cent.)

Diabetes in Animals [Mr. Bru"]. — The author relates his
observations of this disease in two cows and three dogs.

In the first cow he has noticed that the disease progressed
very rapidly and that all treatment was entirely useless. In
one cow there was no polydisy but frequent efforts fof micturi-
tion with evacuation of only a small quantity of urine. In the
other case the animal drank with avidity and always a large

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 545

quantity of fluid, and when returned to her stall she would fre-
quently, after a few moments, stretch herself to urinate and then
expel only a very small quantity of urine. In neither of these
two cases were ocular manifestations noticed. Both animals
died in a very short time. In the observations of the dogs, one
had great thirst and was blind in both eyes by cataract. In an-
other there was evacuation of large quantity of urine, reddish in
color. There was also loss of sight, no polydisy. In the third
was noticed great thirst, abundant urination and difficulties of
sight. The march of the disease in dogs is relatively slow, ani-
mals can live awhile but the troubles of the sight render them
useless. — (Rev. Veter.)

Dental Abnomalies [M.M. Bourdclle and Darnaud~\. —
Among dental abnomalies, some are characterized by the presence
of one or several teeth being implanted in the bony structure
of the palate. Palatine teeth, as they are called, are the object
of the two following records. In one the abnomaly consists in
two second dentition incisives (nippers) situated 4 or 5 centi-
meters back of the incisive arch, which is otherwise perfect.
These abnormal teeth are resting side by side, on each side of
the median line, implanted vertically in the palatine roof. They
are well formed, with an external dental cavity and resemble
perfect teeth of second dentition. At the time the animal had
them, they did not seem to disturb him, but later they may and
will have to be pulled out. (Why wait until then?)

The other case was observed in the upper jaw of a sheperd
dog in which existed a strong palatine canine implanted obliquely
and transversally from right to left in the palatine roof back of
the incisive openings. It was no doubt the left canine which in
developing made its way out of its ordinary location. In other
words, teeth may be truly supernumerary teeth as in the first case
or again teeth which are displaced from their ordinary location.
— (Rev. Vete.)

Temporo-Maxillarv Suppurative Arthritis in a Cow
[Mr. Bonnet].— About a week after a normal delivery and
cleanings, a cow cannot feed. Temperature and respiration are
normal, general condition satisfactory and vaginal exploration
shows that everything is normal in that direction. Failing to
make a positive diagnosis, tonics are prescribed and for a while
the animal shows some improvement. But this does not last

544 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

and soon the animal again refuses all kinds of food, solid, liquid,
dry or green; she loses flesh, her milk diminishes and yet she
has no fever and appears as gay as usual. However, new mani-
festations are soon present. The cheeks are swollen, thready
saliva escapes from the mouth and on examination of that cavity,
the lingual canal and the inside of the cheek are found literally
packed with food, scarcely chewed and having a strong odor
of maceration. Extracted, this weighed two kilograms. Re-
lieved of this mass, the animal takes some liquids, but when she
is offered solids, she tries to take it and cannot. Another ex-
amination of the mouth is made and is negative. However, out-
side on a level with the left tempo ro-maxillary joint a small
swelling is observed, diffused, not very painful, hard and not
warm. A blister is applied. But the animal does not improve,
she loses ground and is destroyed. The lesions found consisted
in swelling of the bronchial lymphatic glands, containing yellow
pus, very offensive. And an abscess in the left temporo-maxillary
joint, with foetid pus similar to that of the bronchial glands;
the cartilage of the articular surfaces was necrosed and the ar-
ticular surfaces much roughened and soft. No other lesions
were found in any part of the body. — (Journ. de Zootech.)

Treatment of Tetanus with Oxygenated Water and
Injections of Antitetanic Serum [Mr. Dobert]. — A horse
is taken with lock-jaw, probably sequela of a punctured wound
of the foot. Treatment, quietness, obscurity, and in the morning
10 c.c. of serum. The disease progresses and after three days
one litre of oxygenated water at 12 deg. is ordered to be taken
in two doses. The animal is worse the next day; he receives
sulphate of eserine. three injections of serum and two litres of
oxygenated water. The horse improves, has a relapse after a
week and the same treatment is started again. Soon con-
valescence sets in and slowly the animal recovers. — (Journ. de
Zootech.)

Complete Uterine Torsion in a Cow with Rupture of
the Right Horn, Due to Traumatism [Pierre Bitard]. —
A six-year-old pregnant cow is eighteen days behind her time.
She has colic for past two days and has been treated by an em-
piric until in great danger of dying, then the author is called.
She is standing up, raising now and then one hind leg, spe-
cially the right. Her features are contracted, the head carried

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 545

low, eyes are sunken, the vertical fissure back of the zygomatic
process is much marked (an alarming symptom, says the au-
thor). Respiration is accelerated, heart beats strong and re-
peated, pulse small, filiform 106, temperature 38.3 °. Abdomen
is very large, flanks hollow. Repeated palpation of the abdo-
men fails to reveal anything about the foetus. Vaginal ex-
ploration detects a complete torsion of the uterus to the left.
The twists are numerous and prevent the introduction of the
hand beyond it. Rectal examination shows that the vagina is
also involved in the torsion and permits feeling a solution of
continuity, which is supposed to be on the right horn. The calf
cannot be detected. The cow is condemned and slaughtered.
The torsion is readily exposed, a large quantity of fluid escapes
from the horn, perhaps 70 litres, there is also a great quantity
of serosity in the abdomen. The right horn is very large, hard,
black in color and has on its superior face a solution of con-
tinuity, which involves the serous and muscular coats. The
mucous membrane is infiltrated and forms a large hematoma in
the uterine cavity. The accident was the result of heavy falls
sustained by the animal. — {Progrcs Vetcr.)

Rectal Cyst in a Mare [Mr. Douvillc, Adjunct Professor-
Alfort~\. — After suffering with dull and intermittent colics for
some time, without gaining a permanent relief, an eight-year-
old mare was brought to the attention of the author. After
being put in a stall where she began to eat, the mare stops sud-
denly, and colicky symptoms are manifested. With difficulty,
she passes some hard and dry balls of manure and suddenly
as the last ball drops out, there appears a red mass which, it is
said, has been noticed lately by the owner. The tumor is regu-
larly spherical, the size of a child's head, it fills the space be-
tween the vulva and the base of the tail, which is kept elevated
and pushed to the left. The mucous membrane is red and has
some superficial abrasions. The tumor is painless and gradually
subsides by moderate pressure applied on it. By rectal examina-
tion, the presence of the cyst is readily detected on the supero-
lateral wall on the right side of the rectum; and when gradual
pressure is put on it, its contents is felt running backwards and
downwards alongside the arm of the explorer, and at the same
time, goes and collects near the anus, where it forms a pro-
jecting cord. An exploring needle was introduced and 800
grams of fluid removed. The cavity was then filled with a solu-

546 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

tion of tinct. of iodine, iodide of potassium and water. After
proper massing- of the growth, this mixture was withdrawn. The
mare was relieved for two days of her colic, when they returned
and a second operation had to be done. This was followed by
immediate and permanent disappearance of all difficulties. —
(Rec. de Med. Vcter.)

ITALIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M.

A Rare Case of the Abnormal Delivery of a Mon-
strous Fcetus [Dr. Guido Finzi~]. — The author was called to
assist in a peculiar case of accouchement of a cow. Aged six
years, the animal has had several normal parturitions before and
was in excellent condition. When first taken in labor, she pre-
sented nothing abnormal, but soon after she has violent and fre-
quent pains and she made powerful efforts without any results.
The water bag had burst, the pulse became accelerated, the vulva
swollen and the vaginal mucous membrane highly congested.
Vaginal exploration revealed the severity of the case, as the
four extremities were found at the uterine opening. Was it a
right or a left cephalo-iliac position could not be made out?
The conformation of the fcetus was certainly abnormal and its
size enormous. To distinguish the fore from the hind legs was
also very difficult on account of their anatomical conformation
and of their special position. With difficulty a cord was secured
to two of them and tied up as high as possible, whether the hock
or the knee. Finally, the fcetus was extracted, no less than eight
men being required to pull on the rope. The cow after two
days was well and ruminating. The foetus was a monstrous in-
dividual. The rachis was flexed in the opposite direction than
normal and the extremities much distorted, instead of being im-
planted so as to come together under the abdomen, it did on the
back. The external conformation of the carpus and of the tarsus
was almost identical, hence the difficulty in distinguishing them
by manipulations within the uterus. — (La Clin. Vcter.)

Some Rare Cases of Echinoccocci in Bovines [Doct.
Agostino Toderi]. — Cases of echinoccocci are rather frequent In

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 547

bovines and are detected at post-mortems by the meat inspectors.
They are found principally in the lungs and the liver and also
more rarely in the spleen, the kidneys and the heart. The author
has observed one case in a steer which had one cyst of echinoc-
cocci occupying completely the left ventricle of the heart. As
the case was discovered at the meat inspection, the effects of this
condition of the heart upon the circulation remain unknown.
Doct. Toderi relates two cases. In one with the animal in ex-
cellent condition, he found the parenchyma of the lungs full
with echinoccocci and also the costal and visceral pleura. The
sternal pleura was covered with them. They varied in size from
that of an apricot to that of a large pomegranate. The liver
was enormous and weighed 56 kilograms. It was full of cysts.
In another case the lungs and the sternal pleura were exten-
sively involved. All the other organs were healthy. — (Archiv.
Scient. della Acad. Veter. Ital.)

Three Cases of Polidactily [Drs. Alete Borella and
Guido Finzi~\. — The first was in a two-year-old colt, which had
no record of abnomaly in his pedigree. The posterior legs were
normal and perfectly straight, without any blemishes of any sort.
The forelegs have a normal aspect as far as the fetlock when
the digital region is bent a little outwards. On the internal sur-
face, between the inner rudimentary metacarpus and the fetlock
there are two supplementary digits. These are well developed,
having three phalanges, two horny feet and a coronary band.
The foot is moderately well formed and resembles much the toe
of cattle. The supplementary digit is ankylosed with the meta-
carpus, but the interphalangeal joints are not. The animal can
walk without difficulty, but when trotting stumbles and is liable
to fall.

The second case was also in a colt which had the same ab-
nomally, viz, two supplementary digits on the forelegs. These
have also three phalanges, a foot smaller than the normal one
and having the form of the claw of cattle. This is elongated and
curved towards the principal toe. The articulation with the in-
ternal metacarpus and the interphalangeal joints are moveable.
The colt walked and ran without any impediment. His mother
had on the internal face of the right foreleg just below the rudi-
mentary metacarpus a small osselet which represented a first
phalanx.

The third belongs to a pig. It consisted in a supplementary
digit entirely developed also. — (La Clin. Veter.)

54S ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

Lameness in a Horse Due to the Repairing Process of
a Muscular Laceration [Dr. Knggcro Fracaro']. — While be-
ing led by the bridle, a saddle horse, seven years of age, became
suddenly lame on the left hindleg. A little below the point of
the rump, there was a large swelling, spherical, not very warm,
nor painful, rather elastic to the touch, and having a certain
amount of fluctuation. It looked like an hematoma or a trau-
matic exudation of serosity. Below the swelling was a marked
depression or hollow indicating a solution of continuity in the
muscular mass of the long vastus and semi-tendinosus.

How did this occur? Could not be found out. However,
"by proper treatment of cold water applications first and blister-
ing afterwards, the acute symptoms subsided, the effusion re-
sorbed and the animal returned to work in due time.

Some three months later, he was again disabled, on the same
leg. His lameness being characterized by a difficulty in carry-
ing the leg forward, the action being interfered with by the pres-
ence of a cord on the seat of the old lesion filling the old lacera-
tion and having the size of the thumb of a man's hand. It was
an organized cord formed by the cicatrized connective tissue and
the muscular fibres. Relief could certainly have been obtained
fay a sub-cutaneous division of the cord, made with a blunt
myotomy knife, but the animal was sold and lost sight of. — {La
Clin. Vetetin.}

A Fatal Kick. — Joseph Coggins, of Ashford avenue, while
attending a sick horse on Friday last was kicked in the face, re-
quiring six stitches to sew up the cut. The horse, which was a
valuable animal, died later from colic. — (Dobbs Ferry Register.)

He Explained.— At a school one day a teacher, having
asked most of his pupils the difference between an island and a
peninsula without receiving a satisfactory answer, came to the
last boy.

" I can explain it, sir," said the bright youth. " First get two
glasses. Fill one with water and the other with milk. Then
catch a fly and place it in the glass of water. That fly is an
island, because it is entirely surrounded by water. But now
place the fly in the glass of milk, and it will be a peninsula, be-
cause it is nearly surrounded by water."

The boy went to the top of the class.

CORRESPONDENCE.

AUTOMOBILE DISCARDED FOR THE HORSE.

Denver, Colo., Dec. 12, 1908.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Gentlemen: For the benefit of my brother colleagues that may
be contemplating the purchase of an automobile to displace the
horse in their practice, I desire to give them this " tip." I have
used a machine for the past months in my practice in Denver; I
drove a machine 23,000 miles at a cost of $2,500. I found
the automobile wholly unreliable for my business, and very ex-
pensive. If 1 saved an hour to-day, I would lose two to-morrow;
in other words, after figuring the time lost on account of break-
downs, tire troubles and necessary adjustments, and the time the
machine was in the shop that I really did not save any time,
but that I was losing much valuable time. I found that when
it became necessary to go to the shop for repairs that I fell in
the hands of men without any conscience or honesty. They
would work on my car one hour and probably charge for two
or three, at the rate of 75 cents per hour.

I found that the auto did not equal the horse on muddy or
sand}' roads or in rainy or cold weather. It requires more
thought to keep up with the running of the machine and keep it
all together than it does to look after one's practice, or study
how to make a living therefrom. A doctor, in my judgment,
needs to think over his cases and business when he is traveling
from one to the other during the day, but it is impossible to do
so when running a machine, for it must have your entire
thoughts. An automobile will consume the profits of a medium
business. No man can afford to use one from a business stand-
point, they can only be looked upon from a luxury viewpoint.
The automobile can only be afforded bv the rich. There will
be a reaction within the coming year back to the horse, since
every one that has the auto fever must buy an auto, or two, be-
fore he opens his eyes to what a fool he has been to spend two
or three thousands of dollars per year just for something to get
around the country with, when formerly he only paid twenty or
thirty dollars for a horse per month. Great good will come

549

550 CORRESPONDENCE.

through the auto fever; that is, the people will not be satisfied
any more with a common horse, or buggy, but they will buy a
four or five hundred dollar horse, where they formerly bought
a hundred dollar one.

The automobile causes the people to lavish and squander
their money and makes them extravagant. I am using the horse
again with more satisfaction and comfort than ever before. It
is all a mistake to believe that a doctor can turn off more business
with the machine than he can with the horse. He cannot do it.

Respectfully yours,

Mark White. V.M.D.

The Brakeman's Joke. — " Ran over a cow this morning up
above Coffeyville," said the brakeman to a reporter.

" How did it happen? " asked the reporter.

" She was drinking out of a creek under a bridge," shouted
the brakeman as he swung on to the last car and went grinning
out of town. — (Kansas City Times.)

Goat's $15,000 Meal. — A peasant followed by a goat
walked into the local bank at Aurillac to pay in some money. As
he was going out a clerk noticed that the goat had a piece of
paper in his month.

He vaulted over the counter and caught the animal just in
time to prevent it swallowing a bond worth £3,000, which it had
nibbled off the counter. — (London Evening Standard.)

The Saw of the Mosquito. — The bill of the mosquito is
a complex institution. It has a blunt fork at the head and is
apparently grooved. Working through the groove and pro-
jecting from the angle of the fork is a lance of perfect form
sharpened with a fine bevel. Beside it the most perfect lance
looks like a hand saw. On either side of the lance two saws are
arranged, with the points fine and sharp and the teeth well de-
fined and keen. The backs of these saws play against the lance.
When the mosquito alights, with its peculiar hum, it thrusts
its keen lance and then enlarges the aperture with the two saws,
which play beside the lance until the forked bill with its capillary
arrangement for pumping the blood can be inserted. The saw-
ing process is what grates upon the nerves of the victim and
causes him to strike wildly at the sawyer. — (Exchange.)

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS.

EDITOR.

Office of Experiment Stations, Department of Agri-
culture.

The United States Civil Service Commission announces the
postponement to January 6-y, 1909 (in view of the small num-
ber of applications filed), of the examination scheduled for No-
vember 24-25, 1908, at the places mentioned in the list printed
by the Commission, to secure eligibles from which to make cer-
tification to fill a vacancy in the position of editor in charge of
the departments of entomology, economic zoology, and veteri-
nary science, in the Experiment Station Record, Office of Ex-
periment Stations, Department of Agriculture, at $1,500 per
annum, and vacancies requiring similar qualifications as they
may occur in that Department.

The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned be-
low, weighted as indicated :

Subjects. Weights.

1. Spelling (twenty words of more than average difficulty). 3

2. Arithmetic (fundamental rules, fractions, percentage, in-

terest, discount, analysis, and statement of simple ac-
counts) 3

3. Penmanship (the handwriting of the competitor in the

subject of letter-writing will be considered with spe-
cial reference to the elements of legibility, rapidity,
neatness, general appearance, etc.) 3

4. Letter- writing (a letter of not less than 150 words on

some subject of general interest. Competitors may
select either of two subjects given) 6

5. Copying from rough draft (the writing of a smooth copy

of rough-draft manuscript, including the correction

of all errors of spelling, capitalization, syntax, etc.) . 5

6. Editing and abstracting 10

7. Proof reading and indexing 10

8. Special subject :

(a) Economic zoology and veterinary science, or

(b) Animal husbandry and dairying 40

9. Training and experience (rated on application) 20

Total 100

551

552 CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS.

A rating of at least 70 per cent, in the special subject chosen
is required for eligibility.

Some knowledge of French and German is required, and the
candidate's proficiency in these languages will be considered in
the rating for training and experience.

The position to be filled as the result of this examination re-
quires a man of special qualifications, including not only funda-
mental knowledge in the subject chosen, but considerable ad-
vanced training, and general familiarity with its literature.

Two days will be required for this examination.

Age limit, 20 years or over on the date of the examination.

This examination is open to all citizens of the United States
who comply with the requirements.

This announcement contains all information which is com-
municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination,
the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re-
quired.

Applicants should at once apply either to the United States
Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C, or to the secre-
tary of the board of examiners at any place mentioned in the list
printed by the Commission, for application Form 13 12. No
application will be accepted unless properly executed and filed
with the Commission at Washington. In applying for this ex-
amination the exact title as given at the head of this announce-
ment should be used in the application.

As examination papers are shipped direct from the Commis-
sion to the places of examination, it is necessary that applications
be received in ample time to arrange for the examination de-
sired at the place indicated by the applicant. The Commission
will therefore arrange to examine any applicant whose applica-
tion is received in time to permit the shipment of the necessary
papers.

VETERINARY INSPECTOR.

Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture.

The United States Civil Service Commission announces an
examination on January 20, 1909, at the places mentioned in
the list printed by the Commission, to secure el:gibles from which

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 553

to make certification to fill vacancies as they may occur in the
position of veterinary inspector, at $1,400 per annum, in the
Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture.

As the Commission has experienced considerable difficulty
in securing eligibles for filling these positions, qualified persons
are urged to enter this examination.

It 7vill be noted that the entrance salary of this position has
been increased to $1,400 per annum, promotion to $1,600 to be
made after two years' satisfactory service at $1,400, and pro-
motion to $1,800 after satisfactory service for two years at
$1,600 per annum.

The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned below,
weighted as indicated :

Subjects. Weights.

1. Spelling (twenty words of average difficulty in common

use) 5

2. Arithmetic (simple tests in addition, subtraction, multi-

plication, and division of whole numbers, in common
and decimal fractions, and of United States money). 5

3. Letter- writing (a letter of not. less than 125 words on

some subject of general interest. Competitors may
select either of two subjects given) 5

4. Penmanship (the handwriting of the competitor in the

subject of copying from plain copy will be considered
with special reference to the elements of legibility,
rapidity, neatness, general appearance, etc.) 5

5. Copying from plain copy (a simple test in copying accu-

rately a few printed lines in the competitor's hand-
writing) 5

6. Veterinary anatomy and physiology 15

7. Veterinary pathology and meat inspection 30

8. Theory and practice of veterinary medicine 30

Total 100

The last three subjects include general questions on anatomy
and physiology, a consideration of the pathology of diseases in
general, and such special pathology as is characteristic in dis-
eases common to food-producing animals. The symptoms, diag-
nosis, and treatment of diseases incident to domesticated animals
will be considered.

554 CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS.

A competitor who fails to attain an average percentage of at
least 70 in the sixth, seventh, and eighth subjects will not be
eligible for appointment, and the remaining subjects will not be
rated.

Seven hours will be allowed for the examination.

Age limit, 20 years or over on the date of examination.

Applicants must be graduates of recognized veterinary col-
leges. Those graduating prior to or during 1897 will be ad-
mitted if from colleges having a course of not less than two
years in veterinary science ; applicants graduating since that time
must be from colleges having a course of not less than three
years and must have taken the whole course or its equivalent,
and at least two years must have been spent in the study of
veterinary science in such colleges. These facts must be shown
in the application.

This examination is open to all citizens of the United States
who comply with the requirements.

This announcement contains all information which is com-
municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination,
the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re-
quired.

Applicants should at once apply either to the United States
Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C, or to the secre-
tary of the board of examiners at any place mentioned in the list
printed by the Commission, for application Form 13 12. No
application will be accepted unless properly executed and filed
with the Commission at Washington. In applying for this ex-
amination the exact title as given at the head of this announce-
ment should be used in the application.

As examination papers are shipped direct from the Commis-
sion to the places of examination, it is necessary that applications
be received in ample time to arrange for the examination de-
sired at the place indicated by the applicant. The Commission
will therefore arrange to examine any applicant whose applica-
tion is received in time to permit the shipment of the necessary
papers.

There Are Others. — Old Emdee — Well, how do you like
your profession?

Young Emdee — Profession is O. K. It's the practice I'm
kicking about. — (Toivn and Country.)

OBITUARY.

GEORGE O. FORSYTH, V.M.D.

The sad intelligence reaches us of the sudden death of Dr.
George O. Forsyth, veterinary practitioner of Burlington
County, N. J. His funeral took place from his late residence
at Johnstown, December 19, 1908.

Dr. Forsyth was a successful practitioner, well known
throughout Central Jersey. He was a graduate of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania and a prominent member of the Veteri-
nary Medical Association of New Jersey.

W, F. CARR, V.S.

It is with deep regret that the Review is called upon to
chronicle the sad demise of Dr. W. F. Carr of Bay City, Mich.,
which occurred Sunday evening, November 15, 1908, at 7.30
o'clock, at Mr. U. M. Guilford's ranch, situate about 20 miles
west of West Branch, Mich., where Dr. Carr and a party of
friends were on a hunting expedition.

Dr. Carr had shot a fine deer and in the evening, surrounded
by his friends, was examining the various kinds of rifles of his
associates when one of the fire arms, which was not supposed
to have been loaded, went off, the ball striking him in the left
breast and going through him. Medical aid was summoned
from West Branch and Bay City but he died the same night at
11.30 o'clock. He was conscious, however, up to the last mo-
ment of his life and used this precious time to good advantage
arranging for the welfare of his wife and attending to a proper
adjustment of his business affairs. His body was brought to
West Branch and from there to Bay City and thence to Buffalo,
N. Y., for interment.

Among those in the hunting party was his old friend, Dr.
John Wende of Buffalo, with whom he had been associated in
practice until four years ago, when he moved from Buffalo to
Bay City. Dr. Carr was a successful practitioner and enjoyed
the acquaintanceship of a large circle of friends who deeply
mourn his untimely death.

G. A. BARNES, V.S.
The sympathy of the profession goes out to the family
and friends of Dr. G. A. Barnes, veterinary surgeon, who is
reported to have been burned to death in the destruction of his
house by fire, December 10, 1908, at Woodville, East of Toledo,
Ohio.

555

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The regular monthly meeting- was held on Tuesday evening,
December 8, 1908, in Donaldson's Hall, Broad and Filbert
streets, Philadelphia.

Dr. John Reichel occupied the chair. There were present
twenty members, several professional visitors and many of the
students of the graduating class of the Veterinary Department
of the University of Pennsylvania.

Dr. H. C. Campbell was elected a member. The program
committee reported the possibility of a helpful schedule of sub-
jects for the year and able and well-known speakers for the
meetings.

The evening was devoted to symposium on Foot and Mouth
Disease or Aphthous Fever.

Dr. Laycock, in charge of the state control and eradication
of the disease at Norristown, very kindly came to the city to
address the association. He gave the meeting first-hand infor-
mation as to the actual conditions of the field work, and detailed
the means being pursued in the inspection, control, disinfection
and eradication of the plague.

Dr. C. J. Marshall read extracts from the circular on this
disease, issued by the secretary of the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board, especially emphasizing the wisdom of the " stamp out "
method and the characteristic clinical features of the disease.

Dr. John Reichel reviewed what has been so far discovered
as to its etiology, and concluded by exhibiting five specimens
of the several stages of the disease in cittle and swine — these
specimens form part of the collection in the pathological mu-
seum of the Veterinary Department of the University of Penn-
sylvania. The meeting adjourned at 11.20 p. m.

S. Lockett, Secretary.

VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

COLUMBIA.

The regular monthly of this association was held on the even-
ing of December 16, 1908, at No. 514 Ninth street, N. W.,

556

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 557

Washington, D. C. The president, Dr. John Lockwood, occu-
pied the chair.

Dr. Lockwood brought up the question of recommending the
extension of the dog-muzzling ordinance in the District for an-
other six months (the six months' period covered by the present
ordinance having expired on the 16th instant). A discussion
developed the fact that the largest number of cases of rabies
occur during the winter months ; also that 200 rabied dogs were
discovered in the District during the past six months. Resolu-
tions were adopted recommending the extension of the order
for another six months, and the secretary was instructed to for-
ward copies of the same to the President of the United States,
the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Commissioners of the Dis-
trict of Columbia.

Dr. H. J. Washburn, of the Pathological Division, Bureau of
Animal Industry, then read an extremely interesting and instruc-
tive paper on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, which was received with
much interest, thoroughly discussed, and a rising vote of thanks
was extended the doctor.

The annual election of officers will occur at the next meet-
ing, January 20, 1909. F. M. Ashbaugh, Secretary.

MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The semi-annual meeting of this association will be held in
Kansas City, February 2 and 3, 1909.

The program will be filled to repletion with up-to-date and
current scientific topics. The subject of hog cholera and vac-
cination and many other absorbing topics of the present time will
be presented.

The committee on local arrangements are busy. An excel-
lent clinic is planned for the afternoon of the second day and
a banquet for the first evening.

Every veterinarian in the middle west should plan to attend
this meeting. You can not afford to miss it. The business and
social entertainment will repay the expense of attending. Don't
forget the date — the first Tuesday and Wednesday in February.

J. I. Gibson, President.
B. F. Kaupp, Secretary.

558 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

YORK COUNTY (PA.) VETERINARY MEDICAL

SOCIETY.

The above society held its quarterly meeting in the Na-
tional Hotel parlor, York, Pa., on Tuesday afternoon, Decem-
ber i, 1908, with a good attendance of city and county veteri-
narians. Aphthous fever, or the foot-and-mouth disease, gland-
ers, and tuberculosis, were discussed in general by the members
present. The secretary reported a case of dumb rabies in a dog
which had occurred a few days previous to the meeting, and Dr.
Charles Lenhart a case of rabies in a cow. The next meeting
will be held on the first Tuesday in March, 1909.

E. S. Bausticker, Secretary.

We passed, in the course of an hour, two dead cows and
more than fifty dead chickens. A strong smell of gasoline per-
vaded the atmosphere, and there were wheel tracks in the dust.

Sherlock Holmes became greatly interested.

" Watson," exclaimed he, after deep thought, " there has
been an automobile along here! " — (Louisville Courier- Journal.)

Mentality of Deep Sea Fish. — Fish that inhabit the
depths of the sea beyond the penetration of daylight depend
largely in their search for prey on the senses of hearing and
smell. One would think they would have no use for eyes at
all; but nature has provided some of them with organs for the
emission of phosphorescent light, and in some cases the eye itself
performs the double service of illumination and vision. There
is thus a feeble light in those gloomy depths. An examination
of the brains of some of these creatures made recently in Ger-
many by Dr. Trojan shows that the conformation of this organ,
as well as the distribution of nerves, favors the senses of smell
and hearing. The feeble development of the optic lobes and
nerves indicates that vision is imperfect, while the powerful
olfactory and auditory nerves, the huge " ear-stones " and the
size of the corresponding brain centres show what a prepon-
derent part is played by sounds and smells in the mental life, if
such it can be called, of dwellers in the marine abysses. — (Ex-
change.)

NEWS AND ITEMS.

The New York " Smoker " was a notable social event.

Some men resemble goats; they can't help "butting in."

It is the wise head that makes the still tongue. — (Lucas.)

Mark Twain : All education is preparatory. It is life that
gives the finals, not college.

The Colorado Veterinary Medical Association will hold its
annual meeting in Denver on January 2, 1909.

Let us be of good cheer, remembering that the misfortunes
hardest to bear are those that never come. — (Lowell.)

The American Veterinary Review is certainly a blessing
to the profession. — (/. C. Myers, M.D.C., Norfolk, Nebr.)

The annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary
Medical Association will be held March 2nd and 3rd, 1909.

Troop M., Fifth Cavalry, will sail from San Francisco Jan-
uary 10th for Honolulu, which will be their permanent station.

The difference between a man's handshake and the wag of
a dog's tail is that the wag is always sincere. — (Marion (Ga.)
Patriot.)

Dr. C. Courtney McLean, of Meadville, Pa., was among
the exhibitors at the 1908 National Horse Show, Madison Square
Garden, New York City.

Secretary Hal. C. Simpson reports that the prospects are
very bright for a grand meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Asso-
ciation at Fort Dodge, January 19, 20, 21, 1909.

Dr. W. Reid Blair, veterinarian of the Bronx Zoological
Park, New York, has under his charge nearly twice the number
of animals as there are in the London Zoological Garden.

A Sure Rule. — De Canter — Is there any sure way to tell
the age of a horse?

De Trotter — Yes. Ask the dealer and multiply by one-half.

5S9

560 NEWS AND ITEMS.

Two Bad Bites. — Diogenes being- asked " What is that
beast which is the most dangerous?" replied, "Of wild beasts
the bite of a slanderer and of tame beasts that of the flatterer."

On Thursday afternoon, January 14, Dr. Leonard Pearson
will speak before the New Jersey State Board of Agriculture,
in the State House, Trenton, on the Problem of Animal Tuber-
culosis.

The Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey meets
at Trenton January 14th and the State Board of Veterinary
Medical Examiners at the State House, Trenton, January
29, 30.

Myrtle Station, Ontario, Canada, Dec. 15, 1908.
Enclosed find exchange order for $3.25 for Review for
year 1909, which is the best evidence of its appreciation by —
(Geo. L. Robson, VS.)

An Exception. — " Animals," said the teacher, " frequently
become attached to people, but plants never do."

"How about burs, teacher?" queried the small boy at the
foot of the class. — (Chicago News.)

The Agricultural Department of the Transvaal is now under
the direction of C. E. Gray, M.R.C.V.S., Principal Veterinary
Surgeon of the Transvaal, during a six months' absence of Mr.
F. B. Smith, Director of Agriculture.

Announcement is made of the marriage of Dr. William
Russell Fullerton and Miss Susan Marion Hantelmann, Decem-
ber 16, 1908, Chicago, 111. Dr. and Mrs. Fullerton will be " At
Home," Dubuque, la., after February 1, 1909.

Editors American Veterinary Review: — Enclosed here-
with please find check in payment of my annual subscription for
the best veterinary journal on earth. — (O. L. Borr, Secretary
Indiana State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners, Muncie,
Ind.)

Experience. — " Experience would be a wonderful asset but
for one thing."

"What's that?"

" You never can sell it for what it cost you." — (Cleveland
Leader. *)

NEWS AND ITEMS. 561

Comparisons Are Odious. — Perkins, Jr. — Why don't ye
buy that horse of Seth's, pop? He's got a fine pedigree.

Perkins, Sr. — Pedigree ! The question is, is he wuth any-
thing? Why, boy, them sassiety folks what comes here in the
summer has pedigrees. — {Brooklyn Life.)

Carl W. Gay, B.Sc, D.V.M., is the new head of the Agri-
cultural Department of the Colorado Agricultural College. It
is expected that Professor Gay will teach Zootechnics in the
Veterinary Department. This will make six veterinarians on the
campus engaged in teaching veterinary science.

The Sioux Falls Veterinary Hospital is the name of a new
veterinary establishment just opened by Drs. Graham and Mc-
Gilvray at Sioux Falls, S. D. The hospital is equipped with all
necessary appliances for the successful practice of veterinary sur-
gery as well as for the treatment of sick animals.

Explained. — " Ma," said Mrs. Malaprop's little boy, " what
is ' antimony?' "

" Sh, that's not nice to talk about! " replied Mrs. Malaprop.
" It's what a lady gets when she's divorced from her husband." —
(Exchange.)

Veterinarian William Dimond has been selected as
chairman of the committee to have charge of the tenth annual
banquet of the Road Horse Association of New Jersey, to be
held at the Kruger Auditorium, Newark, on Wednesday even-
ing, February 3, 1909.

" Some Common Disinfectants " is the title of Farmers'
Bulletin 345 issued by the Bureau of Animal Industry, Decem-
ber 17, 1908. In its preparation care has been taken to correct
popular misconceptions as to the value and limitations of various
disinfectants in general use.

Changed His Ambition. — " It used to be the height of my
ambition to own a motor car," said the worried-looking man.

" And what is the height of your ambition now? " asked the
friend.

"To sell it." — (Philadelphia Inquirer.)

$5,000 Monument to War Horses. — A monument has
just been erected at Port Elizabeth, South Africa, to the memory
of the horses that died during the Boer war. It cost upward of
$5,000, and is in the shape of a stone watering trough, with
a bronze cavalryman giving a drink to a horse.

562 NEWS AND ITEMS.

Dr. Eldridge N. Brown, C.V.C., 'g-6, has received the ap-
pointment of Assistant Meat and Live Stock Inspector for the
City of Nashville, Tenn. His term of office begins January I,
1909. The Board of Health re-appointed Dr. Joseph Plaskett
McGill, '93, as Chief Inspector, a position he has held for over
six years.

Dr. L. M. Steckel, O.S.U. '07, formerly with the U. S.
Bureau of Animal Industry, has gone abroad to take up post-
graduate work at the Royal Veterinary College of Berlin. Dr.
Steckel, before sailing, paid a visit to the Review office. We
wish him " Bon Voyage " and a safe return to the states after
completing his studies on the continent.

A conference for the veterinarians of New York state at
the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University,
at Ithaca, N. Y., is announced for January 12 and 13. A very
attractive program has been arranged, including lectures on im-
portant veterinary subjects, clinics and surgical exercises. The
laboratories will be open for demonstrating to the visiting veteri-
narians modern methods of diagnosis.

Dr. Chas. A. McKim, state veterinarian of Nebraska, will
leave Lincoln on January nth to resume private practice in Nor-
folk, that state.

Dr. McKim has held the position of state veterinarian in his
state since July 1905, and his friends in the profession will re-
gret to learn that he has left the state service; which circum-
stance has been brought about through a change in the admin-
istration, as a result of the recent election. May good fortune
attend the doctor in his return to his old field of practice.

Veterinarian for Tuberculosis Director in Kansas. —
The constitution of the Kansas Association for the Study and
Prevention of Tuberculosis, organized at the Governor's con-
ference on Tuberculosis December 3, 1908, stipulates that one
of the Board of Directors shall be a member of the state veteri-
nary association. It is almost a foregone conclusion that Dr. Bur-
ton Rogers, Manhattan, Kansas, Secretary of the Kansas Veteri-
nary Medical Association, who has an intensified interest in the
subject, will be nominated for Tuberculosis Director at the forth-
coming annual meeting of the state association to be held at
Topeka, January 12 and 13, 1909.

NEWS AND ITEMS. 5G3

Alpha Psi Fraternity. — The biennial convention of the
Alpha Psi Fraternity was held at the Alpha Chapter House,
Columbus, Ohio, on the first and second of December, 1908.
The new National Council are Drs. A. F. Schalk, president;
R. J. Walker, Jr., vice-president; R. E. Warren, secretary; H.
P. Gill, treasurer.

The social part of the evening was well arranged. On the
evening of December first, the members of the Alpha Chapter
gave a dance at the New U. C. T. Hall; and on the evening of
December second, the retiring Council, the delegates, Drs. Cook,
Reinhard, Schoen and Adams, and several members of the faculty
were entertained with a " smoker " at the House.

Clydesdale and Percheron Stallions for New Jersey.
— The State of New Jersey is now the owner of 3 Clydesdale
and 8 Percheron stallions recently purchased in Europe by a
committee of the State Live Stock Commission, consisting of
E. T. Gill of Haddonfield, F. C. Minckler of New Brunswick,
and Veterinarian T. Earle Budd of Orange. The stallions ar-
rived the latter part of December and are now at the state farm
at New Brunswick, where they will be kept until thoroughly ac-
climated. These stallions will be placed in charge of the several
horse breeding associations for the purpose of improving the
stock in New Jersey.

The action of New Jersey in establishing a commission to
assume supervision of horse breeding in the state is in line with
the tendency of the times throughout the United States and the
countries of the world. Pennsylvania, Iowa, Minnesota, Illi-
nois, Missouri, North Dakota, Utah and Wisconsin are among
the states which now have a system of inspecting and licensing
stallions kept for public service, but New Jersey is believed to
be the first that has provided for state ownership of stock horses
to be stationed throughout the horse breeding centres.

Dr. Budd reports a very delightful call upon Professor Liau-
tard while in Paris.

Banquet of the Veterinary Practitioners' Club. — One
of the most enjoyable social functions which it has been our
privilege to attend was the annual banquet of the Veterinary
Practitioners' Club of Hudson County, N. J., which was held
at the Columbian Club, Jersey City, on Tuesday evening, De-
cember 15, 1908.

564 NEWS AND ITEMS.

After full justice had been done to an elaborate menu, Presi-
dent Meiners called upon Dr. Thomas E. Smith to fill the role
of toastmaster, which he did to the satisfaction and gratification
of everybody. Hon. James Baker, a member of the New Jersey
Legislature, responded to the toast " New Jersey " in an able
and eloquent manner. Prof. James J. Hopkins, Principal of
the Jersey City High School, delivered a masterful address on
" Education as an Asset," setting forth in an incontrovertible
manner the inestimable value of an adequate preliminary educa-
tion before taking up the study of a profession, and pointed out,
to the complete satisfaction of his auditors, why the preparation
should be no less thorough or extensive for the study of the
veterinary sciences than for any of the other learned professions.
It is Dr. Smith's privilege to number this able educator, as well
as the distinguished legislator, among his esteemed friends.
Other toasts were responded to by Drs. F. C. Grenside, James
L. Robertson, Geo. H. Berns, H. D. Gill and Wm. Herbert
Lowe. The success of the affair was largely due to the efforts
of the banquet committee, Drs. R. J. Halliday, J. L. Lindsay
and T. E. Smith. The Veterinary Practitioners' Club is affili-
ated with the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey,
and the Review predicts that its potent influence will be an im-
portant factor in the advancement and upbuilding of the pro-
fession in that state.

Getting at a Dog's Mind. — Is such a thing as animal
psychology possible? One may reason about the processes of
his own mind; he may even compare them with those of other
minds, as described to him in words. But one can neither be
a dog nor talk to a clog; how, then, may we be sure of what or
how a dog thinks or of whether he thinks at all ?

Now, a dog cannot talk, at least with human speech, but
vocal utterance is not the only sign of what is going on in the
mind. Signs unnoticed by the ordinary man have been skilfully
discovered and utilized by the students of animal psychology,
sometimes with a cleverness that is little short of astounding.

Take, for instance, a recent method devised by Dr. Zeliony,
a Russian investigator, which may prove to be a key that will
unlock a large chamber in the animal mind. He uses it, for
example, to inquire how great a musical interval a dog is capable
of appreciating, and he shows conclusively that a dog may tell
the difference between musical sounds only a quarter of a tone
apart — more than a good many humans are able to do.

NEWS AND ITEMS. 5G5

This is how he does it: — The sight of food makes a dog's
mouth water; in other words, it acts through the brain on the
glands that secrete saliva. Likewise, almost anything associated
with the idea of food will, by association, also make the animal's
mouth water.

Dr. Zeliony feeds a dog day after day to the sound of a
single musical tone, until that tone and the food are inextricably
connected in the dog's mind. Thereafter the sound of that par-
ticular note will always cause secretion of saliva. But no other
note will so act, and if the sound be higher or lower by more
than one-quarter tone — no " watering at the mouth."

To the dog a sound having a particular pitch means food;
one of another pitch does not, and he can detect that it is of an-
other pitch when it is " off " by a quarter of a tone. This method
is as convincing as it is clever, and its results are certainly aston-
ishing.— (Arthur E. Bostzvick in the N. Y. Herald.)

The Philippine Islands Safeguarded. — Veterinarian G.
E. Nesom, Director of Agriculture, with the approval of the
Honorable, the Secretary of the Interior, under date of Novem-
ber 2, 1908, issued from the Bureau of Agriculture, Manila,
General Order No. 12 prohibiting the landing of domestic ani-
mals infected with any dangerous communicable disease, or that
have been exposed to such infection, at any port in the Philip-
pine Islands except as provided for in said order. General or-
der No. 12 is an amendment to General Order No. 10 issued
June 5, 1908. The original order is materially amended, all of
rule II being stricken out and the following substituted there-
fore:

1. Whenever any domestic animals, as defined in Section 1 of
Act 1760, arrive in a port of the Philippine Islands from any
foreign port and are found to be infected with or exposed to any
dangerous communicable disease, as defined in Section 2 of Act
1760, such animals will be prohibited from landing except as
hereinafter provided.

2. Imported animals found to be infected with or exposed
to anthrax, on arrival in any port of the Philippine Islands will
not be allowed to land, but must be taken, with all effects pertain-
ing to them, beyond the jurisdiction of the Philippine Islands.

3. Whenever any domestic animals, arriving at the port of
Manila from any port, are found to be infected with rinderpest or
foot-and-mouth disease, the Director of Agriculture will grant

5GG NEWS AND ITEMS.

special permission for the discharge of any or all of such ani-
mals from the vessel or vessels on which they arrive, into suit-
able vessels or lighters on which they may be held at the port
of Manila under the supervision of an authorized representative
of the Director of Agriculture, until such time as they may be
exported or slaughtered as hereinafter provided.

4. Any vessel or lighter or any other form of water craft to
which animals are transferred, as provided in Section 3 of this
rule, will be regarded as a quarantine corral and subject to the
rules and regulations governing the same : provided that no ani-
mals held in quarantine on such vessel, lighter or water-craft will
be permitted to land, except for immediate slaughter until the
expiration of the minimum quarantine period required under the
provisions of Section 1 of Rule I, General Order No. 10.

5. The Director of Agriculture will allow animals, so held
in quarantine at the port of Manila, to be landed at a point desig-
nated by him, as near as practicable to the municipal slaughter
house and to be conducted by the shortest practicable route, to
be approved by him, into such slaughter house and to be killed
immediately. The carcasses of such of them as are diseased and
are unfit for human food at the time they are killed must be im-
mediately transported to the city crematory and burned.

6. The Director of Agriculture will refuse to permit the
transfer from the ship or vessel on which they arrive at the
port of Manila to any other vessel, lighter or other form of water
craft, or to the shore, of all animals hopelessly ill with any dan-
gerous communicable disease or suffering from such disease to
such an extent as to render them unfit for human food; provided
that the Director of Agriculture will, in his discretion, authorize
the killing of such animals on the ship or lighter, and their im-
mediate transfer to the crematory where they must be imme-
diately burned.

7. Landing privileges similar to those authorized in Sec-
tions 3, 4, 5 and 6 of this Rule will be extended to animals ar-
riving at other ports of entry in the Philippine Islands, whenever
such ports provide suitable slaughter houses, approved by the
Director of Agriculture, in which animals rmy be conveniently
landed and killed without danger of spreading infection.

This order shall take effect immediately upon its approval by
the Secretarv of the Interior.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

567

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of
great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to infoim us
of the dates and places of their meetings.

Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included
in the following list :

Name of Organization.

Date of Next
Meeting.

Place of
Meeting.

Name and Address Secretary.

American V. M. Ass'n ,

Vet. Med. Ass'n of N. J ,

Connecticut V. M. Ass'n

New York S. V. M. Soc'y

Schuylkill Valley V. M. A....

Passaic Co. V. M. Ass'n

Texas V. M. Ass'n

Massachusetts Vet. Ass'n

Maine Vet. Med. Ass'n

Central Canada V. Ass'n

Michigan State V. M. Ass'n..
Alumni Ass'n, N. Y.-A. V. C.

Illinois State V. M. Ass'n

Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad

Illinois V. M. and Surg. A

Vet. Ass'n of Manitoba

North Carolina V. M. Ass'n.,
Ontario Vet. Ass'n.

Sept. 14-17, 1909
Jan. 14, 1909

Sept., 1909

Call of Chair...
Call Exec. Com
Monthly

Chicago

Trenton

New Haven .,

Ithaca

Reading

Paterson, N.J

Feb. 2-3, 1909..
April, 1909

Boston

Waterville

Ottawa

Lansing

141 W. 54th St
Chi

ncago .

Jan. 5,6,7, 1909,
Not stated

Louisville.
Winnipeg.
Raleigh ..

V. M. Ass'n, New York City.
Ohio State V. M. Ass'n.

Western Penn. V. M. Ass'n...

Missouri Vet. Med. Ass'n

Genesee Valley V. M. Ass'n..

Iowa Veterinary Ass'n

Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n.
Pennsylvania State V. M. A..

Keystone V. M. Ass'n

Colorado State V. M. Ass'n...

Missouri Valley V. Ass'n

Rhode Island V. M. Ass'n

North Dakota V. M. Ass'n

California State V. M. Ass'n.

1st Wed. ea. mo.
Jan. 12-13, i°°9-
1st Wed. ea. mo.

Jan. 14, 1909

Jan. 19,20,21...
Jan. 13-14, 1909.
March 2-3, 1909.

Monthly

Jan. 2, 1909

Feb. 2-3, 1909...
Jan. and June..

141 W. 54th St,

Columbus

Pittsburgh

St. Joseph

Rochester

Ft. Dodge....

St. Paul

Philadelphia.,
Philadelphia..

Denver

Kansas City..
Providence . . .

Southern Auxiliary of California
State V. M. Ass'n

South Dakota V. M. A

Nebraska V. M. Ass'n

Kansas State V. M. Ass'n

Ass'n Medecale Veterinare Fran-
caise " Laval "

Province of Quebec V. M. A

Kentucky V. M. Ass'n

Washington State Col. V. M. A ..

Indiana Veterinary Association.. .

Louisiana State V. M. Ass'n

Twin City V. M. Ass'n

Hamilton Co. (Ohio) V. A

Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n....

Georgia State V. M. A.

2d Wed. in Aug.

Jan.Apl.Jy.Oct.
2dTues. injy. '09

Jan. 12-13, i9°9-

1st and 3<i Thur.

of each month

Monthly

An'l, Jan., '09...

Alameda

Los Angeles..
Sioux Falls. . .
('■rand Island.

Topeka

Lec.Room.La-
valUn'y.Mon.
Mon.andQue.
Not decided . .
Pullman, Wa .
Indianapolis..

2d Thu. ea. mo .

St.P.-Minneap

Soc. vet. Alumni Univ. Penn..

Virginia State V. M. Ass'n

Oklahoma V. M. Ass'n

Veterinary Practitioners' Club.
Vet. Ass'n Dist. of Columbia..

June, 1909.

Atlanta

Philadelphia.
Norfolk

B. A. I. Vet. In. A., Chicago

Arkansas Veterinary Society ,

York Co. (Pa.)V. M. A ,

Philippine V. M. A

Montana State V. M. A

Veterinary Ass'n of Alberta. . . .

Chicago Veterinary Society

Maryland State Vet. Society

St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors,

Monthly

3d Wed. ea. mo..

2d Fri. ea. mo...

Jersey City ,
514— 9th St.

N. W

Chicago

1st Tues.in Mar.

York, Pa.
Helena...

2d Tues. ea. mo.

1st Wed. fol. the
2d Sun. ea. mo.

Chicago . .
Baltimore.

St. Louis.

R. P.Lyman,KansasCity,Mo.
W. Herbert Lowe, Paterson.

B. K. Dow, Willimantic.
J. F. DeVine, Goshen.

W. G. Huyett, Wernersville.
H. K. Berry, Paterson, N. J.
R. P. Marsteller, College Sta.
Wm. T. White, Newtonville.
A. Jply, Waterville.

A. E. James, Ottawa.
Judson Black, Richmond.
T. F. Krey, N. Y. City.
N. I. Stringer, Paxton.

S. Beattie, Madison.
Frank Hockman, Louisville.
F. Torrance, Winnipeg.
Adam Fisher, Charlotte.

C. H. Sweetapple, Toronto.
W. Reid Blair, N. Y. City.
Sidney D. Myers, Wilmington
F. Weitzell, Allegheny.

F. F. Brown, Kansas City.
J. H.Taylor, Henrietta.
H. C. Simpson, Denison.
C. A. Mack, Stillwater.
F.H. Schneider, Philadelphia.
S. Lockett, Glenolden.
MJ. Woodliffe, Denver.
B.F.Kaupp,FortCollins,Colo.
T. E. Robinson. Westerly .

C. H. Martin, Valley City.
C.M.Haring, U. C, Berkeley

{. A. Edmonds, Los Angeles.
. A. Graham, Sioux Falls.
I. Jensen, Weeping Water.

B. Rogers, Manhattan.

T. P< A. Houde, Montreal.
Gustave Boyer, Rigand, P. Q.

D. A. Piatt, Lexington.
Wm. D. Mason, Pullman.

E. M. Bronson, Indianapolis

E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge.
S. H. Ward, St. Paul, Minn.
Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati.

J. C. Robert, Agricultural Col.

C. L.Willoughby, Experiment
B.T.Woodward.Wash'n, D.C.
W. G. Chrisman. Charlo'sv'le.
W. H. Martin, El Reno.

A. F. Mount, Jersey City.

F. M. Ashbaugh.Wash., D.C.
J. Madsen, Chicago, 111.

B. H. Merchant, Little Rock.
E. S. Bausticker, York, Pa.
R. H. McMullen, Manila.

C. H. H. Sweetapple, For.
Saskatchewan, Alta., Can.

J. M. Parks, Chicago.
H. H. Counselman, Sec'y.

Wm. T.Conway, St. Louis, Mo.

PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT.

Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance ; Canadian subscriptions, $3.25 ;
foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; Students in Canada, $2.25;
single copies, 25 cents.

Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded.

Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing
their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary
Review.

Another Warning.

On several previous occasions the Review has warned its readers against
wandering, self-styled agents who take subscriptions for periodicals, offering
all sorts of inducements and never deliver the books.

Some time ago we were constantly receiving complaints from Review
readers (who had been caught by these land pirates), because they were
not receiving their copies of the Review, for which they had subscribed
through John Doe, some time previous, who had represented himself as our
agent. In most instances the " fake " agent had clubbed several periodicals
together at a very low figure. We at first answered each complaint by
letter, explaining that we had never received the subscription, did not know
the so-called agent, and never clubbed the Review with other periodicals ;
but the complaints became so numerous that we were compelled to answer
them through this department on several occasions.

For some time past, until recently, we had ceased to hear of these
polite " hold-ups " ; but again operations to relieve innocent citizens of their
money by the subscription game have begun, and we have received letters
from men who have been " stung," as they term it, and desire to warn their
fellow veterinarians through the Review to be on their guard.

These last gentlemen that have written have not been promised the
Review in the inducement offered, but being veterinarians use the Review
as a medium through which to warn their friends and others in the profes-
sion. You need never be taken in in regard to the Review, as it is never
clubbed zvith other periodicals, never sold for less than the subscription
price, and never employs wandering agents.

Planten's Empty Veterinary Capsules are positively reliable, whether
the medicament to be conveyed to the stomach be in solid or liquid form.
They are firm, can be hermetically sealed by wetting the edge before placing
on the cap, and will carry any tinctures or fluid extracts safely into the
stomach before dissolving.

Dr. J. M. Phillips, of St. Louis, Mo., is still manufacturing the Phillips'
" Perfected " Stomach Tube, the wonderful little Soft Rubber Catheter
and his other specialties.

568

*<*$

rf^^AjUU^,

American Veterinary Review.

FEBRUARY, 1909.
EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, December 15, 1908.

Trasbot's Monument. — It is a very old custom in every
part of the world to raise monuments to the memory of men
who during- their life had become celebrated in the pursuits of
their labors and have made their career remarkable. Great
conquerors, greater politicians (?), great captains, explorers,
scientific men, physicians, and others have had their monuments.
More recently, veterinarians have entered into the race. A few
years ago we have had the great unveiling of Nocard's, next
year we will have that of Prof. Thomassen at Utrecht, and a
while ago I went to that of the late Honorary Director Leopold
Trasbot who for many years occupied the chair of Theory and
Practice at Alfort and had obtained a well deserved reputation
as a teacher, a diagnostician and a pathologist. Crowding of
material and limited space did not allow me to speak of this
before, as I intended to do.

