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LEONARD PEARSON.

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AMERICAN

VETERINARY REVIEW

EDITED BY

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PROF. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M.

Member Central Society of Veterinary Medicine (Paris). Honorary Fellow Royal College of
Veterinary Surgeons (England). Foreign Corresponding Member Academy of Medicine
Bruaelles ( Belgique).

Prof. ROBERT W. ELLIS, D.V.S.

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF

J.G. RUTHERFORD, V.S., H.A.R.C.V.S. Vet-
erinary Director-General and Live Stock
Commissioner, Ottawa, Canada.

Prot.

W. J. Coatss, M.D., D.V.S., New
York-American Veterinary College. |

Prof. O. SCHWARzKOoPF, D.V.M., U.S.
— Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
Prof. L. WiiiraMs, V.S., New York
State Veterinary College, ‘Ithaca, N. Y.

Prof. S. STEWART, Kansas City Veterinary
College, Kansas mite oO.

M. H. McKuittip, M.D., V.S., of McKillip
Veterinary College, ‘Chicago, Ill.

Wo. HERBERT SANE, D.V.S., Pres’t N. J.
State Board Vet. Med. Ex., Paterson,

F. C. GRENSIDE, V.S., New York City.

Prof. M. H. REYNOLDS, University of Minne-
sota, St. Anthony Park, Min

Wn. H. DAtrRyMpLE, M. RCV: Sy Veter-

inarian Louisiana Ag. Exp. Sta’, Baton

a F. De Vine, D.V.S Chief Veterinarian to
ee York State Dept. of Agr., Albany,

D. cereus, HuGues, Ph.D., D.V.M., In-
or Commissary Dept., v.s. Army,
Chicago, Ill.
L, A. MerRILLaT, V.S., Chicago Veterinary
ollege, Chicago, iil.

D.E. SALMON, D.V.M., University of Mon-

tevideo, Uruguay.
Prof. VERANUs A. Moore, Director, New
to State Veterinary College, Ithaca,

phaias” ay P. Ly wan (Serverd), oy 4
Kansas City Veterinary a
| eet City, Mo.
C.J. MARSHALL, V.M. D. Philadelphia, Pa.

Rouge, La.
Joun P. O'LEARY, V.M.D., eee of Ani-
mal Industry, Buffalo, N oe.

Joun R. MoHLER, V.M.D., Chief of Patho-
een Division, B. Ag 1., Washington,

And several others.

VOLUME XXXVI.

NEW YORK:
PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW,
509 WEST 152d STREET.

997751

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AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.

OCTOBER, 1909.

EDITORIAL.
RI NE) ME PCS NEE a i Pt 1 8 SRR
LEONARD PEARSON.

In the same number in which we record the recent brilliant
meeting of the A. V. M. A., we regret to have to report the
death of one of its most distinguished members. One whose ge-
nial presence and words of wisdom were missed at the Chicago
meeting by his fellow-members; but little did they think, that in
less than a fortnight from the time of its closing, he would be no
more, and that they would never see him again. This distin-
guished veterinarian died in the prime of his life and in the midst
of his accomplishments, a victim of his ambitions. Possessed of
a naturally keen intellect, and a thirst for knowledge gratified
by years of devotion to scientific training, both in this country
and abroad, he was equipped for his life-work in a manner that
could not escape the notice of his fellow-men, be they professional
or laymen. As a result of this recognition of his unusual fitness
and his attractive personality, positions and honors were thrust
upon him ere he had scarcely stepped beyond the threshold of his
chosen career. With that beautiful modesty, which is the hand-
maiden to greatness, he accepted the honors, not as honors
merely, but with a full intention of conscientiously performing
the duties that they incurred. His professional life as he shaped
it, or as providence shaped it for him, was not alone a brilliant
but also a progressively useful one; and added much to the ad-
vancement, not alone of veterinary science, but also to sanitary
medicine and the live stock industry. His memory will always
have associated with it, nobility of character, integrity of purpose
and purity of life; attributes which were his. In his death the
veterinary profession has suffered a calamity and the REvrew
has lost a valued collaborator.

CEES Se BESS GEE oat oo

_

{

2 EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
Paris, August 15, 1909.

Oosporosts.—Under the name of Oosporosis, Prof. Rogers
prefers to designate a number of diseases due to parasites which
have been placed in different families: Leptothrix, Streptothrix,
Cladothrix, etc., and in the Presse Medicale of June 16 and 23,
1909, he has published two long articles on the subject, from
which I extract the parts that may interest us as veterinarians.

Three oosporosis are actually individualized and well known.
One is common to man and animals; it is actinomycosis, produced
by the Oospora Bovis (streptothrix bovis, actinomyces) or better
the Oospora Bovis Communis. The second is a special disease of
horses, the African farcy, which has no connection with the farcy

of cattle or of man: it is due to the Oospora Farcima discovered -

by Nocard. The third is described under the name of Strepto-
thrix Madua, and gives rise to a disease common in India; the
Mycetoma or Madura’s foot.

By its frequency and extension, actinomycosis occupies the
first rank, and yet notwithstanding the numerous studies made
on it, the biological characters of its pathogenous elements are
not well established, the description given by the authors are quite
different, and from them it seems proper to admit the existence
of several parasites able to produce diseases, clinically analogous,
if not identical. Some authors have proposed to designate under
the riame of actinomycosis the disease due to the agent most com-
monly met with, the Oospora bovis communis, and to call pseudo-
actinomycosis the affections due to the other species or varieties
of the same kind. But this expression of pseudo-actinomycosis is
not acceptable, and it is better to apply that of Oosporosis with
yellow tufts, reserving that of actinomycosic oosporosis for the
most common diseases.

The observations of oosporosis with yellow tufts developing
like actinomycosis are quite numerous. They give rise to suppur-

a re

EE

EDITORIAL, 3

ations noticeable by their chronicity, their tendency to ulcerate in
several places and give rise to lasting fistulz. In all the cases the
yellow tufts, characteristic of actinomycosis, are present; but
their cultures give different oosporas, sometimes pathogenous to
laboratory animals and again sometimes harmless. But with
all that a positive fact exists, viz.: that lesions of actinomycosic
appearance containing yellow tufts do not depend upon one single
kind of parasites; and the mycologic study of each observed case
becomes necessary so as to succeed in establishing some clinical
distinctions relating to the nature of the parasite. At any rate,
several authors have attempted to classify the actinomycosis.
Cozzolino divides them into three groups: the true actino due to
Oospora Bovis; the pseudo-actino due to four different oosporas :
the O. Israeli, O. Affanassiew-Schultze, O. Liebmann, O. Poncet
Dor, and finally the bacilli pseudo-actinomycosis, of which four
varieties are admitted : the anaerobic bacillus of Sawtschenko, that
of Krassnobajew, that of Ligniéres-Spitz and that of Cozzolino.

*
* a

_ The class of oosporas includes a great number of species.
Saccardo has described seventy-nine. There must be added to
those many more, designated as Streptothrix .or Nocardia.
Oosporas are existing in immense numbers in the air, on the
ground, and in the water. And it can be easily understood how
then they can easily be deposited on vegetables and animals. In
a certain number of cases they live on vegetables in a kind of
symbiosis, and give rise to various diseases and specially to no-
dular lesions. Brocq-Rousseau has described one kind which he
found on oats, even on those that looked sound and healthy, and
where these are exposed to dampness they take an odor of mouldi-
ness. This oospora is known as the Streptothrix Dassonvillei and
is much like the Oospora Foersteri.

Oosperas are frequently detected on vegetables and grami-
neous. They may readily infect, by a simple accidental prick,

4 EDITORIAL,

the mucous membranes or the skin and give rise to disease. An
Oescphageal Oospora has been caused by a prick from an ear of
wheat. It is easy to understand that Oosporas, thus disseminated
in vegetables, may soil teguments and skin of man and animals,
specially the herbivorous. And it is not surprising to find fre-
quently oosporas in the vaccine matter of the udders of heifers.
The diseases produced by oosporas are specially frequent in herbiv-
orous animals and in man. They consist at times in simple sup-
puration, at others in manifestations of tuberculous appearance.
These two aspects are those assumed equally by actinomycosic
lesions. For a long time clinics have brought out the analogies
that exist between actinomycosis and tuberculosis. This clinical
analogy corresponds perhaps to mycological analogies. Many
learned people think that the so-called bacillus of tuberculosis is
but an Oospora, which ought not to be placed among the bacteri-
aceous. The arguments in favor of this assimilation are already
numerous and important, they deserve the attention of biologists.
The works of many have confirmed the analogy existing between
the agent of tuberculosis and oosporas. Reciprocally, in inoculat-
ing to animals cultures of oosporas, acido-resisting bacilli can be
found in the lesions, which are by their form, size and coloration,
identical to the bacilli of tuberculosis.

The constatation of bacilli thus analogous to that of Koch is
then no longer sufficient to confirm positively a diagnosis of tu-
berculosis. If already acido-resisting bacilli can induce one ut
error, now the oosporas come also to interfere. Tuberculin itself
is unable to solve the question, as animals inoculated with
oosporas react like tuberculous animals will, a fact doubly inter-
esting for clinics and nosography, as it establishes a new point of
relation between oosporosis and tuberculosis.

Ba
K ok

Abundantly distributed in the air, on the ground, in the water,
upon living vegetables, on animal and vegetable putrefying detri-

eee

EDITORIAL, 5

tus, OOsporas can with the greatest facility contaminate man and
animal. Harmless parasites in many instances, they can give rise
to infections which are often very serious.

Comparative pathology teaches us that there are oosporosis

in invertebrates, reptiles, mammalia and specially herbivora.
While Metchnikoff has shown that a disease of locusts, the mus-
cardine, was due to oosporas, a similar origin has been found in
many other diseases of animals of the same family. Oosporas
have produced diseases in lizards and in adders.
_ Among mammalia, carnivoras are seldom affected. Rabe
records, however, three cases of suppurative glands in dogs, one
of them had purulent peritonitis and in the pus the author found a
parasite, which he called Cladothrix Canis, an oospora.

Trolldenier made the post mortem of a dog where he found
caseous pus in the bronchial glands and acute encephalitis with
embolic nephritis. The lesions contained ‘oosporas, which were
cultivated and proved pathogenous to rabbits, guinea-pigs, cats
and dogs. Among the observations relating to herbivora, Lu-
ginger published two cases of endocarditis in cattle due to oospo-
ras. Silberschmidt recorded an observation of pulmonary pseudo-
tuberculosis in a goat, where the histological sections of the le-
sions exhibited bacilli analogous to those of tuberculosis. The -
cultures gave an oospora and their inoculation was followed by
abscesses or tubercles in rabbits and guinea pigs. In horses, Dean
has observed an oosporic abscess, at the angle of the jaw. Wallee
has found a new oospora in the blood of a horse that had died
with pasteurellose.

The observations recorded in man are very numerous and
after relating a few among them with cases where oosporas had
been found in the meninges and in cerebral abscesses, in calcar-
eous degeneration of bronchial glands and cavernous nodules of
the lungs, and also in the parts of the organism opening on the
surface of the body and communicating with the outside, such as
the eye, mouth, and respiratory apparatus, Prof. Rogers con-
cludes by urging the necessity for systematic studies and the

6 EDITORIAL,

gathering of clinical observations by which this new chapter of
Pathology, that of Oosporosis, may be completed.

*
* *

BorryoMIcosis AND. Its PARASITE.—Known in man and ani-
mals, specially in horses, where it is so frequent and where among
its lesions it constitutes most commonly the funiculitis of castra-
tion, botryomicosis has for a long time been considered as clinic-
ally specific. The anatomo-pathological criterium of botryomi-
comas is in the presence of the botryomyces or yellow tufts, muri-
form masses, floating in the pus of the fistulous or encysted in the
hyperplasic fibrous tissue.

The yellow growth is then an ordinary common lesion, but
yet its real nature is far from being fixed. Up to now, it was
considered as the agglomeration of small rounded masses (muri-
form aspect) surrounded by mucoid envelop, in the substance of
which the Gram colors numerous very fine granulations, that some
consider as spores of the pathogenous fungus of the botryomi-
cosis disease, while others describe them under the name of bot-
ryogenous microccoccus, which on account of its affinities for
coloring, is related to an involutive form of the staphylococcus
pyogenus aureus, .

Taking up recently the study of this question, Maurice Letulle
has come to a different consideration of the yellow tufts, which
he reported in the Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences.

For this author the muriform masses are essentially composed
of small hyaline masses containing, inclosed in their intimity, a
substance in pulverent state, identical to chromatinian matter.
He arrives at this idea, with the following observations: 1.
The granulations that fix the Gram, but irregularly and more or
less well, are all colored by hematoxyline acid, hematol or hema-
tein, like fragments of chromatinian substance, remains of mor-
tified cellular nuclei. Therefore, they would not be any more
spores of fungi than altered or mortified microbes. 2. The an-

EDITORIAL, 7

histidhomogenous substance, which remains colored in pale lilac
after the Gram, becomes tinted golden yellow with picro-carmin,
amber yellow with aurantia, brownish yellow with orange and
cherry red with eosine; all coloring reactions which correspond
in pathological histo-chemistry to the different varieties of hya-
line matter. 3. In the pus of botryomycoma, one meets with
_ muriform agglomeration, very small, in process of development,
formed of spherical elements in a state of hyaline degeneration
and filled with remains of chromatine. Sometimes some of the
rounded elements are still isolated, they have an unbroken nucleus
and hyaline balls in various number, 8, 16, 20 and even more. In
others the nucleus is divided into fine granulations ready for
chromatinian colors. One could almost assist at the conglomer-
ation of those isclated elements which have undergone hyaline
degeneration and filled with pulverulent chromatine.

*
* *

LETULLE has asked himself what could be the nature of these
generating hyaline cells of muriform masses, of these botryomy-
cogenous cells, as he calls them. He has always found them in
the botryomycomas of man and of horses, at times isolated, often
collected together. And again while studying in man, sections of
mucous membranes diseased with a series of very different
chronic affections (chronic enteritis, adenoma of the intestines or
of the stomach, ulcerous chronic duodenitis, ulceration of the
stomach, sporotrichosis of the mouth and throat, ete.), he has
noticed the more or less frequent presence of specific cellular ele-
ments, identical to the botryomycogenous cells and in a state of
evident phagocytose provided with marked contractility; allowing
them to advance through the meshes of the interstitial tissue;
those elements are nothing else but amebas from the digestive
canal, which is their normal habitat and which, by pathological
circumstances have become parasitic infections for the organism.
_ There is indeed an amibian dysentery. These amzbas are also
met on the surface of the skin and one can readily understand

Ww

die EDITORIAL.

that by their migration in an inflammatory center, aay can com-
plicate any ordinary suppurating process.

The immobilized parasites contribute much in keeping up the
vegetating inflammation. This may reach to the formation of
a fleshy granulation in the middle of which are encysted amebas;
in other cases the botryomycoma suppurates and the yellow tufts
appear in the pus where staphylococcus grow freely. According
to the author, the parasite of botryomycosis is then an ameba, the
suppurating varieties of this affection being due principally to
pathogenous microbes, specially the staphylococcus. The sup-
puration of the botryomycoma, which at first seem to increase
the phagocytar functions of the amzbas, hasten their hyaline de-
generation and promote, while it increases, their necrobiotic con-
glomerata, under the form of muriform masses and yellow tufts.

Since the publication of this interesting study, others have
come forward and confirmed the assertions of Letulle, by describ-
ing in a case of hotryomycosis of man four evolutive forms of
amebas. Botryomycosis then becomes an amabiosis and is no
longer a myocoscosis.

*
* *

IoDINE AS CUTANEOUS ANTISEPTIC.—The use of tincture of
iodine is not a new thing. But its exclusive use for sterilization
of the skin, of a field of operation as well as for the hands of the
surgeon is not so very old. It was Heusner, who in 1906 pro-
posed to use a solution of iodine in benzine. He claimed to have
obtained the sterility of the skin in 77 cases out of 100 where
he used it, while with the ordinary methods he had only obtained
it in 52 cases out of 100. Yet the method remained almost ig-
nored and forgotten until 1908 when Grossich took it up and
brought it back to the attention of surgeons. But this time the ©
ordinary tincture itself without the benzine was used. If this
ordinary tincture does not dissolve the fatty elements of the skin
as thoroughly as the benzine, it is not so irritating to the skin.

There are three interesting points to observe in this appli-
cation of tincture of iodine : 1. What is the scientific and prac-

EDITORIAL, 9

- tical value of the method? 2. What are the indications and

_ contra-indications? 3. What is the modus operandi? Let us
_ giance at these three points concisely.
.

| 1. The method is the “ disinfection of the skin by the appli-

cation of the tincture without any previous washing.” Can this
simple application be sufficient to obtain a perfect security to the
point of view of the asepsy of the skin? Thus obtained, is the
asepsy superior to that of ordinary methods of disinfection?

Grossich and Porter affirm that by the results they have ob-
_ tained it represents the best method for skin disinfection. Gre-
__ koff and Walther approve of it also and say that an absolute and
_ lasting asepsy of the skin can be obtained with tincture of iodine.
_ Therefore it is well proved that asepsy is obtained and that the
method is superior to all others.

It is admitted that a thorough soap and alcohol washing is
generally sufficient for the disinfection of the skin. But this ster-
ility of the skin does not last, after a short time sudorific and
sebaceous glands pour over the skin again their more or less in-
fected contents. And of course the result of the ordinary meth-
ods of disinfection is a perfect superficial cleaning, but one which
is incomplete in depth.

With iodine it is different. In solution with alcohol, it pene-
trates very easily deeply in the intercellular and lymphatic spaces
of the skin; it penetrates in the excretory ducts of the glands of
the skin; it goes deep in the thickness of the dermis and destroys
the microbes that it meets with.

However, if these facts seem to place the method with iodine
supericr to the others, it may be proper to wait for a larger num-
ber of applications before positive conclusions should be accepted.
And again the method is so simple that it seems hard to accept it
at once without greater experiments. Would it be prudent, in-
deed, to accept and use it in the presence of dirty and septic skins,
without having at least resorted to a previous cleaning before
applying the iodine.

10 EDITORIAL,

Two experiments were made. One consisted in the ordinary
disinfection first, followed by the coating of the field of opera-
tion with the iodine, and in the other without the washing with
soap, but with one made with alcohol and ether. Failure in both.
With the soap washing first, the penetration of the iodine was in-
terfered with and incomplete. With that where alcohol and ether
were used, the results have so far been insufficient, but they seem
to show no advantage upon the simple iodine application without
any cleaning of the skin of any sort.

*
* *

2. What are the indications and contra-indications? If sim-
ilar to all the other methods, that of the tincture of iodine is equal
to them in value, it must not be overlooked that iodine is a caustic
and consequently its use has to be watched when applied in some
regions. There are no general indications or contra-indications.
Or if there are any, they may be called local. It shall not be used
in regions with very thin and fine skin, round mucous membranes,
near the eyelids, the nostrils. In the neighborhood of the genital
regions or even the anus, attention is required. To resume, dis-
infection with tincture of iodine is indicated:

1. In cases of emergency, when one has not time to proceed
to a minutious cleaning of a region, in cases of arterial wounds for
instance.

2. When the application of the ordinary methods present dif-
ficulties or dangers, when it is too painful.

3. When during an operation, interference has to be applied
in a region which had not been aseptized.

4. When sterilized water is not at hand or there is no time to
prepare it.

5. On account of the power of penetration of the iodine, it is
principally indicated in regions where the skin is thick and pro-
vided with large glands or in skins which are deeply infected.

3. The modus operandi is simple. The region is prepared,
the skin shaved and with a little ball of wadding dipped in ordi-

‘nary tincture the entire field of operation is freely coated over. If
local anesthesia is to be applied, resort to it only when the tincture
of iodine is well dried. At any rate, at the moment the skin is
incised, it will be good to pass another coat of iodine over the
line of incision. When the operation is over, before applying the
dressing, place a compress, moist with alcohol, over the whole
iodined surface so as to remove the excess of iodine and prevent
caustic effects. It is important not to use too strong tincture.
There is no doubt many conditions that may present them-
selves in the practice of veterinarians, where this handy method
may render them good service.
*

r * *
_ Broop IN THE UriNE.—Searching for the presence of blood
in the urine of sick animals is probably a means of diagnosis not
usually resorted to, or at least in rare exceptions, by veterinarians.
- They often look for albumen, which is easily done, not so much
for sugar which demands a little longer manipulation; and as far
as blood is concerned, while the microscope is and will remain
the best means of diagnosis of the presence of blood in urine,
besides the classical method, there is a much simpler one which
_ is the application of Meyer’s reaction. This consists in the use
) of a special reactive, which is an alkaline solution of phenolphta-
') line, which every one can prepare by bringing to a boil, in a glass

balloon a mixture of 2 grammes of phtaleine of phenol, 20
_ grammes of anhydrous potash dissolved in 100 grammes of dis-
) tilled water and adding 10 grammes of porphyrized zine powder.
The mixture, which is red at the beginning of the heating proc-
ess, gradually discolors, and when all the color is gone, the boil-
') ing fluid is then filtered. The boiling must be very short, four or
') five minutes, and as soon as the fluid has lost its coloration the
| filtering must be done at once. The preparation, put in a well-

corked bottle, can be kept for months.
' Searching for the reaction is simple. In a test tube pour 2
» CC. of urine to test 1 of the reactive, and shake for perfect mix-

12 EDITORIAL,

ture. Then add three or four drops of ordinary oxygenated
water at 12 vol.

If the test is positive, the mixture takes a fuchsine red color,
more or less marked according to the quantity of blood in the
urine. The coloration appears gradually between a few seconds
to two or three minutes, after the addition of the oxygenated
water. This method is very sure. It has proved its value in
urine perfectly clear and good yellow color, with normal appear-
ance and even in cases where the microscope revealed only the
presence of a few rare red corpuscles in centrifugated urine.

The reaction is specific for the blood or for hemoglobin. - It
is detected in acid as well as in alkaline urine and in an am-
moniacal purulent one, kept some time without antiseptic care.
It is positive also in urine that contains albumen, pus, sugar,
biliary products, etc. It is negative in urines that contain ace-
tone, indican, or when iodides or bromides, salicylic acid, mor-
phine, phenacetine, urotropine have been taken by the sick subject.

It is specific to demonstrate the presence of the blood in urines
whenever it is present. Its easy application may suggest its use in
veterinary practice, and that is the reason of its mention in these
pages.

Ba
* ok

* VETERINARY OBSTETRICS, INCLUDING THE DISEASES OF
BREEDING ANIMALS AND OF THE NEw Born ”’ is the title of a
recent addition to American veterinary literature, by W. L. Wil-
liams, Professor of Surgery and Obstetrics in the New York
State Veterinary ealleae: of Cornell University at Ithaca, He is
also the editor.

After a short preface, where the author makes allusion to the
“most poorly and inefficiently ” teaching of obstetrics in ‘‘ Amer-
ican veterinary colleges and largely in the veterinary colleges of
the world,” and how the available obstetric literature in the Eng-
lish language is very unsatisfactory, Prof. Williams says that he
does not want to fill “a need for a comprehensive volume upon

EDITORIAL, 13

veterinary obstetrics and to closely related subjects, but hopes that
the efficiency of his work will partly supply that need.”
‘ A concise introduction follows, and then page after page,
_ without separation or indication of change in the subject, except
_ by different printing types at a heading, the reader is introduced
_ to: Obstetric Anatomy, Physiology, Coition with its Dangers and
_ Infections, Menstruation, Fertilization, Sterility, Embriology,
Teratology, Pregnancy, Hygiene of Pregnant Animals, Anom-
alies in Fecundation and Gestation, Diseases of the Pregnant
_ Animal, of the Feetus and its Membranes, Abortion, Normal
_ Parturition, Distokia, Equipment for Obstetric Work, Obstetric
_ Operations, Maternal and Feetal Distokia, Pathology of the Par-
turient, Puerperal Infections, Eclamptic Diseases, Diseases of
_ the Mammary Glands of the New Born; and then in the appen-
_ dix, the granular venereal diseases of cows and the venereal dis-
eases of sheep.

The whole work, which is the result of the greatest effort of
the author, is handsomely presented, making quite a large volume

of over 1,100 pages, illustrated with 154 figures and four photo-
micrographs after Thoms.

*
* ok

I believe the veterinary profession of America has been ex-
pecting the work of Prof. Williams for some time and I have no
-doubt that it will be received by all, practitioners and students,
with the appreciation that the efforts deserve. The work may
not fill the expectations of every one, but what book does? It
may not fill a need, and yet, with whatever deceptions may remain
after reading it, no one will deny that, differing as it does, from
what there is in English on the subjects that are treated by Prof.
Williams, points of importance have received from him a much
better attention than in whatever English works there are. And
on that anyhow the need can be considered as being filled.

For me I must say that I do not fancy the general arrange-
ment. It looks as a general mixture of all the many subjects
that the work treats of, and has an appearance of merely notes

14 EDITORIAL,

written now and then and afterwards gathered for the need of |
the case. A book of this magnitude wants to have the parts of —
which it treats clearly distinct. Their union or continuation —
must come by degrees.. And for that reason I believe that this —
excellent work would have gained had the contents been divided —

into chapters. It is true that in the introduction we are told
that a kind of subdivision, resembling one in chapters, is indi-
cated, and that the contents of the book are divided in Obstetric
Anatomy, Obstetric Physiology, etc., which would certainly even

permit of the subdivision of some thus mentioned. But thatisa |

trifling objection.

I fear the author has been too concise in some parts, such as
his anatomy, or in the teratology; and again, perhaps, different
readers will find that he has been too prolific in others, such as
in the part that treats of sterility. For me, I believe that part
alone ought to be sufficient to make the book of great value. The
division made by Prof. Williams of the causes of sterility in males
and in females and of the gathering of these in the shape of tables,
even if according to Prof. Hesse, of Berne, with the pathology
given, for every one is certainly a most important addition. And
again, one of the innovations made and which cannot fail to at-
tract attention deservingly, viz.: that which follows Obstetric
Physiology and treats of the dangers and infections of coition,
and where the author relates the personal experience he has had
with the subjects. No doubt that the articles on Specific Infec-
tions, Dourine, Genital Horse Pox, Venereal Diseases of all the
Domestic Animals, etc., will prove of great interest. The group-
ing of all these accidents is genuine, and simplify their studies
considerably.

Among the parts where I thought the author has not been up

to my expectations, is that which relates to the accouchements
proper, whether normal or abnormal. I know that Professor
Williams has had very many opportunities to deliver females of
all sizes and of all species. There is no doubt that his experience
in that direction is very great and very valuable. And I am sure
that many will look for detailed personal descriptions, which

ee

EDITORIAL. 15

might have also been illustrated. The figures that are in Veter-
inary Obstetrics are certainly meagre and would be of little as-
sistance to one looking for information, especially if his case was
the first he had to deal with in his practice.

In conclusion, I may regret the absence of any bibliographic
table in any part of the book. Such may be considered as not
essential or of any use by some, but yet it is certain that for many
readers, for students, for reference, a list of whatever is written
on the subject may be of great advantage.

In this rapid consideration of Veterinary Obstetrics I have
given the impressions that the work has left in me. I am afraid
I have not done it justice and perhaps my remarks are too general,
but with all that they cannot take off from the book of Prof.

_ Williams any of its superior qualities and of its immense useful-.

ness to all those who will be looking for sound, new and up-to-
date information. The professor has evidently worked hard and
there can be but one voice among us all to say that Veterinary
Obstetrics is a most valuable addition to the literature on the
subject, one of which the veterinary profession of America can
be proud.

However, critical reviewers of scientific works, we imagine,
ought to possess some peculiar qualifications to be able to do jus-
tice to the work they are called upon to review, and specially
when this is a kind of specific work. And on that account my
remarks may be lacking the stamp of competency which in this
case ought to be that of an obstetrician; not being one, perhaps
I am not thoroughly competent for the consideration of the mi-
-nute details contained in Williams’ work. With that feeling I have
had no hesitancy in asking Professor Moussu to look over the
work. He is an obstetrician, he is professor of that specialty in
Alfort, and surely his opinion will carry much weight. Let us
see what Professor Moussu* says: |

“Veterinary Obstetrics of Professor Williams is of a peculiar
“interest, differing notably from our classical works on the sub-
“ject. To tell the truth, it is more than a book on obstetrics, in

* That is the translation.

16 EDITORIAL.

“the strict sense of the word, it is the physiology and the path-

‘ology of the function of reproduction. Indeed the professor
“does not limit his subject to normal accouchements or distoki,
“he extends it to all the diseases, which take their origin in the
“organs of reproduction amongst the males,or females of the
“various species of our domestic animals. The result of which
“has been the edification of a very precious book for veterinar-
‘ians as well as for breeders.

“ The first part treats of the anatomy of the organs of gener-
‘ation and of the pelvic canal as well as of the annexes and of
“the mammz. The second covers the physiology of generation.
“These are concise, sufficient and without superfluous details.
“ They are followed by the accidents and diseases which may re-
“sult from coition; accidents from defectuous matching, errors
in copulation, vaginal perforations, etc., etc.; or again diseases
“transmissible by coition, horse-pox, coital exanthema, dourine,
“ ete., in mares, granular or varicuous vaginitis in cows.

“ This method of considering these conditions is evidently
“perfectly logical, and as stated before, it guides the breeder in
‘the series of phenomenas which according to circumstances do
“ sometimes necessarily follow the act of copulation.

“Those accidents and diseases may be dependent only from
“ eoition without fecundation taking place, and it is for that rea-
“ son that in the next chapter fecundation and sterility are treated.
“ Guided in his work by the natural succession of things as they
“may be observed in practice, Prof. Williams gives plenty of de-
“ tail on the sterility of males and females and of its causes, cur-
“ able or not; anorchidy, criptorchidy, azoospermia, orchitis, tes-
“ ticular tumors, etc., etc., in males; ovaritis, cystic ovarian de-
‘‘ generation, tumors, etc., etc., in females and also upon nympho-
“mania. Assuredly this is one of the most important problems
“of breeding from the economical point of view, and in which
“ much yet remains to be learned. To this study is added that of
“ frigidity and that of direct or indirect artificial fecundation.

“ Always in the same line of conduct, the author studies then
“the development of the embryo and the abnomalies which may

SDITORIAL. 17

_“ give rise to congenital malformations or monstrosities. These
“are followed by the diseases of gestation and of course of the
' “infectious abortions. All these are perfect and full of excellent
“data. Gradually these various considerations have brought us
_ “to the study of the normal and distokial accouchements, which
“are the object of a concise but precise description. Prof. Wil-
“liams insists somewhat and, with reason, upon the equipment of
' “the accoucheur, upon the instruments to use, the operations to
_ “perform, etc., etc.

*‘ An excellent innovation deserving the attention is that re-
“lating to the figuration of the obstetrical operations in embry-
“otomy. It is a precious teaching for future obstetricians, al-
“though some of them seem to me discutable. Diseases of the
“ foetus, as far as they are known are clearly exposed, as well as
“those of the foetal envelops and of the cord. The foetal mon-
“strosities of classical arrangement is well treated. There is
“little to say of the abnormal presentations and positions of the
“ foetus, it is the classical arrangement of similar works. The
“means of interference are also the same.

“The work ends by the no less important subject than the
“diseases and accidents post partum, or the affections of the
“ puerperal state, non-delivery, post partum hemorrhage, ruptures
“of the uterus and of the bladder, etc., etc., acute and chronic
“ metritis, eclampsia, mammitis, etc., etc.

“To resume: In this big volume of about a thousand pages
“in which the descriptions are illustrated with good figures, all
“that concerns the physiology and pathology of reproduction is
“found. The accouchements proper occupy a part sufficient
“ without superfluous details but the pathology is certainly most
“interesting, as it is the one which varied the most and is most
“improved, as our knowledge of the origin and treatment of
“diseases is becoming more perfect.

* Obstetrics is an excellent work. One which does honor to
“the author, to veterinary science and which will render real
“services to young veterinarians and to breeders.”

P A.L.
oh *

18 EDITORIAL,

P. S.—At the time that I write this, the Ninth International —
Veterinary Congress will be nearly a month off and by the time
this chronicle will be before our readers the gathering of La

Hague will have closed since a few days. It will be probably only

in my chronicle of November that I will be able to report what —
work has been done at the Congress.
A

EXPANSION OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MED-
ICAL ASSOCIATION.

The closing of the great veterinary convention at Chicago in
September marked the completion of another chapter in the his-
tory of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Impor-
tant and interesting as has been its history during the forty-six
- years of its life (more especially the last twenty-five years since
it became of age), this forty-sixth chapter is, from many stand-
points, the most important in its history.

’ Year by year it has expanded and grown stronger and made
its strength felt for good. It has uplifted the veterinary profes-
sion in America and by its ceaseless endeavor, elucidated many
sanitary problems of great moment to the nation. And, we be-
lieve, in the appointment at the Chicago meeting, of an inter-
national commission to study methods of control of tuberculosis,
it has entered a broader field of endeavor, materially increased
its usefulness to the governments it represents, and marked an
epoch in its history. Its power consists not alone in the numerical
strength of its membership, but in its broad conception of the
needs in matters sanitary, which is the result of a long, careful
and earnest study of the conditions. This point was kept vividly
in view in the appointment of the commission, which is as fol-
lows: Drs. J. G. Rutherford, Ottawa; Leonard Pearson*, Phila-
delphia, Pa.; Veranus A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y.; E. C. Schroeder,
Bethesda, Md.; ex-Governor Hoard, Ft. Atkinson, Wis.; Drs.

*Since deceased.

ee

EDITORIAL. 19

E : Frederick Torrence, Winnipeg; M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn.;
_ Hon. W. C. Edwards, Drs. C. A. Hodgets (M.D.), Toronto; J.

R. Mohler, Washington, D. C.; Messrs. Louis Swift, Chicago,
and J. W. Flavell. Numerical strength, however, is as natural a
sequence of power, as it is a contributor to it; and now that the A.

V. M.A. has some numerical strength in an army of a little better

than a thousand earnest members, and much strength in the abil-
ity of those members to “ do things” and prove the association a
powerful factor for good; and while we congratulate it in having
increased its membership from 846 to about 1,025, at the Chicago
meeting, we state at the risk of being called extravagant, that
there is no real legitimate reason, why it should not double its
membership at the next meeting, and continue to increase in num-
bers, until, as Dr. Rutherford remarked at the close of his presi-

‘dential address, “ with every reputable veterinarian on the conti-

nent enrolled under its banner, it reaps the rightful reward of its
unselfish and public spirited labors and becomes the actual goy-
erning body of the profession in America.” The old story of a
snow ball gathering an increased amount of snow at each revolu-
tion is applicable here. It would only be necessary, now that the
A. V. M. A. has reached its present numerical proportions, for
each member to interest one of his friends in the profession suf-
ficiently to induce him to fill out an application for membership
(and the present powerful position of the association should make

_ it easy for any one to interest one good member of the profession

to that extent), and our extravagant forecast will have become an
accomplished fact. It is therefore earnestly hoped that every
member will begin his work in that direction now, not next Aug-
ust, but now; remembering that under the new ruling, no appli-
cations that are not received before the 1910 session opens will be
acted upon at that session. ‘Begin your canvass now, and send
each applicant’s name with your own to the REviEw office as you
get them, and we will publish a list every three months. You
can scarcely realize what you will have accomplished for your
chosen profession when you enroll that applicant’s name.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES.*

Its SPREAD AND METHODS OF CONTROL IN NEw YorkK STATE.

By VERANUS A. Moorg, ITHACA, N. Y.

Rabies has been allowed to spread in this country until its
control has become a perplexing problem for many states. As
a sanitary question it has assumed a magnitude sufficient for
national consideration.

Notwithstanding the great antiquity of rabies there is per-
haps no other specific malady which people are still so unwilling
to recognize as this. The skepticism regarding it forms a trou-
blesome barrier to the introduction of efficient methods for its
control. This obstacle can be overcome only through a cam-
paign of education in which the long-time traditions that rabies
is a myth or that it originates from the influence of great heat,
thirst, nervous excitement, anger, and a host of other condi-
tions, are replaced by a proper conception of its specific nature.

We now know rabies to be an infectious disease which pre-
vails most among the dog tribes, although all warm-blooded
animals, including man, are susceptible. It is transmitted from
animal to animal and from animal to man through the bite of the
rabid individual or by other direct inoculation. While its cause
may still be questioned, its means of dissemination are well
known, so that methods for its control are clearly indicated.
With its means of dissemination known, the first difficulty in
the effort to control this disease is a method of making an early,
quick and accurate diagnosis.

As a result of the large amount: of work that has been
done in search of the specific etiology of rabies, many supposed

*Preserited at the forty-sixth annual mecting of the A.V.M.A. at Chicago, September
7th, 8th, oth and toth, in connection with the report of the Committee on Diseases,

20

DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES, 21

causes have been described. The bodies discovered by Negri,
in 1903, in the motor cells of the central nervous system are very
generally accepted as either the specific cause or a specific degen-
eration. In either case they are of recognized value in diag-
nosis. Ernst places the accuracy of diagnosis by these bodies
at from 96 to 99 per cent.

In the State of New York rabies has existed for many years.
The earliest record of its appearance which I have found was in
1822 at Milton. In 1833 it was reported at Rochester. From
1848 to 1854 there were several cases in New York City. Since
that time the literature contains records of its appearance in
various parts of the State.

My personal knowledge of the disease in New York dates
from 1896, when a dog which proved to have rabies was sent
from Buffalo to the New York State Veterinary College for
diagnosis. In the two following years a suspected dog was re-
ceived from both Columbia and Saratoga counties, which are in
the eastern part of the state. They were both positive. Dur-
ing the next few years the disease spread from Buffalo east-
ward and from the eastern counties westward until the out-
breaks overlapped near the middle of the state. There were,
however, but few cases sent to our laboratory each year for
diagnosis until 1904, when the number was larger, and during
the last two years the number has greatly increased. In 1906
there were 32 examinations; in 1907 there were 63; in 1908
there were 315, and in 1909 to August 1, there were 425.
There have been more cases for examination during the last
seven months than there were during the preceding three years,
and in 1908 the number exceeded that of the preceding nine
years. Up to 1909 about 30 per cent. of the cases sent to us for
examination were negative. During this year the percentage
of negative cases has been considerably larger but the total num-
ber of positive ones has been steadily increasing.

Of our _toal of 921 examinations for rabies from 1899 to
August 1, 1909, 840 were in dogs, the remainder in horses,
cattle, sheep, pigs and cats. In the first seven months of this

22 VERANUS A. MOORE.

year we haye received heads of 11 horses, of which 5 were posi-
tive. and 14 cows, of which 9 were positive. It was reported
by a state official! connected with the work on rabies that this
disease had caused the loss of $4,000 worth of live stock in a
single county during the last year.

_ The’ fact should be stated that these examinations have been
made of suspected cases originating outside of New York City.
The diagnosis in that city are made at the research laboratory
of the City Health Board. The number of cases sent to that
laboratory for examination during the last seven months of Ig05
was 95, of which 62 were positive and 32 negative. During the
same period in 1907 there were 157, of which 117 were positive
and 40 negative. During the last year, I am told that the
Health Board has received about the same number of cases for
examination that have come to us.

In addition to the diagnosis mentioned a certain number of
suspected cases are examined in the laboratories in the cities of
Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and Albany. The Pasteur In-
stitute in New York City also does a considerable amount ot
work along this line.

Metuops or DracNosine Rapies.—As the most striking
character of rabies is the absence of recognizable morbid
changes, the microscopic ones are essential for diagnosis, al-
though they are not always easily found, especially in animals
that are killed during the early stages. It is clear, therefore,
that the positive diagnosis is not possible from the gross appear-
ances at the post mortem and that, like certain other specific in-
fections, it requires the aid of definite laboratory methods.

The diagnosis of rabies is made from the symptoms in the
suspected animal; the changes described by Babes and Golgi;
the cellular proliferation in the plexiform ganglion; the subdural
intra-ocular or intramuscular inoculation of animals with the
suspected brain; and the finding of Negri bodies.

The diagnosis from the symptoms is very difficult in many
cases, and impossible in some. Coakley has recently called at-
tention to the pathognomonic eye symptom which consists of a pin

DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES. 23

. point contraction of the pupil that is not influenced by light.

| Porcher found in the study of experimental rabies a marked
_ glycosuria which in some cases appeared a few days before the

clinical symptoms. These, however, are evidences not likely
_ to be very definitely ascertained by the average practitioner who
is dealing with suspected cases of rabies. The symptoms are so
_ different from those popularly entertained as characteristic of
- the disease that those not familiar with them are liable to error.
_ Difficulty in swallowing, partial paralysis, restlessness or un-
usual docility are suggestive manifestations which in case of
doubt warrant a positive diagnosis by laboratory methods.

_. The changes in the brain tissue pointed out by Babes and
Golgi are difficult and occasionally impossible to find. The ob-

_ servations of Van Gehucten and Nelis, that the cells in the

plexiform ganglia undergo atrophy with the invasion and de-
struction of the ganglion as a result of new formed cells, evi-
denily from the endothelial capsule, have been verified. These
changes, however, do not appear early in the course of the dis-
ease, so that they are very unreliable for diagnosis when dogs
are killed. On the other hand, they have been in my experience
very trustworthy when the animals have been allowed to die
from the affection.

The presence of Negri bodies has been found a very conve-
nient as well as rapid method of diagnosis. They appear within
the large cells of the hippocampus, crucial fissure, olfactory
buibs, Purkinje cells, and in other places. In those cases where
Negri bodies cannot be found, the examination of the ganglia is
called for and if they are negative animal inoculations are neces-
sary.

The diagnosis by animal inoculation, which was the only
method known up to a few years ago, is perhaps the most cer-
tain, but the time necessary to obtain results is so long that
rabies may develop in the persons or animals bitten before the
inoculated rabbits or guinea pigs develop the disease. The usual
procedure, therefore, which we have adopted for diagnosing
rabies in the laboratory is first to search for Negri bodies, if

24 VERANUS A. MOORE.

they are found the diagnosis is considered positive; if they are
not found the ganglia are examined, and if they are negative
experimental animals are inoculated if the conditions are such
that a late diagnosis will be of value.

We have experienced the usual difficulties in diagnosis work
in deciding upon the details to be followed both in the shipping
of the suspected material and in the examinations themselves.

The simultaneous examination of the brain for Negri bodies,
of the ganglia for the structural changes, and the inoculation
of rabbits to test the presence of the virus, gave the result that
the rabbits always developed rabies when inoculated with brains
containing Negri bodies and they did not when these bodies
were not found. The ganglia changes were present when the
animal died or was killed late in the course of the disease. The
triple examinations were made for a year with the result that
we found that the presence of Negri bodies could be relied upon
for diagnosis. In 60 cases where Negri bodies were not found,
we have inoculated rabbits or guinea pigs with the brain and
not one of the animals has developed rabies. Valpino and
d’Amato have reported similar results. Negri, Daddi, Luzzani
and Macchi and Luzzani have a total of 9 cases in which the
brain was virulent from 160 suspicious cases in which Negri
bodies were not discovered. In 71 suspected cases Bohne did
not find Negri bodies and animals inoculated from 10 of them
developed rabies; the others did not. In a large number of
these the search for Negri bodies was restricted to the examina-
tion of the Ammon’s horn. The result of the large amount of
work that has been done on the distribution of the Negri bodies
in the brain and spinal cord suggest that a negative finding in
one part of the brain should not be accepted as positive evidence
of their absence. We do not believe that the microscopic ex-
amination for Negri bodies is infallible, but our experience indi-
cates that it is exceedingly trustworthy when properly made.
The advantages of the Negri bodies for diagnosis are three-
fold: (1) they can be found early in the course of the disease,
(2) the diagnosis can be made quickly, and (3) their discovery

DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES. 25

is not difficult and does not require elaborate apparatus nor the
use of experimental animals.

The best method to follow in the examination for Negri
bodies cannot be stated. The smear preparations recommended
by Williams and Lowden, the “ impression” preparations em-
ployed by Frothingham, or the fixing of the hippocampus in
-Zenker’s formalin or other fixers preparatory to cutting sections,
or the fixing in acetone and staining by Mann’s method as sug-
gested by Ernst, all seem to give satisfactory results. Just
which method to use can be determined only by experience. We
have used them all in our laboratory. One assistant prefers the
smear preparations stained with eosin and alkaline methylene
blue, and another the fixing of the brain in acetone and staining
the sections by Mann’s method. Personally, I prefer the
“smear,” and it has the advantage of being simpler. We have
not succeeded so well with the impression method, but the pre-
parations of Frothingham are most excellent.

The technique of diagosing rabies by the ganglion changes
is not different from that employed in ordinary histological
work and consequently need not be discussed here. The point
should be stated, however, that in our experience it has not been
trustworthy in the early stages of the disease. The ganglion
lesions seem to develop late in the course of the malady.

The inoculation method is familiar to all. The only point
which seems worthy of mention is the observation that the in-
oculation must bring the virus in close touch with the nervous
system. The supposition that the virus travels to the central
nervous system through the nerves explains why it is that sub-
cutaneous inoculations are frequently negative. It also fur-
nishes a logical explanation for the comparatively small per-
centage of positive cases in man following the bite of a rabid
dog when the wound is on the extremities, and the much higher
mortality when the bites are about the head.

We have made many attempts to produce the disease by
feeding the brains of rabid animals but thus far with negative
‘results.

26 VERANUS A, MOORE.

METHODS FOR SENDING MATERIAL FOR DraGNosis.—The
difficulties in the laboratory diagnosis of rabies are not confined
to the technique of the examination. The condition of the ma-
terial sent for diagnosis is often most discouraging when re-
ceived. Formerly it was the custom to send the entire animal,
if a small one, to the laboratory, but this was unsatisfactory. As
the diagnosis depends upon the findings in the ganglia or brain,
we recommended that the head be severed close to the body,
packed in ice and sent by the quickest route. This we found to
be fairly satisfactory, yet the heads are too frequently badly
decomposed when received.

Nocard pointed out the fact that the virus of rabies re-
mained virulent for from three to four weeks when the brain
was placed in glycerine. Dr. Boynton, in my laboratory, has
examined for Negri bodies brains that have been kept in gly-
cerine with positive results.* As the glycerine prevents de-
composition, the brains thus preserved are available both for
microscopic examination and animal inoculation. It is recom-
mended therefore that the heads be removed, packed in ice, and
sent to the laboratory, or the brain removed and placed in a jar
and packed in ice, or piaced in toto in glycerine. The important
point for the laboratory worker is to receive the material in a con-
dition that will permit of a satisfactory examination. Which
method of transportation is selected should depend upon the
existing conditions. —

ContTROL oF Rasies.—The successful methods for controll-
ing rabies have all been based on the fundamental fact, long
since recognized, that the virus must not be transferred from the
infected to the well individual. As rabies is disseminated largely
by the bites of rabid dogs, the question of its control narrows
itself at once to the handling of dogs. Rabies has been kept out
of Australia by enforcing a six months’ quarantine on all dogs
coming into the island. Great Britain has practically eliminated
it by enforcing a muzzle ordinance.

*In August, 1908, he placed brains in commercial glycerine and has ex-

amined them. at short intervals since. At the expiration of 368 days the
bodies were readily detected,

DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES. 27

In New York the method is to quarantine the locality in
_which the rabid dog was found. The difficulty has been that the
area quarantine has been too small, owing to the long distance
which a rabid dog may run, so that frequently dogs which have
_ been bitten by a rabid dog in its course of wandering are not in-
_ cluded in the quarantined district. The authority to lay a quar-
_ antine is vested in the Commissioner of Agriculture. The Com-
_ missioner may call upon the sheriff, under sheriff or deputy
_ sheriff to carry out and enforce the provisions of any notice and
the cost of the same shall be a county charge. If in a city, the
city authorities must enforce the regulation and the city pay the
bill. That portion of the statute relating to the quarantine for
rabies is quoted:

“Tf the commissioner shall quarantine any particular district
or territory for the purpose of stopping or preventing the spread
of the disease known as rabies, and if any dog be found loose
within said quarantine district in violation of said quarantine or
regulation, any person may catch or cause to be caught such dog
and have him impounded or confined. If the said dog is there-

after not found to be affected with the disease known as rabies, +

it may be released to the owner upon payment of a penal sum
of ten dollars to the commissioner of agriculture, who shall upon
receipt and acceptance of the same issue to the said owner a re-
lease which shall entitle the said owner to the possession of
said dog. If such penalty is not paid within five days after said
dog is impounded, and notice thereof given to the owner, or if it
is found impracticable after reasonable effort to catch and im-
pound such dog so loose within the said quarantine district in
violation of said quarantine or regulation, or to find the owner
of a dog so impounded, then any person may kill or cause to be
killed such dog and shall not be held liable for damages for such
killing. For the purpose of enforcing the provisions of this ar-
ticle the commissioner of agriculture, his appointees and em-
ployees shali be considered as peace officers and shall have all
the rights and powers of peace officers.”

This law was passed at our last legislature and has been in

28 VERANUS A. MOORE.

operation but a short time. It seems to be working well. It is

feared, however, that there is still a strong opposition to the ©

quarantine extending over sufficient territory to include all of
the exposed animals. There is a feeling on the part of many
that the ravages of rabies are sufficient to warrant a state quar-

antine. Whether that would be effective without similar action ©

on the part of adjoining states is, of course, undetermined. The
control of rabies has become a national as well as a state problem,
aud it seems proper that for a little time the entire country should

submit to the very slight inconvenience that a dog quarantine

would impose in order to eradicate this rapidly increasing
scourge. The large number of fatalities from this disease in
man as well as in domesticated animals warrants the enforce-
ment of some regulation to check the spread of its virus. The
results in Europe show that it is possible to eradicate rabies
within a reasonable time.and to keep a country free from it.
Why should America suffer from rabies when a thickly popu-
lated country like Great Britain is free? Measures to that
end are not only possible, but most humane. Whether efficient
regulations different from those that have already been demon-
strated as such, and which can be enforced with less opposition,
can be formulated, I do not know. It certainly seems fitting that
this Association take some action towards the alleviation of the
horrible suffering of dumb creation from this unnecessary para-
sitism.

REFERENCES.—-The following are a few of the more impor-

tant publications on the diagnosis of rabies. The greater part j

of the literature on the Negri bodies is found in Italian journals.

Appa ET BoRMANS. Sur le diagnostic histologique de la rage.
Amn. de l’Inst. Past., 1905, 13, p. 49.

Bases. Untersuchungen tuber die Negrischen Korper und ihre
Beziehung zu dem Virus der Wutkrankheit. Zeitschr. f. Hy-
giene. Bd. LVI. (1907), S. 435.

Bounr. Beitrag zur diagnostischen Verwerthbarkeit der Neg-
rischen K6rperchen. Zvitschr. f. Hvg., 1905, 52, S. 37.

DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES. 29

Coak.Ley. A pathognomonic eye symptom in rabies. New

York and Philadelphia Medical Journal, Vol. LXXVI., 1907.

Ernst. Die Bedeutung der Negrischen Kérperchen fiir die

| Wutdiagnose. Monatsheft f. prak. Tierheilkunde, Bd. XVII.

(1906) S. 453. Shee

_FroruincHam. The rapid diagnosis of rabies. Jour. Med. Re-

) search, 1906, p. 471.

Impression preparations and the Van Giesen stain for

Negri bodies. Am. Jour. Public Hygiene, Vol. XVIII.

(1908), p. 4.

_ Gait. ‘Recherches experimentales sur la rage des rats, etc.

| Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1905, 40, pp. 197, 318.

Luzzani. Zur Diagnose der Tollwuth. Zeitsch. f. Hygiene,
Bd. XLIX., 1905, S. 305.

Mouter. Pathological report on a case of rabies in a woman.
Annual Report U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, 1903, p.
54-

Moore and Fisu. A report on rabies in Washington, D. C.
Annual Report U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, 1895-6.

- Moore and Way. A rapid method for the diagnosis of rabies.

Am, Vet. Review, 1904.

Moore, Rabies in New York State. N. Y. State Journal of

Medicine, Feb., 1909.

_ Near. (A series of articles on the “ Etiology of Hydrophobia,”

beginning March 27, 1903, and all except two articles pub-

lished in Italian journals. The two articles came out in the

Zeitschr. f. Hyg., and sum up the work published up to that

time in Italy.

Beitrag zum Studium der Aetiologie der Tollwuth,

Zeitschr. f. Hyg., 1903, 43, S. 507.

Zur Aetiologie der Tollwuth: Die Diagnose der Toll-

wuth auf Grund der neuen Befunde. Ibid, 1903, 44, S. 520.

- Nirscn. Bemerkungen iiber die Pasteur’sche Methodeder

| Schutzimpfungen gegen Tollwuth. Centralbl. f. Bakt., Bd.

XLII., 1906, S. 775.

30 VERANUS A, MOORE.

Poor. Pathological studies in rabies. Proc. N. Y. Path. Soc.,
1904, p. IOI.
Recent studies in the diagnosis of rabies. Med. Rec.,

1905.

RAVENEL and McCartruy. The rapid diagnosis of rabies.
Univ. of Penn. Med. Magazine, January, 1901.

REMLINGER. Le passage du virus rabique a travers les filters.
Ann. de I’Inst. Pasteur, Vol. XVII., 1903, p. 834; and 1904,

p. 150.

Insolement du virus rabique par filtration. Comp.

rend. d.1. Soc. de Biol., 1903, 55, p. 1433.

A quel moment le bulbe des lapins rabiques de passage
devient-il virulent? Jbid. 1905, pp. 815 and 973.

———. Persistance du virus rabique dans la salive du chien
gueri dela gage. Ibid. 1907, p. 800.

and Rirrat-Bey. Sur la permeabilitie de la bougie Berke-
feld au virus rabique. Jbid. Vol. LV., 1903, p. 794.

ScHIFFMAN. Zur Kenntniss der Negri’sc Korperchen.
Wien. klin. Wochenschrift, 1905, S. 657.

Zur Kenntniss der Negri’schen Tollwuthkorperchen.
Zeitschr. f. Hyg., 1906, 52, S. 199.

Scuuper. Der Negri’sche Erreger der Tollwuth. Deutsche med.
Wochnschr., 1903, 52, S. 700. ©

Van GenucteN and Nets, Diagnostic histologique de la rage.
Ann. de Med. Vet., Vol. XLIX., 1900, p. 234.

Way. The Negri bodies and the diagnosis of rabies. Am. Vet.
Review, 1905, 29, p. 937.

WixitaMs. Negri bodies with special reference to diagnosis.
Proc. N. Y. Path. Soc., 1906, N.S. 5, p. 155.

Recent studies on rabies. Woman’s Med. Jour., May,

1908.
- and Lowpen. ‘The etiology and diagnosis of hydro-
phobia. Jour. of Infectious Diseases, Vol. III., 1905, p. 452.

—

nn - _—

THE NATURE, CAUSE AND PREVALENCE OF RABIES.*

NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISEASE.
By Joun R. Mouter, V. M. D., Wasurnerton, D. C.

The skepticism with reference to the existence and prevalence
_ of rabies in animals, or hydrophobia in man, strange as it may
seem, is still entertained by a few prominent professional men.
_ Their contention shows an unwillingness to accept the work of
_ reputable investigators along this individual line, although other
results obtained by the same investigators upon allied subjects
are accepted and advocated. There is no greater galaxy of names
associated with the study of any of the infectious diseases than
is connected with the experimental investigation of rabies. The
- most able scientists who have adorned the medical and veterinary
professions, and to whom we owe the greatest deference for hay-
ing advanced our knowledge of contagious diseases, have repeat-
_ edly shown by their experiments that rabies is a specific, com-
municable disease, pre-eminently affecting the canine race. Many
years of patient scientific research have been required to lead these
investigators to a clear comprehension of the nature and char-
acteristics of this disease. It was known and described several
centuries prior to the beginning of the Christian era, and from
the earliest dawn of history the disease has been feared and
dreaded. But it has been only comparatively recent since we
have arrived at a tolerably clear understanding of the facts con-
cerning this disease, which have to a certain degree displaced
many of the fallacies and superstitions that have had a strong
hold upon the public mind for many years. Nevertheless, it is
still a widely prevalent belief that if persons or animals are bitten
by a dog, they are liable to become rabid if the dog should con-
tract the disease at any future time. There is no foundation for
this impression, and it would be a great comfort to many people

*Presented at the Forty-sixth Annual Meeting of the A. V. M. A., at Chicago, Sept. 7, 8,9
and to, in connection with the report of the Committee on Diseases.

31

32 JOHN R. MOHLER,

who are now and then bitten by animals if the fallacy of this idea
were appreciated. All experience, both scientific and practical,
goes to show that rabies is transmitted only by animals that are
actually diseased at the time the bite is inflicted. Under natural
conditions this is the sole method by which the disease is trans-
mitted, and therefore the old idea of spontaneous generation of
the malady is absolutely fallacious. Artificially, it may be readily
produced by inoculating susceptible animals with an emulsion of
the brain or spinal cord as well as the saliva, milk or other se-
cretions of the affected animal. The blood, on the other hand,
seems to be free from the infectious principle. The saliva con-
tains the virus which under natural conditions is introduced into
or under the skin on the tooth of the rabid animal. Following
the canine race, cattle seem to be the most frequently affected,
probably because rabid dogs, next to their morbid desire to at-
tack members of their own race, have a better opportunity to bite
grazing cattle than any other species of animals. The relative
frequency of rabies in these two species of animals is indicated
by the carefully computed statistics of the German Empire,
which show that 560 dogs and 78 cows died of rabies in 1901,
while in 1902 there were 516 cases in dogs and 77 in cattle.
Every animal or person bitten does not necessarily develop the
disease, and the percentage of fatalities has been variously esti-
mated. According to Hogyes, the proportion of persons who
contract the disease after being bitten by rabid dogs and are
not treated is conservatively estimated at 15 per cent. The per-
centage is considerably higher in man following the bites by the
wolf. From 35 to 45 per cent. of the dogs, 40 per cent. of the
horses, 36 per cent. of the hogs, and from 25 to 30 per cent. of
the cattle bitten by rabid animals contract the disease, making a
general average of about 30 per cent. This, however, depends
on the location and size of the wound as well as the amount of
hemorrhage produced, and various other conditions. In general,
the nearer the bite is located to the central nervous system and
the deeper the wound is inflicted, the greater the danger of a
fatal result. In cases where the hemorrhage resulting from the

ee

THE NAIURE, CAUSE AND PREVALENCE OF RABIES. ° 33

bite is profuse, there is a possibility that the virus will be washed
out of the wound and thus obviate the danger of subsequent ap-
pearance of the disease. The virus after being deposited in the
wound remains latent for an extremely variable period of time,
which also depends on the size and depth of the wound as well as
its location and the amount of virulent saliva introduced. Experi-
ments have proved that the virus follows the course of the nerves
to the spinal cord and along the latter to the brain before the symp-
toms appear. Gerlach having collected statistics from a large
number of cases has found the period of incubation to vary from
14 to 285 days. The great majority of cases, however, contract
_the disease in from three weeks to three months after the bite has
been inflicted. It has been clearly demonstrated by the experi-
ments.of Roux and Nocard that the bite of a dog is infectious at
least three days before it manifests symptoms of rabies, while at
the Athens (Greece) Pasteur Institute infection was noted in
_ the saliva eight days before the dog showed signs of the disease.
Erto.ocy.—Rabies is a specific infectious disease invoiving
the nervous system and characterized by extreme excitability and
i other disorders, practically always terminating in death. The
contagion of this disease has never been isolated, but the fact that
it is caused by a specific organism principally found in the ner-
| vous system is indisputable. For instance, if an emulsion of the
’ brain of a rabid animal is filtered through a Pasteur-Chamberland
filter, the filtrate will be harmless. On the other hand, if a similar
emulsion is filtered through the more porous Berkfield filter, the
') virus will be found in the filtrate. This fact indicates that the
infectious principle is not in solution, but is an organism of such
‘size as to be withheld from the filtrate by a very fine filter. Fur-
ther proof oi the organic nature of the virus is furnished by the
fact that heating at 50° C. for one hour will render the virulent
emulsion inert, while similar results follow its exposure to light
_ for fourteen hours, to the usual antiseptic solutions for a short
_ period, or to the action of the gastric juice.
This contagion can only be propagated in the body of an ani-
mal, and despite numerous attempts to cultivate it artificially upon

34 : JOHN R. MOHLER.

various culture media, only negative results have followed. There
is no doubt that between rabies and other well-known infectious
diseases there are analogies at many points, the most striking
being the protective immunization which constitutes the great
work of Pasteur. Moreover, the disease is transmitted from one
aninial to another through a long series, which indicates the pres-
ence of a living organism capable of multiplication, rather than
a mere toxin which would naturally become greatly diluted and
innocuous by passage through such a series. In addition, the

behavior of the disease makes us certain that it is caused by a

specific micro-organism which after introduction into the body
undergoes a period of incubation, during which it multiplies and
subsequently produces certain definite symptoms and lesions
which terminate in death. Innumerable attempts have been made
to discover the causative agent and investigators have announced
the finding of many of the lower forms of animal and vegetable
life as the pathogenic factor. Among the recently described
causes, certain protozoon-like bodies, found in 1903 by Negri, in
the ganglionic cells and termed Negri bodies, are of a very sug-
gestive nature. Negri claims that these bodies are not only spe-
cific for rabies, but that they are protozoa and the cause of the
disease. His work has been corroborated by investigators in all
parts of the scientific world, but there have been so many claims
presented in the past regarding the specific cause of rabies, that a
number of contemporaneous workers on rabies, while admitting
the diagnostic value of these bodies, refrain from stating that
they are the causative agents. Some of these observers consider
the Negri bodies as “ involution forms ” of the tissue cells which
have been invaded by the true parasite, or as encapsulated para-
sites undergoing degeneration.

Personally, it is my belief that these bodies are the specific
cause of rabies. They are from .5 mm. to 25 microns in size,
oval, round or pear-shaped, and strongly eosinophilic. They pos-
sess a homogeneous substance resembling coagulated albumen in
appearance. Within are clear hyaline bodies which show one or
more points of deep color on high magnification. An examina-

ee ee ad

THE NATURE, CAUSE AND PREVALENCE OF RABIES. 35

tion of their viability will show a striking resemblance to the
viability of an emulsion of the virulent tissue. Thus Negri bodies
‘have been found to be quite resistant to external agencies such
as putrefaction, desiccation, etc., and are about the last portion
_of the nerve cell to survive the advance of decomposition. They
_ are also found in over 96 per cent. of the cases of rabies examined,
but have not been proved to exist in other diseases.
Valenti states as his strongest evidence of the protozoan na-
ture of the bodies, that the virus of rabies is neutralized in test
tubes by quinine, while no other alkaloid has this property. Asa
result of the work performed in the New York City Board of
Health Laboratory, Park states that Negri bodies are found in
animals before the beginning of visible symptoms, and evidence is
given that they may be found early enough to account for the
_ infectiousness of the central nervous system. Williams’ reasons
for considering these bodies organisms belonging to the proto-
_ zoan class are:
(a) They have a definite, characteristic morphology ;
(b) This morphology is constantly cyclic, i. e., certain forms
_ always predominate in certain stages of the disease, and a definite
_ series of forms indicating growth and multiplication can be dem-
onstrated ;
(c) The structure and staining qualities, as shown especially
! by the smear method of examination, resemble those of certain
' known protozoa, notably of the rhizopoda.

: Anyone who has seen the suffering of one human being af-

fected with this fatal disease will readily concede that no amount
) of inconvenience caused animals by muzzling or other protective
) arrangement can ever be considered too much to prevent such
suffering, nor should it prove difficult to differentiate between
_ hydrophobia and the pseudo form which has been termed lysso-

’ phobia if all the cases of these diseases were as typical as the two

_ which were brought to the writer’s attention.
/ Through the courtesy of the District Health Officer, I was
invited to visit Freedmen’s Hospital for the purpose of seeing a

( _ patient whose case had been diagnosed by the resident surgeon as

36 JOHN R. MOHLER,

suspected hydrophobia. The woman, 28 years of age, had been
fiercely attacked and severely bitten on the right forearm and
about the face by a stray collie dog. Eighteen days later she
complained of a general malaise and pains in the cicatrized
wounds of the head, which rapidly grew more severe, necessi-
tating the services of a physician, upon whose advice the patient
was removed to the hospital on the following day. My visit oc-
curred on the afternoon of the succeeding day, at which time
the patient was found in an extremely nervous condition, having
an excessive feeling of fear and uneasiness. The eyes were
staring and a general expression of anxiety pervaded her coun-
tenance. Her mind was clear and no efforts at violence were
made. When interviewed as to the scars on her head and fore-
arm, she lightly replied, “Oh, a dog bit me there some weeks
ago, but they are all right now.” From time to time reflex
spasms involving the muscles of deglutition were noticed, causing
a clutching at the throat and difficult breathing during the attack.
These rapidly became more generalized and soon involved the
respiratory muscles, causing dyspnea. Attempts at vomiting
would then occur, but no evacuations followed. Contrary to our
skeptical friends, the patient accredited these symptoms to indi-
gestion and had not the slightest suspicion of the true nature of
her condition, thus disproving the idea that the nervousness and
fear usually seen in the early stages of rabies in the human sub-
ject are due to the natural dread of the disease and apprehension
of the consequence rather than to organic changes in the central
nervous system. During the night these symptoms became more
aggravated and spasms followed one another more rapidly, caus-
ing grave delirium. The patient finally became violent, requir-
ing the adoption of forcible measures to keep her under control.
Death occurred on the following morning, twenty-one days after
the bites had been inflicted. On post-mortem examination no
pathological lesions were found which could be held accountable
for the symptoms which resulted in death, but histological ex-
aminations of the plexiform ganglia and medulla as well as the
inoculation of rabbits both subdurally and intramuscularly with

THE NAIURE, CAUSE AND PREVALENCE OF RASISN. 37

an emulsion of the brain resulted in the confirmation of the diag-
~ nosis of hydrophobia.
That the appearance of a disease like rabies in a community
_ seems peculiarly and in an extraordinary degree to be associated
_ with an atmosphere of hysterical simulation and to inspire states
of auto-suggestion must be admitted. One case of this character
recently came to my attention through the kindness of a local
_ physician which is in direct contrast to the instance cited above.
A young man, 24 years of age, employed as a clerk in a dry
- goods store, was bitten on a Saturday morning by a watch dog
belonging to the proprietor. The bite, which was slight, had
been immediately cauterized, and no further attention was given
to the incident until Wednesday morning, when the young man
fainted at the counter. Upon reviving he stated that he had been
reading about rabies and the symptoms which would develop in
man from the bite of a rabid dog, and insisted that he was de-
veloping hydrophobia as a result of having been bitten by the
watch dog. He was immediately sent to his home and the dog
brought to the Bureau to be kept under observation. Two days
later I was requested by the family physician to see the young
man, as he was in a very hysterical state and kept insisting that
the dog that bit him was rabid. During this time the pa-
tient had been in bed and seemed to have had marked paer-
oxysms. He would roll himself over and over in bed, snarling,
growling and snapping at the bed clothes. He would catch the
pillow or sheet with his teeth and shake it like a terrier shaking
a rat, and in numerous other ways would show more imitative
accuracy than in the genuine disease. At first it was impossible
to attract his attention, although he would mutter and talk to
himself. When he was informed that the dog that bit him did
not have rabies, that it was alive and well, and even if it did de-

_ velop rabies several weeks later, it would have no bearing on his

~ ease as the saliva would not be virulent such a long period before
the development of the symptoms in the dog, and furthermore
that he had developed symptoms entirely too soon after the bite
had been inflicted, as a more lengthy period of incubation had to

38 JOHN R. MOHLER.

intervene for the virus to multiply and produce its effect, he com-
menced to realize that he had been making himself a victim of
auto-suggestion, and rapid recovery followed. Here was a typ-
ical case of lyssophobia or pseudo rabies, a figment of an over-
worked imagination, and like all this class of cases, recovery took
place instead of death, which is always the termination of the true
disease.

It has been stated by certain physicians that tetanus is un-
doubtedly the true cause of death in the majority of instances
where rabies has been diagnosed. It is not my purpose to give
a differential diagnosis between these two diseases in man, but
there is such a marked difference between a horse affected with
tetanus and one with rabies, or a cow affected with tetanus and
one with rabies, or a dog affected with tetanus and one with
rabies, that a few brief words on differential characteristics will
be given.

Tetanus may be réadily differentiated from rabies by the per-
sistence of muscular cramps, especially of the neck and abdomen,
which causes these muscles to become set and hard as wood. In
tetanus there is also an absence of a depraved appetite or of a
wilful propensity to hurt other animals or damage the surround-
ings. The general muscular contraction gives the animal a rigid
appearance, and there is an absence of paralysis which marks the
advanced stage of rabies. The dumb form of rabies in dogs is
characterized by a paralysis and pendency of the lower jaw,
while in tetanus the jaws are locked. This locking of the jaws in
cattle or dogs renders the animals incapable of bellowing or bark-
ing as in rabies. Finally, tetanus may be distinguished from
rabies by the fact that the central nervous system does not con-
tain the infectious principle, while in rabies the inoculation of
test animals with the brain or cord of a rabid animal will pro-
duce the disease with characteristic symptoms after an interval
of 15 to 20 days. This period of incubation is much longer in
tetanus, since the inoculation of rabbits with tetanus bacilli in-

variably results in death after a short period, usually within three
or four days.

THE NATURE, CAUSE AND PREVALENCE OF RABIES. su

| __ Disrripution AND PREVALENCE.—One must take with due
| reservation the statements of certain skeptics who claim that

_ rabies either does not exist or is limited and is bound to remain
' so. Let these prophets be warned by the sad experience of their

| kind in the past. Let them remember that the theory that steam

_ would or could displace the horse in traffic was hooted and jeered
at—that Fulton’s steamboat filled the old sailors with scorn—
that wise men laughed at the first ironclad warships and the first
telephone. Bacteriology and proto-zoology are not out of their
swaddling clothes yet, and the professional man, if he be wise,
will think well over the absolutely proved facts concerning rabies
before he nails any prophecy to the mast. There is no intention

' of assuming the part of an alarmist with reference to the in-

‘creasing prevalence of rabies. It cannot be denied, however,
that there is at present unusual occasion for alarm in certain parts
of this country which your committee considers of sufficient im-
portance to bring to your notice. It may be true that many news-
paper stories have heen exaggerated or entirely false, but it is not
true that all are fabrications. This is shown by a number of cases
traced by the writer where the diagnosis had been made in repu-
table laboratories by recognized scientists.

In looking over the proceedings of the American Veterinary
Medical Association for the past twelve years, it was observed
that rabies is reported as existing in a certain number of states
each year, although there has been no special endeavor on the
part of the resident state secretaries to ascertain the extent of this
particular disease in their sections. In 1897 the disease was re-
ported in four states, in 1898 in five states, while in 1899 the
statement of Huidekoper was cited by Parker to the effect that the
disease was not west of the Rockies and was rare in the United
States, except in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. However, in
the 1900 report we find that the disease had appeared in Mon-
tana, Wyoming and Colorado in addition to certain eastern and
central western states. It is evident from the succeeding reports
that the disease was becoming more widespread, and at the last
meeting of this Association which was held in Philadelphia, of

40 JOHN R. MOHLER.

the twenty resident state secretaries who reported, thirteen of |
them incidentally mentioned the existence of rabies in their states ;_
and in Alabama, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Minnesota, —
Mississippi and Ohio the disease seemed to be on the increase. As
there was no apparent reason for mentioning the presence or ab-
sence of this disease, the failure of the reports from the remaining |
seven states to refer to rabies should not be considered as in- ©
dicative of its absence. In fact, your committee has written to ~
officials in these seven states, and replies have been received from
five of them to the effect that rabies had prevailed in their localities
during 1908, thus showing that the disease existed in eighteen of
the twenty states mentioned in the 1908 report. We have gone
even further in our correspondence and have endeavored to find
out if there is any state or territory in the United States where
rabies is unknown. From the information at my disposal it would
appear that the disease occurs in almost every state in the Union,
and the only places where it has been impossible to obtain positive
information were Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and Oregon; while in the
state of Washington there has been but one outbreak, which was
quickly suppressed seven years ago. It would be entirely imprac-
ticable without registration laws to obtain the extent of the disease
among animals in the various infected sections, but the disease
appears at times in certain centers with all the vigor of an en-
zootic, and such outbreaks have occurred recently in Jackson-
ville, Fla.; El Paso, Texas; Norfolk, Va.; Kansas City, Mo.;
Boston, Mass.: Chicago, Ill.; Baltimore, Md.; Washington, D.
C.; Cleveland, Ohio, and in certain sections of New York, Penn-
sylvania, Minnesota, Ohio, Missouri, and Michigan. Not only
is there a gradual increase in the number of outbreaks of rabies,
but many new centers which appear to be more or less permanent
are being established from year to year. This is the first year
when over 100 cases of rabies have been diagnosed in the Patho-
logical Division, and of the positive cases 79 came from the Dis-
trict of Columbia, and 33 were divided among Virginia, Mary-
land, West Virginia, and South Carolina. In a letter from: for-
mer State Veterinarian Langley, he states that Texas probably

THE NATURE, CAUSE AND PREVALENCE OF RABIES. 41

_ has more rabies than any other state in the Union. Several
_ years ago President Frank Wells, of the Michigan State Board

i 4 of Health, made rabies largely the subject of his annual address

and declared it was epidemic in Michigan. Vaughan who re-
ported as a special committee on rabies, intimated that it had
gradually spread from New York, where it had prevailed for a
number of years previously, into Ohio and thence to Michigan,
having been diffused throughout the lower peninsula of Michi-
gan. In fact, the disease became so widespread and so many
people were bitten that the state appropriated funds for the
establishment of a Pasteur Institute in connection with the Med-
ical Department of the University of Michigan. A Pasteur In-
stitute was likewise established in April, 1908, in Washington, D.
C., in connection with the Hygienic Laboratory of the U. S. Pub-
lic Health and Marine Hospital Service, owing to the continued
outbreak of rabies in that vicinity and the large number of people
bitten by rabid animals, 139 persons being treated since its estab-
lishment. In addition, there are eleven other Pasteur institutes
in the United States, located at Atlanta, Ga., Austin, Texas, Bal-
timore, Md., Chicago, Indianapolis, New Orleans, two in New
York City, Pittsburg, Richmond, Va., and St. Louis. As an in-
dication of both the distribution and prevalence of rabies among
animals may be considered the number of persons who have been

' treated at these institutes. The directors of all the Pasteur in-

stitutes have been requested to furnish this information and the
“majority have responded. From these reports it is evident that
several thousand people have been subjected to the Pasteur treat-
ment recently, and hundreds receive the treatment every year as
a result of bites inflicted by rabid animals. At the Pittsburg In-
stitute, 1,022 persons from Canada, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New
- York, West Virginia and Colorado have received treatment as
follows:

From December, 1900, to September, 1902, 76 cases.
_ __.. From October, 1902, to October, 1904, 143 cases.
From October, 1904, to October, 1906, 185 cases.

42 JOHN R. MOHLER,

From October, 1906, to October, 1905, 368 cases.

From October, 1908, to June, 1909, 250 cases.

The Texas Institute, under state control, has been established
less than five years, but the number of persons who have applied
for treatment has gradually increased from 81 in 1905 to 254 in
1906; 310 in 1907, and 353 in 1908; these patients coming from
seven southwestern states and old Mexico.

At the St. Louis Institute, 381 persons have been treated,
coming from eleven southern and central western states and from
Mexico.

Since 1890 the Chicago Institute has treated 3,016 people, |

coming from thirty different states of the Union.

At the New York Institute (Rambaud’s) 1,367 cases were
treated between 1890 and 1900; 237 cases in 1900 and Igol, and
486 cases from October, 1904, to October, 1906.

Brawner of the Georgia Institute has treated 670 patients
since 1900 with only two deaths. During this time all the people
in Georgia bitten by rabid animals that did not take the treatment
were recorded, and of the 120 bitten without subsequent treat-
ment 29 developed hydrophobia. Rabies is said to be very much
on the increase in that section and it is not uncommon for farmers
to lose many horses, cows and hogs from the disease.

At the Baltimore Institute, 1,092 cases have been treated,
334 of which came from Maryland, 117 from North Carolina,
102 from Pennsylvania, 104 from Virginia, 112 from West Vir-
ginia, 57 from the District of Columbia, and the remainder from
thirteen other states.

Since 1901 the Richmond Institute has treated 208 cases,
coming from Virginia, North and South Carolina, and West
Virginia.

As a further indication of the number of persons bitten, but
who did not take the Pasteur treatment are the Census Reports
showing the mortality statistics of rabies. In the census of 1900
when only about 40 per cent. of our population resided in dis-
tricts where registration was observed, 123 deaths from rabies
distributed in 28 states were reported. That this number was en-

ee a

THE NATURE, CAUSE AND PREVALENCE OF RABIES. 43

tirely too low was shown by Salmon in 1900, who corresponded
with a number of health officers within and without the regis-
" tration district and collected 230 authentic cases of hydrophobia
in man during this same interval in 73 cities. That the increase
_ of rabies in animals which has been demonstrated bears a direct
relation to the increase in the disease in man is shown by the vital
_ statistics of the Census Bureau, as follows:

In 1903, 43 people died of rabies; in 1904, 38; in 1905, 44;
- 1906, 85; 1907, 75; 1908, 82. These deaths occurred only in
_ the registration area of the United States, which now includes
about 51 per cent. of the total population.

While the disease in certain foreign countries has at times
appeared in the form of severe enzootics extending over con-
_ siderable territory, in the course of the last decade the affection

' has decreased on the whole, and in some places has even disap-

_ peared entirely, owing to the rigid enforcement of muzzling and
- quarantine regulations. According to Hutyra and Marek, the dis-

| ease in France is widely distributed all over the country. Since
' 1899 more than 2,000 cases of rabies have been reported each
. year, and in 1903 there were 2,391 rabid animals. In Germany
) during the years 1895 to 1898 the number of cases of rabies in-

EF creased rapidly from 489 to 1,202. The number then decreased
to 612 in 1902. These cases occurred mainly in the eastern and

' southern provinces bordering on the badly infected districts in
» Russia and Austria, while in the other parts of Germany only a
' few isolated outbreaks of the disease appeared. In Austria the

disease has been on an increase since 1891, and in 1900 there

)) were 1,187 cases reported. During this interval—from 1891 to
1900 4,974 people were bitten by rabid animals, 123, or 2.4 per

_ cent., of whom died of hydrophobia. In 1903 the number of

people bitten by mad dogs varied from 11 to 42 weekly. In

_ Hungary there was a momentous decrease in rabies following
_ the passage of the veterinary sanitary law of 1888, but since
_ 1893, when there were 883 cases, outbreaks have been gradually

inereasing, and in 1903 2,040 rabid animals were reported. The

__ disease is most common in Russia, and it also appears very fre-

44 JOHN R. MOHLER.

quently in Roumania, Servia and Bulgaria. In Turkey, despite
the large number of dogs, the disease does not increase much,
which is explained by Remlinger from the fact that the affection
generally appears in the form of dumb rabies. In 1903 only 35
rabid animals were reported in Belgium, 25 in Holland, 18 in
Switzerland and 376 in Italy. Spain has had more frequent
outbreaks of the disease, while Denmark, Sweden, and especially
Norway and Great Britain, have been free from the contagion for
several years, owing to the wise provision that all dogs running
at large shall be muzzled. The Islands of Australia, Tasmania,
New Zealand, St. Helena, and the Azores have never become —
infected with rabies, and the first three prevent its appearance by
rigid inspection and quarantine. In 1905 Rutherford reported
the disease to be spreading in Canada, and in 1908 Dudley made |
a similar statement for the Philippine Islands, where the malady —
had been found to exist in thirty-nine provinces. The latter |
recommends the establishment of a Pasteur Institute in the Isl-
ands. That rabies is increasing in Mexico is shown by the report
of the Pasteur Institute in the City of Mexico.

Cott Catzs Arp To Irs MoTHER Stuck In Mup.—On Aug-
ust 28, at Pleasant Hill, Mo., a pretty Shetland colt attracted the
attention of a crowd at a baseball game here when it approached
the bleachers from the direction of a creek 200 yards beyond first
base. The Shetland baby appeared to be in trouble. Various
persons on the lines fondled the colt, and presently it turned and
retraced its way to the creek. At the edge of the creek bluff it
paused hut for an instant, and after looking intently over the
brink, it wheeled about once more and returned to the right field
bleachers. Walker Brannock and Lloyd McKee noticed the un-
usual actions of the colt, and when it once more turned and started
for the creek they followed. ‘The mystery was explained when
they looked over the bluff, for there, mired in the deep mud and
with her head barely out of the water, was the little bay mother
of the Shetland colt. Other persons were summoned to the scene,
and willing hands soon delivered the little mare from her predica-
ment.—Home Topics, Sept. 11, 1909.

EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA.*
By A, T. Kinsrey, M.Sc., D.V.S., Kansas Crry, Missouri,

| During the last few years the attention of veterinarians and
sanitary boards in North America has been attracted by the re-
_ ports of an unknown disease in horses and mules. This disease
_or very closely related diseases, prevails in various states of the
United States, in some of the provinces of Canada and in Europe.
_ The disease has been designated by a variety of names, as
_“ swamp fever,” “ pernicious anemia,” “ malarial fever,” “ Span-
ish fever,” “ river bottom disease,” “loin distemper,” etc. The
_ disease will be designated ‘‘ Equine Infectious Anemia ” in this
_ description, because it is confined to the equine genus, is infec-
_ tious, and is a specific. blood disease.

The writer’s attention was first called to the disease in the
fall of 1902 by a veterinarian at Vinita, I. T, (Oklahoma). The
data of this paper has been obtained by correspondence with
_ sixty different veterinarians practicing in the various localities
where the disease was known to be prevailing, and by field in-
vestigation of about fifty different cases, in various stages of the
disease, in northeastern Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas.

Equine infectious anemia is characterized by extensive blood
changes, by variations in the severity of the attack by irregular-
ity of course, and is accompanied by typical symptoms of anemia.

The causative factor of this disease is a filterable virus which
is apparently confined to the blood of the affected animals. It is
probable that the virus is a lower form of animal life. Its source
and life history are unknown. The infection, in many instances,
seems to remain on a farm or in a barn indefinitely. It is usually
not readily carried to adjacent farms or other barns. A farm
near Coffeyville, Kansas, has been infected for twelve or four-

*Presented at the Forty-sixth Annual Meeting of the A. V. M. A., at Chicago, Sept. 7th,
8th, 9th and roth, in connection with the report of the Committee on Diseases.

45

46 A, T. KINSLEY.

teen years, and the owner has lost horses with this disease nearly
every year during that time, while a neighbor living not more
than sixty rods diagonally across a thoroughfare has never had
a case. Another man living fourteen miles northeast of Coffey-
ville lost five horses with this disease during the winter of 1907-
8, and the following summer a farm hand kept his pony in the
same barn for three or four weeks and it became affected and
died.

The manner of natural infection is not known. Many theories

have been proposed as to the source of the virus and the manner —

of infection. Some hold that the virus passes a part of its life his-
tory on prairie grass and the animal becomes infected by eating
the grass or new hay; others hold that it is obtained from spring,
water, etc. The disease has been transferred from infected ani-
mals to healthy susceptible animals by blood inoculation. Flies
and mosquitoes appear to have no relation to the transmission of
the disease, as a single case may occur in a large barn where flies
and mosquitoes swarm indiscriminately from the diseased to the
healthy horses. Several instances were observed in which one
of a double team of horses had become infected and the other
remained normal, though these horses were watered from the
same pail and fed in the same trough and had not, to the owner’s
knowledge, been separated. Colts appear to suckle affected mares
with impunity. In other instances, suckling colts become affected
although the mares remain healthy.

Horses and mules are about equally susceptible to this disease.
Two cases were observed in suckling colts, and one case in a
twenty-year-old horse; it was observed in thoroughbred and
trotters, saddlers, French coach, draft horses, and Indian ponies;
consequently, age and breed appear to have little influence over
susceptibility. Food appears to have no causal relation to the
disease as it affects equally as many horses that are constantly fed
on dry feed as of those which run in pastures. This disease oc-
curs regardless of the source of water. (Although Dr. Robinson,
of Independence, Kansas, believes that the disease had its origin
from spring water, and in corroboration of this statement, sev-

EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA. 47

_ eral horsemen in that vicinity named a pasture in which they
claimed there are several infected springs, and that a large per
cent. of equines that drink from these springs become infected. )
The initial attack of this disease usually occurs during July,
_ August and September, though many cases have been observed
_ both earlier and later than this. The disease is most prevalent
- in the summer months; however, chronic cases may be seen in
_ midwinter. The disease is more prevalent during wet seasons
and is equally prevalent on uplands and lowlands. The Verdi-
_ gris river overflows almost every lear, yet there are no more
cases in proportion on the overflowed river bottoms than there
is on the uplands fourteen or sixteen miles from the river.

The disease may appear suddenly or it may have an insidious
- onset, there being some lack of spirits or other evidence for a
week or even a month before the disease is actually recognizable.
In those cases in which the disease appears suddenly the affected
animal has a very dejected appearance. The temperature varies
_ from 104° to 107° F.; and if the animals are not treated, the
high temperature continues for from three to eight days with
slight variations. Respiration is usually accelerated, the increased
rate being in proportion to the temperature. The cardio-vascular
variations are the most constant and characteristic symptoms of
this disease; the first impression of the pulse, in practically every

» case, is that it is wiry, though on closer examination it is found

to be full, but it is compressible and feels streamy, i. ¢., the prin-
cipal pulse wave is followed by a secondary streaming flow of
smaller volume—an anemic pulse. The pulse rate varies from
60 to 90, depending upon the severity of the attack. On ex-
amination of the heart there is noted an indistinct murmur typ-
- ical of anemia. There is invariably a jugular pulse which be-
_ comes more and more marked as the disease advances. The ani-
_ mals are quite weak, in some instances they stagger when walk-
ing. The visible mucous membranes are at first blanched, but
later they assume a dirty yellow color. The ocular mucous mem-
brane usually contains petechial hemorrhages varying in size
from a mere point to irregular areas the diameter of a lead

48 A. T. KINSLEY.

pencil. All sphincter muscles are relaxed. The anus frequently
is opened to such an extent that it is necessary to insert a ther-
mometer far into the rectum to obtain the body temperature.
There may be frequent urination, and in the later stages of the
disease there may be constant dribbling of urine, because of the
relaxation of the cystic sphincter. As the disease progresses the
animals become extremely emaciated, and there may or may not
be cedema of the dependent parts. In the later stages the ani-
mals always become very weak, although they may eat raven-
ously until they die.. In some instances the animal appears to
suffer considerably in the beginning. One not familiar with this
disease gives a diagnosis of colic in the earlier stages of these
cases, for the affected animal is very restless, rolling and groan-
ing, and while standing, constantly shifting from one foot to the

other, this latter heing especially marked in the posterior limbs.

An occasional case is observed in which there is epistaxis.

The premonitory symptoms of those cases having an insidious
onset consist of a general dejected appearance and the affected
animals fatigue easily. After the onset the symptoms are the
same as described above except that they are less intense.

The chronic type is usually secondary to the acute, and is
probably more frequent in those cases in which the disease had
an insidious onset. In the chronic form the attack may be con-
tinuous or it may be periodic. When the attack is continuous the
general indications of the disease are emaciation, weakness,
cedema of dependent parts of varying extent and a worn-out ap-
pearance. The animals affected with the chronic type always eat
heartily. On inspection, the mucous membranes are found to be
dirty white or pale yellow in color, and there may be a rise of
from one to three degrees in temperature. The respiration is ac-
celerated, and the pulse is of the characteristic anemic type.
There is always a marked jugular pulse, and a typical anemic
heart murmur. The submaxillary lymph nodes are usually en-
larged. The symptoms are practically the same during the
attacks of the periodic type as described. in the acute cases. Dur-
ing the intermissions the animals are dull and fatigue easily, al-

—_—

EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA, 49

though their appetite is good and they apparently digest all the
food they consume. ‘There is usually more or less weakness in
the posterior limbs, which in some instances becomes so marked
that the animals fall when turned quickly. Those animals af-
fected with the chronic type are always emaciated.

_ There are usually some cutaneous wounds found on post-
mortem examination caused by the animals falling against fences
‘or even to the ground. The blood is thin, pale and water like,
and separates as it coagulates. The cutaneous lymph glands are
usually slightly enlarged and contain coagulated lymph. There
s more or less cedema in the subcutaneous structures of the de-
pendent parts in the chronic cases. Oedema is usually absent in
the carcasses that have died of the acute type of the disease.
Voluntary muscles are pale and soft, i. e., they have a typical
parboiled appearance. The serous membranes are pale, flakes of
‘coagulated lymph are deposited upon them, and many petechial
| hemorrhages are noted in the subserous structures. The peri-
‘ toneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities usually contain a con-
siderable quantity of a thin limpid fluid. The subserosa, particu-
arly of the small intestine, contains many petechial hemorrhages.
e visceral organs are anemic, the digestive tract always con-
tains a considerable quantity of food stuff, especially in chronic
cases. The liver, though usually normal in size, is icteric, the
‘intensity depending upon the chronicity of the case. The spleen
is about normal in size in the acute cases, though it is darker
‘in color and softer in consistency; in chronic cases it is enlarged
‘and more or less indurated. The kidneys are anemic and friable,
and it is not uncommon to find infarcts in their cortex. The
adder is usually empty because of the relaxed sphincter vesicz.
‘The mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged and intensely hyper-
gemic, hemorrhagic and frequently contain necrotic food. The
sublumbar lymph nodes are less intensely congested though they
"may contain more or less of coagulated lymph both in the gland-
ular structure and beneath the capsule. The deep and super-
‘ficial inguinal glands may be hyperemic, and are invariably
slightly enlarged and cedematous. The lungs are usually cede-

50 A, T. KINSLEY.

matous, and contain many petechial hemorrhages in the sub-
pleura. The bronchial, tracheal and mediastinal lymph nodes
are usually enlarged and cedematous. The heart is pale, friable,
and contains sub-pericardial and endocardial hemorrhages; it is 7
always enlarged in chronic cases and may contain infarcts. The 7)
cerebral and spinal meninges are usually anemic though their
veins may be gorged with blood. The brain and cord is anemic,
soft and usually contains petechial hemorrhages beneath the pi-
ameter. The red bone marrow is dark in color, the yellow mar-
row is gelatinous in consistency. |
Tissues examined microscopically were all obtained within 7
two hours aiter death. The tissues were fixed in formalin, em-
bedded in collodion, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and
eosin, hematoxylin and picro-fuchsin or hematoxylin alone. Blood
smears were stained with Wright’s stain, hematoxylin and eosin, "|
methylene biue and eosin. The blood was obtained from the
jugular vein. |
The most characteristic microscopic lesions were found in the
blood. The hemoglobin content, which according to the Tall-
quist scale ranges from ninety to one hundred per cent. in nor-
mal equines, varied from ten per cent. to eighty-five per cent. in
the affected animals. The red blood corpuscles varied from)
1,006,400 per cmm. to 6,800,000 per cmm. The red blood -
corpuscles vary in size, there being some very small (microcytes)
and some excessively large (megalocytes) ; they are also variable ©
in shape (poikilocytes); and occasionally a nucleated cell)
(erythroblast) is observed. The changes occurring in the white
blood corpuscles are somewhat variable. The one principal )}
change is the increased proportion of polymorphs as is shown by |}
the following table:

Lal
12
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z *S-oor ainjesaduiay “b= Apn I 99 tr 6 o£S‘g o00%00g'9 gg 9 ttre tose 4
ror aunjesodutay ‘ze Ayn z o£ zr gt 009'g o00'0zl'g Sg Q tttreee are Ieac
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52 A. T,. KINSLEY.

The muscular and granular tissues are affected with paren-

chymatous degeneration. Petechial hemorrhages occur in the 9
various tissues, but especially beneath serous membranes. Pig- ©

mentation with hemoglobin and its derivatives is prevalent ing
practically all tissues especially the liver, spleen, and heart, and |
if the case is of long standing, the tissues in which petechial
hemorrhage occurs are also intensely pigmented. The liver cells ©
are extensively disintegrated. The central portion of the liver

lobules are infiltrated with leucocytes, and the liver cells and ¥

intercellular spaces contain pigmentary deposits in those cases
that have died of the acute type of the disease. In the chronic
type the principal hepatic lesion consists of fibrous hyperplasia

and pigmentation. The spleen contains an excess of blood in the 7

early stages and the splenic corpuscles are practically obliterated; 7
cell fragments and detritus are found mingled with the splenic 7

pulp in the later stages of the acute type, but when the disease 7

has become chronic there is a limited sclerosis throughout the 7
entire splenic tissue. |

The principal diagnostic symptoms of acute infectious anemia
are: High temperature, increased respiration, anemic pulse,

anemic cardiac murmur, jugular pulse, petechial or muddy ap- 7

pearance of the conjunctiva, relaxation of the sphincter muscles, °
enlargement of the submaxillary lymph nodes, and general de- —
pression. The location and history must also be given due credit.
The hemoglobin test is of considerable value and a complete
blood examination alone gives positive evidence of anemia. Blood
inoculation is the only positive method of diagnosis of this dis-
ease, although due consideration of the history and symptoms
usually give sufficient evidence for diagnosis.

The principal diagnostic features of the chronic type are:
Emaciation, though affected animals usually have a good appetite ©
and apparently digest and assimilate all food eaten; circulatory
disturbances of the same character, but more intense than in the
acute type; muddy appearance of all visible mucous membranes;
relaxed sphincter muscles; general weakness, especially marked in
the posterior limbs. The hemoglobin will be found to vary from

EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA, 53

ten to seventy per cent. The red blood corpuscles may be dimin-
" ished to 1,000,000 per cmm. There will be poikilocytosis, many

mycrocytes and macrocytes will be observed, and there may be
an occasional nucleated red blood cell. The percentage of poly-

nymph leucocytes are increased.

The prognosis should be guarded. Most practitioners report
about fifty per cent. mortality, but if the horses were treated ac-
‘cording to the veterinarian’s direction it is doubtful if the mor-
tality would be more than twenty-five per cent. Drs, Francis
‘and Marsteller, of Texas, have issued a bulletin in which they
hold that an animal that has had the disease is always infectious.
This statement needs further experimental support.

In the treatment of the disease the affected animals should
‘be kept absolutely at rest, they should not even be led out of
their stalls to the watering trough. Sunshine has a decided
_ injurious effect upon the diseased animals; they should be kept
_ in a comfortable stall.
| In the acute type the temperature should be diminished by
cold baths. Water may be safely and conveniently applied with
a hose. When water is not available for a bath, frequent rectal
injections of cool water should be resorted to. Stimulants should
be given, the dosage depending upon the requirement of the case.
Arsenic appears to be a very reliable agent in this disase. It is
' usually given as Fowler’s solution, the dosage varying somewhat,
_ though generally speaking, large doses should be given. Any
ordinary adult horse should receive from two to three ounces of
| Fowler’s solution daily until the temperature becomes normal.
| Tonics should be prescribed for at least two weeks after the ani-
" mal has apparently returned to normal. In the chronic form, the
_ temperature should be kept as near normal as possible by baths
" or rectal injections. Stimulants should be given at least three
_ times daily, conjoined with Fowler’s solution, giving of the lat-
_ter not less than two ounces daily. The Fowler solution may be
_ suspended for a day or two if there are signs of arsenical poison-
ing. This line of treatment continued for from four to six weeks

54 A. T. KINSLEY.

apparently completely destroys the causative agent of the disease,
or, at least, the animals recover.

In conclusion I wish to thank and give due credit to those {
who so kindly and promptly answered all correspondence in —
reference to this disease, and, especially, to acknowledge the hos- — }
pitality of Dr. C. R. Walter, Tulsa, Okla.; Dr. E. M. Bates, of |
Coffeyville, Kansas, and Dr. B. A. Robinson, of Independence, q
Kansas. who did everything in their power to assist in the field —
investigation.

Every veterinarian should keep a fresh copy of the Review ~
before him every day. It is an indispensable work to all progres-
sive veterinarians.—Gro. H. BELATRE.

Terrier Has Taken 20,000 MILE JAUNT.—A_ wonderful
record as a traveler has been achieved by Dash, the smooth-
haired fox terrier which accompanied Dr. M. A. Stein, an arche-
ological explorer, throughout his great journey of ten thousand

miles, undertaken on behalf of the Indian government, through —

Central Asia into China and back, says the London Daily Mail.
Though the aggregate of the marches amounted roughly to ten
thousand miles in two years and. eight months, the actual distance
covered by Dash, taking into account his canine habits of progres-

sion, may be estimated at well-over twenty thousand miles. Dash { |
made that journey on foot practically the whole way, except when
he went “pony back” for short distances at times of great heat. J

When in the Taklamakan desert Dash, like the rest of his party,.

had his water allowance strictly limited. It came from the supply.
carried on cameis in the form of ice. Dash went over mountain —
passes as high as 16,000 feet above the sea level. Throughout the ~
journey the dog kept well, and his menu was made up of scraps 7
from the camp larder. Each night he slept in Dr. Stein’s tent,
and on occasions proved himself a very useful watchdog. On —
the high Tibetan uplands his chief recreation was chasing wild:

oe

donkeys, yaks and the like. He managed to kill several hares and. 7)

bring them in tc supplement the store of food. Upon many jour-

neys along the Indian northwest frontier Dash has also been the |

comrades of his master, and he has probably seen far more of the —
world than most people. He has true British terrier blood in his
veins, although India was his bitthplace. The dog is now in —
quarantine after having come from India.—N. Y, Herald, Sept.

TT, 1909.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES FROM THE VETERINARY
_ INSPECTOR’S POINT OF VIEW.*

By L. Enos Day, Cuicago, ILL.

_ The fact that certain diseases affecting man are also found in
meat-producing animals, and the accepted belief that under cer-
tain conditions they may he transmitted from such animals to
man through the food supply makes the duties of the veterinary
inspector of paramount importance from an hygienic point of
view.
The inhabitants of the United States rank second in meat
consumption among the civilized nations, our consumption being
‘about 180 pounds per capita, or about 14,116,886,000 pounds per
annum. With a population whose gastronomic tastes are so de-
cidedly animal it will readily be seen that if animals suffering
from infectious diseases were slaughtered and their flesh sold for
food, the health of our country would be in great danger.
The greatest number, and at the same time the most impor-
tant diseases of food animals, from a veterinary inspector's point
_of view, belong to the infectious diseases. According to the re-
) port of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, for the years
© 1900 to 1907, the number of carcasses condemned for infectious
‘diseases far exceed those condemned for all other causes. This
being the case, these diseases are of great importance to the vet-
-erinary inspector, it being his duty to carefully inspect and pass
® on all of the animals slaughtered, with reference to the soundness
and wholesomeness of the meat and meat food products.
Owing to the extreme virulent nature of most of the niicro-
organisms which produce highly infectious diseases in food pro-
ducing animals they are capable of partially or completely de-
“stroying large herds of animals in a few weeks, but it is very
. "gratifying for us to know that in many cases they are only
) slightly, or not at all, pathogenic to man; in this respect we are
; pended \ very fortunate. |

ois fa Sitbaanted at the Forty-sixth Annual Meeting of the A. V. M.A., at Chicago, Sept. 7th,
a 8th, 9th and roth, in connection with the report of the Committee on Diseases.

55

56 : L. ENOS DAY.

We are indebted to Robert Koch for devising a way by which |
bacteria can be separated, cultivated in pure culture and studied,

and to Brieger for calling attention to the chemistry of bacteria 7)
and indicating the method by which it is possible to isolate the — |
poisons (toxins) which they produce. The chemistry of bac- ¥)
teria is very important to the veterinary inspector, since it makes 7)

him acquainted with the fact that bacteria, although of :iem-
selves are unable to produce an infection in man, are, however,

capable of becoming injurious to man through the toxins pro- 7

duced by them. Brieger also shows that although pathogenic
bacteria were destroyed by high degrees of temperature, only a
very small per cent. of the toxins which they produce are de-
stroyed by heat.

As before stated, the greatest number of food animals con-
demned at official establishments where inspection is maintained,
were rejected on account of being infected with an infectious
disease. During the year 1907 the total number of carcasses con-
demned for all causes at such establishments were 27,933 cattle,
105,879 hogs, and 9,524 sheep. Of this number, 19,305 car-
casses of cattle, 65,618 hogs were condemned for tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis being very rare in sheep, no carcasses were con-
demned for this disease during the year.

For a number of years much has been written both in Amer-
ica and Europe concerning tuberculosis. These various articles —
have dealt with the disease fro mall of its various phases both
in animals and man. As so much has already been written on
this subject, especially within the past two years, and since tuber-
culosis from various points of view was treated in a very thor-
ough manner by the several members of the Committee on Dis-
eases last year, it seems to me that it will be well to omit a dis-
cussion on the subject of tuberculosis in this paper. To discuss
all of the other various infectious diseases would occupy too much
time, therefore I will confine myself very briefly to septicemia.
Aside from tuberculosis, the most dangerous disease which con-
fronts the veterinary inspector in his daily work from an hygienic
point of view is the various forms of septicemia. The great

INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 57

F danger associated with these conditions does not depend so much
' upon the liability of the organisms multiplying in the tissue of
- the consumer and producing lesions similar to those produced in

the animal before it was slaughtered, but in the toxins which are
contained in the meat of such animals. The toxins and toxal-
_ humins which are present in the meat from animals which are suf-
fering from sepsis before slaughter often produce a series of
symptoms in man to which the term meat poisoning has been ap-
plied.

Septiczemia in this connection includes all of those hemolytic
diseases of sepsis which are caused by the entrance of pathogenic
organisms or their products into the blood or by the combination
of both.

Ostertag states that no other disease possessess such impor-
tance for meat inspection as the various forms of sepsis. Fur-
thermore, he regards the flesh of animals affected with septicemia
as the most dangerous of all the diseases of food animals.

On post-mortem examination there are usually no very ex-
tensive lesions of theinternal organs by which one can make a
diagnosis. The heart, kidneys and liver are usually slightly
swollen and cloudy, in some cases the skeletal muscles are slightly
pale. In very advanced cases a slightly sour odor will be noticed
at the time of evicerating. Rigor mortis is retarded and in very
advanced cases does not take place.

With reference to the reaction of meat, Bugge, Director of
the Government Laboratory in the Province of Schleswig-Hol-
stein, reports that the reaction of bacteria free meat is usually
acid soon after slaughter. In eight of 116 cases it is neutral or
weakly acid, in one neutral to slightly alkaline, and in three cases
was at first alkaline, becoming acid after twenty-four hours.
Muscular tissue containing micro-organisms also had an acid re-
action though in a few isolated cases it was alkaline. In meat
containing large quantities of enteritis bacteria the reaction was
distinctly acid.

The muscles of the above 116 cases were also examined for

58 L. ENOS DAY.

bacteria, micro-organisms were found in 22 cases. The meat
came from the following sourec: 92 oxen, 7 calves and 7 swine.

The following diseases should be considered as special forms
of septicemia: Polyarthritis of calves, hemorrhagic enteritis of
calves, septic metritis, septic enteritis of cattle, and septic mam-
mary diseases in cows.

Bugge examined the muscles of 17 cows which were affected
with metritis when slaughtered, and found bacteria present in
seven cases, he also examined the muscles of two calves which —
were suffering from diarrheas and from bacteria present in both
cases.

Ostertag reports forty outbreaks of meat poisoning in Ger-
many and Belgium during a period of about twenty years pre-
vious to 1898. In these forty outbreaks more than 2,000 people
fell victims to the malady. In each case the cause of the outbreak
was traced to the consumption of meat from animals either in a
dying condition or suffering from some form of sepsis at the time
of slaughter. 7

In 1888 Gartner isolated a pathogenic bacillus trom the tresh
meat and spleen of a cow which had been slaughtered in extremis
on account of acute enteritis. He also isolated the same organ-
isn from the spleens of men who had died: from meat poisoning.
This organism produces a strong poison which is very resistant,
and is not even destroyed at the temperature of boiling water.
Toxins prepared in artificial culture in the laboratory produce in
suitable animals and in men the same symptoms as the infected
meat. It seems that most of the cases of meat poisoning reported
in the past decade where a bacteriological investigation was made,
the organisms which were found either belong to the “ Gartner ”
enteritides bacillus or the paratyphoid group. Some cases are-
on record where staphylococcus pyogenes flavus was the cause. —

Owing to the chemical composition of meat it offers not only
a very suitable nutrient media for putrefactive bacteria, but also
for pathogenic micro-organisms. Bearing this point in mind the
sanitary condition and water supply should be good in places
where meat food produets are prepared or stored.

CORRESPONDENCE.

STATE VETERINARIAN’S OFFICE,
CLEMSON COLLEGE, S. C., September 20, 1909.

Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York City.

Dear Sirs: Enclosed herewith are photographs of a rather
peculiar case which was brought to the Clemson Agricultural
College Veterinary Hospital for treatment. I have not been
able to form a diagnosis and would like to hear from others who
may have had similar cases.

This dog (about 11 months of age) was in perfect health
until about two weeks before admission to the hospital. After
a day’s work in the field, the owner noticed that the dog expe-
rienced difficulty in getting on its feet. After a few attempts,
however, the dog got up and appeared perfectly normal. This
difficulty in rising was the only symptom noticed until two days
before the dog was presented for treatment. At that time the
animal assumed the position shown in Cut I. and refused all food.

The head was carefully examined, but no evidences of injury
could be found. There was a complete loss of sight in the right
eye. ‘femperature and respiration were normal and the dog
was apparently perfectly conscious, as it.responded to the own-

59

60 CORRESPONDENCE.

er’s voice by wagging the tail and attempting to follow him.
When placed in any other position than the one assumed in Cut
I. the dog would struggle until the position was regained.

On the following day the animal began to roll to the right

pgp wr ay ele OOS a ES

poet

cases Tn

LPAI A

—
it. Sa

ee)

4
{

continuously, being unable to stop even when in a corner or
against the wall. See Cut II.

Chloral hydrate was administered (per rectum) and the dog
was kept under its influence for three days. At the end of this

time the animal was able to brace itself against the wall suf-
ficiently to prevent rolling (see Cut III.), but when moved
would roll until the wall was again reached. See Cut III.

CORRESPONDENCE. 61

4 For five days the animal refused food and was drenched with
"milk, eggs and brandy. Purgatives and enemas were given and
- tincture of nux vomica was administered daily in gradually in-
creasing doses (beginning with 5 M., the dose was gradually in-
creased to 18 M. daily. When nervousness was noticed the drug
was discontinued and a purgative given). As soon as the ap-
petite returned potassium iodide in 4 grain doses was given
_ eyery two or three days, )
' At the end of three weeks the dog was able to walk and was
_ discharged from the hospital with instructions to the owner to
- continue the daily administration of tincture of nux vomica in
8 M. doses. The owner has since reported that this treatment
was continued for two weeks after the animal was discharged,
and that the dog is now apparently well (with exception of loss
_ of sight in right eye) and is doing good work in the field.
Very respectfully,

M. Ray Powers,

State Veterinarian.

Cow’s TeerH BrusHeD; BetTerR ButTrer ResuLtts.—One-
piece suits for his cows and their teeth cleaned three times every
day is the new departure in dairy farming established by W. Kel-
sey Schoepf, who is interested in the street railroads of Philadel-
phia, and who spends much of his time in the Quaker City. Mr.
Schoepf’s farm is located in Glendale, a suburb of Cincinnati, and
two farmers whose sole duties are to care for the magnate’s $75,-
ooo herd of full-blooded Jerseys each morning, place the coats
on the twenty-four bovines. The garments are cream-colored,
and are of the one-piece variety now in style. They are de-
signed to keep the flies off the bossies during the day. Farmer
Schoepf has always been of the opinion that if cows’ teeth were
cleaned better health and better milk would result. In exchange
for these acts of kindness each cow during the past two days
while the departures were tried out produced over two gallons of
real pure milk. When this was reported, Mr. Schoepf ordered
that the innovation be a permanent feature of farm life. Mr.
Schoepf’s friends in Philadelphia were sent samples of the butter
produced from the milk from the cows whose teeth are cleaned
three times a day with a regular tooth brush. The farm pro-
duces ninety pounds of butter, each week, which is sold to neigh-
bors. Mr. Schoepf’s town houses here and in New York are
both supplied and the surplus products find a ready market in the
vicinity of the farm—New York World.

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Lrautarp, M. D., V. M.

‘THe Use or lopINE 1N PNEumonia [Major A. C. Newsom,
A. V. C.}.—To test this form of treatment which had been seen
recommended in some papers by the author, forty animals were ©
submitted to a routine treatment as follows: ‘“ The iodine was
administered in dose of one drachm bolus twice a day from the
time the diagnosis had been established until convalescence set in,
or symptoms of iodism appeared. Where the condition sug-
gested the necessity, ether in drachm doses was given hypoder-
mically.” In seven cases symptoms of iodism were manifested by
diminished appetite, disinclination to drink, skin eruption and
muco-purulent discharge from the eves. Iodine was stopped, but
in a!l the other cases, it was given till convalescence took place.
In one case only was iodism noticed after six days of administra-
tion of the drug. But in another it took 23 days and again in
another 30 days without any bad effects being observed. It
seems justifiable in the presence of such results to conclude that
iodine is well tolerated and can be given in drachm doses without
fear. Of the forty animals treated by this method, only four died;
these had all double pneumonia complicated with pleurisy.—
(Journ. of Comp. Pathol. and Therap.)

Note oN A CASE or CHLOROMA IN A Pia [J/. Robertson, M.
D. M. O. H.|.—This was observed on the carcass ot a pig. ‘Ihe
split body presented a remarkable aspect on account of a bright
pea green coloration. There were patches, which were irregularly
distributed over the vertebra ; the coloration being in the marrow
of the spongy parts of the bones. Similar patches existed also
on the ribs, on other bones, and on the connective tissue in the
abdomen and in the thoracic cavity, where they formed small
masses. One of these was on the surface of a piece of one kidney.

62

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 63

It was intimately attached to the connective tissue of the kidney
and in structure it had the typical aspect of lymphoma. Clots of
blood showed an enormous increase in the number of the leuco-
cytes. All the other organs of the animal were otherwise sound.
The tumors found are considered by pathologists as lympho-
sarcomas.—-{ Journ. of Comp. Pathol, and Therap.)

ANTHRAX BaciLii in MILK [Sir John McFadyean].—In ex-
ainining, on three occasions, milk sent to him which had been
drawn from cows that died with anthrax, bacilli were found in
all the three samples in such a large number that they could be
readily discovered with the examination on the microscope, with
an ordinary stained cover glass preparation. From this, however,
one must not consider that great danger exists for the public, as
after all the danger is not in reality so great, and besides the re-
strictions embodied in the Anthrax Order are sufficient to pre-
vent any infection to occur in human beings by the consumption
of milk; but yet the writer suggests that some precautions ought
to be taken in connection with the milk in general when an out-
break of anthrax occurs among cows. It is only necessary to see
that for a week or ten days after the last preceding case, the tem-
peratures of all the cows are taken before each milking and that
all milk obtained from any cow having a temperature superior to
the normal be withheld; and of course, specially if she presents
any of the symptoms of anthrax. The balance of the require-
ments are al! provided by the Anthrax Order.— (Journ. of Comp.
Pathol. and Therap.)

Onion Porsontne IN CattLe [W. W. Goldsmith, M. R. C.
V. S.|.—Loads of onions partly started to shoot and partly de-
cayed are put down in a meadow where nine head of cattle are at
grass. After a week cattle got sick, and one died. The symp-
toms observed are: Intense smell of onion, tucking up of the
flanks ,constipation in some, purging freely in others, one vomited
abundantly. One animal quite sick had a grunt, was much con-
stipated, staggered in walking and was very tender on the loins.
Temperature 103°; urine dark and smelling of onions. Treat-
ment: Feeding with soft food and hay. Large doses of linseed
oil. One animal that was very ill got also extract of belladonna
and carbonate of soda. All but one of the animals recovered. At
the autopsy of the dead one, the rumen was found inflamed and
also the bowels. Liver enlarged and of light color. Kidneys dark

64 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

green and with offensive odor. Rumen contained large quantity
of onions and grass. The whole carcass and organs smell of
onions.—(Ibidem.)

Notes oN SourRED MILK TREATMENT IN Docs [T. F. Prime,
M. R. C. V. S.\.—A bulldog 10 years old has had diarrhea
at various intervals. This condition alternating now and then
with constipation. The animal has lost flesh and strength, and
notwithstanding all treatment became almost a living walking
skeleton. It was then that the soured milk treatment was begun,
by crushing one or more tablets of lactic acid bacillus and adding
it to warm milk. This being allowed to stand for twelve hours.
The diarrhea steadily became better colored after a while, the ap-
petite returned and the dog ate cooked meat daily by degrees and
recovered. A marked improvement had already been observed
after the second day of the treatment. No other medicine was
given. The writer has tried this treatment in dogs suffering
with typhoid, but without any satisfaction. He thinks that in
cases of stomach and bowel disturbances in dogs, and specially in
puppies, soured milk would prove of great advantage.—(Veterin.
Journ.)

URETHRAL Catcutus IN A Puppy [A. W. Reid, F. R. C. V.
S. and Prof. Hobday, F. R. C. V. S.|.—Four months’ old spaniel
puppy has complete stoppage of urine. He is in great pain and
the abdomen is much distended. He makes violent efforts to
urinate. A calculus is detected blocking the urethra at its end.
The stone is removed and the dog relieved. Hyoscyamus com-
pleted the cure.—(Veter. Journ.)

RETENTION OF URINE IN CATS AND TREATMENT | Prof. G.
H. Wooldridge and S. J. Motton|.—This trouble is compara-
tively rare in females. Castrated animals suffer more trom it.
The animal is dull, mopes, refuses food, and if suffering with
uremic poisoning exhales an odor of urine. Palpation ot the
abdomen is painful and the distended bladder can readily be felt.
Sometimes pressure upon the abdomen gives rise to an expulsion
of some of the retained urine. There may be urethritis or balan-
itis. As treatment, urinary antiseptics and sedatives may bring
relief. If the bladder is much distended and symptoms of intoxi-
cation are present, tapping with a fine trocar is indicated. As:

re CPR

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 6

_ there is danger of rupturing the bladder in examining or manipu-
lating the abdomen, because of the struggles of the animal, one
-must handle him with some care. The condition of the urethra
“must always be taken into consideration, and it must be free of
any foreign body that may obstruct it. Tincture of hyoscyamus
is also indicated. —(Veter, Journ.)

_ Ovaro-Hysrrrectomy or A Sueep [Ashley Young, M. R.
-C. V. S.|.—Two year old ewe is in labor since several hours.
Bad case of distokia. The right flank is open high up by incision
of the skin, previously carefully aseptized, local anesthesia be-
ing obtained with cocaine. The uterus containing two dead
lambs was located and “ the whole lot was removed atter applica-
tion of strong ligatures above the ovary and just on the inner
side of the Os Uteri.” The wound was closed and treated anti-
septically, healing being almost completed by first intention.—
- (Lbidem.)

_ RuPpTuRE OF THE LIVER IN A Puppy [ Prof. F. Hobday, F. R.
C. V. S.|.—Eight weeks old fox terrier puppy has a fall jump-
» ing cluinsily from a sofa. He became dull and out of sorts and
’ died in an hour. The post mortem revealed a quantity of blood
in the abdomen and several ruptures in the liver tissue. A serious
injury for such a trivial accident.—(Jbtdem.)

CanInE Notes [Horace L. Roberts, F. R. C. V. S.\.—
_ Metanoma IN A Doc.—The brief record of a case having oc-
curred in a brown Pomeranian dog, which had a growth
situated in the sub-cutaneous tissue and the cutis in the
region of the croup. It was spherical in shape, hair-
less and with a short peduncle. Removed in the customary
way aiter antiseptic measures were taken and local anesthesia ob-
tained with codrenin. The macroscopic and the microscopic ex-
_aminations of the neoplasm proved it to be a melanoma, an af-
_ fection not of frequent occurrence in dogs. Although in this case
the color of the animal seemed to coincide well with its nature.

_ Fracture or tHe Ricut Raprus AND ULNa AND DIsLoca-
TION OF THE HUMERO-RADIAL JOINT were found in a two year
’ old Toy Manchester terrier. bitch. Dislocation was reduced, the
_ fracture put in proper condition, splints and bandages were ap-
_ plied. After about two weeks. the dog was found with her leg
fractured a second time. The bandage had got loose and the

66 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

dog being allowed to climb up and down stairs had another fall
and a new fracture resulted. The bandage was reapplied, al- —
though perfect reduction could not be realized. However union —
took place, the dog recovered without any shortening and no ~
lameness remaining.— (Veter. Record.) :

THREE PECULIAR CASES OF SO-CALLED MILK FEveEr [ P. Mc- F |
Kinlay, M. R. C. V. S.|.—1. Taken ill twelve days after calving. —
Treated by injection of the udder. Recovered in an hour. Had ~

been lying on one side, was very excited, foaming at the mouth, 4%

champing her jaws, etc. 2. Ten weeks after calving. Found ~
partly paralyzed in the field. Is made to walk to the barn when
she drops down, breathes heavily, carries her head on her side —
round against the ribs, udder is nearly empty, temperature 101. ~
Same treatment. Gets up in about 45 minutes. Is well the next ©
day. 3. Five months calved. Had been exposed to severe storm. ©
Lies quiet, tympanitic, made to stand after much struggling she ~
holds her hind legs as straight as possible. Her back is arched; —
all four feet well gathered under the body, paddling continuously —
with her hind legs. She moans loudly, extremities are cold. ©
Temperature 99. Same treatment and same result in about half —
an hour.—(Jbidem. ) )

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M.

NECROSIS OF THE BARS: SEQUESTRUM AND CARIES OF THE IN-
FERIOR MAXILLARY—REcovERY [Mr. Douville].—A ten-year- —
old horse had a large swelling of the inferior jaw localized on the
left side and involving the lips and chin. The skin is thickened,
hard and not painful. When the mouth is explored, the horse
rebels, but still the bar of the left side is seen; dark red in color
and swollen. It is the seat of an irregular deep wound extending
from the tusk to the divider of that side. The tooth is loose, half
out of its alveoli. The wound is irregular and packed with food.
Probing reveals a large cavity, with irregular walls, grating under
the instrument and containing a sequestrum. ‘The horse was cast,

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 67

a deep incision of the gums was made along the teeth, the tusk
_ extracted without difficulty and also the corner tooth. The roots
_ of these teeth were yellow, dirty color and eroded with the sup-
_ puration. The cavity was then cleared and two irregular seques-
' trum of the lower jaw were extracted. The bones, and the root
- of the divider, were well scraped and antiseptic dressing of per-
- manganate of potash and tincture of iodine prescribed. After
_ three weeks the wound was completely filled and the horse able
_ to resume work, carrying a soft bit in his mouth—(Rec. de
_ Medec, Veter.)

G INVAGINATION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE IN THE CH#CUM
-{Mr. Reden, Army Vcterinarian].—One day, morning and eve-
_ ning, this horse refuses to eat or to drink, but he presents nothing
else abnormal except that he looks dull. Towards evening he has
_a slight colic, scraping the floor. Then appears cold sweats in
_ the axilla, on the olecranium muscles and the flanks. His colic
_ became more severe. He lays down carefully in dorso-lumbar
' position. Taken out, he stands still, stretching himself, neighs
loud, has a run, but otherwise does not seem in pain. The func-
_ tions are normal, pulse full and regular. Respiration normal.
_ He has had no passage of feces. After a while, when put in his
box stall, he begins to move his head up and down and keeps this
- movement up for a long time. When he lays down he still as-
_ sumes the dorso-lumbar and sterno-costal decubitus. These symp-
- toms continue during the night and the next day, when they be-
- come more serious and two hours before death were very violent,
_ the horse throwing himself violently, struggling a great deal and
_ finally dying after an illness of 32 hours. At the autopsy there
' was found a large laceration of the left muscular portion of the
_ diaphragm, measuring 36 centimeters in length and 16 in width.
_ Towards the end of the small intestine this is found to be of a
_ dark red blackish color and inside of the cecum is felt a hard,
_ long body, sausage like, as big as the arm. This is a loop of the
small intestine, 50 centimeters long, which is invaginated in the
_ecxcum. It is highly congested and gangrenous in places. All the
_ forms of treatment had failed and laparotomy only could -have
_ permitted the reduction of the invaginated intestine —(Rec. de
_ Medec. Veter.)

_. TEARING OF THE Psoas Muscies Durtne CastING—SECc-
_ ONDARY HEMORRHAGE OF THE PosTERIOR VENA Cava [Mr. L.

68 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

Naudin|.—Castrated a month before, this heavy draught horse ©
was sold. When to be put in harness, the saddle is put on his —
back, he bends down. He has had localized sweatings on the —
right flank and right hip. Lately the right hind leg is a little stiff
and swollen. One evening he drops down suddenly in his stall
and remains down a short time before he gets up. Brought out
of his stable to be examined and see the condition of his castrated |
region, he walks staggering, falls down, rolls as if suffering with
colic, has slight convulsions and then remains stretched out on the }
left side in cpisthotonos; all the muscles contracted and hard, the
jaws are tightly closed. These manifestations subside after a
few moments, but the horse remains lying, respiration acceler-—
ated, heart bouncing and irregular, pulse soft, temperature below.
37° C. While subcutaneous injections of ergotine and caffeine ©
are prepared, the horse gets up, falls down twice, has three at-_
tacks and finally dies in coma. Autopsy: Several liters of —
limpid serous rosy liquid are found in the abdomen. Gastro-in- —
testinal mass anzemic and whitish is found. Liver, spleen and —
left kidney have the same color as when animals have been bled
to death. Right kidney is enveloped in a blackish mass covered by ~
the peritoneum. It is an enormous clot of blood, 75 centimeters —
long by 40 wide and 45 thick. It weighed 12 kilogrammes. The —
right kidney is normal. The right psoas muscles have been torn |
and replaced by a bloody mush, in which remains of greenish, —
degenerated muscular tissue are detected. The posterior vena |
cava is readily torn and presents a solution of continuity, 10 cen- —
timeters long all surrounded by large clot of blood. The left —
psoas muscles are normal. The thoracic organs are bloodless, as —
also are the brain and meninges.—(Rec. de Medec. Veter.) 1

Coxo-Frmorat Distocation in A Cow !A. Louis, Sanitary ©
V eterinarian].—Old cow passing a ditch, slips on damp soft
ground, and is with difficulty brought home very lame. The |
right hind leg cannot bear weight and slips in great abduction. —
The left has a similar tendency, but it is less marked. A large |
cedlematous swelling is detected on the coxo-femoral joints prin- —
cipally the right. The cow is killed, On the right side the in- —
terosseus coxo-femoral ligament is torn and the head of the femur
is out of the cotyloid cavity. The adductor muscles are torn. —
On the left side the capsular ligament is partly torn and the inter-
osseous lacerated, but not entirely ruptured.—(Rec, de Medec.
Veter.)

ii

q

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, : 69

—

Rerro-PHARYNGEAL Apscesses [Ch. Darmagnac, Army

_Veter.|.—The record of two cases much similar in their manifes-
tations. ‘They showed slow mastication, difficult deglutition,
- throat not swollen but rather painful, no cough no nasal dis-
charge. In one there was loud roaring. The treatment seemed
of little avail and the condition lasted, the animals losing consid-
_ erable amount of flesh. In one, one morning nearly three months
_ after the appearance of the first symptoms, an abundant discharge
_ of creamy pus was found running from both nostrils, and the
_ horse was immediately relieved. He eat and drank freely. In
_ the other horse a similar recovery took place after a sickness of
_ only twelve days. The escape of the pus putting an immediate
end to his sickness.—(J/bidem. )

FILARIOSIS OF THE RigHtT Heart in a Doe [E. Caillot, Stu-

_ dent|.—This dog always a big eater, refuses his food; he is dull
and constantly lies down. He has lost considerable flesh and is
' much emaciated. Auscultation and percussion are negative.
' Pulse is 132. After five days his condition gets worse. Breath-

ing is difficult, there is great dyspnea. Abdomen is much swollen

and fluctuation of ascitis is detected. Paracenthesis allows the
_ removal of 3 liters of yellowish serosity. The animal is relieved
_ for a while, but has a relapse after one week and is destroyed.
_ Three liters of liquid were found in the abdomen. Liver was hy-
| pertrophied and highly congested. Pericardium contained %
_ liter of serosity. The heart has its right ventricle very large.

The tricuspid valve is covered with a ball made of worms rolled

_ together and closing the auriculo-ventricular opening. These
' worms were filarias immitis; one of them measured 30 centi-
_ meters in length. There were lesions of chronic endocarditis.—

(Ibidem.)
A Rare Form or MEastes In A Doc [Mr: Suffran, Adj.

_ Prof.|.—Subcutaneous localization of that disease is very rare.
_ Only two cases are recorded. This one is interesting. Fox ter-

rier, 4 years old, has had since a few weeks lumps appearing on

his body, ulcerating and healing. Some while ago he had eight
or ten. But now the dog seems to suffer, he has lost his appe-

tite, and although he has but a dozen of these tumors varying in

size between that of a nut to that of a hen’s egg, which are soft

and fluctuating, careful manipulation of the skin shows that there
are a great number of others, smaller, more or less painful, which

70 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

will in time grow larger. There are some fistulous wounds con-
nected with the tumors that have ulcerated spontaneously. The —
tumors are evidently sub-cutaneous cysts, which, by their return-—
ing condition and their large number. suggest the idea of their
being parasitic. One of them is opened with the bistouri, an escape ©
of sero-purulent yellowish or hemorrhagic fluid takes place, and 4
with it a vesicle, oval in shape, translucid, white, having in its |
middle a whitish opaqu2 spot; it is the invaginated head of a —
tenia. It was the cystic form of the tenia solium. Eight of 4
these cysts, being the largest, were opened and emptied. The
general condition of the dog improved. But it was only after
eight months of careful attention and care that he was relieved.
Strict prophylactic measures prevented the infection to other ani-—
mals. It is probable that this dog infected himself by eating feeces —
of man affected with tape worm.—( Revue Veterin.)

CatcuLous Cystitis In A Cat [By the same].—Another —
very peculiar condition. Four-year-old cat makes violent con- —
tinuous expulsive efforts. He refuses all food, solid or —
liquid. Rectal examination detects complete vacuity of the intes- —
tines. Temperature does not reach 37°. Examination of the ©
abdomen gives the sensation of the bladder being much distended. —

Catheterism is resorted to, and a calculus prevents the probe from ~

going further than two centimeters from the urinary meatus. —
The stone is felt through the skin. Urethrotomy is performed

on a level with it and is followed by the escape of a great quan- |

tity of muddy urine having a foetid odor. The stone came out
and was rounded, rough on its surface and whitish in color. It —
was the size of the head of a pin. The animal dies the next day —
with symptoms of urinary infection. In the peritoneal cavity —
there was a large quantity of urine. The kidneys were large, ©
and hypertrophied. Ureters largely dilated. Bladder was partly —
empty and forms a mass dark here and there, bluish or purplish
in other spots. When it is squeezed the urine escapes in little
streams through small openings almost inyisible to the naked eye.
It is evident that during life the contents of the bladder had thus
filtrated in the peritoneum and that urinary infection following,
the cat died with it. There was in the bladder gravel of various
size, one was as big as a pea. They were formed of tricalcic
phosphate of lime.—( Revue Veter.)

Curtous ABNOMALLY OF THE MEMBRANA NICTITANS 1N A
Coir [Mr. Fafin|.—It was a five days’ little fellow that seemed

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, Zl

to be blind. The eye lids, rather apart and movable, are normal,
_ but between them is seen a membrana nictitans, which covers the

ocular globe entirely, having its thin border attached on the op-
_ posite side by a thin membrane. An incision was made from up-

wards downwards alongside the anterior part of the third eye-
lid, which being then free, moved without difficulty and exposed
an ocular globe atrophied and incompletely developed. It was
striated with numerous little vessels and through the cornea the

iris could be seen as a greyish spot with irregular edges and with-
out pupil. The same condition existed on both eyes and the colt
was completely blind.— (Semaine Veter.)

BELGIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. LIAuTARD, M.D., V.M.

MESONEURECTOMY AND TENOTOMY IN Knuck.ine [Prof.

_ Lienaux|.—The idea to combine these two operations in the treat-

- ment of knuckling is due to Mr. Breton, of the Alfort school. He

stated that the resection of the median must be the complement

_ of the section of the perforans tendon. After a simple tenotomy,

_ a return of the knuckling is frequent, almost fatal. Having had

' occasion to treat a horse of heavy draught, which had knuckling

_ resulting from large side bones, and was very lame and unable

_ to work, Prof. Lienaux performed median neurotomy first, and

_ then section of the perforans. The operation was by the method

of open operation, viz.: by the incision of the skin and exposure

of the tendon. Simple aseptic dressing was left on for a week

and renewed after the twelfth day. A thick-toe shoe had been

_ applied before the operation and its effects were to keep the ends

of the tendon as far apart as possible from the moment they were

' divided. After six weeks the recovery was complete and the

_ horse resumed work. There has been no relapse. For the writer

_ the nestrectomy has for result the removal of the soreness about

_ the tendon, the horse has no pain in resting firm and square on

_ the whole plantar surface of the foot, the divided ends of the ten-

_ don are kept apart while cicatrization goes on and is completed.—
(Annales de Bruxelles.)

72 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

Anat. Tumors or Docs | Prof. G. Hebraut and Antoine].— ~
Under that name are included all inflammatory or neoplastic —
swellings around the anus. They vary much in nature. Indeed, —
besides neoplasms,-others may also be found: hemorrhoids, ade- —
nomas of the ana! glands, etc.

1. Anal tumors properly so called belong to the carcinomas Wy

and adenomas. They assume irregular form, cauliflower like; —
they are sometimes. adherent to the skin and reaching sufficient —
size to prevent defecation. They may extend to surrounding —

parts and sometimes involve the tail. Histologically cancers of 4

the anus are pavimentous epitheliomas and the adenomas come —
from the circumanal glands. Their treatment is surgical and —
they often return after their removal. 7

2. Hemorrhoids are very rare. They are detected by rectal —
touch. They may appear as small tumors disseminated around —
the anus or again as a single large bluish swelling. Defecation —
may be interfered with and the feces are striated with blood. —
Pallative treatment consists in laxatives, change of diet; surgical —
treatment consists in ligature or cauterization.

3. Inflamed anal glands. Warm and painful and fluctuating 7
they form swellings which sometimes give rise to violent frequent —
efforts for defecation. Pus can be easily squeezed out from them. —
They sometimes ulcerate by themselves. They can be emptied
by digital pressure through the rectum. In case fistula should re- |

main, cauterization is indicated or again the removal of the gland. —
—(lbidem.) q

RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER DuRING PARTURITION IN A |
Mare [Mr. J. Nizel|.—A pregnant mare has reached the end ~
of her term of pregnancy without presenting anything abnormal.

On the day of delivery she has some manifestations quite natural, |

followed by the protrusion through the vulva of a portion of ©
the small intestine. Vaginal examination reveals the urinary
meatus largely distended and through it passes the intestine.
Evidently there has been a rupture of the bladder; if the mare
cannot be saved, the colt may, and with difficulty he is ex-
tracted. The presentation was posterior in lumbo-pubic position.
The colt lived three days, but could not stand artificial feeding.
The mare had been killed immediately. At the post mortem,
an enormous mass of intestine was found pushing its way
through a laceration of the bladder, passing through the meatus
and then outside by the vulva. The bladder had an antero-pos-

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 73

a

_ terior laceration involving the entire fundus of the organ. The
- meatus measured between seen and eight centimeters in diam-

' eter. On the inferior face of the uterus on the outside, there

were two bruises, one close to the bladder, involved the serous
- and mucous coats, and the other principally the serous mem-
_ brane only. Corresponding to these bruises, on the inside of
_ the uterus, there were two complete lacerations of the mucous

membrane, one 7 or 8 centimeters long, and the other 20 at least.
—(Ibidem.)

Gout or Uric DratHesis In Fowts [Prof. G. Hebraut and
Antoine|.—A two-year-old rooster, which has always fed well,
is killed for cooking. During his life he could not walk nor could
he stand on his paws, and he always was lying down on his
sternum with his hind legs under him. To move from one place
to another he had to fly. When the paws were cut off his body,
they both appeared equally diseased from the tarsus down. They
were the seat of a series of tumors, developed principally at the
joints and on the inferior face of the digital region. These tu-
mors were fluctuating, some being as big as a hazel nut, and
when incised gave escape to a white creamy mush which under
the microscope proved to be composed of numerous fine crystals
of urate of soda. Treated with a few drops of nitric acid and
evaporated with moderate heat, these became of a red onion skin
color, which by the addition of one drop of ammonia took a
handsome purple color, changed to purplish blue with solution of
caustic potash. In other words, the tumors were deposits of uric
acid and of urates. The rooster had chronic gouty arthritis
which differs from another variety of gout, the visceral form,
which leaves lesions of urate deposits in the various organs of
the animal, and which is generally recognized at post mortem
only and for which hygienic measures especial food and mineral
waters are indicated.—(Jbidem. )

AvuRIcULAR CATARRH IN A Doc DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF A
SprKE oF Rye [By the same].—Small cocker has an auricular
catarrh since several weeks and notwithstanding astringent and
antiseptic washing the discharge continues. The dog suffers
much and howls with pain. One morning while he was taken
care of and his ears treated, the assistant thought he could see
in the bottom of the concha and concealed in the cutaneous folds
by the long hairs of the dog .a small piece of straw. A more

74 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

careful examination showed indeed two small threads of dry
substance, which at first were taken for concreted wax. Taking
hold of one of them with a fine pair of forceps, and by steady
traction, a spike of.rye was brought out. It measured 4 centi-
meters in length and had on its end a sharp point which must
have rested on the membrana tympani, if it did not pierce it
through. No complication towards the middle ear or the internal
have followed. Dog got well rapidly after—(Jbidem. )

Rescate Attorney (Frozen Dag ow aut honor, the Sher-
iff’s bull pup has gone and chawed up the court Bible!

Judge-——Well, make the witness kiss the bull pup, then! We — j

can’t adjourn court for a week jest to hunt up a new Bible—San
Antonio Scimeter.

THE appointment of a “ Dairy Committee’ by the New York
State Veterinary Medical Society, at its recent meeting at Ithaca,
was a step in the direction of progress and expansion, we take it,
and so far as we know, is an innovation. The obvious duties of
this coramittee are to better the conditions of milk production in
that State, looking to clean milk.

Steepy Grass.—While making a trip through the southwest-
ern part of New Mexico, Herbert W. Wolcott, of Alamo Gordo,
N. M., found a grass from which he believes a narcotic may be
extracted which will take the place of those now known to medi-
cine, says the Kansas City Star. “ The grass is known as ‘ sleepy
grass’ to the natives of New Mexico, near the Apache reserva-
tion,” said Mr. Wolcott. “ Cattle and horses will eat it the first
time they see it. It makes them fall to the ground in their tracks
and lie in a state of coma for two days. When they wake up they
have no ill effects from the opiate. But they will never eat it
again ; in fact, they will run away if it be offered to them. This

‘sleepy grass’ is not to be confused with the loco weed. The
grass is a real grass, not unlike the Kentucky blue grass in ap-
pearance. The loco weed is a plant and bears a flower. Horses
and cattle become loco fiends and are worthless after tasting the
deadly stuff.”

OBITUARY.

LEONARD PEARSON, B.S., V.M.D.

/ Dr. Leonard Pearson was born in Evansville, Indiana, Au-
gust 17, 1868. His parents were Leonard and Lucy Small
(Jones) Pearson, who were of Puritan ancestors. He died at
_ Spruce Brook, Newfoundland, Monday morning, September 20,

In 1884 he entered Cornell University, and was graduated
_ in 1888 as a Bachelor of Science in the Agricultural course. He
was a member of the Chi Psi Fraternity and the Society of the
Sigma XI. While at Cornell he became interested in veterinary
work, and in 1887 he was employed by the United States De-
partment of Agriculture under Prof. James Law, his lifelong
friend, in assisting to stamp out contagious pleuro-pneumonia
of cattle in the vicinity of Chicago.
/ He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, Veteri-
_ nary Department, with the class of 1890. The following years
of 1890-91 he attended lectures in the veterinary schools of Ber-
Jin and Dresden and studied bacteriology in Koch’s Laboratory
and in the Laboratory of the Veterinary Department of the
German Army. On his return to America he was elected as-
sistant professor of theory and practice of veterinary medicine
in the University of Pennsylvania and in 1894 was promoted to
a full professorship. In 1897 he was elected Dean of that in-
stitution, a position which he has since filled with conspicuous
ability. In recognition of his research work, the university in
1908 conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Medi-
cine.

In 1892 he was appointed non-resident lecturer on veterinary
science at the Pennsylvania State College.

He was a member of and attended the Seventh International
Congress cf Hygiene and Demography, held in London in 1891,
and the Third International Congress for the Study of Tuber-
culosis that met in Paris in 1898, and in recognition of the ser-
vices rendered in the study of animal tuberculosis he was chosen
to preside over the section on animal tuberculosis at the Con-
gress held in Washington in 1908.

75

76 OBITUARY.

He was one of the founders and editors of the “ Veterinary
Magazine,” and the author of numerous papers on veterinary
and sanitary subjects. He was a prolific writer and contributor
to the literary field of veterinary sciences, the domain of agri-
culture, the stock-breeding interests and the whole realm of ani-
mal industry and had justly earned the proud title of the lead-
ing “animal engineer’ of America.

As Secretary, then President, he filled the highest offices in
the American Veterinary Medical Association, and served two
terms as President of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medi-
cal Association, and the same may be said of him in reference to
the Keystone Veterinary Medical Society. He was an active
member and past President of the Guernsey Cattle Club of Phila-
delphia, a member of the Pennsylvania Live Stock Breeders’ As-
sociation, State Grange, The American Public Health Associa-
tion, Philadelphia City Board of Health, advisory member of
the State Board of Health, and Veterinarian to the State Board
of Agriculture. He was a member of Ivanhoe Lodge, F. and
A. M., and an active member of the Harrisburg Club, the Uni-
versity Club and the Union and West Philadelphia Republican
Clubs. In all these organizations his genial manner won him
hosts of friends. In all his association work he was active and
aggressive and furnished most valuable assistance in their man-
agement and government.

He organized the Pennsylvania State Live Stock Sanitary
Board in 1895 and was appointed its secretary and State Vet-
erinarian by Governor Hastings and has been reappointed by
each succeeding Governor since that time. He commanded the
implicit confidence of all his people, from the Governors to
the most humble farmers. Few men were better known through-
out the Commonwealth than Dr. Pearson and none were more
respected. To those interested with him in the Veterinary De-
partment of the University of Pennsylvania, the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board and similar organizations with which his
work has been so intricately woven, his loss is felt with the keen-
est sorrow.

He knew how to think, speak and write, was conscientious,
far-sighted, honest, possessed good judgment and enjoyed the
general esteem of all who knew him. He was a captivating ora-
tor, precise, methodical and clear, and possessed to a high degree
the gift of analysis, synthesis and generalization. The many ab-
stract and complex problems filtered through his mind as a pure

OBITUARY. 77

_ erystal. Speaking or writing, he reflected the exceptional quali-
ties of his beautiful intellect. There was exactness and faith-
_ fulness to the rules of our language and a perfect fitness of
words to express ideas in every sentence he used. Dr. Jas. G.
_ Rutherford has well said of him, “ Dr. Pearson was in a class
_ by himself among the veterinarians of this continent, while even
in the Old World there are few who rank anywhere near him.
He was not only a great veterinarian but a great man in many
' other ways, and one who, had he been spared, would have made

a well-defined mark on the national life of his own as well as

_ that of other countries.” His work has been unique in char-
- acter from the fact that through his conception most of it has .
been created. Much of it has been completed, the greater por-
tion planned and years of intelligent application will be required
- to carry it to a successful fruition. May the same all wise Provi-
- dence Who, in His infinite wisdom, has removed this man in
_ the prime of life, direct those who are to take up his many bur-
dens.

Dr. Pearson’s illness dates back two years or more when his
family and friends became aware of the fact that his manifold
duties and responsibilities were telling on him. With his energy
already taxed to the utmost, his exhausted condition was greatly
aggravated by the additional worry and effort, incident to the
outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in Pennsylvania in the early
part of the past winter. This, combined with his efforts in se-
curing, from the last Legislature, much needed appropriations
for buildings and maintenance for the Veterinary School and
also funds for the administration of the work of the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board, called forth the limit of his capacity.
With this marvellous amount of work accomplished, it was ar-
ranged to relieve him of much of the routine work of his official
duties; and, after the narrow escape of his mother and himself
from asphyxiation with illuminating gas due to his experiencing
a fainting spell while caring for his mother who was at that time
ill, he was finally persuaded to take the rest which up to this
time he had considered impossible. After recovering sufficiently
from the acute affects of the gas poisoning, he decided upon a
sea voyage, a form of recreation to which he was most partial,
and accordingly sailed on a coast line steamer for Savannah
in the early part of July. On his return, he immediately em-
barked for England, returning by way of Halifax, where, on
the advice of his physicians and friends, he decided to remain

78 OBITUARY.

for an indefinite period. He was later compelled to go to New-
foundland on account of an attack of hay fever, to which he —
was subject, and at the time of his death was sojourning at the —
Log Cabin, Spruce Brook, a secluded place on the southwest —
shore of Newfoundland. The latest communications received —
from him indicated that he was improving and that he hoped to
be able to return to his office in Philadelphia within a short time. —
A few hours prior to his death he suffered a sudden collapse —
which was followed by a hemorrhage that resulted in death ina —
few minutes. It was gratifying to learn that he had received the
best of attention, medical and otherwise, during his stay at the
Log Cabin, which was found to be an ideal place for rest and re-
cuperation.

Next to the members of his immediate family and personal
friends, it is our profession, over which his glory has thrown a
splendor so bright, that will feel his loss most deeply. He was
pleasant and affable in manner, generous in nature, thoughtful
and considerate of others at all times and had won a coveted
place among the members of his chosen profession. In the dis-
charge of great responsibilities, a full measure of which he always
accepted, he was eminently successful and a nation’s people have
become his debtor. He has given his life in unselfish service for
others.

DAVID JEFFREY DIXON, D. V. S.

Dr. David J. Dixon died suddenly of heart failure on August
26, 1909, in Hoboken, N. J., which hadbeen his home during his
professional career. Dr. Dixon was born at Saint Thomas,
Franklin Co., Pa., on March 19, 1856, being in his fifty-third
year at the time of his death. In his early life he attended the
public school at St. Thomas, and the Mercersburg College, from
which he graduated with high honors in 1878. He then entered
the American Veterinary College, in New York City, from which
institution he graduated in 1881. He was subsequently called
upon by his alma mater to become a member of its teaching staff,
in the capacity of lecturer and demonstrator of anatomy, which
position his increasing practice in Hoboken finally compelled
him to relinquish.

OBITUARY. 79

In October, 1903, Dr. Dixon was united in marriage to Belle
Graham MacMurray, of Mountainside, New Jersey, who survives
him. He is also survived by two children, William Gillen and
“Mary Elizabeth; his father, Col William Dunlap Dixon,
a civil war veteran, still residing at the old homestead, St.
' Thomas, Pa., and a sister, Mrs. Edward B. Diehl, of Le-
masters, Pa. Dr. Dixon was a member of Pentalpha Chapter
No. 11 R. A. M., Pilgrim Commandery No. 16 K. T, and Ho-
boeken Lodge No. 35 F. and A. M. He was a man of high moral
character, high principles and possessed of an honesty and integ-
_ rity of purpose that commanded the respect of all that knew him.
_ With his professional brethren he was held in high esteem.

RUDOLPH JULIUS MARSHALL, V. S.

Dr. Rudolph J. Marshall died at his home in Williamstown,
_ Mass., Aug. 31, 1909, as a result of diabetes, from which he had
been suffering for about two years, although he had only been
confined to his house for a short time. Dr. Marshall was born
_ in Troy, N. Y., thirty-six years ago. He received his early edu-
' cation in the Troy public schools, after which he entered the On-
" rario Veterinary College, from which he graduated in 1897.
' After brief sojourns at Greenwich and Mechanicville, N. Y., he
located at Williamstown, Mass., where he soon surrounded him-
» self with many friends and a lucrative practice. His excellent
_ character and integrity of purpose attracted his townsmen, and
» he was soon the recipient of the position of inspector of cattle
_ in his town; later the position of inspector of meats for the local
' board of health, and, finally, about a year ago, from the state
Department of Agriculture an appointment as state inspector for
his section of the state. Dr. Marshall was a member of Williams
. Lodge F. and A. M. and Taconic Council R. A. In 1902 he mar-
| ried Miss Mary Coleman, of Greenwich, N. Y., who survives him.
He is also survived by his father, Rudolph Marshall, a brother,
_ Albert H. Marshall, and three sisters, all of whom, except one
| sister, Mrs. Sisson, live at Hoosick Falls, N. Y., the latter living
i at Walloomsac, N. Y.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 4

On Tuesday, September 7, 1909, at 10 a. m., in the auditorium —
of the Chicago College of Music, President J. G. Rutherford —
sounded the gavel and declared the first session of the forty- —
sixth annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical —

Association officially opened. |

Mr. George A. Bagley was then introdticed as representing d
Hon. Fred A. Busse, Mayor of Chicago, and welcomed the asso- —

ciation to his city in the following pleasant manner:
“Mr. Chairman and Delegates of the American Veterinary

Medical Association: It is my pleasure and privilege to be here ©
this morning as the representative of his Honor, the Mayor, ©
who, unfortunately, was unable to attend, for the purpose of ex- —
tending to you a welcome to our city. We, of Chicago, appre- ~

ciate the fact that it is regarded as one of the best cities in every

essential particular for holding a convention in, upon any topic |
liable to be discussed in North America. A great many of these —
gatherings are held in the heated season, and Chicago, by reason —
of its proximity to the great lakes, has its climate tempered to |

the shorn lamb, so that when a convention is held here in the hot
weather, we can most always give you a sufficient variety of tem-

perature as to degree, to meet the necessities and tastes of most —

any individual. (Laughter.)

* T have been told that your organization is somewhat cosmo-
politan in its character. This is necessarily a cosmopolitan city.
We have here representatives not only of every nation upon the
earth, but it has been said. with some degree or claim to accuracy
that we have as many Irishmen here as there are in any city of
Ireland, that we have as many Scotchmen as there are in any city
of Scotland, and that we have as many Englishmen as there are
in any English city. We think we have as many good people as
they have in any city, and sometimes people desiring to indulge
in invidious comparisons, say that we have as many bad people.
Well, that may be true, except that they keep themselves out of
sight.

80

py

SOCIETY MEETINGS. Sl

| “* Now in a city the size of Chicago we appreciate the fact
' that we have represented here almost every vocation which the
_ ingenuity and industry of man has seen fit to create.

“In a city of the size of Chicago, the necessity of conserving
the public health is possibly one of the leading functions of the
local government. Fortunately, the city of Chicago to-day has
possibly one of the most efficiently organized health departments
it has ever enjoyed, and the citizens of the city appreciate that
fact. Its duties, strange to say, are not confined exclusively to
the territory of the city itself, but by reason of the fact that Chi-
cago is the market for a great part of the commodities raised in
all of the surrounding states and agricultural districts, in which
- there is a large area, comprising a large number of different

states, it has hecome necessary for the health department of this
city to reach out and subject itself to some criticism by being
somewhat impertinent in its inquiries in these outlying districts
for the purpose of protecting the health of the city. To illus-
trate what | mean: Not long since a friend of mine was telling
me, a member of the legal profession, that a delegation of gentle-
men came from an adjacent state for the purpose of advising with
him as to whether or not the health department of the city of
Chicago had the right to dictate the number of people a man
should have in his barn, the manner in which the floors of the
barn should be constructed, the ventilation of the barn, and the
location of the wells for the purpose of watering the stock, and
all of those detai!s which some of the gentlemen thought were
matters which were none of the business of the’ health depart-
ment of this city. After making this statement, my friend was
asked whether the health department of the city of Chicago had
the right to interfere in these matters in localities altogether out
of its jurisdiction, and he said, ‘ No, they cannot do it.’ But there
was one old gentleman with the party who said, ‘ Well, we want
to sell our milk in Chicago. Can they stop us if we do not com-
ply with these requirements?’” The lawyer answered ‘ Yes,’
and that is where the shoe pinches. By reason of these sanitary
regulations and requirements of the health department, there
has been a great deal accomplished in that direction, especially
toward the conservation of the public health, the prevention of
epidemics, and things of that character. That has been a great
thing for the city, and it has been a matter in which your pro-
fession has participated to a greater or less extent. It is some-
thing which the citizens of Chicago greatly appreciate. It is a

82 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

work in which the members of a profession like yours can <lo a
vast deal for the conservation and promotion of the health of a
city like Chicago. But I am trespassing upon a topic which I
inderstand is to be discussed before your body. It is not my —
province or intention to touch upon any of the topics which will —
be discussed by the various members of your body, but I do |
want to say that J] hope and trust that your deliberations here
will be profitable and beneficial to all of you individually and
collectively, and that when you go away you may go with 2 good
impression ‘of Chicago, not only of its topography, but we hope
also of its officialdom.

‘“T thank you one and all.”

At the conclusion of Mr. Bagley’s remarks, President Ruth-
erford said: ‘ I have the pleasure of calling upon Dr. Nelson, of
the State of Washington, to reply to this kindly and genial ad-
dress of welcome that we have just heard.”

Dr. Netson: “ Mr. President and Mr. Bagley: In behalf of
the members of the American Veterinary Medical Association and
the visitors to this Association, I thank you for your words of wel-
come tc this city. I wish to assure you that this Association is not
a stranger, as you tell us, to the city of Chicago, or that the hos-
pitality of its citizens is unknown to us. There are many of us
that have had the opportunity to enjoy the hospitality of the
citizens of Chicago, and many of us carry with us many pleasant
memories and recollections of the happy times that we have spent
here some years ago at a meeting of this Association, and, in the
case of others, their medical education has in large part been
pursued in this city.

“There is a peculiar mutual condition existing between the
city of Chicago and the veterinarians of the United States in that
the city of Chicago represents the distribution of one of the
largest industries in the United States, in that the stock interest
centers at Chicago, and it is from here that the distribution of
the finished product of the stock industry is made. Chicago is the
great conserver of the stock interests, the business of the stock
raiser, not only from the Pacific and western part of the United
States, but from well on towards the eastern coast, where the
great stock interests used to be centered. You well said, sir, in
your remarks, that Chicago stands for the center of all these
things. It spreads out further than some of us think. If you
come here by train, you will see on all sides train loads of live
stock, some coming in from the southern part of Texas, others

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 83

from the western part of New Mexico, from all of the western
States, as well as from the south and the north, into this one
center. Some of them stop in other places, but the center and
the final destination of most of them is here.
“Tt is rather fitting at the present time, if I may say so, that it
is our hope that we may realize all of the good wishes which you
have expressed toward the members of the Association. I must
‘say that the members of the Association, especially some of those
whom I might call on, will make you no trouble, because I think
‘we can assure you, sir, that the Association is large enough, and
the members of it wise enough, and they have taken upon them-
selves the responsibility of guiding the younger members of this
association, so that I think you will have no fear if you look over
this audience, because you will see that while there are many
young men in the background, there are many elderly men at the
front, where they can give us good advice.
“Tn behalf of the members of this association, I thank you
_ for the hearty welcome to this city.”
After the applause following Dr. Nelson’s remarks had sub-
sided, the president delivered the annual address, as follows:

PRESIDENT RUTHERFORD’S ADDRESS.

Fellow Members of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation—You will, I doubt not, recollect that my predecessor, in
beginning his masterly deliverance of last year, made the’ state-
ment that he had scanned in vain a large number of previous pres-
_idential addresses without being able to discover, so to speak,
a corner of virgin soil; a subject or branch of a subject relating
' to or connected with the veterinary profession, which had not
| been fully dealt with, or in regard to which it might be possible
to say something new.

If this was his predicament, what must mine be, when to the
long list of eloquent addresses has been added his own compre-
hensive, broad-minded, and yet terse summary of the conditions,
' needs and aims of the veterinary profession on this continent?
The ground which he declared he found so fully covered is
now entirely submerged, and there is, therefore, but little chance
_ of my being able to interest you, or even to hold your attention
_ for a much briefer period than that which he, or the venerable
_ professor whom he succeeded, occupied in the enunciation of his
- inaugural address.

ae
Hy

S4 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

My difficulties are increased by the fact that during the past”
year my time has been, to even a greater degree than usual, oc-
cupied by official duties. At the date of our last meeting, I had
but just returned from Europe, to find many important matters:
awaiting attention. The International Congress on Tuberculosis
at Washington followed closely on our own gathering at Phila-
delphia, and before the end of October I was again on the ocean |
on my way back to Rome, as the official delegate for Canada to
the International Institute of Agriculture, not to return until the’
last days of December. From that time until the week before
last the numerous and constantly increasing duties of my various”
offices have claimed my almost undivided attention, the pressure-
being rendered much heavier by the absence through illness and
other causes of a number of the members of my staff. A fort-—
night ago I left my desk for Winnipeg, where it fell to my lot
to address the Canadian Medical Association on the subject of
bovine tuberculosis, and to read a paper on one of our Canadian
live stock problems before the British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science. On my return to Ottawa last week I
found the usual accumulation of pressing matters constantly aris-
ing, as many of you well know, in work such as ours, and as this
address has since been prepared, you will, I trust, be charitable
to its many deficiencies and to its somewhat overworked author. —
This explanation is perhaps too long drawn out, but I feel that ©
without some such apology I could scarcely venture to inflict on —
the members of the American Veterinary Medical Association,
accustomed as they have been, especially of late, to the distillation —
of wit and wisdom from the presidential chair, my rather brief
and untrimmed dissertation on professional matters. 4

In the first place, I desire to express my heartfelt apprecia-—
tion of the great honor which, in electing me your president, you |
last year conferred upon a comparatively young member, and ~
one resident ina country other than that to which the overwhelm=#
ing majority of you owe allegiance. |

In now acknowledging your kindness in this regard, I do so”
with the full knowledge and realization of the fact that the honor |
was bestowed as an act of international courtesy towards my —
country, and not because of any particular worth or merit of—
mine. |

In the name of Canada, therefore, and particularly on behalf —
of Canadian veterinarians, I desire to thank you for this mare
of friendliness and good-will, |

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 85

I trust that in the near future more and more Canadian vet-

erinarians will become members of this association and do their
part in assisting to make its future continue to eclipse its past.
“It is to-day, beyond any question, the greatest and most active
association of veterinarians in the world. Its present greatness,
however, is as nothing to what it will be in the future, when,
as will certainly be the case if it is guided wisely and warily,
there will be included in its ranks every worthy member of the
profession on this great continent,

The story of the foundation and growth of this association

has been often told, but it never grows wearisome. Its found-
ers “builded better than they knew,’ and the names of these

worthy men, who nearly half a century ago banded themselves

together for the betterment of the American veterinarian, and

who, through “ evil report and good report,”’ and despite draw-
backs and discouragements, kept that object constantly in view,
are worthy of every honor which we, their successors, can bestow.

I have often regretted that the influence of this association

- was not earlier brought to bear on the profession in Canada. |
feel sure that the results would have been mutually beneficial
_ and that some of the difficulties with which we have had to con-
tend in recent years would have been long ago greatly lessened,
if not altogether overcome, but “ better late than never.”

During the eleven years which have elapsed since the name

of the association was changed and Canadians were made to

feel at home within its gates, much has been achieved, and if, as

_ I hope will be the case, another annual meeting can, in the near

future, be held on Canadian soil, the results will undoubtedly

| be far reaching, especially in view of the advance which has re-

cently been made with regard to veterinary education.
The conditions under which the practice of comparative medi-

' cine is carried on are practically identical in both countries, and
nothing but good can result from the maintenance of the most
- friendly relations between the members of our profession on both
sides of the international boundary.

ee

While on this phase of the ubject, I would remind you that

it will not be altogether my fault if I make but little reference
- to some of the questions which have, in former years, furnished

much of the matter for presidential addresses.

Many of the educational and legislative problems, which
largely occupy the attention of this association, and are almost
annually commented on by its presidents, are of a national char-

86 ; SOCIETY MEETINGS.

acter, and can scarcely be intelligently discussed by one who is”
not a citizen of the United States. :

These, therefore, I will leave to be considered and dealt with
by those more familiar with them than I can properly claim to be.

In Canada we have, as most of you know, troubles of our
own. The age of the veterinary profession in the Dominion is”
almost identical with that of this association. The Ontario Vet- 7
erinary College was founded in 1862, forty-seven years ago, and |
was, therefore, one of the pioneer schools on the continent. It
was followed shortly afterwards by the establishment in 1866_
of the Montreal Veterinary College, and later in 1886 by the
foundation of the Faculty of Comparative Medicine of Laval
University. .

The history of all these institutions is familiar to many of
you. The Ontario Veterinary College has had a long, and from ©
many points of view, a successful career. It perhaps maintained —
its original pioneer character rather too long, but “all is well
that ends well,” and now, controlled by the Provincial Govern-—
ment and under the egis of the University of Toronto, it has -
opened a new, and let us hope, a glorious chapter in its history. —

The Montreal Veterinary College, after maintaining an in-—
dependent existence for twenty-four years, was merged in 1890
with the Faculty of Comparative Medicine of McGill University. |
This institution consistently endeavored to reach and maintain a |
high standard of veterinary education, and it was a matter of |
deep regret, not only to its many graduates, but to all those in-
terested in the advancement of veterinary science on this con-—
tinent, when, largely, through lack of support, it was compelled, —
in 1902, to close its doors. :

The Faculty of Comparative Medicine of Laval University
enjoys the unique distinction of being the only veterinary col- }
lege in America where tuition is conducted in the French lan-—
guage. It has not been largely patronized, but has always at-
tracted a small number of French-Canadian students, not a few
of whom have left Quebec and are competing for practice in —
the United States, as well as in the English-speaking provinces —
of the Dominion. :

I have always felt that this French-Canadian school, whose
first principal, Professor V. T, Daubigny, a graduate of the
Montreal Veterinary College, passed to his rest last year, afforded —
an exceptional opportunity for the grafting on the veterinary —
profession in America of a new scion of that famous French —

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 87

school, which has done so much for comparative medicine

_ throughout the world, and of which Professor Liautard was such

- anotable and successful exponent.

: It is, therefore, a great pleasure to me to be able to inform
you that I have recently succeeded in sending two of the vet-
erinary professors of this college to France for the purpose of
_ taking a special course, one at the famous National School at
_ Alfort under Professor Barrier, and the other at the similar in-
stitute in Lyons, which is under the direction of Professor Ar-
loing, whom many of us had the pleasure of meeting last year
in Washington. Both of the gentlemen who have gone to France
are practical veterinarians, and there is every reason to hope
that after their return the college at Laval will be an important
_ factor in the dissemination of modern French veterinary science
- among the practitioners of this continent, as the majority of the
students attending Laval, although studying in French, speak
English freely and fluently.

I may explain that my action in regard to this particular mat-
ter was brought about through the necessity of providing a rea-
sonable number of French-speaking inspectors for the work of
the Health of Animals Branch of the Department of Agriculture
which is under my direction.

We have in Canada between two and three millions of people
who speak French, and, in both the Field and Meat Inspection
Divisions of the service, it is desirable to have officers familiar
with that language.

While on this subject I would fain pay a tribute to the mag-
nificent work of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry,
which, inaugurated and built up by Dr. Salmon, has been worth-
ily maintained and extended by his eminent successor, Dr. Mel-
vin. The achievements of the Bureau are an inspiration to the
whole veterinary profession, and especially to those who, in other
countries, are endeavoring, with more or less success, to arouse
public opinion and the interest of governmental bodies in vet-
erinary sanitary science. No other institution of a similar char-
acter has ever met and overcome so many different and difficult
problems of disease. It is comparatively easy to deal with ani-
mal plagues in the small, thickly settled and effectively policed
countries of the old world; it is an entirely different matter to
combat contagious diseases on this continent where there is much

less restraint of any kind, where animals range freely over wide

areas and where modern methods of transportation facilitate the

SS SOCIETY MEETINGS.

rapid transmission of infection to districts thousands of miles
away.

The Canadian Health of Animals Branch is, compared with
the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, a thing of yester-
day, being only seven years old; but it is a lusty youngster, grow-
ing fast and constantly, like Oliver Twist, ‘‘asking for more.”

In many respects it resembles the Bureau, in so far as it
has control of all animal quarantines and of meat inspection. It
has, however, one advantage, inasmuch as it has absolute control —
of contagious diseases throughout the Dominion, unhampered
by the provincial authorities, who, within recent years, have
gladly transferred to the Federal Government the work which
they had undertaken in this direction.

Its organization is, however, as yet far from complete, and
there is still much to be done before we can’ regard it or its
achievements with the same measure of pride as is properly felt
by the citizens of the United States in their capably manned and
magnificently equipped Bureau of Animal Industry. ;

In both countries we are slowly but steadily gaining ground
in the control and eradication of animal diseases, and, as a conse-
quence, are year by year improving our position with the gen-
eral public and even with the live stock men themselves, who,
in the very nature of things, are the last to be convinced of the
henefits which they are the first to derive from our efforts.

In spite of the success which has attended and is attending
our endeavors to obtain the mastery of many of the maladies
affecting live stock, we are still a long way from being in the
position of Alexander the Great, who wept because he had no
more worlds to conquer. .

While we, in America, are fortunate in not being confronted
by the large and varied assortment of animal plagues found in
some other countries, notably South Africa, the happy hunting
ground of the bacteriologist, we have, perhaps, as many con-
tagious diseases as we could reasonably wish for.

Some of these we have fairly conquered, while against others
we are maintaining an active and constantly more effective war-
fare.

With regard to the greatest problem of all, however, we are
practically at a halt, and although we have thrown out many
scouts and skirmish lines, we are still awaiting the genius who
will evolve a plan of campaign which will afford some hope of
a final victory.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 89

The great question of the control and ultimate eradication
_ of bovine tuberculosis still confronts us, and its practical solution
demands our immediate and earnest attention.

The problem is a double one, or rather there are two prob-
lems, which, though in one sense closely connected, are yet
capable of complete differentiation.

These are, firstly—The eradication of tuberculosis from the
herds of the continent.

Secondly—The protection of our fellow-citizens, and especi-
ally the children, from infection with tuberculosis of bovine
origin.
4 Of these the last named is by far the most simple and easy

_ of solution, inasmuch as it is only necessary to provide municipal
and public health authorities with the powers required to abso-
_ lutely control the supply of milk and meat, these products being
- unquestionably the most important agents in the communication
_ of tuberculosis from animals to man.
| Of these two agents milk is for various reasons, on which I
need not dilate to this audience, by far the most dangerous. The
great Von Behring goes so far as to say that the milk fed to
_ infants is the chief cause of tuberculosis infection among the
- younger members of the human race.

The British Royal Commission of 1895 reported unanimously
that, in their opinion, the largest part of tuberculosis which man
obtains through his food is by means of milk containing tubercu-
lous matter.

Those of us who have been for any length of time in vet-
erinary practice, especially in rural districts, or in the smaller
towns, have had ample opportunity of verifying this statement.

That any civilized community should, in the light of present-
day knowledge, continue to permit the sale of raw milk from tu-
berculous cows, is absolutely beyond my comprehension.

Unfortunately for the children, an erroneous impression has
for some time prevailed, that there is but little risk in using the
milk of reacting cows, other than those affected with tuberculosis
of the udder, or in which the disease has become generalized.
This view is far from correct, it being a matter of common
knowledge to practical men, that the milk of many cows, which
show absolutely no clinical symptoms of tuberculosis, either in
the udder or elsewhere, is capable of transmitting the disease to
both calves and pigs, and therefore under similar conditions to
human beings.

90 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Further, while it may not be possible to find a bacillus in-
the milk of a reacting cow to-day or to-morrow, it is utterly im- —
possible to tell how long this immunity may continue or at what —

particular time the-case may become one of open tuberculosis.

The danger from this source can, however, be practically
eliminated by providing for a regular veterinary inspection and —
testing with tuberculin of all herds supplying milk for human —
consumption, or, where such a policy might be considered ex- 4
treme, or likely to cause a milk famine, by the scientific pasteuri- —
zation under official supervision of all milk regarding which any —

suspicion of tubercular infection may exist.

It has now been fully demonstrated that by keeping milk at
a temperature of 140 degrees for thirty minutes all tubercular ~
bacilli are killed, while, at the same time, the digestive properties —

of the fluid remain entirely unaffected.

Infection through meat can be effectively guarded against by —
the abolition of the unsanitary private slaughter-house and the —
establishment instead of municipal abattoirs conducted under the —
supervision of specially trained veterinarians, in a manner simi- —
lar to that now followed in establishments engaged in export, 7

interstate or interprovincial trade.

In view of these facts there need be no very great difficulty in 4

bringing about such a state of affairs as will effectually safeguard

the majority of human beings from infection with bovine tuber- 3

culosis.

It is gratifying to note that the public conscience is being 4
aroused on this question and that our medical brethren are be- —
coming alive to the necessity of taking active measures with a _

view to improving existing conditions, .

The wider problem of the complete eradication of bovine tu-
berculosis, which must be solved, if at all, by the veterinarian, is
a very different and much more serious proposition.

Many of the most active minds in the profession the world
over are engaged in the endeavor to find a sound, practical and
effective method of controlling this terrible disease, but so far

no plan reasonably applicable to conditions as they exist on this

continent has heen discovered.

Many attempts have been made to legislate bovine tubercu-
losis out of existence, but these have all, without exception,
failed in their object, with the result that matters are practically
at a standstill, for the simple reason that no one who has given
the subject the study which it deserves knows exactly what to
do or what to recommend,

5)

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 91

This being the case, I deeply regret that the program of
the present meeting contains but few items bearing on this great
question.

America has always been in the forefront in the practical
application of scientific knowledge, and it appears to me that this
Association could be engaged in no better or nobler task than
that of striving to blaze a trail in this hitherto uncharted region.

That the question is one of great economic importance goes
without saying. Its magnitude is shown by the fact that out of
289,899 condemnations made in Canada last year under the
Meat Inspection Act, 187,660 were on account of tuberculosis.

These figures, of course, include swine, but as the disease
in these animals is almost invariably of bovine origin, it can
readily be seen what an immense saving would follow the eradi-
cation of the disease among cattle.

Meanwhile, at the risk of being accused of repeating my-
self, I would again urge the desirability of conducting an ener-
getic educational campaign among stock owners, with a view
to the betterment of the conditions under which animals are only
too often kept.

No campaign against bovine tuberculosis will ever succeed
until owners recognize the fact that diseased herds do not pay,
and that it is in their own interest to keep only healthy cattle.

One of the most important points to be inculcated in this
movement is one which has hitherto been too much neglected,
namely, the proper ventilation of stables.

The medical profession is putting us to shame in this regard,
and the wonderful results which its members are obtaining from
the open air treatment of tuberculous patients, much less capable
of enduring such exposure than are ours, serve to emphasize the
possibilities which we are neglecting.

Bovine tuberculosis is a disease of stables, being practically
unknown in districts where cattle are constantly kept in the open
air.

Without adopting this extreme course, which, in northern
climates is not without its drawbacks, it is entirely possible to
so ventilate ordinary stables as to render them infinitely more
sanitary than many of them now are, without in any way inter-
fering with the comfort or lessening the productiveness of their
occupants.

Proper attention to this important question of stable ventila-
tion will pave the way for a policy of eradication, and greatly
add to the chances of success.

92 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

I cannot leave the subject of tuberculosis without alluding
to the new method of intradermal testing with tuberculin intro-
duced by Professor Moussu, of France. This method, with —
which we in Canada have been experimenting to some slight —
extent will, if found reliable, as 1 think it will be in the hands of
careful and conscientious men, greatly simplify and facilitate
the now somewhat trying and irksome task of applying the tu-
berculin test. I hope that before this meeting closes we will be
given the benefit of the experience of those who have tried this
new and simple method.

Rabies is another disease to which I am glad to see that this
Association intends to devote, at its present meeting, a good
deal of attention.

Here again the conditions which we have to face on this
continent are such as to render the task of eradicating the dis-
ease much more serious and difficult than is the case in many
other countries.

For many years past we, in Canada, have been almost en-
tirely free from rabies, but during the last few years its spread
in some districts has been rapid and serious.

So far as I can ascertain, the present outbreak was started
by a little dog from the State of New York, which one day
trotted across the suspension bridge at Queenston on the Niag-
are River, and, after biting a few Canadian dogs and some ani-
mals of other species, returned whence he came “ unwept, un-
honored and unsung.”

The disease has since spread greatly over the western penin-
sula of Ontario, and has been, in one instance, carried as far
as Alberta by means of a dog shipped from the first-named
province.

The only good result which has followed its introduction has
been a considerable diminution in the number of useless curs
maintained in the towns and cities of the districts affected.

I will not at present dwell longer on the subject of veter-
inary sanitary science, but before leaving it, would point out
that its rapid development has been the means of creating a new
and most profitable field for the exercise of the energies of the
younger members of our chosen profession.

There are now available in the public service many openings
for the young veterinarian, and whether his tastes lie in the
direction of scientific research, ot in the more practical work of
field and abattoir inspection, he can, if properly equipped edu-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 93

- cationally and otherwise, soon find congenial employment and
fair remuneration.

The profession generally has also been greatly benefited in
many different ways by the rapid development of veterinary
sanitary science.

Not only have many “ dark places been made light” and
many “rough places made smooth,” but the general average
_ standing of the profession has been distinctly elevated and its

_ importance to humanity and to the economic well being of the
~ community demonstrated more clearly and completely than ever
before.

Further, the appointments which have thus been created
have been the means of largely increasing the membership of
the profession, without inflicting the hardship of undue com-
petition on those already engaged in ordinary practice.

Turning for a moment to the field of general practice. in
which after all most of us are engaged, it is gratifying to note
that although the city practitioner still continues to complain
of the inroads made upon his income by the automobile and the
trolley car, the services of his rural confrére are more in demand
than ever, owing to the generally high and constantly increas-
ing values of live stock of all kinds.

The higher education on which this Association, now en-
dorsed in its attitude by our respective governments, has so long
insisted, is having a marked effect in improving the conditions
surrounding the veterinary practitioner.

He is now in a position to give his clients much better value
in return for their fees than ever before.

Looking back over the last thirty years, many, many instances
recur to me in which, had I been possessed of our present-day
knowledge of pathological conditions and modern methods of
treatment, I could have rendered infinitely more effective ser-
vice and saved the lives of valuable animals which, these essen-
tials being lacking, fell, in spite of hard and honest effort, vic-
tims to professional ignorance.

We must not, however, while paying due regard to the
standard of our colleges and the education which they furnish,
fail to remember the werds of the famous Osler, which apply
with immeasurably greater force to our profession than to his:
“The whole art of medicine is observation; colleges can only
start the man in the right direction,” and his equally impressive

94 ; SOCIETY MEETINGS.

statement that “there can be no teaching of medicine without
a patient—the patient is the best teacher.”
These are weighty sayings and worthy of serious ; though.

There is, in my opinion, no more dangerous man than the newly-

graduated veterinary surgeon, bursting with theory, but devoid
of practical knowledge, furnished with letters of marque in the
shape of a diploma; licensed in the words of these old docu-
ments to “sink, burn and destroy,” he starts out on his path of

devastation innocent of heart and purpose, but capable of doing 7]
incalculable harm to his patients as well as to his reputation and

that of the profession to which he belongs.

They do these things better in France and some other coun-
tries.

The old system of pupilage has much to recommend it, and
I cannot refrain from expressing myself as being strongly in
favor of the provision insisted on by some few colleges even in
this country, that their students must pass the time between

sessions in active practice under the supervision of a qualified

experienced practitioner.

This point has, I think, received altogether too little atten-
tion at the hands of those responsible for the education of the
modern veterinarian of America, and in the general interests
of the profession I feel it my duty to urge this phase of the
training question upon your consideration.

Another matter which has been mentioned by previous presi-
lents, but upon which I also have strong views, is that of the
vanishing art of diagnosis.

In no other profession, of which I know anything, is the art
of close observation mentioned by Osler so superlatively essen-
tial as it is in ours.

The successful veterinarian should be a veritable Sherlock
Holmes. The practitioner of human medicine can, as a rule,
cross-examine his patient at will, and the importance to him of
this privilege is pretty clearly demonstrated by the helplessness
which he too often displays when called upon to deal with in-
fants or persons who have been rendered unconscious by in-
juries or other causes.

Our patients cannot tell us their sensations nor the history
of any injuries which they may have received, and, this being
the case, the veterinarian must become an expert in the art. of
interpreting the language of pain, as well as in noting the slight-

“a
AG

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 95

est departure from a norimal condition, a qualification which
presupposes an intimate acquaintance with the latter.

- Too many of our young practitioners to-day depend almost
entirely on the microscope, either in their own hands, or, more
frequently, in those of some pathologist, who, with all his knowl-
' edge, may be devoid of practical experience or even of common
sense. 3

While yielding to no man in my regard for the modern
pathologist and in respect for his work, I feel that I cannot
“emphasize too strongly the desirability of every practitioner
being able to reach a reasonably accurate diagnosis in most
cases without microscopical aid.

_ In this connection I cannot refrain from mentioning an in-
‘stance which occurred not long ago, when a modern comparative
pathologist declared that it was absurd for us to imagine that
‘we had Dourine in Canada, inasmuch as the specific trypano-
some of the disease had not then been detected in any of the
‘cases under observation.

_ On being asked by what means Dourine was recognized by
‘ordinary observers one hundred years ago, his answer was
' scarcely as ready as his previous criticism.

_. There are many practitioners in this room who successfully
-and safely diagnosed glanders and tuberculosis long before the
specific bacilli of these diseases were known or recognized.

' The modern scientist or super-scientist is very apt to forget
facts of this kind and to occasionally make a serious mistake
_ by basing a negative opinion on a single smear or slide, which
_may happen to be free from the particular pathogenic germ for
which he is looking.

- It is well to maintain a reasonable balance between science
_and practice, with perhaps a friendly leaning to the latter, in
recognition of the old and well-established principle that in
_ the ordinary work of life the practical man may get on fairly well
without theory while the theoretical man without practice 1s
almost certain to come to grief.

_ As has been well said by one of our leading modern veter-
inarians, “ Bacteriology is in its infancy—it counts its experts
by tens, but its pretenders by hundreds. Hardly a disease ex-
| ists in which some imaginative person has not discovered a spe-
| cific causal organism, and the guileless practitioner accepts their
statements as though picking out a bacillus was as easy as sort-
| ing out papers from a hasket. There is only one safe rule in

ite)
oo

SOCIETY MEETINGS,

bacteriology—never to believe any new discovery until it has
been verified by other workers, and not even then unless the
corroborating bacteriologist is a member of a school or clique
opposed to that of the original discoverer.” 4
Our late lamented mentor, Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, some years
ago reproduced from the same author as that from which the 7
above quotation is taken, namely, Mr. William Hunting, F. R.
C. V. S., of London, who has perhaps done as much as any other
man in the last three or four decades to maintain the dignity
and augment the prestige of the veterinary profession in the 7
English-speaking world, the following words of wisdom: 9
“Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his
skill dies with him. By recording his observations he adds to
the knowledge of his profession and assists by his facts in build-
ing up a solid edifice of pathological science.”
These sayings should be taken seriously to heart by every
veterinary practitioner.
In following the principle therein enunciated many expe-
riences of but trifling value may be reported, but on the other
hand, its neglect may lead to the loss of much information of
inestimable value. f
It is a matter for deep regret that the dates of the Interna-
tional Veterinary Congress, to be held at The Hague, fall so
close to those of this meeting. Had this not been the case, I am_
satisfied that not only would many of our own members, now
absent, have heen with us, but that several of the leading lights q
of the profession in Britain and other European countries would
also have honored us with their presence. :
The work of our profession in America is, year by year, de-
servedly commanding to a greater degree the respectful atten-
tion of veterinarians in other parts of the world, and many of 9
those whom I have met have expressed a strong desire to at-
tend at least one of the meetings of this Association.
[t is a common saying among our members that they never q
attend one of these meetings without feeling strengthened, re-
freshed and better equipped for their professional labors. .
Our program on this occasion shows a long list of papers on _
interesting subjects by many of our most able and talented mem=
bers, with which are interspersed not a few contributions from
distinguished visitors; in fact, the time at our disposal will
hardly suffice for the proper assimilation of the mass of mental
pabulum which we are expected to absorb. |

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 97

As I stated last year at Philadelphia, the time has, in my

opinion, now arrived when it will be found profitable to divide
_ the program into sections, so that each member may elect to
_ listen to such papers as deal with the special lines of professional
_ work in which he is most interested.

I trust that the Executive Committee will consider this mat-

_ ter, and in the event of the Association, as a body, approving of
_ such a change, take the necessary steps to bring it about before
the date of our next annual meeting arrives.

I cannot close without expressing my sincere and heartfelt

appreciation of the work of the various officers, as well as of the

several committees with whom I have been associated during

' the past year. The devotion and energy of our capable sec-
_ retary, the promptitude and reliability of our treasurer, and the
_ painstaking work of the Publishing Committee, which has re-
_ sulted in the production of what is perhaps the finest report yet
_ issued, are worthy of special mention and high commendation.

In conclusion, I can only express the hope that our forty-
sixth annual meeting, held as it is in the great metropolis of the
Middle West, whose very name has come to stand for energy

_ and ‘enthusiasm, and where our professional brethren have long

enjoyed well-deserved recognition, will, as there is now every

indication of its doing, surpass in point of interest, as in number

of those in attendance, all previous gatherings, and that this asso-

- ciation will continue to prosper until, with every reputable veter-

inarian on the continent enrolled under its banner, it reaps the
rightful reward of its unselfish and public spirited labors and

becomes the actual governing body of the profession in America.

THE ATTENDANCE.

The registration bureau, which the great numbers in attend-
ance and the different times of arrival have made it necessary

to substitute for the old custom of calling the roll, indicates the
_. following male attendance from the different states, Canada and

the Philippines, visitors included.
ALABAMA—C, A. Cary, Auburn.
CALIFORNIA—R, A. Archibald, Oakland; P. H. Browning,

San Jose; Percy W. Goodwin, Los Gatos; C. M. Haring, Berk-
-eley; F. H. McNair, Berkeley.

Canapa—S. Hadwen, Ottawa; C: J. Johannes, Harriston;
D. MeCuaig, McAdam Jet., N. B.; C. D. McGilvray, Winnipeg,

98 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Man.; W. C. McGuire, Cornwall; W. E. Martin, Winnipeg, —
Man.; J. A. Stevenson, Gretna, Man.; F. Torrance, Winnipeg, —
Man.; J. G. Rutherford, Ottawa, Ont.; Thos. Thracker, Renfrew, —
Ont.; E. A. A. Grange, Toronto. :
Cotoravo—Geo. H. Glover, Fort Collins; A. J. Savage,
Colorado Springs; M. J. Woodliffe, Denver; Mark White, Den- —
ver; M. J. Woodliffe, Denver. *
Connecticut—H. H. Newcomb, Bridgeport ; Oscar Schreck, 4
New Haven. |
Disrricr oF Cotump1a—B. H. Bowl, Washington; R. M.
Farrington, Washington; A. D. Melvin, Washington; John R. —
Mohler, Washington.
Fiortpa—F. A. Overbay, Bartow.
GrorGia-—T. E. Jago, Athens, Ga.
Intinots—I. S. Alford, Paxton; F. E. Allen, Poplar Grove; ©
L. H. Allen, Chicago; F. H. Ames, Mount Sterling; F. H. An- —
derson, Evanston; C. L. Ashbrook, Chicago; I. K. Atherton, ~
Peoria; O. G. Atherton, Chicago; A. H. Baker, Chicago; S. S.
Baker, Chicago; H. C. Barth, Amboy; S. E. Bennett, Chicago; ~
V.C. Best, Chicago; Joseph F. Black, Chicago; P. J. Brady, Chi-
cago; W. H. Brownlee, Little York; John L. Buo, Blue Island; —
J. L. Burkhart, Chicago; O. F. Butterfield, Libertyville; S. H.
Caldwell, Chicago; Harry W. Campbell, Waggoner; H. D.
Chamberlain, Belvidere; F. W. Christiansen, Chicago; C. F. W.
Clausen, Chicago; E. G. Cluts, Canton; T. W. Corkery, Urbana;
J. H. Crawford, Harvard; F. B. Crowe, Chicago; E. Curran, —
Chicago; M. L. Davenport, Chicago; W. A. Davidson, Chicago; —

Edw. Davieson. Chicago; F. H. Davis, Chicago; L. Enos Day, —

Chicago; C. E. Delle, Cairo; J. M. Dingman, Chicago; Geo. Dite- —
wig, Peoria; E. D. Douglass, Chicago; Chas. J. Dowdy, Green-
ville; C. P. Draper, Arlington Heights; Sola B. Dunn, Chicago;
Thos. H. Edwards, Chicago; David F. Eggers, Chicago; R. A.
Emmett, Chicago; W. A. Evans (Health Com. of Chicago) ; H.
H. Fairbanks, Chicago; H. Fairfield, Danville; H. S. Farmer,
Farmer City; A. L. Faunce, Chicago; Miss C. Ferriare, Jackson-
ville; C. E. Fidler, Canton; M. M. Fletcher, Iliopolis; C. B. Flil-
craft, Oak Park; J. V. Foster, Chicago; T.,J. Foster, Monticello;
R. P. Frans, Stronghurst; Chas. Frazier, Chicago; Geo. P. Frost,
Chicago; W. S. Gardner, Peoria; A. G. Gieske, Barrington; C.
G. Glendinning, Clinton; J. F. Gillespie, Tuscola; Jos. Godery,
Chicago; Chr. F, Gruner, Chicago; E. W. Hanson, Chicago; J.
G. Hayes, Freeport; C. L. Haywood, Waukegan; J. H. Heinen,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 99

© Chicago; Alex. Henderson, Aurora; H. Herron, Chicago; Mexi-
_-milian Herzog, Chicago; Jacob A. Hey, Chicago; Frederick W.

Hill, Chicago; R. F. Hoadley, Yorkville; Chas. E. Hodlick, Chi-

A cago; J. H. Hogan, Aledo; Wm. Hooton, Danville; B. I. Hub-

bard, Decatur; Bentley F. Hudson, Moweaqua; J. Hudson, Chi-

_ cago; Gus Huebun, Chicago; Joseph Hughes, Chicago; D.
_ Arthur Hughes, Chicago; D. S. Jaffray, Jr., Chicago; J. S. Jeni-
_ son, Chicago; E. A: Jenkins, Shelbyville; Henning Johnson, Chi-
' cago; F. E. Jones, Rochelle; Geo. B. Jones, Sidell; J. M. Kaiser,
_ Chicago; J. M. Kaylor, Barry; H. L. Keene, Shabbonia; S. M.
_ Kennelley, Joliet; Ferne Keselring, Chicago; A. L. Kreutzer,
| Chicago; N. Krumenns, Chicago; O. J. Lanigan, Chicago; A.
_ J. Legner, Leland; L. J. Lepplo, Chicago; W. B. Lewin, Rus-
_ sell; W. W. Lichty, Woodstock; Chas. A. Linde, Chicago; Roy
- C. Liners, Chicago; W. D. Linn, Holcomb; Obed H. Lintner,
' Mendota; Miles Livingston, Herscher; C. M. Lombard, Chicago;
' C, A. McCormick, Chicago; Albert E. McEvers, Chicago; W. J.
McKellip, Chicago; Duncan McKenzie, Chicago; Chester A. Mc-
Killip, Chicago; G. B. McKillip, Chicago; M. H. McKillip, Chi-
cago; A. M. Mair, Streator; Jacob Man, Hercher; E. A. Manuel,
Des Plaines; Daniel G. Marks, Chicago; John H. Marsh, Chi-
cago; W. F. Martin, Kankakee; C. D. Maulfair, McNabb; G. E.
Maxwell, Chicago; W. H. Meadors, National Stock Yards; L.
A. Merrillat, Chicago: C. J. Millen, Chicago; L. F. Miller, La
Salle; S. H. Miller, Rock Island; C. C. Mills, Decatur; E. F.
Mongean, Magnolia; H. J. Monegan, Manteo; J. L. Montooth,
Neponset; F. J. Moreton, Chicago; Wm. J. Morgan, Seaton;
Wm. H. Morris, Chicago; Fred W. Morrison, Berwyn; J. A.
Morrison, Chicago; R. C. Mylno, Aurora; J. T. Nattress,
Delevan; T. A. Newell, Chicago; John B. Newman, Elgin;
John W. Nicholson, Morris; Raymond J. Note, Chicago; M. J.
O'Donnell, Blue Island; Herbert F. Palmer, Chicago; H. S.
Parker, Chicago; John M. Parks, Chicago; C. A. Passmore,
Huntley; H. D. Paxson, Chicago; C. A. Pierce, Elgin; L. G.
Pottle, Quincy; C. C. Pratt, Smithfield; H. A. Presler, Fairbury;
E. L. Quitman, Chicago; L. H. Quitman, Chicago; Phillip Quit-
man, Chicago; J. H. Ragan, Morris; H. P. Rasmussen, Chicago;
B. F. Ricebarger, St. Charles; W. Riedl, Chicago; H. M. Rine-
hart, Blandinsville; Hartwell Robbins, Chicago; James Robert-
son, Chicago; E. E. Robinson, Mazon; A. M. Rockwell, Eleanor ;
John F. Ryan, Chicago; H. R. Ryder, Chicago; H. R. Schaefer,
Charleston; A. F. Schalk, Chicago; W. F. Scott, Oak Park; T.V.

100 SOCIETY MEETINGS,

Shearburn, Walnut; F. A. Shepherd, Fairmount; B. E. Sherman, ©
Chicago; R. E. Shigley, Chicago; James Smellie, Eureka; A. W. ©
Smith, Farmer City; J. P. Somers, Chicago; Harold Sorby, Chi- -
cago; A. N. Sorlin, Chicago; C. i. Spangler, Lockport; J. C.
Stade, Decatur; J. C. Stewart, Danville; N. I. Stringer, Paxton;

D. Tenchwick, Chicago; R. E. Thomson, Chicago; L. E. Thomp- : | |
son, Middletown; L. C. Tiffany, Springfield ; A. C. Tillman, 9a

Earlville; H. C. Torgesen, Park Ridge; D. L.. Travis, Vandalia;

Daniel D. Tuerney, Chicago; R. Van Orman, Chicago; J. L. 4

Walcher, Nokomis; Robt. G. Walker, Chicago; G. F. Wasland, ©
Chicago; J. W. Watson, Chicago; Cassius Way, Harvard; B. F. ©
Webster, Winchester; W. H. Welch, Lexington; George B. ©
Wells, Chicago; L. A. Welton, Chicago; C. A. White, Chicago; ~
Phil White, Roberts; N. P. Whitmore, Gardner; M. P. Whitten, —
Chicago; C. L. Whittington, Niles; F. C. Willett, Henry; J. C.
Wingert, Marengo; James Wilson, Chicago; Matthew Wilson, ~
Waukegan; O. W. Winters, Arthur; W. B. Wise, Sheffield; J.
H. Wolaver, Assumption; Albert C. Worms, Chicago; A. Mag
Wray, Richmond; George D. Young, Chicago; F. J. Leith, Chi-
cago. |

InDIANA—W. J. Armour, Goshen; J. L. Axby, Lawrence- —

burg; F. A. Bolser, New Castle; O. L. Boor, Muncie; G. W. But- 4

ler, Lafayette; D. K. Buzzard, Goshen; O. F. Campbell, Flora; —
A. B. Carter, Covington; Wm. C. Clevenger, Winchester; C. V. —
Connell. Decatur; R. A. Craig, Lafayette; E. E. Cunningham, —
Valparaiso; D. A. Dawson, Princeton; W. W. Deyden, Colum- —
bus; Geo. G. Ferling, Richmond; D. W. Fitch, Auburn; J. O. —
Greeson, Kokomo; L. A. Greiner, Indianapolis; H. M. Hamilton, —
Muncie; Mr. Hammond, Attica, Ralph Hammond, Attica; J. J. —
Herron, Tipton: Harvey J. Hannal, Rensselaer; Lee C. Hoover, —
Richmond; J: W. Klotz, Noblesville; W. H. G. Lampe, Indian- —
apolis; F. E. Lawton, Greencastle; John R. Mitchell, Evansville; ~
S. R. Ramsey, Terre Haute; G. H. Roberts, Indianapolis; J. C. —
Rodger, Anderson; Payson Schwin, Elkhart; T. A. Sigler, —
Greencastle; J. H. Snyder, New Harmony; F. S. Streng, Foun- |
taintown: James M. Tade, Vincennes; H. G. White, Kokomo; —
O. G. Whitesler. Huntington; Walter J. Williams, Franklin. q

Iowa—F. R. Ahlers, Lamotte; S. H. Bauman, Birming- —
ham; H. E. Bemis, Ames; Geo. A. Dodge, Northwood; Ira W. —
Edwards, Stuart; Herman Greeder, Ames; J. W. Griffith, Cedar —
Rapids: R. R. Hammond, Cherokee; Henry Hell, New Liberty; —

C. J. Heckard, Wheatland; C. J. Hinkley, Odebolt; Edward 7

SOCIETY MEETINGS. : 101

‘Horstman, Sioux City; A. H. Joehuk, Charlotte; S. H. John-
ston, Carroll; Herbert Killips, Mt. Pleasant; N. A. Kipper, In-
_ dependence; G. Lames, Dysart; H. A. McIntire, Maquoketa; J.
_H. McLeod, Charles City; W. B. Niles, Ames; E. G. Piper, Ida
Grove; N. M. Repp, Perry; Jas. Robertson, Monona; Geo. A.
Scott, Waterloo; W. E. Sharp, Newton; H. I. C. Simpson, Deni-
son; C, J. Sparks, Scully; H. M. Stevenson, Madrid; R. H.
_ Stevenson, Sigourney; H. E. Talbot, Des Moines; A. J. Treman,
' Lake City: H. B. Treman, Rockwell City; T. H. Unger, Avon
' Rapids; Geo. M. Walron, Storm Lake; A. L. Wood, Hampton.
a Kansas—-L. R. Baker, Kansas City; D. M. Campbell, To-
_ peka; Leonard W. Gass, Manhattan; R. F. Eagle, Kansas City;
Chas. H. Jewell, Fort Riley; Jas. F. Pickett, Ashton; Chas.
' Saunders, El Dorado; F. S. Schoenleber, Manhattan; K. W.
_Stouder, Manhattan.

os Kentucky—Ed, P. Farley, Paducah; G. P. Isbell, Hop-

_ kinsville; W. E. A. Wyman, Covington. :
‘ Lovutstana—W. H. Dahymph, Baton Rouge; J. Arthur
_ Goodwin, New Iberia; H. O. Patterson, New Orleans; Frank J.
_ Webb, Baton Rouge.

q Maine—Geo. F. Wescott, Portland.

f MaryLanp-——-Wm. Dougherty, Baltimore; Herbert Hooper,
_ Belair; F. H. Mackie, Baltimore.

q MassacHusetts—Francis Abele, Jr., Quincy; H. B. Ham-
ilton, New Bedford; Alex. McIntosh, Boston, Benjamin Pierce,
_ Springfield; Jesse A. Viles, Lowell; J. F. Winchester, Lawrence.
a MicnicAN—Harry Anderson, Grand Rapids; J. D. Bell,
' Lansing; H. L. Bellinger, Plainwell; F. M. Blatchford,
_ Brighton; S. Brenton, Detroit: W. E. Coomer, Bay City; Hugo
_ Cornehl, Detroit; C. C. Daubir, Sturgis; J. S. Donald, Bay City;
I. G. Duff, St. Louis; C. H. Dunkley, Kalamazoo; Geo. W.
Dunphy, Quincey; Dr. Elgas, Hartford; Thos. Farmer, Grand
_ Plain; Wm. I. Francoise, Kalamazoo; G. D. Gibson, Adrian; W.
_ T. Graham, Niles; Wm. Hansen, Greenville; L. M. Hurt, Lan-
- sing: W. J. Johnson, Paw Paw; C. L. Jones, Monroe; James
_ J. Joy, Detroit: T. F. Krey, Detroit; R. W. MacDonald, Flint;
' C. S. McGuire, Grand Rapids; A. H. Moody, Three Rivers;
' Robertson Muir, Grand Rapids; H. W. Nobles, Grand Ledge;
| E. E. Patterson, Detroit; J. H. Pear, Saugatuck; R. D. Rice,
| Maple Rapids; W. J. Rooks, Zeeland; H. L. Schuh, Grand
_ Rapids; Josef Schwartz, Bay City; C. C. Slaight, Macon; H. L.
| Smith, Albion; U. S. Springer, Grand Rapids; A. L. Tiffany,

102 : SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Monroe; Geo. Waddle, Kalamazoo; C. A. Waldron, Tecumseh;
J. C. Whitney, Hillsdale. a

Minnesota—J. P. Anderson, Rochester; Chas. E. Cotton, —
Minneapolis; R. LaPointe, Le Sueur; G. E. Leech, Winona; C. C. ©
Lyford, Minneapolis; Geo. McGilling, Spring Valley; C. A. —
Mack, Stillwater; C. A. Nelson, Brainerd; Andrew B. Niven, —
Albert Lea; M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul; C. S. Shore, Lake City; —
S. H. Ward, St. Paul; M. S. Whitcomb, St. Paul. 7

MississtpPt—Tait Butler, Starkville; James Lewis, Agricul- 4

tural College.

Missourr—Geo. K. Babb, Kansas City; W. s Boyd, Kansas ;
City; F. F. Brown, Kansas City; Geo. E. Butin, Kansas City; ~
L. C. Champlain, Kansas City; W. F. Heyde, St. Louis; A. T. —
Kinsley, Kansas City; L. M. Klutz, Clinton; H. J. Lemen, Kan- ~
sas City; Richardt Lyman, Kansas City; Hugh M. McConnell, —
Independence; B. W. Murphy, St. Joseph; T. B. Pote, St. Louis;
C. N. Scott, Mound City; Stanley Smith, Columbia; S. Stewart, —
Kansas City; Chas. R. Treadway, Kansas City; W. B. Welch, —
Marshall; J. S. Zeiler, Clayton; H. Jensen, Kansas City. a

NerraskA—J. S. Anderson, Seward; G. H. Barter, Selma; —
QO. E. Bellew, Brainerd; J. A. De Cow, Holdrege; Richard Eb- —
bitt, Grand Island; C. C. Hall, Omaha; W. D. Hammond, Blair; —
J. L. Hoylman, Franklin; P. Juckniess, Lincoln; Roy Lovell, —
York: Chas. A. McKim, Norfolk; E. Guy Newton, Stamford; —
W. E. Von Nordheim, Wahoo; Edwin O. Odell, Central City; q
Jas. L. Paxton, Omaha; John D. Sprague, David City; Wm.
Thompson, Omaha; G. R. Young, Omaha.

Nevapa—w. B. Mack, Reno. :

New Jersey—Thomas B. Rogers, Woodbury; J. Edward
Rowe, Summit: W. Runge, Newark; Thos. E. Smith, Jersey —
City; L. E. Tuttle, Bernardsville.

New Yorx—W. L. Baker, Buffalo; Geo. H. Berns, Brook- /

lyn; H. G. Carpenter, Ithaca; David W. Cochran, New York
City; J. F. De Vine, Goshen; Robt. W. Ellis, New York City;
Jos. J. Estabrook, New York City; John L. Halloran, Stapleton;
W. C. Hollingsworth, Utica; Frank Hunt, Jamestown; W. H. —
Kelley, Rochester; Wm. Henry Kelly, Albany; Wm. F. Kirch- —
ner, New York City; Henry G, Lennox, Kingston; Frank J. —
Loomis, Phoenix; Edwin D. Lyon, Pike; H. D. Martin, Buffalo, ~
R. A. McAustin, Brooklyn; W. {. McKinney, Brooklyn; V. A.

Moore, Ithaca; C. B, Palmer, New York City; J. L. Robertson, q

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 1038

| New York City; T. M. Taylor, New York City; Walter J. Tay-
lor, Ithaca; L. R. Webber, Rochester.

NortH Carortrna—W. G. Chrisman, Raleigh.

he Norro Daxora—W. S. Stinson, Grafton; D. W. Taylor,
Kenmare.

{ Onto—F. E. Anderson, Findlay; W. A. Axby, Harrison;
' J. H. Blattenberg, Lima; C. S. Bucher, Archbold; A. S. Cooley,
_ Cleveland; J. D. Fair, Berlin; Paul Fischer, Columbus; C. E.
4 Herrbey, Tiffin; Reuben Hilty, Toledo; H. Fulstow, Norwalk;
_ A. D. Grunmill, Celina; F. B. Jackson, Camden; Joseph H. Jeff-
- erson, Chicago; A. J. Kline, Wauseon; M. C. McClain, Jerome-
_ ville; John H. McNeel, Columbus; H. H. Miller, Canton; John
= V. Newton, Toledo; 1, W. Riddle, Columbus; F. M. Saffray,
™ Toledo; G. L. Schneider, Canton; Z. W. Seibert, Crestline; E.
Ho. Shepard, Cleveland; H. H. Sparhawk, Akron; Albert M.
' Taylor, Portal; M. W. Tritchler, Cincinnati; C. G. Vollmer,
~ Lima; W. B. Washburn, Tiffin; G. C. Webb, Tallmadge.
OxLtaAHoma—L. E. Willyoung, Fort Sill.

-PENNSYLVANIA—Chas. W. Boyd, Pittsburg; E. G. Britton,
_ Butler; H. B. Cox, Philadelphia; M. W. Drake, Philadelphia;
_ A. F, Elkin, Smicksburg; Frank U. Fernsler, Lebanon; B. M.
Freed, Sharon; S. H. Gilliland, Marietta; Oliver T. Hendren,
Philadelphia; W. Horace Hoskins, Philadelphia; Philip K. Jones,
Pittsburg; Thomas Kelly, Philadelphia; G. C. Kilgore, Philadel-
phia; J. Stewart Lacock, Pittsburg; C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia;
Lee H. P. Maynard, Philadelphia; A. J. Mitchell, Erie; Otto G.
Noack, Reading; J. F. Olweiler, Elizabethtown; H. F. Pegan,
Cochranton; E. C. Porter, New Castle; John Renkel, Philadel-
phia; N. Rutenwald, Pittsburg; F. H. Schneider, Philadelphia;
H. W. Schoerney, Philadelphia; F. C. Shoemaker, Philadelphia;
Chas. W. Springer, Uniontown; Frank D. Warner, Philadel-
phia; A. W. Wier, Greenville; W. E. Wight, Pittsburg.

Ruope Istanp—James M. Armstrong, Providence.

Soutu Carortna—Louis Friedheim, Rockhill.

SouTH Daxora—J. P. Foster, Huron; H. O. Moore, Rapid
City.

TENNEssEE—J. S. Ardrade, Lebanon; C. E. Cooke, Clarks-
ville; J. Chappell Gill, Clarksville; A. O. Kenedy, Columbia; J.
W. Scheibler, Memphis; Geo. R. White, Nashville.

Trxas—M. Francis, College Station; M. Guillaume, Ft.
Worth; Marstetler, College Station; Ernest M. Wiggs,
Wichita Falls.

104 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

VerRMONT—-Robert Weir, Rutland. a
Viretnta—H. N. Holmes, Norfolk; W. B. Holmes, Bed- —
ford City; John Spencer, Blacksburg. *
WasnHincron—F. B. Hadley, Pullman; S. B. Nelson, Spo- ~
kane. 3
Wisconstn—F. W. B. Achen, Kenosha; G. G. Adams, East —
Troy; A. S, Alexander, Madison; J. S. Atkinson, Marinette; M. ©
W. Brach, Hader Cornes; R. L. Brown, Janesville; F. E. Burn- ~
ham, Superior; O. A. Christianson, Luxemburg; B. L. Clark, @
Monticello; D. B. Clark, Madison; W. G. Clark, Marinette; R. —
FE. Cochrane, Milwaukee; D. L. Cowgill, ; C. A. Dead- ©
man, Madison; H. F. Eckert, Markesan; O. H. Eleason, Omro;
J. O. Festermacher, Campbellsport; R. S. Heer, Platteville; H. ~
E. Hensel, Arcadia; W. D. Hoard (ex-Governor), Ft. Atkinson; a
L. N. Larson, Whitehall; N. K. Larson, Whitehall; A. N. Law- —
ton, Brodhead; E. A. McCullough, Delavan; H. D. Pattison, Be- —
loit; W. H. Perrigo, Milwaukee; O. S. Phelps, Beaver Dam; F. —
W. Philp, Mineral Point; E. B. Rader, Clinton Junction; Prof. ~
Rusel (Dem. Agr. Col.), Madison; Chas. Schmitt, Dodgeville; —
L. C. Tasche, Sheboygan; A. R. Tuckel, Darlington; J. P. West, 4
Madison; W. A. Wolcott, Plymouth; L. A. Wright, Columbus. —
Wyominc—O. L. Prien, Laramie. i,
MisceLLaNnrous—G., E. Neson, Manila, P. I.; James Stew- —
art, Londonderry, Ireland; Chas. Ring, Auckland, New Zealand. q

LADIES IN ATTENDANCE,

Mrs. O. G. Atherton, Chicago; Miss Atherton, Chicago; Mrs. —
A. H. Baker, Chicago; Miss Baker, Chicago; Miss Margaret —
Baker, Chicago; Mrs. H. C. Barth, Chicago; Mrs. H. D. Cham- —
berlain, Belvidere, Ill.; Mrs. J. H. Crawford, Harvard, Il.; Mrs.
L. E. Day, Chicago; Mrs. C. P. Draper, Arlington Hts., Ill; —
Miss Josephine Farmer, Farmer City, Ill.; Mrs. A. L. Faunce,
Chicago; Miss Faunce, Chicago; Miss C. Ferriare, Jackson+ ¥
ville, Ill.; Mrs. C. B. Flileraft, Oak Park, Ill.; Mrs. A. G. Gieske,
Barrington, Ill.; Mrs. J. F. Gillespie, Tuscola, Ill.; Miss Gillespie, _
Tuscola, Ill.; Mrs. Joseph Hughes, Chicago; Miss Helen
Hughes, Chicago; Mrs. Henning Johnson, Chicago; Mrs. G. B.
McKilip, Chicago; Mrs. O. H. Miller, Chicago; Mrs. E. I.
Dresher, Chicago; Mrs. Chester A. McKilip, Chicago; Mrs. M.
ff. McKilip, Chicago; Mrs, L. E, Maxwell, Chicago; Mrs. C. C.
Mills, Chicago; Mrs, F. J. Moreton, Chicago; Mrs. J. T. Natt-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 105

ress, Delavan, lll.; Mrs. H. F. Palmer, Chicago; Mrs. John M.
' Parks, Chicago; Mrs. Parscn, Chicago; Mrs. H. A. Presler,
® Fairbury, Ill.; Mrs. E. L. Quitman, Chicago; Mrs. P. Quitman,
' Chicago: Mrs. L. H. Quitman, Chicago; Mrs. H. R. Ryder, Chi-
| cago; Mrs. A. W. Smith, Farmer City, Ill.; Mrs. C. H. Spangler,
i Lockport, lll.; Mrs. A. C. Tillman, Earlville, Ill; Mrs. H. C.
_Torgersen, Park Ridge, IIl.; Mrs. Wentersten, Park Ridge, IIL ;
| Mrs, J. L. Walcher, Nokomis, Ill.; Mrs. Cassius Way, Harvard,
Ill.; Mrs. W. H. Welch, Lexington, Ill.; Mrs. C. A. White, Chi-
' cago; Mrs. F. C, Willett, Henry, Ill.; Mrs. Albert O. Worms,
_ Chicago; Mrs. W. J. Armour, Goshen, Ind.; Mrs. J. L. Axby,
_ Lawrenceburg, Ind.; Mrs. F. A. Bolen, New Castle, Ind.; Mrs.
_W. A. Fox, New Castle, Ind.; Mrs. O. L. Boor, Muncie, Ind.;
| Mrs. D. A. Dawson, Princeton, Ind.; Mrs. John R. Mitchell,
_ Evansville, Ind.; Mrs. G. H. Roberts, Indianapolis, Ind.; Mrs.
_ J. H. Snyder, New Harmony, Ind.; Mrs. O. G. Whateslin,
_ Huntington, Ind; Mrs. Geo. G. Terling, Ruhmero, Ind.; Mrs.
_ Walter J. Williams, Franklin, Ind.; Mrs. C. J. Hinkley, Odebalt,
' Iowa; Mrs. A. H. Joehnk, Charlotte, lowa; Mrs. L. J. Freman,
' Lake City, Iowa; Mrs. H. A. McIntire, Maquoketa, lowa; Mrs.
_ A. L. Woods, Hampton, Iowa; Mrs. L. R. Baker, Kansas City,
- Kansas; Mrs. R. F. Eagle, Kansas City, Kansas; Mrs. Hamilton
_ Cunningham, Kansas City, Kansas; Miss Esther Cunningham,
_ Kansas City, Kansas; Mrs. Leonard W. Garr, Manhattan, Kan-
_ sas; Mrs. F. S. Schoenleber, Manhattan, Kansas; Mrs. K. W.
_ Stouder, Manhattan, Kansas; Miss Graham, Manhattan, Kan-
~ sas; Mrs. F. H. Mockie, Baltimore, Md.; Mrs. Francis Ahele,
' Jr., Quincey, Mass.: Mrs. J. F. Winchester, Lawrence, Mass. ;
' Mrs. J. D. Bell, Lansing, Mich.; Mrs. S. Brenton, Detroit,
_ Mich.; Mrs. Geo. W. Dunpkey, Quincy, Mich.; Mrs. C. C. Dan-
_ heo, Schrogis, Mich.; Mrs. J. S. Donald, Bay City, Mich.; Mrs.
_ E. Hammond, Waterford, Canada; Mrs. V. S. Springer, Grand
_ Rapids, Mich.; Miss Springer, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Mrs. Geo.
_ Waddles, Kalamazoo, Mich.; Mrs. J. C. Whitney, Hillsdale,
' Mich.; Mrs. Chas. E. Cotton, Minneapolis, Minn.; Miss Jean M.
_ Cotton, Minneapolis, Minn.; Miss Edith M. Gibbons, Cleveland,
O.; Mrs. G. E. Leech, Winona, Minn.; Mrs. Geo. McGillings,
_ Spring Valley, Minn.; Mrs. W. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn. ;
- Mrs. M. S. Whitcomb, St. Paul, Minn.; Mrs. Tait Butler, Stark-
_ ville, Miss.; Mrs. A. F. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo.; Mrs. Hugh
~_ M. McConnell, Independenct, Mo. : Mrs. B.H. Murphy, St. Joseph,
_ Mo.; Miss Murphy, St. Joseph. Mo.; Mrs. Stanley Smith, Co-

106 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

lumbia, Mo.; Mrs. S. Stewart, Kansas City, Mo.; Mrs. W. B. 4
Welch, Marshall, Mo.; Mrs. J. L. Hoylman, Franklin, Neb.;_

Mrs. J. Edw. Rowe, Summit, N. J.; Mrs. W. Runge, Newark, |
N. J.; Mrs. L. E..Tuttle, Bernerdwell, N. J.; Mrs. Geo. Hi
Berns, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Miss Nellie C. Berns, Brooklyn, N. Y.; —

es

Mrs. David W. Cochran, New York, N. Y.; Mrs. Robt. W. El |
lis, New York, N. Y.; Mrs. Frank Hunt, Jamestown, N. Y.; Mrs. —

W. H. Kelly, Albany, N. Y.; Miss Spanori, Albany, N. Y.; Mrs. ~
Edwin D. Lyon, Pike, N. Y.; Miss Lyon, Pike, N. Y.; Mrs. R. A. ~
McAuslin, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Mrs. V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y.; @
Mrs. Walter J. Taylor, Ithaca, N. Y.; Mrs. L. R. Web-=™
ber, Rochester, N. Y.; Mrs. A. M. Taylor, Portal, N. D.; 4
Mrs. F. E. Anderson, Findlay, O.; Mrs. F. W. Garr, Find= —
lay, O.; Mrs. W. A. Axby, Harrison, O.; Mrs A. J. Kline @
Wauseon, O.; Mrs. John H. McNeil, Columbus, O.; Mrs. —
John V. Newton, Toledo, O.; Mrs. M. W. Tritschler, Cin- —
cinnati, O.: Mrs. W. B. Washburn, Tiffin, O.; Mrs. N. B. Cox, —
Philadelphia, Pa.; Miss H. McLaughlin, Philadelphia, Pa.; Mrs. —
Frank W. Fernsler, Lebanon, Pa.; Mrs. B. M. Freed, Sharon, —
Pa.; Mrs. W. Horace Hoskins, Philadelphia, Pa.; Mrs. C. J. —
Marshall, Philadelphia, Pa.; Mrs. Lett P. Maynore, Philadel- 3
phia, Pa.; Mrs.-John Reichel, Philadelphia, Pa.; Mrs. A. W. 3

Weir, Greenerlee, Pa.; Mrs. J. P. Foster, Huron, S. Dak.; Mrs.

J. W. Scheibler, Memphis, Tenn.; Mrs. Robert Weir, Rutland, —
Vt.; Mrs. F. E. Burnham, Superior, Wis.; Mrs. W. G. Clark, —

Marinette, Wis.; Mrs. H. E. Eckert, Markeson, Wis.; Mirs. L.

N. Sorrow, Whitehall, Wis.; Mrs. O. S. Phelps, Beaver Dam, ;

Wis.
NEW MEMBERS.

As a result of seven seatings of the Executive Committee 9

during the several days of the Chicago meeting, 185 applications

for membership were acted upon, of which number (including q
several reinstatements) 177 were recommended to the associa-
tion for active membership, 5 rejected and 3 applicants permitted _

to withdraw their applications, the final result being 177 names
added to the roll of active members in the association as follows:

Thomas E. Anderson, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College,
1907), Bedford, Towa; Claude L. Ashbrook, M.D.C., V.S.
(Ontario Vet. College and Chicago Vet. College, 1907 and
1908), Chicago, Ill.; William F. Brownell, M.D.C. (Chicago
Vet. College, 1894), Little York, Ill.; O. F. Butterfield, M.D.C.
(Chicago Vet. College, 1896), Libertyville, Ill.; Oren Alfred

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 107

| _ Christianson, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College, 1907), Luxem-
® bourg, Wis.; R. J. Coffeen, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College,
} 1906), Winton, Minn.; Elmer E. Cunningham, V.S. (Ontario
} Vet. College, 1887), Valparaiso, Ind.; Gerald Pigott Dillon,
® D.V.S. (McGill University, 1889), New Westminster, B. C.;

® A. Martin Eichelberger, Ph.B., D.V.M. (Cincinnati Vet. Col-
_ lege, 1909), Blanchester, Ohio; Charles Frazier, B.S., M.D.V.
(McKillip Vet. College, 1902), Chicago, Ill. ; "Jesse Andrew
_ Grau, D.V.S. (San Francisco Vet. College, 1908), Salivas, Cal. ;

_F. M. Gray, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College, 1904), Battle
_ Creek, Sask., Canada; William C. Hamilton, D.V.M. (Cincin-
- nati Vet. College, 1909), Cincinnati, Ohio; Thomas Batin Har-
_ ries, V.S., M.D.V., V.M.D. (Ontario Vet. College, 1904; Mc-
_ Killip, 1906), Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Bentley F. Hudson,
| M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College, 1906), Moweaquea, Ill.; George
_ Prentice Isbell, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College, 1908), Hopkins-
_ ville, Ky.; David Smeaton Jaffray, Jr., M.D.C. (Chicago Vet.
_ College, 1899), Chicago, Ill.; Charles W. Johnson, D.V.S. (Chi-
- cago Vet. College, 1887), Morgan Park, Ill.; Robert William
Keepers, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1906), Chester,
- Pa.; Harry Ellis Kingman (Kansas City Vet. College, 1909),
_ Fort Collins, Col.; Paul O. Koto, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College,
' 1895), Forest City, Ia.; Andrew J. Kyle, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet.
_ College, 1907), Cozad, Neb.; Elmer L. Lull, D.V.S. (Kansas
' City Vet. College, 1909), Gothenberg, Neb.; Leo B. Michael,
' M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1903), Collinsville, Ill.; Charles
_ Jj. Mulvey (McGill University, 1894), Mooers, Clinton Co.,
N. Y.; Daniel Edward Murphy, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College,
1908), Prairie du Sac, Wis.; I. E. Newsom, B.S., D.V.S. (Kan-
sas City Vet. College, 1909), Fort Collins, Col. ; Charles B.
Parker, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1906), Monticello,
Minn.; Charles Pearson, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College,
1903), Amarillo, Tex.; Edwin James Peck, M.D.V. (McKillip
Vet. College, 1906), Great Falls, Mont.; George P. Rebold,
D.V.M. (Cincinnati Vet. College, 1909), Cincinnati, Ohio; Wil-
liam R. Richards, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1908), Chi-
cago, Ill.; Robert Riddell, V.S. (Ontario Vet. College, 1880),
Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Harry W. Rike, V.S. (Ontario Vet.
College, 1889), Burlingame, Cal.; W. Boyd Robinson, D.V.M.
(Cincinnati Vet. College, 1909), Mt.. Sterling, Ky.; Arthur J.
Savage, D.V.S. (Detroit College of Medicine, Vet. Dept., 1895,
and Kansas City Vet. College, 1909), Colorado Springs, Col.;

108 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Chas. H. Schultz, B.S., D.V.M., V.M.D. (McKillip Vet. Col- —
lege and Vet. Dept., University of Penn., 1905 and 1909),
Tacoma, Wash. ; Thomas A. Sigler, V.S. (Indiana Vet. College, =
1902), Greencastle;Ind.; Samuel L. Stewart, D.V.S. (Kansas “R)
City Vet. College, 1907), Kansas City, Mo.; Walter A. Sulli- 9)
van (McKillip Vet. College, 1907), Raleigh, N. C.; H. E. Tal @

bot, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1895), Des Moines, Ia.;_
Joshua P. Thompson (Ontario Vet. College,. 1891), Billings, —
Mont.; Alex Charles Topmiller, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. Col- @
lege, 1907), Murfreesboro, Tenn.; Seymour Jay Walkley,
M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College, 1907), Milwaukee, Wis.; F. C. —

Willett, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College, 1901), Henry, Ill; ©
John G. Wills, D.V.M. (New York State Vet. College, 1906),
Chateaugay, N. Y.; George W. Wolaver, Jr., M.D.C. (Chicago —
Vet. College, 1905), Edinburg, Ill.; F. R. Youree, M.D.V. —
(McKiillip Vet. College, 1909), Nashville, Tenn.; James L. ©
Barber, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College, 1909), Tyndall, S.
Dak.; George William Chapman, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. Col- —
lege, 1908), Webster, S. Dak.; Joseph C. Christianson, M.D.C. —
(Chicago Vet. College, 1909), Mt. Vernon, S. Dak.; Harold —
M. Halverson, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1907), Yankton, —
S. Dak.; Thomas Henry Hicks, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, —
1894), Milbank, S. Dak.; Nelson J. Mayer, M.D.C. (Chicago —
Vet. College, 1907), Mitchell, S. Dak.; John Thomas McGilvray, ©
M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1907), Sioux Falls, S. Dak.;
Foster Harris Pierce, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1909), J
Faulkton, S. Dak.; Thomas Horner Ruth, B.S., M.D.C. (Chi- —

cago Vet. College, 1906), De Smet, S. Dak.; Ernest Downing —
Sadler, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1909), Wagner, S. Dak.; _

sy

Charles Douglas Tuttle, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1902), J

Canton, S. Dak.; Charles William Barrett, D.V.S. (N. Y. A. Vet.
College, 1905), Pasadena, Cal.; David E. Buckingham, V.M.D.
(Univ. of Penn., 1893), Washington, D. C.; Alonzo Henry —
Cheney, V.M.D. (Univ. of Penn., 1904), Miles City, Mont.; —
Roy A. Drake, D.V.S. (Ohio Veterinary College, 1896), Topaz,
Cal.; Fred N. Elwell, D.V.M. (Iowa State College, 1902), Rapid
City, S. Dak.; John Hutchinson, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. Col-
lege, 1908), Salt Lake City, Utah; Thomas E. Maloney, V.S.
(N. Y. College of Vet. Surgeons, 1889), Fall River, Mass.;
Edward Albert Manwell, V. S. (N. Y. College of Vet. Surgeons,
1895), Des Plaines, Ill.; Raymond C. Reed, Ph.B., D.V.M. (N.
Y. State Vet. College, 1901), Pine Plains, N. Y.; Walter Clar

Eee eee ee Sm Ree

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 109

_ Stewart, D.V.M. (Iowa State College, 1907), West Union, Ia. ;

_ John Marshall Young, D.V.S. (New York-American Vet. Col-
lege, 1903), El Paso, Tex.; Orisimus G. Atherton (Kansas City
Vet. College, 1893), Chicago, Ill.; Robert I. Bernath, V.S.
_ (Ohio State University, 1907), Bluffton, Ohio; Louis P. Cook,
_D.V.S. (Ohio Vet. College, 1895), Cincinnati, Ohio; Louis N.
_ Larsen, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1905), Whitehall, Wis. ;
_ W. S. Lowe, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1907), Phoenix,
_ Ariz.; James Lewis, B.S., M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1903)
_ (no residence given); John Fred Miller, D.V.S. (N. Y. State
_ Vet. College, 1906), Albany, N. Y.; John W. Nicholson,

M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College, 1909), Morris, Ill.; Henry

_ Graham Patterson (Kansas City Vet. College, 1899), New Or-
_ leans, La.; Thomas C. Paulsen (Chicago Vet. College, 1908),
_ Baton Rouge, La.; Carl J. Scott, D.V.M. (Vet. Dept., Iowa
_ State College, Rapid City, S. Dak.; George W. Stubbs, V.S.

(Indiana Vet. College, 1900), Opelousas, La. ; Frank R. Smythe,

| D.V.M. (Cincinnati Vet. College, 1909), Batavia, Ohio; Charles

P. Sneed, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1909), Kansas

' .City, Kan. ; William H. Wallace, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. Col-
lege, 1909), Kiowa, Kan.; Joseph F. Talbert, M.D.C. (Chicago
Vet. College, 1903), Kansas City, Kan.; Jesse P. F. Smith,
_ A.B., D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1906), Kansas City,

Kan.; Abram N. Rebet, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College,

: Igo1), Kansas City, Kan.; Thomas A. Jones, D.V.S. (Kansas
City Vet. College, 1904), Kansas City, Kan.; Charles B. Clem-
ent, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1905), Rosedale, Kan.;

Earl C. Cannon, LL.B., D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College,
1909), Live-Stock Exchange, Kansas City, Kan.; D. M. Camp-
bell, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1907), Topeka, Kan.;
Conrad L. Nilson, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1906),
St. Joseph, Mo.; Alfred L. Bailey, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet.
College, 1904), Kansas City, Mo.; George E. Butin, D.V.S.
(Kansas City Vet. College, 1905), Kansas City, Mo.; John D.

Cooper, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1898), Kansas City,
-Mo.; W. Ross Cooper, D.V.M. (Iowa State College, Vet. Dept.,

1892), Kansas City, Mo.; William Wallace Eagle, D.V.S. (Kan-
sas City Vet. College, 1906), Kansas City, Mo.; Ernest T.
Faulder, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1908), Kansas City,
Mo.; Harry D. Freeman, D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College,

1908), Kansas City, Mo.; Pleasant J. Huffman, D.V.S. (Kansas
City Vet. College. 1909), Kansas City, Mo.; Philip Ritter,

110 SOCIETY MEETINGS,

D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1908), Kansas City, Mo.;
Edward H. Schaefer, M.D., D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College,
1906), Kansas City, Mo.; ; John Lewis Zeiler, D.V.S. (Kansas ~
City Vet. College, 1909), Clayton, Mo.; Hartwell Robbins,
D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1906), Chicago, Ill.; F. W.-
B. Achin, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1907), Kenosha, Wis. 3
John P. Anderson, V.S. (Ontario Vet. College, 1888), Roches- -
ter, Minn.; Aaron V. Johnson, V.M.D. (Indiana Vet. College, ©
1907), New Albany, Ind.; Clarence Sylvester Bucker, M.D.V., @
D.V.S. (McKillip and Grand Rapids, 1906 and 1908), Arch-—

bold, Ohio; Chester A. McKillip, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. Col-—
lege, 1909), Chicago, Ill.; George Ditewig, D.V.S. (Chicago ©
Vet. College, 1891), Peoria, Ill.; Cassius Way, D.V.M. (N. Y.—
State Vet. College, 1907), Harvard, Ill.; James Smellie, M.D.C.
(Chicago Vet. College, 1897), Eureka, Ill.; Matthew Edward
Gleason, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1906), Gibson City, —
Iil.; Thomas O. Shearburn, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, —
1906), Walnut, Ill.; Alexander M. McKay, V.S. (Ontario Vet. —
College, 1893), Calgary, Alberta, Canada; J. E. Threadgill, B.S., ©
D.V.M. (Vet. Dept., Ala. Poly. Institute, 1909), Troy, Ala.; —
J. Edward Rowe, D.V.S. (American Vet. College, 1893), Sum-_
mit, N. J.; Alpheus Lloyd Tyner, D.V.M. (Indiana Vet. Col-
lege, 1909), Sharpsville, Ind.; Albert G. Gieske (Chicago Vet. —
College, 1906), Barrington, Ill.; H. E. Torgersen, M.D.C. (Chi- —
cago Vet. College, 1908), Park Ridge, Ill.; Albert C. Worms, —
M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1896), Chicago, Ill.; Ray Davi- —
son Rice, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1909), Maple Rapids, —
Mich. ; Charles W. Boyd, V.M.D. (Univ. of Penn., 1895), Pitts- —
burgh, Pa.; Harry L. Keene, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, —
1906), Shabbona, Ill.; Fred J. Leith, M.D.V., M.D.C. (Me- —

Killip Vet. College and Chicago Vet. College, 1893 and 1898), 7

Chicago, Ill.; S. H. Miller, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College, —
1902), Rock Island, Ill.; Frederick B. Hadley, D.V.M. (Ohio
State University, 1907), Columbus, Ohio; Arthur J. Legner, —
M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1909), Leland, Ill.; John Lag
Hoyhnan, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1903), ’ Franklin, a
Neb.; Ernest A. White, V.M.D. (Univ. of Penn., 1897), New —
Orleans, La.; William Francis Jones, D.V.M. (Vet. Dept., Ohio —
State University, 1896), McCook, Neb.; Leonard Collins, —

D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1908), Stanton, Neb.; Walter
Morrow Haag, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College, 1903), New @
Orleans, La.; H. L. Schuh, D.V.M. (Ohio State University, —

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 111

1906), Marietta, Ohio; Albert J. Noonan, M.D.V. (McKillip
Vet. College, 1908), Bernard, Ia.; L. J. Leppla, M.D.V. (Mc-
| Killip Vet. College, 1905), Chicago, Ill.; R. C. Calkins, M.D.C.

(Chicago Vet. College, 1908), Fairbury, Ill.; G. J. Behrens,
_M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1908), Evansville, Ind.; Fred
_ Foster, M.R.C.V.S. (Glasgow R.C.V. Surg., 1881), Jolo Jolo,
_P. 1; William J. Francoise, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College,
® 1908), Kalamazoo, Mich.; Henry F. Eckert, M.D.C. (Chicago

_ Vet. College, 1896), Markeson, Wis.; Adrian V. Hall, V.M.D.
_ (Pennsylvania, 1906), Washington, D. C.; Fred M. Hayes,
_D.V.M. (Kansas State Agr. College, 1908), Manhattan, Kan. ;
_ Alexander Morrison Mair, V.S., M.D.V. (Ontario, 1904),
| Streator, Ill.; Chas. I. Thwing, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College,
_ 1895), Terre Haute, Ind.; J. M. Kaiser (Chicago Vet. College,
- 1903), Chicago, Ill.; John Keppel, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. Col-
lege, 1902), Kansas City, Kan.; Daniel G. Marks, M.D.C. (Chi-
_ cago Vet. College, 1907), Chicago, Ill.; Albert M. Meade,
_ D.V.S. (Kansas City Vet. College, 1909), Kansas City, Kan.;
- Hubert Otis Moore, D.V.M. (Indiana Vet. College, 1907),
Rapid City, S. Dak.; Samuel Valentine Ramsey, D.V.S. (Chi-
' cago Vet. College, 1889), Terre Haute, Ind.; James Ragan,
_ M.D.V. (McKillip, 1900), Morris, Il. ; Ernest J. Walsh, V.S.
_ (Ontario Vet. College, 1891), Willow City, N. Dak.; Scott
' Wisner, B.S., D.V.S. (Colorado Agr. College, Vet. Dept.,
' 1909), Ft. Collins, Col.; Leslie A. Wright (Ontario Vet. Col-
| lege, 1890), Columus, Wis.; Thos. J. Foster, D.V.M. (Ohio
' Vet. College, 1909), Monticello, Ill.; Paul C. Hurley, D.V.M.
_ (Cincinnati Vet. College, 1908), Cincinnati, Ohio; Arthur Cal-
_ vin Foos (Ontario Vet. College, 1887), Hazleton, Pa.; John F.
_ Halloran, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1902), Stapleton,
_ N. Y.; Rufus S. Heer, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1891),
_ Plattenville, Wis.; Chauncey Depew Maulfair, M.D.C. (Chicago
_ Vet. College, 1902), McNabb, IIl.; William J. Rook, V.S. (On-
' tario Vet. College, 1894), Holland, Mich.; Max W. Brach, V.S.
(Indiana Vet. College, 1900), Hale’s Corners, Wis.; Jay P.
| West, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College, 1907), Madison, Wis.;
_ Walter A. Wolcott, M.D.C. (Chicago Vet. College, 1904), Ply-
- mouth, Wis.; David Bert Clerk, M.D.C, (Chicago Vet. College,
— 1903), Janesville, Wis.; Fred W. Phips (Ontario Vet. College),
_ Mineral Point, Wis. ; Edward B. Rader, M.D.V. (McKillip Vet.
_ College, 1908), Clinton Junction, Wis.; George M. Funkhouser,
M.D.V. (McKillip Vet. College, 1908), Lafayette, Ind.; Frank
B. Jackson, D.V.M. (Cincinnati Vet. College, 1906), Camden,

112 _ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Ohio; Harry Calvin Crawford, V.M.D. (Univ. of Penn., 1900)
Manchester, N. H.; Charles R. Treadway, D.V.S. (Kansas a
Vet. College, 1905), Kansas City, Mo.; Charles Saunders Breec d,}
M.D.V. (Harvard University School ‘of Veterinary Medien
1887). Omaha, Neb. ( Reinstatement. )

HONORARY MEMBER.

In consideration of the position taken ay die’ Hon. W. D. |
Hoard, of Ft. Atkinson, Wis., on the question of tuberculosis, |
and his early endorsement of the tuberculin test for the con old
and suppression of that disease, and his splendid efforts in aid-
ing a solution of this great world-wide problem, which merits tk =
approbation of the entire country and the recognition of the
American Veterinary Medical Association, he was unanimously .
elected to honorary membership. .

CABLEGRAMS.
“ Paris.

“J. G. Rutherford, President American Veterinary Medical As |
sociation, Chicago, Ill. :
“Warmest greetings and friendliest congratulations to all.

“ LIAUTARD.”

“Chicago, September 7, 1909.
“A. Liautard, Paris, France.

“Sincere congratulations. We rejoice in your added and 4
well-earned honors. P

* AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.”

“ Paris, September 9, 1909.
“Veterinary Association, Palmer House, Chicago.

“ Thanks for congratulations,
“ LIAUTARD,”

al
a
?

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 113

SECRETARY S REPORT.

Secretary Lyman’s report, aside from a brief mention of the
_ receipts, disbursements and present income of the association for
the fiscal year ending September, 1909, was devoted principally
_ toa brief resume of matters that had come to his attention which
he believed might lend an influence in the future welfare of the
association. This report will be given in detail in the published
_ proceedings of the association.
TREASURER’S REPORT.

4 Treasurer White had a detailed report, printed and bound,
- much in the form of a bank report, on the front cover page of

' which the title, “ The American Veterinary Medical Associa-
' tion, Treasurer’s Report, Forty-sixth Annual Meeting, Chicago,

_ Illinois, September 7, 8, 9 and 10, 1909,” appeared. Within the

book, under the heading ‘‘ Report of Treasurer,” is listed, first,
the receipts, which, with the balance in bank at the time of last
year’s report, aggregate $4,524.37. <A detailed list of disburse-
ments followed, aggregating $2,491.28, leaving a balance in
bank of $2,033.09. In the centre of the last page, facing the
back cover page, the following puts the finishing touch to Dr.
White’s official report:

To the Finance Committee of the American Veterinary Medical
Association:

Gentlemen: This certifies that Geo. R. White, Treasurer,
has on deposit with the State Trust Company, to the credit of
the American Veterinary Medical Association, two thousand
‘thirty-three and nine one-hundredths dollars ($2,033.09).

Epcar MacGnsss, President.

Nashville, Tenn., September 2, 1909.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES.
FINANCE COMMITTEE.
Chicago, September 9, 1909.

An examination of the Secretary’s books to September 3,
1909, shows:

Sas peece OFF Mad. ....... eae. $145.15
Cash collected since Sept. 3, 1909...... 882.10

Total amount in the hands of Secretary $1,027.25

114 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The books of the Treasurer show the es
following receipts and disbursements for a
the past year: —
Total ‘receipts... SS. ee eee oe | $4,524.37 -
Disbursements oi 5205-48 eae 2,491.28 e.

Balance on hand......... foci Beas Wes ~ $2,033.09

Total amount to the credit of the A. V.
M. A. now in the hands of the Sec- =
retary and - Treasurer.) se aww tks $3,060.34 —

Respectfully submitted,

O. E. Dyson, Chairman. a
Cuas. E. Corton.
C. J. MARSHALL.

COMMITTEE ON DISEASES,

Mr. President and Members of the Association:

The Committee on Diseases has, after a careful considera- —
tion of its duties, decided as in previous years, that it could —
render the association greater service by supplementing a short —
general report by individual papers. The reasons for each mem-~
ber presenting a separate communication for which he alone is —
responsible are obvious. In a previous report they have been —
enumerated and consequently need not be reviewed here. In —
compliance with a resolution of the association passed at its last —
meeting, the individual papers deal for the greater part with
different phases of one disease. a

The disease which seemed most worthy of consideration by
the association at this time was rabies. As this infection, be- —
cause of its wide prevalence, great economic and sanitary impor- —
tance, and easy elimination, should not exist in this country, —
and, further, because its control will be accomplished largely —
through the efforts of veterinarians and officials having in charge —

the control of animal diseases, it seems highly important that 4

the veterinarians here assembled should not only be familiar with
it but also that they should take decisive steps i ae its eradi<
cation. ji

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 115

The titles of the papers which supplement this general report
are:*
_ “Diagnosis of Rabies, Its Spread and Methods of Control
~ in New York State.” V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y.
a “ The Nature, Cause and Prevalence of Rabies.” J. R. Moh-
' ler, Washington, D.C. — °
_ “Rabies in Canada.” Charles H. Higgins, Ottawa.
' . Owing to the absence of Dr. Higgins, Dr. Mohler was asked
_ to read a paper on the transmission of rabies through milk and
_ meat, and the prevention of the disease from a Federal stand-
‘point.
3 “Infectious Equine Anemia.” A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City,
0.
' “Infectious Diseases from the Veterinary Inspector’s Point
_ of View.” L. E. Day, Chicago, Ill.
r A number of matters pertaining to the presence of infectious
_ diseases of animals and their control have attracted the attention
_ of the veterinary profession during the last year. The Inter-
national Congress on Tuberculosis brought out many important
_ observations and experiences in the control of cattle tuberculosis.
_ The paper by A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal In-
| dustry, on the extent of this disease in the cattle of this country,
' furnishes material for our most careful consideration. In view
' of the great economic and sanitary significance of this disease to
the live-stock industry and the many factors that must of neces-
sity be accounted with in formulating successful methods for its
eradication, this committee respectfully recommends for the con-
sideration of the association the appointment of a special com-
_ mittee to report at our next meeting on the most effective and
_. feasible methods or systems to be recommended to both officials
and cattle owners for eliminating this fearful scourge of cattle.
Whatever opinions may be entertained regarding its transmission
to man, bovine tuberculosis is fundamentally a disease of cattle
and the responsibility of its treatment and: control should and
does rest upon the veterinary profession. During the year there
has been legislation in a few states relative to the control of the
use of tuberculin. It is too early to speak of the value of these
_ laws in checking the spread of tuberculosis.
e The appearance for the third time in this country of the
_ foot-and-mouth disease and the discovery of the source of the

* Published under head of “ Original Articles.’

116 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

infection through imported vaccine is a matter worthy of atten
tion. No less important, however, was the demonstration of ©
the efficiency of the State and Federal authorities in checking ©
its spread and promptly eradicating it from the country. The 5

suggests the possible ability of the veterinary profession in conte
junction with public officials to devise ways and means by whic

rabies, glanders, tuberculosis, and hog cholera, could also be
exterminated. 5
The attention of the veterinary profession in America has —
again been called to the granular venereal disease, or infectious —
vaginal catarrh in cattle. Although Raebiger described this
disease very accurately and pointed out its treatment in the April —
issue of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW in 1907, it did not
seem to attract the notice of the veterinarians to a disease which —
for the moment is receiving considerable attention in Europe, —
especially Switzerland. In the fall of 1908, Dr. J. G. Wills, of —
Chateaugay, N. Y., found a severe vaginitis in two herds of ©
cows. In these herds there were both abortion and sterility. —
He reported the condition to Dr. W. L. Williams at the New ©
York State Veterinary College. Dr. Williams visited the place —
with Dr. Wills and identified the disease as that described by ~
European writers as granular vaginitis. The significance of this —
affection in the production of abortion and sterility is not satis- ¥
factorily determined. European veterinarians who have studied —
the disease are not agreed on this point. The interesting dis- —
coveries and results of experimental work by Sir John Me- —
Fadyean and Dr. Stewart Stockman, of the Departmental Com- —
mittee appointed by the British Board of Agriculture and Fish- 4
eries, on infectious abortion, are very significant and must not —
be overlooked in the interpretation of the effect of this recently :
observed vaginitis. The disease is under investigation, and we 4%
hope that in due time reliable data may be obtained regarding — a
its actual importance in this country. It is recommended that —
all members of the association who are engaged in cattle practice —
will carefully study this granular vaginitis, especially in its rela- —
tion to abortion, sterility and milk production. :
During this past winter attention was attracted to a disease —
of sheep in Montana and Wyoming which, on account of the —
lesions occurring on the lips and legs of the affected animals, 7
led sheep men and others to suspect that the affection was foot-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 117

- and-mouth disease, which at that time was prevailing in certain
_ Eastern states. An investigation of this disease showed it to
' be a form of necrobacillosis which was characterized by the for-
_ mation of ulcers and crusts on the lips and legs and known
' locally as lip-and-leg ulceration. There is also a venereal form
_ of the infection known as ulcerated sheath and ulcerated vulva,
_ which exhibits similar lesions on the sheath, vulva, under-side
_ of tail and perineal region, but likewise to the necrosis bacillus.
_ This disease, which has been smouldering in that section of the
_ West for several years, seems to have broken out with greatly
_ increased vigor during the past winter, requiring the adoption
_ of rigid sanitary measures by the Federal and State authorities.
4 The disease in horses known as infectious anemia has re-
| ceived considerable attention during the last year. As this af-
_ fection has but recently come into recognition as an infectious
' malady, one member of the committee will present in an indi-
_ vidual paper recently discovered facts concerning it.

The infectious diseases of poultry have received considerable
attention during the last year. While heretofore the maladies
of fowls have not been considered to any great extent by veter-
inarians, the time has come when it seems to be the duty of the
_ veterinary profession to endeavor to master and to learn how to
control the infectious diseases of the feathered tribes. They are
causing annually the loss of millions of dollars’ worth of fowls,
and, generally speaking, this falls upon those least able to bear
it. It is recommended, therefore, that veterinarians, for the pur-
pose of prevention, give more attention to such scourges of poul-
try as avian tuberculosis, chicken cholera, fowl typhoid, diph-
theria or roup, infectious entero-hepatitis and the various para-
_ sitisms. When the veterinary profession learns how to control
_ these pests it will add millions to the value of its service to the
country.

In addition to the recommendations already made, the com-
mittee urges somewhat emphatically the great importance of in-
creased interest in the study, treatment and control of the dis-
eases. of dairy cattle.

| Respectfully submitted,

Bas -V. A. Moore, Chairman.
J. R. Mouwter,
| ; : C. H. Hicerns,
% A. T. KInsLey,
LE. Day.

- 118 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION. =
American Veterinary Medical Association:

The Committee-on Legislation begs leave to submit the fol- —
lowing report for the year 1908-9: %

During the year the committee has had considerable corre-_ a
spondence with veterinarians throughout the country relative to
pure food legislation and have been able to furnish copies of —
laws and regulations governing the traffic in meat and milk. —
All over America there seems to be an awakening to the subject 3
of the milk supply of cities, and, fortunately, our profession is —
prepared to meet this demand and is furnishing inspectors of q
milk and dairy farms for many Cities. x

Concerning army veterinary legislation, your committee can 3
only report the usual result—failure. E

During the past regular session of Congress no legislation —
of importance on military matters was presented. Your com- —
mittee was given to understand early in the session that nothing —
would be expected of Congress during the term, and accordingly —
did not attempt any organized work, but merely kept up a healthy —
interest by the Military Committee. 1

The same bills to increase the efficiency of the veterinary —
service of the army were introduced in both Senate and House —
as were introduced at an earlier session. The disability clause —
was not included in the bill as introduced, inasmuch as it was
not in the War Department bill, and while such a clause was —
approved by the former Secretary of War, it will be necessary —
to have it added to the bill while it is in the committee. During —
the special (tariff) session, the same bill was introduced in the —
House as was presented to the Military Committee in the Six- —
tieth Congress (1907-8), H. R. 11790. In the Senate, Senator —
Warren introduced a new bill, S. 1692—Sixty-first Congress,
First Session. It is worded slightly different from the original ~
War Department bill, but practically covers every point in it. |

Your committee has written to many of the army veter- —
inarians to get their views regarding this last bill. One or two
have responded, but those most interested have not as yet been —
heard from. Ten years is still considered the minimum service —
by which an army veterinarian is given any consideration re-
garding retirement before an examination board on account of
wounds, disabilities, or diseases contracted in the line of duty,
whereby he would be retired should he be unable to pass the 4)
physical examination satisfactorily. |

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 119

_ Inasmuch as the only army veterinarian your committee is
§ aware of who is physically disqualified has less than ten years’
® service, this bill seems to be an unjust one, and will be so con-
_ sidered unless advised by the association to the contrary. Unless
_ the disability amendment favored by a former Secretary of War
® is added to these veterinary bills, your committee will antagonize
_ them during the next session of Congress in December.

Many of the army veterinarians are very lukewarm regard-
_ ing these bills as they have great hope of a bill now being pre-
_ pared by the general staff for the reorganization of the army.

, Your committee believes that it will be a long time before
_ Congress will again consider any general reorganization of the
_ army, hence those veterinarians who are building their hopes on
' such legislation must have plenty of patience. It seems better
_ to urge the adoption of the present bills if properly amended, as
' they will then contain clauses covering retirement for age and
_ disability, and these seem to be the paramount features at present.

Very respectfully,
J. P. Turner,
Chairman, Legislative Committee.

Goth Congress, 1st Session.
. H. R. 11790.

In THE House oF REPRESENTATIVES.
January 6, 1908.

Mr. Hull, of Iowa, introduced the following bill, which was
referred to the Committee on Military Affairs and ordered
to be printed.
A BILL

To increase the efficiency of the veterinary service of the army.

BE IT ENACTED BY THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTA-
TIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN CONGRESS AS-
SEMBLED, That the President be, and he is hereby, authorized to
appoint veterinarians in the army, not exceeding two for each

_ regiment of cavalry and one for each battalion of field artillery.
iP Sec. 2. That, except as hereinafter provided in sections five
_ and six, no person shall be eligible for appointment as a veter-
- inarian who is not a citizen of the United States, unmarried,
between twenty-one and twenty-seven years of age, and a grad-

120 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 4

uate of a veterinary college of good standing. Nor, except as —
hereinafter provided in sections five and six, shall any person ~
be appointed until he shall have passed a satisfactory examina- |
tion under such regulations as may be established by the Presi- —
dent as to habits, moral character, mental and physical ability, —
education, professional qualifications, and general fitness for the ia
service. a
Sec. 3. That, except as hereinafter provided. in ‘sections five;iag
six, and seven, each of the veterinarians appointed under this act —
shall have the pay and allowances of a second lieutenant, —
mounted: Provided, That after ten years’ service as veterin-
arians each shall have the pay and allowances of a first lieu- —
tenant, mounted: Provided further, That, except as hereinafter —
provided i in sections five, six, and seven, this increase of pay and ~
allowances shall not accrue until the veteriarian has passed a —
satisfactory examination as to professional, moral, and physical _
qualifications, under such regulations as shall be established by —
the President. 2
Sec. 4. That the veterinarians appointed under this act shall _
be on the same footing as commissioned officers of the army as
to tenure of office, retirement, pensions, and increase of pay, and
in all respects shall be governed by the Rules and Articles of.
War as are commissioned officers of the army. 4
Sec. 5. That veterinarians now in the service who have served’ —
as veterinarians honorably and faithfully not less than fifteen
years shall be first eligible for appointment under this act and ©
may be appointed without examination: Provided, That if any —
veterinarians falling within the description of this section shall —
have reached the age of sixty-four years before the date of the
approval of this act the President may, and he is hereby author-
ized to, appoint and immediately retire them. 4
Sec. 6. That veterinarians now in the service who have —
served as veterinarians less than fifteen years shall be next
eligible for appointment, subject to examination, as provided by
this act, and no subsequent examination shall be required for’
those so appointed who shall have served as veterinarians not’
less than ten years at date of appointment. |
Sec. 7. That veterinarians now in the service who shall be’
appointed under this act shall be entitled to credit for all honor-
able and faithful prior service in the army as veterinarians in’
determining their status under the provisions of sections three,
four, five, and six of this act. /

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 121

® ~ CSc. 8. That all veterinarians now in the service who shall

@ not be appointed under the provisions of this act shall be dis-
| charged from the army, by the Secretary of War, with three

§ months’ pay.

| Sec. 9. That all laws or parts of laws in conflict with the

| q provisions of this act be, and are hereby, repealed.

a 61st Congress, 1st Session. |

| S. 1692.

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES.
April 15, 1909.

( Mr, Warren introduced the following bill, which was read twice
4 and referred to the Committee on Military Affairs.

A BILL*

To increase the efficiency of the veterinary service of the army.

BE IT ENACTED BY THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTA-
TIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN CONGRESS AS-
SEMBLED, That hereafter the President shall have authority to
appoint veterinarians in the army, not exceeding two for each
regiment of cavalry, and one for each battalion of field artillery,
and all veterinarians so appointed shall be on the same footing
as that of commissioned officers of the army in respect to tenure
of appointment, retirement, pensions, increase of pay, and sub-
jection to the rules and articles for the government of the armies
of the United States, but, except as hereinafter provided, no
' person shall be appointed a veterinarian in the army unless he is

_a citizen of the United States, unmarried, not under twenty-one
nor over twenty-seven years of age, a graduate of a veterinary
college of good standing, and shall have passed satisfactorily an
examination to be prescribed by the President: Provided further,
That veterinarians now in the army who have served honorably
and faithfully as such not less than fifteen years shall be the first
persons eligible to appointment under the provisions of this act
and may be appointed without regard to any of the restrictions
thereof, and if any such veterinarians now in service shall have
reached the age of sixty-four years before the approval of this
act the President may appoint them veterinarians and imme-

.

2
J

eee ee! yee

* This bill was printed in September issue of REVIEW (Army Vet. Dept.) with comment
by Schwarzkopf.

122 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

diately place them on the retired list with the retired pay of a —
first lieutenant, mounted: Provided further, That veterinarians —
now in the army who have served honorably and faithfully as —
such less than fifteen years shall be the next persons eligible for —
appointment under the provisions of this act, and may be ap- —
pointed without regard to any of the restrictions thereof except ~

the restriction as to examination; but no subsequent examination }

shall be required for any veterinarian now in the army who shall ~

be appointed under the provisions of this act and who shall have 4

served as such veterinarian for ten years or more at the date of ©
his appointment, and any such veterinarian who shall have served —
honorably and faithfully as such for ten years or more at the a
date of his examination for appointment under the provisions —

of this act, and shall be found on such examination to be dis- —

qualified for active service by reason of wounds or other dis-
ability incurred in service and in the line of duty, shall be placed
on the retired list with the retired pay of a first lieutenant,
mounted: Provided further, That of the veterinarians who shall —
be appointed under the provisions of this act, those who are Fi)
now veterinarians in the army and have served as such not less
than ten years, and those who hereafter, on completing ten years
of service as veterinarians in the army, shall pass a satisfactory
examination to be prescribed by the President, shall have the pay
and allowances of first lieutenants, mounted, and all other veter-
inarians on the active list of the army shall have the pay and
allowances of second lieutenants, mounted: Provided further,
That hereafter all veterinarians who shall be appointed under
the provisions of this act shall, in determining their status and
rights under this act or any other law, be entitled to credit for
all honorable prior service rendered by them as veterinarians
or veterinary surgeons in the army, and all veterinarians now
in the army who shall not be appointed under the provisions of
this act shall be discharged by the Secretary of War with three
months’ pay.

COMMITTEE ON NECROLOGY.

Whereas, In the death of Dr. Sidney L. Hunter on February
27, 1909, the profession has suffered a great loss; since he was
among our list of workers in the advancement of the profession.
He graduated from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1887, and
later from the Kansas City Veterinary College, and at the time
of his death had been a member of the faculty of the above-

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 123

named college for sixteen years. Owing to his grand work for
_a long time in the army service school at Fort Leavenworth,
' Kansas, the profession in the army owes to him a debt of grati-
‘tude second to none. He was a man that our profession could ill
_ afford to lose, being stricken in the height of professional ambi-
tion. He was buried with both military and masonic honors.

3 Resolved, That this Association extend to the bereaved fam-
_ ily of the deceased a copy of this resolution and that it be in-
_ scribed upon our records.

Whereas, In the death of David J. Dixon, who died July 26,
_in Hoboken, N. J., this Association lost a member of the Honor
_ Roll, a graduate of the American Veterinary College, an earnest,
_ trustworthy practitioner of the profession. He was buried with
- masonic honors.

_ Resolved, That this Association extend to the bereaved fam-
_ ily of the deceased a copy of this resolution and it be inscribed
upon our records.

J. F. WincHeEster, Chairman.
Wiii1amM DouGHERTY.
SEesco STEWART.

a 3 R. W. ELtts.
4 J. L. RoBertTSON.

COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS

Report of the Committee on Resolutions was submitted to
the general meeting and adopted.

The International Congress on Tuberculosis, Held in Washing-
| ton, D. C., 1908.

. Whereas, The International Congress on Tuberculosis, which

was held in Washington, D. C., September 21 to October 3, 1908,
had, for the first time in such international congresses on the
disease, a separate section on Tuberculosis in Animals and Its
Relations to Man, and

IVhereas, That section of the Congress was attended by a
large body of the members of this Association, by agricultural-
ists, national and state sanitary officers, celebrated members of
the human medical profession, and distinguished foreigners from
many lands, whereby a feeling of good will was engendered, to-
gether with a deepened sense of the benefits of the veterinary
profession to mankind, therefore be it

124 SOCIETY MEETINGS,

Resolved, That we heartily thank the officers of the National
Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, who |
added the separate section in the International Congress referred. -
to; that we most sincerely express the hope that there be similar ~
separate sections on Tuberculosis in Animals and Its Relations to —
Man in all future International Congresses on this disease; that —
a copy of these resolutions be transmitted to Dr. Farrand, Secre- 4
tary of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of
Tuberculosis. 3

Rabies.

Whercas, Rabies is spreading with alarming rapidity in this —
country, be it i
Resolved, That it is the sense of this Association that to eradia a
cate this infectious disease all dogs when running at large should
be muzzled, and that all dogs appearing off the premises of their
owners without such muzzle properly adjusted should be de- 5
stroyed. ‘a
Dairy, Meat and Milk Inspection.

IVhereas, Municipal dairy, milk and meat inspection is being
extended with encouraging rapidity, be it |

Resolved, That this Association considers this matter one of _
the most important before the people to-day, in the interests of
the public health, especially the babies, and be it further 4

Resolved, That this Association urge its members and the —
veterinary profession generally to promote the education of the —
public to the appreciation of the advantages of dairy, milk and a
meat inspection. “=

Bureau of Animal Industry.

Whereas, The Bureau of Animal Industry, by the invaluable
assistance rendered to the several states in which contagious foot 7
and mouth disease recently occurred, has promptly stamped out
this highly contagious disease, therefore, .

Be it Resolved, That this Association hereby endorses its
action in connection therewith, and

Be it further resolved, That this Association approves and
commends the efforts of the Bureau of Animal Industry in the
control and eradication of other contagious and infectious dis-
eases of the live stock of the United States.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 125

Army Veterinary Service.
_ Whereas, The present army veterinary service is in many re-
_ spects unsatisfactory ;

Therefore, be it resolved, That this Association will, upon
_ the introduction in Congress of an army veterinary bill, give it
our united support, provided that suitable disability amendment

be added, which amendment will appear in the AMERICAN VEt-

_ ERINARY REVIEW, and every member will make personal effort
_ in its behalf through his senator and representative.

A. H. BaKker, Chairman.
J. V. NEwron.
G. W. DunpHry.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The election of officers resulted as follows:
President—A. D. Melvin, Washington, D. C.
Vice-Presidents—E. A. A. Grange, Toronto, Canada; John
H. McNeil, Columbus, O.; George H. Glover, Fort Collins,
Colo.; James Robertson, Chicago, Ill., and A. T. Kinsley, Kan-
sas City, Mo.
i Secretary—R. P. Lyman, 1336 East Fifteenth street, Kan-
_ . sas City, Mo.
Treasurer—Geo. R. White, Nashville, Tenn.
President-elect Melvin being unavoidably absent and time

pressing, President Rutherford waived the formal ceremony of
installing the officers and declared them installed.

PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

At a preliminary meeting (Monday, September 6, 1909, at
2 p. m.) of the Association of College Faculties and Examining
Boards, a paper by Dr. Albert T. Kinsley, of Kansas City, Mo.,
on “ Night Instruction,”* one on “ Matriculation Requirements
for Veterinary Colleges,”’* by Dr. George H. Glover, of Fort
Collins, Colo., and another on “ Equipment of Veterinary Col-
leges,”* by Dr. A. R. Ward, of Berkeley, California, were pre-
sented and brought out a hearty discussion of the several sub-
jects treated in them.

“* Will be published in a subsequent issue of the Review.

126 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The first paper presented at the regular meeting, Tuesday, :
September 7 7, was “ Diagnosis of Rabies, its Spread and Methods —
of Control in New York State,” by Dr. Veranus A. Moore, -
Ithaca, N. Y. 4

This was followed by “ The Nature, Cure and Prevalence of |
Rabies,” by Dr. J. R. Mohler, Washington, D..C.; “ Equnem
Pernicious Anemia,’ by Dr. A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo., ©
and “Infectious Diseases from the Meat Inspector’s Point of —
View,” by Dr. L. Enos Day, Chicago, Ill.; these four excellent J
papers being a part of the report of the Committee on Diseases, —
were all discussed after that report had been submitted, and the ~
several papers presented. ‘The subject of each paper was of so —
much importance, that a lengthy and instructive discussion fol- —
lowed. 4
The first paper on the morning of September 8 was “‘ Texas —
Fever and Its Eradication,’ by Prof. N. Kaumanns (Imperial —
German Commissioner for Agriculture to the United States), —
Chicago, IIl., which was freely discussed. Dr. Maximilian Her- —
zog (M.D.), of the Chicago Veterinary College, presented a paper
on “ Trypanosomes and Diseases Caused by Them.” “A Fatal —
Anzmic Disease Among Horses” was then presented by Dr. —
Winfred B. Mack, University of Nevada, Reno. :

A rather unique paper entitled “ Diphtheria of Animals and _
Man ” was read by Dr. C. C. Lyford, Minneapolis, Minn. This .—
was foliowed by “ Pneumonia and its Treatment,” by Dr. Mark ~
White, Denver, Colo. “ Nervous Influence in Cause and Cure of —
Disease,” by Prof. E. A. A. Grange, Principal of the Ontario —
Veterinary College, at Toronto, Canada, was received with a —
good deal of enthusiasm and opened an animated discussion.
“Experience with Bier’s Hyperzmic Treatment,” by Dr. H. Jen-
sen, Kansas City, Mo., was a subject that interested the prac-
titioners, and brought forth an expression of opinion as to its ef-
ficiency from a goodly number. The practitioners were in for
another treat from Dr. George H. Berns, Brooklyn, N. Y., who
followed Dr. Jensen with a paper entitled ‘“ Subcartilaginous
Abcess of the Foot,” in which Dr. Berns gave the clinical history
of the first case leading up to the diagnosis of this condition,
which was most interesting. This paper will be published in a
subsequent issue of the Review. The next subject, ‘‘ Autogenic
Vaccination as an Adjunct to the Operative Treatment of Quit-
tor, Fistula and Other Suppurative Conditions,” by Dr. R.A,
Archibald, Oakland, California, while its title suggests laboratory

ane C22 2

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 127

_ work, was, again, a paper for practitioners and presented from a
§ practitioner’s standpoint, Dr, Archibald believing that a certain
® amount of laboratory work properly belongs to the practitioner.
® This method seems to have gained many adherents since Dr.
® Archibald presented a similar paper a year ago at Philadelphia.

Dr. F. Torrence, Winnipeg, Manitoba, then presented a most

- excellent paper on “ Internal Secretions,”’ which closed the work
_ for the day.

In the evening a joint session was held of the American Vet-

_ erinary Medical Association and the Chicago Medical Society, the
_ meeting being devoted to the consideration of “ Milk and Milk
| Hygiene.” This session was opened by W. A. Evans, M.D., Com-
' missioner of Health, of Chicago, who presented an extremely in-
_ teresting and instructive paper on “ Milk in Relation to Health.”
_ Dr. Evans was followed by Dr. M. H. Reynolds, Professor of
_ Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, on

im Milk, the Producer, the Consumer and the Veterinary Profes-

; sion,” a splended paper, presented in an interesting and entertain-

ing manner.
Hon. W. D. Hoard (ex-Governor of Wisconsin, and editor

- of Hoard’s Dairyman), Ft. Atkinson, Wis., was then introduced,

and gave an extemporaneous address on “The Relation of the
Agriculturist and Dairyman to Milk Hygiene.” In his address
ex-Governor Hoard proved himself to be not only a past master
in the art of dairying, but also in the art of entertaining, and
those who missed his address missed a rare treat. Prof. Rus-
sel of the Agricultural College at Madison, Wis., who was the
last of the speakers at the joint session, also spoke extemporane-
ously and brought out some important points.

A carefully prepared paper entitled “ What the Agriculturist
and Veterinarian Mean to the Health and Prosperity of the Na-

tion,” by Dr. Walter G. Hollingworth brought the Thursday
‘morning session to a close, discussion having to be dispensed
with in order that the members might join the ladies on the

palatial lake steamer United States for a cruise on Lake Michi-
gan. While out on the lake, Dr. G. H. Roberts, of the Indiana
Veterinary College, presented his paper on “The Practical Side
of Tuberculin Testing of Dairy Cattle.”

The program for the fourth day of the regular sessions, Sep-

_ temberi1o, announced a clinic at 9 a. m. at the Chicago Veterinary

College, but there still being papers to be read and important
business to be transacted, President Rutherford called a meet-

128 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ing at that hour in the large lecture hall of the college, where Dr. —
George H. Glover presented his excellent paper on “ The Score
Card in Dairy Regulation,” and Dr. C, M. Haring presented a ~
carefully prepared-paper on “ Bovine Tuberculosis Investiga-—
tions,” the trend of the paper indicating that the investigations —
had been careful and painstaking. “4

THE CLINIC,

The Surgical Clinic was held at the Chicago Veterinary Col- 7
lege, 2537 State street, on Friday, September 10, 1909. Owing —
to the necessity of completing the regular program, the clinic —
was not commenced until the afternoon, and as a large number
of subjects had been provided by the local committee, less than —
half of them were disposed of. The following is a brief sum-
mary of the case, diagnosticians and operators: "

First—Biack mare, 6 years old. Diagnosis, Stringhalt, due —
to a toe crack, Drs. Wight and Joy. Recommendations, hoof —
dissection of first side of the crack, antiseptic treatment, appli- —
cation of the clamp. Operation by Dr. Joy, assisted by Dr. |
Black. Anesthesia, cocainization of the plantar nerves by Dr. —
Jewell. Restraint, operating table by Dr. Kyle and assistants. —

Second—Bay gelding, 10 years old. Diagnosis, Volar-flexion, —
due to contraction of the flexor tendons; primary disease, ten-
donitis. Recommendations, Metacarpa Tenotomy. It was ad- —
vised to correct the deformity by section of the perforans only, —
Operation by Dr. Geo. H. Berns, deformity was corrected by —
division of both tendons; assisted by Dr. Black. Anesthesia,
none. Restraint, operating table, Dr. Kyle and assistants.

Third—Bay mare, aged. Operation, Oophorectomy, by Dr. —
H. Fulstow, assisted by Dr. J. H. Jefferson. Restraint, Gleason’s —
Happo-Lasso, by Dr. Geo. R. White. Anesthesia, none,

Fourth—Mare, 6 years old. Diagnosis, pole evil; an old
chronic case. Operation, resection of the neck ligament, by Dr. —
C. H. Jewell. Anzsthesia, chloroform. Restraint, operating —
table, by Dr. Kyle and assistants.

Fifth—Black mare. Operation, Oophorectomy, by Dr. H.
Fulstow and assistants. Anzsthesia, none. Restraint, standing
position with a twitch; duration, two minutes.

Sixth-—Black horse, 6 years old. Operation, Fistula of the
Withers, by Dr. Geo. R. White, in the standing position.

Seventh—Black mare. Diagnosis, Velar-flexion, due to

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 129

purulent synovitis of the navicular sheath. Operation by Dr.
D. W. Cochran; assistants, Drs. T. J. Smith and W. J. Mc-
Kinney.

St. Bernard dog, 7 years old. Diagnosis, Hypertrophic
Goitre. Diagnosis by Dr. C. H. White. Operation, ablation of
the left lobe, by Dr. J. H. Blattenburg. Anzsthesia, ether, by
Dr. J. H. Keefauver; assistant, Dr. J. J. Joy. Normal salt so-
lution was injected subcutaneously to prevent syncope; duration,
45 minutes. Patient has entirely recovered.

Painless destruction of the horse, by Dr. E. L. Quitman, in-
travenous injection of potassium of cyanide.

Bay stallion, 10 years old. Diagnosis, Roarer from paralysis

of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Operation, resection of a

part of the vocal cord, by Dr. M. H. McKillip, assisted by Dr. J.
F, Leath and G. B. McKillip. Anzsthesia, none. Restraint,
_ Klotz harness, by Drs. White and Klotz. The head was re-
strained by McKillip’s head restraining halter. Incision through
‘Crico-Thyroid Membrane and Adam’s Apple.

Stallion, 6 years old. Diagnosis by Berns, Blattenburg,

Stringer, Fair and Klotz. Anzsthesia, Oscheoscele, by Drs.
Torgeson and Hensel. Chloral hydrate 2 oz. followed by chloro-
form. Operation, radical herniaotomy, by Drs. Blattenburg and
Klotz. Osteo-Sarcoma of the illium; case presented by Me-
Killip Veterinary College, where the pathological diagnosis was
made.
_ Partial: resection of the Arytenoid cartilage, by Dr. F. H.
Anderson and assistants. Cuneaotomy by Dr. F. H. Anderson.
Restraint in both of these cases by Dr. White. Recumbent posi-
tion with Klotz’s harness.

The clinic was managed by Dr. Geo. B. McKillip, chairman
of the committee.

PATHOLOGICAL EXHIBIT.

In a large upper room in the Chicago Veterinary College
- building at the rear of the main classroom, in addition to the
great number of preserved pathological specimens, was an ex-
hibition of fresh specimens, arranged around the entire room in

H F shallow boxes about 2x4 feet in size, placed at a convenient height
and angle for easy inspection. Among them were specimens of
tuberculosis of the lungs, spleen, pertoneum, bladder, uterus, rec-

tum, mamme, retro-pharyngeal glands, and of a cross-section of
the tibia and hock, actinomycosis of the lungs and of the head,

130 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

hog cholera of skin, bones, glands and kidneys; hydro-nephrosis 4
of the kidney, peritonitis, angio-matosis of the liver, abnormal —

livers, abscess of liver, and echinorhincus gigas of intestines.

THE BANQUET.

The annual banquet which was held on Thursday evening, 4 |
September 9, in the “ Gold Room”. of the Congress Hotel, is —
something long to be remembered by those who had the good |

fortune of participating in it.

Three hundred people, ladies and gentlemen, akbended it, and —
the contrast resulting from their costumes in that beautiful dining
room, was a feast in itself. For the “ Gold Room” is said to be —
not only the finest in this country, but to be without a peer, asa
public dining hall, in the world.. President Rutherford presented —
Dr. Sesco Stewart as toastmaster, who graced the position with —

credit to himself and to the association.

It is scarcely necessary to say that the repast was a most ex- 4
cellent one and the service elegant; at the close of which the fol- —
lowing toasts were announced by the toastmaster, with a neat and

fitting introduction to each of those that were to respond to them:

“The United States of America,” Dr. A. D. Melvin: “The Do- &
minion of Canada,” Dr. J. G. Rutherford; ‘ The State of Illi- —

nois,” Dr. W. J. Martin; “ The City of Chicago,” Dr.. W. A.
Evans; “‘ Our Insular Possessions, ” Dr. G. E. Nesom; “ Veter-

inary Associations,’ Dr. W. Horace Hoskins; “ The Teacher,” d
- Dr. V. A. Moore; “ The Army,” Dr. C. H. Jewell; “ The Veter- ~
inary Practitioner,” Dr. Geo. H. Berns; “ Veterinary Educa- —

tion,” Dr. Geo. H. Glover; “‘ The Ladies,” Dr. Tait Butler.

The absolute fitness in the coupling of each toast to the one
that was to respond to it must be apparent to everyone the mo- —
ment they read them, and cause them to appreciate the pleasure —
and delight they imparted to their auditors. It lasted until about ©

midnight.

*
a

NOTES OF THE A. V. M. A. MEETING.

The A. V. M. A. passed the thousand point in membership

at Chicago.
Seven hundred and twenty-five were in attendance at the A.
V.M. A. meeting in Chicago.

a) |
\)
I

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 131

The A. V. M. A. honored itself in electing Ex-Governor
_ Hoard, of Wisconsin, to honorary membership.
The question of sectioning the program was agitated again
_ this year, and settled by empowering the president and secretary
to do so in arranging the same.
] ‘Many members of the A. V. M. A. have acquired the habit
_ of making trips either before or after the dates of the meeting,
_ thereby adding to the length of their vacations.
The “ Honor Roll” was augmented at the recent meeting
_ by the names of Drs. F. S. Allen, H. W. Bath, George H. Berns,
_V.S. James, C. C. Lyford, E. C. Ross and A. G. Voght.
_ Members of the A. V. M. A. are hereby notified that any
» communications for Secretary Lyman should be addressed to
_ him at No. 1336 East Fifteenth street, Kansas City, Mo.
» In the spare moments, between sessions, the veterinarians
) sought recreation in the exhibition room above the meeting hall,
» where prominent drug, instrument and publishing houses had ex-
hibits.
ie The veterinary departments of the state agricultural colleges
’ of Colorado and Kansas and the Alabama Polytechnic Institute
"are to be added to the list of colleges whose graduates are eligible
_ to membership in the A. V. M. A.
i A recommendation from the Executive Committee, to the
_ effect that no applications for membership shall be acted upon at
_ the 1910 meeting if received later than the day preceding the
_ meeting, and accepted by the association, will greatly facilitate
the work of that hard-worked committee.
’ _ The members of the A. V. M. A. in attendance at the Chicago
|) meeting are greatly indebted to the Abbott Alkaloidal Co., through
| their veterinary representative, Dr. H. F. Palmer, for a daily
- bulletin placed in their hands each morning, containing the com-
| plete registration by states up to 5.30 of the evening previous.
~ On Tuesday morning, September 7, the ladies, who were
' present at the Chicago meeting in great numbers, added to the
_ beauty of the elegant meeting hall by their presence at the open-
_ ing ceremonies. In the afternoon they were the guests of Mrs.
McKillip at a theatre party, attending the Majestic Theatre.
In the evening they met the gentlemen at a reception in the
Palmer House.
__ Up to the time of adjournment at Chicago, no definite plans
had been made in regard to a place of meeting for the 1910 con-
_ vention, although several invitations were extended. Among

132 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

others, one from Dr. Torrence to come to Winnipeg, Manitoba; —
one from Dr. Archibald, to come to the Pacific Coast, and one ~
from Dr. Newton, to come to Toledo, Ohio. There was also ©
some talk of Denver and Indianapolis.

Among the recently added features of the Chicago Vetens |

inary College is an “ examination room,” 20 by 75 feet, covered 4

by a glass roof. This makes an excellent place in which to hold

a clinic, to diagnose lameness, or examine horses for soundness, 7
in stormy or extremely cold weather, when it could not be done ©

in the open. To say nothing of the advantages of privacy at —
any time; in the rear of it is a large dissecting room. 4

Either a new method will have to be devised to expedite the 4
counting of votes at election of officers to the A. V. M. A., or ©
an entertainment committee appointed to engage the members’
attention during the counting of the votes, as it cannot be as- —
sumed that such excellent entertainers will always be on hand
when the votes are being counted as on that occasion at Chicago, —
when Pres. Rutherford, Profs. Grange, Hughes and others came —
to the rescue.

About four years ago the government of the United States —
recognized the ability and integrity of Dr. A. D. Melvin in ©
making him its chief executive in the Animal Industry Bureau

of the Department of Agriculture; and at the A. V. M. A. meet- 7

ing at Chicago last month its members showed a like a recog- —

nition to Dr. Melvin in electing him its chief executive. These 7

are honors of which any man may feel justly proud, as the —
former is the highest position held by a veterinarian in the De- ©
partment of Agriculture of the United States, and the presidency —
of the American Veterinary Medical Association is the highest —
gift of the veterinary profession of America.
On Wednesday morning the ladies were taken by the local
committee for an automobile ride, covering the Park System of —
Chicago, which is virtually a belt around the city, lunching at |
the Auditorium Hotel. In the afternoon they visited the Art —
Museum, and in the evening, when the men were attending the ~
joint session of the A. V. M. A. and the Chicago Medical So-
ciety, they had a card party in the parlors of the Palmer House. |)
On Thursday morning they visited the Post Office, the Board of |)
Trade and other public buildings, and Marshall Field’s depart- 7)
ment store, boarding steamship United States at 1 p. m. for a sail
on Lake Michigan with the gentlemen. In the evening the ladies |
and gentlemen together attended a banquet in the “ Gold Room”

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 183

_ of the Congress Hotel. This room, which is elegant beyond de-
scription, is said to be not only the finest in this country, but
to be without a peer in the world as a public dining room.
President Rutherford read the following verses, which he
had clipped from some Canadian paper, to the members of the
association, while waiting for the votes on the election of officers
_ to be counted, and then presented them to the AMERICAN VETER-

INARY REVIEW:

en oe dgntiex goes buzzing along the

under the, blossomin
Pe ore the a fields Provan ‘the scent

., on the breeze;
Thee it Pat the red steed with suspicion
and fear,
q And causes ‘the goslings to fret,
And ippe up and down through the once

t town,
There is room a far the old horse yet.

_ A thousand inventors are busy to-day
Building ships to be sailed in the air;

q Pero the the eagle may flutter away
rom the gay people soaring up there;
The weg} pay squawk, seeing men as

he

" mee as as the birds ever get,

¥ bg Sy whe oe the things we may do with
our w

There is room for the old horse yet.

THERE'S ROOM FOR THE OLD HORSE YET.

Thea | ths automobile whizzes over the

That o1 anes was so peaceful and still,
atch, «how dust in its wake and the scent of

As it disappears over the hill;
h its zipps and its jolts give alarm to
the colts
Let us not for a moment fo
That, in spite of man’s of excitement

a speed,
There is room for the old horse yet.

7 the lightning express, with its rush
Be, its roar,
but a moment in sight;
rene ar trip that took months in the
wagons of yore
Is easily made in a night;
Though the engine’s wild toot causes
heifers to scoot,
And — country lies under a net

Made b 3 long rows of steel for the steam-
riven wheel,
There is room for the old horse yet.

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
SOCIETY.

Fike Se eR SRI te me a
=" S = rs

At the twentieth annual meeting of the New York State
_ Veterinary Medical Society held at the New York State Veter-

inary College, Ithaca, N. Y., August 25, 26 and 27, the registry
_ showed 60 members and 33 visitors present. Among the visitors
_ from other states whom we knew were Dr. J. Payne Lowe and
_two little daughters, of Passaic, N. J.; Dr. W. B. Mack, of
'~ Reno, Nevada; Dr. Charles H. Perry, of Worcester, Mass., and
_ Dr. Benjamin D. Pierce, of Springfield, Mass.