The monument raised to Trasbot, of which I send a pho-
tograph, was inaugurated on the day of the annual meeting of
the Societe Centrale when are distributed to the winners, the
prizes offered by the Society for the best scientific papers pre-
sented to it. The day of the inauguration was splendid and
those among our American friends who have visited the Alfort
school and promenaded in its handsome park can realize how

569

570 EDITORIAL.

perfect the ceremony must have been with the many, many rela*
tions, friends, confreres and students who had all come to pay
their duty to one who they had known and whose work they had
learned to appreciate. Many good speeches were delivered.
The monument is very handsome, but simple. The resemblance
of the bust is excellent. The epitaph, his name only; every thing
is without pretention, and in accordance with the character of
the good man that Trasbot was. He was of rather retired and
bashful disposition.

*
* *

Intra-Dermo Reaction. — Those among our readers who
have attended the Congress of Tuberculosis last October, have
heard the paper that was presented in the name of Prof. Moussu,
relating to a new method to obtain the tuberculin reaction, which
a human physician, Dr. Mantoux, had applied in his practice
on tuberculous patients and that after him and as a control, the
learned professor of Alfort experimented with. Intra-Dermo
reaction is the method I refer to. For the benefit of those who
may not have been in Washington, permit me to relate the facts
concisely. The test consists in the injection through the thick-
ness of the dermis from i-io to 1-5 of a cubic centimeter of
brute tuberculin diluted to 1-10 in physiologic or distilled water,
or in other words from 1 to 2 centigrammes of tuberculin accord-
ing to size and weight of the animal. In bovines, the injection
is made in the thickness of one of the sub-caudal folds and in
forty-eight hours is followed by the apparition of a circular
oedematous swelling, which doubles, trebles or quadruples the
normal thickness of the sub-caudal fold. This local reaction
does not give rise to any general thermic manifestations, does
not disturb the general health and has very little if any influence
on the secretion of milk. The reaction begins about 24 hours
after the injection, is at its acme in 48 and starts to pass off from
the third to the fourth day. Always absent when applied on
healthy animals, it is on the contrary positive when resorted in
any species of animals suffering with tuberculosis, bovines, cap-

EDITORIAL. 571

rines of porcines. In those last the injection is made on the
base of the ear. For pigs the intra-dermo reaction is the best
test to use, as so far all the other methods used have proved of
no real practical value.

To resume, this new method possesses all the advantages of
the sub-cutaneous test without having its numerous objections
(immobilization of the subjects, repeated takings of the temper-
ature, loss of milk, etc., etc.,) and besides it does not expose
to errors similar to those observed in the other modes of diag-
nosis.

*
* *

Value of Tuberculin Reactions. — Let us now resume
how the veterinarian is armed to make out a positive diagnosis
when in presence of an animal which presents nothing or per-
haps only a very doubtful suspicious aspect.

The sub-cutaneous injection, already old and classical
method, which, notwithstanding its proofs is, we understand,
threatened in its application. Then the cuti-reaction of Vallee,
the oculo-reaction of Wolff-Eisner, the dermo reaction of Lig-
nieres, the intra-dermo reaction of Moussu, without saying any-
thing of those which might find their indication's such as the
rhino, the vaginal, the rectal, as long as local reaction to tuber-
culin is not special to the skin only, but that all mucous mem-
branes are liable to produce it. And now with all that, let us
extract from what Vallee has said lately at the Societe Centrale
and which seems to resume the whole question.

" What is the diagnostic value of the various methods
known ? " Practically it seems beyond doubt that as far as cattle
are concerned, any positive local reaction, cutaneous or mucous,
is a sure sign of tuberculosis. With actinomycosis, tuberculin
gives only aborted reaction.

It is positively established that if a positive reaction implies
the presence of tuberculosis, with many tuberculous animals, cuti
and oculo reactions have failed. With the dermo test of Lig-
nieres, 5 animals out of 18 have failed to give Vallee any re-

572 EDITORIAL.

action, although they reacted with the sub-cutaneous classical
method. With the intra-dermo process, out of 7 tuberculous
bovines, 4 gave local reactions absolutely positive and far super-
ior to those obtained with cuti or oculo reaction, 7 gave less
important reaction, 2 gave a swelling scarcely noticeable, while
2 others free from tuberculosis had a reaction extremely sus-
picious.

*

* *

Conclusions. — " The various methods to obtain local re-
" actions cannot be substituted in place of the classical method
" of the sub-cutaneous injection, the value of which is no longer
" disputed. They may be used in exceptional circumstances, but
"not alone, only in association; oculo reaction with the cuti or
" the intra-dermo method. But then any doubtful or negative
" local result must be followed by the classical sub-cutaneous."

This is very well but what of the law of the legislature of
New York State which I heard forbids it and that of Louisiana
which I have just found in a daily here : " By Commercial Ca-
"ble: New Orleans, Saturday. — This city has won its long war
" against the use of the destructive tuberculin serum. The health
"board announces the abandonment of the test." — Is that true?

* *

Rabies Immunization. — The name of Dr. P. Remlinger is
ever coming to the front when the subject of Rabies is spoken
of, and every day, communications come from him in relation
to it. Many have been his researches on vaccination and im-
munization. Those that he made against rabies in sheep, his
attempts with the use of his mixture of anti-rabid serum and
fixed virus, his experiments with intravenous inoculation are all
well known. Some time ago, he related his observations on the
anti-rabid vaccination by peritoneal injections, where it is staled
that rabid virus is rapidly destroyed when injected in the peri-
toneum and that not only no animal dies from such injection
but acquires a solid and lasting immunity and where he con-
cluded that to the practical point of view of animal vaccination,

EDITORIAL. 573

the brutal intra-peritoneal inoculation of the brain of a dead, rabid
rabbit might prove a very simple method, however it yet de-
mands further inquiries.

Continuing on the same question of vaccination, against
rabies in horses, another communication was made by Dr. Rem-
linger, which has also a great importance. It relates to the use
of a mixture of rabid virus and anti-rabid serum which he had
the occasion to test with four horses. Two of these had been
bitten by animals which were positively rabid. For the other
two, there was only very strong suspicion of their being so af-
fected. Described in detail in the communication made before
the Societe Ceritrale, it is shown that it is no longer by intra-
venous or intra-peritoneal injections, but simply by sub-cutan-
eous made in the flank that those horses were treated. On the
first horse, treatment was begun on the sixth day after being
bitten. He received successively 200, 300, and then 200 cubic
centimeters, altogether 700 c. c. of the mixture of anti-rabid
serum and centesimal emulsion of fixed virus, with a slight ex-
cess of virus. Kept at rest and away from any exposure for
5 or 6 weeks, the animal escaped infection. In the second horse,
the treatment was begun 10 days after being badly bitten. He
received 300 and 300 c. c. of the mixture. Same care and after
treatment. Same results. For these two horses there was per-
fect evidence that the injuries had been inflicted by rabid ani-
mals.

On the third horse, five days had elapsed since he had been
bitten by a dog which had shown signs of furious rabies. Un-
fortunately the dog ran away and disappeared. This horse re-
ceived 700 c. c. of mixture. He escaped rabies. He was treated
18 months ago and is well.

The fourth horse has been bitten by a dog 6 days before. The
dog had bitten people, given evidence of furious rabies, has
been shot and sent to the rendering factory. The horse received
700 c. c. of the same mixture, in two doses, and one year after
was still in good health.

574 EDITORIAL.

Of course these four eases are exceptional and perhaps not
conclusive, but they are worth considering. The treatment is
harmless and cases show that it can be started 5 and even 10
days from the day the biting from the rabid animal has taken
place.

Ovariotomy in Goats. — Castration of female goats, which
is said to be gaining ground in Switzerland, has it seems been
performed for the first time in Roumania by Prof. Babes and
Dr. Oceanu of Bucarest. The analysis of the milk of the cas-
trated animals being made by Dr. Babes before and after the
operation.

The success and the effects of the operation were such that
other countries where female goats are numerous and used ex-
tensively for their milk have also resorted to it.

The operation being made through the flanks by steps sim-
ilar to those of the old castration of cows. Recovery is said to
be complete in eight days. Prof Babes and Oceanu have made
known their modus operandi some time ago and presented the
conclusions derived from the extensive experiments and obser-
vations that they have made.

Among the conclusions, the principal are

1. By this operation the peculiar hircinous odor of the milk
is removed. Ovariotomy is a much simpler method, less expen-
sive and more rapid to obtain this result than the most careful
selection of animals for breeding.

2. The secretion of the milk is increased and lasts much
longer. With animals which have been ovariotomized, it has
been as long as 13 and 15 months on an average.

3. Fattening and improving in condition of the meat is ob-
tained. The flesh being of superior quality, without bad taste
nor characteristic odor.

4. The lacteal production is increased.

EDITOEIAL. 575

5. The physiological constituents of the milk are advan-
tageously modified, by the increase of the quantity of butter, of
caseine and phosphoric acid with a reduction in the lactose.

The two veterinarians of Roumania deserve much credit for

calling the attention of their confreres and of breeders to those

important results.

*
* *

Bibliographical Notices. — Friedberger and Krohner's
Veterinary Pathology (authorized translation) by Mr. H. Hayes,
F. R. C. V. S., with notes on Bacteriology by Prof. R. Tanner
Hewlett, M. D., F. R. C. P., etc., edited by John Dunstan, M.
R. C. V. S., Professor at the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College,
,Edinburgh, and sold by W. T. Keener & Co. of Wabash Ave-
nue, Chicago, is before me.

It is a translation of the excellent German work, which was
produced in French by Profs. Cadiot and Trasbot and afterwards
by Prof. Zuill in the United States in 1895. It 1S presented now
with the authorization from the German authors as the latest,
revised and enlarged sixth edition.

The value of the work has been well known for years and
it has been considered as one of the best works on Veterinary
Pathology, it has been the best text book in veterinary schools and
the one with which students had become most familiar. Prac-
titioners have consulted it and not only refreshed their minds
but learned by reading it, and there can be no doubt that as the
work is to-day brought to modern standard, this new edition
will soon find its way in the library of every veterinarian read-
ing English.

There are in every country, where veterinary science is cul-
tivated, special works on internal pathology. Germany, France,
Italy, and even the United States have their own and the names
of their authors are certainly familiar to all those who are try-
ing to keep themselves posted and follow the progress that vet-
erinary pathology makes; and the works that have been pub-
lished in those countries have received the scientific appreciation

576 EDITORIAL.

that they well deserved. But when one comes to be reproduced
in several countries, in various languages, no one can refuse to
accept it as one of superior value and as such we feel assured
£hat Hayes' translation will receive in America a hearty wel-
come.

After a preface from Prof. Frohner and one from Mr. Hayes,
who presents the book to the public, there is first, a kind of in-
troduction of the metric system, followed by the contents of
the book, which is divided in two volumes. Leaving aside the
division of infective and non-infective diseases, adopted in the
previous translation. We find, in 19 chapters which fill the first
volume, diseases of the organs of digestion, of the oesophagus,
stomach, liver, peritoneum, spleen, urinary organs, sexual or-
gans, heart and large blood vessels, skin, locomotory organs,
trichinosis in swine, measles in domestic animals, Mieschers
tubes or Rainey's corpuscles, diseases of the nervous system, of
the spinal cord, of its membranes, of the peripheral nerves, neu-
rosis without anatomical basis, and an appendix to diseases of
the nervous system.

This first volume covers 731 pages.

In volume No. 2, we have only eight chapters, six of which
cover the ground of the entire respiratory apparatus, the seventh
treats of chronic constitutional diseases, the eighth of infective
or infectious diseases. There are at the end of the volume : An
addenda whose perusal will prove of great interest, a few lines
on the terms INFECTION and CONTAGIUM by H. Hayes
and a very concise but nevertheless excellent preliminary trea-
tise on Bacteriology by Prof. R. Tanner Hewlett of King's Col-
lege, London.

The material contained in volume No. 2 covers 681 pages.

Both volumes cost only eight dollars net.

*
* *

The Manuel D'Anatomie et de Dissection du Cheval
(Manual of Anatomy and Dissection of the Horse) is a new
work by Director Gustave Barrier and Prof. Gabriel Petit, both

EDITOBIAL. 577

of the Alfort school. The work is to be composed of two vol-
umes. The first will treat of the function of locomotion and the
second of the other apparatuses. The first volume is divided
into two fasciculi. The first fasciculus only is out. It treats of
Osteology.

The object of the manual is not to take the place of the ex-
cellent works existing, but to complete at least that which is
classical in all the veterinary schools of the world, this is Chau-
veau's anatomy as it is called by all. To complete it in giving
the students an opportunity to impress better on their minds, by
showing de visit the points whiqh have been presented to them in
the lectures, descriptions which they have heard but which they
have not seen. If the classical works are something difficult to
appreciate, dry to read and study from, the manual, a guide
handsomely illustrated, will allow them as well as the practi-
tioner, to see at a glance by the examination of a plate, things
which avouM demand a long perusal from the classical book.

This first fasciculus is divided into 5 chapters: the skeleton
in general, the head, the hyoid apparatus, the trunk and the ex-
tremities. In the second chapter, that of the head, we find it
divided in two parts, one where the descriptions and illustrations
will show that region first as a whole organ, considered under
its various faces, with the sinuses and under six different sec-
tions, while in the other the specific study of each individual bone
of the head is given. The description of the other bones is
found in the other chapters. Here again plenty of illustrations.

The peculiarities presented by the manual are essentially im-
portant :

1. A general as well as a specific description of each bone,
very concise and without unnecessary additional phraseology.

2. Illustrations to which the reader is referred and in which
he will find every peculiarity belonging to the description of the
bone.

When one will take in consideration that those illustrations,
116 in number, are made from natural specimens, and that they

578 EDITORIAL.

are possessed of qualities not generally found in similar repro-
ductions as far as neatness, clearness, correctness and artistic
work, it will be understood how useful and advantageous this
manual will be. Without these plates, it would be incomplete.

No doubt the book will become classical at once, provided
the first volume will soon be completed and the second will not
be too long in making its appearance.

The editors are Asselin and Houzeau, the Parisian publishing
house for veterinary books. They have spared no expense to do
justice to the work and yet offer it at the price of three dollars,
(15 francs). Although it is written in French, every one, even
the one poorly acquainted with the French lauguage, can if he
had a slight knowledge of anatomical terms read it and under-
stand the nomenclature of the plates.

Prof. Doctor Th. Kitt of Munich has published a good German
work which by authorization has been translated by Dr. W. W.
Cadbury, Assistant Demonstrator of Pathology in the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, and edited with notes and additional illus-
trations by Dr. Allen J. Smith, Professor of Pathology in the
same university. The work has for title : " Text Book of Com-
parative General Pathology " and is published in America by
the firm W. T. Keener & Co. of Chicago.

This is a very good introduction. The book is written spec-
ially for veterinary students and practitioners, who have had
some difficulty in looking into works on the subject of veterinary
(let us say comparative), general pathology, as such works are
rare. But as the translators have stated that Kitt's work was
practically the only text book in general veterinary pathology
published, I may be permitted to say that they ought to have
added to their sentence two words " in German." The first vol-
ume of Cadeac's Encyclopedia on " Pathologie generale et Anat-
omie pathologique generale " of domestic animals published in
1893 make it that there were at least two text books on this
same subject, one in German and one in French. Now there
are three!

EDITOBIAL. 579

This little correction was necessary. And once made, what
of the American work ?

There can be but one answer — It fills a great need. Before
it, our students had to consult works on human medicine. For
many it was difficult to apply to comparative medicine the in-
formation that they could find in a human medical library. This
great difficulty is now out of the way and the American writers
deserve great credit for their translation, to which they have
added notes of their own, which they have made thoroughly up
to date and which their publishers have presented in a most neat
manner.

After prefaces from the authors, the book is divided into
so many headings following the introduction : history of pathol-
ogy, disposition towards diseases, congenital and inherited dis-
eases, causes of diseases, course and terminations, circulatory
disturbances, metabolism, retrograde changes . . . processes of
repairs and new formations, functional disturbances. The whole
covering 465 pages, with 131 illustrations in the text and four
colored plates which are very good and correct. Comparative
Pathology general is certainly a valuable addition to the veter-
inary literature and will prove a great help to students.

Some twenty-one years ago Mr. William Hunting, F. R.
C. V. S., published a little book on Glanders. To-day the Eng-
lish veterinary literature is counting from the same author an-
other work which treats of the same subject up to date, under
the title of Glanders. A Clinical Treatise.

Yes, it is a clinical treatise, for the great experience of the
author and the position that he has held and still holds among
the sanitary veterinarians of England, has given him opportun-
ities that few men would ever have, and it is his many years of
practical observations, his tellings of the thousands of glanderous
horses that he has seen, of the 6oo post mortem examinations
that he has witnessed, that the book is made up and no one can

5S0 EDITORIAL.

expect any thing else but a superior work, one which is bound
to remain an authority for years to come and in which the pro-
fession will always look for when searching truthful facts and
solid information.

To the quality of the contents, the publishers have given a
handsome appearance and the book looks more fitted for orna-
menting the table of a fashionable office than the shelf of a book
case. But if one opens it, he will find in lucid and succinct de-
scription of every point connected with glanders, etiology, dis-
tribution and prevalence, symptoms, lesions, diagnosis, mal-
lein, cure and recovery, prevention, legislation — and an appen-
dix on glanders in man.

Three dark plates are found within the text, illustrating farcy
and epizootic lymphangitis and at the back there are 14 colored
plates of the various lesions met with in glanders. Among these,
many, the majority in fact, are perfect and as one who has been
familiar with similar, I can safely say that they are as true as
nature.

Glanders will no doubt command a great success.

It is published by H. W. Brown, 20 Fulman Road S. W.,
London.

Concise Bibliographical Acknowledgment. — Th<? Ag-
ricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope (No. 3) contains
a long article from the director of the veterinary laboratory at
Grahamstown, W. Robertson, M. R. C. V. S., on tuberculosis
in animals and in its relation to public health, one on the trans-
missibility of tuberculosis through the vehicle of meat or milk
and one on tuberculosis from the meat inspection point of view:
(No. 4) gives a summary of the outbreaks of contagious and
infectious animal diseases by Chief Veterinarian J. D. Bosch-
wick where it is worth noticing that but 2 cases of epizootic
lymphangitis, 2 of glanders and one of tuberculosis only are
recorded against 286 of lung sickness, 5 or 6 of sponsziekte, 9
of Redwater, 7 of scabies and 6 of anthrax.

EDITORIAL. 581

The Vade Mecum of the Veterinarian : by M. M. Mol-
lereau, Porcher and Nicholas is in its third edition, a rather good
proof of its qualities. It is a general, concise but complete trea-
tise (in French) on veterinary pharmacology and therapeutique
up to date, whose value can be appreciated at a glance on the
table of contents, where in the abundance of matters treated,
practitioners will find all the information they may desire.

The second part of Vol. I of " Zeitschrifte fur wissen-

SCHAFTLICHE UND PRAKTISCHE VETERINARMEDICIN " published

at the Institute of Dorpat is also at hand. It is a Russian pub-
lication, of which I regret to be unable to speak of, as I am sure
it deserves.

A. L.

EXAMPLES OF EFFICIENT STATE SANITARY
SERVICE.

In the face of the grave menace to the live stock industry
in November, by the appearance of foot-and-mouth disease in
our midst, the Review in its December issue, expressed con-
gratulations to the live stock interests of the country, in the
fact that the principal centres of infection were in two of the
states best equipped to effectively deal with the situation, viz. :
New York and Pennsylvania, and had unlimited confidence in
the manner in which those two great commonwealths would
meet and deal with it. In January the Review had the greater
pleasure of expressing a realization of its hopes and confidence
in the effective work that had been performed and the results that
had been realized under the capable direction of those intrusted
with the welfare of the live stock of the nation and of the indi-
vidual states affected.

In the state of New York, Hon. Raymond A. Pearson, Com-
missioner of Agriculture, was alive to the situation.

582 EDITOBIAL.

At the time of the first outbreak, which occurred in his neigh-
boring state, Pennsylvania, having been informed of the fact
that there were reasons to think that infected cattle had gone into
Pennsylvania from Buffalo, N. Y., he immediately, as early as
November 10, 1908, mustered some of his forces there, who,
under his personal direction, were patrolling the suspected dis-
trict for several days before the outbreak actually occurred in
that state. When the disease finally made its appearance, they
were there, waiting for it, and quarantine measures were at once
promulgated. Five counties in western New York were tied
up by a rigid quarantine order issued by the Department of
Agriculture of the state of New York, dated November 19, 1908,
which was posted in all parts of the five counties on the morn-
ing of November 20. On the same day, the federal quarantine
took effect on the state line, being a precautionary measure taken
by the federal authorities.

The state quarantine of the affected counties was so well car-
ried out that federal quarantine has not served to prevent the
movement of any live stock or infected material from the five
counties into another state so far as is known, as there was no
such movement from any of the five counties to any other part
of the state; as the state quarantine order prevented the move-
ment of stock over any public highway within the said counties.

In regard to the cleansing and disinfecting of cars, pens,
chutes, etc., the state authorities required it to be done imme-
diately after use throughout the entire state, although no time
limit was set by the federal government (except that they be
done before leaving the state), so zealous were the state authori-
ties in the work of purifying their own atmosphere of the plague.

Immediately after the appearance of the disease in the state
of New York, Commissioner Pearson appointed a number of
additional veterinarians, including a few of the Bureau men
in order to give the latter, authority to work under the state
law; which law, proved sufficient for the emergency, clothing
the state veterinarians and the Bureau men with sufficient au-
thority for the enforcement of the law and all necessary meas-

EDITOBIAL. 583

ures, the federal law being without force in any local applica-
tion. The federal quarantine besides preventing stock from
crossing the state line prohibited their movement from other
parts of the state which at no time had been infected. This si-
multaneous application of federal and state laws proved very
effectual. Since a period of time several days prior to the out-
break of foot-and-mouth disease in New York state, until early
in January, 1909, the commissioner has had practically con-
tinuously on the ground where the outbreak occurred, as Special
Expert, Prof. James Law of Ithaca, N. Y., whose experience
with, and knowledge of foot-and-mouth disease abroad, and dur-
ing the outbreaks in this country in 1870 and again in New Eng-
land six years ago. has made his advice in this campaign against
the scourge invaluable. Indeed Commissioner Pearson has the
highest praise to offer for his entire force of veterinarians; both
those regularly employed by the department, and those tempo-
rarily appointed in the emergency. The five counties referred
to are still under quarantine by the Department of Agriculture.
In Pennsylvania, where the work is in charge of the State
Veterinarian, a farmer living near Danville noticed, November 3,
that some of his cattle were acting peculiarly. They were slob-
bering and appeared sick. The next day he sent for Dr. J.
Orville Reed, of Danville, who visited the farm November 5,
and on investigation found that the symptoms were those of
foot-and-mouth disease. He reported the condition to Harris-
burg to the State Livestock Sanitary Board and Friday, Novem-
ber 7, Dr. T. Edward Munce went to Danville and confirmed
Dr. Reed's suspicion. He reported to Dr. Leonard Pearson in
Philadelphia Saturday morning that the disease was probably
foot-and-mouth disease. Dr. Pearson went at once to Danville
and on investigation was convinced of the seriousness of the con-
dition. The herd and premises were promptly quarantined. In
order to verify the diagnosis the disease was transmitted to two
apparently healthy animals on the farm. One of these developed
a well-marked case of the disease in 48 hours. The other showed
it in about four days.

584 EDITORIAL.

The ten veterinarians employed by the state as meat in-
spectors were called to Danville Sunday, November 9, and were
put to work at once inspecting other farms for the disease. It
was found that the first animal that showed symptoms of the dis-
ease was a small bull purchased in Buffalo, November 3. Other
farmers had purchased animals in Buffalo at the same time and
had taken them to different farms in the vicinity of Danville.
These farms were all inspected and the same disease was found
on seven of them near Danville and on three farms near Milton.
Nearly every case was traced to the Buffalo purchase. All these
farms were immediately quarantined and at the same time the
four counties in the immediate vicinity were placed under quar-
antine. A circular letter was sent to every registered veteri-
narian in Pennsylvania warning him of the presence of foot-and-
mouth disease and urging the importance of being on the look-
out for the disease in his locality. The prevalence of the dis-
ease gave rise to an extensive demand and need for information
concerning it. Circular No. 15 on Aphthous Fever or Foot-and-
Mouth Disease was issued by the State Livestock Sanitary Board
from Harrisburg, December 1, 1908. The state authorities, in
unison with the federal government, worked heroically in the
quarantined counties and the result speaks volumes for those in
charge of the campaign.

In his message to the General Assembly of the common-
wealth of Pennsylvania issued from the Executive Chamber,
Harrisburg, January 5, 1909, Governor Edwin S. Stuart has
the following to say relative to the State Livestock Sanitary
Board :

" This board, of which the State Veterinarian is the executive
officer, includes in its membership the Governor, the Secretary
of Agriculture, and the Dairy and Food Commissioner. It is
the function of this board to investigate and control the diseases
of domestic animals, to assist in the development of animal hus-
bandry, to supervise horse-breeding, to conduct a meat hygiene
service, to exercise a system of dairy inspection, and to supervise
the sanitation of the sources of milk supply. By keeping vigi-

EDITORIAL. 585

lant watch over the health of animals, and by guarding them
from infectious and other preventable diseases, the investment
of $150,000,000 in farm animals is protected, animal husbandry
is encouraged, and the conservation of the fertility of the soil is
promoted.

An instance of the recent work of the State Veterinarian is
of sufficient public importance to merit special notice. About
the first of November, several carloads of cattle infected with
aphthous fever were shipped to different places in Pennsylvania.
Aphthous fever is especially dangerous and injurious because of
the facility and rapidity with which it spreads. Within a week,
nine outbreaks of the disease were found, affecting cattle in four-
teen counties. Each of these outbreaks was traced to a separate
shipment of cattle from the stockyards at East Buffalo. A single
outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease constitutes a grave and dif-
ficult problem; nine outbreaks in different localities are enough
to tax the utmost resources of the largest and best organized
veterinary sanitary service. At a special meeting of the State
Livestock Sanitary Board, the State Veterinarian was given
authority to take such action as would be necessary to extermi-
nate the disease, and he was authorized to invite the co-operation
of the United States Veterinary Service. It was decided that
the most prompt and economic method of eradicating the out-
break would be to destroy the infected herds and disinfect the
premises, thus effacing all local centres from which contagion
might spread. Under the terms of co-operation, one-third of
the indemnity, and of the expenses of appraisal, burial and dis-
infection, is to be paid by Pennsylvania, and the remaining two-
thirds by the United States. The work of repressing this dan-
gerous disease has proceeded with the utmost dispatch and thor-
oughness.

The British government has refused to permit the shipment
of cattle to Great Britain from the port of Philadelphia during
the existence of the disease in Pennsylvania. Similar prohibi-
tions apply to the ports of New York and Baltimore. The Fed-
eral government has forbidden the removal from Pennsylvania

5SC EDITORIAL.

of cattle, sheep, goats, and swine, and undisinfected hay, straw,
hides, and wool. These quarantine restrictions cause annoyance
and loss, which the State Veterinarian is endeavoring to minimize
by the application of the most effective methods for the extermi-
nation of this disease.

As it is impossible to anticipate the cost of eradicating this
disease, I respectfully recommend that an appropriation be made,
sufficient in amount to enable the State Veterinarian to meet the
necessary expenditures for emergency work during this crisis."

From the foregoing account of the work done in these two
great states the importance of being properly prepared and
equipped becomes apparent and should arouse to action any
states in which the live stock interests may not be so fortunately
safeguarded.

It is therefore earnestly hoped that the present legislative
bodies will not be permitted to return to their homes without
enacting sanitary service laws in the states that are in need of
them.

The great reliance that the Commissioner of Agriculture and
the Governor in two of the largest states in the union, places in
the veterinary profession under such stress as has been recently
experienced, should stimulate its leaders to go confidently before
their legislators and tell them the needs in their respective states.

How Dogs Are Pampered. — A funny sight often to be seen
nowadays is that of a dog sitting on the front seat of a motor
car with its eyes completely hidden by a pair of large goggles.
This latest fad is the result of overfondness on the part of per-
sons who like to flatter themselves that they are " in society."
It certainly looks fashionable, but it would be interesting to know
what the poor dog thinks about it. The average dog cannot en-
dure any kind of bandage on his head. Any intelligent dog can
be trusted to take care of his own eyes when he is in a motor
car. If he finds the rush of air too strong to be comfortable, he
either half closes his eyes or turns himself round. The useless-
ness of this fad therefore at once becomes apparent. — (Tit-Bits.)

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS PATIENTS IN LITERATURE,

By T. B. Rogers, D.V.S., Woodbury, N. J.
Read before the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City, Nov. 4, 1908.

The early history of our profession must be full of interest
to all of us; indeed, I cannot conceive a more interesting object
of inquiry than to trace step by step its rise from an absolute
empiricism to its position of to-day. Unfortunately this is only
in small part possible, we must content ourselves with a gleams
here and there and putting this patch-work together try to form
a mental picture of the object of our desire. Sometimes the root
of a word will aid us, thus the word daughter comes from
an Aryan word signifying a milkmaid and as far back as we
can trace this root we know that cattle were kept for their milk
and the inference is that their ailments received attention.

Judging from the subordinate position of women in those
ancient times, it is probable that such care as was tendered the
sick animal came from woman and that she was the first vet-
erinarian. In the Aryan hymn to the horse Circa, 2000 B. C,
notice is taken of the occasional presence of an eighth carpal
bone, showing that equine anatomy was then studied.

In the laws of Manu (Circa, 1500 B. C.) it is written " The
doctor who mishandles animals shall receive the lowest while
he who mistreats mankind shall receive the highest punishment."

At about the same period we have a vivid picture of canine
rabies and hydrophobia; the treatment consisted in scarifying
and squeezing out the wound, then cauterizing it with boiling
butter. The first Grecian poet furnishes us with a picture of an
early Aryan migration toward Greece, and it is so interesting
that I have quoted it " Their warriors travelled on foot, their
women and children in two-wheeled ox carts, herdsmen were
following with their kine, four of them, and nine dogs, fleet

587

588 T. B. ROGERS.

of foot, came up behind; two terrible lions seized the roaring
bull, who bellowed mightily as they attacked him; the lions
rent the great bull's hide, and were devouring his vitals and his
black blood while the herdsmen in vain urged on their dogs, for
these shrank from biting the lions, but ; stood hard by and
barked (Iliad, iooo B. C.) " I should like a picture of this scene,
the arid steppe, the Greek-faced sun-blackened travellers, the
wolfish half domesticated dogs, with ruffled hair and red-
mouthed, barking a. half-hearted defiance, the cattle growing red-
eyed with the smell of blood and threatening to stampede.

Vultures swing in from the brazen sky in ever narrowing
circles, and when the lions have eaten their fill and walked off
unmolested by man or dog they will fight over the carcass. It
is a picture worth painting, for from the loins of these men and
their brothers shall come the culture of Greece. Demosthenes,
the orator; Plato, the philosopher, the painter and the sculptor,
Hippocrates (B. C. 460-377) noted the condition when the
antero external angle of the ilium slipped through the facia
lata in lean cattle, producing apparent hip-joint dislocation; he
was the author of many medical aphorisms that have been pre-
served to this day, notably " when a patient has a good appetite
but does not improve thereby it is a bad symptom." Aristotle
did much dissection and was the father of comparative anatomy,
he noticed measles of swine, tetanus and many other diseases of
the horse and glanders of the ass. Xenophon (349-259 B. C.)
has left a useful treatise on horsemanship and on the conserva-
tion of the hoof (important at this period as shoeing was un-
known to the Greeks). Absyrttts, who lived at Brusa in By-
thynia was an early Greek veterinarian — his grandsire, Deme-
trus, also a veterinarian, noted the absence of the gall bladder
in the horse. The Romans instituted military veterinary hos-
pitals in the second century of the Christian era. Cato the
censor wrote on veterinary medicine. Vegetius (Fourth Cent.
A. D.) wrote a somewhat encyclopedic treatise on veterinary
medicine and about this time the word veterinarian first ap-
pears. Virgil in his Georgics writes of plagues among animals.

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS PATIENTS IN LITERATURE. 589

Under the Roman law, land, horses, oxen and slaves were one
kind of property (real) as distinguished from all others (per-
sonal), and it would appear that at this time live stock repre-
sented and were employed as money. Vegetius (A. D. 550?)
has left us a complete treatise on veterinary medicine, he writes
of contracted tendons and of horses and mules walking on the
front of the hoof. He gives various prescriptions for nourishing
the hoofs. These are to be rubbed around the coronets and over
the feet; at the wane of the moon the sole and hoof must be
trimmed with a paring iron, which allows the heat to escape,
cools and refreshes them and makes them the stronger. He
leaves us a description of the horses of the Huns " Great crooked
head, projecting eyes, small nostrils, broad jaws, and cheek bones,
strong and stiff neck, mane hanging to the knees, large ribs,
crooked spine, strong bushy tail, strong legs, the lower part of
their feet small, and full spreading hoofs, their flanks hollow
and bodies angular, no roundness in their quarters or brawny
development of their muscles, their stature is rather in length
than height, the bones are large, there is a graceful leanness,
and their very deformity constitutes their beauty. Their temper
and disposition are moderate and prudent and they are patient of
wounds (Vegetii Renati Artis Vet.).

Lucretius (99 B. C.) approaches the atomic theory with
great distinctness : " The first beginnings, the atoms, are inde-
structible, and into them all things are to be resolved at last."
" Bodies are partly atoms and partly combinations of atoms."
His vaguely grand conception of the atoms falling eternally
through space suggested the nebular hypothesis to Kant" (Tyn-
dall, Belfast address).

Shoeing was unknown to the early Greeks and Romans; the
Druids were the first horse shoers, and if we wish to realize
how much shoeing means to the horse and to the cavalryman we
have but to read ancient history and note how the cavalry failed
to follow up their initial advantages and how their usefullness
was diminished with the . length of the campaign, their sore-
footed horses could not compete with the infantry on their long

590 T. B. ROGERS.

forced marches and soon they became an impediment rather than
advantage. Shoes of these early periods are small, narrow and
light metalled, having six nail holes countersunk somewhat to
accommodate the large nail heads. The evident absence of a
horn on the early anvil causes an irregularity of contour, the
shoes bulging at the nail holes, and I have been struck with the
resemblance of these early shoes to those made by students at
the Veterinary Department University of Pennsylvania when
practical farriery was part of the course. Later we get evidences
of a toe clip and calkins, and many of these old shoes closely
resemble the modern shoe, the addition of two nail holes may
not be an improvement. Every craft in those old days had its
patron saint, and the good genius of the farrier was St. Eloy.

Chaucer in the " Friar's Tale " reads " That was well twight
(pulled) my own Liard boy; I pray God save thy body and St.
Eloy." The saint worked many miracles among diseased an-
imals.

Some years ago a very interesting mural painting was dis-
covered under a coat of whitewash on a church wall in High-
worth, Wiltshire, England. It shows St. Eloy at his forge, a
shoeing hammer in his hand, around him hang shoes with clumsy
calkins having only four nail holes in each shoe. The saint
wears a Bishop's mitre and has fiery red hair — at the foot of the
picture is seen the devil fleeing from the good man (Fleming
Horse Shoeing).

In very early Welsh laws it is ordained that there are three
one-footed animals, a horse, a hawk and a greyhound; whoso-
ever shall break the leg of any one of them shall pay his full
worth. " The farrier was an important personage in this age ;
he was entitled to drink from the first vessel brought into the
hall, and his seat in the palace was on the end of the bench near
the priest of the household; he was entitled to the heads of the
cattle slaughtered at the palace, and also to their feet " — " the
fire of a hamlet smithy shall be nine paces from the hamlet and
shall have a covering of broom or sod thereon."

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS PATIENTS IN LITERATl'RE. 591

In the sixth century Saint Benedict, good man, was tempted
of the devil in the form of a mulo-medicinus (a veterinarian).

Now, we can stand a good deal but this is the limit and while
I do not desire to question the veracity of the holy man I fear
that he made the statement after tarrying too long over his cer-
evisiam, but whether, or no, the stream of calumny was started,
increasing with its flow, and insinuations that members of the
profession have been missed leaving only a strong smell of brim-
stone in their bed chambers; or that they were transformed after
death into gray mules must be suffered in silence.

Charlemagne's expedition against the Huns in A. D. 791 was
embarassed by a pestilence among his horses nine-tenths of them
dying and in his age veterinary surgery was practised by women.

In 1508 the "Dispensatory" of Valerius Cordus (German)
enumerates wolf liver, fox lung, the spine of the deer, the inner
membrane of the chicken's stomach (ingluvin) gall stones of
the ox, and last but not least adeps humanis, in its materia
medica.

" One of the common ingredients of Roman love philters was
the " Hippomane." Pliny states that a brazen mare, in the
casting of which Hippomane had been incorporated, caused stal-
lions brought in its vicinity to be transported with passion." Pliny
further says that the Hippomane was a fleshy protuberance
found on the forehead of the newly born colt, which is swallowed
before the colt is allowed to suckle (probably part of afterbirth
eaten by the mare). (Peters' Hist, of Ancient Pharmacy).

Among the ingredients of the " Diasaterion " of the Cordic
Dispensatory of 1546 are the testicles of the fox, showing that
the Brown Sequard idea is not a thing of yesterday.

' The Hohenstauffen Emperor Fred. II. about 1220 A.
D. wrote an elaborate treatise on falconry showing a profound
acquaintance with avian anatomy, he also aided Jordanus Refus,
his chief of stud, in the composition of a treatise on veterinary
surgery.'' In his reign an edict was given forth prohibiting the
sale of diseased meat (Fort. Med. Econ. in Middle Ages).

592 T. B. ROGERS.

" Bishop Theodoric (Circa, 1262) wrote on equine diseases
and the manuscript is still extant" (Ibid.).

" An Italian library possesses in manuscript a translation by
Magister Moyses of Palermo of a suppositious work of Hip-
pocrates on diseases of horses (Ibid.).

The age of chivalry gave a great impetus to everything per-
taining to the horse and many of the curious words used in our
art are to be traced to this time. In the thirteenth century the
King of Aragon in appointing a marechal (farrier) ordained
" which marechal shall be near our person when we journey, fur-
nished with nails and shoes and other necessaries " and in the
next century is found an ordinance prescribing his attention at
morning and evening stables.

In London during the reign of Edward, I. the price prescribed
for shoeing was — common shoes six cents; for a war horse
twelve cents, for removing a shoe two cents. Many supersti-
tions center around the horse shoe. The Dames D'Espagne of
Amsterdam placed shoes over their thresholds whether as amu-
lets or advertisements, the chronicler does not state. Butler in
his " Hudibras "' says :

" Chase evil spirits away by dint of cickle, horse shoe, hol-
low flint."

Another curious belief was that certain herbs had the power
to draw the shoes from horses' feet and in the sixteenth century
Du Bartas blames the moon wort for drawing shoes.

" And horse, that feeding on the grassy hills,
Tread upon moon wort with their hollow heeles,
Though lately shod, at night go barefoot home
Their master musing where their shoes become.
O moon wort ! tell us where thou hid'st the smith
Hammer and pincers thou unshoo'st them with.

Si'th the best farrier cannot set a shoo

So sure, but thou (so shortly) canst undoo."

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS PATIENTS IN LITERATURE. 593

Chaucer is not prolific in veterinary allusions, he mentions
the trot, amble and pace of the horse showing that side-wheelers
were in demand for saddle purposes in his time. In the pro-
logue to the Canterbury Tales he tells us that the Prioress
Madam Eglentyne swore by the patron saint of farriers St. Eloy
and in the prologue to the tale of the Pardoner (an errant
priest selling pardons or indulgences) we are told that he has
a shoulder bone from a holy Jewish sheep and if the bone be
washed in the water of any well it will heal cow, calf, sheep or
ox that drinks the water, laying special stress on the healing
of sheep that are afflicted with pox or scab, he further states
that if the farmer will drink of this water before cock crow his
beasts and store shall multiply. We learn also that in this age
horses' bridles were hung with bells (Born 1328).

Shakespeare like Chaucer does not seem to have been a
horseman, his allusions to matters equine seem to be those of a
city-bred dramatist, rather than what would be expected of a
man born and raised in the pleasant Warwickshire meadows.

In the " Taming of the Shrew " Petruchio comes to woo
Katherine " in a new hat and an old jerkin, a pair of breeches
thrice turned, a pair of boots that have been candle cases, one
buckled one laced. His horse hipped with an old mothy saddle
and stirrups of no kindred, besides possessed with the glan-
ders and like to mose in the chine, troubled with lampass, in-
fected with the fashions, full of wind galls, sped with spavins,
raied with the yellows, past cure of the fives, stark spoiled with
the staggers begnawn with the bots, swayed in the back and
shoulder shotten, near-legged before, and with a half checked
bit and a head stall of sheep's leather, which being restrained to
keep him from stumbling hath been often burst and now repaired
with knots, one girth, six times pieced, and a woman's crupper
of velure which hath two letters of her name fairly set down
with studs, and here and there pieced with pack thread (Tam-
ing of the Shrew Act III.). In Measure for Measure it is asked
" Does your lordship intend to geld and spay all the youth of
the countrv? "

594 T. B. ROGERS.

In Venus and Adonis we have the following exquisite
picture of a horse :

Look ! when a painter would surpass the life,
In limning out a well proportioned steed,
His art with nature's workmanship at strife
As if the dead the living should exceed
So did this horse exceed a common one
In shape, in courage, color, pace and bone.

Round hoofed, short jointed, fetlocks shag and long
Broad breast, full eye, small head and nostril wide,
High crest, short ears, straight legs and passing strong,
Thin mane, thick tail, broad buttock, tender hide.
Look ! what a horse should have he did not lack
Save a proud rider on so brave a back.

Until a comparatively recent period in England if a horse,
or other domesticated animal was the cause of death or bodily
injury to a person, the animal was forfeit to the ecclesiastical
courts and was termed a " Deodand," a gift to God; it was sup-
posed to be sold and the proceeds distributed to the poor as alniv
A similar custom was prevalent in Mosaic times for it wa^ or-
dained that " if an ox gored a man that he died, the ox should
te stoned to death ad the flesh should not be eaten/' I have
somewhere read of the trial and conviction of an animal (I think
a bear) for murder, but I cannot at this writing lay my hand on
the authority. These customs have probably an early origin
going back to the time when the difference between man and his
little brother the animal was less than it is now ; African folk-
lore stories, and such ancient romances as that of Reynard the
Fox, show that to early man the animal was regarded as simply
lower than the man, not essentially different from him. In a
footnote to an old edition of Pepys Diary — Pepys you will
remember was Secretary to the Admiralty in the reign of
Charh'S II., and was on terms of friendship with Admiral Penn
and his son William — I find an early notice of traumatic peri-

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS PATIENTS IN LITERATURE. 595

carditis of cattle. The Scotch peasants rinding sharp pieces of
flint in the hearts of some of their cattle, believed that they were
shot there by the elves or fairies and termed such beasts " elf
shotten."

In Ben Johnson's Bartholomew Fair, first staged about
1614, we find two interesting allusions to our patients, thus:
" Knockem, How now, my galloway nag, the staggers, give
him a slit in the forehead, a needle and thread to stitch up his
ears, I'd cure him now an I had it, with a little butter and
garlic, long pepper and grains " (probably grains of paradise)
" Where's my horn? I'll give him a mash presently shall take
away the dizzyness." Again: My delicate dark chestnut with
line lean head, large forehead, round eyes, even mouth, sharp
ears, long neck, thin crest, close withers, plain back, deep sides,
short fillets and full flanks, with a round belly, a plump buttock,
large thighs, knit knees, straight legs, short pasterns, smooth
hoofs, and short heels." Another allusion from this period, I
think from Beaumont & Fletcher but am trusting my mem-
ory : Who will our palfreys slick with wisps of straw, and in
their manger put them oats enough and never grease their teeth
with candle snuff." A note states that thievish 'ostlers thus
greased the teeth to get paid for feed the animal did not eat
through nausea.

Coming down more nearly to our own times we may find
scattered throughout the novels of the nineteenth century many
allusions to our art, thus, in Scott's Rob Roy we find Diana
Verno saying to Frank Obaldi stone, " and you cannot shoe a
horse or cut his mane or tail, ' or worm a dog or crop his ears
or cut his dew claws," ' and again " Never to have heard of
Markham the most celebrated author on farriery then I fear
you are a stranger to the more modern names of Gibson and
Bartlett." I suppose you can neither give a ball nor a mash nor
a horn. In the Bride of Lammermoor Bucklaw recommends
the application of a freshly flayed toad to a ring bone. In Mid-
dlemarch we have the picture of the oblique-eyed Horrocks, M.
R. C. V. S., riding with Fred Vincy to the fair, and while Hor-

596 T. B. ROGERS.

rocks evidently meant to get his commission coming and going
and was not in business for his health, I always regretted that
he rode out of the story in one chapter leaving behind him a
strong mingled odor of British brandy and James' blister, while
the somewhat weak-kneed medical hero Dr. Lydgate meanders
on to the end, dying in the odor of professional sanctity.

The worst thing that Carlyle can say of Marat, that arch
devil of the French Revolution, is, not that he made the gutters
of Paris run crimson with the best blood of France, not that
he was a pusillanimous enemy and a luke warm friend but that
he was at one period of his career a " dog doctor."

In Harry Hieover's " Stable Talk and Table Talk," a col-
lection of English Sporting Essays (Circa, 1840), we are intro-
duced to Timothy Turnemback, V. S., the veterinarian at Nick-
ems' Equine Repository. Timothy scalds them when Nickem
says scald, and passes them when that high-minded gentleman
says pass. Some of us have met both Timothy and Nickem.
The sporting novels, " Mr. Sponge's Sporting Tour " and " Mr.
Romford's Hounds," furnish a few slurring allusions to our pro-
fession, and I must own that only once in my varied reading
have I found a favorable allusion to our craft and that was in
a French novel, I think by Du Boisgobey. Here a little wan-
dering musician accumulates enough money to buy a cow and
goes fearfully into the presence of a big French veterinarian
with the request that he select one for him. The kindly, rough
doctor picks him out a good one, without money or price for his
services and sends him on his way rejoicing. This is French,
they manage things better in France.

In those veracious chronicles the Ingoldsby Legends we
learn that the Baron of Shurland, being told by a witch that
his good steed, Grey Dolphin, having just saved his master's
life, should yet be the means of his losing it.

" He turned and gazed at Dolphin with the scrutinizing eye
of a veterinary surgeon. ' I'll be shot if he's not groggy,' said
the Baron. ' It would never do to go to the wars on a rickety

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS PATIENTS IN LITERATURE. 597

prad.' He dropped the rein, drew forth his good sword, Tickle-
toby, and as Dolphin, good, easy horse, stretched out his ewe
neck to the herbage, struck off his head at a single blow." Re-
turning years after from the crusades he saw a horse's skull
lying on the beach, and, kicking it out of the way, one of the
teeth stuck in his toe owing to the unmended condition of his
brogans. Blood poisoning set in and the Baron slept with his
fathers.

Lastly, " Mr. Dooley," the philosopher of the Archey Road
takes a shy at our profession in his essay on " Dr. Hicken-
looper and Goold Bonds, the cat presented to McKinley by
J. Pierpont Morgan. As I remember it, the cat has a fit in the
coal cellar and is rescued thence and restored to health by Dr.
Hickenlooper ; the gratitude of the President being evinced in
the appointment of the doctor to a command in the army of oc-
cupation in Cuba.

Now, these opinions regarding our profession from the
blessed St. Benedict to " Mr. Dooley " are not flattering and
we shall do well to pause and ask ourselves why, through many
generations, we have been a shaking of the head and a byword
among the nations? Why do we not receive the same consid-
eration that is accorded our sister profession of human medi-
cine? (I have certainly shown you that wherever a writer has
touched on our specialty that it has been contemptuously treated ;
George Eliot's pictures of English provincial life are true pic-
tures and I must accept Mr. Horrock's with the rest of them.)

I'll tell you why ! We don't organize and we too often know
but our own profession. Why, out of all the members of our
societies, do we have so few at our meetings? Too many men
settle down in a country town, build up a Chinese wall of low
prices around themselves and ask but to be let alone. I have
known such men refuse consultation with reputable members of
their profession when a consultation was requested by their cli-
ents. A few years of this kind of isolation works wonders ; the
instruments rust in the case, the pharmacy becomes, like that of

598 T. B. ROGERS.

Shakespeare's apothecary, " a beggarly account of empty boxes,
old cakes of roses, all thinly scattered round to make a show."
The veterinarian dies from professional dry rot and the " hoss
doctor " inhabits the shell, in order to give it a sufficient vitality
to keep it from spoiling. Show me a man who attends our meet-
ings regularly and I will show you a man who has the respect
of his community, the respect of his profession, a man who is
contented with his lot, a man who is doing his work in the world,
who is influencing his time and who will, hence, influence all
time. There has been too much talk of late years about com-
mercializing the professions, about letting down the ethical bars,
and the argument is advanced that a doctor is like a tradesman
entitled to all he can get, regardless of means; in the words of
Carlyle: "What is my share in the universal swine trough?
Whatever I can get without being transported or sent to the
hulks." "What is porcine bliss? Attainability of hog wash."
Do you want your hog wash on these terms ? There can be only
one answer — You don't Gentlemen, you can't commercialize
your profession, after the process has gone so far it ceases to
be a profession. Hear what one of the great Englishmen of
the nineteenth century, John Ruskin, has to say on the subject:
" So of doctors. They like fees no doubt — ought to like them ;
yet if they are brave and well educated the entire object of their
lives is not fees. They on the whole desire to cure the sick;
and, if they are good doctors, and the choice were fairly put
to them would rather cure their patient and lose their fee than
kill him and get it. And so with all other brave and rightly
trained men; their work is first, their fees second. But in every
nation, as I said, there are a vast class who are ill-educated,
cowardly and more or less stupid, and with these people, just as
certainly, the fee is first and the work second, and this is no
small distinction in a man; distinction between life and death in
him, between heaven and hell for him." " If your work is first
with you and your fee second, work is your master, and the lord
of work who is God. But if your fee is first with you, and your

THE VETERINARIAN AND HIS PATIENTS IN LITERATURE. 590

work second, fee is your master, and the lord of fee who is the
devil ; and not only the devil, but the lowest of devils — the least
erected fiend that fell." One of the most beautiful northern
myths relates that when the gods grew old they sought the
goodess Iduna, and that she gave them of her store of apples,
that they might, eating, renew their youth. So let us. worn by
the heat of the busy day, seek the goddess Minerva, she of wis-
dom, and in the golden apple of some good old book find rest
and succor by the way.

Not a Veterinarian. — A well-known physician was invited
out to the country for some shooting, but, although he tried sev-
eral times, he could not hit a single rabbit.

" I'm very unluckv," he exclaimed ; " I've killed nothing alt
day."

" Never mind," said his host; " write the rabbits one of your
prescriptions! " — (Life.)

Value of Horses in the United States. — With the steam
railroad, the electric car, the bicycle and the automobile, each
in its turn heralded as the forerunner of the horseless age, horse
breeding is still the greatest branch of the live stock industry
of the United States. The twenty-three million horses reponed
by the government statistician on January I, 1908, had a value
of $2,148,430,000, while cattle were appraised at $1,496,000,000,
hogs at $339,000,000 and sheep at $211,736,000. Horses thus
have a greater value, by more than $100,000,000, than all other
classes of live stock combined. It is interesting to note that in
numbers and in value they have made their greatest gains dur-
ing the years of the development of the automobile. And the
gain in value has been greater by far than the gain in numbers.
In 1898 horses were appraised at $34.27 per head, while the
average price in 1908 was 93.41, an increase of more than 150
per cent, in ten years. The increase in numbers during this per-
iod was something like six hundred thousand annually. Verily,
when visions of the horseless age recur it is well to take down
" Tama Jim ;' Wilson's year book and do a little figuring as to
the probable date when the last horse will have gone to the bone-
yard. — (New York Herald.)

THE TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS IN

ANIMALS BY A SLIGHT MODIFICATION OF THE

WRIGHT-DOUGLASS VACCINE METHOD.

By E. F. McCampbell and J. Mel. Phillips, from the Bacteriological and
Pathological Laboratories, Ohio State University.

During the last few years the Wright-Douglass method of
bacterial vaccination has been used rather extensively in human
medicine, but little use has been made of this procedure in veteri-
nary practice.

It may be well to state in the beginning that there are cer-
tain substances in the blood serum which we designate as opso-
nins (Gr. — to prepare food for) and which are distinct and sep-
arate from toxins, antitoxins, bactericidal substances, etc.,
which are also found in some sera. The opsonins are constit-
uents of the normal serum but may be markedly increased on
actively immunizing the animal for vaccination.

There are several ways in which the body protects itself
against bacterial invasion, but without doubt one of the prin-
cipal means of defense is through the agency of the phagocytes
and the opsonins. This is especially true in suppurative condi-
tions.

The opsonins are substances in the blood serum which act
upon the bacteria invading the body, sensitize them, so to speak,
and render them susceptible to be ingested by the phagocytes
(leucocytes). No leucocyte can take up a bacterium which has
not been acted upon by the opsonin of the blood serum. This
can be very easily shown by combining washed leucocytes and
bacteria and as a result none are taken up by the leucocytes, but
when serum (opsonin) is added the bacteria are very rapidly
phagocytised. The opsonins are probably produced in the sub-
cutaneous and muscular tissue and are very easily destroyed by
heat (560 C. — 30 minutes). The opsonins are specific sub-

600

THE TKEATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS IN ANIMALS. G01

stances, there being a different one for the various pathogenic
bacteria which infect the particular animal.

In human practice it is highly advisable to determine the num-
ber of bacteria the phagocytes are taking up in a certain dis-
ease condition and compare this to the number taken up by the
phagocytes of a normal individual to determine the opsonic in-
dex. For example, on applying this to veterinary practice if
the leucocytes of a horse with a fistula take up 4 bacteria of
the same species as those causing the infection and the leucocytes
of a normal horse take up 8 bacteria of the same kind, then
the opsonic index of the horse with the fistula is .5. Simon has
a method which is said by some to be more accurate than the
opsonic index, namely, determining the percentage of bacteria
taken up by a definite number of phagocytes (percentage index).
By vaccination the opsonins are increased and the leucocytes
take up more bacteria. If all the bacteria are removed, a cure
is effected.

In order to determine the opsonic index or the percentage in-
dex it is necessary to employ washed leucocytes in .85 per cent,
sodium chloride solution, blood serum, and a bacterial emulsion.
These are combined in a capillary pipette, incubated, smeared on
slides, stained and examined. The technique is rather burden-
some unless a laboratory is available and we have done away
with the determination of the opsonic index in our work on ani-
mals, and also simplified the technique of vaccine preparation.
We have applied this method both in human and veterinary work
with distinct success in especially suppurative conditions.

Preparation of Vaccine-Autogenic.

Clean the field of infection thoroughly with weak bichloride
of mercury, alcohol and ether. Express the first pus from the
inflammatory tract in order to exclude accidental saprophytic
bacteria, and with a sterile platinum needle make a bacterial cul-
ture on several agar-agar slope tubes from the deep pus. These
cultures presumably contain all the bacteria concerned in the in-

G02 E. F. MC CAMPBELL AND J. MC I. PHILLIPS.

fection. The agar-agar tubes can be easily secured from any
proprietary medicine firm and kept on hand ready for use. After
the tubes are inoculated they are incubated at 370 C. (98.60 F.)
for 24 hours in the incubator. If no regular incubator is at
hand the tubes may be incubated very nicely with a small amount
of inconvenience if carried in the operator's axilla, being held
in position by adhesive tape. After having grown 24 hours the
cultures are washed off carefully with sterile .85 per cent, so-
dium chloride solution, shaken to destroy clumps of bacteria and
heated in a water bath at 60 ° C. (1400 F.) for one hour to at-
tenuate the bacteria. We have also used unheated bacteria, but
not with as decided success as when they are heated as men-
tioned above. The bacterial emulsion thus heated is now ap-
proximately standardized by dilution with .85 per cent. XaCl
to the opacity of the precipitate in the fluid in a test tube con-
taining 1 per cent, sulphuric acid in distilled water and* 5 per
cent, barium chloride in distilled water (precipitate is barium
sulphate). One tube of this kind can be prepared, corked, and
kept for all time. The number of the bacteria in such an emul-
sion vary, but there are approximately 5,000,000 staphylococci
per cubic centimetre. The vaccine having been prepared, the
next procedure is the inoculation or vaccination of the infected
animal. This must be done with a sterile syringe to avoid
abscess.

It is essential in this connection to take the size of the animal
into consideration and to give verv minute doses of the bacterial
emulsion, and to not repeat the injection too often.

For example, in a case of a horse with poll evil and fistula
of the withers we injected .5 ccm. of emulsion followed every
five or six days by slightly increasing doses, up to ice.

We have observed this procedure to be of excellent service
in fistula. Of the poll and withers and also in suppurative con-
ditions of the hoof, etc. Recovery is extremely rapid. In one
case, a large fistula involving the poll and withers, not amenable
to surgical treatment, was cured by six injections; another in

THE TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS IN ANIMALS. G03

five injections, etc. The. method is also of use in pyogenic in-
fection of smaller animals.

The principle involved in the whole procedure is the stimula-
tion of the leucocytes to take up the infecting bacteria and this
is accomplished by increasing the opsonic substances in the blood
by vaccination.

The following cases are illustrative of what can be accom-
plished by a slight modification of the Wright-Douglass method
of vaccination :

Case i : Brown mare, 7 years old. Infection and suppura-
tion of about one year's duration. Treated by courtesy of Dr.
D. H. Udall, Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital. The
infection started as a poll-evil in which the pus burrowed back-
ward, passing down the planes of fascia of right side of neck
to the axilla. The entire subscapular region was apparently in-
volved with fistulous openings on the neck, withers, and in the
axillary space. Numerous fistulous openings were noted along
the side of the neck. All the involved region was oedematous
and indurated. The case was considered inoperable. This mare
received on first injection .5 ccm. of an autogenic vaccine and
the dose repeated at intervals of five to six days for a month.
The dose was then increased to 1.00 ccm. and two more injec-
tions made at six-day intervals. After first and second injec-
tions the lesions began to heal and in two months the animal
was perfectly well. When observed in one year afterward the
animal was still well and healthy.

Case 2 : Sorrel mare. Treated by courtesy of Dr. D. S.
White, Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital. Fistulous
withers, both sides, opened and treated by irrigations of mer-
cury bichloride and no radical operation was performed. Prog-
nosis was unfavorable and owner disposed of animal to anatom-
ical department. Cultures were made and an autogenic vaccine
prepared. The animal received on first injection .5 ccm. vac-
cine and this was repeated four times at six-day intervals. After

G04 E. F. MC CAMPBELL AND J. MC I. PHILLIPS.

first injection wound began to heal and general condition im-
proved and at the end of one month the animal was practically
well.

Cases 3-4-5 : A litter of eight six weeks' old puppies were
exposed to distemper. Ten days later they became very sick.
Two died within twenty-four hours. The others soon developed
swellings varying in size from that of a small cherry to that of
a hickory nut which were apparently situated in the lymph nodes
of the neck, axilla and groin. Aspiration of one of these swell-
ings by means of a sterile hyperdermic syringe produced some
pus. A culture was made on an agar slope tube from this pus.
A very abundant staphylococcus bacterial growth was obtained.
Three of the five remaining puppies were given an inoculation of
.1 — .15 ccm. of this vaccine. One of these three was apparently
the most severely infected of the lot. In twenty-four hours, the
enlarged lymph nodes of all of these puppies were reduced to
half their size. In forty-eight hours the swellings had all dis-
appeared excepting one cervical gland in the most severely in-
fected puppy, which was still the size of a cherry. Three days
after the treatment no lymphatic enlargement could.be found
in any of these puppies. The two controls were very sick, the
next day after inoculation had been made in the other puppies.
Later we lanced seven large abscesses in one of the controls and
four in the other. These puppies stopped growing, their coats
became rough, they emaciated rapidly, both developed very ex-
treme anemia, one died three days later. The contrast in the
condition of the treated and untreated puppies was remarkable ;
the treated ones being sleek, fat and thrifty, and the untreated
absolutely ceased to grow.

Preparation of Vaccine — Autogenic — Crude Method.

We then attempted to devise some means which would sim-
plify treatment by means of opsonic vaccines still further, so
that the veterinarian with no equipment for bacteriological work
might be able to use it in certain selected cases. After some

THE TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS IN ANIMALS. G05

experiments the following technique was adopted: Curettings
and pus from the diseased parts are placed in a mortar, ground
as fine as possible with a pestle, diluted with about five times their
volume of an .85 per cent, salt solution, and the emulsion thus
obtained is strained through an ordinary tea strainer to get rid
of the coarser particles. It is then heated three to four hours
at 550 C. (1310 F.). It is then filtered through the coarsest
grade of sterile filter paper, and immediately injected into the
patient. All utensils used should be boiled in water, so that other
infectious organisms will not be introduced with the vaccine.

The construction of an apparatus for heating the vaccine is
very simple. A triangular brass plate about 12 inches long, and
6 inches wide, one-inch thick, is placed upon a tripod, and a
Bun sen burner with a flame turned low, is placed under its apex.
On the base of the triangle put an ordinary tin cup in which a
small wide-mouthed sterile bottle is held in place by a wire sup-
port so that it is not in contact with the bottom of the cup. Fill
the cup with water until it is one-inch from the top of the bottle.
Put some boiled water in the bottle and close with a perforated
cork through which a thermometer has been passed, so that the
bull: of the thermometer is immersed in the fluid in the bottle.

By adjusting the flame and moving the cup to and from
the apex of the triangle a point is easily found at which the con-
tents of the bottle can be held at a constant temperature of
55° C. (1310 F.), if the temperature of the room is anything
like constant. The bottle is now emptied and the fluid to be
heated is placed therein.

The dose of the filtrate for a horse is from 5 cubic centimetres
to 10 cubic centimetre, beginning with the smaller amount. We
recommend this large dose because the material must be diluted
or else it is too viscid to filter and many of the organisms are
retained with viscid material on the filter. A marked diminution
in the discharge and a rapid improvement in the animal and
the local lesion is noted following the injection.

GOG E. F. MC CAMPBELL AND J. MC I. PHILLIPS.

While the results of this method of treatment seem to be
brilliant at times, we would much prefer the first method in all
cases, because by the present method so much useless extraneous
matter and dead tissue is introduced with the dead micro-organ-
isms, and we cannot but feel that there is danger of introducing
tetanus and other infections, especially in cases of foot canker.
Considering the lack of accuracy in this method, we were sur-
prised at the seemingly good results obtained. The following
cases are recorded as illustrative of this.

Every practising veterinarian knows the obstinate character
and often almost hopeless prognosis of foot canker.

Case i : Black stallion, treated by courtesy of Dr. D. H.
Udall, When admitted to the Ohio State University Veterinary
Hospital, the right hind fetlock was much enlarged with three
points of suppuration on it, one just behind, one in front, and
the other to the right of and on a level with the fetlock joint.
The skin behind the joint was thick, scabby and warty. The
animal was operated on for canker under chloroform anaesthesia.
The wall of the inner quarter and the region of the inner angle
of the sole was removed, and a great proliferation of the villi
found. The pododerm was curetted from the bone, and the
cherry red cautery applied. The wound did not heal properly,
and was soon covered with unhealthy granulations and a small
quantity of brownish foul pus. It would apparently improve
one day and be worse the next, the ulcer gradually becoming
more and more extensive. This condition persisted in spite of
any and all treatment that was used. Fourteen weeks after the
operation, the following note appears in the case history:
" Wound is no better. Hoof loosening at coronary band.
Wound covered with extensive unhealthy granulations, and
greenish and brownish foul pus." At this time the wound was
curetted and the vaccine prepared from the pus and the granu-
lations. This material was heated at 500 C. (1220 F.) for one
hour, filtered and 5 cubic centimetres of it injected. The in-
jection was followed by extensive inflammation at the site, and

THE TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS IN ANIMALS. 607

a severe general febrile reaction. The vaccine had been insuf-
ficiently heated. A rather large abscess formed at the site of in-
oculation. In spite of this the wound improved steadily for
two weeks, when the granulations again became unhealthy. An-
other injection of 5 cubic centimetres was given, this time the
material was heated to 55° C. (1310 F.) for four hours. It
was followed by a slight febrile reaction, and a very marked
improvement in the condition of the wound. Seven days later
another injection was made of material prepared in the same
way, but heated three hours at 55 ° C. (1310 F.). Six weeks
after beginning this treatment the animal was sent home with
the wound practically healed. An ulcer remaining after the dis-
charge of the pus from the abscess at the seat of the first inocu-
lation, was still present, and persisted for several weeks when
it gradually healed. The inoculations are best made in the loose
tissues of the chest between the forelegs. In case suppuration
should occur on account of the defective technique, it is easy to
drain an abscess at the point. The thickening above the hoof
and the papillomatous dermatitis persisted for several months
when they, too, disappeared. The final result was a somewhat
thickened fetlock joint, and quite a little contraction with scar
tissue which replaced the ulcer in the foot.

Case 2 : Bay mare seen by courtesy of Dr. Harry Brown,
Columbus, Ohio, who carried on the treatment under our di-
rection. Canker of all four feet of two years' duration was pres-
ent. Each foot was in about the same condition. The frog was
almost gone and an ulcer, almost big enough to conceal half an
ordinary sized apple, took its place. From these ulcers there was
a constant discharge of foul brownish-green pus. This animal
had been treated almost constantly by several different veteri-
narians, but it had continued to gradually grow worse. After
the first injection of 5 cubic centimetres of material prepared
as in the preceding case and heated to 55° C. (1310 F.) for
four hours, the granulations assumed a healthy appearance, and
after two other injections at intervals of five days the wounds

608 E. F. MC CAMPBELL AND J. MC I. PHILLIPS.

were so far healed that no more material could be obtained.
Simply by using these injections and washing the feet occasion-
ally with the hose the ulcers were completely healed in about five
weeks. The animal was then shod and put to work. Later some
contraction of the foot required further treatment.

Case 3 : Bay horse, 13 years old; the animal had a fistula of
the withers which had been discharging for about three weeks.
This was not a very severe case nor was there much swelling or
induration about the shoulder, but the opening discharged very
freely. The material for the first injection was obtained by as-
pirating the pus from the fistula through a small metal tube at-
tached to a sterile syringe. This was diluted with 0.85 per cent,
salt solution, and prepared as we have already described. Five
cubic centimetres was given at the first dose, there was very
little local reaction, and practically no general reaction. After
five days the discharge had almost ceased. Material for the sec-
ond injection was obtained by enlarging slightly the fistulous
opening and scraping out tissue and pus with the curette. An
injection of the material was again made. Two weeks later the
fistulous opening had closed. The horse was not seen until
one year later, when all evidence of trouble had disappeared.
The material for these injections was heated for three hours at
550 C. (1310 R).

In the police department of the city of New York there are
seven hundred and eighty horses, all geldings, of a certain height
and weight varying not more than half an inch from 16 hands
and weighing from 1,050 to 1,150 pounds. These animals have
passed through a rigid mental and physical examination as to
soundness and adaptability. Besides complying with the exact-
ing conditions of specifications and of standing a searching ex-
amination and test, they had to go through the training school
before being admitted to the service. The color line is sharply
drawn, for white horses, as well as black ones and yellow ones.
are invariably rejected. Bay, and solid bay at that, is the only
color that can pass muster and it is useless for females to apply.

STRANGLES.

By J. Martin Rice, V. S-, Bobcaygeon, Ontario, Canada.
Read at the Annual Meeting of the Ontario Veterinary Association, December 23, 1908.

Strangles, commonly called by the laity " distemper," is an
infective equine disease generally affecting young horses, but
may affect horses at any age. The infective agent is a strepto-
coccus, which can be found by coverglass preparations, stained
with gentian-violet, methyline blue or by Gram's method. The
disease is rarely fatal in the ordinary form.

The streptococcus of strangles is no doubt the more common
cause of abscess in the horse, than any other organism, and it
is generally understood, both clinically and bacteriologically, that
it is a common cause of acute catarrh and other respiratory
diseases, with or without pus formation.

The disease presents itself in many forms, affecting the vari-
ous lymphatic tracts and glands.

When an outbreak commences in the pharyngeal region, it is
common for all susceptible animals in the same stable to become
affected in a similar location. Certain outbreaks seem to affect
some particular part, although in some it may vary a little.

Symptoms in pharyngeal abscess — dyspnea is present owing
to the narrowing of the air passage, but will depend upon the
size and development of the abscess. The respiration as a rule
is roaring.

Sometimes a slight attack develops into a severe one with
great rapidity.

In the sub-parotid form, as a rule one side alone is affected,
if both sides, then the two abscesses may communicate. The
abscess in this situation matures very slowly and an attempt
to liberate the pus which lies deep, very often fails, even after
several days have elapsed since the swelling commenced.

609

CIO J. MAKTIN BICE.

The clanger of wounding the blood-vessels is great and if
surgical means are adopted, either Hilton's or Viborg's methods
should be preferred, which are similar. Hilton's method is, to
incise the skin over the most dependent part and then pass a
blunt instrument, if possible, through into the abscess cavity.
A pair of closed dressing forceps are now passed into the ab-
scess cavity, opened wide and withdrawn; in this way the open-
ing was dilated. Viberg, after incising the skin, used the finger
to force an opening. Very often pus was not found, but was
followed by a copious discharge in 24 or 48 hours.

Some incise the skin over the most prominent part, which
lessens the resistance and is not a bad plan, the pus flowing out
in about 48 hours.

Sometimes the pus did not break out where the skin was
incised, but at a higher or lower point.

It is said that the local destruction of tissue for the outlet
of pus is not due altogether to pressure from within, but to
the action of the ferment or ferments, which are produced by
the pus bacteria and which possess the power of dissolving al-
bumen.

Fistula of Stenson's duct sometimes occurs, due to the break-
ing down of the walls of the ducts by being included in the area
of suppuration.

Sometimes these abscesses break into the pharynx and the
pus is swallowed or inhaled into the lungs and Pyemic Pneu-
monia or pulmonary abscesses may result, but these can also
be produced by metastasis, in which case they are generally met
with in both lungs in the miliary form or one large abscess may
exist. These complications may be the result of pyemia. If
these lesions are very large, death is the result, but on the other
hand if small, recovery may take place with persistent treat-
ment. Sometimes an animal has an ordinary attack of strangles
in the submaxillary space, it breaks, discharges and heals. After
two or three weeks, sometimes longer, the animal is noticed to
have colicky pains; the feces are slimy and hard, appetite poor,
very dull and the temperature on the increase.

STRANGLES. 611

This is a sign of internal (mesenteric) abscesses. Again,
the animal may breathe heavily, pressure upon the sides or turn-
ing around sharp produces pain and the temperature and pulse
will be found to be increasing; this is a sign of Purulent Pleu-
ritis and as a rule is fatal.

There are several other positions where the abscess some-
times occurs, such as the prepectoral form which as a rule is
situated very deep.

The encephalic abscess will cause the patient to walk one-
sided, due to pressure upon the brain.

Sometimes the abscess occurs on the scrotum, which gives
it the appearance, at first sight, of scrotal hernia.

Cutaneous strangles occur about the face, eyelids, etc., in
multiple abscesses, which gives the muzzle a large appearance;
in fact the abscess may occur on any part of the body.

The form of strangles for which the purpose of this paper
is intended, is the internal form, which has occupied my atten-
tion considerably.

The following cases I will describe :

Case I. — Filly, aged i year, abscess in pharyngeal and sub-
parotid regions, temperature 105 F.,' appetite appeared good but
deglutition was performed with great difficulty, breathing ster-
torous.

History. — Filly had abscess form in submaxillary space, it
had burst and healed about two weeks previous. Throat again
swelled but this time higher up.

Diagnosis. — Strangles affecting the pharyngeal and sub-par-
otid regions and probably the gutteral pouches ; the internal or-
gans were also. affected indicated by diffculty in turning around.

Prognosis. — Unfavorable.

Treatment. — The usual treatment was given. The animal
died three days later.

Postmortem. — Abscess of parotid and pharyngeal regions
and gutteral pouches. Pharyngeal abscess had broken and en-

G12 J. MARTIN BICE.

tered the trachea and lungs. When the trachea was severed the
pus flowed out.

Purulent pleuritis was also present and several pints of pus
were found in the pleural cavity.

Pericarditis and pneumonia also existed.

There was an abscess upon the stomach holding about half
a pint of creamy pus, also innumerable small abscesses along the
lymphatics of the bowels. The animal a few hours before death
appeared to be very much better and ate steamed oats, hay and
drank water.

Case II. — Mare, aged 8 years, weight about 1,500 pounds,
(owner same as No. I), suffered from strangles. The abscess
formed in the submaxillary space, burst and healed. The tem-
perature ranged between 101 and 102 F. and appeared to be
getting along very well, when suddenly the temperature rose
to 105 F.

It was at this time the owner asked me to call and see the
animal.

Symptoms. — On my arrival the following symptoms were
observed. Heart beats 125 per minute; appetite in abeyance;
labored respiration ; slight colicky pains and bowels costive ; tem-
perature 105.3 F.

Diagnosis. — Pyemic Pneumonia probably with mesenteric
abscesses.

Treatment. — Raw Linseed Oil, On, Rectal injections to
stimulate bowels. The oil was repeated but no movement of
the bowels resulted. Nux Vomica and other stimulants and diu-
retics were given. Patient died 2^2 days later.

The rope was being put in the mouth for the purpose of
raising the head for drenching when she pulled back and dropped
dead.

During the 2^ days the pulse ranged between 112 and 135
beats per minute: the temperature dropped to 104 F. just before
death, and she also drank milk and appeared much better.

STRANGLES. G13

Postmortem. — Solidification of a portion of both lungs with
small abscesses. Purulent Peritonitis and multiple mesenteric
abscesses, large and small, containing creamy pus.

There was rupture of the stomach, probably due to the fall
at the time of death.

Kidneys were very pale.

The two animals both died the same night and only six hours
apart, and the postmortems were both performed at the same
time and after they were finished the owner said he had seven
more suffering from the same disease and wanted me to ex-
amine them.

Examination. — They all had the submaxillary abscess and
which were nearly healed; some had fresh abscesses forming.
The temperatures ranged between 102V2 and 104 F. Their
appetites were diminished. The owner had been giving them
a heroin mixture which he got made up at the drug store, but
they did not improve by it.

Treatment. — Sodium Hyposulphite f,iv, Pot. Nit. Jss three
times per day and Calcium Sulphide 3lV twice per day for 2
year olds. Two-thirds (7^) these doses for yearlings.

Their throats were blistered with Biniodide of Mercury oint-
ment (1 to 4) and the abscesses were thoroughly disinfected
with Creolin solution (l in to) containing 2% of Formalin.

There were three more fresh cases in the stable. They all
made a good recovery.

Case III. — Colt, 2 years old, suffering from colicky pains,
constipated, appetite poor. Submaxillary abscess had formed,
burst and healed.

The above is the history of the case as given by the owner.

I informed the owner of the possibility of internal abscesses
and that it would very likely prove fatal.

Treat me xt. — Physic drench, Sodium Hyposulphite §11, Pot.
Nit.3in, three times per day. (The two last named medicines
were given in bulk.)

614 J. MARTIN BICE.

The owner came back in two weeks' time and asked me to
visit the colt because he was not doing very well.

He remarked that the physic acted just right, but was con-
stipated again.

Upon inquiring I learned that he had only given half the
medicine in the two weeks, which, had it been given according
to directions, would only have lasted four days.

Examination. — Eyes very pale, condition poor, appetite in
abeyance. Rectal examination revealed constriction, due to the
pressure of a large abscess.

The colt had not passed dung for two days and the last that
was passed had an odor of decaying tissue.

Prognosis. — Unfavorable.

Treatment After Visit. — Purging drench composed of a
small dose of aloes and oil was given, also Nux Vomica and rectal
injections but they failed to move the bowels. Pilocarpine and
Eserine were given which also failed.

Arecoline was tried and this failed also. The colt died two
days later.

Postmortem. — An abscess about the size of a large football
was found situated in the right pelvic and posterior abdominal
region and about fifty mesenteric abscesses varying in size from
that of a pea to an egg. The internal organs had a very fetid
odor.

Case IV. — Colt, 2 month old, had abscess form in submaxil-
lary space which was lanced three weeks previous to my visit.

For the last three days the bowels had not moved, but this
day the colt seemed much better although it had to be helped
upon its feet, which they had been doing for over a week and
when up walked with its head to one side. (The above are the
words quoted by the owner.)

I informed the owner, I did not think it was much use treat-
ing it, because it would probably not live long, but he insisted

STBANGLES. 615

upon me going out to see it. Upon my arrival at the farm I was
informed that the colt had been dead about an hour. Its legs
were stretched out as though it had been struggling to get upon
its feet.

Postmortem. — Mucous membrane very pale, pus discharg-
ing from right ear, forehead was bulged out. Upon incising the
forehead a large quantity of pus escaped. The cranial covering
was removed and a large quantity of thin watery pus was found
in the (cranial) cavity.

The gutteral pouches contained a quantity of caseated pus
about the size of an egg in each pouch. The posterior portion
of bowels was empty; the anterior portion contained feces and
linseed oil (the oil was given the night previous). All along
the mesenteric lymphatics there were an enormous number of
small abscesses about the size of large beans, which contained
creamy pus. There was a small rupture at the termination of
the pulmonary vein.

Remarks. — Probably the rupture of the pulmonary vein was
caused by the struggling to gain its feet.

Walking to one side was due to pressure upon the brain.

Paleness of the mucous membranes was due to the inferior
-tate of the blood, produced by streptococcic infection.

Summary. — The majority of the cases of mesenteric ab-
scesses are due, no doubt, to the germs being carried by the
bloodstream or lymphatic system, to parts where they become
lodged in the capillaries, etc. (secondary infection).

If the abscess is allowed to mature well before opening and
then thoroughly disinfected with strong creolin solution it would
happen less often. In cases where surgical means must be
adopted in the early stage, such as when the animal is strangling
or cannot drink, the above mentioned methods should be adopted
and the opening well cauterized which will prevent the germs
from so readily passing into the circulation.

(JIG J. MARTIN K1CE.

The constipation is no doubt in many cases due to the toxins
diminishing peristalsis and in other cases to pressure of the ab-
scesses upon the nerves.

Regarding the action of Sodium Hyposulphite and Calcium
Sulphide which in the writer's practice has proved very valuable
and may perhaps act in many ways. — First by either destroying
or inhibiting the growth of bacteria; second by increasing the
phagocyte power of the leucocytes; third by increasing the bac-
teriolytic power of the blood plasma or all three actions com-
bined.

The Sulphides must be given so as to produce saturation.

To Graft Arteries and Veins. — The experiments in the
replacement of arteries and veins in animals, made in his labo-
ratory by Dr. Carrel, a French surgeon, bid fair to result in
knowledge that may save countless human lives. Dr. Carrel lias
successfully cut out diseased or lacerated sections of arteries and
replaced them with healthy tissue. In cases where this could
not be done he has made the connection with a piece of vein,
and in some instances he has caused an artery to discharge di-
rectly into a vein, finding that the circulation will finally adapt
itself to this somewhat radical change in direction. He has also
succeeded in transplanting entire organs, like the kidneys, from
one animal to another. The skill and knowledge in this kind
of animal grafting are not, it would seem, yet sufficient to war-
rant making the attempt on a human being; but the question
is merely one of time, and we may expect that at some time
in the future the victim of an accident whose arteries have been
crushed or lacerated will not be left to perish of gangrene, but
will have sections of these vessels replaced with healthy parts
from some animal. This will put a crucial question to the anti-
vivisectionists.

If a man's life can be saved only by killing an animal, shall
this be done? A good many animals have been experimented
upon up to the present stage of this method. If the method suc-
ceeds thousands of human lives will be saved ; is the game worth
the candle? The surgeon, at any rate, thinks that there is only
one possible answer to this question. — (Arthur E. Bostwick in
Nczv York Herald.)

OPSONIC THERAPY.

By Dr. K. A. Archibald, Oakland, Cal.

Presented to the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at

Philadelphia, 1908.

In accepting the honor of addressing you on the subject
matter of " Opsonic Therapy " I desire to apologize for being
unable to submit for your consideration anything of an original
character. In fact my only excuse in the premises is a desire
to call your attention to a few accq)ted facts in regard to this
new method of treating infectious diseases, with a view of stim-
ulating a discussion that may be the means of inciting some
among you to interest themselves sufficiently to try this
treatment.

Some four years ago Sir Almoth E. Wright gave to the
scientific world his theory that the power to resist the invasion
or the power to overcome infectious diseases, was due to the
presence of certain agents which he claimed and are now known
to exist in the blood serum whose function it is to unite with
bacteria and prepare them for the leucocytes to attack and
destroy. And upon the quantity of these agents depends the
amount of resistance the blood may have against an invading
organism. To these agents Wright has given the name of
" Opsonins." The word opsonic is derived from a Greek word
which we are unable to pronounce but which means " I convert
into palatable pabulum."

One of Wright's discoveries was that until invading bac-
teria are acted upon by the opsonic agents the leucocytes refuse
to pay any attention to them, and a second was a technical
method by which we are enabled to measure or estimate the
quantity of opsonins in the serum of a given blood. And the
result of such measurement is expressed and known as the op-
sonic index. To be more specific, the index represents the rel-

617

618 K. A. ARCHIBALD.

ative amount of opsonins in the serum of a specimen of blood
to be tested as compared with the amount in normal blood, or
to be more accurate the average number of bacteria ingested
under the influence of normal serum.

To illustrate the point, we will assume that we have deter-
mined the opsonic index of a tuberculous patient, and found
same to be .5, we mean that the blood serum of said patient
contains but one-half the normal quantity of opsonic agents
which are essential to successfully combat the infection of the
tubercle bacillus.

The index is obtained as follows: If the index of normal
blood serum is arbitrarily represented as 1, and it is found that
leucocytes under its influence each engulf 30 bacteria, the ex-
periment indicates that the tested serum is only one-half normal,
hence the opsonic index of the patient from which the tested
blood serum was obtained would be .5. If only 10 bacteria
were engulfed by each leucocyte, the index would be .3 or one-
third normal. Wright's theory of course embodies the principle
that if the index is low the economy has not sufficient power
to oppose the invading bacteria, but if high, the bacteria fall
prey to the leucocytes and the disease aborts under the influ-
ence of their destructive activity; consequently, when an infec-
tion occurs the relative resistance or relative opsonic power of
the blood is lower than normal.

Having determined clinically or bacteriologically that a low
opsonic index exists in a certain patient, the main object of a
veterinarian or physician is to artifically supply the blood serum
of such patient with opsonins and thus facilitate the destructive
activity of the leucocytes. His aim is to produce an agent that
can be safely introduced into the living body with a view of
increasing the opsonic resisting power and thus place the in-
vading microbe at the mercy of the leucocyte. In other words,
raise the patient's opsonic index. Wright has produced the
solution of this problem by demonstrating the use and efficacy
of bacterial vaccines.

OPSONIC THKBAPV. 619

The theory of opsonic therapy may be briefly summarized
as follows :

i. A pure culture, the causative micro-organism is isolated.

2. Clinical or bacteriological estimation is made of the op-
sonic power of the patient's blood serum to this micro-organism.

3. A vaccine is prepared and standarized from this micro-
organism.

4. The patient is inoculated with this vaccine, with varying
doses at indicated intervals, determined by clinical symptoms
or bacteriological estimations of the opsonic power of the pa-
tient's blood serum.

The principle of bacterial vaccination may be better fixed
in our minds by an example or two.

If we have to treat a patient with furunculosis due to am
infection by the staphylococcus pyogenes, we will grow'
the staphylococcus, kill it and inoculate our patient with
a proper dose of this dead culture. If our patient has
tuberculous glands, we will inoculate him with new tuberculin
(bacilli emulsion) which consists of devitalized tubercle bacilli.
The principle holds similarly for all bacteria that we can cul-
tivate.

In the use of vaccines the quantity inoculated is of great
importance. If too large a close is administered, there is first
a decided lowering of the opsonic resisting power, or a marked
negative phase, which, of course, as soon as nature has come
to the rescue, is followed by a rise in the opsonic power or
positive phase. It is better to start with a minimum dose and
avoid as far as possible a marked negative phase or if the pro-
duction of a negative phase is unavoidable the production of
a negative phase unaccompanied by slight if any constitutional
disturbances.

We are taught by Wright and his co-workers, that the pos-
itive phase achieved by vaccination is only a transient rise and
that the opsonic resistance if permitted will decline in a few
days. Consequently it should be the aim to raise and maintain
the opsonic index above normalby the judicious use of vaccines..

620 B. A. ARCHIBALD.

The question regarding the efficacy of stock vaccines should
receive some consideration, at this time. Those who have ex-
perimented along these lines, have come to the conclusion that
with the exception of T. B. vaccines, stock vaccines have doubt-
ful value. It is true, however, that some benefit has been
brought about in the initial treatment of infectious diseases by
the use of stock vaccines, but after reaching a certain point,
they lose their virtue. It then becomes necessary to resort to
the use of an autogenous vaccine or a vaccine produced from
the invading organism. As far as T. B. vaccine is concerned,
reports of investigators seem to point to the fact that it is
practical and efficient providing that in the vaccine treatment
of a tuberculous patient, we take into consideration the fact
that there is in most cases of tuberculosis a mixed infection.
In such cases, it is necessary to determine, if there is a mixed
infection, and if so, what is the nature of the invading organism,
other than the tubercle bacillus. Usually the mixed infection
is due to the presence of some staphylococcus or streptococcus
or both. In the vaccine treatment therefore, of a case of tuber-
culosis, it is not only necessary to use a tuberculous vaccine but
also to use a staphylococcus vaccine, or a streptococcus vaccine,
as the individual case requires. This rule holds good in the
vaccine treatment of all infectious diseases.

It is assumed that where an infection occurs the relative re-
sistance or relative opsonic power or index is lower than normal.
The lowered opsonic index is thought to be due to the absence,
partial or complete, of autoinoculation. By autoinoculation is
meant the escape of bacteria or their products from the focus
of the disease into adjacent lymph or blood streams. The result
of such an escape is to increase the opsonins or bacteriotropic
substances is the blood serum by stimulation of the machinery
of immunization and often to cure or relieve the infective pro-
cess. The absence therefore, of autoinoculation determines the
persistence of the infection and indicates the necessity of inter-
ference with bacterial vaccines by means of inoculation. In the

OPSONIC THERAPY. G21

great class of infectious diseases, where autoinoculation is slight
or absent, there are included many tuberculous affections, such
as tubercular disease of glands, bones and early or moderately
early pulmonary tuberculosis. We find here also boils, acne,
sycosis, felons, gonorrhoea, and many cases of sepsis and per-
sistent sinuses, etc. It is this class of diseases where the infec-
tion is localized and where in consequence autoinoculation is
withheld that inoculations with bacterial vaccines has been most
successful.

As far as pure septicemias are concerned, such as puerperal
septicemia, ulcerative endocarditis, etc., these have generally
lowered opsonic power, but in diseases where auto-inoculation
is a characteristic feature, such as pulmonary tuberculosis, the
opsonic power or resistance fluctuates from low to high, ana
from high to low.

As to how far we may apply vaccines to the treatment of
infections generally, is a question for the future. It is nec-
essary for us to see clearly that opsonins are only one class
of a series of antibodies protecting the body from infection,
further invasion or aiding in overcoming an active infectious
process. If we recognize this fact we shall not expect to find
a sure cure by the use of this agent alone.

Despite some opposition to the therapeutic application, the
discovery of opsonins must be regarded as a significant forward
step in the study of immunity and pathology in general.

Personally I have devoted considerable time to the prac-
tical consideration and study of the subject during the past
year. Being connected with a municipal laboratory, occupying
a chair of bacteriology in a medical college, and having priv-
ileges at our County Infirmary, opportunity for working along
the lines of the treatment of human infectious diseases has 'been
very favorable. Having had some experience with the vaccine
treatment of tuberculosis, gonorrhoea in its various forms, colon
infection of the kidneys and other organs, furunculosis, sycosis,
pneumonia, a few cases of sepsis and persistent sinuses, etc..

622 B. A. ARCHIBALD.

I am in a position to state that this line of treatment as far
as infectious diseases are concerned, is beyond question the most
rational and most efficient, that has yet been brought before the
notice of the scientfic world. I have frequently seen cases that
had been under treatment for years by the older methods with-
out success, succumb to a few injections of a proper vaccine.
In fact some results obtained have seemed to border on the
miraculous and would sound incredible if detailed at this time.
Of course there is great room for improvement in the technique
of the treatment but so many investigators are working on the
problem all over the scientific world that it is only a question
of a short time until the method is perfected.

The Aristocracy of Pork. — When Theodore Parker first
visited Cincinnati, at that time the recognized leader among
western cities, he said that he had made a great discovery — name-
ly, that while the aristocracy of Cincinnati was unquestionably
founded on pork it made great difference whether a man killed
pigs for himself or whether his father had killed them. The one
was held plebeian, the other patrician. It was the difference,
Parker said, between the stick 'ems and the stuck 'ems, and his
own sympathies, he confessed, were with the present tense. — (T.
W. Higginson in Atlantic Monthly.)

Collecting Cowboy Songs. — John A. Lomax. associate
professor of English in the State Agricultural and Mechanical
College at College Station, is preparing a compilation of native
ballads and songs of the West, particularly those known as
" Cowboy Songs." Mr. Lamox says these songs have for the
most part never been in print, but, like the Masonic ritual, are
handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth.
He has collected nearly 100 and is certain there are many others,
which he hopes to secure. These songs deal mostly with the
range and with heroes of tragedy and desperadoes like Jesse
James and Sam Bass. They also include ballads of buffalo hunt-
ers, freighters and rangers. Mr. Lomax does not draw the line,
and is as anxious to secure those that are crude and even vulgar
as the printable sort like that one familiar in all cow camps that
begins :•" Bury me not on the Lone Prairie-e." — (San Antonio
Express. )

OUR PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY TO THE PROFESSION.

Bv Dr. Charles G. Lamb, Denver, Colo.

Presented to the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association,

Philadelphia, 1908.

When asked by our president to prepare something for this
meeting upon a subject of my own choosing, I was led to choose
this subject because I fully believe that many of us especially
the younger graduates do not sufficiently consider and appreciate
what a great personal responsibility to the profession rests upon
each member of it.

I am one of the younger members of this association, not in
point of years, but in length of membership; not that I have not
been eligible, but because I did not sufficiently realize what an
honor and a privilege it was to be a member; but since I have
become a member I have attended every meeting and it will be
some obstacle which is beyond my power to remove which will
prevent my attendance upon all future meetings.

My personal experience is, and I presume it is the experience
of every other member, that these meetings are an inspiration
to all who attend. The personal contact with and. the personal
conversation with our brother practitioners from various por-
tions of the country act as an inspiration; the reading of papers
upon professional subjects and the discussions which follow are
an inspiration, and the veterinarian returns to his home and pa-
tients inspired to become a better veterinarian, a better man and
a better citizen. ,

One fact which is especially apparent to those of us who
are older in years and which is emphasized by our attendance
upon these meetings is the wonderful advance made by the pro-
fession during the past few years and which is being made every
year.

I use the word advancement advisedly. Some have used the
word elevated, and say " how the profession has been elevated."

624 CHARLES G. LAMB.

I object to this term as, in my opinion, the profession always
has been and always will be upon such an elevated plane that
it is beyond the power of us or any one else to still further ele-
vate it. When people say that the profession is being elevated,
they mean that an increasing number of professors or numbers
of the profession are climbing up nearer the level of the already
elevated profession.

I say we marvel at the advancement of the profession; we
listen to the reading of highly scientific papers by eminent in-
vestigators ; we read the splendidly written books treating upon
professional subjects ; we follow as closely as we may the inves-
tigations of eminent pathologists and regard almost with awe
the results that have been attained by these scientists in the
realms of veterinary science.

Now a large majority of the members of the association is
composed of men actively engaged in practice, engaged in the
very laudable endeavor to keep the wolf at such a distance from
their door that his howls may not disturb their well earned slum-
bers. These men might be inclined to say : " Yes, the profes-
sion has made wonderful advancement during the past two
years, but I have not been able to do much toward it. I have
been in private practice and have not had the time, perhaps not
the ability to do much." Such an one might feel disheartened
at the advancement of his profession in which he had ap-
parently no part, if he looked upon the advancement from
one and only one view point. I would remind such an one
that great as has been the advancement from a purely
scientific point of view, this advancement does not compare
with the advancement from the point of view of the change
in public opinion. We all realize what a change has taken place
in public opinion regarding our profession.

It is not necessary for me to refer to the old time " hoss
doctor " with his cure-alls for imaginary ills of the animal king-
dom, nor his reputation in financial or social circles, and compare
him and his standing with that of the veterinary surgeon of

OUR PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY TO THE PROFESSION. 625

to-day. We realize all this fully. But what is the cause of this
change? Is it because educated, scientific veterinarians have
written learnedly upon various subjects or have made wonderful
discoveries in the realms of pathology? Not necessarily. These
things could not well change public opinion of our profession
because the public generally do not read these works or keep
in touch with discoveries in veterinary pathology. These are
for the professional man and not the public. So while we gladly
and heartily accord them the honor and praise they so richly
deserve, we must look elsewhere for the cause of the change in
public opinion.

The public is willing to accord to the veterinarian and the
veterinary profession any position which they demonstrate they
are entitled to occupy; but before advancing them it must be
positively demonstrated that they possess a thorough knowledge
of their subject ; that the knowledge is applied in a scientific
and careful manner and that the public may be assured of their
absolute honesty and trustworthiness. When these things are
assured, the veterinarian will assume in the opinion of the
public the position accorded any person in any profession possess-
ing these qualifications.

Now in the place of the " hoss doctor," in most cases illit-
erate and in too many cases dissolute and unreliable, have ap-
peared well educated gentlemen who, by their uprightness, fair
dealing and unimpeachable character, have convinced the public
that the profession deserved and must obtain a better position
in the public mind. The public has recognized the justness of
the position and has advanced them to a position far superior
to that occupied a decade ago and will continue to advance them
just as fast as it is demonstrated they are entitled to it.

In this advancement every member of the profession has par-
ticipated who has been a gentleman in the broadest acceptance
of the term. The present reputation is and the future reputa-
tion will continue to be entirely in the hands of the individual
members, equally as much in the hands of the humblest as the
greatest.

020 CHARLES G. LAMB.

We all know men, and some are within sound of my voice
at this moment who have done much to advance the profession
along scientific lines ; who have conducted investigations and
written books of great value to the profession; whose personal
life and character have been of even more value to the pro-
fssion than their writings.

In the future advancement of the profession, a very grave
responsibility is placed upon the educators in our various in-
stitutions. That they realize this responsibility and are splen-
didly meeting it is evidenced by the personnel of their graduates.
But they should never lose sight of the fact that it is not only
their high privilege, but their bounden duty to not only give
their students all the scientific knowledge possible, but to im-
press upon their minds the fact that when they enter upon their
practice of the profession, the reputation of the entire profes-
sion is in their hands, and they should be taught both by precept
and example that they owe a higher duty to themselves, the
profession and the public than simply to put into practice what
can be learned in text books. That while most of them may
not be permitted to advance the profession scientifically, they are
each in duty bound to advance it morally.

Let each one of us, however old or however young, receive an
inspiration from this meeting, and as we return to our homes,
let us remember that we each, individually, represent the entire
profession in our respective localities; let us realize that the
profession is advanced or retarded just in the proportion as we
are a credit or a discredit to it, and as a chain is no stronger
than its weakest link, let us each resolve to be a strong link
an an unbreakable chain of professional honor. Then will the
profession continue to advance until it obtains the position right-
fully belonging to it and we shall have each fulfilled our per-
sonal obligation.

How poor are they that have no patience! What wound
did ever heal but by degrees? — (Shakespeare.)

THE RELATION OF ECZEMA TO TISSUE REACTION AND
CONSTITUTIONAL DERANGEMENTS.

By Dr. Edmund Mackey, South Saint Paul, Minn.
Presented to the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association at the Duluth Meeting, 1908.

In comparing a large number of eczematous diseases, a close
observer will be struck by their marked dissimilarity in char-
acter and appearance. It is true, lesions will vary with the
location of the disease, structure of the tissues, age and physical
condition of the patient ; but even when these conditions are
as nearly as possible the same in different animals, the subjec-
tive and objective symptoms will be widely different.

The results of the usual methods of treatment are equally
dissimilar and surprising to the veterinarian. One patient will
recover in a few days with the help of a purgative and some
soothing application, while another equally promising case will
baffle the skill of the most experienced specialist, and drag
along in misery for months and years.

The question may be asked : Why are some cases so amen-
able to treatment and others so rebellious to the most persistent
efforts of the veterinarian? Our answer is that the treatment
usually adopted conforms to the views of each veterinarian on
the etiology and pathology of the disease. These veterinarians
differ widely from each other because their views are derived
largely from writers who advocate widely different theories, and
these theories are accepted or rejected according to the con-
victions of those who are sought to be influenced.

One class of writers affirm eczema is strictly a local disease;
another class point to micro-organisms as the essential factors,
while another class attribute the disease to constitutional causes.

Now, these writers are all partly right and partly wrong,
and any veterinarian who accepts unreservedly the theories of
any one of them will find in practice they are inadequate, and
often unproductive of satisfactory results.

62?

02S EDMUND MACKEY.

It must be realized that many factors of a constitutional
and local character may co-operate in the production of ecze-
matous diseases, some in one case, and some in another, and it
is incumbent upon the veterinarian to institute a careful search
for such as operate in particular case, to the end that they may
be eliminated.

Upon accurate diagnosis and a judicious choice of thera-
peutic agents successful results chiefly depend. Furthermore
after ascertaining the predisposing and exciting cause of this
disease, the veterinarian should not be satisfied to dismiss his
client with a simple prescription for drugs, but should give him
written instructions on hygiene and diet applicable to his case.
The latter often contribute as much, if not more than the former,
to a successful outcome of this disease.

The influence of constitutional disorders on the genesis of
eczema will be recognized by those who are familiar with its
history. It must be conceded that no external irritant is capable
of producing a typical case of eczema in a perfectly healthy an-
imal. But, on the other hand, an internal irritant, seconded
by tissues which react to it, is capable at times, without extrane-
ous aid, of developing the typical eruption.

If further evidence is needed to establish the relation of
eczema to constitutional disorders, it is only necessary to refer
to the inadequacy of local treatment alone to cure the disease.
In view, then, of the above facts, it is reasonable to claim that
eczema depends upon hereditary or acquired constitutional de-
rangements, with tissues peculiarly endowed with a reaction
to irritants. A prominent feature of these constitutional dis-
orders is an accumulation and retention in the blood of peccant
material which the emunctories have failed to remove. The
emunctory organs, which are chiefly responsible for imperfect
elimination of excrementitious matter, are the kidneys, liver,
bowels and skin. Among these the kidneys and bowels are
most at fault. In the most obstinate cases of eczema an ex-
amination of the urine will almost invariably disclose a deficient

THE RELATION OF ECZEMA TO TISSUE REACTION. G2S)

excretion in both its liquid and solid elements, and in proportion
to the improvement of these conditions -will be noted an im-
provement in all the symptoms of the eczematous eruption.

The peccant materials retained in the blood are the uric
acid, oxalic acid and other products of imperfect oxidation.
In these chronic cases of eczema there is usually obstinate con-
stipation, and this channel of elimination is proportionately
blocked, with a consequent contamination of 'the system from
absorption of toxic material.

The liver exerts a special oxidizing function, and many of
the imperfectly oxidized products retained in the system are
due to deranged hepatic functions, which are notable accompani-
ments of stubborn cases of eczema.

A thorough appreciation of all these concurrent phenomena
and a wise application of the proper correctives will do much
towards converting rebellious cases into readily curable cases
of eczema.

The task of the veterinarian is to remove as speedily as
possible the existing lesions, and rehabilitate the constitution
and habits of the patient in order to diminish or abrogate the
tendencies to relapse. With a thorough renovation of weak
organs the tissues will gradually overcome the habit of reacting
to slight irritants, and the patient will enjoy immunity from
recurring attacks.

One of the most neglected or abused therapeutic agent in
this disease is the bath. One class of veterinarians are inces-
santly rubbing and scrubbing their patients' bodies with hot or
cold water applications, totally regardless of consequences, while
another class scrupulously refrain from even the luxury of an
occasional ablution. Without desiring to discuss at this time
the merits or demerits of the bath in eczematous affections, it
may safely be stated that, with the exception of special cases in
which the infiltrated skin requires frequent application of soap
and water, a bath once or twice a week is sufficient for hygiene
of the skin and purposes of cleanliness under all ordinary cir-

4330 EDMUND MACKEY.

cumstances of life. Oftener than this would be detrimental to
the welfare of the patient, and should not be allowed.

One of the most tormenting symptoms of eczema is itching,
and this is usually aggravated by the inordinate use of the bath.
It should be the aim of the therapeutist, both by internal and
external treatment, to abate this intolerable nuisance. By this
means the comfort of the patient is not only promoted, but
excoriations and complication from scratching are prevented. In
a large proportion of cases an acid condition of the blood and
constipation are the underlying factors. Added to these there
will usually be hepatic torpor. To relieve these conditions alka-
line purgative and mercurial preparations are indicated. An
alkali should be selected with also exerts a diuretic action with-
out a tendency to deglobulize the blood. Salts of Lithium and
Potassium Carbonates will best fulfill these indications.

Better Municipal Meat Inspection. — With a view to in-
creasing the efficiency and effectiveness of his meat inspection
force, Chief Bayard C. Fuller, of the Food Division of the
Health Department, of New York city, who had charge of that
branch of the inspection since September, is making numerous
changes in the system of inspection, notably providing that every
abattoir in the city shall be inspected on behalf of the city,
whether Government inspected now or not. A system of rota-
tion has also been established, in order that the men will visit
all establishments in turn. Measures which insure harmony be-
tween the state, city and federal inspectors have also been taken,
with a view to securing the maximum of efficiency.

Recently Mr. Fuller has had his force increased by two in-
spectors and two veterinary physicians, and a system devised
whereby all doubtful cases shall have prompt attention and ex-
pert investigation. The entire staff of abattoir inspectors has
been uniformed and so equipped as to be prepared to conduct
their inspection at close range with the butchers, rather than at
clean and convenient distances. Each inspector is required to
have two khaki uniforms and a cap, riding boots, etc., wear belt
with knives, etc., and to personally watch the slaughtering pro-
ceedings. Uniforms are to be changed and washed weekly. —
(Journal of Commerce.)

THE INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF THREE CALKED SHOES
UPON THE HOCK JOINTS OF HORSES.

By James McDonough, D.V.S., Montclair, N. J.

Presented to the 25th Annual Meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey,.

Trenton, January 14, 1909.

It is not so many years ago that when called upon to ex-
amine a horse for soundness, or unsoundness, we were careful
not to recommend one that showed well defined enlargements on
the inside of the hock joints, where a spavin is likely to appear.
But today we would scarcely undertake the task of finding a
team that has not one or more of the hocks affected in this way.

As this condition is likely to result from an increased strain
at that point, I feel that it is dependent upon us as veterinarians
to determine its cause, and, if possible, to remove it. Not alone
because this condition renders these animals less serviceable, and
therefore less valuable, but also for the reason that the only
possible cause why these animals are less serviceable is that they
are rendered so by the suffering they endure as a result of this
condition. So from a humanitarian standpoint we, whose duty
it is to relieve so far as possible, the sufferings of all domesti-
cated animals, should be the first to give this subject the most
careful consideration.

With this object in view I have attempted, so far as my lim-
ited knowledge would permit, to determine the cause, if possible,
or at least find some existing condition that might appear as a
likely or possible cause. And as a result of this investigation and
experimentation I feel that I can say to you without fear of con-
tradiction that the three calked horseshoe, the ordinary every day
heel and toe shoe, is responsible for more deformed hocks than
all other causes combined.

The ability of the hock joint or any other joint to perform
work is largely dependent upon the relation of its component

631

032 JAMES MC DOXOUGH.

parts to each other. For, the slightest change in the relation of
these parts can only result in a transfer of strain from one part
of the joint to another. And it would seem that Nature when
forming the hoof had in mind the necessity of providing ample
support to the limb on either side. She evidently was conscious
of the injury that would result from its displacement in that di-
rection, for the greatest diameter of the hoof is at that place.

When we apply a three calked shoe we not only rob the hock
of the extra support offered by the increased width of the hoof,
but we rob it of all support on either side, and compel the animal
to perform its work with the foot resting upon a surface of from
2 to 2^ inches in width at the toe, and from 3 to 3^ inches in
width at the heel, with absolutely no support on either side. Now
we have not only deprived the hoof of its lateral bearing to the
extent of permitting the limb to deviate from its natural axis,
but the increased wearing away of the shoe at its outer side, soon
forces the foot into a position that causes a disequilibrium of the
limb, thereby increasing the strain on the inside of the same
which results injuriously to the hock joint, the seat of spavin.

To prevent this it is only necessary to provide a shoe with a
calk on either side, midway between the toe and heels. By do-
ing this we prevent the foot from rocking to either side, and
provide for the limb the support necessary to insure for it some
degree of comfort during the performance of its work.

For the same reasons I wish to state my objections to the
use of the sharp calked shoe, with the additional objection that
the inside calk is often made blunt to prevent injury to the op-
posite limb, thereby increasing the wearing qualities of the shoe
at a point where the least wear takes place. And I wish to call
your attention to the advantages' of a shoe equipped with a dull
calk on either side as previously referred to. These dull calks not
only offer support to the quarters, thereby creating a stable base
for the support of the limb, but they also provide a substantial
wearing surface and reduce the work of the sharp calks to the pre-
vention of slipping. I wish to lay special stress upon the advan-

INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF THREE CALKED SHOES. 633

tages of this shoe as compared with the three calked sharpened
shoe of the present time, since I have used them on my horses
with the most gratifying results.

I will now conclude by asking you to cooperate with me to
the extent of taking such action at this meeting as will advance
it to a point where a practical demonstration can be made, show-
ing the advantages of this method of shoeing where calks are
used. And, gentlemen, I feel that there is no one act that can
be accomplished by this Association, that will result in so much
good, and be more appreciated by the horse-owners throughout
the United States as our discouragement of the use of a three
calked shoe, arid the substitution of one that will not only add
to the comfort of the animal but increase his value by prolonging
his usefulness.

A SUBSTITUTE. — "I am sorry, my dear sir, but I neglected
to bring my surgical instruments with me." " That will be all
right, doctor. The plumber who has been working in the cellar
lias left his tools here." — (Exchange.)

A Tactful Crescendo. — " In the province of Holstein,"
says a traveler who spends a good deal of his time abroad.
" where, of course, nothing is more important than the breeding
of superior cattle, the country people are not only very thriftv
but exceedingly fond of their cows, as may be gathered from a
characteristic story current there :

" It appears that one farmer was walking sadly down the
road one day when the village pastor met him.