President Ellis called the meeting to order at ten A. M.,
first introducing the Hon. Randolph Horton, Mayor of Ithaca,
who welcomed the society to Ithaca in words as sincere as the
manner of the honorable gentleman. In his remarks he reviewed
the advancement of veterinary medicine from empiricism to a

134 SOCIETY MEETINGS,

profession that is looked upon to-day as a safeguard to the lives a
stock industry as well as protecting human life and controlling ~
communicable diseases transmissible to man. Mayor Horton ©
was heartily applauded and President Ellis then introduced Dr. —
Law, who responded to the address of welcome with that in- 7
describable grace characteristic of our old teacher. Ba
Dr. Law’s address was a scholarly one. It was also one of - 4
importance, and it will be filed with the proceedings of the so- ~
ciety. The importance of this address can be realized when we 4
note under the resolutions that it is the society’s wish that a ©
copy of this address be forwarded to the Secretary of Agricul- a
ture and the Secretary of State that they might directly have —
the information set forth in Dr. Law’s address regarding the —
danger of importation of disease with hides, from which the ;
duty was removed in the recent tariff bill. a
‘At the close of Dr. Law’s address the minutes were read and
approved. 4
Following the reading of the minutes Dr. George Berns took .
the chair while President Ellis delivered his address, which was q
the cause of no little comment among the members throughout ©
the meeting. The logic set forth in this address showed that the —
speaker was not treating his subjects at random, but step by |
step he compiled facts upon facts, from the beginning reviewing ~
the work of the Legislative Committee and the veterinary prac- —
tice act down through his timely remarks in the choosing of a ~
Board of Veterinary Examiners, continuing his train of thought —
through the new Agricultural Laws, dilating particularly upon —
the new glanders law whereby an indemnity was provided in part —
payment to the owner of the glandered animals, if destroyed by ~
the state, touching upon the advantages of the identification of
tuberculous animals, and last, but not least, connecting the good 4
work of the Commissioner of Agriculture with the veterinary —
profession in stamping out so rapidly and effectively the inva- —
sion of foot and mouth disease in this country. In closing, Dr. —
Ellis made an appeal to the society for prompt methods to relieve -
the profession of the empirics and imposters who are practicing q
veterinary medicine illegally throughout the state. d
The Secretary then read his report for the year, reviewing —
the conditions affecting the veterinarians throughout the state |
and expressing a feeling that all conditions were much brighter |
than they had heen the year previous when so much depression |
was felt, due to the financial condition of the country and the —

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 135

advent of the automobile and restrictions placed upon the sport-
ing men at tracks in this state. The Secretary reviewed the work
done by the society in the way of preparing a veterinary direc-
tory which was presented to the members at this meeting. The
closing of his report seemed to be very much in co-operation
' with the President’s remarks regarding the necessity of a pros-
ecuting committee and asked that the society set aside a cer-
tain sum for the weeding out of dishonorable and disreputable
_ parasites who prey upon the veterinary profession and live stock

owners of our state.
The regular order of business was then taken up and appli-
_ cations for membership were considered. The names of Doctors
_ H. J. Milks, C. E. Gibbs, A. K. Dean, A. G. Hall, W. B. Smith,
_ E H, Nodyne, Christian H. Rohrer and John L. Leonard were
_ presented and censors reporting favorably upon them, they were
elected as members of the society.
. The Treasurer’s report was regularly approved.
| # The .reading and discussion of papers was then taken up.
» The first paper was that of Dr. J. L. Wilder, Akron, N. Y.,
entitled ‘ Experiences with Foot and Mouth Disease.” Dr.
Wilder cited the characteristic symptoms of this disease, but ow-
ing to the limited number of veterinarians who had had any ex-
perience with this malady, the discussion necessarily was not
extensive.

‘Normal Temperature of Cows” was the title of the next

i= paper given by Dr. R. C. Reed, of Pine Plains, N. Y. This paper

' seemed to be the red flag for the majority of the members pres-
ent, and it was animatedly discussed by Doctors Hollingworth,
» Gill, DeVine, Morris, Baker, Switzer, Kelly, Axtell and others.
| Dr. D. H. Udall, of the New York State Veterinary Col-
1» lege, next read a paper on “ Light and Ventilation,” which was
| particularly interesting and discussed by many who were inter-

ested in sanitary scientific questions.
4 The Society next had the pleasure of listening to some very
interesting remarks by Dr. W. J. Taylor, of the New York State
_ Veterinary College, on the disease affecting sheep, known as
~Coenurus Cerebralis, commonly called Gid.
The meeting then adjourned until evening, when at 8 p. m.
an illustrated and instructive lecture on the development of the
airy cow was given by Professor H. H. Wing, President of
the’ State Dairymen’s Association. Professor Wing traced the
origin of the dairy cow from the early historic times, pointing out

>

136 SOCIETY MEETINGS. |

that all stib-divisions of breeds really came under one of the four
following:

The two Channel Island breeds (Jersey and Guernsey).

Dutch and Ayrshires.

Professor Wing says that all cattle of a wild type are small
and that the development of the dairy cow has been brought
about by domestication. The advanced development of the dairy
cow dates back about 100 years in the older countries. In this
country it was not until after the Civil War that breeding or de-
velopment of the dairy cow received much attention. The Chan-
nel Island cow still remains small in stature, due to the impera-
tive restriction of cattle in the Channel Islands, and this also ac-
counts for the lack of a mixture of blood in these islands. Pro-
fessor Wing also stated that the Ayrshire cow was, so to speak,
a composite cow, a product of man’s ingenuity. He agreed with
authorities that the Ayrshire cow was a particularly hardy one
and in that way preferred in some rough countries. He also
brought up a point, which was of particular interest, relative to
the importation of the Jersey cow in this country, which was
first brought here more as a pet animal, due to her size and
color, than as a producer. The Holstein cow, he says, was im-
ported to this country by a tourist who visited Holland and ad-
mired the black and white colorings of the animal and the green
pastures. Professor Wing then compared our methods of dairy-
ing in this country with some of the older countries in an inter-
esting and instructive manner.

At the close of Professor Wing’s lecture all members and
visitors of the society, including the ladies, were next ushered
to College Hall, where a bench lunch was served and many
specimens of interest examined.

Seconp Day, THurspay, AuGustT 26.

The society re-assembled at 10 a. m. ‘The first paper was
that of Dr. W. B. Mack*, of Reno, Nevada. The doctor’s paper
was a carefully prepared one and full of data that was sure to
furnish material and suggestions for the work of the bacteriolo-
gist, but owing to its scientific nature and the lack of advantages
of investigation by other members, such as has been the good
fortune of Dr. Mack, the discussion was confined mostly to in-
vestigators along the bacteriological lines.

—

-

* Will appear in the November issue of the Revirw.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 137

Following Dr. Mack’s paper, Dr. F. C. Grenside, of New
_ York City, read a paper on the “ Types of Horses.’”’ This paper,

_ from the beginning to the end, appealed to the lover of the horse

and particularly to the horseman. Dr. Grenside is an authority
_ upon the types of horses and the proper equipments which go
- with them to please the eye and satisfy the fancy of those who
appreciate a properly appointed turnout.

_ “Certified Milk” was the topic which Mrs. C. H. Cocke, of
_ New York City, discussed, defining in a clear way the require-
_ ments necessary for the production and sale of certified milk, a
question which is becoming more and more of interest to the
sanitarium.

Dr. H. J. Milks, of Owego, N. Y., read a paper entitled

’ “Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis in the Horse.” Owing to the many

_ duties of the Secretary at this time, this paper and its discus-
_ sion was not heard in full. Therefore the Secretary regretfully

makes apologies for such of it as should be recorded.
ba The next paper was that given by Dr. Claude D. Morris, of
_ Binghamton, N. Y., entitled ‘“ Making Market Milk Under Vet-

» erinary Inspection.” Dr. Morris sub-divided the classes of dairy-

_ men, reviewing carefully the conditions as they stand to-day in
' comparison with what they were a decade or two in the past,
- pointing out that the class of dairymen who are now in pre-
_ dominance are making good clean wholesome milk and are quite
_ willing to co-operate with sensible and reasonable dairy inspec-
tion. Dr. Morris is quite at home in discussing the milk question.
The meeting adiourned to re-assemble at 2 p. m.
The first paper after lunch was one given by Dr. J. G. Wills,

of Chateaugay, N. Y., entitled “ Some Remarks on Venereal
) Disease in Cattle.” Dr, Wills was the first one in this country

to recognize some ailment of the vaginal tract which he thought

- was associated with abortion in some two herds in his locality,
he calling into consultation Doctors Law and Williams, of Cor-
'~ nell, who later determined that the disease was the one spoken
_ of by European writers and which is now receiving considerable
"attention in this country.

| Dr. D. D. LeFevre, of Newark, N. Y., gave his experience
- with Echinacea, and from the evidence set forth by the doctor,

B Echinacea is one of the drugs he will always have on hand. In

septic conditions, particularly, this drug has worked marvelously
_ for the doctor and we surely will hear more of Echinacea in
days to come.

1388 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Dr. W. G. Hollingworth followed Dr. LeFevre, and in his
earnest, optimistic way pointed out to the veterinarian his im- —
portant position in this world’s doings, moralizing on honesty,
integrity and duty... Such words of advice as were given by Dr. —
Hollingworth can well be taken from one who is not only an —
advocate, but a living example. .

Dr. J. H. Taylor, of Henrietta, read a paper on “ The Thera- —
peutics of Eserine.” This paper was a well written one and
contained some good facts particularly for younger veterinarians,
who would do well to study it line by line.

Owing to the lateness of the hour the meeting then ad-
journed to assemble again a 7 p. m. at the New Ithaca Hotel,
where a banquet was laid. After the banquet a paper was read
by Dr. J. F. DeVine, of Goshen, entitled “ The Control and
Extent of Rabies in New York State.” This paper was dis-
cussed by Doctors Moore and Tegg and others. Dr. Moore
gave some interesting history of the spread of rabies as he re-
membered it; also corroborated Dr. DeVine’s remarks concerning —
the period of incubation and the experiment of feeding rabid —
virus to animals without producing the disease. He also spoke /
of the possibilities of animals going through a mild form of the |
disease and recovering without showing clinical symptoms, and
stated that Dr. Boynton had found Negri bodies in a brain that
had been kept in glycerine 368 days.

Following the close of this discussion the election of officers
was then taken up.

The nomination for President was first in order. Dr. Berns
nominated Dr. Hollingworth. Seconded by Dr. Fish. Nom-
ination was closed and Dr. Hollingworth elected as President
of the Society.

For Vice-president Dr. W. L. Baker nominated Dr. E. B.
Ackerman. Dr. Berns seconded the nomination. Nomination
was closed and Dr. Ackerman was elected.

For Secretary and Treasurer Dr. Berns nominated Dr, J. F.
DeVine. This was seconded by Dr. Fish. Nomination closed
and Dr. DeVine elected.

The next election was for a Board of Censors. The follow-
ing gentlemen were elected:

Drs. Grenside, Berns, Reed, Tegg and Kelly,

The next in order was the election of ten members to present
to the Board of Regents, five of which are to be appointed by the
Regents as a State Board of Veterinary Examiners. The follow-
ing gentlemen were elected:

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 139

Drs. Law, Grenside, Reed, Stone, Blair, Beebe, Huff, Fish,
_ Burnett and George Knapp.

The selection of a place for the meeting of 1910 was next
considered. Dr. V. A. Moore extended an invitation to Ithaca.
Dr. Kelly cordially invited the Society to Albany. These two
places being the only ones mentioned, the choice of place was
put to a rising vote, 22 being in favor of Ithaca and 11 for
Albany.

Dr. Hollingworth then suggested setting aside a sum for the
entertainment committee. Doctors Baker, Burns and DeVine
expressed the same opinion. Dr. Morris voted that a sum of
$100.00 be set aside each year as a sinking fund for this pur-
pose, which was carried.

Dr. Morris also introduced the following resolution, which
was voted on and approved:

Whereas, Dr. James Law has called attention to the possible
importation of serious infectious disease through the anticipated
larger importation of raw hides as a result of the removal of the
tariff on the same, therefore, be it

Resolved, That a copy of his discussions on this subject be
transmitted to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of
this State.

The hour being late the meeting was then adjourned until
9 o'clock next morning, when we re-convened at College Hall
and listened to some very interesting remarks by Dr. Moore on
“The Milk Supply of Copenhagen.”

At the close of Dr. Moore’s remarks, the Secretary requested
that a certain sum be set aside for the prosecution of illegal
' practitioners. It was regularly moved and seconded that a

sum of $250.00 be placed at the disposal of the Prosecuting
_ Committee for that purpose.

_Important resolutions were then acted upon which, in addi-
tion to others that had been acted upon at different times during
the meeting, are herein given.

Whereas, Our attention has been called to the practice of
_ our profession by unqualified men in our state, be it
| Resolved, That a Prosecuting Committee of three be ap-
pointed, whose duties shall be to adopt such means as necessary
to stop such practices.
iat Resolved, That a committee of five members of this Society
be appointed and designated as a Dairy Committee, whose duties

_ Shall be to better the conditions of milk production in this state,

140 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

looking to clean milk. This committee having authority to rep-
resent the society on this subject.

Whereas, For the better protection of public health of this
state, it is deemed essential that a system of meat inspection be
established, therefore be it

Resolved, That this society support the Commissioner of
Agriculture in his endeavor to establish an efficient state veter-
inary meat inspection service, and that our Legislative Committee
be instructed to aid and support him.

Whereas, There is a demand for draft horses of a superior |

quality and,

Whereas, It will be profitable for the farmer to have the ser-
vice of stallions of superior breed and quality distributed through-
out our state, be it

Resolved, That our Legislative Committee be instructed to
prepare and present to the Legislature a bill establishing such a
stallion service. and be it further

Resolved, That we petition the Commissioner of Agriculture

to use his office and influence to procure the passage of such a
bill.

Whereas, Dr. S. H. Burnett went to Europe for the purpose
of better informing himself of the methods of teaching gross
pathology and,

Whereas, He has been so unfortunate as to contract a cold
which has led to a protracted case of pleurisy which has com-
pelled him to spend the greater part of his time in the hospital,
be it

Resolved, That this society send him a cable expressing our
regrets and wishing him a speedy recovery.

Whereas, The Honorable Raymond A. Pearson, Commis-
sioner of Agriculture, has, through his unceasing and judicious
efforts done so much for the advancement of animal industry for
the better appreciation and utilization of a State Veterinary
Sanitary Service, be it

Resolved, That we assure him of the high estimation that we
place on what has been already accomplished in this line, and
that we offer our earnest support in all such future departures
affecting beneficially the animal industry and veterinary medicine
in our state.

Resolution Committee—H. D, Gill, James Law.

The meeting was then adjourned to the Agricultural De-
partment, where Professor Tuck graciously took charge of all

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 141

and pointed out to them the advancements along agricultural
lines.

After our short and pleasant stay with Professor Tuck we
then adjourned to the operating room, where the following clin-
ical programme was enacted: |

1. Abdominal hernia in colt, Dr. W. S. Eggleston.

2. Operation for roaring, Dr. J. N. Frost.

3. Operation for quittor, Dr. G. H. Berns.
a 4. Demonstration of venereal disease in cattle, Dr, J. G.
— Wills.

5. Demonstration of tuberculous udder in cow, Dr, W. J.
Taylor.
6. Demonstration of “ Gid” (ccenurus cerebralis) in sheep,
» Dr. W. J. Taylor.
4 7. Oophorectomy in mare, Dr. A. Findlay .

8. Firing ringbone, Dr. D. H. Udall.

9. Ringbone and navicular disease, Dr. D. H. Udall.

10. Operation for roaring, Drs. H. J. Milks and J. N. Frost.

11, Oral fistula, Dr. D. H. Udall.

12. Arthritis of the fetlock joint, Dr. D. H. Udall.

13. Post mortem of “ Gid” sheep with later demonstration
of the parasite coenurus cerebralis, Dr. W. J. Taylor.

14. Exhibition of dog afflicted with warts in the mouth and
pharynx, Dr. W. B. Switzer.

15. Oophorectomy in the bitch, Dr. R. C. Reed.

16. Oophorectomy in the bitch, Dr. P. A. Fish.

17. Oophorectomy in the bitch, Dr. P. J. Axtel.

18. Oophorectomy in the cat, Dr. A. M. Seaman.

19. Deep peroneal neurectomy. Dr. A. H. Ide.

20. Stringhalt operation, Dr. G. R. Chase.

. The following committees were subsequently appointed by

| President-elect Hollingworth:

a Committee on Legislation—W. H. Kelly, D. J. Mangan, E.

> J. Nesbit.

- Committee on Finance—W. R. Blair, H. D. Hanson, J. M.

ie Currie.

. 4 Clean Milk Committee—R. C. Reed, Chairman; C. D. Mor-

ris, Secretary; H. D. Gill, A. G. Tegg, E. H. Nodyne.

Committee on Local Arrangements—V. A. Moore, P. A.

_ Fish, G. S. Hopkins, J. N. Frost, S. H. Burnett.

Ieee ‘ Prosecuting Committee—F. C. Grenside, J. O. Moore, C. D.
orris.

142 ‘ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Committee on Medical Jurisprudence—C. D. Morris, V. A.
Moore, F. C. Grenside.

Delegate to the A. V. M. A.—G. H. Berns.

Committee on Necrology—V. A. Moore, R. W. Ellis, J. A.
McCranck.

Committee on Resolutions—R. W. Ellis, G. H. Berns, P. As
Fish.

Committee on By-laws—W. L. Baker, G. H.: Berns, W. L.
Williams.

‘The weather was ideal during the entire time and the jadies | ,

who were fortunate enough to have taken advantage of the trip
could be seen gathered in happy flocks at most any point as we ©
passed to and fro to our hotels, one time riding in a large black —
wagon behind a handsome pair, another time on the hill top —
viewing beautiful landscapes, next perhaps enjoying the deep —
blue waters of Cayuga Lake. ‘9

Much credit is due to the kindness and painstaking of the —
Ithacan ladies who each year willingly prepare and carry out —
an interesting and delightful outing for the visiting ladies, let —

the number be large or small. Among those who graced our ~

meeting with their presence this year were the following: Mrs.
V. A. Moore, Miss Moore, Mrs. W. L. Williams, Miss Williams,
Miss H. H. Haight, Mrs. BG. Grenside, Mrs. A. Findlay, Mrs.
C. H. Perry, Mrs. D, D, LeFevre, Mrs. W. B. Mack, Mrs. H.
J. Milks, Mrs. G. R. Chase and Mrs. R. W. Ellis.

J. F. DEVINE,
Secretary.

ORGANIZATION OF THE TENNESSEE VETERINARY ,
MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

At a meeting held in Nashville on June 8, 1909, the Tennes- _
see Veterinary Medical Association was organized. <A consti- —
tution and by-laws were adopted and the following officers were —
elected: President, Joseph Plaskett, D.V.S., Nashville; First
Vice-President, J. oo Gill, M.D.V., Clarksville; Second Vice-
President, W. L. Gates, V.Si; Memphis ; Secretary, A. C. Top- ©
miller, M.D.V., Murfreesboro; Treasurer, J. H. McMahon, V.S., |
Columbia.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 148

It was decided to admit to membership such non-graduates
_ as were licensed by the Board of Veterinary Medical Exam-
_ iners and who conducted themselves in an ethical and profes-
_ sional manner. It was hoped by this means to acquire sufficient
_ strength to make the association a permanent one and also to
_ enable its members to exercise enough political influence to pro-
_ cure such legislation as may be necessary for the best interests
_ of the profession in the state of Tennessee.

The next meeting will be held in Murfreesboro, Tenn., on
_ Thursday, November 18, 1909.

Josep PLAsKeETT, President.

MEETING OF THE FACULTY SECTION OF THE ASSO-
CIATION OF VETERINARY FACULTIES AND
EXAMINING BOARDS OF NORTH
AMERICA.

This body convened in the Palmer House, September 6,
1909. After preliminaries were disposed of the following pa-
» pers were given: ‘ Night Instruction,” Dr. A. T. Kinsley, Kan-
sas City, Missouri; “ Entrance Requirements,” Dr. George H.
Glover, Fort Collins, Colorado; ‘ Equipment,” Dr. A. R. Ward,
» Berkeley, Cal. The papers provoked considerable discussion
_ both pro and con.

The following resolutions were adopted and referred to the
"general assembly :
| Resolved, That the appointment of a Section or Committee
of the faculty members has served to further the interest in
veterinary education and should be continued ;
Resolved, That it is the sense of the Section of College Facul-
ties that methods of teaching veterinary subjects can profitably
engage this section during the next session as a special topic for
discussion.
'- Resolved, That it is the sense of the Section of College Facul-
ties that, beginning with the college session, 1911-1912, the
minimum educational requirement for admission to Veterinary
_ Colleges should be four (4) High School units, or an equivalent
_ €xamination, such examination to be outlined by the Association
_ of Faculties.

144 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The meeting was attended by representatives of fifteen dif- |

ferent veterinary colleges. Many valuable suggestions were

given out and those i in attendance were certainly benented by this —

meeting.
A. T. KINnsLey,

Secretary, pro tem.

YORK COUNTY VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY. ;

The quarterly meeting was held in the parlors of the Na- .
tional Hotel, York, September 7, where interesting discussions —
- on contagious abortion of cows, tetanus, rabies, arthritis, enter- —

itis, colic and other important subjects were indulged in. Dr. F.
H. Hartenstein, of New Freedom, was elected to membership.

The meeting adjourned to meet in the same city on Decem= —

ber 7, 1909.
E. S. BAUSTICKER, Secretary.

Dr. Wa. H. Griesie, Washington C. H., Ohio, President —
of the Ohio Veterinary Medical Association, has recently recov- —

ered from blood poisoning resulting from a scratch on the arm.
During convalescence he and his family tented in the Michigan

woods, where his son Jean nearly depleted Otsego Lake of its

fish population.

Dr. Geo. W. Wo. aver, class of ’05 of the Chicago Veterin- —
ary College, and Mrs. Belle Waters, both of Edinburg, Illinois,

were united in marriage September 12, 1900, at the home of the

bride. The doctor is a son of G. W. Wolaver and wife, of Edin- —
burg, and lately elected member of the A. V. M. A.; and the ©

bride is a daughter of the late Mr. and Mrs. Newton McGee, of

Edinburg, and a highly respected and accomplished young lady. —

They left on succeeding Monday for a tour of the west, includ-
ing Seattle, Southern Canada, Portland, Montana, Los Angeles,
Frisco, Denver and other points of interest in the beautiful west;

when in about five weeks they will return to their home, where |

the doctor has a large practice, modern hospital and beautiful zesi-

dence on Washington street. His colleagues and brother mem-—
bers of A. V. M. A. join with his friends and relatives in wish- —

ing them happiness and success in their new adventure.

|

— *punorfypeq uy v9 YON “erg yeesmy yoyoH] UO woxey oot
‘SLSINOISSSHDNOO 3NDVH 4O dNOYD Vv

1 AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.

NOVEMBER, 19009.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
Paris, September 15, 1909.
Concress oF THE Hacue.—As | am about preparing this

_ chronicle, a great meeting is in full session in Holland, the Ninth
| International Veterinary Congress, where hundreds of veterin-
~ arians from almost every part of the world are in attendance.

The preparations for this great event have been carefully ar-
’ ranged, the work distributed with the greatest selection, and for

"those who know the well-deserved reputation of hospitality from
" the Netherlands people, there can be no doubt that the last gen-

_ eral program, issued but a few days ago, will permit all the mem-
_ bers and the many ladies who will accompany them to have, as
_ we say in America, “a grand and splendid time.” Of course a
_ little dark cloud had made its appearance a short time since.
_ Cholera was in Rotterdam! Cholera was in Holland! “ Do not
' mind it,” said the ever busy and kind general secretary, Prot.
_ Doctor D, A. de Jong. And at once a notice, printed in the three

official languages of the Congress, is mailed to every member,
» and indeed no one has minded it, I am sure!) Anyhow I know
4 that the American confréres who were to attend were not afraid
of the Virgule bacillus, and that they were present to represent
the profession of their country as she deserves to be.

I have received already a large number of the reports which

: ‘ the many reporters were to present and discuss. Unfortunately
} ei the program has given us the names of quite a number who have

Bi: not kept to their word and whose report has not been handed in
Bouse time; Indeed said Prof. de Jong, “to treat the 32 questions

147,

148 ; EDITORIAL,

which the Congress intended to have*treated, 145: RPOTISS had
been invited and only 11 had answered to their request.” The
task of this selection must have been quite difficult and much
credit has to be given to the Committee of Organization for its
success.

To get a fair idea of the importance of this gathering, to
which his Excellency the Secretary of State had interested him-
self in having sent to the various governments invitations to have
official delegations appointed, it was announced that 35 foreign
governments had sent 110 official delegates and that this number
was increased to 257 in counting those that had come from uni-
versities, schools or societies.

In relation to this statistic I may relate, for the benefit of our
younger generations, another which shows the progress made in
the success of these professional reunions. Organized by Prof.
John Gamgee, the first International Veterinary Congress was
held in Hamburg in 1863; it registered 101 members. The
second at Vienna in 1865 counted 168, the third at Zurich in
1867 had.188, the fourth at Bruxelles in 1883 brought together
310. At the fifth in Paris in 1889 there were present 635 mem-
bers. At the sixth in Bern in 1895 there were 670. At Baden
Baden, the seventh, in 1899, counted 958. In 1905 at Budapest
the thousand was passed, 1,400 members answered the roll, and
in the ninth to-day at The Hague there are 1,448 members. And
it is said that rolling stones gather no moss!

But time and space are pressing me and I must postpone fur-
ther remarks until I am better documented. I will therefore pass
for the present on the official opening, on the presentation and re-
ception of the delegates, etc., etc., and on another occasion I will
relate the results of the work done and what the veterinary pro-
fession can expect from this week of labor and festivities.

However, as our confrére, Prof. W. L. Williams, of Cornell
University, is at The Hague, and as he has kindly accepted to.
write specially for the Review a résumé of his impressions of the
Congress, I am glad to give him in this chronicle the place he
needs.

EDITORIAL. 149

After what has most likely been said in these pages of the
great veterinary meeting at Chicago in the October issue, these
" successive records of two such professional meetings will prove
interesting. | wonder if the Review will have space to also
; ecord that other important event, the Thirteenth Annual Meet-
ing of the Inter-State Association of Live Stock Sanitary Boards,
whose program I have read and which promised such valuable
professional entertainment.

But we must not expect too much. Let us first read Prof.
» Williams’ congressional impressions, as he has thrown them al-
- most while on board of the steamer that takes him home.

ace

_ The Ninth International Veterinary Congress has come and
gone. Many important papers were presented and discussed
| which will, to some extent be reviewed or printed entire in these
| columns in future issues as room or interest may dictate. We are
chiefly concerned at this moment with personal impressions and
thoughts largely or wholly apart from the official reports of the
_ Congress.

1 _ The Congress had three official languages, English, French
and German. The location of the Congress at The Hague and
the fact that the veterinary literature of Germany, Austro-Hun-
gary, Switzerland, Holland and largely Denmark is in the Ger-
i man language, naturally caused this tongue to predominate, fol-
lowed by French and lastly by English. America was repre-
sented by but six members, so far as we learned, including Drs.
e Van Es, of North Dakota; Frothingham, of Harvard University;

ae ustin Peters, of Boston; L. M. Steckel, of Cincinnati, O.,
“and the writer. The representation from Great Britain was not
_ large but good. The total of English papers, including those
? m the United States, was conspicuously small.

Naturally those unacquainted with German and French could
: ‘not profitably follow the discussions, nor could such enter into
ly intercourse with German or French-speaking veterin-
ans, unless the latter could o- English. Fortunately a

150 EDITORIAL,

large proportion of European veterinarians speak two or more —
languages, in marked contrast to most veterinarians of English- —
speaking countries. Many of the members spoke well in var- —
ious languages. For example, Prof. Bang, of Denmark, under ~
the rules of the Congress, could not use his own language. Ac- —
cordingly he presented his address in German and followed —
with a résumé in French and then in English. When we recog- —
nize the fact that the German and French languages are infinitely
richer in veterinary literature than is our own, we should realize J
the enormous value of at least a reading knowledge of these two @
janguages for all veterinarians. Americans are wont to say that —
the good French and German literature is translated into Eng- q
lish, but this is only in small part true. Most of the literature ~
remains untranslated. Most of our so-called English veterinary —
literature is from German or French sources. Some of it is ac- —
credited to the authors, some is not and little of it is adequately —
translated. At an international Congress, a knowledge of French —
and German are both naturally of very great importance. 7
*
* *

As in other veterinary meetings, so in the International Con-—
gress, one of the most vaiuable results to those attending is the
personal friendships and acquaintances formed with leaders of —
veterinary thought. '

Aside from the command of languages, regardless of one’s —
ability to converse with European veterinarians, there was still a
valuable inspiration to be drawn from the meeting, which made —
attendance quite worth while. An American may stay at home —
and read imperfect extracts or translation from the writings of J]
world authorities, but it is quite a different matter to grasp them
hy the hand and exchange personal greetings even under serious”
limitations of languages. ,

It is an inspiration to watch such men as Arloing, Ostertag,
Dammann, Bang, Hutyra, Perroncito and many others, while

EDITORIAL, — 151

; There is some thing in the very bearing of the men which carries
with their words a sense of authority. This feeling is greatly
- intensified if one like the writer has previously seen some of these
- men at work in their laboratories and knows with what accur-
acy and care their investigations about which they are speaking
_ have been made. A very impressive element in the Congress
_ was the courtesy shown by the Holland government. His Majesty
_ Prince Henry, Consort to Queen Wilhelmina, opened the Con-
_ gress and personally presided throughout the first meeting. And
he did not appear bored by spending half a day in a veterinary
q congress. In America, when we succeed in getting an alderman
or other ward politician to open a veterinary meeting, he tells
us “we are welcome,” tells a story he regards as funny, grabs
his hat and runs.
- In the evening following the opening of the Congress, Prince
_ Henry gave a reception at the Royal Palace, to which all dele-
_ gates to the Congress were invited, including Dr. Van Es and
_ the writer, from the United States. At the close of the Presi-
- dent’s banquet a cordial message of good wishes from Queen
Wilhelmina was presented.
The Minister of Agriculture of Holland attended the opening
meeting and gave an address. He also attended the government
_ reception to members of the Congress, the President’s banquet and
presided at the general banquet of the Congress. The Minister
of State attended the general banquet and gave an address.
_~ How marked the contrast with the attitude of high and low
government officials toward the veterinary profession in America!
* In the banquet halls, we noted on the breasts of such men as Ar-
» loing, Bang, Hutyra, Ostertag and others conspicuous decora-
” tions from Presidents, Kings and Emperors, honors richly earned.
- _ Democratic Americans may criticise these unfavorably ; but it
~ would be at least well for us if we had more such men among
us and that our government recognized their work in some fit-

4 i * .
rae * *

152 EDITORIAL,

These observations inevitably lead one to think of the veter- —
inary schools of Europe and their relation to the state. The
little State of Belgium thinks it worth while to expend more ~
money for the equipment of a veterinary college than has been ;
expended on all colleges in America together by state and private
owners. Belgium is not an exception, but merely an example. |

In continental Europe veterinarians are educated by the state 7

for the well-being of the state, in harmony with the needs of ©

the state. When a student creditably completes his course, an S|

honorable position in college, laboratory, army or elsewhere awaits —
him. The veterinary profession is an honorable profession, it —
is an honored profession, it is a scientific profession. The state —
schools consequently draw their students largely from the upper —
classes, socially and educationally, and the result is a profession, —
the members of which average very high in scholarship and —
manhood.

After one has visited a number of the representative veter- —
inary schools in continental Europe, has met the members of the
faculties of these colleges and seen them in their work and then
observed the same men in the International Congress, he is
strongly impressed with the value of veterinary education by the
state. Are European schools perfect? Oh, no! They do not |
pretend to be. But seeing these schools, meeting their teachers,. —
awakens many thoughts in the mind of one American at least
and causes him to return to his native land, land of liberty, with
a higher appreciation of European veterinary education and edu-
cators; as well as of some of the difficulties which veterinary -
education and practice must yet overcome in America.

Pogo
A New Meruop to Ficut Tusercuosis.—The struggle
against tuberculosis of animals and specially that of bovines, will
remain for some time to come the great sanitary question, and
it is rare to open a veterinary or sanitary paper without finding
some article relating to it, from scientists writing on the ques-

EDITORIAL. 153

| tion and suggesting new methods, which seem to them the one
to realize the great object in view. And why not, when one takes
into consideration the many attempts that have been recognized
and the different results obtained so far. It is the important ques-
tion of all cattle breeding countries and every one is interested in
the solution of the problem.

Already in 1884 Dr. Lydtin, of Baden Baden, demanded that
severe applications be established against bovine tuberculosis.
The following year Prof. Bang inaugurated an anti-tuberculous
war, based on the use of tuberculin, allowing the isolation of the
animals that reacted from those that did not, and the raising of
calves in keeping them away from any contaminated stock. En-
_ couraging results have been obtained by this method in Denmark,
_ Sweden, Norway and Hungary. In 1900 Prof. Ostertag recom-
mended another method. This consists in isolating the calves
from the second day of their birth, feeding them with cooked
milk and preventing contamination. Older calves are submitted
to tuberculin tests and isolated, if required. At the same time,
sanitary veterinarians examine all the adults, those that are clin-
ically tuberculous and dangerous, in other words, affected with
open pulmonary intestinal, uterine or mammary tuberculosis are
destroyed. In France, the struggle against tuberculosis has for
base the indemnity paid by the state after declaration from the
owner and the application of sanitary measures. Animals clinic-
ally tuberculous are destroyed and an indemnity is paid. Con-
taminated animals or those that have no clinical symptoms are
watched by the sanitary veterinarians. The use of tuberculin is
not obligatory.

In Belgium, the sanitary measures against tuberculosis are
_ somewhat similar to those used in France, but they are better ar-
_ ranged and more complete.

The practical results are known. The methods of Bang and
_ of Ostertag have rendered real services. And to a great extent
_ they can be considered actually as the only two prophylactic
_ measures from which comparatively lasting happy results can be

154 EDITORIAL.

expected. For the methods of vaccination, says Ostertag, refer-
-ting to that of Behring, the numerous experiments of control
made by Rossignol and Vallee in France, of Hutyra at Budapest,
of Eber at Leipzig,-have demonstrated that, at the present hour,
there is no practical use to undertake an efficacious fight against
tuberculosis with them.

*
* **

It is justly in the presence of this state of affairs and to rem- :
edy it that Prof. Lignieres, the learned director of the Na-
tional Bacteriologic Institute, of Buenos Ayres, has proposed a
new method which he has exposed lengthily in a communication
made to the Société Centrale with the following conclusions:

1. Notwithstanding the efforts made since 1890, the results
obtained are insignificant in relation to the sacrifices imposed.

2. The methods of Bang and Ostertag have rendered impor-
tant services, but for many reasons they cannot give satisfaction.
As to the method by indemnity it is more injurious than useful.

3. The diversity of the methods shows that the good one is
yet to be found, as indeed it seems that it ought to be the same
for all countries.

4. To be accepted, efficacious, to be imposed and become gen-
eralized the method must interest breeders without disturbing the
economic running of an establishment. }

5. The-great factor of the dissemination of tuberculosis is
the commercial mobility of diseased animals. Stopping them
will mean immobilization of the centers of infection and alse
their possible destruction. Therefore all tuberculous subjects
must be easily recognized by buyers and the sale of such animals
must be cancelled de facto or by law in all cases.

6. Marking and obligatory rhedhibition are the two great
means to control and fight against tuberculosis, because they will
immobilize with certainty the diseased subjects. This method

ean be applied in all countries, whatever ria be the sanitary
system existing.

EDITORIAL. 155

7. Either after a declaration, by an act in resiliation of sale,
or because of the presence of tuberculosis detected at the
_ slaughter house or in a rendering place, at a fair, market, agri-
cultural show, or any other, the sanitary authority shall visit the
establishment from where the animal affected or suspected comes
4 from, and all the animals shall be examined and tested by the
- method of tuberculination known as that of “ Associated Reac-
_ tion,” ophthalmo, local subcutaneous and dermo reactions.
’ 8. Every animal that shall have positively reacted or pre-
sitted clinical signs of disease, shall be marked with one or two
holes pierced through the cartilage of each ear, and each one will
_ have printed on the inside of the cartilage the date of the opera-
_ tion in one and the place of the operation in the other.
g. If no animal is found with clinical signs of tuberculosis, the
establishment shall. not be placed under quarantine, but the ani-
mals marked cannot be sold, except to the butcher. The sanitary
veterinarian shall inform the owner of all the measures of tsola-
tion that must be taken, and will renew at least twice a year the
tuberculination by the associated method and also notice the clin-
ical condition of the sick ones. The sanitary inspection shall
- ease as soon as there will be no more marked animals in the
im piace.
“Io. When, on the contrary, animals will be found with clin-
— ical signs of tuberculosis, these shall be isolated, put by them-
_ Selves and the establishment be put into quarantine with all its
consequences. Slaughter with indemnity of only part of the
value of the animals shall be granted only for cows affected with
tuberculous mammitis.
11. Accessory measures concerning the exploitation of milk,
éte., can he taken according to the custom of the coyntry, etc.
__12. No effort shall be spared to the effect that the marking
and the resiliation of the sale be accepted by all governments, in
one word, to make these. measures international.

156 EDITORIAL.

To Provipe Goop MiLk From Datries.—In the meanwhile,
a double method is resorted to in some parts of Belgium, and
Prof. J. F. Heymans has presented before the Royal Academy
of Belgium a communication on the anti-tuberculous tuberculin-
ation and vaccination of milch cows in the dairies of Gand.

The results were obtained in 18 establishments where cattle
have been tuberculined and vaccinated every year since three
years, first in 1907, second 1908, and third 1909. While in 1907
neither of these places were free from positive reacting sub-
jects, in 1908 in three of them and in 1905 in five, no positive |
reactions were given. Out of a total of 175—188 animals, the
number of cows with negative reaction was raised from 89 in
1907 to 116 in 1908 and to 132 in 1909, or of 47 per cent. in 1907
to 63 per cent. in 1908 and 75 per cent. in 1909.

On the other hand, the number of animals with positive re-
action was lowered from 84 in 1907, to 58 in 1908 and 37 in
1909, or of 45 per cent. in 1907, to 32 per cent. in 1908 and to
20 per cent. in 1909.

Taking off from the animals with negative results in 1909,
those that did react before, there remains 110 non-tuberculous
animals or 63 per cent., while in 1907 there were only 89 non-
tuberculous animals or 47 per cent. The number of those non-
tuberculous animals has then increased of 16 per cent. out of the
47 per cent. or more than one-third, and that of the tuberculous
animals has diminished of 11 per cent. out of 45 per cent., nearly
cne-quarter.

This undoubtful progress is not due to prophylaxy only, as
at the third tuberculination in 1909, the new animals of 1909
have reacted in the proportion of 23 per cent., while the new ani-
mals with negative results in 1908 reacted only in the proportion
of 14 per cent., and those of 1907 and 1909 only in the propor-
tion of 6 per cent. Besides this, the animals with positive reac-
tion in 1907 have ceased to react in the proportion of 50 per cent.
In other words, animals only vaccinated become infected in limits
of 6 per cent., while new ones non-yaccinated are already tuber-

EDITORIAL. 157

culous in the proportion of 23 per cent.; vaccinated tuberculous
animals improve in the proportion of 50 per cent. Therefore,
let us continue the application of tuberculination and vaccina-
tion, says Prof. Heymans in the dairies, and we will practically
extirpate bovine tuberculosis and consequently provide milk with-
out bovine bacilli.

pe“

LUXATION OF THE PERFORATUS TENDON.—Luxations of ten-
dons passing over bony surfaces are not very frequent, and
among them only a few cases have been recorded of that of the
perforatus as it slides over the os calcis. The first relation of
these accidents was that of Trelat published in 1865 and then
followed by a few more recorded afterwards by Burch, Drouet,
Goubaux, etc., among the French writers; Stockfeltt, Moller,
Bayer, Reinecke, etc., among the Germans. The pathology is
simple: one of the fibrous aponeurotic bands which holds, on each
side, the cap formed by the tendon as it slides over the point of
the os calcis, gives away and the tendon not held any more,
slides either outwards or inwards more or less completely. The
luxation outwards is said to be more frequent than that inwards.
But no matter what cause had produced it and although a diag-
nosis is easily made out, the prognosis is almost always serious,
unless the luxation is only partial. But if the lesions are more
serious, the tendon being displaced, unless the animal is of great
value, it is often better to have him destroyed, as at best the final
result will be a permanent indurated swelling of the hock joint, of
various size, formation of exostosis and so forth, which will more
or less interfere with the work of the animal. It is to be re-
-gretted that such accidents, comparatively simple, should ter-
minate that way because of the difficulty of a good treatment.
Some of the classical works advise none. Only contentive, in
movable dressings are recommended by others. Then the sutures
of the fibrous bands to the surrounding parts after reduction of
the luxation, free counter-irritants, blisters, and firing, all that
have been tried and, comparatively speaking, no good results
obtained.

158 EDITORIAL,

In the Journal de Zootechnie, however, Mr. Pécus, an army
veterinarian, already well known by his many contributions, has
published an article headed: “A Practical Surgical Treatment
of the Luxation of the Perforatus Tendon,” in which he de-
scribes a simple operation which has given him a perfect recovery
and which deserves attention. The case is this:

- A mare had a complete outward luxation of the perforatus
after a jump following a great gallop. The tendon‘is free on the

outside of the hock, it can be easily replaced, but slips out again 4

as soon as the mare lays down. After two weeks she has not im-
proved, the dislocation can no longer be reduced, and being an
army animal, the mare is to be sold. But before, Mr. Pécus
“performed the aseptic and subcutaneous complete tenotomy of
“the perforatus, just at the lower part of the hock, on the point
“of junction of the portion of the tendon, that rested on the
“outer part of the hock with that, where it is continued at the
“ back of the metatarsal bone, hoping that being promoted by the
“repeated movements of the leg, the perforatus not being any
“longer kept on the stretch, it would be able to resume its nat-
“ural position and keep it.” The wound was closed with suture
and deep points of firing applied all round the joint. One month
after the operation the mare could trot, although lame. Two
weeks later she entered into convalescence and after a month her
tendon was in such condition and solid that she could gallop as
well as ever, and having almost no blemish.

This operation is so simple and so free from danger that if it
gives as good results as Mr. Pécus relates, the prognosis of that
injury will have lost a great deal of its bad nature. Let us hear
from others.

‘4 e
HeMAToLoGcy IN VETERINARY MEDICINE.—The study of the
blood has during the last few years made great progress in
human medicine. To-day the numeration of the leucocytes and
of the hematies is no longer the only satisfactory part of investi-

EDITORIAL, 159

gation. Among the many corpuscles, several cellular species are
recognized ; ferments, immunizing substances, agglutinating, etc.,
etc., are looked for on account of the important part that they
play in the history and diagnosis of some affections. _

In veterinary medicine, researches are yet in their infancy,
and for that reason anything relating to it is of interest. Mr.
Cozette in the Revue de Pathologie Comparee has related a con-
cise analysis of what has been published so far in veterinary
medicine. He has given the numeration of the leucocytes made
with the hematometer of Hayem-Nachet and finally presented
the pathological Jeucocytar variations that he has observed.
These variations consist either in the diminution or the increase
of the elements.

The diminution is observed in pneumonia, and in infectious
diseases it is on the eosinophiles.

The incréase is considerable in leukemia, and anemia of do-
mestic animals. It may occur in the mononuclears (mononu-
cleosis), in the polynuclears (polynucleosis), or in the eosino-
philes (eosinophilys).

Its presence allows one to judge of the development of the
disease and gives indications of a more delicate sensibility than
those furnished by the thermometer, if it is accompanied with the
proporton in the different varieties of leucocytes. It is observed
in pneumonia, in strangles and in suppurations (abscess, arthritis,
lymphangitis, etc).

1. Pneumonia of Horse.—lIt is the disease where can be most
easily followed all the modifications of the leucocytar equilibrium.
From the apparition of the rusty nasal discharge leucocytosis ap-
pears with 15 to 20,000 white corpuscles, then the number gradu-
ally runs down, to remain above the normal during the entire dis-
_ ease. The leucocytosis follows the condition of the temperature:
if this drops quick, the dropping of the leucocytosis is equally
rapid. |
Relapse is indicated by an increase of the leucocytosis. More
serious is the disease, more accused is the leucocytosis. During

160 EDITORIAL.

the disease a great increase of neutrophile polynuclears are also
cbserved (83 to 90 per cent.) with a corresponding reduction
of the large and small mononuclears and of the eosinophiles.
Then when recovery is getting certain, there is a diminution of
the polynuclears and a proportional increase of the lymphocites
and mononuclears; finally at the time of convalescence eosino-
philes reappear.

A prognosis of death can be given when the number of poly-
nuclears goes beyond go to 92 per cent.

The formation of purulent or gangrenous centers in the lungs
is indicated: (1) by the constant fever with chills and exacer-
bations; (2) by the persisting very high leucocytosis (18,600 to
24,800). The passage from acute pneumonia to the chronic
stage is indicated by a continuous leucocytosis, gradually increas-
ing with noticeable predominence of polynuclears.

2. Infectious pneumonia—Polynuclear leucocytosis is so
much more marked that the phlegmasia is more severe.

3. Pleurisy.—Leucocytes 19,880, polynuclears 90, mononu-
clears 10, eosinophiles 9.

4. Strangles. Great leucocytosis with polynucleosis and dis-
appearance of eosinophiles. The hyperleucocytosis progresses
with the abcedation, and until complete maturation of the abscess.
When leucocytar exacerbations occur, complications of the dis-
ease can be expected.

To resume.——1. The higher the hyperleucocytosis, the more
serious is the prognosis.

2. The more the leucocytar proportion gets away from the
normal the more serious is the prognosis.

3. The raising in the number of the polynuclears and the
complete disappearance of the eosinophiles constitute a most par-
ticularly bad prognosis.

BrstiocrapHy —Eguine ANemMIA.—Under that title Win-
fred B. Mack, D. V. M., attached to the staff of the University
of Nevada as Veterinarian and Bacteriologist has published the .
account of a recent inquiry into the nature and cause of an ob-

EDITORIAL, 161

_ scure and fatal disease among the horses of the eastern part of
the State of Nevada.

+f This pamphlet which contains the minute records of the his-
_ tory of the disease, its geographical distribution, the records,
_ treatment and post mortem of several clinical observations, with
_ the pathogeny, histology, blood and urine examinations, ete., and
_ with a good comparison of diseases which in other countries have
q presented some similar features, will form a valuable addition to
the literature of those peculiar affections to which the attention
of veterinarians has been called only in the few last years. The
_ summary of the conclusions arrived at by Dr. Mack is concise
but interesting.

bs I. There exists in Eastern Nevada a disease among horses
_ probably identical with the infectious anemia of Europe. It may

also prove to be identical with the swamp fever of Manitoba and

ig the middle Western States, referred to by several Canadian and
if American writers, when that disease shall be fully described.

= 2. The disease is characterized clinically by profound cardiac
__ and respiratory disturbances, an irregularly remittent fever, rapid
j emaciation, marked loss of nervous and muscular energy, pro-
gressive anemia, cedema and in the last stages by capillary hemor-
_ rhages.

3. The primary lesion appears to consist of a progressive de-
- struction of the red blood corpuscles, followed secondarily by par-

_ enchymatous degeneration of the kidneys and liver and some-

times of the cardiac muscle, and by extensive changes in the
vascular system. Toward the end of the course of the disease ex-
tensive capillary hemorrhages occur, especially in the heart, the
_ gastro-intestinal tract, and the kidneys and usually in the other
visceral organs, beneath the serous coats and into the sub-cuta-
neous and intermuscular connective tissues. The spleen is en-

_ gorged and sometimes degeneraia The bone marrow under-

- goes profound alteration.
; 4. The symptoms and lesions encountered. appear sufficient
to constitute a distinct clinical and pathological entity.

162 EDITORIAL.

5. Experiments apparently indicate the infectious character a
of the disease; that the virus exists in the blood; that the infec- —
tious agent is not revealed by the usual methods employed to —
demonstrate the presence of bacteria or protozoa; and that the —
disease is not contagious by the ordinary contact of animals. :

6. The natural mode of dissemination yet awaits demonstra- : |

tion.

7. The mortality exceeds 90 perwent. with recovery more ap- 4
parent than real. :

8. Treatment has not been successful to any extent.

*
x *

ACKNOWLEDGED PAMPHLETS AND COMMUNICATIONS.—T he 4
Report of Chief Veterinary Surgeon J. D. Bosthwick, giving the ;
sanitary condition of stock in the Transval Districts. 4

Problem of Bovine Tuberculosis Control, by Dr. M. H. Rey _
nolds.

Abstracts from the Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and —
Pharmacology under the direction of Prof. P. A. Fish, with re- — .
ports on Experiments with Pilocarpine Hydrochloride by L. V. —
Polk, on Milk Secretion and Diseases ‘Transmitted by Milk, by —
Prof. Fish; on Phytolacca Decandra, by Roger D. Hyde. J

The Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope, “a 4 |
article on hernia, by W. Robertson, M.R.C.V.S.

Bulletins of the Bureau of Animal Industry.—Circular 147:
The origin of the recent outbreak of foot and mouth disease in
the United States, by J. R. Mohler, V.M.D., and Milton J. Rose-
nau, M.D.

Circular 113.—On filtration experiments with bacillus chol-— q
era suis, by Dr. C. N. McBryde. a

Circular 150.—Regulations governing entrance to the veter-' —
inary inspection examination.

Circular 138.—Infectious Anemia or Swamp Fever of horses, | :
by John R. Mohler, V.M.D. 7
A. Li

EDITORIAL. 163

SOCIAL ASPECT AT THE HAGUE.

Through the courtesy of Dr. L. M. Steckel, who had been
_ abroad since December, 1908, during which time, in addition to
_ pursuing studies at the Imperial Veterinary College at Berlin,
_ Germany, he has made a tour of the principal cities of Germany,
Austria and France, with the object of acquainting himself with
_ their veterinary hygienic systems, visiting the stock yards, ab-
_ batoirs, dairy and het. %, ae market halls and hygienic
laboratories, finally arriving in Holland in time to attend the
congress at THE HAGUE, we are enabled to present, as an ac-
companiment to Prof. Liautard’s chronicles in this number, a
picture of a group taken on the terrace of the Hotel Kursaal,
» with the North Sea in the background. In the center of the
_ group, in the front row, seated at a table, is the president of

i the organization, Prof. W. C. Schimmel, with Mrs. Schimmel

on his left and Secretary D. A. de Jong on his right. On the
left side of the picture, in about the fourth row, is seated a rep-
resentative American veterinarian, in the person of Dr. Van Es.
We were not able to learn whether any of our other American
veterinarians were in this group, except Dr. Steckel, who from
modesty, chose a position at the back, where he may be seen
standing on the left side of the group, wearing a hat. The ladies
in the picture are the wives and friends of the delegates.

Dr. Steckel had called at the Review office before sailing
for Europe, so that on his return, we were naturally anxious to
have him relate some of his experiences abroad; which proved
so interesting that we endeavored to urge him to write an ac-
count of his trip for publication. This, however, we were un-
able to do; beyond a meagre promise that he might at some
future time.

We therefore determined to present our readers with a few
facts relative to the social aspect at THe Hacue as gathered
_ from conversation with Dr. Steckel during his call.

_____ A special reception to the members of the congress was given
i by Her Majesty the Queen of Holland and His Highness Prince
Henry of the Netherlands.

164 EDITORIAL.

The first delegate from each country were tendered a dinner
by the Secretary of Agriculture, where many dignitaries, from
the state and the diplomatic circles, were present.

A gala performance in honor of the congressionists took
place at the Royal Theatre, which was a very notable event. In
addition, there were many social affairs given by various so-
cieties, to which the members of-the=congress: “were welcomed,
free. In fact, the reception an riven by the city and

the people, to the veterinarians and others in attendance at the —

congress, were as cordial as that given=#.anembers of a peace
congress. Everyone was made to feel at home and-glad they
had come.

THROUGH a printer’s mistake, in the index to volume
XXXV, which was attached to the September, 1909, number of
the Review, the table of contents was headed volume XXXIV.
We desire to call all Review readers’ attention to that fact, and
to urge them to correct it at once, so as to read volume XXXV;
because if they do not do so, the binder may mark the back of
their volume incorrectly when they have been bound. It is a
simple thing to do. Do not neglect it and you will be saved
much annoyance. Heading now reads, volume XXXIV, should
read volume XXXYV, the same as on the title page and heading
to list of illustrations.

Horses IN LITERATURE.—lIn sacred writ it was deemed
worthy of record that Solomon imported horses from Egypt,
while the description of the war steed in Job is accounted one
of the finest parts of that finest piece of literature. In Greek
myth and English satire the qualities ascribed to Centaur and
Houybnhnm testify sufficiently to the high regard in which the
horse has ever been held. The name of Bucephalus is insepar-
ably coupled with that of Alexander. At least one Roman em-
peror had divine honors paid his charger. Who can picture
Don Quixote sleeping on his armor without seeing the princely
Rozinante tethered under the dewy night? And the stirring in-
cidents of John Gilpin’s ride conclusively proved that the racing
blood of far-removed equine ancestors was not entirely wanting
in the degenerate descendant.—Washington Post.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

RELATION OF .Ke TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH.*
. ha’ 2 M's, MD:

4 Milk jg no uable and widely used food, but it is a

quasi sailbett hile not as necessary as air and water, with
some people, for example, bottle-fed babies, it is almost as neces-
sary, aud with the majority of people it borders on the necessary.

A congested population demands that everything which is
taken into the body of man be heated to a germ-killing temper-
ature or that great effort be made to preserve its purity or to
purity it.

Chicago breathes an impure, uncooked air and pays for it
with 9,000 deaths a year called deaths from pneumonia, con-
sumption, influenza and bronchitis. Chicago has spent fifty mil-
lion dollars for pure; uncooked: water, and, having paid the price,
her typhoid death rate is exceedingly low.

This leaves milk, ice, oysters, some fruit and some vegetables
as the only other foods which are eaten raw. Fruits and veget-
ables are usually peeled or washed before they are eaten raw.
Bacteria in ice frequently do not survive. Raw oysters are not
in widespread use. This leaves milk and its products as the one
great and important food which, with us, is badly infected and is
eaten raw—air haying been left for separate consideration.

Germ-free mother’s milk given by a well-nourished, healthy,
quiet, calm mother who is naturally a good milker as to quan-
tity and quality is more nearly a complete food than any other
where the person taking the food is less than one year old. Such
milk is not bulky enough and in consequence it leads to consti-

'_ * Presented at the joint session of the American Veterinary Medical Association and
the Chicago Medical Society, Chicago, evening of September 8, 1909.

165

] '
166 : W. A. EVAINS,

{
Z

pation as soon as the intestinal nerve endings lose some of their
primal sensitiveness. It is deficient in iron. After one year of —
age the child requires some supplement. This conclusion would
not apply if the mother was not healthy, or rested or contented,
or for other reason was hot a eer milker. _As milk departs
ea) ‘ ed food. Radical

Milk may be harmful in eith@ roe oF Bathe way; the —
first sane where the overshado an eid wange éd chemical 4

ibdivided into two milk poisoning and milk intoxigneeal ‘Thea
first of these are tyrotoxicon and other ptomaine tox albumin
and other tox albuminose poisonings. These poisons seldom
change the taste, odor or appearance of the milk. They give no
warning of their presence. Such poisonings are very dramatic
and startling, but the number of people who die each year from
them is very small. The milk intoxications are milder poison-
ings. Such are found among teething children. Of them are
those cases when nothing containing milk agrees with a given
child. Baby feeders are now agreed that babies, and especially
sick babies. are fed too much milk. Fat, either as an excess of
neutral fat or as fatty acids, is usually the offending agent. Such
children do well not infrequently on buttermilk or on skimmed
milk.

Milk overfeeding is probably the most frequent cause of diar-
.rhoeeas in babies. The remainder of the baby diarrhoeas which
are due to food are due to bacteria in milk. Many of these are

ordinary pus cocci, e. g., streptococci. Others are due to var- 7

ious organisms. Such diarrheeas are certainly responsible for
1,000 baby deaths in Chicago each year.

There is ro question but that milk is now our second most
important spreader of typhoid, and our most important spreader
in those cases which contract the disease in the city limits. It is
certainly an occasional means of spreading scarlet fever. Milk
borne scarlet fever epidemics are usually characterized by a

RELATION OF MILK TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH. 167

_ sharp, flash-like onset. Less frequently milk spreads diphtheria
- and measles. It may spread smallpox.

How much tuberculosis does it spread? Koch says that the
proof is conclusive as to lymph, gland, bone and abdominal tuber-
culosis—say 1/12 of all tuberculosis. He says that no proof of-
fered that pulmonary tuberculosis is due to bovine tubercle bacilli:
is satisfactory to him. «He says.the bacilli of the bovine type can
occur in man. But 11/12 of human tuberculosis is pulmonary,
and preventive measures against tuberculosis should therefore
he directed primarily~against the human tubercle bacillus,

If you analyse Koch’s position it is this:

Ist. There are biological differences between human and bo-
vine tubercle bacilli. Either one of these bacilli can be modified
in any one of several peculiarities by changing its environment.
But, says Koch, the possibility of these changes has no bearing
on the question of the transmission of bovine tuberculosis to the
human subject. May we not in fairness say that if the fixity of
type has no hearing then the differences in type has no bearing,
and if these propositions are true, then any argument based upon
differences in type must be abandoned?

2d. Bovine tubercle bacilli have not been found, according to
Koch’s satisfaction, in pulmonary human lesions (the presence
of bovine bacilli in other human lesions being conceded). To
this the reply is that sputum practically always shows a mixed
infection and in consequence observations on finer biologic pecu-
liarities are difficult at best and liable at all times to error. The
same tule as to mixed infections applies to pulmonary lesions as
they come to autopsy.

If there are no satisfying proofs that bovine bacilli are the
cause of pulmonary human tuberculosis, there are also no satisfy-
ing experiences that they do not cause it. The proof that tu-

~ bercle bacilli considered generically cause human pulmonary tu-

berculosis is established. The burden of proving the bovine
bacilli will not cause human pulmonary tuberculosis is on the
negative side. To be more explicit, bovine bacilli, as a sub-

168 W. A. EVANS.

group of tubercle bacilli, stand logically accused; it is up to Koch
to prove them innocent in human pulmonary tuberculosis.

In addition, the views of Von Behring and Von Harbitz as
to the etiologic relation of glandular to pulmonary tuberculosis is
entitled to weight. The more recent observations on the histol-
ogy of tubercle and miliary generalization through the thoracic
duct must be weighed as arguments against his view.

Note the general attitude of Koch is “show me,” whereas
there is no jogic in any position for Koch except that of his
making proof.

3d. Preventive measures against tuberculosis should there-
fore be directed primarily against human tubercle bacilli as
11/12 of the human lesions are pulmonary and only 1/12 ab-
dominal and other. This hypothesis is founded upon a fixed
difference in clinical type. Every man of large clinical experience
knows that pulmonary tuberculosis ends by involvement of the in-
testines and other abdominal viscera, and abdominal tuberculosis
often ends by pulmonary involvement. But even if we assume
his position to be correct, let us do the best we can against the
11/12, but let us not forget the poor 1/12 who also sicken and
die. Shall we not punish a man who has stolen a bucket of lard
because another man has stolen a three-ring circus? Let us rather
do our best against each of these.

But there is another side of this question important enough to
stand entirely alone. Every one is agreed that bovine tuberculosis
can be spread to cows and to hogs. Bovine tuberculosis is con-
tagious to cows. It therefore threatens the milk and meat indus-
try. It lowers the producing capacity of cows. It therefore
in time impoverishes the farmer unless there is an increase in
the price of milk and that increases the cost to the consumer. It
infects hogs and it therefore raises the price of every pound of
meat sold in the United States. It will spread to every other do-
mestic animal which is now or may in future be kept under rad-
ically unnatural living conditions, e. g., milk goats.

It is my judgment that the host modifies the clinical course

RELATION OF MILK TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH. 169

_ and the anatomical distribution of tubercular lesions more than
the type of bacillus.

Founded on the above medical premises, the city of Chicago
_ is enforcing certain ordinances. The underlying legal principle
_ involved is that we have the right to prevent anything being sold
_ to our people which can be reasonably proven to be harmful to
them or immediately capable of becoming so. This control the-
oretically begins at the city limits or immediately adjacent there-
- to. However, here and there, there is a legal tendency to rcog-
nize a parallelism between milk and water in that the government
is allowed to control the source, even though it be extra terri-
torial, because of the great importance of the necessity and the
almost impossibility of insuring its safety by any wholly intra-
territorial measures.

The Chicago milk supply consists of 30,060 8-gallon cans a
day. This is produced on 12,000 farms and by 120,000 cows.
1,800 of these cows are in the city limits. Of the remainder,
ninety per cent. are within fifty miles of the city. Practically all
of the milk is shipped in on the train (all but 1,000 cans). The
great bulk of this milk is produced in Illinois, much of it is pro-
duced in Wisconsin, considerable in Indiana, a little in Michigan

_ and very little in Towa.

The methods for the control of milk are those usually in
_ force in the larger American cities. We have the usual corps of
_ farm inspectors, platform inspectors and town milk inspectors.

_ Milk that is improperly produced we decline to allow to be sold

in our market. The farmer can produce as he pleases or sell to

any one else whom he pleases, but not to us. The records are all

public. The dealer can get the record of the farmer of whom he

is thinking of buying, the farmer can get the record of the dealer
_ to whoin he is thinking of selling.

Recognizing the very great difficulty in controlling cleanli-
ness, unsanitary conditions and,communicable diseases in farms

and farm households removed many miles from the city; recog-

| nizing the widespread distribution of tuberculosis among cows

and men, and the widespread distribution of typhoid among farm-

170 W. A. EVANS.

ers and farms, the Chicago City Council in July, 1908, passed an —
ordinance which became effective January 1, 1909. This ordi- 7
nance provided that all cows supplying milk to Chicago must he —
free ircm tuberculosis by January 1, 1914; that the test of tube- —
culosis for the purposes of this ordinance shall be a reaction to —

the tuberculin test; that during this interval all milk not from 4g

cows proven to be free from tuberculosis shall be pasteurized ac-
cording te the rules and regulations of the Health Department.

The principles involved in these ordinances are as follows: —

The average profitable milk cow does not remain profitable for —
five years. A farmer having his cows tested and finding some —
tubercular can segregate the tubercular cows, keep his hogs away
from them, send the milk to a pasteurizer and keep the tubercular —
cows until they are no longer profitable, when they can be sent —
to inspected slaughtering establishments and sold for beef. By —

segregation | mean that the cows should be kept in a separate —

barn and should use a separate watering trough. A separate pas- —

ture is not necessary. This separation is wholly for the farmer’s — %

good. By allowing the farmer five years to get rid of his tuber- —
cular stock you save him money loss, in fact, you make money —
for him, and you therefore expect his co-operation.

But, you ask, is it safe for the people? Will pasteurization
kill the harmful germ? The ordinances provide that the pasteur-
izing shall kill 99 per cent. of all the bacteria and all of those
capable of producing disease. I now propose to tell you of how we

have succeeded with these ordinances. Of Chicago’s 30,060 8- —

gallon cans of milk, 18,000 are pasteurized, 7,000 are from tu-
berculin-tested cows, and 5,000 cans are not complying with the
ordinance. The 7,000 cans of tuberculin-tested milk come from °
30,000 tuberculosis-free cows. Nearly all of our milk supply
from Indiana comes from cows which have been tuberculin
tested; about one-third of that from Wisconsin is from tested
cows; but little of that in Illinois is from tested cows.

The tuberculin testing has been a source of much fraud.
Veterinarians have faked reports, and farmers have immunized
their cows preparatory to the test. In Indiana the work was

RELATION OF MILK TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH. 171

done by the state, and it averaged very satisfactorily. In Wis-

' consin and in Illinois it is promiscuously done, and much in-

_ competency and much fraud has been shown and some has been
| proven. The pasteurizing is done by 43 plants in town and 100
in the country. Some of the plants have done excellent work;
_ some are faking, and some are incompetently run. Most of the
_ faking is done by creameries and other butter plants.

a The holding pasteurizers are almost uniformly good; the
' flash pasteurizers are sometimes good and sometimes not. A
' flash pasteurizer which heats to 168 to 180 and which does not
have the cream line or give a cooked taste will do satisfactory
work 75 per cent. of the time. A pasteurizer which affects the
cream line at 160 to 168 will not do effective work because the
operator will not run it at a high enough temperature. Our best
_ results have come from 140 to 145 for twenty minutes. But
a expensive holding devices, while giving excellent results, hardly
q seem necessary. Milk run through a cheap pasteurizer at 150
_ and then run into ordinary cans will be 146 or over in twenty
' minutes. If then it is rapidly chilled the bacteria are killed, the
cream line is good, and there is no cooked taste. An ordinary
holding vat of sanitary construction and heated before the milk
is run in will serve the same purpose. I cite you some figures
on milk taken at the machine:

1 ee eee OPENS SOS SRSA Er Pas 3,450,000

IES Ee 4,400,000

Pasteurized, less than............. 2,000
ee ene 550,000

RW Ort RAM... eos. Dee ee 3,900,000

ae faeces: - 65,000
ROW cn Bika s:$ <olbite Livia sth 3,760,000

:
i
NAP 525 aks in atave haar a ove 30,700,000
|
:

172 w. A. EVANS.

RAW 3. ais ck a eee 3,390,000
Pasteutized |; 62:0. Sevee eae 20,000
Bottle <<.) ais iw Ave eae 80,000
Raw.- 3... Gas RIE 18a. gh 6,700,000
Pastenutized | i. ss Sa aw ee eeae 2 94,000
Bottle nS). se, 46 see ens Oh scenes 150,000 :
RAW 68 us eae eh es eee 9,300,000
Codleg. 3s ee Ra eee 178,000
RO ee ee or ees ee es 18,250,000
OOTY Foe ee sos oer ee es ees ~ 30,000
POR A FESS COS i a ee 28,000
Botte; second <day so" oF ees 990,000
RAW Gi ca eis dex <cw ok wR aces hao ane 25,700,000
Pasteyrized: .i\..;.-.. ss aes was tonal 150,000.
Raw. Si ese ea ae ee 16,400,000
Pasteurized, less than............. 2,000
ROW. cb ieee sonia Sa ee 4,350,000
Pastewurized., acc. s candies ae tee 53,000
Raw Fe aE 6,400,000

Pasteurized:.. 6 oat cE 28,000

Since January 1st we have taken 5,661 samples of milk and a
ice cream for bacteriologic examination. About 200 of these —
have been injected into guinea pigs, and the remainder have
been examined, or are being examined, or have been lost. :

Since July 1st we have taken 2,301. The great majority of —
these have been taken from stores, depots and wagons; a minor- —
ity have been from hospitals, homes and other customers; many ;
have been taken at the pasteurizing machine; 50 were ice creams.

The following is an analysis of 764 samples taken since the —
latter part of July: Pasteurized, 230; raw, 534; average num- —
ber of bacteria in the raw milks to the c.c., 7,348,828; average —

RELATION OF MILK TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH. . 173

a number of bacteria in the pasteurized milks per c.c., 941,445.
_ The pasteurized samples are one-eighth as bad as the raw.

Pasteurized. Raw.

RE MN Gee eb ee Pe emeere 2 oO

ONL oh, ea 7 o
R80 TOO,000. 6S ete ene eee 86 12
BOO,000 tO 500,000,... 66. cee erncresenes 68 50
BOGO £6°.1,000,000. . wis sie cones ce vansees 26 39
72,000,000 tO 5,000,000......62eesecececes 29 217
_ 5,000,000 to 10,000,000............++020-- 4 103
~ 10,000,000 tO 20,000,000..... 6.26... 005: 7 79
§20,000,000 and OVET... 1.6.22. eee erneeees I 34

Using one million as the dividing point and saying that milk
containing over one million germs to the c.c. should not be fed
_ to babies, and that milk having under one million can be so fed,

we get: .
Pasteurized—1,890 samples under 1,000,000, 41 samples over
1,000,000,

Raw Milks—to1 under 1,000,000, 433 Over 1,000,000. '

In ice creams the maximum count was 125,000,000; the
" average was over 20,000,000; eight had 30,000,000 and over.
_ The minimum ice cream was 10,000; several were under
_ 100,000, showing that it is possible to make good ice cream.
| Not infrequently a milk which was good at the pasteurizer
was spoiled by a dirty bottle, a dirty cap or dirty fingers in cap-
_ ping. The maximum number of bacteria found in a supposedly
sterile bottle was 24,000. A count of 800 was not unusual.
All in all, we are sure that it easier to control pasteurizers
than it is to control tuberculin testing, and certainly than to con-
_ trol 12,000 farms.
_ With us these ordinances are not only getting us better milk,
| but they are helping us to get the farms cleaned up. Sanitation,
a bogy, a fad to the farmer, becomes something real when he
sees an expensive plant for purifying milk. Its effect is just the
same as the location of a large, up-to-date milk plant in a coun-

174 W. A. EVANS.

try neighborhood. Every farm,in reach of such a plant gets”
cleaner year by year. 4

We are sure that in optional tuberculin testing and pasteurs 4
ization, properly controlled, we have found the proper solution —
of this vexed milk question, a solution which in time will be
found acceptable alike to farmer, dealer, consumer and health | a
official.

Oxoroxs, Alberta, Oct. 15, 1909.—AMERICAN VETERINARY _
Review, Gentlemen: Enclosed please find money order for ~
$3.25 for renewal to the A. V. Review. I have been a subscriber —
for ey years and would not be without this periodical, which T_
think is peer to them all in regard to advancing veterinary knowl- —
edge. Yours, truly, Perey K. Walters, V. S. a

Mare Suck es Catr.—lIn the pasture of Mr. John Camplin, —
near North Salem, Ind., is a mare and her colt and a spring calf. —
The calf, not satisfied with the lacteal fluid supplied by the farmer, —
gets an extra portion by robbing the colt of its just share. The 1
mare at first resisted the calf by kicking it, but later became recon- q
ciled, as the nervy calf became more insistent. The mare, colt —
and calf are now living in the pasture on the best of terms.— —
Rider and Driver. “a

Tue Perrect Horse.—The Arabs of the Sahara sum up a J
perfect horse thus: ‘ He must carry a full-grown man, his arms, —
and a change of clothing, food for his rider and himself, a flag,
even on a windy day; and, if necessary, dragging a dead body —
behind him; he must keep up a good pace the whole day through |
without giving a thought to food or water.” In their opinion, a —
horse lives from twenty to twenty-five years, a mare from twenty-
five to thirty vears. They consider a horse to be in his prime 7
from the age of seven to fourteen years, as the following Arab —
proverb shows: “ Seven years for my brother, seven years for
myself, seven years for my enemy.” They affirm that, with a—
mare, the best age for reproduction i is from four to twelve years —
of age, and with a horse from six to fourteen. While they are ~
exacting as regards the mare for breeding, they are still more so —
as concerns the horse.—The Rider and Driver, Sept. 25, 1909. —

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE
VETERINARIAN.* 3

By M. H. Reynotps, UNiversiry or Minnesota; AND Live-Stock SANITARY
a Boarp, St. Paut, Minn,

_. The veterinarians of America are here in session for the pro-
| motion of their profession, and, through the promotion of the
' veterinary profession, protection of human health and the saving
_ of human life. We are here for the promotion of agriculture,
Ee and, through the promotion of agriculture, the improvement of
all civilization which rests fundamentally on agriculture.
Weare here to-night for public service, the great aim of all
_ our work, “ for what is a man if his chief good and market of
his time be but to sleep and feed.” We believe, and I think we
- realize, that our profession has certain positive and special duties
| resting upon it in this sanitation work. Unquestionably our
_ M. D. brethren realize just as clearly their responsibility—a
— joint responsibility.

7 Milk, the producer, the consumer, and the veterinary pro-
- fession; or, more properly placed, milk, the producer, the vet-
_erinarian, and the consumer; placing the veterinarian between
_ the producer and the consumer, where, indeed, he serves. How |
) closely they are organized and related, and how close the inter-

_ dependence! What a group!

_ Milk, the most important and most necessary single food
article; the producer, whose business it is to supply this most
‘important food article to millions of consumers, this man the
- producer, who is capable of so great good or such infinite harm;
_ then there is the veterinarian, the professional man who stands
as helper and defense for the producer, and the guardian of the
| consumer’s foodstuffs, this protector of human life and protector

ai * Presented at the joint session of the A. V. M. A, and the Chicago Medical Society,
Chicago, evening of September 8, 1909.

175

176 M. H. REYNOLDS.

of the world’s live-stock; and finally the conswmer, millions, un-
known millions of him.
Our study to-night has to do primarily with milk.

MILK.

Here is a liquid food, the sole food of young children at a |
time when they are most susceptible to infection and injury; the
food that is most easily contaminated; and a food that is most 4
dangerous when contaminated. One typhoid bacillus may lodge |
upon a piece of bread or meat. It is a typhoid bacillus. _ It may
lodge in milk that is kept warm, and in twelve or eighteen hours —
may have multiplied into inconceivable numbers. q

Many dirty foods may be cleaned when soiled, or at least
may be sterilized without harm. Milk once dirty must remain
dirty and cannot be even sterilized without injury. All this may
be trite, but the situation fits to the story of the practical old
minister who preached the same sermon ten Sundays in suc- —
cession, and when remonstrated with by his parishioners, who
thought it somewhat monotonous, replied that he had seen no 4
signs that they had profited sufficiently as yet, and when they | |
commenced to practice his teaching in this one sermon he would —
give them another. ;

The death rate of infants is a commonly accepted standard —
for measuring safety of milk and efficiency of inspection. Con-
sider the significance of this statement. An intimate relation is”
universally conceded among medical men between intestinal dis-
eases of children under two years of age and the milk supply.
We all know that. We can say it easily, but let us take it home
to-night and ponder upon it seriously. q

Not only medical men, physicians and veterinarians, but all
citizens have personal responsibility in a wise solution of the
municipal milk problems, for while the adult may have a doubt-—
ful right to ignore a probable source of danger for himself, he ~
cannot morally ignore a probable source of danger for children 7
or other dependants, or even for other adults. j

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN. 177

Does anyone doubt that a considerable portion of municipal
_ milk is of doubtful cleanliness and safety at the time of con-
- sumption? Surely no veterinary inspector doubts who sees many
_ city dairies and farm dairies, nor any physician who gets into
_ the poorer kitchens. Not all city dairies are dirty; and many
_ poor kitchens are scrupulously clean; but there are many dirty
and unsafe dairies, and there is very much bad handling of milk
_ in homes. Some dairies are clean and managed by good dairy
_ methods and good business methods. There are others where
_ the milk cows are covered with caked manure, where cows wade
' up to their udders through filthy barnyards; where milking is
- done into rusty and unclean pails, or where stable dust is abun-
- dant during milking.

Does anyone doubt that many milk cans are opened in dusty
streets? Can anyone doubt that much milk is carted about city
streets for hours in ten-gallon cans during warm weather or that

many milkers wear dirty clothing?

; I quote from a public address by Hon. John D. Nichols,
_ president of the Ohio Dairymen’s Association, at the Michigan
_ Dairymen’s convention:

; “Your dairy inspectors know that there are hundreds of
dairies in the State of Michigan kept in stables so dark that you
can scarcely tell the color of the cows, let alone telling the dif-
ferent kinds of material that might drop into the pail. And
what is true in Michigan is true in every state in the land.”
Some folks may think Mr. Nichols’ statement a modern Can-
_ terbury Tale, but it isn’t.

____ Just to illustrate—and there are pages and pages of similar
_ material easily available and reliable—let me call attention to
"an official examination of Washington City milk. There were
172 samples examined. Of these, 121 samples, or 70 per cent.,
‘showed visible dirt on standing, and the microscope showed that
the visible dirt was partly manure. This manure may have been
very rich in phosphoric acid and ammonia, and all that, but it
was in the wrong place.

178 M. H. REYNOLDS.

Workers in the federal Bureau of Animal Industry showed
in the case of 24 cows taken from various Washington City j
dairies, that 10 were passing virulent tubercle bacilli in the
manure. Six other old chronic cases of tuberculosis were also |
passing virulent tubercle bacilli. It not this so significant that —
further statement on a disagreeable topic is quite unnecessary?
Washington City enacted a milk law in 1895. During the
first year after enactment, infant mortality from intestinal dis-
eases was 168 per 100,000 population; the second year it was
151; the third year, 136; the fourth year, 110. Subsequently _
this death rate was reduced to 97 in 1906. Very plainly there —
was something wrong with Washington City’s milk—something —
that needed correction and something that was greatly improved.
This great improvement in the infant mortality rate follow-_
ing the enactment of the milk law must have resulted from very”
imperfect service, as evidenced by the call for a study of Wash-_
ington’s milk supply in 1907 by a special conference committee
of eminent men. The urgent need for further improvement was
clearly brought out in their report.* - | 4
A recent bulletin + by the Illinois Experiment Station re |
ports 143 samples of milk taken from different points in Illinois.
Of these, 68 per cent. gave visible sediment; 21 per cent. a large”
amount of sediment; 61 per cent. of them gaye a bad odor on. |
cheese curd test; and the curd test odor implies objectionable _
contamination. 2
It is probably true that dairymen are blamed for a great deal
in connection with child mortality tables, for which they should |
not be blamed, especially in large city statistics taken from the
poor tenement districts, but as a prominent dairyman, speaking
to dairymen, said recently, “the dairyman cannot be justly
blamed for all of these things, but the Lord knows he will have
sins enough to answer for if only righteously accused.” :
Lest someone may think that this kind of talk is coming from
veterinarians who are not practical dairymen, let me quote again —

° Sanitary Milk Production. U, S, Dept. of Agri. Bureau of Animal Industry. —Cire
cular 114. Issued August 20, 1907,
+ Bulletin No, 120 Trueman.

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN. 179

‘%,

from an article in Hoard’s Dairyman, perhaps the most pre-
gressive and ablest edited dairy journal in the world.

“ As a matter of fact, our milk has not been up to scratch;
it has been dirty, and many times with the dirt have been the
germs of disease. Our babies have suffered much.” * * *.,
He refers freely to “ dirt and germs from the dirty cow, utensils
or hands of the milker.”

This is from an article from A, B. Clark. Mr. Clark then
goes on to show by itemizing that without very costly equip-
ment or extravagant methods, great improvement may be made
in milk at the point of production and done at moderate addi-
tional cost.

RELATION OF MILK TO DISEASE.

The Chicago Department of Health reported in October;
1908, investigations of typhoid outbreaks. One was at West
Pullman. Fifty cases were on the route supplied by one dealer.
Investigation on the farms supplying milk discovered typhoid
fever in the family, two children being sick. It was later learned
that the local dealer had known of this typhoid on the farm and
among his patrons, and it is consoling to note a statement that
revocation of his license followed promptly.

It is in just such cases as this where the physician and the
veterinary inspector must co-operate, and the producer must
come into the partnership for best results. |

Further investigations in Chicago showed an interesting ad-
ditional source of typhoid. This disease was found on another
dairy farm which had been the source of a serious typhoid epi-
demic some months before. During this previous outbreak, 32
cases were traced to this farm and investigations developed de-
plorable sanitary conditions. Milk from this farm was excluded
from the Chicago market to the credit of Dr. Evans, City Health

Officer, here with us to-night.

Denver has reported 58 cases of typhoid So from 69 fam-

- ilies receiving milk from a dairy in which an attendant had a
. mild typhoid. This typhoid attendant milked his cows and cared

. 180 M. H. REYNOLDS,

for a member of his family who also had typhoid fever. Inci-
dentally, the alvine discharges were emptied into an open cess- _
pool to which an enormous number of flies had free access. The
suggestion is self-evident. When one thinks of these things,
indeed “ prudence and propriety and all the other pious p’s do
have to sit upon “ the lid of speech.”

When an epidemic is explosive in its onset; follows milk
from a specific source; is confined to milk drinkers; when the
disease is most frequent in houses where most milk is consumed,
it is usually safe to conclude that milk served as a means of dis-
semination.

Good records* of at least 600 outbreaks of milk-borne
typhoid are available, and a great many others where the evi-
dence is not quite conclusive. Of 878 typhoid outbreaks col-
lected and studied, 38.5 per cent. were evidently milk borne, and
usually the fault of either the producer or the dealer. This same
report gives in full detail 125 outbreaks of scarlet fever and 51
outbreaks of diphtheria clearly disseminated by city milk. There
are plenty of such records available for anyone who cares to
pursue the study. It is not a pleasant pastime but full of signifi-
cance.

Listen to a few statements from a city department of health:

“ The average bacterial count for the raw milk taken on the
street was 8,164,152. The average for the pasteurized milk was
1,219,309” (500,000 is a fairly generous standard for good raw
milk).

“The baby death rate of the last week furnishes no source
of gratification. The total deaths under one year of age jumped
from 142 of the preceding week to 194, an increase of 52.”

“The gastro-intestinal disorders are accountable for 185
deaths, or more than 31 per cent. of the total for the week from
all causes. One hundred and sixty-seven of these 185 deaths
were among children under two years of age.

* Bulletin 41, Public Health and Marine Hospital Service in the United States,

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN 181

“ Notwithstanding these increases, the general death rate
was more than 4 per cent. lower than the August average and
6.5 per cent. below the rate of the corresponding week of 1908.”
_ This city has one of the most vigorous health officers in
_ America, but unless such men can have support of city councils
and the intelligent public, and especially of medical men, they
a “may well say with Kingsley’s cynic: “ Back to chaos again,
>. Raphael, and spin ropes of sand to the end of the farce.”

THE MILK ORDINANCE.

_ I believe that milk inspection ordinances should develop grad-
ually—undergo a sort of evolution process, start with rather
mild restrictions, and should then progress along with public
‘sentiment and public support. The general plan should be to
_work for education and free co-operation, and we should en-
_deavor to develop public demand for good milk.
Legislation need not order inspection and tuberculin test
§ directly, but should provide the necessity of license and then
impose inspection, tuberculin test, etc., as conditions for obtain-
ing license. By this plan milk producers are not compelled to
“submit to tuberculin test or city milk inspection if they do not
‘wish to comply with the conditions. They are given an option
of complying with the city ordinance or disposing of their milk
otherwise. The big stick should always be used just as little
as possible in this work where willing co-operation is so essential.
It may be best, at first, to impose tuberculin test or pasteur-
‘ization, owners having the privilege of choosing. There will
always and necessarily be some objection to new measures of
“this kind on the part of producers and dealers. Opposition is
“to be expected, but it need not ordinarily be such as to discourage
or destroy the work, and may be overcome with tact and good
judgment.
_ So far as examination of dairy cattle is concerned, it may be
_ advisable to provide at first only for general veterinary inspec-
: tion of dairies with clinical examination of the cattle and tuber-

182 M. H. REYNOLDS.

culin test where clinical cases are found and for any owners who
desire test. Such testing should be done upon request and at
moderate cost for the owner, and the Health Department may ry
properly publish lists of tested herds. With good management,
provision for. compulsory tuberculin test with rigid regulations
for retesting and refilling, disinfection of stables, etc., will come,
as soon as the Health Department, eit gk deh ~ 8 and consumers
are ready for it. i

Tuberculin work for most cities should be done by a city |
veterinarian with provision for owners to pay the city, the vet-
erinarian being preferably employed on full time with no private:
practice to jeopardize by doing his duty. Paying the inspection
fees to the city treasurer relieves the situation from suggestion
of graft and leaves the veterinarian freer to do his work. For
places so small that they cannot afford to employ a city vete ‘
inarian, then tuberculin testing may be done by any licensed ve 4
erinarian in good standing, the city health department or th
state having authority to discriminate. The test should be applied]
to all cattle in the herd regardless of age or sex with the oxca
tion of young calves, and all tested cattle, reactors and non
reactors, should be permanently marked. f 4

ORDINANCE ESSENTIALS.

The writer’s views concerning the essentials of a good mil
ordinance will be given in the form of the following summary
which shall be almost as concise as Johnny’s conjugation : F

Dairymen to make application for license, and in the applica-
tion agree to permit proper inspections and tests; provision for
issuance of license which must be renewed at rather frequent
intervals; vehicles, cans, packages, etc., to be plainly labeled ¢ 5
to owner; the health department must have authority to sto P
vehicles, take samples, inspect, condemn and destroy milk ¢
milk products; specifications should be provided concerning the
character of places where. milk may be handled or sold, with
specifications for general handling of milk and care of milk a

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN. 183

utensils; milk tickets should be either in the form of coupons
‘or should be of metal; healthy cows as shown by veterinary in-
‘spection; tuberculin test by veterinarian, or option of pasteuriza-
tion for a limited term of years; specifications for tuberculin test
should be provided, the veterinarian making test to furnish affi-
davit, including plain statement of just what he did personally
in connection with the test; careful provision should be made for
prompt reporting of illness among producers and handlers of
‘milk; specifications concerning bacteria count. In case of pas-
Be zation there should be provided, in positive terms, standards
‘covering the elements of time and temperature, cooling and
efficiency.

Cleanliness and ventilation of dairy stables is important, ii
for nothing else than the dissipation of pathogenic bacteria and
~ undesirable odors.

: I have tried to make this as concise and inclusive as Johnny’s
| ‘conjugation. Johnny was a little boy. His aunt was a very pre-
cise. schoolma’am. One day the aunt asked if Johnny was not
going to the party. ‘ No; I ain’t goin’.”—* Oh, my little dear,
“you must not say ‘I ain’t goin’.’ Now listen: I am not going;
you are not going; he is not going; we are not going; they are
‘not going. Now, can you say all that, Johnny? ”’—‘“ Sure I
"can. There ain’t nobody goin.’ ”

_ Our best authorities differ on many points concerning milk
+ and milk production. They disagree as to what the fat standard
‘should be. They have quarreled over the problem of as to
') whether carefully milk from the normal udder should be germ-
” free, and they differ as to the relation between bacteria count and
| ‘dirt. They have disagreed on very many points, but have not dis-
| P sreed on the fundamentals of: Health for cows producing and
~ people handling milk; the necessity for intelligent cleanliness;
avoidance of dust; prompt and persistent cooling; and the short-
est time from cow to consumer. If we keep in clear view a
‘ Rensiblé interpretation of these essentials, we shall not go far
_ wrong in laying out the foundation of a good milk ordinance.

184 M. H. REYNOLDS.

BovinE TUBERCULOSIS.

Bovine tuberculosis must now be taken as one of the most im- —
portant considerations in connection with any milk law or inspec- —
tion service. In order to get the view I wish to present, please ~
think of bovine tuberculosis in municipal work as merely a local —
phase of a national problem. In order that we may partially
appreciate this problem, let us try to realize that Minnesota ~
alone may have at present approximately 2,500,000 cattle, con- —

sisting of 1,092,000 milk cows and other cattle amounting to 7

1,408,000. We have to consider, in connection with these
2,500,000 cattle, about 146,000 barns in this one state, with the —
northern half of that state imperfectly developed and thinly 4
settled. q
Dr. Melvin reported * not long since records of 400,000 cattie —
as tested in the United States between 1893 and 1908. Of these —
400,000 cattle tested during fifteen years in forty-five states re-
ported, 9.25 per cent. reacted. This percentage of reactions is,
of course, higher than would be shown by a general test of all ©
the cattle in the country, were that possible, for the reason that —
the classes tested are not fairly representative in this respect of 4
the entire cattle. However, these figures may help us to see
more clearly the size and importance of the general problem.
Tuberculosis eradication is a very different problem from
that of pleuro-pneumonia, which cost only $1,500,000 and five ~
years’ work. The eradication of pleuro-pneumonia and both —
outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease are trifling in comparison——
mere child’s play—when compared with the difficulty and ex-_
pense involved in the eradication, or even rigid control of tuber-_
culosis, and yet it must be done. 4
It is a magnificent task, staggering in size and difficulties,
and yet it must be accomplished—and who dares say that bovine —
tuberculosis can not be reduced to a minimum and possibly eradi-
cated. It is one of the commonest experiences in history that
while wise men are proving the impossibility of a thing, some —

* Address Tuberculosis Congress, Washington, D. C., 1908.

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN. 185

fellow is doing the demonstrated impossibilty. While English
engineers were proving mathematically that it would be impos-
sible to ever build a smooth-wheeled engine that could draw a
practical load on smooth rails, Stephenson was doing that very
thing.

Bovine TUBERCULOSIS AND HuMAN HEALTH.

What can one say here and now in addition to what has been
said and published during recent years concerning the relation
between bovine tuberculosis and human health. Truly, it may
be that to some have been given the ears to hear and eyes to
see; but without the grace to understand.

There are hundreds of open pages, authoritative and reliable,
which have been freely before the public for years. The work
of several commissions and a large number of competent, private
investigators of tuberculosis gives an abundance of very satis-
factory information which we may accept as a very pillar of fire
to give us light—in the way wherein we should go.

May we not consider it as practically settled that bovine
tuberculosis cannot be ignored as having an unimportant rela-
tion to human health when it has been so abundantly demon-
strated that the human is susceptible to infection from the bovine
even though it has not been proved that such infections are
common.

MAKING A City ORDINANCE EFFECTIVE.

We all know how easy it is for a health officer to sit in his
office and report to the public that dairies and creameries and
dealers are now conforming to regulations and that everything
is lovely. The health commissioner of a certain large city not so
long since gave out for publication a statement which has been
very interesting to me. I have read it and re-read it. This
statement was given out just after a trip inspecting dairies sup-
plying the city’s milk. It has been hinted by presumably mean
persons that the dairymen had a tip in advance that the health
department was coming—by rail. This is the statement:

186 M. H. REYNOLDS.

“We were more than gratified by the vast improvement
shown since last year. ;

“On our journey we found nothing but gratitude for our
alleged severity. We-found that the milk is sent at once to
sealed tanks, thence is drawn into sealed cans, and then is ‘sent
to this city, where the great companies put the product into
sealed bottles and deliver them to customers, after which the
purity of the supply rested with the customer. :

“The farmers are now pleased with the rules, the dealers
are pleased, the railroads are happy, and the distributors know
that they are giving their customers milk just about as perfect as
a food product can be perfect.”

As a bit of humor this impresses me as something fine—
artistic. Consumers are such serious-minded people; their lives
doubtless need frequent splashes of humor as well as clean milk.

Such report is all very nice, but as the American boy ex-
presses it, “it isn’t getting there.” Such inspection tours do
not clean dairies or educate consumers. Copies of dairy rules
may be beautifully printed on nice linen and put into dairy barns,

but most of us who are personally acquainted with employers ;

and employees can easily realize that some of the employers and
most of the employees will read these rules and smile, unless
the rules are made effective by competent and frequent ag in-
spection and publicity.

I believe that the dairy score-card as it is now being de-
veloped can be made a very great help to the producer, to the
consumer, the wholesale dealer, the veterinary inspector, and
the health officer, when fairly used by real inspectors who know
dairying. It emphasizes details and helps to see details just as
the score-card in animal husbandry classrooms helps the student
to see a horse in detail. It shows the producer a stimulating —
contrast between actual and ideal. From the score-card as pub-
lished the consumer may have the benefit of something similar
to an actual visit of inspection and be able to patronize the dairy-
man who has the best rating. From honest score-cards, dealers

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN. 187

an get efficient information concerning the rating of dairies,
d the score-card should be a great help to inspectors by teach-
ing them to see details, actually listing the things to be looked
for and looked through.

‘ INSPECTION.
For smaller cities, close official supervision and veterinary
pepection is sufficient for good results, and a great improvement
nay be accomplished in this way by veterinary eapetien alone
the large city.
_ Ina recent issue of the Sanitary Bulletin published by the
Chicago Department of Health under Dr. Evans, a very inter-
sting report of inspection service for the first six months of
1909, as compared with the first six months of 1908, is given.

Datry FARM INSPECTIONS.

First six First six
months, months,

1909. 1908.
Number of dairy farms inspected........ a7BE Bk
ee gII 1,112
Jnsanitary on re-inspection............. 787 981
; excluded on account of unsanitary
RSEIS = vos 0s SE Ce Wy vet's + + sree « 238 242
F rm supplies excluded on account of con-
BURIIOUS GISCRSE ce ere te esses 87 50
Vells OONCMIII . .. . ak + aie sales 200 248
Milk houses unsanitary............. RS, 981 1,219

"Dairy inspection alone is of great value and may be sufficient

for small cities. It may accomplish great good for large cities
“as shown in the foregoing statement. However, it seems that
mething in addition is necessary for highly efficient service
i in large cities. It seems to me necessary to encourage and de-

188 M. H. REYNOLDS.

velop the laboratory end of the work to co-operate with the in-
spector. 4
If our laboratory men are not now able to give needed in-
formation concerning milk contamination, and confessedly they if
are not as yet, it is up to them to get busy and improve their |
technique, develop new methods and tests, until they can detect |
pus and manure and evidences of udder inflammation. The
dairymen who cannot show a plant and methods which can stand
good veterinary inspection at one end and deliver milk answer-
ing to reasonable laboratory requirements at the other end
should be barred from city markets regardless of conditions
which the veterinary inspector may find at the farm. I would
not in the least minimize the importance of the inspector’s work.
As already stated, I think it necessary, but would argue the
necessity of inspection at both ends, of milk as produced and
milk as delivered, the one to supplement and to check against
the other. .

A large proportion of big city milk comes from without the |
city and from long distances. Washington City milk comes
from about 1,000 dairy farms located in a number of counties.
and two states. Cream comes to Washington from Pennsyl-
vania and New York. A considerable part of Boston’s milk
comes from distances varying from 40 to 100 miles. New
York’s milk comes from 35,000 farms in five states and over
twelve different lines of transportation. Some of her cream
comes from Ohio, and milk at some seasons from Canada.

I do not know how veterinary inspection alone can be carried
out with high efficiency or controlled at such distant points, and
therefore believe it especially important to know what the milk
from such distances is at the time of delivery. The only possi-
bility of knowing this so far as the writer knows lies in the
laboratory, and until the laboratory man does improve his tech-
nique and methods, we will simply have to do the best we can
with what we have. 4

It is right and sensible to insist that dairy water should be
pure, but to know that only pure water is used at a distant dairy

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN. 189

is a difficult matter. The commissioner in his office may order
that milk-pails should not be rinsed with the water from water-
ing troughs or shallow wells receiving surface drainage, but who
is standing guard at the stable 50 or 100 miles away after the
inspector leaves? It is very true that most dairymen do not do
this and would justly resent any such imputations, but some
dairymen would and do, and these are they for whom we in-
spect. Police service is always for the few, and never for the
conscientious and reliable. It is the character and the proba-
bilities in connection with these few that we must most promi-
nently keep in mind.

The veterinarian does good and necessary work at one end
of the route, but he cannot stay on guard; he cannot follow milk
to the consumer, and there are opportunities for dangerous con-
taminations on the way. Much can milk is ruined in transit.
As a writer in Hoard’s Dairyman recently expressed it, “ the
average milk car is about the hottest place this side of h .%
Milk so shipped may be started from the farm cold, and heat
within two or three hours to 65 or 70 degrees.

I maintain, therefore, that we must know what milk is as it
is being delivered if we are to use normal milk, and that our
inspection service cannot reach needed efficiency without good
laboratory service so far as the large city is concerned.

Laboratory work is already helpful. May we not anticipate
that the laboratory man will soon be able to tell us whether milk
is from a badly inflamed udder or is contaminated with pus or
whether it contains more than a certain amount of high nitrogen
fertilizer?

DEMONSTRATION PLANT.

Dr. Golor, of Rochester, suggested some years ago the estab-
lishment of model demonstration dairy plants.at suitable places
of easy access, e. g., in connection with city parks. These were
to serve as object lessons for both producers and consumers and
for the direct practical purpose of supplying clean milk to those
who frequent the parks. At such a plant good dairy methods

190 M. H. REYNOLDS.

would be demonstrated. Why not have such plants in connec-
tion with the secondary agricultural colleges that are beginning
to spring up over the country, or at consolidated rural schools

(which seems to be the future rural school where local condi-

tions are suitable), and why not such a plant under municipal
or state management near each big city as a practical teaching
proposition and for the immediate benefit of poor people who
may be within reach. ay a

If a large city can reduce her mortality rate for children
under five years for a ten-year period ending 1896 as compared
with a ten-year period ending 1906, from 7,451 to 4,965, ap-
parently due in a very large measure to improvement in the milk —
supply, it becomes evident that reasonably vigorous and intelli-
gent enforcement of a good municipal ordinance may accom-
plish a great deal for the community.

PASTEURIZATION,

Any full discussion of pasteurization would be necessarily a :

a long discussion. I hope that this feature may have full dis- —
cussion by others on this program who may cover the medical
and technical features. I will only outline the picture as it ap-
pears to me. a

One set of authorities tell us that careful observations and —
comparisons and clinical experiences agree that heated milk is
just as digestible and even more so than raw milk and a safe
food. Others say that heated milk is bad, very bad; both au-
thorities can prove their contentions, and there you are.

I hope you appreciate the humor of such situations in scien- —
tific things. Both sides are quite able to prove their contentions. i
It reminds me of a certain philosopher’s classification of lies:
ranking them as “ lies, damned lies, and statistics.” i,

Clean and carefully handled raw milk is presumably better —
than pasteurized milk. No amount of pasteurization can make 4
filthy milk clean nor bad milk good. Neither can it undo unfortu-
nate changes that have already occurred, and yet-——. Bad milk —

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN. 191

is bad and pasteurization is objectionable, but moral philosophy
appears to show that there are different degrees of badness. The
man who visits many wholesale plants or visits a lafge number
of city dairies soon realizes that he is confronted by a serious
condition rather than a fanciful theory, and it is the serious con-
dition that must be dealt with first; the fanciful theory can
usually wait. In other words, there appears to be a choice be-
tween pasteurization under official supervision of a considerable
proportion of municipal milk—at least for the hot weather—an«l
a rapid and radical revolution in the city milk business.

The temperature question in pasteurization seems to be a
sort of Scylla and Charybdis problem, with the chief difficulty
that of steering between a Charybdis which would destroy the
milk enzymes and rob of mineral matter by overheat, and a
Seylla which would spare objectionable bacteria by underheating.

And we must bear this point in mind emphasized by Theo-
bald Smith, that the hardest inspection problem in the present
situation is the transmission of specific human disease germs
through common market milk, and that this cannot be entirely
controlled by any ordinary cleanliness at the dairy. Pasteuriza-
tion takes care of this difficulty. If milk-borne epidemics of
typhoid, scarlet fever and other diseases cannot be better pre-
vented in the future than in the past, then pasteurization under
city supervision of a large part of our municipal milk may be-
come necessary.

Rosenau summarizes “ Theoretically, pasteurization should
not be necessary (he might have added “ and is objectionable ”’) ;
practically, we find it forced upon us.”

THE PRODUCER.

The producer is a big factor in this equation which might de
stated as: an intelligent and conscientious producer plus an ap-
‘preciative and intelligent consumer plus well-trained veterinarian
equals good milk. These are all essential constituents of good
milk.

192 M. H. REYNOLDS.

We veterinarians and physicians have our quarrel not with
milk or any legitimate dairy products, but with dirt and disease.
We are working for abundance of good milk at fair prices. Our
contention is made in order that children may have the benefit
of a greater blessing and that the producer may receive just
reward for investment and labor. Healthy cattle are absolutely
essential to the production of safe milk, and the veterinarian is
the man to help at this point. He represents the health office
and stands for the consumer. :

The veterinarian’s normal relation to the producer is that of
advisor and helper. The veterinary inspector must know dairy
work, its methods, needs, and difficulties, and he must be good-
natured and tactful in order that he may be efficient and helpful.

Dairymen and dairy papers are demanding more intelligent
inspection and are laughing at ridiculous mistakes of inspectors
who know nothing of practical dairying. These have not been
veterinarian inspectors as a rule but petty ward politicians. Let
veterinary be careful that they are fitted for the work they
may undertake. A profession cannot afford to have its members
put into the dunce’s class. It costs us too much.

WHAT THE PRODUCER IS ENTITLED To.

Comparing milk with other foods at market prices, it is very

evident that milk is a very economical food. Milk at six cents

per quart gives a fuel value of 1,080 calories (heat units) for
ten cents. Meat foods, beef, for example, at 15 cents per pound
gives only 735 calories for ten cents. Milk at past prices has
been a cheap food as compared with other staple articles, for
ten cents worth of milk at six cents contains as much protein and
fat and more fuel value than ten cents worth of medium priced
meat at about fifteen cents per pound.

Take milk at eight cents per quart and rib roast at twenty
cents per pound; at these prices ten cents worth of milk is equiva-
lent to 19.1 cents worth of beef. The consumer ought to use
more milk if he can get good milk and could with economy pay
more than he has been paying for it.

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN. 193

Cost oF PRODUCTION.

Cost of producing milk has increased very rapidly during the
past few years. The Year Book, Department of Agriculture,
ives the following figures for the United States:

1895-1900. 1903-1908.
Average Average Percent.
Dec. 1st. Dec. Ist. increase.

Per bushel, corn............ 28. 5c. 47 .5¢. 66.6
mer bushel, barley.......... 38.5¢. 48.7¢. 26.
mer bushel, oats............ 23.2¢. 36.7¢. 58.
MMU PAV. . occ sec dees $7.06 $9.65 30.6
Average increase .......... ewe eos 46.8

Bran sold* F. O. B., Minneapolis, on September 1, each
year: 1902, $11.50; 1904, $15; 1908, $18.25, an increase of
59 per cent. in six years. :
. Cost of farm labor for Minnesota increased 23.2 per cent.
from 1904-1909. ‘The increased cost of farm labor for the
ntire country is estimated as not less than 25 per cent. since
goo (Cooper).

Original farm-record work done in Minnesota by the experi-
nent station in connection with the Federal Department of Agri-
ulture shows the following for the cost and profit of producing
‘milk in a good dairy section in Minnesota. Those who wish the
tails itemized: grain, pasture, labor, depreciation, interest, etc.,
ill-find this data in Bulletin 73, Federal Bureau of Statistics.
t Northfield the locality from which this data was secured,
' hips about 700 gallons of milk daily to the Twin Cities. The
“average number of cows per farm studied is 16.4. No taxes
were charged in the items of cost for technical statistical reasons.
| The figures average for 260 dairy cows, most of them high-

grade Holsteins and in a good dairy section.

4

*w. G. Crocker, of Washburn-Crosby Co., Seventh Annual Millers’ Convention, Chi-
ago, 1909.

194 ; M. H. REYNOLDS.

The average total cost of keeping these cows a year
$56.91. The average annual production was 5,587 pounds; and
actual cost of milk production $1.02 per hundred, or 2.19 cents
per quart. The farmers received for the year from 2 to about
314 cents a quart. We will be generous and put the average at ut
3 cents a quart. The total gross returns per cow on this basis 7
was $84.37; net per cow per year, $27.46, or $442 4 herd for a
year’s hard work. In Wisconsin * milk from a 5,000- -pound
cow costs nearly 4 cents per quart to produce ; it costs about ©
2.5 cents per quart to produce milk from a 6,000-pound cow.
Profitable Wisconsin cows must produce 7,000 pounds or over
per year, according to Hoard’s Dairyman, a good authority. ;

A recent bulletin + presents a study of the cost of producing
milk and the dairyman’s returns for Connecticut. I have selecte d
three herds presenting two general types of dairies as to quality
of cow and intelligence of management. ze

Herds Nos. 1 and 2 must be regarded as somewhat excep.
tional. Herd No. 1 is selected as a sample of an extra good here rd
well managed. Thirty-six cows averaged over 7,560 pounds o:
milk for the year with an average butter fat of 4.4 per ce nt. |
The average for the state is given at about 4,000 pounds per
cow per year. The cost of feed alone, per cow per year, wa
$74.80, at market prices, and yet these choice cows netted ‘sa 9)
each. I should have said netted only $32.98, for a herd of thi
quality, managed as well as this herd must have been, sho al
have netted under fairer relative prices of cost and sale consi¢
erably more than this amount. a

Herd No. 2 is selected as a fair type of a good herd. It ¢
sisted of 27 cows and averaged nearly 6,400 pounds per ¢
with a very high better fat, 5.4 per cent. This man’s cost 0
feed, market price, was $70.43 per cow, and this high-g Z
herd netted anly $15.24 per cow per year, or say $411 for th
herd of 27 cows working a whole year. In addition to thes
éarnings a small profit was probably made from foods raised 0
the farm. :

My
|

8)
a
()

* Hoard’s Dairyman, (August 6, 1909.
4 Conn, Exp. Sta, Bul, 57, May, 1909.

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN. 195

It is an obvious suggestion that as a matter of fact it is profit
1nade on crops raised on the farm and sold at cost instead
of at market prices, that keeps many a dairyman from failure.
The average grade of cows and the average price of milk in
many places is too low to show a balance in favor of his cow
when she is charged with her feed at market prices. This ap-
pears to be the solution of what seems a mystery—how so many
dairymen can continue business, raise and educate families, and
apparently make some money.

Herd No. 3 represents the inferior herd—all too common.
This herd of 29 cows, followed carefully for a period of nine
months, averaged at the rate of 3,490 pounds per cow per year
and lost the owner $18.60 per cow during the nine months 9f
observation, or at the rate of $24.80 per cow per year. Without
some radical change in cows or methods or prices this dairyman
stood to spend about 720 good dollars for the fun of running a
dairy. This isn’t so bad either. I know of a famous western
farmer whose superintendent was very proud when his books
balanced within $40,000 at the end of a good farm year.

A cow census reported for a certain dairy district in Wis-
consin (see Hoard’s Dairyman for March 5, 1909) gives figures
for 50 herds including 533 cows, supplying a local creamery.
The cost of feed per cow per year was $28.76. The average
profit per cow per year was $9.16. Nine of the 50 herds showed
actual loss for the year; 13 herds showed profit of less than $10
per cow per year; 8 of the 50 herds paid a profit of $20 or over;
t herd, of 16 cows, paid a profit of $37.72 per cow per year.
It is much easier to show a good profit in milk production with
ordinary herds and in different management when one does not

» count such inconvenient items as taxes, investment, depreciation,
| and insurance.

a I would not for a moment be taken as arguing that the dairy.
| business is unprofitable. High quality herds, and high-grade

management under good market conditions, can certainly be

| made to pay a good profit and are being made to do so. - But

196 M. H. REYNOLDS.

we have to deal with general averages in this world and cannot
base estimates or comparisons on the unusual.

The fact remains as suggested in a recent issue of Hoard’s
Dairyman (August.6, 1909), that a serious proportion of milk
producers are not making money from cows and that the present
situation is demanding better cows and greater intelligence than
ever before. Bill Nye’s plush raspberry cow will not do in these
days. It is said that Bill Nye once advertised his family cow
for sale, stating that: ‘‘ Owing to ill health I will sell one plush
raspberry cow which has undaunted courage and gives milk
frequently. I will also throw in a double-barrel shotgun which
goes with her. In May she generally goes away for a week or
two and returns with a tall red calf with wobbly legs.”

There have been too many such cows in service and too many
dairymen like Mr. Nye.

Greater intelligence, better executive ability and better equip-
ment must always call for greater returns. Efficient brains are
not found on bargain counters, and when we count investments,
feed, insurance, depreciation, taxes, interest, and brains it seems
clearly evident that the average cost of producing average mill
is such as to almost preclude the possibility of clean city milk
of good quality at past prices; that the competent producer is
entitled to better prices, and that on the basis of food value the
consumer can afford to pay better prices.

The consumer is entitled to a hearing at this point. He
ought to pay a fair profit on a reasonably good herd under rea-
sonably good management; but the consumer should not be com-
pelled to pay profit on poor herds poorly managed. He ought
not to be asked to pay any profit at all; for instance, on the Con-
necticut herd No. 3.

WHAT THE PRODUCER OwEs.

The producer owes some things to the consumer. He owes
more intelligent management than he has been giving. We have
about 600,000 city dairy and creamery cows in Minnesota of

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN. 197

which about one-fourth are kept at a loss, so a Minnesota dairy
authority tells me; one-fourth barely pay actual expenses, leav-
ing no profit; and another fourth pay a good profit. The sup-
port of the dairy industry depends chiefly upon this last fourth,
and the consumer of Minnesota dairy products is asked to sup-
port 150,000 deadheads. This is in general true of other lo-
calities and of other states. There is an opportunity here for
the milkman to contribute a very important share towards solv-
ing the problem of clean milk at reasonable prices. His oppor-
tunity and what he owes is to be a better business man and a
better dairyman.

The producer owes other things. He owes intelligence, and
conscience, and fair treatment for his patrons. Only a few days
since I saw a barefoot boy holding the team while the dairyman
was delivering milk. On the outside this dairy wagon was beau-
tifully painted in white and gold and blue lettering advertising
pure milk and cream; on the inside the boy was seated at ease
with his dirty bare feet resting upon an open crate of paper-
capped milk bottles. This occurred near by own home, and it
is needless to say that we are not patronizing that dairyman.

Very recently four men were seen operating a first-class
aerator in a feeding alley. A fifth man was feeding dusty hay
up and down the alley to 52 cows, while the milk was spread out
in a very thin sheet aerating, apparently so as to take up as mucl:
of the dust as possible.

The writer’s cousin was once staying over night with a neigh-
boring farm boy whom we will call Charlie Ford. In the morn-
ing Charlie went out to do his share of milking and my cousin
noticed him holding an old-style open-top milk pail steady on the
floor with his dirty, bare feet resting on the top of the pail. Once
in a while, and sometimes twice, a stream of milk would miss
the pail and hit the feet and drain into the milk pail. When my
cousin remonstrated, Charlie remarked, “Oh! that is all right.
We sell this milk.”

The producer plainly owes to the consumer the prevention of
just such carelessness on the part of his employees.

198 M. H. REYNOLDS.

THE CONSUMER.

The veterinarian’s relation to the consumer opens up a big
question. He is responsible to the state and civilization in gen-
eral for wise use of his talents and training. He is responsible
as guardian of the consumer’s animal foodstuffs, and as protector
of the world’s live-stock interest, the source of supply for those
foodstuffs—a rather serious responsibility. And as to the con-
sumer’s importance to the state, why, the consumer is the state.
“Public health is national wealth.”

The chief consumer of milk is the child. The wealthy child
can have good milk, but what of poor children. Paul Ford says
in Peter Sterling that “ The future of this country depends on
its poor children; that in order to make good citizens, they must
be saved from ill health and ignorance and vice, and that the
first essentials are good food and good air. A little analysis
shows that Paul Ford intended to tell us that the child’s food
determines to an important extent its grade of future citizen-
ship, and that the future safety of the nation and, for that matter,
of all civilization, depends upon grade of citizenship.”

While considering the consumer we must not look solely at
the city home and lose sight of country homes, for country boys
and girls are just as important—probably more important to our
civilization than city boys and girls. We must have an eye on
the farm dairy and the family cow, and we must not forget the
smaller creameries all through the country. Dirty milk is dirty
milk anywhere and bad milk is dangerous anywhere and healthy
children are vitally important everywhere,

Tue Root or THE PROBLEM.

The real difficulty, the fundamental fault, lies with the con-
sumer, and this fundamental fault is lack of appreciation—lack
of realization, Indifference is not the right word. People are
not indifferent; they lack realization. People are not indifferent
to their own health and the health of their children. The trouble
is that they don’t realize. The fact that people are not actually

ee

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN, 199

indifferent and deliberately careless is frequently shown. What
would people do, for instance, if they realized that smallpox was
in every can or even every tenth can of milk—these same people
who appear indifferent on the question of bad milk?

Succssful veterinary inspection at one end and efficient lab-
oratory work at the other may result in the production and de-
livery of good milk. The efficient city health officer may put
good milk at the door of the consumer, but so long as his failure
to realize is continued, results must be indifferent and progress
slow. Standing in open cans, pouring milk from vessel to vessel,
permitting the access of flies, standing longer than necessary out
of the refrigerator, unclean containers, these are the faults of
the consumer, and part of what he owes is the correction of these
faults.

The producer, the dealer, and the veterinarian have accom-

plished all that can be asked of them when clean, cold, normal

milk has been promptly delivered to the consumer.

I must quote again from an address by President Nichols of
the Ohio State Dairymen’s Association:

“ Commercial milk was not intended by our Creator. He
did not intend milk to be handled in rusty cans and dirty pails.
* %* ¥* Had our Creator intended milk to have been bought
and sold, He would have endowed some of our producers with
more intelligence and integrity, and would have arranged for
some plague to remove at least one-half of our milk dealers. He
also overlooked the fact that the consumer should have had a
little knowledge of the delicate texture of the milk. * * *
It is hard to make the consumer understand that you cannot
associate warm milk and turnips in the same ice-box without
making them both into turnips.”

THE VETERINARIAN.

It may be assumed that dairy inspection should be done by
the veterinarian on account of special training in diseases of ani-
mals and familiarity with live-stock conditions and dairy practice.

200 M. H. REYNOLDS.

The veterinary profession within a few years and especially in
connection with this work has been brought out into a large
place, and he must make good. Over a thousand millions were
invested in cattle alone by the United States in 1890. In fact
$1,400,000,000 were thus invested in cattle alone nearly ten
years ago. This vast interest is threatened on every side by
diseases and loss, and we veterinarians must stand as protector
between infectious diseases of animals and public.interests. Some
diseases of animals are communicable to man. His animal foods
are constantly subject to dangerous contamination, and so the
veterinarian stands also as a guardian of human health.

About one-half of the deaths in children under two years of
age are due to digestive diseases, chiefly infantile diarrhoea.
The feeding was carefully studied in a certain series of 54,047
deaths among infants. Of these, 86.6 per cent. had used arti-
ficial food, and cow’s milk is the standard artificial food, and
yet milk, as milk, is not in the least to blame. Neither is the
producer wholly at fault. There are others. Before we find
too much fault with our partners, it might be well to be sure
that we veterinarians are taking care of our own responsibility.
Suppose now that we face squarely that responsibility :

THE VETERINARIAN’S TASK.

Failure to realize seems to me a logical explanation of the
consumer’s apparent lack of interest and the root of his refusal
to pay fair prices for good milk. Here is the trouble and here
is part of our task—overcoming this lack of appreciation and
developing an active and intelligent interest. The remedy for
the real trouble is real education, interest and information for
the consumer. The consumer is from Missouri and we must
show him; we must help to make him realize it that he must
pay for what he gets. We must make him know that there are
dairies and dairies and help him to want good milk from clean
dairies.

Within a very few years Minneapolis lost an ideal milk plant
because Minneapolis people would not pay a few cents more for

a
=a

a ee <

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN. 201

good milk. It is of no use to coax producers to establish certified.
milk plants until we get folks ready to patronize them.
We must have public support.

PusLic SUPPORT.

In all sanitary cntrol work it is necessary to distinguish be-
tween what is merely unzsthetical and what is actually insani-
tary. Frequently they are two very different conditions, as was
clearly brought out in our packing-house investigation of a few
years ago. Even milk may be unattractive or repulsive and yet
not seriously unwholesome. It may be white and nice looking
and dangerous to the last degree. The function of the health
department and the veterinary inspector is with questions of sani-
tation, not zsthetics. It is our serious duty to be very sure of
the wolf, and not cry “ wolf! wolf!” when it is only a stray
sheep seen by dim light. False alarms can accomplish no per-
manent good.

The people we are to reach must have faith in us, and we
need to realize more and more clearly that rank and recognition
and public confidence depend on individual members of our pro-
fession. If we are to do this work and really accomplish our
task we must command public respect and confidence, and we
are to remember all the time that “ Science is most noble when
most useful.”

THE PHYSICIAN,

The task of the physician is the same as ours in many points.
We have the same general problem of conserving human health
and saving human life and promoting general prosperity. We
have to face the same lack of appreciation among the same
people, and we have the same inefficiency in public service to
take account of.

The writer has recently had opportunity to study * carefully
tabulated records of 179 milk-borne typhoid epidemics, 51 out-

*Milk and its Relation to Public Health, Bulletin 41. Public Health and Marine Hospi-

tal Service, United States

202 M. H. REYNOLDS.

breaks of scarlet fever, 23 outbreaks of diphtheria, given in ail
necessary detail. These present a disgusting story of typhoid
milkers’ careless disposal of typhoid dejecta; of washing cans
with filthy water and other similar facts reported over and over
again in a long series. Such study fairly makes one rub his
eyes and wonder if we have not been suddenly transported back-
ward with Mark Twain’s Connecticut Yankee to the mythical
times of King Arthur. You may recall Mark’s descriptions of
the dungeons.

Here in this milk-borne infectious disease work is where the
necessary co-operation of the physician comes in again. To-
gether we must reach and teach concerning the ease and danger
of contaminating milk and milk vessels by germs of infectious
diseases.

CONCLUSION.

Contamination of human food is an old, old question. Truly
the poor wise man has cried in the street, but his wisdom was
despised and his words were not heard. The cry “ There is
death in the pot ” was raised long ago, and progress seems slow.
May we not hope that some modern prophet may soon be able to
throw in the saving meal of intelligent public interest and thus
remove the poison?

Perhaps this sanitation movement has not been so slow either
as the world of human society moves. Why it has been but a
few years relatively since the executioner of Copenhagen was
issued a license to set human bones and treat wounds. It has
been less than a century since the sturdy hangman, Erick Peter-
son, served as a surgeon in the war with Sweden and retired
with the rank of surgeon-major—at about the close of our own
war of 1812.

Progress seems slow, but a movement is slow only by com-
parison and possibly we have been at fault in our comparison.
It may be that great sanitary reforms are like Mark Twain’s
famous jumping frog of Calaveras County—too much weight
for rapid movement.

MILK, THE PRODUCER, THE CONSUMER, AND THE VETERINARIAN,. 203

If we would hasten progress, somehow or other people must
be made to realize that there is a vast difference between good
milk and bad milk, and they must become willing to pay for
quality and cleanliness. It does take executive ability and agri-
cultural knowledge to produce a clean, wholesome milk, and
while there is nothing strikingly expensive about the production
of reasonably clean milk, it costs more than poor milk and the
consumer must pay that additional cost.

é A prominent physician has given a solution—so far as pro-
_ duction and transportation are concerned—for the pure milk
problem: “ Milk to be drawn from perfectly healthy cows kept
in sanitary quarters, milked by clean and healthy persons into
a sterile container, quickly cooled, transported, and delivered to
the consumer in sealed packages.’’ Note that most of these
items, five out of seven, have to do with conditions at the stable
_ and with cows. The cow as milked, the milker, the stables, uten-
_sils, and cooling milk on the farm.

| Did you notice my exception: “ Solved so far as production
and transportation are concerned”? The problem is not solved
until we modify his last condition by inserting the word “ under-
standing” just before the word “consumer,” making the last
clause read “and delivered to realizing consumer. These are
the specific, practical things for which the producer, the con-
sumer, the veterinary profession, and the medical profession
_ must work, and there can be no great success with either horse
pulling on slack traces.

Let us learn how to work and wait—to work while we wait.
| “ He that will have a cake out of the wheat must tarry the
- grinding.” —

| THe Horse Wit Stay.—There’s room for both the auto-
mobile and the horse, and although if the horse is skittish the
automobile may crowd him into the ditch, it isn’t likely to crowd
him to the wall. The old family nag will long maintain his
- supremacy in his own field. The human love for horse flesh
can’t be narcotized by mere machinery.—The Hartford Times.

ee S- S a eon
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La eR. EROS
ae a

THE RELATION OF THE AGRICULTURIST AND
DAIRYMAN TO MILK HYGIENE.*

ApprRESss BY Ex-GovERNoR Hoarp, Fr. ATKINSON, WIs.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I do not see where I

have got any foothold after hearing this question so exhaustively

discussed by Drs. Evans and Reynolds. I think you might justly
drop any further discussion because they have esentially stated
the facts. Milk is an animal food, and that makes me think of
a story. Clark Howell, of Atlanta, told me this little darkey
story, and I do not know but what it illustrates very well the
utter lack of appreciation that consumers often have. An old
darkey was taken very ill. The doctors couldn’t fathom the dis-
ease. Finally one said to him, “I want you to do just what I
tell you.” “ All right,” said the darkey. ‘I want you to live on
nothing but animal food for five days. If you will do that, then
I will undertake to prescribe for you.” The old darkey said he
would obey the doctor’s instructions, but the doctor was evidently
suspicious. So he called up his old wife and he says to her,

“ Auntie, you see that the old man has nothing but animal food

for five days.” ‘ All right, doctor.” He went away and came
back in five days. The old darkey was a sight to behold. The
doctor was shocked, and he says to him, “ Why, what’s the mat-
ter?” The old darkey says, “I don’t know, sir. I don’t know.
’Pears like I was passing away.” ‘‘ Well, I should think as much.
Why, you are looking awful. Have you done what I told you?”
“Yes, sir.” “ Did you eat nothing but animal food?” “ Yes,
sir. I done eat nothing but animal food. I got along first rate
with the corn, but the hay most killed me.” (Laughter.) That
is about as accurate a comprehension of milk as an animal food

* An extemporancous supplement to the papers presented by Drs, Evans and Reynolds at
the joint session of the A, V. M. A. and C, M, §&., evening of September 8, 1909,

204

’
RELATION OF AGRICULTURIST AND DAIRYMAN TO MILK HYGIENE, 205

_ as that which a large proportion of consumers have. My son is
_ the proprietor of a number of creameries, called Hoard’s Cream-
' eries. They supply about three thousand families in Chicago,
and about five or six thousand in Pittsburg, St. Louis, and some
_ other places, where the deliveries of butter and other products are
made at the door of the consumer. Now the utmost pains are
_ taken in the manufacture of the butter, but the consumers, in a
_ large number of instances, have an utter lack of comprehension
_ of how to handle decent butter. Good butter. So, our distribut-
ing factories had to undertake a course of education with the
housewives represented in that large interest, amounting to about
two million pounds of butter a year. And it is a good deal so
with the milk question. Now I am not going to enter into any
philosophical dissertation on this question. I am a breeder of reg-
istered Guernsey cattle. I run a farm and own a herd of these
cows, about forty in number, representing a large value, breeding
' value, besides a milk value. I have to handle the question with
' the widest comprehension possible concerning what is the truth
' forme. I am also supplying about two hundred consumers in the
- little city of Fort Atkinson where I live. I will give you a little
illustration of how I commenced to supply them. I have three
' sons, and their families, a grand-daughter and her family, and I
' was simply trying to supply the Hoard family without any con-
| sideration for anybody else. One day a doctor had a little in-
fant baby, a patient, that was evidently going into a state of actual
| The little thing would take no milk of any kind.
hey were trying to feed her out of a teacup, but she refused
‘the food and was actually going down from lack of nourishment.
‘It was a little eight months’ old baby. The doctor was frantic
. Over it, and, in his solicitation for her, said to me one day, “ Won’t
' you let me try your milk?” “ Well,” I said, “I do not think it
is any better, maybe, than any other milk, though I have taken
"very much pains with its production,” for I had babies of my
own that I was responsible for. They took that milk and have
| done well on it. However, I gave him a bottle of the milk and

e took it and gave her a spoonful of it so she should not get too

s
206 EX-GOVERNOR HOARD.

much down at a time. Her little face commenced to lighten up
all at once. She looked up appealingly for more, and then they |
commenced to give it to her, and they gave her less than half a |
cupful. The beads of perspiration started out and the doctor said, —
“Thank God, the crisis is past.”’ It was almost a dramatic mo- ©
ment with the parents of that little child. I never have been able
to satisfy myself what there was in that milk that that baby |
sought for. I ran across a very learned book’ written by a Hun- ©
garian physician, entitled “ The Influence of the Nerves of Taste —
Upon Digestion,’ one of the most profound books I have ever
seen or read. I found there a very good solution of this question. —
The milk was good in flavor, and flavor was one of the great ©
essentials of good digestion for infants’ milk. The milk of the
Guernsey is a well-flavored milk. I do not know as it is any
more so than others, but these cows were kept carefully. They
were cleaned, automatically cleaned. The stable, the floor, the 4
stall, everything about them was kept in a scrupulously clean
condition. The stalls were constructed so that they forced every
cow to be clean. It is almost impossible for her to be stained
even. What a sight it is sometimes in a stable to see a cow all @
stained with filth. My cows, if you look at them in the spriag, @

even though they were not groomed, will not show any such sight — |

as that. Their flanks are as clean as though they had been
washed. The second thing is the thorough ventilation of the
stable, which is 142 feet long, and contains over fifty animals.
That stable is so arranged that the air changes there very hour.
I have the King system of ventilation. I got Professor King
down there. I sent for him and I told him, “I want this thing
from you at first hand. I want this stable right, because I have
a selfish interest in it. As a breeder I cannot afford to keep dis-
eased animals. As a breeder I cannot afford to sell diseased
animals. Asa producer I cannot afford to sell product from dis-
eased animals.” Now, my friends, the proposition with me is
very simple, so simple that men stumble over it. Do you remem-
ber ever seeing that little picture of the old German whistling’
for his dog. The old fellow, you remember, had a very large

RELATION OF AGRICULTURIST AND DAIRYMAN TO MILK HYGIENE. 207

stomach on him. And the dog was down here at his feet, and yet
_ the old German was constantly whistling, “‘ Where is that dog?
_ Where is that dog?” There is a whole lot of truth in these simple
things sometimes. Now the difficulty with the production of
milk, sanitary milk, edible milk, if I may use that term, milk that
can be safely taken, and the knowledge concerning it, is not the
number of bacteria per c. c. that we find in the milk. The diffi-
culty lies back of this proposition. You know when I contem-
plate this proposition from the standpoint of the veterinarian,
_and I simply think that sometimes I try to do so, but when I con-
template it from the standpoint of the farmer, and when I con-
_ template it from the standpoint of the consumer, I conclude that
_ the prayer that Christ uttered on the cross, “ Father, forgive them,
_ for they know not what they do,” is very applicable in this case.
And it is true. Now to simplify the proposition. In the first
place, about twelve years ago I determined that I would have a
_ herd of cows free from tuberculosis. I have been having a con-
“ troversy with my friend, Dr. Smead, of New York. I do not
i know exactly how we are coming out. I do not know
| whether the doctor does or not. I would feel a little bet-
_ ter about it if I thought I did. The doctor says that the system
that I pursue, or rather he characterizes the system I pur-
sue, as narrow and illiberal. But my observation of the disease
_ is this; that it is the most narrow and illiberal thing in God’s
world. You cannot help yourself, limitations are such. Well, I
commenced twelve years ago, about the first, I think, in my sec-
tion to test my cattle with tuberculin. I heard that the tuberculin
test was not reliable. I heard that it was not accurate. I heard
_all sorts of things. I concluded that I knew of other diagnostic
) agents, but that I knew of none as reliable, as searching, and as
efficient as tuberculin, and I committed myself to it. I killed
seven very valuable animals. I could not say whether I might
not have kept them or not, but I proceeded to give a most thor-
ough overhauling and a most thorough disinfection. I used
whitewash liberally. I went after the proposition in the most ef-
fective and thorough way I could. I have been at it from that day

Spec ee ee -

208 EX-GOVERNOR HOARD.

to this. When I first started it took me three years to clean up |
the herd. From that day to this I have had a herd in which —
there has not been a single reaction, and it has been tested every —
year. Several members of that herd have died from various |
causes, but there has not been a case of tuberculosis in it. Not ©
a trace of tuberculosis among those animals. (Applause.) It ~
has been a very simple proposition with me, so simple that I do |
not wonder there are times when some stumble over it. But I
know of one great reason. One is the selfishness of men. Men —
are selfish. Born so, and unwisely so, too. Many a man will
confine the proposition of testing his cattle and trying to clean ~
out the disease and do it with an hypocrisy that is almost sublime. —
I know of no instance which better illustrates what I mean than
the case of the old German up in my county whose wife died. In —
three days he married another. The boys gathered around his —
home and gave him a serenade. They hooted and sang until _
. there was no sleep for a mile around. Finally, the old man came
out upon the doorstep and he says, “ Boys, boys, why don’t you be —
ashamed on yourselves to make such a noise around this house —
when there been a funeral here only three days ago?” And it —
broke up the mob. The boys, come to think of it, thought that ©
it was a pretty raw proposition. It broke up the mob and they |
left. .

Now I happen to be the editor of the paper which was al-—
luded to this evening, The Hoard Dairyman. In that I have be- |
lieved that I ought to put emphasis upon the truth wherever I
found it; wherever the truth lay, as I understood it, and so I have 5 |
advocated that it was the duty of every dairy farmer in the coun-—
try to set to work at once from the standpoint of his own interest, |
as a cattleman, to eradicate tuberculosis from his herd. Now the -
initiative ought to take place with the farmer himself. He ought
to be enlightened, but when it comes to the question of a law —
what can you do in legislation? That is another thing. It often”
happens that prejudice takes the place of intelligent conviction in ©
the minds of some legislators, and the result of it is that farmers,
as a rule, dairy farmers, cannot face the proposition courageously

RELATION OF AGRICULTURIST AND DAIRYMAN TO MILK HYGIENE. 209

and get rid of it. I want to say to you gentlemen that a little inci-
_ dent that happened to me when I was a boy twelve years of age
__ has helped me very much indeed. I had an old grandfather, a
good old Yankee, who did not lack courage. One day I saw him
in a tremendous fight with a bull in the barnyard. He was fight-
ing for his life with a pitchfork in his hand. The bull would
charge, and the old man would dodge and plunge the fork into
the flank of the bull. 1 was about to get over into the yard to help
him. I was frantic. I feared that the old man would be killed,
but he called to me, “ Keep back, my son, keep back.” And that
fight went on until finally the bull was being punished so that he
began to wilt, and he finally laid down on the ground and died.
I clambered over the fence. I felt that I had a profound admira-
tion for that game old man. I said, ‘‘ Grandfather, you are the
bravest man I ever saw.” The old man’s face flushed as he
caught this compliment from his grandson, and he says, “ My son,
I want to give you this little bit of advice. All through your
life take counsel of your courage and never of your cowardice,
for when you counsel with your courage you will face your dan-
ger, and if there is any show for you, you can see it, but if you
counsel with your cowardice, your back will be turned to it, and
God knows what will happen.” So with this proposition, we
need to instill into the farmers of this country the idea of coun-
selling with their courage. If we can get them to counsel with
their courage rather than their cowardice, they will soon realize
that it is better for them to do what they can to exterminate the
disease. I am not in favor of radical legislation on this question.
I believe we should go no further with legislation than the gen-
_ eral sentiment of the people will support, because the sense of the
_ governed is the essence of law, but I do think, gentlemen of the
_ veterinary profession, and everyone else within the sound of my
| voice, I do think that we approach the solution of this question,
| especially some phases of it, with too much timidity. It is time
| to speak out. It is time that the veterinarians of this country
| spoke out in no uncertain tone. If they do, much can be accom-
plished toward the solution of this question. (Applause. )

210 EX-GOVERNOR HOARD.

Now then I want to add a few words with regard to what the
consumer must do. In the first place, the consumer must have an
instinct of cleanliness, instinctive cleanliness. I do not have very —
much confidence in-a man who is doctrinally clean, who is educa-
tionally clean. I would not marry a women that had been made —
clean, but I would marry one, if I wanted one, and I did marry —
one, and one of the great inducements which led me to.do so was ~

the fact that she was instinctively a neat clean girl, and from that —

day to this I think my health and the health of our children has _
been largely augmented and may be preserved by that powerful

instinct of cleanliness which she possesses. It is what some of the —
old Yankee women used to call “ poison neat.’’ Now that is what —

we want to inculcate among the farmers of this country. In- —

stinctive cleanliness among the thousands of farmers that are —
making and selling milk, butter and other dairy products. One —
of the first things we need is ventilation. Furthermore, we need q
to prodice a race of veterinary doctors who will do what they can
to spread the idea of the ventilation of stables on the King sys- —
tem, for that is the only perfect system I know of. The only one ©
that operates thoroughly and practically.

Then another thing we need: we need to be extremely careful

with regard to the disposition of the manure of our cattle, and ~

we want to advocate it every time we go out among the farmers, —
and it is the only safe thing for you to say, and it is the only
practical thing for you to do, and that is, to get rid of the manure ©
from your stables every day. Get it out and put it on the land. —
Clean up your barnyards and clean up your stables. If we can ©
get the farmers to do that it will go far towards the establish-
ment of a high sanitary condition for the production of milk. —
The care of the stable is a very important point. I use land plas- —
ter. Land plaster is constantly used to take up the moisture and |
to keep the interior sweet and clean. I have used land plaster —
for many years. I want that because of its value to me on my ~
land. I want to retain all the nitrogenous qualities of my manure —

and put it back upon the land, and I want it in my stable be- 9
cause it helps to sweeten the stable. Then I use also a certain |

RELATION OF AGRICULTURBIST AND DAIRYMAN TO MILK HYGIENE. 211

_ amount of phosphate rock. In all these things in my farming |
am looking out for the condition of my soil as well as the condi-
tion of the stable itself. Now you take that row of cows in that
" stable and look them over, and you will see a number of things in-
| dicative of good high condition. You step into that stable after
the barn has been shut up for twelve hours, from six o’clock at
_ night until six o’clock in the morning, and the air is pure. It is
good. It is sweet. Many of you men have stepped into stables
_ where it has been almost impossible for you to take a smell of the
' air inside. Now don’t you think those cows are in a different
condition from what they would be in an ordinary stable? Of
_ course they are. Pure air is always healthful. Every one of
- you that have ever had a country practice know that when you
have stepped into some cow stables, when you have opened the
door, it has nearly knocked you down. Now that indicates a
_ condition of affairs that we need to correct. It is productive of
_ tuberculosis, of disease. It does not show that the farmer under-
_ stands his business. It shows, on the contrary, that he needs to
_.be educated. The veterinarians of this country, better perhaps
_ than most other men, are in a position to help correct that evil.
Then another thing, a man should be a good feeder, should
_ feed his cows wholesome food, and he should nourish his cows
well. For I want to say to you that well-nourished cattle have a
" resisting power of disease which it is very desirable to give them.
Do you realize that we ask of the cow to bear the most serious
_ burden of any domestic animal? We ask her to produce a profit-
_ able amount of milk, and at the same time to procure a rugged
healthy calf. That poor mother is called on as no other mother is .
, called on. No wonder that the Hindoos called her the great
| _ nourishing mother of the race. I want to tell you that she is the
- foster mother of about half the children. (Laughter. ) I have
“no criticisms to make, but I think the cow is a great essential to
the future of the race. The cow should be fed nourishing food.
The man that feeds her should be a student of feeding. Now I
_ have found, and in saying this I am simply dropping a few little
_ plain homely hints as I pass along, but I have found that a ration

212°. : EX-GOVERNOR HOARD.

of thirty pounds of good corn ensilage, which is one of the most ° j | |

wholesome foods in the world, added to about ten pounds of + i

alfalfa hay, will put my cattle into splendid condition. Those : a

cows are strong performers, producing last year an average of —
8,240 pounds of milk, or over 4,000 quarts. About 446 pounds > |
of butter fat, or 524 pounds of butter. That is in the official test. |
Now they were not crowded, but they were intelligently encour-
aged. : i : Aree
Then another thing: I am gcing to touch oa a point that I~
want you veterinarians to think about. The intelligent farmer —
must be an intelligent breeder. Not simply a matter of cattle, but —
an intelligent breeder, and he must breed for constitution. He
must breed not alone for performance, but he must breed for _—
constitution or resisting power, and I want to tell you what I
have learned about breeding for constitution. A little experience _
of mine which I am going to relate may be of some value. I |
was a soldier during the Civil War. I had been a student of —
medicine for a couple of years, and an English surgeon and med- —
ical man, attached to our army, and whom I met, gave me a point —
of view that has been of great value to me. He was one of the -
most profound men I ever met. He understood that I had had
some medical study, and he asked to have me detailed to accom- _
pany him unto Pennsylvania where we were to take charge of the
draft. Some of you may remember how men were examined in
those days. Stripped and carefully examined as to their physical
condition. I saw him reject a man one day who was as fine a
built man as I ever saw. I was surprised, and so I asked him —
why he had rejected that man. His reply was, “ That man has a
no constitution. He has no endurance. He will go down quickly —
and easily.” I was interested at once, and said to him, “ How ~
do you at once determine so quickly that he will go down?” He
brought him up in front of me, and he said, “ Look at his ab-
domen.” The moment I saw it I saw that there was something:
lacking. He said, “ What do you see here? That which we call _
constitution, endurance, the power to resist disease, to hold up |
under the working of any function is imparted by the mother. |

RELATION OF AGRICULTURIST AND DAIRYMAN TO MILK HYGIENE. 213

_ The mother nurses the foetus through the umbilicus mainly. Any
' good man, if he has been an observing man, and that is particu-
larly true among veterinarians and the medical profession gen-
" erally, has observed that when a baby is born and the umbilicus
is weak and spindling that it is almost impossible to raise that
child, but if, on the contrary, it is full, strong, and the channel
of communication between the mother and the child is natural,
-normal, full, why then the little fellow comes into the world ready
z Bor all that the world has’ got to give him.” “ Why,” I said,
“doctor this is exceedingly interesting,’ and I said to him,
it “ Have you ever carried this theory out or attempted to apply
it to animals?” He had not, but there is no reason why the
general principle should not apply to animals as well as men.
Then I took a special course of study with him as to the struc-
ture of the abdominal walls. Now let me give you a little illus-
tration, I have been a breeder of fox hounds. A man brought me
a pair of fox hounds one day, a brother and a sister, laid them
down, and he said, “ What do you think of them?” TI looked
them over and I said, “I should think that the dog has a very
keen nose, but I do not believe he will run an hour. The sister I
“believe would run all day. I know nothing about them, but what
3 you think of them yourself?” Well, he said that he agreed
ith me. The abdomen of the dog was thin. It lacked power.
| It lacked constitution. That was not the case with the sister,
and he said to me, “ There is no doubt about it. She will run
-all day. You cannot pull her off the track, and, on the other
hand, you cannot keep him on the track.”
_ Now I made three thousand separate studies before I ever
said a word to the world about this proposition. I made three
| thousand separate studies concerning the power to do work, the
' power to endure the work of natural functions, and, gentlemen, —
_ Thave never found it yet to fail in one instance. In breeding my
cattle I strive particularly to breed for constitution, the ability to
resist disease: I want to say to you that you and I have pretty
much only one thing to our credit i in this world, and that is the
power to resist it. So with our cattle. Now, the producer and

214 EX-GOVERNOR HOARD. |

his relation to this question must be provided for in the light of —
intelligence and study, and I want to say to you that, in my opin- —
ion, your profession has a greater work to do in forming that —
man’s intelligence than any other I know of, and I beseech of —
you that you take hold of the farmers of this country, and with- —
out gloves, too, and see to it that, to the extent of your power, —
they are instructed along this line. Be fair, faithful, open and —

frank in instructing them concerning the laws.that apply to the —

biology and physiology of his domestic animals. The farmer —
needs that instruction and he needs it sorely. This tremen- |
dous great cattle industry is suffering. As the Bible so well says, —
“Yea, the people perish for lack of knowledge.” Everywhere, —
in our schools, and everywhere else, there should be taught some- —
thing which will give a man a chance to equip himself for what —
he is to undertake in after life. That is a form of education that —
the farmer needs sorely. Our so-called higher education is up —
in the clouds while the feet are perishing. We need to do some- —
thing, we need information taught and disseminated through —
you, through the press, and through everybody, concerning the —
production of a sanitary, or a harmless, and of a nourishing food, —
and milk as such is at the head of the list.