" ' Why so downcast, friend?' said the pastor.

" ' I have a sad errand, pastor,' replied the farmer. ' Farmer
Henrick's cow is dead in my pasture, and I am on my way to
tell him.'

" ' A hard task, indeed.'

" ' You may well say so, pastor, but I shall break it to him
gently."

" ' And how will you do that? '

" ' Oh, I shall tell him first that his father is dead, and then,
having opened the way for sadder news still, I shall tell him that
it is not his father, but the cow!'" — (Harper's Weekly.)

REPORTS OF CASES.

" Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By recording
his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up
the solid edifice of pathological science.'

CONGENITAL MALFORMATION.

Dr. C. L. Barnes, Veterinary Department, Colorado Agri-
cultural College.

■

This photograph is of a six months' old filly
presented at the Clinic of Veterinary Depart-
ment. The sire of this filly had a deformity of
one shoulder, projecting outward. The dam
was a good Percheron mare. The filly when
foaled could stand much straighter than at pres-
ent, but as it grew older the legs became more
bent out until at this time it can hardly walk.
The photograph illustrates the tendency to con-
genital malformations and what may be pro-

duced when animals are bred with defects or abnormalities.

EXTRA UTERINE GESTATION.

By A. B. Summers, M.D.V., Alexandria, lnd.

December 3, 1908, at 7 o'clock p. m., I was called to see a
Holstein cow, 6 years old, weight 1,100 lbs., which had been
due to calve November 26. I found cow in a recumbent po-
sition and in great pain. I made her get up; she staggered and
would kick abdomen with hind feet ; her tongue was protruding
from mouth, breathing accelerated, temperature 1060 F. ; vulva
looked natural and no signs of wanting to calve outside of the
eolicy symptoms, so I prescribed magnesium sulphate, 1 lA lbs.,
,to be given in warm water. I told client I would call in the
morning, as she might get ready to calve in meantime. Upon
my return I found patient no better. I suspected extra uterine
gestation, and, making a digital exploration through vagina, I

634

EEPOETS OF CASES. 635

was positively convinced. I found the uterus empty and the os
uteri closed in a normal condition. By this time the symptoms
became alarming, hurried pulse, quick breathing, haggard ex-
pression, ears had fell forwards, and general indications pointed
to fatal termination. I gave her il/2 oz. Chloral Hyd. and told
client I would operate, but he would not submit her for an opera-
tion. November 5 I was hurriedly called and upon my arrival
found cow dead. To confirm my diagnosis, as well as to sat-
isfy my client, I held a post-mortem and found a fully developed
foetus in the abdominal cavity. The pseudo-membrane containing
the foetus had ruptured and the liq amnii had escaped; the hair
had begun to slip on foetus and body was tympanitic. Owing
to rupture of the pseudo membranes around foetus there were
complicated inflammation and peritonitis. I found the rumen
very small, probably had a capacity of only four or five gallons.
The cow had been in a perfectly healthy condition up to time.
.Well, I learned something. Had I been called in time, which
is rarely the case, I could probably have saved the cow and calf
by operating. Should I have been correct in the diagnosis, which
can positively be done by examination per rectum or vagina which
will reveal the uterus in a natural (unimpregnated) size. Fur-
ther exploration may detect a mass apart from the uterus and in
the interior may be felt the characteristic body of the foetus and
if alive and can be stimulated to move the evidence is positive.

A MALIGNANT FORM OF CANINE DISTEMPER.

By Mark White, V.M.D., Denver, Colo.

I observe in Denver a form of distemper of the dog, which
affects the animal quite differently from the usual form of dis-
temper commonly met with. The dog shows the digestive com-
plication and bleeds from his nose and discharges with it some
pus, later the mucous membrane of the mouth shows a brick red
discoloration and inflammation followed by bleeding from the
mouth and bowel. These cases all die within a period of not
over seven days, and appear to mortify in the bowels before
death, the odor from the mouth being horrible. The mucous
membrane looks like the mouth of a copper head. I have never
seen one of these cases that recovered and they are very numer-
ous; would guess that 5 to 10 per cent, of the cases of distemper
that I see are of this severe form. They all die in spite of the
be^t treatment I am able to apply.

636 REPORTS OF CASES.

TAPE WORM COMES OUT OF GUNSHOT WOUND IN

DOG.

By Mark White, V.M.D., Denver, Colo.

Bull terrier dog, shot through the abdomen on right side,
bullet passing through the bowels and lodging under the skin on
the opposite side. The bullet was a 22 caliber; the dog died from
internal hemorrhage of the bowels. The peculiar coincident of
the case was, on first view of the dog I observed a tape- worn],
twelve inches long, hanging out the hole made by the bullet on
the side of the dog, which was the right side. Can any one ex-
plain how a tape- worm could find its way out from the intestines
of the dog, passing from the abdominal cavity, peritoneum, ab-
dominal muscles and the skin to the exterior of the dog? It
must be remembered that the bullet did not pass out through the
skin of the left side, but lodged just under the skin, so it was not
possible for the worm to have been shot through and out of the
dog.

Wanted the Other One. — A handsome and neatly dressed
young woman was walking down the street the other day, fol-
lowed by her favorite dachshund pup. It was market day, and
the pavement being somewhat crowded caused the dog to get
some distance behind its mistress. Fearing it would lose sight
of her, she called, " Come along, sir ! " A would-be wit who
was near stepped up to her and with great politeness said, " Cer-
tainly, miss." " Ah," she exclaimed as her pet came running
up, " you have made a mistake! This is the puppy I called." —
(London Tit-Bits.)

Slippery Streets Rendered Safe. — Consul Frank S.
Hannah reports that the street cleaning department of Madge-
burg has recently made successful experiments with a new sand-
strewing wagon constructed by Hermann Fricke of that German
city. The wagon spreads rapidly an even layer of sand on the
streets which, in the case of asphalt paving, is of great benefit,
in that it minimizes the slipping of the horses when the streets
are either extremely wet or frozen. This has heretofore been
done in German cities exclusively by hand. The apparatus is
worked by the driver and can be adjusted to strew a layer of
sand or gravel from 6 to 16 meters (19.68 to 52.49 feet) wide.
The new machine has been taken over by the city. — (Consular
Report.)

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

VACANCIES IN THE ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

FILLED.

With the appointment of Dr. Alfred L. Mason to the 13th
Cavalry, and that of Dr. Herbert S. Williams to the 15th Cav-
alry, the long remaining vacancies in the Army Veterinary Ser-
vice have finally been filled.

By the acts of Congress of March 3, 1899, and February 2,
1901, forty-two positions for veterinarians were created for the
cavalry and field artillery, and it took the military examining
boards all these years to find properly qualified candidates from
the many of our American veterinary colleges, even with the
bars let down as to the age-limit (27 years) of several of the
successful candidates.

This record is not particularly pleasing. It is difficult, of
course, to assign a just cause for this circumstance, and while
a large number of candidates have failed to satisfy the examin-
ing boards as regards their qualifications, it seems, on the other
hand, that the military authorities are willing to acknowledge,
that the position of the Army Veterinarian is not attractive
enough to induce the best of our American veterinary graduates
to enter the service.

Telephone Communication Betiveen Tivo Riders.

In the Cavalry Journal Lieut. A. C. Knowles describes the
method of communicating by telephone between two mounted
men separated by a distance of five miles and on the move. This
was done by placing a small piece of copper (properly connected
to the instrument) against the animal's body, and as the horse
always has one or more feet on the ground while moving at any
gait, except possibly the gallop, which would seldom be resorted
to, the ground connection is completed through one or more
hoofs. Of the several horses used in these experiments, only a
few showed any discomfiture, and those that were affected by
the current were soon quieted. They appeared to exhibit sur-
prise rather than pain at something unusual, to which they quick-
ly became accustomed. These tests were made over all kinds of

637

638 ABMY VETEEINAEY DEPABTMENT.

ground — very wet, muddy, moist, perfectly dry and dusty roads
and fields, with results of practical value. With two mounted
operators similarly equipped, and separated by five miles of wire,
conversation was carried on without difficulty, the horses stand-
ing in grass. The buzzer was loud enough to be heard several
feet from the instrument.

Remark. — This is a discovery of a new and interesting use-
fulness of the horse. Curiously enough, something of this na-
ture was suggested by an army veterinarian in conversation with
a young officer of the Signal Corps as long ago as 1904, but the
idea met then only with a smile. Now, however, it has become
an invention of the Signal Corps, which undoubtedly is given
credit not only for the practical application but for the idea as
well. The successful installation of a transportable wireless ap-
paratus in the field, as shown in our last year's manceuvers, may
soon make all telephone connection on the battle field unneces-
sary, but in emergencies the horse will be found to be there
for the above use when all else has been disabled.

O. S.

His Definition. — A teacher in a certain school asked for
the definition of a furrier. A hand was raised. " Well, John,
you tell us what a furrier is." " A man who deals in furs," cor-
rectly replied the pupil. Then, turning to another scholar, the
teacher asked for the definition of a currier. " A man who deals
in curs," was the unexpected reply of the eager boy.

Results of Experiments With Morphine. — From ex-
periments on dogs Faust had concluded that the comparative im-
munity against morphine which follows from its habitual use,
is not due to the tissues becoming accustomed to the drug, but
to an increasing capacity of the organism for destroying the
poison. This view has recently been confirmed by Riibsamen,
who showed that immune rats actually do break down the mor-
phine in their system more rapidly than the normal rats. How-
ever, it appears that the immunity must be due to two causes:
first, as stated above, to an increased capacity for destroying
the poison in the system, and secondly, to a cellular immunity,
for within the first hour after injection a large amount of the
poison still circulates in the body, without affecting the individ-
ual.— {Scientific American.)

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Azoturia \_G. Jones Roberts, F. R. C. V. S".]. — A 'bay mare,
six years old, has been in the stable for two days, is put to work
and about two miles from home had a very bad attack with the
usual symptoms. Treated, she makes an uneventful recovery.
Three months later, she had another attack following- a rest of
one day and " every time she was taken out for exercise, if it
was only for 200 yards, she would get a slight attack." In
those, the urine was not discolored. She was turned out for
four months and when taken up, worked well for a year, when
she picked up a nail. Fed then only on hay and bran, when she
is exercised for the first time, she showed the usual symptoms.
All right after a fortnight, she is exercised one hour and later
driven about ten miles, when she was taken badly. In all she
has had about twenty attacks and now is working all right again.
Her superior qualities as the best trapper he ever had made the
owner keep her. — (Veter. Record.)

Vaginal Tumor [O. Trevor Williams']. — Suffering with
acute pains and difficult micturition, a two year old filly was
visited by the author. She is covered with perspiration, passes
urine only in dribbling quantity and on examining the vagina,
it is found blocked with an enormous growth. It is attached by
a large, thick peduncle from the roof of the vagina, right above
the os uteri. Its size prevents it being brought out in a mass,
it was decided to take it off in parts. Three pieces were torn
away first and the remainder then pulled through the vulva it
was possible to apply a strong ligature round the peduncle. The
hemorrhage was stopped and the balance of the tumor taken
off. The peduncle was as big as a man's wrist. The whole tu-
mor weighed eleven pounds. The recovery was uneventful.
(Ibid.)

Rupture of the Stomach [Major R. L. Crawford, A.
V. C]. — A mare showed on the near side of the neck and on

639

640 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

the shoulder abrasions of the skin which were said to be due to
bites from another horse but which proved to be due to injuries
from a kick. Three days after, there is an cedematous swelling-
extending in front of the chest and between the fore legs. The
temperature is up to 1030 F. Manifestations of post pharyn-
geal abscess are exhibited and also muco-purulent discharge
from the nostrils. Later portions of food returned by the nose.
About two-thirds down the neck, just over the abrasions, point-
ing of the skin is observed, lanced and the cavity dressed with
carbolic solution. The next day fluid and food are discharged
through the opening of the abscess. This is enlarged by an in-
cision made downwards and a rupture of the oesophagus is ex-
posed with edges foul and necrotic. The animal was destroyed.
The post mortem revealed that the rupture involved the oesopha-
geal coats about two-thirds across with the edges sloughing. The
surrounding muscles were infiltrated and in a state of decompo-
sition. There was a collection of pus in the gutteral pouches
not in connection with the injury of the oesophagus. — (Veter.
Record. )

Purulent Metritis [C V. Dalrymple-Hay']. — A fox ter-
rier slut had a purulent bloody discharge from the vulva. Vag-
inal examination revealed nothing in utero, but from outside
palpation, showed the cornua full and hard. As the animal is
in very low condition, it is decided to operate on her as the only
chance of saving her. The abdomen was opened, followed by
escape of serous effusion and blood. Both uterine horns were
brought out and the left found ruptured. Hysterectomy was per-
formed, uterus and cornua being taken off. The temperature
was 1040 F. on the day of operation and fell two degrees during
the next two days. The slut recovered without any trouble. —
(Veter. Journ.)

Cerebro-spinal Meningitis in Dogs [E. H. Stent, M. R.
C. V. S.~\. — Record of an ourbreak in which four fox terrier
bitches had been affected showing stiffness in gait, grunting in
being touched, with later an inability to rise. There was rapid
breathing, but the appetite was normal. In one being placed
standing on her four legs, she could stand but was afraid to
move, when started to walk she would move quickly with short-
steps. On moving her head to the right, the tail would curl to
the left and vice versa. On raising her head she would sud-
denly collapse. At the post mortem the meninges of the brain

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 041

and cord were found much inflamed. Considering- the trouble
as of infectious nature antiseptic treatment was resorted to, sub-
limate injections in the uterus and iodide of potassium internally.
Tonics and heavy feeding. This was followed by good results.
Disinfecting measures were also resorted to. — (Ibidem.)

Rare Accident During Pregnancy [A. W. Noel Pillers,
M. R. C. V. S\]. — A mare was pregnant and about her time she
is found lying down and said to be foaling; she is made to get
up and then she began to kick with all her four feet with such
vigor that it has become dangerous to go about her. As she had
laid upon stinging nettles, these were supposed to be the cause
of her l>ehavior. But on looking about her abdomen and un-
der it. it was found that the skin, from the umbilicus back to the
udder, looked as if it was going to crack. Then suddenly a piece
of the bowels protruded, which was soon followed by more. The
intestines, kicked about and torn and entangled with her hind
legs, soon all dropped to the ground. The mare fell down in
agony and soon died. The foal was taken out of the uterus alive
but lived only two days. Xo positive cause could be attributed
to the accident. — (Ibidem.)

A Form of Skin Disease in Dog [Prof. J. F. Craig, M. R.
C. V. S.~\. — The animal has had skin trouble for several weeks,
which, treated with sulphur, has been getting worse instead of
better. He scratches much and the head is most affected. A large
raw wound due to scratching is below the left eye and round it
the hair is all off. There are dark small areas scattered over
the skin around both eyes ; these are sub-cutaneous hemorrhages.
A few of them contain thick fluid of dirty brown color. Where
these burst, there remains a small ulcer. Similar lesions are
found inside the left thigh and on both fore legs. No bacteria
or other parasites could be found. Calomel, liq. arsenicalis and
syrup of ferri iodid. were administered, and in two days general
improvement was manifest and followed by complete recovery. —
(Ibidem.)

Two Interesting Cases of Prolapsus [/. Eddes Tail, M.
R. C. V. S.~]. — i. Amputation of the uterus of a ewe. The an-
imal had delivered two live lambs but had a prolapsus of the
uterus, which was much soiled and gangrenous. Amputation
was resorted to as follows : " A large needle and a double thread
were passed through the center of the mass, after thoroughly
cleansing it as well as possible, with warm carbolic acid and

642 ABSTBACTS FEOM EXCHANGES.

water and the ends were tied off around it on either side. The
part below this was then amputated. No hemorrhage resulted
and the stump was returned into the vagina." Within a week
the animal was as well as ever.

2. Amputation op the Rectum in a Dog. — A pointer puppy-
has 5 inches of his rectum protruding. Excision was the only hope
to save him. " Taking two needles, each with a long single
thread, they were passed through the center, the protruding por-
tion was excised and the threads were picked up where they
crossed and four separate ligatures made. When tied, these en-
closed the whole of the wall of the bowel. There was very little
straining and no complication followed." — (Veter. Journ.)

Deferred Displacement of a Spinal Fracture [D. Chat-
terley, M. R. C. V. S., and Prof. G. H. Wooldridge, F. R. C.
V . S\]. — Aged chestnut gelding has his mouth in bad condition,
the teeth are sharp and the mucous membrane very sore and ul-
cerated. The horse is cast to have his teeth fixed. He goes
down easily, struggles violently but gets up without difficulty
and walks to his stall. The next day he seems stiff and is off
his food. This passes off in a few days. Six days after casting
he lays down and after io or 15 minutes gets up. In the afternoon
he lays down again. Next morning he is found unable to rise.
He dies two days later. At post mortem, the last dorsal and first
lumbar vertebrae, which had been ankylosed during life, were
found fractured. It is supposed that the injury was received the
day of the casting but that the displacement did not take place
for several days after when the horse had laid down. — (Ibidem.)

A New Worm in Ostriches [W. Robertson, M. R. C.
V. S.~\. — This worm has been recently met in ostriches in the
colony. It has a somewhat curious situation, being outside the
abdominal viscera, between principally, the outside walls of the
stomach and the back bone. They are found embedded in a
piece of loose membranous material. Their length is very great.
Complete specimens have measured 3 feet 6 inches in length.
In all the cases where it has been found, it would appear not to
have produced any harmful results. In three cases where the
writer has found them, the birds had died from injuries and the
worm had nothing to do with their death. Examined by an
authority he has written that the worm belongs to a species of
Dicheilonema. — (Agric. Journ. Cape of Good Hope.)

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 643

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Torsion of the Uterus in a Sow [Adj. Prof. C. Cluny~\. —
Such cases are rare and classical works say almost nothing- of its
possibility. The author has observed the following, which took
place on one of the uterine cornua in a pregnant four year old sow,
which had had several litters before, and this time has already
delivered seven well formed little fellows, which were found dead
on the straw behind her. Usually very ugly and difficult to ap-
proach she is now quiet, good natured and is constantly laying
down. It is hard to make her get up. She is not making any
expulsive effort, but appears to be in great pains. Firmly se-
cured, an exploration is made with the hand introduced way in
the uterus which is found empty. The cavity of the right cor-
nua is empty also. But on the left side, the hand is arrested
by the opening closed by the folds of the mucous membrane.
Pushing the fingers forwards, a kind of funnel was felt which
prevented any further entrance. Through the walls, the pres-
ence of a foetus is detected. The diagnosis was evident, viz :
Torsion of the horn with foetus in the cavity. In what direc-
tion was the torsion, could not be made out, prevented as the
hand and fingers were, in their exploration by the mucous mem-
brane sticking and adhering to the hand. The owner preferred
to have the animal slaughtered than to run the chance of a sur-
gical interference. Ccesarian operation, or partial hysterectomy.
On examination of the carcass it was found that the right horn
had a torsion making a complete twist and that, as a consequence,
had prevented the exit of 5 foetuses, which were all well formed,
dead and not putrefied. — (Joiirn. de Zootech.)

Encephaloid Sarcoma of the Pancreas [Mr. Delroye~\. —
Tumors of the pancreas of the domestic animals have seldom
been recorded. The present was found at the autopsy of an old
horse.

The tumor was very large, about five or six times bigger
than the organ on which it had developed and which was in-
volved in it. It was bigger than a man's head. Its form was
irregular, lobulated, and constituted by a series of lumps irreg-
ularly arranged, varying in size from that of the fist to that of
an egg. One of them was as big as a kidney and has also the

644 ABSTRACTS FKOM EXCHANGES.

form of it. It had a whitish aspect and upon section, it shows
as well as it did on the outside, here and there red stria and some
yellow softened nodules; but altogether the tumors had the as-
pect and consistency of lardaceous tissue. The whole mass
weighed 2 kilogs. 300 gramms. The histologic examination re-
vealed its nature of encephaloid sarcoma. — {Ibidem.)

Abnomalies of Genital Organs in Horses [Doctor
Moore~\. — These were obtained at the abattoir of Hippophagy
and were found in two geldings, which both had atrophy of the
penis. In both the urethra after coming out of the pelvis, in-
stead of bending forward round the ischial arch, ran directly
forward towards the perineal region where it ended. In one
horse, the penis formed by big and strong cavernous bodies, had
a glans penis, or normal size, with a long sheath. It measured
5 centimeters in length. In the other horse, the atrophy of the
penis is complete. The extremity of the penis resembles a large
clitoris turned upside down, it measures 2 or 3 centimeters and
is also covered with a large fold of skin. Both these horses
were cryptorchids. The testicles, not larger than a hen's egg,
were attached to the lumbar region. The efferent canals and
vesicula seminalis were atrophied. In one horse the prostate
was normal in size. — (Presse Veter.)

Late Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus in a Dog — Ir-
regular Ocular Manifestations [C. Eisenmengcr, Army
Veterinarian]. — A twelve year old French poodle is dull and
has lost his appetite since three days. The left eye is cloudy.
After a few days, these conditions have subsided. The trouble
was considered as a traumatic cataract, which in an animal rather
nervous, has caused loss of appetite. Three months later, the
same symptoms reappeared. The left eye is again opaque; but
the opacity is more marked round the periphery than on the
center of the crystalline lens. Besides the animal having scratched
herself frequently the hair round the eyes is off. After eight
days all these symptoms have disappeared. A second time an
error of diagnosis was made and the new cataract attributed to
some external cause. Six months later the animal has lost flesh,
the appetite is delicate, she has great thirst and urinates abund-
antly. Then diabetes is thought of. The urine analyzed is
found to contain 9 gramms 75 of sugar in every litre of urine.
Anti-diabetic regime is prescribed and directions left to have
the urine analvzed as soon as the manifestations of new cataract

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 645

occurred. Two weeks after a double cataract is present and 17
gramms 328 of sugar found. The right eye was less affected
than the left which was entirely opaque. At another attack of
cataract, the animal being entirely blind was destroyed. At post
mortem, the liver was found with a dark brown color, slightly
hypertrophied, and surrounded with a serous coat. The heart
rather large was healthy. Kidneys normal. — (Rev. Gencr. dc
Mcdec. Veter.)

Attack of Epileptiform Vertigo [Mr. CaiUibaud~\. — A
1/ year old Anglo Xormand mare, used for saddle and draught
purposes, has for four days been working in a team. The fifth
day. she travels about 20 kilometers, rests 2 hours and coming
home, goes 4 kilometers when she presents the following symp-
tom. Suddenly she becomes nervous, rears two or three times,
drags her mate on one side and drops down. Her body is shiv-
ering all over, her teeth are grinding against each other, lips are
trembling, face is contracted, abundant perspiration all over her
body. Conjunctiva is scarcely congested, pulse is about normal,
artery hard. After five minutes she gets up, walks staggering
pushing' forwards and falls. After a few minutes more, the
symptoms subside. She then rises, has a normal micturition, drops
a few balls of manure and gradually regains her normal appear-
ance. She is taken home and resumes her work the next day in
perfect condition. The author explaining this attack rejects the
idea of an epileptic attack, as the mare is 17 years old and has
never manifested any symptom similar to those of epilepsy. He
rejects the supposition of sun stroke also and attributes the man-
ifestations to the fact that the old mare had a Dutch collar on,
when in harness, that ambitious as she was, and pulling very
hard the collar interfered with the circulation ; cerebral circula-
tion was stopped and the vertigo occurred. As the mare was
old. and suffering with arterio-sclerosis, the circulation was slow
to resume its normalty in the arteries, hence the duration of the
manifestations. — (Rev. Vctcr.)

Hypertrophied Cotyledon in a Cow [Mr. Magncron'], —
The day following a normal delivery, without accident, a cow
makes violent continuous efforts which after a few hours are fol-
lowed by the apparition at the vulva of a tumor, as big as a man's
head : globular, dark red in color, and having on its surface some
remains of the placenta. By vaginal examination, the tumor is
found pedunculated and adherent to the mucous membrane of

646 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

the uterus. Further on was found the fundus of the uterine cor-
nua which is partly prolapsed. After cleaning the parts as well
as could be done, a catgut ligature was applied on the peduncle
of the cotyledon and the mass was then excised. The prolapsus
of the uterus was then reduced. In a few days the animal was
well. The cotyledon weighed 2 kilogs 400. {Rev. Veter.)

Pulmonary Embolus. — Sudden Death [Mr. Th. Monod,
Army Veterinarian] . — A six year old horse dies suddenly. Noth-
ing wrong had been observed on him; he had been turned loose
in the morning and had jumped and kicked freely, he had drank
and eaten as usual. The stableman had his attention called by
his sudden fall; and as he reached him, finds him dead. Post
mortem. The cadaver is in perfect condition. The conjunctivae
are pale, the buccal mucous membrane slightly cyanotic; there is
no effusion in the splanchnic cavities. Left lung is normal. The
right is very firm, cedematous and impermeable; no congestion,
no hemorrhage or inflammation present. It seems as if the pul-
monary acini are gorged with blood serosity. In making sections
of the lung, an embolus of the pulmonary artery is found on a
level with one of its first ramifications. The clot is about as big
as a small finger, it rides on the edges of a bifurcation of the
artery and measures 3 to 4 centimeters in its simple portion and
one or two in its bifurcated. It is dense, dry, very rich in fibrin
and easily broken up. It is surrounded with a large red clot
which occupies the principal branch of the pulmonary artery
and the cavities of the right heart. It extends in the vena cava.
The presence of the embolism explains the sudden death ; but its
origin was not discovered. — {Rev. Veter.)

Traumatic Arthritis in a Cow — Disarticulation — Re-
covery [Mr. P. Bitard~\. — A cow is reported having a bad sore
foot and is unable to put weight on it. Indeed, there is an enor-
mous swelling, hard round the coronet of the right hind leg
which indicates traumatic arthritis or peri-arthritis, and is ex-
tending upwards near the fetlock. On the lower face of the
coronet, there is a fistula running in the second inter-phalangeal
articulation from which escapes sticking sanious pus. Standing
up the animal puts no weight on the leg, which is spasmodically
moved up and down as suffering with lancinating pains. The gen-
eral condition is falling off, the animal losing flesh rapidly and
to sell her to the butcher means great loss. Amputation is pro-
posed and accepted by the owner. The animal was thrown and

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 647

properly secured. The parts aseptized as well as possible and
the amputation performed between the first and the second pha-
lanx, care having been taken to save the skin and the coronary-
band as much as possible, in order to obtain a solid horny pro-
tection for the amputated portion. An antiseptic dressing was
applied and the animal allowed to get up. After a week the
dressing was changed. The animal only then began to put her
foot on the ground and gradually improved. The cavity left by
the removal of the phalanges filled up, a secretion of keratogen-
ous tissue formed and a protecting cushion grew for the ampu-
tated digit. After 4 weeks the animal rested her foot well on
the ground, and after six, walked well. Finally she put on flesh
and was disposed of for a good price. — {Prog. Veter.)

BELGIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Pleuro-pneumonia Due to Foreign Body [M.M. Genot
and Mahia, Army Veterinarians']. — An Irish mare suffering with
sinusitis, has the left frontal and superior maxillary sinuses
trephined, and injections are prescribed twice a day of antisep-
tic and slightly astringent solutions to be made with the appa-
ratus of Esmarck. At first the liquid returned freely through
the nostrils, but the animal became nervous and rebelled to the
injections; she had to be placed in stocks and as she soon took
the habit of swallowing the liquids of the injection, which were
thrown into the sinuses, to prevent it, the tongue is held, and
pulled out of the mouth. For a few days, all went well but one
morning it is noticed that her breathing is loud ; she breaks out
in abundant perspiration, she has violent spells of coughing.
She suffers from the introduction of a 2% solution of creoline
into her lungs. Broncho-pneumonia is soon fully developed.
After a few days pleurisy is no longer doubtful and after one
month of treatment when the pleurisy has become purulent and
the pneumonia gangrenous the animal dies with 30 litres of tur-
bid serosity in the chest, with a nasty odor of rotten eggs, in

648 ABSTEACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

which float fibrinous clots. The lungs are gorged with blood and
on section show the pulmonary alveoli containing but little air.
Heart, liver, spleen and kidneys have the aspect of infectious or-
gans.

Moral : There is always great danger in preventing the deg-
lutition of liquids in horses, not only during the giving of
drenches but at all times. This case also demonstrates the evo-
lution of a pleuro-pneumonia by foreign body in the lungs, when
the ordinary result is gangrenous pneumonia only. — (Annalcs de
Belg.)

A Case of Cerebral Tuberculosis in a Bovine [Prof. A.
Vanden Eckhont]. — Tuberculosis of the nervous centers is not
uncommon in cattle, and the lesions may locate on the meninges
or in the nervous substance itself; hence in clinical phraseology
two forms of tuberculosis are accepted, a meningo-encephalitis
and a meningo-myelitis. To this last belongs the following case :

A two year old cow is said to be suffering with gid. She is
very thin and presents pathological manifestations of the func-
tions of locomotion and innervation. The nervous functions are
most depressed and the animal shows the general signs of im-
mobility. She assumes most peculiar positions and remains in
them ; her back is arched, her four extremities kept close together
under her abdomen, if her front legs are placed crossing each
other she keeps them in that position as an immobile horse; she
shows no sensitiveness to pressure upon the cornea or to
the introduction of the finger in her ear. She takes no food nor
drink. If forced to walk, she moves in a circle to the left. There
is slight nasal discharge. Respiration is slow, vesicular murmur
abolished. Cuti and ophthalmo test with tuberculin are nega-
tive. Subcutaneous test gives a strong reaction. The animal
is pronounced tuberculous and killed. The principal lesions are
in the brain. The meninges are infiltrated ; there is an abundant
yellow serosity. The left frontal lobe of the cerebrum is harder
and more firm than the right. It shows on section a tissue of
yellow granulations. These tuberculous lesions exist also in the
right frontal lobe, but are not so extensive. Besides these cer-
ebral lesions, tubercles are also found in the lungs, bronchial
and mediastinal lymphatics and in the liver. — (Annul, dc Bclg.)

Congenital Abnomalies of the Heart [Mr. Huymeri], —
These were observed in bovines, where generally s] leaking, they
are not rare.

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 649

Rulot has described one in a three months' old calf, which
died of pulmonary apoplexy. The heart was hypertrophied ; the
left ventricle presented six openings: (i) The aortic opening;
(2) the two auriculo-ventricular; the right auricle did not com-
municate with the ventricle; (3) an orifice, of communication
between the two ventricles through the septum; (4) two other
openings of communication between the two ventricles.

Vanden Eckhout observed in a steer one and a half years
old, a shivering at the cardiac region. The animal died of gan-
grenous broncho-pneumonia. At the post mortem was found
hypertrophy of the right ventricle, perforation of the intraven-
tricular septum, and persistance of Botal's foramen. The writer
has observed two cases of congenital affection of the heart. In
one there was increase in size and weight of the organ, the right
heart was the most hypertrophied. In the septum, there was an
opening establishing communication between the two ventricles.
The aortic opening, widely dilated, was riding over the inter-
ventricular septum. In the other, the lesions, were similar but
besides the foramen of Botal was not obliterated. — (Annates of
Belg.)

Exports of American horses during the six years ending
June 30, 1908, were valued at $21,000,000, while imports for
the same period were valued at $10,000,000. Three-fourths of
the import values represented stallions and mares of established
European breeds brought in duty free for breeding purposes.

The Ark Up to Date. — Little Richard had been given a
lovely ark for Christmas. It contained everything you could
think of — elephants, butterflies, spotted cows, blue monkeys,
green cats, yellow dogs with purple spots, and a Xoah and Mrs.
Noah standing at strict attention.

But it didn't contain everything little Richard could think of.

One day his father came upon him placing a couple of tiny
splinters in man's first boat.

" And what are they, Richard ? " inquired the perplexed
parent.

" Why," replied Richard. " dem's microbes. Dere must 'a'
bin a pair o' microbes in de ark ! "

And, when vou come to think of it, so there must. — (John
Bull.)

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS.

VETERINARIAN.

PHILIPPINE SERVICE.

The United States Civil Service Commission announces an
examination on February 17, 1909, at the places mentioned in
the list printed by the Commission, to secure eligibles from which
to make certification to fill about 25 vacancies in the position of
veterinarian in the Philippine Service, at $1,600 per annum each,
and vacancies requiring- similar qualifications as they may occur
in that service. Appointees are allowed field expenses when absent
on duty from their permanent stations.

The examination will consist of the subjects mentioned below,
weighted as indicated :

Subjects. Weights.

i. Letter-writing 10

2. Veterinary anatomy and physiology 20

3. Veterinary pathology 20

4. Veterinary practice 40

5. Training and experience 10

Total 100

Seven hours will be allowed for this examination.

Applicants must indicate in their applications that they are
graduates of reputable veterinary colleges.

Information relative to employment in the Philippine Ser-
vice, cost of living, leave of absence, transportation, climate,
clothing, medical attendance, contract, etc., is contained in sec-
tion 32 of the Manual of Examinations revised to January 1,
1909, a copy of which may be had upon application to the Civil
Service Commission, Washington, D. C.

Applications which are not received in time for this examina-
tion will be placed on file for the examination to be held on
March 10, 1909.

Age limit, 18 to 40 years on the date of examination.

The medical certificate must be filled in by some medical offi-
cer in the service of the United States. Applicants should ap-
pear before medical officers of the Army, Navy, Indian, or Pub-

650

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 651

lie Health and Marine-Hospital Service. If such an officer can-
not be conveniently visited, a pension examining surgeon may
execute the certificate. Special arrangements have been made
with pension examining boards throughout the country to give
such examination for a fee of $2, to be paid by the applicant.
This certificate must not be executed by the family physician
of the applicant. The medical officer should indicate his rank or
official designation on such certificate.

Each applicant for the Philippine Service will be required to
submit to the examiner, on the day he is examined, a photo-
graph of himself, taken within three years, which will be filed
with his examination papers as a means of identification in case
he receives appointment. An unmounted photograph is pre-
ferred. The date, place, and name of examination, the examina-
tion number, the competitor's name, and the year in which the
photograph was taken should be indicated on the photograph.

This examination is open to all citizens of the United States
who comply with the requirements.

This announcement contains all information which is com-
municated to applicants regarding the scope of the examination,
the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re-
quired.

Applicants should at once apply either to the United States
Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C, or to the secre-
tary of the board of examiners at any place mentioned in the
list printed by the Commission, for application Forms 2 and 375.
No application will be accepted unless properly executed and
filed with the Commission at Washington. In applying for this
examination the exact title as given at the head of this announce-
ment should be used in the application.

As examination papers are shipped direct from the Commis-
sion to the places of examination, it is necessary that applications
be received in ample time to arrange for the examination de-
sired at the place indicated by the applicant. The Commission
will therefore arrange to examine any applicant whose applica-
tion is received in time to permit the shipment of the necessary
papers.

It isn't always well to take the bull by the horns, because
under the circumstances you can't very well let go without trou-
ble.— (Boston Republic.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Text Book of Meat Hygiene, an American translation and amplification by
John R. Mohler, A. M., V. M. D., Chief of the Pathological Division,
and Adolph Eichhorn, D. V. S., Assistant in Pathology and Bac-
teriology, Pathological Division, of the United States Bureau of Animal
Industry, of the second edition of the Text Book by Medical Coun-
sellor Richard Edelmann, Ph. D., Royal State Veterinarian of Saxony,
etc. 402 pages, 157 illustrations, 8 colored plates. Howard & Co.,
Washington, D. C. 1908.

To those interested in the many-sided subject of meat hy-
giene, the publication of this book has opened wide the doors
to fields where hitherto we could only gain our knowledge from
the gleanings of personal experience. Previous to passage by
the Congress of the United States of the Act of June 30, 1906,
which is generally known as the Meat Inspection Law, a veteri-
narian employed by the Bureau of Animal Industry in abattoir
inspection was required to be an expert upon the antemortem
and postmortem characteristics of the various diseases of the
food producing animals. Immediately after the passage of this
act, the veterinarian was called upon to fill a field which not
only required expert knowledge of the diseases of animals, but
also of the preparation of the numerous meat-food products,
together with the possible changes which might occur, not only
during the process of manufacture, but until the time of con-
sumption. The care of waste products, sanitary problems, abat-
toir construction, and refrigeration, all demanded expert super-
vision. This sudden call by the Government for a change in
the mental equipment of its men found our veterinary grad-
uates, as well as our colleges, unprepared to cope with this new
diversified field. What was probably the greatest difficulty
which had to be surmounted was the fact that in the English
language there was not a book which fulfilled the demands as a
guide. Doctors Mohler and Eichhorn, realizing this need, found
that in 1907 Richard Edelmann published a second edition in
German of his text book on " Meat Hygiene." This work con-
tained the desired material in concise detail with a percision
characteristic of the German scientist. And so, with the per-
mission of the author, they undertook the task of translating
his book into English for the benefit of our American veteri-
nary profession, and through them, of the general public, at the

652

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 653

same time adapting its statements to conditions in the United
States, including the regulations covering the entire inspection
work as issued during the present year by the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, and further amplifying it where, in
their judgment from experience and exhaustive investigations
in both the packing house and laboratory, they deemed it de-
sirable. As a result, we now have accessible a text book of
Meat Hygiene which will enable our colleges to thoroughly
prepare students for the broad field which they must occupy,
and will give to those already in the service of the Government
as well as the general practitioner an opportunity to materially
add to the knowledge which they have gained in the school of
experience at the great meat-packing centres of this country.

After carefully surveying the four hundred pages of this
book, a person cannot help but appreciate the thoroughness
with which it treats of the origin and source of meat food ;
morphology and chemistry of the principle tissues, including
the peculiarities of meat of all varieties of animals from which
we derive our food; the production, preparation, and conserva-
tion of meat, and abnormal conditions, postmortem changes,
and diseases of animals. Special chapters are devoted to the
Federal regulations; the construction and management of abat-
toirs and stockyards, the history of meat hygiene in Europe, the
United States, and in Canada. Throughout, there are inter-
spersed excellent illustrations.

In the opinion of the Review', this new publication on meat
hygiene, by our esteemed professional brethren, filling, as it
does, a great need, is already assured of success, and should
receive the profession's best support.

The Alleviation of Suffering. — The work of helping
others in the terrible Italian catastrophe has so softened the sen-
sibilities of the soldiers and sailors who largely compose the
search parties that many incidents of tenderness to animals are
related. A company of pioneers, attracted by weak groans be-
neath a pile of ruins in a cellar, began feverishly to remove the
debris.

The groans continued while the soldiers worked for an hour
to reach a corner of the cellar from whence they came. They
presently found the victim, but it was only a donkey, which, how-
ever, the soldiers carefullv lifted out and took to the barracks,
where every en re was lavished upon him.

CORRESPONDENCE.

CONFERENCE OF VETERINARIANS.

Utica, N. Y., January 16, 1909.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

The following are some notes I took at the conference at
Ithaca for the Review, January 12-13, 1909. There were 75
present; a general good feeling prevailed. Enclosed find pro-
gram. Papers were fine and well discussed. President Schur-
man's remarks were fine. He complimented Dr. Moore; he
mentioned the needs of the profession. The " smoker " was
excellent; it was under the supervision of the students; college
yells and songs prevailed.

Dr. Williams' new surgery is a model; the recovery stall is
something grand; it must be seen to comprehend its usefulness.
Dr. Williams gave a surgical clinic.

The case of granular venereal disease of cow was very inter-
esting and brought out some very good remarks. First time
recognized in this country, so far as Dr. Williams knows.

V. M. A. of N. Y. City was well represented, as was Buffalo.

Commissioner Pearson stopped our train and made few re-
marks; his ambition is to have an ideal veterinary service con-
nected with his department; wishes to have a closer relation be-
tween the veterinarian and agriculturist ; veterinarians for expert
work; complimented the veterinarians, commended the de-
partment in regard to its control of foot-and-mouth disease; he
is loyal to our profession; he mentioned that there was likely to
be some legislation in regard to meat and dairy inspection, and
the veterinarian would be prominently connected with the same.

Dr. Berns, at the close of the conference, moved a hearty
vote of thanks to Dr. Moore, faculty and students for the ex-
cellent time given us, which was received heartily, and also pro-
posed that it be made a yearly affair, which was also received
with cheers.

Yours respectfully,

W. G. Hollingworth.

654

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ILLINOIS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCI-
ATION.

The 26th annual meeting was held at Lexington Hotel, Chi-
cago, 111., December 1, 1908, with the President, Dr. C. C. Mills,
in the chair. Minutes of previous meeting were read and ap-
proved. Seventeen new members were elected.

President Mills' annual address was one of the most mas-
terly and interesting addresses ever delivered before the As-
sociation, and is as follows :

PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL ADDRESS.

Gentlemen and Fellow Practitioners — It is with no
slight degree of pleasure that I offer a word of greeting to the
members, old and new, and to the visitors at this the twenty-
sixth annual meeting of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical
Association. Certainly no more auspicious time could be found
for such a gathering than during the splendid exhibition of live
stock in the International Show at the gateway to the greatest
live-stock centre of the world, the Union Stock Yards of Chi-
cago. Occasionally we view this vast array of animals with
little real comprehension of what it has cost to bring all this
before our eyes, whether we view the live-stock in the magnifi-
cent buildings and the grand show-ring or whether we attempt
to draw our lesson from the yard or the slaughter house with
their thousands of animals for the packer, we do not see the
real story of what it has taken to place them there. Our per-
ception can partially include the cost of feeding and maturing,
of losses and reverses which must be counted in endless succes-
sion for completed events and unerring calculations.

Our Part as Sanitarians.

It may well be then of no small satisfaction and of no small
import that we come together in these conventions as sanitari-
ans and administrators to the health of the individuals compris-
ing so wide and so varied an industry. We gather here to ex-
change views and discuss methods whereby the health of live-

655

G5G SOCIETY MEETINGS.

stock may be preserved, diseases better combated and, let us
hope, some of the scourges finally completely eliminated. Of no
small magnitude is the task which the conscientious sanitarian
of the present day has before him. Our part as veterinarians
of Illinois appears with importance when we realize the fact that
our own commonwealth leads all others in the number of horses
owned in the state and in the aggregate valuation also. Accord-
ing to data furnished by the Department of Agriculture, Illi-
nois has nearly 1,600,000 horses with a valuation of more than
170,000,000 dollars. Add to this the valuation of all other kinds
of live-stock and their products and a glance will show an im-
mense industry. Whether we confine ourselves to that narrower
view and measure the benefits by dollars and cents alone; or,
greater and much more philanthropic yet, if we help as we cer-
tainly must do to guard the health of our own race and the safety
of every family within our borders : the necessity grows more
prominent. Without question the conditions demand a more
systematic method of sanitation persistently but rationally ap-
plied so that a broad minded public must take notice and support
and supplement the efforts toward an ultimate benefit to all
although a temporary inconvenience to some.

Our Political Influence.

So long as our government is controlled largely through the
influence of political parties, just so long will needed legislation
be dependent upon the favorable attitude of an administration
in power. Or on the other hand, hampered or annulled by an
unfavorable attitude. Our association is in no sense any part of
a political party organization nor should it be tempted into any
schemes to arbitrarily try to change the honest political views
of its members. Our membership will always hold diverse
views according to our ways of looking at things and we have
no inherent right to dictate, nor any inclination to compel any
member to follow other than his own conscientious political con-
clusions. But it is entirely within the province of an organiza-
tion of this kind to take notice of, and commend a state admin-
istration which has given more personal encouragement
to the efforts put forth for the live-stock interests of the state
than any other in our history. This favorable attitude stands
out in bold contrast to that of some former administrations
wherein the disposition seemed to be to belittle the veterinary
profession, expose the live-stock industry to unnecessary dan-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 657

gers, and through this indifference to humiliate the state in the
eyes of our sister Commonwealths. The veterinary profession
is to be congratulated that we have an interested Governor, an
energetic, active State Board of Live Stock Commissioners, and
a qualified broad minded and competent State Veterinarian who
is a member with us. All of these evidently are not afraid to
take the initiative for the best interests of the whole state.

In this spirit the commendatory resolution was passed at our
mid-summer meeting at Galesburg and recent results have caused
us to be more sanguine that the foundation which has already
been laid for a better condition of things will now mature un-
interrupted. We believe that results will justify our trust and
make a showing in the history of live-stock and veterinary san-
itation in the state commensurate with the importance and ad-
vancement of the industry. Progress may seem slow. Criti-
cisms are easy to make and multitudinous. I hope however, and
in large part believe, that we as veterinarians will be found level-
headed enough to refrain from diminishing our chances by too
early and severe criticism of the progress made. Let us be un-
biased enough to ask ourselves the question whether or not we
have individually given to the State Veterinarian, the State
Board, and to the Governor as much assistance and support as
they have given to us, as a profession. We will thwart our own
aims if we selfishly ask too much for our few hundred veter-
inarians alone without adequately considering the welfare of
the animal husbandry of the whole state. We must have behind
our claims the proof of the greatest permanent benefit to the
greatest number, either directly or indirectly, of those connected
with this state-wide industry. It is the duty of a public servant
to consider matters thus broadly. It is obviously our profession,
individual and combined duty to work for and uphold law in
no narrower or more selfish way than this. Whatever in the
end is best for the live-stock interests is beyond question the
very thing which at the finish is best for the veterinary prac-
titioner.

Our Veterinary Practice Act.

Our present law regulating veterinary practice has been upon
our statutes for more than nine years. While it is evidently
not all that the state deserves vet in localities where state's at-

65S SOCIETY MEETINGS.

torneys have energetically and conscientiously pushed the pros-
ecution of offenders on evidence furnished by our members, very
satisfactory results have followed. Judges of county and cir-
cuit courts also seem to generally recognize the necessity and
feasibility of the enforcement of such a law. In some counties
where the state's official is too anxious to preserve friendship or
votes or is otherwise incapable or unworthy of the trust imposed
in him the law becomes somewhat of a farce. This gives some
ground for discontent and embarrassment, but even where this
is true, no qualified practitioner should fail to comply fully and
cheerfully with the law as we have it, because the law does
not do all that we could hope for, gives no pretext whatever for
violating or neglecting any of its provisions. Quietly and tact-
fully rather the part of the veterinarian should be to help along
the education of the public minds until they can see clearly and
forcefully their own personal benefit and protection, then the in-
fluence will easily come that will make for results to our liking.
We need our law amended. Public safety will before long de-
mand it. The law will appeal to popular favor in the last analy-
sis is the one which comes in response to strong public senti-
ment. With this aroused, the demand does not look like a spe-
cial favor law for a limited class. Public sentiment and educa-
tional influences need right now to be brought up a little strong-
er. I believe therefore that we can safely leave the matter of
amendment of our law to a carefully selected legislative com-
mittee who can thoroughly investigate conditions and act so
that we may not lose ground at least and take a step forward
where the step seems sure.

Turning to another phase of this topic, let me here empha-
size the fact that no law, however good or how nearly perfect,
will make me a success as a practitioner. If after spending my
time and money in obtaining a diploma my equipment is not
sufficient to compete with the unqualified irresponsible practi-
tioner by hard work and persistent devotion to business, then I
am in poor form and in bad grace to claim added protection by
law. Our chief asset and strongest objective on this side of the
argument is to be found in banding together here men of such
strong worth and excellent scientific and practical qualifications
as will succeed without the law; as will practice down emperi-
cism ; and who can and will prove the worth of scientific princi-
ples as against demagogism.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 659

State and Municipal Regulations and Civil Service Ap-
pointments.

A favorable sign of advancement within our state is seen in
the comparatively new order of things which makes it now incum-
bent upon applicant for a position where the services of a vet-
erinarian are required, for such applicant to be a graduate of a
recognized veterinary college. This alone is having a strong
tendency toward removing the stain of disrepute as viewed by
many of the veterinary and live-stock boards of our neighboring
states. It is a distinct step in advance but not looked upon with
political favor by that class of practitioners of the emperical
school. The co-operation of some cattle and dairy men looking
toward the eradication of tuberculosis from their herds is a
most favorable sign of the times. With a little more of this
sentiment and a sufficient appropriation to develop a working
plan an incalculable amount of good can be accomplished. The
recent added regulations concerning tuberculous animals is we
hope a promise of the sane crusade against this widespread
plague amongst herds of cattle and swine. The recent develop-
ments for successful immunization against hog cholera and also
against tuberculosis are of a most encouraging nature and open
wide a fruitful field for the veterinarian, physician and bacteri-
ologist. Encouraging also, we hope, are the passage of munici-
pal meat, dairy and milk inspection laws in various parts of the
state. They seem to be of a reassuring type if not all that could
be desired. Good live veterinary physicians on these municipal
sanitary and inspection boards do and will add much to their
efficiency. Already this has been done with excellent results in
certain places according to indirect information.

The rules laid down by the Bureau of Animal Industry for
the standard of education of applicants for veterinary positions
in the department are certainly largely commendable. A govern-
ment, state or national, cannot maintain or develop a high stand-
ard of efficiency in any department with an unscrupulous and
inefficient personnel. There must be something by which a
standard can be measurably maintained. The day of the vet-
erinary specialist is dawning in the field of this higher and more
exacting work of educational research and effective sanitation.
The field practitioner, though an undoubted success in his line,
might be a dismal failure as a laboratory investigator or scien-
tific instructor and vice versa. Each, alike, can take the neces-

6G0 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

sary course side by side and receive a diploma for the same work
done in a recognized veterinary college. The one will find his
opportunity in general practice and the other in government work
as a specialist or an inspector. If our erstwhile acquaintance,
" John Smith," chooses to apply for a responsible position in the
government service it should be no hardship for him to take
the competitive examination and thereby not only prove that
he has the equipment for a special position in a measure; but
by this act he supports a law or a rule which safeguards the en-
croachment of undesirables and elevates the standard of work
done by himself and his associates. If " John Smith " or any
of us as his brother practitioners are equipped for the work con-
templated, then the civil service examination can have no ter-
rors for him or for us. Do I say too much when I declare that
if lacking in' equipment we have but little if any more right to
favor than he who, with energy and push, secures a short course
diploma or develops a broad knowledge of the profession un-
tutored, by years of reading, research, and experience? What
is quackery if it be not demanding position or recognition on
presumption without proof? What is real professionalism if
it is not ready to give the proof?

Veterinary Education — The State School.

The field for veterinary education is becoming wider and
more scientifically practical. The opportunity for experimen-
tation and research is unlimited. Largely it is restricted only
by a matter of dollars and cents. The benefit of practical ex-
perimental results are is at least state-wide. They cannot well
be carried on to any extent by any individual single handed.
Private institutions even of a high order cannot be expected to
spend heavily on experimental work unless largely endowed.
We have a great state institution and we point with pride to the
University of Illinois in many or most of its departments. But
when we study the history, equipment and growth of the Vet-
erinary Department we find that it always has been and still is
seriously wanting in equipment and appropriation. A grand old
man, a venerable and highly respected practitioner, has strug-
gled there for years to make even this little showing in the gen-
eral education of the agricultural student and in semi-private
veterinary education. No -special appropriation, nor opportunity
for valuable experimental work, and but little encouragement from
the public, were the incentives he received to spur him on to added

SOCIETY MEETINGS. GC1

zeal. Few instructors would have been so faithful and there is no
word of censure to be written about our respected fellow mem-
ber. The shame is upon our great state for this long neglect
of so important a branch of the agricultural interests. Several
states have already led off before us and set a valuable precedent.
It is worthy of note that those states which have best improved
the veterinary departments of their state universities have ob-
tained better veterinary practice laws. We cannot stay much
longer so far in the back bround. Our state and our state uni-
versity are worthy of a veterinary department that stands in the
forefront. A recent press notice pertaining to the co-operation
of our agricultural college with that of the University of Wis-
consin is an added evidence of plans maturing in recent
months for a transformation. But we must be careful that we
avoid some palpable errors which others have made. The Gov-
ernor and his aides, the President of the U. of L, the Dean of
the Agricultural College, the packers and allied interests of the
Union Stock Yards; have all seen this great need. The live
stock producer and the veterinarian will be directly affected by
the development and working out of the plan to establish a real
veterinary college as a part of the U. of I. Likewise, indirectly
the packer and consumer will receive benefit without measure.
Certainly no more commendable move could be made. It be-
hooves us to lend all moral support possible toward the realiza-
tion of this plan. Its development will largely be in proportion
to the public sentiment demanding it. I am inclined to believe
that this association has been derelict in its duty in not using
available means toward the encouragement of such a move long
ago. Efforts thus directed would have interested a greater num-
ber outside our profession. We may now need to tarry this
feature is brought to par before we get needed enactments which
now the general public would consider semi-class legislation.

Special and experimental work is much needed bv the state.
With a properly equipped and adequate teaching staff in a state
veterinary school this association could work harmoniously in
furnishing data and subjects and specimens from the field. Then
a committee on intelligence and education and another on Con-
tagious and Infectious Diseases might well form the connecting
link between this body and the college itself. Regardless of in-
dividual school, our alma mater, or other affiliations, we should
lose nO opportunity to put in a good word for such a cause. If
there be any avenues open to help elevate our profession and
increase its usefulness let us be found to be lifting all together.