Now, I have just enumerated a few things? I have taken ] |

my own case. I have not talked upon theory so much as I have |
tried to tell you something which has been demonstrated to my
satisfaction, at least, by actual practice. I am obliged in my little —
town to almost fight to keep people away. I have got an old ©
German who sells milk for me that is about as cross an old bear —
of a man as can be found. He says, “ Mine Gott, if you want —
troubles you have business with women on milk wagon.” He —
walked in one day to my daughter’s house. She had complained —
because the milk was sour, and he walked right into her parlor —
one day while she was entertaining some friends, with a milk —
bottle in his hand. He had just received it. He placed up under —

her nose, and he said, “ You say dot milk ist sour. You just 7)

smell of that.’ Well, it amused her so, the humor of it was so __ |
great, that the lesson was taken good-naturedly. The hired girl (7

RELATION OF AGRICULTURIST AND DAIRYMAN TO MILK HYGIENE, 215

had given back to John a dirty milk bottle, and John knew that
_ it was impossible to make that milk right. So I say everywhere
_ there is knowledge needed. Now the farmer needs knowledge,
_ needs it badly, and he needs to get it from you, and he needs to

_ get it from every earnest thinking man in the country upon these

' questions and as to the philosophy of his own life. For, gentle-
_ men, I want to say to you that the farmer’s life is a most profound
_ life when you consider all that it touches. It is not a very great
"science or a very great thing to be a banker, nor a very great
| thing to be a lawyer, for the lawyer deals only with human-made

laws and the interpretation of human-made laws, but the farmer

_ deals with the laws that God Almighty has made, and it is a tre-

~ mendous big man that can interpret the laws of God Almighty.

_ Therefore, the farmer to-day needs more than any man in the
_ land, because he is the caterer and purveyor of all others—he
_ feeds the people, and he needs knowledge on these questions
_ and needs it sorely. Food and clothing come from the soil, that
is, originally, in the last analysis, and nowhere else. Focd and

_ clothing constitute the great bulk of commerce. They are the

_ established wants of man. All that we call business, especially in
its simpler elements, is conducted with the primary idea of fur-
_nishing simply food and clothing, coming back to that one great
thing, the nourishment of our bodies and the covering of our
_ bodies. Now when you allow anything to come between the
_ farmer and the consumer, when you allow anything to come in
_ which affects our food products, when graft and corruption creep
_ in, then adulterations follow. Education of the farmers of this
_ country will do much to correct that. When I was in Washing-
_ ton, while I was there as President of the National Dairy Union,
_ in regard to the oleomargarine law, John Sharp Williams, who
_ is now in the Senate, and I might say in passing that he is well

' named, for he is sharp both in name and tongue—he said to me

one day when I met him in the corridor, “ Isn’t oleomargarine as
wholesome as butter?” I said, “ No, no.” “ Why?” “ Because
God didn’t make it. He did make butter, butter fat.” And then
I followed him up and I said, “ Stop a moment, Mr. Williams.

216 EX-GOVERNOR HOARD.

Just think of that question. Butter fat is the only raw food pre-
pared by nature in the whole organization for the tenderest of .
digestions, and that is infant digestion. The natural food from —
the mother that suckles in the whole animal kingdom puts butter —
fat into her milk, or the element of fat, but if you take out that—
fat and put in oleomargarine the infant will die. Why? Why, 7
because it is not as wholesome and it does not have the nourish-—
ing elements in it. It is not designed and it cannot have the ef- 7
fect of butter fat. There is no form of fat that can fill the place 7
_of the food known as milk.” Therefore, don’t you see that we —
need everywhere sound wisdom in its production and care, ~
that we need to promote knowledge concerning it. It is a vast :
question. -It relates to the health and well-being of millions of —
our fellow citizens. This profession of yours must of necessity :
have an important relation to the future of this great question. — :
Gentlemen, I have spoken in rather a rambling way to you, —
but nevertheless I have spoken earnestly: I feel that the veter-
inary profession to-day stands in a more important relation to the
well-being of agriculture, and of those dependent upon agricul- q )
ture than any other profession on the globe. (Applause.) a

Ir was not a case of a skeleton in his closet, but at his door
during fair week in Hilsboro, Ohio, when the skeleton of a Welsh
pony, mounted by the famous House Tramand, Paris, France,
was exhibited outside of Veterinarian Howard’s office, of that
place. ;

No Docxep Horses ror Her.—One of the speakers at the

Anti-Vivisection Congress at London last July told how Can- 7)

adian women had presented Queen Alexandra with several long-
maned, long-tailed horses, which prior to their despatch were
docked by the veterinary surgeon. The Queen is opposed to the
practice of docking, and the horses were returned to Canada. -
They were replaced at thé veterinary’s expense by undocked —
animals, thus closing an incident which the veterinary had
turned from a pleasant into. an unpleasant one... Long live the
Queen !—Our Dumb Animals. .

DISCUSSION OF THE CLEAN MILK QUESTION.*

By Proressor RusseELt, or Mapison, WI1s.

_ Gentlemen, you have made a serious mistake. Any audience
_that has the privilege of hearing Governor Hoard speak knows

that it is lése-majesté for anyone to say anything after he is

through, I am sorry. that so eggregious a blunder has been made
as to bring me on after Governor Hoard has been speaking. It

__ is not fair to you in any sense of the word.

_ I came down here thinking that I might profit by something

that I might hear.. I came here a perfect stranger. The first
__ thing as I came in from the street I was asked to register. I
said, “I am not a member of this Association, why should I
register?” ‘‘ Why, because we want to add one more name so we
will be sure to get our reduction on the railroads.” So, out of
courtesy to the person who made the request, I registered, and
that is how I came to have a badge. I drifted into a back seat,

' and in a few moments some one asked me to come up on the plat-

form. Now that is taking, it seems to me an entirely unfair ad-
vantage of a little fellow like myself, to be asked to follow a man
like Governor ‘Hoard in the discussion’ of this great ‘economic
question. If I had the temperament of Governor Hoard and was
_able to respond to this request with the gifts of the orator, or if I
had been specially prepared, it might be different, but, under the
circumstances, it is not fair to me, and that unfairness, you see,

is on both sides because it affects yourselves in what you will hear

a well as in what I will say:

- However, now that I am on my feet, I would like to say one
or two words in. regard to certain phases of the question which
have been touched upon, and which I think can well be empha-
_sized, perhaps; somewhat further by way of discussion. The one

* Discussion Oe ae at the jot session of the A. V. M. A. and the C. M. S,
evening of September “8, 1909.

217

218 PROFESSOR RUSSELL,

problem which, to my mind, is of the most importance in this —
matter of the production of a pure milk supply at the present time —
is to change our ideas from these intensely high-grade stand- —
ards that have been set before us by the people who have been |

producing certified milk, and to bring them down to what you 4

might call a more common-sense standard. For some ten or |
twelve or fifteen years, and I do not know but more, our large
cities have been supplied by individuals who have been selling us a
high grade of certified milk, costing from twelve to sixteen cents
per quart. They have been using the very greatest precaution —
in order to produce such a supply as they desired to seli to the
public. Now that is laudable enough. I am not criticising that. q
It is very fortunate indeed that towns of this size, or even stvaller, 4
have had within their limits people who are benevolent enough to’ 4
go down into their pockets and pay ten or more thousand dol-
lars per year for the privilege of holding up to the community an —
ideal standard, and that is what some of these people have been —

doing, so far as my experience goes. A very few, if any, of a

them have made any money out of the operation. Very few of —
these plants are plants where the financial part comes out on the ~
right side of the ledger. It is usually on the red ink side. Now —

what we want at the present time more than anything else, as it 7)

seems to me, is not a campaign to promote the growth of an in- —
tensely high standard but what we need is what you might call —
simply common pure plain milk, good milk that can be sold at a_
reasonable price. If I am any judge of public sentiment, that is _
what the public demands and what the public wants, and it is 7
what, in my opinion, the people ought to be able to get, and what
they are willing to pay for. Now the production of milk at a
cost within the limits of the pocketbook of the average man is not —
an impossible thing. It ought to be the easy thing. The produc-—
tion of good milk within reach of the average man. does not cost —
large sums of money. It does not cost large sums of money to —
produce simply pure wholesome milk. That can be done by any —
competent dairyman at comparatively small expense. The get- ,
ting out of this milk of a few thousand bacteria that are neces- |

DISCUSSION OF THE CLEAN MILK QUESTION. 219 -

sary, the reducing of the number in order to come within the
limits is what makes the cost in the production of the milk supply.
A milk supply can be produced that will come within the lim-
its of any standard at comparatively small increase in expense
over that which it is now costing the producer to produce the ordi-
nary common supply, but when you go beyond that and attempt
to reduce the number of the germ content to beyond ten thousand,
you increase the expense in reducing it from a hundred thou-
sand down to ten thousand, and that is what sends up the price so
abnormally. I am satisfied that that can be done. I have met in
Wisconsin many producers of milk that are simply taking the
_ ordinary decent precautions that should be taken by any intelli-
_ gent farmer. Here and there over our state we have got men
_ that are supplying milk, not such as Governor Hoard is supply-
ing at Fort Atkinson, but where the germ content of that milk
runs from ten to twenty or thirty or forty thousand bacteria per
c. c., and which, if it was to be put before your milk commission,
would be rejected on account of the fact that it did not come with-
in the sacred limit of the ten thousand, but it is good milk, which
is wholesome, and it can be produced at a mere fraction of the
expense that it does cost to produce this very high grade certified
supply. The introduction of these high grade certified expensive
supplies are all right enough for infant feeding perhaps, but they
are altogether too expensive for the common pocketbook, and if
we could produce a milk supply that could be sold, say, for about
one cent per quart above the common grade, very many people
could be induced in a short period of time to take it. They
would become educated to the use of a better supply, and would
take such a supply, but when you jump from the common price
to ten or twelve cents, and even beyond that, that is beyond the
‘pocketbook of the great majority of people, and they feel that
they cannot afford it. For that reason I hope a way will be
found to supply a thoroughly good grade of milk at a medium
price.
Now, just one word more in regard to another phase of this
question. It is so important that I want to say just one word to

(220 PROFESSOR RUSSELL,

further emphasize the point, and that is the education of the —
consumer. The great trouble with the dairy business to-day, as —
_far as the milk supply is concerned, is that the consumer is nota _
discriminating consumer. . There is no product that we have that
is so cheap to-day. I was brought up in a little country town,
and in my work in a little country grocery we handled hundreds
_and thousands of pounds of butter. “ The milk of that little coun-
try village sold at five cents a quart, and it sells at five cents a

quart to-day. It has not got beyond that same price where it q |
stood thirty years ago, and butter is still about twenty-five or —

thirty cents. Now you see the manifest injustice which arises q
_when a dairyman is obliged to sell his product in the form of _
milk for that much lower relatively to-day than what he hada —
generation ago, and the difficulty of that comes in the fact that
our consuming public is not discriminating, and we have got to —
educate the consumers of milk with reference to this point be-
fore we can make any appreciable improvement to speak of.

Dr. Reynolds referred to a case with which I am familiar— 4

that in Minneapolis, where a large enterprise went to pieces be- _
cause the public did not realize the advantage which would come
from a pure milk supply, and in consequence of which was not
willing to pay a few cents extra which it was necessary to pay in
order to get the benefit of that pure product. In my own town we
had several cases of that sort, where the very best people re-
fused to pay one cent extra for milk which was taken under im-
proved conditions, and when intelligent men and women, and
particularly the latter, because it is the women of the household
that are more responsible for that than anyone else—when the
women of the households are unable to appreciate the difference _
in the quality of milk supplies and refuse to pay one or two cents ;
per quart more for the milk which has been secured under clean,
wholesome conditions—why, the question is wellnigh hopeless,
unless we can bring about some improvement through educa-
tional means. I am not discouraged at the situation. I believe
it is only necessary to continue the agitation which is already go-
ing on in order to change public sentiment so that the time will

DISCUSSION OF THE CLEAN MILK QUESTION. 221

soon come when people will be willing to pay the slight increased
cost which is necessary in order to get the right kind of a product.
Much is already being done through the medium of bulletins, and
through the medium of the public press. These things in time
are going to. bring about a revolution along that line, so that the
mothers and the directors of the household’ will come to a reali-
zation, sooner or later, that they have got to increase the price
which they are willing to pay for this most valuable food product
that we have, and when the dairyman can increase the price from
-one to two cents a quart on his supply it will go a long way to-
‘wards encouraging him to keep the standard of that supply high.
Now, if a pure wholesome supply can be produced for a cent
-or two per quart beyond what it now costs to produce, it would
certainly be a long step in advance. I believe if the veterinarians
-of this country were to institute a propaganda along these educa-
tional lines, backed up by other forces, the public would very soon
‘come to a realization of what ought to be done, and would be
willing to pay this very small increase. |
I thank you for your attention.

_ A nocror lately gave up his house, and was succeeded in it by

_a veterinary surgeon, Before he had been many weeks in his new

home, the “ vet.” was knocked up in the early hours of a rather

bleak spring morning. Opening the window, he heard a voice
call out of the darkness:

“Can you come with me at once, mister? She’s very bad.”

The surgeon dressed and found a trap waiting to take him to
a farm two or three miles away from the village. On the way he
asked a few questions about the case he was to attend.

“I’m afraid there’s very little hope for her,” said the farmer.
*“ She’s been ailing now, you see, for ten.years, and she’s getting
pretty old as well.”

Annoyed at being called out at such an hour to see an ob-
viously not very ill animal, the veterinary surgeon exclaimed:
“Why on earth don’t you shoot her?”

“ What!” exclaimed the farmer, “ shoot my mother!”

. Then the “-vet.”” understood that it was the previous tenant
‘who was wanted. —Farmers’ Advocate:

A STUDY OF A SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG
2 HORSES.* |

By Wryrrep B. Mack, D. V. M., University oF NEVADA.

About two years ago the writer was informed that in one of

the principal breeding districts of Eastern Nevada horses were 7]

dying in large numbers from some undetermined disease. The
reports seemingly indicated an outbreak of infectious pneumonia
and the affected valleys were visited with the intention of making
some little study of the etiology and morbid anatomy of that dis-
ease. Arriving there, we found a condition with which we were
altogether unfamiliar and were obliged to admit that fact. This
malady is not described in any text-book with which we are
familiar and we were not at the time cognizant of anything in
current literature bearing upon it. |

The disease appeared in the district in question in June 1906.
A considerable number of animals succumbed to it. It abated as
cold weather approached, but reappeared the next summer with
equal virulence. The 1907 outbreak lasted well into the winter.
On twelve or fifteen ranches the mortality amounted to from

125 to 150horses. In 1908 there were but a few scattering cases” _

and thus far this year there have been but few. There is a his-
tory of the loss of horses in the same neighborhood at intervals
during the past fifteen or twenty years from what the ranchmen
believe to be the same disease, except that previous to 1906 the
loss was confined to animals pastured in the mountains. How-

ever, there has never been any systematic study of those out-— a

breaks and there are not sufficient data to warrant the assumption
that they were identical with this one. The horse-owners have
assumed that those losses were due to plant or mineral poisoning
and have borne them in the belief that there was no relief. They

* Presented at the nineteenth annual meeting of the New York State Veterinary
Medical Society, at Ithaca, N, Y., August 25, 26 and 27, 1909,

222

2

a

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASF AMONG HORSES. 223

seemed to be a necessary part of the horse-breeding business.
From what we can learn of the symptoms in outbreaks of former
years it is possible that this disease has existed there for a long
time. When in 1906 the malady extended to the valleys and
exterminated several scores of horses in a brief time it created
considerable alarm. While the past two years have been com-
paratively free from it yet the disease is liable at any time to
again assume large proportions, and it constitutes, in our opin-
ion, the greatest menace to horse-breeding in that part of Nevada, :
The major portion of our time for nearly two years has been
devoted to a study of this malady and some of the results of
that work are perhaps worthy of presentation.

The disease is characterized clinically by marked febrile, car-
diac, respiratory and locomotor disturbances, progressive anemia,
edema, rapid emaciation, profound prostration, and, in the last
stages, by capillary hemorrhages. In advanced stages there is
albuminuria, but examinations earlier in the course of the dis-
ease have proven negative. It appears to divide naturally into
three types—acute, sub-acute, and chronic. The three types,
while distinct, are separated by no hard and fast line, and it is
often difficult to classify a case. They may all be represented in
an outbreak on the same ranch. The most acute type seldom,
if ever, becomes chronic but the sub-acute or the chronic types
may become acute at any time, and the terminal symptoms are
nearly always acute. The symptoms vary according to the type

é - presented, but they are sufficiently uniform to identify the malady

in most cases.

The acute type manifests itself rather suddenly. One notices
at first dullness, followed by dejection, prostration and high
fever. The heart action becomes rapid and violent. Each cardiac
contraction is followed by marked venous (jugular) regurgita-
tion. The arterial pulse is soft and compressible. The impact of
the heart against the chest wall becomes notable. There are oc-
casional exceptions where the heart is very weak. The tempera-
ture is high, 105° to 107° F. In some cases the fever will be

224 ; WINFRED B. MACK.

=

continuous; in others it is remittent. The remissions occur ir-
regularly; changes of four or five degrees may occur within a
few hours. During these remissions the patient appears to be
much improved, but they are invariably followed by a return of
acute symptoms. There is functional respiratory disturbance,
the breathing becoming rapid and labored, although no pul-
monary changes sufficient in extent to account for it can be de-—
monstrated either clinically or on autopsy. There may be edema
of the dependant parts of the body, although this condition is not
at all constant, and enlargement of the lymphatic glands. Rarely
the legs are swollen. The visible mucose are at first congested
and deeply reddened; as the disease progresses they lose their
reddish color and assume a peculiar yellowish appearance. The
veins in the conjunctiva are engorged and the mucous membrane
appears as though oil had been introduced into the conjunctival
sac. Emaciation is rapid. The patient becomes very weak par-
ticularly in the hind legs. He staggers when he walks, and one >
animal was observed to fall to the ground. Blood, or blood-
stained watery fluid, drops slowly from one or both nostrils.
Other than this there is no nasal discharge. The feces are coated
with a brownish slime and are frequently stained with blood.
Prostration becomes profound. The slightest exertion provokes
severe dyspnoea and palpitation of the heart. During the pe-—
riods of high fever the patient may eat but little, but at other
times he consumes large quantities of food. Even when the tem-
perature ranges high the appetite is not interfered with to such
an extent as is usual in diseases characterized by high fever.
This constitutes one of the most remarkable features of the
malady. If the result is promptly fatal, say in about five or
seven days, the blood changes may appear insignificant, but if
the duration is longer one finds a notable decrease in the per-
centage of hemoglobin and in the number of red corpuscles, The
number of leucocytes generally remains about normal. There is
likely to be a relative lymphocytosis with a corresponding de-
crease in the percentage of polynuclears. The duration is tsu-
ally but a few days and the termination fatal.

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG HORSES. 225

f The following cases serve to illustrate this type of the disease
_ and form the basis for the generalizations given above:
S. Case No. 11. November 16, 1907.

) Patient a five-year-old Cleveland bay gelding, noticed ill that
_ day for the first time. -On our arrival at the ranch we found

his respirations 14, pulse 50, temperature 104.6° F. His heart

4 action was very forceful. He groaned frequently as though in

id pain. His attitude and facial expression indicated grave depres-
sion. The next day these symptoms had in no way abated ; there
_ was, in addition, inappetence and swelling of the hind legs below

_ the hocks. November 22 the patient was much dejected, and we

‘ie noticed blood dropping slowly from one nostril; the next morn-
_ ing from the other; the succeeding evening blood trickled slowly

from both. The slightest exertion provoked severe dyspnoea and
_ palpitation of the heart. The animal had lost flesh rapidly. He
consumed considerable food, although his appetite could not be
considered good. The feces were streaked with blood. The
mucous’ membranes were congested and deeply reddened with
a marked yellowish discoloration; the conjunctiva appeared as
_ though oil had been introduced beneath the eyelid and the veins

_ were engorged. No count of the blood corpuscles was made.

A differential count of leucocytes, made November 17, showed

_ lymphocytes 40.5 per cent., large mononuclears 1.0 per cent.,
| polynuclears 57.1 per cent., eosinophiles 0.8 per cent., and mast
cells 0.6 per cent. No subsequent blood examinations were made.
a, To this case we applied the most vigorous, energetic treatment
and the best care that we could devise, but we were unable to
effect any abatement of the febrile symptoms. We left the ani-

mal in the owner’s care November 24, when these observations

were terminated. He died November 28. An employee at the
ranch examined him post-mortem and sent certain tissues to the
laboratory. He reported his findings as follows:

“There were small red spots from the size of a pinhead to
that of a small pea all through the intestines. The heart was
covered with spots (hemorrhages) ; the fluid around the heart

226 WINFRED B, MACK,

resembled bile in color. The lungs were dark and covered with
red blotches. The kidneys were enlarged and spongy, covered
with red spots.”

From the tissues received at the laboratory there was isolated
a colon bacillus. This organism possessed sufficient pathogenesis
to kill rabbits and guinea pigs promptly when injected subcu-
taneously and was used to inoculate three horses in an effort
to determine the cause of the malady. The histological changes
were those usually found in acute cases.

The following chart presents graphically the temperature,
respiration and pulse observations made during our stay at the
ranch with this animal, and the temperature curve illustrates an
almost continuous type of fever:

Nov 16 | MOVI7| NOVIE | NOVI9| NOV.20|NOV2! | NOV.22|NOVZ3| NOV2Y
se Je] Sz [EF] S]e/§] Seals] ee] S1 S/S] Sele] gfe Sale

i

%
im

3

~@ wea!

rm

HRENHET 7
x &
Se
>
N

i ee

ale

RE A
S

i
S
Ny,
aw eee
‘

TEMPERAT.
~
8

PuLst 50 56\56) | FY LO) 60|6Y\69\62|60\60| 56 |5B\EY SS \SV\52| |\INSY
RESPIRA: WYN W9\74) 49 Ve v6]

Respiration, Pulse and Temperature Chart.

Case No, 16. August 29, 1908.

Patient a four-year-old roan gelding, broken to the saddle,
but had done practically no work. Was never a very sturdy ani-
mal, but always considered rather delicate. Had been on the
range during the spring and summer, until August 19, when he

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG HORSES. 227

_ was brought to a field near the house. The owner stated that
_ when he was brought to the field the horse appeared to be in
- good health, supporting his opinion with the offer to buy made
_ by a horse-dealer who visited the ranch about that time and in
_ whose astuteness he had much confidence. August 23 this animal
_ appeared ill. August 29 and 30 he was examined by the writer
and presented the following symptoms:

E The animal was in fair flesh, but, according to the owner,
had lost rapidly during his illness. His appetite was good. He
- stood with arched back, head held low and ears drooping, his

- facial expression anxious and dejected. His coat was staring,

_ the hair dry, rough and harsh. His hind feet were well ad-
‘4 vanced, his flanks tucked up. He was constantly shifting his
_ weight from one foot to the other, apparently unable to endure
his position for more than a minute or so at a time. Bloody,
serous fluid dripped slowly from both nostrils. The pupils were
dilated ; there was a tense, strained, glassy expression to the eyes.
The ears and legs were cold. The animal was extremely weak;
in moving it was with difficulty that his feet were advanced; he
was unable to lift them, but shuffled or dragged them along the

_ ground; his legs trembled; he staggered as he walked. It was

_ with the greatest difficulty he could be forced to back. There was
_ moderate edema of the prepuce and of the abdominal wall ante-
_ rior to it. There was no edema of the eyelids, no glandular en-

_ largements could be detected. This was a spirited, nervous ani-

mal, difficult to approach or handle when in health. He submitted
_ to free handling during our examination, except that he exhibited
_ some nervousness when we were at work about his head. The
_ visible mucosz were a yellowish red, the blood vessels in the
- conjunctiva and nasal mucosa much engorged. Respiration was
somewhat labored. Cardiac action was forcible, becoming violent
after slight exertion. The pulse was soft and irregular. Aus-
cultation and percussion of the thorax revealed no pulmonary
changes; the cardiac sounds were arythmic, louder than normal,
with the two sounds confounded. There were no cardiac mur-
murs. August 29, about 7 o'clock p. m., the respirations were

228 WINFRED B. MACK.

20, pulse 84, and temperature 104.5° F. The next morning
the respirations were 16 and pulse 78, and the temperature had
fallen to 100.7° F. The blood showed on examination hemo-
globin 64 per cent. by Gower’s method of estimation, red cor-
puscles 7,300,000, and leucocytes 6,000 per c.m.m. The urine
was acid in reaction, its specific gravity 1,020, gave a negative
test for sugar by Fehling’s method, a positive reaction for al-
bumin with Millard-Roberts’ reagent, and, according to Esbach’s

albuminometer, contained two grams of albumin per liter. At —

12.30 o'clock p. m., August 30 we drew a small amount of blood
from the jugular for experimental study. The animal was then
led to a meadow near the house and at once lay down. About
1.45 o'clock p. m. we went to the field where he lay and found
him struggling convulsively, insensible to our efforts to attract
his attention either by word or touch. His respirations were 44,
pulse 140 and temperature 105.4° F. We left him; returning
in from thirty to forty-five minutes, we found him dead with rigor
mortis already well established.

The sub-acute type may be ushered in by symptoms much like

the acute, only less pronounced, or it may have a more insidious

onset. In certain cases one may find an animal greatly dejected,
with high temperature and symptoms much like those described
above. In other instances the first symptom noted may be sud-
den weariness, profuse sweating and shortness of breath, the ani-
mal tiring easily while at work. He may show a certain peculiar-
ity of gait, a tendency to drag rather than to lift the hind feet.

This type is characterized by high, irregularly remittent fever,
progressive anemia, rapid emaciation, prostration, cardiac weak-
ness, dyspnoea, and edema. The temperature may rise as high
as in the acute type, but the periods of remission are longer; it
seldom returns to normal; sudden and rapid changes of several
degrees are more frequently encountered than in the acute form. .
During the periods of high temperature the respiration increases
in frequency and may be, at times, or when the patient is sub-
jected to exercise, quite labored. The heart action is at all times
rapid and forceful; in the febrile periods this increased cardiac

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG HORSES, 229

action becomes very notable; in the later stages of the disease as
_ many as one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five contrac-
tions per minute have been noted; the cardiac impact against the
' chest wall becomes remarkably forcible. The arterial pulse is
soft and compressible. Venous regurgitation follows each heart
beat. Emaciation is rapid and profound, accompanied by marked
loss of nervous and muscular energy. As the disease progresses
_ the cardiac, respiratory, and locomotor difficulties become very
pronounced and are aggravated by even the slightest exertion.
The hindquarters especially are weak, the gait uncertain and stag-
' gering. There is usually extensive edema of the ventral por-
_ tions of the body. The legs sometimes swell, but it is not the
_ tule. The superficial lymphatic glands usually exhibit some en-
ia largement. The appetite is voracious, except during the periods
_ of high fever. At such times it may be considerably lessened, but
. during the remissions the animal will consume astonishing quan-
| tities of food. This ravenous appetite lasts usually until imme-
i . diately before death. In spite of it the loss of flesh and strength
continues. There is often, however, a decided gain in flesh dur-
a ing the remissions, but this gain is almost invariably lost during
_ the next recurrence of acute symptoms. In this type of the
malady the periods of remission are longer than in the acute;
the patient may appear convalescent and hopes be entertained
for his ultimate recovery.
____ This type is most characteristic; it is here that the picture of
| anemia is most vividly presented. The visible mucose gradually
- their normal color, their pallor increasing as the disease
i _ progresses, gradually acquiring a peculiar yellowish discoloration,
_ probably due to the deposition in the tissues of blood pigment
_ from the destroyed red corpuscles. In advanced cases this pallor
- becomes extreme; we have seen the oral, conjunctival, and genital
mucosz absolutely devoid of any red or pink color with the oral
_ mucosa stained a pale lemon yellow. The vains of the conjunc-
tiva are always engorged; the mucous membrane frequntly ap-
pears as though oil had been introduced into the conjunctival sac.
| a Anemia is always marked in this type. The percentage of hemo-

230 WINFRED B. MACK.

globin and the number of red corpuscles are gradually reduced —
until, as death approaches, they become but a fraction of the nor- —
mal. Sometimes this destruction proceeds progressively until —
death. In other cases it may be arrested, and the condition of the —
blood return to normal or nearly so. At such times one is apt —

to think the patient is recovering. In nearly every case there is q
a return of the anemic condition after a variable period. Sev- 4

eral cases have come under our observation where the number of —

red corpuscles fell to below 2,000,000; in one instance, we found — |

but 980,000 per c.m.m. In uncomplicated cases there is little or —
no leucocytosis; there is relative lymphocytosis with correspond- —
ing polynuclear leucopenia. The duration of this type varies from _
a few weeks to several months. It usually ends in death. Re- —
covery is more apparent than real. There are a few cases that —
have apparently recovered, but in view of the experience with —
others these animals are, in our opinion, likely to have a fatal —
relapse at any time. So far as we are able we shall keep them —
under observation, but this is not always possible; the owners
sometimes dispose of them.

The following case reports are of interest at this point and 4}
serve to illustrate some of the general statements made:

Case No. 8. November 12, 1907.

Patient an eight-year-old bay gelding. The owner stated that —
this horse had always possessed exceptional strength and en- —
durance. He had been sick ten days when examined by us. The
patient presented a dejected appearance. There was consider- —
able edema of the prepuce and ventral portion of the body, which, —
according to the owner, appeared about three days previously.
The visible mucosz were about normal in appearance. The heart —
was very weak, its sound heard with difficulty, even with the —
aid of a stethoscope. There was a marked venous (jugular) ©
pulse. His appetite was good. The feces were slightly stained —
with blood. His respirations were 26, pulse 56, temperature —
100.6° F. The next day we left the ranch and returned Novem- |

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG HORSES. 231

ber 16 at 5 o’clock p. m. On our return we found his respira-
tions were 22, pulse 60, and temperature 105.8° F. The pulse
_ was very weak, there was a pleuritic ridge and a pleuritic sound
_ on the left side. The left lung was somewhat dull on percussion.
November 17th appetite was failing, although he still ate con-
siderable food. The ventral edema had increased. This animal
passed with his feces on two or three occasions a considerable
mass of grayish-white material, in appearance resembling washed
fibrin. A microscopic examination of both teased preparations
and sections showed it to consist of fibrin, tissue debris, both
_ squamous and columnar epithelial cells and other cells with long,
_ slender nuclei resembling fibro-blasts.

November 24th we left the ranch and our observations were
discontinued. The patient at this time presented a sorry spec-
tacle. The edema had increased materially, extending from the
prepectoral region to the prepuce several inches in thickness.
There was a large necrotic area on the breast where the animal
rested against the manger. The left side of the neck, where the
hypodermic needle had been used, was severely swollen, em-
physematous in one place, and later, we are informed by the
owner, extensive necrosis developed. The patient had become
very weak, his legs trembled when he walked, and seemed scarce-
ly able to support him. At one time we instructed an attendant
to lead him from the stable for the purpose of observation and
for exercise. He was fully five minutes getting over a threshold
three or four inches in thickness. He appeared unable to lift his
feet from the floor, and made several futile attempts to advance
his forefeet over the threshold. Finally he succeeded in getting
them across, amd it was with interest that we watched him at-
tempt many times to lift his hind feet over. At last he succeeded
in dragging them across, and was much exhausted with the ef-
fort. In spite of such extreme weakness, he stood the greater
part of the time. He had lost considerable flesh ,although emacia-
tion was not yet extreme. His eye was dull and his facial ex-
pression denoted great dejection. The visible mucosz became

232 WINFRED B. MACK.

pale and exhibited a peculiar yellowish discoloration. The con- ~
junctiva showed distended veins and presented an oily appear- —
ance in addition to the yellow color. Two or three times we ~
noticed blood oozing from his nostrils. There was no other nasal ©

discharge. The submaxillary lymphatic glands became somewhat @

enlarged. The pleuritic symptoms noted early in the disease ©
soon subsided. The patient retained a fair appetite throughout F
all the time of his illness. The feces were frequently streaked —
with blood. During the entire period of our observations it was —
difficult to distinguish the cardiac sounds even with the stetho- —
scope. The following chart presents in graphic form our respira- —
tion, pulse and temperature observations:

NOV.12| NOKIG| | NOK/6|WOV/7| WOKE |NOV.19| NOK 20| NOV.21| NOY 22| W012 3| NOV.

Jove {SU S{E] Sf elst [Sele] slzl aisles] Sal Si else si te z
Saal :

~ + La AY
ios? t
Be
Sov s As
Saat ¥
ee BSS"
part
Q ¥
ad

99°
PULSE, \b 60/30 \g0138 8 73\70 |70\7H_ |70\74_ 179
RESPIRA\ \26 42|/6 daa\/4 P?) | 2 ze] |

Respiration, Pulse and Temperature Chart.

November 28 the owner reported to us by letter that this —
horse appeared to be gaining. December 7 he reported its death
and sent us some tissues by express.

Case No. 15. July 20, 1908.

Patient a three-year-old bay mare. About two weeks pre-
vious to our examination the owner ‘of the animal noticed that
she was thin, weak, and out of condition. She was removed

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG HORSES. 233

from the pasture to the stable, where the living conditions were
good, and was given extra care and food. In spite of this at-
tention, she continued to lose flesh and strength.

The food of this animal is worthy of note. The ranch is on
high ground, close up to the mountains; is, in fact, about the
highest tillable land adjacent to that particular one of the Ruby
Mountains. Close to the stable there is an irrigated meadow of
mixed alfalfa and timothy. The crop in 1908 was one of the
finest we have ever observed. At the time of which we speak,
mid-July, this grass was matured and ready for cutting. Better
forage is not anywhere obtainable. This grass was cut and fed
fresh to the patient several times each day. Ordinarily a horse
will put on flesh rapidly with such food. At the time of our
visit the mare had been receiving this food for two weeks, and
we observed that she ate large quantities of it, and with apparent
relish. Her appetite was, in fact, ravenous. Nevertheless, she
was emaciated and hide-bound, her coat dry and rough, her ap-
pearance one of general unthriftiness. She resembled a half-
starved animal that had wintered badly, such as one often sees
in the spring in the hands of certain notoriously poor farmers,
who habitually starve their stock. Her eye was bright, an un-
usual condition in this disease. All visible mucosze were pale
and yellowish. The conjunctiva had engorged blood vessels and
the oily appearance noted above. There was some edema in the
pectoral region. Auscultation and percussion of the thorax re-
‘vealed nothing abnormal. There was a well-marked venous
(jugular) pulse. The submaxillary lymphatic glands were some-
what enlarged. The feces appeared normal. Her respirations
were 32, pulse 65 and temperature 102.7° F. An examination
of her blood showed hemoglobin 50 per cent. by Gower’s method
of estimation, red corpuscles 4,200,000 and leucocytes 7,200
per cm.m. Of them 46.4 per cent. were lymphocytes and 48.7
per cent. polynuclears.

We advised for this animal a continuation of the care and
food she was receiving, with the addition of grain to her diet,

234 | WINFRED B. MACK.

and prescribed what seemed logical treatment. August 1 the —
owner sent word to us that she began to improve at once and ~
was then much better, was, in fact, “ getting fat.” In November ~
another report reached us that she appeared to be “all right.”
January 30, 1909, she was again examined. She had a fair —
amount of flesh, her visible mucosz were still somewhat pale, but
improved in color; there was no edema, and she showed con-

siderable spirit. The man who was sent to the field the day pre- q

ceding our visit to bring her in for examination reported an —
hour’s hard ride on horseback to secure her, and that after that — q
amount of exertion she showed no fatigue. Her respirations
were 10, pulse 44 and temperature 100.4° F. A blood examina-
tion showed hemoglobin 90 per cent. by Gower’s method, red
corpuscles 7,900,000, and leucocytes 11,800 per c.m.m. .
The condition of the animal at the time of this examination
would lead one to believe that she had made a complete recovery. —
She continued in this condition, according to the owner, until 7
June 5, 1909, when suddenly she appeared to be acutely sick. We

visited the ranch June 12 and found her in a critical condition. 4

She had lost flesh rapidly, was very thin and extremely weak. Ԥ
Her respirations were 48, pulse 104 and temperature 102.3% F. _
She was lying down when these observations were made. The —

owner stated that she had spent the major portion of the time

for two days in a recumbent position, The chest was resonant
on percussion, the respiratory sounds normal except that they —
were somewhat louder than is usual in healthy horses. The heart —
was beating very forcefully. The two cardiac sounds were con-
founded ; there were no murmurs, The mucous membrane in the —
eye and vulva was colorless; that in the mouth nearly so; the —
nasal was pale and yellowish. The veins in the conjunctiva were
very prominent. She was uneasy, as though in pain. When ~
told to arise she did so after considerable effort, but was very —
weak. Her hind feet were dragged along the ground about
three-fourths the length of the step before lifting them. Her ap-
petite had been good until within a day or two, since which time

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG HORSES. 235

_ she had eaten but little. In fact, she was too weak to graze.
_ The muscles of the hips and thighs were much shrunken. The
_ animal was markedly dejected. There was considerable sensory
_ paralysis; she did not appear to feel the prick of a hypodermic
- needle used in administering medicine. A blood examination
_ was made; the percentage of hemoglobin was 21 per cent. by
_ Gower’s method of estimation; there were 1,700,000 red cor-

_ puscles, and 5,000 leucocytes per c.m.m. A differential count

_ of leucocytes showed 32.5 per cent. of lymphocytes, 1.1 per cent.
_ of large mononuclears, 66.4 per cent. of polynuclears, and no
eosinophiles or mast cells. The red corpuscles showed marked
_ variation in size, many microcytes and megalocytes. In count-
- ing one thousand leucocytes, we observed 6 nucleated red cor-
_ puscles, 3 taking the basic stain, and one lymphocyte and one
large mononuclear with a red corpuscle enclosed. The urine con-
tained a trace of albumin.

| June 14 this animal was again examined. Her respirations
were 12, pulse 98, temperature 101.6° F. There was edema,
slight beneath the thorax, extensive on the inner aspect of the
thighs. The visible mucosz had lost color considerably in two
_ days and rapidly assumed a yellowish tinge. The submaxillary
_ lymphatic glands were enlarged. The amount of flesh lost in two

_ days was extraordinary. The owner stated that the animal was

_ fat when she was taken ill, June 5; at this time she was extremely
_ emaciated and gaunt. She was still able to arise and walk when
f bidden, but was so weak that we expected to see her fall.

June 16 we again saw tis animal. Her general appearance
was much improved. That morning she arose and began feed-
ing, and in doing so walked about one-third of a mile. She had
lost the tucked-up appearance in the flanks and was no thinner
than two days before. The dejected look had disappeared. Her
appearance would have led an inexperienced observer to believe
that she would recover. The edema had practically disappeared.
Her respirations were 18, pulse 92, temperature 102.6° F. A
blood examination showed 23 per cent. of hemoglobin by Gower’s

236 WINFRED B. MACK.

method of estimation, red corpuscles 980,000, and leucocytes 12,
500 per c.m.m. Of the leucocytes 27.7 per cent. were lympho-
cytes, 2.0 per cent. large mononuclears, 70.3 per cent. poly-
nuclears, and no eosinophiles or mast cells. Megalocytes were
numerous. In counting 1,000 leucocytes seven erythroblasts were
observed. Since making the blood examination four days before
the animal had received treatment intended to increase the num-
ber of leucocytes and the higher number was doubtless a 4
sponse to that treatment. Whether the lower number of red cor-
puscles indicated destruction to that extent is somewhat doubtful; a
the lower count may have been due to the fact that the patient
drank freely that morning for the first time in several days. Be
that as it may the degree of anemia was extreme. a
At this point we left the neighborhood, prescribing sttitable
(?) treatment, rather expecting, in spite of the serious condition
the animal was in, to find her alive on our return a few days
later. However, she died June 19. There was no autopsy.
a
Case No. 88. 4
Our personal observations on this animal were confined to
three examinations—May 8, 1908, February 5, 1909, and April ks
27, 1909. He was a saddle horse, age not noted. The owner
stated that the horse had the disease during the winter of
1907-08 ; that he had high temperature, cardiac, respiratory, anc d
locomotor troubles, like other patients on his ranch that wer e
studied by the writer. As this owner has had considerable ex-
perience with the disease and is a, close observer of horses, his
diagnosis is likely to be correct. When examined this anima |
was thin, unthrifty in appearance, his hair unshed in part, dry
and harsh; the visible mucosz were pale, with a slight yellowilll
discoloration, His respirations were 7, pulse 48, temperatur A
100.8° F. A blood examination showed hemoglobin 68 per cent.
by Gower’s method, red corpuscles 3,940,000, and leucocytes 5. .
500 per c.m.m, Of the leucocytes 66.7 per cent. were pi |
cytes, 9.0 per cent. large mononuclears, 21.8 per cent. polynu-
clears, 2.0 per cent. eosinophiles and 0.5 per cent. mast cells.

ng

iS)

“a

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG HORSES. 237

j At the time of the second examination, February 5, 1909, the
- owner of this animal informed us that he appeared to recover
during the summer, so that in the fall he was put to work, but
that he tired easily and proved unable to work. He had been
running down all winter. When we saw him he was very much
emaciated, was hide-bound, with hair dry and harsh; dull and
listless. The mucous membranes in the mouth and eye were
absolutely devoid of pink or red color; that in the mouth was
clear lemon yellow; the conjunctiva was a muddy yellow, ap-
_ peared “oily,” with injected veins. His heart action was very
_ forceful. The lungs were slightly dull on percussion. The owner
_ Stated that in the sternal and abdominal regions edema appeared *
' and disappeared. His respirations were 8, pulse 74, and tem-
perature 103.2° F. The percentage of hemoglobin was reduced
to 38, the number of red corpuscles to 2,120,000 per c.m.m, The
leucocytes numbered 7,300 per c.m.m. Of these 28.7 per cent.
were lymphocytes, 0.9 per cent. large mononuclears, 66.8 per cent.
polynuclears, 2.8 per cent. eosinophiles, and 0.8 per cent. mast
cells,

At the time of the third examination, April 27, 1909, this horse
appeared much improved. There was a slightly pinkish tinge in
_ the oral and conjunctival mucose, He had taken on more flesh,
so that at a superficial glance he looked fairly well. His respira-
tions were 18, pulse 56, and temperature 100.8° F. A close ob-
servation ofthe cardiac and respiratory functions, however, re-
vealed impairment. The blood showed homoglobin 50 per cent.
by Gower’s method, red corpuscles 2,750,000, leucocytes 6,900
per c.m.m. -Of the leucocytes 28.2 per cent. were lymphocytes,
2.9 per cent. large mononuclears, 65.6 per cent. polynuclears, 2.7
per cent. eosinophiles and 0.6 per cent. mast cells. There was
no albuminuria.

It was our intention to keep this horse under observation for
some time, as he will likely have a recurrence of the disease sooner
or later. However, he continued to improve, so that about June 1
he was sold and has passed outside our field of observation.

238 WINFRED B. MACK.

The chronic type is characterized by a course of long dura- 4
tion, by occasional slight febrile attacks, a weakened heart, jugu- —
lar pulse, and more or less loss of flesh and energy. The animal ~
tires easily. He gradually loses condition until his coat becomes —
harsh and dry; he is hide-bound, and generally unthrifty in ap- —
pearance. Anemia is not pronounced until late in the course of |
the disease. He mav improve, for a time, under extra care, more —
nutritious food and tonic treatment, but a fatal termination is 4
almost certain. ;

One frequently meets unthrifty, anemic horses, their con- —
dition due to a variety of causes, among which may be mentioned —
' overwork, unhygienic surroundings, neglect, starvation, impaired q
nutrition, auto-intoxication, and intestinal parasitism. It is in —
the differentiation of the depraved conditions arising from such -
causes from the chronic type of the disease under consideration —
that the greatest difficulty in diagnosis is encountered. One may
find in an unthrifty, hide-bound animal a considerable loss of |
energy, some anemia, pallid, icteric mucosz, more or less cardiac —
weakness, slight venous regurgitation, possibly edema, with per- —
haps a moderate increase of temperature, but these symptoms —
are not sufficient for the differential diagnosis. In such con- —
ditions an examination of the blood affords considerable assist-_
ance. In uncomplicated cases of this disease there is usually little —
or no leucocytosis, but we do find a relative increase of lympho- —
cytes, together with a corresponding decrease in the number of ©
polynuclear leucocytes. A differential count of leucocytes is like-
wise an aid in reaching a conclusion regarding the presence of —
certain forms of intestinal parasites. While a determination of ©
the percentages of the varieties of leucocytes present in the blood |
may afford little or no negative assistance in that connection, —
marked eosinophilia may be considered a strong presumptive in- —
dication of the presence in the body of certain helminths, as —
shown by Moore, Haring, and Cady,* who found a notable in-_
crease in the percentage of eosinophiles in the blood of horses _

*Moore, Haring and Cady. The Clinical Examination of the Blood of the Horse —
and Its Value to the Veterinarian. Proceed, Am, Wet, Med. Assn., 1904, p. 284. ;

I A TE OF.

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG HORSES. 239

infested with Schlerastoma equinum. We do not hold that a

blood examination affords pathognomonic evidence, rather that
_ it constitutes an important part of a rigid physical examination,
_ and upon that basis we have excluded many cases.

In the examination of possible chronic cases the importance

of exercise should not be overlooked. A few minutes’ sharp
_ exertion suffices to greatly accelerate the respiratory and cardiac

functions in cases of this disease. Of course the blood for ex-
amination should be drawn before the animal is forced to exer-
tion to avoid the resulting physiological leucocytosis.

In many of the chronic and sub-acute cases the appetite is
ravenous; in some cases the quantity of food consumed is ab-
normal, the patient continuing to eat with relish until immedi-
ately preceding death.

The gross lesions found on autopsy are picturesque, especially
in the acute cases. When the abdominal cavity is opened the pic-
ture is striking. The intestinal tract presents, on the serous side,
a large number of small hemorrhages, particularly the posterior
part of the small intestine, the cecum and the large colon. These
hemorrhages are, as a rule, from 0.2 to 1.0 cm. in diameter. They
are irregular in outline, for the most part, with clearly defined
margins. In most cases they are bright red in color. Similar
areas, somewhat larger, are found throughout the mesentery. In
chronic cases these hemorrhages may be comparatively slight in
extent. The spleen is usually engorged, enlarged to two or more
times its normal size. Its surface is thickly petechiated. The
color when cut is dark, almost black. It is soft, so that the con-
tents are easily squeezed out. The spleen resembles quite closely
those found in cattle dead of Texas fever. In a few of the
chronic cases examined the spleen was not engorged, but that ap-
pears to be the exception. The liver is engorged and dark. The
kidneys are usually petechiated. The lymphatic glands in the
mesentery, the meso-colon, meso-cecum, and in the vicinity of
the kidneys, spleen and cceliac axis are usually enlarged. Fre-
quently some of them are surrounded by a considerable mass of

240 WINFRED B. MACK.

light yellow, jelly-like material. Many of them are hyperemic. —
The abdomen contains a few liters of blood-stained, serous fluid. q

The pericardial fluid is increased in quantity, is blood-stained,
and frequently dichroic. The heart invariably shows changes of
considerable magnitude. It is enlarged, pale, and generally pre- —
sents a parboiled appearance. On the pericardial suriace one 4
often finds small hemorrhages. They are most numerous 1n the
white tissue corresponding to the septa. In the ventricles, par- 4
ticularly the left, there are hemorrhages beneath the endocar- —
dium. These hemorrhages are generally very extensive. Occa-
sionally they are found in the auricles. Sometimes but one side, —
the left, is thus affected, at others it extends to both sides. Some- —
times the valves are edematous and they may contain extravasated
blood. The lungs are frequently hyperemic. There may be con-
siderable extravasation beneath the pleura. Occasionally there
are limited areas of consolidation in the lungs, but as a rule the ~
pulmonary changes are slight, insufficient in extent to account ror
the profound respiratory disturbance found clinically. ‘lhe
thorax contains a liter or two of fluid similar to that found in the —
abdomen. The mediastinal lymphatic glands are frequently en-
larged and may be hyperemic. '

The bone marrow is invariably profoundly altered. In some _
of the long bones the yellow marrow is a very deep, dark red 4
in color. This condition we have always found to be extensive .
in the femora, usually considerable in the humeri, and occasion- _
al in the radii and tibia. It is rarely found in any of the bones —
below the carpal or tarsal regions. In the femora this change
may involve from one-half to the entire amount of yellow mar- —
row; in the humeri it will vary from a half or a third down toa _
few circumscribed areas; in the radii, tibia or other long bones —
it consists of one or more small areas. Portions of the marrow _
of the epiphyses of the long bones, normally a light pink, are
often the color of venous blood. The marrow in the flat and ir-
regular bones, the ribs, vertebra, scapulz, pelvic, etc., is usually
much darker than normal. We are unable, at present, to state

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG HORSES. 241

“of just what this marrow change actually consists. It may be
_ hemorrhage or it may be a resumption of the hematopoietic func-
tion on the part of the yellow marrow. We have sectioned and
- studied some of it, but are not yet able to interpret appearances
to our satisfaction. This will constitute an important part of our
_ work in the near future.

The skeletal muscles are pale. The subcutaneous and inter-
‘muscular connective tissue contains large numbers of small
hemorrhages. The principal groups of lymphatic glands of the
head, trunk and limbs may show enlargement and hyperemia.
There are usually no gross lesions found in the central nervous
* system; in one case there was some extravasation at the base of
" the brain and the cerebral fluid was blood-stained. The laminz
_ have been examined in but a few cases; in each of them there was
extravasation. The intestine frequently contains blood, some-
' times in large quantities.

i The following autopsy notes are of interest in this connec-
_ tion:
| E case No, 3.

_ Died October 2, 1907, at 6 o’clock p.m. Autopsy October 3,
at 8 o’clock a. m.

There was pronounced rigor mortis. Animal emaciated. Ex-
treme edema of the prepuce ; moderate edema of the subcutaneous
tissue in the ventral thoracic and abdominal regions ; some edema
- on the inner aspect of the thighs. '

| Beneath the serous covering of the intestinal tract there were
< thousands of small hemorrhages; the entire cecum was involved,
exhibiting hundreds of ecchymoses; the first and second por-
| tions and the posterior third of the third portion of the colon
_ showed countless ecchymoses; the floating colon contained a few
similar hemorrhagic areas; the areas of extravasation in the large
intestine were from 0.2-1.0 cm. in diameter, bright red in color,
irregular in outline, with well-defined margins. The anterior
three feet of the small intestine exhibited numerous petechiz,

242 WINFRED B. MACK.

O.1-0.2 cm. in diameter, somewhat darker in color than the
hemorrhages of the large intestine, circular in outline, with clear-
cut margins. Asa rule, they were widely separated, but three or
four groups of twelve to fifteen occurred, closely situated yet
separated. The duodenal portion of the mesentery, the meso-
colon, and the meso-cecum contained many ecchymoses, some-
what more diffuse than those in the intestinal wall, from 0.3-2.0
cm. in diameter.

There was a slight fibrinous adhesion between the liver and
diaphragm. The liver was firm, the dorsal surface darkened, the
ventral surface a dark greenish slate color. The cut surface of

the liver showed marked biliary discoloration. The liver was —

filled with gas, so that from its incised surface the gas came out
from the capillaries through the blood in minute bubbles in as-
tonishing quantities. The spleen was increased in size and soft.
The capsule was thickly sprinkled with minute hemorrhages. The
cut surface was dark, almost black, the pulp soft, the fibrous
framework indistinguishable. The kidneys were somewhat fri-
able; their capsule easily removed; on section one could see sev- ~
eral small hemorrhages about I mm. in diameter.

The thorax contained a liter or two of bloody serous fluid.
The lungs were considerably congested and much firmer than
normal, but did not appear to be pneumonic. There was a mod-
erate amount of fibrinous exudate on the left thoracic wall and
a slight adhesion between it and the left lung. On the median
surface of the left lung there was hemorrhage beneath the pleura
covering about one-half its surface. The right lung had sub-
pleural hemorrhage over about two-thirds its surface. The
pericardium was distended with dark, bloody, dichroic fluid.
The heart appeared to be enlarged and presented a parboiled
appearance.. Beneath the pericardium there were numerous
hemorrhages varving in size from punctiform to large diffuse
ones. Beneath the endocardium of the left ventricle there was
a deep, dark hemorrhage, covering approximately one-third the
sur face.

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG HORSES. 243

ba The crural lymphatic glands appeared normal; the sub-scap-
' ular group was somewhat congested; the inguinal, pre-scapular,
' and sub-maxillary groups appeared to. be congested and edema-
- tous; the colic and renal groups, those about the ileo-cecal valve
and in the neighborhood of the cceliac axis were edematous and
| hyperemic.

The marrow in the ribs, vertebre and pelvis was much darker
in color than is that in healthy horses. The marrow in the shafts
of some of the long bones was a deep, dark red in color. This
condition was marked in the humerus, intense in the femur.

The cerebral meninges were deeply congested.

Case No. 16.

Autopsy August 30, 1908, performed about one hour after
death.

The carcass showed a fairly nourished condition with a mod-
|" erate amount of fat. Illness had been of too short duration to
|) effect any particular emaciation. There was subcutaneous edema
|. in and about the prepuce and extending along the abdomen an-
’ teriorly, and anterior to the scapule. In the subcutaneous and
|, inter-muscular connective tissue along the inferior half of the
|, jugular furrows, along the dorsal region on both sides, anterior
to the scapulz, and beneath the latissimus dorsi muscle there were
thousands of circular hemorrhages 0.1-0.2 cm. ‘in diameter.

__ The intestinal tract presented a spectacular anatomical pic-

i id the anterior 18 inches of the floating colon, including the
_ longitudinal bands along the large intestine, the entire mesentery,
ae the meso-colon, and the meso-cecum, there were countless thou-

ie were similar heniott Mages aici the entire small intes-
} tine, quite numerous anteriorly and increasing in numbers pos-
teriorly until within about eight feet of the ileo-czcal valve; in
this posterior eight feet of the ileum they were the most numer-

244 WINFRED B. MACK.

-ous; there was room for no more without their blending together; —

in fact, there were several areas of from one inch to eight or ten |
inches in length, extending over about three-fourths of the in-
testinal circumference in an irregular manner, diminishing and —
disappearing as the mésenteric attachment was approached, where —
the hemorrhage was suffused, resembling bright red paint care- —
lessly and irregularly applied with a brush. The serous surface ~
of the stomach appeared normal. The spleen was enlarged to
fully three times its normal size, soft, and engorged; over its
surface there were hundreds of bright red petechiz; on the thick-
er end there was considerable fibrinous exudate, appearing as —
though it had been adherent to other viscera. On section the —
spleen was almost black in color, and of such consistency that
the pulp and blood could readily be squeezed out of it. The liver
was apparently enlarged and presented a peculiar greenish, dark
mahogany color. About two-thirds.of the pyloric portion of the
gastric mucosa was densely hemorrhagic, with a considerable —
quantity of clotted blood adherent. The cardiac portion of the |
stomach appeared normal. There was considerable blood mixed —
with the stomach contents. The intestines contained a brownish —
slimy fluid. The entire intestinal mucosa from the pylorus to
the middle of the floating colon showed numerous dark red _
puncte, but much less numerous than were the hemorrhages on
the serous surface.- The ventral portion of the parietal peri-—
toneum was extensively hemorrhagic, the areas varying in size
from mere puncte to large suffusions. The kidneys were soft
and friable with extensive hemorrhages beneath the capsule; the
cortex was pale with numerous minute, bright red points; the
medulla dark and streaked with red.

The dorsal and left parietal pleura was considerably hemor-
rhagic; this was peculiar in that it was confined to that portion —
of the pleura covering the ribs, while the intercostal portions |
were not affected; these hemorrhages varied from the smallest
punctiform to ecchymotic areas about 0.8 cm. in diameter. The
Jungs appeared normal, except for a few subpleural hemorrhages. |

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG HORSES. 245

The heart appeared as though parboiled. Beneath the pericar-
dium covering the adipose tissue corresponding to the septa were
extensive hemorrhages; near the apex there was a considerable
group of petechiz ; on the walls of the ventricles there were large
areas of diffuse hemorrhage. Beneath the left ventricular endo-

_ cardium, covering about three-fifths of the surface, there was a

thick, dark hemorrhage. The cardiac valves appeared normal.
The fluid in the pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities ap-
peared normal in both quantity and composition.

Many of the groups of lymphatic glands showed material al-
teration; the surface of the inguinal, precrural and _ popliteal

4 groups and those situated along either side of the vertebral col-

umn were thickly sprinkled with minute punctiform hemor-
_ rhages; the splenic and renal groups were hyperemic and edema-
_ tous, the mesenteric and mediastinal groups appeared hyperemic.

The bone marrow had undergone considerable alteration ; that
in the ribs, vertebrze, occipital, scapulze and pelvis was of a much
deeper color than is normal; that of the heads and condyles of
the femur was very dark; in the yellow marrow of the radius

_ there were numerous small, circular, dark red areas; the marrow

in the tibia, matatarsus, and os pedis was diffusely reddened,
_ while the dark red discoloration was intense in the marow con-
_ tained in the shafts of the femurs. There was hemorrhage into
_ the laminz of the hind feet.

| The vessels of the cerebral pia were engorged; the spinal cord
seemed normal. In the cxcum there were twelve schlerastomata ;

' in the duodenum immediately beyond the pylorus there were one

_ hundrd or more larval cestridz; besides these no parasites were

| found.

‘The histologic changes are about what would be expected
from the clinical character of the disease. The liver shows ex-
tensive parenchymatous degeneration and necrosis. It is exten-
sively pigmented. As a rule this pigment, consisting of fine yel-
low granules, is deposited in the hepatic cells. The capillaries
are engorged with blood; the leucocytes may contain some pig-

246 WINFRED B. MACK.

ment granules. Occasionally one finds masses of this pigment in
the capillaries, but it is, for the most part, intracellular. The
kidneys contain hemorrhagic areas, some of them large. The
renal tubules have undergone marked changes, parenchymatous
degeneration and necrosis. The glomeruli are, as a general thing,
but little altered» Occasionally there is some extravasation of

blood into them. The spleen is engorged with blood, much of |

it disintegrated. There are large deposits of yellowish pigment
in the spleen, derived from the red blood corpuscles.

The heart contains massive areas of extravasation beneath
pericardium and endocardium and sometimes between the muscle
fibers. The cardiac muscle frequently shows considerable cloudy
swelling. The valves of the heart are sometimes edematous and
may contain hemorrhagic areas. The lymphatic glands are hy-
peremic, frequently edematous. In some cases they are surround-
ed by an extensive mass of edematous tissue. The lungs may
exhibit areas of catarrhal pneumonia with more or less edema of
the interstitial tissue. There is often considerable extravasation
of blood beneath the pleura. However, the pulmonary changes
are never of sufficient extent to be of any particular clinical im-
portance. The digestive tract shows extensive hemorrhages, _
sometimes some edematous infiltration; in one case there was
mucoid degeneration of the epithelium in the colon. In one
chronic case there was amyloid degeneration, extensive in the
spleen, considerable in the liver. In another we found a begin-
ning hyaline degeneration in the spleen.

There is no evidence that this affection is contagious by the
ordinary contact of animals living together on the same ranch,
but there is much in its nature to suggest a specific infectious dis- —
ease. Considerable work has been done to determine that point,
but the results are not yet of a decisive character. Bacteria have
been demonstrated in the tissues of animals dead from it. Some
of the cultures thus obtained were pathogenic for rabbits and

guinea pigs. With one such culture three horses were inocu- |

lated. They were rendered desperately ill by that inoculation,

SERIOUS ANEMIC DISEASE AMONG HORSES. 247

_ but the illness was not, apparently, the disease under discussion.
_ An effort was then made to determine if the blood of patients
_ was virulent for horses. Thus far three horses have been inocu-
_ lated with serum or defibrinated blood and one has received blood
_ perorum. One of these animals developed an unmistakably fatal
case of the disease. Another one probably had it. The other
does not, as yet (July 20, 1909), give any evidence of sickness.
_ As a consequence the infectious nature of the disease is yet an
_ open question. Until that question is settled it is impossible to
_ decide whether or not this is identical with any other known

~ malady.

’ LIST OF COMMITTEES APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT
'._s MELVIN OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY
MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

A, V. M. A, COMMITTEES, I1909-I0.

Executive—Joseph Hughes, Chairman; Tait Butler, John R.
Mohler, John R. Mitchell, R. A. Archibald.

Intelligence and Education—David S, White, Chairman; S.
J. J. Harger, W. H. Dalrymple, S. B. Nelson, Pierre A. Fish.
13 Diseases—V. A. Moore, Chairman; John R. Mohler, M. H.
| Reynolds, E. C. Schroeder, J. G. Rutherford.
+4 Legislation—J. P. Turner, Chairman; W. G. Hollingworth,
_ A. S. Cooley, T. E. Budd, W. H. Hoskins.
| Finance—Otto G, Noack, Chairman; G. Ed. Leech, R. C.
Moore.
re Publication—C, J. Marshall, Chairman; R. W. Ellis, C. A.
be Cary, C. H. Stange, R. P. Lyman.
_ ~Necrology—J. F. Winchester, Chairman; William Dough-
' erty, George H. Berns, Charles G. Lamb, J. L. Robertson.
‘fe Resolutions—A. H. Baker, Chairman; J. V. Newton, George

H. Roberts, C. H. Jewell, F. Torrance.

Association of Faculites—S. Stewart, Chairman; F. A.
Schoenleber, A. M. Farrington.

Association Seal—E. L. Quitman, Chairman; Seymour Had-
wen, H. D. Gill.

FURTHER FACTS ABOUT RABIES. *

By JoHN R. MOHLER, V.M.D.,WasuHincTon, D. C.

TRANSMISSION OF THE DISEASE By MILK AND Meat.

While the virus of rabies is most frequently found in the
central nervous system and the salivary glands, it may also be
found in other glands and secretions, including the mammary
glands and milk. That rabies may at times be excreted with the
milk has been proved by Nocard, Perroncito, Bardach and the
writer. In these latter experiments the milk of a rabid bitch hay-
ing a litter of puppies was inoculated intramuscularly into rab-
bits and guinea pigs and produced typical rabies, but the puppies -
removed from the mother when the first symptoms developed
_ were kept under observation for 18 months without developing
the disease. The reason for these negative results in the pup-
pies may be explained (1) by not having been bitten by the
mother before she was removed, and (2) the absence of any abra-
sion in the alimentary tract through which the virus could have
entered the circulation. It is a generally accepted fact that rabies
cannot be transmitted to normal animals through food containing
the virus of the disease unless lesions are present in the ali-
mentary canal, but the conclusion that there is no danger to the
consumer from the meat or milk of animals that are rabid is not
tenable since abrasions of the lips, mouth and pharynx are all too
frequent to permit of such risks. These products must there-
fore be considered as dangerous to health. One case is on record
where a baby in Cuba developed rabies from nursing its mother
while the latter was in the early stages of hydrophobia. In this
case, however, the virus in the milk may have entered the circu-
lation through abrasions of the gums during teething. Similar
cases have been reported in veterinary practice where the virus of

* Supplement to paper published in AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, October, 1909.
248

FURTHER FACTS ABOUT RABIES, 249

_ rabies was observed to have been passed to the offspring through
_ the mother’s milk, but in these cases it is impossible to eliminate
_ an obscure bite from the bitch or lesions of the gums during this
early age. While it is not probable that cattle would be milked
after the symptoms of rabies developed, it is nevertheless impor-
_ tant to realize the danger of using such milk and the necessity for
preventing calves from sucking such diseased cows. All attempts
_ to convey the disease to healthy dogs by feeding them upon meat
_ from infected animals have given negative results.* Nevertheless
_ the meat of rabid animals must be considered as unfit for food,
- and the meat inspection regulations enforced by the various coun-
_ tries having’ such inspection provide for the total condemnation
_ of the carcasses of these animals; Infection has occurred in man
_ from making autopsies on rabid dogs, and it is likewise possible to
» result if inoculation occurs while handling the meat of rabid
- cattle, hogs or sheep. Ostertag reports the case of a veterinary
fe student at Copenhagen who infected a wound on his finger while
_ making an autopsy on a dog dead of rabies, and died of the dis-
_ ease. Another somewhat similar case occurred in a veterinary
_ student at Dresden in consequence of an injury received while
_ holding a post mortem on a rabid dog. Wrysykowski in an at-
tempt to discover the reason for the fact that no illness followed
the eating of the meat and even the brain of rabid animals, tested
_ the action of the gastric juice upon infectious material in vitro.
__ Twenty-one rabbits were inoculated with this artificially digested
virus but not one animal contracted the disease, while all the
- seventeen check rabbits which were inoculated with undigested
_ rabies virus developed the disease and died. It is evident, there-
_ fore, that the gastric juice has a pronounced deleterious effect
upon the virus of rabies.

PREVENTION AND ERADICATION,

Sanitary regulations which seek to control effectively the dis-
ease by exterminating it among dogs are most likely to prove suc-

_._* Claudio Fermi has recently produced rabies in rats and mice by feeding them
rabietic material with their focd. About sixty per cent. of the seventy animals so
fed died of paralytic rabies.

250 ° JOHN R. MOHLER.

cessiul. There is no cmmunicable disease which is more easily pre-
vented or eradicated than rabies. Since the infection is prac-
tically always transmitted by a bite, and since the animal which ~
does the biting is almost always a dog, all sanitary measures must —
be directed to the control of these animals for a sufficient time
to cover the incubation period of the disease. It seems inex-
cusable therefore to allow this contagion to be propagated in- —
definitely, causing untold suffering to the affected animals and
menacing the lives of persons, particularly children, who go ©
upon the streets. The only measures necessary to obtain the de-
sired result are (1) a tax or license for all dogs, with a fee of $2
for males and $5 for females, and the destruction of homeless or
vagrant dogs; (2) restraint of all dogs which appear in public
places, either by the use of a leash or an efficient muzzle. There
is no doubt that neglect has allowed the accumulation of owner-
less dogs in this country to an extent that renders our large cities
frequently liable to incursions of rabid animals. To even men-
tion muzzling, however, is sufficient to bring tirades of abuse upon
the head of the sanitarian, and dog sentimentalists are imme-
diately up in arms, using time, influence and money to prevent
such an ordinance. In spite of the obloquy with which it is re-
ceived by a certain mistaken class of the community, the results
of muzzling amply justify its recommendation, and its rigid en-
forcement without any additional requirement, will exterminate
rabies in a district in a shorter time than any other known method.
Even Dulles, the great controversalist on rabies, admits that he
considers muzzling to be the most important measure for limiting
the ravages of this disorder, no matter on what theory it may be

accounted for. Excellent examples of its efficiency are shown by
the well-known results obtained in eradicating the disease from

England, Sweden, Denmark, Berlin, and in other communities.
The striking results obtained by England has caused many per-
sons to propose and advocate a national dog muzzling law for the
United States enforced by the Department of Agriculture. These
suggestions, however, do not take into consideration the discrim-
ination between the functions of the federal and state govern-

FURTHER FACTS ABOUT RABIES. 251

ments and the differences betwen the laws of the United States
and those of England. The power transferred is not in all cases
sufficient to effect the eradication of a disease for the reason that
the federal government cannot enforce measures within a state
without the legislative consent of the state unless the animals af-
fected are subjects of or endanger interstate commerce. Its
work, therefore, without the co-operation of the states affected,
is limited to interstate traffic and quarantine lines are thus made
to follow state lines. The department is always willing to co-
operate so far as possible with any state which requests assist-
ance in eradicating an infectious disease. But such a state must
necessarily have the proper laws by which the control of the dis-
ease is made possible. When a disease such as rabies is confined
within a state it does not come under the jurisdiction of the fed-
eral government and cannot be treated as the infectious diseases,
pleuro-pneumonia and foot-and-mouth disease, which spread from
‘State to state and become a serious menace to. interstate traffic.
The Department of Agriculture could quarantine against states
where the disease exists, but it can readily be seen that owing to
the great freedom of movement which dogs enjoy it would be im-
practicable to enforce such a quarantine further than to require
all dogs to be muzzled which are being transported interstate by
' common carriers. Such a requirement would give an infinitesimal
amount of protection as these dogs would be beyond our jurisdic-
tion the moment they reached the state for which they were des-
tined. If all states should enact muzzling laws, or if the state
boards of health, state sanitary boards and municipal authorities
in the infected states should be empowered to issue and enforce
regulations compelling the muzzling of all dogs in the infected
area and the impounding or humane destruction of all dogs found
running at large, the disease would soon be stamped out.

The necessity for a muzzling order having arisen in the Dis-
trict of Columbia, the Secretary of Agriculture notified the Dis-
trict Commissioners of the presence of this disease in an alarming
degree among the canines of Washington, and requested the en-
actment of a muzzling order. Such an order was deemed ad-

22: ; JOHN R. MOHLER.

visable because the disease had suddenly jumped from 12 cases
during the fiscal year of 1906-7 to 61 cases in 1907-8. The-
commissioners, however, believing that the most effective man-
ner of dealing with the matter was to impound and destroy stray
dogs, started to increase the dog-catching service on February 1,
1908,.and from this time to June 15, 1908, there were 2,762 dogs
impounded as compared with 1,185 dogs impounded during the
corresponding period for 1907. Not until the President of the
United States became interested in the subject did the Commis-
sioners see fit to issue a muzzling order to be effective for a
period of six months. With the extra wagons and force employed
the number of dogs captured during the period of the muzzling
order was 4,355 as compared with 2,794 captured during the cor-
responding period of the preceding year. The cost of the service _
for the period of the muzzling order was $6,125, as compared with
$2,243 for the corresponding period in the previous year. To fur-

ther the execution of this order 146 arrests were made and 134 q

convictions secured besides what was accomplished by giving no-
tice of a-penalty for violation. In 1908, during the last six
months of which the muzzling order was enforced, 8,225 dogs
were impounded, while since the muzzling order elapsed only
2,243 dogs have been impounded during the first half of this
year. During the last six months of 1908, the period when muz-
zling was required, there were 46 cases of rabies, while in the
first six months of 1909 there were only 28 cases. The results
from the muzzling order were therefore becoming apparent and
an additional six months’ quarantine was requested by the Secre-
tary of Agriculture, but this request was not complied with by the
District Commissioners.

In order to secure state and municipal legislation for the con-
trol of rabies it will require concerted action on the part of all in-
terested parties whether professional men or laymen to prove to
the public the need, value and benefits of such a procedure. With
such legislation properly enforced no dogs would be seen running
at large without a muzzle. Those contracting the disease would

FURTHER FACTS ABOUT RABIES, 253

be unable to transfer the virus to other animals. Monetary loss,
untold suffering and death among both human beings and ani-
mals caused by the disease would rapidly decrease, and in a rela-
tively short period rabies would be eradicated from our country.
After reaching this desired goal the reappearance of the disease
could be readily prevented by a six months’ quarantine of all dogs
imported into the United States from countries where rabies is

prevalent.

ie Errect or Music on Cows.—A New Jersey farmer has dis-
_ covered that music pays in the dairy business. He employed a
_ Swiss milkmaid who yodeled, and the daily supply of milk in-

_ creased. The milkmaid left, the cows, moped, and the milk sup-

. ply decreased. He bought a phonograph and installed it in the

stables, and when he put in the kind of music the cows liked they
gave down freely. Some tunes made them dry up.—Boston
Journal,

Aw Exuisir AND Lecrure Course from Oct. 13th to 20th
inclusive were given in the Lawrence City Hall, Lawrence,
Mass., under the auspices of the Lawrence Anti-Tuberculosis
League. The exhibit was composed of photographs, charts,
models and specimens brought together from different parts of

' the country, illustrative of the methods now employed for the
_ treatment of tuberculosis in hospitals, in sanatoria, and at home;

and also of means for preventing the spread of tuberculosis from

one person to another. Dr. John L. Winchester presided over

one of the sections and delivered a masterly address. The work
- was entered into enthusiastically by physicians, clergymen,
_ judges, lawyers and our own Winchester.

THE VETERINARY MEDICAL AssocrATION oF NEw YorkK
Crty will hold a reunion and smoker on Wednesday evening,
December 1, and would like every veterinarian in Greater New
York and vicinity to be present. Veterinarians, as a rule, do
not mingle together enough, socially. It is a mistake; you can
never know what a real good fellow your competitor is until you
have met him socially. Write Dr. D. J. Mangan, No. 280 East
ua Hundred and Sixty-second street, City, for particulars and
tickets.

REPORTS OF CASES.

TETANUS.-*
_ By W..H. Lyncu, D. V. S., Portland, Maine.

In introducing to your notice the subject of tetanus, I feel —
an apology is duc from me for asking you to consider so com- —
mon a disease, one with whose clinical symptoms we are all so
familiar—too familiar, probably, in the case of many of us; but
I am prompted to do this, actually compelled, being notified by
the worthy secretary of this association to write a paper for this
meeting, and having a horse of my own that has recently been
through this terribly painful and frequently fatal disease. I hope
that to some extent, and in a great degree the discussion which
may follow, will serve to bring to our minds some detail which,
individually we mav have overlooked or forgotten, so that at
our parting this evening we may be conversant with the most
recent theories as to the actual cause of tetanus, the manner in
which the pathological conditions are produced, and the steps
which may be taken to prevent altogether, or remedy as much
as possible, such conditions.

If tetanus is not so common, if there are not certain species
immune or only infected with difficulty, it is none the less of
supreme interest to us, as the most valuable animal to the use of
man, the horse is particularly susceptible to infection, even more
so than man himself. Anything, therefore, if only a hypothesis,
which can assist in pointing out the lines to be followed in suc-
cessfully combating the disease must be carefully considered, —
and if necessary, tested. Much treatment is empirical, many of

our most successful cases after treatment which could not be —

scientifically upheld; and careful consideration of such treatment
will often indicate the way to a rational method. Out of dark-
ness there is almost alwavs sure to be light. .

I do not propose in this short paper to discuss the symptoms
of tetanus, but the treatment, as I found ample scope for all my
activities once it had developed. Briefly I wish to discuss the

e Read before the Maine Veterinary Medical Association.
24

REPORTS OF CASES. 255

case, the means whereby the poison spreads, how its dissemina-
tion may be prevented and how neutralized out of the body and
perhaps in the body itself. I believe we are agreed that its symp-
toms are characteristic. Time will not allow me to indicate the
various opinions held, experimeuts made, work done on this sub-
ject. It would absorb all the time allowed me to simply begin
with this.

Tetanus is the disease we recognize following the absorption
of the tetanus toxin. Whether the toxin is formed by the germ
of the disease in the body, or whether the toxin is obtained from
the culture of the incubated organism and then injected in the
body. The toxin operates upon the higher nerve centres, upon
the nerve cells in the gray matter of brain and cord, or to be
more accurate, upon the neurons and as a result, we observe the
muscular contractions involving certain groups of muscles and
portions of the body. The organism of tetanus is an anaerobe,
oxygen is fatal to it, in its bacillary form, hence tetanus does not
usually follow large surface wounds of no great depth, but rather
small wounds of uncertain depth with recesses practically shut
off from the air. It usually appears when a wound is cicatrizing
and for probably the same reason that oxygen harmful to the de-
velopment of the germ is shut off from the wound.

We do not know the incubative period of tetanus, because the
disease is not recognized till the well known muscular contrac-
tions make their appearance. We are not able to say how long it
is necessary for the organism to be in the wound before the symp-
toms appear. It is more than likely that the incubating period
lies between wide limits and that it will vary with different an-
imals. It is also probable that it will vary with the site of the
wound and the distance from the nerve centers. The organism
of tetanus remains near the wound which is always present. I
consider the term “ Idiopathic Tetanus” to be redundant since
there is truly only traumatic tetanus, every case being due to
infection from a wound though the wound may be so small that
it cannot be discovered or may be in a region which cannot be
examined. The organism has a wide distribution. It is found in
the soil, in dust, in feces—of horses especially. It is a common
saprophyte in the alimentary.canal of animals. When one con-
siders the number of intestinal animal parasites a horse may
carry and the serious lesions which these parasites may produce
in the mucous membrane of the gut, it is wonderful indeed that
septicemia is not more common: If we do not discover that there
is a wound we must remember that a wound is a solution of con-

256 REPORTS OF CASES.

tinuity which may be extremely small, and must not conclude
that one does not exist.

Having gained entrance to a wound the tetanus organism ac-
cordingly may cause no harm or its presence may result in dis-
ease. We have already seen that the oxygen of the atmosphere
is fatal to the organism but there are in the body potent factors
which prevent any further development of the bacilli and these
are the phagocytes. The phagocytes must, however, act promptly
and without hindrance if the tetanus organisms are to be an-
nihilated. Unfortunately this can rarely be the case, If the tet-
anus organism is to be rendered harmless it must be before it has
produced any poison, as the poison is as fatal to the phagocyte
as it is to the body of which they are a part and before the tetanus

bacillus is ready to form the toxin, the phagocytes are too busy

dealing with the product of the germ of the tetanus. Experi-
ments have been made to elucidate the role played by the pha-
gocytes and the organism of tetanus. If a quantity of tetanus
bacilli is washed free of the toxin they form and is then injected —
into a susceptible animal the phagocytes will seize the bacilli and
render them harmless or assimilate them and the animal would _
be harm-proof. If any substance that will keep the phagocytes ©

in check is injected at the same time as the organisms, then teta-

nus will follow, owing to the organisms having free play to form |

the toxin.

Tetanus is then seen to be an intoxication produced by the
tetanus bacillus and for its development the tetanus bacillus need
not be present in the body, the toxin may be obtained from a
culture and injected into the body. Experiments made at the
Pasteur Institute showed that this toxin travels along the nerve
trunks to the centres following the most direct route to reach
the cell body of the neuron. This toxin is of great strength, two
drops are sufficient to kill a horse with all the symptoms of a
severe attack of tetanus, thus showing the toxin to be of great
power, that it is formed at the wound, that it spreads by the nerve
trunks, its direction being centripetal, that it is fixed or united
with the nerve cells or cell bodies of the neurons.

Thus much by way of introduction, as you may imagine, I
have not carried all this from my college days, but recently made
extensive researches into all the history I could find of Tetanus,
being impelled thereto, by urgent necessity of relieving the suf-
fering of my driving horse who has lately recovered from an at-
tack of tetanus of the greatest severity.

On the afternoon of Saturday, March 27, 1909, I hitched up

REPORTS OF CASES. 257

my five-year-old brown gelding to make a few calls. Returning
home about five o'clock, my attention was drawn to his peculiar
gait, which was very stiff and stilty. I came in the yard up to
the stable door and saw plenty of signs of trouble as I took him
out of the harness. His head and neck were stretched forward, tail
more erect than usual and membrana nictitans slightly elevated
—all sufficiently characteristic symptoms of tetanus, and yet
as you may all imagine, I was unwilling to pronounce it, so I
*phoned to Dr. Lord, asking him to come in and take a look at
him. He arrived in a short time and I listened to him confirming
my diagnosis with a feeling you can probably guess. Dr. Lord
said: ‘ Tetanus, better begin injecting antitoxin.” I telephoned
the house where I am in the habit of buying my supplies to send
me some Parke Davis Antitoxin, but all that could be found was
four tubes veterinary and two tubes human use. Feeling appre-
hensive of lack of further opportunity I gave him an aloetic
bolus, then fed him in my usual way with his regular ration which
he managed to consume, although mastication was becoming more
difficult all the while, and injected the antitoxin at intervals of
four hours.

Sunday morning, March 28, I found complete trismus and
other signs of well developed tetanus. I darkened his stall, fas-
tened the doors leading immediately into his quarters, allowing
no other than my own family to go near him. No more anti-
tetanic serum to be found in the city. Fortunately at this junc-
‘ture, Mr. Smith came to the rescue by kindly procuring me one
dozen bottles of the Parke Davis serum from one of the jobbing
houses here, which I continued to inject at intervals of four hours.
I kept this up for several days and nights. I am unable to say
how many, but I used altogether three and one-half dozen bottles.

Monday, March 29, I placed him in slings, believing that his
strength was not equal to his remaining upright, and knowing
that once he got down, it would be the end. He was having se-
vere spasms that were becoming more frequent, finally they would
take him off his feet and leave him dangling in the slings. April
3 I went to Skowhegan for the day, leaving him helpless in the
slings with those spasms coming every ten or fifteen minutes and
each one seemingly about to end his existence. I hardly hoped to
find him alive on my return and asked Dr. Lord to have another
look at him, which he did and I am safe in saying he had few
hopes of his recovery.

From Sunday, March 28, there began to be a very great
amount of saliva coming from the incisive openings, of a fetid,

258 : REPORTS OF CASES.

feverish odor. I considered this an indication for the use of
phenol. He had become reconciled to the slings and I arranged
his manger in such manner as to keep it sanitary with the free use
of the phenol, syringing his mouth with phenol solution at times
when I fed him with thin gruels which always had a drachm of
phenol in them to each two quarts. Gruels for rectal injection
were similarly compounded. I put phenol in his drinking water.
I kept up the use of this agent for about ten days, hoping to have
it act as an anti-ferment in the digestive tract and play an impor-
tant part in combating the toxin. You will note that I used large

amounts. There seems to be a special immunity in tetanus to a
strong agents, as probably the gamut has been run by doctors in _

hope of finding specific—Prussic acid, Cannabis Indica, Curare,
etc. I have heard of trephining. 4

In the third week of his trismus, I changed his diet from thin a
gruels to eggs and milk, but kept up the gruels per rectum. For —
some time I had been giving the antitoxin twice daily only, as
the convulsions had almost ceased. A noise or strange step would
still bring them on. I believe that antitoxin saved this horse’s
life. He really had little else and the attack was of great severity.
I must say I have never seen a worse case. If I ever have a sim-
ilar one I will inject two ounces of the antitoxin every four hours
instead of one, using this method for a shorter period, and recom-
mend this procedure.

Just what the antitoxin does I do not know, but imagine it re-
inforces the phagocytes by being injected in the circulation.

Returning from the Association meeting April fifteenth, I
found my horse with a few spears of hay in his mouth. From
now on his jaws gradually unlocked, and generally showing signs
of improvement, ears and tail less rigid. Stopped feeding gruels —
and eggs, and fed hay, oats and a mash of ground oats at night.

On the night of May 1 he had a bad attack of tympanitis, from 7
overfeeding there is little doubt, as he was very greedy, and I ©
could not resist giving him what he wanted. I gave him all the ~
regular remedies and they failed to relieve him, so was obliged to

perform a colocentesis, which gave immediate relief, although I
dreaded the effects of the wound. Fortunately it healed unevent-
fully. From now on little change, work of repair going on very
slowly. Emaciated, weak, appetite strong, greedy in fact. May
29, exactly nine weeks from the attack, I put him in the harness
and drove him to the blacksmith’s and had him shod and gave him
a short walking exercise every day. The eleventh week he re-
ported for duty.

REPORTS OF CASES. 209

CLINICAL PICTURES.
By Franx J. Loomis, D. V. M.

We are indebted to Dr. Frank J. Loomis, of Phoenix, N. Y.,
for the following set of pictures of cases presented at the clinic

of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, at Utica,
September, 1908. Dr. Loomis photographed the cases at the

clinic, but in some way overlooked sending them until after his
return from the Chicago meeting of the A. V. M. A., one year
later.

260 REPORTS OF CASES,

Nevertheless the cases will be recognized at once by anyone
who saw them at the Utica meeting. Not so vividlv the case of
exuberant granulation represented by cut No. 1, as the four

others representing a case of unusual interest that was presented
for diagnosis and assigned to Dr. Geo. H. Berns.

Dr. Berns found the case of so much interest that he asked
Drs. Grenside and Williams to consult with him. Dr. Williams
was operating and could not give the case the attention it re- 7)

REPORTS OF CASES. 261

aquired to arrive at a diagnosis; but Drs. Berns and Grenside
studied it carefully, and we refer our readers to the October,

Contractions at their height.

1908, issue of the REvIEw, for a description of the case and the
diagnosis arrived at separately by these gentlemen.

RETENTION OF FOETUS IN A COW.
By J. A. McCrank, D. V. S., Plattsburgh, N. Y.

Mr. Goff had a cow due to drop a calf March 14, 1906. She
showed so plainly that the period of gestation was about complete
that she was watched night and day; soon all signs disappeared.
She was milked and the flow-was wonderfully good. She put on
flesh and it was believed she was farrow., She never showed
signs of heat. She was milked through 1906 and 1907. In April,
1908, I was called to examine her to see why she did not show
periods of heat. I diagnosed a twist of neck of uterus and a
calf in the uterus. She ceased milking about this time, and soon
was in splendid beef condition. She was sold to the butcher and
I was present when she was slaughtered. I found a feetus; a
dry and firm mass wrapped in the dried foetal membranes. It
seemed as if the mucous coat and cotyledons parted from the mus-
cular coats of the uterus and became part of the encysted mass.

262 REPORTS OF CASES.

“ CANNABIS INDICA AS A GENERAL ANASTHETIC.”
By W. A. BoucHer, Vv. S., Pasadena, Cal.

Where I have a major operation I use one drahm of cannabis
in an ounce of sterile water injected into the jugular vein one
hour before operating.

I operated on a cryptorchid the other day and the horse never
made a struggle, not even when severing the cord. As soon as
he was loosened he regained his feet without the least trouble,
went wandering around the corral and was eating hay in a few
minutes. I also use it in this same manner in severe cases of
colic. I have never had a bad result from its use.

Kyphosis (Congenital). Photo by G, E, Corwin, Jr., D.V.S., Canaan, Conn.

The above photograph, by G. E. Corwin, Jr., D. V. S., of
Canaan, Conn., is of a mare, whom the doctor describes as hav-
ing Congenital Kyphosis.

REPORTS OF CASES. 263

DELAYED PARTURITION.

By J. A. McCrank, D. V. S., Plattsburgh, N. Y.

On July 19 Mr. Martin drove his mare to my infirmary for
examination. History—This mare had been due to foal on May
11. All signs of approaching parturition were evident. She was
kept at work. About June 1 the abdominal expansion diminished,
udder reduced, yet health and condition continued excellent.
About July 14 she began to void urine quite often, health became
delicate and pus began to drip from vulva. On examination I
found the scapula in the urinary passage, and farther on, held
by the uterine walls was the foetus, in a terrible state of decom-

' position. By means of enemas of warm water, etc., I removed

_ this foetus in two hours. She was exhausted. I clothed her
_ warmly, gave stimulants; did not know the wonderful properties
_ of Echinace then. Next morning she took a light breakfast; in
_ eight days she was returned home and to her work. At no time

_ did this mare show signs of labor, never was sick, never missed

a feed nor a day’s work.

Art the Horse Show in connection with the New Jersey Fair,
at Olympic Park, N. J., in the middle of October, Dr. H. Vander
- Roest, Newark, N. J., officiated as veterinarian and judge.

_ Tue Natrona Horse SxHow will open in Madison Square
| Garden, New York City, on November 8 to continue until the
| close of the 13th. The prospects are bright for one of the best
__ shows that has been held in some time. The horse is gradually
and surely regaining his foothold with the solid and sane people
of the world.

Dr. H. B. Arxinson, of Embro, Ontario, Canada, in renew-
_ ing his subscription to the Review, under date of October 16,
writes that he has just completed the building of a fine brick
veterinary hospital 30x50, as his practice is growing to such an
extent that he is forced to enlarge his quarters. The doctor
says he “ does not want to miss a single number of the Review.” -
That may account for his prosperity.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

First ACTION ON THE ARMY VETERINARY BILL.

For the information of the army. veterinarians a brief report is
herewith made of what has been done so far for the pending
army veterinary bills. il

At the meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion at Chicago, the chairman of the legislative committee made a
brief report, stating that no strong attempt had been made to
have the army veterinary bill passed during the last session of
Congress, as there was practically no military legislation consid-
ered; that the War Department had reintroduced the old veteri-

nary bill in the House, and a new, briefer and somewhat altered _ }

bill into the Senate, the text of both of which was given in
June (see pages 119-122, AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, Oc- —
tober, 1909). He concluded with the remarks, “that the only
army veterinarian who remains. physically disqualified has less
than ten years of service, so that the bill seems unjust, and un-
less the disability amendment favored by a former Secretary of
War is added to these bills, the committee will antagonize them
during the next session of Congress. Further the legislative
committee believes that it will be a long time before Congress
will again consider any general reorganization of the army,
hence those veterinarians who are building their hopes on-new
and better legislation, must have plenty of patience. That, there-
fore, it seems better to urge the adoption of the present bills if —
properly amended, as they will contain clauses covering retire- —
ment for age and disability which seem to be the paramount is-
sues at present.”

Through the effort of Dr. Chas. H. Jewell, Fort Riley, Kan-
sas, the legislative committee was persuaded to have the bill so |
amended as to provide retirement for all physically disabled with —
no time limit, and the Association passed a resolution to the same —
effect. It was ascertained, however, that the Association feels

that as long as the army veterinarians are not united on what they

want, it can take no very decisive stand, and the idea seems to |)
develop that it will be finally up to the Association, as a body, |
to draft a suitable bill if the present bill should fail again of pass-
age.

264

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, 265

4 All this is very good. We thank the chairman of the legislative
_ committee for the firm and just stand taken about the disability

- clause, even if only one of us remains disabled, which we hope is

' true; and we thank Dr. Jewell for his work with the Association
_ while at Chicago. There really seems to be no further need of
_ discussing the merits or demerits of the bills reintroduced by the
_ War Department, which have been gone over thoroughly and to
_ satisfy the most sceptic during the last four years. As we have
_ now two War Department bills, all that remains for us to agree
- upon is the choice of the bill. I for one favor the Senate bill, be-
cause it is briefer, which is always an advantage when legislation
is considered in the military committees and on the floor of the
_ Senate and House. The chairman of the legislative committee is
" anxious to have the views of the army veterinarians on which

_ bill he may proceed to work, and we request that all armv veter-
' inarians send us a brief note what their choice is. We shall then
' summarize the replies and forward the result to the chairman
| of the Jegislative committee with instruction. Please write either

_ to Dr. Chas. H. Jewell, Fort Riley, Kansas, or to the undersigned.
7 OLAF SCHWARZKOPF,
Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

ARMY VETERINARY NOTES.

Dr. Gerald E. Griffin, 3d Field Artillery, has contributed an
article in the Jeurnal of the U. S. Cavalry Association for Sep-

_ tember, describing in his vivacious style the army farrier of the

_ olden days and the new farrier as he emerges a graduate of the
_ Farriers’ School at Fort Riley. All that the doctor says is to the

point, and will help to keep the merits of this school in which sev-

eral of our army colleagues act as efficient instructors, before the
_ minds of officers of the mounted arms. The article was evidently

_ so interesting that it was honored by a reprint in full in the Army

i and Navy Register of October 9, 1909.

An Omisston.—There were omitted in the AMERICAN VET-
ERINARY Review of September, in my contribution about the
Army Veterinary Bill (page 716) the names of Drs. Fraser,
Gage, Jewell, Sproule and Willyoung, who were appointed to the
army on January 24, 1903, and who would, therefore, come up
for examination for promotion on January 24, 1913, under the
provisions of the bill now pending.

OS.

CORRESPONDENCE. oe ia

WasuHincrTon, D. C., October 17, 1909.

Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:

Inasmuch as there was considerable raimninenntseitialh among

Army Veterinarians as to the status given on board army trans- —
ports under General Orders No. 147, the legislative committee 4
of the A. V. M. A. was requested to get a proper interpretation —
of the same. ES
’ Dr. Mohler and I called on the proper authorities at the War —
Department on October 16, 1909, and were informed that Gen- |
eral Orders No. 147 did not apply to the veterinarians in the ©
U. S. cavalry and artillery, as these veterinarians are considered —
as officers and are given quarters and mess facilities as such, and —
whether traveling with troops or not, are entitled to travel first- —
class. }

General Orders No. 147 applies to only one veterinarian, who —
is employed on the animal transport ‘“ Dix.” a

Very respectfully,
J. P. Turner, V. M. D.,
Chairman Legislative Committee, A. V. M. A.

Tue place of the 1910 meeting has not yet been definitely —
settled upon; but the dial of the A. V. M. A. compass seems to —
be fluttering in the direction of “‘ The Golden West.” A

In the paper on “ The Transmission of Avian Tuberculosis to —
Mammals,” by Drs, John R. Mohler and Henry J. Washburn, —
presented at the recent International Veterinary Congress at The —
Hague, the two most valuable points brought out were the dem- —
onstration of tubercle bacilli in the eggs of tuberculous hens —
and transmission of the disease to hogs fed upon such fowls. We —
shall either publish the paper in full, or the essence of it as ab- —
stracted by Dr. Mohler, in a subsequent issue of the Revrew.

256

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Lrautarp, M, D., V. M.

A Case oF Ruprurep BiLapper [A. F. D.].—A seven-year-
old mare nas violent colic. Chloral relieves her. Attempts to
draw urine fail. After an hour she gets more chloral as her pains
have returned and become very violent. During the periods of
quietness she laid on her back and during the violent stages of
pains she rushed round her box. She died after four hours of
suffeving. At post mortem there was found a large intestine in-
flamed and distended. The contents being of a darkish red color.
The bladder had a rupture, one inch long and situated in the up-
per anterior surface of the organ.—(Veterin. Record.)

Cystic CaLcutt IN a Bitca [J. C. S. Poweil, M. R. C. V.
S.].—Six or seven-year-old fox terrier bitch had presented symp-
toms which left no doubt as to the nature of her ailment and ex-
amination made of her condition confirmed it. She had cystic
calculi. A large mass had been felt in the abdomen, in front of
the pubis, which had been detected as formed by two stones which
could be felt rubbing against each other. Operation for their re-
moval was decided and careful antiseptic measures taken. The
abdomen was opened, and the bladder, large and distended, was
exposed, The walls of the bladder were much thickened. They
were incised and the bladder being open, the stones were removed.
_ The organ was carefully swabbed out and seven Lembert sutures
inserted close together. The abdominal wound was closed and
dressed in the usual way. The animal seemed to do well, passing
urine naturally and taking light nourishment, when on the third
day after the operation she was taken with vomiting. She grew
rapidly worse and died on the same day. On opening the ab-
domen, it was found that the urine had escaped in the peritoneal
cavity through a little opening that existed between the last su-

267

268 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

ture at one end and the end of the wound of the bladder itself.
The Lembert suture ought to have been continued some distance
beyond the wound.—(Veter. News.)

MALFORMATION IN A CHINESE Car [Adam Gibson, M. R. —
C. V. S.|.—This is the description of post-mortem condition
fund at the slaughter of three calves which during life had the ~
vulva down almost between the thighs. The uterus and appen- —
dages were normal. The vagina at the os uteri was of normal 7
caliber and readily admitted the introduction of two fingers. But 7
backwards, where it ought to have opened at the vulva, it only —
admitted an ordinary lead pencil with difficulty. The external
orifice at the vulva was very small. The bladder was normal.
The urethra of normal diameter and continued backwards and ~
downwards like the vagina. It opened about half an inch inside _
the vaginal outlet into the vagina, just at the base of the free por-
tion of the clitoris. This arose from the symphisis and was con-
tinued down to the vulva. Its extremity was free for about three-
quarters of an inch and would just be seen protruding from the —
vulva, when the animal stood up. During micturition the clitoris
was protruding about one-half an inch.—(Veterin. Record.)

Deatu Due To TAENIA SERRATA [A.W. Noel Pillers]|—A _
fox terrier, 11 months old, said to have had distemper, was sold —
with the information that he was passing segments of tape worms %
and would require a dose of warm medicine. A dose of tenatine —
was given. From this day the dog grew sick. He ate poorly, ~
had normal pulse and temperature; there was slight vomiting. —
On the fourth day breathing was very labored, accompanied by —
grunting. Then came general weakness and complete anorexia, —
constant vomiting and raising of the temperature to 104° F. For 4
a day or two he seems to doa little better, then he had cructations —
of a dirty brown liquid. He dragged on for several days and ©
finally collapse came on and he died after an illness of eleven
days. The treatment had consisted of meat suppositories, Vichy —
water and milk with the administration of cyllin, sub-nitrate of —
bismuth, hydrocyanic acid diluted, etc. All the organs appeared
healthy except the stomach which contained a dirty brown col- —
ored fluid similar to that which was vomited and in it a ball of —
taenias, fully the size of a tangerine orange. The worms were
Taenia Serrata.—(V eter, News.)

ie: a
vege iilaitiaaetaaiall CDP ep mew ME 4 pe RG a or i pa

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 269

PROLAPSUS OF THE OMENTUM AFTER CASTRATION WITH A

4 Curious Symptom [Henry Taylor, F. R. C. V. S.|.—A colt was
' castrated by the actual cauterization method. Nothing out of the
' way occurred during the operation, except that the veins of one

cord being very varicose, care had to be taken. On the evening
of the fourth day, a piece of omentum hung out of the scrotal

wound, on the side of that varicosity. This omentum was dark,
_ swollen, oedematous and had its blood vessels gorged with blood.

It was gently pulled out, disinfected, as was also the scrotum, a

h ligature was then applied as far up as possible, amputation below

the ligature was made and the stump returned gradually in the

F abdomen. The next day appeared the alarming symptom referred

to in the heading. The colt seemed distressed and anxious; but
the chief thing observed was extremely loud sounds heard through
the intestines. These could be heard ten yards distant and might
be likened to the forcing of a mixture of gas and fluid through
a constricted portion of a flexible tube. They were not constant,
but occurred every minute or so. Apparently the omentum had
by some way or another lessened the normal diameter of the in-
testinal tube so that the contents, being forced by the vermicular
movements of the anterior part, had the greatest difficulty in
getting past the constriction. The colt did not show colic nor
anything out of the way except an anxious countenance. After
lasting several days the loud sounds disappeared and the colt did
remarkably well afterward.—(Veter. Record.)

Curious SyMpToM OF DisTtEMPER [By the same.|—Dog suf-
fering with distemper develops paralysis of the lower jaw. This
was dropped and unable to close or to remain so even when closed
with the hand. The tongue was also paralyzed partially and the
dog was unable to drink out of a shallow basin. At times the
tongue hung out of the mouth and got dirty looking. The dog

- manifested also signs of chorea. This symptom has never been
| noticed before by the writer.—(/bidem.)

CALCULI OF THE BLADDER—CystotToMy—RECcoveEry | Prof.
F. Hobday, F. R. C. V. S.\|.—Yorkshire female terrier, 5 years
old, has been observed since 6 or 7 months, sitting down and
micturating frequently; passing at times only a few drops of
urine and sometimes there was continuous straining. Rectal ex-
amination revealed the presence of calculi in the bladder. Medical

270 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

treatment was resorted to for a short while, and finally an oper-

ation decided upon. The bitch was put to sleep with a grain of
morphia, the site of operation over the distended bladder was ~
shaved and disinfected and the abdomen opened by an incision —
over the median line in front of the pubic border. The bladder —
was drawn out, surrounded and protected with sterilized sheeting —

and wool and opened on the median line by an incision made on |

a part which was free from blood vessels. Thirty-two calculi —
of various sizes and forming altogether 1%4 ounces in weight —
were extracted. The bladder was swabbed with chinosol solution —
and the wound closed with a double row of silk sutures. That of 4
the abdominal walls, muscles also, and the external skin with ©
silkworm gut. The whole was coated with iodoformed collodion. —
The recovery was quite uneventful.—(Veterin. Journ.) 3

Case or Orcuitis In A Doc [A. Heinemann].—Eleven-year-
old dog has been in good health up to a year ago. With age he ~
has lost his teeth; those that remain are in bad condition, his —
general health has suffered, and he is more or less emaciated. —
About four months ago one of his testicles began to enlarge and ~
soon rapidly increased to an enormous size. The spermatic cord —
is thick and cedematous. The other testicle seems atrophied. —

Under morphia and after strict antiseptic precautions, the dog 7

was castrated. The wound healed by first intention. Good treat-—
ment to the teeth and peculiar diet made the dog improve rapidly. —
—(Ibidem.) q

HEMATOMA OF THE SUBMAXILLARY REGION OF A BULLOCK ~
[ A. D. Macgregor|.—Four months bullock has a swelling above
the angle of the jaw on the right side. It burst. Nearly a month
later he had another, similar to the first and on the same spot. It
grew larger and a blister was applied. The next day there was —
dyspnea, and great slobbering. The jaws were closed tight and
for several days the animal took no food or drink. The swelling —
burst of itself again. No pus escaped. Three days after the
bull died. At the post mortem a tumor was found on the right ©
side under the hyoid. It was encapsulated and pronounced by —

Prof. Woolridge a hematoma, consisting of firm layers of fibrin —

round the outside and more recent looking clots in the middle, sep-—
_ arated by fine layers of fibrin similar to those in the peripheral —
portion.—(Veterin. Journ.)

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 271

ScLEROSTOMA TETRACANTHUM [A Country Practitioner].—
These cases occurred in animals belonging to the same farmer
and were out of the same mare. They were kept on pastures
rather bare. When the worms are first noticed in the feces the
animals were not in very bad condition, but they soon showed the
bad effects of the presence of the parasites and had to be placed

- under treatment, namely, better feeding and various vermicides—
turpentine, iron, assafoetida, thymol, antimony, etc. The young-

est of the three animals improved and recovered. The other two

_ became so weak that they had to be put in slings. One had a com-
_ plication of troublesome paraphymosis; his lungs became cedema-
' tous and he died. The last one lived one week longer. At the
_ autopsy of the two an abundant fluid collection was found in the
' peritoneal cavity. The intestinal walls were much thickened.
_ The mucous membrane was covered with small black or greyish
_ black particles which were no doubt the encysted embryos of
- sclerostoma tetracanthum; yet there was no sclerostomes found
_ in the lumen of the bowel, although within a few days of death,
_ large number of worms had been passed. Tenia perfoliata were
- also found in the intestines.—(/bidem.)

Two Cases OF PAPILLOMA OF THE PENIS IN Horses [ Prof.

-G. H, Woolridge, F. R. C. V. S.|.—Blue-roan gelding has a
large tumor hanging from the prepuce. It is of the cauliflower
type. On operating it was found affecting the glans penis and

free end of the urethra and sending dense strands into the body

of the penis. The operation was carried out by “ making a cir-

cular incision down to the urethra and about an inch of urethra

left protruding. A V-shaped slit was then made longitudinally
F along the lower margin of the urethra, by means of the hot iron
| extending to the cut accelerator urinze muscle.” ‘The tape ligature
and the catheter that had been applied at the beginning of the op-
/ eration were removed and the animal allowed to rise. He did
| well for six weeks, when he again manifested urinarv trouble.

This was found to be due to a fibrinous lymph-like substance
which was plugging the urethra. It was removed and the horse
has done well since. The growth wasa papilloma. In the second
case, the glans only was involved and the urethra was free. Ex-
cision was simple. The nature of the growth was that of a non-
malignant papilloma, according to Sir John McFadyean, who
made the examination.—(Veterin. Journ.)

272 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Lrautarp, M. D., V. M. —

Protapsus Rect In A MuLtE—AMPUTATION—RECOVERY |
[Mr. A Castelet, Army Veterinarian].—A three-year-old male |

mule has a tumor under the tail. It is quite-large, bosselated,

blackish and has the aspect of a polypous growth of large size. ~

It is as big as a child’s head and from the center, by violent ex- —
pulsive efforts, small balls of faeces are expelled. It is a pro- —
lapsus of the rectum which, it is:said, has appeared some days —
ago, has been first treated by daily lotions of oil, then by an em- —
piric who scarified it in several places with a sharp heated instru- —
ment. Finally the owner brought the mule to the writer. Ampu-
tation was decided upon and performed by the “ Degive’s —
method ” as follows: In the first step, two strong No. 5 catgut —
threads were applied crossway through the prolapsed rectum and —
close to the anal orifice. In the second step, all the protruding ©
part of the intestine was excised, one centimeter back of the ~
threads crossing each other. As the hemorrhage was abundant, —

washing with oxygenated water was resorted to. In the third }

step the threads were cut at the point where they crossed each ~
other and their ends brought together and secured by a single ~
knot. Between these four sutures, others were then introduced —
to complete the reunion of the parts. There were eight stitches in —
all. To overcome the effects of the efforts that the mule con-—
tinued to make, the operation was completed with a purse suture —
of the anal orifice. The animal was then taken home, and as ~
nothing more was heard about him, the author supposes that he —
got well.—(Progrés Vétérinaire. )

INTER-ARTICULAR LONGITUDINAL FRACTURE OF THE IN-
FERIOR EXTREMITY OF THE FEMUR IN A Horse [Mr. L. Auger]. —
—Aged half thoroughbred mare, while in light harness, runs
away. She knocks heavily the hind quarters on the angle of a —
wall and stops suddenly very lame. Her countenance expresses —
great pain; the left hind leg is half flexed, scarcely touching the —
ground with the toe of her foot. The stifle region is the seat —
of a contused wound, very painful. There is an abnormal mo-
bility and no fracture of the patella can be detected. Alternate —
movements of abduction and adduction reveal nothing, but in

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 273

carrying slowly the leg forwards and backwards a slight crepita-
_ tion is heard and specially by listening with the ear close to the
joint. A diagnosis of inter-articular fracture was made and the
animal destroyed.

Post mortem: Hemarthrosis of the whole femoro-tibio-patel-
lar joint and longitudinal fracture of the lower extremity of the

_ femur were found. The internal condyle and the internal border

of the trochlea of the femur form a single piece entirely separated
from the bone. The tract of the fracture runs in the groove that
separates the borders of the trochlea, is continued on the internal

border of the inter-condyloid fossa and then runs upwards and in-

wards to reach the sus-condyloid crest. The fractured piece was

held in contact by the ligaments with the principal part of the

_ femur. The ligaments were not entirely ruptured. The internal
meniscus was torn.—(Journ. de Zootechn.)

DirFusE LincguaL SarcoMa IN A Doc [MM. Douville and
R. Germain|.—Since ten days this bull dog, aged nine years, has
the throat swollen; and notwithstanding astringent lotions the
_ swelling has increased. It is diffuse, rather hard, a little ceedema-
_ tous and painful on pressure. There is no fever, the dog has good
_ appetite, but he salivates abundantly and deglutition is difficult.
_ Except a little redness of the mouth, nothing abnormal is de-
tected in that cavity. A deep abscess forming is suspected and
_ treatment prescribed accordingly. Four days later dysphagia is
_ well marked, the base of the tongue is swollen and the right sub-
_ glossal lymphatic glands are also quite swollen. The dog breathes
_ altogether through the nose and if made to move he roars loudly
_ and is liable to become asphixiated. The pharynx is very red and
_ the tongue cannot be depressed any more. Deep fine capillary
_ explorating punctures are negative. The removal of the lym-
_ phatic gland of the right side is decided so as to make an his-
tological diagnosis. The dog dies during the operation.
: Post mortem: The tongue, pharynx, larynx, and trachea
| were removed as a whole piece. The base of the tongue is much
swollen, its superior face is rough and ulcerated ; the epiglottis is
pushed back and nearly closes entirely the entrance of the larynx;
a sagittal section of the tongue and larynx shows that in the
posterior half of the tongue, the muscles have disappeared and
are replaced by a firm, rosy grevish neoplasm having in its middle
a necrotic irregular nucleus. The histological examination re-
veals its nature. It is a globo-cellular sarcoma with small cells.

274 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

The lymphatic glands were also diseased.—( Revue de Medec.
Veterin.)

PERINEAL HERNIA—COLOPEXY—RESECTION OF THE HER-
NIAL Sac—Recovery [Mr. Dieulouard—4th year student|.—
Seven months ago this Russian greyhound, as result of efforts
accompanying obstinate constipation, had, a little to the right of
the perineum, a tumor which has grown slowly and now has all

the characteristics of a perineal hernia. It is as big as a man’s ~

fist, hemispherical, painful to the touch, and irreducible. The
animal has lost some of his appetite, and is making constant vio-
lent efforts to defecate. Rectal digital examination confirms the ~
diagnosis. An operation is indicated, viz: laparotomy on the left —
flank to draw the rectum back to its place, colopexy to fix it on —
the abdominal wall and then dissection of the hernial sac, free
from its contents. Under general anesthesia and with all the —
necessary precautions for thorough disinfection, the laparotomy —
was performed, the rectum carefully pulled back into its normal —
position and its antérior portion secured to the abdominal wall on —
the edges of the wound of operation, with five stitches. The —
skin of the perineal region was then thoroughly disinfected, the —

hernial sac dissected, secured with forceps and twisted upon it- —

self so as to close its cavity. A double thread was passed through |

the peduncle thus formed, these were ligated and the protruding —
part excised. The outside wound was closed with sutures. Re- —
covery was without event.—(Rec. de. Medec. Vetert.) |

EMPYEMIA IN A MARE AFFECTED WITH PLEuRIsy [ Mr. Flor- —
iot, Army Veterinarian|.—This operation is commonly per-—
formed in man. Classical works record the recovery of a per-_
forating wound of the chest. Similar recoveries are also re- —
corded in the Journal of Military Hygiene and Medicine; and in
1895 the first case of pleurotomy is described as performed in an —
animal suffering with double pleurisy, scro-bloody on the right —
side, and purulent on the left, where the animal recovered. The —
following is only an attempt, but deserves notice. 7

Thoroughbred mare of 4 years has pleuro-pneumonia compli- —

cating an attack of strangles. Thoracenthesis was performed on (|

the right side one morning and six liters of liquid extracted. Two ~
other punctures were performed about three days apart. At the

fourth operation eight liters of creamy pus were taken off; three — .

days after six of pus on the right and eight of citrine serosity on — |

a > es

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 275

4 the left. Then pleurotomy and washing of the pleura are perform-

ed. One incision of the chest being made in the seventh intercostal
space. After cleaning with boiled water, a drain was introduced

and secured. Notwithstanding minute care, the mare died after

a month of illness. The right pleural sac was forming a large
abscess. There were also others of smaller sizes in the lungs, the
mediastine and the lymphatic glands. The mare could not get

well, but the operation gave her a prolongation of life of several

weeks.-—(Rev. Gener. de Medec. Veter.)

CuyYLirorm Asciris In Cats [Prof. Suffran.|—Chylous,
chyliform or milky ascitis, namely the effusion in the peritoneum
of fluid which has the appearance of milk, has been observed in
man, but never in domestic animals except cats, and even in those

_ very seldom. ‘The author records another case, that of a very

old cat, that has never been ill and which has stopped eating,
drinks with avidity and remains always lying down in a corner of
the room. His abdomen is enormous,hanging down, is project-
ing on each side of the body and almost touches the ground when
the cat is standing. Succussion reveals the pathognomonic sensa-
tion of fluctuation in the abdomen. The cat is very thin, his res-
piration slow and the pulse almost imperceptible. Examination
of the abdomen reveals a largely hypertrophied liver, hard, and a

- little painful on pressure. Puncture of the abdomen, made in

two places, gives escape to fluid of ascitis, thick, opalescent, of

’ white bluish color which coagulates after several hours. The

animal considered as incurable is placed on observation and dies
- after a few days. At the autopsy, the peri and intra lobular cir-
_ thosis of the liver was made out by microscopical examination of

_ various sections of the diseased organ. All the other organs were
healthy.— (Rev. Veterin.)

ANTE Partum Laminitis [Mr. Bedel].—This manifesta-

— tion, says the author, is not mentioned in classical works on Ob-

| stetrics. He has observed one case in 1901 and recorded it and

he knows of two others which occurred in the practice of some

confréres. This case took place on a primipara cow due to calve,
but was six days beyond her term. She was suddenly taken with
eclamptic man‘fest>tions and when the attack had subsided, the
four feet, specially the hind ones, were warm, painful to percus-
sion and it was with great difficulty and severe punishment that
the cow was made to move. Directions for the treatment of

276 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

laminitis were left. The next day the cow had another attack —
of eclampsia, but the condition of her feet remained the same. ~
Treatment was continued. The following day she calved after —
having had another-attack one hour before delivery. The animal —
moved easier, the feet are not hot, and two days after calving all
the bad signs had disappeared. She had no nervous spell since.— ‘a
(Prog. Vet.)

ITALIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautarp, M, D., V. M.

PAPILLIFORM ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE WITH
Metastatic Extension [ Doct, Nello Mori].—A Danish dog of —
8 years was supposed to be ailing with gastro-enteritis when the
writer was called to see him. He found the dog suffering with 7
what he thought gastro-enteritic catarrh and prescribed a treat-
ment which he expected would relieve him. After some time the —
doctor was called again as the dog refused all his food and passed —
no feces. At that visit. in feeling the condition of the abdomen, —
a cylindroid body was detected towards the pelvic cavity and as _
the animal manifested pain with a tendency to bite, constipation |
was suspected and relieved by castor oil and calomel. But the
condition grew worse. There was great emaciation, the dog re-
mained lying stretched on the ground, the respiration was irregu-
lar, the prepuce became swollen, and the temperature arose to-
39° C. On feeling the abdomen, instead of the cylindroid body
detected a few days previous, two masses as big as a large nut ©
were felt in the sub-lumbar region. Auscultation and percussior ne
gave nothing positive and yet were not normal. The urine was 9)
very albuminous. Generalized tuberculosis was suspected, Death |
occurred a few days later. i

Post mortem: Stomach was a little distended. Liver almost
normal, Spleen has on its apex a bloody tumor, and in its strue-
ture numerous small whitish nodules. Kidneys and supra-renal
capsules did not seem altered. The prostate presents a tumor
as large as the fist, rather hard, cerebroid in aspect. The scrotum
was infiltrated with serosity. One of the testicles has nodules: |

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 277

_ similar to those of the spleen. In the sub-lumbar region two
_ lymphatic glands are hypertrophied. The lungs were bosselated
_ on their surface and contained abundance of roundish tumors,
' whitish, smooth on section, of cerebroid aspect, and of various
_ sizes. The other organs appeared healthy. The histological ex-
- amination of the tumors, which was made, revealed their carcino-
-matous nature. They undoubtedly originated in the prostate and
' developed by metastasis all over the organism.—(La Clin, Veter-
_ inaria. )

Upon SEVEN CASEs OF PRIMITIVE NEOPLASM OF THE THY-
-RoID GLAND IN THE Doc [Gerardi Bussano].—The reports of
‘the neoplasms of the thyroid body in dogs are rare. They are
‘more frequent in other animals, in horses, bovines, pigs and cats.
‘In sheep and goats they are rather limited to a condition of hy-
pertrophy or hyperplasia. The anatomical nature of these neo-
plasms varies very much and may be fibromas, sarcomas, carci-
nomas, etc., etc. They may exist simple or be associated. From
the recent statistics of Guerrini, carcinomas are met in 22 per
cent, of the neoplasms of that organ against sarcomas represented
only by a proportion of 2 per cent. Cadiot in his statistics says
45 per cent. for carcinomas and 17.5 per cent. for sarcomas. To
furnish an addition to these statistics the writer gives the macro-
scopic and microscopic examinations of seven cases which he has
observed and studied himself, and he has found among them one
case of epithelioma, one of scuirrhous carcinoma, two of mixo-
‘matode carcinoma, two of parviglobicellular sarcoma and one of
colloid carcinoma.—(La Clin. Veterinaria. )

Some ABNOMALIES OF THE BILIARY BLADDER OBSERVED IN
“Animats [Doct. Raffaele Pietro Rossi|.—As adjunct director
4 the public market of Modena, the author has made a number
‘of observations which he has thought worthy of record, as indeed
y similar ones ought to be reported whenever found. Their-
| .: noticed can be but advantageous and instructive to all. He
| first recalls those of Huschke, Owen, Gohler, Joly and Lavocat,
| of Muller and Lancillotti, which all refer to different abnomalies
_ observed in cattle, giraffe, pig, cat and calf and then mentioned
_ those that he has himself seen. Among these was the absence of
a gall bladder in three calves, one sheep, one steer, one pig and
| one cow. Then it is one cow which had a gall bladder normal in

278 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

size and form, but abnormal in having a duct formed of two —
branches which united together only after a short run; in one pig —
there was a true receptacle for the bile, but there were three sub- |
divided branches toit, which after a certain length in their course
united into one single canal; in a pig the gall bladder was divided —
by a longitudinal fissure into two sacs which united together and ~
formed a unique receptacle with a short neck; in a calf the gall
bladder was separated externally by a longitudinal groove, but |
this separation did not exist-in the internal surface; in a cow the
bladder was normal, but seemed to form one mass with the hepa-
tic parenchym; in another cow there were two sacs in shape of
pears, separated and emptying into one single common hepatic
duct; in a calf there were two distinct bladders, each one having”
a special duct. These ducts united and formed a single hepatic
canal. In a pig there were found two gall bladders continued
by two canals which open separately, one two centimeters from.
the pylorus and the other some ten centimeters further, near the
insertion of Wirsung’s canal.—(J1 Nuovo Ercolant.)

AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS IN A MULE FOR NEopLasM oF
THE Prepuce [ Dr. Adolfo Luciani|.—This is the concise record
of a case where the neoplasm, a papilloma, was operated by the
author and followed with excellent results. The mule, aged F
years, had a paraphymosis well marked; with beginning of morti-
fication having taken place here and there. A surgical operation
was the only chance of saving the animal. He was well pre-
pared and the region received all aseptic attention. With two in-
cisions the diseased portion of the penis was isolated from a
surrounding tissues and after applying a strong ligature above
the point where the amputation was to be made, so as to avoid
hemorrhage, the diseased and free portion of the glans was “a
away carefully saving two or three centimeters of the urethra.
This was afterwards divided on the median line and the two flaps 7
secured to the corresponding skin of the penis. Simple disinfect-
ing car was resorted to. A catheter which had been introduced
in the urethra was taken out on the fifth day. The only troubl
was the presence of large granulations at the entrance of the u C3
thra which interfered some with micturition. But cauterizatior
with nitrate of silver kept them soon under control and the anim al
was permanently relieved.—(J1 Nuovo Ercolani. )

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 279

4 1 GERMAN REVIEW.

By Joun P. O’Leary, V. M. D.

. A PEcULIAR EQuINE INFectious Disease [Chief Vet. Kra-
' mell].—Since the middle of October, 1906, influenza (Brust-
_ seuche) had been prevalent in the regiment, the last case occur-
' ring on the 3d of December of that year. On December 30
_ (same month), the first case of the peculiar disease appeared.
_ The author presents the following summary of the symptomatol-
_ ogy of the disease. During five weeks 39 horses out of a stable of
72 were affected with the malady, infection spreading from
horse to horse. The incubation stage lasted from one to seven
days. Horses which had resisted the epidemic of influenza con-
tracted this disease. The symptoms were as follows: General
health slightly or not at all affected; a fever of from one to six
» days’ duration, with a temperature varying from 38.6 to 41° C.,
_ which usually rapidly subsided. The course of the disease was ir-
' regular; non-febrile intervals occurred frequently. Heart action
in some cases normal. In many: instances a lowering in frequency
_ to 30 and even to 28 beats with or without a previous elevation
_ of the pulse rate; in a few cases 66 to 70 pulsations were ob-
served. This general circulatory disturbance lasted two to four
days; in exceptional cases six days. Pulse regular; in isolated
cases irregular and intermittent. Respiration slightly influenced.
Conjunctival mucous membrane in most cases normal; at times a
slight conjunctivitis present. Appetite in all cases capricious and
_ independent of the fever, this being usually the first remarkable
symptom. In about one-third of the cases disturbance in locomo-
” tion were present which were manifested by a stiff gait, a string-
halt or lameness in one or more feet. In a few cases a slight
_ cedematous swelling of the hind legs. Rarely, too, were phleg-
_ monous swellings and cedemas observed. The author supposed he
had to deal with a hitherto little known infectious disease which
belongs to the influenza group.—( Zeitschrift fiir Veterinirkunde,

1908, S. 24.)

- COLLARGOL THERAPY IN VETERINARY SurGERY [Dr. Erwin
Baum, Deutmannsdorf, Schleisen. From the Surgical Clinic
| of the Imperial High School, Dresden].—Baum had employed

collargol in numerous surgical diseases of the horse and observed

280 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

its action closely. He concludes as follows: That collargol is an —
absolutely non-poisonous, non-irritating remedy in the treatment —
of wounds. That it prevents pus formation and renders indolent —
neurotic wound surfaces clean and healthy. To combat suppur- —
ation we may use solutions I per cent, dusting powder 3 parts —
collargol to 97 sugar of milk in tablets 0.05 grm. If the solu- —
tion is used a I per cent. dilution is admissible. Collargol pro-
duces a granulation formation; for this purpose the dusting pow- —

der is to be preferred. Granulation excrescences which require |

tlhe application of an escharotic for removal do not appear when —
collargol has been employed. In unhealthy wounds the author —
recommends beside the local application, the intravenous ad-—
ministration of the remedy. The latter application is further in- —
dicated in phlegmonous conditions. Apart from the lowering of —
the temperature and disappearance of the inflammation, collargol —
acts as a tonic and improves the general health of the animal. In —
continued use of the remedy the organism becomes accustomed ©
to its action; so that a change in the medicinal agents is neces- —
sary. As collargol is rather expensive, Baum advises to work ~
with the dusting powder and the solution. — Berliner Tier ~
W ochenschrift, No. 25, 1909). 4

EXAMINATION OF THE DANDRUFF OBTAINED FROM THE SKIN —
or THE Horse [Chimera].—Chimera examined the dandruff —
which he collected by cleaning horses, and found the following —
results: 1. The dandruff obtained from well-nourished and thor- ~
oughly-groomed horses contained 586,000 to 1,826,000 micro-—
organisms (Bacillus subtiles, sarcina lutea, sarcina aurantiaca,
Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, Penicillium glaucum, Proteus
vulg., Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus flavus. 2. The dandruff

collected from poorly-nourished horses contained 7,656,000 to 4

24,478,000 bacteria (Bac. mycoides, Staphylococcus pyogenes —
aureus, Staph. citreus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Sarcina lutea, 7
Sarcina alba, Sarcina aurantiaca, Bacterium coli, Aspergillus —
glaucus). e
3. The dandruff was composed of (a) dead epithelium, dried —
perspiration, sebaceous matter, whole and broken hairs; (b) or-
ganic and inorganic particles from the air and soil; (c) sapro- ;,
phytic and pathogenic bacteria. In consideration of the composi- —
tion of the dandruff, Chimera perceives in the same a danger, not —
only for the horse which might easily suffer infections, but also —
for man who inhales the dandruff, together with portions of hair. ~

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 281

_ Chimera advises that the cleansing of horses should take place
in the open air and the dandruff collected into vessels and ren-
dered harmless by disinfecting fluids —(D. T. W. No. 12, 1909.)

CONCERNING THE LENGTH oF TIME ALIMENTS REMAIN IN
THE INTESTINAL CANAL OF THE Horse [Cugnini].—Cugnini’s
investigations were directed to determine the length of time food-
stuffs remained in the intestinal canal of the horse. He employed
eleven (11) horses for the purpose; the functions of their di-
gestive organs being normal. The daily rations for each horse
_ consisted of 8 to 12 kg. of hay, 0.5 kg. bran and 2 liters of oats,
_ to which was added 200 gm. of powdered Brazil nut, three such
doses being given, this agent being easily recognized in the feces.
The first trace of the powdered Brazil nut appeared in the dejec-
tions 154 to 20 hours after being administered. The last trace
passed in the feces of some of the animals was 3 days and 2
hours; in other cases 8 days and 3 hours.—(D. T. W. No. 27.)

WHEN a woman nags she is merely canvassing for a man
to swear.—Bit and Spur.

A Tourist, hiring a jaunting-car, drove from North Wall
to the Metropole Hotel, in Dublin, and tendered the driver a
shilling.

“What’s this, sorr?”’ asked the man.

“Your fare,” replied the tourist.

“ Hould it a minute while I get my rug down.”

“What do you want your rug for?”

“Well, yer Honor, I want to cover up the poor horse’s head.
If he sees that fare he will never draw the car again, sorr.”

. Boy (to farmer going to market): “ Plaze, sur, can ye give
la job?”
Farmer: ‘“ Have you got a character?”

Boy: “No; but I can get ’e one.”

Farmer: “ Well, meet me here to-night, and if your char-
acter is satisfactory I will give you a job.”

Farmer (meeting boy at night): “ Well, boy, have you got
that character?”

Boy: “No, but I got yourn, and T baint commin’.”

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ILLINOIS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- |
TION. ?

The twenty-seventh semi-annual meeting was held at the Illi-
nois Hotel, Bloomington, ILll., July 13, 1909. The meeting was
called to order at 9.30 a. m. by the president, Dr. N. I. Stringer;
fifty veterinarians being present. 3

Proceedings of the December meeting were read and ap- —
proved. Drs. W. H. Welch, M. L. Hynes and J. F. Gillespie E
were appointed Censors pro tem. cg

Program :—Fistulous Withers, by Dr. B. F. Riceberger, was
short and to the point, and was discussed by Drs. S. S. Baker,
W. J. Martin, Tiffany, Heyworth, Pressler, Mills and Welch. Ԥ

An interesting Case Report by Dr. N. I. Stringer, a supposed —

case of Calculus of the Bladder: On operation it proved to bea |

corn cob between six and seven inches long; a number of the ~

veterinarians present related numerous similar instances that had 4

occurred in their experience. a
Dr. Heyworth presented a large tumor taken from a sate as
few months after castration; it resembled a large-sized cocoanut
covered with a tense fibrous membrane, and on incision it was _
filled with a semi-solid substance resembling jelly. Dr. A. H. —
Baker secured the specimen for examination and we await his —
report. ot
Dr. C. N. Way presented a paper entitled Dairy Sanitation, —
Its Importance and Economic Value. He spoke from notes and —
the matter presented was listened to very attentivelv and it cov- —
ered in a brief manner the various phases of dairy sanitation.
This paper was discussed quite freely by Drs. Merillat, Martin, —
Mills, Stringer, Tiffany and A. H. Baker. 3
Dr. W. H. Welch presented a paper on Orchitis; this was a _
very interesting paper and brought out a very animated discus- —
slon which was indulged in by Drs. Tiffany, Mills, Merillat, —
Martin and Pressler. -
Reports or CoMMIttTeEs: Legislative Committee—Dr. L. —

A. Merillat, chairman, reported that a new department had been 7)
282

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 283

_ added to the State Board of Agriculture for the purpose of pro-
ducing serum for the prevention of Hog Cholera and to fur-
nish the same to persons who are interested in hog raising free
_ of charge.

A law has been placed on the statute books providing for the
_ registration of all stallions, and reauires that they have a certifi-
- cate of health asd soundness. The general sanitary laws have
_ been amended, giving the State Veterinarian greater power;
also the Governor can issue a proclamation of quarantine against
_ live stock in a district as required. The bill for State meat in-
_ spection failed to pass, as did also the bill for tuberculin test.

; The petitions of ten applicants for membershin were pre-
_ sented and were referred to the Board of Censors; the report be-
_ ing favorable, on motion the secretary was instructed to cast the
ballot, the ballot being cast they were declared dulv elected.

Dr. A. H. Baker then gave those present a short talk on the

" coming meeting of the A. V. M. A. to be held in Chicago Sep-
La tember 7 to 10, and urged a large attendance.

‘The resignation of Dr. J. J. Millar was presented and on mo-
_ tion was accepted. :
~~» A number of illegal practitioners was reported and a general
_ discussion followed. The meeting then adjourned to meet in
_ Chicago December 1 and 2, 1909.
J. H. CraAwForp,
Secretary.

| VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
a YORK CITY,

aa The regular meeting was held in the lecture room of the New
~ York-American Veterinary College, 141 West Fifty-fourth
_ street, on Wednesday evening, October 6, with the president,
Dr. F. C. Grenside, in the chair. After the minutes of the pre-
vious meeting were read and approved the president spoke of
the loss, by death, of two prominent members of the veterinary
profession, Dr. Leonard Pearson, of Philadelphia, Pa., and Dr.
D. J. Dixon, of Hoboken, N. J., both of whom were members
of our association.

_ Dr. Pearson was an honorary member, and had always taken
a great interest in our association. Dr. Dixon was a very regu-

284 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

lar attendant at our meetings and always took an active part in
the discussions. 4

The president asked Drs. Gill, Ackerman and Sherwood to BF
serve as a committee in drafting and presenting suitable reso-
lutions on the death of Dr. Pearson. F

Drs. Robertson, Ellis and Ryder were asked to serve ina
similar capacity in presenting resolutions on the death of Dr.
Dixon.

The members discussed the advisability of holding another |

reunion and smoker during the early winter. Last year’s smoker 4
was such an enjoyable affair that it seemed to be the opinion —
of all that another should be held this year. It was decided to —

hold the smoker this year in connection with the annual meet- —

ing on Wednesday evening, December 1. The committee in q
charge of this affair consists of Drs. Mangan, Grenside and —
Clayton.

The program for the evening consisted of reports from the —
delegates to the New York State Veterinary Society’s meeting, —

held at Ithaca, N. Y., and reports from the delegates in attend-

ance at the American Veterinary Medical Association meeting 7
held at Chicago. Drs. Cochran and Grenside gave interesting

accounts of the leading features of the very successful meet- 4
ing of the State Society. E
Drs. McKinney, Ellis and Cochran reported on the A. V. —
M. A. meeting in an interesting manner. All spoke of the ex- —
cellence of the literary program. The clinic was also greatly
appreciated.
An interesting discussion followed the reports of the dele- |
gates. 4
For the November meeting Dr. R. H. Kingston will present —
a paper on “ Protargol and Its Uses.” Dr. C. N. Darke will —
present some case reports.
W. Rem Buarr,
Secretary.

MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION,

The regular monthly meeting was held Wednesday evening, —
September 29, at Young’s Hotel, Boston.
As often happens the first fall meeting had but a light at-

tendance, which seems a pity, for it is the best opportunity for 7

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 285

the members who are interested in the doings of the A. V. M. A.
for getting the news of the latter while it is still fresh from those
lucky enough to have gone to the National. —

Dr. Winchester called the attention of the members present
to the loss which the profession has sustained in the death of Dr.
Leonard Pearson. It was voted to pass resolutions on the mat-
ter and to send a copy to the family as well as to spread the same
upon the records of our association.

It was also voted to take similar steps regarding the deaths
of two of the association’s members who have recently died,
namely, Dr. E. C. Beckett, late of Boston, and Dr. R. J. Mar-
shall, of Williamstown, Mass. Dr. Beckett’s death ended an ill-
ness of over two years’ standing.

Dr. Winchester spoke of the sad accident which happened to
U. S. Meat Inspector, Dr. Daniel Hayes, of Waltham, who was
terribly injured by an insane workman at one of the slaughter-
ing plants near Boston some months ago while the doctor was
on duty.

As a result of Dr. Winchester’s remarks a committee of two
were appointed to collect the facts in the case and later place
them before the association, there to vote their course.

Wm. T. WHITE,
Secretary.

: Dr. R. T. WHITTLESEY recently performed a delicate oper-
- ation in the domain of gynecology, on a valuable lioness. Four
ounces of chloroform caused complete anzsthesia. A complete
account of the case from Dr. Whittlesey would make interesting
reading, and we trust he will furnish us with it.

.

Presipent HoLtinGwortH, of the New York State Veterin-
ary Medical Society, has added two committees to those already
appointed by him, as follows: Committee on Therapeutics, H.
J. Milks, chairman; H. D. Hanson and R. N. Gordon Darby.
Committee on Diseases, Geo. H. Berns, chairman; L. G. Moore
and W. L. Baker With eight committees previously appointed,
the outlook for the coming year is certainly good, and much
should be accomplished by that organization under the direction
of its enthusiastic and loyal executive.

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Dr. E. R. Forpes (O. V. C., 1883) has been appgintes State 4 |
Veterinarian of Texas. a

Tue address of Dr. R. P. Lyman, secretary ~ the A. V. M. 4 |
A. is No. 1 336 East Fifteenth street, Kansas City, Mo. 3

Dr J. E. Barn, of Niles, Ohio, has been iratiserred to Man- =
ila, P. 1., where he is in the Bureau of Agriculture. a

F. W. Cuampercar, B. S., D. V. M., Burlington, Vt, has
accepted the position of Associate Professor of Veterinary zh
Science, in the College of Agriculture, Moscow, Idaho. His | if
many friends wish him success in his new field. os

Dr. DouGHERTY, of Baltimore, opened champagne on the oc. -
casion of the A. V. M. A. banquet at Chicago, to drink the health —
of Prof. Liautard; and those who were fortunate enough to a x
at his table were ‘asked to join him in “a toast to Liautard.
Happily, with one or two exceptions, they were all “ his boys.”

Dr. GeorceE S. JorDAN, class of 1909, Ohio State Veterinaril 7
College, and Miss Mary L. Covil, of Springfield, Mass., were —
united in marriage October 6, 1909, at the home of the. bride. —
Dr. and Mrs. Jordan will reside in Malden, Mass., where the 4
Doctor has a position as assistant to Dr. W. M. Simpson.

Dre. H. S. Murpuy is lecturing on physiology, meat inspec- — |
tion and sanitary science at the lowa State College, Ames. Dr. —
Murphy graduated from the Veterinary Department of one
State University in 1908.