GG2 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

We do not need too many schools but we do need a readjust-
ment of our system suitable to the time and conditions. The
private schools are to be commended, even praised, for the work
they have done and are doing. To them, largely, the credit for
making the profession what it is must be given. Certainly they
are entitled to and will receive consideration. That they have
succeeded so well, maintained a creditable standard through an
extended period of depression a few years since, and come for-
ward rapidly again with improvements; increased faculty in num-
bers and qualifications ; extended curricula and lengthened terms ;
and yet with overflowing class rooms must be a gratification to
them. That there is some element of danger in the transforma-
tion of these schools by the instructors or the strongest advo-
cates themselves. This association has a right, yes, it has a duty
to perform in the matter of educational institutions. It should
assist in the maintainance of the highest proficiency consistent
with the demands of the day, the urgent needs of the state, and
the requirements of the government. I would not stifle college
loyalty and college spirit and fraternalism. But when we become
practitioners our fellowship should be without limit and not
narrowed by the confines of any college walls. As an associa-
tion all recognized and reputable schools should receive like rec-
ognition if our by-laws admit their graduates to membership
with us. For the success of the association in its broadest sense,
the best of harmony without school or faculty animosity must
prevail. I am pleased to believe that this association can be so
conducted as to lend its influence to the highest educational aims
without alienating any fair minded alumnus or depriving our-
selves of the usefulness of any faculty. If it is in good order
according to the recommendation of the " College Commission "
to the Department of Agriculture that no more than three or
four graduates from any one college shall hold a position on
the faculty of a particular school, then it is obvious that no school
whatever should control or bias the acts of an association of
the states' veterinarians. What must be said of such prominent
instructors who hold aloof from giving us their help?

We have some need of caution that our state association stt
a good example along ethical lines. Indeed it has been sug-
gested, (and I believe the idea has merit in it), that were a chair
on Ethics established in our veterinary colleges it would tend
very favorably to place before our profession something beyond
the narrow commercial side of our business. It would add im-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 663

petus to the much needed fraternalism and mutual friendship
and effort of not only our city veterinary physicians but our lo-
cal country practitioners as well. If we want to accomplish
something, though we have differences, let us pull together to-
ward proper ethics, better equipment, more scientific research
and a higher standard of educated men.

The A. V. M. A. and the Congress on Tuberculosis.

The recent meeting of the A. V. M. A. and The Congress
on Tuberculosis are worthy of special mention. Each was a
great success and both have left their stamp not only upon lit-
erature and science but upon the intelligent practitioner and the
general public as well. The authorities who there gave voice
to their beliefs based upon a decade or more of careful research
will be quoted for years to come. It is pleasing to find that
among other , good things promised by our program, we are
to have some of the echoes of that notable Congress presented
here. . Illinois was well represented at the American Veterinary
Medical Association especially and we are certain that many
points of interest can be presented by those who were so for-
tunate as to be in attendance, as our meeting progresses. The
able presentation of various phases of veterinary education and
upon the progress of immunization against diseases is alone very
attractive and it would certainly seem that no veterinarian's
library would be complete without a copy of the proceedings.

The A. V. M. A. for Illinois.

Much good must come from such meetings as these wher-
ever held and it is therefore with the utmost satisfaction that
we note the coming of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation to our own State of Illinois and to our own western me-
tropolis in September of 1909. Even at this hour we can com-
mend the good judgment and acts of our fellow members who
secured the meeting for Chicago. It is of no small import to
the veterinary educational and sanitary interests of the state to
have this great meeting brought here. Commensurate with the
importance of this American convention therefore I feel assured
that our state association will rise to the occasion nobly and at
once take the necessary steps for arrangements and entertain-
ment as a gracious host to an honored guest. I propose the ral-
lying call " Gather at Chicago in 1909 " be sounded to every
veterinarian of the state. Our state is great; her people are re-

664 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

sourceful : and let us prove that her veterinarians are hospita-
ble. A committee of representative veterinarians should be ap-
pointed to act in conjunction with a committee of the Chicago
Veterinary Society in working out the details of arrangements
and perfect the plans for entertainment. Funds will be needed
and should be furnished adequate for the occasion either by ap-
propriation or subscription, or both. This is not all, — a special
crusade should be made to increase our own membership be-
tween now and the mid-summer meeting. All our veterinarians
from one end of the state to the other should begin now to plan
to " Gather at Chicago " next September and aid in tendering
a rousing reception to the visitors, make felt the greatness of
Illinois and the Mississippi valley, and, withal, insure this 1909
Chicago convention to be the greatest meeting of veterinarians
in history.

Members' Duty to Our Secretary and Our- Association.

A word might be dropped as to our duty as conscientious,
active members of our profession and our association. We see
the commercial side of our profession very strongly. Very nat-
urally we measure our success by the financial remuneration that
it brings us. We would rather take a good case from a good
client than to write, read and defend a paper before our associ-
ation. I sympathize with this feeling. It has a deep hold upon
me and what I say is said in the kindliest feeling but with con-
viction. The position of Secretary of such an organization as
this could be made much easier and fuller of results if better co-
operation were promptly given. Upon the Secretary must fall
the greater part of the responsibility for the success or failure
of our association. The work of securing a program while the-
oretically resting with others yet, as a matter of fact, devolves
largely upon him. He knows that he appeals to busy men when
he writes to one of us for a contribution to the program. But
as business men we owe him a reply. And as observing profes-
sional men, I speak with emphasis when I say that in vastly more
instances the answer should go back to our Secretary, " We'll
try." I assert with confidence that few of our practitioners have
not opportunities which open up in their field for special obser-
vations and perhaps specific medication and surgical interference
well worthy of record. A successful man will make mental ob-
servations from these chances and make deductions even if they
be not altogether right. I appeal to your good sense again to

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 665

inquire if you are not standing in your own light if you do not
attempt to formulate those ideas and strengthen or prove them
by inviting honest discussion with honorable co-laborators in
likewise fruitful fields. No man ever read a live paper before
an association of this kind but that he received even more help
from it perhaps than any one man could impart, or any one
listener could corroborate from personal experience. Inexcus-
able as it may seem, I have known competent veterinarians to
refrain from joining this association for fear of being asked to
read a paper. Others pass up the Secretary's invitation with
the thought that there is always plenty on the program anyhow.
But the Secretary only knows how much work it takes to get
it there. Others simply know that " they are the busiest men
on earth " and consign the Secretary's entreaty to the waste bas-
ket at once. Gentlemen, did you ever stop to think what an in-
tensely practical meeting we would have if all our papers were
prepared by men who have nothing to do? Men who have
achieved anything have been and are busy men. When there
was nothing else to do they kept busy investigating and develop-
ing. With the vast fields for investigation we have no excuse
for not settling a few things in our own minds at least. The
undoubted importance of parasites in the animal body and the
role they play in the development and complications if not the
cause of many diseases in the alimentary tract, the blood, or in
the animal tissues: the growing importance of protoplasm in its
relation to the development or even to the existence of patho-
logical conditions; and endless array of ptomains with their often-
times disastrous and peculiar effects : will alone cause the pro-
gressive veterinarian to be alert and somewhat definite in his
conclusions. I think there is ample reason to expect that he shall
also become reminiscent and contributory.

Dangers from Contagious Diseases.

No unusual outbreak of diseases of a contagious character
have prevailed within our state during the past year. Little by
little added precautions are being taken to prevent the coming
of such dangerous diseases within our borders. However, there
are contagious affections which are more or less always with us,
of an aggravating and perplexing nature, which call for the
alertness of every veterinarian and the vigilance of the state
authorities.

6GG SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The lesson taught by the present serious outbreak of " foot-
and mouth disease " in Pennsylvania, New York and at certain
points in some other states, is that of eternal vigilance on the
part of every federal and state inspector or sanitarian, as well as
that of the private veterinary physician and the stock raiser him-
self. The heavy cost and the loss in stamping out such an out-
break would pay for vigilant preventive measures for years to
come. At whatever cost, it must be stamped out.

Our Growth and Recognition.

In conclusion I only wish to add that these prosperous years
for the veterinarian should awaken a new zeal for our state as-
sociation. The past year has been one of satisfactory results al-
though no apparently great opportunity has arisen for special
effort on the part of the officers and committees. The added
membership is a source of gratification. It is a good healthy
growth but individual and collective effort will bring in a larger
proportion of eligibles. We earnestly invite all who are present
and not members to become so. But we would not have you
understand in any sense that you are not welcome as visitors,
and as such you are free to join in the discussion of papers and
general topics.

I have had no thought in this address of extolling the achieve-
ments of the veterinarian in the past perhaps as much as might
be expected. They have been given due importance at each suc-
ceeding meeting. I have no eloquent words to depict our pro-
fession as having done any more than our full duty in the past.
If we are not a helper Ave have no right to existence. I do not,
however, belittle the accomplishments of our calling nor tram-
ple on its achievements through hardship' and hazard and the
sacrifice of life. I take off my hat to the man who will stay
by a complicated, interesting, though hopeless case and watch it
through the long hours of the night, and do his best while he has
the case even though there may not be a visible dollar of com-
pensation in it. I honor as I would a martyr the man who cour-
ageously works in his laboratory over virulent germs, in order
that scientific discovery may profit by his labors. I would speak
the word of commendation for our greater lights in our pro-
fession or any other wherein the individual's life work is di-
rected toward the amelioration of suffering either in animal or
man, — or through the study and knowledge of the one, to yield
benefit to the other. While I admit that what the veterinarian

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 667

has done has often been poorly appreciated and supported by
the public, yet it has always been so and we have no time to
worry over loss of recognition or respect withheld. We have
no inclination to stop even that older profession in medicine and
the one which should be the very first to realize the direct im-
portance of our profession, is often one of the gravest offenders.
If you as an employer lose confidence in me, rightly or wrongly,
as an employee, I cannot inspire even a resemblance of confi-
dence in you by appealing to force or to law or to abuse. Before
you will really believe that I am worthy I will have to prove it
twice over. Little by little I can inspire trust as I show my de-
termination. The veterinary profession has within the memory
of some of our older clients come up from a rather low estate.
To the personal knowledge of many in the profession, the " com-
ing up " has been by long strides. We are proud of the ad-
vancement made and glad for the brilliant minds who are plant-
ing their thoughts and bestowing their energies so capably and
so fearlessly. We see more and more recognition given to the
worthy and untiring exponents of our branch of the medical
profession. Upon our merits the future of the veterinary pro-
fession will be judged by the public, and quackery, fakery and
the remnants of superstition will be banished in proportion.

The address was highly complimented by Jonathan Periam
who is now in his 86th year. Mr. Periam has been editor of
the Prairie Farmer for possibly the last half century. He has
been before the veterinary classes in Chicago for the past twen-
ty-five years as an instructor in hygiene and breeding. He stated
that the veterinarian must depend upon his knowledge in mak-
ing a diagnosis while the physician of human medicine could
depend a great deal upon his patient.

The noon hour having arrived the meeting was adjourned
for lunch.

Reconvened at 1 130 p. m. Dr. Duncan McKenzie was called
upon to read his paper entitled " Glanders." The paper was
Short but covered much interesting ground. He does not think
that the Agglutination test is more reliable than the Mallein
test.

The paper brought forth much discussion pro and con but
no argument was produced to satisfactorily disprove the doc-
tor's assertion. He stated that some seemed to think that Mal-
lein was a curative agent in some cases on account of the ani-
mal failing to react after a number of injections. Mr. Periam

CGS SOCIETY MEETINGS.

would advise that all animals that react to the Mallein test
should be destroyed for it had been proven that animals that
were thought to have been cured were still competent to dis-
tribute the disease to other animals. Dr. Tiffany stated that
some horses reacted every sixty days over a period of eight
months and then failed to react. Dr. McKenzie and Dr. Tif-
fany each advised that no animal should be tested when abnor-
mal or irregular temperature is present, but all other exposed
animals should be tested. Dr. Glendenning, Dr. Quitman, Dr.
Way took part in the discussion. Dr. Way was associated with
Dr. Berns, of Brooklyn, New York, who was the original in-
vestigator of the Agglutination test which was applied to about
three thousand head of horses in all stages of the disease. Dr.
Way considers the method quite accurate. Dr. S. S. Stewart,
President of the Kansas City Veterinary College, made a few
very interesting remarks upon the subject.

It was then announced -that P. S. Haner, Chairman of the
State Board of Live Stock Commissioners, Mr. A. W. Sale, H.
J. Beer, also members of the board, were present in the room.
Mr. Haner was called to address the association. His remarks
were highly appreciated by every veterinarian present. He said
that he was a farmer and stock raiser and that he had the in-
terests of the stock raiser at heart, that the Board is making
every effort in its power to enhance the stock raising industry
of our state and that it is the intention of the Governor and the
Board to urge upon the Legislature a law that would protect
the stock raisers and also for the prevention and eradication
of contagious diseases among animals. He also urges that
quarantine laws be enacted whereby we may be able to quaran-
tine against other states to prevent the shipping of animals into
our state unless they are accompanied by a certificate that they
are free from any contagious disease. Every one joined in a
hearty applaud to Mr. Haner's address.

Dr. James M. Wright, State Veterinarian, was called to the
floor and addressed the assembly upon the subject " Hog Chol-
era." He described the success of the Government serums. The
method has proven to be very successful when the serums are
carefully and properly prepared. He recommended that special
laboratories be established by the state for the manufacture of
the serum. He advised that the serums be administered only
by competent veterinarians. The stock raising industry is a
large part of the wealth of our great state and the stock raiser

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 669

should be grateful that we have a State Board of Live Stock
Commissioners and a State Veterinarian who are so interested
in their welfare.

Dr. Geo. B. Jones' paper, " Pleurisy or Pleuritis," was very
interesting and thoroughly discussed. The doctor is a firm ad-
vocate of paracentesis thoracis as soon as hydrothorax is known
to be present. He exhibited a specimen of fluid drawn from the
lung cavity containing considerable pus. He reported complete
recovery of the animal.

Dr. Joseph Hughes in a few eloquent words presented the
name of Dr. D. Arthur Hughes to become an honorary member
of the Association. Dr. D. Arthur Hughes was elected by an
unanimous vote.

Dr. D. Arthur Hughes then read his paper upon the sub-
jest, " Dr. Robert Koch and His Critics at the International Con-
gress on Tuberculosis, Washington, D. C." The paper was most
interesting and was handled in a manner that probably no one
could surpass. Every one present gave the closest attention to
every detail of the Doctor's paper. Comment is unnecessary for
the veterinarians know the ability of Dr. Hughes.

Meeting adjourned to meet in the banquet room at 8 o'clock
at the Lexington Hotel.

At 8 o'clock the banqueters assembled around the banquet
tables seventy partaking of the very elaborate menu. Dr. James
Robertson, of Chicago, acted as toastmaster. He is known to
be one of those very pleasing speakers and a jolly good fellow
which meant that a very pleasant evening was in store for those
assembled. The usual customary responses to toasts were done
away with and various members were called upon for extempo-
raneous speeches.

First Dr. S. S. Stewart made a few very pleasing remarks
eulogizing the veterinary profession. He was one of the orig-
inal organizers of the Iowa Veterinary Association. He stated
that he had met in many banquet halls of other kinds of pro-
fessions and occupations but none so orderly as those of the
veterinary profession.

Dr. Way, of Cornell University, did justice to the profession
in a few well chosen remarks.

Dr. Brownlee, President of the Mississippi Valley Associa-
tion, created considerable laughter which he is always capable
or doing.

670 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

He was followed by pleasant speeches from Drs. Welch,
Martin, Nattress, Wright, C. A. White, Glendenning, L. A.
Merillat, Chamberlain, A. H. Baker, J. F. Ryan, Walker, and
last but not least, S. S. Baker.

The banquet was voted a success and every one agreed that
the evening had been pleasantly spent.

December 2, 1908.

Meeting called to order by the President, Dr. Mills.

Dr. J. E. Gillispie read a paper on Fistula, and cited a pe-
culiar case of fistula in the flank of a cow.

Dr. A. H. Baker presented a report from Dr. Alexander, of
the Wisconsin Agricultural College, a case of " Johnes " dis-
ease in the cow. He also presented a pathological specimen
taken from the intestine of a cow that had died with the dis-
ease. Every one present appreciated the value of this report
and on account of the specimen being presented it made it of
still more value familiarizing everyone who saw it with the con-
ditions produced by the disease and where to look for the trou-
ble in post mortem examinations. No treatment was suggested
and the disease is not supposed to be contagious.

Dr. L. A. Merillat'' s subject was " A Few Suggestions in
Surgery." He stated that no one could be a good surgeon
unless he possessed inventive genius and practical ability. In
all cases of surgery whether minor or major that- strict atten-
tion should be given to every detail in the preparation for all
operations; that strict and careful observance of all stages of
the operation should be made. Plenty of all essential equip-
ment should be possessed by the surgeon. He should have a
hospital. Shun barn yard operations and educate your clients
to bring their cases to your hospital. Your successes will be
ten fold better and your clients will be better pleased. Caution
of diagnosis should be more careful than in medical cases. The
doctor's remarks made an impression upon all those present that
will be of much value to them.

Dr. J. J. Miller presented a paper on " Rabies " which cre-
ated animated discussion on account of the doctor seeming to
coincide with the belief that some others have expressed that
there is no such disease as rabies. Drs. S. S. Stewart, L. A.
Merillat, Worms, A. H. Baker, S. S. Baker, Martin and White
expressed themselves as believing such a disease does exist and
they do not see where any argument or real facts can be pro-

SOCIETY MEETiNGS. 671

duced to prove that ' it does not exist. Dr. Dinwiddie, of the
Agricultural College of Arkansas, made a few remarks coin-
ciding somewhat with the essayist. Dr. Miller does not think
that the negri bodies are of very great diagnostic value. He
has found negri bodies in dogs that had no symptoms of rabies.
Dr. Way believes that the negri bodies are of much diagnostic
value.

Dr. Morgan not being present, his paper " Hemorrhagic Sep-
ticemia " was read by the President, Dr. Mills. The paper de-
scribed the disease quite fully and interesting remarks were made
upon the disease by Drs. S. S. Stewart, Brownlee, and Wright
gave the diagnostic difference between it and anthrax.

Dr. Stewart made a few remarks upon Dr. Merillat's paper
on Surgery. He stated that antiseptics were not used in human
surgery as they used to be after operations, all antiseptic pre-
cautions being taken before the operation and sterilized water
only after. He cited a case of appendicitis in the human where
pus was found in the abdominal cavity and only sterilized wa-
ter used after the operation, the patient making a nice recovery.

Dr. Baker moved, seconded by Dr. Wilson, to suspend the
rules and proceed to the election of officers. Dr. A. H. Baker
nominated Dr. N. I. Stringer for President. No other nomina-
tions being made Dr. Stringer was elected by acclamation.

Dr. C. G. Glendenning nominated by Dr. Walker for Vice-
President. Dr. Glendenning was elected by acclamation.

Dr. J. H. Crawford was nominated by Dr. Welch for Sec-
retary. Elected by acclamation.

Dr. Merillat nominated the present incumbent, Dr. Walker,
for Treasurer. Elected by acclamation.

Board of Censors — Nominations, Dr. W. H. McEvers, Dr.
J. F. Gillispie, Dr. Fred W. Godsall, Dr. H. D. Chamberlain.
The ballot was spread. Drs. McEvers, Gillispie, Godsall re-
ceiving the highest number of votes were declared elected.

The President then appointed Dr. S. S. Baker, Dr. Smith,
Dr. Martin Auditing Committee.

The following committees were then appointed by the Pres-
ident :

Committee on Program — Ex-officio, Dr. N. I. Stringer, Pax-
ton ; ex-officio, Dr. C. G. Glendenning, Clinton ; ex-officio, Dr.
J. H. Crawford, Harvard; Dr. A. W. Smith, Farmer City; Dr.
Geo. P. Frost, 1340 E. Ravenswood Park, Chicago.

G72 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Committee on Arrangements — Ex-officio, Dr. C. G. Glen-
denning, Clinton; Dr. James Robertson, 334 E. 44th St., Chi-
cago; Dr. W. H. Welch, Lexington.

Committee on Legislation — Dr. W. J. Martin, Kankakee,
Dr. L. A. Merillat, 1827 Wabash Ave., Chicago; Dr. J. T. Nat-
tress, Delavan.

Press Committee — Dr. C. A. White, 78 E. 26th St., Chi-
cago; Dr. J. G. Blum, Bloomington; Dr. F. H. Ames, Mt.
Sterling.

Moved by Dr. Welch that the next semi-annual meeting be
held in Bloomington. Motion carried.

Moved and seconded that a vote of thanks be extended to
the retiring officers. Motion carried.

Moved that a vote of thanks be extended to the hotel for
their courteous treatment. Motion carried.

A discussion relative to the various ways of raising money
to entertain the A. V. M. A. in September was entered into
freely. Moved and seconded that an executive committee be
appointed to act in conjunction with a similar committee to be
appointed by the Chicago Veterinary Society for the purpose
of raising funds and taking charge of all the details pertaining
to the entertainment of the A. V. M. A. Motion carried.

Moved by Dr. Merillat. seconded by Dr. Walker, that the
committee be composed of all the elective officers of the I. S. V.
M. A. and the following named past Presidents : Drs. C. C.
Mills, W. H. Welch, J. T. Nattress, S. S. Baker, M. Wilson, A.
H. Baker, Jno. Ryan, H. A. Presler.

Moved and seconded that the Secretary be instructed to cor-
respond with Dr. Lyman, Secretary of the A. V. M. A., and
procure a sample page of the Secretary's book devised by him
and to procure a book like it if possible.

Adjourned to meet in Bloomington at the call of the Pres
ident. N. I. Stringer, Secretarv.

CALIFORNIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

The annual meeting of the above association was held at
Redmen's Hall, No. 240 Golden Gate Avenue, San Francisco,
Cal., on December 9, 1908.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 673

The meeting was called to order by the President, Dr. David
F. Fox. of Sacramento.

Owing to the absence of the Secretary, Dr. Haring, the Pres-
ident appointed Dr. J. J. Hogarty to act as Secretary pro tern.

Roll call showed the presence of seventeen members and two
visitors.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The Secretary's annual report was submitted and upon mo-
tion it was accepted and ordered placed on file.

The Treasurer, Dr. Betzold, submitted his report showing a
balance in the treasury of $63.65. The report was accepted and
ordered placed on file.

Dr. Otis A. Longley, of Fresno, Chairman of the Commit-
tee on Judiciary and Prosecutions, submitted a report of the
work done by his committee during the past year. In this con-
nection Mr. Henry Hawson, attorney for the Prosecuting Com-
mittee, gave a detailed account of the legal steps taken to en-
force the law regulating the practice of Veterinary Medicine in
the State >f California. He also explained the grounds upon
which Judge Ogden had declared the law unconstitutional. At
the close of Mr. Hawson's remarks the President complimented
him Aery highly for the work he had done and the great interest
he had taken in the Association's legal affairs.

The President then declared a short recess to permit the
Prosecuting Committee to confer with Mr. Hawson regarding
proposed amendments to the law, also to allow the Secretary
to receive dues from members.

Upon reconvening the President called for a report from
the Prosecuting Committee which was submitted by Mr. Haw-
son who submitted a report showing the necessity of eliminating
certain objectionable features in the present law. He also sub-
mitted two amendments and suggested that the State Legisla-
ture be requested to pass same.

Upon motion duly seconded and carried the Prosecuting and
Judiciary Committee was authorized and instructed to endeavor
to have the said amendments passed by the Legislature.

Upon motion duly seconded and carried the report of the
Prosecution and Judiciary Committee was accepted. Ordered
placed on file and the Committee given further time.

Dr. P. H. Browning, chairman of the Committee appointed to
draft a law for the registration of stallions, reported that very
little had been done in that direction. Considerable discussion

674 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

followed regarding the necessity of registering stallions and the
prevalence of venereal diseases among such animals in several
sections of the state; following which the Committee was upon
motion duly seconded and carried given further time.

An application for membership was read from A. John F.
Bateman, of San Francisco. The same was referred to the
Board of Examiners.

Nominations and election of officers for the ensuing year
resulted as follows :

President — Dr. David F. Fox, Sacramento.

Vice-President — Dr. Otis A. Longley, Fresno.

Secretary — Dr. J. J. Hogarty, Oakland.

Treasurer — Dr. W. F. Betzold, Selma.

Board of Examiners — Drs. H. A. Spencer, Edw. J. Creely
and David F. Fox.

The President reappointed the following as members of the
Committee on Prosecution and Judiciary: Drs. Longley, Don-
nely, Danielson, Megowan and Healey.

Dr. R. A. Archibald, of Oakland, gave an interesting report
of his trip East giving in detail an account of the annual meet-
ing of the American Veterinary Medical Association held in
Philadelphia, the annual meeting of the Inter-State Association
of Live Stock Sanitary Boards, held in Washington, D. C, and
the International Congress on Tuberculosis, also held in Wash-
ington, D. C, which was greatly appreciated.

The subject matter of establishing municipal pasteurizing
plants was brought up by Dr. Archibald who gave reasons show-
ing that such institutions were inadvisable and dangerous in
the extreme. The subject was discussed at some length by Drs.
Megowan and Creely.

Dr. J. J. Hogarty, of Oakland, reported a surgical case en-
countered in his practice, that of a supernumerary ovary and
fallopian tube in a bitch. Ovariectomy had been performed on
the bitch when two ovaries and two fallopian tubes were re-
moved. Later on the bitch became pregnant and gave birth
to one pup which was followed by a prolapse of the uterus. A
second operation was decided upon and a third ovary and fal-
lopian tube were discovered and were removed together with
the uterus. The bitch made a nice recovery. The speaker sub-
mitted the uterus and third fallopian tube and ovary and called
attention to the two cicatrices where two fallopian tubes had
been removed at the time of the original operation. He also
stated that it was his practice in performing ovariectomy on

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 675

bitches to remove with the ovaries all the fallopian tubes and
a small portion of the uterus above the bifurcation.

A lengthy discussion followed Dr. Hogarty's report in which
nearly all present joined. The use of ether as an anaesthetic
particularly in feline operations was brought up by Dr. Oscar
J. Kron and Dr. Sorenson who claimed that cats took this an-
aesthetic very nicely. Drs. Sorenson, Fox and others seem to
think that the operation of ovariectomy on cats where ether was
used was as simple as the same operation on bitches. The only
trouble so far as cats were concerned was getting the operation
wound to heal.

Dr. Kron stated that his experience with the operation on
cats was that it was almost sure death to operate in the East
during the winter time. But no trouble was experienced during
the warmer months.

Under the head of New Business Dr. Archibald moved that
the Secretary be instructed to notify all members in arrears for
dues that the same must be paid within six months or their
names would be dropped from the roll of membership. The
motion was duly seconded and carried.

Dr. C. L. Megowan made the claim that the Association was
indebted to him to the amount of sixteen dollars. This was due
to the fact that while Secretary of the Association some years
ago he paid bills contracted by the Association. Upon motion
duly seconded and carried Dr. Megowan was reimbursed by be-
ing credited with paying dues to the amount of $16.00.

Upon motion duly seconded and carried the President was
instructed to convey to Drs. Hogarty and Archibald the thanks
of the Association for the entertainment furnished by them.

The President appointed the following as assayists for the
next meeting: Drs. Archibald, Keane and Betzold.

Dr. Archibald moved that inasmuch as Dr. Betzold had
failed to read a paper in the past notwithstanding the fact that
his name had appeared on programs on numerous occasions and
the further fact that the stallions in his vicinity were affected
with a venereal disease simulating syphilis that he be requested
to duly prepare a paper on this subject for next meeting. The
motion was duly seconded and carried.

The President appointed Drs. Creely, Keane and Archibald
a committee to arrange a program for the next meeting. After
the transacting of routine business the meeting adjourned to
meet at San Francisco on Wednesday, March 10, 1909.

J. J. Hogarty, Secretary,

07G SOCIETY MEETINGS.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW

JERSEY.

The twenty-fifth annual meeting of the association was held
at the Trenton House, Trenton, on Thursday, January 14, 1909.

MEMBERS PRESENT.

The meeting was called to order at 10 a. m. President John
B. Hopper occupied the chair and the following members answer-
ed to their names: Budd, Carter (R. W.), Christy, Conover,
Glennon, Gray, Harker, Hopper (John B.), Horner, Hurley,
King, Lindsay, Loblein, Lockwood, Lowe (J. Payne), Lowe
(Wm. Herbert), Magill, Mathews (John P.), McDonough,
Morehouse, Paulin, Read, Rogers (Thos. B.), Rowe, Smith
(Thos. E.), Turner, Vander Roest. A number of visitors were
also in attendance.

MINUTES APPROVED.

The minutes of the semi-annual meeting held at Newark,
July 9-10 last, were read and approved.

president's address.

The President's address made it clear to his auditors that
there existed in Newr Jersey, as there did in a number of other
states, an urgent necessity for the establishment of an efficient
veterinary sanitary service conducted along modern scientific lines
in harmony with the federal laws. He pictured shocking
slaughter house conditions as they actually existed in many places
throughout the state and said that the only remedy was the li-
censing of abattoirs and the inauguration of an adequate state
meat inspection service. The service should be under competent
veterinary direction as it is at Washington. He explained the
scope and limitations of the federal meat inspection system con-
ducted by the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department
of Agriculture.

The President stated that the officers of this association had
taken the initiative in a movement to bring about the desired
result in New Jersey. A conference between President E. B.
Voorhees and Secretary Franklin Dye of the State Board of
Agriculture and of the Commission on Tuberculosis in Animals
on the one hand and of Dr. Bruce S. Keator, Secretary and Ex-
ecutive Officer of the State Board of Health, on the other hand,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 07'

together with Senator Gaunt, Master of the State Grange, and
the representatives of our association had met at the State House
in conference a few days since with the object in view of ar-
riving at some sort of an agreement acceptable to all concerned
whereby the best interests of the people of the state would be
conserved. The President was not in a position at this time
to state what the ultimate result of the conference would be, but
he earnestly hoped that an agreement might be reached, for in
union there is strength. He thought that if the people knew the
real conditions and the consequent economic loss and grave
clanger to the human family by reason of lack of an efficient vet-
erinary sanitary service that the requisite legislation would be
forthcoming without delav and that ample appropriations would
be made by the Legislature to accomplish the best results.

NEW fci EMBERS ELECTED.

Edward L. Baldwin, D.V.S., 65 Avon place. Newark, and
Henry J. Glennon, M.D.C., ioq Plane street. Newark, were
proposed for membership. Both gentlemen had been duly li-
censed by the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners to
practice in New Jersey. The applications were referred to the
Executive Committee who reported favorably on both applica-
tions and the candidates were unanimously elected to membership.

REPORTS OF DELEGATES AND COMMITTEES.

Drs. Rowe and Loblein, delegates to the International Con-
gress on Tuberculosis recently held at Washington, D. C., gave
a comprehensive report of such features of the Congress of most
interest to veterinarians.

Dr. Rogers, one of the delegates to the 45th annual meeting
of the American Veterinary Medical Association at Philadel-
phia, told in an interesting manner of this great meeting.

Dr. Budd. a member of the Live Stock Commission, gave a
graphic account of his trip to Europe and the purchase of Perch-
eron and Clydesdale stallions for the State of New Jersey.

The Finance Committee reported that they had examined the
books of the Secretary and Treasurer and had found them cor-
rect.

SECRETARY S REPORT.

The Secretary presented his annual report reviewing the busi-
ness 1 >f the association for the past year and offered certain recom-
mendations for the advancement of the profession and the wel-

67S SOCIETY MEETINGS.

fare of the association. It was recommended that the 25th an-
niversary of the association be celebrated in a suitable manner
at the semi-annual meeting- next July.

The financial statement of the Secretary showed that he had
on deposit in the bank at the last annual meeting $110.75 an<^
that his receipts for dues during the past year amounted to
$270.50, making a total of $381.25. He had paid over to the
Treasurer $300, leaving in bank at opening of meeting $81.25.

The Secretary's list of delinquents for the year numbered
fourteen, owing the association $154. The association lost two
members by death, Dr. A. T. Sellers, of Camden, Vice-President,
who died April 3, 1908, and Dr. Geo. O. Forsyth, of Pemberton,
who died December 16, 1908.

treasurer's report.

The Treasurer's annual report showed a balance of $445.41
at time of last audit. $351.04 have been received by him during
the year, making a total of $796.45. The disbursements made
during the year amount to $592.23, leaving a balance on deposit
in the bank of $204.22.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The election of officers resulted as follows:

Dr. John B. Hopper, President, Ridgewood.

Dr. Thos. B. Rogers, 1st Vice-President, Woodbury.

Dr. Geo. F. Harker, 2d Vice-President, Trenton.

Dr. Thos. E. Smith, Treasurer, Jersey City.

Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe, Secretary, Paterson.

READING OF PAPERS.

Dr. James McDonough read a paper on " The Injurious Ef-
fects of Three Calked Shoes Upon the Hock Joints of Horses " *
which provoked an animated discussion on horseshoeing. A
resolution was adopted providing for the appointment of a com-
mittee of three on the McDonough Horse Shoe. The President
named as such committee Drs. McDonough, Loblein and Lind-
say. The committee was empowered to spend a sum not to ex-
ceed $50.

COMMITTEE ON NECROLOGY.

The President appointed Drs. Magill, Turner and Horner a
committee to draft suitable obituary resolutions on the death of
Dr. Geo. O. Forsvth.

* Published elsewhere in this number of the Review.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 679

ANNIVERSARY MEETING.

The association decided to celebrate the 25th anniversary of
its organization in an appropriate manner at the semi-annual
meeting-, July 14-15, at Atlantic City. Upon motion, meeting
adjourned.

Wm. Herbert Lowe, Secretary.

GEORGIA STATE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The third annual winter meeting of this association convened
in the Kimball House, Atlanta, Ga., at 7:30 p. m., December
22, 1908, with 12 members present, Dr. P. F. Bahnsen officiat-
ing as President and C. L. Willoughby as Secretary. Minutes
of the last meeting were read, and the Executive Committee re-
ported a favorable recommendation on the application for mem-
bership from Dr. L. L. Cheney, of Augusta, Ga., V. M. D.,
Univ. of Pa. 1899. Dr. Cheney was elected an active member,
making the twentieth member in the two years of association
work. The Publication Committee reported printing copies ot
new constitution and by-laws, with history of the association,
and full list of members to date. The Finance Committee re-
ported the accounts of the Treasurer to be correct and in good
order, and a balance of $45 on hand.

On taking up the literary program, the first paper was by
Dr. W. E. Carnes, of Atlanta, on Dumb Rabies and Its Associ-
ates. Dr. Carnes related a case of diphtheretic black tongue in
a dog which was examined by the Pasteur Institute, and Negri
bodies found in the brain, and a rabbit inoculated with specimen
died in fifteen days. The question was raised by Dr. Carnes
whether all cases of similar black tongue may be a form of dumb
rabies, and if so, whether it was likely to constitute a serious
menace to human life. The matter was earnestly argued pro
and con by the author and Drs. Anderson and Oliphant, and
Drs. Jago and Jolly, resulting in bringing out some very helpful
experiences. It was decided, in view of the recent agitation in
Georgia on the matter of rabies, and the beginning of preven-
tive treatment by the State Board of Health, that the Associa-
tion could well afford to bend a large share of its energies dur-
ing the coming year to this one problem. The Committee on

GSO SOCIETY MEETINGS.

•Diseases was urgently requested to give special attention to this
subject during the year, and make inoculation tests, in cooper-
ation with the proper authorities, to determine more facts.

Dr. C. R. Jolly, of Atlanta, gave a talk on the Examination
of Horses for Soundness, and Dr. H. J. Schwartz, of Atlanta,
read an interesting paper on the methods of treating large con-
tused wounds.

Under the head of election of officers, the following were
unanimously elected : Dr. W. E. Carnes, of Atlanta, who has
been for two years Vice-President of the Association, was elect-
ed President.

Dr. J. H. Oliphant, of Augusta, was elected Vice-President

Dr. Peter R. Bahnsen, of Americus, the retiring President,
was elected as Secretary and Treasurer.

Resolution was unanimously adopted giving a vote of thanks
to the retiring Secretary, Prof. C. L. Willoughby (who insisted
on relinquishing the work on account of other duties) for the
aid given in starting the Association and helping through the
first two years of difficult work.

Motion was carried that Prof. Willoughby be reimbursed for
traveling expenses attending meetings, and that the future
traveling expenses of the new Secretary be paid from the Treas-
ury.

The newly elected President, Dr. W. E. Carnes, now took
the chair. A spirited discussion ensued concerning the date for
the next annual meeting, November 16 and 17, 1909, being
finally and mutually agreed upon. Dr. Jago suggested his home
city, Athens, as the next Mecca for the Georgia veterinarians. Dr.
Schwartz seconding his motion. Macon had been suggested, but
withdrew from the race, and Athens was selected by unanimous
vote.

President Carnes then announced the appointment of the fol-
lowing Committees :

Executive Committee — The Officers; Dr. W. A. Scott, Co-
lumbus, and Dr. C. R. Jolly. Atlanta.

Program and Publication Committee — The Secretarv, Ch air-
man; Dr. T. E. Jago, Athens, and Dr. L. L. Cheney, Augusta.

Committee on Diseases — Dr. H. J. Schwartz, Chairman, At-
lanta; Dr. H. G. Carnes, Atlanta, and Dr. John R. Anderson,
Macon.

Committee on Legislation — Dr. P. F. Bahnsen, Chairman,
Americus; Dr. M. A. Morris, Savannah, and Dr. H. G. Carnes,
Atlanta.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 6S1

Finance Committee — Dr. J. R. Miller, Chairman, Gaines-
ville; Dr. E. L. Fryer, Jr., Blakely, and Dr. A. C. Seacord, At-
lanta.

Upon which the meeting formally adjourned.

The Veterinary Examining Board.

The day of the Association meeting and the day following
were marked also by the first session of the new State Board of
Veterinary Examiners, provided for by the Legislature in Au-
gust, 1908. The Board formulated rules for its own govern-
ment, passed upon some 20 applications for license to practice
in the state, from graduates of approved veterinary colleges, and
7 or 8 applications coming tinder the provision of having prac-
ticed in the state for three previous years; and also examined
two applicants in the subjects required by law. The Examin-
ing Board will publish in a short time a full report of its rules
and proceedings.

C. L. WlLLOUGHBY,

Ex-Secy., Ga. State Vety. Assn.

ONTARIO VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The annual meeting of the above association was held at the
Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, Canada, on Wednesday,
December 23, 1908.

The President, Dr. O. H. Duncombe, V. S., was in the chair.
After a few introductory remarks the Secretary, Treasurer and
Auditor's reports were read and adopted.

The Secretary reported that bills had been brought before
the Provincial Legislature to grant the title Veterinary Surgeon
to unqualified men; and that several more such bills were con-
templated, with the same object in view. In consequence of
which a great deal of trouble and expense was incurred by in-
terviewing members of the Legislature, and issuing circulars to
graduates; also in getting legal assistance to oppose such pre-
posterous legislation, with the result that the last application of
this nature was so effectually quashed that it was believed' it
would completely discourage any more unqualified men from
applying.

6S2 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The following new members were them proposed and ac-
cepted: R. A. Byers, V. S., Woodville; J. M. Rice, V. S., Bob-
caygeon; R. Riddle, V. S., Norwich; H. H. Ross, V. S., Bur-
ford; I. Christian, V. S. Drayton; H. A. Gotten, V. S. Milton.

Dr. Mole brought forward a motion that a committee be ap-
pointed in relation to endeavoring to get better legal protec-
tion for our profession, and a discussion ensued in which many
members participated.

Dr. W. Cowan and others spoke against making any direct
appeal to the Government just at the present time when import-
ant changes recently inaugurated in the Ontario Veterinary Col-
lege have only just taken place.

Dr. C. E. Elliott, V. S., in speaking on this matter said that
he thought it would be impossible to get protection for the Vet-
erinary profession in the Province of Ontario at the present
time similar to that granted some years ago to the practitioners
of human medicine in this Province.

The election of officers then took place with the following
results :

Honorary President — Dr. A. Smith, F. R. C. V. S.

President — Dr. Hutton.

First Vice-President — Dr. Brind.

Second Vice-President — Dr. Mole.

Secretarv and Treasurer — Dr. C. Heath Sweetapple.

Directors— Drs. W. J. Wilson, C. Elliott, G. L. Robson, F.
H. Hurd, W. Steele, T. H. Lloyd, R. A. Milne, G. W. Coulter.

Auditors— Drs. J. H. Reid, C. Elliott.

Representatives to the Canadian National Exhibit —

Representatives to Western Fair, London — Drs. O'Neil and
W. J. Wilson.

Upon the invitation of Dr. Andrew Smith the meeting ad-
journed for luncheon.

Meeting opened after luncheon, the President-elect, Dr. Hut-
ton, taking the chair. He opened the meeting with a few well
chosen remarks.

Dr. Rice, V. S., of Bobcaygeon, read an interesting paper on
Strangles, and considerable discussion ensued in which many
members participated.

Dr. Grange, the new President of the Ontario Veterinary
College, gave a short and interesting report on the changes in
the college recently inaugurated.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 0S3

He explained that the course was now extended to three
college years of six months in each year. He also mentioned
the new subjects included in the course and the proficiency of
those on the teaching staff in charge of them.
Meeting adjourned.

C. Heath Sweetapple,

Secretary.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK CITY.

The regular meeting was held at the New York-American
Veterinary College, 141 West 54th Street, New York City,
on Wednesday evening, January 6, 1909, with the President,
Dr. F. C. Grenside, in the chair.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.
There were 33 members and visitors present.

The first paper on the program was a case report on " Em-
bolism of the External Iliac Arteries in a Horse," by Dr. R. \V.
McCully. The subject, a saddle horse, was returned to the stable
after short exercise very lame in the near hind leg. The animal
only touching the toe of the affected leg to the ground. The
lameness disappeared within a few days, but reappeared on ex-
ercise. On one occasion the lameness shifted from the left leg
to the right, and was doubtless due to the floating clot being
dislodged and forced into the artery of the right leg. The horse
being unserviceable on account of the intermittent attacks of
lameness was finally lost sight of through the action of the owner
disposing of the animal by sale at one of the auction marts,
where the animal went sound long enough to consummate a sale.

Dr. W. Reid Blair presented a case-report on Aneurism and
Thrombosis with rupture of the left internal artery in a zebra.
Dr. Blair gave the clinical symptoms observed, as well as the
post-mortem findings. The Aneurism was not of parasitic ori-
gin, and the mesenteric arteries were apparently normal. Care-
ful examination of the caecum and large intestines failed to re-
veal the presence of Strongylus armatus, the parasite so fre-
quently found in connection with aneurisms of the mesenteric
arteries.

0S4 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Dr. C. J. Marshall,, of Philadelphia, presented a paper on
" Hereditary Unsoundness in the Horse." Dr. Marshall ex-
plained that the reason for bringing this subject forward was
due to his endeavors to compile a list of diseases unquestionably
transmitted through breeding. A recent stallion service law en-
acted in Pennsylvania made it imperative that such a list be com-
piled.

The Doctor's paper showed the result of a great deal of
thought and research, and was most exhaustive, and his views
on the subject were heartily endorsed by the members present.

A most interesting discussion followed the reading of this
paper, much of this centering about the subject of side-bones
or ossification of the lateral cartilages. There seemed to be a
decided difference of opinion as to whether side-bones were of
importance or not. Some of the members, whose practice dealt
with the heavy draft horse, held the view that very little im-
portance should be attached to them as they rarely gave any
trouble, while others were equally positive that the ossification
of the lateral cartilages seriously interfered with the proper phys-
iological functions of the foot, and a source of much lameness,
especially among city animals. The essayist took the latter view
of the subject, and on a vote of those present the majority sup-
ported this view. Among those contributing to the discussion
were Drs. Burns, Gill, Magee, McCully, Mangan, Cochran, Rob-
ertson and others.

President Grenside also contributed some interesting remarks
on what he considered unsoundness in a breeding stallion.

The President announced that at our February meeting, Capt.
A. H. Waddell, Editor of Bit and Spur, would address us on the
subject of the Arab Horse.

Capt. Waddell was formerly a veterinarian in British army
service, and is an authority on the Arab horse. An interesting
address is assured.

W. Reid Blair, Secretarv.

COLORADO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

This Association convened in annual session January 2, 1909,
at Denver, Colo.

The meeting was well attended and much spirit was shown
by all, and after adjournment a pleasant evening was spent at
the annual banquet.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 6S5

The most important business was the reading of the report
of the legislative committee.

The committee presented a bill to be presented to the 'n-
coming Legislature for the approval of the Association which
was carefully read and indorsed by all present.

This bill, if it becomes a law, and we sincerely hope it will,
will be one of t^ie best in the United States.

The outlook before the introduction of this bill is very en-
couraging.

The following officers were unanimously elected for the en-
suing year :

President — Robt. H. Bird, Greeley.

Vice-President — E. J. Foreman, Trinidad. <

Secretary and Treasurer — M. J. Woodliffe, Denver.

Board of Directors — Drs. Geo. H. Dickey, Colorado Springs ;
F. W. Culver, Longmont; A. B. McCapes, Boulder, and Mark
White, Denver.

Dr. Knapp, of the Fort Collins Veterinary College, gave a very
interesting report on some cases of spinal meningitis or forage
poisoning that he had investigated.

Drs. Lamb, Culver and Glover reported several cases of con-
tagious Necrotic Stomatitis, and Ulcerated Stomatitis in Hogs
and Sheep.

The report of the Committee on Rules and By-laws was laid
on the table until the June meeting.

The following new members were elected : Drs. H. J. Wal-
ler, Monta Vista, and R. C. Swallow, Fort Morgan.

A resolution was passed requesting the Seventeenth General
Assembly to appropriate $30,000 to build and equip a new lab-
oratory at the Fort Collins Veterinary College which is trying
hard to become an A class college.

M. J. Woodliffe,
Secretary and Treasurer.

MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The sixteenth annual meeting of this association was held at
the Cony House, Augusta, Me., Wednesday evening, January
13, 1909, with twenty-two members and two visitors present.

Dr. A. L. Murch, of Bangor, President, occupied the chair
and called the meeting to order at 7.30 p. m.

GSG SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The President's address was an able discourse in which he
emphasized the importance of veterinary science in connection
with the conservation of the public health, as well as its value
considered from an economic viewpoint.

The Secretary, in his annual report, reviewed the work of
his office during the past year and made some suggestions as
to needed legislation.

The association re-elected its officers as follows :

President — Dr. A. L. Murch, Bangor.

Vice-President — Dr. W. S. Lord, Portland.

Secretary — Dr. A. Joly, Waterville.

Treasurer — Dr. I. L. Salley, Skowhegan.

Executive Committee — Drs. C. W. Purcell, F. L. Russell and
C. L. Blakely.

Dr. F. M. Perry, of Fort Fairfield, read an excellent paper
entitled " Our Advances," which was freely discussed. Dr. I. L.
Salley, of Skowhegan, read an interesting paper on " Tetanus."
Several matters pertaining to dairy inspection, tuberculosis and
meat inspection also were discussed. Upon motion, the associa-
tion adjourned to meet at Bangor in April.

A. Joly, Secretary.

CHICAGO VETERINARY SOCIETY.

The Chicago Veterinary Society held its regular monthly
meeting January 12, 1909, at the Sherman House, Chicago, 111,
with President Joseph Hughes in the chair, who called for order
at 8 130 p. m. Twenty-one members responded to the roll call.
Following the reading and approval of minutes of the previous
meeting, the Committee on Local Arrangements for the A. V.
M. A. meeting in Chicago this year reported progress.

The Board of Directors of the Work-Horse Parade Associa-
tion, appointed by President Hughes, and also the incorporation
of the Association were approved. The object, as given by the
incorporators, Drs. Hughes, Jaffray and Parks, is to promote the
welfare of the city work-horse. It is proposed to hold the pa-
rade during the summer of 1909.

Two candidates were elected to membership at each of the
last three meetings, as follows :

D. G. Marks, M. D. C, Chicago, 07; H. F. Hisgen. M. D.
C, Chicago, 03; W. L. Megley, M. D. C, Chicago/'o6; J. M.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 681

Klinck, V. S., Ontario. '95 ; L. J. Leffla, M. D. V., McKillip,
'05; A. E. McEvers, M. D. V., McKillip, 08.

Papers were read as follows : Dr. Joseph Hughes : Bacillus
Necrophorus in City Veterinary Practice; Dr. L. A. Merillat :
A Few Suggestions in the Treatment of Quittor; Dr. E. L. Quit-
man : Internal Treatment as a Means of Cure in Fistulous
Withers.

Adjourned 1 1 130 p. m. to meet the second Tuesday in Feb-
ruary.

J. M. Parks,

Secretary.

Animal Surgery. Wild Beasts Are Wise in Medicine
and Easily Heal Themselves. — Most people have seen a sick
cat eat grass or an uneasy dog seek out some weed and devour
it greedily to make his complaining stomach feel better. Some
few may have read John Wesley's directions on the art of keep-
ing well — which have not, however, found their way into his
book of discipline for the soul — and have noticed with surprised
interest his claim that many medicines in use among the common
people and the physicians of his time were discovered by watch-
ing the animals that sought out these things to heal their dis-
eases. " If they heal animals, they will also heal men," is his
invincible argument. Others may have dipped deep into Indian
history and folklore and learned that many of the herbs used
by the American tribes, and especially the cures for rheumatism,
dysentery, fever and snake bites, were learned direct from the
animals by noting the rheumatic old bear grub for fern roots
or bathe in the hot mud of a sulphur spring and by watching
with eager eyes what plants the wild creatures ate when bitten
by rattlers or wasted by the fever.

The most elemental kind of surgery is that which amputates
a leg when it is broken — not always or often, but only when the
wound festers from the decay or fly bite and so endangers the
whole body. Probably the best illustration of this is found in
the coon, who has a score of traits that place him very high
among intelligent animals. When a coon's foot is shattered by
a bullet he will cut it off promptly and wash the stump in run-
ning water, partly to reduce the inflammation and partly, no
doubt, to make it perfectly clean. As it heals he uses his tongue
on the wound freely, as a dog does, to cleanse it perhaps and
by the soft massage of his tongue to reduce the swelling and allay
the pain. — (Outlook.)

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Dr. and Mrs. E. B. Ackerman of Brooklyn, N. Y., mourn
the death of their daughter.

One of the most substantial and attractive buildings in San
Jose, Cal., is Dr. P. H. Browning's new veterinary hospital.

Dr. D. Arthur Hughes is giving a course of lectures on
meat and milk hygiene, at the Chicago Veterinary College this
winter.

Mrs. Victoria Ellis, mother of Dr. Robert W. Ellis, died
at her home at North Haledon, N. J., January 5, 1909, in her
82nd year.

It is reported that Dr. L. L. Conkey has under advisement
the removal of his veterinary college from Grand Rapids, Mich.,
to Lima, Ohio.

An item of $400,000 for the extermination of foot-and-
mouth disease, is included in the urgent deficiency appropriation
bill of Congress.

The Mayor of Newark, N. J., has re-appointed William
Dimond, D. V. S.. Commissioner of Assessment for public im-
provements for that city.

Dr. T. A. Shipley has been transferred from Cedar Rapids,
la., to South St. Joseph, Mo., at which place he is now Veteri-
nary Inspector in charge.

The Secretary of Agriculture has lifted the general embargo
upon the interstate movement of cattle from the states of Penn-
sylvania, New York and Maryland.

Dr. H. A. Alcorn, of Adair, Iowa, in renewing his sub-
scription, says : " I have just completed a new operating room
and office and the Review is needed."

688

NEWS AND ITEMS. 6S9

Mrs. A. H. Baker's many friends will be delighted to learn
that her famous big black cat, Hawthorne, was awarded the prize
for the best male cat at the Chicago Show.

Dr. T. F. Craig of Hampden, N. D., who is spending the
winter in the East, was married on the 4th of January to Miss
Louise K. Marzolf of Niagara Falls, N. Y.

The annual meeting of the Interstate Association of Live
Stock Sanitary Boards will be held at Chicago in September
during the week following the meeting of the American Veteri-
nary Medical Association.

Dr. D. B. Fitzpatrick, a graduate of the Veterinary De-
partment of the University of Pennsylvania, has received a tem-
porary appointment as City Veterinarian of Philadelphia to suc-
ceed the late Dr. Walter L. Hart.

Prof. H. D. Hanson's second edition of " Practice of
Equine Medicine " has been recently published by the author. A
review of the work from the pen of Prof. Liautard will be pub-
lished in a future edition of the Review.

Dr. J. F. Butterfield of South Montrose, Pa., whose Ayr-
shires figured conspicuously in the first prize list about a year
ago, visits New York City on February 3 in attendance at the
annual meeting of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association.

The Faculty of the medical department of Tulane Univer-
sity of Louisiana announce the continuation of extension lectures
by eminent specialists. February 17, Prof. W. H. Dalrymple,
Louisiana State University, " Diseases Common to Animal and
Man."

President Roosevelt's Horsemanship. — President Roose-
velt recently rode ninety-eight miles on horseback in a day to
show the officers of the army, navy and marine corps that the
physical endurance tests prescribed by him as a prerequisite for
promotion are not cruel or unduly severe.

The Department of Agriculture, acting under authorization
of Congress, has tested Bruschettini's hog cholera vaccine and
Bruschettini's hog cholera and swine plague serum and reports
that the tests indicate that neither of these products are reliable
agents for protecting hogs from hog cholera.

(JiX) NEWS AND ITEMS.

The first meeting of the Washington State Veterinary Medi-
cal Association was held at the Butler Hotel, Seattle, January
13, 1909. Twenty-eight veterinarians were in attendance. Pro-
ceedings "of the meeting will be published in a subsequent issue
of the Review. Hurrah ! for the great north-west.

Walter L. Hart, D.V.S., graduate of the American Vet-
erinary College, class of 1889, and for twelve years City Vet-
erinarian of Philadelphia, died suddenly in that city, January 15,
from aneurism of the aorta. He was a member of the Penn-
sylvania State and Keystone Veterinary Medical Associations.

Fred. Crossley, M. R. C. V. S., who enjoys the distinction
of being the first applicant licensed by the State Board of Veteri-
nary Medical Examiners of New Jersey, June, 1902, soon after-
wards went abroad to seek his fortune. We note with pleasure
that he has been appointed Government Veterinarian, District of
Perth, Western Australia.

Census of Our Horses. — The government has been taking
a census of the horses of the country and reports that there are
over 20,000,000 horses and nearly 4,000,000 mules in the United
States. This is a greater number of horses by several hundred
thousand than were reported previously. The " horseless age "
is evidently not yet in sight.

Miss Ava Pollard of Elizabeth, N. J., refused an offer of
$3,500 for her Persian cat which received championship honors
in January at the Boston Cat Show. High prices also figured at
the Boston Poultry Show. Adolph Anderson, of Bristol, Conn.,
sold a cochin for $1,500 as well as several other specimens of
the same breed for $1,000 each.

It will be interesting to Review readers and gratifying as
well to read of the part Dr. H. D. Paxon took at a recent meet-
ing of the Chicago Medical Society, which he attended by invita-
tion.

This veterinarian, who for the past eleven years has been en-
gaged in bureau work for the federal government, gave two
demonstrations of pathological specimens before the society.
On January 6th he exhibited specimcnts of cysticerci of food
animals (cystic stage of tape-worms) and on the 13th frozen
specimens of tuberculosis of cattle and hogs, exhibiting both
common and rare specimens. Dr. Paxon was well repaid for his
efforts in the interest shown by his hosts of our sister profession.

u *

V

American Veterinary Review.

MARCH, 1909.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, January 15, 1909.

Rabies in Young Dogs. — "He did not bite ugly." "He
did not bite like a mad dog." " He did bite only to play, be-
cause its teeth hurt." Such, said Doct. P. Remlinger, are the
replies given in the history of cases of persons that have been
bitten by young puppies. Yet how erroneous ! In a paper pub-
lished in the Revue Generale, on Rabies in Young Dogs, the
learned professor writes : " It is an opinion, quite well admitted,
that very young puppies do not contract rabies and therefore
cannot communicate it. Indeed, rabies is always the result of
contamination from another rabid animal, the incubative stage
is long, generally several weeks. And therefore, a series of
extraordinary circumstances seems to be necessary for a young
dog, say a pup one or two months old, to become rabid. And
yet, this can be met with, and, at least in the Orient, is more
easily realized than it was supposed ! Indeed, the young dog is
much more susceptible to rabies than the adult, as a very small
quantity of virus is sufficient to give him the disease, as with
him the incubative stage can be excessively short, scarcely one
week, and as passing through the organism of a young dog, the
rabid virus becomes more virulent, it is evident that the bite of
such an animal is, in comparison, more dangerous than that of
an adult. And then Doctor Remlinger gives the history of five
typical cases.

693

694 EDITORIAL.

ist. It is a three months old pup, one of a litter of three.
He has bitten five persons, but no attention was paid to it, as
" in biting, he did not seem ugly." " He was teething and it
was its teeth that made him bite," said the owner. He died
in three days after symptoms of progressive paralysis. Two
rabbits inoculated by sub-duramater method died with rabies
in thirteen and fifteen days. One other pup of the same litter,
presented similar symptoms, he bites a young girl, tears the
clothes of several people, dies, and two rabbits are inoculated
with its cephalic bulb. One dies in thirteen, the other in four-
teen days, with rabies. The third pup of that litter died also
after a few days of sickness; perhaps of rabies. But as the
cadaver had not been obtained, nothing is sure. How did these
puppies get the disease could not be made out!

2d. A very young pup has bitten six children " not with
ugliness, he was playing." He looked one month old. He has
been ailing, showed paralytic symptoms, dies after ten days of
sickness. His bulb is used to inoculate two rabbits. One dies
in eleven and the other in eighteen days.

3d. Two months parlor puppy, has bitten a servant and at-
tacked several persons. He has typical furious rabies. Dies in
twenty-four hours after the paralytic symptoms. Two rabbits
inoculated and two deaths of typical paralytic rabies, one in
sixteen, the other in twelve days.

4th. One and one-half to two months street pup has bitten
three persons and several dogs; he has furious rabies, from
which he dies. The inoculation kills two rabbits, one in nine-
teen and the other in twenty-one days.

5th. Street puppy, no more than two months old, has typical
furious rabies. The inoculation kills two rabbits in eleven and
fifteen days.

Conclusions : Rabies is not rare in puppies. The rabid
virus increases in virulency by passing through such young ani-
mals. Rabbits inoculated under the dura mater with cerebral

EDITORIAL. 695

bulb, instead of being taken the 17th day (average number ac-
cepted by experimentators) present the first symptoms of the
disease, the I3t4a, 12th, nth and even the 10th day.

*
* *

After having made these conclusions, two questions pre-
sented themselves as being very interesting: 1st. In what pro-
portion did young dogs, inoculated sub-cutaneously with rabid
virus, contract the disease. 2d. What was in them the average
duration of the incubative stage?

From the experiments that he has made, Remlinger has
found that out of nine small dogs inoculated with small doses
of street virus, seven {jj. 77 per cent.) contracted the disease.
A much higher percentage than those observed, in similar condi-
tions, with adult animals.

The incubative stage with inoculation under the skin is
also considerably reduced. In the majority of observations
the virus, inoculated under the skin of the young dog,
has had an incubative stage analogous to that which it would
have had if inoculated under the dura mater of rabbits. No,
young pups are not immune against rabies. They are more
susceptible to it than older dogs. The stage of incubation may
be extremely short with them and they may be dangerous from
the time of the apparition of their teeth and even before as they
may communicate the disease, by their saliva, their lickings and
their claws.

No one can deny the great value of these communications
of Doctor Remlinger. Besides their scientific value from the
veterinary point of view, they bring out positive facts which to
that of general humanitarian information cannot be overlooked.
They destroy an old notion of no danger from the bites of young
pups, they guard people and children to play with such ani-
mals and allow them to use their teeth in their play. They
also impose in cases of bites by one of these young beasts, to
resort as early as possible to proper treatment.

*

69G EDITOBIAL.

Percutaneous Tuberculination. — This is a method used
by a German physician, Doctor E. Moro, of Munich, who since
1907 has obtained a percutaneous reaction under the form of
folliculitis, by rubbing the skin of tuberculous individuals with
an ointment made of six gramms of old tuberculine of Koch
with five of anhydrous lazoline. A small quantity of this oint-
ment, say as big as a pea, is rubbed on a small surface of the
skin. In case of positive reaction, pale papulae appear in vari-
ous number on the rubbed surface and again sometimes a much
larger and redder eruption. The reaction occurs in twenty-four
or forty-eight hours and is accompanied with slight itching.
There is no general reaction.

Is this a new method which veterinarians can resort to? I
doubt it, although it may be. At any rate, it is probable that
it will finally have to be classified among those already known
and as I remarked in my last Chronicle, sub-cutaneous injection
will always remain the most practical and sure test. And I
would not have made allusion to it, if there were not other points
curious and interesting connected with this process, which I
find related in the Presse Medicale, in an article headed, " Cuti-
Reaction and Nervous Reaction/'

The number of works that have followed the discovery of
von Picquet are daily increasing. With most of them the prin-
cipal character is statistical. Indeed it is by the aid of numbers,
indicating the frequency of the cuti-reaction and of the ophalmo-
reaction, that attempts are made to establish the specificity of
the reactions, cutaneous or conjunctival. But there are very
few among these works which, in the study of the question have
considered it to a more general point of view. Doctor Moro,
the author of the precutaneous reaction, has made researches in
that direction and has published them. His clinical observa-
tions and experiments have brought him to the conclusion that
the cuti-reaction is but a reflex, a nervous reaction, specific if
one wishes to call it so, but yet nervous reaction before all, in
which toxines and antibodies do not act a predominent part.

EDITORIAL. 697

Of course the facts related by Doctor Moro will never be
observed in animals and his conclusions cannot be entertained
for our patients; but as his observations are full of interest, I
will here relate them.

What was the results noticed by Doctor Moro by the use of
his tuberculine ointment? A young girl had a cervical adeno-
pathy. Cuti-reaction of von Picquet is resorted to and at the
same time a friction of Moro's ointment is made on the skin
of the abdomen. The result is negative. Three weeks later an-
other tuberculination is made with both methods with this dif-
ference that the friction with the ointment is made this time
on the right breast, a little above the nipple. Forty-eight hours
after, the cuti-reaction is most marked. There were eight pap-
ulae in the region, where the friction had been made, but at
the same time there are on the left breast, which had not been
rubbed, in a perfectly symmetrical spot sixteen other character-
istic papulae.

This typical reaction, in a symmetrical spot, which had not
been touched with the tuberculin, was also observed in two*
other children and with a little more curious condition, on a
twenty-four years' old young man suffering with pulmonary
tuberculosis. With him the friction of the ointment was made
on the right forearm. The reaction appeared after six days
and lasted one week. It spontaneously returned, that is without
a second friction, fifteen days later and then after a few days,
reappeared again in a symmetrical point on the left forearm,
which had not been rubbed. It lasted some time and after it
had been gone for fifteen days, it returned.

Another interesting observation. A fifteen months' old child
had a friction made on the skin of the abdomen, above the
xyphoid appendix. The characteristic eruption appeared forty-
eight hours later. It spread round until it had formed a kind of
belt surrounding the left half of the thorax and stopped at the
vertebral column.

G9S EDITORIAL.

Besides these cases, and many others, peculiarly specific,
which show the interference of the nervous system in the phe-
nomena of the cuti-reaction, Doctor Moro says that he has ob-
served others, very numerous, where the " reflexed " cuti-re-
action occurred, not on a symmetrical spot but in a region far
from that where the friction had been made.

In such conditions what becomes of the specificity of the cuti-
reaction? Specificity, which is supposed to result from the
meeting of the tuberculin with its antibody existing in the tuber-
culous organism. Moro cannot say at present, but he writes
that in tuberculous individuals, there exists a peculiar sensibility
of the nervous system towards tuberculine, a kind of modified
reacting power, of specific nervous nature. No doubt, the sub-
ject is worth inquiring into and probably more will soon be
heard from the German investigator.

* *

When our dear departed friend, Roscoe Bell had 'returned
home from attending some of our national meetings, it was with
pleasure that he offered our readers what he called the " Echoes
of this or that meeting " where he related some of the events
that had taken ptece whether in the journey to or fro, or again
during the gathering of our friends. He had been there and he
knew what to select which would interest or perhaps amuse his
readers.

As I was not in Philadelphia nor in Washington, I do not
pretend to send Echoes of these meetings but yet will say a word
or two about this last, the one of Washington.

In looking over the program of the Congress on Tubercu-
losis, I remarked that in section 7th which was, I think, the
veterinary section proper, there were a very large number of
names of veterinarians who were registered to present papers
on various subjects. Were these read? To this date in all the
veterinary publications in English, only four or five articles have
been printed and the profession had an opportunity to read them.
Of course, the comptes rendus of the proceedings will contain

EDITOKIAL. 099

them all, but ho doubt several of the highest importance would
have been well appreciated if they had been offered through the
professional press. Was it that when the time came, the interest
had vanished away or were the engagements forgotten?

An interesting echo of the Congress on Tuberculosis, has
reached me in the shape of a program of the Medical Meetings
in connection with the International Tuberculosis Exhibition,
which was had in New York between Nov. 30, 1908, to
January 15, 1909. Of course, it is not a direct echo from the
Congress, but is it not a kind of offspring of it? I fancy it
has been. In the program there were many names of physicians
who were to take an active part in the conferences, but why is
it that not one veterinarian in the state is mentioned, still the
subject is certainly of importance to them.

Is it also an outgrowth of the Congress that the National
Tuberculosis Conference and Exhibition, which will be held in
England at Caxton Hall, Westminster, in February, was or-
ganized?

There, it is another arrangement. Members of the veteri-
nary profession have been asked to join and among the speakers
figure the names of three well-known veterinarians, H. A.
Woodruff, M. R. C. V. S., A. R. Littlejohn, M. R. C. V. S., and
Prof. G. H. Woodbridge, F. R. C. V. S.

And to conclude, read the Editorial of the Veterinary Record
in appreciation of two letters which found their way in the
Times of London, letters and editorial which are certainly re-
lated to the Washington Congress, although they allude prin-
cipally to the discussion between the learned German bacteriol-
ogist Prof. Koch and the members of the Royal Commission on
Tuberculosis of England. It reads as follows:

" The account of an interview with Prof. Koch, which we
" reprint from the Times, contains an interpretation of the great
'- German bacteriologist's position which will scarcely convince
'* many of his critics in this country. Two points only may be

700 EDITORIAL.

" noted as illustrative of Prof. Koch's undoubtedly very in-
" genious method of controversy. He points out that he ' never
" maintained that human beings could not be infected by ani-
" mals.' That is quite true, but he certainly advanced the opin-
" ion, which he reiterated at the Washington Congress on Tu-
" berculosis, so recently as September last, that cases of human
" tuberculosis contracted from bovine sources are so rare, and
" so slight, as to be practically negligible. The Royal Commis-
" sion on Tuberculosis was established to test that opinion and
" a host of workers throughout the world pursued independent
" researches. The result has been a complete refutation of
" Koch's view and an all but universal acceptance of the fact
" that tuberculous cattle are a source of grave danger to man-
" kind.

" The second point is rather entertaining. Prof. Koch in-
" forms us that ' the starting point of the whole difference be-
" tween his critics and himself arose from the fact that the
" former attached more importance to combating bovine tuber-
" culosis than to the transmission of consumption among human
" beings.' We do not think that the assertion is correct with
"regard to any of the Professor's critics, and it is certainly
" quite incorrect with regard to the first in the field.

" The first man to publicly and deliberately dissent from
" Koch's startling pronouncement in 1901 was our countryman
" and colleague McFadyean — who, not long before, addressing
" the National Veterinary Association at Plymouth, had care-
" fully and clearly laid down the truth that the great majority
" of cases of human tuberculosis originate in infection from a
" human source. Some at least, of Prof. Koch's criticisms of
" his critics are as ill-grounded as his later conclusions upon tu-
" berculosis have proved to be.

" It is not likely that any one, in England or elsewhere, will
" underestimate the dangers of tubercular infection from human
" sources. It is quite certain that Prof. Koch grievously under-
" estimates the dangers of infection from cattle. Practically the

EDITORIAL. 701

*' whole scientific world has decided against him; and this recent
" interview, in which he sought to minimize the differences be-
" tween himself and his opponents, tempts us to hope that he is
" beginning to recognize the imtenability of his own position."
Decidedly, as as far as tuberculosis is concerned, the star of
Prof. Koch is on the decline !

Contagious Diseases and Their Prophylaxy Accord-
ing to Chinese Ideas. — Contagious Diseases and Their Pro-
phylaxy according to Chinese ideas is the title of an article pub-
lished in the Berliner Tierarztliche Vochenschrift, from which
our contemporary the Revue General e has extracted this inter-
esting summary. The original is due to an army veterinarian,
Mr. Pfeiffer, who himself found the documents in the treatise
of " Yu Ben Youan and Yu Ben Hang," entitled " a general
treatise on the methods of treatment of the diseases of horses
with addition on those of bovines and camels."

Rinderpest is called I. or again Tschang I., which means
febrile pest. It is due to emanations from marshes and also to
divine interference. It is contagious. Cattle must be removed
from barns and be taken on the mountains, where the air is
drier and better. To quiet the anger of the Gods, paper is burnt,
the walls of the stables are covered with bands of red paper,
upon which are written sacred sentences. The treatment of the
sick consists in ingestion of .fermenting alcoholic mixtures and
powders of glycine, rhubarb, vinegar, wine or like compounds of
vegetable powders and sugar. The disease is in permanence in
China, prevailing most in spring, but much less in winter. Sheep
and goats supply the want of food caused by the death of cattle.
Camels do not seem to be affected with it. Chinese do not be-
lieve in vaccination.

Foot and Mouth Disease is divided in two special diseases,
that where the tongue is affected and that where it is not. It is
treated with a mixture of powders of cardamon, rhubarb, pru-

702 EDITORIAL.

num, jasmine and apricot pits. It is considered as contagious
and nothing is done to avoid it. No sanitary measures are taken
for markets.

Glanders (Tiaou bi) presents four forms: with clear dis-
charge, with thick discharge, with and without sneezing. The
transmission to man and to animals is recognized. When the
discharge is dark yellow and has a bad odor, it is a bad case.
Glanders is due to miasms of unknown nature, which act on
the predisposed subjects. Affected animals are considered as
dangerous. They must be isolated. The cadavers must be
buried deep.

Anthrax Fever is also divided in four forms : " Young t'sin "
or hard anthrax and " Houang t'sin " or soft anthrax. The first
is transmissible to man and is the most frequent.

Rabies (foung) is an inoculable disease, transmissible to

most animals and to man. It is due to the ingestion of beans

and some herbs. It is known that it is always preceded with an

incubative stage and since a long time that the bites of dogs

are dangerous before the animal shows signs of being affected.

Rabies is frequent in China.

*
* *

Special Report of New York State Veterinary Col-
lege.— I have been favored by Doctor V. A. Moore, Director
of the N. Y. State Veterinary College, with a copy of the spe-
cial report which he l}as prepared at the request of the President
of Cornell University.

The report recommends itself to all who have charge of the
work and responsibilities pertaining to the directorship of a
school, and specially in this direction, with veterinary institu-
tions.

I do not know if similar documents are or have ever been
prepared by Directors or Deans of our many veterinary colleges
for the information of their boards of officers! If they have
not, they ought to, at least for the good of the institution of
which thev are the head !

EDITORIAL. 703

Dr. Moore establishes and presents first of all, the outlines
of what ought to be the curriculum of a veterinary institution,
worthy of that name, and in proportion with the dignitv of a
great university to which it may belong ; and with no little cour-
age points out the deficiencies which may exist in the Ithaca
Institution. I wonder if the committee which gave cause to the
issue of Circular No. 133 of Secretary Wilson, ever heard from
any of the schools it visited, such an honest acknowledgment
of the improvements that Director Moore points out as needed
to make good the omissions of the present curriculum. But if
the critics are severe, they do not take away any of the advan-
tages and opportunities that the state college offers; the re-
port does not ignore the work accomplished by the noble ef-
forts of the faculty, it fully points out the position occupied by
the members of the alumni, it lays out the scientific researches
that have been made, relates the publications issued, etc., etc.,
— and then it states what the present policy can be offered by
the University Officers : Best possible curriculum — with teach-
ing of the highest possible character — Development of the sci-
entific and practical parts of the curriculum* — Institute and
carry out research works — Make the work such as to be as much
of assistance to practitioners and stock owners as possible.

But to realize such a grand programme, more buildings are
necessary and a large amount of money must be spent.

Several hundred thousand dollars will be needed and must
be obtained. Will the legislature make more appropriations?
Why not ? The Empire State can well afford that luxury, she is
rich enough !

At any rate, the contents of the report and the special state-
ments that it contains are very interesting. They undoubtedly
show how seriously Dr. Moore has studied the condition and
needs of the State Veterinary College, how convinced he is of
the vast amount of work and responsibility he has on his shoul-
ders, and demonstrates also his determined will to exorcise all

* Italics are mine.

704 EDITORIAL.

his efforts to succeed in the reforms and improvements that he
sees necessary to make the State College what it ought to be !
One of the first in the United States ! Every veterinarian will
wish him success !

Short Bibliographic Notices. — The Veterinary News:
Our excellent contemporary has announced that on the first of
January, 1909, with the beginning of Vol. 6 changes are to be
made in the Editorial Staff. With such names as those of Prof.
H. A. Woodruff, M. R. C. V. S., and Mr. J. S. Lloyd, F. R.
C. V. S., and the assistance of several collaborators as Mr. J.
Craig, M. A., E. Wallis Hoare, James MacQueen and others,
all well-known members of the profession, there cannot be any
doubt that Veterinary News will hold a prominent place among
the other scientific journals of England.

La Razza Ovina di Karakul, is an Italian pamphlet issued
by Prof. Antonio Pirocchi, where is made a report to the coun-
cil of zootechny upon a proposal of importation of this ovine
breed in Italy.

* *

The Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope with
Notes on Ostrich Parasites, by W. Robertson, M. R. C. V. S. ;
Veterinary Notes of Parke, Davis & Co., vol. 2, No. 1, with
the bibliography of the President of the A. V. M. Association,
Doctor J. C. Rutherford ; Studies from the laboratory of Com-
parative Pathology and bacteriology of the N. Y. State Veteri-
nary College, which contains reprints of various publications,
such as those of Dr. W. J. Taylor, Dr. S. W. Burnett and prin-
cipally of Dr. Veranus A. Moore. A supplement to the Rus-
sian publication " Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche und prack-
tische Veterinarmedicin,'" which is headed " Der histologische
Ban der Luftsackc des Pferdes," by S. Tschetwerikoff.

A. L.

EDITORIAL. 705

PROBLEMS CONFRONTING THE PROFESSION.

There never was a time when the opportunities for the trained
veterinarian were so great as they are to-day, yet it must be evi-
dent to every thoughtful person that the duty and responsibility
of the profession are also in proportion to the opportunities
which present themselves. The benefits that would accrue to
the state from an ample development of veterinary research,
veterinary education and veterinary administration are beyond
calculation.

When we stop to consider the important part which dairy
farming and the live stock industry play in the' world's economy,
and the close relationship borne by the teaching of the veterinary
sciences to the success of these occupations as well as the pro-
tection accorded to the health and lives of the human population
by an intelligent application of the principles of veterinary sani-
tary science it seems astonishing that any argument should be
necessary in favor of that which is of such vital and far-reaching
importance to the public welfare.

The veterinarian who alleviates animal suffering for the
sake of the animals themselves is indeed rendering a humane
service ; the practitioner who restores valuable animals to health
and usefulness protects property and contributes to public
economy; the veterinarian who restricts the spread or extermi-
nates an animal plague is rendering a service to man and beast
and if the disease be communicable to man he becomes a guard-
ian of the health and lives of the human population. Such ser-
vices are relatively important and should receive proper apprecia-
tion by those concerned.

Nevertheless there is a still greater and even more noble
work for the veterinary scientist and practitioner, although not
in popular demand now in our day and generation. We refer
to the application of the principles of the veterinary sciences to
the development of animal husbandry along lines to remove the
causes and eliminate the conditions responsible for disease. This
reason alone would justify the claim that the department hav-

TOG EDITORIAL.

ing charge of the veterinary affairs of a state should be estab-
lished on a broad enough basis to admit of ample scope for work
along this line as well as to have control over animal food prod-
ucts intended for human consumption. If this could be carried
out successfully a number of the diseases of both animals and
men which sanitarians are now attempting to restrict and ex-
terminate would not occur at all and would not be subjects for
agitation and contention by medical men and the public. The
early suppression of animal epidemics with small loss is a great
achievement, but a much greater one would be the conducting
of animal husbandry and dairy farming in the light of such sci-
entific knowledge that there would be no epidemics to extermi-
nate. Such is the ideal to which the true veterinarian is striv-
ing to attain, and who can question the usefulness and nobility
of his calling !

The dealing with a contagious disease of the human family
is essentially a public health problem. In the restriction and
extermination of an animal plague vast economic and commer-
cial interests are not infrequently involved. In other words,
agriculture as well as public health and wealth are concerned in
the intelligent application of the principles of veterinary science
and art and a state bureau or board should be one of animal
industry as well as one of animal health so as to be inclusive
and to have ample scope to deal with all animal problems. There
is much research and experimental work for such a bureau or
board to do together with a great work in zootechnics, such as
feeds and feeding, breeding and animal production as well as
many other branches of science requiring elucidation. Such
a bureau or board should also be charged with dairy inspection
and all other animal food products intended for human consump-
tion.

The veterinary colleges, at least some of them, should give
the subjects appertaining to the line of work here outlined a
much more important place in their curricula, for unless veteri-
nary students have the mental equipment and requisite training

EDITORIAL. 707

they cannot expect to take up work of this character with success
or credit to themselves or the profession. The state examining
boards of a number of the states are requiring that all veteri-
narians applying for license to practice the profession shall have
an adequate training in zootechnics, in animal hygiene and sani-
tary medicine, in chemistry and bacteriology, in dairy sanita-
tion and in meat inspection. If this part of the education and
training of the modern veterinarian be neglected the principal
avenues to his usefulness and success in life are closed. The
demand for veterinarians qualified to do the class of work which
the state requires is in excess of the supply, which, so far as our
knowledge goes, cannot be said of any other profession in Amer-
ica to-day.

The public mind is now aroused over the milk question as
never before. It is hard to understand the sense of propagating
micro-organisms and then devitalizing them by Pasteurization
and sterilization. We cannot kill pathogenic bacteria without
killing the non-pathogenic bacteria. This indiscriminate war-
fare against bacterial life, much of which is essential to digestion
and assimilation, materially alters the character and quality of
the product.

The first essential of a clean, sound and healthful milk supply
is sound healthy cattle. It is all right to send inspectors to see
that stables are kept clean and in a sanitary condition, that the
animals have ample light and air space, that they are fed on
proper food and supplied with vpure water. In fact, these are
among the prime requisites of healthy existence, but an ideal
environment will not exterminate infection when once estab-
lished in the systems of dairy cattle. Therefore, it is absolutely
necessary that such inspections, if they are to protect the public
from infection, shall be made by trained veterinarians. Any-
thing short of this will not only fail but will be misleading and
is calculated to give the public a feeling of confidence and security
that does not in reality exist. A tuberculous cow in a million-
dollar stable under the best sanitarv conditions still remains a

70S EDITORIAL.

tuberculous cow and the clanger of infection through her milk
and otherwise still exists.

The enactment of the present meat inspection law by the Con-
gress of the United States and the inauguration of a meat in-
spection service along modern sanitary lines by the Bureau of
Animal Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, has attracted wide-
spread public attention as to the necessity and character of the
work and a public sentiment has been awakened in favor and
support of the service to an extent that even surprises the pro-
fession who advocated meat inspection long before the public
were ready to accept it. This service demonstrates the urgent
necessity for the establishment of state and municipal meat in-
spection services in harmony with the federal law if the public
are to be safeguarded from unsound and unwholesome animal
food products in our local markets. The only meat inspection
that is of real practical value is abattoir inspection by trained
veterinarians. Therefore, every state should require all slaugh-
tering of cattle, sheep and swine to be done in abattoirs licensed
by the state and under a system of inspection by veterinary in-
spectors somewhat similar to that now being conducted by the
federal government.

Local meat and milk inspection is usually begun at the wrong
end, the product is inspected instead of looking first to the source
of supply, the health and environments of the animals. In-
variably it should be insisted that veterinary sanitary service
be rendered by trained veterinarians for the same reason that
we look to practitioners of human medicine to limit and extermi-
nate the diseases of man.

The best interests of the public are not duly conserved by
those in authority when legislative bills are drafted covering the
control of diseases of animals, the licensing of abattoirs and
creameries, the inspection of animal food products without the
aid of capable veterinary counsel. What would the public think
of a board of health being instrumental in drafting a bill relating
to diseases peculiar to the human system without having the
advise of competent medical men?

EDITORIAL. 709

The veterinary profession in no state should rest contenr
until the veterinary sanitary administration of such state is
under competent veterinary direction. The organic law con-
stituting the Bureau of Animal Industry requires that the chief
of said Bureau shall be a veterinarian and the wisdom of this
requirement has been demonstrated time and time again since
the organization of said bureau by Dr. Salmon a quarter of a
century ago. There can be no good and sufficient reason ad-
vanced why the veterinary administration of the several states
should not likewise be under competent veterinary direction.
Does any one presume that the medical profession would stand
for one moment for a veterinarian to have charge of the dis-
eases of the human family in any state? If not why should
our profession stand for any other than a capable veterinarian
to have charge of veterinary affairs. The veterinary work of
each state should be consolidated so far as possible under one
department or head. The consolidation of the work under one
department or head admits of the development of the veteri-
nary sciences to the benefit of agriculture and the protection of
public health. It prevents duplication of work and overlapping
and is in the interest of efficiency and economy.

The importance and value of sanitary science is being recog-
nized and appreciated to-day by the public as never before.
Many momentous and intricate problems now confront the pro-
fession in connection with dairy hygiene, state and municipal
meat inspection. Legislation is sadly needed in several common-
wealths, but a public enlightenment from the veterinary view-
point must come first, for lawmakers are not in the habit of act-
ing in such matters in advance of public sentiment. When the
producer and the consumer come to a full realization of the ad-
vantages of an efficient veterinary sanitary service suitable laws
will be placed upon the statute books forthwith, but until that
time comes it is almost futile to attempt to accomplish what the
public does not appreciate, much less demand.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS
IN PENNSYLVANIA.*

By Louis A. Klein, V. M. D., Assistant State Veterinarian.

The methods now in use in Pennsylvania for the control of
tuberculosis in domestic animals have been developed since 1896,
when the State Livestock Sanitary Board was organized. These
methods may be classified as follows :

(1). Examination and tuberculin test at the request of the
owner of herds suspected of infection with tuberculosis.

(2). Assisting owners in disposing of cattle that have re-
acted to private tuberculin tests.

(3). Compulsory notification by practicing veterinarians of
cases in cattle of advanced or generalized tuberculosis or tuber-
culosis of the udder of which they may obtain knowledge.

(4). Quarantining cattle affected with advanced or general-
ized tuberculosis or tuberculosis of the udder, and rendering as-
sistance in disposing of such cattle.

(5). Inspection and tuberculin test of dairy cows and cattle
for breeding purposes shipped into Pennsylvania from other
States.

(6). Indemnification of butchers and others for cattle slaugh-
tered for food and condemned on account of tuberculosis.

(7). Co-operation with local Boards of Health in the in-
spection of dairy herds and the quarantine and disposal of cattle
showing physical signs of tuberculosis.

(8). Inspection of animals slaughtered for food and con-
trol of the sanitation of slaughter houses.

Vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis is also being car-
ried out on a number of farms, but this method is not as yet be-

•Read before Section VII, International Congress on Tuberculosis. Washington, D. C.

710

CONTROL 01 TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 711

ing generally applied. In formation regarding tuberculosis is
sent out in letters, circulars, and bulletins and effective instruc-
tion in this line is also given by means of public post-mortem
examinations of reacting cattle.

Dr. Leonard Pearson is the author of these various methods
and, as State Veterinarian and Secretary of the State Livestock
Sanitary Board since its organiztion, he has had charge of their
execution.

i. Examination and Tuberculin Test of Suspected Herds.

This work is at present conducted under practically the same
plan that was recommended to the Board by Dr. Pearson at its
organization meeting in January, 1896. Certain details have
been modified and new features have been added from time to
time to meet conditions as they arose, but the basic principle re-
mains the same. This is the voluntary co-operation of the herd
owners. Looking backward, it appears that the plan was merely
made to fit in with the circumstances, but it must not be for-
gotten that these circumstances had to be anticipated, and that
when the plan was adopted tuberculin had only been known for
five years and there were so many different methods in use in
the various states and in foreign countries for controlling tuber-
culosis in animals that there was no standard to follow. The
principle of voluntary co-operation was based upon the conclu-
sion that since it was necessary for the owner to observe cer-
tain precautions to prevent the re-introduction of tuberculosis
into the herd, to appraise and remove the infected cattle with-
out assurance of this co-operation would convert the work into
a form of gratuitous livestock insurance. The soundness of this
conclusion has been proven again and again during the past
twelve years.

The form of application in use at the present time is quite
similar to the one first adopted. It contains a contract obligating
the owner to dispose of the diseased cattle under the rules of
the State Livestock Sanitary Board ; to thoroughly disinfect the
premises and to correct any faulty sanitary conditions after the

712 LOUIS A. KLEIN.

infected cattle are removed; to observe the precautions and em-
ploy the means recommended by the Board to prevent the re-
introduction of the disease into the herd; to purchase for addi-
tion to the herd only such cows as have passed the tuberculin
test, and if 20 per cent, of the herd reacts, to have a retest made
at his own expense within eight months after the State inspec-
tion.

During the second year of the work the applications became
so numerous that it was not possible to make all the examina-
tions requested, a condition that continues to this day, and since
that time owners have also been required to state their reasons
for believing that their herds are infected with tuberculosis, and
an attempt has been made to examine those herds which appear
most likely to be diseased. Not very long after the inauguration
of the work applications had increased to four times the num-
ber of herd inspections that could be made with the money avail-
able, and numerous herds were being tested with tuberculin at
owners' expense, a thing that was very rarely done before the
State inspections were instituted. Applications for herd in-
spections have continued up to this time to be greatly in excess
of the number of inspections that can be made. At no time
since the beginning of this work have the resources of the State
Livestock Sanitary Board been sufficient to meet the demands
of those who desired to co-operate with the State in the repres-
sion of tuberculosis in their herds.

The great increase in the number of applications is to be ex-
plained by the increase in knowledge of herd owners and the
general public regarding tuberculosis in cattle; and it is be-
lieved that no one thing did more to convince cattle owners of
the economical reasons for repressing the disease in cattle than
the policy of the State Livestock Sanitary Board in arranging
for them to witness post-mortem examinations of reacting cattle.
When reacting cattle are to be destroyed on a farm the farmers
of the vicinity are afforded an opportunity to witness the post-
mortem examinations, unless, as happens in some rare cases,

CONTKOL OF TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 713

the owner desires to avoid publicity and it has been repeatedly
observed that whenever cattle are disposed of under these con-
ditions that a number of applications for herd inspections are
received from the locality. In some cases when owners of in-
fected herds have had no personal desire to apply for inspection
they have been led to do so by the public sentiment existing in
their community or among the consumers of the products of
the herd. Badly infected herds, when owners are uninterested,
are usually brought to the attention of the Board by the opera-
tion of the law requiring notification of cases of advanced or
generalized tuberculosis or tuberculosis of the udder, by neigh-
bors, or by the local authorities.

When it is decided to make an inspection and a tuberculin
test of a herd the work is assigned to a veterinarian practicing
in the locality, and a careful physical examination of each animal
is made before the tuberculin test is applied. The tuberculin used
in these tests is prepared in the laboratory of the Board. An
examination is also made into the sanitary conditions of the
premises and the herd hygiene. All cattle found to be tuber-
culous must be at once separated from the healthy animals, fed
and cared for separately, and their milk not used for any purpose
unless sterilized by boiling or pasteurized by heating for ten
minutes at 1650 F., until they are disposed of in accordance with
the rules of the Board.

The owner has the choice of two methods of disposing of
the tuberculous cattle: those not showing physical symptoms
can be kept in quarantine under the Bang system; or all of the
tuberculous cattle can be slaughtered. Professor Bang's method
of repressing tuberculosis has not proven very popular in Penn-
sylvania. It has been adopted in only a very few instances. The
reasons appear to be the restricted market for the heated milk
and the extra work involved in maintaining two separate herds.
When the owner elects to have the cattle slaughtered they are
appraised by an agent of the Board and the owner, but if no
agreement can be reached by these two, which rarely happens,

714 LOUIS A. KLEIN.

a board of appraisers is appointed: one by the owner, one by
the State Livestock Sanitary Board, and a third by these two.
The law under which such cattle are appraised provides that not
more than three-fourths of the actual value of the animal at the
time of the appraisement can be allowed and in no case can the
amount exceed- $25 for a grade or $50 for a registered animal.
The appraisements for individual animals average from $22.25
to $23. After appraisement the cattle showing external symp-
toms of tuberculosis are destroyed and the carcasses disposed of
by burial or cremation on the premises or through an approved
fertilizer plant; the others are removed to a slaughter house
and killed under inspection, the carcasses being disposed of in
accordance with the recognized principles of meat inspection.
This latter practice is .sometimes attended with difficulty in small
towns, where butchers occasionally find it inadvisable to handle
reacting cattle on account of the sentiment existing among their
customers. Some meat consumers are very inconsistent in this
respect. A butcher can buy a cow out of a herd in the same
locality which is very likely in the same condition as the in-
spected herd and slaughter it without inspection and can sell
the meat without objection, but if he buys cattle which have re-
acted to the tuberculin test, but which do not show any other
symptoms of disease and slaughters them under proper inspec-
tion he may not only be unable to sell the meat but may also gain
the reputation of killing diseased animals. It is very gratifying
to be able to state, however, that this inconsistency does not
exist to the same extent that it did several years ago and that
it is fast disappearing as the knowledge of meat inspection and
tuberculosis becomes more and more general.

After the tuberculous cattle are disposed of the premises are
thoroughly cleaned and disinfected under state supervision and
the owner is instructed with regard to the correction of any
faulty sanitary conditions which may exist and the precautions
to be observed to prevent the re-introduction of the disease into
the herd. If more than 20 per cent, of the herd have reacted

CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 715

a record is made of this fact and the matter is followed up to
see that a retest is made within the proper time.

Detailed statistics concerning this work for the last twelve
years could be given, but they would only show the number of
herds which it has been possible to examine with the resources at
the command of the Board and would furnish no exact informa-
tion regarding the real value of this work to the livestock interests
of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. However, in order
to give an approximate idea of the cost of herd inspections I
will append a few figures covering the last three years.

No. herds No. infected Total appraise- Expense of
inspected. cattle. ment. inspection.

19^5 773 1.352 $24,915.90 $4,589-59

I9°6 858 1,536 23,344.06 3,886.92

190/ 878 1,819 20,232.40 3,670-59

The number of infected cattle given above does not indicate
the extent to which tuberculosis exists in individual herds in
Pennsylvania. These figures include the clinical cases disposed
of during the year and also those condemned in slaughter houses
on account of tuberculosis and for which indemnity was paid.
It must also be remembered that only the herds which were mani-
festly diseased were inspected and tested with tuberculin.

2. Assisting Owners in Disposing of Cattle Found Tuber-
cular on Private Examination and Test.

Soon after the beginning of this work herd owners became
so interested in repressing tuberculosis that when the Board
could not comply with their application for an examination and
tuberculin test many of them had the examination and test made
at their own expense. As early as 1897 a number of large herd
owners and dealers had arranged to sell cattle subject to the
tuberculin test. These facts are cited to show the effect of the
dissemination among cattle owners of knowledge regarding tu-
berculosis.

716 LOUIS A. KLEIN.

In 1897, the second year after the inauguration of the work,
it was decided to extend to owners having their cattle examined
and tuberculin tested at their own expense, the same assistance
in disposing of tubercular cattle as was extended in those cases
where the examination and test was made by the State, and
under the same conditions. This was done in order to extend
assistance in repressing the disease to as many herd owners as
possible and also to discourage unscrupulous persons from dis-
posing of reacting cattle to unsuspecting purchasers. So many
private tests were made that the demands for this assistance soon
became so numerous as to over-tax the resources of the Board,
and at the present time a large number of herds are being ex-
amined and the tuberculous cattle disposed of in this way.

3. Compulsory Notification of Clinical Cases.

vSince 1905 practitioners of veterinary medicine have been
required by law to report to the State Livestock Sanitary Board
all cases of advanced or generalized tuberculosis or tuberculosis
of the udder of which they may obtain knowledge. Upon re-
ceipt of such a report authority is issued to an agent of the Board
to appraise the affected animal, and if the owner will agree to
the appraisement and will sign the contract described above, to
have it destroyed and the carcass properly disposed of. The
premises are then cleaned and disinfected and any faulty sani-
tary conditions corrected. If the owner refuses to dispose of
the animal under these conditions it is placed in quarantine and
the use of the milk forbidden unless it is sterilized or properly
pasteurized. Such refusal on the part of the owner, however,
is very rare because in most instances the case is brought to the
attention of the veterinarian by the owner himself.

4. Quarantine of Advanced Cases and of Cows with
Tuberculous Udders.

Cattle affected with advanced or generalized tuberculosis or
with tuberculosis of the udder are a far greater menace to the
herd and to the public than those animals in which the existence

CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 717

of the disease can be detected only by the tuberculin test and
for this reason every effort is made to locate such cattle and
to reduce or abolish the dangers resulting from their existence.
As already stated, many such animals are reported to the Board
by veterinarians, but perhaps an equal number are reported di-
rectly by the owners. In some instances the reports come from
neighbors or from local health officials. Frequently, reports
from the latter sources are discovered to be unfounded but a
sufficient number of dangerously diseased cattle are found to
justify an investigation of all such reports. The detection and
quarantine or destruction of such animals not only removes fruit-
ful sources of infection from individual herds but also prevents
the use of the milk of such cattle except under proper conditions
and makes it impossible for them to be sold into other herds or
to be slaughtered for beef.

5. Inspection of Cattle Imported from Other States.

At the beginning of this work it was recognized that the
plans for the repression of tuberculosis within the State would
be more or less vitiated if cattle were permitted to be shipped
into the state without any regard to their condition as to health.
Tuberculosis had been found to be most prevalent in the old dairy
districts of the State which obtained their supply of cattle from
outside sources. Counties in the interior of the State which
raised a sufficient number of cattle to meet local demands, or
in excess of this demand, and into which cattle from outside the
State were rarely, if ever, shipped were comparatively free from
the disease. Several of the New England states had laws re-
quiring that the tuberculin test be applied to cattle shipped from
other states and there was every reason to believe that cattle
which did not pass the test would be sent into those states having
no requirements. There was also positive knowledge of herds
in other states being secretly tested and dispersed on account
of extensive tubercular infection, the cattle being sold to dealers
to be shipped a comfortable distance and sold to unsuspecting
parties. A number of such shipments were made into Pennsyl-

718 LOUIS A. KLEIN.

vania. With the State paying an indemnity for tuberculous
cattle there was also the possibility of cattle known to be dis-
eased being purchased for a small sum in other states and shipped
into Pennsylvania to obtain this indemnity. Cattle dealers from
other states had repeatedly tried to purchase reacting cattle from
farmers in Pennsylvania and it was not unreasonable to suspect
that the same thing would be attempted in other states and that
if the farmer was not allowed an indemnity by his state the
sale was more likely to be made. Moreover, tuberculosis had
been officially reported in all of the states from which cattle
w^re being shipped into Pennsylvania, and in some of them it
was quite prevalent.

Consequently, a law was passed by the legislature in 1897
and became effective on January first, 1898, regulating the ship-
ments of dairy cows and cattle for breeding purposes from other
states into Pennsylvania. Under this law the cattle are required
to be inspected and tested with tuberculin either before ship-
ment, at a suitable stockyard nearest the state line on the rail-
road over which they are shipped, or after their arrival at desti-
nation. If the cattle are inspected outside of Pennsylvania the
law requires that the inspection must be made by an inspector
who has been certified to be competent and reliable by the offi-
cial in charge of the livestock sanitary work in his state; if the
inspection is made within the state it must be made by an in-
spector approved by the State Livestock Sanitary Board. If it
is desired to have the cattle inspected after their arrival at desti-
nation a permit to make the shipment must first be obtanied from
the board. These permits authorize the cattle to be shipped in
quarantine, and it is required that after their arrival at destina-
tion they shall be kept separate and apart from other cattle,
that the milk shall not be sold or used without previous steriliza-
tion by boiling, and that they shall remain in the custody of the
shipper until they have been examined and tested with tuberculin
and pronounced to be free from disease by an approved inspector.
These inspections are made at the expense of the owner, but

CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 719

the tuberculin is supplied by the Board. Tags, which are let-
tered and numbered serially, are also supplied for marking cattle
which pass inspection. The inspector is required to give a full
report of the tuberculin test, the conditions under which it was
made, the physical condition of the animals, and the letter and
number of the tag attached to each animal in his certificate, and
he must also make affidavit to the statements. Any cattle found
to be tuberculous are placed in quarantine and, if the owner
wishes, can be slaughtered for beef under inspection. Formerly,
upon application of the owner, a permit was issued to ship such
animals back to the point of origin, and notice was given of the
shipment to the livestock sanitary authorities of the state from
whence they came, but since last November, when the Secretary
of the United States Department of Agriculture issued an order
forbidding the interstate movement of cattle and swine affected
with tuberculosis, no such permits have been issued. Animals
giving an indefinite reaction are placed in quarantine for a re-
test, which is usually made at the end of three weeks.

Since this law went into operation herd owners applying
for tuberculin tests, or for assistance in disposing of cattle which
have reacted to a private test, have been required to certify that
there are no animals in the herd which have been brought into
Pennsylvania from another state without inspection and tuber-
culin test since January, 1898.

This law has been found to work quite satisfactorily. It has
met with little opposition from shippers and it has caused deal-
ers to use all possible care in purchasing cattle for shipment into
the state. Since it has been in operation cattle have not been
purchased in such large numbers as formerly in those districts
where tuberculosis is most prevalent, but while shipments from
these districts have decreased there has been a relative increase
in shipments from other localities, so that there has been no
effect on the total number of shipments. Tagged cows have
come to have a distinct market advantage in many sections of

720 LOUIS A. KLEIN.

the state. In one shipment of 20 head from a neighboring state
inspected last week 1 1 cows reacted. It is a common custom for
milk cows to be shipped into Pennsylvania in carload lots and
sold at public sale to individual buyers. The damage resulting
from infected animals in such shipments would therefore be more
widespread than if all the cattle went into one herd.

The lack of official supervision of inspections made outside
of Pennsylvania has led to some unsatisfactory results. Some
control over these inspections is given to the Board by the pro-
vision requiring that the inspector must obtain a certificate as
to his competency and reliability from the livestock sanitary
authorities of the state from which the cattle are shipped. This
affords protection from incompetent and untrustworthy men
when proper care is exercised in issuing such certificates. But
even a capable and conscientious veterinarian, employed by a
man who is perhaps one of his regular clients to examine and
tuberculin test cattle to be shipped to a stranger in another
state, is not unlikely to look at the proceedings from the stand-
point of the seller and to decide in his favor any doubts regard-
ing the condition of the cattle. It would be much more satis-
factory could these inspections be made by inspectors appointed
by the livestock sanitary authorities of the state and who had
been given to understand that their continued employment in
such work was entirely contingent upon the inspection being
carefully and properly made. The expense of such a system
of inspection would be exceedingly slight compared with the
benefits resulting to those states producing cattle in excess of
their needs. It would attract buyers from other states and
would thus be a distinct advantage to herd owners with cattle
to sell; it would also afford the livestock sanitary authorities
a means of obtaining information concerning the location and
extent of tuberculous infection, and, most important of all, it
would insure a proper disposition of reacting cattle. Under the
present conditions we have no knowledge or control over the
cattle that react to the tests made outside of the state.

CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS.. 721

6. Indemnification for Cattle Condemned as Unsuitable
for Food on Account of Tuberculosis.

Considerable assistance in the control of tuberculosis is af-
forded by a law passed by a legislature in 1903, which author-
izes the payment of an indemnity to butchers, or others, for cattle
slaughtered for beef and found to be unsuitable for food on ac-
count of tuberculosis. The effect of this law is to encourage the
removal of suspected animals from a herd and their slaughter for
beef under proper inspection rather than their sale to another
herd owner; furthermore, it encourages butchers to request in-
spection of diseased carcasses and prevents diseased meat from
going into the market. Sausage in various forms is extensively
manufactured by the small butchers in Pennsylvania and cows
find a ready sale for this reason.

Before any indemnity is paid for condemned carcasses under
this law, the butcher, or the owner of the animal at the time of
slaughter, is required to submit a statement of claim containing
a certificate of inspection, condemnation, and valuation signed
by the inspector and a statement showing that the animal has
been continuously in the state for at least four months previous
to the time of slaughter. All statements regarding ownership
must be sworn to and the butcher or the last owner must also
state the amount paid for the animal. The amount of the ap-
praisement in such cases cannot exceed five cents per pound nor
more than $25.00 for a carcass.

7. Dairy Inspection.

The inspection of dairy herds in co-operation with local
Boards of Health affords another means of discovering cattle
in which the disease is manifested by physical signs and enables
the Board to arrange for the proper disposal of these dangerous
cases.

8. Inspection of Animals Slaughtered for Food and Con-
trol of Slaughter House Sanitation.

The State Meat Hygiene .Service, while designed primarily
to insure a wholesome meat supply, also assists in the control

722 LOUIS A. KLEIN.

of tuberculosis in animals, as well as of other diseases, by caus-
ing diseased carcasses and organs to be rendered or destroyed.
In the course of this work it has been discovered that the feeding
of tuberculous flesh and organs in the raw state to swine has been
a prolific source of tuberculosis in these animals. In one lot of
forty-eight hogs which had been fed on offal and other slaughter
house refuse in the raw state nine died and when the other thirty-
nine were slaughtered under inspection it was found that all but
one were affected with tuberculosis and in sixteen the disease
was extensive and generalized. The custom followed in forbid-
ding the use of milk from cows found to be tuberculous unless
it is pasteurized or sterilized has also assisted- in preventing the
dissemination of the infection among swine as well as calves.

It should not be concluded from the efforts made in Penn-
sylvania to control tuberculosis in cattle that the disease was
more prevalent in this state at the time this work was instituted
than in other states with large dairy districts and receiving their
supply of cows from other localities. As has been stated, por-
tions of the state where cattle were raised in sufficient numbers
to meet local needs and into which few cattle were shipped were
entirely free from the disease.

There are no statistics available to show the number of tuber-
culous cattle in the state when this work was begun, nor do we
know the exact number of tubercular cattle in the state at this
time. Consequently, it is not possible to tell by comparison
exactly what has been accomplished. But slaughter house in-
spections, observations by veterinarians on herds within the circle
of their practice, and information from herd owners and cattle
dealers furnish strong circumstantial evidence that the number
of infected herds in Pennsylvania has been considerably reduced
and that the prevalence of tuberculosis in infected herds has
been still more diminished.

By means of refrigeration America is able to supply the world
with meats.

FIFTY HORSE SHOEING RULES.

By Samuel Burrows, V. M. D., Cleveland, Ohio.

i. — Before pulling off any shoes, have the horse jogged in
a straight line, and note the method of carrying and setting down
of the feet, as he is jogged from and toward you; also as seen
from the side. Or any other peculiarities or faults, the knowl-
edge of which would give the shoer a more intelligent idea as
to how the horse should be shod.

2. — Notice if all the feet appear the same length, if one heel
is higher or lower than the others, or if one toe is longer or
shorter than the rest.

3. — Before pulling off each shoe, preparatory to dressing the
foot, note particularly how each shoe is worn, if it is worn more
on one side than the other. If the toe is well rounded, or worn
through. Also the weight and kind of a shoe, length of the
branches, or if the shoe is pushed over to one side.

4. — Do not attempt to pull off a shoe, until each clinch has
been cut or straightened out.

5. — Any nails that have been left in the foot, pull out in
the same direction in which they were driven, and not through
the side of the foot.

6. — Before commencing to trim each foot, satisfy yourself
first, as to how each foot should be dressed, — because.

7. — When a hoof has been trimmed uneven, i. e., the toe,
heel or one whole half of the foot has been lowered too much,
it often takes one, two or even more months to correct our mis-
take.

8. — If the feet appear short, in proportion to size of the fet-
lock, do not rasp away any horn, except to remove any uneven-
ness on the bearing surface of the foot, necessary to make a level
bearing for the shoe.

723

724 SAMUEL BUBEOWS.

9. — In dressing a foot, first remove the dead horn from the
sole.

10. — There is no harm, in removing all dead, dry horn from
the sole, except where horses are used in a rough stony country.

11. — The part of the sole which appears oily or cheesy in
consistency, is the live sole and should not be cut away.

12. — The bars should be left to project a little above the sole,
— not gouged out, as is the common practice.

13. — Do not cut a good healthy frog.

14. — It is quite proper, to cut away parts of the frog, in the
following conditions : —

a. — When there is a foul smell, indicating thrush, and

then, only the parts directly involved.

b. — Where there are loose ragged parts, which help to

retain filth. These may be trimmed down to the solid frog.
c. — Where the frog is too prominent, dry and hard, as

seen in large flat feet with low heels. Such frogs should be

shortened, especially the body, which lies directly over the

navicular joint.

15. — Do not " open up the heels," except in contracted feet.
In such feet, we usually find a spur of horn, projecting inward,
as a continuation of the buttress, which crowds in upon the frog,
from both sides of the heel. This spur only should be cut away.

16. — The natural angle, formed by the turning in of the
wall to form the bars, and known as the buttress, should not be
weakened by cutting.

17. — In shortening the wall, shorten it to the edge of the
sole.

18. — The bearing surface for the shoe, should consist of the
wall, white line and about one-eighth of an inch of the sole.

19. — After the bearing surface of the foot has been made
level, file off the sharp border around the edge of the foot. The
amount necessary, depends upon the slant of the wall, width of
the foot, and increases as the slant of the foot increases. A
slanting wall which is also " dished " or concave, requires the
sharp edge filed off, almost to the white line.

FIFTY HOKSE SHOEING BULES. 725

20. — The foot should then be taken forward on the shoer's
knees, and the wings if any, filed off, and the wall left straight
and smooth. This should always be done, before the shoes are
fitted or nailed on. If the shoes are then fitted out full to the
edge of the foot, such a foot when shod, will not have the ap-
pearance of being " dubbed off " and the foot having been made
to fit the shoe.

21. — A foot is not always level, when the distance from the
hair to the lower edge of the hoof, is the same on the outer and
inner side.

22. — The coronet on the inner half of the foot is very often
forced upward ; by the inner half of the foot being cut too low,
for a long period of time, and thus receiving more than its share
of weight.

23. — Hence, the inner and outer measurements from the
hair to the ground are misleading. This practice appears to be
followed by a great many horseshoers.

24. — A foot is considered level, when its shoe is worn level.

25. — An old shoe showing equal wear from heel to heel,
shows us that the jar and weight has been equally distributed
to all parts of the foot and leg at the same time, with every step
taken, and that the shoer, with this particular foot or horse, has
obtained what should always be his aim with every horse he
shoes — a perfectly level foot.