Dr. W. W. Dimmock, graduate of Connecticut Agricultural —
College, 1901, and New York State Veterinary College, 1905, —
teaches pathology in the sime institution. Dr. Dimmock was —
formerly connected with the Experiment Station and subse- —
quently with the Sanitary Commission, of Cuba,

286

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

In the accom
great value to t

of the dates and places of their meetings.
Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included

in the following list :

nying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of
eir Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us

i

. Date of Next Place of
Name of Organization. Meeting. Meeting. Name and Address Secretary.
Alumni Ass’n, N. Y.-A. , OS RR eae aw. 5 54th St.| L. L. Glynn, N. Y. City.
American V. M. ASS’'n..........0.| ssescees svesceee| CMICAQO.. e+ 00+ -Lyman, KansasCit -Mo,
mNeeR WV OtMrIGONG MOO. scl ieces bar bhehcadeel “eekheeeekeses- Horace E. Rice, Little Rock.
Ass’n Médécale Veterinare Fran-| rst and 3d Thur.| Lec.Room,La-
OS Cpe ae ae of each month| val Un’y,Mon. bh A. Houde, Montreal.
B. A. I. Vet. In. A., Chicago 2d Fri. ea. mo... Bidiesii D, Tierney, Chicago, Il.
California State V. M. Asn. epieiccenenenuska San Francisco.| J. J. Hogarty, Oakland.
META AC RMOAS VF ILON TS bis icoes | Wenncescsscdacens Re ALE. Jones,
Chicago crflo Site Mr kes = Tues. ea. mo.| Chicago ...... . M. Parks, Chicag
Colorado State V PO ESA Sr A Sree VOT i535 ‘a Woodliffe ee.
arom mt Vv. M oF pee Fars as TE RE ee New Haven B. Dow, Willimantic.
alley VM; BS eee 2d wk. in jan. ,’10.| Rochester..... H. Taylor, H enrietta.
Geo eorgia State Recetas «vse Nov. 16-17, 1909.| Athens........ . F. Bahnsen, Americus.
H ton Co, (Ohio) V. A A: eC EM. CoRR U ee eeed Gaak bs 2 96208 ene Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati
linois State V. M. Ass’n......... Dec. 1-2, 1909...) Chicago ...... Crawford, Harv
linois V. M. and PE cone SI aa an. and Aug Tecieitie eee 7. A. Swain, Mt. Pulaski.
Indiana Veterinary Association,. | January, 1910 ...| Indianapolis..| E. M. Bronson, Indianapolis,
owa Veterinary ASS’N....... ws00| _sesseeeceererens Ft. bes. | He Ce Simpson, Denison.
Kansas State V. M. Ass’n Jan. 4-5, 1910 Manhattan. B. Rogers. Manhattan.
Kentucky V. ‘og Leys ayia Inga aban D. A. Piatt, Lexington
Keystone V, M. Ass’n............ enenly womeeees Philadelphia..| S. Lockett. Gleno
Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n.....) ceeccceeeseeeeee| cseesesenseeaes E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge
Maine Vet. Med. Ass'n ......00000| corerserneesseeer Waterville A. Joly. Waterville.
Maryland State Vet. Society......| ..sssceseeeeecees ore.....| H. H. Counselman, Sec’y.
Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n......... Monthly........ eee Wm. T. White, Newtonville
Michigan State V. M. Ass’n...... + 1am: 25-06, 1910.| Saginaw ...... Judecn Black, Richmond.
Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n.....| ....eeeee soveses| Stillwater .,.. Ed. Leech, W
Mississippi St State MME NOU Sal, ans dapdsanis aceaves sta saes' 1c Robert Agricuitaral Col,
Wy ASP RS oes 8s oe February, 1910..| Kansas City..| B.F. Kaupp, FortCollins, Colo.
Missouri Vet. Med. fy ta oes Joseph....| F. F, Brown, Kansas City.
Montana State V. M. A. W. S. Swank, Miles City.

settee wees

pecmeyivenis State V. M.A......
ow pine V. M.A

nce of
Rhode Island V. M. Ass’n........
St. Louis Soc. iad Vet. Inspectors.

ig Legg Valley V. M. A........
Soc sae Univ. Penn..
South Dakota V. M.A
Southern Auxiliary ‘of California
State Vi My ASS Ni. cowie acs
So. St. Joseph Ass’n ad Vet. Insp..
Tennessee et. Med. Ass’n

tah A tay caus Vagebcn ty's.s
Twin aga
Vermont Vet. Med. Ass’n ........
Veterinary Ass’n of Alberta... ..

Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Columbia

Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba
a p= Hee of N.J

New York City...
Bractitioners’ Club...

st eeeee

tee ee eee weeeee

ee

wee ewee

tee eee eees

Washington State A M.
— Penn. V. M
isconsin Soc. Vet. Grad

wet eeee

ee ee eee

3 York Co. (Pa.) V. M.A...

sland.| H. tee

. Weepi
Vine,

mo Sel Water.

Wet

We a Martin, El Reno.

ope : & Sweetapple, Torespe.
Call of Chair. ..| Paterson, N.J.| H. K. Berry, Paterson, N.
Sean; Soa s aka ‘| Philadelphia..| F.H. Schneider, Philadel
Ae Ee ORs Ter Seen Chas. G. Thomson, Manila.
piped Ses aer ea ness Mon. and Que. ste Se r. Rigaud, P. Q.
Jan. and June. idence .. S. Pollard, Providence,
ist Wed. fol. the .

Sun. ea. mo./ St. Louis..... Wm.T.Conway,St.Louis,Mo.
Dec. 15, 1909 eading ...... W.G. Hu . Wernersville.
Siecaltah kaeeie Philadelphia. .| B.T.W. Wash’n, D.C
‘| July, TOlOs ss sae Sioux Falls...| J. A. Graham, Sioux Falls.

Ung Apl.Jy.Oct.} Los Angeles..| J. A. Edmonds Angeles.
- thTues. ea. mo.| 407 Ill. Ave.. He R. Collins, So. St. Joseph.
ov. 18, 1909.. urfreesboro..| A C. Topmller, Murfreesboro
Call Exec, Cots ..ctiue. ss «css R. P. Marsteller, College Sta.
2d Thu. ea. mo .| St.P.-Minneap| S. H. Ward, St. Paul, Minn.
Jan. 19th, 1910..| White Riv. Jc. 7 We oneameriain, Barks ey
wcée ce0eeceeeeune a AS ao Ome . aaamectan Diy
an, “ ;
3d Wed. ea. mo..} 5 mn. St., Me Paes Sas . Can,
eS th, Wash., D.
Not stated..... | com ea ccrence, | inni fe
an. 13, I910..../ Jerse ity Herbert Lowe, aterson.
ist Wed. ea. mo.| 141 W- sth St.| W. Reid Blair, N- Y. City.
¥....-...| Jersey City... a: Mount. jersey ~ :
ee eee ampton.... £ sman, Charlo’sv’le,
1st & 3d Fri. Eve.} Pullman....... R. cAlister, :
oe MERESN As wee Seattle....... i; Seely, Seattle.
ist Wed. ea. mo. Ae Allegheny.
Per SES Grand Rapids P. West, Madison.
at Meee a... 5 . S. Bausticker, York, Pa.

PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT.

Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian subscriptions, $3.25
foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; Students in Canada, $2.25;
single copies, 25 cents.

Rejected manuscripts will not ie returned unless postage is forwarded.

Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon ini
their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary
Review.

Ir any Review reader should chance to meet Dr. James Shannon, whose
address on the Review books is “Care of City Milk Inspector, Topeka,
Kansas,” where his Reviews were received by him up to and including the
July number, and will call his attention to this paragraph, they will confer
a favor upon the Publishers. August number was sent as usual, when Post
Master sent a card to the effect, “Number unclaimed.” Postage was sent
for said number. We then received a letter from- Dr. Shannon, from
Topeka, inquiring why he did not get his Review, as all the other veterin-
arians around there had theirs. We thought the Post Master had been lax,
and sent another August number; and received another card “ Unclaimed.”
We sent postage a second time and obtained the number, and addressed a
letter to Dr. Shannon, enclosing the Post Master’s notices in explanation;
and that letter has been returned stamped “Gone; no order.” In the mean-
time Dr. Shannon has continued to write for his numbers and we have con-
tinued to send them, and letters of explanation, but first-class mail has been
returned, and we have been asked to send postage for the second-class mat-
ter, which we have done. We find it impossible to reach him by mail in
explanation of the situation, and hope some of his friends who are receiving
their numbers regularly will call his attention to this explanation.

“ A MANUAL oF Porsonous PLAnts,” which is the title of a work by
Prof. L. H. Pammet, Ph.D., that was advertised on the page opposite in
the October number, has been transferred to page 30, where more space
was available in which to describe it. This book, which will be ready in
January, coming as it does from the pen of Dr. Pammel, who is Professor
of Morphology, Physiology and Systematic Botany at the Iowa State Col-
lege of Agriculture, should be a valuable addition to every veterinarian’s
library. Prof. Pammel asks that you write for sample pages.

AccurAcyY IN VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS—PARKE, DAVIS AND Company,
Same thing.
288

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Cutters, Power Floats, Power Trephines, Rotary Punch-firing Instrument and
pt 4 Also horse, harness, runabout, and a brand-new Doctor’s Cab. A practice
established by twenty-five years experience. Address Dr. C. F. MARTIN, V. S.,
406 Up 5th Street, Evansville, Ind.

POSITION WANTED.

Veterinarian, familiar with modern laboratory methods, wants position. Address
4 Ey cae of AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 W. 152d Street, New York,

POSITION WANTED,

Graduate of recognized veterinary college desires position offering opportunity
for advancement. fias had experience in city and country practice, as well as in
state and agricultural college work. Best references. Address A.B.C., AMERICAN
VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 W. 152d Street, New York, N. Y.

WANTED.—Horses, Mares, Cats, Dogs, etc., afflicted with Cancer. Address
Dr. S. STRAUSS, 111 West 159th St., New York City.

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16

SAMUEL H, GILLILAND, V.M.D., M.D.,

State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania.

| AMERIC ‘AN VETERINARY REVIEW.

DECEMBER, 1909.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
Paris, October 15, 1909.

CONCLUSIONS OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY
ConGress.—As our excellent friend and collaborator, Prof. W.
_ L. Williams, has said in “ His Personal Impressions” upon the
_ ninth international veterinary congress, this last event is passed
_ and already preparations for the next, the tenth, which is to be
_ held in London, are talked of among the members of the per-
- manent committees of organization.
iP As I was not at The Hague, to participate in all or in part of
_ the good work that was going on in that celebrated week in Sep-
_ tember, I had taken measures to gather sufficient material to re-
' sume the general tone of the discussions, the general remarks of
the various reporters, etc. But when I had received the docu-
_ ments that I thought necessary, I found in front of me so much,
_ that it was evident that any attempt on my part to do justice
- could not be but very imperfect and would require more space

"than I could take from my ordinary chronicle. Yet I could not

_ ignore the whole subject. My friends in the States wanted to
know more than what they had read in last month’s issue. To

_ try to acquit myself of something of my quality of chronicler, I

have decided to present only the conclusions of the Congress upon
ks some of the principal questions treated at the various meetings,

| referring those who may desire more complete information to

- the book of the entire proceedings whose publication will, I hear,
__ soon be issued, and which will be sent to all registered members.
__ To be discussed at the general meetings there were twelve ques-

289

290 EDITORIAL,

tions or subjects presented. And for the meetings of sessions a
total of twenty. Many reporters had been appointed. Their
names and professional standing were carefully selected and they
were told of the value of the reports that they were to make.
All of those, however, we cannot publish as they are too numer-
ous. I have then selected, as the principal and interesting part, —
the conclusions that were adopted, and extracted them from all
that I have before me, making an apology for those that I may
have to leave aside for the present.
*
* *

I will consider to-day the questions of the general meetings,
except the second and fourth, whose object is already realized in
America. The work of the sessions will be for next month,

First QuEestion.—Governmental efforts aganst swine-plague —
and hog-cholera (swine fever) based upon the recent researches
regarding their etiology, vaccination, serovaccination, etc.

Conciustons: “ Swine-plague and contagious pneumonia |)

of pigs are in their nature distinct diseases which differ in their
mode of infection, and ought to be combated separately by the
veterinary police. Swine fever is caused by filtrable virus, and
being a very dangerous contagious disease, ought to be combated
without taking into consideration at the same time the nature of
secondary infections, and ought to be put an end to by all pos- —
sible means on account of the great injury it causes to agriculture.

“In districts where the disease has not yet taken any great
hold, or only shows itself occasionally, it is desirable to destroy
diseased or suspected animals, the proprietor being reasonably
compensated. In badly-infected districts, where a great number
of pigs are infected, the limitation of the plague ought to be pro-
visionally obtained as rigorously as possible according to the usual
measures taken against contagious diseases. In this struggle the
preventive inoculation is a factor able to diminish the mortality

since it, at the same time, immunizes the animals in an active |

manner.

EDITORIAL. ; 291

‘The results obtained up to the present time permit hope that
_ direct and active immunity of animals absolutely healthy will be
_ an efficient preventative; so much so that the study of preventive
inoculation ought to be encouraged by governments. In order to
prevent contagious pneumonia transmitted in reality by sick ani-
mals, less rigorous measures will suffice. To combat the disease
_ in the district where it is rampant, it is of the utmost importance
to isolate infected districts, and to render obligatory the registra-
- tion and the control of the trade in pigs. These measures will
_ find strong support in the institution of the obligatory control of
_ meat and in the ordering that dead pigs shall be taken to an abat-
- toir and examined in the case of suspected disease.

“‘ Besides these measures taken by the veterinary police, it is of
_ the greatest importance to instruct cattle salesmen in the same
_ direction.

“On these lines the following should be given the first place:
_ The provisional isolation of newly purchased animals should be
considered; also the hygienic treatment of pigs; the slaughter of
_ the sick or partially recovered animals; the regular disinfection
__ of stables, and in the case of swine fever, preventive inoculation.”

17 FirtH Question.—The sanitary control of milk and the
obligatory systematic inspection of meat.

Conctusions: “The Ninth International Veterinary Con-
_ gress in The Hague sees in the appointment of veterinary sur-
- geons as official experts in zootechnical matters, a powerful fac-
_ tor for the development and advancement of zootechny, and de-
iy clares that with regard to the great economical signification of
this profession, only qualified veterinarians should be regarded as
| candidates for the posts of official experts.”

te FirtH Question.—The sanitary conirol of milk and the
obligatory systematic inspection of meat.

ConcLusions: Presented by Prof. Ostertag and adopted
unanimously: “ The regulation of the control and transport of
milk is very urgent. It must include: 1. Control of the dairies

292 : EDITORIAL,

and that of the markets. The control of the dairies and of the 4
markets belong to veterinarians. The demonstration of frauds —
with water or any other way belongs to specialists. The milk —
sold for Piighese use as of superior quality must have some special

condition.”

Srxtu Question.—The methods employed m treating car
cases and meat, with the object of rendering them harmless.

Conciusions: Presented by Doct. F. von Puntigam and —
adopted: ‘‘ That there should be a system of government in-—
spection of flocks and herds before slaughter and examination of ©
carcases with power to confiscate any part found to be unfit for ‘
human food; the veterinary inspector appointed to have the power, —
in certain cases, to order the sterilization of such portion or por-_
tions as would, after such treatment, be fit for human consump-_
tion or other use. To work this system economically and profit-—
ably, the author recommended the installation of special apparatus —
for sterilization, and also for the utilization of by-products which —
being of no value, if untreated, would thus be made useful and | |
profitable to the community.” ]

SEVENTH QueEstion.—The prophilaxy and pathology of pro- 7
tozoan diseases with demonstration of the specific parasites and
transmitting animals.

Conc.usions: After a most remarkable report, Doctor
Theiler, of South Africa, presented the following, which were
passed unanimously :

“1. The Veterinary Congress at the Hague reaffirms the
recommendations formulated at the Congress at Budapest and im-
presses upon the governments which have not yet organized a _ |
veterinary service the necessity for doing so Pe sia as little delay :
as possible. ae

“2. It is necessary for the control of animal plagues in |)
the colonies that all governments concerned should materially
encourage the study of such diseases, Since the biology of a |
disease must form the basis of all veterinary operations of an 7

EDITORIAL, 293

_ administrative character, it is desirable that wherever possible

scientific veterinary investigators should be sent into territories

2 where diseases which have not yet been investigated are prevalent,
_ and since the work of these investigators will be of common in-

_ terest both from the scientific point of view as well as from that
_ of State Veterinary Medicine, it should be communicated io all
_ governments concerned.

“3. For the purpose of carrying out the above proposals,
_ there should be established an International Bureau of tropical
' Diseases of Animals, consisting of veterinary representatives
_ from all the countries concerned, and the Interational Bureau

' should publish a bulletin giving the results of all recent interna-
' tional publications dealing with tropical diseases of animals.”

_ Eteguru Question.—Governmental control of sera and bac-
terial products and their preparations by government.

: Conciusions of Prof. Leclainche: “ In default of direct pre-
_ paration by the state of products of a bacterial nature for the

__ use of the veterinary profession, the preparation and the sale of

these products ought to be placed under the control of the state.”

NintH Question.—Avian tuberculosis in its relation to tu-
_ berculosis in mammalia,

_ Concrustons of Prof. Arloing, adopted unanimously :

“1. Avian tuberculosis is not a special disease, distinct from

_ tuberculosis of mammalia.
a “2. Its infectious agent is simply a variation of the bacillus of

| Koch, with which it is connected by a common primary char-
_ acter and from which it distinguishes itself only by secondary

and moreover inconstant properties.
: “3. The avian variety itself is subject to variations like the
human and the bovine bacillus.
_ “4, These variations allow avian bacilli, some time to vege-
tate in mammalia and bacilli of mammalia directly to infect birds.
“5. As to the anatomo-pathological character of avian tuber-
culosis it causes a special reaction of the tissues of the birds suf-

__ fering from tuberculous inflammation.

294 _ EDITORIAL.

“6. The avian bacillus, being simply a variety of the bovine —
tuberculosis bacillus, in some cases capable of infecting mammalia, —
it stands to reason that, with regard to avian tuberculosis the —

same preventive measures should be applied as are taken against —
tuberculous meat.” .

TENTH QUESTION.—Sterility of cows and its dependence q |
upon the infectious diseases of the genital orgats:

Conciusions: After a thorough examination of the ques- — |
tion, Prof. Hesse proposed a series of conclusions. The following B
were unanimously adopted:

“1. There exists an intimate relation between sterility of —
bovines and the contagious diseases of the genital organs, spe- —
cially vaginitis and infectious follicular metritis. —

“2. A great increase in the frequency of the diseases of the
ovaries and of the uterus has been observed since the more fre- _
quent apparition of vaginitis and catarrhal metritis. q

“3. The hypertrophy of the Corpus luteum spareum, specific a
to bovines, results from a reflex irritation of the ovaries, due to -
vaginitis and infectious follicular metritis.” ‘=

ELEVENTH QueEsTION.—Governmental efforts against tuber-—
culosis with regard to the ways of infection in this disease.

ConcLusions: After a long consideration of the question, —
the following were put to the Congress: :

“ This congress suggests that the manufacture of tuberculin
shall be under the control of the government and sold only by 7
them to veterinary surgeons and medical practitioners. q

“ That all stock reacting to the tuberculin test shall neither be —
used for stud purposes nor for consumption and that all the gov- —
ernments shall be approached with a view to making this a law.”

TweL_rru Question.—Construction and interior of stables in —
relation to the prophilaxy of diseases of animals, specially tuber- |
culosis. t |

The suggestion was made that a cow-sheds and dairies or-

der should be framed by all governments and that the condi-— Ie

EDITORIAL, 295

tions contained in them be enforced by law; also frequent inspec-
tion by government veterinary surgeons.
*

*

FuNcTIONS OF THE OMENTUM.—At the Royal Academy of
Medicine of Bruxelles, Prof. P. Heger reported a series of ex-
periments which in collaboration with Dr. Heger Gilbert he has
made on the functions of the omentum, and which had for re-
sults to demonstrate the mechanism with which the omentum
exercises its protecting action in the entire peritoneal cavity.
Three series of experiments were made and the results rendered
more apparent by photographic and radiographic illustrations,
which were recorded in the Bulletin of the Academy.

In the first experiments several cubic centimeters of physio-
logic solution, holding animal charcoal in suspension, were in-
jected in the peritoneum of various animals, Although the injec-
tions were made at different points and in such a manner as to
disseminate in the whole abdomen the colored particles, it was seen
that these soon gathered in the omentum in such quantity that
the aspect of that membrane differed entirely from that of the vis-
ceral or parietal peritoneal surface; the omentum was thickened
and the microscopic examinations show that the phagocytosis of
_ the colored particles, by the extraordinary numerous leucocytes,
was completed. However, this power of attracting and of hold-
ing these colored particles does not belong only to the great
omentum. Animal charcoal was also present upon the other
epiploic folds and principally the gastro-hepatic.

In fact, it is as if the omentum has been the seat of an ag-
glutinating secretion. If porphyrized dust of iron is thrown over
the abdominal visceras of a dog recently killed, and if, with a
magnet, one tries to draw the iron particles, he will observe that
these which are on the omentum, are adherent more than those
_ upon the surrounding surfaces; and as the magnet is brought
close to the omentum, dusted with iron, it raises it, thus demon-
strating how real the agglutination is. :

a
* *

296 EDITORIAL.

In a second series of experiments, Prof. Heger has followed
the accumulation of the metallic substances in the omentum of

the living animal in taking upon successive radiographics, after —

- the introduction, in the peritoneal cavity, of iron dust, sub-nitrate —
of bismuth, of cinnabar, etc. Ona radiographic view, taken upon
a guinea pig ten minutes after the intra-peritoneal injection of bis-
“muth, it is noticed that between the intestinal folds there ap-
pears the opaque substance disseminated all through the abdomen. _
In a view, taken 48 hours after, the dissemination of the powder _
has been replaced by its accumulation into one single dark spot
corresponding, as ulterior post mortem showed it, to the omentum
carrying the sub-nitrate of bismuth. The sweeping of the cavity
had been rapidly performed by the omentum. A contrary proof
can be made; the omentum is not much developed in very young
rabbits, and the phenomena of the gathering of the bismuth does
not take place in them. Even after 48 hours iron dust injected in
the peritoneal cavity still remains disseminated all over the ab-
dominal cavity.

In animals that have no diaphragm and no omentum, the lo-
calization of foreign bodies introduced into the abdomen is in-

definitely slow. One gramme of porphyrized iron injected into —

the abdomen of a frog remains disseminated after half hours,
after 48 hours and even after five days; without omentum, there
is no éarly localization. A similar fact exists for fishes, in the-
abdomen of which small lead shots have been introduced. They
remain mobile and without contracting any adhesion for a very
long time.

%
* k

In a third series of experiments large foreign bodies have
been introduced into the peritoneal cavity of dogs and rabbits, such
as small glass pearls, or pieces of cork or lead. In general these —
foreign bodies are rapidly encysted by the omentum, which be-
comes hypertrophied round them in various ways and according
to the nature of the cases.

EDITORIAL. 297

If glass pearls, these are very rapidly fixed upon the omentum
and the localization takes place, no matter where the introduction
has occurred. Then they travel along the lymphatics and go to
gather together towards the great curvature of the stomach, or
perhaps by preference round the pylorus, where they are stopped
at least temporarily by the presence of the lymphatic glands of
that region. With time the pearls form thin masses, quite com-

pact, in the neighborhood of the origin of the thoracic duct, and
as far as the experiments have gone they remain there for an

indefinite time.

Voluminous and heavy bodies, such as a piece of lead weigh-
ing 7 or 8 grammes, do not act in the same way. At the begin-

| : ning of their presence in the abdominal cavity they travel but
"little; lodged in the region where their weight has carried them,

they then become encysted in the omentum which becomes consid-
erably hypertrophied round them and which surrounds them

- entirely. With time the cyst that is thus formed becomes loose

_ from the omentum, that has remained normal and it drops any-
if where in the abdominal cavity. This fact will serve to explain the
_ presence of foreign bodies in the abdomen, found at post mortem,
— but having remained unsuspected during life.

. If the foreign body is very slight, a well aseptized bate, for

fe instance, it will readily follow the displacements of the omentum

_ and in this case there will be no amputation or separation from

it. The authors have not seen any, but they have observed ad-
__ hesions established, through the intervention of the omentum, be-
tween the cork and the intestines, in such a way that the elimina-
_ tion of the foreign body might, in all appearances, have taken
_ place in time through the natural way.

There is anyhow one surgical observation of a large but light
foreign body having passed from the peritoneal cavity, where it
had been introduced into the intestinal canal, and through it make
its way out. In such condition, the omentum acts in promoting
the adhesions and protecting the peritoneum from infection. In
these experiments the authors have also observed that the broad
ligaments possess properties similar to those noticed for the omen-

298 EDITORIAL.

tum. These movable folds fix in the pelvis insoluble particles
or the pearls that are introduced in it; they consequently would in
females fill a protective function similar to that exercised-in the
entire peritoneal cavity by the omentum.
; %
# * |
ANTITETANIC SEROTHERAPY.—At the International Congress
of Human Medicine held in September at Budapest, one of the —
reporters, Mr. Bourget, of Lausanne, Switzerland, considered in —
a genera! way the clinical results of serotherapy, and after mak-
ing a general onslaught of most sera, he severely criticised suc- 3
cessively that of typhoid fever, of pneumonia, of tuberculosis, of —
erysipelas, to which he denied any kind of value. And as far as —
the antitetanic serum, he says: “For tetanus, after having ad- ~
“mitted it as a specific serum, preventive and curative, the en- —
“thusiasm of the first days for this therapeutic method has di-
“minished. Everywhere the preventive inefficacy is mentioned |
“and its curative action is ignored. What proves it still more is _

“that the technic of its application continues to vary enormously, | |
“although all the ways to introduce it in the system have been |

“ tested, the skin, veins and lately the lateral ventricles * * *? —

If such is the records of the antitetanic serotherapy in human
medicine, it is not the same in veterinary medicine. But yet it —
seems as if the method with which it can be resorted to in horses —
is still the subject of discussion. Some while ago, an army vet- _
erinarian, Dr. Huguier, in a publication sent to one of the home —
societies, asked if in the application of anti-tetanic serum as a _

preventive, one or two injections was necessary; and sustained by 7

an experience of ten years, he declared that one injection was —
perfectly sufficient. This announcement was followed by an- —
other from a country practitioner who advanced the same opinion. —
The question was taken up by another veterinarian, who told the —
story of an animal which having received a severe traumatic in- —

jury, had administered to him one injection of serum followed six |
days after by a second, the regular classical indication. Yet this |
horse died ten days later with an acute attack of the disease, For — ly

EDITORIAL, 299

this practitioner two injections are certainly more prudent than
one, if not strictly essentially necessary !

In the Revue Veterinaire, of Toulouse, Professor Labat seems
to decide the question in the affirmative. One preventive injection
of antitetanic serum is sufficient!

Nocard, it is true, has written: ‘“ The preventive treatment
of tetanus consists of two subcutaneous injections of 10 C. C. of
serum, the first immediately after the traumatism or the oper-
ation and the second eight or ten days after.”’

To this Prof. Labat says: The injection of a single dose of
antitetanic serum is sufficient to avoid tetanus. Of course the in-
jection shall be made as early as possible after the operation or
the accidental trauma is received, For the Professor, if the pre-
ventive action of the serum is sure, it is only temporary, and this
action may be kept up by injections successively administered.
Yet some of the subjects that he has treated did receive only one
injection, and this did prove sufficient and the vaccinating action,
although temporary, lasted five, six weeks and even more. And
_ finally he concludes: “ Out of seven hundred and six subjects op-
erated, at least six hundred and forty had but one injection, and
they were all protected against tetanus.

Since September, 1902, Prof. Labat has never given more
than one injection. In the last seven years his observations count
1,500 subjects operated, making a total of more than 2,000 ani-
mals treated by this method, which has proved sufficient, as not
one of these patients contracted the disease.

With such a statistic the problem is evidently solved in favor
of only one injection; and yet suppose the animal should, not-
withstanding that one, die, what might be the result, some may
ask? I mean as far as the owner is concerned. What will vet-
erinarians in America, who use the serum extensively, say on the
subject ?

ve SS
_ TopuraTED. CHLOROFORM -APPLICATIONS.—The use of tine-
ture of iodine to disinfect the skin before surgical operations
seems to become quite general. Indeed, iodine is an excellent

300 EDITORIAL.

antiseptic, but the tincture by its caustic and necroting action may
give rise to some serious objections.

In 1906 Prof. Chassevant proposed, instead of the tincture
of iodine which is an alcoholic solution always susceptible to al-
terations, the use of iodurated chloroform, which possesses all
the revulsive and antiseptic properties of iodine, but besides does
not produce pain, no scars, no sclerosis of the epidermis. He has
prepared a chloroformic solution of iodine at 1/15, one gramme
of iodine and 20 of chloroform. This solution keeps its strength,

does not change and can be kept indefinitely by covering the glass — 4

cork of the bottle with a cap of rubber. Even if, after partial
evaporation of the chloroform, some little deposits of iodine oc-
curred on the walls of the bottle, the solution that remains can
still be used. It is not altered, only a little more concentrated.
Solutions eight months old have been used and have proved as
good as fresh ones recently prepared. To use it, the following
are recommended: Disinfect the skin, wipe it out dry, and make
a slight friction with a ball of wadding. THE SKIN MUST
BE THOROUGHLY DRY. With a paint brush or a little bullet
of wadding dipped into the iodurated chloroform, apply a coat of

it over the part where the operation is to be performed. When
this is completed, the excess of iodine that may remain on the
skin can be removed with a little pure chloroform, although there
is no harm in leaving it on the skin as it will rapidly evaporate.
With this application the skin always remains perfectly supple and
there is no scaling of the epidermis. In the surgery of small
animals this disinfection and anesthesia of the skin will prove

very advantageous.

*
ak a

HuMAN or Bovine Baciiti1.—The determination of the bo-
vine or human origin of the bacilli of Koch when isolated from
tubercular lesions of man may sometimes be of great impor-
tance. By previous investigations made by Drs. Calmette and
Guerin these gentlemen had called the attention upon the prop-
erty possessed by tuberculous bacilli of bovine origin to cultivate,

EDITORIAL, 801

when in presence of glycerinated bovine bile at 5 per cent., and
that likewise bacilli of human or aviary origin did respectively
cultivate in human or fowl bile.

The study of four samples of human bacilli made recently by
these investigators has shown the correctness of these facts, as
these bacilli did grow only on human bile. Testing a fifth sample
of human bacilli, obtained from a child dead from acute miliary
tuberculosis, a fine culture took place on bovine bile, and it was
thought that possibly the infection in this case was of bovine
origin. To verify this, a second quantity of this tuberculous cul-
ture was introduced in the udder of a she-goat, which had just
delivered a kid.

In such conditions, if the culture used is of human origin, a
benignant mammitis takes place with an infection that remains —
Jatent for months and even for years in the corresponding re-
tromammary glands, while if the culture is of bovine origin, the
mammitis that follows is always severe and is rapidly followed
by cachexia and death.

This test, applied with the sample of tuberculous matter taken
from the child that had died with acute miliary tuberculosis, re-
vealed without possible doubt the bovine origin of the tuberculous
bacilli. :

The primitively intestinal infection had for cause the inges-
tion of milk from tuberculous cows.

elie

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES AND REFERENCES.—Prof. Cadeac
has just added another volume to his Encyclopedia in publishing
his “Surgical Pathology of Joints in Domestic Animals”
(Pathologie Chirurgicale des articulations des animaux domes-
tiques ).

This is the second volume relating to the pathology of the
apparatus of locomotion, which is now completed and closes the
wide field of surgical pathology in general. The entire work is

superior and the result of many years of work, studies and obser-
vations.

302 EDITORIAL,

In this second volume, articulations and their pathology fill
the entire work, being in that the continuation of the first volume
which we had the pleasure to notice in these pages. In over 400
pages, and containing 143 excellent illustrations, the author treats
first of articular wounds in general and of these in the various
regions. In a second chapter are presented arthritis and their
varieties. Ankylosis of the vertebra and other articulations are
followed by an excellent consideration upon the deviation of the
vertebral column, with the pathology of Lordosis, Cyphosis and
Scoliosis, thus closing the subjects relating to equines. Bovines,
-small ruminating animals, pigs, dogs and even birds are con-
sidered in the same manner in the balance of the work. Each ~
animal species having its own diseases, and as a special pathology _
could not be written for each, Prof. Cadeac has adopted an ex-
cellent method, which has permitted him to follow in his whole
encyclopedia a kind of differential and comparative pathology
that the reader can embrace almost at a glance. The arrange-

ment of the subject and its division is very correct and advan- _

tageous to the reader, qualities that render the book very pleasant q
to read. This second volume can be had as well as the entire —
collection from the house of J. B. Bailliere and Son, 19 rue Haute-

feuille, Paris.
%

* *

The Journal of Tropical Veterinary Sciences, Vol. 1V., No. 3,
that came lately, contains “ Some Illustrated Notes on Rabies,”
by Col. F. Raymond, F. R. C. V. S.; “‘ Futher Experiments on the
Treatment of Surra with Atoxyl and Orpiment and Other Pre- —
parations of Arsenic,” by Capt. J. D. E. Holmes, M. A. D. S.; —
“The Normal and Abnormal Temperature of the Camel,” with
a note on the normal pulse and respiration, by A. S. Leese, L. C.
V. D.; “ Trypanosomiasis and Other Diseases in Camels,” with
experiments in connection with the former, by J. Burton Cle-
land, M. D.,; ‘‘ Surra in the Federal Malay States,” by H. Fraser,
M. D.; “ Distribution of Certain Species of Biting Flies in the
Federated Malay States,” by H. C. Pratt; “ Contribution to the

EDITORIAL, 303

_ Study of Trypanosomiasis and to the Geographical Distribution
_ of Some of the Blood Sucking Insects,” by J. E. S. Old, M. R.
VS,
aa 'g

I have also on my table the second edition of the book of
Doctor K. Winslow on the “ Production and Handling of Clean
_. Milk.” The advanced sheets have already been considered and re-
_ viewed by our co-editor and I can add nothing to the deserved
good notice made by him. It would be an unnecessary repetition.
Av.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
TO MEET AT SAN FRANCISCO IN roro.

As our November number went to press, the indications were
strong that San Francisco would be the next meeting place of
the A. V. M. A. Hence our little squib to the effect that the
dial of the A. V. M. A. compass seemed to be fluttering in the
direction of the “ Golden West.”
| Before we were out of press (but too late to announce the
fact to our readers in that issue of the Review), the place and
_ date of the 1910 meeting were set for San Francisco, California,

_ September 6-7-8-9.

While to members east of the Rocky Mountains, California

will seem at first impossible, it will not be much harder for those

west of the Rockies than it would be for them-to attend a meet-
ing in a city on the Atlantic seaboard, and it will make an oppor-
tunity for those further east to see one of the most, if not the
most beautiful state in our Union, that they have all hoped to
see at some time, but have had no idea how or when the oppor-
tunity was to come about. By the committee deciding thus
early upon the meeting place, three-fourths of the year is
afforded the members to plan for a trip to the land of giant
forests and perpetual springtime; a treat that no veterinarian
_ should deny himself if there is any possible way of accomplish-
ing it.

304 EDITORIAL.

THE GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA APPOINTS A :
STATE VETERINARIAN.

In appointing Dr. Samuel H. Gilliland, of Marietta, Pa., to _

succeed the late lamented Dr. Leonard Pearson as State Veteri- 7

narian, the Governor of Pennsylvania has manifested his usual
excellent judgment, and acted in the interests of the common- —
wealth which he governs. P

Dr. Gilliland’s close association with Dr. Pearson, coupled with —
his broad education and training, has rendered him peculiarly —
fitted to continue the work which Dr. Pearson’s illness and sub- —
sequent demise compelled him to relinquish. The fortunate cir- —
cumstance of Dr. Gilliland having been born and raised upon a —
farm made the very foundation of his education correct; for there, —
as nowhere else, can the knowledge of the habits of farm animals _
and farm life, so important to a man entering upon such a posi- —
tion, be acquired. ‘Then with a splendid basic education ac- ~
quired at the Bellefont Academy and the Millersville State Nor- —

mal School, he entered the University of Pennsylvania; graduat- 7
ing from the veterinary school of that institution in 1901, and

from the mediéal school three years later. :

Desirous of pursuing his studies along those lines still 7
further, he afterward spent considerable time, on three dif- —
ferent occasions, studying in the veterinary schools of Europe; —
where he made a special study of comparative pathology. Being ©
thus equipped, he was appointed assistant bacteriologist to the —
Pennsylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board, in which capacity —
he served for eight years, when, upon the resignation of Dr. M. |
P. Ravenel, he succeeded him as bacteriologist, and had direct ~
charge of the research work of the board under Dr. Leonard
Pearson; during which time the following articles were published

by him in connection with Drs. Pearson and Ravenel: “The 4)

Immunization of Cattle Against Tuberculosis,” “ The Effect of —
Tuberculosis Vaccination Upon Cattle Already Affected with —
Tuberculosis,” “ The Disinfectant Value of Ammonium Persul-

phate,” “ Formaldehyde Gas as a Disinfectant,” and “ The Arti- 7

EDITORIAL, 305

ficial Immunization of Cattle Against Tuberculosis Reported at
the International Veterinary Congress at Buda Pesth.”

He has also been connected with the teaching work at the
University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School in the capacity of
demonstrator of bacteriology. His enthusiasm and progresive-
ness is suggested by the fact that he is a member of three veteri-
nary associations and eight or ten medical and other scientific or-
ganizations. We compliment His Excellency the Governor, and
congratulate the people of Pennsylvania on the appointment of
Dr, Giililand to this important and responsible position.

THE NATIONAL Horse SHow IN NEw York.—In the No-

vember number of the REVIEW we predicted that the National

_ Horse Show, to be held at Madison Square Garden the second
_ week in November, would be the best that had been held in some
time; and stated that the horse was gradually but surely regain-
ing his foothold with the solid and sane people of the world.

Our observations during show-week convinced us that our

_ prediction was correct and that our statement was well

_ grounded, as men had large entries this year that had not ex-
_ hibited for years. The classes were exceptionally good and
were managed with almost military precision, each class appear-
ing in the ring at not alone the hour, but the minute they were
scheduled to appear.

3 The judges, too, for the various classes, had been selected
with the utmost care, fitness evidently having been the requisite .
_ qualification. For example, Prof. Andrew Smith, of Toronto,

| judged a thoroughbred class; Prof. C. F. Curtis, of the Agri-

cultural College, Ames, Ia., judged the Clydesdales and heavy
_ draft horses, in harness and in hand; Prof. J. L. Carlyle, Soda

Bs. Springs, Idaho, was one of the judges of the Percheron and

Belgian classes; and among the judges of hunters and © jumpers
was Dr. Charles McEachran, of Montreal. Consequently an
earnestness prevailed that inspired confidence nd was most
gratifying.

306 EDITORIAL.

The veterinarians consisted of two of the old guard, viz.,
Dr. J. E. Ryder, of New York City, and Dr. William Sheppard;
of Sheepshead Bay, N. Y.; the third being Dr. E. R. Voorhees,
of Somerville, N. J.

Perhaps one of the most convincing features of the show, —
indicative of the returning popularity of the horse, was the 4
large attendance of enthusiastic spectators, who were there day

after day and night after night expressing their appreciation of a |

equine quality by applauding the performances of the splendid -
exhibits. The horse is popular with the people to-day, and hun-
dreds more horse-drawn turnouts would be seen upon the streets —

of our big cities if the street conditions resulting from the use ~

of automobiles did not render the driving of them more or less _
dangerous and altogether uncomfortable. The automobile is —
a fad, and as its popularity decreases (as it surely will), the
horse will again assume his former position nearest to man’s —

heart. It is up-hill work because of the street conditions referred a

to, but if fifty, twenty-five, or even one dozen millionaires or 3
society people were to discard their automobiles at one time and —

replace them with handsome horse-drawn turnouts in a city like — |

New York, for example, hundreds of others would follow their a
example. It would then be easy, as the outrageous condition —
of our city streets would then no longer be tolerated. Con- ~
sistency would be demanded, and the same city ordinance that —
forbids the spilling of harmless dirt upon a paved street from a ~
horse-drawn dirt truck would forbid the spilling of dangerous, —
stinking oil on the streets throughout the length and breadth of —
our cities; so that, with the least drop of rain on them, driving —
or walking upon them is perilous. Picture our cities once more —
without the automobile, or with the number decreased and its —
use regulated, with their clean streets, and their parks so that —
one could once again inhale the fragrance of the flowers and —
the foliage, instead of being compelled to constantly breathe the —

unpleasant smell of oil. Picture the peace and tranquillity of life ’
when horses were tied to posts outside our doors, unharmed and —

unmolested, waiting to take us for a pleasant, restful drive, and 7

«

' compare it with the rushing, whirring bustle of the auto, and in-
voluntarily you will say, with Richard the Third, “‘ My kingdom
_ for a horse.” Every man who would like to see a return to those
peaceful conditions should do his part toward inspiring them
_by using the best horse-turnout that he can procure. Veter-
inarians should not need such a suggestion, but too often even
‘they need it. Many of them are indifferent as to the kind of a
horse they drive or the appointments of their turnout; others
* will not be bothered with a horse,” but pay more out in car-
fare each month than would keep one; and still others, the chief
offenders, have allowed themselves to become victims of the
_ fad and use automobiles. Their excuse is they “ can get around
faster,” but in most instances they do not need to, they are
simply victims of the speed craze.
_ Mr. Alfred G. Vanderbilt demonstrated his ability to show
‘some speed with horses through New York City even under the
‘present conditions of the streets when, on the last day of the
“Horse Show, he stepped his four-in-hand team from the Arrow-
‘head Inn to the Madison Square Garden in thirty-eight minutes,
a distance of more than nine miles, right through the heart of
the busy city of New York.. It was a splendid exhibition of his
“ability as a reinsman and of the quality of his horses.

Ir is interesting as well as distressing to learn that under
“the new tuberculin law, which went into effect on the first of
June last, three offenders have been caught at one of the most
d astardly offenses that can be practiced by any one calling him-

lf a man, and, worse still, professional man. Yes, it is even
Fe bad as that; veterinarians actually giving certificates of the
“health of herds of cattle when the same were not justified. The
very men that we look to as of the greatest assistance to the
Department of Agriculture in stamping out this scourge are, by
_ their duplicity and nefarious practices, disseminating it and un-
_ doing the work that the Department of Agriculture and their
honest brethren are striving so hard and so earnestly to accom-
_ plish. The matter has been referred to the Attorney-General.
_ There are other offenders (not of the veterinary profession) who
_ will also have to answer to the state.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

RABIES. *

FRrRoM THE ToLEeDO CLINICAL LABORATORY,

By R. C. Loncrettow, M.D., Proressor oF Biotocy, St. Joy’ S UNIVERST 4
ToLepo, Ox10. ,

In presenting this subject as briefly as possikle, much impor-
tant matter for want of time will be omitted; it is hoped by your
essayist that at the conclusion my friends who requested this’
paper will not be in the same state of mind as the man, who bein e
bitten by a dog, went in to interview the owner. The owner, in
a soothing voice, advised the victim, ‘‘ Oh, he is not mad!” “ Of
course not,” yelled the victim. “ What the h—l has he got to be |
mad about?’ It’s me that is mad!” “|

The name of this disease is a compound of the two Gre ek
words Udor and phobos, which expresses the meaning of water
fear, while the Latin rabies expresses the same ee really
the correct term for this disease.

Rabies appears to have been recognized as a distinct disease
by the Egyptians, the Israelites, and as far back as 322 B. C.,
Aristotle wrote of a disease in dogs as follows: “ Dogs suffer
from rabies: this induces a state of madness, and all ani als
which are bitten by them are likewise attacked by rabies. ¢ i
Among the older writers of that day, Hippocrates does not spé ak |
of it, but it is spoken of in an indirect manner by Virgil, Horace
Plutarch, Ovid and Celsus, who describe the disease from the
apparent symptoms in the animal infected. |

This disease can he communicated to all mammals, by infec- |
tion from one animal to another, or by inoculation for study. |

* Read by request before the Ohio State Society of Comparative Medicine, Firét 4

Annual Session, Upper Sandusky, Ohio, August 26, 1909, Read before the Pathological |
Section, Academy of Medicine, Toledo and Lucas County, Ohio, November 12, 1909. +

808

RABIES. 309

Rabies stands in the foreground of all the terrible diseases which
ean come to the human family: tetanus, delirium tremens are not
' to be compared as to mental agony, the physical suffering of the
patient and distress of the helpless friends.

_ This disease was quite rare in the United States until about
thirty-five years ago, when this infection began to increase, was
studied only in a small way by pathologists, or the difficulties to
study it seemed to be insurmountable. No disease of the animal
or human family has as many accepted fairy tales as rabies, and
‘at the present time, many fallacies are yet thoroughly believed
‘in by many people, in all stations of life, as to the causes and
Benptoms. Among the popular ideas are that if a person be
pptten by a dog in health, that person will become a victim to the
ase should the dog later on become rabid. The facts are, as
: Bi colas has proven, that the saliva of a rabid animal is virulent
from six to eight days before the symptoms develop, that if ten
| or more days pass over after the person is bitten, and the dog
| continues to be normal after a suspicious bite, the individual will
not develop rabies, even if the dog becomes rabid in near future.
| For this reason above all others, the animal should not be
killed, but kindly cared for, kept free from excitement, with
|” regulated food, watched for a time. Another more serious fal-
| lacy is the so-called mad stone, the faith in them, and the stones
handed down from one generation to the next as a priceless
ir-loom, frequently bought for large sums of money.

_ The so-called mad stone is found in the stomach, gall, bladder
or intestines of domestic or wild animals; is composed of hair
a at the animal has licked and swallowed, interwoven with vege-
able or wood fibres, grain beards, moulded or pressed by the
“stomach wall into oval or rounded shapes.

_ Some times the so-called mad stones are gall stones, intes-
inal concretions, or a ball of hair acted on for a long time by the
_ stomach secretions. One of these heir-looms your essayist exam-
ined some years ago was composed of hair, some wood fibre,
wheat beards and cotton fibre, well woven and dense. Fre-
wguently people will travel hundreds of miles to have the mad

+ :
ce

yy ¥
4

310 R. C, LONGFELLOW.

stone applied, and many of those present will recall the wonder- —
ful tales that were told about the efficacy of a mad stone that was
owned by a resident of this county back in the fifties. The so-—
called mad stone is applied to the wound; the popular idea is that —
if it adheres, the longer and tighter the more potent is the cure; }
that if the stone does not stick, or only for a short time, then the
bite is not rabic, and the patient feels secure from infection. q

The fact is, that the adherence of the so-called mad stone de-
pends wholly upon the amount of blood or secretion present from
the wound; profuse bleeding or secretion infiltrates the porous
structure of the stone, which is held in place by the drying of
the oozing, just as cotton or cloth will do. After a few days
the stone becomes loosened, falls off as healing goes on; if it-
should adhere for some days, then the patient is supposed to have
had a severe infection, and is now free from it when the stone
no longer adheres. While the curative values of the so-called’
mad stone is absolutely mythical, no more than an oyster shell, |
goose bone or rabbit foot, the danger lies in the fact of false se~

curity the patient and friends have in the stone, that if the bite
was rabic, the disease may develop later when too late to use
proper treatment. Another common idea is, that the animal is |
afraid of water if it has rabies; if not afraid of water, then it is
free from that disease. The fact is that during the early stages
of the disease, the dog will swim across ponds and creeks in his
mad chase, will later try to drink water, if accessible, and the
paralysis of the throat muscles does not prevent. |

Animals will try to get water, make frantic efforts to drink,
but being unable to do so by throat paralysis, gives the appear-
ance of convulsions at the sight of water, when in fact there is no
fear of water, in itself, but the inability to drink. This condi- |
tion is true in the human family, for the same reasons, and must |
not be mistaken for fear of water. Another very common fal-|
lacy is the so-called dog days, which are held to be between the —
first of July and the middle of August, because the dog star)
Sirius is above the horizon with the sun. {he

RABIES. 311

The facts are that the dog star has no more connection with
the disease than the Indian cigar sign, but during this season of
the year, dogs are prone to wander about seeking cool places, food
and water, may, if infected, bite a larger number of animals than
in colder months. A false idea as to the color of the dog’s
mouth: when the bite occurs, if the mouth is black, then the dis-
ease is sure, and if the mouth is red, the bite is considered harm-
less. The facts are that the black appearance is due to a normal
pigmentation, very common to all dogs, has been noticed more in
the northern States.

In the southern States, a black tongue appearance has been
noticed, which may occur in rabies, but is due to the protruding
tongue, exposure to air for some time. Lyssophobia, or fear of
rabies is very common to neurotic persons, who have been bitten
by a normal dog, hysteria on that subject, and as no lesions de-
velop, recovery takes place naturally. Now and then an appar-
ent spontaneous case of rabies will appear, which is difficult to
trace or not traced, then the popular idea is, that it was due to
lack of care, food or water. This is as impossible as tuberculosis, .
syphilis or conception to occur without the causative germ. Again,
there are some practitioners as well as laity, who hold there is no
such condition as rabies. One physician recently said to your
essayist, “ Why I have practised medicine for forty-two odd
years, and never saw a case of rabies!”

Rabies must then be produced by inoculation from an animal
which is rabic, whose saliva is impregnated with the virus in
varying quantities, conveyed from one animal to another by pene-
trating teeth wounds, in which nerves have been wounded and
virus deposited.

The virus has resisted all chemic investigation, bacteriologic
study has not revealed as yet the diagnostic signs, but this virus
is now known to travel only by the nerves, not by the blood cur-
rent or lymphatic system, later a disease of the central nervous
system, with great toxemia produced in the last stages.

312 R. C, LONGFELLOW.

INCUBATION.

Incubation is not fixed, differs in animals, because the period
depends on the location of the bite, the extent of wounds, and
quantity of virus penetrating the tissues. Bites through the
clothing wipe off much of the virus from the teeth, while exposed
surfaces like the face, hands present more dangerous locations,
because of more numerous nerve supply near the surface. The
virus travels by the nerves inoculated, thus scratches or super-
ficial wounds are not as dangerous as deeper penetration of the
animal’s teeth, when more virus is likely to be deposited.

Suppuration, much bleeding of deeper wounds may lessen
the danger, but cannot be relied upon. The rabies seen in dogs,
called street rabies, usually has a period of ten days incubation,
but may be from fifteen to ninety days, the usual limits; even
cases of shorter and longer duration are recorded. Fixed virus
is a laboratory product, which is obtained by running the virus
through a series of fifty to fifty-two rabbits, which secures a
virus of strongest potency, representing all the virulence possible.

The shortest period of incubation in rabbits from fixed virus is — |

from six to eight days, about the same for guinea pigs, dogs, cats,

monkeys. Incubation depends upon the proximity or distance — |
of infection from the brain, thus infection about the feet will re-

quire a longer period than infection about the neck or tace.

The period of incubation in children is shorter than in adults;
incubation is longer in horses than cattle; pigs, goats, dogs, mon-
keys and cats apparently about the same. The virus is more viru-
lent in wolves, dogs, monkeys, cats, rabbits, horses, cattle, goats
in the order named, but this is not an infallible rule.

Types OF RABIES.

The dog being the most common carrier of the infection, the
types in dogs will be first described, which presents two distinct
forms, the dumb and furious types, the symptoms of each the
greatest importance to enable observers to care for and protect
against spread of the disease,

RABIES. 31%

The furious type presents all the active conditions: the dumb
_ form, the type seen in last stages of the furious usually, or the
dumb form may be seen from the first, in which the disease runs
a more rapid course, the toxemia great, incubation like that of the
furious type, uncertain. The furious type is seen especially in
_ dogs, horses, cattle, cats, while in pigs, goats, the dumb form is
usually seen; exceptions are, however, seen.

GENERAL SYMPTOMS.

Both types of infection give change in disposition: the usually
_kind, playful dog becomes morose, fretful, easily excited in earlier
‘stages; dogs of opposite natural disposition may become affec-
tionate, excited, but will answer owner’s call or commands.
A few days of such symptoms, the dog becomes more irri-

) table, snaps if approached, will savagely bite, gnaw at a cane
) pointed within reach; the short bark is changed into a combina-
) tion of whine, how! and bark, very easily remembered if once
heard, and very characteristic symptom.
Unless in pen, during this stage, will pick up small stones,

bits of wood, foreign substances, straw, shavings, may show ten-
"dency to bite at or gnaw at site of infection, which proves an ir-
ritation or itching if not pain at the point where inoculated, if the
site can be reached. If the dog can not reach the spot, as the
| disease progresses, he will rub himself very industriously or roll
it on the place of irritation with unusual activity, cease for a few
moments, begin again. The dog tries in this stage to get under
cover, will try to get under a building, porch, seek secluded spots,
look or stares vacantly, refuse to come out on owner’s command,
refuse food, or if eaten, very little; eats nervously, drinks water
quickly in gulps, then retires to the dark or secluded spot to re-
new former actions for a time.
ie In this stage will glare at any one approaching, will bite
_ Stranger or owner if they come in reach; the restlessness in-
creases, saliva increases, seen about the jaws, may now show
slight difficulty in swallowing. In this stage the dog may leave
:

be | am

314 R. C, LONGFELLOW.

home, travel for miles unfed, bite any person or animal met on
the way, does not bark nor howl, but noiselessly goes on his way
scattering the infection.

The dog may return, gaunt, dirty, bloody from fights with
other dogs, or fall exhausted by the wayside, lower jaws hang-
ing from increasing paralysis, the tongue protruding becomes —
black from dirt and exposure to air, pupils very irregular, eyes |
glazed and set. The hind legs first, then trunk, muscles of throat, 4
fore legs last become paralyzed, sometimes the throat muscles be- —
come paralyzed first, then other parts later, death usually in six —
to eight days from first stages.

The dumb form is not so common, the BES somewhat |
similar to the furious type, but the marked irritability is absent,
paralysis early appearing, very early seeking the secluded spot,
will not come out on command, the successive conditions appear-
ing rapidly, until death occurs in three to five days. In the dumb
form the early profusions of tongue, with its exposure to air, be- -
comes blackened, gives the so-called black tongue, so feared
by all persons not conversant with the symptoms.

Rabies must not be confounded with dog distemper, the dog —
being confined with appropriate food, watched for developments, —
which will diagnose the case correctly. So rare are the recorded
cases in which animals or the human patient infected from rabies
have recovered, that it is safe to say that no cases of genuine
rabies recovers, either in animal or human family. Dogs have
died of other diseases, found on investigation to have been in-
fected with rabies, yet not developed sufficiently to be recognized /
In the dog collectively, the chief symptoms are the changes it
disposition, which is one of the most important early symptoms,
should be most carefully noted and remembered.

Change in the normal bark, actions, repeated efforts. to swal-|[
low, seeking secluded spots, leaving home to return thin, muddy, |
wounded or picking up foreign substances, beginning paralysis |
in throat muscles, hind legs, etc., comatose condition, death, To .

RABIES. 315

same general conditions appear in most of the domestic animals,
except the pig, in which the dumb form is usually most fre-
quently seen, but some times the furious type is marked, as in
cow, horse, or cat. In the human family, the patient complains
of headache, mental depression, anorexia, sometimes pyrexia,
emesis, sleeplessness, hypersensibility, especially of the throat, in-

_ ereasing husky voice, increasing symptoms in a few days to the

furious type, in which strapping to bed is necessary, One com-
mon idea is, that the dog or animal froths at the mouth, which is
a mistake; the saliva drips from the jaws in animals, frothing
must not be looked for, with possible exception in cattle, which do
often show some frothing.

SUBSEQUENT CARE OF THE Doc.

As soon as a dog has bitten an individual, the popular cry is
to kill the dog at once, before it can be ascertained whether the
dog was infected or not; if not, ten or more days will usually
diagnose the case. Often a dog will bite strangers or members of
the family from irritation or fear of being harmed, which is the
natural method of protection and must not be overlooked, if
killed at once, will show no signs of rabies probably.

If the dog is infected, be allowed to die of the disease, which
is the only proper course to pursue, then there can be no confu-
sion as to the findings which are so frequently encountered, when
the animal is killed too early in the stages of the disease develop-
ment, may in some cases show no signs whatever. If the dog is
a pet or a farm animal representing a money value, it can be re-
turned to the owner later on when proved free from infection,
that if killed at once becomes an unknown quantity and loss to
the owner. Dog owners should place their suspected dogs under
the care of the veterinary, who is the most competent to watch,
treat and prevent further fear and spread of rabies, not try to
keep them at home, shut up with little or no care, or are liable to
be released accidentally.

316 RB. C. LONGFELLOW.

Postep ANIMAL.

The common method of killing the animal is to shoot through
the head, which so frequently tears up the brain so as to render
the desired parts useless or unsatisfactory. The proper method
is to shoot the animal through the heart, is the humane as well as
most rapid means of death, preserves intact the head and cervical
vertebra. ee

One head of a dog sent our laboratory this spring was from — 4

appearances shot with a nine-inch projectile, the head almost
entirely gone, cut off too short to secure portions of the cord, de-
composition advanced so as to render rabbit inoculation useless.
No special post mortem changes are characteristic, or con-
stant in this disease, but in all cases possible the stomach should
be opened, inspected, to ascertain contents if any congestion,
hemorrhagic conditions or negative findings. The presence in
the stomach of stones, bits of wood, shavings, straw, coal, foreign
matter is very suspicious of rabies in any animal. Posted animals
usually show empty stomach, hemorrhagic gastric mucosa, with-
out foreign matter or substances, and does not in any way exclude
rabies. Congestion of the meninges, of the larynx and pharynx
may or may not be present, or no post mortem changes seen,
which taken in connection with the fact of the animal having died _
of an unknown disease is suspicious of rabies. The histologic —
changes are not constant, because of varying conditions, as to de- —
velopment of the disease at the time of killing, but if it has died —
of the disease, or killed in last stages, the histologic findings will )
be satisfactory in most cases, the diagnostic features quite con-
stant. Some times heads are received in such a state of decom-
position as to render investigation unsatisfactory, or the brain too
hemorrhagic to search for certain microscopic bodies, or the brain
’ injured to a degree that positive information is uncertain. Cell

changes occur in any head from 24 hours on, according to the |

temperature and exposure to air after death or killing, decompo-
sition of the brain matter renders inoculation of rabbits useless, —
as the rabbits will develop and die of septicemia.

RABIES. 317

The proper method for inyestigation is to shoot the animal
through the heart, sever the head from the body, allowing about
two inches of cervical vertebrz to be attached, which contains the
plexiform ganglia externally with the large blood vessels near the
ear. If the animal is large, like horse, cow or pig, the head
should be severed as above directed, the head opened by a veteri-
nary, the one half or one hemisphere should be removed with
_ part of the cord attached, placed at once in neutral glycerine,
shipped as soon as possible to the laboratory. Glycerine should
be neither alkaline or acid, but absolutely neutral, must be tested
for reaction before used; if acid rendered neutral by the titra-
tion of normal sodium hydroxid with phenolphtalein as indi-
cator. If the glycerine is alkaline, titrate with normal hydro-

chloric acid using methyl orange as indicator.

To preserve the virus to use in animal inoculation, if neces-
sary, the preservation in neutral glycerine is absolutely required,
_ a portion of the medula is taken under the corpus striatum for

- inoculation purposes. Smaller heads, like dog, cat, can be severed

- with a portion of the neck, sent by express if not too far, and in
warm months should be packed in a tin box, this surrounded
_ with ice, sent in wooden box as soon as possible, as the post
- mortem changes occur quickly, rendering the whole head useless.

LABORATORY METHOD OF DIAGNOsIS.

To obtain satisfactory findings, the brain must come to the
Hf laboratory in good condition, fresh as possible, or the investi-
__ gation may be indefinite or unsatisfactory, which mean so much
to the patient and family. Prior to 1875, rabies was studied

- only by rabbit inoculation of rabic brain or suspected animal,

which requires at least fourteen days for incubation, and not in-
frequently it happened that while the test was being made with
the rabbits, the patient developed the disease about the same time
the rabbits demonstrated the infection. This demonstrated the
fact that an earlier method was necessary, and during 1875 the

systematic study of the histologic changes was begun, continued

318 R. C, LONGFELLOW.

until 1886, and later in 1892, when Victor Babes gave to the —
world his discovered lesions,. Babes found degeneration of nerve
cells in the medulla, invasion of embryonic cells in the normal
space occupied by nerve cells. To these collection of cells he
gave the name of rabic tubercles, and are found most numerous
in the transverse section of the medulla near the central canal,
are known as Babes’ tubercles. Meantime, the virus was found

by other workers in the spinal cord, submaxillary gland, pan- 4

creas, lacrymal and mammary glands by inoculation methods.
In 1900, A. Van Gehuchten and C. Nelis after studying the
pathologic changes for some years, elaborated the problems,
found special changes in the brain which were the proliferation
of endothelial cells lining the capsule of the ganglionic cells. —
Such pathologic changes are found most frequently in the plexi-
form ganglia, often in the ganglion of Gasser, in which the endo-
thelial cells appear as almost covering from sight the ganglionic
cell, or laid over like scales. In 1903, Adelchi Negri, working at
the Pavia University in Italy, published his findings, microscopic

bodies of then unknown structure, found in the nerve cells, and 4

up to this time are called Negri bodies, and as diagnostic of

rabies.
The Negri bodies have been studied by many and increasing

number of pathologists, are at this time considered as protozoan —

bodies, for they present definite, characteristic morphology, cylic —
history, as certain forms predominate in certain stages of the —
disease.

These bodies form series, multiplication, have staining pecu- j |

liarities which demonstrate protozoa theory. These Negri bodies —
are of several forms, some circular like blood cells, others elon-
gated, small and larger; some are crescents, some contain gran- —
ules that take the nuclear stain or opposite in the central body,
which indicate these forms to be matured fully, but when and

where cell division occurs is unknown at this time. Your essay- —

ist has advanced the idea that the changes in shapes might come —
from the angle at which these bodies are cut by the microtone —
knife, which occurs in many other cellular bodies in sectioning.

RABIES. 319

In some forms the protoplasm remains unstained; a vacuole
appearance; some take the stain deeply, others lightly, all of
_ which indicate protozoan life. It may be shown later that these
so-called Negri bodies are degenerated cells, having the life his-
tory of the macrophages, which according to Metchnikoff, are
carriers of debris of, and dead cells, being consumed by these
leucocytes, instead of protozoa as now considered. It is doubtful
if these Negri bodies represent the virus, for they are found
only in certain portions of the brain when present, but the virus
‘and toxin are to be found in all parts of the brain of an animal
dying of rabies.

That these Negri bodies are of varying sizes is shown by the
' fact that filtering a solution of brain substance through a Berke-
. feld filter, the smaller forms pass through. Emulsions of rabic

and diluted solutions can in this way be rendered harmless, if the
high speed is maintained for one hour and a half. When an ani-
‘mal has died of rabies, or killed in the last stages of the disease,
the Negri bodies are found largely in the hippocampus major,
or the Ammon’s horn; may sometimes be found in the cerebellum,
rarely in the medulla. In our laboratory, three years’ work in this
‘field has taught us the technic; staining methods which have
‘proved to be most reliable, and adhere strictly to proven methods,
as in any service the longer the worker adheres to one reliable
method the more certain are the findings and interpretation.
For want of time the details of our technic will be omitted,
| but as soon as a head is received, portions of the Ammon’s horn
are treated for histologic sections, are ready for staining for
_ Negri bodies in nine hours. The ganglion of Gasser is taken, or
| the plexiform ganglia are taken for histologic examination for the
Van Gehuchten-Nelis changes.

| A small portion of the medulla, if decomposition is not pres-
ent, is placed in neutral glycerine for animal inoculation, if neces-

If present, the Negri bodies are found in the protoplasm of
the large pyramidal nerve cells; may be seen in other cells or ex-

1 ee
U

320 R. C, LONGFELLOW,

tra-cellular. If not found, then the Van Gehuchten-Nelis —
changes are searched for in the ganglia; if present, the brain is —
very suspicious of rabies; if neither Negri bodies nor Van Ge-
huchten changes are present, then if the history of the animal
is suspicious, animal inoculation is done as early as possible. q
Smear preparations of Ammon’s horn, medulla have not |
proved as reliable as the histological method, and several times |
your essayist has found few Negri bodies present by histologic |
section that the smear method did not demonstrate. For this 7
reason we use the histologic method exclusively, even if it re-
quires a few hours longer. It is necessary often to go over a_
large number of sections if the Negri bodies are not found in”
the first few examined; we have found them in few numbers in
a slide after going over twenty-one negative specimens, so it is
desirable to make a number of sections for a thorough examina- 4
tion, retaining every third section for examination.
Absence of Negri bodies does not exclude rabies, their pres- |
ence diagnostic according to our present knowledge of the dis-
ease. The animal may be killed too early for the demonstration —
of the Negri bodies, or the cell proliferation, which later on
would have been found, as is usually the case when the animal has
been killed in the last stages. If all signs are negative, the diag=
nosis must be uncertain, made up on the history, action of ani-
mal before being killed; if rabies seems to be indicated, then the
patient should receive the benefit of the doubt, be treated at once, |)
inoculations made if material is not decomposed. Among the
recognized workers in the field of rabies, Dr. N. G. a - of

prove rabies absent, since they may be present when rabies is ab- |
sent, and absent when rabies is present, are not, therefore, infal-)
lible indications of rabies.” Again, the Chief of the Pathological | |
Division, Bureau Animal Industry, Washington, Dr. John R. |
Mohler, whose work in this field has been of greatest benefit, per-|
sonally advised your essayist that the Negri bodies when fo

RABIES. 321

were diagnostic, no further investigation needed. Next to the
Negri bodies, the Van Gehuchten-Nelis changes Dr. Mohler
holds as diagnostic, so advised by the Department. Dr. William
H. Park, of the New York Board of Health, claims the Negri
bodies are diagnostic, and while it appears that there is some
doubt as to the pathognomic signs, yet at this time the demon-
stration of Negri bodies and the Van Gehuchten-Nelis cell
changes give us the most positive proof of rabies before animal
inoculation can be tested.

The well-known work on rabies by Dr. Anna Williams, New
York Board of Health, Research Laboratory, gives great weight
to the diagnosis by Negri bodies, and demonstrated her methods
to your essayist. Probably no worker in this field has been as
successful in diagnosis by the smear method as Dr. Williams,
whose years of study has perfected this method of so called rapid
diagnosis. Workers along these lines may clear up these now

’ doubtful conditions, as future studies will solve this and other

problems of rabies. The demonstration of Negri bodies and the

virus present two different conditions, as an animal dying of
rabies, lying in the sun, may render inert the virus, as a rabetic
_ cord exposed to sun light for forty-eight hours becomes harmless,
_ even if the temperature does not exceed 86° F. Decomposition
does not destroy the virus, as was proved by Galtier, who inocu-
’ lated with nerve centers of a dog buried 44 days, produced
' rabies. Exposure to sun hours after death render Negri bodies

_ not visible, artefacts produced, which may be mistaken for Negri

| bodies, taking the same stain. The post mortem changes con-

| _ fuse the Van Gehuchten-Nelis signs, but does not for some time

| _ render the virus harmless if the animal has been covered. Freez-
_ ing does not destroy the virus, partially obliterates the Negri

_ bodies, so that a head kept frozen for months will be virulent if

' rabic, and a medulla that is rabic can be kept virulent indefinitely
in neutral glycerine, but the glycerine must be kept neutral and
sealed from the air, which renders the glycerine acid. Dogs with
__ distemper may show cell changes identical with the cell prolifer-
ation of Van Gehuchten-Nelis, which must not be forgotten.

322 R. C. LONGFELLOW.

One worker in rabies has advanced the information that a rabetic
animal has sugar in the urine, but experiments at the Depart- —
ment in Washington has proven that no carbohydrate was found
in animals known to be infected.

The examination of the blood of an infected person in nearly —
all cases gives a picture of great increase in the poly-morpho-nu- —
clear neutrophiles, little or no increase in the small or large mono- —
nuclears, no rise in the eosinophiles. In the nervous stage, the |
leucocytes may run up to 25,000 or higher, the poly-morpho- _
nuclear neutrophiles as high as 98 per cent., so that in a sus-
pected case if the leucocytes remain normal, it is a strong evi- 4
dence that infection has not taken place. In a number of cases —
treated, your essayist has found that during treatment there is no ~
rise in the leucocytes, and we advocate the investigation of the —
blood for both diagnostic signs and as to successful protective —
treatments. “Gi

LocaL TREATMENT.
Dr. Park, New York Board of Health, has made many very 7
instructive experiments. Dr. Cabot of his laboratory has found ~
by experimentation that by injecting fixed virus into laboratory —
animals, cauterization within certain time gives different results
as to protection. Dr. Cabot found that over 90 per cent. of
guinea pigs were saved from rabies that were cauterized within ;
24 hours or less with fuming nitric acid. "
That the danger was less if the wound was thoroughly opened ©
up, cauterized with fuming nitric acid. Nitrate of silver, which”
has been so popular for years, has been superseded by others of
greater safety, among these potassic permanganate, powdered,
filled into the wounds after thorough cleansing has been foun i
a very safe remedy to use, but Dr. Cabot’s experiments have
proven the excellent protection afforded by fuming nitric acid. 7)
Local treatment should be done at once, or as soon as possible : |
after the wounds are inflicted, but must not be depended upon as "
a preventive.

rs

RABIES. 323

SpeEciFIC TREATMENT.

Pasteur gave the world a blessing not less than Jenner’s vac-
cination, when in 1885 he opened the Institute in Paris, which
from 1886 to 1908 held the mortality to an average of 0.18 per
cent. in over 31,000 persons treated. Dr. Keirle, Baltimore In-
stitute, reported a mortality of 0.2 per cent. in his first 1,000
cases treated, one of which died early with Bright’s disease,
_ which if not included, as it was very doubtful if infected, gives
his Institute a mortality of 0.1 per cent. The first Institute in the
- United States was opened in New York in 1890, which held the
’ mortality of 0.68 per cent. in 1,608 persons treated, other Insti-
tutes varying from Dr. Keirle’s 0.2 per cent. to 0.68 per cent.

From 16 to 26 per cent. of all persons bitten develop rabies.
The great blessing of Pasteur treatment cannot be over-estimated,
" consists of an active immunity, by repeated, increasing virulence

of emulsions of rabbits dead from the fixed virus, the dosage of
_ the virulence attenuated by the days of drying of the infected
cords in jars over sodium or potassium hydroxid. The cords
are removed from the rabbits under extreme antiseptic care,
' placed in tall jars, suspended over the drying agent, kept in the
| dark at a constant temperature of 22 to 23° C., from which a cm.
is taken, rubbed up in an antiseptic mortar with 2 or 3 c. c. of
sterile physiologic salt solution. The first treatment consists of
an emulsion of a cord dried 14 days, so on down until a cord is
used that has dried but three days, and contains all the virulence
from fixed virus, the treatments covering a period daily for 21
x ato 23 days, according to circumstances, extent of, and location of
unds. The treatment is in no way harmful, the abscesses re-
= from one Institute are due wholly to faulty technic or
contamination of emulsions; the patients can go about the city,
only must report daily each morning for treatment, if conditions
warrant, are looked after in proper way. Two treatments daily
morning and evening, for the first six days, constitutes the inten-
' sive treatment by Pasteur, which can be extended a few days
_ longer if wounds are extensive and about face or neck, before the

Bre

324 R. C, LONGFELLOW.

one treatment a day period begins. One method is to give a
double dose each morning instead of divided into morning and —
evening dosages. This is the method used by Dr. D. W. Poor,
of the New York Research Laboratory, Board of Health, will —
undoubtedly give same results as Pasteur’s method, which is —
used in the Baltimore Institute. The Pasteur treatment while |
specific, yet must be given not later than the fifth day to be pre- |
ventive, the earlier the better after bitten by suspected animal. |
In Hungary, Professor Hogyes, Director of the Budapest Insti- |
tute, has devised a method of rubbing up fixed virus cords with
sterile salt solution, beginning dose to be a dilution of one ten-—
thousandth, injecting daily an increasing dose down to one hun-
dredth. This treatment in his hands has a very promising future,
but has not been used in the United States as yet. Babes, Tiz-
zoni, Centanni and others have advocated, used-a serum against
rabies, produced by sheep inoculations, partially digested by arti-
ficial gastric juice, the serum injected through the sheep every ~
two months to insure active serum, used in doses of 20 c. c. or
2.5 grammes of evaporated substance. The serum treatment has ©
few advantages, but will never become routine treatment, for the ©
reason of special technic, cost of production which would be
greater than the Pasteur treatment, which is usually about $150
for 21 days’ treatment, board and lodging at the Institutes. Tiz-
zoni claims that the rays of radium will render inert the virus
of rabies, that this agent will cure the disease when the symptoms
supervene. This is an unknown problem, entirely out of prac-7
tical application at this time. Your essayist desires to advocate

the preventive treatment for animals suspected of infection, as $0
frequently valuable horses, cattle, dogs or pigs might be saved
to their owner, thus lessening further chances of infection and
money loss. The cost of treatment will prevent the use of Pas-

that not infrequently dogs that have been treated will develop he 4:
disease later on after treatment has been completed. Another
drawback to the preventive treatment for horses, cattle and do: |

RABIES. $25

. mestic animals, is that the dosage required is so much larger than
_ for the human, which renders it not practical.

PREVENTION OF RABIES.

This most terrible disease admits of eradication very easily
_ by muzzling all dogs with a human muzzle for a period of two
_ years. As soon as a measure to this end is advocated, the dog
_ Owners and misguided sympathizers decry the idea, and it will
_ only be eradicated by governmental enactment which will cover
all states. Dogs soon become accustomed to the muzzle, become
content, paying no attention to it, is not inhumane if properly
fitted. Otherwise will certainly increase, as it has the past few
years with greater rapidity, bringing increased dangers to the
public and to the counties paying for Pasteur treatments for per-
” sons bitten by supposed rabic animals, now and then a human
_ life sacrificed to a misguided sympathy.

Countries that have muzzled their dogs for two years have
| been exempt from rabies, and is now unknown in Holland, Swe-
den, Great Britain and in Berlin since 1883, by killing all sus-
pected and muzzling all other dogs. The promiscuous shooting
‘of dogs in Toledo this year has been, will be as useful in stamp-
ing out rabies in this vicinity as the “Golden Rule” admin-
istration has been in eradication of the social evil and all
| other open vice in Toledo. The freedom given the house
| dog and cat render them liable to carry in certain limits, and
- especially is the dog to be muzzled, as it is the universal carrier
\ of rabies. Not every dog that i is iritable, paar at or bites an in-

k physicians and veterinaries who prefer their cases exten ined in
private laboratory service, where full, careful and painstaking

| investigation is given each head for fees, the heads in our labor-
~atory have not all been shown to be infected.

____ This season so far twenty-one dogs, two cats, two pigs, one

3 cow have been investigated. Of the dogs, seven were rabic, nine

326 : R. C. LONGFELLOW.

were negative, three were so shot up as to be unsatisfactory, two
were not decided, but suspicious, Negri bodies not demonstrated,
but suspicious cell proliferation found. The brain too hemor-
rhagic in one for Negri search, suspicious cell proliferation, report
so made to the referring physician; benefit of doubt to both pa- —
tients was recommended. Decomposition was advanced, which — .
prevented animal inoculation in these cases. aa

Both cats, one pig and cow are negative; one pig presented |
Negri bodies. The negative cases so reported have proven cor- —
rect, as the time for development of rabies has long passed over, .
had the animals been infected. One patient bitten by their own —
dog was killed at once, laid out in the woods two days, when —
brought in had the appearance of being shot with a nine-inch —
projectile, the head so torn up as to render the desired parts want- —
ing, decomposition present to prevent animal inoculation, but —
cell prolifeation was suspicious, so reported, and advised the
benefit of doubt be given the boy, which should be done in every |
case like this one. The referring physician reported to me after
the treatment had been started, that the commissioners had said )
they would not pay for the treatment unless we would state the |
dog was rabic. This we could not do as above stated and so re- _
ported, advised the doctor to stand pat, as if we or any member
of our family had been bitten by that dog would have begun treat- :
ment at once. While these commissioners were trying to bluff j
the payment, what would that whole county have said had the boy
not been treated, developed the disease during that wrangle?
What would that county and other counties have said of us had—
we made negative report to please those commissioners, and the
boy developed rabies meantime? The patient’s life and that of
others, may be, depends upon the correct results. and investiga-_
tion of all suspected heads; this service can only be done with
greatest care and painstaking; if diagnostic, the subsequent treat=
ment is plain, if the head is not definite, but suspicious conditions —
are found, then such patients should be treated at once. Thi
treatment is harmless, the cost provided in one way or another,
the chances to develop this terrible disease too great for any one ©

vif
ie

RABIES. 327

to assume the chances from a suspicious head and positive in-
formation lacking.

This has been, will be, our recommendation, and while the
_ absolute diagnostic, pathognomic signs are yet in possible doubt,
we caution our patrons as to the possible conditions when the
- animal has not died of the disease and all signs negative. There
is no department of our laboratory service that impresses us as
_ much as the investigation of animal heads for rabies, and demon-
strates how little after all is known of this terrible disease, how
faulty the present methods of diagnosis are as to absolute positive
or negative findings, how much there is yet to be learned as the
diagnosis in any given head. We have brought from our labor-
. atory few specimens demonstrating the Negri bodies, the Van
. Gehuchten-Nelis changes, some mounted and cut specimens of
» cat, pig, dog, etc., which will be shown you. In response to a
_ number of inquiries, we have made arrangements with the New
York Board of Health Research Laboratory by which on 24 hours’
_ notice we can treat any cases of suspected infection. The patient
can come in and go home on the cars daily, or find lodging in the
| city if they so desire, as we will only furnish the treatments
daily to any patient at reasonable fee. As to requests for the
treatment for domestic animals, the treatment will not be given,
for the reasons stated earlier in this paper.

J Our store box philosopher sadly remarks, ‘‘ Yeas, every dog
has his day,” to which his listener replies, “‘ Yis, ivery caht hez
th’ noights!”

i Wovutpn’t GivE In.—One afternoon a celebrated driver,
| known the country round for the power of his whip and the quick-

Be and four like an avalanche. As the coach stopped, one of the
i horses dropped dead.

“That was a very sudden death,” remarked a bystander.
“ That sudden!” coolly Fo Sihaee the driver. “ That hoss died

A DISCUSSION OF DE RENZI’S TREATMENT OF SOMATIC
T/AENIASIS WITH MALE FERN, AND SOME
TESTS OF THE TREATMENT IN GID.

By Maurice C. Hatt, Screntiric Assistant, Zootocicat Division, BurEAU _

oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, WASHINGTON, D> C.

Near the end of last year, De Renzi (1908) published an —
article reporting a method of medicinal treatment for somatic ©
teeniasis in man which he had tried with apparently successful —
results. He points out that surgical interference is often dan- —
gerous or even impossible in such infections, and it is evident that —
a successful medicinal treatment of some sort is a thing greatly —
to be desired. This De Renzi believes to have discovered in the —
administration of repeated doses of male fern. The treatment —
was tried in four cases, two of the patients in question being —
reported as cured of cysticercus of the brain, complicated with —
subcutaneous cysticerci, a third of echinococcus of the liver, and ~
a fourth of echinococcus of the lung. 7

Being engaged in a study of gid in sheep and its parasite, —
the latter commonly known as Cenurus cerebralis Rud., it seemed d
to me that this disease offered an exceptionally good opportunity —
to test De Renzi’s method. The parasite is nearly always located in _
the brain, a site identical with that claimed for the cysticercus in

two of De Renzi’s cases, and its destruction or removal by opera- |

‘tion, according to a number of writers, saves only about 40 per
cent. of animals operated on. Railliet, in his abstract of De —
Renzi’s article (De Renzi, 1909), has noted that it would be inter- —

esting to test De Renzi’s method on domestic animals suffering ||

from parasitic diseases of the muscles and viscera, and mentions pr
gid as one disease in which treatment of this sort should be at- 7
tempted. ; ay
The first animal on which the treatment was tried was a sheep
which had been sent in from Montana. This sheep arrived at the
828

DE RENZI’S TREATMENT OF SOMATIC TAZNIASIS, 329

‘Experiment Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Beth-
esda, Md., February 11, and was designated as No. 355. When
examined on February 16 it showed characteristic symptoms of
gid; it started in fright from every move toward it, staggered
when walking and showed a lack of co-ordination when hurried,
held the head to the left with the left horn higher than the right,
and while it would circle to the left constantly, it could not go to
the right. February 17 the sheep was down, but later was able
to stand. In this case treatment was begun March 2. At this
date the sheep seemed slightly better than before; it circled to
the left, but could go to the right when urged and seemed
stronger. Fifty grammes of male fern powder was administered
_ in suspension in a drench of 400 c. c. of water, and this dose was

_ repeated March 3, 4, and 5.

On March 5 the attendant who was giving the male fern to
the sheep accidentally got the dose in the wind-pipe, killing the

' animal. A post-mortem examination showed a large ccenurus in

the left side of the cerebrum, the top of the cyst visible super-

| ficially. The skull directly above was perforated over a small
| area. The cyst, which was ruptured in removal, was placed in
| water and warmed. A flowing movement of the membrane began
| at 35° C. and was vigorous at 40°. Motion ceased when the
| water was cooled to 29°, began again at 33° and was violent at

51°.
* | Another sheep, No. 354, had been sent in from Montana at
| the same time as No. 355, but had not yet shown positive symp-
_ toms of the last phase of gid. When this sheep was examined

__ April 19, pronounced symptoms of gid were found. The animal
__ was feeding near the fence, every now and then stopping to exe-
' cute a circle to the right, coming back to where it had been feed-
| ing. It circled thirteen times in twenty minutes. The head was

held constantly to the right. Respiration was about 155.
Treatment of No. 354 was begun April 22, 5 c. c. of ethereal
_ extract of male fern, Merck (oleoresin of aspidium) being ad-
_ . ministered in two Parke-Davis No. 13 veterinary capsules, each
_ containing 214 c. c. of male fern. Between April 22 and May 30,

330 . MAURICE C. HALL,

on which date the sheep was found dead, No. 354 received 27
doses of male fern extract, making a total of 135 c. c. No dose
was administered on Sundays April 25, May 2, 9, 16, and 23, or
on May 8, 17-19, 27 and 29, on which dates the sickly condition
of the animal did not warrant it.

Shortly after the beginning of the treatment there was an ap-
parent improvement in the sheep’s condition marked by better
motor co-ordination and absence of turning, lasting from April
26 to 29. A relapse followed on May 1, when turning was re-
sumed, and from this date there was no question as to the ulti-
mate result of the treatment. April 26 the sheep weighed 53
pounds; May 18, 4414 pounds; May 24, 31 pounds; May 30, the ~
morning it was found dead, the carcass weighed 29 pounds. The —
respiration ranged from 65 to 125 during the period from April —
26 to May 14, with the exception of April 27, when it was 26. —
During the period from May 17 to May 28, the respiration —

ranged from Io to 17, with the exception of May 27, when it :

was 70. The day before death, May 29, it rose to 32. During the _

two periods there was also a difference in temperature. From —

April 26 to May 14, the temperature ranged from 102.4° to —
103.3° F. From May 17 to May 29, the temperature was lower, —
ranging from 100.8° to 102°, except on May 27, when it rose to J
its maximum of 103.9°. 4

May 30, sheep No. 354 was found dead. Post-mortem exam- —
ination showed a large ccenurus in the median part of the brain, ~
extending into both lateral ventricles and visible superficially on

both cerebral lobes, but especially on the right lobe. The skull — |
was thinned on both sides and perforated on the right side. The 7

coenurus, which was ruptured in removal, proved to be alive, the
cyst membranes moving freely and the heads being of normal 4
size and development. 4

A third experiment was undertaken during the course of the
test with No. 354, the third subject being sheep No. 344. This —
sheep had been fed fravid proglottids of Tenis cenurus on No- —
vember 10, 1908, on January 12, 1909, and on February 17,
April 24 the attendant reported that No. 344 was acting queerly

DE RENZI'S TREATMENT OF SOMATIC TAZNIASIS, 331

and, among other things, running into the fence. April 26 it was
reported to be carrying the head in an unnatural position. April
28 I examined it and found that it had lost its former vi-
vacity and energy. It walked instead of running and came
up to me twice as if for aid. April 30 there was no apparent
change in condition. May 17 the sheep started circling to the
right. May 1g it circled badly and staggered in walking.

This sheep now showing distinct symptoms of gid, treatment
with ethereal extract of male fern was begun May 20, the dose
being the same as that for No. 354, @. ¢e., 5 c. c. This dose was
administered daily until May 29, with the exception of Sunday,
May 23. The total amount given was 45 c.c. At no time was
any improvement evident. There was no abatement of symp-
toms; the respiration was for four days as low as 14 to 26, the
other five days it was I10 to 200; the temperature ranged from
102.7° to 103.8°. Treatment was finally discontinued on May
_ 30. On June 2 the sheep was down and unable to rise. It was
_ reported to have had convulsions in the afternoon, and the morn-
_ ing of June 3 it was found dead.

Post-mortem examination of the brain showed it to be full of
fluid. Some yellowish necrotic areas were present in two or three
places on the brain. The heart showed on the surface and in the
muscles what were probably aborted ccenuri. The brain was re-
_ moved with great care, but in one place the meninges were slightly
_ punctured and a fluid started to run. This was collected in a test
tube and later examined. A small coenurus with two heads on it
_ was found, but though carefully looked for, no coenurus was dis-
covered which could be related in size to the large amount of fluid
I _ which came from the puncture. An examination of the walls of
_ the ventricles showed them covered with a slimy coat, a thing not
- usual in a simple ccenurus infection, and the fluid collected was
not the clear ccenurus fluid, but a turbid cerebro-spinal fluid which
on later examination proved to be full of leucocytes and cell
débris. The condition in the brain was, accordingly, one of ven-
tricular dilatation with serous exudate, probably subsequent to the
coenurus infection. This would not be an altogether rare sequel

332 MAURICE C. HALL,

according to Mueller (1877). The day after the post mortem
the coenurus cyst was found with one of the two heads evaginated,
indicating that it was still alive when collected.

Clearly, the treatment of gid with male fern was not a suc-
cess in the above cases. The first experiment with sheep No. 355
was, of course, inconclusive. The ccenurus was certainly very
much alive, but the use of the less soluble male fern powder for
a brief period of three days did not constitute a fair test of De
Renzi’s method. He had treated his patients with the ethereal
extract for periods of one year, 8 days, 20 days, and 6 days.

The third experiment with No. 344 is more to the point. In- e

asmuch as the male fern had the additional task of combating a
pathological condition of the cerebro-spinal fluid as well as kill-
ing the parasite, it was perhaps not a fair test of its ability to
kill the parasite. At the same time, a remedy which fails in those —
cases where certain occasional sequel are involved is to that ex-
tent an unsatisfactory remedy anyway. The reasonable conclu- _
sion from the fact that nine consecutive treatments—more than _

two of De Renzi’s patients received—did not kill the parasite is 7

that the male fern was ineffective.

The second experiment with No. 354 was a still better test. |

The sheep received 27 doses, each dose being the minimum single _
teeniafuge dose for sheep. The treatment was prolonged over a _
period greater than those in three of De Renzi’s cases. It is —
impossible to compare the amounts administered, as De Renzi —
fails to mention the size of the doses which he used. It would —
seem, however, that the drug was administered in adequate quan- —
tity to demonstrate. any effective action if such existed. It isa
clear, also, that the failure to affect the parasite was complete —
in this case, and this, together with the evident ineffectiveness in —

the case of No. 344, compels us to agree with Ziirn (1882), who 7 "

after 24 years of attempts to find a treatment for gid says that ~

successful medication of gid is impossible, and cautions against —_
the administration of poisons, which in his opinion results in

nothing but a waste of time and money. It may be stated that —

DE RENZI’S TREATMENT OF SOMATIC TZ.NIASIS, 333

the potency of the male fern used in the last two cases was demon-
strated by its successful use on a dog as a teniafuge.

It is evident that one experiment with negative results or
even three such, do not overthrow four experiments with positive
results. It should be noted, however, that three experiments
where post-mortem examination has shown the failure of a new
and, on the face of it, not altogether reasonable mode of treat-
ment, are sufficient to compel a close examination of the cir-
cumstances in the four where the treatment is claimed to have
effected a cure. And in the absence of operative or post-mortem
examination of De Renzi’s patients, there is reasonable ground
for suspecting an eror of diagnosis, and I think I may safely
urge the possibility of this in at least two and perhaps all of De
Renzi’s cases.

In the first case the patient had occasion to eat badly cooked
pork and uncooked sausage; had an infection with Tenia solium
five years previous; had attacks of convulsions and insensibility
three years later and on treatment with a vermifuge had passed
a tapeworm with the head. Two months later the patient had

__ stronger convulsions, dizziness and shortness of breath on slight

exertion. About this time growths appeared on the temples and
the sterno-cleido-mastoideus. Five months. later the patient had
three cramp-like attacks in one day, followed by great exhaus-
tion. At this time the patient came to De Renzi, who found
small swellings over the entire body and great nervous depres-
sion. On the history given here he diagnosed cysticercus of the
brain and skin. After a year’s ambulant treatment with male
fern, the nervous trouble had disappeared, so had the swellings

_ with the exception of one over the left temple, and this was re-
‘. moved by operation and showed the presence of a cysticercus.
__ The eosinophilia present at the beginning of the treatment had
ry disappeared.

| To my mind the history of diet habits liable to lead to tape-
-_worm infection, the actual infection with Tenia solium, the relief

7 _ after eliminating one of these parasites, the recurrence of symp-

3 _ toms in two months, the nature of the nervous symptoms, all of

334 MAURICE C. HALL,

which have been reported by various authors among symptoms
occurring in cases of infection with intestinal. tapeworm (see _
Ransom, 1904), the-relief following the administration of male
fern—a classic teniafuge, all point to a case of infection with
intestinal tapeworm relieved by administration of male fern.

The coincident appearance of swellings on the skin, one of which -
—and this, be it noted, is the one which persists under treat- 7

ment—proves to be a cysticercus, is not an adequate basis for as- —
suming the presence of cerebral cysticerci to account for symp-
toms that can be more readily accounted for otherwise in view of
the history of the case. Since this was a case of ambulant treat-
ment for a condition diagnosed as cerebral and cutaneous cysti-
cercosis, it is unlikely that measures were taken to note whether _
tapeworms were passed, and as such measures are not specified as
taken, it may be assumed that they were not. Whether the
swellings of the skin were cysticerci or not is immaterial. They

may not have been; and had they been, it is more likely that their

disappearance was due to a natural degeneration than to a pois-

oning by male fern: the burden of proof must lie with the advo- —
cate of the contrary theory, as spontaneous degeneration is a

well established fact, while medical treatment of somatic teeniasis
has little standing and less achievement to its credit at present.

The second patient, a woman, had an infection with Tenia —
_soliwm three years before. For two years previous to treatment —
she had suffered from dizziness, headache, weak memory, poly- —
uria and weakness. A swelling over the manubrium sterni —
showed all the characteristics of a cysticercus. After a week’s —
treatment the nervous symptoms had disappeared and the swell- —
ing was reduced to one-third its original volume. A micro- —
scopic examination of the swelling was made, but De Renzi 4

states that in this examination nothing of special importance was. 3 A

noted. May we infer from this last statement that the growth ~

was not a cysticercus? Here, again, the history of infection — :

with Tenia solium, nervous disturbance, relief with male fern —
and no statement as to any fecal examination points to a case of —
relief from intestinal tapeworm infection.

DE RENZI’S TREATMENT OF SOMATIC TAZNIASIS, 335

In De Renzi’s third case there was a history of increasing
pain in the hypochondrium for 20 months, no fever or emacia-
tion, increase in the area of liver dullness, eosinophilia present,
urine normal, The case was diagnosed as hepatic echinococcosis,
and all symptoms disappeared under treatment in 20 days. The
possibility of this being a case of intestinal teniasis with accom-
panying functional disturbances is largely eliminated by the fact
that fecal examination did not show parasites or their eggs. In
this case, even assuming that there had been no error of diag-
nosis, it would seem more likely that the disappearance of symp-
toms was due to unrecognized causes rather than that male fern
administered by mouth for 20 days had in some form penetrated
the exceedingly tough capsule of the echinococcus, killed the
parasite and permitted the reduction of the enlarged liver.
| The fourth patient was a woman who had suffered for a
' year with a pain in the thorax and often coughed blood. In the
_ absence of tubercular symptoms and because the patient coughed
up membranes, “ Hautchen,” a diagnosis of lung echinococcus
_ was made by De Renzi and confirmed by two associates. In the
' brief period of 6 days she was cured by male fern. In this as
’ in the third case, granting the accuracy of the diagnosis, it is as
fair to consider that the amelioration in symptoms was due to
__ unknown causes as it is to assume an almost miraculous effect
_ from a few doses of male fern.

_ A more definite connection between the treatment and recov-
_ ery than De Renzi has shown in his cases is necessary as proof
| of the efficiency of male fern as a remedy for somatic tzniasis,
_ more especially since it has been found ineffective in three cases
_ in which it was tried as a remedy for gid.

4 Furthermore, as already alluded to, there are, on theoretical
| grounds, very serious objections to believing that a substance

y e capsuled, and Cysticercus cellulose, which have a thicker wall
| than Cenurus cerebralis and which in cutaneous situations would

336 MAURICE ©. HALL,

-

be likewise encapsuled, and that it could have this effect in the
short space of 6, 8, or 20 days. It is especially unlikely that —
this should be true and yet that this same substance administered
g and 27 days should fail to affect a parasite like Canurus cere- —
bralis which has a very thin membrane, is not encapsuled, and is —
bathed by the cerebro-spinal fluid to which such a lke should —
have easy access. q

Finally the status of the male fern treatment of somatic 4 |
‘teeniasis may be summarized as follows: a

1. In practice it has been tried in four human cases and — q
claimed to have been successful, and in three cases with sheep i in 4
none of which it was successful. 4

2. Of the four human cases the diagnosis, except as regards — ‘
one cutaneous cysticercus which persisted in spite of treatment, —
was not confirmed by surgical or post-mortem examination. q

3. Of these four cases the diagnosis in the case of two is
obviously open to suspicion of error as far as the records show.

4. Of the remaining two cases, even granting the correctness —
of the diagnosis, the connection between the disease, the teat- 7
ment and the cure is not scientifically demonstrated, as it should 7
be in a case where the treatment is not on the face of it plausible.

5. Of the three cases of sheep treated by this method, the 7
diagnosis of the disease and the failure of male fern as a remedy
was confirmed in all by post-mortem examination. 4

6. At least one of the three sheep received a very fair and
adequate test of the remedy, and the total failure of the remedy
in this case is in accordance with the supposition that in the hu--
man cases reported by De Renzi the improvement in the condition
of the patients was due to some other cause than the assumed
action of male fern upon encysted larval cestodes. oe

Works CITED.

Mueller, 1877. Zur Drehkrankheit der Schafe. <Ztschr. F |

Vet.-Wissensch., Berl., v. 5 (2), Feb., pp. 65-82. 1
Ransom, Brayton Howard, 1904. An account of the cali

worms of the genus Hymenolepis parasitic in man. Including

DE RENZI’S TREATMENT OF SOMATIC TZNIASIS, 337

_ reports of several new cases of the dwarf tapeworm (H. nana)
' in the United States <Bull. (18), Hyg. Lab., Pub. Health &
_ Mar.-Hosp. Serv., U. S., Wash., 138 pp., 130 figs.
| De Renzi, 1908. Behandlung des Cysticercus und Echin-
ococcus mit Extract filicis mar. ether “Berl. klin. Wehnschr., v.
45 (50), 14 Dec., pp. 2216-2217.
De Renzi, 1909. L’extrait éthéré de fougére male dans le
traitement de la cysticercose cérébrale et de 1|’échinococcose
hépatique. [Abstract of 1908, by Railliet] “Ree. de méd, vét.,
Par., v. 86 (5), 15 mars, p. 185.
’ Pitin: Friedrich Anton, 1882. Die tierischen Parasiten auf
und in dem KGrper unserer Haussaugetiere, sowie die durch
' erstere veranlassten Krankheiten, deren Behandlung und Ver-
hiitung. 2. verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. xvi. + 316 pp., 4
pls. 8°. Weimar.

| A cuwatr of veterinary science has been added to the Sydney
| University, Sydney, Australia, whose course of instruction leads
| to the degrees of Licentiate in Veterinary Science (L.V.Sc.) and
| Bachelor of Veterinary Science (B.V.Sc.).

_ In June last Health Commissioner Darlington invited all

| of the 40,000 dairymen who ship milk to New York city to send
dn an essay on “ How Clean and Wholesome Milk May Be Pro-

| duced at the Least Cost for the New York Market,” and James

_ Speyer and Archer M. Huntington promised to award a cow

| valued at $200 to each of the writers of the two best essays.

| More than two thousand essays were received, and they were
judged solely upon the ideas contained in them.

| First prize was awarded to J. N. Allen, Union, N. Y., and

' the second prize to Raymond W. Sponenbergh, Fulton, N. Y.,

and just as soon as they inform the Health Department of the
breed of cow that they desire the cows will be shipped to them.

“ Some of the competitors,” said the Health Commissioner,

“made some funny remarks. For instance, one man writes:

i “* The stable should be cleaned twice daily and drawn into
the field.” Another said: ‘ Milkers should milk cows quietly and

rapidly, strain it and then sit in cold running water for at least

\an hour.’” (New York Herald).

_ TYPES OF HORSES.*
By F. C, Grensipe, V.S., New York, N. Y.

An essential qualification of one who lays claim to being an | |
expert horseman in the sense of possessing some knowledge of
horse lore, is familiarity with type. a

Type as applied to horses may be defined as being the stamp,
model or pattern of a horse which best suits him for certain re-
quirements or purposes. A horseman that has knowledge of
some scope of this subject would generally be able to state up 7:
looking a horse over what purpose he is best suited for. This. he
would determine by his height, substance, conformation, contou
finish, quality, etc. 3

The knowledge of type is often of practical importance in the
marketing of horses, for if one knows what one’s horse is best
suited for, he can be educated in the right direction. The owner)
may also know whom to apply to as a likely customer. 4

In the show ring, when one is acting in the capacity of judge. -
a knowledge of type is indispensable in many cases. Ideal types,
however, cannot often be found, and we have to be satisfied with
an approximation to a type. ;

For practical purposes, a certain amount of variation is admis
sible in horses that answer the same purpose well, so that we mus
not lay down rules that are too hard and fast, although we reco |
nize at the same time that these variations have their int Sa}

Types of horses are very numerous and are the result of :

very large field of usefulness which equines cover. ,

The American road horse or roadster is possibly the ;
widely diffused of any horse largely used for a special purpos bi
on this continent, It must be admitted, however, that the type) |
varies very much in horses used as roadsters with the lightest poss |
sible harness and vehicles. i

* Presented to the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, Ithaca, August, 1 06

TYPES OF HORSES. 339

Although there is this great variation in the pattern of horses

_ used for road work, there is still an ideal type recognized as be-

_ ing nearest perfection for this purpose. In the show ring con-

_ formity to this type, within certain limits, places a candidate at an

advantage over other competitors. The ideal roadster should

_ weigh from nine fity to ten hundred, stand about fifteen two, with

" a tendency to lengthiness, an absence of beefiness, an abundance

_ of quality and the higher degree of finish the better; all of which

_ attributes give him gracefulness. He does not need a pound more

' weight or substance than enough to prevent weediness, for it

' would be an unnecessary incumbrance and would increase con-

_ cussion. He is intended to cover ground with the least possible
- concussion and friction.

Quality is of much importance in giving tough and dense
tissue, to stand wear and tear, in fast and long continued travel,
_ which is the roadster’s particular avocation.

j For practical purposes one has to be guided by circumstances,
t such as the character of the roads and weight to be drawn, in
selecting a horse of proper size and substance for one’s particu-
_ lar requirements, but that does not prevent the recognition of
- an ideal type for favorable conditions such as good roads and
lightest possible vehicles and harness.

___ The terms carriage or coach horse are used in many parts of
% this country to indicate the class of horses suitable to draw the
| “heavier kinds of conveyances. In the East they are usually re-
ferred to as heavy harness horses in contradistinction to road
horses. The former are used with a heavier kind of harness,
while the latter carry the lightest possible road harness. Some
horses that are classed as heavy harness horses are no heavier
than road horses, but are used with a heavier harness, hence the
distinction of heavy harness horses.
The term heavy harness horses include a number of types
which are used for a variety of vehicles and purposes with heavy
_ harness, and range all the way froma heavy landau or barouche
| to a runabout horse.

340 F. C. GRENSIDE.

Runabout horses are considerably used in the East in this
country and are no heavier than road horses; in fact, some road
horses that happen to have style and action make the highest class _
runabout horses, for a measure of speed is indispensable in a good
one. A light harness of the heavy pattern is used, being either —
brass or silver mounted, and the horse is docked, jrith mane and ~
tail trimmed. 4

Runabout turnouts really serve the same purpose as road —
turnouts, but more style is demanded for the former. Nine-
fifty is about the ideal weight, fifteen-one the height, and a horse —
should have particularly good manners, with trappy, but not ex-
cessive action. In other words, he should be a handy, quick-moy-
ing, prompt horse, with style and good mannets. dq

The smallest type of heavy horse being the runabout horse,
the other extreme is the one used for landau purposes. A landau ~
is so named from the town in Germany in which it was first —
made. It is a long, heavy vehicle with seating capacity of four, —
with two men on the box. The top is so arranged that it forms
a complete enclosure when up, but it can be divided in the centre,
the back portion being thrown back and the front portion for- ~
ward, so that it can be made entirely open. The large two-horse ©
cabs one sees in towns are practically the same thing, and are
often called carriages or coaches. For such vehicles, usually in
the city good sized horses are demanded that stand from sixteen”
to sixteen-two and weigh close to twelve hundred pounds. In
addition to the size and weight given a landau horse should be
rangy. Horses witha tendency to shortness do not look well in
such a vehicle. The C spring landaus are very large and requi .
good big horses to look imposing in them and carry the heavy
harness which is used. The more quality, style, action and finish || 7
they have, the better and the more high-class they are, but it is |
difficult to get much quality in large horses with the substance
demanded in them for this kind of work. Dark solid colors are
much preferred for this purpose. ar

Horses,suitable for landaus are of the type generally used a
wheelers for\four-in-hand teams, for either park or road pur=

TYPES OF HORSES. 341

d poses. Wheelers for park teams need more style, action and fin-
_ ish than those for road fours, and should be solid colors. Some
_ coaching men prefer wheelers not much over fifteen-three and
_ don’t care so much for the rangy type. Road wheelers may be of

re any color, and are often much preferred of odd colors as skew-

_ bald, piebald, grey, buckskin, cream, etc. Their essential qual-

’ ities are strength, stamina and activity, and a fair amount of

_ speed makes them more salable and valuable.
le Another closed-in vehicle is the brougham, named after the
_ original designer, Lord Brougham. Its top is stationary and
- cannot be turned down. It is a vehicle intended for night use and
_ inclement weather. The body is close to the ground and it is easy
- to get in or out of. It is used with either one or two horses.
_ There are small, medium-sized and large broughams, and are
rather heavy vehicles.
e Single brougham horses vary in size from fifteen-two and a
half to sixteen hands and should be short-legged and deep-bodied,
with plenty of timber, a good deal of substance, smoothness of
- contour, and be upheaded and stylish, and the more action they
have the higher price they bring.
: Brougham horses for pair use need not stand so high or have
so much substance, but should be of the same tightly-built stamp.
_ They should not be as rangy as landau horses and their chief
characteristic should be what is sometimes called cobbiness.

Horses used for opera busses, which are closed-in vehicles
holding half a dozen people inside, might be described as a com-
promise in type between the cobbily-built brougham horse and
rangy landau horse.

The victoria horse is a more lightly-built one than the
brougham horse, and an essential part in his make-up is quality,
and he should be well-finished in order to be high-class.

_ The victoria is a full dress vehicle used for pleasure purposes,
and is more particularly for ladies’ use for calling, driving in fine
weather, for pleasure, etc. It will only seat two occupants besides
a coachman and footman and has a cover over the back seat to be
used in case of emergency, but is otherwise always turned back.

342 F. C. GRENSIDE.

It is a vehicle that varies in size very much. The miniature vic-
toria being small and light and having room for only one man ~
on the box is drawn by a single fifteen-hand horse, while the large
C spring victoria needs a pair of fifteen-three horses of solid
color, the most popular being seal brown. Most of the vehicles 7
called victorias are really cabriolets, the distinction being that 7
the coachman’s seat has a skeleton support and there is no dash- —
board, only a foot board in a victoria, while in a cabriolet there 7
is a box seat and dash board. a
Horses with quality and finish suitable for victorias are of the —
types used for leaders for tandems and four-in-hands for park —
use. 7
Ladies’ phaetons in which ladies drive themselves are very
much like victorias, but there is no seat for a coachman, the foot- _
man occupying a seat called a rumble, behind. It is a very stylish -
vehicle and when well-horsed makes a most imposing turn-out. —
They are used with either one or two horses. When used with —
one horse he should stand from fifteen-one to fifteen-two, with a —
pretty fair amount of substance and all the finish and quality pos- |
sible. Quietness of color is an important desideratum and style |
and good manners indispensable. Horses suitable for pair use in
a lady’s phaeton, and geldings are preferred, should stand from }
about fifteen to fifteen-one and weigh from nine-fifty to ten
hundred.
Station wagon horses should be from fifteen-two to three, |
and weigh about eleven hundred. They should be rugged, wiry
horses with some speed and good manners, but finish and quality 7
are not indispensable. Gig horses vary in size, but the ideal is”
about fifteen-two, weight about ten-fifty, finish and quality count
considerably, but are hardly so important as speed and action.
Saddle horses vary very much in size and substance. They ||
are classed as light, medium, and heavy weight according to their |
ability to carry weight, and vary in size from fourteen-three up. |
Those fourteen-three and under are classed as ponies. A good - a
saddle horse must have elasticity of movement, and quality is an ;
important desideratum.

TYPES OF HORSES. 343

The withers should have moderate prominence, and be clean-
- cut in order to act as a stay in preventing the saddle from roll-
ing. This is particularly important in a lady’s saddle horse, when
_ aside saddle is used, as there is a greater tendency for the saddle
_ to shift to the side upon which the rider sits.
A good saddle horse should not be too thick through the
_ shoulders, neither should the shoulders be beefy or loaded. The
q blade bones should have moderate length and obliquity in order
' to contribute to elasticity of movement: The tout en semble
_ should be something of an approximation to the configuration
of a thoroughbred, as well as to his quality in order to be high-
class. In fact we mingle sufficient cold blood with that of the
_ thoroughbred to endeavor to get more style, action, finish and
substance, together with a less nervous temperament, but still con-
serve his elasticity and quality as much as possible.
A distinction is made between horses used for park use in the
_ saddle, and horses that are used for general utility under saddle.
_ The park hack should have more style and dash than the ordinary
_ saddle horse. He should carry his head and tail up and have a
_ considerable amount of action at both ends, and his contour and
substance may partake a little more of the harness type than the
latter.
__ The combination ride and drive horse is an exceedingly popu-
lar one with people of moderate means in this country, and there
is a large market for them at fair prices. The highest class com-
_ bination horse is one that conforms to the saddle horse in type
and has the other essential attributes of a good saddle horse, such
as pleasant paces, manners, etc., but also shows good action, some
speed and stylish carriage in harness.
The hunter conforms to the type of the thoroughbred, but in

_ him less style, action and finish are demanded than in the saddle

horse. His make-up should be conducive to power, activity and
| stamina. Some hunting men prefer the thoroughbred to a horse
with any cold blood whatever in him, but a good deal depends
upon the country they hunt over. If the jumps are far apart,
| speed is an important attribute, and the thoroughbred often fills
the bill best, particularly with a good horseman.

ua
| eee,

hs
mos a

NIGHT INSTRUCTION. *
By ALBERT T. Kinstey, M.Sc., D.V.S., Kansas City, Mo.

This subject has been extensively discussed during the last
year or two by various veterinary educators as well as by the of-
ficials of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. |

Night instruction is interpreted by the writer to mean in- —
struction given after 6 p. m. or 7 p. m., although in a broader
sense night signifies darkness, and accepting this interpretation
night instruction would be any instruction before daylight or
after dark. |

The Department of Agriculture has outlined a course for —
veterinary colleges in Circular 133, consisting of 3,000 hours, ex-
clusive of final examinations. About 1,600 hours of the course is |
devoted to laboratory subjects and clinic, and 1,400 hours to reci- —
tations or lectures. The course of study, adopted by those veteri-
nary colleges, having a three-year course, in compliance with the —
recommendations of the Department of Agriculture, is such that |
many class hours are required each day. In colleges having the —
minimum length of term (150 days, exclusive of final examina-—
tions) each student has 3.5 hours’ laboratory and clinic, and 3.1 |
hours recitation or lecture each day for each college session, ¢. ¢., —
he has practically 7 hours in class each day. The students in col-
leges having 7 months’ session (168 days, exclusive of final ex-
aminations ) have 3.2 hours’ laboratory and clinic, and 2.8 hours’ —
recitation or lecture each day of the three college sessions. Stu-—
dents in colleges having 190 days actual class work have 2.8
hours’ laboratory and clinic, and 2.5 hours’ recitation or lecture 1 |
each day for the entire course, or an average of 5.3 hours per day ~ .
in class. The colleges having the longer sessions are state in- —

stitutions and the course of study in these institutions contain sev- |

eral accessory subjects and the actual class hours per student per ie

*Presented at the Meeting of the Association of College Faculties and Examining Boards, — :
Chicago, Sept. 6, 1909. 844

NIGHT INSTRUCTION. 345

day is about the same as in the purely veterinary colleges having
from 6% to 8 months’ sessions. According to class schedules
received from the various veterinary colleges, the number of
hours per day for each student varies from 5 to 10 or from 30 to
60 per week.

The large number of students in attendance at some of the

veterinary colleges necessitates the division of classes into sec-
tions for the most effectual laboratory instruction. The division
of classes into sections requires more laboratories and more in-
structors. The expansion of private veterinary colleges is lim-
ited as their source of revenue is tuition from the students in at-
tendance. The revenues of some state veterinary colleges is even
more limited than in the private colleges. The limitation in the
erection of more laboratories with the necessary equipment and
the employment of more instructors, has caused some institutions
to select the alternative of having more laboratory periods each
day. Thus the microscopic, chemic and pharmic laboratories of
the Kansas City Veterinary College were occupied 6 hours per
day, 6 days per week during the session 1908-9. The division of
classes into sections requiring 4 to 6 hours of instruction each
_ day is an. advantage because it enables the management to employ
- specialists for each separate branch, a point that is of considerable
_ importance.
/ Daylight is preferable for laboratory exercises, including dis-
- section and clinics. On the other hand, there is no more effort
' required on the part of the student to attend recitations or lec-
tures after 6 p. m. or after 7 p. m. than there is required to at-
tend like day classes. The veterinary students have so many
class hours that their time is practically all occupied, and those
students who have classes during the day must prepare their les-
sons at night, while those students having night classes prepare
their lessons during the day. The daylight study is certainly far
superior to night study from the standpoint of health and recep-
tiveness.

The majority of veterinary colleges are located in cities. A
large percentage of veterinary students are from rural districts

346 ALBERT T, KINSLEY.

where immorality is ata minimum. Night instruction, especially
given to students who have had 2 to 4 hours’ laboratory exercises
through the day aside from 2 to 4 hours’ preparation, keeps the
students occupied at the time when men are most apt to drift to
pernicious indiscretions. Adele Marie Shaw, in Vol. IX. of
“ World’s Work,” says in writing of the Chicago evening classes
for boys that the evening school is worth far more than it costs
and that crime increases in the neighborhood as soon as evening
classes are closed. Veterinary students are as susceptible to the
formation of bad habits as any other humans.

The ultimate purpose of all educational institutions should be
the cultivating and training of the people. The veterinary col-
leges should endeavor to educate all worthy men desirous of be-
coming veterinarians. It is possible for men in good health to
complete the adopted veterinary course, and at the same time earn
sufficient to pay a part or even all of their expenses. A course in
which a part of the lectures are given at night favors this class
of students and from observation it has been found that those
men who earned a part of their expenses while in college are —
almost without exception successful and many of them are now ~
either the leading practitioners or they are holding the highest —
official veterinary positions. Many of the world’s most noted —
scientists and professional men, aside from veterinarians, earned —
sufficient by doing various kinds of work to defray their ex- —
penses while in college. 7

Night instruction is becoming more and more popular each ~
year. Thus the educational department of the Y. M. C. A, con- —
ducted classes in the following subjects: Commerce and Business, —
Social Science, Industry and Technology, Mechanics, Building’
Trades, Languages, Agriculture and Rural Science, with a total —
enrollment in 1907 of 43,000 men and boys. The Franklin —
Union, a night school in Boston, endowed by Benjamin Franklin |
and Andrew Carnegie, was dedicated September 25, 1908; it is |/_
an industrial institution and a great many young’ men attend it |
that previously spent their evenings at cheap shows and yarious | |
other amusements. ; | 7

NIGHT INSTRUCTION. 347

The following excerpts are indicative of the success of cve-
ning instruction:

“The evening schools, elementary, high and drawing, have
had a succesful year” (28th Annual Report of the Superin-
tendent of Public Schools of Boston, Mass., 1907).

‘** Evening schools were conducted in the two school buildings,
_ 7p. m. to 9 p. m, five days per week beginning the second Mon-
_ day in November and terminating March 23d. Number enrolled
152, average attendance 71.”—-(Annual Report Public Schools,
_ Columbus, Ohio, 1907.)

f “Rochester established evening schools in 1900 in compli-
ance with the state law that required certain children between 14

» and 16 years of age to attend school at night if it is not possible

' to attend day school. An evening school was established in 1902.
5,791 students were enrolled in the seven elementary and high
_ schools in 1907.”—-(57th Report of Board of Education, Roches-
_ ter 1905-6-7.)
4 “Night school opened October 9, 1905, with an enrollment
_ of 205 and with proper selection of teachers it will be a success.”
~ —(Annual Report of Public Schools, City of Houston, Texas,
1905-6. )
4 The Philadelphia school system is regulated by a law which
: requires a special committee to be assigned the supervision of
elementary night schools and specifying that the committee on
high schools supervise the night high school. The law further
provides that night schools be conducted Monday, Tuesday and
| Wednesday evenings from 7.30 p. m. to 9.30 p. m. Definite
courses have been provided and many tradesmen have taken ad-
vantage of the night schools and have materially increased their
usefulness to their employers as well as increasing their earning
capacity. There was 67 per cent. of attendance of those enrolled
in 1907 against 52 per cent. in 1906. This is a high average per-
centage attendance for the average attendance in the United States
public schools i is only 72 per cent. of the enrollment. In the words
of the Superintendent of City Schools of Philadelphia, “ They are
a pre schools doing in a quiet way a mighty good for the

348 ALBERT T, KINSLEY.

city.”—(89th Annual Report Board of Education, First School
District of Pennsylvania. )

“Evening school was established in Chicago in 1856 with
an enrollment of 60. In 1859 the enrollment reached 150. The
course includes sewing, cooking, manual training, chemistry,
physics, French, Spanish, German, etc. In 1906-7, 17,295 stu-~
dents were enrolled; the average attendance was 9,790.”—(52d
and 53d Annual Reports Board of Education, City of Chicago,
1905-6-7.)

“16,160 students were enrolled in the ten evening) high
schools of New York City in 1904, and 72,622 students were en-
rolled in the 65 elementary evening schools.”—(Sixth Annual
Report of City Superintendent of Schools, New York City,
1904. )

During the year 1908 the Y. M. C. A. instructed 44,591 stu-
dents in evening classes. According to the 1906 Report of the
U. S. Commission of Education, 203 cities maintain evening
schools, and in these cities there are 1,054 separate schools with.
a total enrollment of 314,604 students and an average attend-
ance of 128,955. Although foreigners constitute a large per-
centage of the night students and the subject is primary English ~
this is subsidiary to the general purpose of giving an opportunity
to ambitious adult students to improve their condition in life.

After fourteen years’ experience as a student and a teacher in
two different institutions, one of which conducted all classes dur- —
ing the day, and the other conducted some classes in the evening, |
the writer is forced to conclude that evening instruction is not in- —
jurious to the health of the student, and the student will obtain —
an equal amount of knowledge from the same instructor in eve- —
ning and in day classes. Night instruction is also of value in ~

that it occupies the student’s time when immorality is at its |)

height.

If night instruction is so universally successful in such varied —
subjects as medicine, law, chemistry, mechanics, architecture,
agriculture, domestic science, ete., in practically all large cities of

NIGHT INSTRUCTION. 349

the United States and in foreign countries, why should the teach-
ing of Veterinary Science in evening classes be condemned ?

The members of this organization will concede that the stu-
dents entering the various veterinary colleges are of nearly equal
intelligence. There are some variations in entrance require-
ments in the different colleges, however, and again you are
aware of the fact that the efficiency of the veterinary graduates
is now tested by the State Examining Boards or by the U. S.
Civil Service Commission, and if we will peruse the list of suc-
cessful candidates we will not find just grounds for condemning
night instruction.

Dr. Wo. V. Lusk, Veterinarian, 2d U. S. Cavalry, left Fort
Des Moines, Ia., November 28th, for the Island of Sulu.

THINK of it—two Massachusetts men are reported fined $50
each for filing the teeth of their own horses. They were found
guilty of “ practicing medicine without a license.”—(Rural New
Yorker, August 21, 1909.)

WHEN ?—A blue-jacket ashore at Tient-Tsin happened to see
a Chinaman placing a dish of rice on a grave.

1 “When do you expect him to come out of his hole to eat that,
_ Li?” asked the sailor.

____ The Celestial showed his teeth in a diabolical grin and re-
_ plied: “Same time your dam fren’ come out his hole smelly

flowers you fellows put.”

Tue following from William Thompson, M. D. C., Veterinary
Inspector, B. A. I., as to how to shake a thermometer down:
The following method will no doubt be appreciated by veterinar-
ians engaged in making the tuberculin tests: Instead of shaking
your arm off in the accustomed way of shaking down the mer-
cury, try taking hold of the string between the forefinger and
thumb about 14-2 inches from the end attached to the eyelet of
the thermometer and give the thermometer a few rapid whirls at
right angles to the arm. A mere twist of the wrist and forearm
suffices to send the column of mercury out of sight. Explanation:
Application of centrifugal force. No, the method is not patented.

MATRICULATION REQUIREMENTS FOR VETERINARY
COLLEGES.*

By Georce H. Gtover, M.S., D.V.M., Forr Cortins, Coro.

The subject of educational qualifications for matriculation at _
the veterinary colleges of America and the urgent necessity for
fixing a uniform standard for the same, is, perhaps, the most
important part of the work that the associated faculties have be- 4
fore them at this time. 4

The basis of classification of veterinary colleges by the United —
States Department of Agriculture as “ A,” “ B,” and “C,” and —
by the American Veterinary Medical Association as “ recog- —
nized” and “not recognized,” is open to criticism because of —
lack of uniformity in educational requirements for admission.

The classification is made in the first instance primarily upon —
the faithfulness and uniformity with which the subjects are —
taught according to the curriculum furnished by the United —
States Department of Agriculture. A few of our schools are ©
giving this entire course of study in eighteen to twenty months ~
of actual attendance and taking students in some instances, with
scarcely a seventh-grade attainment, while other colleges are tak-
ing from twenty-seven to thirty-six months to give the same —
course and beginning with those students only who have from |
four to six years more of training than in the other instance, The —
one class of schools numbers its students by the hundreds, while
the other is struggling along with small attendance, and their little —
educational barks constantly threatened with shipwreck on the —
rocks of high standards. |

One serious objection to accepting students into our colleges
upon such a low educational plane is that they are necessarily |

* Presented at the meeting of the Association of College Faculties and ee ;
Boards, Chicago, September 6, 1909. ,

850

MATRICULATION REQUIREMENTS FOR VETERINARY COLLEGES. 351

given the same work and must be graded on examinations along
with men who have had high school training or, possibly, one to
four years of collegiate course. It would seem that the scale of
one hundred per cent. would have scarcely range enough to keep
the inferior one above the required seventy per cent. It is obvious
ly unfair in both instances because it hampers the advanced stu-
dent and forces the other beyond his power of comprehension or
ability to assimilate.

Those colleges that are accepting students with examinations
as the one requirement have, in other respects, conditions most
satisfactory. Better salaries, in some instances, are paid, and, on
the average, possibly, a more experienced corp of instructors em-
ployed with * * ™* well equipped laboratories and every fa-
cility for training of a high order. The only handicap in such in-
stance is the inability of the poorly equipped student to properly
assimilate the heavy educational diet placed before him.

Are our veterinary colleges to split upon the rocks of matricu-
lation standards? Are we to have two classes of veterinary col-
leges in America; the one aiming primarily at excellence in veter-
inary art, the other in veterinary science?

This get-wise-quick idea which has become a veritable craze

is. aiter all, only a reflection of the spirit of the times and is in-

spired by a desire to get a quick and therefore a cheap education,
which shall represent so much capital and some vantage, at least,
in securing a job. Education for its own sake is forgotten or
does not appeal and the get-wise-quick fallacy is twin brother
to the get-rich-quick mania which seems to possess the average
American, :

Some of our modern education has about as much relation to
the culture of the mind as digging pauper graves has to the per-
usal of Emerson’s essay on The Over-Soutl.

__ The time has arrived when the American Veterinary Medical
Association should make a determined stand, not only for a
higher matriculation standard, but for uniformity as well. The
effort to erect beautiful and enduring superstructural edifices

352 GEORGE H, GLOVER,

upon the shifting sands of unpreparedness is futile and must in-
evitably redound to our discredit.

The present condition threatens to become “a house divided
against itself.” In the glorious cause of veterinary education,
may the time never come when there shall be a bitter and relent-
less struggle between schools of private support and schools of
state support! It is to be hoped that this matter will adjust itself
amicably. |

I may be overestimating the importance of ‘this, but I am sin-
cere, and, speaking candidly, when I say that it seems to me that
the matter of whether classes shall be held in daylight or after
dark, whether the five or more instructors shall have graduated
from one or several schools, or whether a certain subject shall be
taught a certain, exact number of hours, are all insignificant when
compared with the practice of matriculating incompetent stu-
dents. Our pedagogic ideal is high, and our achievements little
less than phenomenal, considering the material with which we
sometimes have to work.

We should at all times bear in mind that we are graduating
men in the science of veterinary medicine and that we are sending
them out from our institutions, expecting that they will be scien-
tists and will honor a true and noble profession. If we graduate
mere artisans in veterinary lines instead of true scientists, we are
perverting the functions of our schools and the degree of Doctor
of Veterinary Science becomes a misnomer.

The idea of the “ exclusively practical ” is sweeping the coun-
try and is invading the common schools and the universities, as
well as the industrial colleges. It means, in substance, the train-
ing, by actual doing, for the actualities of life in order that the
recipients of such training may be self-supporting, producers and
wage-earners; it is based on the assumption that preparedness to
earn a living is of more moment than the qualifications of a
scholar and erudite conversationalist, or, a deliver in Nature’s
mysteries.

For this idea, which is so popular, and which aims to raise
the masses to a greater degree of efficiency and money earning

MATRICULATION REQUIREMENTS FOR VETERINARY COLLEGES, 353

' capacity, I have the fullest sympathy. It has its place, but to en-
_ graft this practical-in-education—this short cut to the heights of
_ professionalism—thus to invade the ranks of a learned profession
' means a loss of dignity, prestige and usefulness. Such views
_and such radical departure from intellectual essentials in any pro-
_ fession can have but one result; in our own case it places us on the
level with the tradesman who spends two or three years as an ap-
' prentice, learning to do with his hands rather than with his head.
It is a mistaken idea that an education amounting to anything can
be secured at a single bound. Utopia cannot be reached by a short
cut. The student must go the route and must pay the price by
_ burning midnight oil—must of necessity begin early by laying a
_ secure foundation.
_ Psychologically it is contrary to experience that a mind loafing
_ for twenty-five years in the first part of life’s journey is ever
able to recover what is lost and become a power in the realm of
t - thought. Nature forbids, yet, as profesional men and scientists
_ we are supposed to be leaders.

There is no excuse and no justification for continuing a peda-
gogic practice inferior to and inconsistent with all other stand-
ards for higher education.

‘ Unir Courses In GENERAL,—In some colleges, requirements
for admission are tabulated in the form adopted by the North
entral Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. Fifteen
“units are required for admission.

_A unit course of study is defined as a course covering a school
year of not less than thirty-five weeks, with four or five periods
of at least forty minutes each per week. This means, of course,
high school work. In some of our veterinary schools men are
matriculated without a single unit of credit, having attended no
) high school or any other school preparing for college, yet
| schools with or without such entrance requirements are, alike,
) rated in “Class A.”

ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS.—Statistics not immediately at
) hand, I assume that I am not wrong when I say that at least fifty

‘854 : GEORGE H. GLOVER,

per cent. of men knocking at the doors of veterinary colleges have ©
not one unit of credit for admission, yet most of them are ad- |
‘mitted upon examination. It forces itself upon a casual observer
as somewhat remarkable and paradoxical that nearly all appli- 7
eants should successfully pass entrance examinations, considering, |
at the same time, that a goodly number have never reached the
eighth grade in the public schools. a

The United States Department of Agriculture has done a |
-wonderful work in the past two years. It has endeavored to ele-
vate the standard of veterinary colleges in America and we cer- —
tainly owe the department a debt of gratitude. Let the good
work go on. Things that are useful and enduring do not come

about by revolution, but are slowly evolved as their need is ap-_
preciated. No chain is stronger than the weakest link. The weak
link in our American veterinary college education to-day is in- 7
adequacy of preparation for the work. a

The time has come when it is fitting and proper, and, I believe, ©
advisable and necessary for the American Veterinary Medical ) |
Association to take some decisive action for the betterment of |
these conditions. My recommendation respecting matriculation ©
standards is that this Association and the united veterinary facul- 7
ties of America take decisive action at this meeting and promul-
gate some plan looking to the enactment of reform in this phase
of veterinary education under discussion. 1 recommend that
after the year 1909, all veterinary colleges, aspiring to recogni-
tion by the American Veterinary Medical Association, shall re-
quire for matriculation not only an entrance examination, but. i
positive proof of five unit credits according to the conditions tabu - |
lated and adopted by the North Central Association of Colleges
and Secondary Schools. Further, I recommend that all entrance
examinations be under the supervision of the associated faculties _
of America, that a set of uniform examination papers be preg
pared by a committee of this association, and that the examinas ‘ |

MATRICULATION REQUIREMENTS FOR VETERINARY COLLEGES. 355

_ within the province of this Association and that the details can be
_ perfected as the plan unfolds.

Men not having these five units of credit and who are too old
' to go to high school can now be accommodated in the preparatory
schools of state colleges,
} Veterinary education in America is too cheap. This one de-
) fect i in our pedagogic regime must be corrected.

_ HamBurc BELLE Digs on Trip to Soutn.—Thomasville,
) Ga., Nov. 11.—Cold developing into pneumonia on her trip from
» Cleveland to Thomasville ended the life of Hamburg Belle
> (2.01%), acclaimed Lou Dillon’s suecessor as “ queen of the
) turf” after her great victory over Uhlan in Cleveland, August
25 last in 2.01% and 2.01%.

The great mare had arrived at the Thomas County stock
farm, owned by her owner, Mel Hanna of Cleveland, only a
" short time before her death. Exposure on the trip south, begun
_ a week ago, was responsible for her condition. Mr. Hanna paid
$50,000 for the mare.—(New York World.)

; VETERINARY EXAMINATION AT SHOWS.—Veterinary inspec-
- tion at the Glasgow Stallion Show is anathema with some own-
ers of entire horses. That, says the Scottish Farmer, is a very
good reason for insisting on veterinary examination. No doubt,
vets. are fallible. No doubt they make mistakes. No doubt they
cannot, no matter how keen their skill, detect the worst forms
' of nervous diseases in a show-yard vetting enclosure. But, al-
lowing a wide margin for error, the fact remains that a bench
' of competent veterinarians will not be likely to pass a horse af-
fected with the hereditary unsoundnesses catalogued by the
Clydesdale Horse Society. It would be a great matter were im-
munity from these diseases among breeding horses insured by
the examination of competent vets. It is idle to deny that the
vetting examination at Islington, defective though it be in some
particulars, has done wonders for the Shire, the Hackney, and
the T horoughbred sire. .That the system of vetting may be
capable of improvement, no one denies, but improvement of the
method is a totally different thing from discarding the examina-
tion itself—(The Live Stock Journal.)

SOME REMARKS ON VENEREAL DISEASE IN CATTLE, * |
By J. G. Wits, D.V.M., Cuateaueay, N. Y.

The Granular Venereal Disease of cows, as it is most com- —
monly called in. Europe, is a new malady to American veteri- —
narians. Its existence in Europe has been known for twenty years ©
or more where various names of Infectious Granular Vaginitis, —
Infectious Vaginal Catarrh and Vaginitis Verrucosa have been ‘
applied to it by European writers. German, Italian and Danish —
authors have described it quite fully, but its existence and de-—
scription in America was not known until very recently, and Dr. |
W. L. Williams, in his late work on Veterinary Obstetrics is, I
believe, the first author to describe it in American literature.

Its existence in this state seems to be widespread. In prac-—
tically every locality so far investigated it has been found preva-_
ient. It exists in the herd of the Vermont Experiment Station at —
Burlington, Vt., and has been seen by veterinarians in Penn-
sylvania. a

The communicable nature of the malady long recognized in —
Europe would indicate its wide dissemination in America. Oster-
tag estimates that 75 per cent. to 90 per cent. of animals in an
infected herd are diseased, but in the number examined, so far I
have found even more than that; some herds showing practically
every animal at some stage of the malady. j

The first noticeable symptom in an infected animal is an in-
flammatory condition of the external genitals which gradually
merges into a mucopurulent discharge of varying volume, This is”
followed by the development of the nodules or granules which
constitute the most characteristic lesions and from which the dis- «
ease derives its distinctive name. z |

The time of the appearance of the nodules or granules see
to be variable, but they are usually visible within a few days aft

* Presented at the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the New York State lage oo
Medical Society, Ithaca, August, 1909,

B56

SOME REMARKS ON VENEREAL DISEASE IN CATTLE. 357

the inflammatory condition. These nodules are about the size
_ of a grain of mustard seed, firm and quite transparent, resem-
_ bling minute vesicles filled with water. They are quite regu-
_ larly arranged in rows along the floor and walls of the vulva and
_ parallel with that passage. These granules are easily recognizable
_ by touch and while in the transparent stage are readily seen when

the passage is held open and light thrown upon them.
| As parturition approaches, or if the animal is about to abort
_ the congested and odematous condition of the mucosa renders the
_ granules nearly invisible to the eye, but they may often be de-
tected by touch. This congestive appearance in the passages
seems to occur at various times without evident reason, the
change appearing quite suddenly. It is not uncommon to find
_ a deeply congested and odematous subject change in 24 to 48
| hours to a condition of paleness and flaccidity with the granules

standing out quite prominently. The mucopurulent discharge
_ from the parts is quite profuse in some cases, but the presence
_ of pus mentioned by European authors I have not noticed with
| any regularity in cases examined thus far. The period of incuba-
tion varies. In cases where apparently healthy animals have been
_added to diseased herds, or have come in contact with diseased

' animals, inflammation has ben noticeable in 24 to 36 hours. It is

| probable, however, that two to five days usually elapse before
“most cases develop.
4 Cause.—Ostertag and Hicker have attributed the disease to
a streptococcus and have described characteristics of the organism
_ quite fully. They attempted to prove the transmissible nature
_ of the disease, but found only bovines susceptible. Indeed Oster-
tag claims that his attempt to transmit the disease artificially to a
bull was negative and he concluded from that that the male was
/ not susceptible, which is not entirely in coincidence with our ob-
| servations in this country. In the first herd in which the disease
was recognized there had been considerable difficulty in keeping
their bulls fit for breeding purposes owing to a severe inflamma-
_ tion of the male organ which persisted for some time and rendered
_ the animal almost useless for service. This condition showed

a

358 J.G, WILLS.

itself in four consecutive animals and the bull upon the premises
at the time of our visit showed these symptoms very. prominently.
The nodules did not seem to be presenit in this case, and as far as
{ know no such persistent transmission to the male has been
noted in other herds, although I think inflammatory disturbances
have usually been found. It is quite probable, however, that the —
severity of the inflammation in the male anithal is not as great —
as in the female, or the disease would almost certainly have been
brouglit to the notice of American veterinarians before this late —
date. Ostertag claims to have found that the artificial inocula-
tion produces a more rapid catarrh of the vagina than when infec- —
tion occurs naturally. The European authors state that the exten- |
sion of the disease into the gravid uterus produces abortion, —
while in the non-pregnant animal nymphomania and sterility oc-
cur. In cases I have examined I have not found such to be the ~
case with any degree of regularity; for in some instances where 4
pronounced lesions existed and had evidently éxisted for some ~
time, very little abortion had ever occurred and cattle seemed to
present normal conditions with no evidences of sterility. Other |
herds show a considerable number of abortions, continuing for a —
considerable time without immunity being acquired, as we find |
occurring so often where the so-called contagious abortion exists.

The control of this disease is essentially largely preventative.
European writers have recommended the use of disinfectants,
douches, powders and suppositories. These agents, while no
doubt beneficial, do not reach the organism itself, since the cocci
are so deeply imbedded in the mucosa that they cannot be reached
by superficial disinfecting agents. The use of many of our best
disinfectants is impossible owing to their irritative nature; others”
because of their odor which, in the case of dairy animals would —
render the milk unfit for use. The use of antiseptic solutions |
of any considerable strength has been found absolutely imprac-
tical by Dr. \Villiams, but is recommended by European writers. |
The apparent difference in views is possibly explained by the fact |
that the external passages are more resistant to irritants than is _
the yagina, and the European authors have not stated exactly how

SOME REMARKS ON VENEREAL DISEASE IN CATTLE. 359

_ far into the passage the disinfectants were to be introduced.
Since the disease often extends forward to the uterus and gener-
_ ative organs, it is necessary that any disinfectants, to be effectual,
_ should reach these parts, and this is manifestly impossible in ad-
_ vanced cases., However, the constant use of disinfectants no
_ doubt has a very beneficial effect upon the malady and in cases
_where it had been tried has been found to check the extent of
the outbreak very materially.
It is quite evident that until this disease has been studied
carefully and its true nature and economic importance carefully
_ investigated that no very positive conclusions can be reached.
_ The apparently wide dissemination and the fact that it may be
carried, and has been no doubt so spread by animals shipped
' from one part-of the country to another would lead us to suspect
that its importance to the live stock industry of the country is very
great. It is hoped that since this disease has been brought to the
attention of veterinarians and stockmen that the available infor-
_ mation will be greatly increased within a short time, and we will
_ thus be in a position to determine more accurately what methods
of control and eradication to adopt.

_.. Dr. Henry W. Peters, Veterinarian, 14th Cavalry, U. S.
_ A,, has gone from Germansville, Pa., to Manila, P. I.

_ _- Dr. J. W. Kaxus has gone from Nebraska City, Neb., to
accept the chair-of pathology at the Washington State College
| Spokane.

Dr. T. F. Cratc, of Hampden, N. D.,-has purchased a large
livery and sale stable in that place which he will run in connec-
fm with his. practice, also using part of it as a veterinary in-

rmary, which will increase his facilities for caring for patients.