26. — That part of the hoof corresponding to the part of the
shoe showing the greatest wear is always too long. That part
of the shoe may also be too near the centre of the foot. The
extra wear, is due to the fact, that the longest part of the hoof
strikes the ground first.

2.7. — When dressing a foot, always lower that part of the
hoof, corresponding to that part of the shoe, showing the great-
est wear. There is no exception to this rule.

28. — Sometimes we find cases where the inside of the foot
is extremely low, when compared with the outside. Where the
outside of the shoe is worn as thin as a knife blade, and the
nail heads on inner branch, still projecting beyond the shoe. At

726 SAMUEL BURROWS.

the same time, instead of the inside of the foot slanting down
and out, or at least perpendicular, we find it slanted down and
inward ; while the outside is slanted down and out, more than it
should be.

To correct this condition, it is necessary to lower the outer
half of the foot for several shoeings, and permit the inside to
grow undisturbed. At each successive shoeing, with the feet
dressed as above — say, once every four weeks, we will notice
the following changes taking place :

ist — A narrowing of the outer half of the foot and a
lessening of the external slant.

2nd — A widening of the inner half of the foot, lengthen-
ing of the inner wall, and the consequent changing of its
slant, from down and in, to down and outward.

3rd. — A more even wearing of the shoe. This tempo-
rary narrowing of the outer half of the foot, is overcome by
making a special shoe, which should project beyond the outer
edge of the foot, to where the hoof ought to be. The nail
holes are of course punched deep, so that the nails will enter
the white line. When we notice both branches of the shoe
wearing nearly level, as the horse commences to put his feet
more squarely to the ground, we will notice that the outer
half of the foot begins to widen out and assume a more
normal shape. As this widening progresses, the extension
of the shoe beyond the outer wall, can be diminished, until
we finally get back again to a regular shoe.

29. — The best indication of a correct angle of any foot, is
when the bones of the fetlock, seen from the side, form a straight
line with the wall at the toe, while the horse is standing squarely
upon all four feet. Lowering the heels, straightens and raises
the fetlock, and causes the foot axis or the line through the fet-
lock to be broken backwards. Shortening the toe, or raising the
heels, lowers the fetlock and causes the foot axis to be broken
forward.

FIFTY HOKSE SHOEING RULES. 727

30. — In selecting a new shoe, choose one which is most
adapted for that particular horse's foot, and the kind of work
it has to perform.

31. — Wide, flat front feet, require a well concaved shoe with
a wide web.

32. — Heavy shoes, as a rule, do not last as long, nor stay-
tight as well as lighter shoes.

33. — Always shoe a horse with flat shoes in front, if their
work and character of the roads will permit it.

34. — The bearing surface of all shoes, should be perfectly
level, especially at the heels.

35. — The nail holes in front shoes, should not be placed
nearer the heels, than the middle of the shoe.

36. — In hind shoes, nails may be placed two-thirds back
toward the heels.

37. — The nail holes should be punched deep enough, so that
the nails will enter the foot at the white line, when the shoe is
fitted out flush with the hoof. The nail holes ought not to be
punched any larger, than is required for the smallest nail, neces-
sary to hold any given shoe to the foot.

38. — Should a shoe be fitted hot or cold ? Hot fitting appears
to have more points in its favor, than cold fitting. I do not
mean a red heat, but sufficient to scorch the horn. A cold fitted
shoe to fit the foot perfectly, so that the wall and shoe are in
close contact from heel to heel, requires a great amount of skill
and time, and if not properly done, the good — if any, derived
from a cold fitted shoe, is turned to harm. It is not impossible,
but the difficulty and uncertainty of having it done properly,
makes hot fitting by far the safest and best for general shoeing,
if not carried to extremes. With a hot shoe, it is possible to
locate unevenness both in the foot and shoe, and renders it pos-
sible in a very short time, to make the bearing surfaces of the
hoof and shoe fit so perfect, that the shoe practically becomes
a natural continuation of the hoof. Also when necessary to

728 SAMUEL BUBROWS.

change the shape of the shoe during fitting, it is done much
easier, quicker and better, than with a cold shoe. In special
cases, as in pumiced feet, flat feet with thin soles, or feet worn
short by going bare foot, cold fitting should be used in prefer-
ence to hot.

39. — In fitting shoes, they should be heated evenly to a
" black heat " and held in place on the foot, until the parts in
contact become scorched. The prominent parts can be rasped
level, much better, than by cutting away with the knife. If the
shoe is perfectly level, the placing of the shoe against the foot
and the rasping down of any unevenness, should be continued,
until the shoe scorches the horn evenly from heel to heel.

40. — When the shoe is taken back to the anvil, and consid-
ered " fitted " to the foot, it should be immediately cooled off.
Do not try to make the shoe a little wider, or narrower; close
•the inside heel and widen the outer one, level it a second time
and then cool it off. This is wrong, and undoes the work al-
ready done.

41. — Toe and side clips, are a great aid in keeping shoes in
place, and preventing them from becoming loose. Basewide and
toe-wide horses, require shoes with side clips — or any horse,
that strikes the ground with the outside of his feet.

42. — A line drawn longitudinally through the centre of the
foot — cutting the frog into equal halves, gives us its centre of
gravity. The nearer the branch of a shoe is to this line, the more
weight it receives.

43. — The branches of shoes for draught horses, should be
long and wide enough, so that when a perpendicular line is
dropped from the bulbs of the heels, it will touch them at all
points. Front shoes of driving and saddle horses, must of neces-
sity be shorter, to prevent their being pulled off with the hind
feet.

44. — In nailing a shoe to the foot, use as small nails as is
consistent with the weight of the shoe, size of the foot and qual-
ity of the horn.

FIFTY HORSE SHOEING RULES. 729

45. — Drive the nails high enough, so that when they have
been drawn down and clinched, there is plenty solid horn be-
tween the clinch and the shoe.

46. — More care is required in driving nails in the inner half
of the foot, as the horn is naturally thinner than on the out-
side ; it is also made still thinner, by fitting shoes close and rasp-
ing away the horn, to prevent interfering.

47. — When all the nails have been driven, commence at each
toe nail, working toward the heels, and strike two or three
solid blows over the head of each one, to fix them firmly in the
holes.

48. — Hold a small iron block or pincers, above the free end
of the nails, strike the head of each one, until the ends are bent
over firmly against solid horn. •

49. — In clinching the nails, don't file a deep groove in the
horn below the part to be clinched. File the end of each nail
quite short, lay the rasp flat against the foot, and with its upper
edge, file away the little shoulder of horn, which has been bent
over with the nail. Holding the iron block or pincers under
each nail head, hammer down the free end — drawing it tighter
with each blow, until the clinch is level with the surface of the
foot.

50. — When finishing a foot after clinching, run the rasp in
the same direction as the horn tubes. Don't rasp above the
clinches.

Without Horns. — A clergyman was an important witness
in a horse dealing case. He gave a somewhat confused account
of the transaction in dispute, and the cross examining counsel,
after making several blustering but ineffective attempts to ob-
tain a more satisfactory statement, said :

" Pray, sir, do you know the difference between a horse and
a cow ? "

" I acknowledge my ignorance," replied the reverend gentle-
man. " I hardly know the difference between a horse and a cow
or between a bull and a bully — only a bull, I am told, has horns,
and a bully " — here he made a respectful bow to the advocate —
" luckily for me, has none."

GASEOUS DISTENSION OF THE EQUINE STOMACH.*

By Richard P. Lyman, B. S., M. D. V., Secretary American Veterinary

Medical Association.

A study of the titles to the contributions your able Secretary
has so successfully gathered within the little brochure announc-
ing this literary feast, would infer that it was my purpose to in-
flict upon you a discourse covering at least a volume of manu-
script dwelling upon the multiplicity of painful abdominal dis-
orders or disturbances, to which our faithful, ever-willing, and
uncomplaining friend, the horse, is heir. Before such a fatal first
impression becomes unalterably fixed, permit me to dispel your
fears by promising to confine myself more especially to that
grave, though frequent affliction, acute gastric digestion, which
we will consider under the nomenclature, " Gaseous Distension
of the Equine Stomach," fully realizing the foolhardiness of at-
tempting to treat the far-reaching scope of the general term
" Equine Colics " as announced.

The mention of the term colic in relation to gastric indi-
gestion, naturally calls for some explanation, for we must ac-
knowledge that its true interpretation derived, as it is, from the
latin word " colicus," signifies a painful or abnormal sensibility
of the colon, but, also that custom has lent to it a broader signifi-
cance and that the term is used to distinguish a number of widely
different conditions, having as a predominating or prominent ex-
pression, evident intestinal pain. Admitting this then to be its
widest interpretation forces me to attempt to give it even greater
latitude and for competent reasons, ask that you include among
the true colics, ailments arising within the stomach expressed by
symptoms closely allied to those consequent upon lesions con-
fined to the intestinal viscera and which not only call for dis-
criminating but a painstaking differentiation.

•Presented to the Annual Meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association,
Kansas City, February 2-3, 1909.

730

GASEOUS DISTENSION OF THE EQUINE STOMACH. 731

There is possibly no disease or class of diseases of the horse
more frequently presented to the practicing veterinarian than
those expressions of pain which are especially consequent upon
a morbid state of either the stomach or the intestines, and classi-
fied under the term colic or abdominal pain; even so, it would
seem pertinent to call attention to the fact that many of the so-
called, painful colicky expressions are due to pathological changes
in some other organ or part and, indeed, not invariably confined
to the abdominal cavity. For purposes of differentiation, these
pains are styled " false colic " and are associated with varying
stages of such morbid conditions as pleurisy, azoturia, affections
of the urinary or genital organs, enteritis, diseases of the liver,
peritonitis, and also the colicky pains associated with certain spe-
cific diseases, as petechial fever.

An irresistible scientific trend has long since exploded the
older belief that colics were either spasmodic or flatulant and,
though the expressions of abdominal pain attributed to true
colics, on the other hand, have a line of symptoms that are on
the whole allied, we have learned to appreciate the lack of iden-
tity and multitude of possible pathological changes, knowing
full well that some pains are due to simple while others are as-
sociated with complicated lesions.

This knowledge, stimulated by a desire to control a hereto-
fore embarrassing mortality, has demonstrated the absurdity of
attempting to intelligently treat all colics alike, and has natur-
ally led to a more or less classified differentiation into colics of
engorgement, of obstruction, colics resulting from gas accumula-
tion, spasmodic colic, and those resulting from parasitic invasion
(verminous colics).

Among that group styled gas accumulation colics is gastric
tympany by no means a rare affliction in the horse, which usually
arises as a result of dietary errors. Not only are we to here
include sudden food changes, improperly cured food, food in-
nutritious in character, or over-indulgence, but likewise errors
arising consequent upon failure to consider debilitated digestive

732 RICHAKD P. LYMAN.

functions caused by existing or previous illness, and overwork,
which very naturally serve as energetic factors. To food irregu-
larities also needs be conjoined errors in watering or dirty water.
With an acknowledged previous digression, I feel constrained
to again impose upon your good nature long enough to briefly
picture the relations of the parts especially involved, but this
without delving into the intricate realms of physiology and an-
atomy. The stomach lies diagonally across the median line, a
little to the left immediately posterior to the diaphragm, and
liver, above the spleen, and double colon (never in direct con-
tact with the abdominal wall), with the cardiac, end somewhat
anterior where the junction of the oesophagus, after passing
through an opening in the diaphragm, takes place. The cardiac
opening, towards the right, formed by the peculiar structure o^
the inner lining of the gullet previous to its spreading out over
the anterior inner surface, of the stomach, is so peculiarly con-
structed as to allow the entrance of food in a downward direc-
tion only.

This, so to speak, oesophageal obstruction associated with
the trap-like curvature of the duodenum, is unquestionably a
consequent cause of the gravity of this malady which is espe-
cially characterized by fermentation and gas accumulation within
the stomach; the resulting enormous distension and pressure from
the imprisoned gas produces local nerve irritability, anaemia and
even at times, fracture of the gastric walls (so-called ruptured
stomach) or diaphragmatic hernia. Upon post-mortem exami-
nation is found an enormously distended stomach (perhaps rup-
tured) undigested food either confined within the gastric walls
or free in the peritoneal cavity. The blood vessels throughout
the body, both veins and arteries, aside from those of the
stomach, are engorged, filled with dark or bluish-red, only par-
tially coagulated fluid; especially so if death has resulted from
asphyxia or lack of proper blood oxidation. The lungs present
evidences of passive hyperaemia and right heart engorged. The
gases generated as a result of this fermentation are variously

GASEOUS DISTENSION OF THE EQUINE STOMACH. 733

proportioned amounts of carbonic acid, nitrogen, hydrogen sul-
phide, and carburretted hydrogen.

Symptoms. — Beginning often with slow grinding pains, that
generally increase in intensity, or again, starting with sudden
acute manifestations, the patient exhibits signs of restlessness,
a constant desire to move uneasily about, pawing, looking at one
or both flanks uneasily up and down, rolling, tremors of the
superficial muscles, more particularly about the flanks or caput
region. The pains rapidly become very acute, the abdomen
looks full, animal often throws itself madly about. Sometimes
crouching as if to lie down, but remains on its feet to begin again
the constant walk. If down often note the tendency to rise
upon the forelegs, assuming a dog setting posture. There is
an anxious look from the eyes, nostrils dilated, head raised and
upper lip elevated, showing the superior incisors, and upper labial
mucous membrane; belchings of gas are frequent, salivation
and in severe cases a prune juice nasal discharge is quite con-
stant. The breathing becomes accelerated and see-saw like; pulse
though primarily strong, grows weak and exceedingly rapid.
The body is early bathed in perspiration, which generally be-
comes patchy and associated with cold extremities. Without
relief these symptoms offer grave elements of danger and course
rapidly on; the nasal discharges at times becoming an actual
vomit, oesophageal gurgling is noticed, gait uncertain, and the
sufferings are terminated by death in suffocation or, when pro-
longed, end fatally through rupture of the walls of the viscera
or by nervous collapse.

Diagnosis. — Cognizant of these detailed expressions of pain
which I have taken the liberty to present freshly to your minds
we have, if they are associated with a rapidly eaten meal, espe-
cially if upon a tired or empty stomach, grounds for establishing
a diagnosis, particularly if accompanied with certain of the al-
ready mentioned symptoms as keynotes of differentiation, namely
— inclination to crowd forward when attempts are made to raise
the patient's head, sobbing, catchy expirations, gulping foul-

734 RICHARD P. LYMAN.

smelling ejected gas, associated at first with particles of ingesta
which have accumulated in the lower portion of the oesophagus
from inability to enter the distended stomach; later a prune juice
discharge and finally inability to relieve the bloating to any great
extent upon the application of trocar and canulae. Though
having given in a general way a resume of this disorder, it
must be acknowledged, especially in those cases characterized by
sluggish onset, than an early administration of anodynes, or
such treatment as is all too frequently resorted to by the unskilled
attendants oftentimes temporarily masks the true ailment lead-
ing to errors in diagnosis, and permitting a correct interpretation
of the trouble only after the poor horse has grown rapidly worse
and at a time when the most exacting and prompt recognition
of the ailment is imperative.

Already lengthened beyond my early purposes, I feel con-
strained to hastily summarize the therapeutic indications of this
disorder. Forced to the conclusion that the disturbance is mainly
a result of the accumulation of gas and that this latter is due
to delayed digestion and abnormal fermentation efforts for re-
lief needs be based upon measures tending to overcome these
conditions. Not infrequently indeed does the practitioner find,
when observing his patient for the first time that the gravity
of the expressions call for immediate and heroic action if a fatal
termination is to be avoided. At this time puncture of the abdo-
minal viscera renders little if any benefit, rectal injections give
but slight, if material relief, though they may tardily aid in
lessening the tension. Again, at this moment in the opinion of
some is especially indicated the application of the stomach tube;
this, true enough, when successfully passed into the stomach
either through the left nostril or possibly better by way of the
securely closed mouth affords a ready escape for the accumu-
lated gases and likewise acts as an efficient passage for prepara-
tions indicated to overcome any subsequent fermentation. Its
practicability, however, is a much mooted question, and has not
by any means become extensively adopted.

GASEOUS DISTENSION OF THE EQUINE STOMACH. To-J

Failing by mechanical means to remove the accumulated gas
medication is indicated and may possibly be so balanced as to
serve both as an absorbent and an anti fermentative. For such
purpose capsules of formalin and turpentine appear to be espe-
cially efficient and may with advantage when deglutition is pos-
sible be followed by frequent though small drenches of aromatic
spirits of ammonia to which latter, if desired, is added an ano-
dyne mixture (not opium), to allay the dangers consequent upon
violent expressions of pain. If peristaltic murmurs are not
greatly lessened, the hypodermic administration of a mix-
ture of eserine, pilocarpine, and strychnine, or the arecolin,
hydrobromide are oftentimes advantageous through stimulating
peristalsis and tending to diffuse the gases.

Naturally the pharmacopeia contains many similarly acting
preparations which have been tried with efficient results; time
however precludes the advisability of entering into a lengthy
discourse upon this phase of gastric distension other than to
emphasize the line of treatment seemingly indicated.

Vacation for Horses. — Uncle Sam will hereafter allow 30
days' vacation a year to the Post Office Department horses in
Washington. The animals are to be sent, a few at a time, to
a fine, rich pasture in Maryland. " Every employee of the Gov-
ernment," says the chief clerk in the Post Office Department,
" receives 30 days' sick leave, if necessary. I see no reason why
the horses we use in the business of the department ought not
to receive a rest, or a vacation, and hereafter I am going to send
each of the horses away for a 30-day period of rest. We can
spare many of them in the summer, and this is the time they will
appreciate a rest from the hot asphalt and welcome the green
grass of the country and the shade of the trees."

Cows and Farm Fertility. — Prof. E. B. Voorhees of the
New Jersey Experiment Station has figured it out that a single
well-fed cow will produce in a year 107 pounds of nitrogen, 87
pounds of phosphoric acid and about 87 pounds of potash. At
this rate it is easy to see why dairy cows are such a powerful
factor in increasing the fertility of the farm, when the manure
is properly cared for.

GLANDERS.*

By D. McKenzie, Professor of Surgery, Contagious and Infectious Dis-
eases, McKillip Veterinary College, Chicago.

I offer for your consideration the subject of Glanders. Con-
sidering that all present are veterinarians of varied ability and
experience, I do not consider it necessary to go into this subject
minutely and from every viewpoint. I shall confine myself to
the prevalence of the disease and its diagnosis. This malady is
widespread and is found in all countries where the horse, mule,
ass and man are found associated. It is found in every state
and territory of the union, and its control is not as complete
and satisfactory as it should be. This is particularly true in
the large centers of population. We know there are many diffi-
culties confronting the suppression of the infectious diseases
especially when distribution of the animal is the method em-
ployed and when diagnosis is not positive as it is in many cases.
The sad result of these difficulties is that the disease is perpet-
uated from year to year, and from my observation glanders is
not disappearing as rapidly as the casual observer may think.
I believe that the latent form of glanders is as prevalent as it
was ten years ago. This is probably due to the fact that the
horse is becoming more or less immune and is more able to
resist acute attacks while at the same time he distributes the
disease broadcast. We have reason to believe that some such
process is in operation when we look at the newspapers and
medical journals and find that within four months no less than
five cases of glanders are reported in the human family with
four fatalities. The positive diagnosis of such a disease is neces-
sary from two principal viewpoints, ist as a public safety and
2nd in order to insure the owner against unnecessary and arbi-

*Read before the 26th Annual Meeting of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical
Association, Chicago, December 1, 1908.

736

GLANDERS. 737

trary loss. We believe that no man is justified in destroying
the property of another unless he is positively certain that his
animals are suffering from some disease that is a menace to him-
self or the public. So far as the clinical manifestation of glanders
is concerned we do not think that any veterinarian of to-day
would risk his reputation by making a positive diagnosis, there-
fore we will dismiss sings and symptoms, except for their value
in arousing suspicion, but when once suspicion is aroused the
most careful and critical examination should be made whether it
be in the acute or chronic form.

Owing to the fact that many other diseases which resemble
glanders from a clinical viewpoint and also that acute glanders in
the later stages will not react to the Mallein test owing to de-
vitalization of the tissues we are forced to believe that some other
means should be employed. We therefore conclude the next and
only reliable method by which the acute form can be positively
recognized is by cultivation, isolation and microscopic examina-
tion of the bacillus Mallei.

We now turn to the diagnosis of the chronic form. It being
practically impossible in the vast majority of cases to find the
organism we must put greater confidence in the Mallein Test,
which will be reliable in go per cent, of all cases of chronic
glanders, therefore all animals suspected of suffering from this
form of the disease should be tested with Mallein and even if
they give a positive reaction they should be kept under observa-
tion and in quarantine until the organism can be determined by
cultivation, isolation, inoculation or by microscopic examination.
It is interesting to note that Mallein may become a curative
agent. It is believed by many that repeated inoculation of Mal-
lein has a tendency to obscure the clinical signs of glanders,
while others believe it is a curative agent, but many reputable
veterinarians hold that the cases which cease to react under re-
peated injections were not glanders at all. If this latter state-
ment is true then Mallein is not a reliable diagnostic agent, but
since the vast majority of veterinary practitioners and different

738 d. m'kenzie.

state laws regard it as a satisfactory and legal test it seems to
carry the preponderance of evidence, therefore we are forced to
the conclusion that Mallein contains substances which are de-
structive to the bacillus Mallei. We know that Mallein is an
extract of the bacillus Mallei and its products; are we not justi-
fied therefore in believing that when this substance is injected
into the body of the infected animal that it would prove destruc-
tive to the organism which elaborates it. We know that all other
forms of life are destroyed by their katabolic products; it is a
fair scientific deduction therefore that bacterial life is no excep-
tion to the general rule.

Light from Bacteria. — Much of the light commonly
known as " phosphorescent " is due to living organisms, gen-
erally to microscopic plants or animals. Such is the phos-
phorescence of the sea and of decayed wood. Among the micro-
organisms capable of giving out light as an incident of their
life-processes are certain bacteria. On one species a number of
interesting experiments have recently been performed by Profes-
sor Molisch, of Prague. According to this authority, the light is
due to a substance secreted by the organisms, which becomes
luminous in the presence of oxygen and water. By cultivating
innumerable colonies of these bacteria side by side Professor
Molisch has made what he calls a " perpetual lamp," with whose
light he has been able to take photographs. — (Arthur E. Bost-
zuick in N. Y. Herald.)

The Shapes of Eggs. — Professor D'Arcy Thompson re-
cently entertained the Zoological Society of London with a
mathematical discussion on the differences in the shapes of eggs.
A few eggs, like those of the owl and the tortoise, are spherical,
or nearly so; a few, like the grebe's or the cormorant's, are
elliptical, with symmetrical ends; the great majority, like the
hen's, are ovoid, or blunter at one end than the other. The
hen's egg is always laid blunt end foremost. Eggs which are
the most unsymmetrical are also eggs of large size relatively to
the parent bird. The yolks of eggs are spherical, whatever the
form of the entire egg may be. This Professor Thompson
showed to be clue to their being inclosed in a fluid, the " white,"
which makes the pressure everywhere on the surface of the yolk
practically constant. — (Youth's Companion.)

REPORTS OF CASES.

''Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies •with him. By recording
his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts in building up
the solid edifice oj pathological science?

FIBROMYOMA.

By J. J. Richardson, Veterinary Surgeon, Alta, Iowa.

On April 20, 1906, I was called to see a five-year-old bay-
mare, suffering from diarrhea of a very fetid character. She
had colicky pains, lying down and getting up quite frequently.
Her pulse was 60. Owner said she had diarrhea for several
days, but as she had been eating a little he was not alarmed until
she began throwng herself about the stall. I examined the
patient carefully, gave two or three medicated enemas, and as
there were no more feces, I came to the conclusion that there
was something blocking the passage. I explored the rectum with
the hand, and found it empty so far as I could reach. I then
gave a dose of eucamphol and occasionally another medicated
enema. I remained all afternoon and she was some better in
the evening. When I left I gave instructions to the attendant
for the night. Some time during my absence she passed a large
tumor, which the owner preserved for my inspection on my
arrival the next morning. I placed it in a sealed jar and sent it
by express to Ames for microscopic examination. In due time
I received a reply from Prof. A. Stuhr saying he had examined
the tumor which I had sent to the laboratory and found it to
be a fibromyoma. It being a benign tumor it showed but
slight tendency toward recurrence. This variety of tumor is
quite common in the gastro intestinal tract, and very frequently
is multiple. It is probable that the animal from which this one
was obtained harbors more of them. They are not dangerous
to life except in so far as they may act as mechanical obstructions.
Degeneration may take place within them, the absorption of
which products may give rise to disturbance of nutrition, but
this is not common. After I received the report I put her on
potassium iodide, and I may say just here that there was another
small tumor passed some time afterward. She was sold on the
27th of December and I lost sight of her.

740

REPORTS OF CASES.

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS.

Cases of Dr. S. R. Howard, Hillsboro, Ohio.

Views reproduced from photographs taken by Dr. Paul Fischer, State Veter-
inarian of Ohio.

IrIG. I.

KKPOKTS OF CASKS.

741

Fig. 2.

742 REPORTS OF CASES.

INDIGO TREATMENT FOR POLL-EVIL AND FISTU-
LOUS WITHERS.

By Dr. B. C. Eldredge, Swanton, Ohio.

Presented to the 26th Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Veterinary
Medical Association, at Ohio State University, January 12-13, 1909.

About a year ago I was advised by a brother practitioner to
try the use of indigo in the treatment of poll-evil and fistulous
withers. He informed me that by giving a sufficient amount of
indigo the enlargement would be gradually absorbed and the
discharge (if any) would dry up, the cavity heal and the af-
flicted parts be brought to a normal condition. This seemed
too good to be true, but I resolved to try it at the first opportunity.
The results are as follows :

Case I. — A black gelding eight years old suffering from poll-
evil and fistulous withers. I had known this horse for about
eighteen months and he was afflicted in this way when I first saw
him. I immediately began giving him indigo, with enough pow-
dered charcoal to disguise, in heaping teaspoonful doses, three
times a day, and to my surprise, in about four weeks I could
see a big improvement. I continued the treatment for ten or
twelve weeks when the horse was completely cured.

Case II. — A bay horse twelve years old with poll-evil had been
affected only three or four weeks. I immediately put him on the
indigo treatment and in six weeks time he was smooth as ever.

Case III. — A brown mare, eight years old, had been turned
in an orchard and bruised her withers by rubbing against the
limb of a tree. There was an enlargement on each side — had
been there about two weeks when I began treating her. When
she had taken ij4 pounds of the powders the enlargement on the
left side was entirely gone and but very little enlargement on the
right side. The owner then sold her and she went out of my
reach so I cannot positively say that her recovery was complete.

Case IV. — A sorrel horse, ten years old, with fistulous with-
ers, had been affected for three or four months. He had been
lanced in two places on each side and had been treated with
acids and all other remedies that the neighbors could advise.
Upon examination I found that there was a cavity extending
from just in front of the back pad to the front of the collar on
each side. The openings that were in were well toward the
front of the cavity. I made another opening in each side close
to the back of the cavity and gave indigo and in six weeks had
the case cured. I have treated four other cases with equally suc-
cessful results.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

PRESENT STATUS OF THE ARMY VETERINARY

BILL.

At this writing (February 17) it seems almost certain that
the Bill " To increase the efficiency of the veterinary service of
the Army " (H. R. 11 790), will fail to pass the House of Repre-
sentatives. It is blocked in the House Military Committee, as
the Chairman of the legislative Committee, A. V. M. A., in-
forms us.

Although this Bill passed the Senate during the last session,
it encountered forthwith obstacles in the Military Committee
of the House. At first it met the opposition of several of our
army veterinarians who had become disabled in the service, be-
cause by the provisions of this Bill they would have been coldly
thrown them out of the army without pension or retirement. By
the successful effort of Dr. Turner, chairman of our legislative
committee, an amendment to the Bill was approved by the Secre-
tary of War, on January 15, 1909, remedying this oversight in
the Bill, and Mr. Hill, chairman of the House Military Com-
mittee, was urgently requested by the Secretary of War to have
the Bill passed as amended.

However, new obstacles seem to have come up, unexpectedly
to be sure, but of such a nature that no further hopes are enter-
tained for its passage. When this Bill will have been officially
declared as dead by the adjournment of the present Congress,
we shall make some remarks on the causes of its failure.

O. S.

Apt. — Frank Lincoln, an American entertainer and humor-
ist, had been appearing in London for a time in a monologue.
One afternoon he had just made his bow and was about to be-
gin when a cat walked in and sat down on the stage. " You
get out ! " said Mr. Lincoln, severely. " This is a monologue,
not a catalogue." — (Chicago ATczvs.)

743

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

A Case Treated by Bier's Method [IV. Hunting, F. R. C.
VS.']. — The patient was a big brown gelding that had been lame
for some weeks on the off hind leg. This was much swollen
up as far as the upper part of the fetlock and not so much to
the hock. There was a suppurating wound in the heel with
synovia escaping from four or five wounds, mixed with pus.
Warm water and antiseptics, blisters and so forth had been ap-
plied but without results. The horse was still lame to such a.i
extent that the toe of the foot was hardly allowed to touch the
ground. The author suggested Bier's treatment. Four feet of
india rubber cord about three-eighths of an inch in diameter
was wound round the leg above the hock, like a tourniquet but
not so tight. It was, in fact, only applied with slight firmness
and left on for two hours each of the first four mornings. In
eight days, all discharge had ceased, the wounds were healed,
pain and lameness had subsided. The local effects of the rub-
ber bandage was to increase the swelling in the leg at first and
the marks of the constriction could be seen for some days after
the treatment was stopped.

The result was an uninterrupted recovery and very little per-
manent enlargement left, the treatment deserves further trial. —
{Veter. Record.)

Effects of a Solution of Magnesium Sulphate on the
Trachea and Bronchia [E. W. Hoare, F.R.C.V.S.~]. — A dose
of Epsom salts is ordered by the owner for a Scotch terrier
dog, suffering from some imaginary trouble. While taking it,
the dog struggled considerably. Immediately after the medicine
had been given, the dog began to breathe with difficulty, made
attempts to vomit and uttered piercing shrieks. He is soon in a
semi-comatous condition and completely paralyzed. Inhalations
of steam medicated with terebene were administered and fol-

744

ABSTRACTS FKOM EXCHANGES. 745

lowed by relief. The dazed condition gradually passed off and
the next day the dog was able to walk. He then rapidly recov-
ered. No bronchitis followed. He had taken about two
drachms of salts in a glass of water. — (Ibid.)

Disease of Nasal Meatus [By the Same]. — When bought
by the present owner, this aged pony mare had two small open-
ings on the face, one on each side, about the outer border
of the nasal bones. They have been there for months and
discharged at intermittence a foetid pus. A probe run
in both and on the off side could be passed in the inferior
maxillary sinus. Both openings were enlarged with the
trephine and irrigated daily with antiseptic solution and
filled with iodoform. The irrigation passed through the nos-
tril on the off side. After four weeks of treatment, the dis-
charge had stopped from both sides and the openings were left
to close. Some time later, however, that is recently, it was
reported that a slight discharge was returning from the near
side. — (Ibid.)

Clinical Notes, Gastrotomy in a Dog [H. A. IV.].
— Record of a seven-months-old St. Bernard puppy which had
a swelling about the size of half an orange, in the left side. It
is threatening to point between the last two ribs. The pres-
ence of a foreign body in the stomach was suspected. It was
reported that, indeed, some three weeks before, the dog had
stolen a joint of meat and devoured it; possibly having swal-
lowed also a meat skewer. The dog, however, had never
shown any affect from this. He as operated. Abdomen open,
stomach exposed ; opened with a small incision, and a metallic
skewer 6]/2 inches long was removed. The edges of the
stomach were then inverted and brought together with Lem-
bert's sutures. The abdominal walls and finally the skin were
sewed and the animal ordered to be fed only with nutrient
enemas for three or four days. Nothing by the stomach. Re-
covery was uneventful. — (Veter. Nezvs.)

Amputation of ttie Uterus in a Cow [Sampson Bennett,
M.R.C.V.S.~\. — This short-horn cow has her third calf. Each
time the delivery has been very easy; but in this last, she de-
livered during the night and in the morning it was found that
the uterus was everted and much soiled. After being well
cleaned with carbolic solution it was returned without much
difficulty and the vulva sutured with thick twisted cord. These,

74G ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

the cow soon bursted and the uterus was again everted. Re-
turned a second time, a West's clamp was applied with a truss
to reinforce it. An hour after the womb was out again. A
third time attempt to relief was again frustrated and amputa-
tion decided upon. ''This was done with the ecraseur, a thick
twisted cord ligature having previously been put on, about
two inches above where the cut was made. No hemorrhage ;
stump returned in the vagina ; no further treatment ; excellent
recovery." — (Veter. Journ.)

Ovariotomy of a Vjcious Mare [Guy Sutton, M.R.C.V.S.].
— A sixteen-year-old mare has been very dangerous for several
months. The right ovary was much distended and ruptured
when passed through the loop of the instrument. For four
hours after the operation she was still very ugly. On the third
day she had become quieter. She presented no bad symptoms.
.So far she appears in good health. — (Ibid.)

An Interesting Radiograph [By the Same']. — A Pekinese
dog of two years will, when picked up, occasionally scream. A
rod-like body is felt imbedded in the thickness of the triceps
muscle. A few days later, the scapulo-humeral region is swol-
len and on pressure gives a crepitating sensation to the finger.
Radiograph is taken and a small darning needle reproduced,
lying in the triceps mucle, with the point slightly under the
humerus and the eye about half an inch from the posterior
border of the muscle. It was removed by a careful operation
without complications, and good recovery followed. — (Vcter.
Journ.)

Jaundice Following Gastro Enteritis — Death [Edgar
Belcher, M.R.C.V.S.']. — The owner suspected his bull dog two
years old, of being poisoned. He had frequent attacks of
vomiting. He received castor oil and buckthorn. These had
no effect. The animal lost flesh rapidly. When seen by the
author, he presented the following symptoms : Skin and visible
mucous membranes all bile stained yellow. Skin is harsh and
tight to the body. Temperature is ioo° F. Breathing normal.
He, which was always of happy disposition, is now snappy and
bad tempered. He was listless and did not like to be moved
or touched. Treatment consisted in glycerine enemas, mag-
nesia sulphate and carbonate and hot water baths. After a
short appearance of improvement, he died. Post Mortem :
Inflamed condition of the stomach, no enteritis, liver normal

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 747

in consistency but rather enlarged and infiltrated with biliary
pigment. Other organs normal, except with the same colora-
tion. Gall bladder distended with bile. No parasites in the
intestines. — (Ibid.)

Some Clinical Notes on Cattle Diseases; Necrosis of
the Tongue in Young Calves [/. F. Healy, M.R.C.V.S.~\. —
This occurs in calves between three weeks and three or four
months of age. Symptoms : Salivation, champing of the jaws,
grinding of the teeth, areas of necrosis on the tongue. Treat-
ment : Curetage, dressings of glycerine, carbolic or boric acid,
tincture of iodine, laxatives.

A Form of Bovine Lymphangitis. — Observed in two or
three-year-old bullocks, generally in June or July. Affects
more the hind than the fore legs. A corded condition of the
lymphatics run from above the hoof to the point of the hock.
with small enlargements along their course, which feels like
small "kernels" buried in the skin. As a rule a few burst near
the hoof and suppurate, the others disappear. Generally amen-
able to simple treatment.

Occlusion of Preputial Orifice — Relieved by urethrot-
omy a little below the ischial arch. Plenty of hot fomenta-
tions to the abdomen.

Malignant Catarrh or Gangrenous Coryza of the Ox.
— In complicated cases, the author had to perform tracheot-
omy. He recommends steaming, injections of solutions of
boric acid and also inhalations of oxygen gas.

Chronic Tympanitis — Rumenotomy. — In one case he re-
moved a stone of sand. The second case he took out the
placental membrane. In the third, an old frieze coat.

Subcutaneous Hematoma. — The author had several cases
in cattle, in the region of the pectoral and scapular muscles.
Do not lance them as severe hemorrhage may follow. Warm
fomentations, stimulating liniments, puncture after one week's
time. A seton through the tumor may answer also. — (Veter.
Journ.)

Chylous Ascitis in a Cat [Prime ami Sons, M.R.C.VS.].
— Cat castrated, when young, was fat and healthy; but now,
he is nine years old, and for the past three weeks has lost flesh.

748 ABSTEACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

grown thin and presents symptoms of dropsy. Now his ad-
domen is very large. He is tapped; the fluid that escaped is
not straw colored but is like milk and free from smell. One
and a half pints were removed. The animal was relieved. A
week later the trouble had returned, the cat took pneumonia
and was put out of trouble with chloroform. Unfortunately
no post mortem was allowed by the owner. — (Ibid.)

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Paralysis of the Sub-scapular Nerve in a Cow [Mr.
Bru]. — The animal has been lame on the right fore leg and the
lameness has increased considerably after a walk of two kilo-
meters to consult an empiric. When at home, the author saw
her with the right shoulder lowered, hanging to the chest, the
elbow has dropped down below the lower plain of the chest.
The knee is bent in flexion, also the fetlock and the animal
rests his foot on the toe only. Walking is very painful, percus-
sion on the claws, reveals no pain, nor is any detected by vari-
ous movements of the shoulder or heavy pressure on the
scapula. The skin bears no marks of bruises, the leg is nor-
mally warm all over and the collateral artery of the digits beats
the same on both legs. The next day after resting, the animal
seems easier. Walking is better, bending of the joints has sub-
sided. The leg is carried in adduction. The animal is made to
walk and soon the symptoms return. The lameness is located
in the shoulder region. There was no fracture, no dislocation,
no muscular laceration, no swelling anywhere, no lesion of the
circulation. There remains but a trouble of innervation to
explain the symptoms and these correspond to those observed
in horses in cases of paralysis of the sub-scapular nerve. Severe
blister is applied. At first this seems to aggravate the trouble
but after a few days, improvement was manifest and kept up until
recovery. Atrophy of the scapular muscles however was
rather tedious to subside. — (Rev. Veter. Toulo.)

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 740

Mitral Insufficiency in a Cow [Mr. Bergeon]. — The
symptoms presented by this animal were as follows : Large
intermittent oedema under the abdomen, cold, painless and
pitting under pressure of the finger. Pulse taken at the facial
artery is very weak, at times intermittent. The hand pressing
over the precordial region feels very irregular beatings of the
heart, very quick at times and very slow afterwards. There is
a true arythmy. After ten minutes walking the cow stops, out
of breath, tongue hanging from the mouth, head carried low
and extended. Respiration is much accelerated. Cardiac shock
is felt very quick and strong. Venous pulse is well marked
on the lower part of the jugulars. Auscultation of the lungs
reveals nothing. That of the heart gives nothing characteristic.
Tuberculin test is negative. Squill vinegar frictions, digitaline
and coffee are prescribed. After ten days of this treatment,
the cow seems to have improved. As there was some slight
complications towards the uterus, treatment for them was pre-
scribed. During several months she presented nothing par-
ticular except some irregularity in the beatings of the heart.
But one morning she is taken again with symptoms much more
severe. She has excessive anasarca, the chest, abdomen and the
hind extremities are involved. Respiration is difficult and
accelerated, mouth is wide open, mucous membranes are con-
gested almost cyanotic; venous pulse. Temperature 380.
Mitral insufficiency is diagnosed. By request of the owner the
animal is treated instead of being sent to the butcher. Bleed-
ing at the jugular, mustard on the chest, digitaline, mix vomica,
etc. Some little improvement is obtained. The animal lasted
a few months and finally died suddenly. Post mortem: Ab-
domen contained large quantity of fluid. Digestive organs con-
gested. Liver enlarged. Kidneys enlarged and congested.
Thoracic cavity contains a little fluid. Lungs congested and
cedematous. Pericardium normal. Heart enlarged with dila-
tation and hypertrophy of the right auricle and ventricle. Left
heart normal. Mitral valve is thick and indurated on its bor-
ders, cordae tendinosae shortened and thick. The closing of
the auriculo-ventricular opening is impossible. — (Ibidem.)

Curious Pulmonary Embolism [Mr. Prevot']. — On April
2d, 1907, while making an injection in the left jugular of a
horse, the canula of the syringe broke and the longest part
of the instrument went in the vein. Nothing was done to find

750 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

or extract it and the horse did not seem to mind it. The jugu-
lar remained soft and supple and several injections were made
afterwards and blood taken from it without apparent dis-
turbances. In September, 1908, the horse was destroyed. The
post mortem was made at once and careful search made to find
the trocar. The left jugular was carefully exposed and dis-
sected. Nothing out of the way could be found. The heart
revealed nothing. The examination of the pulmonary artery
and its branches was also negative. Finally having made sec-
tions in the left lung very deep and close to each other, the
canula was found in that lung, a short distance from the dia-
phragmatic surface. It was lodged in a small branch of the pul-
monary artery where it had been stopped by the decreasing
diameter of the blood-vessel. The piece of the canula measured
eight centimeters in length.

The author has had already similar accidents three times.
Two of the horses are dead. In one no post mortem was made,
he had lived ten months. The second is the subject of this
record. The third is still alive, in good condition and the ac-
cident has occurred eighteen months ago. These accidents
have happened at place where various sera are prepared and
among the horses used there for that purpose. — (Build, de la
Soc. Cent.)

Curious Horny Growth in a Ewe [Mr. Even], — The
author related the case as being observed by Dr. G. Reibel of
Buenos-Ayres.

In a flock brought to a market was a ewe, which on the flat
of the neck was carrying in front of the shoulder an enormous
horn, hanging down, movable and which seemed to adhere
only to the skin. It nearly reached the ground. On account
of the weight, the animal was most of the time laying down
and when standing carried the head and neck bent on one side.
The horn measured at its base sixty-seven centimeters round, in
its middle fifty and in its inferior third thirty-one. It was forty-
seven centimeters long. At one time, there was some fluctua-
tion at its insertion to the skin. This was tapped and grumel-
ous pus escaped ; the pus was washed out and tincture of iodine
thrown in. About one litre of pus was taken off. The horn
was finally amputated and after fifteen days the wound was re-

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

751

placed by a cicatrix having a horny appearance. After the
amputation, a tissue rather adipous was found in the horn with
a fibrous structure contained in a kind of thick, hard fibrous

stump adhering to the internal walls of the abnormal growth.
— (Semai. Vetcr.)

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

Absence of Upper Incisives in a Horse [Raoul Parent].
— While inspecting horses, the author examined a low-bred
gelding, in good condition, with a perfect lower jaw of five

years.

Externally there was no deformity of the lower extremity
of the head, which would indicate the abnomally. In raising
the lips and opening the jaws, the absence of the entire set of
upper incisives was noticed and in their places there was simply
a fibrous ridge, analogous to that of the mouth of bovines,
slightly convex forward and not in contact with the lower in-
cisives, which by want of rubbing were much longer and curved
than normal. It looked like a parrot's beak turned upside
down. There were no cicatrices nor the slightest mark of sur-
gical interference and the owner who had the horse since its
birth, said that the horse had always had that malformation
and that up to that day nothing in its mode of eating had indi-
cated that such condition existed. It undoubtedly was a con-
genital abnomally and the horse was brachygnathus superior-
ly.— (Rev. Gencr. de Medc. Vetcr.)

ITALIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Tumour of the Sinuses in a Horse — -Plastic Operation
[Doct. D. Bcrnardini\. — Eight-year-old horse is brought to the
Doctor on March 28th. His history is that for a month past he
roars, has the left eye swollen and discharge from the nose
on that side.

Examined, he presents an exophthalmia of the left eye,
with perfect condition of the globe. In the middle of the left
frontal bone there is a swelling, covered by. skin which is hair-
less. Percussion reveals dullness all over the left frontal, maxil-
lary and superior nasal surface. The left nasal cavity seems to
be obliterated or at least allows but little air to pass with noise
and manifestations of suft'ocation. A rhinoscopic examination is

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

useless for the diagnosis is certain, "A tumour in the sinuses."
An operation was indicated and performed the 31st of March.
To be able to expose the entire growth, it was necessary to
trephine and open freely not only the frontal bone, but also the
maxillary and the superior portion of the nasal cavity. The
tumour involved also the superior turbinated bone, some portion
of the ethmoid and extended to the internal face of the orbit.
However the bony structures were not affected by the presence
of the neoplasm. When this was removed, there remained a
very large cavity which was treated according to the indications
in similar lesions. Irrigations, antiseptic dressings, drainages,
etc., etc. Every thing went well, except for the repairing
process of the cutaneous wound. This remained rebellious to
cicatrization and it was necessary to resort to a double plastic
operation of two portions of skin taken in two places on the
face, before the entire closing was obtained. When removed
the tumour weighed 350 gramms and was made of sarcomatous
tissue. — (Clin. Veter.)

An Obscure Case of Malaria in a Horse [Doct. I cilia
Lorenzett'i\. — The writer was called one evening to see a four-
teen-year-old horse, which, it was reported, passed red urine
and appeared to be sick. As the history did not relate any
condition of ailment and having found nothing peculiar, a more
complete examination was postponed until the next day. On
that morning the horse was found lively, head elevated, eyes
well open and bright, and having a moderate appetite. Still
the urine was red in color. There was no indication of pain
anywhere. Auscultation revealed nothing. Respiration rather
slow. Pulse regular. But while the temperature of the body
seemed to be uniform, and normal the thermometer in the
rectum registered 40.5°C. The conjunctiva were yellowish, the
membrana nictitans had a few petechia. No pains in the hypo-
chondriac region. Xo swelling of the extremities. The author
was puzzled, and a positive diagnosis could not be made. Visiting
the horse again some ten days after, with the exception that
the pulse was a little raised, nothing different was observed.
Analysis of the urine had revealed nothing abnormal. But
at that time the thought struck Doct. Lorenzetti to have the
blood examined with the microscope and he asked Professors
of the school of Pisa to do it for him. It was reported that a
large number of corpuscles were found with an endoglobular

754 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

parasite which was recognized as the Piroplasma Equi of Lav-
eran. The diagnosis established sulphate of quinine was pre-
scribed. This was given in drenches but the drenching was im-
properly done and the horse got broncho-pneumonia from
which he died. — (Clin. Veter.)

Enormous Tendinous Thoroughpin Successfully
Treated by Radical Operation [Doct. D. Bernardini]. — The
author writes that it is only during recent years that Prof. Lan-
zillotti has recommended the method of radical operation in
cases of dilatation of the tendinous and articular synovial sacs
and published several cases with the results that had been ob-
tained. Then observing the objections and dangers that the
operation may present and the condition in which complete suc-
cess can be looked for. Dr. Bernardini relates with illustrations
the following case :

A six-year-old mare is sold, as she is, for a very low figure ;
with the understanding that she will be able to do certain
work. She is in good condition, has no defects of conforma-
tion, no appreciable lesions, except a double thoroughpin on
the left leg. It is enormous (fig. A) and projects on both sides
of the Tendo Achillis. Much more developed on the inside of
the hock than on the outside ; it starts from upwards at about
ten centimeters from the point of the os calcis to downwards
half way of the canon. The skin that covers it, is normal and
its fluctuating consistency leaves no doubt as to its nature. The
lameness is very slight. With hope to sell her with good profit,
the owner is decided to submit her to any energetic treatment.
She is thrown down, chloral injection is pushed through her
jugular, and the hock aseptized as well as possible. A long in-
cision is made through the skin lengthwise, on the superior
half of the internal tumour, the walls of the dilated synovial
are exposed and opened by a second incision made of the same
size as the cutaneous. About one litre of synovia escaped, and
left exposed a cavity with slender bands and clots of fibrine,
more or less organized. The bands and clots being removed,
a large opening was observed, situated under the Tendo Achil-
lis, which established a communication between the outside and
the inside pouch. Both cavities being thoroughly cleaned,
flaps of the synovial sheath, semi ellipsoid in shape, were cut
off and the edges sewn together with those of the skin which
had been left intact. A drain tube was introduced in the upper

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

part of the wound, and brought out downwards by a counter
opening made in the most dependent portion of the synovial
sac. A slightly compressive bandage completed the dressing.
The after treatment consisted in antiseptic injections of steri-
lized water and peroxide of hydrogen. In ten days, cicatriza-

Fig. A. Large Tendinous Thoroughpin.

Fig. B.

■tion was far advanced. The drain was removed. The large
thickening that had followed gradually subsided, and the
resolution stimulated by actual cauterization with the results
(Fig. B). — (Clin. Veterinaria.)

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS.

CHIEF VETERINARIAN.

PHILIPPINE SERVICE.

The United States Civil Service Commission announces that
applications will be received for consideration in connection with
filling' a vacancy in the position of chief veterinarian in the
Philippine Islands, at a salary of $2,500 per annum.

No educational examination will be given for this position,
but eligibility will be determined from the statements made un-
der oath in application Forms 2 and 375, and upon any other
evidence in the form of vouchers or otherwise that may be fur-
nished.

No person will be rated as eligible who has not had veterin-
ary experience of a high order along practical and executive lines.
As no person having the qualifications desired was secured as the
result of the examination held on August 31, 1908, for this
position, qualified persons are urged to enter this examination.

Age limit, 18 to 40 years on the date of examination.

The medical certificate must be filled in by some medical offi-
cer in service of the United States. Applicants should ap-
pear before medical officers of the Army, Navy, Indian, or Public
Health and Marine-Hospital Service. If such an officer can not
be conveniently visited, a pension examining surgeon may execute
the certificate. Special arrangements have been made with pen-
sion examining boards throughout the country to give such ex-
amination for a fee of $2, to be paid by the applicant. This
certificate must not be executed by the family physician of the
applicant. The medical officer should indicate his rank or official
designation on such certificate.

Each applicant for the Philippine Service will be required to
submit with his application a photograph of himself, taken within
three years, which will be filed with his examination papers as a
means of identification in case he receives appointment. An
unmounted photograph is preferred. The date and name of ex-
amination, the competitions name, and the year in which the
photograph was taken should be indicated on the photograph.

756

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 757

This examination is open to all citizens of the United States
who comply with the requirements.

This announcement contains all information which is com-
municated to applicants regarding tlve scope of the examination ,
the vacancy or vacancies to be filled, and the qualifications re-
quired.

Applicants should at once apply to the United States Civil
Service Commission, Washington, D. C. No application will be
accepted unless properly executed and filed with the Commission
at Washington prior to the hour of closing business on March
10, 1909. In applying for this examination the exact title as
given at the head of this announcement should be used in the
application.

Competitive examinations under the rules of the United States
Civil Service Commission, for Veterinarian, Philippine Service,
and Veterinary Inspector, Department of Agriculture, will also
soon be held throughout the United States.

Not Wholly Personal. — A. — You have used the word
" donkey " several times in the last ten minutes. Am I to under-
stand that you mean anything of a personal nature? B. — Cer-
tainly not. There are lots of donkeys in the world besides you.

Tremendous Cost of Prairie Dogs. — In the state of Texas
alone, prairie dogs eat annually enough grass to support 1,562,-
500 cows. Utterly useless, the little animal is a pest so dreaded
that the forestry service has undertaken his extermination.
Poison is killing him, wherever he now flourishes, and another
resource of the farmer is safeguarded.

Who would think that the prairie dog, the shy and amusing
little rodent that we like to watch before the door of his. burrow
at the " zoo," would ever become the subject of the government
intervention or endanger the success of stockraising? Yet such
is the fact. Out on the national forests which Uncle Sam is
guarding for the use of the public, expert hunters have gone
after the prairie dogs with zeal, ingenuity and poison, and liter-
ally exterminated them in great numbers, because some of the
choicest bottom lands have had the grazing ruined for stock by
the industrious burrowing of the "dogs." — {Technical World
Magazine. )

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

OHIO STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA-
TION.

The twenty-sixth annual meeting was called to order by
the President, H. Fulstow, in the veterinary laboratory of the
Ohio State University, at 1.30 p. m., January 12, 1909. About
thirty members answered the roll-call, but during the session
the number was increased to sixty-seven, besides about forty
visitors.

An address of welcome was delivered by Dr. D. S. White,
of the O. S. U., which was responded to by Dr. E. H. Shepard,
after which President Fulstow gave his address. Dr. G. VV .
Cliffe read the report of the. Legislative Committee. The sub-
stance of the report was the reasons why the committee failed
to accomplish anything in the way of new legislation.

The Committee on Designs for Membership, W. E. dem-
ons, Chairman, then reported. On motion the committee was
instructed to purchase a sufficient number of parchment cer-
tificates.

Drs. R. J. Michener and F. F. Sheets made an extensive
report on Veterinary Progress.

Drs. W. A. Axby and O. E. Hess gave an interesting report
on Veterinary Diseases. Treasurer, Dr. T. B. Hillock, being
absent, Dr. W. H. Gribble, Ex-Secretary, reported on the
finances of the association. He reported that there was a dif-
ference between his accounts and those of the Treasurer. On
motion -Dr. Gribble was instructed to correspond with Treas-
urer Hillock and endeavor to straighten out the difference.
Dr. S. D. Myers, Secretary, read a short report, after which
came the election of officers.

The election resulted as follows :

Dr. W. H. Gribble, President; Dr. H. W. Brown, Vice-
President: Dr. T. B. Hillock. Treasurer; Dr. S. D. Myers,
Secretary: Dr. J. D. Fair, Censor.

Dr. H. W. Buck then read an interesting paper. What To
Do, which was followed by an excellent paper by Dr. D. S.

758

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 759

White on Tuberculosis. The paper being, in part, a report of
the International Tuberculosis Congress, Dr. White having
been sent as a delegate to that body by this association.

Dr. W. B. Washburn then read his paper, Interesting Cases,
which was true to title ; this was followed by Dr. S. D. Myers
with a report on the Results of the 1908 Clinic.

Dr. E. C. Limbaugh read an essay on Sarcoptic Mange,
which was followed by Dr. B. C. Eldridge, My Experience
with Indigo in the Treatment of Poll-Evil and Fistulous With-
ers.

We then adjourned to meet at the banquet hall of the
Northern Hotel at 8.00 p. m.

The banquet was a success in every particular, seventy-five
members and visitors surrounded the gorgeously decorated
tables. After the coffee had been served, the association ex-
tended a vote of thanks to the local committee and to the
management of the hotel. The literary programme was then
again taken up. Dr. G. W. Cliffe read a well prepared paper
entitled the Future Policy of the Profession. This was fol-
lowed by a very interesting paper on Epizootic Lymphangitis
by Dr. J. D. Fair. The Doctor gave an account of cases which
he had met in his practice. Dr. C. H. Case then read an ex-
cellent paper, Resection of the Flexor Pedis Tendon for the
Relief of Nail Wounds Penetrating the Navicular Bursae. The
Doctor reported a number of cases which had been operated by
him and his partner, Dr. J. F. Planz.

Dr. Sidney D. Myers presented a report on the Results of
the 1908 Clinic * as follows:

Prior to this time no record has been kept of the cases
operated at our clinics, therefore, the final results were not
generally known so, with your permission, we will deviate some-
what from the former custom and give you a brief synopsis of
each and the final result as far as we have been able to trace
the case.

For this information I am indebted to the members of the
clinic committee and especially to Dr. D. H. Udall.

No. t. Fistula of the Lateral Cartilage — An eight-year-
old bay gelding, weight about 1,000 pounds, condition fair.

History: Medium graded lameness in left front foot for
several months, cauterization without results.

*For Report of Clinic see American Veterinary Review, May, 1908, Vol.
XXXIIL, page 218.

7G0 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Symptoms : Pronounced parachondral phlegmon over
medial side of the left front foot, swelling hard and painful, at
the center of the swelling a fistulous canal passed forward and
downward in the direction of the lateral cartilage, small amount
of pus being continuously discharged from the fistula. Ring
formation and thickening of the hoof capsule at the inner
quarter (chronic hyperplastic pododermatitis).

Treatment: January 14th the field was prepared and the
entire foot was enclosed in an antiseptic bandage. January
15th, the animal was restrained with English trip hobbles, an-
aesthetized with chloroform, and locally with alypin.

Bayer operation performed by Dr. W. A. Axby; assisted by
Dr. J. F. Planz.

Complications : A double horn wall, and a quarter crack
which passed to the pododerm resulting in its destruction over
an area corresponding to the crack. The cartilage was re-
moved by slicing it off in small strips instead of splitting"
through the middle and removing anterior and posterior
halves. The foot was dressed in the usual manner.

Result: January 27th, a slight decrease in the grade of
lameness; pulse, temperature and respiration have remained
normal. The bandage was removed as the upper margin of the
tar bandage seemed to cause an irritation of the skin. The
operative wound was not swollen and was healing with very
little suppuration, applied tannin with no bandage. The wound
was dressed in this manner daily with an occasional appli-
cation of a moist creolin pack to relieve itching and irritation.
An ointment of aloes was applied to keep the animal from
biting the wound. Case discharged February 10th. March
15th, the owner reported the animal in fine condition. April
20th, the animal is still slightly lame, but lameness is apparently
due to the fact that a firm hoof capsule has not yet had time to
form. Owner is pleased with the results.

No. 2. Melanoma-fibroma — A seven-year-old grey percheron
mare, weight about 1,100 pounds, condition fine.

History : About eight months ago two firm swellings about
the size of a walnut on the anterior thoracic region near the
jugular groove. These swellings gradually enlarged to a firm
swelling about the size of a man's fist.

Symptoms : A large, firm, painless swelling located in the
region of the left prescapular glands. The swelling is elon-
gated and feels about the size of a man's fist.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 7G1

Treatment: The field of operation was shaved and disin-
fected, restrained patient with English trip hobbles and an-
aesthetized with chloroform.

Operation by Dr. W. A. Axby ; assisted by Dr. J. F. Plantz.
An incision about eight inches long was made over the tumor
and parallel to both the tumor and the jugular vein. The swell-
ing was enucleated by alternate use of scissors and fingers, be-
ing careful to ligate all blood vessels with which it was abund-
antly supplied. On the medial side of the tumor a groove
corresponding to the jugular vein extending its entire length.
The wound was packed with bichloride gauze and retained with
skin sutures.

The tumor was a melanofibroma, twice the size of a man's
fist and shaped like a flat oval. At the end of fifty-two hours
the pack was removed, the wound was irrigated daily with
creolin, followed occasionally with an injection of a ten per-
cent solution of chloride of zinc. By the ioth of February the
swelling had become resorbed and the wound exudate had en-
tirely ceased and the animal was discharged. Recovery was
complete.

No. 3. Cicatricial Granuloma — Patient a bay driving
mare in fair condition, weight about 1,100 pounds.

Symptoms : A cicatricial granuloma about the size of the
palm of a man's hand was located on the oro-lateral surface
of the left hock. Surface rough, no secretions.

Treatment : The animal was restrained with the English
trip hobbles, anaesthetized with alypin. Operated by Dr. J.
F. Planz; assisted by Dr. W. A. Axby. The tumor was re-
moved to the level of the skin, and the surface cauterized deep-
ly with cherry-red irons.

Result: Animal discharged January 28th, no swelling or
wound exudate up to this time, surface of wound gradually
decreasing in size. Recovery, doubtless, complete.

No. 4. Spaying cat — Median line — Surgeon, F. E. An-
derson ; assistant, W. B. Washburn. Result : Recovery.

No. 5. Spaying bitch — Median line — Surgeon, F. E. An-
derson; assistant W. B. Washburn. Result: Recovery.

No. 6. Tumor — Mammary gland — Bitch — Surgeon, W.
B. Washburn ; assistant, F. E. Anderson. Result : Recovery.

No. 7. Fistulous Withers — Patient a grey percheron
mare, in good condition, weight 1,300 pounds.

702 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

History: The animal has been unsuccessfully treated by
the owner for the past six months.

Symptoms : Fistulous opening is present dorsal to the left
scapular cartilage, abundant discharge of creamy pus, slight
swelling over left withers.

Treatment : The animal is restrained with the English trip
hobbles. Operation by Dr. J. L. Axby; assisted by Dr. F. E.
Anderson. The fistulous opening was enlarged to allow the
entrance of the hand, and the indurated tissue around the mar-
gin of the wound was dissected away. There was then recog-
nized a large cavity behind the scapula which extended down-
ward and forward a distance of ten inches, the anterior border
corresponding to that of the scapula, while the posterior of
the cavity was about five inches deep and corresponded to the
posterior border of the scapula. The dorsal spines were freely
exposed and found to be necrotic. Drainage was provided by
making a vertical incision through the cervical trapezius and
underlying muscles anterior to the scapula. After removing
the necrotic portions of the spines, the cavity was tightly
packed with bichloride gauze and retained with skin sutures.

The wound was irrigated daily with a 2% solution of creolin
and occasionally injected with a to% solution of zinc chloride
also with equal parts phenol and tincture of iodine.

The anin;al was discharged on March 18th. The wound
was closing rapidly and the animal rapidly regaining her flesh.

At the last account the wound was discharging only a small
amount of pus, and it is supposed she eventually recovered.

No. 8. Splint — Patient a grey draft gelding. Animal was
point fired by Dr. W. E. demons and was taken home by the
owner. The result is not reported.

No. 9. Ringbone — The patient was an eight-year-old dun
mule in fair condition.

History : Has shown a slight degree of ringbone-lameness
for the last six months.

Symptoms : Small circular bony swelling at the coronary
joint of the left hind limb, degree of lameness slight.

Treatment : The patient was restrained with the side-line
hobble, anaesthetized with alypin, point-fired and blistered.
Surgeon, Dr. W. E. Clemons.

At the end of a month recovery from lameness was com-
plete, regardless of the fact that directions to give the animal

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 763

complete rest were partially disregarded. At about this time
the mule was led forty miles over a muddy road, at the end
of the trip he was very lame. The lameness improved with
rest but became worse again when the animal was worked at a
plow. At the end of ten weeks he was at work but the lame-
ness and swelling were markedly increased. The animal would
doubtless have recovered under proper after treatment.

No. 10. Roarer — Patient a bay gelding, weight 1,000
pounds, animal used for light driving.

Treatment : The animal was restrained with the side-line
hobble, anaesthetized with chloroform, and the Williams opera-
tion performed by Dr. J. H. Blattenburg; assisted by Drs. H.
Fulstow and W. B. Washburn.

Result : The operation seemed to be successful for a time
but, at least reports the animal was going bad.

No. ii. Knuckling — Tenotomy performed by Dr. J. H
Blattenburg; assisted by Dr. H. Fulstow.

No. 12 and 13. Bilateral Stringhalt and Navicular Dis-
ease— Light driving horse in fair condition.

Alypin was injected over the plantar nerves of both front
legs and portions of the nerves were removed with the animal
in the standing position. In a similar manner the peroneal
tendons were separated for the relief of stringhalt. Operator
Dr. W. E. Clemons.

No. 14. Fistulous Withers — The patient a bay gelding
ten years old, weight 1.000 pounds.

Treatment : The animal is restrained with the English trip
hobbles. Operation by Dr. J. H. Blattenburg; assisted by Dr.
F. E. Anderson.

Result : A complete recovery.

Nos. 15 and 16. Spaying — Two cows, previously con-
demned for tuberculosis, spayed by Dr. H. Fulstow. One
operated through the Hank and the other through the vagina.

Result : One died suddenly, post mortem, negative. The
other recovered.

No. 17. Tumor — Horse. External metatarsal region.
Animal cast. Surgeon, Dr. E. H. Callender.

Result : Xot reported.

No. 18. Long molars — Horse. Projecting teeth cut off
by Dr. E. H. Callender.

Result: Xot reported.

704 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

No. iq. Empyema of Maxillary and Frontal Sinuses —
Patient a black gelding, weight about 1,000 pounds, in fair
condition. Animal was trephined by Dr. J. H. Blattenburg;
assisted by Dr. F. E. Anderson. The diseased tooth was not
repelled at the clinic because of lack of time. This was driven
out later by Dr. D. H. Udall and the animal eventually made a
good recovery. The latter part of June the animal was re-
turned and the corresponding tooth on the opposite side was
found to be carious and was also repelled.

No. 20. Stringhalt — Tenotomy. Animal cast. Surgeon
J. E. Thomas. Result :

No. 21. Melanoma-sarcoma of the Sheath — Patient an aged
grey gelding, weight about 1,400 pounds.

Animal was cast and operated at the clinic. After a few
days it was discovered that the tumor as not removed in its
entirety and that a second operation would be necessary. After
this was done the patient recovered.

Nos. 22 to 25. — Were cases that were presented for ex-
amination only.

Dr. W. H. Gribble offered an amendment to the constitu-
tion. The Auditing Committee, Dr. W. E. Clemons, made a
report, and the bills of the association were allowed.

On motion the association adjourned to meet at the stock-
judging pavilion, Ohio State University, at 7.30 a. m.. January

13.

The meeting was called to order by the President. H. Ful-
stow, at 8.00 a. m. The Board of Censors reported favorably
on the application for membership of H. E. Dilatush, F. B.
Jackson, W. H. Redhead, Herbert Skeels, Karl Kolbe, I. J.
Brobeck, C. F. Ward, A. C. Dunlap, J. E. Stansburrv, H. S.
Boggs, C. J. Williamson, H. S. Murphey, A. J. Wolf, G. H.
Lasher, W. H. Emig and Tip Queen, and these gentlemen
were duly elected. The in-coming officers assumed their duties
and the association took up the Clinic. The Clinic, from all
accounts, was a grand success. The demonstrations lasted
from 8.30 a. m., until late in the afternoon. The Committee
having provided a lunch for the noon-hour so that no time was
lost. We are not in a position to give a more detailed account
of the Clinic at this time, but, we hope to be able to do so at a
later date.

Sidney D. Myers, Secretary.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 7()-">

NORTH DAKOTA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The seventh annual meeting convened in the recitation room
of the Veterinary Department of the Agricultural College at
Fargo, N. D., on January 19, 1909, at 9 a. m., with President
B. C. Taylor in the chair.

The president's address was on the benefits of the associa-
tion, and its relation to the profession of veterinary science.
Twenty members answered roll call.

Minutes of the last annual meeting were read and approved.
There being no unfinished business of any importance the fol-
lowing committees reported :

Committee on Diseases — By W. F. Crewe, State Veterin-
arian, outlining the work done by the Live Stock Sanitary Board
in the last year.

Committee on Membership — By E. J. Davidson, qualification
and registration of applicants relative to by-laws, etc.

Committee on Legislation — By J. W. Robinson, relating to
passage of bill in last Legislative session creating a Live Stock
Sanitary Board, and act indemnifying for the loss of horses de-
stroyed by glanders.

Committee on Finance — By J. W. Dunham, describing the
improved condition of the association funds, due to the rapidly
increasing membership.

Committee on Programme — By C. H. Martin, complimenting
the members on their promptness and assistance in contributing
to the annual programme.

Committee on Banquet — By J. W. Dunham, considering the
prompt response and willingness of the members to participate,
he advised making this an annual affair.

There being several applicants absent by delayed trains, ad-
mission of new members and election of officers was postponed
until the afternoon session, and papers and discussions were in
order.

The first paper was read by W. F. Crewe, on Mycotic Lymph-
angitis. He described several cases that he and members of the
Bureau of Animal Industry had diagnosed and treated. On ac-
count of its close resemblance to Farcy he laid great stress on the
mallein test as a diagnostic agent. Drs. Robinson and Smith de-
scribed cases they had seen, and a general discussion followed
by a majority of the members present.

700 • SOCIETY MEETINGS.

D. Fisher read a paper on Adrenalin Chloride, reporting sev-
eral cases of azoturia where he had excellent results. Discus-
sion was very lengthy by all members.

Dr. Van Es cited where he had used it in operations on
mucous membranes with good results. Dr. Davidson had good
results of its use in diseases of the eye, especially in canine prac-
tice.

The meeting then adjourned until 1.30 p. m.

Meeting called to order by President Taylor at 2 p. m.

The following applications for membership were presented :
Ernest Schneider, Kulm, N. D. ; C. H. Babcock, New Rockford,
N. D.; S. S. Westgate, Russell, N. D.; E. J. Walsh, Willow City,
N. D. ; T. G. Kenny, Bismarck, N. D. ; Jos. E. Carter, Fargo, N.
D. ; L. A. Benson, Rolette, N. D. ; Geo. Davidson, Rugby, N. D. ;
J. W. Jackson, Souris, N. D. ; J. F. Sylvester, Langdon, N. D.

After being vouched for and endorsed by the membership
committee, they were admitted under suspension of the rules.

The election of officers being in order, the following were
elected for the following year : President, W. S. Stinson, Graf-
ton, N. D. ; Vice-President, J. B. Campbell, Larimore, N. D. ;
Secretary, C. H. Martin, Valley City, N. D. ; Treasurer, D.
Fisher, Grandin, N. D.

The reading of papers was then resumed.

Hog Cholera and its Management, by L. Van Es. This was
a very thorough and interesting paper, describing the immunizing
process at the station, method of procuring serum, its applica-
tion and results in the various herds in the State the past sum-
mer; he also exhibited and demonstrated some very interesting
post mortem specimens, showing the lesions of the disease. Dis-
cussions by Drs. Robinson, Crewe, Smith and Davidson.

B. C. Taylor read a report of a case in a cow, where the
skin of the neck and shoulders was distended with air, where he
could find no puncture or wound for its admission. On posting
the animal he found a ruptured lung and a fracture of one of the
rings of the treachea. Discussion by all the members.

J. W. Robinson reported a case of puncture and open joint,
of the stifle, describing the line of treatment and results.

This was generally discussed by all members present, and
Drs. Schneider, Cliff, Crewe and Van Es gave their treatment
and results, in cases of infected bursa and joints.

R. C. Cliff read a paper, Wounds of a Fistulous Nature, and
described his treatment and results of the injection of turpen-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 767

tine. Discussed by Drs., Taylor, Schneider and Davidson, giv-
ing their various results in the same line of treatment.

E. J. Davidson reported some cases of Purpura, and in-
formed us that he had excellent results in using Adrenalin Chlor-
ide as one of the medicinal agents. Discussion by all the mem-
bers.

New Business.

The Board of Directors of the North Dakota Agricultural
College having decided to establish a four year course in Veter-
inary Science, Dr. Van Es gave us an explanation and outline
of the work in each branch of the course, which was approved
and endorsed by the association.

It was moved and seconded that a committee of three be
appointed to draft resolution to report on the following day (car-
ried).

President Taylor appointed the following: Drs. Van Es,
Smith and Crewe.

It was moved by Crewe, seconded by Robinson, and carried,
that a committee of three be appointed to be known as a Veter-
inary Institute Committee, to have authority to procure subjects
and material for the clinical work at the next annual meeting,
and to procure experts in each branch of the clinics to direct the
same.

It was moved by Smith, seconded by Dunham, that one hun-
dred and twenty-five dollars ($125) of the association funds be
contributed for the expenses of the Institute Committee (car-
ried).

The meeting then adjourned until next day at 1 1 a. m.

At 8 p. m. the association met in a body at the Gardner Hotel,
where covers were laid for thirty-five, and a sumptuous repast
was partaken of. After cigars had been passed Dr. Dunham
was chosen toastmaster, and after dinner speeches contributed to
by President Worst of the Agricultural College, Professor Rich-
ards of the College, and Mr. Donnelly of the Live Stock Asso-
ciation, who were guests of the Veterinary Association at the
banquet; short speeches were also made by Drs. Crewe, Van Es
and Dunham.

A 9 a m., January 20, the association convened at the
operating room of the Veterinary Department, where a few ex-
aminations, a post mortem and minor operations were conducted
by Dr. Van Es.

rGS SOCIETY MEETINGS.

At 1 1 a. m. the meeting was called to order, with President
Stinson in the chair.

Under the head of new business a discussion was brought up
relative to the mallein and tuberculin tests, the reaction, eleva-
tion of temperatures, etc., and the scale fees to be charged for
same. Discussion was taken part in by all members present,
and it was moved and seconded, that a committee of three be
appointed to meet at some centrally located place within thirty
days to draw up a schedule of fees to be charged in making these
tests, and the secretary to furnish each member a copy of the
committee proceedings.

It was also moved by Davidson, seconded by Fisher, that the
association pay the actual expenses of the members of this com-
mittee (carried).

A subject was then brought up regarding illegal practitioners
in our State, which was thoroughly discussed by all members
present, and it was the consensus of opinion that a Prosecuting
Committee should be appointed, and each member should report
to the committee of any illegal practice in their respective dis-
tricts.

It was moved by Fisher, seconded by Van Es, that a com-
mittee of three be appointed (carried).

President Stinson then called for a report of the committee
on resolutions, by Dr. Van Es, chairman.

Resolutions Passed at the Seventh Annual Meeting of
the North Dakota Veterinary Association.

Whereas, It is the sense of this association that the work of
the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners has resulted
in the continual improvement of the profession, in the prevention
of frauds, and,

Whereas, Those labors tend to place at the disposal of the
live stock interests of the State a more efficient professional serv-
ice, be it

Resolved, That this association express its approval of and
satisfaction with the work of this board and the continued en-
forcement of the law.

Secondly.

Whereas, This association has received intelligence of the
establishment of a four year course of veterinary medicine and
surgery at the State Agricultural College, and,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 769

Whereas, After a careful examination of this course it is the
sense of this association that the projected plan will constitute a
factor in the uplifting of the profession, and,

Whereas, The association realizes the lack of facilities for the
proper training of veterinarians in the Northwest, be it

Resolved, That this association heartily endorses the action
of the Board of Trustees of the Agricultural College, and that
said Board of Trustees be commended for their favorable con-
sideration of the demand for an advanced veterinary education.

Thirdly.

Whereas, This association has from its incipiency rendered its
influence for the promotion of efficient live stock sanitation, and,

Whereas, It is the sense of this association that by the enact-
ment of the measure providing for the establishment of the Live
Stock Sanitary Board, the foundation was laid for the rational
control of contagious diseases of live stock, and,

Whereas, The labors of said Live Stock Sanitary Board have
resulted in a marked decrease in the financial loss caused by
such contagious diseases of domestic animals as the board have
been able to deal with, and,

Whereas, The lack of funds prevented said Live Stock Sani-
tary Board from extending their labors toward the eradication
of other dangerous contagious diseases, be it,

Resolved, That this association hereby signifies its approval of
any measure which has as its object to so increase the present
appropriation of said board so as to enable it to fully comply
with the demands for the proper protection of this great in-
dustry.

Fourthly.

Whereas, It has come to the notice of this association that
in one of our most progressive cities the office of municipal dairy
inspector has been placed in the charge of a non-veterinarian, and,

Whereas, By evidence on hand and common repute the veter-
inarian heretofore in charge of said work has rendered most ef-
ficient services, and,

Whereas, The representatives of the veterinary profession, by
their vocation and education are the only profession especially
fitted for this kind of work, be it,

Resolved, That this association express its disapproval of such
a selection, be it further

770 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Resolved, That it is the sense of the association that by
entrusting such an important office to a non-veterinarian the
great object of milk sanitation is largely defeated.

Fifthly.

Whereas, This association is cognizant of the great efforts
made for the general suppression of bovine tuberculosis, and,

Whereas, It is the sense of this association that a systematic
campaign against this disease in the State can be most economic-
ally undertaken in the near future, be it,

Resolved, That this association lend its aid and active sup-
port towards the enactment of a measure creating an ample fund
for the purpose of the carrying out of free tuberculin test of
cattle belonging to citizen residents in this State.

Sixthly.

Whereas, There is an abundance of evidence that the rational
control of infectious and contagious diseases of animals, in many
instances, cannot be carried on without the aid of vaccine, sera,
and other bacteriological products, and,

Whereas, It it is apparent to this association that the time
has come for such products to be placed at the disposal of the
live stock industry of this State, be it,

Resolved, That this association heartily endorse a measure
for the establishment of a serum institute at the State Agricul-
tural College for the manufacture and free distribution of those
agents.

It was moved and seconded that the treasurer deposit so as
to draw five per cent (5%) interest on the association funds for
the ensuing year (carried).

The following committees for the ensuing year were ap-
pointed by President Stinson.

Prosecution — Smith, Davidson and Taylor.

Banquet — Dunham, Van Es and Carter.

Diseases — Crewe, Walsh and Cliff.

Finance — Taylor, Winsloe and Chisholm.

Legislation — Smith, Robinson and Cusack.

Resolutions — Van Es, Davidson and Campbell.

Programme — Martin, Babcock and Sims.

Membership — E. J. Davidson, G. Davidson and Benson.

Institute — Van Es, Crewe and Davidson.

Mallein and Tuberculin — Crewe, Van Es and Martin.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 771

A vote was taken as to the next place of annual meeting and
Fargo, N. D., was the unanimous choice.

The meeting then adjourned until the next annual meeting
subject to call of the secretary.

C. H. Martin, Secretary.

KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The regular monthly meeting for January was held at Don-
aldson's Hall, Broad and Filbert Streets, Philadelphia, on
January 12, 1909.

The president, Dr. John Reichel, occupied the chair. The
attendance consisted of fifteen members and ten visitors.

The Committee on Legislation through its chairman re-
ported the successful prosecution in Reading of a case to de-
termine the legality of any one but a registered veterinarian
to practice veterinary dentistry.

The feature of the evening was a paper by Dr. C. J. Mar-
shall on " Some of the Hereditary Unsoundness of the Horse."

Dr. Marshall stated that his paper was largely the result of
his studies, following his appointment by the Breeders' As-
sociation of Penna. to investigate in co-operation with two
breeders what should constitute transmissible unsoundness in
horse-breeding. The purpose of this investigation was to
determine what legal regulations might appropriately be taken
to control or prevent the use of undesirable breeding stock
in Pennsylvania. He observed that the more he studied the
subject and the more he consulted reports, the more dim-
cult it was for him to arrive at a conclusion which would be
safe and reliable, and yet not hamper or unduly restrain the
enterprise.

All that listened to the paper commended Dr. Marshall
on the discretion with which he treated the subject, and, though
there were very many differences of opinion on certain points
touched on in the paper, everyone was more than ever con-
vinced that the subject needed the careful and persistent study
of the veterinary profession.

As a result of this conviction, a motion was made to ap-
point a permanent committee of three which should in every
way possible stimulate inquiry along these lines, gather

772 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

statistics and compile evidence. The several members of the
Association were urgently requested to forward to this com-
mittee any data on this subject which they might gather in the
course of time.

Dr. T. Earle Budd, a member of the New Jersey Live
Stock Commission, who recently returned from a trip to
Europe along with Commissioners Ephriam T. Gill, of Had-
donfield, N. J., and Frederick C. Minkler, of New Brunswick,
N. J., reported some of his observations in the breeding es-
tablishments abroad. He was fully convinced of the absolute
necessity of some legal regulation of breeding as the paper of
the evening suggested, and he looked forward to the time
when such regulations would be carried into effect in all the
States.

Dr. Benjamin E. Underhill in discussing the paper laid very
strong stress on the importance of faulty conformations, these
to his mind constituted more serious hereditary defects than
visible unsoundness.

Dr. J. McDonough, of Montclair, N. J., emphasized the
fact that faulty shoeing was perhaps more than any one thing
responsible for the development of abnormalities of gait and
conformation which could gradually be perpetuated by breed-
ing.

Mr. Ephriam T. Gill, of Haddonfield, N. J., gave a resume
of the policy that was being pursued in New Jersey to improve
the horsekind. The State was stationing desirable types of
sires in different localities where such would not conflict with
established stud farms. By this means it is hoped that the
breeders of all sections of the State will be able to put their
brood mares to stallions of high-class type and pure blood.

The meeting adjourned at 11.15 P- m-

The regular monthly meeting for February was held on
February 9, 1909, at Donaldson's Hall, Broad and Filbert
Streets, Phila.

In the absence of the president the chair was occupied by
Dr. A. W. Ormiston.

There were fifteen members and several visitors present.

On the motion of Dr. H. W. Hoskins the Association re-
quested the Board of Directors to draw up resolutions of
sympathy to be forwarded to the relatives of its two recently
deceased members, Dr. Walter L. Hart and Dr. Chas. M. Cul-
len. both of Philadelphia.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 773

The next monthly meeting of the Association would give
place to the annual meeting of the Penna. State Veterinary
Medical Association and in view of this fact the Association
instructed three of its members to act in its behalf and do all
in their power to make the coming meeting of the state as-
sociation as helpful and popular as possible.

The applications for membership of Drs. Walter McHenry,
P. F. Murphy and Lewis B. Horner were received and re-
ferred to the Board of Censors.

The papers of the evening were :

i. " Penetrating Street Nail," by Dr. S. J. J. Harger.

2. " Subcoronary Abscess," by Dr. J. W. Adams.

3. " Mud Fever/' by Dr. Hiram W. Eves.

The first paper was ably handled by its author, who illus-
trated clearly from diagrams the several anatomical regions in-
volved by such a term and the surgical mode of treatment in
each case, when such procedure was deemed necessary.

The second subject having been assigned to the author he
remarked in introduction that the term "Subcoronary Abscess"
was really a misnomer, and that it would be more accurately
designated "Phlegmon of the Coronet," for there was seldom,
if ever, a circumscribed area of suppuration.

The author reviewed the anatomy of the region involved
and dwelt upon the histology of the area in as far as it had a
bearing upon helping the surgeon to estimate the gravity and
location of the involvement, and then concluded, by a graphic
description, of the method of surgical relief.

Most cases are thought too lightly of in their preliminary
stages and for this reason surgical relief is often ineffectual be-
cause it is too long delayed.

The paper on " Mud Fever," by Dr. Hiram W. Eves had to
be postponed for the hour was late and adjournment voted.

S. Lockett, Secretary.

VIRGINIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA-
TION.

The midwinter session of the above association was held in
Richmond, January 8, 1909. This was decidedly the most en-
thusiastic meeting held in years. All the members seemed to be
awakening to the great possibilities before them, realizing that
the profession is moving upward with tremendous strides, and

774 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

the fields of usefulness widening in the same proportion. Since
the city, state and federal governments are taking such decisive
stands regarding the milk and meat production we realize that
there is great need for trained veterinarians in securing health-
ful and sanitary sources of these staple articles of food.

We were very glad to welcome back our former comrade and
co-worker, Dr. Chas. McCulloch, who for several years has been
unable to attend the meetings. Dr. Frazier Smith's genial coun-
tenance also shone in our midst; he, too, has not been able to
meet with us for some time. Surely it is gratifying to have
them back with us and may circumstances always favor us with
their presence.

Several members who were faithful attendants, always taking
an active part in the work, have been missed for some time; we
will be glad to welcome them back to ranks and hope they
may make it convenient to meet with us in July at Hampton,
Va., where a special program will be rendered.

After the reading and adoption of the minutes, the following
gentlemen in strong, bold voices, signifying their delight, re-
sponded to roll call : Drs. H. Bannister, Geo. C. Faville, W. T.
Gilchrist, Chas. McCulloch, H. S. Willis, J. G. Ferneyhough,
Ed. Ferneyhough, Thos. Frazier, C. H. Epps, Frasier Smith, W.
Vaughn Lloyd, R. R. Clarke, E. P. Wood, H. H. Adair and
W. G. Chrisman. The first order of business was the report of
the Board of Censors, which recommended the following gen-
tlemen for membership: Dr. R. E. Ferneyhough, Warrenton;
Dr. W. A. Coyner, Winchester; Dr. J. P. McDonough, Rich-
mond.

This report met with the approval of the association and the
gentlemen were cordially received.

The second feature of business was the report of the treas-
urer, which showed a balance of $61.

According to our custom it was time to elect officers, the re-
sult is as follows :

President, S. C. Neff, Staunton, Va.

Vice-President, J. G. Ferneyhough, Burkeville, Va.

Second Vice-President, Chas. McCulloch, Howardsville, Va.

Secretary and Treasurer, W. G. Chrisman, Charlottesville,
Va.

Under the head of new business, a motion was made to have
a permanent Committee for Programme. The Chair appointed
on this committee Drs. McCulloch. Bannister and Faville. These

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 775

gentlemen, recognizing the importance of their duty, called a
meeting at once and arranged the following programme :

Programme for Meeting to be held on July 9, 1909.

After the regular order of business :

A paper by Dr. Clark on Some Features of Modern Surgery,
No. 25.

A paper by Dr. McCulloch on a Comparative Study of Oph-
thalmia, No. 15.

A paper by J. G. Ferneyhough, The Relation of the State to
the Eradication of Tuberculosis, No. 30.

Reports of Cases, by Dr. Frazier, Dr. Bannister, Dr. Gil-
christ.

Upon the motion of Dr. McCulloch, which was duly sec-
onded, the secretary was directed to furnish the journals and
leading newspapers notices of the date of the meeting of the
association, with a copy of the programme and an invitation to
the M. D. physicians and general public to attend same. Also
that a copy of the minutes of the last meeting be sent each mem-
ber of the association at least two weeks prior to the meeting,
and request that he have same published in his city or county
paper.

This ending the business part of the meeting, several very
interesting papers were read and discussed. Dr. H. H. Adair,
of Newport News, read an interesting paper, The Gangrenous
Udder of a Cow, which was discussed by Drs. Bannister, Willis
and Clarke. Dr. Clarke, of Hampton, reported a case of tape-
worm in hog.

Adjourned to meet at Hampton Normal Institute, Hampton,
Va., July 9. 1909.

W. G. Chrisman, Secretary.

SCHUYLKILL VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION.

The semi-annual meeting was held in the Board of Trade
Rooms, Reading, Pa., December 16, 1908. The meeting was
called to order by the president, Dr. Kohler, at 10.30 a, m.

Under roll call the following members responded : Drs. Huy-
ett, Bieber, Kohler, Gruber, Noack, Longacre, E, D. Longacre,
W. S. Weber and Harper. Visitors were: Dr. Geo. R. Fether-
olf, Reading; Dr. John W. Adams, member of the faculty, Veter-

776 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

inary Department, University of Pennsylvania; Dr. W. Horace
Hoskins, member of State Examining Board, and J. J. Kinney,
New York.

The president delivered a short address. The minutes of the
previous session were read and approved.

Dr. Fetherolf, Reading, was proposed for membership by Dr.
Bieber, and upon a motion by him and seconded by Dr. Kohler,
he was declared elected a member.

The secretary having read a number of communications, the
president called for reports of delegates. As delegate to the
Keystone Veterinary Association, Dr. Noack said he had at-
tended the last meeting and that an important subject discussed
there was that all veterinarians making private tuberculin tests
in the State had to send in an accurate report of their work to
the board.

Delegate American Veterinary Medical Association, Dr.
Adams, being called upon, he remarked that being the last
sessions were held in Philadelphia most of us had been down,
and that many new things could not be brought up, but refer-
ring to the clinics, he said : It seems to me some improvement
should be made as they are usually conducted; they prove not
very instructive because often many of the operators chosen, be-
ing not competent men to perform them properly, often do an
operation in a manner that is no credit to themselves, nor the
audience, who always expect to see an operation skilfully per-
formed, thus arousing criticism, as these operations should be
performed in the latest and best improved method.

He suggested that a better plan would be to have an oper-
ation performed at such clinics in a good, capacious amphitheatre,
and select a competent operator, who goes about his work in a
business-like way, explaining every detail of the operation, while
he prefers this method to another, this drug to another, etc.

Upon Dr. Adams' remarks, Dr. Noack said he himself felt
opposed to clinics at all at these organizations, but as they fill the
purpose of a great drawing card to such sessions, have them,
but they should not be conducted by a reception committee, as is
usually the case at the sessions of the American Veterinary Med-
ical Association.

Papers.

" Influenza, Complicated by Purpura," by Dr. Harper. He
reported a number of interesting cases and claimed very good
success with his method of treatment. He related his experience

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 777

with a complete choke in the horses, etxending from the phar-
ynx to the stomach, and proved upon autopsy to consist mostly of
hay and straw.

Dr. Kohler read a splendid paper upon " Obstetrics." This
subject was well discussed.

The subject of choke was again taken up. It was stated that
there was absolutely no treatment for a complete choke, of a
fibrous nature, though arcoline was highly recommended for
most cases of choke, impaction, etc. Dr. Adams again taking
the floor, related a number of interesting cases, (a) of a cat
swallowing a large sized lady's hatpin; (b) a case of symmetri-
cal fracture of the ileum in a fourteen months' old colt, produced
from a slip en route on a ship; (c) also a case, cat, where the
owner insisted that the pet cat had swallowed some glass and a
poker chip. The doctor treated the case for muscular rheuma-
tism and the animal speedily recovered.

He furthermore explained his favorite method of operating
in amputation of the penis in the horse. He says, you often get
stricture two or three months after operation in remainder of
penis.

Foot and mouth disease was also well discussed by the body
of veterinarians.

A motion was made by Dr. Longacre, E. D., and seconded
by Dr. Bieber, that the secretary draw up resolutions relative
to the new meat and milk inspection law for the city of Read-
ing, before council, and send a copy to the mayor, instructing
him as to the necessity of appointing a competent veterinarian
to that office, and that this organization highly recommend the
name of Dr. Geo. R. Fetherolf for said office.

The meeting adjourned at 5 p. m.

W. G. Huyett, Secretary.

ILLINOIS VETERINARY MEDICAL AND SURGICAL
ASSOCIATION.

The above association held its twenty-first annual session
January 27th and 28th, 1909, at the Sanitarium of Dr. S. H.
Swain, in Decatur.

It was one of the best attended and most enthusiastic meet-
ings ever held by this organization.

778 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

President F. J. Bliss, of Earlville, called the meeting to
order at one p. m., on the 27th and the roll call was responded
to by a goodly number of the membership.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read by the secre-
tary and approved by the association.

The treasurer's report showed a nice balance on hand in
the treasury.

Election of officers was then held with the following result :

President — Dr. F. J. Bliss, Earlville.

First Vice-President — Dr. N. P. Whitmore, Gardner.

Second Vice-President — Dr. S. H. Swain, Decatur.

Treasurer — Dr. V. G. Hunt, Areola.

Secretary — Dr. W. A. Swain, Mt. Pulaski.

President Bliss then appointed standing committees for the
ensuing year as follows :

Committee on Legislation — Dr. J. W. McLean, of Neoga;
Dr. J. W. Marsh, of Illiopolis, and Dr. R. Commens, of Rose
Hill.

Board of Censors — Dr. S. D. Brown, of Assumption; Dr.
W. J. Martin, of Kankakee and Dr. T. W. Corkery, of Urbana.
Committee on Program — Dr. F. J. Bliss, of Earlville ; Dr.
W. A. Swain, Mt. Pulaski and Dr. S. H. Swain, of Decatur.

Committee on Arrangements — Dr. V. G. Hunt, Areola;
Dr. C. A. Hurlbutt, Stonington and Dr. A. C. Tillman, Earl-
ville.

Dr. L. W. Archer, of Garrett, was then nominated and
elected to membership after which the following program was
carried out in detail :
2.00 p. m. " Suppurative Lymphangitis," Dr. V. O. Hanes,

Stanford.
2.30 p. m. " Dystokia," Dr. S. L. Sheidecker, Sycamore.
3.00 p. m. " Adrenalin in Veterinary Practice," Dr. R. W.

Brathwaite, Champaign.
3.30 p. m. " Abortions, Causes and Complications," Dr. N.

P. Whitmore, Gardner.
4.00 p. m. " Influenza and its Complications," Dr. V. G.

Hunt, Areola.
4.30 p. m. " Shoulder Lameness, Articular and Muscular,"

Dr. J. R. Pray, Minonk.
5.00 p. m. " Peronial Tenotomy in Treatment of String-
halt," Dr. W. J. Martin, Kankakee.
5.30 p. m. Reports of Cases.
6.00 p. m. Bano^et.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 779

Thursday, January 28, 1909.

" Colics and Their Treatments," Dr. R. Com-

mens, Rose Hill.
" Leucorrhoea," Dr. C. A. Hurlbutt, Stonington.
" Prolapsus of Uterus," Dr. I. M. Luzader, No-

komis.
" Hypodermic Medication in Veterinary Prac-
tice," Dr. S. D. Brown, Assumption.
" Naval 111," Dr. John Tyrrell, Mackinaw.
" Epithelioma and Treatment," Dr. J. W. Marsh,

Illiopolis.
" Antiseptics in Treatment of Wounds," Dr. T.
W. Corkery, Urbana.
11.30 a. m. ''Umbilical Hernia," Dr. V. O. Hanes, Stanford.
Under the head of reports of cases some very interesting
cases were reported and discussed at length.

This organization holds annual and semi-annual meetings
in January and August of each year which are well attended
and enjoyed by those in attendance.

W. A. Swain, Secretary.

8.00

a.

m.

8.30

a.

m.

9.00

a.

m.

930

a.

m.

10.00

a.

m.

10.30

a.

m.

11.00

a.

m.

ALABAMA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The following is a brief report of the recent revival of the
Alabama Veterinary Medical Association.

The old association that was organized back in the nineties
died from neglect after two or three annual meetings.

A call was sent out to all the graduate veterinarians in Ala-
bama to meet at Auburn, Ala., December 20, 1907, and organ-
ize a new association. On that date an organization was effect-
ed after some quibbling over the adoption of a constitution and
by-laws, with or without a code of ethics. Finally the code
of ethics was omitted and Dr. A. H. French, of Birmingham,
was elected president.

The first annual meeting of the association was held at
Birmingham, June 16 and 17, 1908. Most of the members were
royally entertained by Dr. A. H. French, and a very interesting
clinic was held at the hospital of Drs. French and Jackson, Drs.
Fleming, Jackson and Cary performing neurotomy, tenotomy
and quittor operations, and all members participating in diag-
nosis of cases of lameness.

7S0 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The reading of papers and discussions were held in City
Hall. E. M. Duncan, City Milk and Meat Inspector, of Bir-
mingham, read an exhaustive paper on Sanitary Regulation of
Municipal Milk Supply.

Dr. W. D. Staples read a fine paper on Inflammation.

Dr. G. W. Browning, How to Distinguish the Texas Fever
Tick from Other Ticks.

Dr. S. H. Saul read a paper on Tuberculosis in the Cow. He
also gave a talk on Treatment of Colics in the Horse.

Dr. A. H. French led a discussion' On Shoeing. Dr. C. Daly
discoursed on Tetanus. Dr. M. F. Jackson reported cases of
Rheumatism, Bone Spavin and Periodic Ophthalmia. Dr. C. A.
Cary presented a paper on Epizootic Lymphangitis. Dr. I. S.
McAdory read a paper on Gonitis. Dr. T. J. Jackson reported
a case of Rupture of the Stomach and a quick death following a
draft of cold water.

The association adopted the same code of ethics as found in
the American Veterinary Medical Association by-laws. Dr. A.
H. French was re-elected president. Dr. W. D. Staples was
elected vice-president, and Dr. C. A. Cary, secretary-treasurer.

C. A. Cary, Secretary-Treasurer.

GENESEE VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

The twelfth annual meeting was held at Rochester, January
7, 1909. Meeting was called to order by the president, Dr.
John W. Corrigan. The following members were elected di-
rectors: Drs. J. E. Smith, A. Geo. Tegg, Edward H. Nodyne,
J. E. Payne, W. B. Switzer, John O. Moore, D. P. Webster,
J. H. Taylor, John W. Corrigan, Warren E. Stocking. A re-
cess was taken for luncheon. Upon reconvening at 2 p. m. the
directors reported the election of officers for the ensuing year
as follows :

President, J. E. Smith, of Webster, N. Y. ; Vice-President,
John O. Moore, of Wilson, N. Y. ; Secretary, J. H. Taylor, of
Henrietta, N. Y. ; Treasurer, A. Geo. Tegg, of Rochester, NY.;
Censors, Edward H. Nodyne, J. E. Payne, W. B. Switzer, D. P.
Webster, John W. Corrigan, Warren E. Stocking.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 781

Applications for membership were received from Alfred J.
Tuxhill and R. Perkins, of Warsaw, which were duly referred
to the Board of Censors. The name of Prof. V. A. Moore was
presented for honorary membership and also referred to the
Board of Censors.

The newly elected president, Dr. J. E. Smith, then took the
chair. The following papers were read :

" Contagious Pneumonia in the Horse," by Dr. J. W. Corri-
gan.

" My Experience with Foot and Mouth Disease," by Dr. H. S.
Beebe.

" Four Cases of Acute Indigestion " treated with arecolin
and barium chloride, by Dr. W. B. Switzer.

' The Veterinarian as a Sanitarian," by Nelson N. Lifler.

" City Meat and Milk Inspection," by Dr. Edward H. No-
dyne.

Meeting adjourned for dinner after which the meeting was
called to order. Prof. V. A. Moore spoke of the work of the
State Veterinary College, at Ithaca, what it was doing to assist
the veterinarian in combating diseases in the lower animals.
He urged the veterinarian to take a more active part in sanitary
work of all kinds and said there should be a veterinarian a
member of every board of health. The meeting continued until
nearly midnight, the time being taken up with exceedingly in-
teresting discussions on the various subjects suggested by the
papers and by Prof. V. A. Moore's remarks.

J. H. Taylor, Secretary.

WASHINGTON STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

There has just been organized in this State an association
known as the " Washington State Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion." The first meeting was held at the Butler Hotel, in Seattle,
on January 13, 1909.

There were twenty-eight veterinarians present. Officers for
the ensuing year were chosen as follows: Dr. J. Hilton (C. V.
C), president; Dr. F. C. Erles (C. V. C), Rosalia, vice-presi-
dent; Dr. J. T. Seely (C. V. C), secretary and treasurer. Board
of Censors, Dr. S. B. Nelson (G. S. C), Dr. Phillips (W. S C),
Dr. Harrington (W. S. C).

7S2 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

A constitution and by-laws were drafted. In order to be
eligible to membership one must also be eligible to the A. V. M.
A., and approved by the Board of Censors.

The following were present — Dr. O. Hartnagle, Dr. G.
Swingley, Dr. D. Harrington, Dr. F. E. Smith, Dr. Baynes, Dr.
Richard Hickingbottom, Dr. R. Hickenbottom, Dr. G. F. Shep-
pard, Dr. W. H. Kydd, Dr. F. A. Nief, Dr. E. J. Drake, Dr.
J. Hilton, Dr. C. Cozier, Dr. A. L Taylor, Dr Kellum, Dr.
J. T. Seely, Dr. H. S. Weeks, Dr. E. T. Whitlow, Dr. S. B.
Nelson, Dr. Phillips, Dr. S. T. Miller, Dr. Phinney, Dr. C.
Boyles, Dr. Elles, Dr. Patric, Dr. Gelchrist, Dr. A. Robillard,
Dr. A. H. Fehr.

After adjournment a banquet was enjoyed in one of the
private dining rooms of the Butler, and a very enjoyable even-
ing was spent by all, at which every member voted to boost for
the upbuilding of the W. S. V. M. A.

J. T. Seely, M. D. C,
Secretary and Treasurer.

VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF

COLUMBIA.

The regular monthly meeting was called to order by the
president, Dr. John Lockwood, at its regular meeting place in
Washington, D. C, on January 20, at 8 p. m.

Besides a large number of regular members present, the
association had the pleasure of entertaining Drs. Sesco Stewart,
of Kansas City; Glover, of Fort Collins; McKillip and Frazier, of
Chicago; Shuh, of Grand Rapids, and Gage and Turner of the
United States Army.

Several of these gentlemen made short addresses, speaking
principally of the different associations of the United States and
their work.

Dr. H. Young was the chief speaker of the evening making
an interesting and instructive talk on Dairy Inspection, as prac-
ticed in the District of Columbia.

The most important business of the meeting was the annual
election of officers, which resulted as follows : Dr. A. M. Far-
rington, president; Dr. Jno. Rome, vice-president, and Dr. M.
Page Smith, secretary.

M. Page Smith, Secretary.

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Nearly one-half of the meat supply of the country does not
come under federal inspection.

The students of the New York State Veterinary College held
their annual banquet on February 26th.

The Board of Directors of the North Dakota Agricultural
College has decided to establish a four-year course in veterinary
science.

The Arkansas Veterinary Society held its annual meet-
ing on February I, 1909. Time and place of next meeting sub-
ject to call of the Chair.

The Colorado veterinary practice act has passed third read-
ing in the House and our colleagues in Colorado are hopeful of
its final passage at this session of the Legislature.

Dr. A. G. Fisk, of Glenwood Springs, has associated himself
with Dr. A. P. Drew, of Grand Junction, Col., whose extensive
clientele and well filled hospital makes such an arrangement
mutually beneficial.

The Finance Committee of the Colorado Legislature has re-
ported favorably on an appropriation for a new veterinary build-
ing for the Veterinary Department of the Colorado State College
of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

The annual dance of the Epsilon Chapter of the Alpha Psi
Fraternity at Houston Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Phila-
delphia, on the evening of February 23d, proved to be one of
the most enjoyable social events of the season.

Dr. M. H. Reynolds, of Minnesota, recently gave evening
addresses on " Milk, Clean or Unclean," at Denison, Iowa, and
Fort Dodge in the same state, at the latter place under the
auspices of the Iowa State Association meeting.

783

rS4 NEWS AND ITEMS.

The Indiana Veterinary College will " break ground " about
the middle of March for their new building, which will be 70 x
130, and comprise a modern hospital, a new bacteriological lab-
oratory, a large lecture room, a clinic room, and an amphitheatre
for stock judging.

At the annual meeting of the B. A. I. Veterinary Inspectors'
Association, held at the Pathological Laboratory, Forty-second
and Halsted streets, Chicago, 111., on February 12th, officers were
elected as follows: President, Dr. E. W. Barthold; Vice-Presi-
dent, Dr. Young; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. D. D. Tierney.

The State Legislature of Colorado visited the Colorado Agri-
cultural College in a body February 27th. A special train was
furnished by the student body. Refreshments were served at
the noon hour at the college, after which automobiles were pro-
vided to show the visitors over the campus and college farm.

South Dakota in Line. — An act to regulate the practice
of veterinary medicine has just passed the Legislature of South
Dakota. Dr. J. A. Graham, Sioux Falls, Secretary of the State
Association, says the law is a good one, that it contains a five-
year clause, and that applicants for examination have to be gradu-
ates of a three-year college giving instruction at least twenty-
six weeks each year.

Death of Dr. Chas. E. Cullen. — Chas. E. Cullen, V.M.D.,
graduate University of Pennsylvania, Veterinary Department,
class " 1887," died in Philadelphia, February 4, 1909, from acute
Bright' s disease. He was forty-five years old and leaves a wife
and four children. He enjoyed a lucrative practice and for many
years was active as a member of the public school board in his
district. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State and Key-
stone Veterinary Medical Associations.

McNair-Service Wedding. — An interesting society event at
Berkeley, California, was the wedding of Dr. Frederick H. Mc-
Nair, city veterinarian of Berkele)', and Miss Ida Irene Service
of the same place, which occurred on the evening of the last day
of the old year. The bride is well known in North Berkeley so-
ciety where the Service family have long lived. Dr. McNair is
a native of New York and a graduate of Cornell University. Dr.
and Mrs. McNair are " At Home " at Berkeley, California.

NEWS AND ITEMS. 7S5

Dr. B. F. Kaupp, Veterinary Department of the Colorado
State College, Fort Collins, was unable to attend the semi-annual
meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, of which
body he is secretary, held at Kansas City, February 2-3, because
he was at the time undergoing treatment made necessary on ac-
count of an accidental injury to his hand which occurred while
holding an autopsy on one of his experimental rabbits dead of
rabies. The treatment has been successful.

May Breed Sick Cattle. — In an opinion to State Commis-
sioner of Agriculture Pearson, Attorney General O'Malley holds
that the amendment adopted last year to the agricultural law,
authorizing the State Commissioner to make experiments to de-
termine the best methods to prevent the spread of bovine tuber-
culosis, gives the Commissioner the right to buy cattle suffering
from tuberculosis and to breed from them, so as to determine
whether the offspring of such cattle are sound or are affected by
tuberculosis. — (N. Y. Herald.)

The second annual banquet of the Delta Chapter of the Alpha
Psi fraternity was held at the Coates House, Kansas City, Mo.,
February 3, 1909. The after-dinner speeches were enthusiastic
and upon topics appropriately selected by the toastmaster, Dr.
Clifford Carter.

The chapter has a membership of fifty-eight, 36 active. 12
graduates, and 10 honorary members. The honorary members
are : Drs. L. R. Baker, R. F. Eagle, A. T. Kinsley, R. P. Lyman,
Arthur Trickett, D. B. Leininger, S. L. Stewart, H. E. Kingman,
I. Newson and Lee Sanger.

The results of cases presented at a clinic should invariably
be reported at a subsequent meeting for the benefit of those in-
terested, but, strange to say, this important part seems to be
generally neglected by those who conduct clinics at our associa-
tion meetings. This is a keen disappointment to many. The
Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association, however, makes a
most noteworthy exception in this matter of general neglect by
presenting at its recent annual meeting a record of each and
every case of the 1908 clinic, giving a brief synopsis of each and
the final result, which may be found in this number of the
Review, page 759.

780 . NEWS AND ITEMS.

Modification of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Quarantine.
— The Federal quarantine on account of foot-and-mouth disease
has been still further modified by the Secretary of Agriculture,
effective February 25, and the territory under quarantine has
been considerably reduced so as to include only the particular
townships in which the disease existed, together with certain ad-
joining townships. The territory remaining under quarantine is
now as follows : In Pennsylvania, the entire county of Phila-
delphia, including the city of Philadelphia, and portions of the
counties of Berks, Bucks, Center, Clinton, Columbia, Dauphin,
Chester, Delaware, Juniata, Lancaster, Lehigh, Lycoming, Mont-
gomery, Montour, Northampton, Northumberland. Snyder,
Union and York; in Michigan, portions of Macomb, Oakland and
Wayne counties ; in New York, portions of the counties of Erie,
Genesee, Monroe, Niagara, and Orleans; and in Maryland, Dis-
trict No. 6 in Carroll County and District No. 6 in Baltimore
County.

Live stock may be shipped interstate from these areas for im-
mediate slaughter after having been inspected and certified by the
Bureau of Animal Industry, subject to permission of State au-
thorities at destination. Live stock intended for other purposes
may be moved interstate from these areas only upon permission
of the Secretary of Agriculture and under such restrictions as
he may impose in each case. Hides, skins, and hoofs removed
since January 1, 1909. which have not been in contact with hides,
skins, or hoofs removed prior to that date, may be moved inter-
state without disinfection or certification, subject to permission
of State authorities at destination. Hay, straw, and similar fod-
der may be moved interstate from the quarantined area only upon
certification by the Bureau of Animal Industry.

All portions of Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan, and
Maryland other than the area above mentioned are released en-
tirely from the Federal quarantine, and interstate shipments of
live stock, hides, skins, hoofs, hay, straw, etc., may be made with-
out restrictions except such as may be imposed by State authori-
ties at destination.

This modification of the quarantine has no practical effect at
the present time on export shipments to Great Britain, as the
British quarantine against the entire four States named remains
in full force, and even if shipments from those States were al-
lowed to be made from the United States they would not be per-
mitted to land at British ports.

m&AMmuems JW- 1 19S5

SF

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