‘IN a clipping from a Minneapolis paper of November 8thr
. was observed that more than one hundred gallons of milk
from uninspected cows was poured into the sewer. “The first
“step,” says the article, “in an unrelenting war the Minneapolis
Health Department proposes to wage on dairymen who refuse
to allow oe of their herds.”

PATHOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY OF EPIZOOTIC ABORTION.* —

By Hersert F, Patmer, B.S., D.V.S., Curcaco, Itt.

The first published record of abortion is given in Gen. xxxi., ©
38, but published information on epizootic abortion is compar-
atively modern. Flandrin in 1804 stated that the peasants were —
convinced of the contagious nature of abortion. In 1807 the ©
“Complete Farmer” mentions abortion as contagious.

In the early part of the nineteenth century, there were op- —
ponents and champions of the theory of contagion. Among the ~
former were Hurtrel d’ Arboval and Youatt. Roloff and St. Cyr —
believed it to be due to a specific agent. Lehnert was the first —
to experimentally produce the disease in 1878. This was suc- —
cessfully repeated in 1880.

In 1885 Nocard undertook the investigation of abortion in —
cows. In 1886 he brought forward excellent circumstantial evi- —
dence of its contagious nature. This report gave a description —
of the microbe isolated by Nocard. |

In 1889 Woodhead, Aitken, McFadyean and Campbell
showed the contagious nature of the disease by experimentally —
producing it in cows and ewes. In 1897, Bang, of Denmark, pub-

lished his report on the study of the etiology of epizootic abor-

tion. He found “ between the uterine mucous membrane and
foetel envelope an abundant odorless exudate, a dirty yellow ~
somewhat thin pultaceous material of a slimy somewhat lumpy - |
character.” Jn cover-glass preparations, he observed a very small

bacterium, apparently in pure culture. He described it as a — ‘
bacillus, the body of which contained one, two or three roundish
or elongated granules which readily took up the stain. The bacilli |

varied in length, the longest being as long asthe tubercle bacilli. — ;

* Extract of Report of the Departmental Committee, appointed by the English Board

of Agriculture and Fisheries, published in The Veterinary Journal.
860

PATHOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY OF EPIZOOTIC ABORTION. 361

Bang thus concluded that epizootic abortion ought to be re-
garded as a specific uterine catarrh determined by a definite spe-
cies of bacterium. Test tubes were sown with the uterine exudate
and growths appeared in a form which Bang described as typical
of abortion bacilli.

In a paper read before the National Veterinary Association
in 1906, Bang reported the results of his attempts to produce
artificial immunity in non-pregnant animals. The results were
encouraging.

Tue Microse or CatrLe Asortion.—The bacilli are non-
motile between 1 and 2 u. in length, staining with methylene blue
or diluted carbol-fuchsin. They do not retain the stain when
treated by Gram’s method and they are not acid-fast. The bacilli
were found in the fluids contained inside the foetal membranes,
but bacilli were found in the fluid contents of the foetal stomach.
! In deference to the great work of Prof. Bang it was thought
- appropriate to call it “ Bang’s Bacillus of Cattle Abortion.”

In the moist state the bacillus was not destroyed at a temper-

ature of 55° C. maintained for an hour, but two hours at the same

temperature proved fatal. Its vitality was destroyed if kept ten
_ minutes in water at 59 to 61° C.

_ __-VirruLent Materia AnD Its VentcLes.—The contents of
_ the infected uterus, that is to say the exudate, the foetal mem-
| branes, and the foetus are all virulent. These materials are all
| inoperative as long as the affected uterus remains closed. The
discharge of the genital organs are virulent for a varying period.
Virulent material if kept fluid and free from putrefaction remain
infective for seven months, but not for a year. Natural propoga-
| tion of the microbe outside of the animal body, is thought improb-
able. Cows which have aborted must be considered sources of in-
fection as long as the discharges continue, and it may continue
intermittently for several weeks. .

r

Meruops or INFECTION.—There are two ways in which the
virulent material may gain access to the pregnant uterus, viz., by

362. HERBERT F, PALMER,

the vagina and by the mouth. The mouth seems to be the natural
mode of infection. The pastures and feed lots become infected
from the vaginal discharges of aborting animals. The food thus.
contaminated is taken into the stomach, the bacilli absorbed from.
the intestines, and thereby gain the blood stream and are con-
veyed to the uterus. The method of infection through the ser-
vice of the bull is looked upon as possible, but not very probapley
So far it has neither been proven or disproven:

Species oF ANIMALS WHICH ARE SuSCEPTIBLE.—The field
observations make it probable that the bovine bacillus is not re-
sponsible for abortion in mares. The bacillus of cattle abortion | .
was not found in the membranes of the aborting ewe. We are
of the opinion that bovine abortion is essentially a disease of cattle
and that other species are not likely to contract the disease.

DraGNosis. —The diagnosis is made by identification of abor-
tion bacillus in microscopical preparations made from the uterine
exudate discharged immediately before and after abortion.

Aportion.—A material analagous to tuberculin was prepared. : |
and this when injected into the veins or under the skin of an af- —

fected animal causes a temperature reaction. Normal animals do |

not cause any appreciable rise of temperature. This may prove |
a valuable diagnostic agent.

CoMPLEMENT Trest.—A method which is termed “ fixation —
of the complement ” may prove reliable for diagnosis even in its —

early stages. The test depends on the fact that the abortion bacil- 7

lus manufacture a substance which passes into the circulating ©
blood, in the serum of which it can be detected by a highly Spt q
cific character—namely its affinity for abortion bacilli. 4

Narvurat anp Acgurrep IMMUNITY. —There has no ‘evi-

dence been produced to show that natural immunity is possessed a
by any animals of the bovine species. BIS

From general inquiry, we are inclined to believe that a ma- |
jority of cows acquire a serviceable degree of immunity as the — 3

PATHOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY OF EPIZOOTIC ABORTION, 363

result of an attack, but a considerable proportion abort twice and
a small number even three times.

IMMUNIZATION.—The most hopeful line of inquiry seemed to
be the production of immunity by inoculation of large doses of
pure culture. One of the great objections to the protective inocu-
lation method is the number of operations necessary to ensure
protection. But, owing to the harmlessness of large quantities
of pure cultures when injected into non-pregnant animals, it
seems impossible that a degree of immunity could be established
by inoculating one large dose.

Field operations are already in progress on the treatment of
infected herds. Such operations require a period of time and in
the course of a year or two it may provide material for a special
report.

_ THe State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners of Colo-
rado held their semi-annual examinations at Denver, Colo., Oc-
tober 26, 19009.

ALL qualified practitioners of Oklahoma will please send
their names and addresses to Dr. R. A. Phillips, No. 428 West
Second street, Oklahoma City, and secure copy of constitution
and by-laws of the Oklahoma Veterinary Medical. Association.

In a recent edition of the New York Herald, in an article
entitled ““ More Draucur Horses ror NEw JERSEY,” is men-
tioned ihe second importation by Veterinarian T. Earle Budd, of
Orange, N. J., for his state. This importation from Scotland
consisted of two hackney stallions, nine Clydesdale stallions and
five Clydesdale mares. “ King Ruby,” one of the hackney stal-
lions, is a son of ‘‘ Ruby,” sire of the sensational stallion, “ Little
Ruby,” that won last year at the International in London and
at the National in New York. The hackney is about the most
useful all-round road horse extant, and his blood fused with good
_ mares will certainly benefit the future road horses of New Jersey.
It is hoped that they will breed pure hackneys as well. Draught
horses are in great demand, and New Jersey will find a ready
_ sale for her Clydesdales, and “ grades” from the same. Some.
_ day perhaps Dr. Budd will contribute an article on “ THE Horse
INDUSTRY OF NEW JERSEY.”

REPORTS OF CASES.

ENZOOTIC ENTERITIS IN THE HORSE.*
By Dr. F. C. Wixinson.

I will, with your kind permission, read a short paper that
I translated from the Annales de Medecine Veterinaire some
time ago. The paper is a description of ‘‘ Enzootic Enteritis in
the Horse, Produced by the Tezenia plicata.”

The pathological disturbances produced in our domestic ani-
mals by the various known entozoa being of great diversity, and
the observations bearing on this point being very rare in veteri- _
nary literature, I think I am doing a service in reporting the
symptoms presented by several colts affected with parasitic en-
teritis, which formed part of the stock at an important agricul-
tural establishment in Brabant. A few months ago I was called —
in consultation by my friend, M. Derycke, for the purpose of ex-_
amining a large number of colts, which presented vague symp-
toms of some disease, to which two of them had already suc-
cumbed. M. Derycke and the owner reported to me that some
time ago, when the colts were at grass, one or two of them had
shown signs of strange disturbance. The weather was very dry
at the time and the grass was insufficient to feed the colts. The
owner had a quantity of green clover scattered about the field; —
but in spite of the scantiness of the grass several of the colts —
showed great indifference to the clover, and some of them re-

mained lying on the ground as if they were indifferent to every- q

thing about them. Even then the colts were losing flesh; but.
after a time, although no treatment was given, they regained their
former condition and were supposed to be convalescent.
Towards the end of the pasturing season they became poor in
flesh again, and for this reason they were brought in at night
as soon as the frost made its appearance. They passed the night
in the stable and were let out in the morning when the frost was
‘gone, The very second night severe diarrhea occurred in the

——

* Read before the Vermont Veterinary Medical Association July 27, 1909.
\ 364

REPORTS OF CASES, 365

case of one of the colts, and the appetite became capricious; at
the end of two days the patient refused all solid food. It was
this colt that I had occasion to examine, and the following is the
statement of the symptoms which | observed: Pulse quickened
(70) and very feeble, artery soft; mucous membranes and con-
junctiva very pale; aspiration quickened 36, superficial tempera-
ture per rectum very variable but never remaining high, the
average being 3814 to 39. Centigrade, 95° to 100° F. The
animal forces were considerably reduced, and the colt moved
from side to side with indifference, swaying slightly on its hind
quarters. His appetite had entirely vanished. Auscultation of
the abdomen enabled me to hear rumblings of a metallic sound.
The hair of the tail and posterior limbs were covered with ex-
cremental matter. The parts between thighs were excoriated
and the derma exposed through the irritant action of the excreta.
At short intervals the patient threw out, in an unconscious and
passive manner, jets of excremental matter, completely liquid,
and these jets went to a great distance. The emission was not
accompanied by expulsive efforts, nor by contractions of the ab-
dominal muscles; it may, therefore, be presumed to have been
caused solely by peristaltic movements of the intestine. The mat-
ter thus ejected smelled offensive. The flank was very rigid,
the abdomen contracted, the lumbar region rigid and insensible
to pressure. The most important symptom of all, and one which
was at once observed in all the affected animals, was the extraor-
_ dinary emaciation which took place. The patients seemed actu-
ally to dry up to such an extent that at the end of seven or eight
_ days they were reduced almost to skeletons—mere skin and bone.
_ I must state that the establishment, of which these animals
formed part, was extremely well looked after, and that the colts
were in a most satisfactory condition, the skin being very sleek
and soft to the touch a little while before they were taken ill.
The general nature of this disease was not difficult to diagnose,
but | confess that I was not prepared for the etiological factor
which the post-mortem allowed me to discover. I had before
~ mea case of enteritis essentially prostrating (adynamic) and in-
fectious in character. The patients being young animals, my col-
league and I had for a moment supposed that the trouble might
be brought about by parasites but we had in view only the as-
carides; we never suspected tenia. Having noted the adynamic
and infectious character of the disease, we applied a treatment
according to the symptoms observed. The patient received an

366 REPORTS OF CASES.

electuary containing nux vomica, creosote and salol; in addition
to this we administered salicylate of bismuth dissolved in claret,
three pint bottles a day. For drink, the colt was allowed to get
as much milk as it liked, with the addition of a little boiled
water; for solid food, boiled rice and a little oats. The loose
stall was disinfected with creolin and thoroughly ventilated. In
spite, however, of our most assiduous care and the greatest at-—
tention the emaciation went on increasing, and at the end of a

few days, being quite incapable of movement, was destroyed. A

post-mortem was performed immediately by M. Derycke and

enabled us to observe, in addition to the symptoms of extreme

anemia, slight diffuse enteritis extending over all the intestinal

mucous surface; the principal disturbances were in the small in-

testine and the small colon. With regard to the contents of the

intestines (entirely liquid), we found, in addition to a few as-
carides here and there, a very large quantity of worms which I

recognized as tenie plicats. These worms, which are also called

Anoplocephalus plicatus by M. Railliet, are thus described by —
him, and the specimens sent to me correspond with his descrip- —
tion. They are 9 to 80 centimeters in length; head thick, short,
square, but slightly rounded and depressed in the direction of
the two faces from 4 to 6 millimetres in breadth; cup-shaped —
suckers pointing forward. No neck. Rings becoming rapidly —
broader than the head and continuing to increase in breadth, —
sometimes towards the middle, sometimes towards the extremity ~
of the chain, acquiring a maximum of 5 to 20 millimetres, I9 to ©
78 inches, increasing also in length to the last ring. M. Railliet
adds that this parasite is seldom found in the small intestine and —
more seldom in the stomach of the horse. Most writers, includ- —
ing Neumann, Krabbe, Hering, Roll, and Zundel, agree with —
M. Railliet in saying that the teenia plicata is rarely in the horse —
and is almost inoffensive; but my experience, in the case I have ©
described, goes to prove that the presence of this parasite may —
be the beginning of disorders which end only in death. I have
endeavored to trace the origin of the disease which carried off | |
the colt, and, as I suspected the water, I made further inquiries —
of the manager. He informed me that the fodder used in the —
stable had never been better than it was that year; that the grass |
of the meadow was of excellent quality. The colts had spent the
summer season in two different meadows; one of them, which |
had been newly laid out, was dry; the other, an older pasture, was |
more humid. In the former they drank water coming from a

REPORTS OF CASES. 367

spring; in the latter, on the other hand, from a watering place
which had been there for twenty years. The water was col-
lected by a trench and came from meadows and drained lands,
the trench receiving likewise at the time of heavy rains the over-
‘flow water from the farm. I presume, therefore, that it was
from the water that the colt got the eggs of the tenia, because
the adult horses, which received the same solid food as the colts,
presented no symptoms of any disorder whatsoever. With re-
gard to prophylactic treatment, | recommended, first of all, care- —
ful feeding, because it was a matter of common observation that

' enfeebled subjects became more easily the feeders of entozoa

than do strong and hardier animals. I likewise recommended the
daily administration of two ounces of absinthe to all the colts

"once a day in two ounces of aqua, I mean to the colts that had

been pastured with the dead animals. In addition to this, care
was taken to supply the colts with water from a well which had
all the characteristics of good drinking water. These measures
were evidently sufficient to check the development of the entozoa,
as not a single colt has been ill since then on that farm.

CORNCOBS IN MARE’S BLADDER.*
By N. I. Srrincer, Paxton, II,

id The case I wish to report helps to demonstrate the brutish
nature of some animals going about in human disguise.
Mr, Frank F. called my partner, Dr. Grayson, in from the
- road to examine a mare that was passing a small quantity of
urine quite often and straining.

Dr. G. made an examination, inserting his finger in the
bladder through the meatus, when he discovered a large cal-
culus. He told the owner to bring the mare to our infirmary
the next day, which he did.

Dr. G. asked me to do the operation. On inserting my finger
I discovered what felt like a large calculus of considerable length
‘and flattened on two sides with a groove in each flattened surface.
The soft, sandy surface seemed to rub off quite easily, leay-
ing a hard body. After a little manipulating the calculus sep-

*Case reported at the Twenty-seventh Semi-annual Meeting of the Illinois State
Veterinary Medical Association.

368 REPORTS OF CASES.

arated into two long pieces. With some difficulty I gasped one
with the forceps and removed it, when, to my great surprise, I
found it to be a corncob 7% inches in length. I then removed
the other one, which was 6% inches long, Each was covered
with a coat of calcareous deposit about one-fourth of an inch
thick.

The mare had not been showing any particular inconveni- —
ence only for about three weeks. ‘aca, |

The amount of lime deposit would indicate that the cobs had
been in the bladder for some time.

They must have been placed there by some fiend who knew
something about the anatomy of the parts and was done, no
doubt, as a fiendish prank or for a mercenary purpose. * * * *

STRANGULATION OF INTESTINE IN A HORSE.

By B. F. Kauppr, B.S., D.V.S., Pathologist, Colo. Agri. College, Veterinary
Department.

A case was received at the college hospital by Dr. Kingman. ~
The patient had the following description and history: Bay geld- ~
ing, seven years old. Gaited saddle horse. Had been used regu- —
larly in roadwork. Had had colicky attacks on an average of
about once a month for seven or eight months. The symptoms —
were rather slow developing, constant pain, rather mild, and in ~
twenty-four to thirty-six hours apparently complete recovery. —
The fatal attack showed symptoms similar to those previous. In 7)
later stages there was noted profuse sweating, rolling, would —
stand a while, walk in a circle, then lie down again and roll. In ~
about thirty-six hours the horse died. A careful autopsy was |
held. There was observed, extending from the superior part of
the abdominal cavity, a pedicle. This was located about midway
between the anterior and posterior mesenteric arteries. Attached |
to the extremity of this pedicle was a lipoma as large as an aver-
age sized orange. This pedicle was wrapped around a section of ©
the ilium, forming a tight knot, and completely strangulating the aa
part. Fig. 1 is a photograph of the strangulated portion. A full _
description accompanies the cut. Fig, 2 is a pen drawing from
a study of a section of the lipoma. |

b

KEPORTS OF CASES. 369

Fic. 1. CASE 200.
LiPOMA CAUSING STRANGULATION OF INTESTINE.
a.—Lipoma. _
b.—Pedicle of lipoma causing strangulation.
c.—Portion of intestine above strangulation.
d.—Strangulated portion showing venous congestion.

Fic. 2. CASE 200X100.
; Lrroma.—Section showing framework of adipose cells. Fat unstained.

370 REPORTS OF CASES.

PURPURA HAMORRHAGICA.*.
By E. A. Ricwarnson, V.S., Goldfield, Ia.

Friday, May 1s, I was called to see a small go0-pound straw-_

berry roan horse belonging to Vest and Stevenson, town butch-

ers, with the history of having on the previous day been kicked
on the outside off metatarsal, and unable to bear weight on the ©
leg. Examined for fracture, result negative; prescribed hot fo- _

mentations and an anodyne liniment.

Saturday, again called, with report, case much worse. Found
animal suffering acute pain in kicked leg, which was badly
swollen, very much reddened and oozing bloody serum. The
other legs commencing to swell. Pulse 65, temperature 104°
_and respirations quite rapid, with a general weakness of all the
legs to such an extent that I ordered him put in slings, as there

seemed danger of general collapse.

The leg swellings resembled those of purpura, but no petechiz
of Schneiderian membrane, and as animal had no history of in-—
fluenza, strangles, or even a cough, and had recently been kicked, —
my diagnosis was septicemia; but that diagnosis did not suit
me, as there was a peculiar oozing of the skin over the second
hind leg during the day; but I treated it with my standby in such

cases, “ Lyllods Echinacea and Tr. Nux,” one ounce, eines
drachm every three hours.

Sunday, conditions improved, pulse 56, fenpeetiine 102 I-5°.
Sunday evening, temperature normal, pulse 46.

Monday, petechiz appeared in nostrils and developed very,
rapidly, accompanied by considerable bloody discharge. Added

pot. iodide to treatment.
Tuesday, pulse 60, temperature 103°, appetite failing.

Wednesday the head started to swell; I left two or three 15- —
grain doses bichromate of potash. Before night the swelling
had increased to such an extent that the whole head was involved |
and in shape resembled that of a hippopotamus. Pulse had risen

to 80, temperature 104 4-5°, respiration so distressed that could

be heard easily fifty yards away, and a bloody discharge from |
nostrils and mouth so profuse that the whole manger was soiled i

with blood.

* Read at meeting of M. V. V. A., Omaha, June, 1908,

The owners that night considered him such a filthy and help- | iy
less case that they abandoned treatment.

REPORTS OF CASES. 371

_ Thursday morning I found it would be impossible to admin-
ister any medicine per orum and decided on hypodermic injec-
tions of adrenalin which was administered in drachm doses every
‘three hours; six doses in all, and, as I was too busy to devote
more time to the case, let him go.
_ Ina couple of days the swelling had subsided enough for him
‘to be able to take liquid nourishment, and the only after treat-
' ment was bichromate of potash, 10-grain doses in the drinking
‘water three times a day, the patient making a very nice recovery
_ in ten days.
_ This, and one other case I have treated, had no history of
any debilitating disease; so, what is the real cause of Purpura
_ hemorrhagica? Is it due to a specific infection? Also, the ad-
' vantage of hypodermic medication when the swelling prevents
administering medicine per orum, and the beneficial results of
the adrenalin treatment; as I consider a case of purpura with a
pulse of 80 a very bad case.

AZOTURIA WITH UNUSUAL COMPLICATIONS.*
( By Hat C, Simpson, Denison, Ia.

_. April 20th was called to seen an imported Percheron stallion;
“upon arrival found a typical case of Azoturia; animal could rise
but did not stay up long. Drew urine which was dark, thick
and glassy; applied liniment over affected muscles; gave physic
| ball and left treatment consisting of Fl. Ext. Digitalis 2, Potas-
sium Acetate 1, Sodium Phosphate 6, H,O ad. 16. One every
| three hours. Also powders to be put on tongue every three hours,
| each powder consisting of Ext. Digitalis, 2; Potassium Acetate,
1; Salol, 1; Hydy. Chloridum Mite, 15 grains; Sodium Bi-
carbonate, 2. Returned next day; found animal improving, tem-
| perature lower, pulse and respirations slower and animal able
' to stand longer and eating a little. Continued same treatment
| excepting medicine was given every four hours.
April 23d called again, animal greatly improved. All mus-
cles were relaxed, excepting was still in pain in the left hind leg.
| Palpitation of the region between external angle of slum and the

* Read at M. V. V. A. meeting, Omaha, June, 1908.

372 REPORTS OF CASES.

stifle; thought was more flabby than same on other side and —
made prognosis of possible atrophy. Continued same treatment, ©
only ordered medicine given every six hours. Noticed promi- —
nence on hoof of this leg and inquired about it. Was informed |
that about two months previous he had been lame and in a few |
days hoof separated at top of wall and matter ran for a few days, ©
the foot at that time being poulticed, pared out and flushed, recoy- ©
ery followed in a few days. On examining ‘hoof increased ar-_
terial pulsation and fever were detected; removed shoe and made —
thorough examination; found evidences of foreign body pene- —
trating near white line. Probe was passed nearly to top of hoof;
an opening was made there and tract thoroughly flushed out. —
Tinct. Sodine injected and foot poulticed for a few days. The
tract was flushed daily for some time. :
After opening the foot, animal improved at once, and in a few
days was going sound as far as a rapidly atrophying muscles
would permit. This horse weighed 1,980 a short time before.
At present the thickness of tissues between stifle and external
angle of ilium does not exceed 1% inches. For fear of possible
permanent injury, animal was taken from stud for present sea-—
son.
Possibly I should have miscuvetae this foreign body carlton
but having a typical case of Azoturia I never suspected any-
thing of the kind and particularly to the hoof on the same leg in”
which the disease was intensified. Is it possible the condition in
hoof had anything to do with Azoturia localizing itself in the
region named. This case is peculiar on account of its complica-
tion and it emphasizes the fact that we, as veterinarians, should
take nothing for granted.
April 30th a young horse was led into hospital to be treated
for atrophy of posterior muscles of left side. I wasn’t there at)
time and owner reported to assistant that he was very mean and ©
hard to lead and that he had lain down twice on the road in
some six miles. shi,
I returned shortly and above conversation was repeated to | |
me. About this time the gelding urinated. I went into stall |
and discovered that urine had the characteristic appearance of |
azoturia. I then noticed the muscles were enlarged and very |
hard. Gave treatment and advised owner to leave him a few)
days, which he did, The animal improved to all appearances, ex- 1
cept that the muscles did not soften up any. As he seemed all
right otherwise I concluded to treat the atrophy by the injection

REPORTS OF CASES. 373

_of tincture sodine 1 into the atrophical muscles and, just to see.
what the result would be, injected some into the hardened mus-

cles. It failed to have an action towards softening then that |

could see.

TREATMENT OF FISTULOUS TRACTS.*
By B. F. Ricepercer, St. Charles, Ill.

' Mr. President and Members at the Association:
' I have been asked to read a paper at this meeting. At the
» time I received the invitation the thought came to me, could I
prepare one that would be of any practical use to our profes-
» sion? To refuse would be a blank or more than that, a stumbling
_ block in the association.
q I have chosen for my subject, fistulous withers, poll-evil and
quittor, being one and the same, except as to location. Treat-
' ment the same.. I have used the following for several years;
~ action emperical :
_ Spanish Flies, oz. 2.

Iodine Tinet., 0z. 3.
~ Mercurial Oint., oz. 4.

Turpentine, oz. 4.

Amber Oil, oz. 1.

Euphorbium Gum, oz. I.

Corrosive Sublimate, drachm 3.

Adeps, oz. 8.

M. Sig., inject one siecclicn | in sinuses at intervals of ten days.

Case No. 1, chestnut mare, February 3, 1902-April 1, 1902,
was sound with no after trouble. * * * One drachm in
sinuses will cause the pipe to come out in from twelve to sixteen
_hours, leaving a raw surface; no after treatment other than above.
I secured this treatment from a layman.

, Ihave used the above treatment on long standing cases with-
| out a single failure, bringing about a normal condition in a com-
met ely short time.

4 * Reported at meeting of Biinois State Veterinar Medical 3
July 13, 1900. b edica Association, Bloomington,

|
|
i. i

374 REPORTS OF CASES.

SCROTAL HERNIA.
By J. Fercus DonneELLY, V.S., St. Johns, Newfoundland.

While attending to a very bad case of impaction of the large -
colon in a bay gelding, owned by one of our farmers, my atten-
tion was called to a two-year-old colt which had been castrated ©
by another veterinary surgeon about six months previous. The
owner informed me that three months after the operation he no-
ticed a swelling which every week was getting larger, and he |
called in the veterinarian who had castrated the animal, but he
told him that it was nothing and would go away. Upon exam-—
ination of same J found it to be a scrotal hernia and advised oper-—
ating at once, which he agreed to do. I had the animal sent to
my infirmary and prepared for the operation.

At II a. m. the next day he was placed under chloroform
and upon opening the scrotum, I found three feet of the intes-
tines in it.’ They were contained in a peritoneal pouch, which I
broke through and then returned the intestines and placed a liga-
ture around the pouch close up to the external ring. After the
colt came out of the effects of the chloroform he was placed in a ~
good box stall and the scrotum was syringed out with a 5 per
cent. solution of Zotal twice a day for six days. On the seventh
day I returned the colt to the owner and gave him instructions to”
keep the wound clean. I visited him each day and at the end of»
the twelfth day he was put in a field looking in good condition
and everything healed. |

PROLAPSE OF THE ANUS.
By R. W. Gannett, D.V.M., Newark, N. Y.

An aged but well-nourished bay gelding was brought to me
suffering from a prolapse of the anus of ten days’ standing. The |
prolapsed portion appeared like a large round tumor, red, pain-— |
ful to the touch, and bleeding, from the centre of which, by | |
violent straining, the animal was able to pass a small amount
of feces in hard, dry balls coated with blood. au

I carefully emptied the rectum and administered one ounce
of aloes. The next day the tumor-like mass was ligated in three _
portions well forward upon the healthy rectal mucosa. It was |
necessary to empty the rectum daily till the ligated portion
sloughed and dropped off in four days. Healing of the rectum |
was rapid and without treatment. |

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

_A TRAGIC DEATH IN THE ARMY VETERINARY
CORPS.

J It is with profound sorrow that we chronicle the death of
_ Dr. I. M. Lawrence, Fifth U. S. Cavalry, who succumbed to
generalized tuberculosis in the U. S. General Hospital, at the
Presidio of San Francisco, on October 28, 1909.

The death of our young army friend is real tragic. Young,
_ bright, full of spirit and hope for his future in the army, he lost
_ one of his legs four years ago in the Philippines by surgical am-

' putation necessitated by a fall with his horse. As no provision

' existed for his retirement, he had to choose between the alterna-
_ tive to either resign or prove his further ability for the service.
_ The latter he did in undaunted spirit by procuring an artificial

- leg and riding his horse on marches for hundreds of miles dur-

_ ing the last two or three years in order to,“ demonstrate ad
_ oculos,” as he said, his physical capacity. His grit was admired
by all.
} By his ill luck he became “our case” in the prolonged at-
_ tempts to procure favorable legislation by Congress for the re-
_ tirement of disabled army veterinarians, giving us a firm basis
for our claims. Now he is lost to us.
- Almost too tragic to repeat were his last hours. Young as
he was and tenacious of life, he realized that he was rapidly
sinking. Under the stress of this condition he assigned his death
claim of the six additional months’ pay by the War Department
to his sister; asked his nurse to baptize him, and with the prayer,
“Jesus, have mercy on me!” he departed peacefully.
This. last account we have from our old army colleague, Dr.

,

- Corcoran, who writes: “I did all I could for the poor boy.”

_ Anyone who knows the big heart of this nestor of our service
will not doubt the truth of it, nor his ability to soothe the last
days of our unfortunate young friend.

The funeral of Dr. Lawrence was held under full military

honors at the National Cemetery at San Francisco.

375

376 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

The deaths of Drs. Hunter and Lawrence have removed —
from us our strongest footholds for claiming legislation for |
disability below the time specified in the official veterinary bills”
before Congress. Their cases were visible and evident. They
are our martyrs. Yet, let us not despair, but remembering their ~
offered lives, let us bravely fight on for justice that must finally
come to the survivors of a good cause. :

OLAF SCHWARZKOPF.

ARMY VETERINARY NOTES.

Dr. Coleman Nockolds, veterinarian, First Cavalry, has an
article in the Journal of the U. S. Cavalry Association for No-
vember, 1909, on the “ British Veterinary Service Compared
with Our Own.” It is a recital in brief of the organization and
duties of the British army veterinary service, interspersed with
some pertinent remarks and comparisons with our own service
which are bound to keep before the minds of our army officers
the subject dear to us.

Tue U. S. Department of Agriculture are quarantining sheep
in Colorado for lip and leg ulceration. It is claimed by the State |
Veterinarian and stockmen that the condition for which their
sheep are being quarantined is a non-infectious condition and
has been in existence in the State of Colorado for many years,
and that it responds readily to treatment.

Dr. Geo. H. Grover, of the Veterinary Department of the
Colorado Agricultural College, talked on the subject of the use
of the score card system and the practical side of tuberculin test-
ing of dairy cattle at a mass meeting under the auspices of the ~
County Medical Society at Pueblo, Colo., on Oct. 23. This 7
meeting was called in the interest of pure milk supply. 4

Just as our forms are closed for the December issue, we are |
in receipt of clippings from The Ottawa Evening J owrnal of No- |
vember 10, 1909, and from The Ottawa Free Press, of the same
date, from which we learn that Past President Rutherford, of 2
the A. V. M. A., has been elected President of the Civil Service a
Association of Ottawa, to succeed Mr, J. A. Doyon, retired, Lae ie}
of space precludes details. * ae

CORRESPONDENCE,

WasuHincron, D. C., November 14, 1909.
_ To the Editors of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:

Dear Strs—We have just been informed of the sad death
of Dr. I. M. Lawrence, 5th U. S. Cavalry, at the Presidio of
_ San Francisco, Cal. Dr. Lawrence was one of the most bril-

_ liant and lovable men in the profession. Everywhere popular,
- especially in his regiment.

q After a very short service, he suffered the loss of a leg from

"an injury contracted in the line of duty, but gallantly did he
"ride, with this infirmity, for thousands of miles with that most
_ excellent regiment of cavalry.
4 Two years ago Dr, Lawrence secured a long leave of ab-
sence and took a post-graduate course in pathology and bac-
teriology at the Veterinary Department of. the University of
Pennsylvania.

Just before joining his regiment, he underwent a serious op-
- eration at the Army General Hospital in this city for tubercu-
losis of the hand. This lesion apparently healed, but soon after
taking station in Hawaii general symptoms became manifest
- and he was ordered to the Army Tuberculosis Sanitarium at

' Fort Bayard, N. M., but died en route. With less than ten

_ years’ service in the army, the bill prepared by the War De-
_ partment would have thrown out of the service, with three
months’ pay, this gallant young man who could not pass the
army physical examination required by this bill on account of
the loss of a leg and later the development of tuberculosis con-
tracted in the Philippines. It was this sad case which called for
opposition to the Army Veterinary Bill by your legislative com-
mittee. But he has now been mustered out and gone to join
that grand army of the righteous and blessed.

_ Inasmuch as there is now no reason to oppose this bill, steps
have already been taken by the legislative committee to further
the interests of army veterinary legislation during the next ses-
‘sion of Congress which convenes in December. A general call

877

378 CORRESPONDENCE.

to the profession will probably be made next month, and we
trust there will be a renewed interest taken in this matter by
the profession.

The bill now before Congress is the only bill prepared by —
and endorsed by the War Department. It does not give actual -
rank, but provides for increased pay and relative rank of first |
lieutenant, mounted, for over ten years’ service; and, what is —
far more important, the retirement of veterinarians for age and ©
injuries contracted in the line of duty. P

There are veterinarians now in active service who have been |
in the army since the Civil War, and it is but scant justice to ©
give these old veterans a few years of peace and contentment
before their final muster. Your committee sincerely hopes that —
no member of the profession in or out of the army will see fit -
to oppose this bill and deny these old brethren their just dues.

Very respectfully,

J. P. TuRNER,
Chairman, Legislative Committee, A. V. M. A.

Tue Prestpio oF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.,

October 23, 1909.

To the Editors of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:

GENTLEMEN—Otr best, bravest and most brilliant boy was
to-day placed beneath the sod in a most beautiful spot of our
National Cemetery here, with all the pomp and honors of war, —
every branch of the service being represented. No funeral ever |
exceeded it in this great military station. 7

My boy, I. M. Lawrence (for he always called me father, .|

and I loved him as a son), returned recently from the head-—
quarters of his regiment, the Fifth U. S. Cavalry, Hawaiian
Islands, suffering from generalized tuberculosis. He reported

to the U. S. General Hospital here for observation and treat-

ment, but too late, as all organs were fatally involved, especially |

the kidneys. Both of them were almost obliterated, and he suf-

fered acutely but with manly, and afterwards Christian, forti- |
tude. I spent much of my time with him, and when I found |

CORRESPONDENCE. 379

all hope was gone I said to him, “ My boy, don’t you know all
the chances are against you?” He nodded his assent. I| then
said, ‘My boy, you told me you had a sister that you love
dearly ; and now that the inevitable is liable to happen soon, had
you not better assign everything that is due or to become due
to you from the War Department?” (six months’ pay after
death). He answered, “I was thinking of that,” and made the
assignment next day.

As he continued to sink, and as he had never been baptized,
his saintly nurse baptized him in the absence of a clergyman,
who soon afterwards visited him.

That night he sank rapidly; and the next morning, as he
was about to pass away, this same good nurse and old friend of
his asked him to pray with her, to which he assented. She
then prayed, “ Jesus, have mercy on me,”’ which he repeated very
distinctly. She then repeated the prayer, when he said, “I said
that before.” She asked him to repeat it again, which he did
distinctly and reverently, and in a moment after was with his
Saviour.

The services at the chapel and cemetery were most im-
pressive; and it is my intention, with the assistance of his regi-
ment, and, I hope, college mates, to place a monument over his
resting-place that will be a credit to the profession of which he
was a brilliant star.

You know or heard of his earliest suffering, when he lost
his leg, and was saturated with every tropical disease, yet all
of which he bore bravely, returning to duty with his regiment,
_ the members of which dearly loved him.

RIcHARD B. CorcorRAN.

Fort LEAVENWorRTH, KAN., November 13, 1909.

To the Editors of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:

DEAR Sirs—The time is approaching when the bill for the
reorganization of the army veterinary service will be again in-
troduced.

_ There is now no reason to “kill” this bill, as those in the
service who were disabled, and in whose interests objections to

380 CORRESPONDENCE.

the passage of the Warren bill were made, have died within the —
year. Peace to their ashes and honor to their memory !

A word of warning to the veterinary profession, in reference —
to the bill about to be introduced this winter, from one who —
knows whereof he speaks, may be of value at this time. If any —

bill introduced that has the sanction of the War Department is |

obstructed in any way by members of the profession in or out ©
of the army, the veterinarians of the army may, with benefit to —

themselves, hold their peace until such time as there is another |

war with its consequent increase or reorganization of the mili- —
tary service. a

Verbum sapientis.
Yours sincerely,

GERARD E. GRIFFIN,
Veterinarian, Third Field Artillery.

A Correction.—In our chronicles for November on page
148, where the second line reads ‘“ and only 11 had answered to ~
their request,” should read I1o. a

To Cross Ocean To Cure Toy Doc.—Regent, prize-winner —
and pet of Mr. and Mrs. Harold T. Creighton of Deal, is going 4)
blind despite big fees paid to New York oculists. ‘The toy |
French bulldog is accordingly to be taken to Paris January 1 by —
his owners to submit to noted oculists of France. He cost $5,000: |
as a pup.—(New York World.)

“ Weppinc Horses.”’—An old-fashioned man who wanted —
to hire a team for the afternoon saw a nice pair of bays which
he thought he would like to drive. y

“ Can’t let you have them,” said the liveryman. “ They are -
wedding horses.” _

“ What’s that? ”’ asked the innocent pleasure-seeker. E.

“ Horses that won’t shy at old shoes and showers of rice. —
Some horses seem prejudiced against matrimony. Anyhow they —
lose their temper if they happen to be hit by any of the good

luck emblems that are fired after a bridal couple, and run away |

if they get half a chance. Every livery stable, however, keeps —

two or more horses who take a more cheerful view of the wedded
state. They may be literally pelted with old shoes without re-

senting it. Those bays are that kind. They are slated to head

a wedding procession to-night and are resting up for the job. ae ae

(New York Sun.)

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW,

By Prof. A. Lraurarp, M.D., V.M.

Lt CARCINOMA OF THE MAXILLARY SINUS OF THE Horse [J.
' Craig, Dublin|.—After a few weeks of illness, this aged black

’ pony gelding presented the following symptoms: Left side of
_ the face below the orbit much enlarged, and the bones surround-

ing softened. A small ulcer appeared over the upper portion of
_ this swelling and was accompanied with discharge from the left
_ nostril, greyish, glaring, stinking and adherent to the nostrils.
_ The lymphatics of the left side are enlarged, not painful or hot.
_ Examination of the mouth shows the left palate and superior
_ maxilla softened, the four left upper molars are loose and re-
_ moved easily. The finger inserted in the alveoli was met with a
_ soft mass, obstructing the maxillary sinuses. Cut sections of the
_ tissue were examined and found to be typical carcinoma. No
_ treatment was attempted. The animal died after a few days.
_ The growth was found invading the left maxillary and frontal
_ sinuses and also the turbinated bone of that side. It extended
- into the nasal cavity. Grafting of portions of the original tumor

| on various parts of the body of the animal have given uncertain

results.— (Veter. News.)

Cask oF RABiEs IN A Puppy [F. E. Place|.—A strange dog
had worried and bitten a two months’ old puppy. About a month
later he began to act strangely, rushed and snapped at his master,
biting him on the bare foot. He was shut up, was willing to feed,
but seemed unable to. He had distended pupils, partial blind-
ness, partial paralysis of the jaw and hind quarters. He made
repeated rushes at objects placed in his way. He was shot, and
at post mortem the brain was found slightly anemic, but con-
gested in some spots. The pharynx, larynx and bronchia were
congested, stomach empty, except for half an ounce of detritus

381

382 - ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

of matting and charcoal. Kidneys and spleen congested. The
case being considered as one of rabies, the owner submitted him-
self to Pasteur treatment.—-(Veter. Record.)

MELANO-SARCOMA IN A Mare [A. Peters, M. R. C.V. S.].
—Eleven or twelve-year-old gray mare, having always appeared
in good health began to trot stiff behind first, and then seemed

stiff also in the back and neck, principally when backed out of |
her stall. As she was ridden under the saddle, her condition —
was supposed to be due to the weight of her rider. She was then ~
driven and after a while she grew worse. Led out to grass, she ~

has difficulty to feed from the ground and doing so she keeps

her forelegs apart. After two weeks she was unable to put her —
nose down to the ground and she began to stagger, like a horse ~
with spinal meningitis. Put in slings, she grew worse, losing —
power in her hind legs and then she was destroyed. She had been —
malleined- without any positive results. At the autopsy, lesions ~
of melano-sarcoma were found. In the spleen eleven tumors of —
various sizes. In the liver three, each about the size of an apple. —
In each lung one as big as a cricket ball. Several of the dorsal ©
and lumbar vertebrae showed melanotic deposits. The sixth rib —
also. The heads of the three last ribs were fractured; there were —
also pigmentary deposits in the mamme. Externally the mare |
had no indications of melanosis except three small nodules under |

the tail—(Veter. Journal.)

MELANOSIS OF THE PERITONEUM IN A BuLtock [Prof. G. —
H. Wooldridge, F. R. C. V. S.|.—Illustrated record of melanotic —
lesions found in a chestnut bullock; an abattoir case, whose his- —
tory was unknown. ‘The peritoneum only was affected and a

thorough examination of the carcass revealed no other lesions.

Those that existed were on the omentum and spleen, On the ~
omentum they showed a very handsome arborescent appearance, ~
where the melanotic pigment was deposited immediately beneath —
the peritoneum. ‘The peritoneal covering of the spleen was also |) |
studded with melanotic patches. The melanotic deposits existed ||

also in the splenic substance.——(Jbidem. )

Unusuat Case or Cystic Catcutus in a Doo [By the ©
same |.—Post-mortem examination of a dog chloroformed on ac- |_|
count of his incurable and morbid condition. At the autopsy a | |
prominence was found at the fundus of the bladder, due to the
formation of a pouch in which a calculus had been deposited.

ma Fea eae

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 383

_ The bladder which was distended to extreme, contained a spher-
ical calculus wedged into the neck of the organ and occluding it.
_ The calculus fitted the pouch of the fundus exactly. The walls of
_ the pouch were simply formed by the peritoneum and the mu-
- cous membrane. The muscular coat had evidently been ruptured.
_ The entire mucous coat was inflamed.—(Veter. Journ.)

7 INTERESTING CASE OF TUBERCULOSIS IN A Horse [A. H.
Towne, M. R.C.V.S., and Prof. F. Hobday, F. R. C. V. S.\.—
A ten-year-old horse gets lame. ‘To be fired, he is cast. He does
_ not improve of his lameness. Then he refuses feeding and loses
_ flesh. Turned out, he improves in his feeding, but becomes more

' and more emaciated. Then he presents peculiar symptoms, has
_ disinclination te bend his neck, when he turns round he moves the

" whole body in one mass. Then he has great difficulty in picking
' up his food from the ground, the neck is stiff and painful. Cer-

' vical muscles are much wasted and a certain amount of pain is
_ observed when pressure is applied over the vertebrae. Tubercu-
_ lin test gives a distinct positive reaction. The horse is killed.

_ Characteristic ostitis and periostitis are detected on every one
_ of the cervical vertebra. There were tuberculous lesions in the
_ spleen. All the other organs were healthy.—(Jbidem. )

FRrActuRED Os Penis | Lieut. E. Hearne, A. V. C.].—An old
_ horse ridden at a fast gallop fell heavily on the point of the off
_ shoulder. He exhibits all the symptoms of radial paralysis, and
- examination carefully made of the whole leg and foot failed to
- indicate any other traumatic cause explaining the condition.
_ After remaining six weeks in slings, the horse was walked out.
He shows great difficulty in bringing the leg forward and places
the foot on the ground in a careless manner, repeatedly stumbling
on uneven ground. There was slight rotary motion of the limb.
The olecranon muscles are much atrophied. Gradually increased
exercise carried out for some time gave some improvement to
the muscles, but the lameness remains the same. The horse was
turned out for four weeks more with no change in his condition.
The lower end of the limb is X-rayed and a fracture of the os
pedis can be made out in the negative. The animal is destroyed.
The fracture extended through the articular surface from a little
on one side of the median eminence of the superior face of the
ey and involved the entire thickness of the os pedis.—( Veter.
News.)

384 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

RETENTION OF A Fa@tus IN THE Bitcu [Herbert A. Luke, q
M.R.C. V. S.|.—A retriever bitch gave birth to a litter of nine q
healthy pups. After that she suffered with continuous discharge, —
thick, odorless, and occasionally streaked with blood. With that —
exception she appeared in perfect health. Treated for five months |
with astringent and various injections, she had no improvement. —
Finally the owner consented to have the operation of hysterect- 7
omy performed upon her. The author did it. ‘The uterus being 7
removed at the cervix, after ligaturing the stump and the blood 7
vessels which were quite large. The left horn was found con- aq
taining the remains of a foetus about the size of a normal re- —
triever puppy, which had no offensive odor. Two of the ribs —
had left the horn and had traveled as far as the body of the —

uterus. The recovery of the bitch was uneventful—(Veter. —
News.) 4

age ei.

Rapies IN Puppies [F. E. P.].—The following show the —
value of the suggestions of Remlinger relating to the danger of —
rabies by young dogs. It is a fox terrier six weeks old. He de- ©
veloped all the symptoms and bit two persons. He is killed. In- ~
oculation and the presence of Negri bodies confirm the diagnosis —
of rabies made of his case. In a second case it is a two months’ ||
fox terrier again which bites three persons, and in which Negri 7)
bodies were also found at the examination of his brain. A third ~
case is from a three months’ dog which a month before had two 7
litter brothers and a sister dead by paralysis and whose mother —
had run away and was lost sight of; he also had rabies.—( Veter.
Record.)

Monstrosity 1N A Foar [J. Donaldson Pottie, M. R. C. V.—
S.].—Colt, foal of first-class breeding, with no history of mon- 7
strosity in ancestors, is born a month ahead of its time. He is —
lean and apparently suffering from ascitis and double inguinal
hernia. He dies the following day. The near fore-foot was —
cloven like that of a calf. The os-pedis and corone were double, ©
with double articulations up to a single and large os-suffraginis. |
The extensor-pedis tendon was bifurcated. The foal could seatk ] a:
perfectly well on his cloven foot. The autopsy showed the liver
and kidneys much enlarged and the abdomen containing straw- —
colored fluid. The inguinal rings were wide and open and left —
large portions of intestines pass through into the scrotal sacs.—= ~
(Veter News.)

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 385

— —_——— ee —_—s

b SUPPURATIVE OMARTHRITIS IN THE Horse |N. H. Mellon,

M. R. C. V. S.|.—An aged bay mare gets a kick on the off
shoulder. A few days later she is very lame. The shoulder is
much enlarged and shows a small opening in font of the point,
_ from which thick yellow pus is discharged. There is great pain
and high fever. Temperature is up to 105.2° and the puise to
84. The wound of the shoulder is freely opened for better ex-
amination and several sinuses were exposed running in various
directions and penetrating into the joint. The prognosis was
_ very doubtful, but the owner desired the treatment. This con-
_ sisted in free incisions of all the sinuses, making them empty into
_ one channel, drainage tube was applied and prolonged and fre-
_ quent cold water irrigations resorted to. The mare in slings; this
' treatment was kept up for 18 days, when improvement began to
|. be manifested. With the exception of a slight relapse of short
duration, the mare gradually improved and after less than a
month had sufficiently recovered to be able to do slow work.—
(Veter. News.)

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liaurarp, M.D., V.M.

SME I ST LE! ONE eee

LUXATION OF THE SHOULDER Joint [ Prof. Dr. Fontaine.|—
_ These injuries are accompanied with such alarming symptoms
a that their treatment is seldom undertaken. However, a few cases
are recorded where recovery has been so rapid that attempts at
treatment seem to be imposed. The author records another case.
While galloping, an eleven-year-old thoroughbred is brought be-
fore an obstacle, misses the jump, and falls. Raised a few min-
utes later, he cannot walk; the right foreleg is disabled. There
is functional impotency, total abduction of the leg from the point
of the shoulder down. Above this, and on the inferior portion
of the scapula, there is a marked depression. The humerus is
dislocated upwards on the scapula. There is great pain; the
horse moves on three legs. Reduction was attempted at once.
The horse was cast on the left side. Counter extension and ex-
tension being properly applied, the leg was pulled first in the di-
rection of its own axis, then in forced abduction, while the hands

386 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

applied, on the dislocated humerus, pushed downwards and in-
wards the head of the bone. A snapping noise told of the reduc-
tion having taken place. Extension and counter-extension were
kept up for an hour; .50 c. c. of saturated solution of common
salt were injected subcutaneously around the joint, and the horse
secured short in his stall for forty-eight hours. Six days after
he was able to return to work. .

The author relates also of another case where reduction was
not attempted. The horse was only placed in slings; he did not
improve. After twenty days he had a fall, got a diaphragmatic —
hernia and died. The lesions of the shoulder were found then |
to be insignificant and attempts to reduction might have been
followed with good results. For the author, general anesthesia —
ought not to be resorted to unless the reduction is impossible ~
without it—(Rev. Gen. de Medec. Veterin.) |

Traumatic Hematoma [Mr. Hugmer.|—A horse was pre- ©
sented to the writer with a hematoma of traumatic origin. It —
was not very large and was situated at the antero-internal face —
of the thigh, about its middle third, and considerably away from |
the superficial and deep blood vessels. The horse was secured
in a Winsot’s stock and the cyst opened with a free incision, giv- —
ing escape to sero-bloody liquid similar to that seen in ordinary —
hematomas. Suddenly an abundant venous and arterial hemor- —
rhage started. The animal got very nervous and made many ~
attempts to free himself. To find and secure the blood vessels |
from which the hemorrhage came were useless. The applica-
tion of hemostatic forceps here and there, of ligatures on the
supposed tracts of the vessels, succeeded nothing, and it became —
necessary to proceed to a regular compressive packing of the |
cystic pouch with wadding and perchloride of iron. It was only |—
after one hour that the hemorrhage was stopped. The loss of |
blood had been very great and it was feared at one moment that —
the animal would succumb to it. He, however, recovered.
Probably the ramifications of the blood vessels had been injured
and ruptured by the traumatism, and when the cyst was open
the hemorrhage was able to start anew, the pressure upon the
injured vessels having been removed.—( Bullet, de la Soc, Cent.
de M. Vete.)

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION BY ForEIGN Bopres 1n Does [Mr
Bernard |.—While it is true that dogs may live for some time

7]
7

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 38ST

- with foreign bodies in their intestines, it seems important not to
‘wait too long for their removal. The author records the fol-
lowing cases in support of this remark:
__ A black poodle presents all the symptoms of intestinal ca-
_ tarrh. This condition exists since some time, probably several
_ months. The history is, that two years before the dog had swal-
_ lowed a five-franc piece (say, a dollar silver coin). Laparotomy
‘was proposed. The owner declined it as the dog did not seem
very sick. Three months later he had another severe attack of
Dowel trouble. The owner asked for the operation. It was too
) late; the dog died during the night. At the post-mortem there”
) was found gangrene of the small intestines in one spot where the
_ silver coin was arrested.
Another poodle manifested all the symptoms of intestinal
. catarrh also, Palpation of the abdomen revealed the presence
of a hard, irregular, foreign body as big as a nut. Six months
after the svmptoms were so alarming that the owner demanded
) an operation. Again it was too late. The dog died in three
' hours. Post-mortem revealed the presence of a stone which, ac-
cording to the owner, the dog had swallowed two years before
+ while playing.—(Rev. de Pathol. Comparée.)

Enzooty oF AVIAN TUBERCULOSIS WITH PossIBLE HUMAN
Ortcin [Mr. Darmagnac, Army Veterinarian|.—A tuberculous
man was selling chickens to another party, who placed them
- among others, healthy until then. After a few months some of
_ the new hens died; the cause of death was not looked for. Then
a splendid turkey being killed it was found to have tubercles in
the liver, the kidneys and the intestines. Then other hens died;
| they also had iuberculosis. Other fowls followed in the same
| way, and, notwithstanding radical measures being taken, the con-
dition did not improve. Guinea pigs were inoculated with lesions
from the hens. Only one died after 58 days. The interest of
this record is only that it adds one more observation to those
which try to prove the reality of the transmission of human tu-
) berculosis to fowls. As it is probable that in this case the birds
| sold by the tuberculous man were contaminated by him.—(Rec.
de Medec. Veter.)

PERICARDITIS BY FOREIGN Bopy—PUNCTURE OF THE PERI-
carpium [Mr. A. Louis, Sanitary Veterinarian].—A fine cow
| presented all the ee: of pericarditis by foreign body. The

_ 888 . ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

owner feels very sorry, as he intended to sell her to the butcher,
and since several days she eats nothing and is losing flesh rapidly.
The case is very serious and perhaps immediate slaughter would
be the best thing to do. However, to give some temporary re-
lief, which might help her to recuperate to a certain extent, punc- .
ture of the pericardium is suggested. Between eight or nine
quarts of very offensive yellowish fluid purulent are extracted. ~
Iodoform dressing is applied externally. The next day there
is great improvement in the condition of the animal; she eats ~
_better. The dressing is removed and changed every day. The
nature of the discharge is improved also. The cow eats better
and better. She regains some of her fat, and after two weeks |
from the day of the operation she is sold well. The author thinks ©

that the operation is indicated as a temporary relief to permit —
animals to be brought into condition for advantageous sale.-—
(I[bidem. )

RUPTURE OF THE INTERNAL LIGAMENT OF THE FETLOCK—
RapicaL Recovery [Mr. D. Bonmgal|].—A heavy draught |
horse, while in harness, falls on the right side, and, after getting —
up with much difficulty, he is walked home, showing, says the
owner, as if he was hurt on the left hind leg. He is made to 7 |
walk straight forward, to turn to the right, and with only a ||
slight hesitation for standing on the right fore leg, there seems 7 |
to be nothing to explain the difficulty in walking observed im-
mediately after the fall. He is made to walk once more, but
this time he is made to turn to the left. He then manifests great
pain, cannot get on his right leg for a few seconds, and then he
does it and resumes his walk forward without difficulty. There |
is a small fluctuating swelling on the inner face of the right fet-
lock and a blister is applied, when at that moment the writer”
raises the foot of the animal and notices that the joint can be™
dislocated outwards and that the pasterns can be brought away
from the normal line and form an angle of about 40 degrees.
The trouble was a complete laceration of the internal ligament | |
of the joint and of the articular corresponding bursa. The blis- |" |
ter was immediately washed off and a bandage made with two _
splints and roller applied. The recovery was perfect in six weeks,
(Prog. Veter.) 4

Extra-UTERINE GESTATION IN A Cat [Mr. R. Verdin, Jr).
—A cat had kittens away from home. When she comes back

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 389

she is much depressed, weak, tympanitic, and refuses all food.
She seems to be in great pain; her abdomen is much distended,
and on exploration a round body as big as an apple is felt in it.
Constipation is suspected and purgatives given without results.
Fluid is then detected in the abdomen. The animal dies.
Avutopsy—Purulent liquid escapes as the abdomen is opened.
Peritonitis is well-marked. There is a tumor attached to the
great curvature of the stomach. This is opened and a foetus
developed and at term is found. Back of this there is another
smaller, adherent to the omentum, also containing a feetus not
fully developed and undergoing calcification. Had the diagnosis
_ been made, laparotomy would have been the only indication for
treatment.—( Prog. Veter.)

SARCOMA OF THE PILORUS—PERITONEAL AND PLEURAL DyTH-
' Riprosis In A Cat [ Prof. Cadeac].—Five-year-old cat, affected
with ascitis, is very thin and anemic. So treatment is advisable
and the animal is chloroformed. At post-mortem the abdominal
_ cavity is found containing large numbers of flat worms swim-
_ ming in a small quantity of citrine yellow fluid. There were
larve of Mesocestoides lineatus or dithyridium, a tenia para-
site of does. The peritoneum was slightly inflamed. In the
_ pleura there were a large quantity of worms. The parietal pleura
_ offers nothing peculiar; but the surface of the lungs is covered
' with tubercles in various stages of development. Numerous
parasites were also observed. The microscopic examination of
| some of the tubercles revealed the lesions of broncho-pneumonia.
_ The piloric region was the seat of a spheroidal irregular tumor
as big as a small orange. It is hard, of whitish color, and pro-
| jecting into the piloric canal. There was also another smaller
growth hanging on the great curvature of the duodenum. Both
were fibro-sarcomas in nature.—(Journ. de Zootechnie.)

|
|
|

HUNGARIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Lraurarp, M.D., V.M.

iH FcaL STAsIs IN THE LARGE CoLon oF A Horse WITH
_ DISPLACEMENT AND No StRaANGULATION [Pro.f Marek, Buda-
a .—In a horse presenting all the symptoms of fecal stasis,

l

Past ee
ecrenreeers

390° ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

rectal examination revealed the following condition. The caecum
distended by gases, lying immediately on the superior wall of
the abdomen transversely to the left and then bending down-
wards towards the middle surface of the spleen. Under the base
of the caecum is felt a sacciform portion of the colon filled with
soft matter; the colon is passing obliquely to the left and down-
wards, and immediately in front forms the transverse portion;
it turns after forward, passes under the sacciform dilatation and
arrives at the inferior abdominal wall, in the right iliac fossa
upon the curvature of the pelvis. The left inferior portion is

thus alongside the superior part. The superior and left portion,
the only one that can be reached, is much dilated with gases;
and a puncture per rectum had to be performed. Death took
place after twenty-four hours by rupture of the intestines. At —
the autopsy the intestine was found in the condition described
and the sacciform dilatation was lacerated. Signs of stasis were
missing. The cause of failure in the treatment was the bend —
of the first portion of the small colon resulting from the displace-
ment of the dilated portion of the aah uke i and
R. G. M. V.) 7

Two CASES OF STRANGULATION OF THE Shean INTESTINE —

By PEDUNCULATED Lipoma [Same Author].—A horse, affected —
with colic, lays down and rolls. By rectal examination an in- —

testinal loop is felt strongly stretched for a length of about 40 ©
centimeters. It is attached by a fold and painful cord which —
forms a very tight ring. This ring is formed by the peduncle
of a tumor as big as an apple. After thirteen hours of pain the —
pulse rises to 48 and 56, the temperature is 38.6° C. Laparotomy
is performed two hours later. On opening the abdomen a dirty —
red liquid escapes. It has a fetid odor and the intestines are gan-
grenous. The tumor removed and examined is a lipoma whose ~
peduncle has acted as a ligature. The horse died eight hours ©
after with complete necrosis and giving away of the strangulated ~
portion. With the other horse similar conditions were observed. —
At the rectal examination the tumor was torn away per rectum,

but the horse died ten hours later, after having remained per- j ; |

fectly quiet. Autopsy showed strangulation of the small intes-

tine, 30 centimeters long, due to a pedunculated lipoma.— ~ e

( Ibidem. )

TuBEercuLous ENTERITIS IN A Horse Pail ‘sully a Ay
Since five weeks a horse has lost his appetite and has great diar- . |

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 391:

rhea. He loses flesh gradually and strength rapidly. His feces
are liquid, yellow and very offensive. Temperature varies be-
_ tween 40.8° and 39.3°. The pulse is 76. At the post-mortem
there were found numerous tuberculous ulcers in the large and:
on the origin of the small colon, the mesenteric glands were swol-
len as big as a pigeon’s egg and contained masses of tuberculous
bacilli.—(/bidem. )

HEMORRHAGE OF THE BLADDER IN A Doc [Same Author |.—
A dog is sick since two months; he has lost flesh, and his urine
is colored with blood, yet it does not contain any red corpuscles
that can be detected. Palpation of the abdomen indicates a
_ marked dilatation of the bladded which feels hard. Repeated
washings of.the bladder, after removal of the urine and sub-
cutaneous injections of ergotine, remain negative, and the dog
dies after a complete retention of urine which lasted two days.
_ The post-mortem revealed chronic hemorrhagic cystitis and the
presence of a clot of blood as big as a child’s head, part of which
was engaged in the initial portion of the urethra.—(J/bidem.)

A CASE OF PARALYSIS OF THE TAIL AND SPHINCTERS (Neu-
ritis caude equine) [Prof. Marek of Budapest|.—Observed in
a horse after a traumatism inflicted some three or four weeks
previous. These accidents presented symptoms heretofore not
_ described, namely, that, besides the ordinary manifestations, trou-
bles of defecation and micturition, there were observed also a
lumbar paresia which after a few days ended in complete paralysis.
_At the autopsy there was found an hematoma ‘in the neighbor-
hood of the ischial arches. The internal face of the dura-mater,
from the fifth pair of lumbar vertebre back, was lined with
small, warty granulations, and the corresponding spinal cord
; had a diffused red coloration, more marked on a level with the
a fifth and sixth lumbar pairs. The first and second pairs were
thickened. The histological examination revealed chronic inter-
B stitial inflammation of the cord and also of the two last lumbar
| Boairs The cause of this was probably the traumatism received
vat the base of the tail and giving rise to the hematoma.—
© (bidem. )

| Non-Sypnititic ULcers in Domestic ANIMALS | Same
Author and Kovacs. ]—During copulation a wound of the penis
occurs in a bull, which is about one centimeter wide, and soon

392 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

assumes the aspect of an ulcer. Upon the dorsal face of the
penis there is a loss of substance with red, ragged edges. The
surface of the wound is covered with yellow-green pus and
around it the penis is swollen and hangs out of the sheath. The
region is painful and the inguinal glands swollen. With proper
treatment everything subsides. .

In a dog a painful swelling of the sheath is observed. There
is a purulent discharge. Three ulcerations are detected with
red, irregular and ragged edges, and soiled with necrotic tis-
sues. Similar ulcerations are found round the lips, eye, internal
face of the thighs, and the scrotum. Another dog has similar
ulcers on the ears, which seem to originate from contagion from
the first dog. Although the identity of these accidents has not
been demonstrated, the author considers them as analogous to
the soft chancre of man.—(Jbidem.)

GERMAN REVIEW.

By Joun P. O’LEAsy, V. M. D., Buffalo, N. Y.

A Non-IrritAtTING DeprtLtatory APPLICABLE IN VETERI- |
NARY SuRGERY [Von Simonirs and Neauw].—In order that sur-—
gical operations may be performed aseptically, the hair should —
first be shaved off the part; yet this procedure is not without
its disadvantages. After shaving, the capillaries of the skin di- 77
late; as a consequence when an incision is made at that par- —
ticular point a copious flow of blood follows, and an erythema ap- —
pears quite frequently at the seat of operation after shaving,
which retards a rapid and complete cicatrization. The authors
instead of using a razor, apply the well-known depilatory discoy- |
ered by Dr. Belonet, which does not irritate the skin and which | —
has a salutary effect. Its composition is as follows: Natrium _
mono-sulphuratum, ealcuria usta, amylum Britici, add equal parts |
aqua Q. S. The first two ingredients must be kept in her- 7 |
metically sealed bottles. When the mixture is to be compounded, ——
the sodium mono-sulphuratum must be mixed with the corn 7
starch forming a homogeneous powder, then the calcined lime
added and the whole triturated with water until a semi-fluid mass —

y
e
bot

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 393

is formed. The depilatory should only be prepared as occasion
requires. A sufficient quantity to be spread with a spatula from
3-5 mm. in thickness upon the previously clipped part and al-
lowed to remain on a quarter of an hour. The application should
then be well washed off when the skin will appear completely
denuded of hair, not in the least erythemic, and completely
aseptic, so that the field of operation is ready for the surgeon.
The hair follicles remain uninjured, the hairs grow again and re-
tain their natural color. This depilatory is very valuable when
surgical operations are to be performed on small animals where
the razor could not be used. It has also been demonstrated that
the paste is of value even as an anti-septic on injured parts, and
from which the hairs cannot well be shaven off. It may also be
applied to such parts, for instance, when thoracentesis is about
to be performed and in fact any part of the body where it is

i _ necessity to remove the hair—(Berliner Tier Wochenschrift.)

IopINE AS A DISINFECTANT IN Operations [V. G. Sutton,

_ Kensington|.—Sutton believes the attention of active city prac-
_ titioners should be directed to a procedure highly recommended
- in a British journal, which in simplicity and effectiveness is not

excelled by any other method. Since 1906 Sutton performed
paracentesis upon 20 dogs without secondary infection and at-
tributes these successful results not to the sterilization of the

canula nor to the disinfecting and removal of the hair at the seat
__ of operation, but rather to the thorough application of tincture of
_ iodine, for at least four days in succession to that particular part

of the thoracic wall (an absorption remedy). Through the

' article in the British Medical Journal, he became convinced that

the tincture of iodine had an anti-septic action, and he now ap-
plies it regularly and methodically. In more than twenty cases
of neurectomy he saturated thoroughly the field of operation
and its vieinity with tinct. of iodine. In the course of the oper-
ation the technical precautionary measures were, of course, ob-
served, such as disinfecting the wound with carbolic acid, steriliz-
ing the instruments and so forth. However, the unusual rapidity

with which the wound healed, in his opinion was due to the ac-

tion of the iodine. In castration of old stallions where the skin
of the scrotum is treated with tinct. of iodine undiluted before
the operations, the result is amazing. There is little irritation fol-

| lowing its use, scarcely any suppuration and rapid healing of the
| wound. Equally favorable results are obtained in the castration

394 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

of dogs and in the removal of small tumors by operation. The
best results were obtained in the castration and other surgical
operations on cats.— Tincture of iodine diluted 1 to 4 prevents
suppuration and proves superior to every other method of disin-
fection and antisepsis. In wounds of the eyelids in horses, the
nose, the lips, and small lacerated wounds, it is unexcelled. Sut-
ton explains its action thus, that the tincture of iodine in contra-
distinction to other disinfectants thoroughly impregnates the skin
with a highly valuable antiseptic; even saturates, and so guar-
antees its permanent action.—(Deutsche Tier Wochenschrift.)

THe TREATMENT OF SERO-SANGUINEOUS ACCUMULATIONS
By MEANS OF INJECTIONS OF PuRE TINCT. oF IopINE [Cadix
and Pireau|.—The authors employed in the treatment of wind
galls, cysts and sero-sanguineous accumulations, injections of
pure tincture of iodine. After a thorough disinfection of the
most prominent part of the cyst, they puncture at that point and —
allow about one-third of the contents to escape and inject. ac-
cording to the size of the pocket one-quarter gramme of tinct.
iodine, massaging the whole tumor in order that the iodine might
be thoroughly mixed with its contents and reach the walls of the —
cyst. If the surrounding tissues are odematous, they apply for. ©
some days previous to the operation an astringent. poultice of —
clay or carbonate of lime or sulphate of iron and vinegar. After 1
the injection the volume of the cyst increases rapidly and for 6- 8 4
days remains stationary; after which absorption of the fluid be- —
gins which is accomplished after fourteen days. During the treat-
ment the horse can be worked.—( Berliner Tier Wochenschrift.). —

Fisro_ysin THERAPY: First, FactAL PARALYsis THROUGH ©
tHE ACTION OF SCAR TISSUE; SECOND, SCLEROSIS OF THE ANTI- —
BRACHIUM [Dr. O. Vogel, Kreuznach|.—First—A horse re- ~
ceived an injury at the anterior border of the masseter muscle, ~
facial paralysis followed, which was attributable to the cicatricial ||
contraction in the immediate vicinity of the nerve. Massage, 7
spirituous embrocations and veratrin were ineffective, conse-
quently the author experimented with Fibrolysin (Merck). At 7
the conclusion of the treatment no beneficial effects were ob- |
served, nevertheless there subsequently followed a restitutio ad
integrum, so that the author was inclined to view the secondary j
effect as due to the action of the fibrolysin,

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 395

Second—A horse received a kick on the right fore-arm. After
a time the injured limb assumed twice its normal circumference
and become as hard as a board. At this stage movement of
the member was scarcely possible. After injecting fibrolysin
three or four times the extensor muscles became flaccid, and after
a carton of the remedy had been used with the simultaneous ap-
plication of massage and iodovasogen, the limb became almost
normal. At the same time the lameness disappeared completely,
so that the horse was considered as cured.—(Berliner Tier
W odenschrift. )

CONCERNING THE SUPPRESSION OF Heaves [H. Szollos].—
The author experimented on heavey (broken wind) horses with
_ the seeds of datura stramorium, the remedy which gypsies and
- also many horse dealers use to suppress the symptoms of broken
wind temporarily, and which had also proven an experimental
_ fact after a prolonged test at the Budapest clinic. The methods
employed by gypsies and horse dealers are as follows: The
heavey horse is fed for 7-10 days with green food or with dry
feed (dust free) moistened with water. Then 25-40 grammes
of the seeds are added to the drinking water or the same quan-
tity of the seeds may be given in half a liter of water. Before-
hand the horse receives no food for half a day. After the lapse
of a few hours the horse so treated is presented for sale; care
being taken to place him in a cool place, but protected from
draughts. The medicinal effect is noticeable in about two hours,
reaches its maximum in 4-8 hours and scarcely ever lasts 24 hours.
_The dyspnea is always ameliorated, but most strikingly so in pul-
monary emphysema, and least so in cardiac complications, but
' never to the extent that it cannot be detected by an expert; par-
ticularly when the animal is exercised for at least ten minutes.—
(Allatorvosi Lapok).

INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE IN THE CoURSE OF
_ STRANGLEs, AND Its TREATMENT [M, Graf].—In the various
“stables in which cases of strangles occurred, there appeared in
‘six foals complicated with other symptoms of strangles an in-
_tensely acute inflammation of the tongue, the latter protruding
from the mouth and consequently interfering with the prehension
of food. Deep scarifications into the muscle substance of the
tongue, directly brought about a reduction in the volume of the
Organ and at the same time made the mastication of food pos-

396 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

sible. Only in one case was it necessary to push the tongue back
into the mouth and retain it in position by a broad bandage pass-
ing over it and wound around the lower jaw. Agreeing with
Szollos, the author recommends scarification of the acutely in-
flamed tongue at the earliest possible moment.—(Allatowosi
Lapok.)

THe AcTIon oF ANTIPERIOSTIN | Chief Vet: Schade, Dres-
den]|.—Schade had occasion to apply Dr. Klein’s antiperiostin (a
mercurial iodo-cantharidine preparation) in the case of a horse
which had splints of about equal size on both fore legs. On one
of the affected legs he applied the above preparation and on the
other a sharp blister. The splint treated with the latter applica-
tion was reduced to about two-thirds of its former size, while
the splint treated with antiperiostin had almost completely disap-
peared.— (Deutsche Tierarstliche Wochenschrift.)

THE OPHTHALMO REACTION IN A CASE OF GLANDERS OF THE ~
Horse [ Panizza].—Panizza had used mallein for diagnostic pur- _
poses in ten cases of suspected glanders. He diluted the mallein —
with ten times its weight of a physiological salt solution, instilling
from four to eight drops into the palpebral conjunction and then —
massaging the lid. After the lapse of six or seven hours, some- —
times 12-15 hours, positive symptoms arise such as hyperemia, —
lachrymation, cedema of the lids and finally a muco-purulent dis-
charge. In five positive reacting cases the diagnosis was verified —
on post-mortem examination. In the positive cases also the sub- —
cutaneous injection of mallein gave positive results and on the ©
other hand negative results were obtained where no ophthalmo re-_
actions appeared.—( Berliner Tier. Wochenschrift.) ,

THE AUGUST CAT—PUSSY’S PLEA.

Oh, listen to my plaintive plea; My tabby coat, as smooth as silk,
And may your hearts be touched thereat! I lived a glad, contented cat. a
I am, as all the world can see, i
A harmless, necessary cat. But on my own resources cast }
y food as best I could, I gat,
The luggage now is in the hall, And till the holidays were past
Portmanteaus lie upon the mat; I prowled, a stray and starveling cat.
Awaiting for the van to call—
And no one’s thinking of the cat. They'd left me plump, they found me thin, |
Yea, wasted to a shadow flat, yA
They're off, as off last year they went, A bag of bones incased in skin—
"Tis still within my memory pat, The ghostly semblance of a cat,
How on their pleasure'’s plan intent
They overlooked their friend, the cat. No pe cup of milk to drink
. For thirty days! Just think of that!
Till then, supplied with daily milk, And pray your readers, all to t yg
Well fed, well liking, sleek and fat, Of what awaits the August cat, yo gay

(Our Dumb Animals.)

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK CITY.

The regular meeting of the VETERINARY MEDICAL AsSOocIA-
TION OF New York City was held in the lecture room of the
New York-American Veterinary College on Wednesday evening,
November 3, with the President, Dr. Grenside, in the chair.

| There was a good attendance of members and visitors. Among
' the visitors was Miss B. Bruce Reid, a graduate of Melbourne

Veterinary College. Dr. Reid is in general practice in Aus-
tralia. She is visiting the various veterinary colleges of
America. After the usual routine business was transacted, Dr.
| Grenside introduced the speaker of the evening, Prof. W. L.

Williams, of the New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca,
N. Y., who presented an excellent paper on “ The British and
American Veterinary Professions.’”’ Dr. Williams spent the

| _ past summer in Great Britain and visited the various veterinary
| institutions. He attended several of the veterinary societies’

' meetings and had a first-class opportunity of meeting many of
_ the members and of studying the profession as it exists in Great

_ Britain to-day. Of the veterinary colleges, he mentioned par-
_ ticularly the institutions located at London, Liverpool and Dub-

lin, pointing out wherein they excelled, and also the points which
seemed to him were weak as compared with similar state or
private veterinary colleges in the United States and Canada.
Dr. Williams’ paper will appear in full in the AMERICAN VEtT-
_ ERINARY REvIEw, and it is hoped that every member of the pro- |
fession in America will read it carefully.
Dr. R. H. Kingston, of New York City, presented a paper
| on “ Protargol and Its Uses.” This paper consisted of original
research with this drug, principally in the treatment of Purpura
_ hemorrhagica. Dr. Kingston’s observations with protargol have
| been quite extensive and cover a period of about five years.
__ There followed a good discussion in which several of the mem-

Mi 397

398 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

bers reported excellent results in the use of protargol in cases of
purpura and strangles. This paper will also appear in the
AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.

Dr. C. N. Darke, of New York City, presented an interest-
ing report of paraphymosis in an eighteen-year-old gelding, with
recovery without amputation.

Meeting adjourned 11 p. m.

W. Rei Brarr,

Secretary.

THE OKLAHOMA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- —
TION. |

A meeting was held in Oklahoma City, July 12, Dr. L. J.
Allen, vice-president, in the chair, and Dr. M. P. Hunt, Enid, sec- ©
retary pro tem. As all proceedings had been so carelessly kept, it.
was thought expedient to elect, what would be known as an Ex- ©
ecutive Committee, to draw up new constitution and by-laws, and —
to call a meeting as soon as same were ready. F

Drs. L. J. Allen, R. A. Phillips and C. C. Hooker, all of Okla- —
homa City, were elected to compose the Executive Committee.

Following this, a few reports of cases met with in a general
practice and discussion of same, after which, meeting adjourned q
subject to call of Executive Committee. q

October 5—Meeting held in same city; called to order by Dr. | :
L. J. Allen, and, after reading minutes of previous meeting, the
proposed constitution and by-laws were read, two minor changes —
made, and then, on motion of Dr. J. E. May, Yukon, seconded —
by Dr. S. H. Gallier, Norman, adopted as a whole. q

The next order of business was election of officers, which re-
sulted as follows: P|

President, Dr. H. F. Ketcham, Alva; Vice-President, Dee 4
Geo. Pugh, Lawton ;#Secretary, Dr. R.A. Phillips, Oklahoma 3
City; Treasurer, Dr. C. C. Hooker, Oklahoma City. 1

The President then appointed the following committees : 4a

Executive Committee—Dr, L. J. Allen, Chairman, Oklahoma
City; Dr. C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City; Dr. M. P. Hunt, Enid. a6

Intelligence and Education—Dr. R. A. Phillips, Chairman, y
Oklahoma City; Dr. E. V. Robnett, Oklahoma City; Dr. G : :
McKenny, Ardmore, -

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 399

Committee on Diseases—Dr. Wood, Chairman, Oklahoma
City; Dr. D. H. Hinckley, Watenga; Dr. H. W. Ayers, Shawnee.

Committee on Necrology—Dr. R. K. Russell, Chairman,
Chickasha; Dr. Dan. Willmet, Chickasha; Dr. W. H. Martin,
El Reno.
Committee on Resolutions—Dr. S. H. Gallier, Chairman,
Norman; Dr. J. E. May, Yukon; Dr. L. L. Lewis, Stillwater.
The Executive Committee then retired and held a short ses-
* sion, during which time the following papers were read: Dr.
' E. V. Robnett, “ Canine Distemper and Equine Influenza ”’; Dr.
_ R.A. Phillips, “ Social Status of Oklahoma Veterinarians ” ; Dr.
_H. W. Avers, ‘‘ Advantages and Disadvantages of Quacks.”
Meeting then adjourned sine die.

R. A. PHILLIPS, .
Secretary.

MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

le The quarterly meeting of the M. V. M. A. was held in Water-
ville, October 13, 1909, Dr. Murch in the chair and Dr. Joly
_at the secretary’s desk. The following members were present:
Drs. Murch, Huntington, F. L. Russell, E. E. Russell, F. E.
. Freeman, R. E. Freeman, I. L. Salley, N. H. Spear, W. H.
_Lynch, C. W. Newton and A. Joly. A despatch was received
’ from Dr. Perry wishing for a rousing meeting.
_ Dr. F. E. Freeman read a paper upon the diagnosis and treat-
_ ment of lameness, and Dr. E. E. Russell reported a case of torti-
-collis which was very interesting.
¥ It was voted to scratch out the name of Dr. Estes from the
roll call,
The following gentlemen were appointed to read papers at
the next meeting to be held in January at the Augusta House,
| Augusta: Drs Blakeley, Newton and Lord.

A. Joy,
Secretary.

Hon. W. T. Frnvay, since the formation of the provincial
government, Minister of Agriculture for Alberta, resigned Oc-
| tober 21, and will be succeeded in office by Duncan Marshall,
| M.P. P., Olds. Mr. Finlay has not been in the best of health
lately, and his resignation is due to that cause. Mr. Marshall
| is a newspaper man, at present proprietor and editor of the Olds
r Gazette —(Farmer’s Advocate.)

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Tue annual smoker of the Delta Sigma Beta, a Greek letter —
fraternity at the United States College of Veterinary Surgeons, —
was held at Hotel Fritz Reuter at Washington, D. C., on Octo- —
ber 30, 1909. There were over twenty-five pacer. of the fra- 9
ternity and several guests present.

Among the guests present were Prof. G. A. Prevcet treasurer |
‘ of the college and professor of jurisprudence; Dr. C. H. Bowker, —
a prominent member of the medical profession and professor of
physiology and histology at the college; Dr. C. B. Robinson, —
dean of the college and professor of surgery and comparative —
medicine; Dr. Joseph H. Heagerty and Dr. Laurence Hickman, ©
both prominent veterinarians of Baltimore, Md., and Charles —
Vincent, also from Baltimore, Md. q

Among the older members of the fraternity present were —
Dr. M. Page Smith, secretary of the college and professor of
anatomy, he being one of the charter members of the fraternity;
Dr. H. S. Gamble, professor of materia medica and therapeutics, —
and Dr. J. H. Mueller, professor of freshman anatomy. F

Dr. C. H. Bowker gave a very good talk upon the good of ;
fraternities in colleges and spoke of the general spirit of fra- |
ternity which prevailed among the member of the Delta Sigma 7)
Beta. i |
Dr. M. Page Smith spoke of the good which the fraternity |
had done the college in the past and how it had helped to build
up the enrollment from year to year. q

Prof. Prevost, being an attorney, gave a most excellent talk
on fraternity.

These meetings of this college fraternity have done a great +
deal to bring the students of the college in closer relation, and
is very much contrary to many opinions which have been giv 1
in regard to secret societies being a detriment to a college. The
Delta Sigma Beta is a known exception and is upheld by men in
authority at the college.

DrrEcTIONS FOR THE HOME PASTEURIZATION OF MiLK* (By |}
L. A. Roers, Baeteriologist, Dairy Division).—Milk delivered |
in the cities in the summer months frequently contains bacteria 7

*United States Dereon of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Cineulat
152 Ciseued October 19, 1909), A. D. Melvin, Chief of Bureau, 1g

400

NEWS AND ITEMS, 401

in such large numbers that it is not a safe food for children, es-
_ pecially for infants whose food consists entirely of milk. In
many cities a special milk can be secured, but this is sometimes
difficult and always involves additional expense.

Under such circumstances it is advisable to pasteurize all milk
consumed by small children. The pasteurization should be done
in such a way that disease-producing bacteria as well as those
likely to produce intestinal disturbances are destroyed without
at the same time injuring the flavor or the nutritive value of the
milk. This may be accomplished in the home by the use of a
simple improvised outfit.

Milk is most conveniently pasteurized in the bottles in which
it is delivered. To do this use a small pail with a perforated
false bottom. An inverted pie tin with a few holes punched in
it will answer this purpose. This will raise the bottles from the
bottom of the pail, thus allowing a free circulation of water and
‘preventing bumping of the bottles. Punch a hole through the
© cap of one of the bottles and insert a thermometer. The ordinary
” floating type of thermometer is likely to be inaccurate, and if pos-
sible a good thermometer with the scale etched on the glass
should be used. Set the bottles of milk in the pail and fill the
pail with water nearly to the level of the milk. Put the pail on
the stove or over a gas flame and heat it until the thermometer
in the milk shows not less than 150° nor more than 155° F. The
bottles should then be removed from the water and allowed to
‘stand from twenty to thirty minutes. The temperature will fall
’ slowly, but may be held more uniformly by covering the bottles
- with a towel. The punctured cap should be replaced with a new
one, or the bottle should be covered with an inverted cup.
' After milk has been held as directed it should be cooled as
_ quickly and as much as possible by setting in water. To avoid
danger of breaking the bottle by too sudden change of tempera-
ture, this water should be warm at first. Replace the warm water
slowly with cold water. After cooling, milk should in all cases
be held at the lowest available temperature.

This method may be employed to retard the souring of milk
_ or cream for ordinary uses. It should be remembered, however,
‘that pasteurization does not destroy all bacteria in milk, and after
‘pasteurization it should be kept cold and used as soon as possible.
Cream does not rise as rapidly or separate as completely in pas-
teurized milk as in raw milk—( Approved: James Wilson, Sec-
retary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., October 6, 1909.)

402 NEWS AND ITEMS.

PuysiIciAns’ FEES 4,000 YEARS AGo.—The subject of phy-
sicians’ fees, which has been discussed so thoroughly in the ©
Herald, aroused the interest of Dr. Felix von Oefele, of this ©
city, and in this connection he told a Herald reporter about the 7
fees exacted during the reign of Hammurabi, King of Babylon, ©
2250 B. C.

“Tt is interesting,” said Dr. von Oefele, “to note how an-—
cient doctors were paid. I remember when I was in Paris see- —
ing a stone tablet in the Louvre Museum which’ casts some light ©
on the subject. Hammurabi, a conqueror and King of Baby-
lon about 2250 B. C. and who is mentioned in the Bible as a_
contemporary of Abraham, Lot and Melchisedech, collected all
the laws enacted up to that time, compiled them and had them
hewn on stone, which was found in excavations made in Susi, —
Persia, some years ago. These laws of Hammurabi contain
many passages not unlike the laws of Moses given from Mount
Sinai, and in regard to physicians’ fees they contain the follow-
ing:

** Section 215—-When an operator performs a difficult op-
eration on a freeman with the knife (called scorpion) and cures”
him he shall receive ten shekels of silver (about $2.50). F

“* Section 216—If the individual was a freed slave he shall
received five shekels. 2

““ Section 217—If it was the slave of a freeman the owner |
shall pay him two shekels. aa

“* Section 221—If an operator mends the broken bones of a.
freeman or cures the wounded soft portions the operator shall
receive five shekels of silver. 4

*** Section 222—If he was a former slave he shall receive
three shekeis.

“€ Section 223—For the same operation on a slave the owner
shall pay two shekels. a

“ * Section 224—For an operation performed successfully on
cattle by an animal physician the operator shall receive one-sixth)
of a shekel.’ a

“Now,” added Dr. von Oefele, “ considering the value of
money in Abraham’s time and the value of money now, I think
the physicians in those days were much better paid than they are |)
at present. The above paragraphs are my own translation, but
I have looked them up only recently again in books published on
the subject.”—(New York Herald.) i.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

great value to t

_ in the following list :

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of
theiz Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us
of the dates and places of their meetings.
Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included

Georgia State V. M. A........+08-
Hamilton Co. 0. (Onto) V.
linois State
Illinois V. M. and Su
‘Indiana Veterinary Association..

owa Veterinary Ass’n
Kansas oreo y . M. Ass’n
Kentucky V. M og .

Keystone V. M. Ass

ai eas
Maryland State Vet. Sockety.. sa aahs

assachusetts Vet. Ass’n.........
ichigan State V. M. Ass’n......
innesota State V. M. Ass’n..
ississippi weg V.M. Ass'n...
issourl Valley V. Ass’n
issouri Vet. Med. Ass’n
Montana State V. M. A.
Nebraska V. M. Ass’n.

_ Mi
M
Mi

Name of Organization. Peed Next
Alumni Ass’n, N. Y.-A. V.C..... weaeds ob tusnee al
American V. M. Ass’n.........20.| scorers sssveces
Arkansas Veterinary ASss’N........| «sseessecsesssers
Ass’n Médéca aveesnase arate ist and 3d Thur

RET Re of each month
B.A. I. Vet. In. A. Chicago...... ‘| ad Fri. ea. mo..
| California State V. M. ASs'n......| .sss.+cssseseees,
MlONCTRl CONGOR V. ASOD oan ocy cna] cceesvcsececscece
Chicago sR 2d Tues. ea. mo
_ Colorado State V Ass’n.. ng
onnecticut V. M. Ass’n..... .| February 1, 1910.
Genesee aus V iM; Ass'n ...| 2d wk. in Jan.,’10

eee ee eee eee ere)

Pee eee ete eee eee

eee eee e eee ee eee

Monthly........ Bost

Jan. 25-26, 1910.
Ee prise 1910.

Place of

Meeting. Name and Address Secretary.
141 W. Sath St.| L. L. Glynn, N. Y. Cit
Chicag aaeeets . P. Lyman, KansasCits pio.
5 ReaD « daladls Horace E. Rice, Little
Lec.Room,La-
val Un’y,Mon.| J. P. A. Houde, Montreal.

Reade iad .D. Tierney, Chicago, II.
San Francisco.| J. J. H y, Oak
atten SE ae ‘on wa.

CORO co 600s .M. icago.
Denver ....... Mic. Ww e, Denver.
Hartford ..... B. K. Dow, Willimantic.
Rochester H. Ta , Henrietta.
ainda ecsteh < . F. Bahnsen, Americus.

Re dcs Waccl's o's Louis P. Cook. Ceachnnatl.

Chicago ...... fH, Crawford, Harvard

Louisville... A. Swain, Mt. Pulaski.
Indianapolis..| E. M. B nson, I polis
t. ; ~ C. Simpson, 4

Judson Black,

Ed. Leech Wane

1c Robert, Agricultural Col.
F.Kaupp, FortCollins,Colo.

F. F, Brown, Kansas City.

**.| W. S. Swank, Miles City.
-| H. —, Wee ing Water.
F vy dy

: Vine,
ne Wilmington .. Adam Prishon Charlotte.
bexchses Cail of Sec’y. -s+seeee| C. H. Martin, Valley City.
aes bLwe Jan. 18-19, wie. Columbus... Sidney D. Myers, W Wilmi
.| Annually....... Up’ rSandusky| F mente an Wert, Ohio.
Dees btekawin as ungtbital bale Onubedeenksc R. A. Phillips, ps, Oklahoma City
SER Se eager BETES ache aiipe FF gin pio, Teneene..
ia . M. Ass’n Call of Chair terson, N.J.| H. K. Berry, Paterson, N.
Pennsylvania State V. Bi Mts ch Tada twasss oPegsas hiladelphia..| F.H. Schneider, Philadel
POT MIMICS. . 0s aeecah] aah ase ascabanve| casecseacee- see Chas. G. Thomson, Man
m Province of Quebec V. M. A....0.] -csecccecescesess Mon. ead Que. eg Bo Rigaud, P.Q.
% F V.M. Ass’n Jan. and Providence ...| J. S. P , Providence
St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors. ist Wed. a ae ‘
‘ Sun. ea. mo.} St. Louis..... Wm.T.Conway,St. ploue, Mo.
Soc, Vet. ll Alama Us mM. Avicceats Dec. 15, 1909....| Reading ...... W.G. Hapett. ville.
1 Soc lumn oy. PenRsi iss (Sa cee cos cae Philade hag B.T.W ward, Wash’n D.c,
South oe ou 00S BEES | July, Igto see eeee Sioux Fall Ss. AS A. Graham, Sioux F:
_ Southern Avni ft California
me state V. M. Asom.............. Jan.Apl.Jy.Oct.| Los Angeles..| J. A. Edmonds, Los Angeles.
So. St. Jose a Ags i Vet. Insp..| 4thTues. ea. mo.| 407 Ill. .| H. R. Collins, So. St. Joseph.
Beneseee | ON ey Peers ee A‘C. To pmiller, Murf,
RRR ga Com.| vasa... ....| R. Boe College Sta.
a city Vv oe 2d Thu. ea. mo .| St.P.-Minneap| S. H. Ward, St. Paul, Minn.
ermont Vet. Med. Ass’n ........ Jan. 19th, 1910.. ae. Je. F.W.C lain, Burli
Veterinary Ass’n of Alberta... ..) ......esaseeeeees oa C. H. H. Sweetapple,
chewan, Alta., tod
Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Columbia..... 3d Wed.ea. mo.. 514 —-ath et.,
: | ae M. Page Smith, Wash. »D. _.
et. Ass’n of peonitons Ss «5 «lala Not stated...... oe F. Torran pent
Vet. Med. Ass’n of N. J.......... Jan. 13, 1910 . ey City...| W. Herbert ‘
V.M. ' New York City. ist Wed. ea, mo.| 141 W. 54th St., W. Reid Blair. N. Yi City”
Practitioners’ Club... ‘| Monthly. Mie «in 6 5 ersey City .... A. F. M Mount, Jer: erse
rina tate V. M. a ie Per ye eee RE Hampton .....) W.G. Chrisman, Claciev'le.
. MALL st& 3d Fri. Eve.| Pullman....... R.G. McAlister, Pullman.
VM. Be a weac aveetieden«' Seattle... . T. Seely, Seattle.
M. Ass’n....... ist Wed. ea. mo.) Pitts . Weitze oe oni ny.
eM eid eUah iNosack cou aE Grand | .P. West, M
Oss ssahe «e-| Dec. 7, 1909....|]York, Pa...... . 5. B Satie y York, Pa.

PUBLISHERS’. DEPARTMENT.

Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian subscriptions, $3.26 ;
foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; Students in Canada, $2.25;
single copies, 25 cents. :

Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded. |

Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing —
their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to. American pcb
Review.

BLANp’s BALLING AND Powper Gun, illustrated and described on page 25
(Ady. Dept.), is, without doubt, one of the most useful little instruments
that a veterinarian has in his satchel; or should have in his satchel. Until
one has carried this little instrument, he can never know the comfort of it.
What is more disagreeable (and dangerous, too) than having to remove over-—
coat and coat, to roll up your sleeve in midwinter, in a cold, drafty stable, or
even in a stable yard, as one often has to do. With this safe little instru-
ment (it is safe because it has no spring and is entirely under your control)
you can comfortably give a ball with a fur-lined overcoat. on, if need be.

- Write Dr. Bland, at Waterbury, Conn. He can tell you all about it. 7.

We have perused with much interest a little brochure on “THE WHATS”
AND Wuys or Atrtas Horse Feep,” illustrated. You can procure ie
by writing to THe Meaper-Atias Co., whose address you will find on page
3 (Adv. Dept.).

Anti-Itis should be kept on hand at this season, as its use in sore-
throats (hot) is very convenient and efficacious. In scratches cases, appliec
cold, it forms an excellent initial treatment. It is advertised in this number, |

Tue Sorny Vaccine Company have a very interesting list on page 1
(Adv. Dept.). a

The list of veterinary publications, published by the house of William f
Jenkins Co., page 14 (Adv. Dept.), is most attractive.

CHINoson is a very reliable antiseptic, and possesses the great gdva |
of being positively non-poisonous, It is described on the inside of the bac
cover-page of this number, aM

404

PRACTICE FOR SALE,

An established location in Western Massachusetts, together with town appoint-
ments and practice running from $2,500 to $3,00c0a year. This is a splendid oppor-
tunity fora GOOD man, as two appointments will be given to the veterinarian
purchasing this practice, by the town officials, if he is an earnest veterinarian, that
will afford him a small regular income outside of his practice. For particulars,
Address A. W., Care of AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 W. 152d St., N. Y.

PRACTICE FOR SALE.

For SALE, In Southern California, practice bringing $350.00a month. House,
hospital, corrals, and kennels; on corner of two main streets. Property value
$8,000.00, practice included. Particulars: Address W.C. P., care of AMERICAN
VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 West 152d St., New York, N. Y.

FOR SALE.

Change of business places on the market this extra heavy Bradwood Humane
operating table, just as good as new, used two years, and one Rich-Marbaker
Ambulance ; actual runs, twenty-eight, just as good as any new one, exact duplicate
of the pore shown on page 7 No‘ uptodate” Veterinarian, Veterinary Hospital,
or Col ege can claim to be, unless so equipped. For prices and information address,
‘*Cono,” care of AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 W. 152d St., New York,

. . .

WANTED.—Horses, Mares, Cats, Dogs, etc., afflicted with Cancer. Address
Dr. S. STRAUSS, 111 West 119th St., New York City.

PRACTICE FOR SALE.

Practice in Williamette Valley, Oregon, College town of 4,500 inhabitants, sur-
rounded by best stock section in Oregon. A chair of Veterinary Science has been
recently created at College, to take effect next session, open to local practitioner in
addition to practice. Price, $350.00. Address Veterinarian, Corvallis, Oregon.

LOCATION FOR VETERINARIAN.

Excellent opportunity for experienced graduate licensed in New York State; in
town of 4,000 inhabitants and good surrounding country, within one hundred miles
of New York City. Office and stall-room free; $250.00 a year fyesranteed by one

party. Address R. T. S., care of AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 West
152d St., New York, N.Y.

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17

INDIANA VETERINARY COLLEGE

Chartered by the State of Indiana, December 24, 1892.

A graded three-year course
lasting from Sept. to
April 1st.

With the new addition to our
building we have greatly increased
our Hospital, Tahoratacians Class
Rooms, etc.

Graduates are eligible to mem-
bership in the American Veterin-
ary Medical Association, also to
appointment as U. S. Veterinary
Inspectors and U. S. Army Vet-
erinarians,

Write for Catalogue.
Prof. FERDINAND A. MUELLER, Ph. G., V. S.,
Indianapolis, Ind. Secretary

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE,

ESTABLISHED AT
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. FY.
BY CHAPTER 153, LAWS OF 1894,

This college is well equipped with modern facilities for scientific and practical instruction,

for undergraduates and post-graduates. Most varied practice for students in the free clinics. ©

Regular graded course, three years of nine months each. Entrance by Regents’ “‘ Veterinary
Student Certificate,” or by examination, September 2oth, 1909. atriculation September

28th, 1909.
vw & w& Tuition Free to New York State Students.

Por extended announcement address, ‘

Professor VERANUS A. MOORE, Director.
NEW YORH UNIVERSITY.

New York-American Veterinary College.

(New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, chartered 1857, and the American Veterinary
College, chartered 1875.)

Session 1909-1910 begins September 27, 1909.
Write for New Catalogue and all information to

Ww. J. COATES, M.D., D.V.S., DEAN,

141 West 54th Street, New York City. f.

CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE ~

2537 and 2539 State Street, Chicago, Ills.
Organized and Incorporated under the Laws of the State of Illinois, 1883.

Reguiar Session commences the first week In October In Gach yom

For Prospectus giving all information as to curriculum, fees. etc., addres

the President,
JOSEPH HUGHES, M.R.C.V.S.,
2537 and 2530 State St.. Chicago, Ilr

18

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Write for Illustrated Catalogue

We quote from the latest report published on

ANTIPERIOSTIN,

The new therapeutic agent—a distinct chemical body, no secret
combination—for the successful treatment of all exostoses and
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requiring only one application.

** Antiperiostin has proven itself a very valuable agent in my hands
for the last six months, and | can truthfully say that in my opinion it is the
best remedy for those cases of incipient periostitis in horses, which usually
terminate in bone spavin or splint, and which when treated under the old
line methods, such as firing and blistering, have been more or less un-
satisfactory.’ Am. Vet. Review, Sept., 1909.

WRITE FOR OUR NEW CATALOGUE.

ERNST xe a & CO.,

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See adv. on page 19.
, z

Results secured: in both hospital: and private
practice have demonstrated to veterinarians that

THE CURE OF
COUGHS, BRONCHITIS, PNEUMONIA, LARYNGITIS, ETC.
~ IN HORSES AND DOGS

can be effected with greater certainty and promptness by the use of

Glyro-Hernin (Smith)

than by the employment of any other remedy extant.

COUGHS.—Glyco-Heroin (Smith) checks cough instantly, relieves obstruction
of the breathing passages, liquefies the mucus, allays the pain, subdues nervousness,
abates the fever and induces restful sleep. Relief is immediate and recovery is rapid.

PNEUMONIA.—Glyco-Heroin (Smith) relieves the congestion, disperses en-
gorgement, reduces the fever, sustains heart action, calms nervous excitement, renders
respiration free and regular and shortens the duration of the disease. It conserves
- strength and forestalls the development of fatal complications.

BRONCHITIS.—Glyco-Heroin (Smith) allays inflammation of the bronchial
tubes, arrests the cough, begets free breathing, dispels fever, liquefies the bronchial
secretions, restores the appetite, and prevents the disease from assuming the chronic form,

LARYNGITIS.—Glyco-Heroin (Smith) relieves inflammation of the larynx and
tendermess of the throat, abates the fever, allays the pain, checks the cough, promotes
the appetite and induces quiet sleep.

DOSE.—The dose for horses and cattle is one ounce every
two or three hours. For dogs, ten drops to half-teaspoonful.

SUBSTITUTION.—To insure entirely satisfactory
results, it is vitally important that veterinarians emphasize
name “Smith” when a prescribing Glyco-
Heroin (Smith), for many worth substitutes for the
remedy are offered by unscrupulous dealers.

LITERATURE.—Exhaustive clinical reports from the
foremost hospitals and members of the veterinary profession
will be sent, post paid, on request

SMITH COMPANY, NEW YORK

MARTIN H.

~ JANUARY, togro.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
Paris, November 15, 1909.

Ninn INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS.—To add to
e considerations published last month of the resolutions adopted
the Ninth International Veterinary Congress at The Hague
iring the general meetings, I to-day join a few important among
ose which were passed at the meetings of sections, thus com-
eting my imperfect report of the event.

‘ On the question of Inspection of fish, game, poultry, crus-
Yaceous animals and molluscs, and of other animal foods, not in-
‘Gluded in the question 5 of the general meetings, in relation to the
ygiene of man:
The conclusions of Mr. Cesari were adopted :
a 1. On account of the accidents which can occur from the use
F game, fowl, poultry, fishes, molluscs, crustaceous and other
products of animal origin, it is necessary that an official control
Should vouch for their wholesome condition. It is possible to
‘tarry out the sanitary inspection of these products without chang-
‘ing seriously the commercial habits now existing. With the spe-
ial knowledge that it requires, the control of these products
I be realized in a scientific manner, except by veterinarians.
_. 2. The laws and regulations relating to the inspection of meats
4 ust foresee the control of game, poultry, fishes, molluscs, crus-
| taceous and other animal products and mention the various alter-
ations which render them unfit for alimentary food, either in to-
) tality or in part, or which require a previous sterilization. Ani-

405

406 EDITORIAL.

mal products imported from foreign lands ought to be submitted |
to inspection by the frontier veterinarian at the time of their intro-| |
duction in the country. 3
It is necessary that abattoirs for rabbits and killing places fo or
fowls, as well as the factories of canned game, poultry, fishes and |
crustaceous products should be submitted to regular inspection,
3. The introduction of animal products in cities shall be rég
lated in such a manner that these products shall be sent, as soon <
they arrive, towards a center of veterinary inspection having a
bacteriological laboratory. It is indispensable that in large cities
several veterinarians be specially affected to this control. This
first inspection shall be completed by visits of inspection in the
markets and shops of dealers, 4

On the question of Insurance of stock in relation to obligator: 2
meat inspection: 4

The conclusions of Prof. F. Hendrix and Prof. Lect. Rdel-
man were joined together as follows:

1. To establish an insurance for cattle is necessary wherever er |
inspection of meat exists, because it renders this considerably
easier. a
2. On that account and because of the influence that ca \
insurance has upon the treatment of animals, it is necessary that
veterinarians should recommend the formation of insurance cat.
tle companies and support them. .

3. If cattle insurance is not realized by the State, it should)
recommend it.

4. Cattle insurance companies ought to be placed under gov- 3
ernment control and in case of need be supported by it.

On the question of Serotherapy, seroprophylaxis and vac-
cination of foot-and-mouth disease and their value from the poini
of view of legal sanitary police:

The following were accepted by all the reporters:

1. It is possible to prepare an active serum against aphth¢ ous
fever.

|
i
}
4

EDITORIAL, 407

2. Its use may be precious in the struggle against the disease,

when it is associated with other sanitary measures.

_ 3. The preparation of an active serum must be insured by state
istitutions, which shall give full guaranty eyes the spreading

of the disease.

"On the question of The diagnosis of infectious diseases by
_ means of the recently discovered reactions of immunity (except
the subcutaneous injection of tuberculin and mallein).

The motion of Prof. A. de Jong was adopted:

The Ninth International Veterinary Congress recognizes the
portance of the new methods of experimental diagnosis of tu-
berculin and of mallein.

He expresses the wish that researches related to them should
continued to insure their utilization in practice.

On the question of Infectious pleuro-pneumonia of horses:

The following conclusions were unanimously voted :

1. Infectious pneumonia of horses is a specific disease, which.

ought to be separated from the general infectious, and especially

_ from typhoid fever.

_ 2. It is characterized by a fibrinous inflammation of the lungs
and pleura with sometimes complications in other organs.

3. The etiology of the disease is not yet fully understood.

The researches in that direction are very expensive and it is de-

| sirable that the state should grant funds to the experimenters

working in that direction.

4. It is desirable that infectious pleuro-pneumonia of horses

be treated by sanitary measures like other contagious diseases.

| n On the question of Recent investigations (of the two last
— concerning chronic deforming arthritis of horses:

_ The conclusions were: That the Beehylaxy i was to be ob-

/ Bciaposed

408 EDITORIAL.

tary record, detailed and individual, of the reproductors and of .
their family. |

(c) In having in the high administration of breeding estab- |
lishments (haras) only specialized veterinary zootechnicians.

On the question of Teaching of zootechny:

tion.

AUTOSEROTHERAPY.—In my chronicle of last September I)
made allusion to the trial made by a Mr. Magnin of the treatment) _
of serofibrinous pleurisy in resorting to the new method much) |
used in human medicine by German and French practitioners: |
“the Autoserotherapy.’’ |W

A more recent communication that I find from a physician of ©
St. Petersburg, Mr. Marcou, confirms all the good effects already |
obtained and recorded in medical papers. He has applied the
method to eighty-two individuals. Every one has recovered and.
for him autoserotherapy can be applied upon all carriers of a
serous Or even hemorrhagic effusion. Pus only is contra-indi-
cated. In most ¢ases the resorption that follows takes place rap
idly. Exudation of tuberculous patients do not yield to this treat-|
ment. One single puncture has only been necessary. y

It certainly would be very interesting for our veterinary prac-
titioners to give this mode of treatment a trial. The modus
operandi used in human medicine is very simple and absolutely | |
harmless arid painless. A syringe of 2 cubic centimeters is all |
that is required. The skin is disinfected, the needle introduced
into the chest and 2 c.c. of liquid is drawn. Without drawing out —
the needle entirely, it is pulled away from the thoracic cavity and _
then re-entered under the skin where the syringe is emptied in
the cellular tissue. The instrument is then withdrawn and the

EDITORIAL, 409

pout of entrance protected with sterilized gauze. Generally only
' one puncture is necessary. A second may be resorted to, if the
- exudation does not seem to go down.

) But while | am reading the good effects of this (Gilbert’s
methed, as it is called), | am also coming across the résumé of
another communication which a Dr. Bourget has made at the
Sixteenth International Congress of Medicine at Budapest, and

| which treats of the clinical results of serotherapy in general.

It is a general onslaught against the inefficacy of all the sera
used, with a therapeutic object, in human medicine, against ty-

| phoid fever, pneumonia, tuberculosis, erysipelas, scarlatina, tet-
| anus, cerebro-spinal meningitis and even diphtheria. Dr. Bour-

get writes:

*
* *

‘Pressed by reasons of scientific vanity and also often by
mercantilism, one can state without sufficient proofs that guinea-
| pigs or rabbits can be cured of this or that infectious disease and
| that men can also with a certain serum.

‘Experiments on animals cannot be contested, but clinical
observations show that they are not verified with man.

“To the pharmacological point of view, it seems that there
exists in these serotherapic attempts, the same spirit of belief and
dupery that existed among the old physicians of middle age who
were locking in plants for substances able to relieve the sufferings
of men.

“Seekers of specifics are legion; and unfortunately most are
entirely ignorant of scientific methods. They imagine that it is
sufficient to advance a theory and look into the Greek or Latin

language for a big name to designate and qualify the dreamed-of

« substance and then their dream becomes a reality. Modern thera-

_peutics counts thousands of substances which can cure all dis-

q eases and whose type is represented by the famous toxines, and
" anti-toxines, anticorps, etc., but which are substances that no one
Brnews the physical and chemical nature of, which no one has iso-

410 EDITORIAL.

lated, but which nevertheless represent individualities having de- |

ky therapeutic properties.
“A great wrong is thus done to science by those who with-

out sufficient proofs, introduce in medical practice, medication of |

microbian origin, having certainly an action on animals of experi-
ments, but being without any therapeutic effect in man.”

There may be some truth in the complaint made by Dr. Bour-
get, but to deny that all sera which have an undoubtful curative

action in animals, are without any efficacy in man, seems to be i=
an assertion that no one will accept. |

At any rate it would be a gross error to believe that all the |

sera used in veterinary medicine have no equal curative or even —

preventive value. And besides, we cannot expect to be privileged — /

and have no charlatans or humbugs among us.

*
* *

New Patuoceny or Heaves.—It is known that in the theory —
advanced by Freund, the dystrophical alterations of the costal —
cartilages with their “ early senility and their following rigidity,” —
accompanied by their hardness and the anchylosis of the sterno-
chondral joints, were to be considered as one of the frequent
pathogenic conditions of pulmonary emphysema; or better, for —
the respiratory disorders classified under that name. And it is
with this starting point that the operation was proposed of the ©
uni or bilateral section of the first cartilage, in varying number, |
so as to permit the thoracic cage to resume its perfect mobility. —

This theory has been extensively discussed in scientific centers 4

and societies of human medicine. dh

Taking as the corresponding disease to human emphysema, | |
that common affection of solipeds, Heaves, a veterinarian, Mr. |
Leduc, has studied the application of Freund’s theory to it, and in

a communication that he made before the Société de Pathologie _
Comparée he has related the results of his observations and dis- _

proved the generally admitted classical theory of the respiratory —
troubles, and of the double expiration of heavey horses as being —

EDITORIAL, 411

due to the distension and loss of elasticity of the emphysematous
pulmonary parenchyma, by stating that he had observed that not
only in many horses, that had the symptoms of heaves, most
marked when alive, at the post-mortem examination of their
lungs, there were but few small emphysematous spots and a pul-
monary structure, but slightly altered; and also that he had seen
both lungs very emphysematous and yet the horses had never
shown signs of heaves. Another theory then had to be found to
| give a more satisfactory explanation than the classical one and for
) Mr. Leduc the rigidity of the walls of the thorax, consecutive to
the lesions of the costal cartilages and of the chondro-sternal
articulations are very often the cause ; it would explain the sudden
) jerky expiration, as manifestation of the suppression of all tho-
"racic elasticity.
8

! Any how, says Mr. Leduc, these chondral and chondro-sternal
| alterations are easily detected if one looks for them; and he men-
_ tions several cases that he has observed in animals that were de-
| stroyed as useless because of being badly suffering with heaves.
The cartilages are particularly hard, the saw must be used to di-
vide them, they are more or less red, and when they are cut they
have on the section a porous ossified aspect. The ossification is
Ay more marked on the level of the chondro-costal joint, which is
rather solid and is broken up with difficulty; the chondro-sternal
_ articular surfaces are patched with yellowish spots, rough and
irregular; their reciprocal mobility has disappeared.

} One can understand that being thus altered, the thoracic cage
is not in condition for the respiratory dilatation. Mr. Leduc has
Ie taken many comparative measurements. Of course, the differ-
ences cannot be very extensive, if one bears in mind the fact of
_ the manner in which the sternum is secured by the ribs. How-
ever, in sound animals, the dilatation of the thoracic perimeter, in
the state of rest, may be represented by 1.3 per cent., and after
| exercise it remains pretty near the same. In heavey horses, at
rest, the dilatation of the perimeter is of 1.004 per cent., and after

412 EDITORIAL.

work 1.39 per cent, which for the author shows what effort of —
contraction the heavey horse must make to maintain in vital equi-
librium his respiratory movements, when he is at work, and that |
by the want of elasticity of the thoracic walls due to the pathologic |
rigidity of the cartilages. It is evident that to this point only, |
Mr. Leduc endorses the theory of Freund, and that he does not ©
follow him when he patronizes the section of the anchylosed car- _
tilages to render them their mobility, as it is suggested for human |
patients. |

Tue Procresses oF Exotic ParHoLtocy.—At a conference |)
made a short time ago, Prof. Laveran presented the subject clearly |
before a large audience of scientific gentlemen, which I will at-
tempt to resume concisely. | M

Since thirty years, immense progresses have been realized in |
the knowledge of exotic diseases of man and animals. The rapid- | |
ity of these advances is explained first by the new methods which ~
have been discovered in the researches and by the study of the ©
pathogenous agents, and again by the greater relations that
Europe entertains with the other parts of the world and which —
have developed in proportions unknown until then. In 1880 the
clinical study of most of the exotic diseases had been made, but —
the etiology remained obscure. All that would be spoken of was |}
of miasma, of unknown nature which gave rise to paludal fevers, |
cholera, yellow fever, dysentery, pest, and the mystery that sur- 7
rounded the apparition of these diseases outside their ordinary |
centers of development, had for effect to increase the fear that | |
they inspired. From 1880 the discoveries relating to the agents of | |
exotic diseases and their mode of propagation have’ succeeded | _
each other with a rapidity altogether remarkable. The discovery | :
of the hematozoa of paludism by A. Laveran in 1880 has not had |”
only for effect to make known the agent of the most prevailing
enemy of warm countries, it opened to investigators a new field, in — r|
showing them the importance of the micro-protozoz in pathology. — i.

EDITORIAL, 413

_ And then began the series: Discovery of the choleric vibrio
‘of Koch in 1883, with the effects of drinking water in the propa-
‘gation of choleric epidemics. Discovery of Amzbz in dysen-
tery and abscesses of the liver in warm climates by Kantulis,
Wm. Osler, Councilman and Lafleur. Discovery of the micro-
occus of Malta or Mediterranean fever and its ordinary mode
of propagation through the milk of goats, by D. Bruce in 1887.
Discovery of the Piroplasma Bigeminum, agent of one of the most
prevailing and serious bovine epizootics, Texas fever, by Smith
and Kilborne in 1893, and also of the transmission by ticks. This
discovery is soon followed by that of other piroplasmosis in sheep,
in dogs and in horses. In 1894 discovery of the pest bacillus and
of the part played by rats and fleas in propagating the disease.
Discovery relating to the action of Anopheles in the propagation
| of paludism by Ross in 1897-1898 and of the Stegomyia fasciata

‘in the propagation of yellow fever by Read, Carroll, Agramonte,
Guiteras. Discovery of the mode of propagation of filariasis by
mosquitoes by T, Mansion and Bancroft. The discoveries relat-
| ing to animal trypanosiamosis such as Surra, Nagana, Mal de

Caderas, ete. That of the agent of the sleeping sickness and of
its progagation by the tsé-tsé fly. Discovery of the agents of the
Kala-Azar by Leishman and Donovan and of the furoncle of
Orient by Wright.

_ Those are among the principal discoveries only. Thanks to
_ all of them we no longer are reduced to consider mysterious
" miasmas as causes of exotic diseases. We know the agents of
' paludism, cholera, pest, piroplasmosis, trypanosiamosis, leish-
- maniosis and we know that contrary to the old accepted ideas, the
transmission of those agents does not take place through the air
_ that we breathe. The importance of the active part of insects and
of blood suckers acarians unsuspected thirty years ago, is to-day
| well demonstrated.

___ These positive data upon the etiology of exotic diseases have
permitted us to give up the rules of old prophylaxy, purely em-
pirical and often illusory, to replace them by rational and effica-
| cious prophylactic measures. Disease like pest, cholera, yellow fe-

Na
P
bay
it
‘

414 EDITORIAL,

ver, and others which gave rise to extensive epidemic manifesta-| |
tions the world over, are diseases which can be avoided.

*
* *

A WaRNING TO CANINE SPECIALISTS.—A three-year-old dog,
weighing about 20 kilogs., had to be submitted to a surgical oper-)
ation and to obtain local anesthesia received in the thickness of
the skin 1% c. c. exactly, of a 4 per cent. solution of cocaine; say
the dose of 0.06 gr. of pure cocaine. This solution had already:
been used in smaller animals without any bad effect. 4

When the operation was concluded, the patient presented all
the symptoms of a severe cocaine intoxication. Relieved from all
restraint and left free, he sits on his haunches, the eyes fixed, pu-
pils largely dilated; he has a frightened look and seems to have
hallucinations. Sight and hearing appear abolished. The dog is |
indifferent to what goes on around him. He walks staggering,
stumbling and when he stops, resumes the same sitting position.
Soon there appear convulsive motions, the head and the jaws
first, and soon the trunk and legs are taken in succession. The | —
head is agitated with incessant motions. The dog shakes it up 7)
and down and then to the right and to the left. The lower jaw
is hanging or again contracts suddenly. Foaming whitish saliva
flows from the mouth, the deglutition is impossible and the face
has a peculiar grinning appearance. The whole of the manifesta- |)
tions look like an epileptic attack; but yet the animal does not
drop on the floor. The sensibility of the skin is remarkably re-
duced. These manifestations lasted for half an hour. They
gradually diminished and have completely disappeared after two | |
hours. | ay

This record published by the unfortunate Prof. Suffran, of the | |
School of Toulouse, who died recently, is not a new fact, as since |
a long time it is known that cocaine injected in intradermic |
method for surgical purposes may give rise to severe phenomena _
of intoxication. In the first years of the use of cocaine these ac-
cidents were quite frequent. The local effects were imperfectly

EDITORIAL, 415

known, as also were its general properties. Fatal intoxication
has indeed been observed in human and veterinary medicine.
_ To-day we know more of cocaine and the toxic doses have been
carefully established, but there is one point that this case illus-
- trates; and that is that there may exist some special susceptibility
among individuals of some species and possibly in small animals,
_ in which an injection of small dose may give rise to toxic mani-
festations in some individuals, while the same quantity would
_ prove innocuous to others of larger size.

To resume: This dog of 20 kilogs. has not been able to sup-
_ port the dose of o gr. .06 centig. of cocaine when according to
| classical data the toxic doses can be estimated at 0 gr. .OI cen-
| tig. per kilogramme of the weight of the animal.

| Operators will then do well to take their precautions when re-

' sorting to local injections of cocaine. To avoid intoxication in
| dogs, said Suffran, it is best to use specially weak solutions, at 1 or
| 2per cent. for instance, and inject only small doses. It is indeed
better to renew the injection if necessary than to be exposed to

| accidents which may be very serious and which anyhow will al-
ways be very disagreeable.

A GLANCE IN COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGy.—The amount of
valuable information that comparative pathology can derive from
the post mortem examinations of animals that die in zoological
gardens and menageries cannot be ignored. In these pages it has
been our pleasure to record many times the discoveries that we
personally have made and also oftener those that our friends of
the zoological gardens of Philadelphia, New York and other cities
have kindly sent us. But to illustrate in a wider scale the impor-
tance of the researches that veterinarians ought to make and to
show a few examples of the discoveries that one may make, I
may be allowed to mention the relations which under the heading
of “ Practical Facts,” Mr. Lucet, adjunct to the Chair of Path-

416 EDITORIAL,

ology at the Museum of Natural History has recorded lately from
post mortems made at the Museum.

It is first a case of tuberculosis found in a lama, in which
the lesions instead of assuming the ordinary nodular form, had
the aspect of caseous pneumonia. Both lungs were diseased and
formed a mass which at first glance might have been taken for
carcinoma. ‘There were only very small and few’tubercles in the
liver. Mr. Lucet, of course, has observed the same disease among
monkeys and chimpanzees. This is a very common disease among
these animals in zoological gardens and in menageries.

Tuberculosis has also been found in turkeys. The lesions
were located principally in the intestines and the liver. However
it seems as if this animal is seldom affected with tuberculosis. A
California otary has presented a generalized carcinoma of the
abdominal cavity. The lesions were particularly handsome and as-
sumed a typical tuberculiform aspect, consisting in numerous no-

dosities or tubercles, arranged in flat surfaces or pedunculated in — |

the intestines, kidneys, spleen, liver, diaphragm, mesentery and —
omentum. } ;

The examination of the blood of various birds, geese an
marabouts, revealed numerous endoglobular parasites, principally
of the Hemameba Relicta type.

In the autopsy of a marabout, it was found that death was due
to a foreign body which had perforated the gizzard.

Various species of coccidies were found in a muffloon, in red
partridges, in a Siamese cat; in a jaguar one botriocephalus was
found, in a vulture several encysted intestinal parasites, whose
nature is not yet established. The lesions of typhlo-hepatitis were
found in partridges and in young turkeys.

By this enumeration one can judge of the vast field for studies
which is yet open and it would form very valuable contribution to
comparative pathology if all such similar observations were re-
corded.

This is a call to every pathologist who may occupy positions
where opportunities would be offered to them.

*
me *

EDITORIAL, 417

- TuBERCULOsIS IN Cats.—Although the subject of contagion
of tuberculosis has received much attention for its transmission by
ingestion of bovine tuberculous products, in many of our domes-
tic animals it seems quite strange that the question has been com-
‘paratively but little agitated as far as domestic felines go. In-
deed, the first experiments that were made were by Gunther and
Harms, but the records are too concisely made to be valuable.
Later, Viseur experimented upon eleven animals, ten of which
took the disease. ‘Toussaint says that he has obtained similar
‘results. Nocard mentioned also one case of infection. Accord-
ing to these, it seems that cats are animals very susceptible to the
» ingestion of bovine virus. It must be remembered that in natural
) conditions they are rarely found tuberculous, although they are
7) much exposed to contract the disease either by their living with
') people, or again because of their being fed with meat of bovines,
| etc. While following series of experiments, a veterinary inspec-
| tor, Mr. P. Chaussé, made a number of inquiries to test this ques-
tion, and related the results at the Société de Biologie. One cat
+ was fed with only 1 gramme of crushed caseous matter, very
rich in bacilli. Killed after 104 days he exhibited caseous lesions
|” of the mesenteric and para-czcal lymphatic glands only. Two
| other cats were infected with 200 grammes of tuberculous prod-
ucts, After 72 days one had tuberculosis of the lungs and of the
cervical and mesenteric glands. The other had lesions only in the
mesenteric and pulmonary glands. A fourth cat gave similar re-
sults with only 2 grammes of infecting food.
| After these positive results Mr. Chaussé related also negative
cases. Eleven cats of various ages received various quantities
of infected food and after periods of time varying between 76
_ and 125 days, were killed. All of them had remained free from
tuberculosis and presented no lesions.
7 The conclusions of these experiments are: 1. The suscepti-
bility of cats to the infection by bovine virus through ingestion is
| real, although it often fails even with large doses. 2. It is prob-
able that an already existing lesion of the mucous membrane of
| the intestine, or a solution of traumatic nature is necessary to

418 EDITORIAL,

promote the entrance of the virus. The permeability of the mu- ©
cous membrane depends on its condition.

%
ok k

BrstiocraPuic Notices.—The Revue Generale de Médecine ©
Vétérinaire has made the two numbers of her October issue one |
large edition of over 200 pages. It contains a complete résumé —
of the work of the Ninth International Veterinary Congress of |
The Hague: the preparations, the opening, reception, the reports |
of the general and special meetings with the closing. The whole |
is illustrated with three plates, one a general view of the mem- |
bers, one of the permanent commission and of the organizing |
committee, and one of the military veterinarians that were |_
present. )

It also gives the last motion passed at the official seating re- | |
lating to a weekly publication of a uniform bulletin on contagious
diseases, viz.: glanders, dourine, rinderpest, contagious pleuro-
pneumonia, foot and mouth disease, anthrax fever, symptomatic —
anthrax, hemorrhagic septicemia of cattle, mange of sheep,
variola, rouget, septicemia of pigs, swine pest, rabies, chicken
cholera, avian pest.

In this publication the worthy editor of the Revue Générale
has certainly outdone any veterinary publication of modern times. —
It is a big record.

ea
ok *

In the fourteenth semi-annual report of the Chief of the Cattle
Bureau of Massachusetts which I have just received, I pick out |
some interesting figures relating to the prevailing of some of the
contagious diseases of domestic animals in that state. For in- |
stance, in the year ending Nov. 30, 1908, rabies is credited witha
grand total of 1,484 animals killed, dead, released or still held in
quarantine. Of glanders for the same date, 941 horses or mules
died or were killed. The figures recording the reports of inspec-

EDITORIAL, 419

tion of animals, stables, etc., show that the position of inspector
is not a sinecure. The number of herds inspected amounts to
33,011, of neat cattle inspected 234,347, of cows 177,047, of

sheep 26,384 etc.
*

- :
The following were also received: Bureau of A. I., Bulletin
) 116; tests concerning tubercle bacilli in the circulating blood, by
Dr. E. C. Schroeder and W. E. Cotton; recent work concerning
| the cause and prevention of Hog Cholera, by Dr. M. Dorset;
the Chicago Veterinary College Bulletin and Announcement for

_ June, 1900.
| A. L.

| WELCOME TO THE GOLDEN WEST.

}

_ Last month we announced the result of the deliberations of
the executive committee of the A. V. M. A., which fixed the place
| and date of the next meeting of that organization as San Fran-
| cisco, Sept. 6-7-8-9, 1910, when we pointed out some of the de-
"lights and advantages of a visit to that wonderful semi-tropic.

_ This month it is our pleasure as well as our privilege to pub-
lish one of the most whole-souled welcomes from the veterina-
rians of the “ far west” that it is possible to conceive; in short
it is a real western welcome. Before what would seem scarcely
| ‘ enough time had elapsed for them to receive word that their in-
_ yitation had been accepted by the national organization, we find
them organized and making preparations to receive that body,
with a heartiness that is positively inspiring.

The state organization of California has linéd up its army of
workers, with Dr. R. A. Archibald, of Oakland, as chairman of
the Entertainment Committee, which accounts for the splendid
start that has been made thus early in the building of a great
meeting of the A. V. M. A. in 1910. Distance means nothing to
Dr. Archibald. He can consistently bid the members of his pro-
fession to attend the meeting on the Pacific Slope, no matter zvhere

420 EDITORIAL,

they reside; as he, living in beautiful California, (“‘ God’s coun- 7
try,” as Californians call it), attends the meetings of the A. V.— .
M. A. regularly, whether it elects to convene east or west-of the
Rockies, in the Middle West, on the Atlantic seaboard. There-—
fore it behooves the veterinary profession of America to read his
welcome in behalf of the profession of California and the far ||
West, and his appeal for their support, as voiced in his com-—
munication to them under the head of “ Correspondence” on
page 495 of this issue of the REviEw, with the same earnestness"
in which it is tendered them. The veterinarians of the Pacific
Slope desire with all the earnestness that is in them to make the
I9IO meeting the greatest that has yet been realized; and they
have united their forces to work unceasingly to that end from
now until the eve of convention; and they will win out. They
modestly promise one hundred and fifty to two hundred new
members as part of the fruits of a visit to the “Golden West”;
that alone would warrant the convention of the association in |
their balmy clime; for it is good “timber” that develops under
those sunny skies. Let every member of the A. V. M. A. begin ||
at once to assist that earnest, zealous committee in some manner —
to make the goal toward which they strive. They are a long way —
off from some, but not a bit too far from any to be benefited by
the support that every member of the A. V. M. A. owes them. —
Begin now to plan to attend the meeting in person, if at all
possible. If it is not possible for any good and sufficient reason, |)
do the next best thing, encourage everyone in the profession that |
you know to go. And do not forget the REvIEw’s appeal of a
month or two ago for each member of the A. V. M. A. to secure 7}
at least one new member from among his circle of acquaintances. |
It is not absolutely necessary that they go to the convention to be
elected to membership, so do not let that furnish an excuse for |
not filling out an application until such time as they can |
see their way clear to attending. Write Secretary Lyman for |
some of the new application blanks and let us see how many _
names of new applicants we can publish in the March issue of
the Review. ,

EDITORIAL, 421

Ho.ipay Epirion oF THE BREEDER’s GAZETTE.—We are in
receipt of the “ Holiday Edition ” of that most excellent period-
ical, the Breeder's Gazette, and, while we have had the pleasure
of perusing many previous holiday nuthbers, the 1909 edition
surely surpasses in literary offerings and artistic beauty all pre-
vious productions.

Among the leading articles may be found “ The Art of Ani-
mal Photography,” by Gilbert H. Parsons, containing repro-
ductions of nine of his animal photos of horses, cattle and sheep,
and “ The Advanced Position of the Farmer,” by Hon. Geo. E.
Roberts, ex-Director United States Mint.

In addition to the scores of fine reproductions of photographs
of all breeds of horses, cattle, sheep and swine, there is a full-page
colored plate of the late Amos Cruickshank, “ The Herdsman of
Aberdeenshire,” described by his friend and neighbor, Wm.
Duthie (in an interesting article in the same number) as “A
Prince of Breeders.”

The veterinarian’s life-work, his daily endeavor, is directed
in the interest of the tiller of the soil, no matter what the object
of production ; but he is particularly interested in the breeding in-
dustry. We, therefore, wish it were possible for every veteri-
narian who is not a regular subscriber, to procure a copy of the
holiday edition for themselves and their families. The reading is
instructive, clean and wholesome, and the REVIEW congratu-
lates the Gazette editors on their achievement.

Miss JEsstE WILLIAMS AND A. M. Marr UNITED IN MAr-
RIAGE BY Rev. R. B. DoAn.—Miss Jessie Williams, daughter of
Dr. and Mrs. E. E. Williams, was married November 30, 1909,
to Dr. A. M. Mair, at the bride’s home, 305 East Bridge street,
Streator, Ill, Rev. R. B. Doan officiating. Only near relatives
were present. After a sumptuous repast, Dr. and Mrs. Mair
left for Chicago for a few days. For the present they will reside
_ at the home of the bride. |
Dr. Mair is a veterinary surgeon, lately located in Streator.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

ne

VETERINARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIES THAT ARE
PRODUCING MARKET MILK.* |

By Craupe D. Morris, V.S., BrncHamton, N. Y.

Market milk is milk that is produced for sale; as the fresh
fiuid leaves the farm in the morning it may be going to a butter
or cheese factory to be transformed into those articles of food or

to a bottling establishment that puts the raw fluid on the market |

in that form or to the common receiving station that ships milk in
bulk from the country to the city. Or it may go to the condensery
and there worked into the finished product, having been made up
according to the commercial brands of condensed milk as found —
on the market, or a very small portion of the raw product may
reach the confection and ice cream establishments or.the recent
powdered milk industry.

No matter where it goes, under whatever name, it is on the —
market and there for sale,.a commodity of commerce. Now —
the market is more than half of every phase of the question under
discussion, The person or establishment dealing in milk or milk
products has it in its power to not only improve the standard of
production by consistent oversight of such methods that need di- —

rection in the spirit and purpose of co-operation for the general | t

betterment of the business at the country ends, but also the mar-
ket can produce a demand, in other words increase the consump-
tion of their products by enlightening the public as to the nature
and economy of the use of milk and its products as a part of its

daily dietry.
To illustrate, it is not generally recognized that one quart of

* Presented at the twentieth annual meeting, New York State Medical Society, Ithaca,

August, 1909.
422

VETERINARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIES PRODUCING MARKET MILK. 423

:
milk testing 13 per cent., solids, has a coloric value equal to 12

” ounces of lean beef or 10 eggs. The market that disregards the
| importance of proper production or the value of dairy products
” as compared with other foods is simply drifting. In other words,
_ the market sets the pace, creates the trade and maintains the busi-
ness. Speaking in a general way, there are two kinds of mar-
’ kets, one which exercises an inspection supervision over pro-
duction, that is, it sets the standards for the essentials that should
be observed in order to make a wholesome safe milk and adopts
” methods and regulations consistent with the needs of such work,
_ keeping in close touch with the system: Such a market is careful
” to handle a fluid in clean vessels surrounded with cleaner condi-
tions and transported from the country to the city market in re-
’ frigerator cars and as soon as it reaches the city, toebe properly
served to the consumer.
Such a market is a constructive industry and in a large sense
is a public utility serving a public need. The other market has no
| regard for the source of its supply, it simply receives milk as milk,
apparently indifferent whether it comes from healthy cows or suit-
able surroundings, warm or cold, clean or dirty. The stock in-
_‘ducement that is offered to dairymen as a reason for their busi-
| ness, consists in one short sentence, a sort of verbal contract,
namely: “Let us buy your milk. We will not bother you with
inspection. We don’t care anything about what your cows eat or
| drink. We will not consider it our business to know whether you
clean your stables daily or weekly; whether they are whitewashed
or otherwise; no matter about windows and ventilation in your
| _ stables use your own judgment about that, as such matters are
| only a theory, and if any of your family are sick with typhoid
| or diphtheria, simply say nothing about it, to say that such dis-
| eases are conveyed through milk to the consumer, is also a theory,
_ standing only on a presumption; no need for a milk house, no ice
Or special care, simply bring along your milk and we will pay
within 10 or 20 cents per hundred pounds of Borden’s prices.”
_. This is the incentive offered by a majority of the country
_ markets to dairymen; the object is to do business and take the

424 CLAUDE D. MORRIS.

chance. This is the predominant factor to be met with in the |
dairy districts throughout the state, with here and there an ex-
ception. It is the one factor that hinders progress, scoffs at ' .
standards, as having any value and is a menace to public health. —
And withal it puts a premium on shiftless methods and encourages"
the production of unsanitary, unsafe milk. It has no ideal to ad-—
vance and but little concern for the well-being of the industry.
While this statement may seem to many as extreme and over-
drawn, in the main it is the principle that underlies the competitive
market in every district where the effort is put forth to produce
only sanitary milk, excepting such districts in which the sanitary
market has the whole field, which are few. q

As to dairymen, speaking in a general way, as I see it, there
are four grades of producers of milk and for convenience I will
classify them in the following order, including their numerical
relation to production. The ideal, the choice, the indifferent, the
careless. ‘

The Ideal! BY patieate RMS pe fee Le 1/10. “am
) By natural inclination........... 1 9/10 per cent.
The Choe, Res 5. cn eailado iaaeee oie 18 a
The Indifferent. <2. 65... cc Bar ee 75 *
Rae: Carelese. 2 av ko S55 oe ee eben 6 oe 5 %
100 fF

anit ee that are always shescougits clean and progressive, Che |
other of this class are ideal by certificate. A class of dairymen| |
that are clean because it is commercial policy. And their meth=) |
ods are supposed to be presided over by a milk committee ap- |
pointed by some medical society. |

The second class which I name as Choice are a class of dairy-_
men that endeavor daily to do the right thing, always open for
conservative suggestion and ready to act on sound advice, =

VETERINARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIES PRODUCING MARKET MILK. 425

_ The third class, the Indifferent, are a class of dairymen that
predominate numerically; they farm it in an easy-going manner,
uite inclined to do the right thing one day and then omitting to
‘do it the next day, not strenuous but live in hopes to reach the
goal, cheerful and willing but needing proper correction, and
some of them close inspection.
_ They make a good living and are not anxious to get rich.
_ The fourth class that 1 have termed “ Careless” are a class
hat are ignorant, composed of a willing and a wilful mind. By
| “areful and persistent effort the inspector can turn half of them
“into quite good dairymen; the other half will keep him anxious
nd possibly some of them should not be allowed to put their
‘products on the market. This class, however, do not exist in
very district in the proportion I have indicated by the figures, as
1 some districts of three or fqur hundred dairymen, none could
e rightly classed as “ Careless,” while in other districts a large
number would be such.

This classification shows that 80 per cent. of dairymen pro-
‘ducing market milk require some measure of inspection and that
o per cent. should he inspected occasionally, merely as a form, as
‘there are people making market milk that inspection does not
apply to because their methods and products are all that could be
The field for inspection work is in the last two classes and
includes 8o per cent. of all milk producers, and implies that dairy-
“men producing milk for the butter or cheese market require the
same measure of inspection as is required of the raw milk mar-
ket. Many dairymen welcome inspection, taking a deep pride
_in wanting their surroundings to appear commendable in anticipa-
tion of a good score, and this has come about as the result of
| "either a previous efficient inspection or as the result of his own
t management and judgment in which he feels satisfied that his
dairy outfit will undergo a satisfactory inspection.

_ There are some who appear indifferent, giving the impres-

} sion that “ There it is, what have you to say? It suits me, etc.”

| ‘Yet these dairymen continue to get in line and get away from that
.

; |

te

426 CLAUDE D. MORRIS.

feeling if appealed to in the right manner, along common sense |
lines.
While there are a few that rather ignore inspection and treat
it as an unwarranted intrusion. But even a large part of that
class will comply with standard regulations, realizing that in order |
to sell their product on a safe market, a measure of compli” |
is necessary. of *|
I believe in the principle and value of dairy faspectin. not be-
cause I am in the work, but by being in the work I see the im- |
portance of it as a means of improving farm lands, making for”
better crops for cattle, the uninterrupted maintenance of healthy”
stock, uniform and sanitary methods in the production and care)
of the milk, and withal, putting on the market a safe, economice
food for man.
I feel assured of my ground, that intelligent inspection is help;
ful and profitable to dairymen as “well as rendering a public ser- |
vice. |
Let me say to all who intend or desire to engage in inspectior
work of this nature, that such will succeed fairly 1
they will start out by knowing nothing until they have learned
enough by experience to know something and then apply it by
degrees. )
The thing that has brought about a measure of reproach 2
unfavorable criticism throughout the dairy districts of the stat
regarding inspection, is due largely to the manner in which some
inexperienced laymen have applied their methods, To tell a dairy
man at the outset, or give the impression that his methods and
conditions are intolerable, as viewed from the inspector’s con-—
ception of things, offends rather than enlightens the dair |
and in his moment of disappointment, mingled with regret and |
disgust, his own idea leads him to regard the whole thing as ¢ b |
offensive officialism outside of its jurisdiction. ie
The inspector should not lose sight of the fact that the dai ; |
man owns the place; that it is his ground and the inspector’s per
sonal presence accompanied with his suggestion or command i§ |
entirely at the courtesy of the owner. an

VETERINARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIES PRODUCING MARKET MILK. 427

Successful inspection requires a study of human nature in an
ttempt to point out to the dairyman the value to him, of pursuing
in'methods in order that he put his business on a basis ulti-
nately more profitable.
_ The subject of dairy inspection covers such a wide range and
$0 many details, it would be presumption to ask your patience to
go with me over the ground, but with your permission I will give
| brief didactic of taking a dairyman that is producing milk under
‘conditions that are claimed as unsafe and building it up to a
‘sanitary safe standard.
_ The dairyman in the case has been making milk for a number
‘of years and taking it to a near-by butter or cheese factory. His
Stable is a shed without windows; the ceiling is an open board
fl jor or it may be constructed with poles upon which the hay or
\ raw i8 stored or the stable may be an underground apartment :
‘that is, 4 cellar under the main barn poorly lighted, if at all, with
‘no. ventilation and possibly nothing but a ground floor. During
‘the months the cattle are housed, it is his custom to pile the
‘Manure up against the stable by throwing it out of small slide
loors which also act as windows, about four feet above the stable
or, or possibly storing it in the stable for several days before
3 1oving it; milking the cows and keeping the fresh milk in the
ible over night, and on the following morning add the morning’s
: I ailk to’ the previous night’ s mess without cooling either or giving
itany special protection. And from that condition it gore to the
factory. | te |
| 4 The dairyman at this juncture is approached by the veteri-
narian or Branch Inspector of the sanitary milk market first, to see
t what he has got in the way of a dairy and what are the possi-
bilities of changing the surroundings sufficient to fit the needs of
the market, engaging in a few moments of general conversation
‘in order to get at the feeling of the man, the question uncon-
sciously comes to the surface, avoiding all along any criticism of
‘his method but explaining i in a simple manner, the economy and
value of modern dairy methods and the advantage and influence

of being rated a “first class dairyman.” And if he decides to
|
5 ae

—-ve we R
: ee er > oe
7 7 f

i

428 CLAUDE D. MORRIS.

adopt the inspection market, the inspector will begin one step at a __ :
time to build up his conditions by taking hold of what seems to be
the worst feature_first and by degrees correct it and continue to
do so by taking the next bad feature and step by step encourage |
and lead him along until the former poor conditions have been’
transformed one at a time, into good conditions. The dairyman
becomes interested and takes pleasure in working out the proble m
of laying aside worn out ideas and adjusting his conditions to
new and growing thoughts of up-to-date dairying. His cattl 2
iook better and are more productive. Their health has been
watched over by the veterinarian. Those troubles that “ occa-
sionally ”’ intrude upon the farm, such as abortion, indigestion in
its many forms, mammitis, foot-ail, etc., and especially the much
discussed disease tuberculosis, all receive his personal attention
and advice and any animal that is considered as harmful to other
members of the herd or to the product of the herd is removed as
a safeguard. And many times advice and treatment is given
when desired for other domestic animals of the farm. It be
comes the pleasant duty of the veterinarian to give every assist-
ance to the dairyman and thereby cultivate the spirit of co-oper- |
ation, the art of helping each other. q
A neighbor drops in and one of the recent visits of the veteri-
narian is discussed in detail and if he has left a suggestion fot
this or that change or improvement, as a foot note on the scor
of the dairy, it is analyzed and if it contains a weak point it 1
held up as an object for jest in a good-natured way with a “a
ure of regard notwithstanding. ae
Neighbors compare their individual score with each other an
the spirit of rivalry in an effort to excel, begins to grow in tht
neighborhood. The trend of affairs is growth and bettermen
all along the line. |
The former things have passed away. The dingy, dirty stabl
is only a memory. The previous shiftless methods of caring ft
the milk brings back a little reflection, and there is a desire t
forget the once nasty appearance of the cattle during the winter
months of their housemnert. The picture of to-day is most pleé

VETERINARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIES PRODUCING MARKET MILK. 429

"ant to view because it adds lustre to the efforts of the immediate
past. Itis evolution. The new has come up out of the old. The
"value oi inspection depends upon the ability of the person making
it. To take a bad condition and turn it into a good one without
irritation to the dairyman and to help him adjust the transfor-
mation economically by giving sound advice, and, if need be, the
lend of a helping hand now and then. It will make for encour-
agement and prove the sincerity of our work.

The veterinary inspector has two things to overcome; first, an
» opinion among many dairymen that inspection of any sort is
» largely a theoretical hypothesis, and the other, that quite-human
' feeling in the mind of the farmer, is that the inspector is more
or less ignorant of the fundamentals of agricultural life and
‘dairying in particular. Such dairymen take the position of the
_ Missourian; they are willing to be convinced, but you must show
them and explain on the basis as they understand, things, as they
_ obtain in daily life. And if the inspector makes good at this point,
he will receive co-operation from the dairyman and time will
_ prove that his efforts will avail.

_ It is my own practice to suggest to dairymen such methods,
the adoption of which will, in the main, contribute towards the
_ production of wholesome milk. I deal with the question as a
mass and not from the individual standpoint. The principle is
to get the leaven to work. It will permeate the mass, bringing
about the uniform result.

_. There are seven principal features to be observed in order to
_ make good milk:

A healthy herd of cows.

A suitable, clean stable.

A safe water supply.

Clean utensils and clean milking.

Proper storing and chilling of the milk.

Suitable transportation to the factory or market.

7. That all persons who are connected with handling the
milk in any manner shall be free of any communicable disease.

Aye wp o

430 CLAUDE D. MORRIS.

The many details associated with these features, in order
to get desirable results, are in proportion to the needs of the
individual dairy and in the case of the Borden Company these —
details are applied by the branch inspector under the supervision —
of the veterinarian after each have visited the dairy together and
taking careful note of the conditions and making a score. 4

The general principle of sanitary dairying is not difficult to.
apply. The range of detail depends on this or that Jaina
If one is low in the scale of sanitary production, the more of de-
tail is necessary in order to raise his standard, while, on the other
hand, if a dairyman is working with methods which score well
the necessary detail has passed into daily practice and becomes
methodic. The aim is to produce milk by a schedule, as it were.
That is, the adoption of an efficient economical method” daily
applied. a

.While there are many things that the veterinary inspector
should do, there are, however, some things that are both pro- 5
fessional and orthodox that he should not attempt to carry out.
That is, to acquire the ideal, of all conditions, among a ca a
mon mass of dairymen. The ideal in this work exists in ty |
phases: first, the social or fastidious sense of things: dai yng
by literature, magazine articles, etc.; the writers mean well, but
their zeal outruns their practical kiowiedge: and all fail aa 1-
form the dairyman how to apply the scheme, and also. fail °
reckon the cost, which leaves room for them to denounce it aS
theory only.

The other phase is the medical aspect of the question.
laboratory has done much in recent years to illumine the pre
tice of medicine as well as to increase. the number of -its in-
solved problems. Research work of this.nature is yet in its i
fancy, and in the wake of its progress some investigators s¢ at a
to aim at scaring the community into accepting their findings. —

One laboratory worker tells us that baneful bacteria abound
in''stpeet, air, water, foods, home and clothing. Another tells
us that bovine tubercle bacilli abound in market: milk, butter a

a!

VETERINARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIES PRODUCING MARKET MILE, 431

_ cheese, and to partake of these products is to invite premature
death.
Some’ guardians of the public health sometimes shoot wide
” of the cold fact in an effort to sustain a point and maintain their
position. They have been looking for something, found a re-
semblance, and jumped at a conclusion, which is one of the
' easiest things in the world todo. However, I am impressed with
' the value of painstaking findings in the laboratory; I recognize
’ the fact that it has revealed a cause of many human specific dis-
_ eases, and the channels through which they are communicated,
"and while the laboratory has shown us that certain of them are
| said to be communicable through dairy products, it has also
proven the entire possibility of having a perfectly safe, raw
milk produced upon a basis that is economical and efficient. And
| so far'as can be demonstrated, so good. And upon that basis we
} should ptedicate the work of sanitary inspection of dairies.

| T think all will agree that there are two diseases of man
, which may be readily communicated through milk, namely,
typhoid fever and diphtheria. In the case of sporadic typhoid a
| quarantine should be established to include all persons that have
anything to do with the care of the patient, to prohibit such per-
at ons coming in contact with market milk. All milk’ utensils of
the dairy should be cleansed in boiling water and kept inde-
| ‘pendent of the dwelling that contains the patient, and when
_ such patient has recovered, they should not come in contact with
| any feature of the dairying that has to do with the milking of
_ the cows, caring for the milk or of the milk utensils, until com-
_ plete recovery of the patient is accomplished. And the same
general rule and a shoal be applied in case of diph-
theria on the farm.

As to bovine diseases thiat are Hilsieinissible through milk,
we'are not so certain about. A few are said to be communicable
to man.’ I think all will admit that the propagation of animal
_ diseasés of the lower'‘order are'uncommon in man, and were it
not for some measure of pattisan phase i in the present’ world-
i pride: tuberculosis campaign, we would scarcely hear anything

aaa
Pee

432 CLAUDE D. MORRIS.

about it at all; and I do not mean to infer by this that the ill- #
health of the dairy cow has no bearing on the well-being of the |
community. J am convinced that any ill-health of the herd —
brought in contact with the consumer of dairy products is a_
menace to health through the possible transmission of the prod-_
ucts of disease, ptomaines, toxines, etc. But that specific animal
disease is rarely transmitted through dairy products is equally —
admissible. z
It is important that any disorder of the udder of the cow
be taken carefully into account and to exclude all milk where
the udder is undergoing any process of inflammation, including —
all forms of abscesses and tumefactions. Human defilement of 4
the milk is more serious because that feature can be constant, —
while polluted milk from animal sources in many instances is
self-limited. The animal while ill is quite apt to cease the se-_
cretion of milk; therefore, there is none to pollute. But man, in—
his ignorance, has been known to produce a temporary scourge q
in the community with some form of human disease while en-
gaged in the vocation of vending the innocent cow’s milk. No _
other feature of dairying is of greater importance than an in- —
telligent conception of safe-guarding milk while in the environ-—
ment of human disease, and this especially applies to typhoid,
diphtheria and human tuberculosis. 4
One of the uppermost questions in the dairying industry of |
to-day is bovine tuberculosis, and I believe it is not wide of the
mark to say that this question is the least understood and he.
most misunderstood of any of our economic problems, The
national government is doing nothing to eradicate the disease,
and no two contiguous states are working in harmony to that
end; and I know of no one state that has made any appreciable
practical progress along any line in that direction.
If we put the question to the veterinarians of the country.
to name a method embracing an indispensable factor as the first
step to be taken in a national campaign in an effort to reduce the
frequency of disease or to wipe it out, it is safe to say that three- [ |
fourths to eight-tenths of the replies would name tuberculin ua

' VETERINARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIES PRODUCING MARKET MILK. 433

the first and most essential factor in the fore rank of such a

| | campaign. And this is due largely to an acquired feeling of self-

sufficiency or ignorance and a desire to work in abeyance to any
further light on the efficiency of this agent for the time being
at least. And until we can reverse such a belief and feeling in
the mind and heart of the profession in the same proportion, we
will continue to have tuberculosis of our herds in about the same
magnitude as it exists to-day. And is this not due to the blind
and idolatrous confidence that many veterinarians entertain in
regard to the accuracy and efficiency of the tuberculin reaction
which has obscured the fact of the measure of its efficient value?
I think we will all agree as to the merits of its diagnostic value;
it will tell us that a cow has tuberculosis in some form or othet
if the disease exists in the animal—and there it stops. It defines
nothing. And that‘is the stumbling block over which we are
prone to fall. You say to me, as you understand right and wrong,
_ that a certain boy is bad. Very well, but I am bound to inquire
as to the measure of his evil conduct, and if such simply deserves
/ parental correction and advice, or is his conduct such that it
becomes a matter for a police court to adjudge, or is his crime
such as deserves death. The natural inquiry comes back to the
accusation: How bad is this boy? And when that has been de-
termined, proper justice can be administered in the case.

But in the case of bovine tuberculosis, tuberculin accuses and
_ prejudice kills the animal; and then investigates the nature and

- magnitude of the accusation.

My belief is, we will make progress by going slower and
advising dairymen to first have a careful physical examination
made of their herds, and remove every objectionable feature and
then institute and maintain features that parallel nature in the
domesticity of the cow, such as wholesome, clean stables, well
lighted with windows, equipped with an efficient system of ven-
_tilation so that the air of the stable is pure, provide wholesome,
nutritious food, abundance of pure water and a little outdoor
exercise daily during the months the cattle are housed, and have
the herd examined by a veterinarian at least, twice each year.

434 ; CLAUDE D. MORRIS.

And, as a finale, if the dairyman desires a tested herd, he could
apply tuberculin as a matter of gratifying his fancy rather than |
an economic. means, and when the veterinarian has carried the —
dairyman along three or four years with this method, nine out —
of ten will not ask to havé their herds’tested, and, so-far as the ©
public health is concerned, it would be wholly unnecessary! And —
such method remain a common practice until we know more 4
about the nature of the disease, and work out a more efficient q
indicator. . ts

I believe the veterinarians of the country etisule rise to the’ 3
needs of the situation and, step by step, solve this problem. The —
country practitioner should be a student of the question, enlight- —
ening his mind and enlarging his horizon of reason. This is —
our problem, and we should be able to work out the solution by —
individual effort and not rely entirely upon conclusions’ hastily —
constructed, until the present situation is changed; in’ which
reason and facts shall be the guiding star, we can expect nothing —
short of fads running along lines out of all proportion to praey
tical needs. |

The efforts of the profession to-day are seemingly in ore di- 7
rection, that is, to prove the accuracy of tuberculin, and to 7
slaughter cattle, putting the burden on the cattle-owners of the — |
country. If one-half of the effort and money that has so far been |
expended in this direction could have been utilized in devising —
means toward preventing the propagation of the disease in —
cattle, we would no doubt have been a good step on the highway F
of progress by this time in the direction of solving: the isstie.

There are phases of the disease in cattle that are of little —
importance if unmolested, and the’ ‘present surface efficiency ‘of4
tuberculin makes no distinction between the progressive | ‘or
quiescent stage, and neither does it reveal the presence of ' an al
open or healed or calcified lesion, as distinctive, one frém''the
other. “The reaction character is the same in’ ahy' event, and |
until the practitioner realizes'the importance of a tuberculin
that cafi make a distinction and ‘not disturb the animal economy
or arouse quiescent or calcified forms of the disease into activity, — 4 p

ri.

VETERINARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIES PRODUCING MARKET MILK. 435

_ we will continue no doubt, to destroy the bovine wealth of the
- country, which practice the majority of us will surely condemn
later. on.
. A healed tubercular lesion bears no relation to any danger-
_ ous forms of the disease; it is but a scar as evidence of a former
_ infection, which nature has imprisoned, and it is of little impor-
tance whether it contains virulent or non-virulent bacilli or none
» at all, Its influence is nil. To kill a cow that simply carries a
healed tubercular lesion is not solving an economic problem or
_ safeguarding the public health. It is simply a needless destruc-
_ tion of the dairyman’s property.
ta As matters are to-day it would be safer, and, I believe, more
_ economical to prohibit all tuberculining of cattle except it be done
- by the Department of Agriculture, and the post-mortem passed
upon. by the state veterinary college, to determine the nature of
_ the lesions, and a graduate indemnity paid to the owner of cattle
/ on the basis of these findings and upon any carcass in which none
but localized, healed or calcified lesions are observed, the owner

' should receive more than the market value of the animal as alive,

' in lieu of her undoubted future actual worth in the dairy, as
| nearly all cattle carrying such lesions are practically harmless,
| and such rule should apply to all milk-producing cattle under ten
| years of age; as present-day intensified dairying means that the
_ cow pays for herself each year. And upon all carcasses in which
~ no disease is found, the owner should receive double the market
| value of the animal as alive.

ie If the state is going to take up this question and attempt
' to solve the problem, as recent legislation indicates, then the
state should bear the burden of the experiment and anticipate all
value. As things have been and are to-day the burden of this
| experiment is put upon the cattle-owner, who is a loser in every
event, to a greater proportion than is fair. 7

| ’.T believe it should be reversed, which would then mean that
the state adjust this question in the interest of taxpayers, cattle-
owners and consumers of dairy products, and if this be done
in the interests of public health, as is the present exalted claim,

436 CLAUDE D, MORRIS.

then let the public treasury make good all losses. Under such 7
conditions the whole question would be a public issue, because it is
not satisfactorily and conclusively demonstrated to cattle-owners —
or consumers of milk that every tuberculous cow is a menace to —
public health; and in the meantime the state should devise ways —
and means of properly adjusting the question, taking into ac- —
count the co-ordinate interests of the producer and consumer as q
a basis upon which to proceed, instead of glorifying the findings —
of one or two little calcified or healed tuberculous lymph nodes —
as proof of the accuracy of tuberculin to justify killing a harm- —
less cow. And this feature in all its phases is a part of the gen- fl
eral question already alluded to, in which the veterinary inspector —
of dairies should occupy a conservative attitude toward the ques- _
tion in his effort to improve the status of sanitary dairying, as 4
the whole phase of dairy inspection will enlarge in proportion 2
to the public’s appreciation of pure food, standing on the practia 4
side of the question. A
The matter is coming to the front, and one of the greatest .
needs in this field to-day is for men who are competent to do —
the work. The whole scope of the work is scientific in natur
and cannot be worked out from the layman’s standpoint. Put~
on that basis under a good state system of dairy inspection, the —
community at large could then procure a uniform, safe product. —
I see no reason why New York City should have the best —
milk at the exclusion of all other cities in the state. Why not —
Buffalo, Syracuse and Albany have just as good. In_ fact, all |
other cities and villages in the state that depend upon market
milk should have an equal opportunity of procuring a safe article. ~
Milk is a universal food and it should possess a univer
measure of excellence.
Dairying is a feature of farming that rightly belongs to the {
Department of Agriculture to administer. As I see the need for
direction and the opportunities for improvement in one of the
greatest industries of our state, it seems to me that through such 7
a channel the best general result could be obtained.

VETERINARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIES PRODUCING MARKET MILK. 437

| __ The value and efficiency of such work would be its uniform:
' ity, covering the whole state; the right of such a system to oper-
ate would be recognized as the only legal authority in matters
of this kind ; instituted upon a basis of co-operation along lines to
improve the cultivation of the soil, increasing its productiveness,
and thereby reduce the cost of maintaining the cow and to im-
‘prove her as an individual, augmenting her bodily resistance
to disease and this, as an educational dairy improvement cam-
" paign throughout the state, would mean, on the one hand, an
" increase of utility and wealth of our farms, and, on the other,
_ provide an economical safe food to meet the increasing demands
for such, in urban life.

_ Horse Saves Lire or Cuiitp.—One of the most miraculous
escapes from a horrible death is alleged to have been witnessed
by the people of Lexington, Ky., several days ago, when a baby
girl, five years of age, was (according to the story) snatched
_ from under the wheels of a passing locomotive by a horse be-
1 longing to the Frank P. Sullivan shows. The marvelous rescue
Fis said to have been witnessed by hundreds of people, who stood,
gazing spellbound and thoroughly terror-stricken, at the spectacle.
i? Mazeppa, the educated horse, was being led to her tent at the
fair grounds by a stableman, and had just reached the railroad
track when the warning bell of the fast approaching train was
heard, too late, however, by the little girl, who was attempting
is to cross the track. The child was in the middle of the track,
_ when, suddenly looking up, she saw the huge engine scarcely
| twenty yards away, and stood too terrified to move. With a
_ bound the mare was away from the groom and rushed toward
the helpless infant. The onrushing locomotive was almost upon
the child when the animal dashed onto the track, seized the cloth-
ing of the child in its mouth, and with a leap, sprang from under
the very wheels of the engine as it went roaring by.
| Mazepna bore the little girl to the sidewalk, where it was re-
| ceived by its almost crazed parents. This feat of daring and
heroism is the most remarkable ever witnessed in Lexington.
Thousands of persons visited the animal in her tent at the Blue
Grass fair, where she was being exhibited, and praises of both
the horse and owner are being sung over the entire blue grass.—
ag 4 The Rider and Driver.)

a

WHAT MUST THE CATTLE OWNER DO TO PREVENT THE
DISSEMINATION OF TUBERCULOSIS |
AMONG HIS CATTLE? , | |

Extract From A Lecture Detiverep Durtne “ AGRICULTURAL WEEK” IN
PosEN ON JANUARY 21, 1909, By PRoFEssoR Dr. Paut Roemer, MARBURG. |

Translated by WILFRED LELLMAN, V. S., Professor of the New York University.

The answer to the question representing my subject is ex-
tremely difficult and important. However, in spite of this, I be-
lieve that my intended explanations may be abridged somewhat,
since my confrére has already mentioned a number of important
measures for the suppression of bovine tuberculosis, with which
I agree with him on the main points.

1. Tue Hycrenic Suppression or Bovine TUBERCULOSIS. —

As already stated by Dr. Miessner, hygienic measures < 7
protective vaccination are our remedies against bovine tuber
culosis. 4

The hygienic suppression of bovine Giberculosie is limited. to |
the surroundings of the animals to be protected. We try to kee D
away the disease-causing bacillus from healthy cattle, and since
its Jast source is a diseased animal, the latter receives our special
attention. But we also consider the danger threatened by those
tubercle bacilli that have been already excreted by the diseased |
animal. The sum total of hygienic measures in this direction, a
acknowledged by science and practice as useful, is best repre
sented by the known schedule of the Danish professor, Ba z
Bang demands in the first place isolation, viz., all animals react- |
ing upon the tuberculin test should be inclated! It is evident
that the hygienic suppression of tuberculosis does not require the
isolation of animals that cannot spread the disease, but knowl- 4
edge as to whether a certain tubercularly infected animal will ou
become dangerous or not. The strictest isolation of the ani

438 ae

DISSEMINATION OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CATTLE. 439

_ which have been recognized as tubercular by the tuberculin test,
_ in a separate stable and with separate attendance, is a com-
promise with practical conditions ; inasmuch as it permits the fur-
ther use of the animals, while at first the killing of all tubercularly
infected animals was demanded.

According to Bang’s program, all animals are to be consid-
_ ered healthy that did not react upon the tuberculin test and which
_ a clinical examination has proved healthy, and further, all new-
' born calves, even those coming from tubercular dams. This
healthy division, which is kept strictly separated from the react-
_ ing animals, must now be protected against such tubercle bacilli
‘as may find their way to it by inanimate things. Hence the jn-
junction of the employment of special stable utensils, of special
attendants and, above all, the demand to sterilize the milk to be
| fed the young calves. Besides, by frequently repeated tubercu-
' lin tests of the healthy division, the tuberculous animals over-
| looked at the first examination must be found out, and every
| newly acquired animal must be accurately tested with tuberculin
| before it is placed with the healthy animals.

_ Ostertag’s method, a modification of Bang’s, demands a
clinical examination of the herd and the elimination of animals
/ with open tuberculosis, since only these excrete tubercle bacilli
| and hence endanger the healthy animals. In a certain sense,
| 0 stertag’s method presupposes that a clinical examination will
discover the really dangerous animals to such a degree that the
| ‘result will be an efficient keeping down of tuberculosis dissem-
ination. An important adjunct of these purely clinical examina-
_ tions is the animal-experimental examination of the milk of tu-
berculous herds, that is, the milk of single animals suspected of
' udder tuberculosis, as well as the entire milk of a herd, and also
' the raising of young calves on sterilized milk, of which I am not
entirely in favor.

. I will state that I am not in favor of raising young calves on
| sterilized milk. From the standpoint of tuberculosis suppression,
on the other hand, this demand is fully justified and it should
1 _ therefore be considered, whether the danger of tuberculosis in-

440 WILFRED LELLMAN,

fection by raw milk, or the danger of raising an inferior animal —
is to be preferred, or how can both be lessened to a minimum; ©
for the demand must be made in the interest of a normal devel- 7
opment of the calf and it should receive raw milk at least for a
few weeks.

If you do not see your way clear to raising your calves with ‘a
heated milk, there are three other courses open to you:

(a) To feed your calves with raw milk, but only from the: :
udder of such dams or nursing cows that are free from udder-_
tuberculosis and which have not reacted upon the tuberculin test.
However, this is not always practicable, since it is sometimes
difficult, particularly where many calves are born, to obtain a
sufficient number of healthy nurse cows. ; |

(b) Experience has taught us that the digestibility of steri-
lized milk for suckling calves can be greatly improved, if small
quantities of raw milk are added to the heated milk. But I do-
not deny that probably this method, too, is rather complicated
for usual conditions. Therefore, only a third way is left tous.

(c) To raise the calves with raw milk, but only from the -
udder of the dam, and this only, if a clinical examination has”
proven the non-existence of udder-tuberculosis in the herd in ©
question, and if the milk of your dairy is tested periodically as.
to the presence of tubercle bacilli by bacteriological-animal-ex-
perimental examinations.

From the above you have no doubt seen that the demands
of hygienic tuberculosis suppression, if they are actually to mee
all requirements, are hardly practicable, and that we are com -
pelled, taking into consideration agricultural conditions, to modify
the severity of these demands and limit them. to the absolutely _
necessary requirements. a

Py

IL cathiattig Vaccination neuer Bovine ‘Tunencoa He

at our disposal a vaccine ‘euinst tuberculosis. It is probably
known to all of you that von Behring was the first to prove
cattle can be artificially immunized against tuberculosis to

DISSEMINATION OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CATTLE. 441

a degree that a succeeding artificial infection of proper dosage
does not harm the animals and that a stronger dose of the in-
. jected virus causes jess extensive tuberculous changes in them
- than in non-vaccinated animals.
_ The principle of protective vaccination is the same as that
which has proven such a boon to mankind in the well-known pox-
vaccination by Jenner, in Pasteur’s anthrax vaccination, and
‘other protective vaccinations. The vaccine represents human
4 cle baciili which are injected into the blood of the animal
‘in the form of an emulsion. Von Behring’s vaccine is known
under the name Bovovaccine.
Objections as to the Utility of Bovovaccine.—Within the last
‘years objections have been raised by scientists, who believe that
_ Bovovaccine is not destined to aid us in the suppression of bo-
vine tuberculosis, although they admit the correctness of the
scientific principles underlying the method.
Permit us to analyze these objections as to their significance.
he reference to technical difficulties attending the injection of
_ Bovovaccine is made only by those who do not possess a suf-
‘ficient amount of practice. I wish to add here that Bovovaccine
“is now supplied in ready for use emulsion, which formerly the
| Behringwerk refused to do until exhaustive tests as to the sta-
| bility of the vaccine in this form had been made. Another sim-
‘plification is that the Bovovaccine is now to be injected only once,
but in a larger dose. This recommendation too is possible only
now after sufficient experiences have been gathered as to the ac-
tion of a large dose in the already infected animal. For it cannot
| be avoided in practice that occasionally tubercular animals are
vaccinated, and especially during the first years of the intro-
| duction of Bovovaccine the cattle owners felt inclined to subject
| also the oller animals to the protective vaccination.
___ Another point has been raised, namely, that the single bovo-
_ vaccine preparations differ materially as to virulence. Bovovac-
| cine contains live tubercle bacilli which, although harmless for
, cattle, cause tuberculosis in guinea-pigs. We ourselves have in-
| _ troduced a new method for testing the virulence of bovovaccine,

442 : WILFRED LELLMAN.

which permits the determination of the most delicate differences | j
in the virulence of the different operation numbers of the vac-
cine. Our examinations thus far, which we expect to report in
the near future and which also include tests as to the stability of ~
our vaccine, will prove the uniformity of the preparations placed ©
on the market by the Behringwerk.

Further, mention has been made of the danger attendant upon >
the use of live tubercle bacilli as a vaccine, for the human and
for the bovine species. According to our experience, an acci-
dental infection by means of bovovaccine requires a particularly
high degree of awkwardness on the part of the operator. The
only case cited in the literature where a veterinarian is said to
have contracted a skin infection through bovovaccine has, as far
as I know, not been brought before the scientific world in such
a form as to permit of discussion.

Still more theoretical was the objection that bovovaccine
bacilli might be excreted by vaccinated animals through their
milk. If the bovovaccination is performed as per directions, this
danger is absolutely excluded, and the Imperial Board of Health
states quite correctly: ‘‘If the immunization of cattle is per- |)
formed according to Behring’s directions, an excretion with the”
milk, of the injected tubercle bacilli need not be feared.” aa

The pretended dangerousness of bovovaccine for the bovine:
species does not exist, if only healthy animals are vaccinated a 1
vaccination is not performed i in such herds where latent calf-pneu- il
monia prevails, since in the latter case the vaccination may cause ||
a breaking out of the disease. As far as the action upon tuber-
cularly infected animals is concerned, this does not appear to be)
specially harmful in general. At any rate, upon inquiry of the
gentlemen who possess a somewhat extensive experience with '
bovovaccine, I did not get any information in this direction, bu
in accordance with former reports, several of the owners state | |
that they are under the impression that bovovaccination has had
a favorable influence upon calves already infected with tuber- |
culosis. Even if we could not find this fact confirmed in experi- ie
ments we made along these lines, these frequently recurring state-

DISSEMINATION OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CATTLE, 44S

_ ments in numerous reports deserve attention. The fear of many
_ that bovovaccine might cause tuberculosis even in the healthy
_ animals has been disproved once for all, as also the assumption
' that after remaining in the animal system for a long time, the
‘bovovaccine might acquire disease-causing properties of a higher
| degree. On the contrary, the examinations of the State Board of
’ Health have proven that 314 to 5 months after vaccination the
- bovovaccine bacilli are destroyed in the animal system.
We can therefore recapitulate: Bovovaccine, applied accord-
_ ing to directions by a veterinarian, is harmless for the healthy
_ bovine.
ff I shall now take up another one of the objections, viz., that bo-
-yovaccination affords but a slight protection. It is difficult to de-
_ cide what is to be designated as “ slight” or “ strong” protec-
" tions, since there does not exist an absolute standard, and not one
_ of the criticising authors has been able to produce a vaccine which
_ causes a higher degree of immunity than bovovaccine.
| Lastly, it has been pointed out that the protection afforded
by bovovaccine is but transient and limited to about one year.
“It is true experiments have proven uniformly that the immunity
“caused by bovovaccine, as well as that caused by any other vac-
‘cination method, expires gradually. Although the protection
meres to one year surely tends to prevent or moderate numerous
fections, it is certainly desirable to lengthen the period of im-
| munity as much as feasible, and, as far as we can judge to-day,
this is possible by a repetition of the vaccination after the first
year, and in some cases also after the second year of the animal’s
| life, in order to produce an actual protection of at least two or
three years’ duration. Such a repeated vaccination is nothing
_ new in its principles, since anthrax vaccination, too, must be re-
_ peated every year.
| If I have just limited bovovaccination to at most two repeti-
| tions, viz., at the beginning of the second and in some cases the
_ beginning of the third year of the animal, this was not done with-
, outa reason. Before we discussed the excretion with the milk
| of the injected bovovaccine bacilli. This question of great prac-

444 WILFRED LELLMAN,

tical importance also has been examined by the Imperial Board — j
of Health very carefully, with the result that live human tubercle ©
bacilli injected intravenously can indeed be excreted with the |
milk. But the examinations made in this direction do not per-
tain to bovovaccine, but exclusively to the other protective vac-
cine, viz., tauruman, or the culture gotten from same, therefore,
a vaccine which is far more virulent than bovovaccine. In our
own examinations which, however, are not quite completed, the
transmission of bovovaccine bacilli in the milk of cows, which
had received intravenously the largest permissible dose of bovo-—
vaccine, could so far not be detected. The question therefore re-
mains still open, whether with bovovaccine an excretion of bacilli
with the milk takes place at all; but since extensive experiences —
in this direction are lacking, we must at least admit that possibil-
ity that after the intravenous injection of bovovaccine tubercle
bacilli may be excreted with the milk, for the present we have
given strict injunctions to perform the last bovovaccination at the -
latest in the first month of the third year of the animal. How-
ever, should, as is the case in some districts, the young heifers
calve before they are 2% years old, the last vaccination must —

not be performed at the beginning of the third year. Now, is the
repetition of the bovovaccination, according to the above condi-

milk-infection? Examinations at the State Agricultural Sta-
tion have shown that the existence of intravenously injected
bovovaccine bacilli in the animal system could be proven only
up to 314 months after vaccination. After 5 months they dis-
appeared entirely. Therefore an animal that is vaccinated in the |
first month of its third year is at the latest, at the age of 2 years
and 6 months, free from tubercle bacilli, and for this reason can- | |
not excrete them with the milk if it calves after that time. A)
repetition, therefore, of the bovovaccination at the beginning of
its second and eventually its third year, can be undertaken un- a:
hesitatingly as far as milk-infection is concerned.
Other Vaccines.—After the appearance of bovovacci
other preparations have been placed on the market, all of which

DISSEMINATION ‘OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CATTLE, 445

are based on the same principle, namely, the introduction of live
_ tubercle bacilli in a form not dangerous to the animal. One of
these preparations has the disadvantage that it was introduced
into practice only three years ago and experiences with it are
therefore less extensive than those with bovovaccine. The Im-
_perial Board of Health has ascertained that this preparation is a
vaccine of much greater virulence than is bovovaccine, and that
furthermore the injected tubercle bacilli remain in the organism
_of the vaccinated animal for a longer period (up to six months),
and that after the intravenous injection of this same vaccine,
tubercle bacilli find their way into the milk of cows, which can-
_ not be proven after bovovaccine injections.

The Belgian professor, Heyman, intends to protect cattle by
. introducing under their skin virulent tubercle bacilli enclosed in
" reed sacs. The tubercle bacilli are said to remain in the sac, but
" produce immunity in spite of this. According to the reports thus
far, the immunity caused in this manner is but slight. The prac-
tical experiences are too limited, to permit an opinion as to the
value of this method.

If we theoretically put together the demands to be made for
an ideal protective vaccine against tuberculosis, the vaccine would
have to answer the following requirements: It should be easy of
application, surely not dangerous for man and animal, and cause
an immunity which resists the most severe artificial and natural
1 ~ infection and endures throughout the life of the animal. By
1; heating, and also passage of human tubercle bacilli through the
system of the salamander, Klimmer claims to have produced vac-
cines which are harmless for all animals. I am inclined to the
belief that Klimmer’s vaccines consist of dead tubercle bacilli,
which, according to Koch 5 Behring, do not produce immunity
‘in the bovine.

Theoretical Considerations.-—Apparently, it is a natural phe-
nomenon that a tubercular individual possesses a greater resist-
ance against a new infraction coming from without than a nor-
mal individual. Paradoxical as it may sound, the tubercular in-
dividual is immune against tuberculosis, but be it well under-

446 WILFRED LELLMAN,

stood only against a new infection coming from without, and ap-
parently not against the infection already existing in his system.
The fact that I was able to demonstrate this by means of the
guinea-pig, the animal most susceptible to tuberculosis, confirms —
my opinion. I shall briefly sketch such an experiment: We in-_
fect a number of guinea-pigs with a small dose of a slightly viru-_
lent tuberculosis culture. After several months the animals,
which: in the-‘meantime have become chronically tuberculous, re- —
ceive a large dose of a more virulent culture, and non-tuberculous —
guinea-pigs are infected in the same manner. While the latter —
soon succumb to the severe infection, the twice infected guinea-
pigs are not influenced at all, or very little, by the second infec-
tion, but they succumb gradually to the progressing first infec-
tion, just as if they had been infected only the first time. These —
determinations, which apparently are only of theoretic interest,
imply a hope in the usefulness of bovovaccination.
The Efficacy of Bovovaccine nm Practice—Now what dca
bovovaccine do in practice? The protection produced by bovo-—
vaccine is, like every immunity caused by vaccination, not an _
absolute one. In cases of particularly severe natural infection,
the protection often will not prove sufficient; but that does not ]
signify a general inefficiency of the vaccine, as a practical means
of tuberculosis suppression. i
The first condition, we might say, the fundament for a just
opinion of the value of protective vaccination must be, that be- |)
fore the introduction of the vaccination we must know exactly
to what degree the herd is tuberculosis-infected. If we neglect |
this, then it may happen (and it has happened), that when several |
years after the introduction of protective vaccination, the owner
tuberculin-tests his cattle for the first time, and finding that pos- f]
sibly about 30 per cent. of the animals react, discontinues vae- |
cination, frightened by the apparent non-success, although tuber-
culosis in his herd may have been actually materially decreased.
Therefore, a previous tuberculin test should be made to ascertain |
the degree of infection in a herd, in order to get a mental pies |

DISSEMINATION OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CATTLE. 447

_ ture of the tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, it would be very
desirable to know and record the numbers representing the loss
through tuberculosis in the herd before the introduction of bo-
-vovaccination ; direct losses, represented by the number of animals
that died of tuberculosis, as -well as indirect losses through the
rejection of slaughtered animals on account of tuberculosis, etc.
Of late, in the work of tuberculosis suppression, there is a decided
inclination to neglect these points and to be guided solely by the
percentage of tuberculin reactions.

By what means then are we to judge, in a herd with whose de-
gree of tuberculosis-infection and losses per year through tuber-
culosis we are thoroughly familiar, whether a protective vaccina-
tion method or another method of suppressing the disease is suc-

cessful?
' Within the last few months, I have received seventeen reports

of bovovaccinations. One of the reports reads: ‘‘ The vaccin-
‘ated animals, especiaily in some of the herds, contrast favorably
with the non-vaccinated cattle, as to constitution.” Another re-
port says: ‘‘ We have gained the impression that the vaccinated
animals are conspicuous by their better development, faster
_ growth and better health (good appetite, glossy coat), as com-
pared with the calves of other years, if an experience of only
three years’ duration is sufficient to form an opinion. Of course
the good development of the animals enhances their value.” Ina
third report, the following statement is made: “ So far we have
“had good results from vaccination; the calves thrive much better
| after it.” I wish to point out that the last report concerns a
herd so severely infected that, according to the veterinarian’s re-
| port, the owner was unable to sell a single animal, on account of
_ general tuberculosis. There were no means for other sanitation
of the herd, and as a last resort I therefore decided to try vac-
| cination. And, as the report states further, from this herd which
- apparently was past remedy, “several were sold, several slaugh-
_ tered, and upon post-mortem examination the animals did not
_ show a trace of tuberculosis. A vaccinated bull calf has even

448 WILFRED LELLMAN.

been used as a breeding bull since the spring of this year. How-
ever, this test is of the greatest interest for this reason, that the —
owner cannot take the precaution to separate the vaccinated calves —
from the older animals of his herd and thus protect them from —
tuberculosis. >

From an agricultural point of view, the question of a higher —
valuation of cattle is of course all-important, and I myself must
confess that a step in this direction would seem to me a decided
progress, even if I could not prove any progress by means of the —
tuberculin test. |

Tuberculin is another means to ascertain whether tuberculosis
in a herd has decreased. But some difficulties exist as to its use
for determining the value of protective vaccination. In conse-
quence of the vaccination, animals may react upon tuberculin
without being tuberculous and, on the other hand, tuberculous
animals may not be susceptible to tuberculin. Therefore, tuber-
culin would be absolutely unadapted for the proving of tubercu-
losis in a vaccinated animal, if it were not for the fact that the
susceptibility is but temporary, and that the non-susceptibility of -
tuberculous animals, too, as experience has taught me, is but tem-
porary. In my opinion, if we tuberculin-test vaccinated animals.
one year after their vaccination, all positive reactions show that
the animals in question are tubercularly infected, and all negative’
reactions 114 years after vaccination, that the animals are in all
probability free from tuberculosis. Accordingly, I consider the
tuberculin-test of value to a certain degree, but it must be utilized”
with some precaution. :

I myseif have received in two reports valuable tuberculosis
statistics, one from a large concern where tuberculosis was so far
advanced, that after long hesitation it was decided to do some-
thing. On this estate the animals are raised for the milk; they
are on four different farms and, besides protective vaccination, no | |
other measure was employed. It is to be regretted that exact | |
dates are lacking as to the degree of tuberculosis infection before
introduction of the vaccination. Two years after its introduction, | |

DISSEMINATION OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CATTLE, 449

_ however, a tuberculin test was performed on the four farms, with

the following result: ;

Reactions in.

Sula B Cc D

0 71.05% 57-7876 27.07 Yo 12.1776
? 7.90% II.11% 15.79% 12.17%
+ 21.05% 31.11% 57-14% 75.66%

: In the herds C and D bovovaccination was not introduced,
_ but the calves in A and B were vaccinated. The differences in
_ the number of reactions are no doubt striking. The herds C and
_D serve so to say, as an illustration of the degree of infection
without protective vaccination. But the objection might be
raised that perhaps the herds A and B were in the very begin-
_ning less infected. However, this was not the case, as may be
_ seen from a comparison of the tuberculin tests made on these two
herds in the years 1908 and 1907:

1907. 1908
MBA AG ie Ca 0 22.95% 71.05 Yo
? 32.79% 7-9076
+ 44.36% 21.05%
BRAG ois etistedieiies's 0 33.61% 57-78%
? 13.45% IL.11%
+ 52.34% 31.11%

i From the above a material decrease of the positive reactions is
- evident, and an enormous increase in the number of non-reacting
animals. The result is still more baffiing, if we combine the re-
sult of the two herds:

Reactions in A and B.

1907. 1908.
0 30% 63.85%
? 29% 9.64%
+ 50% 26.51%

o=negative )
?=doubtful -reaction
x=positive

450 WILFRED LELLMAN.

What seems particularly remarkable in these statistics is the oc-
currence of numerous doubtful reactions to the tuberculin tests —
one year after protective vaccination, a result which we have ob- —
tained already several times, and this fact has also been ascer-
tained by the Imperial Board of Health. Indeed the tuberculin —

test one year after the vaccination gives us rather an indistinct —

picture because of the numerous doubtful reactions. If, for in- —

stance, we study the results of tuberculin tests made in the vac- |

cinated and non-vaccinated animals:
Reactions in 1907 of:

(a) Vaccinated Animals. (b) Non-vaccinated Animals.

0 28.8% 30.8%
? 37.6% 11.2%
+ 33.6% 58.0%

We find, just as has been ascertained by the Imperial Board of j
Health, a decrease in the number of decidedly reacting animals, ©

but not a decided increase of non-reacting animals, and this is at- —

tributable to the fact that with vaccinated animals doubtful reac- —
tions are remarkably numerous. Naturally the question is of in-
terest, whether or not these doubtful reactions signify the ex- —
istence of tuberculosis. ;

The statistics of a tuberculin test of the same 101 vaccinated —
animals, which were tested once in 1907 and once in 1908, will
serve to clear up this point:

1907. 1908.
0 30.69% 54-457
? 38.62% 12.87%
+ 30.69% 32.68%

These numbers show us that evidently the largest percentage of { 2
the animals classed as “ doubtful” in the first year, must be con-
sidered as non-tubercular, since in the following year they did

not react any more, while only a small percentage now reacted i

positively, so that the number of positively reacting animals has % j

DISSEMINATION OF TUBEBCULOSIS AMONG CATTLE. 451

‘increased somewhat; but still more has the number of doubtful
reactions risen. The report states further: “ This progress is
due solely to the Behring method of vaccination,” for other
methods of tuberculosis suppression were not employed.

I do not believe that in each case where hygienic measures are
neglected entirely, so decided a success can be obtained with vac-
cination alone, especially if milk infection of the calves is not pre-
vented during the time immunity has not as yet set in after vae-
cination, that is during the first three months after vaccination
the results of protective vaccination tested by means of tuberculin
will often be negative.

But how the degree of tuberculosis infection in a herd can be
modified, if the vaccination is augmented by the important hy-
_gienic measure of protecting the calves from milk infection, the
_ following dates will show, which were obtained on the Hungarian
' estate Sarvar, by Dr. Strelinger. On this estate the calves are

raised on sterilized milk. The degree of tuberculosis infection of
this herd before the introduction of vaccination is represented
by the following numbers:
0 31.7%
+ 68.3%
Since six years vaccination has been constantly practised accord-
_ ing to the Marburg directions, and the last tuberculin tests, begun
‘in 1908, result as follows:
| 0 90.47%
+ 9.6%
In this case, the tuberculin reactions have been judged fairly ac-
curately, according to the principles agreed upon by the Inter-
national Veterinary Congress at Budapest. As far as the ages
| of the vaccinated animals are concerned, the reactions are di-
| vided as follows:
a Animals Vaccinated.
(a) 5% yrs..ago. (b) 4 yrs. ago. (c) 3 yrs. ago. (d) 2 yrs. ago.
0 90% 86.2% 92.8% 90.6%
?. 10% 13.8% 7.290 9.4%

452 WILFRED LELLMAN,

From these numbers it appears to me that the tuberculosis protec- —
tion during the first year is by far the most important, as other-
wise a greater number of reactions ought to be found in the older |

vaccinated animals.

The following statistics may be specially instructive. A tu-
berculin test of two groups of animals, 16 immunized and 12 non-
immunized, which were kept in a severely infected stable under 1

equal conditions, had the following result :

(a) 9 mos. after the Experi- (b) 4% yrs. atter the Experi-

ment was Begun. ment was Begun.
(2) Non- ; (2) Non-
(1) Vaccinated. vaccinated. (1) Vaccinated. vaccinated.
0 100% 25% 93-7576 8.3%
Pai 25% wri a8
ae 8 50% 6.25% 91.7%

All these are data sent me upon request for material on which to —

base an opinion as to the value of the protective vaccination.

III. Concruston.

And now I should like to consider the practical question which ‘ |

no doubt during my lengthy explications has forced itself upon —
you, namely, the question: What are we to do in practice? We ©
possess hygienic measures against bovine tuberculosis, and we

also have the protective vaccination. Are we to vaccinate? It is

a fact that by vaccinating, we enhance the resistance of the bovine ~ |
for a certain time and that it is possible to prolong this protection
until the third year of the animal’s life. Technically, the vaccina-
tion does not offer the slightest difficulties, and hygienically, ace qs)
cording to my opinion, there need not be any hesitation either — “|
for the veterinarian of for the animal, if the vaccination is per- | |
formed by a competent person. According to practical expe-

riences so far, a conclusive opinion would be premature at the 4 y

present time, in how far bovovaccination can aid us in the war
against bovine tuberculosis. But in spite of this, I believe 1 am

DISSEMINATION OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CATTLE. 453,

justified, on basis of the foregoing explications, to answer the
question: ‘“ Shall we vaccinate?” in the affirmative. Not only
in the interest of science, but because I am convinced that it would
_be a grave consequence of the skepticism emanating from differ-
ent sources, to abolish a means of tuberculosis suppression, which
cannot lay claim to absolute worth any more than other measures,
but the importance of which must be admitted because of its
“scientific basis; because of the experiences so far, and especially
because the efficency of many hygienic measures is still quite
‘doubtful. That my conviction is not only theoretical, but that I
also put it into practice, may be demonstrated by the fact that in
those agricultural circles where I am related or connected, I have
insisted upon the introduction of protective vaccination.

The question, which one of the recommended vaccines should
used, has already been answered in my explanations.

And lastly, the further question, Shall we use hygienic meas-
"ures, and if so, which? ‘The strict adherence to Bang’s demands
‘under the present conditions seems to be an actual impossibility.
stertag’s organizations are no doubt a useful means for the
suppression of tuberculosis, and where they exist they should be
made use of and appreciated. Where their introduction is not
possible, at least the point should be considered, which in my
opinion is the most important in the hygienic suppression of tu-
berculosis : avoidance of milk-infection in the young calf.

| To sum up, the requirements for the suppression of bovine
' tuberculosis are: The introduction of and strict adherence to
_ protective vaccination; besides, as far as feasible, the employ-
ment of hygienic measures acknowledged to be useful; under no
circumstances should the most important of these be neglected:
| the elimination of all animals with open tuberculosis, and avoid-
ee of the dangerous milk-infection in the young calf.

“ _Ar the State Dairymen’s meeting on December 15, Dr. J. F.
De Vine spoke on the control of tuberculosis through existing
laws.

ee a aes

SUBCARTILAGINOUS ABSCESS OF THE FOOT.*
By Georce H. Berns, D.V.S., Brooxtyn, N. Y.

| |!

Among the many obscure causes of lameness in horses, I
know of none in which the symptoms are more securely masked ©
than the condition which I shall try to describe under the head °
of “ Subcartilaginous Abscess of the Foot of the Horse.” The |
obscurity of its symptoms in its early stages, the destructive —
changes it produces in the parts involved and the complications
it invariably leads to, are no doubt responsible for the fact that
its existence and its importance as a primary factor in the pro-
duction of many very serious diseases of the equine foot, seems
to have been entirely overlooked by veterinarians; for as far as
I know, nothing has ever been published on the subject. While |
I have been actively engaged in practice among heavy draught — |
horses for over thirty years, it was only two years ago when I |
recognized my first case of subcartilaginous abscess; and becom- ©
ing much interested in the subject, I have looked for this condi- 7
tion in all complicated foot cases of obscure or uncertain origin;
and found that many cases of synovitis of the corone-pedal joint,
suppurative coronitis, circumscribed or diffused, abscess and ex-
tensive necrosis of the coronary ligament, pododermatitis, run-
around, terminating in the casting off of the horney foot, chronic |
ulcers and fistulous tracts of the pastern, synovitis of the tendon ©
sheath of the deep flexor, and other severe foot troubles were
directly traceable to subcartilaginous abscess. All of these con- |
ditions are usually ascribed to traumatisms, such as nail pricks, | |
calk wounds, lacerations from projecting clinches, toe and quar- |
ter cracks, suppurating corns, accidental injuries; and while I |)
believe that the majority of the milder cases of pododermatitis a

* Read before the forty-sixth annual mecting of the A, V. M. A., Chicago, Sep- y
tember, 1909. F

454

SUBCARTILAGINOUS ABSCESS OF THE FOOT. 455

) can be traced to one of these causes, | am conyinced that a cer-

ind poll evil, so minutely and accurately described by Dr. W.
L. Williams in an article published in the September number of
| J eterinary Journal in which he proves that both of these condi-
) tions are as a rule not due to traumatisms, but originate per se—
one in the burs under the ligamentum neuchiz at the poll, and
the other in a fenestrum situated under the neck ligament ap-
proximately opposite the space between the second and third dor-
spines.

To describe subcartilaginous abscess, I can do no better than
to give a brief history of the first few cases that were recognized,

their symptoms, termination and post mortem appearances.

Case No. I.—In October, 1907, a gray gelding about ro
years old, in good condition, owned by F. K., a grocer, had been
| slightly lame on the near hind leg for a week or ten days prior
to my being called. The owner had his foot examined and find-
ing nothing abnormal, bandaged his ankle and applied liniments
to his hock. When seen by me his hock, canon and ankle were
' somewhat swollen from the effect of the treatment. He showed

‘ing the ground only and quickly jerking up the foot the moment
_ the weight was released ; going ahead in a straight line he moved
‘ a well, but still favored the limb and showed the character-

__ The shoe was removed, foot, sisi and ankle carefully ex-
mined and nothing abnormal could be detected except that he

| evinced a slight amount of sensitiveness on the outside wall of
| the foot on the tap of a hammer. The sole was carefully pared
down, nail holes probed, frog bars and heels examined, and se-
| vere pressure exerted with a strong pair of pincers all around
the Plantar surface failed to make him flinch. No positive diag-
osis was made. A pack of absorbent cotton, saturated i in a so-

i
Me
| ae:

456 GEORGE H. BERNS.

7
|
i

|

lution of acetate of lead was placed around the foot, pastern and
ankle with directions-to keep it well saturated and bathe the —
hock and canon with the same solution. Two days later when —
seen again, the patient was much lamer and when forced to move ©
would hardly touch the toe to the ground. The swelling of the
hock and canon had disappeared and the ankle, pastern and foot |
appeared perfectly normal; severe pressure with pincers around —
the margin of the foot failed to make him flinch, but on tap of
the hammer to outside wall he would quickly jerk the foot up
and keep it up. An injury to the outside of the pedal bone, a
severe sprain of some of the deep-seated ligaments or possibly an
incomplete fracture being suspected, the same conservative treat-
ment was continued for two days longer; but the patient grew
steadily worse and on my third visit: he showed symptoms of
great distress and severe pain. His body was bathed in perspira-
tion, he kept moving the foot incessantly and when forced to
back out of the stall he hopped out on three legs; temperature |
103. On removal of the cotton pack, the ankle and pastern
seemed perfectly normal, but a slight prominence of the coron- |
ary band on the outside of the foot, just above the sensitive spot”
in the wall which had been detected on the two previous visits
was observed. The plantar surface was again most carefully ex-
amined and severe pressure with the hoof pincers around
margin below the prominence of the coronet did not seem to in-
crease the pain. Being convinced that the trouble did not orig-
inate at the bottom of the foot, I concluded that he would prob- Pe
ably develop a coronary abscess and ordered hot antiseptic poul-
tices frequently changed and applied to the swollen coronet. The}
next morning the patient’s general condition was worse ; temper-
ature 104, sweating profusely, anxiety and distress depicted on
his countenance, standing on three legs with the affected member
off of the floor and in constant motion. On removal of the poul- ||
tice the coronary band from heél to toe was badly swollen, fe t |
doughy to the touch and a yellowish colored liquid oozed through
its epithelial covering, but no fluctuations in any part of
band could be detected; but immediately above the superior bor-

‘ Me
att i.

|

SUBCARTILAGINOUS ABSCESS OF THE FOOT. 457

7 der of the lateral cartilage on the outside of the pastern, | dis-
covered a slight but unmistakable fluctuation. An incision paral-
lel with the long axis of the pastern over the fluctuating point
was made, and probably 12 or 16 drachms of a dirty brownish
colored discharge escaped. The incision was enlarged sufficiently
to admit my finger; on exploring the abscess cavity my finger
assed directly under the cartilage between inner surface of
cartilage and the capsule of the coronz-pedal joint, revealing a
cavity probably two inches in length and one and one-half inches
in depth.
_ The cavity was thoroughly disinfected and packed with ab-
sorbent cotton saturated in the tr. of iodine. The foot and
astern were enveloped in aseptic cotton saturated in a bichloride
f mercury sol. The next morning | found the patient very
omfortable. His temperature was down to 102 and when
orced to move, he placed considerable weight upon the af-
ted limb. In view of the fact that it was impossible to prop-
ly drain the abscess cavity and that a quittor, if nothing more
erious, would be the inevitable result, an operation was decided
Ip on and the patient was sent to the hospital the same day in
‘Yan ambulance. He was placed upon the operating table and the
Bice cartilage, together with a necrotic portion of the coronary
“band were removed, and the patient made a very satisfactory
) Fecovery and resumed his usual work in about six weeks from
the date of operation.

Case No. IIl.—A medium weight draught horse owned by G.
., a milk dealer, was seen in December, 1907, lame on the off
| front leg and showing a large angry looking ulcer on the out-
| side of the pastern. According to the owner, the animal had
become very lame without any cause as far as he knew, some
- fout or five weeks prior to my seeing him. He had the fcot ex-
amined and finding nothing had treated the ankle and pastern

with wormwood and vinegar. The horse had gradually grown ~
| r until a large sore broke out on the outside of the pastern,

i ich he had poulticed for a week or more, but as the sore con-
i .

458 GEORGE HU. BERNS,

tinued to suppurate and showed no tendency to heal, I was called
to see it. The ulcer was situated over the lateral cartilage and
consisted of a granulating surface several inches in diameter with —
two fistulous openings, which being probed, were found to extend -
under the lateral cartilage. A diagnosis of quittor was made il
and patient sent to hospital for operation. _ a

A semi-circular section of the wall was removed and the car |
tilage extirpated according to the Frick method, and we expe-
rienced no difficulty whatever for the inner surface of the car
tilage was completely separated from the capsule of the joint.
which, in my opinion, proved that a subcartilaginous abscess had |
been the starting point. q

Case No. III.-—In March, 1908, a very heavy cart horse of
the bushy legged Clydesdale breed and owned by A. B., was very.
lame on the near hind leg. The driver claimed that he had
calked himself in backing a heavy load. The foot had beer 4
poulticed for a week or more and when seen the animal was ex-
cessively lame. Coronary band about five times its normal size ||
with pus oozing from several points, and the outside heel, quar-_
ter and most of the toe almost completely detached. A diagnosis q
of pododermatitis was made and an unfavorable prognosis given. 4
No radical operation was attempted. The foot was bathed in a
sublimate solution, a number of abscesses around the coronet —
laid open and dressed with iodine and pure carbolic acid, but we
failed to arrest the inflammatory process, for the horse lost his”
hoof and was destroyed two or three days later. Post mortem
revealed complete detachment of lateral cartilage and an open
corone-pedal articulation. The opening in the capsule being E
rectly under the detached cartilage. ge

Two other cases of synovitis of the distal phalangeal
articulation came under my care about six weeks
They were brewery horses five years old, in good condition
and worth about $500 each. According to stable foremat ne
and attending veterinarian, both animals had calked the
selves. When seen, both showed necrotic ulcers of the pas :

SUBCARTILAGINOUS ABSCESS OF THE FOOT. 459

terns discharging large quantities of synovia and were very
' lame. As the animals were very valuable, operations were at-
- tempted on both, They were brought to the hospital in ambu-
_ lances on August 1 and operated on the same day, The first horse
_ had an ulcer on the outside of the pastern directly over the lateral
_ cartilage on the off front leg; we found the cartilage completely
_ detached and an opening in the capsule of the joint as large as
_a five-cent piece, exposing the condyles and articular surface of
the joint. As in our opinion there was little or no chance for a
_ satisfactory recovery, the cartilage of incrustation was as near
_as possible removed from the articular surfaces of the joint with
_a curette; the operation completed in the usual way. The horse
_is still living, wound healing rapidly and complete anchylosis of
the joint has taken place. Since the operation he has had little or
» no elevation of temperature, his appetite has been good and he
7 has lost but little flesh, He moves about in his box stall and
_ places considerable weight upon the affected limb; but unfortu-
nately the toe only touches the ground ina forced position. About
ten days ago we made an attempt to break up the adhesions and
'_ straighten the limb, which was anesthetized with 5 grs. of P. D.
_codrenin. A shoe with a brace attached to the heel was applied
and an effort was made to force the ankle back to its normal
' position and thus lower the heel; but I regret to say that the ex-
ae periment was a complete failure, and from present indications it
is extremely doubtful whether the treatment of this horse will be
| a paying investment.
(hs The second horse had an ulcer at ee synovia on the pas-
_ tern on the inside of the near hind leg. His lateral cartilage was
ie also detached, but as the perforation in the capsule of the joint
| was very small, we treated him on more conservative principles,
_ contenting ourselves with removing the cartilage and all other
| necrotic tissue, thoroughly disinfecting the wound and dressing
| ‘it antiseptically.
| In three or four days he developed a temperature of 104, lost
his appetite and gradually wasted away. He evidently suffered
| % much pain for he kept his foot elevated from the ground and in

ie
. +
sf

a

~ 460 GEORGE H. BERNS. “i

constant motion. About three weeks after the operation he
was again placed on the operating table for a thorough examin-
ation and we found the joint not only wide open, but the liga~
ments had become elongated to such an extent as to leave a
space of about half an inch between the condyles of the second J)
phalanx and the glenoid cavity of the third, due to the pen-)
dulous position the leg was held in for three weeks. I am of the
opinion that the synovitis in both of these horses were the results
of subcartilaginous abscesses, and that the calk wounds men-
tioned above had probably little or nothing to do with its de-
velopment; as the perforations of the synovial capsules were
under the cartilages and not in front of the feet, where the joint
is quite superficial and far more exposed. 7 oa
Another case was brought to the hospital in the ambulance oi
August 29, sent by a prominent New York City veterinarian of
operation. He is a gray draught horse of medium size and in
good general condition. He was very lame on the off hind leg,”
showed a granulating ulcer about two inches in diameter on tl
outside of the pastern, directly over the supero-posterior border |
of the cartilage, with a fistulous opening in the centre discharg-
ing a dirty grayish colored pus. On probing the sinus we found
that it extended for several inches in an inward and downward |
direction. r a
The coronary band was somewhat enlarged and the lateral
cartilage seemed more prominent than usual. Unfortunately |
was unable to obtain the history of the case as the veterinarian
above mentioned was out of town when called up on the tele:
phone. He was operated on the following day. The fistulous
tract was laid open and on inserting my finger I found the nf
tericr portion of the lateral cartilage detached and the fistula te or:
minating in a pus cavity situated between the sesamoid lig: \
ments and the sheath of the flexor tendons and extending e
across the pastern. An incision was made extending from tht
fistulous opening in a downward and backward direction thro gl 4
the skin and coronary band to the horney wall at the bulb of the
heel. The coronary band was separated from underlying str uc

SUBCARTILAGINOUS ABSCESS OF THE FOOT. 461

tures and the skin dissected from the cartilage and laid back. On
_ removing the cartilage we found that only its posterior portion
_ was detached and showed the familiar green slough usually found
in quittors. The. underlying tissues showed traces of an old
_abscess, the pus of which had evidently burrowed in an inward
direction and caused the cavity between the tendon sheath and
ligaments above mentioned, and finally ruptured on the surface,
causing the fistulous tract and skin ulcer. The pus cavity was
thoroughly cleaned and disinfected, all necrotic tissue removed,
and as it extended clear to the skin, covering the inside of the
pastern, a counter opening was made on the opposite side and a
piece of gauze saturated in iodine was passed through from side
‘to side. The skin wound and coronary band sutured and the foot
dressed as in ordinary operations for quittor. When I left Brook-
” lyn five days after the operation, the patient was very comfortable
© and placed a little weight upon the foot when forced to move.
| His appetite remained good, there was no swelling of the limb,
‘no elevation of temperature and the dressing had not been dis-
turbed. From present indications I have reason to hope for a
‘satisfactory recovery unless the sheath of the perforans tendon
omes involved or some other unforeseen complications arise.
_ While my experience with this condition is limited to the few
‘eases cited above, I am convinced that it is the direct cause ‘of
many of the serious, complicated and unmanageable diseases of
" the foot, and if detected in time, many cases may be relieved by
the judicious application of the surgeon’s knife.

_ Two original articles in this issue furnish food for thought
_ by those in daily contact with the milk production problem, one
by Claude D. Morris, an American veterinarian, whose oppor-
nities for a practical study of the question are boundless. In-
spection of dairies is his daily life, and has been for many years,
and his article is valuable because it is the result of his convic-
tions resulting from his life among dairymen, studying dairy
problems in the field. The other is a translation, by Wilfred

Lellman, from an address of Prof. Roemer, Marburg, Germany.
a

THE VETERINARIAN OF TO-DAY AND WHAT HE
ADVOCATES. *

By Watter G. HoLiincwortH, D.V.S., Utica, N: Ye,

I ama veterinarian and I am glad of it. Why? What better
record car a man have than to relieve a dumb animal of its suf-_
fering, being able to controi the spreading of the infectious dis-
eases of live stock, and lessen the death rate and suffering of the
community. That is what the educated veterinarian of oda is.
doing. "4
With the popularity of the automobile it has caused the vet -
erinarian to take up a new line of thought or stimulate an old
one, and that is sanitary medicine. It is better to prevent disease
than to cure it. There is no reason why the veterinarian is not
more capable to handle the question of sanitation rather than the ||
politician, for the simple reason he has been educated in |
course at college for just such work. The faculties of veterinary
colleges are devoting much more time to this science and 2
trying to give their students a good substantial structure to build
a framework so to speak, which will make them efficient workers
and whose services will be sought for. And being so familiar
with the open country, he is in a position to show results if he is
only given the opportunity, and the places where results are o D-
tained are where the law is at his disposal, and, such being th
case, we should unite in an harmonious way and work together
to get proper legislation placed upon the statute books.’ 4

The communities are commencing to emphasize sanitation
rather than disease, the public when they are satisfied what t e .
veterinarians are capable of doing, are going to demand veteri- |
nay inspection. We are living in a progressive atmosphere—the

* Read before the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, Ithaca, August, 1909.
462

THE VETERINARIAN OF TO-DAY AND WHAT HE ADVOCATES. 468

" opportunity is fast growing, and we are ready to grasp it, the
" sooner the better, as the propagation of the human race is bound
| to exist. What father or mother can spare a child without suffer-
ing a great loss, and when we look at the statistics and see that a
major percentage of the babies die before they reach the age
of two years, is not some one to blame? The large percentage of
their deaths are due to intestinal disorders, and the major part of
‘them are due to polluted milk, not always due to the condition
of the farm, but to the household. The veterinarian would be
able to lessen the death rate in the community where he resides.
| How? By personal inspection along the lines of milk and meat.
‘The community depends on the open country for food and water,
’ and for them to thrive and exist it is necessary to have a whole-
* some diet. The producer owes a duty to the consumer and that
‘is to produce such, and the consumer owes a duty to the pro-
) ducer, and that is to pay for the cost of production of the same,
» There are a very few families that have not directly or indirectly
” had the unpleasant occurrertce some time or other of some sort
of infection due to polluted or diseased food. But why or how
long are precious lives to be sacrificed when such conditions can
be so readily checked. Why not close the jaws of death in human
’ families due to such causes—-we know not when some of our own
will be trapped.
__Uptoa short period of time this gsc State, which should
rank first in agriculturai interests, has been gradually going down

_ the ladder so to speak, and thanks are due Governor Hughes for
his keen foresightedness in seeing a way to check this condition
I. of affairs, which means so much to the health and prosperity of
4 our state. We cannot replace what we have lost, but we can and
are doing a very complimentary work, which cannot be but

| i gratifying to the chief executive. The producers are to-day be-
ing encouraged instead of discouraged, and I know of no one

i: who is better qualified to take up this problem than the veteri-
‘“narian. Why? Because he advocates three things essential to

. "the prosperity of the farmer: first, education ; second, elation,
| g third, inspection.

464 ge WALTER G. HOLLINGWORTH.

By education the producer must be educated to be progres-
sive in regard to his farm and buildings. The community can-
not exist without him. We are dependent upon him, for he is
naturally a practical man; if not, he could not produce the crops’
he does in the short time allotted to him as far as the seasons a e
concerned. He wants encouragement and we should see that he
gets it. We advocate anytliing to uplift the conditions of rural
life. The veterinarians are in a position to give information in }
regard to care, etc, of live stock, which is so often asked at
farmers’ gatherings. We try to impress sociability instead of
drudgery on the farm. By education of the farmer he becomes’
progressive in establishing agricultural societies which promote
meetings and live stock shows. Implements and products of the
farm improve breeding of live stock suitable to different parts of
the state, advance ideas for the preservation of the forests, d se
mand veterinary inspection. Improve horticulture, investigate.
proper fertilization of the soil, and become students of botany a dd :
sanitation. ‘

The good roads movement means all sorts of wealth to
rural districts, a gilt-edge investment for the state; but they mus
be cared for and-protected. How many producers are unable a
get their produce to market, except a few months in the year, due
to the impassable condition of the roads, and the loss of live stock
would be hard to estimate due to the same condition. Look wher-
ever a road has been improved and observe that immediate im-
provement in the condition of farms takes place. The great ad-—
vantage is the lessening of the cost of delivery and better servic eS |
can he given, deserted farms become occupied, which means more 7
farm products for the ever-increasing population, which accord=
ing to statistics is 114 per cent. over the deaths. It means bette on
educational! facilities for the sons and daughters of the rural dis-
tricts, which is very much neglected in some parts of the state. 2
Improve the school system and the result will be better agri-
culturists. We must encourage the farmer who can send his sons”
to an agricultural school, the ideas which will be taught him wil I
be brought home, if he has the proper chance, and he will so reg

THE VETERINARIAN OF TO-DAY AND WHAT HE ADVOCATES. 465

| late the farm that the result will be gold in return, and his re-

‘sults will be copied by neighbors, and by so doing the agricultural
interests of the locality will be greatly improved.

“ LeGisLaTion.—Whatever laws are enacted for the benefit of
“the agriculturalist wiil help us, and consequently we are only too
‘anxious to use our influence with our respective Senators and
Assemblymen to see that such and such bills are reported and
passed. ‘The farmer meets with many losses due to irresponsible
‘firms—houses with no financial backing, etc., and the producer
ought to be secured. He is in no position to lose money for prod-
ucts that have been harvested, his loss is enough when it is due to
the failure of crops, which is no fault of his. Our aim is to be
progressive and energetic citizens and, such being the case, we
‘are naturally a public benefactor.

" _Inregard to inspection, this is of the most importance because
© we are dealing with a problem in regard to the health of our
) live stock interest and the community as well. The sanitary con-
ditions of the rural districts are the secret of the health of our
cities to a large extent, and here is where some radical changes
ought to take place if we wart this state to be classed as pro-
gressive in sanitation. The dairyman wants to be encouraged in
|) whatever he does to improve his herd and buildings; he should
/ be complimented and given credit for same. In some parts of
the state the inspection is very distasteful to the dairyman. Why?
_” Because the so-called inspector is ignorant in regard to such
| work; it is more than likely he never saw a farm before he se-
cured the position. How much better it would be if the inspec-
_ tors were veterinarians; being duly qualified, they would be met
_ with open arms rather than the way the present one is received,
__ and I do not know but the farmer has a perfect right to act as he
| a :
‘The veterinarians are gradually seeking the rural district to
Practice their profession—and much to their credit. The large
cities w ould get much better results if they employed the veteri-

_ marian in such locations where they get milk supply to look after
pee sanitary conditions of the farms; he would know how to

466 WALTER G, HOLLINGWORTH,

ie
aot

BS,
~

work to get the results required. The trouble with the so- -called
erent is they know so little about this work that they think
a farmer can change his unsanitary condition to sanitary almost
immediately. I will tell you this is a slow job; do one thing at
a time and do that well and so continue, and by so doing you fs
will find the score card will show better results from one time™
to another. Where many farmers are handicapped is due to the
fact they are tenants; the owners have moved to the city or
lage and for some reason lose interest in their old homes, where
they have accumulated enough of the world’s goods to live in
comfort, but they look for the rental just the same. I cannot
comprehend why they are so neglectful: You cannot expect the
. ienant to use his hard-earned money to improve the condition of
buildings which he does not own, and maybe he is only to sta} y
a year or two; but it is necessary to impress on their minds t at
it is more economical to have a healthy herd than a diseased
one, and whatever is done to improve the condition of live sta k, .
good returns will follow. The cost of cleanliness is very trifling,
and it can be looked after when work on other things is at a
standstill. : i 4
If it were possible to estimate the death rate ‘and loss a
monetary value of live stock due to the unsanitary condition of
farm buildings, directly or indirectly, the result would be appall-
ing, and there is no doubt that immediate legislation would De
forthcoming, but such conditions are looked upon as a matter of
course—they always did exist and it seems that they are likely to
exist for some time to come. The conditions are very much
like that of tuberculosis in the human family in former days till
the crusade of prevention found its birth. ‘a
The sanitary conditions of the suburban districts are ne
looked after so closely as the urban districts, because they lack
the inspection necessary to improve such conditions, and for this
reason epidemics are very often traced to the open country, tl
same being conveyed to the cities very often through its milk
supply. In regard to milk as a carrier of disease, take for in-
stance the typhoid germ. I need only to quote that Whipple

THE VETERINARIAN OF TO-DAY AND WHAT HE ADVOCATES. 467

F rites in a general sort of way; it may be said that in cities at
the present time 40 per cent. of typhoid fever is due to water, 25
per cent. to milk, 30 per cent. to ordinary contagion, including
ly transmission, and only 5 per cent. to all other causes. Then
there is scarlet fever, diphtheria, tuberculosis, gastro-intestinal
disorders, as before mentioned, which must be considered. Now
aking such conditions under consideration, is the veterinarian
sking anything unreasonable when he advocates scientific inspec-
tion, and by scientific inspection we would legislate and admin-
ister for health to the live stock and country, and to accomplish
this public and private income would incessantly have to be spent.
This leads to a very important issue and that is to pay strict at-
ention to honesty. Place the funds where the best results will
e forthcoming. We must teach and demonstrate health and let
“the community know we are to an encouraging degree trying to
) give our services as if we really wanted to live ourselves as well
as other animals. It comes to this question: Are our cities and
towns expendng funds to the best advantage to prevent disease?
The time will come with the crusade that is developing in re-
gard to prevention of sickness when it will be a disgrace to
have an outbreak of an infectious disease, and this brings to
mind what the great Pasteur once said, that it was within the
bower of man to eradicate the infectious diseases from the face
of the earth.
When I read from Albany the death reports of various cities
TI always wonder how much of that could be lessened if the state
al “had a proper inspection service inaugurated. We must not stop
at milk inspection, for there is another of much importance, and
that is meat inspection. Can it be wondered why there is so much
_ ptomaine poisoning in the human family when we consider what
an amount of meat is put on the market for food that has never
been inspected—more than half I dare say. Half inspection is
Detter than none, but why should we not have entire satisfaction ?
“As long as this condition is allowed to exist, the low class
- will thrive and flourish at the innocent community’s ex-
| “pense, which means sickness and death. With meat inspection,

468 hese WALTER G. HOLLINGWORTH.

not only meat would be inspected, but the slaughter house also, ] |
and such places would necessarily be required to be put in a sani- 7 |
‘tary condition. |

In closing this paper, my wish is that the veterinarians of this _ | it
state use every honest effort to make it possible to put themselves _
on record as being champions of higher educational facilities, —
especially in the rural districts, and the necessity of competent —
inspection, along with proper legislation to carry out such good - 4
work,

THROUGH the courtesy of Dr. J. G. Rutherford, we have had~
the pleasure of seeing the report of the Minister of Agriculture —
for the Dominion of Canada for the year ended March 31, 1909;
a very instructive book of 152 pages, which reminds one of the ~
immense live stock industry of that country, and of “ manifold —
duties of the live stock commissioner. 7

Ture valuable bulletins issued by the U. S. Department of |}
Agriculture toward the end of November, 1909, are No. 121, | |
“ The Need of Controlling and Standardizing the Manufacture
of Veterinary Tetanus Antitoxin,” by John R. Mohler, V.M.D., ©
and Adolph Eichhorn, D.V.S.; No. 379, “ Hog Cholera,” by 7
M. Dorset, M.D., and Circular No. 68 (Revised), “ Diseases of ~
the Stomach and Bowels of Cattle,” by A. J. Murray, M.R.C.V.S. —

A Soutn Dakota subscriber sent the following clipping, —
probably from one of his local papers, the name of which he —
did not mention:

“An All ’Round Man.—The Headlight man has a western |
correspondent who travels about some and who usually sees —
things as he goes. He sends us a business card gotten out by a 7
genius at Nez Perce, Idaho, which is as follows: ‘Dr. Cunning- 7 |
ham, The ‘“ Shure Winner ” Veterinary Surgeon, Auctioneer | |
and Evangelist of the Boss Barn, Nez Perce, will Doctor Your |
Horse, Cry Your Sale or Preach Your Funeral. You pay your
money and Take Your Choice. If you don’t see what you want, |
please order it. All kind of experience. Agent for the “Easy
Wringer ” Mop.’ It would seem that a man so resourceful event o|
to be able to live through a hard winter.” sae |

EQUIPMENT OF VETERINARY COLLEGES.”

By A. R. Warp, BerKetey, CAL.

By a chance combination of circumstances, I find myself un-
dertaking the handling of a portion of the committee's labors,
while fresh from a visit to fourteen veterinary colleges in six
countries of Europe. Without attempting to give the official
ames of these institutions, it will suffice for identification to
mention the name of the city in which each is located: Dublin,
Liverpool, London, Edinburgh (Dick), Alfort, Brussels, Utrecht,
Stuttgart, Giessen, Munich, Dresden, Berlin, Hanover, Copen-
hagen. The difficulties of language in a foreign country natur-
ally hinder the ready formation of correct opinions of various
matures of such an institution as a veterinary college. Neverthe-
ss equipment is a feature that can be taken in at a glance.

ey am not one of those who believe that our American schools
should be slavish imitators of European models in every particu-
i le r. But it must be recognized that those schools are older, with
J the accruing benefit of experience. In a broad way, a study of
European schools gives one a view of a more highly developed
) educational system and certainly enables us to foresee conditions
|) to which we either should be tending or which we should be
» avoiding.
I shall mention in brief compass some of the more striking
points in the equipment of the European schools, and shall not
) particularly emphasize comparisons with American conditions.

_ BvrLptines anp Grounps.—In nearly all the schools one is
im ipressed by the generous scale of equipment in the matter of
I do not have data at hand to give information in

o i ccnsel at the Meeting of the Association of College Faculties and Examining Boards
-hicago, ae 6, 1909. 00

470 A. R. WARD,

terms of square feet of floor space in the buildings, or in acres of 7 |
ground, but submit in lieu of these a few post cards.* q |
The Hanover school (No. 1) illustrates the scale of the. a
grounds of a Continental school. The schools of the British Isles ~
do not measure up to those across the Channel in this respect.
The next five cards give an impression of the scale of the build- |
ings at Hannover and at Giessen. Some idea of the character of q
the construction at Hanover is to he had from the next card |
(6A), showing a lecture room. Note furniture, stained glass”
windows, frescoes, busts, wainscoting, and ceiling. An unsatis-
factory glimpse of Alfort is afforded by the next three cards. The 7
gate (No. 7) opens on to the court containing the statues to —
Bourgelat, Trasbot, and Nocard. The memorial to the latter is”
shown in the next card. Bourgelat was the founder of the
French veterinary schools and lived from 1712 to 1779. The §
Alfort school itself dates from 1765. The sight of these taste- |)
ful memorials and their surroundings impressed me with the age, -
stability and dignity of the veterinary profession in France.
Perhaps the obvious comparison with American conditions was
rendered more striking by the fact that the day before I had
visited one of the pioneers of American veterinary education,-Dr.
Liautard. 4
At Alfort a considerable number of students are housed in
the dormitories as shown in (No. 9). in
Bearing in mind the general size of buildings as shown in the |
cards, some impression is conveyed by the statement that Munich —
has eight Jarge buildings: Dresden, ten; and Brussels, fourteen. —
For example the new college in Brussels has separate buildings —
for residence of director, administration, serums and vaccines, —
small animals, heating plant, medicine and surgery, shoeing, feeds, | |
pathology and bacteriology, physiology and histology, anatomy | |
and zootechnics, contagious wards, incinerary. The observations — ii
left me with the impression that our state schools will do well 9
when locating buildings to provide for the possibility of enormous ~
expansion in the future. 4

* The The cards referred to were not furnished the publishers.

EQUIPMENT OF VETERINARY COLLEGES, 471

» Curyics.—Clinical instruction is very sharply segregated into
ecialties with independent equipment and instructors. Among
ich clinical departments noted, but perhaps not all in our school,
‘are those embracing medical and surgical wards, small animals,
‘ambulatory instruction, polyclinic, shoeing and hoof diseases com-
ned.
_ The general equipment of instruments and apparatus for sur-
cal work is excellent. One gathers the general idea that each
‘ofessor of surgery in Germany has invented an operating table
ifferent from any other. It was interesting to note in this con-
ection that the Royal Veterinary College in London seemed
) be getting along nicely without a table. The main details of
e equipment of the surgical department at Stuttgart as to ap-
iratus may be enumerated as a fair example of that of the
an schools; covered tanbark riding academy for rainy
eather, completely equipped sterilizing room, electrically pro-
lied machine for paring hoof, gas heaters for firing irons,
‘fables and cases on rubber tired casters for instruments, disin-
fectants, dressings, etc., wash room for operator, x-ray appar-
t us, laundry, student room with lockers, and a veritable museum
Of instruments, old and new.
__ I happen to have at hand an enumeration of the equipment
as regards the building for surgery at the school at Munich,
which may be given as another typical outfit. There the sur-
-al department has a waiting room, living rooms for assistants,
and cold water, foot bath stalls, together with thirty-four
Stalls for patients.
In most instances space allotted to medicine is the same as
that given surgery. These subjects quite often are housed in a
large building with identical wings for each.
£ Small animal clinics are managed entirely independent of
other departments. That at Munich is one of the best in the
‘matter of equipment. Among the features noted were as fol-
lows: Separate wings for medicine and surgery, animal cages
have wire floor permitting thé attainment of extraordinary
| cleanliness by flushing beneath, bath rooms with varied sizes ‘of

a} oo &
a;
A

+t pa
A te
eed
ia
ee

472 ‘ A. BR. WARD,

tubs, power clippers, accommodation for fifty-four medical
thirty-three surgical cases, cupboards for medicines with num=_
bers corresponding to cage numbers, inhalation room, cat ward,
kitchen, bird ward with tank for aquatic birds, indoor and ou it

door cages for the same patient. — | q

Professor Regenbogen’s building for small animals in Berlin
included the following departments: Birds, toxicology, surgery,
clinical laboratory, polyclinic, surgery, separate wards for dis
temper, skin diseases and non-contagious cases, pharmacology
and pharmacological museum, x-ray room, photographic roon
and chicken yard stocked with types of breeds of fowls.

I came away from my visit to these two places making com
parisons with some American Veterinary colleges as to size.

Specialization in clinical work is very strikingly illustrate
by the work on shoeing, the hoof and its diseases at Munick
These lines of work occupy a commodious building. Student
are trained in making shoes and in shoeing in a department pr ?
vided with twelve forges. An x-ray outfit is in use. The mu
seum of the hoof department contains a unique collection em
bracing thousands of specimens of the following classes of Ob= |
jects: development of hoof, pathological alterations such as ma
formations, sidebones, etc., security shoes ‘for slippery pave
ments, shoes for correcting defects, shoes of faulty const
tion, historical collection of shoes, etc.

The building houses an experimental station for the stun
of the hoof, and also a teaching institution for blacksmith
There is accommodation for sixteen men who study a course fe
three of four months followed by examination. I understoo
that this is compulsory upon professional horse shoers. =

Insistence upon a thorough training at the forge and in shot
ing is by no means restricted to the Munich school. |

Oxsstetrics.—Considerable variation was noted in the ial
ities for instruction in obstetrics. In quite a number of laall ;
dairy herd, maintained at the college for instruction in animal it
dustry was available for illustrating normal parturition.

Me

it

|
|
71

EQUIPMENT OF VETERINARY COLLEGES. 473

Utrecht there were fifteen cows. They are planning to purchase
each week a cow heavy with calf, for class room purposes. These
will be bought in the cattle market and selected with special refer-
ence to the probability of difficult parturition. In Munich cows
are purchased for purposes of instruction.

Museums.—The museums of veterinary colleges were of spe-
cial interest, as they are the storehouse of very important ad-
juncts for the teaching of certain subjects like anatomy, sur-
gery and pathology. At Alfort the museum contains a magnifi-
cent collection of bones showing the insertions of muscles, etc., by
means of colors painted on the bone. These included single bones
of every kind. One particularly striking specimen was that with
half of the skeleton of a horse’s trunk mounted in a case with ac-
curate designation of such complicated matters as the insertions
of muscles on the ribs and vertebrz.

Other preparations of use in anatomy were synovial sacs in-
jected with colored plaster, sections of bones of the flesh-produc-
ing animals and of those liable to be fraudulently substituted, col-
ored plaster models of the various dissection regions, ligament
preparations, models of lymphatics, mercury injections of certain
tissues, colored models of transactions of legs, brain regions
modeled and colored, teeth of all domesticated animals in all
stages of eruption, dissections of skull at different ages, showing
location of molars, tooth sections, and abnormalities, etc.

Other branches of instruction represented in a similar thor-
ough way are pathology, zoology, botany, helminthology and
teratology.

The museum at Utrecht was particularly rich in specimens
of monsters, being second only to Berlin in this respect. At
Utrecht, too, were a profusion of delicate dissections of eye, ear,
skull, together with injection of gutteral pouches, wax models,
etc. ‘ae .

‘Such ‘magnificent collections of objects of unquestionable
value for instruction cannot be had for money. They must be

474 . A. R. WARD.

accumulated by the labor of successive gepetations of professors
for a century or more.

Card No. 10 gives a glimpse of the skeletons in the museum
at Alfort, of which-there were some thirty. No. 11, a similar —

view at Hannover, and No. 12, the museum cases at Hannover.
No. 14 shows the lecture room for anatomy at Hannover.

Borany.—The facilities for instruction inthis subject are _
rather prominent in several schools where botanic gardens are

maintained. For instance, at Alfort, the students are required

_ to study eighteen hundred plants growing in the garden. The
collection comprises drug producing and poisonous plants, for-
age crops besides representations of a large number of genera of
wild plants.

The garden at Hannover contained representatives of 235
genera with 305 of their species and 63 of their varieties native in
Germany, Asia Minor, North America and the Far East. In ad-
dition there were 200 species of grains and forage plants, 70 spe-

cies of poisonous plants, 60 species of drug-producing plants, 250 7

representatives of other plants, 25 aquatic plants, and 30 more
characteristic of swamp and meadows. Does German thorough-
ness require any better illustration? This feature was also par-

ticularly prominent at Utrecht and I was impressed with the

value of this adjunct of instruction.

Anima Inpustry.—Facilities for instruction range all the
way from paper maché models to a herd of cows, found at
Dresden.

Gross Patrno.ocy.—Ample facilities for autopsies are the
rule. One finds a properly constructed room set apart for the
purpose, and equipped with trucks, tackle, trays, scales, burners,
_ etc. The pathological institute at Utrecht is the most excellent
of its kind that I encountered.

BacrerioLocy.—I feel very confident in asserting that ele-
mentary instruction in this subject is not so highly developed in

EQUIPMENT OF VETERINARY COLLEGES. 475

Europe as in some of our American schools. I looked in vain

_ for evidence that students were trained in the preparation of

_ media. Lockers abundantly supplied with individual outfits for
students were missing. I learned from conversation with a stu-
dent at Alfort that the microscopes in use there were inferior to
those in the Veterinary College at Ohio State University.

I shall not venture so positive an opinion about the character
of the equipment for the teaching of pathology, pharmacology
and chemistry. I note, though, that Professor P. A. Fish on
his visit to the European Schools was impressed by the fact that
laboratory courses for undergraduates in such subjects as physiol-

_ ogy, pathology and bacteriology could stand a higher degree of
development.

_ Researcu.-—When one considers the equipment and facilities

at the disposal of graduate students, assistants and the faculty, he

is impressed by their abundance. The amount of research work
in progress bears testimony to the favorable conditions. This

ultimately results in original books. Americans will continue to
_ be under the necessity of translating German standard works
until our colleges brace up in the matter of research.

CONCLUSIONS,

Perhaps it is superfluous to observe that the European schools
are ahead of us in equipment.
According to my judgment, the remedies for our deficiencies’
consist in the attainment of the following conditions by a gradual
process of change:
State supported schools. Four years of high school prepara-
_ tion for entrance. Four years of professional training.

9

THE annual meeting of the Connecticut Veterinary Medical
Association will be held in Hartford, Tuesday, February 1, 1910.

‘i Tue Department of Agriculture has officially recognized the
_ Arabian Horse Club of America. H. K. Bush-Brown, of New-
bi burg, N. Y., is the secretary—(Horn and Hoof.)

A FEW TRUTHS FOR FUTURE VETERINARY
MEDICINE IN MAINE.*

By Dr. B. F. JERvis, HOULTON, MAINE.

ln writing this humble paper I would ask you to bear with me
in the few points.that I wish to set forth. I thought that I would
deviate from the usual course and not take up your time with a
case report.

Firstly, I would ask, “ Are we as veterinarians satisfied with
the present existing veterinary sanitary laws in our state? ue

This worthy association has been founded for some fourteen
years, more or less, and without a doubt has done a vast amount ||
of good work for her loyal sons, under no small difficulties. But © }
are we a great deal farther ahead now than at the date of its in- |

ception? Fourteen years of existence still sees all appertaining
to the application of Veterinary Sanitary Law in the hands of a
body of laymen and not a semblance of a state veterinarian.

Now, gentlemen, to your humble servant (and doubtless many |

here feel the same way ), this does not seem to be right and proper —

in this enlightened age. Many of our sister states are setting us — |

a good example on these lines, indeed lines that we might with
great advantage follow; but still we sit back in our chairs and
seemingly are content to be lead by a body of laymen, when we

ourselves ought to take the lead, as men having the requisite |
training in the application of veterinary sanitary law and medi- | |

cine. In talking casually of the matter to several brethren a di-

versified number of views have been aired. Some have said that 1
a state veterinarian had been tried and proved a failure, others || |
maintain that at the present time the veterinarian has not the | |

requisite ability to deal with the farmer, and that it is necessary a;

for him to have, as an intermediary, a layman or men in the shape |

* Read before the Maine Veterinary Medical Association, Portland, July, 1909.
476

A FEW TRUTHS FOR FUTURE VETERINARY MEDICINE IN MAINE. 477

‘of the State of Maine Cattle Commission. The former of the
neories seems to me to be quite childish. Because one state vet-
‘inarian appointed did not have the ability or tact to meet exist-
i circumstances at that time, does it of a necessity infer that
of the membership of this association one cannot be found
ympetent of filling such an office?

_ In regard to the other theory, what is there about the Maine
rmer that is so different from farmers of other states that
awakes it so hard for the veterinarian to deal with? After five
ears of intimate knowledge of the Maine farmer, the writer
inds that he is just an ordinary farmer, much the same as others
f the same calling in other parts of this North American Con-
inent, and I do not see what is to hinder us from dealing with
ad educating where needs be this terrible apparition, viz., the
laine farmer. The State of Maine Cattle Commission no doubt
n time gone by was a necessity before the birth almost of the
| Veterinary profession, but I maintain that now the time is come
| when the necessity of the commission is no more and that the
‘application of the veterinary sanitary law should be under the
sontrol of the profession by reason of the training we have upon
lines. What would our medical brethren think of having
he State Board of Health run by a body of laymen and poli-
ticians? J think they would very quickly get together and try
md remedy it, even if the public at large did not. What is to
hinder one good, live veterinarian, and if the public wish it, one or
two laymen as well, taking up the work now done by three lay-
“men, the veterinarian being the chief executive officer so as to in-
sure the work undertaken being done in such a way as to be a
credit to the profession. Who is better fitted naturally by his
training to fill such an important office than the veterinarian?
Certainly not the layman! What is the Cattle Commission at the
“present time doing towards eradication of tuberculosis? The
amount is so small, in spite of the cheerful reports, that it is quite
imperceptible. Then, again, the commission looks after nothing
else at all but tuberculosis and glanders, and does not touch any
of the many other contagious conditions that may from time

478 - B. F. JERVIS.

to time be met with. Of course no doubt they do all that ¢
body of men could do with the same lack of knowledge on such |
things. Take for example section 2 of the act passed by this last
legislature, viz.: “ When the owner or owners of grade catth
shall make application to the State of Maine Cattle Commissi
to have their cattle tested with tuberculin, the said commissioners,
shall cause such test to be applied when in their judgment tt is
necessary.” Whether the commissioners are responsible for thi
bright piece of legislature or the legislative committee, I do
know. But why in anybody’s judgment any cattle, grade or pur
blooded, supplying milk to the public should not of a necessity
need testing with tuberculin passes my comprehension. True it is
that the commission looks into this in the cities, but how about
the many hundred towns and villages where milk is sold to the
public from cows never tested? And even if some herd owner
from some of the small towns made application for the testing of ||
their herd, in the judgment of the commission it might not be

necessary. Now on the other hand, if these affairs were in the
hands of veterinarians, or if there was a veterinarian on the)”
board of cattle commissioners, it would at once be seen that it” |
was more than necessary to test any and all cattle supplying milk _
to the public for consumption. In combatting tuberculosis from
an economic point of view we must not lose sight of the acknowl-
edged transmissibility to the human subject, especially infants
Then again, how is the disinfection, and so forth, of places occu
pied by animals found infected with contagious diseases carried
out? Properly or not? More often not, as the commission de-)
mands of the veterinarian employed that he go and test or in-
spect his animals, and go back to his home just as soon after as”
possible, in order that his (the veterinarian’s) bill may not be too
bulky and leave the disinfecting, etc., to the owner, who, by the
way, have very little knowledge of such things, but more often |
has not the least conception. a

Secondly, I would ask, “ What do the public at large think

of us as a body? It is pretty safe to say that a vast majority of
people that we have to deal with think that we are quite incapable

A FEW TRUTHS FOR FUTURE: VETERINARY MEDICINE IN MAINE. 479

of doing anything in regard to the investigation of contagious
diseases without the supervision of this body of laymen. In
fact many men have shown me, and doubtless many of you have
seen communications from members of the commission, describ-
ing lesions of diseases and so forth that might well be inserted
in Puck, and when the veterinarian takes upon himself to ex-
plain matters in a proper light, the explanation so differs from
the one received from the layman that the poor vet. is relegated
to the background, and put down as a poor fool.

Thirdly, and lastly let me ask, what does the profession at
large think of us as a body of veterinarians? No doubt a num-
ber of you have read the proceedings of the forty-fifth meeting
of the A. V. M. A., but for the benefit of any who may not
have read it I cannot do better than to answer this question by
quoting word for word the report offered by Dr. D. Arthur
Hughes. After a general review of veterinary sags 3 law in
New England, the doctor goes on to say:

“In my opinion, veterinary medicine in the state of Maine
as adjudged by the primitive live stock sanitary law and its exe-
cution must be in a sorry plight. The ‘ report of the cattle com-
mission on contagious diseases of animals’ (1907) is one of the
amusing documents to which I have just referred. It is given
up, almost entirely, to tuberculosis, which certainly is rampant
in the state, yet the head of the cattle commission, a whilom
farmer over anxious to spend the state’s money so that he will not
be criticized, has statements like this abounding in the report:
‘Tuberculous cattle are not all sick, and it should not be under-
stood that way, and there is no doubt a certain per cent. will
recover. Again, ‘And the most important question for the
Maine dairymen to consider is whether they will continue to
destroy animals by the tuberculin test whenever it is practical or
whether they will condemn in the future only by physical exam-
ination.” Could there be more abominable English written?
Could there be anything any more inane than the doctrine ex-
pressed? Oh, for a live, zealous veterinarian like Dr. S. H.
Ward, of Minnesota, to take hold of the work in Maine! Oh, for

480 B. F. JERVIS.

a reform in the Maine law giving such a veterinarian the leader-
ship!” 3 |
Therefore, gentlemen, it behooves us as a body to remove
this stigma placed upon us. Let us ina solid body rise, as a giant
refreshed with wine, and show the profession at large that in
our midst we surely have a live, zealous veterinarian, who can
take the reins of leadership in spite of Dr. Hughes’ doubts. Let
us do all in our power to bring about such a happy condition of
affairs, and then formulate such laws to be presented to the legis-
lature that instead of being ridiculed by the profession, they may
be a pattern of perfection, to be admired and perhaps copied by a
great many other states. And furthermore let us continually
bear in mind the dictum that live stock sanitary law and its ap-
plication reflects the veterinary intelligence and education of the
region.

W. H. McInryre, the new president of the Carriage Build-
ers’ National Association, hails from Auburn, Ind. ‘He is a
builder of motor vehicles as well as horse drawn carriages and
is an optimist as to the future of both branches of the vehicle
industry. In his address at the recent annual meeting of the
association, in Washington, he said:

“ Any one who believes that the carriage building industry of
this country is on the decline is certainly not acquainted with
the figures reported by governmental and other statisticians.
That some branches, grades and styles of construction have been
injured by the advent of the automobile has not been disputed,
but there were 1,500,000 horse drawn spring vehicles built in
the United States this year. The number of automobiles built
in 1909 is estimated at 90,000, and the whole number of those
in running condition in the United States is probably not more
than 175,000. How many are on the scrap heap is another mat-
ter. In 1897 there were 13,500,000 horses in the country, and
their average value was $37 each.- Ten years later the num-
ber of horses had increased to 20,600,000, with an average
value of $95 each, and to-day there are 23,648,000 horses, to-
gether with 4,240,000 mules, in the country, and the number
of horse drawn vehicles built this year is twenty per cent. greater
than in 1908.”——(New York Herald.)

DIVISION OF THE POSTERIOR TIBIAL NERVE.

- By CoLeMAN NocKoLps, VETERINARIAN First CavALry, U.S. A.

| To be concise, any chronic, painful affection of, or in the prox-
_ imity of the Tarsus, more especially anchylosis of part or the
"whole of the articulations, inveterate spavin or injury and pres-
sure upon the local nerves, justify this operation.
| The results should be immediate and brilliant, as the effect
» produced is a cessation of the constant tormenting agony to which
’ the animal has been subjected in consequence of the pathological
conditions which exist.
_ If this operation were more frequently performed, many an
~ animal would be able to give several additional years’ service, in
_ the place of being led to the knacker’s yard.
_ In the majority of hock cases relief can be produced by a
’ posterior tibial neurectomy, but the nerve must be divided above
the region in which the little cutaneous branch which distributes
” filaments to the inner side of the hock is given off. Experience
_ shows that it is usually the inner portion of the hock-joint that is
- most affected and painful.
» The regional, anatomical relation of the different structures
_ involved should be noted, and are mainly as follows:
: 1. Integument.
" 2. Superficial fascia. Directly under the first and closely as-
_ sociated with both are the usual ramifications of the cutaneous
~ nerves and blood vessels, chiefly consisting of, in this region,
_ twigs from the internal saphenous nerve and vein, and the pos-
terior tibial artery.
_ 3. Deep fascia. A thick clearly defined, white envelope,
which covers and binds the underlying structures, and is really a
continuation of the Fascia Lata.

481

482 COLEMAN NOCKOLDS,

4. Posterior tibial nerve. This nerve lies in the space defined
by the deep flexor of the digit (flexor perforans) in front and the’
tendo Achillis behind, between these there is a varying amount |
of connective tissue, but the nerve lies in front of the tendo
Achillis, and in most cases is more or less adherent to it, being
enclosed in a sheath, in company wth a small artery and vein. p |

The posterior tibial artery lies quite a distance to the front of 1
the site of operation just behind the tendon of the flexor acces-
sorius; a little above the hock it forms an S-shaped curve; this)
brings it into close relation with the nerve, but below the seat of
operation; there are fibrous bands given off the tendons of the
gastrocnemius and inserted into the os calcis below, which must |
not be mistaken for the nerve. q

The posterior tibial nerve is a continuation of the internal pop- |
liteal, it is at first deeply placed beneath the inner head of the gas- |
trocnemius, but becomes more superficial as it emerges to the |
front of the tendo Achillis on the inner side of the leg, at the hock
it bifurcates to form the internal and external plantar nerves. |

Instruments needed are scalpels, rat-tooth forceps, aneurism _
needle, hemostatic forceps, needles. tf

If the animal is laid upon an operating’ table, a local anes- ©
thetic injected in the locality of the nerve above the seat of |
operation is sufficient ; if cast upon the ground, general anesthesia |
should be produced and three legs secured with hobbles. The |
free leg should be held by passing a rope around the foot, and a |
side line attached to the limb above the seat of operation fastened |
to the fore leg. ,

The more care taken as regard asepsis, the better the result,
and the operating site should be shaved the day before, and a |
sub-chloride pack kept on if possible until time for operating. r

The site for the primary incision is in an animal of 1514 hands |
high, about six inches above the point of the hock, at the top of the |
hollow caused by the space between the tendo-Achillis and back
part of the tibia, and at least one-quarter of an inch forward —
from the internal border of the tendo-Achillis. ‘The incision
through the skin should not be less than one and a half inches in

DIVISION OF THE POSTERIOR TIBIAL NERVE. 483

ngth. The knife used for incising the integument should not
‘be used again at the present operation.
_ Midway through each lip of the skin wound a strong thread
jhould be fastened by passing a threaded needle through it and
ying the silk. These are to be held by an assistant to keep the
ips open and to draw the skin from the seat of operation; seize
he superficial fascia with the rat-tooth forceps and incise the
ortion raised with the scalpel. This should expose the deep
fascia, before cutting which twist with hemostatic forceps or tie
ny bleeding vessels, so as to have a clear field for operating.
_ The deep fascia can now be seized; it is very dense, and a
ong pair of forceps are necessary, those of the rat-tooth pat-
ern are preferable. Cut away enough of this fascia to allow
lenty of room as the nerve is very rarely exactly in the position
ssigned to it in anatomies. It should be found, lying in a strong
‘Sheath, immediately in front of the inner side of the tendon-
‘Achillis. There is usually considerable connective tissue found
in this region; sometimes it is necessary to take quite a quantity
f this away piecemeal, being careful so as not to conceal the site
of operation; arrest hemorrhage as it occurs. It is as well to re-
nember that there are no vessels in this region large enough to
Cause any serious one.
' The covering of the nerve and its small satellites should be
Seized with the forceps, and the covering incised, when the nerve
vill be exposed and the aneurism needle, threaded, can be passed
| under it and the suture tied ; at least half an inch of the posterior
ibial should be taken away. Sometimes it may be necessary to
‘introduce the finger into the wound and feel for the nerve; this
‘should be lightly felt for, as it is almost impossible to distinguish
“it because of the thickness of its sheath, but by applying a light
forward and backward motion, the nerve can be felt as it rolls
| wn der the finger. Great care must be exercised in deciding that
the division. takes place above the point where the cutaneous
branch is given off. If it is thought that the incision of the nerve
_has occurred below this point, the smaller nerve can be found by
exploring about one and a half inches to the front of the larger,

484 ; COLEMAN NOCKOLDS,

‘as it is given off almost at right angles to it before taking the ~
downward direction. Unless the smaller nerve has been divided, —
the operation is not always a success. iy

Continued sutures are the best for closing the wound, and if
the operation has been carefully performed, it should close by first”
intention.

The following gives a typical case and the result of a post-
tibial neurectomy. @

Bay mare, aged; 1534 hands high; attached to Troop L, First |
Cavalry: suffering from anchylosed hock; very painful to the |
touch; very lame; affected for years; pain increasing for the
last six months, constantly holding the foot up and moving it up
and down; began to lose flesh about three months ago; at present
in very thin condition; was recommended for condemnation and
destruction. Has been treated by blistering, cunean tenotomy and
other methods, without improvement. {

Above animal was placed under an anesthetic and posterior
tibial neurectomy performed. From the day after the operation”
the animal has performed equal exertions with the lame and |
sound limbs ; appetite has returned, with the resulting better con- |
dition ; the site of operation healed without complications, and the”
animal is doing the usual troop duties required. With the ex-)
ception of a very slight stiffness due to ne anchylosed hock, no |
lameness apparent. .

Wuy Autos FricuTen Horsrs.—This bit of brightness ‘s |
said to have cropped out in a conversation between two Law- |
rence misses not old enough to go to school, says the Kansas —
City Journal:

“What makes a horse act naughty when he sees an auto?” |

wagons, and they don’t know what to think of ’em goin’ along
without a horse. Guess if you saw a pair of pants walkin’ down
the street without a man in ’em you'd be scared, too,”

REPORTS OF CASES.

VIS MEDICATRIX NATURZE.
By E. A, Weston, G. M. V. A., Lauceston, Australia,

The following cases may prove of interest to some as serving
to illustrate how apparently hopeless cases may recover without
treatment of any kind.

Case No. 1 was a bay draft colt 4 years old. He had been
loaned to my client to “ break in,” and was being used for light
farm work, though his usefulness was considerably discounted
owing to his having a cleft palate, which caused him to spit
half his food back through his nose in a half masticated condi-
tion. I happened to be visiting the farm to see another horse,
and my client asked my advice about the colt, which had frac-
tured his tibia just a little above the hock. At the time of my
visit he was standing in a stall, with a rope slung from the roof
under his belly to keep him from lying down, and his manger
was bespattered with half-masticated food. Taking into con-
sideration his poor condition, his cleft palate and the expense of
treatment, I advised my client not to bother with him, but he was
not destroyed owing to his owner objecting. About a fortnight
afterwards I was again at the farm and found the colt still in the
same position, and with a beautiful provisional callus formed
around the fracture. However I reckoned he would soon be
tired of standing on three legs, and would make a mess of his leg
by starting to put his weight on it. This I explained to my
client, at the same time telling him the leg was doing beautifully
so far. From this out I did not see the colt, but my client in-
formed me that he never looked back, and on inquiring a few days
ago I learned that he was still alive, and that the broken leg was
as straight and sound as the other. It is now nearly two years
since he met with the accident.

Case No. 2 was an aged “ hack”-used by the overseer on a
large farm. I saw him one night, when my advice was sought

owing to his having met with.an injury to his hock joint.. He

was lying down, and on being roused up got up on three legs,
485

486 REPORTS OF CASES,

flexing the injured leg convulsively with the pain as he did so.
Each time the leg was bent a stream of synovia from the joint
squirted out like water from a syringe. On examination I found
a punctured wound entering the main joint formed by the tibia
and astragalus. The joint was inflamed and enlarged and the
horse refused to put his foot to the ground. I explained to my
client the seriousness of the case and advocated treatment by con-
tinuous irrigation and injection of peroxide of hydrogen. As,
however, there were no facilities for treatment, and the horse was
of little value, he was left to take his chance. I saw him several
times during the next few months, and to my surprise the dis-
charge gradually abated, did not become purulent, and finally
ceased altogether. The swelling surrounding the joint was con-
siderable and it was a long time before the horse dared to put any
weight on the leg. I prophesied anchylosis of the joint, but again —
the outcome of the case did damage to my professional reputa-
tion. The swelling decreased considerably, and the anchylosis
was only partial, sufficient movement remaining to allow of the
old horse still being used occasionally for riding and driving.

Case No. 3 was a draft stallion affected with a form of papil- “4 |

loma which frequently affected the regions of the joints, and usu-

ally arises as the result of an injury. These growths resemble - a

a strawberry or large piece of red cauliflower, and are very per-
sistent, always recurring on removal unless the piece of skin on
which they are growing is removed with them. This frequently
means taking a considerable area of skin out of the front of the
knee, fetlock, or coronet, which, of course, leaves a nasty wound
requiring a long time to heal and leaving a prominent scar. Nat-
urally I was loath to perform so drastic an operation, and treated
the first cases I met with by simply cutting the growth off and
cauterizing the base. Sometimes no further trouble occurred for
a lapse of three or four months, but in every instance, sooner or
later, the growth returned and grew faster than before. Micro-
scopical examination of sections did not reveal any cause for
this, as they merely showed an unusually dense fibrous structure.
The growths on Case No. 3 were removed by cutting and cauteri-
zation, but recurred again in a couple of months larger than be-
fore. The owner of the horse would not have them operated on
again, and they continued to grow slowly for nearly twelve
months. At the expiration of this time a gradual atrophy set in
and in six months they had completely disappeared.

45 Peg

REPORTS OF CASES. 487

SOME PHOTOS WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES.
By E. A, Weston, G. M. V. A., Lauceston, Australia,

Numbers 1 and 2 are from a case of laminitis which was diag-
nosed by one of the legion of quacks that infest this country, as
pleurisy. When the poor horse’s feet broke out round the coron-
ets, the quack said it was the pleurisy breaking out between “ ’air
and ’oof.” Subsequently the patient was turned out and died
during the severe winter which ensued. Photo No. 1 shows the
sole of the foot, where the os pedis had perforated it at A. Photo
No. 2 shows the large hoof, with the os pedis alongside, to show
its relatively small size. The greater portion of the point (an-

terior extremity) of the bone had been absorbed by a rarefying
ostitis, the result of pressure. The remaining portion is extreme-
ly fragile and open in structure.

Photo No. 3 shows anchylosis of the lower cervical vertebre;
it is taken from a young draft gelding my advice was sought
about. The horse had been in good health up to within a few
days of my visit, but had suffered for some time from a stiffness
in the neck which prevented him from feeding off the ground, or
out of a low manger. The only symptoms shown at the time of
my visit were loss of muscular co-ordination. The horse tripped
over every inequality in the ground, and reeled like a drunken
man. When he put a leg out, one never knew where he was go-
ing to put it down. The owner suspected sprain of the shoulder
muscles, as the horse had had his foot fast in a wire fence some
short time previously. The enlargement of the bones was hardly

488 REPORTS OF CASES.

noticeable during life, but the symptoms and history of the case
enabled me to render a diagnosis of interference with the motor
tracts in the spinal cord, due to pressure probably caused by in-
jury to the cervical vertebre. I did not advise treatment, and the
horse got down soon afterwards and was destroyed.

Photos Nos. 4 and 5 show what is probably a teratoma, or
aborted ovum of some sort. The patient was a very valuable
milking shorthorn, and J was called to attend her during difficult
parturition. After delivering the calf, 1 removed the placenta
and attached to it by the blood vessels which nourished it was
the growth-shown in the photo. It did not have a separate pla-
centa, but was fed by vessels given off from that surrounding

the normal calf. The growth was covered with an integument |

bearing a beautiful coat of hair, except at the point of entrance of

the.blood vessels. which was bare. . At this point was a cyst con- 7]

taining mucoid fluid, with white masses floating in it. These”
masses proved on microscopical examination to be composed of ©

epithelial cells (squamous). The remainder of the growth was |

solid, and divided into compartments by fibrous bands proceeding

ee ee
FSS See Rea nEcee ers

REPORTS OF CASES. 489

————————

from the integument. Within the compartments is a solid tis-
sue resembling muscle which has undergone fatty metamorphosis,

- Photo No. 6 shows a cow with what I believe to be a tubercu-
Jar udder complicated by a mixed infection. The enormous enlarge-

ment of the worst affected quarter and its corresponding teat is
well shown in this and in Photo No. 7, which was taken with the
cow lying on her back. Photo No. 8 shows the interior of the ud-

der with caseous areas thickly sprinkled throughout it. Along with
these are loculi filled with a thin purulent fluid. (Unfortunately
this is not as clear a picture as I could have wished owing to the
color of the background not giving a sufficiently sharp contrast

490 REPORTS OF CASES.

a divided sublumbar lymphatic. All these glands were markedly ~
enlarged and the photo shows the white, miliary tubercles studded __
throughout them.~ In addition to the sublumbar, the mesenteric, —_
renal, hepatic and bronchial glands showed caseous areas, and ©
the lungs themselves were extensively diseased, while the kidneys |
and liver showed isolated tubercles. This cow had been the prop- |
erty of a milkman supplying Launceston, and for some time dur- |
ing the progress of the disease in the worst affected quarter, the | |
milk from the other three had been utilized. No doubt some poor |_
mothers hereabouts are wondering why their babies have devel- |
oped cachexia. 4

GLANDERS—IMMUNE.

By Francis ABELE, Jr., Quincy, Mass.

May 19, 1909, was called to eight-year-old roan gelding ina ||
stable of five or six horses. This horse was run down for about |
two weeks. Others all looked well. | 4

About a week before front leg swelled from knee to elbow. |
Moved with pain. Owner used hot applications and treatment
that veterinarian had prescribed for swollen hind leg (lymphan-—
gitis) about a year previous. As the desired result did not follow
again, I was called. ||

Believing there might have been infection from the rubbing, —
ordered bichloride wash twice daily. Meanwhile I injected mal-
lein a day or two later, as a small sore was discharging, not |
typical, but suspicious; the horse was turned into a lot. The
resulting oedema was immense, extending into the breast. Horse
remained in same spot all day and very dejected. Took no tem-
peratures. Case was reported to the cattle bureau, who sent |
an agent. Culture was taken and inoculated into guinea pig. |
Result was negative (probably due to bichloride washing). A | —
second culture was taken and on June 20th I received mallein |)
from the Cattle Bureau to test horse and report. This test was
a positive reaction, but rather feeble. All the sores had healed |
completely, leaving no scars. Enlargement of leg completely | |
gone and horse had gained flesh. at

REPORTS OF CASES, 491

» I recommended that as horse could be kept separate from
others that owner be allowed to use the same under quarantine

conditions. |

On the day of this test 1 received word from the Cattle

_ Bureau that they had just obtained positive results from the last

guinea pig inoculation.

| The horse was allowed to live, was retested in August, Sep-

tember and October, when it was released from quarantine and

~ still works and is in good condition.

~~ Now this article is not intended to report anything wonder-

- ful, but if there is anything in an immunity serum, it would seem

that this horse’s might be of value for experimenting. The facts

_ of his case are easily verified. :

BENEFIT OF POST MORTEM.
By Francis ABELE, Jr., Quincy, Mass.

_ Was called to a first-class livery stable to see a horse found
| choked or hung by halter, dead in the stall. Horse was hitched
_ in front at level of nose and also from ceiling to same ring at
_ jaw strap. Feet were comfortably under him, bedding showed no
| signs of pawing or thrashing, no bruises or abrasions and no
| signs of dents and scratches on sides of stall. A reliable night
__ man was cleaning harness all night directly behind the horses and
| heard no disturbance, but when feed man and grooms came in
_ morning horse was discovered dead with head hanging in halter
| so that union of two ropes supported head at throat. He was
_ supposed to have choked to death. I suspected ruptured vessel
or disorder of heart.
Post mortem showed abdominal cavity filled with some sloppy
food, serous surfaces inflamed (peritonitis). Smaller colon had
a rent five inches long longitudinally, edges badly congested.
, Removing diaphragm, released several quarts of bloody serum,
_ pleural surfaces inflamed and eroded. Heart was normal and
' healthy. a

Horse belonged to a wholesale fruit dealer. Accident oc-
curred just the day before the 4th of July. I have not ques-
tioned the driver, but believe his horse was practically dead when
put up. ae

Yah

492 REPORTS OF CASES.

MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS OF PLACENTA.

By Francis ABELE, Jr., Quincy, Mass.

Was removing placenta from family cow belonging to a
wealthy owner and whereas most of placenta came away easily,
one part about a foot in diameter was thick (meaty), congested,
rough and on removing shewed hundreds of miliary tubercles
I had a microscopist examine and confirm diagnosis. This cow
was tested three years before, had slung calf at six mwnths the | |
year before and for that reason had been refused service to a |
tested bull, so had gone to a milk man’s where cows were not
tested. Have seen three or four of such cases, but none that
seem to point so directly to their origin.

eB mere irre a

In sending the foregoing case reports to the Revirw, Dr.
Abele enclosed the photo which we here reproduce, with the fol-—
lowing friendly personal note, not in-—
tended for publication, but we believe
it too interesting to take entirely to our- |
selves, so share it with our readers: |

Sip ees a ee

ABSCESSES OF THE NECK.

pup and a good one, too, but his pres-
ent appearance belies the fact. He has
one of those abscesses of the neck so
common with dogs, but his is of un-])
common size, distorting his face and}
throat. He looks more like a cali. '
“ Yours truly,
“ ABELE.”

PROLAPSE OF THE UTERUS WITH COMPLICATION, |
By J. Arxinsen’ Witxrnson, V. M. D., Oxford, Pa. ;

On Nov. 25 I received a call from a Mr. Kibler, of Elkdale.) |
He said he had a very sick cow and desired me to come down
right away. |

i

REPORTS OF CASES. 493

I went immediately and reached his place at about six o’clock
and found the cow to be down with eversion of the womb. Mr.
Kibler said she had calved at noon and that when he came out

~ to milk he had found her down and in the condition named, and

straining a great deal.
_ ___ The cow seemed to be in a fairly good condition, although
_ she was unable to rise, which J attributed to weakness from loss

of blood and straining so much.

'_ I at once proceeded to replace the uterus by first washing
with cold water and wrapping it with a wide bandage. When

_ Istarted to replace the uterus, she seemed to have a great deal of

- ata and did not act in the usual manner by straining, but simply
bawled, and before I could get it replaced, I noticed she was
| dying, which she proceeded to do in a very short time.

7 I was, of course, puzzled, as I had never had a cow act in
that manner, and waiting a few minutes I cut through the pro-
lapsed uterus. T found it filled with intestines.

FRACTURE OF THE MANDIBLE.
By R. W. Gannett, D.V.M., Newark, N. Y.

A five-year-old bay draft mare, weak and emaciated, was pre-

| sented to me for treatment last winter. She was suffering from
| a badly infected compound comminuted fracture of the right
__ branch of the mandible in the region of the first and second pre-
' molars, resulting from a kick received two weeks previously.
__ There was an ugly discharging foul smelling wound on the side

_ of the lower jaw, also much crepitation during attempts at mas-

_ tication. The first and second pre-molars on the injured side
| were loose. I gave a doubtful prognosis, but considering the

_ value of the mare advised treatment.

a The patient was cast, the wound area scrubbed and disin-
fected. The wound was enlarged and all pieces of broken bone
were removed, thereby exposing a portion of the roots of both the
first and second pre-molars. Antiseptic after treatment was pro-
vided daily by means of six feet of small rubber tubing attached
to a wooden pail filled with 1/1,000 bichloride solution and sus-
pended from the ceiling. The mare was fed molasses and soft

_ food, which it managed to swallow without chewing.

A494 REPORTS OF CASES,

The discharge ceased at once and healing was so rapid that at
the end of six weeks union was complete with a bony enlarge-_ |
ment of considerable size at the point of fracture. The lower in- |
cisors are about one-half inch to the left, but there is no dificult |

in eating.

SOME EXPRESSIONS OF APPRECIATION FROM
SUBSCRIBERS.

Fr. LEAVENWORTH, Kan., December 4, 1909. |
Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY Rivne:

Enclosed please find cheque for $3, subscription for 191e 4
Accept congratulations on continued. excellence of REvIEw. to

wish for it a prosperous new year.
Yours sincerely,
GERALD E. GRIFFIN,
Veterinarian 3d F. A.

SALEM, OrEGON, December 17, 1909-9
Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:

Enclosed please find P. O. order for three dollars for one
year’s subscription to Review. Permit me to say that I have 4
been a subscriber to the Review off and on—mostly on—since —
its beginning, and these latter years continuously. Many is the
time it has come to my assistance when some good doctor has
reported on some case that gave me hope and encouragement to
put forth new energy and take fresh courage in some of my cases _

of similar character.
Very sincerely,
D. D. KEELER.

Fort Wortu, Texas, December 23, 1909.
Tue AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York City:

GENTLEMEN—Enclosed please find check for three dollars i

($3.00) for the AMeRIcAN VETERINARY Review for the fol-
lowing year, one of the best journals in its line published at the.

present date. Wishing you a successful year, I am, . a

Yours truly,

R. G. Flowers. fe ;

bat

ae gh din ee | > i. ix Sade > — > a = _
= ati fin cietseee i ea ace ache St ce gia tn i

|

a CORRESPONDENCE.

Oakland, California, December 13, 1909.

‘Editors of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:

On behalf of the members of the veterinary profession in the
west, more particularly those located in the State of California,
I desire to impose upon your good offices for the purpose of con-
-veying expressions of the highest appreciation to those who were
‘responsible for the selection of California as the place of meet-
b 3 ing of the American Veterinary Medical Association in Septem-
_ ber, 1910.

> Onur people in the magnificent west fully realize the great
_ honor that has been conferred upon them, and they are eminently
| aware of their responsibilities in the premises.

|. Aside from the pleasures and the geographical and meteri-
_ ological education which a visit to the Pacific Coast will provide,
we consider that from a business standpoint the move is an ex-
cellent one. We believe that there is a bounteous harvest to be
gleaned in the shape of new members, and we are ready to guar-
~ antee that the quantity and quality of the crops will assume good-
ly proportions. In fact, we believe that when the national or-
| ganization completes its labors next September it will have in-
| creased its membership roll by the addition of the names of from
| one hundred and fifty to two hundred veterinarians who in every
Ds er will undoubtedly prove to be a most valuable acquisition
' and asset. This statement may be doubted by some, but when
_ the members of the American Veterinary Medical Association
| visit this part of the continent we think we can demonstrate to
their entire satisfaction that the people of the west usually ac-
~complish what they start out to do.

The California State Veterinary Medical Association and
its Southern Auxiliary have already appointed active commit-
| tees to provide for the physical welfare and pleasures of the
veterinarians and their families who come here, and the manner
in which assistance financial and otherwise is offered presages
_ aroyal, good western time.

495

496 CORRESPONDENCE. .

The veterinarians of the west realize that this part of the
country has a world-wide reputation for doing things, and they
are fully aware of the fact that it will be absolutely imperative to 7 |
make good. It is apparent then that we are not presuming too
much when we make the statement that there is not a veterina- |
rian on the Northern Hemisphere who can afford to miss this |)
meeting.

Proffers of assistance are pouring in from veterinary associa-
tions and individual veterinarians from one extremity of the ©
Pacific Slope to the other and from the Pacific Ocean to the
Rockies. Even the Hawaiian Islands have been heard from. _

There is an active committee working on the problem of trans-
‘portation and it assures us that rates will be obtained so reason-
able that it will be almost less expensive to make the trip than
to remain at home. 4

We make an appeal now to every veterinarian in Ameria 4
that he put the sign— “fl

CALIFORNIA, SEPTEMBER 6-7-8-9, IQIO.

in a conspicuous place in his office and home as a reminder that
these dates have a particular significance and also for the pur- 7 |
pose of impressing upon him the necessity of keeping this period —
of time free for the purpose of giving himself a well-earned treat, 7
mental and physical, and for the liquidation of a debt that h 7
owes to himself, his family and his clientele.
Western people being painfully modest and prone to hide
their light under a bushel, it would not be traditional nor seemly
for us to boast at this time of what is to be done in the way of
entertainment. We will say, however, that if there are any of
your readers who have Missourian tendencies and require to be
shown, we solicit the privilege of being searched. :
This is a golden opportunity, as it means a trip, and every
thing that goes with it, to the Golden West, the land of sunshin
plenty, more plenty and goodfellowship.

Respectfully,
R. A, ARCHIBALD,
Chairman of the Entertainment Committee.

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof, A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M.

. AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS AND CASTRATION [R. Jones, M.
» R.C.V.S.).—An old entire horse used for stud purposes, was
- suffering with inflammation of the left testicle and the penis be-
came swollen, hanging out of the sheath. Urination was likely
_ to be interfered with. Soon the distal third of the penis became
_ raw and covered with ulcerations. Notwithstanding scarifica-
| tions, laxatives, fomentations and incisions, the swelling re-
_ mained, and as it was impossible to return the organ into its nor-
| mal position, amputation and castration were decided upon. The
_ animal was cast and chloroformed. The amputation was per-
formed in leaving two inches of the urethra protruding to be slit
_ and stitched afterwards to the skin. In castrating, the left tes-
'_ ticle was found adhering to its envelopes and an elliptic piece of
| skin had to be left so as to be able to expose the testicle and its
' cord. The right testicle was also removed without difficulty. Re-
| covery was uneventful, except that a rather serious hemorrhage
| took place from the right side. It was controlled with cold water.
A slight stricture of the urethra took place and demanded two or
_ three small incisions of the cicatrix of the canal and an occasional
_ introduction of a catheter.— (Veter. News.)

‘ Dermow Cyst oF THE EYE IN a Doc [Dr. A. Ross, M. R. C.
__ V. S.].—Retriever puppy, six months old, is noticed having a
thick growth of hairs, apparently springing from the center of
the eye ball. It was a small cone-shaped tumor, situated partly
on the sclerotic and partly on the cornea and firmly attached to
both. A thick tuft of hairs, grows curved inwards from it and
interferes with the eye, which is ordinarily kept closed. This
growth of hairs is confined: to the apex of. the tumor. When
under anesthesia by morphine and chloroform, the tumor was ex-
497

498 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

cised with little hemorrhage occurring. The base of the tumor q

looked like dense fibrous tissue. Its exact site was the temporal — |

edge of the corneo-scleral margin and it contained no cystic —
spaces. The growth of hairs was more luxuriant than is usually 7
the case. ‘The eye was in perfect condition and sight is perfect
in both organs.—(Jour. of Comp. Patho. and Therap.) b|

Butter WouND oF THE CHEsT IN A Mute [Capt. F. Gz

O’Rorke, A. V. C.|.—An Indian mule was accidentally shot i
through the lungs. Seen a few minutes after the accident, she |

showed very little signs of shock. The bullet has hit the mule on —
the off side, entering the chest about two inches behind the elbow ~
and one and half below the spur vein. It passed out a little —
higher up on the near side, making a slightly larger wound. The —
hemorrhage was not abundant, but when the animal arrived at —
destination, it was blowing hard and blood-stained serous fluid —
oozed out during expiration and inspiration. The ribs and ster-_
num were not injured. The treatment was the only one that
could be resorted to, as it was during manceuvring that the event —

took place. The hairs were shaved on the margins of both — |
wounds; the parts were cleaned and dressed with thin layers of |

boric wool, gummed with boric lint and completely covering the 9
parts. The animal was left in a native hut and not seen for three
or four days, when she was found evidently suffering with pleu-
risy and pneumonia. It was reported that she had refused food ~
for a couple of days, but that now she was beginning to eat. The
dressing was taken off. A small abscess on the right side was —
open and discharged about a teaspoonful of pus. The wounds
were dressed again and gradual improvement took place. At first —
to bring the animal back to the camp, she was carried in a bullock | |
cart in which she was willing to walk herself, until one morning

she refused to go in. She was then left to go with the other

stock. Within a month she resumed work.—(Jour. of Comp. 4
Path. and Therap.)

INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE IN A Cow ©
[Prof. J. F. Craig, M. A., M. R. C. V. S.\—While at pasture 7)
this animal was taken with colic. She received Glauber’s salt,
linseed oil and other compounds, finally was brought to the writer,
when she exhibited the following symptoms. She appeared bright __

enough but grunted when she laid down. There’ is slight tym-
panitis ; rumination is gone ; temperature 102,8° F:; pulse fulland

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 499

_ strong, 78; rectal examination revealed nothing definite except
that the rectum is empty. The arm withdrawn from it is covered
with tarry bad smelling semi-fluid matter. No tenderness on
manipulation of the abdominal walls. The treatment consisted of
soap rectal injections, and mixture of sodz hypo-sulph., ammonia
_ carbonas, nux vomica and ginger, three times a day in linseed
+ gruel. Same condition remained; no rumination, no eating,
~ drinking or defecation. The grunting has increased. When the
~ animal lies down, she does it with great care. The tympanic con-
_ dition increases so that tapping of the rumen is necessary. The
‘introduction of a probang failed to give any relief. Pilocarpine
- and eserine failed in relieving the condition. The animal vomits
. freely a greenish yellow semi-fluid matter. She dies. At the
’ autopsy there were found slight peritonitis; a small quantity of
’ fluid in the abdomen. The four stomachs and the first portion of

the small intestine contain soft semi-fluid material. Some twenty
feet in front of the czecum there is an intussusception with four
feet of intestines involved; it is black and gangrenous. Back of
_ the lesions the bowels were empty. The cow was found to have
been in calf with a foetus seven weeks old in the uterus.—( Veter.
Journ.)

_ Case oF DousBLrE SHouLpER-Siip [T. F. Prime, M.'R. C. V.
S.].—A rather fat fox terrier has been run over by a heavy trade

motor. He is unable to stand and is in a state of collapse. He
_ had a small wound on the inside of the right forearm. The mu-
_ cous. membranes are very pale. The wound was dressed and
__ bandaged and a stimulant administered. The dog was put in a
_ quiet kennel. The next day he is brighter, but when induced to
__ stand and walk, it is found that both shoulder blades project fully
__ two inches above the level of the spine, thus letting the body
_ down and giving a very peculiar appearance to the animal. His
4 ip teas are turned outwards and it was necessary to support his

_ chest with the hand so as to apply a suitable bandage to keep
things in place. The bandages were applied tightly and left in
_ place for three weeks when the shoulders had evidently returned
into their normal position. However the shoulders have more
play on the body than usual and there is a large depression on
the seat of the serratus magnus of the right side—(Veter. Jour.)

ET IY a

Mattern Reaction rn Inpra LX. X.].—Under this title are
recorded two cases in which the swelling at the point of injection

500 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

was not visible for at least 48 hours after the operation. Ina ©

first case, the temperature could not be taken as one of reaction,
reaching only 102° after the fifteenth hour, and then going down.
Besides that there was no swelling. However after 56 hours had ©
elapsed, the swelling was typical, measuring 7 inches by 3% at |
the fifty-eighth hour, 6 by 3 at the eightieth and 6 by 3 at the ©
104th hour. It then subsided and was gone on the fifty day. In —
another case, after the forty-eighth hour, being then only two ~
inches by one,, but at the sixtieth it measured 7 by 3%, at the ©
eighty-fourth hour 6 by 4, and at the 108th hour 6 by 3. It disap- —
peared on the fifth day. These are the only two peculiar cases —
that the author has met with in which the swelling was so long de- 4
layed, although he had the record of 3,000 tests of mallein— —
(Veter. News.) .

TUMOR OF THE Orsit IN A Cat [B. H. Mellon, M. R. C.V.
S., and G. L. Ingram, M. R. C. V. S.|.—Blue Persian cat about —
two years old, had a swelling beneath the left eye which burst —
and discharged. It healed up, but then it was noticed that there —
was a slowly increasing protrusion of the eye. Pusin the antrum | |
was suspected with the possibility entertained of a post-Orbitaial a
abscess. The hairs over the left cheek were removed and an |
incision made on the swelling. Small quantity of pus escaped. |
On exploring the wound a probe was introduced in a tract run- |
ning downwards and forwards. The cat was placed under gen- ©
eral anesthesia and the tooth immediately below the swelling was —
extracted. A fine grooved pointed probe was then forced into
the antrum through the alveolar cavity with hope to establish a |)
drainage. However no pus flowed from this. Evidently the case |
was a post-orbital abscess, was the conclusion arrived at. With |
the consent of the owner, the eye ball was extracted, and then a
new growth about the size of a hazelnut was observed occupying
the bottom and floor of the orbit. It was removed. It was —
irregular in shape, soft in consistency, of a yellowish red color —
and somewhat vascular. Unfortunately it was thrown away and
laboratory examination could not be made. The orbital cavity —
was packed with boric wool and a stitch inserted in the lids. The —
subsequent dressings were made with solutions of aniodol. At Pi
first the cat remained very weak and exhausted, refusing food; —

but after good care and nursing he recovered entirely. —(Veter. 4 a
News.) im

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 5ol

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. LIAuTARD, M.D., V.M,

~ Acute ENcePpHALitis Due To A CHOLEsTEATOMA [MM. Ga-
con and Pouferrie|.—Aged 15 years, this horse has remained ex-
| posed to hot sun for some long time. Returned to his stable, he
suddenly drops paralized on the ground. He makes several un-
| successful efforts to get up. He has clonic contractions; the head
_ is constantly turned to the right. The general sensibility is gone.

+ Temperature is 37.7° C.; respiration, 10; pulse hard, 45. There

next day. The lesions were located in the lateral cerebral ven-
“tricles.. There is an enormous brownish cholesteatoma, weigh-
"ing 75 grammes, pressing upon the floor of the ventricle and the
| thalamus optici, and having given rise to inflammatory process
| with intraventricular effusion.— (Rev. Veter.)

_ Bic CHOLESTEATOMA OF THE Brain [J. Dignas, Army
| Veter.|.—This thirteen-year-old horse is doing his work very
| regularly. He is rather ugly and sometimes kicks. One morning
| he refuses to walk. The next day he has the appearance of a
horse suffering with immobility. The following night he has a
| bad spell, rears and falls backwards. In the morning carries
his head low down, resting it on the walls, remains indifferent to
| punishment, and moves in a circle to the left. There is complete
amaurosis. In the evening he has another attack with his head
| drawn backwards; he rushes against the walls, strikes violently.
with his fore feet, grinds his teeth; he is soon covered with per-
spiration. This spell lasted about 15 minutes. When it is over,
the animal is much depressed. These attacks returned every few
| days. Finally he was left in a comatose condition and died. Dur-

ing his illness the treatment consisted in injections of pilocarpine,

blood letting, cold applications on the head, purging, bromide and
| iodide of potassium. Post mortem: The lesions were only in
|. the brain. The pia-mater was red and cedematous. The blood
vessels largely gorged with blood. Each lateral ventricle con-
tained an ovoid tumor, in contact with each other, the septum

502 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

lucidum being destroyed. These cholesteatoma weighed 55
grammes the left one, and 35 the right. The entire brain weighed —
only 635 grammes. It is very strange that these tumors should
have existed so long a time without giving rise to any disturb- 7
ance.—( Rev. Veter.) ;

VESICAL LITHIASIS AND HEMorRRHAGIC CysTITIS IN A Cat [J,
Sellier].—Nine-year-old cat has refused his food since two days
and he seems to be very constipated. He is fat, looks sleepy and
. depressed. The visible mucous membranes are pale; the abdomen —
is tympanitic and painful on pressure. Palpation reveals the —
presence of a hard body in front of the pubis, but the struggling ~
and fighting disposition of the animal prevents its exact location
or the determination of its nature. Constipation is suspected and —
proper treatment prescribed. Rectal injections are given, but are ~
very painful to the animal. They were rejected as quick as they
were given. On the third day the animal dies. At the post mor-—
tem the hard body felt during life proves to be an enormously —
distended bladder as big as the fist of a man, from which the ||
urine cannot escape, because of a grey yellowish calculus in the ae
urethra at the ischial arch. The vesical mucous membrane is Ag
rough and covered with small elevations red in color and soft to —
the touch. There were also some fifteen calculi in the bladder. —
The lesions were those belonging to acute hemorrhagic urethritis
and calculous hemorrhagic cystitis— (Jour. de Zootech.) ia

RUPTURE OF THE INTERNAL BRANCH OF THE SUSPENSORY 4
LIGAMENT WITH OTHER SEVERE Lestons [Ch. Monpert, Army ||
Veter.|.—This case occurred in a stallion fifteen years old which
had often been laid up for lameness. This time he is on three |
legs and when he walks he does it with a jump, raising himself —
on his hind legs and relieving entirely the off fore upon which
he does not put any weight. Placed in slings, the off fore leg is |
left touching the ground with the knee flexed and the fetlock
dropping backwards. On a level with the fetlock, there is a great
deal of heat and much soreness. There is also swelling along-
side the tendons of the flexors muscles. Probable rupture is diag-
nosed and a blister is applied. No change occurred in the condition —
of the animal and as he is old and his chances of recovery are a
doubtful, he is destroyed. At the autopsy, it was found that the _
capsular ligament of the fetlock joint was ruptured and that the
synovia was freely coming out. There was also a complete rup-

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 508

" ture of the internal branch of the suspensory ligament of the fet-

» lock about two centimeters below the main part of the ligament,

a rupture of the intersesamoid ligament, as well as one of the

median and internal bands of the middle inferior sesamoid liga-

ment. And to complete it a fracture of the great internal sesa-

moid bone with the two inferior angles torn as well as the su-
perior angle, which had remained adherent to the ruptured liga-
ment.—(Rev. Gen. De M. Veter.)

TREATMENT OF TETANUS BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF
) Taciranine; Recovery [Girard and Muller, Army Veter.].—
| This is to add to the history of this form of treatment already
| recommended by a few. A nine-year-old mare performs a very
| severe work (a long ride of two days’ duration), and she re-
‘turns to her stall without presenting any sign of being tired or
| overworked. The next day she manifests symptoms which jus-
| tify a diagnosis of tetanus in the first stage. She is stiff all over,
her movements are performed with difficulty, she walks stiff and
Ih) vith pain; the muscles of the neck and rump are hard and con-
tracted, the neck is kept straight, the tail trembling and rather
‘elevated. The masseters are hard, the buccal mucous membrane

s dry and hot, the conjunctiva red, pulse hard and small, breath-
“ing short and rather accelerated. The mare is placed in a box,
well blanketed, given diffusible stimulants, etc. In the evening
he symptoms are more marked, the feces are characteristic, nos-
rils dilated, membrana nictitans covering the eye, etc. It is a
narked case, whose initial cause is a large bleeding wart, situated
| on the internal face of the thigh and which seems to have been the
‘door of entrance of the virus. The treatment consisted of gen-
eral hygienic measures and the intravenous injection of 20 c. c. of
tallianine the first and second day, of 30 on the third and fourth
days and finally of 30 more on the sixth day. Hygienic measures
completed the treatment and on the eighth day the animal was in
full convalescence. Six days after she was cast and operated for
_ the warts that she had on various parts of her body.—( Bullet. de
a Soc. Cent.)

, A Curtous Foreien Bopy 1n a Doc [Mr. Letard].—lIt re-
) lates to a three-months’-old puppy which since twenty-four hours
| shows much distress, has a rather anxious countenance, abundant
| salivation and frequent efforts at vomition which remain use-
| Tess. Deglutition is impossible although the evening before he

504 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

has taken some milk poured into his mouth with a spoon. Bed

ternal examination of the throat reveals nothing and that of the A
iauces is also negative, except showing the presence of abundant
mucosities and an inflamed mucous membrane. Exploring the
cesophageal gutter, a sharp pain is manifested by the dog as th ‘i
and passes over the lower third of the neck, and by extending
the head backwards on the neck, a small protrusion of the skin i 8
produced and a sharp foreign body is felt under it. The cesopha-
gus is incised and a pointed piece of steel is exposed. Taken
hold of with a pair of nippers it is drawn out with a little diffi-
culty. It is the steel rod of a lady’s hat pin measuring 25 centi-
meters in length and as long as the animal or that of the body
from the point of the shoulder to that of the ischium. The dog
was lost sight of and the result of the operation is not known.—
(Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) a

BELGIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M.

REMARKABLE CASE OF CRYPTORCHIDY IN A Horse [Prof. F.
Hendrickx|.—Aged two years, this colt has cryptorchidy of th
right side and was prepared for operation. The first steps en
on as ordinarily, but when the operator felt with his right hand it
the abdomen, he found no testicle, no epididymis, no deferer
canal nor gubernaculum. However, exploring per rectum, it a
revealed that the testicular cord was swollen, being three times its
normal size, and after pushing the intestines away, it was possible
to bring the testicle close to the inguinal canal. The testicle was
found to be as big as a man’s head, having a rough surface with
bony deposits in its mass and the diagnosis was made of an in
pertrophied testicle containing bony structure, probably dent ta
remains. The cord was secured with a strong ligature, but ¢
with this it remained impossible to engage the testicle in —
canal, its dimension preventing it. The cord was then cut acer Oss
after ligation and the testicle allowed to drop free in the abdomer

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 505

Notwithstanding the severity of the operation and the length and
duration of the manipulations the colt did well and for about
eight months after was able to work. However, he had several
‘slight attacks of colics which were always relieved with due
‘treatment, but finally he had one more severe and died with it.
At the autopsy, the abdomen was the object of close examination
‘and an interesting searching of what had become of the testicle.
\ portion of the duodenum was adherent to the large colon. This
é ‘adhesion was formed of fibrous tissue which corresponded to a
‘swelling as big as a child’s head, a hard, stony, irregular and
hosselated mass, which on opening the intestine proved to be pro-
_ truding in it and showing several dental productions enclosed
with a bony envelope. It partly closed the intestinal tract. That
was what remained of the testicle. Another time the author
‘says, he will not permit the testicle to float in the abdomen, but
resort to laparotomy.—(Annales de Brux.)

<=

A WonpberFut Miicu Cow [Mr. H. R. Bredo|.—A record
for an enormously developed-udder and an extraordinary daily
return of milk from a Belgian cow. The following were the
measurements of the udder taken three days after delivery: From
the posterior face to the anterior, at the base of the gland, 84
centimeters. ‘The udder protruding back beyond the hocks, and
keeping these apart in such a manner that the summit of both
joints are 42 centimeters apart from each other. From its start-
ing point of attachment to the abdomen, a little below the region
of the patella on one side, to the corresponding point on the other,
and passing between the front and back teats, it measures 1 meter
25 centimeters. The anterior teats are 24 centimeters long and
the posterior 14. The mammary veins are enormous. The ex-
ternal aspect of this mass is also peculiar. The external face,
convex from forward backwards offers a deep depression where
the hocks and legs are so to speak incrustated. If looked at from
_ forward backwards, this external face protrudes in the back about
i 8 centimeters in front. The inferior face reaches about the level
of the middle of the canon and the free part of the teats rest on
the fetlock. This cow four days after calving gave daily 50
litres of milk and in the year before, six months after she was
still giving 40 litres. Showing that her milking qualties remained
_ sensibly the same. The total annual return of this animal has
_ been more than eight thousand litres—(Echo. Veter.)

Ss

as

506 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

Two OBSERVATIONS OF PsYCHICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF TU- 7
BERCULOSIS IN A Doc anp A Cat [Mr. George Hasse|.—These
are the records of observations made by the author in two animals
affected with tuberculosis as proved by post mortem and which
some time before death presented manifestations which recalled
similar ones observed in human tuberculosis. For instance in the
dog. notwithstanding the severity of his disease and its cachectic —
condition, as soon as there was a spell of fine weather and sun, it

seemed as if the poor dog felt more hope in himself, he looked —
more gay, more willing to go out; if brought outside to the sun
he appeared happier to live, showed less suffering and was willing —
to eat with more appetite. If, on the contrary, the weather was —
bad and rainy, the dog remained quiet, dull and depressed and re- —
fusing all food. Some days he had very great polydipsy. He ~
was very sensitive to coaxing. He also became very egotistical, —
growling when others came near the plate where his food was, —
even if he did not touch it. He also was more affectionate to his —
master.

In the cat, which had suppurating tuberculous sores on the —
legs he remained generally gay, its caressing disposition and his ~
intelligence seemed to have increased; he liked company. During |
the last four months of his life he manifested no pain from the —
presence of his sores, but had become very capricious. He suf- —
fered with severe polydipsy.— (Bullet. de Med. Vet. Prat.)

uA,
a

Dermoip Cyst AND FIBROCHONDROMA OF THE INTERMAXIL-_
LARY Space in A Horse [C. Bril].—Heavy draught colt, 18
months old, has, said the owner, been injured while in the field.
H«. seemed to get well; but while the wound has healed, there re-
mained a swelling which was increasing. Indeed it was a fluctu-
ating tumor as big as a man’s fist in the intermaxillary space. The
growth was punctured, white yellow liquid flowed out and from ~
the cavity a few hairs were pulled away. Tincture of iodine was
applied. After a while the growth returned and total removal | |
was decided. When removed, it was found containing fluid sim~ z
ilar to that found at first, and besides, the cavity contained lots of
hairs implanted on the inner surface of the cyst. On the anterior {i
part of the cyst there was a cartilaginous prolongation which a}
measured 6 centimeters in length. It was a true fibrochondro
—(RBullet. de Med. Vete. Prat.)

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 507

GERMAN REVIEW.

By Joun P. O’LeAny, V, M. D., Buffalo, N. Y.

& Tue Present STANDPOINT OF INTRAVENOUS THERAPY [Dr.
\ Felix Mendel, Essen|.—The author briefly reviewed the history |
of intravenous therapy in human medicine. He cites the indica-
~ tions and contra-indications, technique and remedial agents. He
|” alse summarized in brief the various medicinal agents employed,
- which are as follows: 1. Hetol (Cinnamic Acid Natron), I to 5
"per cent. aqueous solution, prescribed in the treatment of tuber-
| culosis (Landerer). This agent is supposed to set up an inflam-
> matory zone, a kind of pneumonic process, a resisting wall of
~ round cells encircling the tubercles, the latter being little inclined
__ to heal by cicatrization. From this results a connective tissue
~ growth throughout the tubercular nodules with subsequent con-
» traction of the same, gradual cicatrization and finally healing. 2.
|) Silver—5 per cent. solution of collargol (argentum colloidale
|. Créde) prescribed in cases of septic infections (sepsis, pyzemia,
erysipelas, angina, diphtheria, pneumonia, tubercular fevers,
” gonorrhceal arthritis and so forth. 3. Arsenic—1I5 per cent. solu-
|” tion of atoxyl—application (a) in the various disturbances of
|” blood formation (chlorosis, anemia, leukzeemia) in nervous dis-
| eases of various kinds (neurasthenia, hysteria, neurotic asthma,
paralysis, neuritis, chorea), further in morbus Basedow’s, skin
| diseases, glandular enlargements, pseudo-leuceemia ; (b) in tuber-
_ culosis. It is supposed that in. this case the vitality of the cells
is increased and their resisting powers strengthened against
tubercular poisors. Mendel obtained good results with
the intravenous arsenical tuberculin treatment. Through
this combination, the specific action of the tuberculin is in-
tensified, as a result of the local tuberculin reaction, an in-
| flammatory hypersemic zone encircles the tubercular nodule,
} also the accumulation of arsenic in the circulating blood results
in an intensified action of the same in the most imperiled cell
territory. (c) In protozoon diseases (trypanosomiasis, syphilis,
malaria). 4. Natrium Salicylicum.—2o per cent. solution with
the addition of coffee according to Mendel is named Attritin. This
has been introduced into the trade by the united chemical works
| at Charlottenburg. Application—In the non-febrile course of

508 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

rheumatic diseases (arthritis deformans and arthritis ankylopoi- —
etica ). Digitalis preparations, (a) Digalen (digitoxin, solu- —
ble cloretiay. (b) Digitalone prepared according to Mendel —
from the fresh digitalis. leaves (concentrated 1 to 10). It con- —
tains all the active glucosides in the leaves (c) Strophanthin —
Beehringer recommended by Frankel. (d) Adrenalin sodium —
chloride infusion: one litre of a physiological salt solution and 8 E
drops of a 1/1,000 adrenalin solution. This is recommended by —
Heidenhein in peritonitis where other cardiac agents fail or have —
only a transitory effect, cr when the blood pressure is lowered 4 .
and the heart becomes paralyzed due to absorption of septic
matter. Application in circulatory disturbances. 6. Various —
remedies. (@) Quinine in syphilis. (b) Potassium iodide 5 per.
cent. in syphilis. (c) Sodium iodide 20 per cent. in parenchiy- —
matous goitre. in special forms of Basedow’s disease and arterio-—
sclerosis. (d) Formalin solution 1/5,000, in septicemia. (@) —
Chloride of sodium solution 10 per cent. in hemoptoe. (f)
Fibrolysin 10 per cent. recommended for its emollient action on —
cicatricial tissue—(Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift.)
EXPERIMENTAL AND HISTOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS CONCERN-_
ING THE MILK AND THE AMNIopIC FLUIDS OF SHEEP DEAD OF
Rasies [Dr. R. Repetto, Sassarij.—A rabid dog attacked_a band —
of sheep. Fourteen of the animals died of rabies. On those Fe
sheep which were pregnant, the author conducted the following
post-mortem examinations: 1. Searching for the Negri bodies
in the ammonshorn of the sheep. 2. Searching for the Negri
bodies in the ammonshorn of the foetus. 3. Searching for the
rabies virus in the milk expressed from the udder of the sheep.
4. Searching for the rabies virus in the amniotic fluids. In the
ammonshorn of the sheep Negri bodies were present, but were | |
absent in the case of the foetus. Besides, rats which were inocu-
lated with the latter material were unaffected. Further rabies
could not be produced through inoculations with the milk of
sheep nor with the amnotic fluids. From this the author ce
cludes: 1. That the virus of rabies is not transmitted by
mother to the foetus, as Pasteur, Celli, L. de Blasi and Zagari had
already proven, whilst Perroncito, Carita Loir maintained the ¢ # f ‘|
posite view. 2. That the Negri bodies do not filter through
placenta and consequently are not to be found in the foetus.
That the amniotic fluid does not contain the’ virus of rabies. 4. |
That the milk does not contain the virus of rabies, as Pasteur,

ial
eA

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 509

“Celli, L. de Blasi and Zagari had already proven.—(Centralblatt
‘fiir Bact. 1, Abt. originale Bd. 50, Heft 4, page 442.)

CONCERNING THE OCCURRENCE OF THE BACILLUS PYOGENES
As Sputum BACTERIA AND Pus PRODUCERS IN THE VARIOUS
Species or Antmats, Prof, Dr. Olt, Gieszen|.—Prof. Olt had
undertaken numerous investigations concerning the occurrence of
b. pyogenes as sputum bacteria and as pus producers in the
| various species of animals. The results of his interesting experi-
~ ments are as follows: 1. The bacillus pyogenes is pathogenic for
- cattle, sheep, goats, deer, swine and wild hogs; it vegetates in the
- oral cavity of these animals as sputum bacteri. Enormous quan-
| tities of these organisms accumulate in the tonsils of swine. 2.
| When colonized in the vicinity of wounds, the bacilli develop
pyogenic properties; they gain the lymph and blood vessels and
finally produce pyzemia. 3. Wounds in the cavity of the mouth
d injuries resulting through bites especially in the case of
wine, are easily infected and are prone to abscess formation in
the immediate neighborhood, 4. Swallowing the bacillus pyo-
genes with the saliva or with food in the process of mastication,
‘drenching, or the contents of perforated abscesses of the mouth
produce purulent or muco-purulent bronchitis, purulent broncho-
pneumonia or as a result of the presence of other species of bac-
teria, particularly putrefactive fungi result in gangrenous pneu-
‘monia. 5. It has been ascertained that the bacillus pyogenes is
‘the cause of mammary inflammations in swine (Olt), cattle
Glage), goats (Damann, Freese, Olt), and sheep (Olt).—
| (Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochen., 1908, No. 43 and 44.)

SO ET

ee
gi

ee

' Pempuicus In A Doc [Emil Hauptmann, Warnsdorf in
_ Bohmen|.—Hauptmann reports the case of a hunting dog affected
) ith an extremely chronic form of pemphigus with thickening of
the skin, crusts and papillee-like growths; at intervals vesicles and
\ moist patches appeared on the diseased surface. Hauptmann ap-
| plied septoform in combination with castor oil and obtained ex-
_ cellent results in this case. The proportion in which the ingre-
_ dients were used was not reported. The intense itchiness disap-
peared almost immediately, and the hair resumed its normal color
and thickness again. While it is true the cure was not as rapid
as Dasch reports in the Tierarstliche Zentralblatt, 1908, No. 17,

after the application of styrax.—(Tierarstliche Zentralblatt,

} 1908, No. 23.)

510 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ANCHYLOSTOMIASIS IN A DoG COMPLICATED WITH RABIES-—
LIKE Symptoms | Jello |.—Mello observed in a dog affected with -
anchylostomiasis, paralysis of the left fore leg, howling, biting at
the chain and at the straw. The gait was unsteady, swaying, the
animal frequently falling down. Appetite completely dissap-—
peared, the above symptoms became more aggravated and the ©
dog died on the eighth day. The most careful examination and
inoculation gave no indication of the existence. of rabies. Ont
contrary masses of anchylostome (uncinaria Lrigonocephaa
were found in the small intestines. The latter must be viewed <
the cause of death and the exciters of the rabies-like sympto
observed.—( Deutsche Ticrarztliche Wochenschrift, No. 22,

1909. )

B. A. I. VETERINARY INSPECTORS’ ASSOCIATION
OF CHICAGO.

The regular monthly meeting was called to order i Dr 4
D. Young, vice- president, on December 10, at 8 p. m. a

The resignation of Dr. E. W. Barthold, owing to his trans -
fer to East St. Louis, was accepted. A vote of thanks was ex-7)
tended to the doctor: for his painstaking work in connection wit h
the association. |

Dr. S. E. Bennett was unanimously elected as president on ae |
the unexpired term.

An excellent paper on “ Tumors’ was read by Dr. E. R
Le Count. Drs. Day, Paxson and Holcombe participated in the
discussion, a

a
2

D. D. Tierney, “—
Secretary-Treasurer.

GetrysBurG, Pa., December 21, 1909. AMERICAN VET:
ERINARY Review Editors, Dear Friends—Enclosed please fine
check for $3.00, my renewal for 1910 subscription;

You are always welcome to my three ae |
Dollars, towards your Christmas tree; —
I am always ready to renew

My subscription for the Review. an
To me you are a good old friend; a
A monthly visitor, whom I contend, *
Ts worth a thousand times more than the money spend.

With the greetings of the season, I remain, cordially yours i
E. D. Hupson,

NEWS AND ITEMS.

D. J. HerrinG, B.S., D.V.S., of Raleigh, N. C., has accepted
» a position on the experiment station force of Georgia, stationed
at Experiment, Ga.

VETERINARIAN WALTER R. Pick, First Cavalry, U. S. A,
will leave Camp Stotsenburg, January 15, for the States, to take
station at Des Moines, Ia.

| THE annual meeting of Veterinary Medical Association of
New Jersey will be held at the Columbian Club, Bright street
and Jersey avenue, Jersey City, January 13, 1910. The meet-

~ ing will convene at 10 a. m.

THE students of the New York State Veterinary College had

the good fortune on December 15 last of listening to an address

on the responsibility of the veterinarian to the dairyman, by Ex-

' Governor Hoard, of Wisconsin. Ex-Governor Hoard is an hon-

orary member of the A. V. M. A., and known to the veterina-
_ rians throughout the entire country.

Knew His Zootocy.—* Little boy,” asks the well-meaning

| reformer, “is that your mamma over yonder with the beauti-
| ful set of furs?”

“Yes, sir,” answers the bright lad.
“Well, do you know what poor animal it is that has had

to suffer in order that your mamma might have the furs with
which she adorns herself so proudly? ’’.

“Yes, sir. My papa.’—(The American Bottler.)

THE first meeting of the International Commission for the
Control of Bovine Tuberculosis was held in Buffalo, December
13 and 14 last. Dr. J. G. Rutherford states that in his opinion
it was a most successful beginning of the work of the commission.
Every member was present with the exception of Mr. Tomlin-
son, of Denver, who was recently appointed by President Mel-
| vin in the place of Mr. Louis Swift, of Chicago, one of the

_ original appoinites, who declined to act. Dr. M. H. Reynolds
3 511

512 NEWS AND ITEMS.

was appointed secretary, and will furnish a report of the pro- |
ceedings of the meeting, no doubt, in time for our February ~)
issue. a

Dr. A. B. Exits, Los Angeles, California, who is a mem- —
ber of the Los Angeles Rogero Club, and veterinarian to the —
same, is an enthusiast at the “ Push Ball” game. This game is —
played. in the saddle, and, the Doctor tells us, has been greatly —
modified for the better i in the past season, and that his club does —
not allow its members to wear spurs or use Spanish bits on the
horses when playing in the game. Dr. Ellis favored us with —
a picture of the game being played, and also a splendid picture ©
of himself and his handsome horse, which lack of space pre- —
vents us from reproducing. a

TWELVE or thirteen cows in a herd were grazing in a large ©
field opposite a dwelling house. One day a German band began —
playing on the road dividing the house from the field. a

No sooner did the cows hear the music than they came from —
the further end of the field and standing with their heads over —
the dividing stone fence quietly listened to the music. %g

On the departure of the musicians the cows followed thes a
as far as they could on the other side of the wall. When they |
could go no further they stood looking piteously. Some of them ~~
became so excited that they ran ’round and ’round the field, seek-
ing to get out. Finding no outlet, they returned to the corner
where they lost sight of the band and remained there for a lon
time.—( American Naturalist. )

THe ANNALS OF SuRGeRY CompLetes Its Firriern Vou
UME.—The December number of the Annals of Surgery (Phila
delphia), which completes the fiftieth volume of that journa
is worthy of more than passing notice. It is a jubilee numbe
and, by its size and the character of its contents, fitly marks sc_
important an event in its history. The cosmopolitan charachall |
of the journal is seen from the list of contributors, which com-
prises the leaders in surgery of England, Scotland, Denmark
France, Italy, Hawaii, Canada, and the United States.

Twenty-two articles form a number of moré than four hun-
dred pages. The illustrations, some of which are colored, are
profuse, making a volume which merits the term of a jubilee
number. Such an event in the history of any medical journa
is worthy. of note.

NEWS AND ITEMS. 5138

_ THe Missourt VALLEY VETERINARY AssocrtaATIon.—The
semi-annual meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Associa-
~ tion will be held in Kansas City, Mo., February 2 and 3, 1910.
It is anticipated that this meeting will be a large one. The
_ officers of the association and local committee are sparing no ef-
_ forts to prepare an excellent program, which has marked the
' success of the association the past few years. The forenoon and
| afternoon of the first day will be devoted to the presentation of
" papers and the discussion of same. A banquet will be given in
| the evening, for which time a symposium on meat inspection is
| being prepared. The forenoon of the second day will be de-
' voted to the presentation and discussion of papers and the after-
‘noon to a clinic. The local committee have promised an abun-
dance of clinical material.
Every veterinarian living in the middle west should plan to
~ attend this meeting.

VETERINARY CONFERENCE AT ITHACA.—Those who were so
_ fortunate as to be able to attend the conference of veterinarians
of New York State, held at Ithaca one year ago, will be glad to
__ know that the second annual conference will be held at the New
| York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, on January 11. The fol-
_ lowing program bespeaks the educational treat that is in store
for those who attend this year.

ha Tuesday, January 11—10 a. m.: The acid-fast bacteria in
’ their relation to disease with special reference to Johne’s dis-
|” ease and tuberculosis; V. A. Moore. 11 a. m.: State stallion
_ legislation; Car! W. Gay, Veterinary Department, University of
i4 ‘Pennsylvania. 12 m.: Colic and its treatment; D. H. Udall.
2p. m.: Surgical clinic; W. L. Williams. 4 p. m.: Discussion
and demonstration—Operation for roaring ; opened by Dr. Berns,
W.L. Williams presiding. 8 p. m.: Address of welcome; Presi-
dent Schurman. The responsibility of the veterinarians in the
_ control of bovine tuberculosis. W. H. Jordan, Director of Gen-
eva Experiment Station. Smoker. °

Wednesday, January 12—9 a. m.: The identification of cattle
by branding and otherwise; P. A. Fish. 10 a. m.: Agricultural
law of interest to veterinarians with special reference to glanders
and tuberculosis; J. F. DeVine, Chief Veterinarian, State De-
partment of Agriculture. 11 a. m.: Granular venereal disease of
cattle; W. L. Williams. Discussion: 2 p. m.: Clinic for small
-animals: H. J. Milks. Clinic for large animals with physical di-

514 NEWS AND ITEMS.

=e

agnosis; D. H. Udall. 4 p. m.: Discussion and demonstration— 7) |
Ventilation; C. D. Morris, R. Reed, W. L. Baker, R. N. a
Darby; Dr. Udall presiding.

A further feature of this conference will be the fact that i in
each laboratory any demonstration of methods, etc., desired bi
visiting veterinarians will be gladly made.

WestERN CanapA Notes.—The veterinary association of
Saskatchewan was fortunate recently in getting the legislature 7)
of that province to recognize the principle of having the profes- e
sion represented on Boards of Health. This session bill No. r§

‘an act regarding the public health,’ was introduced. In it
certain clauses gave power to deal with municipal meat and milk Ik |
inspection and other veterinary matters; to administer the sai ds
act a council office was to be appointed by the government, and
the act stated the quintette was to be composed of a commis-
sioner and four medical men. The omission to place a veterh
narian on this council was brought to the attention of the veteri
nary association by Dr. A. G. Hopkins. Action was at once
taken and a committee appointed consisting of Drs. Armstro
Tyfe and Hopkins to press the matter of veterinary represe
tion on the Public Health Council. Two broad-minded farm
members of the legislature, Messrs. Langley and Pierce, cham- ~
pioned the cause of the veterinary profession, a cause which ded
veloped unexpected strength and support when presented as |
matter of principle and fairness to the other legislators. The
broad-mindedness of Prémier Scott accounted for the ame d-
ment being allowed by which the profession is recognized; this
despite the opposition of some medical men who happen to be
members of the legislature, and the indirect opposition of the
Commissioner of Agriculture, who, unfortunately, is rej
against the profession of veterinary medicine. aif

Now Alberta and Manitoba, it is up to you to secure similar
representation for our honorable profession on your wel i
hoards of health.

Dr. Fred. Torrance, of Winnipeg, attended the first me
of the Tuberculosis Commission recently held at Buffalo, N. Y.

We believe it is the intention of some of the western proy-
inces to amend their enro!Iment acts and in future substitute |
amination of stallions for hereditary unsoundness before grant-
ing the enrollment certificate. Previously an enrollment eee
ficate, stating also the stallion was sound, was granted on a dec

Lo

NEWS AND ITEMS. 515

~ Jaration made before a ]. P. or notary being received from the
Bene to the effect that he believed the animal to be sound. The
" various provincial veterinary associations will need to be on the
qui vive to prevent any unqualified person being allowed to in-
spect and issue certificates of soundness to stallion owners.

> Awnwnuat SMOKER OF THE VETERINARY MEDICAL Associa-
. i IoN oF New York City.—-On Wednesday evening, December
1, 1909, the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City
. F d its second annual smoker at Reisenweber’s. On this occa-

sion it was held in connection with the annual meeting of the asso-
ciation, and followed the regular routine of business and election
| of officers; a literary program having been omitted so
as to give the entire evening to social entertainment. It
proved a great success and has resolved itself into an an-
nual event that veterinarians of New York City and vicin-
look forward to with pleasurable anticipation. One
good fellow who appreciates the pleasures and necessity of
the social side of life (even with veterinarians) asked at the
closing, “ when are we to have the next one?” Indeed, the in-
rest has spread far beyond New York City and vicinity, as,
among the seventy-eight in attendance were men from distant
| cities both in and out of the state. Prominently among those
| from without the state was Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, of Phila-
| delphia, Pa. Among those from a distance within the state
were two veterinarians holding the two highest respective posi-
tions that the state has to offer to veterinarians, viz.: Dr. Walter
G. Hollingworth, President of the New York State Veterinary
- Medical Society, from Utica (which city is in the exact centre of
New York State), and Dr. John F. De Vine, Chief Veterinarian
| to the Department of Agriculture, from Albany. New Jersey
: as also represented by some of its most prominent members of
‘the veterinary profession, among others Drs. Robert Dixon, of
Sea Bright; J. Payne Lowe, of Passaic, and Thomas E. Smith,
of Jersey City. The election of officers resulted in the election of
Dr. E. B. Ackerman, of Brooklyn, as president; Dr. R. S. Mc-
_ Kellar as vice-president, and the re-election of Dr. W. Reid Blair
as secretary-treasurer. This will make Dr. Blair’s fourth term
as secretary-treasurer, with three presidents, he having served
- with the late Dr. Bell during his last term as president, with Dr.
Grenside during two terms, and he will serve with Presicdent-
elect Ackerman. .

a

516 NEWS AND ITEMS.

The retiring president, Dr. Grenside, acted as master of cere- —
monies and covered himself with glory by the masterly and enter- —
taining manner in which he introduced the visitors and members :
whom: he cailed upon to address a few remarks to the assem- —
blage. Dr. Hoskins spoke of the desirability of a uniform stan
ard and uniform degree in veterinary medicine, and offered as a _
solution of the problem an examination by the federal govern-_
ment which would entitle veterinarians passing” it the right.
practice in any state. He suggested that examination replace th
several civil service exaiminations now required for veterina ri
positions in the federal government. E.

Judge Alfred E. Ommien (who is counsel for the city assou8
ciation) questioned the legality of the plan proposed by Dr. Ho
kins. President Hollingworth of the state society spoke enth
siastically of the work to be accomplished during the curren :
year, and, had he been called upon earlier, would have ae
résumé of his plans, but was compelled to desist in order to catch
a midnight train. y. a

Chief Veterinarian De Vine spoke of the work being done by —
the Department of Agriculture and generously offered any vet-
erinarians present who were desirous of hearing anything in re- 7)
gard to the practical working of the glanders law, the privilege |
of asking him questions. This privilege was taken advantage of,
and the doctor was able in this way to be of infinite benefit tog
the city practitioners.

Dr. “ Tom “ Smith, in his usual genial, gracious manner ex
pressed his appreciation of the privilege of being present an
having an opportunity of speaking to his many friends in New
York City, and his intention of continuing to come to their gath i
erings, and then reverted to a subject very near to his heart, and
one on which he never fails to speak in an assemblage of veteri- Ing

narians, the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey. |
reminded his Gotham friends that said association will meet ine
Jersey City (his home) on January 13, 1910, and gave a gener: al
invitation for everyone to be present, and there is no doubt but
what a large percentage qwill attend the New Jersey meeting,
which this year conyenes so close to New York City. Chairma'
Mangan of the committee appointed by President Grenside to ar-
range for the smoker, deserves much credit for the pleasant
ning afforded everyone present as a result of the excelleaa
rangements that he had perfected.

i

Alumni Ass’n

American V.
_ Ar

Oklahoma V. M.

“South Dakota V. M. A

Veterinary Ass’n of Alberta...

¥ VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

517

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of

_ great value to t

eir Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us
_ of the dates and places of their meetings.
__ Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included
in the following list :

Name of Organization.

N. Y.-A. V. Gx

M. Ass’n............
nary Ass’n.
Nea are Fran-

. L. Vet. In. A as
ifornia State V.M

BAA
Cc

fee eeee

V. M. and Surg
Indiana Veterinary Rinodation.”
Veteri ASB Rossvece os
} State . M. Ass’n... .
Kentucky V. M . MiB Bache cass,
Keystone V. M. Ass’n.........
ouisiana State vee % Ass’n...
laine Vet. Med. A Raa
Maryland State Wee Socksiy..
Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n.......
“Michigan ichigan State V. M.A
Ainnesota State V. M.
ON ississi
M

-
¥

“Ohio State V. M. Ass’n...........
Oh io Soc. of Com aratve Med..

ss’n.
0 ntario Vet. Ass’n......
aic Co. V. M. Ass'n. se
nnsylvania State V. WA...

Rhode Island V. M. Ass’n......
St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors.

‘Schuylkill Valley V. M. A........
"Vet. pe, Univ. Penn...
‘Southern Sate Ag California
. rad Vet. Tnsp..
ed. Ass’n.......

Pecnont a. Med. Ass’n

an.Apl.Jy.Oct.
| Janie Jy mo.

Call’ Exec. Com.
Thu. ea. mo.
Jan. 19th, 1910..

Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Columbia...../ 3d Wed. ea. mo..
Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba....... .. | Not stated......
| Vet. re Ass’n Nee Se Jan. 13, I9t0....
- V.M. Ass’n, New York City. ist Wed. ea. mo
: Veter , Practitioners? oners’ Chub: -.| Monthly. Gia
Fainia © ate V. M. Ass’n....... an. 1 1
i Washington State Col va A. Jan, 13-14, 1940.

on eV.M.A..... is NE a

Penn. Veh Gat 121] ist Wed! ea: mo.

Soc. Vet
c. (Pa.) V. M.

Dec. 7, 1909....

Yo

Los Angeles. .

407 Ill.

eee

St.P.-Minneap
White Riv. Jc.

eoaul Rapids.
rk, Pa

+ W. H
t.

AY F. Mount, jersey Cit
‘| W.G.Ch

265 |
[ne aor ha Name and Address Secretary.
~y PRAS REE Mis 54th St.| L. L. Glynn, N. Y. City.
Nia dis »+ee-| Chicago.......) R. P.Lyman, KansasCit ,Mo.
Jade ednactceeestve eeevee seseseees| Horace E, Rice, Little rock.
1st and 3d Thur.| Lec.Room,La
...| of each month| val Un’y,Mon.| J. P. A. Houde, Montreal.
2d Fri. ea. mo...| Chicago....... 2 De Tierney, Ch icago, Ill.
wae +++see+| San Francisco. J. . Hogarty, Oakland.
rt SS re ea Sacekrs A. a ay nm
ues. ea, MO cago ...... arks icago,
ceecwesseseses Denver ....... ii ae Woodliffe, Denver.
February 1, 1910.| Hartford ..... Dow, Willimantic.
2d wk.inJan.,’10., Rochester rh Taylor, Henrietta.
EE acURiensl eed dees ce eees | P. F. Bahnsen, Americus.
ab Wkghedensecetl wobnsvinansedes Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati.
Dec, 1-2, 1909...) Chicago ...... tar H. Crawford, Harvard.
an. and Aug...| Louisville..... V. A. Swain, Mt. Pulaski.
anuary, 1910... incignapolis.. E, Mt — BO ome
eb.15,16,17,1910) Des Moines...) H.C. Simpson, Denison.
Jan. 4-5, 1910...| Manhattan....| B. Rogers, Manhattan.
Se ak ce op Not decided ..| D. A. iatt, Lexington.
Monthly Tesyaee Philadelphia..| S. Lockett, Glenolden.
BRED ARERR AS a Ra E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge.
January, Igio. ..| Augusta....... A. Joly, Waterville.
BS RY PREC Baltimore.....| H. H. Counselman, Sec’y.
Monthly wageuwe’s Boston........ Wm. T. White, Newtonville.
an. 25-26, 1910.| Saginaw ...... Joteon Black, Richmond.
an. 12-13, 1910.) St. Paul...... Ed ch, Winona.
dike Vaawansbal debhawenkeetews .C. Robert Agricultural Col.
Feb. 2-3, 1910...| Kansas City .F.Kaupp, FortCollins,Colo.
gieage che esses | SGe-Jeseph.. cs + Brown, City.
Be atta ka’ad's'o eat oe elena........ W. S. Swank, Miles City.
eS Grand Island.| H. H. Jensen, . Weeping Water.
inceugaees son ss oe See De Vine, Goshen.
inate Wilmington .. Adame Fisher, Charlotte.
Cail of Sec’y...:| Fargo ........ C. H. Martin, Valley City.
Jan. 18-19, 1910. -| Columbus..... bax! D. Myers, Wilmi ‘on
Annually ....... Up’rSandusky, F. F i Seats fan Wert, Ohio.
Cewswhes ce Mvasak-cccha@uonscdesoh Mt. EMUIIDS, Oklahoma City
tii eeince + qaost akecbpabdoeas se Ca ey ple, Socenpe.
"| Cail of Chair. *: Paterson, N.J.| H.K aterson J.
Mar. 8-9, 1910...| Philadelphia..| F.H. soerlaer Philadelphia
Soo Pe a aaa Chas. G. Thomson,
ain Wenicen ds eoe Mon.and Que. Gustave Bo r,Rigaud ,P.Q.
jan . and June..| Providence ...| J. S. Pollard, Providence
ist Wed. fol. the
2d Sun. ea. mo.| St. Louis..... Wm.T.Conway,St.Louis,Mo
Dec. 15, 1909....| Reading ...... W.G. Huyett, ernersville.
pee hak vena ek Philadelphia. .| B.T. Woodward,Wash’n, D.C.
July, IOIOs <vsek Sioux Falls...) J. A. Graham, Sioux Falls.

fi A. Edmonds yt Anan
i. R. Collins, So. St. Joseph.
A.C. Topmiller, Murfreesboro
RP. Marsteller, College Sta.
S. H. Ward, St. Paul, _.
F, W “Chamberlain, Burlin
Cu Bink: Sweetapple, —n
Saskatchewan, Alta., Can.

M. Page Smith, W ~~ D.C.
F. Torrance, Winni

erbert Lowe, oy
W. Reid Blair, N. Y. City.

risman, C arlotev'le.
R.G. McAlister, Pullman.

ies ack
= ze eny.
Madison. 5

JB eee York, Pa.

ene”

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loose volumes of the AMERICAN VETERINARY Review for a: number of yez
back, that he would be pleased to contribute to any school or society who
could make use of them. He concludes his letter by saying that he wo
be pleased to make a Christmas present; that he did “ not wish ‘to sell ther
At the time Dr. Abele wrote, the December number was out, so the <
nouncement of a Christmas present comes rather late from us; but no do
the doctor will be glad to hear from any deserving source where the y
umes would be useful in the dissemination of knowledge.

A CHANGE 1N THE Ap, BUT NOT IN THE Propuct.—Tue Od Chemi
Company, who make SAnmetto, have made a change in the form of th
advertisement on page 8 (Adv. Dept.), replacing the old cut by a very pre
and suggestive one, The product advertised never changes; it is staple.

Tue West Disinrectinc Company, who have advocated the standa
ing of disinfectants for a long time, have some splendid disinfectants wh
they will be pleased to demonstrate the efficiency of if Review readers v
drop them a line, Their advertisement appears constantly on the lower r ul
of the inside back cover page. Mig faite

518 re

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Exporters of

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Write for Illustrated Catalogue

We quote from the latest report published on

ANTIPERIOSTIN,

The new therapeutic agent—a distinct chemical body, no secret
combination—for the successful treatment of all exostoses and
bursal enlargements, bony growths and galls, splint, spavin ;
requiring only one application.

** Antiperiostin has proven itself a very valuable agent in my hands
for the last six months, and | can truthfully say that in my opinion it is the
best remedy for those cases of incipient periostitis in horses, which usually
terminate in bone spavin or splint, and which when treated under the old
line methods, such as firing and blistering, have been more or less un-
satisfactory.”’ Am. Vet, Review, Sept., 1909.

WRITE FOR OUR NEW CATALOGUE,

ERNST BSC & CO.,

15 Cedar Street, ~ - New York City.

See adv. on page 19.
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Results secured in both hospital and private
practice have demonstrated to veterinarians that

THE CURE OF
COUGHS, BRONCHITIS, PNEUMONIA, LARYNGITIS, ETC.
IN HORSES AND DOGS

can be effected with greater certainty and promptness by the use of

Glyro-Gernin (Smith)

than by the employment of any other remedy extant.

COUGHS.—Glyco-Heroin (Smith) checks cough instantly, relieves obstruction
of the breathing passages, liquefies the mucus, allays the pain, subdues nervousness,
abates the fever and induces restful sleep. Relief is immediate and recovery is rapid.

_ PNEUMONIA.—Glyco-Heroin (Smith) relieves the congestion, disperses en-
gorgement, reduces the fever, sustains heart action, calms nervous. excitement, renders

respiration free and regular and shortens the duration of the disease. It conserves |

strength and forestalls the development of fatal complications.

BRONCHITIS.— Glyco-Heroin (Smith) allays inflammation of the bronchial
tubes, arrests the cough, begets free breathing, dispels fever, liquefies the bronchial
secretions, restores the appetite, and prevents the disease from assuming the chronic form.

LARYNGITIS.—Glyco-Heroin (Smith) relieves inflammation of the larynx and

tendemess of rphwenpewerbeeeieten nia ane checks the cough, promotes | |

the appetite and induces quiet sleep.

DOSE.—The dose for horses and cattle is one ounce every
two or three hours. For dogs, ten drops to half-teaspoonful.

SUBSTITUTION.—To insure entirely satisfactory
eg it is vitally ra ginstbse: that veterinarians emphasize

“Smith” when purchasi prescnbi oe
Heroin (Smith), for many aes =
remedy are offered by unscrupulous ue

LITERATURE.—Exhaustive clinical reports from the
foremost hospitals and members of the page) profession
will be sent, post paid, on request

MARTIN H. SMITH COMPANY, NEW YORK

AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.

, FEBRUARY, 19I0.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
Paris, December 15, 1909.

_ ANatomo-PatHovocicaL DraGnosis oF Rasres.—This very
" important question was discussed in the second section of the
' Ninth International Veterinary Congress of The Hague and
' among the reporters were pathologists of high renown: Dr. L.
| Frothingham, of Boston; Dr. van Gehutchen and Nelis, of Bel-
-gium; Dr. R. Hartl, of Austria; Dr. E. de Ratz, of Budapest,
-and Prof. Grabowski, of Austria. Two of the reports were, I
believe, the only ones presented. Prof. E. de Ratz in his, passed
_a general review of all the researches and discoveries that have
been made by Babes, Marx, Dezler, Remlinger, L. Nocardi, van
_ Gehutchen, Nelis and others and finally of those of Negri and
concluded in giving new evidences of the great diagnostic value
_ of the presence of the bodies of Negri. ,

Prof, Frothingham was more in the spirit of the question,
and his conclusions; that I reprint, are undoubtedly of great

_ weight in confirming also the value of the discovery of Negri’s
bodies, but also offering the results of his researches in relation

- to the lesions of the Gasserian ganglia. These conclusions are
interesting:

1. The most rapid and satisfactory, and, at the same time,
accurate method of demonstrating Negri bodies is by impression
preparations stained according to Van Giesen.

2. The presence of Negri bodies is diagnostic of rabies, and
when found, animal inoculations are unnecessary.

519

520 EDITORIAL,

3. A diagnosis of rabies must only be made upon the finding 7)
of true bodies of good color, shape and internal structure, and !
such bodies must be found within the nerve cell. Doubtful bodies
outside the nerve cell may be artifacts. j

4. Negri bodies may be found in one portion of the brain
and not in another, or they may not be found at all, and in such |
cases a rapid diagnosis may be made by the presence of lesions —
of the ganglia.

From the study of about seven hundred Gasserian ganglia, —
I believe that the following conclusions are justified :

I. In rabies the Gasserian ganglia oie show lesions which
may be of two kinds, viz. : a

(a) The typical or focal lesion characterized why the partiai
or complete destruction of the ganglion cell, its place being occu-
pied by cells of the endothelial type, thus forming a focus sugges-
tive of a tubercle. Such foci may consist almost entirely of cells
of the endothelial type, but often associated with them are mast
cells, lymphocytes, plasma and connective tissue cells and poly-
morphonuclear leucocytes; in other words, the cells of a chronic 7)
inflammatory process. Probably such lesions arise by primary |)
necrosis of the ganglionic cell with subsequent invasion and di- —
gestion of its cytoplasm by the invading cells, not by stimulation
proliferation of the capsular cells, and subsequent destruction of
the ganglion cell. !

(b) The atypical or diffuse lesion characterized by a more or —
less general infiltration, between the ganglion cells and nerve
fibres of the organ of endothelial, and the diverse cells which |

we associate with chronic inflammatory processes. This lesion ||

is usually associated with the typical lesion, even where changes —
are comparatively slight, sometimes one form predominating —
and sometimes the other. ser 4

2. The lesions above mentioned may be very extensive, in- —

volving the whole ganglion, or they may be so slight that they © 4

are seen only in an isolated ganglion cell here and there, and in

order to find such a focus one may have to examine twenty to |

thirty sections of both ganglia.

EDITORIAL. 521

3. Lesions may be present in one Gasserian ganglion and not

in the other.

__ 4. Since in a small per cent. of cases such slight changes only

occur, and also may be present in only one of the two ganglia,

serial sections of both ganglia should be made (mounted close
together in paraffine then cut as one section) and the tissue
should be fixed by a method which insures perfect preservation
_ of the cells, and the stain should bring out these cells to the best
advantage. I have succeeded best with Zenker’s fluid and Mal-
lory’s methylene blue and eosin stain.
_ 5. Very rarely no lesion can be found by following the just
“mentioned method and carefully examining frem twenty to
thirty sections, although the animals from which these ganglia
_were taken were proved rabid by inoculations, or the presence of
Negri’s bodies or both.
_ 6. Very rarely extensive typical lesions are found involv-
‘ing much of the ganglia, and yet intracerebral inoculations of a
rabbit and guinea-pig prove negative.

_ 7. The Gasserian ganglia from many animals that are not
rabid are not normal, the lesions sometimes being so confusing
_as to lead one to strongly suspect rabies, yet Negri bodies and
inoculations are negative.

_ 8. Isolated focal lesions are occasionally found which can-
not be distinguished from the true typical lesions, yet intra-
cerebral inoculation of a rabbit and guinea-pig prove negative.
~~ 9. Focal lesions, usually about small blood vessels, are found

_ in the Gasserian ganglia of animals that are not rabid (infiltra-

tion of lymphoid and other cells) and such lesions alone prob-

_ably have nothing to do with rabies.

10, Consequently, lesions in the Gasserian ganglia cannot be
considered specific of rabies, nor can their absence exclude the
possibility of the disease. The percentage of error, however, is
so small that one is justified in expressing an opinion based on
the lesions found when other means of diagnosis are impossible.

On this same interesting subject I gather from the Bulletin
of the Société Clinique des Hopitaux of Bruxelles, a communica-

§22 EDITORIAL,

tion from a Dr. Dustin who calls the attention upon another . |
lesion which he claims is of great value. He says: Bd

“The lesions of the rachidian ganglia described by Van |
Gehutchen and Nelis—chromatolysis and atrophy of the nervous”
cells, which surround themselves with younger satellites, cells it
and leucocytes—are of incontestable importance for the post- }
mortem diagnosis of rabies; however, these ganglionary modifi- —
cations are sometimes missing, and at any rate are not specific |
to rabid infection. ‘Some years ago, Cajal has observed a
new alteration of the nervous cells of rabid animals. The neu-
rones of these animals present indeed, in a great many cases”
and almost constant manner, the phenomena of hypertrophy of |
the neuro-fibrillar network (transformation of the delicate net-
work formed in the neuroma by the nervous fibrilla into bigger
and much less numerous fibres). Marinesco has looked for these
alterations in man and claims that they constitute a precious
lesion, specific of rabid infection. Dr. Dustin from an autopsy
of a case of human rabies says that great benefit could be ob-
tained by the presence of the neuro-fibrillar hypertrophy, spe-_
cially when the lesions of Van Gehutchen-Nelis do not exist. ©
For him in all post mortems of individuals where rabies would —
be suspected, the lesions of Van Gehutchen must be looked for
but the neuro-fibrillar hypertrophy must also be searched. It is”
an easy and quick inquiry, and by it a sure diagnosis could be
reached in a much shorter time than that demanded by the intra-
dural inoculation to the rabbit. .

*
* *

Driep Tusercutous Dusts IN THE CONTAGION OF TUBER- |
cuLosis.—In the Presse Medicale of last October, there ap- |
peared an excellent article upon the contagion of tuberculosis by | |
means of dry dust, where the authors give a general review of q
all that has been already said and written on the subject, and |
from numerous experiments have come to conclusions quite dif-
ferent to those which I related some time ago in these pages.

EDITORIAL, 523

. First of all, a kind of history of the question is presented.
After the discovery of Villemin, showing beyond doubt the in-
oculability of tuberculosis in 1878, by means of dried tuberculous
$putas, then came the assertions of Koch, who after his discov-
ery of the bacillus, made experiments and concluded that if pul-
erization of damp particles were dangerous, he had no hesita-
tion in considering as much more important in the question, the
diffusion of the disease by dry dust. Cornet and Kruger with
“many others such as Tappenier, Bertheau, Weichselbaum, etc.,
‘confirmed those observations, and it seemed as a definite ad-
mitted fact that tuberculous infection could take place through
noist particles and also by the dried sputa transported with the
ir.
However, other investigators and even Villemin and Koch,
who modified their first impression, declared that the transmis-
sion with dried dust was doubtful. Experiments made with
moist products produced the disease and failed with dried ones.
“Cadeac and Mallet, Baumgarten, Straus obtained also various
results. And Flugge in 1907 announced that he had but little
‘faith in the infection with such dried products. Calmette does
not believe in it. Last year Cadeac concludes that dried sputa
are not very dangerous, even by injection, as he had previously
‘concluded to their innocuity by inhalation. And finally, Cal-
‘mette, one of the most authorized champions of the theory of di-
gestive infection,- states well that tuberculosis by ingestion is not
synonymous of tuberculosis by inhalation, and he admits that
"atmospheric air may carry tuberculous bacilli to the first diges-
tive tracts but, for him, this is possible only for moist particles
coming from the coughs of the sick individuals and not from
‘the dried dust. Evidently from researches made of late, the
doctrine of infection by dried dust is losing ground. .
The question then is rather complicated, and opinions. are
rather divergent. But in their communication to the Presse
Medicale, the writers, Doct. P. Le Noir and Jean Camus, have
asked themselves a single question, and that is the one they are
trying to answer. Is tuberculosis transmissible by the dried

524 EDITORIAL.

dust in the atmosphere in ordinary conditions, not in laboratory
experimentation. They did not try to tuberculize their subjects
by experiments, but placed them as near as possible in the ordi-
nary condition of infection by dried dust, if such infection is

Here is how they proceeded : ‘

They selected a ward in one of the hospitals in Paris, whict
are well kept and in a fair condition of hygiene and under 2
good sanitary regulations as possible.

In this ward they placed three lots of guinea pigs kept it
cages. In one lot of four animals, the cage was without cov ;
and placed on the floor, some distance from the beds of the pa
tients. As these, however, were liable to touch or even feed th
animals, it was expected that infection would be much easie:
with them. One of the pigs died on the 25th day without lesions
of tuberculosis. Of the other three, destroyed after two months
one had generalized tuberculosis and the other two were free.)
In a second lot of five guinea pigs, placed in a cage closed with) |
a double wire net all round, and in such a manner that the pa-
tients of the ward could have no access to them. These cages!
were also placed in a corner of the room and kept there for si
weeks, when the cage and its inhabitants were put outside to A
fresh air for a month. When they were killed only one had
tuberculosis and the others were free. In the third lot the cag :
was also protected with net wire and placed close to the ceiling |
Of the four animals that were in it only two-presented bacillar |
lesions at post mortem. i

Therefore it was evident by those experiments and specially
for the animals of the second and third lots, that the infection i
had been realized through the fine and dried dust floating in the |
air, no matter what had been the door of admission, respiratory or 8 :
digestive. It must, however, be said that the lesions that were)
found occupied mostly the abdomen, and were older than those
which existed in the lungs at the same time. At any rate. if
is possible that the infecion took place through the digestive
canal by the swallowing of bacillar dust, it was =n

through the dried dust that it took place.

ot
* *

EDITORIAL, 525

__ To complete the conclusions to be drawn from the above,
‘the writers attempted to follow the tuberculous bacilli in the
‘air and more exactly in the dried dust in which they are trans-
orted. They made numerous and varied experiments and from
‘them they have arrived at the final conclusion that the dried and
ht dust flying in a tuberculous ward is not very rich in virulent
uberculous bacilli, but that it may in some cases give rise to
uberculosis. This is another evidence of the already demon-
“strated truth of the attenuation of the virulence of the tuber-
culous bacilli by desiccation. But there is a certain degree of
variation in this, which, of course, depends on the condition of
the desiccation. With dust dried for a long time and free from
‘virulency, there are others fresher, still moist and in those the
irulency remains more or less strong. Hence the possibility
© explain the results and conclusions drawn from all the ex-
" peritnents.
_ Finally, in closing the article, it is said: that the danger of
_tubercuious infection by the dried dust flying with the air cannot
be discussed; the authors believe it so much more that at first
they had a tendency to adopt the classical doctrine of Villemin
and Koch, and it was to convince themselves that these experi-
“ments have been made, and certainly if such infection in a well-
spt hospital where continuous aeration is kept, has been realized,
how much more must it be in habitations where great agglom-
erations of people exist and where hygienic measures are so de-

To this wise conclusion veterinarians have long ago added:
_ how then must it be in the immense number of deficient cow
_ stables where hygiene is almost entirely ignored.

*
* *

THE D1aGNosis or Hraves In Horses.—In the Berliner
Tierarztliche Wochens. there is an article from Prof. Schmidt
which has been analyzed in the Revue Generale and is quite inter-
esting.

526 EDITORIAL,

se

In Germany, the definition of heaves is given as “a respi-
ratory difficulty due to a chronic incurable disease of the lungs
or of the heart.” g

Richter has shown the influence of work upon the tempe | a
ature of the healthy horse and that of the one affected wi ith |
heaves. In the first, the temperature rises during work and ir
the first quarter of an hour the rising is greater than in the fol-
lowing one. The thermic elevation is the same in both the
healthy and the heavey horse, but with this last the return to
the normal is slower: it requires at least one hour and three-
quarters. After three ee of an hour the temperature is
yet above normal by 0.4° and after two hours and half, the tem-
perature is still 0.35°. 4

The regularization of the central heat takes place, in particu-
lar, by the respiratory apparatus, and a difficulty in the respiration n
must interfere with the deperdition of heat. In a sound animal, |
the initial heat of 37.8° reaches after exercise 40.4°, ,to drop to”
39.3° after fifteen minutes’ rest, to 38.8° after 30 minutes and at: |
37.8° after two hours. In another animal, the initial temper-
ature from 37.7° reaches to 40.4° to drop to 39.5° after 15)
minutes of rest, to 38.6 after 30, to 38.3° after 45, to 38° after
60 minutes and to 37.7° after two hours. In a mare having
heaves, the initial temperature of 37.8° rises to 39.3° to re ain
at that figure after a rest of 15 minutes, at 39.3° after half an
hour, at 38.2° after two hours, at 38.3° after three hours. In
a heavey gelding the initial temperature of 37.4° rises to 39.4° |
to remain there after 15 minutes of rest, to 39.2° after 30, to
39.2° after 45 minutes, to 39.1° after one hour, to 38.9° after |
one hour and a half, to 38.4° after two hours. Ina gelding sick |
with strangles, the initial temperature of 37.9° reaches 40.3°
after exercise, after 15 minutes of rest it drops to 39.5°, to 39.2° ||
after 30 minutes, to 38.1° after 90 minutes, 38.1° after two |
hours and to 38.2° after three hours. In this last horse the —
temperature raised by exercise drops suddenly after 15 minutes” i
of rest, while in animals having heaves, the dropping occurs very —
slowly during the first quarter of an hour of rest. ar

When the temperature of horses that have had exercise does
10t return to normal after two hours, heaves may be suspected
_ and the suspicion is greater if 30 minutes after exercise the tem-
perature remains still above 38.9°.

| When the return to normal temperature is not realized after
" two hours of rest, the horse is suffering with acute disease of
_ the respiratory apparatus, if the dropping of the temperature is
' rapid during the first quarter of an hour that follows exercise.

There exists a category of horses for which this apprecia-
" tion is very difficult: when difficult respiration is accompanied
' with abundant perspiration without clinical respiratory signs.
_ The study of the temperature before and after exercise gives prec-
ious information. For instance, a six-year-old horse having 12
respirations, 30 pulsations per minute, and 37.7° temperature
' before exercise, presents after 30 minutes of exercise 76 pulsa-
tions, 96 respirations and 40.4° of temperature. This last drops
to 39.5° in 15 minutes, to 38.6° in 30, to 38.3° in 45, and to
~ 37.8° in two hours. The next day the same horse has 14 respi-
' rations, 34 pulsations and 37.9° at rest. But after 45 minutes
"exercise, 106 respirations are counted, 82 pulsations are regis-
- tered, the animal gets covered with profuse perspiration and
his temperature goes up to 40.3° to drop to 39.6° after 15 min-
_utes of rest and 38.5° after half an hour. Yet this horse has no
heaves. Conclusion arrived at by the examination of the tem-
perature after the first exercise. Will this ever be a practical
way to diagnose heaves?

ANTINARCOTIC ErFrects oF LECITHINE.—Some very inter-
esting experiments and no less important results obtained by Dr.
J. Nerking were some time ago recorded in the Miinchen. Medi-
gin. Wochens. upon the effects of injections of lecithine in nar-
cotized and rachi-anesthesied animals,-in which the author re-
lated what he had observed in his experiments and the possible
prospect of overcoming, by the use of lecithine, the unpleasant
effects of secondary action that all methods of general anesthesia
are liable to give rise to in some given condition.

528 EDITORIAL,

The starting point of the experiments was the supposition |

that the state of narcosis, determined by general anesthetic —
agents, resulting from a temporary combination of the nar-
conizing substance with the lipoids of the brain, if by the ad-—
ministration of lecithine which is a lipoid, to a narcozined ani- i

mal, it would not be possible to wake him up from its anesthesia, /]

promote the return of sensibility, the lecithine having com-
bined with the anesthetic substance and leaving free the lipo q
of the brain. q

The following experiment confirmed the supposition, A
rabbit received an intravenous injection of a solution of ure-_
thrane. Almost immediately he drops in a deep sound narcosis.
Another rabbit receives a similar injection, but which had first —
been mixed up with an emulsion of 40 per cent. of lecithine in —
physiological serum. With this rabbit the narcosis does not take —
place, the animal behaves normally. At first, much difficulty was —

met with by the author in the selection of the lecithine to use. |

But finally he succeeded in obtaining one which sold under the ©
name ‘of ovo-lecithyne of Billon, which he found perfectly pure —
and which he then used for his researches. “/
He studied the effects in rats, dogs, and rabbits narcosized with —
a number of substances, such as ether, chloroform, morphine —

alone and mixed with scopolamine, urethrane, hydrate of chloral 4 fe

and of urethrane, and also in animals submitted to rachi-anes-_

thesia with various local principles. The results have always — a

been the same.

Lecithine has upon general and upon rachi-anesthesia an 7
antagonistic effect which is most marked. Animals lecithinized |
do not fall asleep or the narcosis takes place later, and it ends | |
quicker than within witness animals. In individuals which | |
have received intrarachidiananesthesia, the effects are much | |

slower to appear. It remains incomplete and passes away much |
quicker, 4

In these experiments the injections of lecithine were made in
the peritoneal cavity or in a vein or again under the skin, The
intravenous injections are most efficacious. Hypodermic injec-

tions act also very well, when mixed with a 10 per cent. emul-

‘sion of lecithine. As this lecithine has no toxic effect, the au-
_ thor recommends its use in human medicine.

Why could not veterinarians resort to it also in their prac-

| tice, specially in the surgery of small animals where the acci-
dents by anesthesia are not uncommon?

* *
*

THE DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS.—Tubercu-

losis pulmonary localizations are evidently the most frequent.
Demonstrated at post mortem, it is often difficult to make their

diagnosis during life and as the only pathognomonic proof of

pulmonary tuberculosis is the presence of the bacillus in the

bronchial or nasal discharges, it is there that they are generally
looked for in doubtful cases. The methods of Nocard or that

_ of Ostertag to obtain them are known. Nocard advises to wipe
out the inferior openings of the nasal cavities with a sponge, to

dilute the discharge so obtained into sterile water and to inocu-

late guinea pigs with it. Ostertag recommends to obtain sputa

from the pharynx or throat as the animal coughs, naturally or

artificially, and to use this for experimental inoculations.

For Neuhaus, these methods are deficient and in the Deut.
tierh. Wochens. he states his objections. First, experimental
inoculations require some time and involve expense, besides the
fact that it is not always easy to obtain expectorated products,
specially when the disease is just beginning. Neuhaus recom-
mends other manipulations so as to avoid these difficulties, viz. :
1. To resort to the microscopic examination of frottis, which is
done quicker and is less expensive, or, 2, so as to obtain some of
the discharge to puncture the trachea with a trocar, promote
coughing by tickling the mucous membrane with fine feathers
introduced through the canula of the trocar and as the feathers
are taken out they are found covered with mucus or sputa which
can be used to make frottis.

Neuhaus relates fifteen cases where he has resorted to this
process with the following results: In seven cases, where there

530 EDITORIAL.

were clinical signs indicating the presence of tuberculosis, bacilli |
were found in all. In five, obtained from animals that had not
reacted to tuberculin, but where considered as clinically sus- ~
picious, examination of frottis was negative and all the animals -
recovered afterwards. In three which had some clinical symp-
toms and which had reacted to tuberculin, bacilli were found
only twice in a great number of frottis in one animal; in another, 7
the bacilli were found very numerous, and in the third there were ~
no bacilli found at one examination, but many were detected in a
sputa obtained ten days later. It seems that in Germany where
pulmonary tuberculosis is entered in the list of diseases liable to
give rise to a breach of contract of sale, and where many law —
contests are likely to take place, there are numerous instances —
_ when amical settlement cannot be reached and the slaughtering }
of the animal is the only possible way of closing the dispute. —
Neuhaus then recommends to resort to his method for detecting |
the bacilli so as to save not only the interests of the parties en- |
gaged, but also perhaps that of the professional man connected —
with the case. aa

*% *
%*

Loca, ANEsTHESIA.—In our issue of last June, analyzing —
an article from Director Dupuy and Prof. Van Den Eeckhout —
published in the Annales de Bruxelles, relating to the use of adre- —
nalin and cocain in local anesthesia, I called the attention of our |”
readers to the results that these veterinarians had obtained. The —
same subject has again been for them the subject of a more ex-
tended consideration. They have recalled the effects of each of
these drugs and drawn the attention to the results that their com-
bination would give, viz., a stronger vaso-constriction increased
by the adrenalin, a slower absorption of the cocain, hence a pro-
longation of its effects; these lasting nearly three hours. In other _
words, the association of adrenalin with cocain has essential local
advantages and besides them, it reduces considerably the dan-
gers of intoxication by the cocain and the effects consecutive to
an injection which are always more or less certain to take place.

EDITORIAL. 531

The learned professors have in the last two years resorted to
_ the mixture of chlorydrate of cocain and that of adrenalin in
_ about 300 cases. They have used it to perform most varied oper-

_ ations, specially for tracheotomy performed without placing the

animal in stocks, for the diagnosis of obscure lameness of the
_ lower part of the leg and also for surgical operations on the foot,

| puncture wounds, cartilaginous quittor, removal of keraphillo-
_ cele, removal of the sole, etc. Really to remove a cartilage in
_ case of a quittor with the horse placed only in stocks and held

_ simply with a bridle and without any means of restraint, not even
| a twitch, is certainly positive evidence of the value of this kind

_ of local anesthesia and of the realization of an immense progress

in our surgery. The application is deserving of attention; and
it may be that hereafter any kind of minor or even major sur-
gery will be performed with the help of this mixture, whether

_ of cocain, stovain, alypine, novocaine, etc., and adrenalin.

All these mixtures have been experimented with, specially
stovain and alypine. With all, complete anesthesia has been ob-
tained. Beginning about fifteen minutes after the injection is
made, it has lasted three hours, a length of time always beyond
that required for an operation. The injection is always followed
by more or less inflammatory swelling at the point of injection,
and it occurs with any of the mixtures. However the question
of expenses will probably render the use of cocain more fre-
quent, and besides because of its likely being obtained anywhere.

The mixture recommended by the professors of Belgium
consists of: 25 to 30 centigrammes of chlorydrate of cocain,
stovain or alypine with five drops of 1/1,000 solution of chlor.
of adrenalin and 10 grammes of distilled water. Thirty centi-
grammes of this are used to anesthesize an extremity. No bad
effects have ever been noticed even with the injection of sixty
centigrammes.

532 EDITORIAL,

Herepity oF Rastes—ViIRULENCY OF THE BLoop.—A con-
densed résumé of the studies made by Daniel Konradi on these ~

subjects is published by Mr. Panisset in the Revue Generale from %
the Centralbiatt fiir Bakteriology. |

Konradi has already demonstrated the transmission of rabies —
from mother to foetus and insisted on the necessity to watch for
a very long time animals that were inoculated with the nervous —
centers of foetuses, as sometimes rabies did not manifest itself —
before 475 days. And he indicated also that the researches upon —
hereditary transmission should be kept up not only on rabbits, but —
also on guinea-pigs, which are more sensitive to the virus.

By new researches, this investigator confirms his primitive —
conclusions. During this hereditary transmission, the rabid virus
seems to become weaker and thus would the long duration of the —
incubation be explained. And besides, atypical forms and spe- —

cially recurrent rabies may also be observed in reacting animals _

inoculated with the nervous centers of foetuses. Rabbits and
guinea pigs present typical manifestations and fever during sev- —
eral days, then there occurs a complete remission of the trouble _
which reappears later. Two or three successive attacks may be —
observed in one animal.

Hereditary transmission of rabies has been observed in side
The nervous centers of seven foetuses have been found virulent
for guinea pigs; a rabbit inoculated with material from one of
the foetuses had typical rabid manifestations, 25 days after the
inoculation; the disease lasted 10 days and the animal was con-
sidered as cured; he was still living two months after being in-
oculated. Konradi recalls that animals born of a mother in-
fected with rabies, but has not yet shown any symptoms, may
nevertheless hold the rabid virus in their nervous centers. A
condition that can be explained only by admitting the presence
in the blood of the rabid virus at a certain time of the inoculation.

The virulency of the blood of rabid animals is definitely ad-
mitted since the experiments of Konradi and of Marie. But it
seemed as if the virus does not appear in the blood, only at cer-

tain times and in some animals. If Marie has obtained only two | al |

EDITORIAL, 533

_ positive results out of twenty experiments, Konradi, using guinea
pigs and inoculating a large number of animals, has observed that

in all the cases the blood was virulent, as well as in animals in-

_ fected with street or fixed virus. Small quantity of virus in the

_ circulation and its dilution explain the failures.

al

lately:

*
%* *

BrpLioGRaPHIc Notices.—The following I have received

The October number of the Journal of Agriculture of the

| Cape of Good Hope, which among its interesting contents gives
_ the continuation of the practical lectures of “ Agricultural

Zoology,” by Prot. J. D. F. Gilchrist, and from Dr. Walter Jew-
ett, F. R. C. V. S., an excellent article on the “ Biliary Fever or
Malignant Jaundice of Dogs,” where the treatment of this canine
piroplasmosis is considered in its practical application.

Prof. L. Van Es, of the Experimental Station of North
Dakota, has favored me with his bulletin containing an article
on glanders, which he offers to farmers, students and teachers in
the state, free of charge. It is illustrated with six good plates.

The Bureau of Animal Industry has also sent me two of its
bulletins, No. 117 and 119. The first is issued from the Patho-
logical Division and is by Dr. H. C. Campbell, V. D. M., on
*“Leucocytes in Milk with Methods of Determination and the
Effect of Heat Upon Their Number.” The second, from the
Zoological Division, is by Dr. Howard Crawley on “ Studies on
Blood and Blood Parasites.”

Dr. C. N. McBryde, of the Biochemic Division, has favored
me with Bulletin 111 of the Bureau also on “ Filtration Experl-
ments with Bacillus Cholerze Suis.”

Finally the last pamphlet on hand was the catalogue of Max
Wocher and Son, the instrument makers of Cincinnati, which
makes a very good exhibition of the instruments which they can
provide veterinarians with.

A. &

534 EDITORIAL.

NECESSITY OF FEDERAL SUPERVISION OVER BIO- | |

LOGICAL PRODUCTS USED IN VETERINARY
MEDICINE.

The result of the investigation recently made by the United —
States Department of Agriculture through its Bureau of Animal —
Industry, on the standardization of tetanus antitoxin, demon- —
strates clearly the advisability of federal supervision over its ~
manufacture, and over all biological products used in veterinary —
medicine. The advantage to practitioner and manufacturer
alike, that would accrue from a uniform standard of potency, —
even if this investigation had shown none of them below the |
strength which they should possess is obvious; but the fact that —
they have found in some instances the variatioris to be as much —
as two-thirds below the strength required, makes standardiza- —
tion absolutely necessary. One drug house carries the antitoxin
of one manufacturer and another druggist that of another manu- —
facturer. Some houses may carry that of two or three manu- |

facturers.

A’ veterinarian has used one manufacturer’s antitoxin ina
case of tetanus recently treated with success, and desires more |
for a new case that has presented itself, but the druggist he is —
convenient to on this occasion does not carry that manufactur- —
er’s goods, or the house that carries two or three kinds is out ©
of the particular one the veterinarian has employed in the treat- —

ment of his previous case. He is afraid to take the one avail- |

able because he does not know anything about it, and is familiar

with the fact that there is no standardization in this product; a te

and it might not be as potent as the one he had used so success-
fully; or he may have had a discouraging report from a brother

practitioner on a case of tetanus that did not seem to him to have

been as serious as the one he had recently treated successfully. —

This brother practitioner chanced to have used the antitoxin the
available druggist has to offer. On the other hand a practitioner
has had the misfortune of having used an antitoxin not of suf-
ficient potency on several cases in succession with disastrous

EDITORIAL, 535

results, and finally a case presents itself at a time when he is
in a position to get an antitoxin of sufficient potency to prove
efficacious in its treatment, but he has no way of knowing that
‘it is any different from any that he has used—he has lost faith
and refuses to “experiment” further.

_ Unfortunately experiences like the above are met with daily
‘in one place or another, a fact not to be wondered at when we
learn from the report on the result of the investigation that only
| one of the manufacturers of the several, whose products were
_ tested, states on the labels the number of American units con-
_ tained in their veterinary tetanus antitoxin, and that there is not
' a uniform potency in the antitoxins prepared by the- different
_ manufacturers—the variations in some instances dropping con-
" siderably below the strength required.

Veterinarians in large cities may learn from experience which
_ one is of sufficient potency to expect results from, but not from
actual knowledge of the number of antitoxin units contained
‘in any particular one. Picture then the position of the veteri-
' narian practising in the country districts, who may have accident-
_ ally learned of the efficacy of a certain antitoxin under the same
_ conditions, but cannot go from one drug house to another until he
~ succeeds in obtaining the one he desires, as the city practitioner
"can, but has to take the one at hand of which he either knows
_ nothing or has received a discouraging report upon, or else return
to his home-town (perhaps a distance of twenty miles) and visit
f his patient the following day, if possible—having lost twenty-
_ four or more hours in the treatment of the case, thereby jeopardiz-
: ing its chances of recovery and putting his client to greater
expense.

The immense advantage to the practitioner and live stock
owner resulting from a uniform standard of potency in tetanus
antitoxin needs no argument. As to the manufacturer, if the
American method of standardization (which is recommended by

the investigators) were adopted, and the federal government
saw to it that every manufacturer lived up to the standard,
any that were already doing so would receive the government’s

536 EDITORIAL.

protection and the lax ones would be pushed up to the standard |
and kept there, with the result that the veterinary profession:
would recover its confidence in this valuable product, its sale
would increase very materially, and multitudes of animals that
now die from the toxin resulting from the bacillus tetani would
be saved. a

In the July, 1909, issue of the Review, following the state- 7 |
ments made by Prof. Anderson, at a meeting of the American ©
Medical Association held about that time, that his experiments:
showed that the tetanus antitoxin prepared for veterinary use
contained anywhere from 17 to 25 antitoxin units per cubic
centimeter, while similar examinations of tetanus antitoxin pre-
pared for medical use contained from 150 units to 600 or even
700 units per c.c., we expressed the advisability of the same
supervision by our Federal Bureau of Animal Industry over bi-
ological products used in veterinary medicine as the Marine
Hospital Service now has over similar products used in human
medicine: and we sincerely hope, now that the Department of ©
Agriculture has given the matter careful attention, and that the |
report of the findings of the two experts from the B. A. I, Dr. |
John R. Mohler, Chief of, and Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, Bacteri-
ologist in, the Pathological Division, has been given publicity, ~
that every necessary step will be taken to make the same an ac-
complished fact with as much expedition as possible. i

Tue Iowa Veterinary Medical Association will hold its next
meeting at Des Moines, February 15, 16 and 17, 1910. a

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE
Answering to the call of Dr. Claude D. Morris, of Binghamton, — |
N. Y., fifty-one graduates of the Ontario Veterinary College | |
came to Ithaca at the time of the conference there for verterim= | |
ians, in January, and organized an alumni association of that
school. Dr. John Wende, of Buffalo, was elected president, and
Dr. Morris was elected secretary. Secretary Morris states that
there are 278 Ontario graduates practicing in New York State
and he believes that within a reasonable time nearly all of these —
will become members of the organization. .

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

GID FOUND IN SHEEP IN NEW YORK.

By Wa tter J. TAytor, D.V.M., ann Wm. H. Boynton, D.V.M.,
ITHACA, N. Y.

4 | From the Laboratory of Comparative Pathology and Bacteriology, New York State
Veterinary College, It 5 oes ”

_ The disease known as Gid or Staggers in sheep is caused
_by the presence in the central nervous system of the affected ani-
mal of the larval form of the tape worm, Tenia Cenurus. This
_ disease is known by a number of different names among which
are Gid, Turnsick, Waterbrain, Turn-side, Goggles, Blobwhirl,
Punt, Sturdy, Giddiness, and Hydatido-cephalus. Gid or Stag-
gers has for many years been recognized in Europe. Great
Britain, France, Germany and Italy are the countries from which
‘it has been most frequently reported. Although various investi-
gations agree as to the cause of the disease and the life cycle of
the specific infesting parasite, still in a careful search of the lit-
_ erature we have failed to find any authentic report of a positively
_ identified case of the disease having appeared in the United
_ States.* In August, 1909, the New York State Veterinary Col-
i lege was requested to investigate a destructive disease affecting
| _ sheep near Geneva, N. Y. The Director of the College instructed
_us to make a thorough investigation, which resulted in finding the
parasite that was causing the trouble and which has done so
much damage in other countries.

History OF THE FLOcK IN WHICH THE DISEASE Was
Founp.—In October, 1907, the owner of the flock in which the
disease was found imported from Great Britain twenty-five
_ thoroughbred Shropshire sheep. During November of the same_
year fifty more of the same breed were imported; two Scotch
collie dogs were also imported for use as sheep dogs. The sheep
showed the first signs of disease about the middle of September,

*A letter to Dr. Moore from Dr. J. F. DeVine, of the State Department of Agricul-
|. ture, states that Dr. Charles Linch investigated an outbreak among sheep for the part-
ment in the spring of 190 oe and reported that the sheep were troubled with “ Gid.” He
did not, however, report the finding of the cysts of the Coenurus Cerebralis in the brain.
| or give other verification of the correctness of the diagnosis.

537

538 WALTER J. TAYLOR AND WM. H. BOYNTON.

1908. All of the animals that showed symptoms were offspring
of the original seventy-five, and the first animal to die was a six- |
months-old lamb. This lamb was born March 8 and died Sep-
tember 11, 1908. Another lamb was born March 21 and died ||
September 26, 1908. As the lambs had been grazing upon pas-
ture during the summer, the history would indicate that the
infection was through the medium of one or both of the dogs, —
as they were used for herding the sheep and had free access to the
pastures.
The disease appeared again in the spring of 1909 and from —
that time until the investigation which led to the discovery of the —
parasite was begun, quite a number of sheep had died. It was not
thought that all of the animals which had died showed symptoms
of this disease, as by this time the flock had increased to more
than two hundred animals and in some cases death was due to —
other causes. The following table gives a list of the sheep that
were lost, the age, and as nearly as we are able to ascertain |
from the records, the cause of death in each case. Where no ©
cause of death is listed, no post mortem was made, or if made, |
nothing of particular significance was noted.
Taste SHow1nc NUmper or SHEEP Lost, Ace AND Prosante Cause or DEATH,

Number. toad ytd Age. Apparent Cause of Death.
oe PER LOE Mar. 8, 1908 | Sept. 11, 1908 | 6 mos. | Not determined.
ae re Pe Mar. 21, 1908 | Sept. 26, 1908 | 6 mos. | Not determined.
ied Mar. 29, 1908 | Sept. 26, 1908 | 6 mos. | Not determined.
aes May 27,1908 | Mar. 6,1908 | 9 mos, | Not determined.
5 1906 Mar. 9, 1908 | 2 yrs. Bloat
6 1906 Mar. 24, 1908 | 2 yrs. Not determined
3 1906 Mar, 26, 1908 | 2 yrs. Dystokia.
8 1906 Apr. 11, 1908 | 2 yrs. Dys a.
9 Mar. 23, 1908 | May 22,1909 | 11 mos.| A in liver.
1906 May — 1909 | 3 yrs. Not determined
1906 May — 1909 | 3 yrs. Died of bloat.
Mar. 25, 1908 une 1, 1909 | 1 yr, Not determined.
Mar. 27, 1909 une 3,1909 | I yr. Not determined.
Mar. 97, 1908 | June 20, 1909 | 2 yr. {Ate lung, pleurisy with ad- q
Mar, 26,1908 | July 23, 1909 | 1 yr. Not determined.
Apr. — 1909 | Aug. 19, 1909 | 4 mos. | Not determined. ;
Apr. — 1909 | Aug. 20, 1909 | 4 mos. | Not determined. "
Apr. — 2909 | Aug. 21, x909 | 4 mos. Cyst of agmimaias: Cerebralis in |
Ces osc ne Apr. — 1909 | Aug. 27, 1909 | 4 mos. Cyst of, Coenurus Cerebralis in id
OS | Mar, — 1908 | Oct, 2, 1909 | 19 mos, Cree rie Cerebralis in BE

*Showed symptoms of Gid.
+Found dead in pasture.

GID FOUND IN SHEEP IN NEW YORK. 539

The shepherd caring for the flock at the time of our visit had
been on the farm only since April, 1909, so could not give us
satisfactory data concerning the symptoms of the animals lost
prior to that time.

A glance at the above table will show that those animals
which have died and which have shown symptoms of gid have
been under two years of age. This bears out the statement of
investigators who have studied the disease in Europe, that Gid is
primarily an affection of lambs and yearlings. It is stated that
sheep over two years of age are rarely attacked.

SyMPTOMS EXHIBITED BY THE AFFECTED SHEEP.

A careful study of the symptoms in the affected sheep showed
that the symptoms correspond to those mentioned by writers on
Gid as somewhat characteristic of that disease.

Sheep No. 19.—This animal was a four-months old lamb of
about 60 pounds weight. It is reported to have shown symptoms
of the disease for about four weeks. The first indication that

FiG, 1.—Photograph of sheep No. 19, showing the general attitude
of depression. Photographed five days prior to killing.

anything was wrong was a general depression and loss of appe-
tite. When first seen by us it stood apart from the flock with
head lowered, ears drooping and the general attitude of the ani-
mal showing great mental depression. The pulse, respiration

540 WALTER J. TAYLOR AND WM. H. BOYNTON.

and temperature were about normal. The blood vessels of the
eyes were greatly congested, showing what is familiarly called
a “ blood-shot”’ condition. Moving objects even close to the
head seemed not te be noticed. An examination showed that the
animal was totally void of sight in the left eye and nearly so in
the right. It moved with apparent difficulty and staggered when
it attempted to walk. It became gradually worse, losing sight in
both eyes, and when down struggled for some time ineffectually
in its efforts to rise. When on its feet it moved with apparent
fear, as it occasionally ran into objects in its path (Fig. 1). This

animal was first seen August 21, and having become gradually

worse it was decided to destroy it and hold a post mortem. This
was done on August 27 and the notes are appended under post-
mortem findings.

Sheep No. 20.—This animal was an eighteen-months-old ewe.
The principal symptom exhibited in this animal was a lateral car-
riage of the head. Fig. No. 2 shows its attitude when standing.
This animal is the one at the left of Fig. 3.

Fic, 2—Sheep No, 20, showing lateral carriage of the head and “leaning”
position when standing.

Sheep No. 20 was observed for some days. The pulse, respi-

ration and temperature were normal and the animal ate with ap-

tea ES Oe te 8 oh eR eh gs

GID FOUND IN SHEEP IN NEW YORK. 541

parent relish and was thrifty. The symptoms were much more
pronounced at certain times than at others. She held her head
to the right, the right ear drooped and in walking she would
usually go in a circle, turning always to the right. She lifted
the left front foot high and dragged the right one. The animal
gradually lost eyesight. She would often roll over on her back,
from which position she would require assistance to get up.

Fic. 3.—A group of affected sheep. Two show the lateral carriage of the head
and two show the attitude of depression.

Sheep No, 21—This was an eighteen-months-old ram. As
wili be seen in Fig, No. 3, its general attitude and appearance
when standing were normal. When he moved, however, there
was a jerking of the limbs and an uncertain gait with hesitation
in placing the feet upon the ground. When hurried, he moved
sidewise something like a kitten at play. The appetite was good
and the animal seemed to be thriving.

Post Mortem FINDINGS.

Sheep No. 18.—This was a four-months-old lamb. When
first seen it had been dead about thirty minutes. The history
was that it had been affected about two weeks, and the head
had been carried to the right. There had been irregular recur-

542 WALTER J. TAYLOR AND WM. H. BOYNTON.

rences in the severity of the symptoms. It had finally lost the
use of its limbs and died lying on the left side with the head
drawn backward over the right shoulder.

There was a pronounced stiffness in the neck and a curva-
ture to the right. Nothing of particular note was found in the
viscera except hypostasis in the organs of the left side. Three
cysts of the Tenia marginata (Cysticercus Tenuicolis) were
found in the omentum (caul) covering the wall of the second
stomach. Six or seven of the Strongylus contortus were found
in the abomasum (fourth stomach), also one whip worm (T7ri-
cocephalus Affinis). The bladder was greatly distended and the

Fic. 4.—Photograph of the right cerebral hemisphere from animal No,
18, showing the distended lateral ventricle and the position of the cyst.

vessels of that organ congested. It contained about twelve
ounces of urine. Hutyra and Marek have called attention to the
paralysis of the bladder in cases of Gid in sheep. A very few of
the Oestrus Ovis were also found in the frontal sinuses. These
were too few and too small, however, to have caused any visible
disturbance.

A sagittal section was then made of the head by sawing
through the skull on the medium line. During the process of
sawing several ounces of the clear watery fluid escaped. When
the head was finally divided into two equal halves, the lateral
ventricles of the brain were found to be greatly distended. (See

{
|
;
|
|
|

GID FOUND IN SHEEP IN NEW YORK. 543
Se ne
plate 4.) In the right hemisphere of the brain and somewhat
posterior was found a cyst of about two and one-half centimeters
in diameter. This was filled with a clear fluid and by holding to
the light it could be distinguished as a rounded Sac, well defined
and covered only with the membranes of the brain. Fig. V.
shows the position of the cyst.

Fic. 5.—Photograph of head of cyst, showing suckers and hooklets.

Sheep No. 19.—This animal was destroyed and post-mor-
temed on August 27, six days after it was first seen. A careful
search of the viscera failed to reveal any gross pathological
changes. The alimentary tract was found also to be free from
parasites of any kind: The skull Cap was removed and the
brain carefully examined. The lateral ventricles were greatly

distended and filled with a clear fluid. Lying on the median

o44 WALTER J. TAYLOR AND WM. H. BOYNTON.

line, a little to the left side and unattached, was a cyst about
the size of a hen’s egg. The surface of the cyst seemed to be
covered with little fine white dots. By the aid of a hand lens
these dots were seen to be heads or scolices hanging suspended
in the fluid contents of the cyst. The skull immediately over the
cyst was greatly reduced in thickness. The cyst was opened and
the fluid portion allowed to escape. A few of the heads were
carefully removed, mounted in glycerin jelly and examined

Fic. 6.—A higher magnification of the hooklets.

under the low power of a microscope. They showed the four
sucking disks and the proboscis furnished with its hooklets. Fig.
No. 6 shows a photograph of one of these heads. The remainder
of the cyst wall with the appended heads was divided into two
portions, placed in gelatin capsules and fed to two puppies.

September 27 one of the puppies fed with a part of the cyst
was examined post mortem, but no tape worm could be found in
the intestinal tract.

eS

C4

GID FOUND IN SHEEP IN NEW YORK. 545

September 28 the other puppy was examined post mortem
also with negative results.

October 2 sheep No. 20 was killed and examined post mor-
tem. Very few intestinal parasites were present. Two cysts of
Tzenia Marginata (Cysticercus Tenuicolis) were found on the
omentum. When the skull was removed a cyst about the size of
a walnut was found on the left side of the cerebellum, by the aid
of a hand lens a large number of cyst heads or the scolices
could be seen. ‘The entire brain was removed carefully in order
not to disturb the cyst and’its contents, and fed to a dog.

Fic. 7.—A photograph of the head, neck and a few segments of
the Zaenia Cerebradis from the intestine of a dog fed with the brain
containing cyst of Coenurus Cerebralis of sheep No. 20.

In about three weeks’ time the dog began to lose flesh, but
had a ravenous appetite. November 11 the dog was chloro-
formed and examined post mortem. Several round worms were
present in the duodenum. In the small intestines near the ileo-
cecal valve a small Tenia Cenurus measuring 17 cm. in length

546 WALTER J. TAYLOR AND WM. H. BOYNTON.

was found. This worm was examined by Dr. Law, who con- —
firmed the identification. :

Tue Lire History oF THE: PARASITE.

= 5 on i ld
A ERR AE IY ELIE NS NR IE TT RS AE BRE OY OCs

The life cycle of the Cenurus Cerebralis does not differ ma-
terially from many of the more common tape worms of animals. |
The two hosts necessary are the sheep, or other ruminant, and
the dog. The tape worm (Tenia Canurus) in the adult form
is a flat bodied worm averaging about one foot, rarely one and
one-half feet in length, rather narrow and made up of small —
segments joined end to end. The narrow end terminates in a~
small globular head furnished with four circular sucking disks —
and a proboscis furnished with a single row of from 28 to 30°
hooklets. From the other end the ripe segments are continu-—
ally detached and expelled from the body of the host, and may |
be recognized as little, white, flattened, oblong objects progress-— aS
ing over soil or objects upon which they may have become | _
lodged with a vermicular movement, and depositing a large num-
ber of microscopically small eggs with which they are literally — 4
filled. Taken with the food or water into the body of a lamb,
these eggs open as a result of the digestion of the outer mem- _
branes and set free an ovid six-hooked embryo, which bores its |
way through the walls of the stomach and, probably penetrating ‘
a vessel, is carried to all parts of the body. Those which become |
lodged in the central nervous system are the only ones which |
pursue theit development and it is there that they encyst them-
selves. The cyst may survive for a long time in this situation, _
and if its host is eaten by a carnivorous animal, such as the dog, — |
it will develop in its bowels into a mature tape worm and repro- | |
duce its species as before. :

The Cystic Stage.—Having arrived in the brain cavity, the |
young embryo migrates upon the surface of the brain by bur-— |
rowing through that organ. The galleries it makes are sinuous, — te
superficial furrows of a pale yellow tint at the termination or in
the neighborhood of which the vesicles are met with. They be-

GID FOUND IN SHEEP IN NEW YORK. 547

_ gin at a point and slowly increase with the growth of the para-
_ site and run in any direction. At the end of two to three weeks
after the invasion, the cysts are about the size of a millet seed;
from a month to a month and a half they are about the size of
a pea, but up to this time they do not give any indication of the
formation of scolices or heads. Later when the vesicles have
reached the size of a cherry, these heads appear as opaque de-
pressions upon the surface. At the end of two to two and a half
_ months the perfect heads are seen. Not all the heads in a given
"cyst mature at the same time. There may be seen those varying
| from the fully developed to the newly started as well as those in
" all degrees of approaching maturity. When examined closely
_ they will be found incased in a thick outer skin, a sac made by
the membranes of the brain. Out of these sacs the parasites

‘may be loosened. Many hundreds of little knobs, each repre-
” senting a single head, may be seen hanging from the inner sur-
face into the fluid of the vesicle. Each of these knobs can evert
itself, or push its head out, and can then be seen by the aid of a
’ glass to be a perfectly developed head, having four suckers and a
crown of about twenty-eight hooks. These heads, when the
_ cysts are fed to dogs, may develop into as many individuals.
“Most of them, however, generally die while only the stronger
survive.

_ Symptoms.—The symptoms of Gid in sheep are dependent
upon the stage of invasion and the development of the parasite.
Between the second and third week those worst affected show
| "signs of inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues. Cur-
tis states that few lambs show symptoms during the first stages
of the development of the parasite. Among the symptoms men-
_ tioned by Law are great nervousness and fear without apparent
cause, or dullness, stupor and aberration of the senses, and dis-
orderly muscular movement. The sheep is found apart from the
flock, with red eyes, dilated pupils, blindness and unsteady gait,
but with a tendency to move restlessly in one direction. Left to
itself it neglects to eat or drink and wastes daily, but if well fed

548 WALTER J. TAYLOR AND WM. H. BOYNTON.

and excitement avoided it may even gain flesh. If the cyst is”
situated on one side of the brain the lamb turns to that side,
moving in a circle. The limbs on the opposite side of the body
show inco-ordination of movement and act as if partially par-
alyzed. If there is one on each side of the brain the animal turns 7
to one side or the other, according to the relative activity of 1e |
parasite at a given moment. When the cyst is on the median li ne
it elevates its nose and advances in a straight line until stopped
by some obstruction. When located in the cerebellum the host
lifts its limbs in a jerking manner, sets them down in an uncer-
tain hesitating way, stumbles and falls, struggling for some time
ineffectually in its efforts to rise. If situated in the spinal cord,
difficult breathing and paralysis are marked symptoms. Curtis
states that cysts in the spinal cord are liable to cause sudden
death without the premonitory symptoms. The disorders may
be extreme at first, but the animal may get better, seem nearly
normal and again come down with pronounced symptoms. These ~
variations in symptoms and recurrences of the attack are at-
tributed by some to the activity of the scolices and the irritation ~
which they may cause, being more active at given times than at
others. el
In carrying out this investigation, we are greatly indebted
to the owners of the animals for the liberal donation of the af-
fected sheep. We are also indebted to Dr. James Law and Dr.
D. H. Udall for valuable aid in this work. | a

‘
i

of
-

ONE prominent veterinarian of Greater New York, stated - i
cently that he was putting aside a dollar a day toward San |
Francisco in September. Ae

Tue Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association wil
hold its annual meeting at the Veterinary Department of th
University of Pennsylvania, on the 8th and 9th of March the
first Tuesday and Wednesday after the first Monday. %

Tue recent conference for veterinarians, at Ithaca, N. Y., |
was a splendid success. One hundred veterinarians registered
on arrival, and there were ten to fifteen others who did not reg
ter. The program was ample and thoroughly enjoyed by all. —

HOG CHOLERA AND HOG CHOLERA VACCINATION. *

By Dr. M. H. Reynoxps, St. ANTHONY Park, MINN,

_. The term hog cholera has become quite ambiguous partly on
account of new discoveries concerning the cause of the disease,
partly on account of what have been supposed to be two different
but curiously related diseases having been generally included
_ under this general term. Until within a year or two we have
_ supposed that there were two infectious diseases of hogs recog-
nized under the general terms of hog cholera and swine plague.’
_ It now seems probable that we will be able to do away with the
- term swine plague entirely.
The disease considered in this article and one for which the
_ Dorset-Niles or B. A. I. serum (to be referred to later) is pre-
_ pared, must answer to the following requirements :
_ (a) Be infectious by association or other natural exposure.
i} (b) The animal before death and the carcass after death
ie must show certain accepted symptoms which are clearly recog-
_ nized as pertaining to cholera. |
| _ (c) The blood must be virulent and capable of reproducing
| the disease by inoculation into susceptible hogs.
' (d) Attack and recovery must confer immunity.
i. Note that we. might easily have disease among swine where
__ characteristic “a” or even “b” might be present and yet the
' disease be not true hog cholera.

_ Cavse.—Until within recent years American authorities, bac-
_ teriologists and veterinarians alike have very generally accepted’
_ the bacillus of Salmon and Smith as the specific cause of hog. chol-
era, and another somewhat similar germ as the cause of what was
supposed to’ be a distinct but curiously related disease, swine
plague. But within a few years workers in the Federal Bureau

a * Read at Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association, Stillwater, July 14 and 15,
909.

549

550 ; M. H. REYNOLDS.

of Animal Industry have apparently demonstrated that hog 7 .
cholera is caused by a living germ so small that it passes easily 7 |
through germ filters, which remove all known forms of the
bacillus of Salmon-and Smith. It may be interesting to note
further that this newly demonstrated germ is so small as to be
invisible to the highest available powers of the best microscope. —
That it is a living organism and not a chemical poison may be
easily demonstrated. Re
The curious relations to this disease of the old bacilli ne hogs ;
cholera and of swine plague are not well understood, but it seems —
quite possible that they may play some part in the later develop- —
ment of the disease after the disease processes have been started —
by the invisible germ. To Drs. Dorset, Bolton, and McBryde
of the Bureau of Animal Industry belongs the credit of this very
important information. It is very important because a success- —
ful immunizing vaccine for cholera is based on it. Their work
was published in B. A. I. Bulletin No. 72. al
While our old theories and supposed information concerning
the cause of hog cholera have been disturbed by this newer work, —
it is important to remember that hog cholera is now just as much
as before, to be recognized as a distinctly infectious disease.
It is important to remember also that this infection is abso-—
lutely necessary or there can be no cholera no difference how | P
susceptible animals may be. There can be no cholera without
this primary and specific cause any more than there can be mus- | §
tard plants in our western wheat fields without the previous | |
presence of mustard seed. Conditions of soil and climate may
favor a rank growth of mustard. Conditions of feed and keep |
may favor the development and spread of hog cholera. They
may decrease resistance and increase susceptibility, but canna
originally cause the disease. a
It is a rather common experience that hogs kept closely q ‘|
housed and heavily fed especially with such foods as corn, offer 7:
much less resistance than do other hogs. In our vaccine work z
we frequently find hogs of this type which die readily under in- i:

HOG CHOLERA AND HOG CHOLERA VACCINATION. 551

oculation with blood of low grade virulence. Hogs of hardier
I pe may become slightly sick or not sick at all with inoculation

m the same infectious material.

_ Dissemination.—The farmer and the public in general
should bear in mind that the cause of hog cholera is a living or-
ganism capable of enormously rapid self multiplication; actual
"though very minute particles of matter. It is the veterinarian’s
‘duty to teach this persistently. This fully understood, makes
it apparent that infection may be carried in any way that dust
| or other fine particles of mater may be carried. It thus becomes
| very apparent that the infection may be carried by sick hogs or
‘upon the legs and bodies of hogs not sick; or carried in wagon
boxes, in hog racks, in stock cars, or upon shoes and clothing
people, or by dogs.

It is very evident that the infection may be carried down
am, especially in small creeks and give rise to other outbreaks.
So far as sick hogs are concerned, we are quite sure that the
blood and the manure are infectious, and there can be no ques-
tion concerning the infectiousness of fresh carcasses of dead

__ Symptoms.—Perhaps we should say first of all that we
_ rarely get a full showing of accepted symptoms of hog cholera
| in one case. It is important to bear in mind that cases vary in
virulence from those of very chronic type where hogs live for
weeks and finally die or recover, to very acute cases where they
die over night.
The hog coming down with cholera is usually sluggish at
first lying around in the shade and refusing feed. The hair may
become rough. The eyes early show symptoms of inflammation
_ with a sticky discharge. There is often a suppressed cough. The
" gait may become irregular and uncertain especially with the hind
legs.
_ After these preliminary symptoms have been shown for a
time, the skin becomes red, changing to purple especially notice-
able in white haired hogs.

552 M. H. REYNOLDS.

The hog is then usually within a very few days of death. As —
already explained, not all cases are typical. Sometimes hogs
die from undoubted hog cholera and yet the ante-mortem or post ©
mortem symptoms. show very little upon which to base a diag- |
nosis. But we may easily demonstrate that these were cases of -
cholera by injecting their blood into susceptible hogs and by thus |
producing typical cholera. |

At the autopsy of an ordinary case of cholera the first, ace 1
perhaps the most striking, thing seen is the purpling of the skin.
On opening the carcass small hemorrhages may be found under
the skin and in the fat cut through. Mesenteric and other lymph
glands are intensely inflamed. The mucous:membrane of the
stomach is frequently thickened and roughened and in chronic
cases there may be ulcers. On opening the intestines we see
areas here and there of intense inflammation in acute cases, or
numerous ulcers in cases of chronic type. In very acute cases we
find areas intensely inflamed, even hemorrhagic in places. The
slow chronic cases develop characteristic hog cholera wae | Hi
These may appear at almost any point on the mucous coat of the ©
digestive tube. On stripping off the renal capsule a typical case
of hog cholera will usually show minute hemorrhages on ‘the
surface somewhat resembling the coloring of a turkey egg whiel h
gives the common name “‘ turkey egg kidney ” of hog cholera. —

DEALING WITH OursrEAKs.—Vaccine is not yet scoeall .
availabie and will not be generally available for some time,
There will always be a great many unvaccinated hogs in any |
case. Clearly, therefore, there are certain things which the
owner of healthy hogs in a hog cholera district should do and
many things which he should not do. The same is equally true” |
for the man who has sick hogs in a neighborhood where ; a
are uninfected herds. Here again the veterinarian must show
his public spirit by service as a persistent teacher. The owne | |
of healthy hogs and his family should keep away from publi¢ c
stock yards, and from all pens and yards on the other farms, | |
whether sickness among hogs prevails or not. It can easily oc- y

, 4

HOG CHOLERA AND HOG CHOLERA VACCINATION. 553

- cur that a neighbor’s hogs may appear well but -have recently
received infection and be already capable of scattering the dis-
ease. We do not know at what period in the development of
this disease infected hogs become capable of disseminating
_ cholera.
During a hog cholera season the owner of healthy hogs
should institute private quarantine and pleasantly perhaps, but
firmly ask visitors, especially stock buyers and threshing ma-
chine crews, to keep at a reasonable distance from his pens and
yards. It is safer for one man to have exclusive care of healthy
hogs during a hog cholera season and this man should be very
‘careful where he goes with reference to possible infection. Spe-
© cial fencing or other provisions should be made wherever prac-
tical to keep dogs out of the pens and yards; for under certain
» conditions dogs become very active agents in spreading the dis-
ease.
' The owner of a healthy herd should be very careful about
buying hogs for breeding purposes, for here in the West at least,
” we must regard all public stock yards and stock cars as possible
') sources of infection. Hogs coming by rail into the herd for
‘breeding purposes should be shipped in other than stock cars,
and should not be loaded or unleaded so as to go through stock
yards. All new hogs coming on to a farm where the disease has
not appeared should be kept carefully apart from the herd for
_ from two to three weeks after arrival. The disease may thus
have time to develop in quarantine if the animals have been in-
fected before shipment or en route. It is decidedly worth while
to be careful about clean feeding, for it seems probable that this
js a common method by which infection enters the body.

A Disastrous ExPERteNCE:—The farmer should be espe-
cially careful about buying hogs out of stock yards. Some years
ago a certain Minnesota farmer purchased a lot of feeders from
Sioux City and took them home to his farm. In about two
weeks his hogs commenced dying. _Two weeks later hogs pre-
i Jwiously: on the farm began dying. In a little while he was losing

oa
a

554 M. H. REYNOLDS.

art
—:

hogs at the rate of twenty-five a day, losing a total of about two
hundred (200). This loss of 200 ‘hogs was scarcely a con n
the bucket, too small for-consideration in comparison. with »
loss which this outbreak cost the State of Minnesota. -
As soon as this Minnesota farmer realized that he had choler
and was liable to lose a large portion of his herd, he shipped o J
a lot of fat hogs. These were yarded for a time in the p i
stock vards of his town and one of them died while waiting for
shipment. This hog was left for a day or so in the yard. Later
a carload of feeding hogs was shipped in from a point in South
Dakota, where they never had hog cholera. These South Dakote
hogs were unloaded into the yards where the fat hog had died
some time before, and were sold out from there by auction.
It was a very interesting study to follow the resulting out
breaks, but it was a very serious matter for the owner and fo
that entire portion of the state. Practically every farmer who”
bought hogs at this sale and many of those who walked aro in
the yards looking at the hogs but without buying, had ho
cholera on their farms in a very uniform period after the “
Surely the moral of this tale is so self-evident as to need f |
further suggestion. It is our duty as veterinarians to help pre
vent such occurrences by good teaching. :
Under the head of prevention I must mention vaccine io
thanks to the federal Bureau of Animal Industry and especial
to Drs. Dorset and Niles of that department. We now havi 7
practical working vaccine which will immunize hogs and whic
seems to have considerable value when used with very recentl
infected hogs that are not yet sick. It may even have some f.
tive value, contrary to some vaccination theories, when adm

istered to sick hogs in early stages of the disease. ;

TREATMENT.—This seems worthy of a special heading ju
to attract attention and impress a lesson. All that is
saying can be put in a few words. Very few reputable vetert
narians and very few owners who have ‘had actual experience
with treatment of hog cholera have any confidence in medical

Vor

HOG CHOLERA AND HOG CHOLERA VACCINATION, 555

in disinfectants, and especially in Dorset-Niles vaccine, if the
latter is available, and farmers should be so advised by their

_ Creaninc Up.—When the outbreak appears to be over, the
advising veterinarian and the owner must decide as to just what
shall be done in the way of disinfection and cleaning up or
whether the farmer will stay out of the hog business for a year
or so and allow the infection to die out. This is, of course, wth-
‘out regard for the possibility of putting in vaccinated and im-
_ mune hogs.

_ Feeding troughs and feeding floors and the hog house in gen-
‘eral may be disinfected, if of reasonably good construction.
"If the sick hogs have been kept in an old straw shed or in
an old hog house that is about ready to fall down any way, by
ill means the best method of disinfection is by burning. The
| slow old chronic cases that go dragging around at the end of an
| outbreak should usually be killed and safely buried, for it is
rarely profitable to put such hogs in shape for market, and they
‘May maintain the infection for an indefinite period. It might
| possibly be worth while to hold such a case over and nurse it along
| in case of a very valuable brood sow, for hogs having recovered
/ from cholera are usually immune for life. Brood sows which
have had the disease and recovered usually give something more
than natural immunity to their offspring. But the degree of im-
| munity so conferred to offspring appears so variable that it can-
not be depended upon as a routine method of establishing im-
mune herds so far as we know at present.

_ Yards may be practically disinfected by plowing or by clean-
| ing, and burning off a good layer of straw.

. VACCINATION.—Generally stated, the vacine consists of two
parts: (a) Blood serum from the body of a specially immu-
nized hog and (b) virulent blood serum from the body of a hog —
about to die from cholera. The general theory upon which this
‘double vaccine is used is that of giving the animal an infectious
disease and at the same time a treatment which enables the ani-

cial
\ a

556 M. H. REYNOLDS.

mal to resist the invasion. When the hog is through with it he
is presumably in the same condition as though he had gon if
through a natural exposure and recovered. *

Generat Meruop.—We start this work with hogs that ar
immune usually because they have passed through an outbreal
[t has been shown that when such immune hogs are treated w vil |
large injections of virulent blood under the skin or into a vei |
they do not usually become sick, but their own blood develops’
peculiar property that gives protection to other hogs that are na
urally susceptible. When the blood serum from this special
treated immune hog is injected into the bodies of healthy su:
ceptible hogs, the latter becomes likewise immune; but the in
munity so gained lasts only a short time, possibly four to si
weeks, and is then gradually lost. If we give a small nj 0
virulent blood at the same time or soon after the immunizin
serum is given, or give pen exposure with sick hogs, then th
treated hog becomes immune for a long period, perhaps for li

Tue Serum Hoc.—The specially immunized hog which br
duces this immunizing serum is known as a hyperimmune.
simply immune hog.may be prepared’ for premcnng serum |
either one of three ways. id

(1) By three rapidly increasing doses of virulent lo
serum injected under the skin at intervals of seven to ten days.
(2) By one very large iniecon of virulent serum under tl
skin. : a
(3) By injecting virulent serum in smaller doses into t
venous circulation. In this work we may give an ordinal ir
mune hog weighing 100 pounds a quart of very virulent bloo ;

a teaspoonful of which similarly injected would kill a hog th
was not immune. q

In cther words, the immune and especially the hyperim mut
hog have developed certain properties in the blood antagont
to hog cholera virus.

VAccINATION.—We have two possible methods of
ing or immunizing hogs.

HOG CHOLERA AND HOG CHOLERA VACCINATION. 557

_ (a) Serwm only, which is by injection under the skin of
m from an hyperimmune hog, and gives immediate but tem-
Orary immunity lasting as already stated several weeks. As
stated before, if the animal during the period of immunity is ex-
dosed to natural infection, he becomes protected for a very long
period, perhaps life.
(b) Simultaneous.—The second method of vaccination
consists of injecting immunizing blood serum into one thigh and
| small amount of disease-producing blood at the same time or
‘soon after into the other thigh; thus giving the animal the chol-
era and an added resistance at the same time. If the immuniz-
ng serum is potent and the virulent serum is really virulent, then
| animal so treated becomes permanently immune.
_ The serum only method is usually preferred in actual out-
reaks for hogs not yet sick, because this gives immediate pro-
fection and the hogs being naturally exposed usually develop a
"permanent immunity. The simultaneous method of vaccination
“is preferred where we are very confident of the potency of the
| serum to protect against the virulent blood and for hogs that
: hi ve not yet been infected. It may yet be found wise to use this
1ethod even in outbreaks.

4 VACCINATION SPREADING CHOLERA.—Intelligent stockmen
and veterinarians will probably ask if there is not danger of
spreading cholera, by this simultaneous vaccination, into districts
where it has not yet appeared. We have considerable amount
| of direct evidence on this point that is better than any amount
of theorizing and personal opinions. This evidence all agrees
‘that unless the vaccinated hogs become distinctly sick as a result
of the vaccination (which can occur and does rarely) that there
is practically no danger of disseminating the disease by this vac-
| cination. This is especially true since all hogs on the farm are
_ supposed to have been treated and be immune and therefore in-
capable of developing cholera and so spreading the disease. It
does occur even with good serum, I suppose, that an occasional

hog may become a little sick and even die as a result of vac-
_ cination.

|

> ae

558 M. H. REYNOLDS.

But with good serum given in standard dose and virulent
blood also given in proper dose, the risk of this is so small that it
may be safely disregarded; especially when all hogs on the farm,
or that may be exposed with such sick hogs, have been treated.

We have purposely vaccinated hogs by the simultaneous
method and given susceptible hogs the closest possible exposure
with them without any illness on the part of unprotected ee a

It is conceivable, of course, that an operator might be careles
and spill virulent blood where it could cause infection if carried
to untreated hogs, but thus far in our work, and this has be 4
the experience with others who are working with this problem,
the risk has been so slight that we no longer concern ourselves
seriously about it. ; a

“i

Tue Vaccine-—There are some requirements to which «
practical vaccine must answer. It must not be unreasonably ex- :
pensive. The vaccine must have good keeping qualities and mt :
not be dangerous to handle. 4

It must be convenient to administer and be practically fre
from danger for treated and untreated hogs. e |

It is quite true that this vaccine and our methods of use are ©
far from perfected as yet. There are some faults which shou id
be overcome if possible. The dose of this serum is large and ex
pensive in proportion to the amount used. We have no meth oc
of standardizing its potency. Virulent blood must be used y
the serum to give permanent immunity. There is always a p _
sible chance of getting a mixed infection and causing septicaemii
of treated hogs by using contaminated serum or contaminat 1a
virulent blood. be es

We hope to reduce the bulk and therefore the cost by increas-
ing potency. We expect to further reduce the cost of production
by using the carcass of hyperimmunes when they have performe¢
their services, and also the carcass of virulent blood hogs.

The former carcasses are usually fit for food purposes anc
should be disposed of to the best economical advantage si such

purposes.

HOG CHOLERA AND HOG CHOLERA VACCINATION. 559

_ If we are unable to standarize the serum as to potency, we
_ may at least find out the amount necessary to protect and then
' give a large enough dose to accomplish the purpose. The danger
from septicemia, if we may judge from considerable practical
experience is slight and may be disregarded. We must simply
ake our chances on this point. There may occur an occasional
loss, but the losses should be as nothing compared with the very
great saving to the hog producer in general.

- Some estimate of the probable cost of vaccination may be
given by a statement that the present cost will probably average
- about 2c. per c. c. for the immunizing serum and approximately
" Ic. per c. c. for virulent blood serum. A suckling pig dose would
cost about 20c. The cost of immunizing a shoat weighing from
. 50 to 100 pounds would be from 40c. to 50c. by the permanent
~ method.

SERUM WorKk.—Our results in Minnesota have been very -
les atisfactory and so have been the results in some other states
where this serum is being produced, although we have all had
our delays, our apparent failures, and our disappointments. A
general statement of results should appeal to practical common
| se when we say by way of introduction that in no case has a
hog apparently in good health at the time of vaccination and not
_ previously exposed to cholera, and which received the standard
| doses of tested serum and virulent blood failed to prove abso-
_ lutely immune to the hardest tests. Our results have been tested
__ by closely associating vaccinated pigs with those that have been
sick and dying in small pens and even by allowing them to eat the
carcass of hogs dead from cholera which is considered a severe
‘test. A rather large number of susceptible hogs have been inocu-
- lated with virulent blood and then protected by serum when other
_ hogs not so protected have all died.

The Minnesota’ Experiment Station took up this work in
November, 1907, doing some purely experimental work, and also
_ making a considerable number of actual farm demonstrations.
| In herds already infected we vaccinated up to a certain date
_ to which our results have been carefully checked 251 hogs, of

560 M. H. REYNOLDS.

: }
Ral,
an
‘a

3 |

which there died 44. In these same infected herds there were
left unvacinated 76, of which there died 68.
Of hogs not yet exposed to infection we vaccinated up to
that certain date 201, of which there died two hogs, neither of | 3
which, however, showed clear hog cholera and may have died |
of some other disease. It should be explained further that the ||
vaccination of ail these cases was rigidly tested either by inocula- 7
tion with virulent blood or exposure with sick hogs. i |
In the healthy herds where we vaccinated 201 as previously
stated, there were 9 healthy animals left untreated, all of which
died. . ..
Our results during the past year were so encouraging and the 4
need for such a vaccine was so evident that our last legislature
appropriated the sum of $10,000 for a vaccine plant at the Ex-—
periment Station and we hope to soon have ready for use the best a
hog cholera vaccine plant in America to the credit of Minnesota. a

GENERAL CONTROL Weis: —Hog cholera control work of.
fers some very large and very difficult problems for solution and —
yet not hopeless problems by any means. The writer believes —
that we have now reached such a stage that state and on |
sanitary authorities should be very seriously studying methods ie
more rigid contro] work with hog cholera with a view to a pos-
sible ultimate eradication. The common attitude of public ate
thorities toward hog cholera is not creditable to modern sanitary
science to say the Jeast. We are not justified in ignoring a soure é
of enormous financial loss simply because the problem is large”
and control must be expensive. og

The very nature of its cause, its methods of spread, and 7
character of the disease itself makes it one difficult to control. —

Yet the losses are so enormous that individual states and the _
general government might well be justified in spending large
sums for testing in actual field trial methods of eradication.

Eradication of hog cholera; think of it! What a ye cr
tack for any man. Let us talk about it, and for it, and if there
ever comes opportunity let us help the cause along.

4g THE PROVISION OF MILK FOR CITIES.

" Report Mave to tHe IX. INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS BY PROFESSOR
RieveL, or THE Roya, VETERINARY COLLEGE, HANover, GERMANY.

Translated by L. M. STECKEL, D.V.M. (O.S.U.). |

_ Milk is not only the most agreeable and generally used article
of food, but is also the cheapest we possess. It is a food indis-
) pensable for infants and children. It would, therefore, be justi-
‘fiable that the milk be placed under systematic inspection regula-
“tions, at least similar to that of other foods. When one observes
i with what particular care the other articles of food are treated
the time of preparation to the time of consumption; when
me notices the rage of an epicure if his wine is not just cold
nough, or the oysters not just right, it is almost incredible that
he public are so negligent as regards the milk. So long as the
“milk does not curdle and has no noticeable odor, then the public
“is satisfied. This ignorance and carelessness of the people stands
‘as the only reason why in the past century so little change took
place in the methods of dairying. While such enormous changes
have taken place in the fields of the other food stuffs, the pro-
duction and handling of the milk have remained as in the days of
our grandmothers. Is then this indispensible article of food to

femain in this backward condition. Certainly not. The infant
‘mortality in Germany teaches us a good lesson. The number
of artificially fed infants is very large. As the artificial food is
“mostly cow's milk, we must attribute to it the deaths due to
stomach and intestinal troubles which for the past fifty years
_ have continued almost at the same rate. It is still 25 per cent.
| The scientific researches for the hygienic and social betterment

have clearly shown that a large number of injurious agents or
-“noxen” can be harbored in the milk. These “noxen” come
either from the cow or find their way to the milk after milking.
It is to be regretted that as the appearance of the milk is not al-

tered, the consumer has no suspicion whatever. Under ordinary

j

i 561
|

7

562 L. M. STECKEL,

circumstances the public is not able to protect itself against the
threatening dangers of bad milk. It is, therefore, absolutely ur-—
gent that the state should lawfully regulate the production of ~
milk, thereby assuring the health of its citizens—the most costly.
asset which it possesses. ie
Not alone from the hygienic, but also from the economiedil qa
standpoint it is necessary that the state regulate the milk trade. |
Germany’s production of milk represents in value an amount of
1,700 million marks, even at only 9 pfennig per liter. From this
sum there is an annual loss of 170 million marks, or 10 per cent.,
on account of spoiled milk due to bad management. This enor ‘
mous sum ought not to be lost to our dairy industry, especial 4
now when the need of milk is constantly increasing. Owing |
the progressing anti-alcohol movement, the use of alcohol is con-
siderably decreasing while the use of milk is comparatively in-
creasing.
Through the reach of a good and wholesome milk we can aid
the progress of the anti-alcohol movement. .
How should the demand of furnishing a pure and wholeson
milk to the public be accomplished? As stated above, the i ins
jurious agents found in the milk may come from the cow. In
this case it must be seen that the dairy animals should be in p tl
fect health. While with proper care the entrance of “ noxen™
during and after milking could easily be avoided. It is a proven
fact that milk from healthy cows is sterile. Now if the produe-
tion and handling be cleanly and the milk kept cool until used, it
would be a perfect product. a
The efforts exerted should be not to destroy the ‘ ‘noxen,” ‘
which are already in the milk, but to prevent their entrance. "
is not only necessary that the milk contains the necessary per
cent. of fat, but also that all the biological constituents are in f
right proportions, for the richest milk can still be dangerous as'@ dL
food. |
We can readily see that the milk inspection as has been thus _
far carried out is not sufficient. Although unadulterated, smile adi

THE PROVISION OF MILK FOR CITIES. 563

through changes of decomposition may become a dangerous ar-
ticle of food. In order that the inspection be of value, it must
_ begin at the source of production and include the supervision of
the health ot the cows, their stabling, feeding and breeding, of
the milking and handling of the milk. At the laboratory the milk
‘should be examined tor the biological qualities and the fat con-
tent. Thorough inspection can not be carried out in the street,
there must he special laboratories for this purpose. A systematic
inspection shall include the examination of every cow’s milk. It
will take a great deal of pains and labor to reach this end, but
the achievement of it is not an impossibility.
An important factor in the achievement of our end are the
_ so-called Control Societies. These societies are continually se-
Jecting the best cows for the dairy or milk purposes. A number
of these societies have had very good results and may be cited as
an example to show that by good will on the part of the dairy-
_ men this exacting demand of examining every cow’s milk could
| be acomplished. It is needless for me to say that such an exam-
ination need not be done every day, it suffices when done at in-
| tervals. The work in milk inspection is, therefore, to be trans-
| ferred from the chemical laboratory to. the cow stable or rather
into a veterinary laboratory. The veterinarians are, therefore.
the only persons who ought to be charged to carry out the mod-
ern milk inspection work.
» How: should we organize milk inspection in cities? Most
_of the city’s milk supply comes from the outside territory. Very
little milk is produced in the city itself and this is usually used
as special or children’s milk. The milk is brought to market
either wholesale or retail. The sale takes place either in the
open street or in closed rooms. At the large milk companies’
plants the milk as soon as it is brought over is inspected, then
strained, clarified, aerated, cooled and often pasteurized, and is
then either put up in bottles, or filled into special cans or tanks
and sold in the open. By the aid of stirrers the fat is prevented
from rising and an even quality of milk is served out, and

564 L. M. STECKEL,

through fitting lids the dust is kept out. At the large dairy |
farms they also have all the apparatuses for cleaning and han-
dling of the milk, thereby guaranteeing a clean milk. The small —
dealers on the contrary sell the milk from the cans just as it —
comes from the farmer. Usually the milk is poured from the —
large transport cans into smaller ones to be measured out to the —
customers. In this way there are plenty of chances for con-
tamination. This is specially true where the drivers have the 4 |
habit to drink out of the lids or the quart measure and often —
more than one drink from the same vessel and then what is left —
over from the drinking is poured back into the can. As a rule —
the milk from small dairy farms is not as good as from the ~
large ones, since the stabling of the animals as well as the pro-
duction and handling is not carefully attended to. At the small _
dairy farms there is no inspection to speak of, the milk is little —
or not cooled at all, and when delivered to the consumer is often —
in a stage of high acidity. The middlemen through whom the —
milk passes before reaching the consumer are all trying to make ~
some gain. When we see that an entire family supports itself
through the sale of only a few cans of milk we can not but
suspect that the milk is skimmed, watered or both. The sanitary
regulation prohibiting water to be on the milk wagon can easily —
be gotten around. It is no difficult task for a milk peddler to ;
find water at suitable places. a
But still worse are the conditions where the milk is sold in’ (
closed rooms. The salesroom itself may be in conformity with !
hygienic requirements, but how are the other milk rooms? The
milk room is often the dwelling place of the family, or joins ~
directly with the family room, which serves often as the sick
room, too. In these places they keep alongside the milk many
odorous materials, such as soap, petroleum, cheese, herring, ete. —
Now, who buys milk in these places? The poor people whose
children live under miserable social and hygienical conditions ©
and are just the ones in need of the best milk. And yet ae
price is the same as for good milk.

THE PROVISION OF MILK FOR CITIES. 565

, Now such milk places the Health Department ought to close
_ up. Only those persons who have taken out a license should be
~ allowed to sell milk. The license should be granted to those
’ who have complied with the hygienic requirements and who will
_ adhere to them in the future. As to the question whether the
_ milk trade should be centralized, I would say that as regards the
- fulfillment of hygienic regulations it would be commendable.
_ Although the large dealer or the milk company receives its milk
_ from many dairymen, they have more or less control over the
production and handling of the milk. This control they exercise
| by making contracts with the dairymen to that effect. Further,
’ at the large milk companies they examine the milk in their own
'_ laboratories and verify anything wrong with the milk; they also
_ strain, clarify, aerate and cool the milk, thereby making it cleaner
and better. The sale or delivery of milk in specially prepared
wagons assures a more even quality of milk than when just a

few cans are wheeled around on a cart; also, by the latter method

the milk cannot be kept cool, and the constant opening and clos-
ig when measuring out affords a chance for contamination. In
_ the large trade there is less danger from adulteration, since the
milk is usually in closed vessels and the addition of water is
| 3 not very easy, and, as there are often more than one person at
the delivery wagon, any meddling with the milk would sooner
or later be reported. On the other hand in the small trade
_ adulteration is easier, and less chances for reporting, since the
immediate family do everything themselves. Veterinary super-
vision of such centralization places is very plain and easy. The
most ideal delivery of milk would be in bottles, for here con-
tamination would be reduced to a minimum. In the summer the
bottles could be covered with colored paper to prevent decompo-
sition through direct sunlight.

The sale of milk in bottles could be introduced without rais-
ing the price of the milk. The public should be educated to
accept their milk in bottles only and be guaranteed a pure and
clean milk. As soon as the public will demand it the dealers will
have to come up to it. The good results of centralization as

566 L. M. STECKEL,

obtained by the city of Copenhagen may serve as an example —
to recommend it for other cities. The German and International —
Societies for Milk Industry have also continually advocated —
centralization, for by this means only could the exacting de- i
mands of the Board of Health’s regulations be carried out. But I
so long as there are no national milk inspection laws it behooves”
every community to supervise the production and sale of the 7
milk just as they do the meat and the water. The supervision
should especially be applied to milk sold to hospitals, orphan
asylums, children’s homes, and sanitariums. To accomplish this”
it is necessary that the entire milk production should be under
veterinary supervision. It is not sufficient when a casual sample BY
of milk is inspected by a lay police official; all the milk sold.
must be carefully inspected. The city regulations should be to.
examine all the milk brought to the city, the examination to be
at some central place as at the large milk companies’ stations, or |
at some specially built milk yards. In many cities where the
have city abattoirs the milk yards may perhaps be placed n
the abattoirs, as here there are good transportation facilities,
machine power, refrigeration rooms, etc. All dairymen will, of
course, have to submit to the hygienic requirements imposed —
upon them. The milk from the different dairies should not De
mixed before it reaches the city. It should be kept cool until
delivered. As soon as.the milk reaches the city it should be
éxamined as to temperature, specific gravity, odor, taste, ap-
pearance, and by the alcohol method as to degree of acidity.
From time to time samples should be taken and kept for a mone
thorough examination. :

It would be better still if these milk yards or courts we J |
under the management of the city authorities. This does not
necessarily mean that the city should also own the dairies, for
under special contracts with the dairymen a good milk could De |
obtained. In these milk courts the various milks would be ex- |
amined, then mixed, clarified, aerated, cooled, and a special milk
prepared for infants. Delivery of milk should be in bottles and
whether at private families or stores it should be kept cold until

THE PROVISION OF MILK FOR CITIES. 567

' used. Any milk in excess of the day’s consume could be sold to
_ bakeries, or made into butter and cheese. In summer when the
milk supply exceeds the demand it may be possible to freeze the
milk into ice blocks for use in the winter. In von Hempel’s ex-
periments clean frozen milk kept fresh for five weeks with its
bacterial number considerably reduced at the end of that time.
In the interest of this good cause the city should stand the
running expenses of these milk courts or stations. By eliminat-
‘ing the middleman the price of milk would remain the same to
the consumer and a little more could be paid to the producer. —
’ It would not be advisable to raise the price of milk, as this will
~ be felt mostly by the poorer classes who are just the ones in
» need of good milk. The Berlin Milk Journal gives an idea of
” the gain made by the large dealer with present milk prices when
” it quotes that the Bolle Milk Company of Berlin is paying 65,000
marks taxes which is on a yearly income of 500,000 marks.

| By carrying out the above recommendations the city will be
"in a position to furnish to its constituents pure and wholesome
milk. The public will, before long, have the same confidence in
|” this new enterprise as they have in the city’s meat and water
| ; control. The results would be a rise in the use of milk, a reduc-
| tion in the use of alcohol, and better, stronger, and healthier
citizens.

SUMMARY.

: 1. The provisoins that have hitherto been made for the con-
trol of milk are entirely insufficient.

2. Efficacious milk inspection should prevent the sale of any
objectionable milk.’
sa 3. Consequently inspection should begin at the place of pro-
duction, and include the health of the animals, their stabling,
feeding and breeding, as well as the manner in which the milk
is obtained and treated.

4. Milk from various supplies should never be mixed.

5. All milk offered for sale should be subject to exami-
nation.

568 L. M. STECKEL,

6. Veterinary surgeons on account of their studies ane
training are the persons best qualified to perform this wor
7. Milk should be transported in well-stoppered bottles
8. No one should be allowed to sell milk unless licens
do so. i
9. Only by centralization, of the sale of milk, can thes
quirements be fulfilled.
10. In order to have efficient rons Be the establishment ¢
milk depositories or courts is required; these courts might
connected with the city abattoirs.
11. It is advisable that the municipal pearrioaere take
-whole milk trade into their hands.

. Kenora, Ont., Dec. 29, 190¢
AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York City :

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I am, yours truly,
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San Jose, Cal., Dec. 27, 19038

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THE FUTURE POLICY OF THE PROFESSION.*

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fans of the great state of Ohio. In fact, we felt complimented
pon the receipt of an invitation to be present and address you
J upon this particular occasion; to enjoy the discussion of the vari-

ous subjects, many of which are of great importance to the future
access of our profession. In our attempt to address you we
‘wish to assure you that we will not offer any new ideas as to
‘the future of serum therapy, nor shall we attempt to correct the
fallacies of the old regime. But if you will indulge us we may
‘improve the opportunity to speak briefly on, ‘“ The Future Policy
of the Profession in Dealing with Economic and Humanitarian
Principles and Their Application in Relation to the Public
‘Health and Commercial Interests of Our Great Commonwealth.”
_ This meeting is one of the annual events of this association,
and as we gaze upon this assembly of professional men we recog-
‘nize the faces of a number of its pioneer members; men who,
‘inspired by higher ideals and the prospect of a bright future,
organized this association more than a quarter of a century ago;
men who have been entrusted with positions of honor and trust;
‘men who have been responsible for the creation of your many
‘instructive programs; men who have met often in the past at
your annual events when there was scarce a quorum; men who
first raised the standard of our profession .in this state; men who,
through their scholarly attainments and professional dignity,
have so crystallized professional sentiment that, together with
) their associates, enjoy the distinction of one of the progressive
_ professional bodies in our great commonwealth to-day; and may
its future be not destroyed by the lack of personal interest, nor
- by discord through selfish motives of its members.

_ * Read: at meeting of Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association, Columbus, January
| 12 and 32, 1909.

569

’

570 G. W. CLIFFE.

On the contrary, we should pledge each other to be magnan
imous in spirit, faithful ‘and true, that we may at all times b
able to put out and keep out from our midst all contention tha
might threaten our existence as an association of professional)
men. Let us extend the glad hand to all, that united we may
stand for the honor, dignity, and universal betterment of ou
chosen profession, as we believe that we can never attain to o
highest and best in our profession or reach the goal in any of th |
more formidable avenues of progress or human activity unt
after we have learned to appreciate, appropriate and instill int
our very lives the alkaloid of the fundamental principles of soci
ethics. | ; F

Here let us inquire, shall the future policy of our professiot
be progression along the lines of future scientific research, 0
shall we lower the dignity of the profession to that plain noy
occupied by the smart ‘hoss-swapper,”’ or the professioné
“quack” in the practice of chicanery to secure a stray dollar?
We contend that in order to maintain the standard raised b
prominent men in the profession, we should be more dignified)
and more ethical toward each other, as well as to improve every) |
moment in further qualifying ourselves intellectually in all scien=)
tific subjects relative to veterinary science.

The first veterinary school that we have any record of wa
founded in 1762, at Lyons, France. ‘The first college in th
United States to attract our attention was the New York Colleg
of Veterinary Surgeons, which was opened in November, 186.
with Dr. Liautard as its first professor of anatomy, operative |
surgery and clinics. I-call your attention to these facts that yc
may better appreciate the great stride the science of comparative _
medicine and pathology has made within a very few years. We
deem it befitting us on this particular occasion to bestow all
honor upon those scholarly men who, by the results of their own

; I

ceaseless energies, carved the way that made it possible to plan Hs
the emblem of comparative and preventive medicine upon the
highest pinacle of professional science, that its emblazoned in- —

THE FUTURE POLICY OF THE PROFESSION. 571

scription might, as it were, shed the light of a new day over
_ the whole world, bringing to the multitude hope and inspiring
confidence of future relief. 1f we are to judge the future by the
_ past—and it only seems fair and just to do so—we must expect
_ that before the dawn of another century that the more intelligent
and civilized nations of the earth will plead that those men
_ qualified in the science of comparative pathology and medicine
_ should be made quardians of the public health, as well as of the
live stock interests of the world. To-day we ask ourselves: Are
_ we fully equipped to meet the ever-increasing responsibilities that
come with each succeeding year, and the fullest expectations of
an exacting public upon all questions relative to the public health
_ and economics in their relation and application to the live stock
interests in our country?
F It must soon appear to the general public that the veterinarian
| of to-day should be a scientific man, well versed in microscopy,
_ bacteriology, comparative pathology, materia medica, hygiene,
' and many other subjects not necessary for us to mention. We
_ are disposed to ask what, in your opinion, is the remedy, and how
- much longer will a patient people tolerate the “ quack” and his
_ dangerous methods in our own state of Ohio? We believe that
- such conditions will continue to exist until we are measured in-
_ dividually and collectively by public sentiment with the standard
set up by the medical profession. We are pleased to acknowl-
_ edge our obligations to the medical profession, for if it would
but suggest to its clientele the necessity of legal protection against
the expensive, dangerous and inhuman practice of the profes-
sional quack “ hoss doctor,” the whole people would be aroused
to a full realization of the present condition of affairs and the
importance of good and wholesome laws, not only for the better-
ment of public health conditions, but it would mean the saving of
thousands of dollars worth of domestic animals each year. There
* would soon appear upon the statute books of Ohio laws that
would meet the approval of the farmer and stock raiser, as well
as the public in general. When the public receives such protec-
tion we will have been benefited.

572 G. W. CLIFFE.

In order that we meet the present requirements, the up-to-date 7)

veterinarian is expected to have his shelves filld with a full supply
of the latest and best drugs, a complete line of hypodermic tablets,
the different serums, anti-toxins and all the intravenous com-—
pounds requisite to combat the most acute and critical diseases.
To be able to do this he should of necessity be a comprehensive |
student of pharmacology materia medica and of the practice of
medicine.

We argue that the state of Ohio should equip and maintain
a laboratory, where men of both professions could go if they so
desired, to improve themselves in the various scientific subjects”
or engage in exclusive and special research work, as they saw
fit. It would appear to us a step in the right direction. All the
different immunizing serums, anti-toxins, etc., etc., could be pro--
duced and furnished for the use of both professions from this
same plant which would mean the saving of thousands of dollarag
to the people of this state.

The people of this great United States have been blessed in {
the matter of national assets and variety of climate as no other —
country on earth in its great valleys and extensive plains of 7
virgin soil, whose fertility and adaptability to the industries of

agriculture and stock raising have challenged the admiration of 77

all nations. Its vast forests and mountains of inexhaustible
wealth, with the very bowels of our country belching forth, as it
were, the fluids of the lower regions, and further stimulated by —
the world’s centre of manufacture, has created an avaricious
spirit, which has forced to the front that all-absorbing thought, -

“ get the money.” And in that grand scramble for wealth some ~
of the more important economic questions have almost been lost B | |

sight of.

The services of the qualified veterinarian in relation to the aa
public health and the live stock interests of the country are now |

rapidly and most surely becoming recognized as of great value 9

to the nation, not only from the economic principle of commercial —
value, but also from that human principle that should always be
present in the qualified veterinarian.

THE FUTURE POLICY OF THE PROFESSION. 573

We believe that one of the greatest national assets is the soil,
when utilized and cared for along those strict economic lines for
_ the preservation of its fertility and adaptability to the wants and
needs of future generations; and we would suggest to the present
"army of men now engaged in agriculture and the live stock
interests to study more thoroughly the valued relations existing
between the qualified veterinarian and the very best results that
_ they may hope to attain from agriculure and live stock industries.
Wy The inevitable change for the betterment of our profession is
" apparent, the public demanding the right to employ the qualified
| veterinarian wherever he may be found; and while our legisla-
- ture at their last session failed to create the much-needed pro-
q tection to the live stock interests of our great state, we accept
their conclusions as a blessing in disguise, believing the future
has many good things in store for the agriculturist and stock
_ raiser, as well as the qualified veterinarian.
The day has arrived when men in all professions should be
highly educated and well trained in their respective lines. Much
i more is the responsibility that rests with the student of veterinary
_ science, that he may be able to intelligently meet all demands in
% the future made of him by the agriculturist and stock raiser, as
_ well as to solve the many knotty problems which threaten the
_ public health conditions, will most surely be his future province.
If his scientific education is based upon a broad and substan-
_ tial preparatory foundation, the broader fields he will be able to
master, and much greater will be his degree of usefulness to his
| country, and if it be true that we suffer the odium of that stig-
matic term “ hoss doctor,” the cause must lie in the fact that our
early education was most sadly neglected for want of better op-
portunities. But to-day we are proud to say that is not the con-
_ dition of things, as the different universities and colleges for the
| education and training of the veterinarian, both in Europe and
this country, rank high with similar institutions in all countries.
If you please, who is responsible for present-day opportuni-
ties? Surely not the empiric; far from it. This responsibility
rests upon the heads of honored men of whom we would love to

574 ; ; G. W. CLIFFE.

speak, but time will not permit. But you must permit us to name a

a few, perhaps most familiar to us. We first mention that zeal-
ous champion of our cause for years, the immortal “ Bell,” all
honor to his memory; that courageous writer and teacher of the ~
science of our profession, “ Pearson”; that early advocate and _
instructor in the science as a profession, ‘“ Liautard.”’ It would ~
be wrong not to mention one of the fathers of our profession,
“Law.” With pleasure we mention that scholarly gentleman _
and diplomat, Dr. John G. Rutherford. ii

Gentlemen, such is the class of men responsible for the ele- |
vation and rapid advancement of our profession, men who have —

demonstrated to the world the value of the thoroughly trained ©
veterinarian and his relation with economic and humanitarian _

principles, their application in relation to the public health, agri- | |

culture and the live stock interests. It appears to us that our ©

cause will be sustained by an intelligent public without further
evidence as to who has made the most brilliant discoveries in

scientific research. What are they? How were they made? |
What for? And how will their application benefit the public ||
generally? Suffice to say that many of the most brilliant and |
valuable discoveries of medicine and pathology made in recent ~

years, have been made by the students of comparative anatomy,
pathology and medicine, and should be a part of the veterinarian’s
knowledge of to-day.

We hold the various demonstrations to care for and discharge
the newly recognized responsibilities that we find assigned to
the veterinarian as the result of recent scientific research, entitles
him to a full and implicit communion and fellowship with the
medical practitioner, and no man in the medical profession is
better equipped than the qualified comparative anatomist and
pathologist to advise and direct all those preventive measures for

the universal suppression of those contagious and infectious | |

diseases depending upon the lower animals for their introduc-
tion or transmission to man, or that prove inter-communicable.
This fact should settle for all time, the present relation the
veterinarian sustains to the welfare of the public health.

THE FUTURE POLICY OF THE PROFESSION. 575

_ Our profession is young; its rapid strides to the front in
ertain lines, the results of scientific research, has attracted the
ttention of the more intelligent of all civilized countries; but let
“us not forget the professional man, whom we are pleased to call
yur physician, who has been here for centuries. He is a fixture;
society claims him as her own; the great and good service he
nas done and will ever continue to render the people of all nations,
beyond the comprehension of the most modern philosopher.
us not speak lightly of his virtues, nor attempt to shear from
1im any of the honor, glory or renown he has so truly won; the
sult of faithful, heroic servitude and personal scarifices. Let
1s cultivate his personal interest and favor, let us show him, let
s demonstrate to him by diagnoses and post-mortem the accu-
‘acy of our methods in the detection of tuberculous cattle; let
as explain to him our many advantages and opportunities for
‘future research; let us call his attention to our relation in the
matter of meat and milk as food products, and its inspection; let
us remind him that one of the important duties of our profession
s to instruct our clientele in the most approved methods of
hygiene and sanitary measures in the production of all domestic
animals, which must accrue to the financial interests of the pro-
| ducer, and assist materially in the humane endeavor in which we
are all interested—the prevention of disease. Let us call his at-
| tention to our peculiar fitness, the result of special training to
meet all questions of hygiene and sanitation as they relate to the
welfare of the public health. He may then say to the public,
“there are two professions to-day engaged in that noble and
humane cause of life saving,’ and assist us in educating society
to give us a place at his right hand and laws that will sustain
and protect us—is what we are asking to-day. The conservative
policy of our worthy Board of Examiners is surely developing
the line of demarkation in Ohio. |
Gentlemen, we believe the searchlight of public intelligence is
. turned upon us as never before, and if we are able to meet all
_ requirements indicated by the sign of the times, there is surely a
bright future in store for the qualified.

576 G. W. CLIFFE.

And while under the gaze of public inspection, dare we be _
less dignified than men of other professions? Dare we be less”
gentlemanly and courteous toward each other and the public? |
Dare we be less indifferent in the selection of our associates ir
society? Can we afford to spend our spare moments in public
places of loiter, or had we better devote such time to our books
or something commendable? Gentlemen, can we afford to place
the dollar above the principles of professional ethics? We be-
lieve that the status of our profession in society depends upon
the personnel of its members; the people render the verdict ; are
you ready for it? ;

We respect the motto of our association—Fraternalism—
and its policy—Progression—with a firm resolve in the future
to be strong enough to eradicate from our midst any unkind feel-
ing or thought against a member. Be dignified as professional
men, but courteous and fair to the public, that our efforts will be)”
commendatory to the people. Being personally interested in the |)
elevation of our profession to a high and dignified position with
all honorable professions, to that end we offer our best efforts.

Locat MEN INVENT Potato MACHINE.—A potato cutter
and planter has been invented by Dr. Mark D. Williams, the
well-known local veterinary surgeon, and Ernest Brown, and
application has been made to the Washington patent office for
a patent upon it. It promises to make a material saving of labor
to the farmer who is engaged extensively in potato raising.

The machine will be drawn by two horses and will cut and
plant potatoes as fast as the horses can walk without making
any skips. The potatoes will be cut from end to end, thus di- 7
viding the seed end, and will plant at any intervals the operator
wishes to set it. One or two potatoes or pieces of potatoes can
be planted in a hill, this being optional with the operator. |

The inventors are deserving of considerable credit for their
accomplishment in inventing this device. Dr. Williams, who
is one of the best known veterinaries in the state and nation, has
always taken an interest in the development of agriculture and
particularly hortiewlture—(Middleport Herald, Middleport,
N.Y.) . |

_ A PRACTITIONER’S EXPERIENCE WITH ECHINACEA.*
By D. D. Le Fevre, D.V.M., Newark, N. Y.

At the various veterinary meetings that I have attended I
have sometimes talked with different veterinarians about using
echinacea and what results they have obtained. From the an-
swers they have given me I conclude that the drug is not used
very much in general practice. Some have answered that they
did not know what kind of cases to use it on. Here I would say
use it anywhere and everywhere, where everything else has
failed; use it where you have no hopes of a recovery and see
how it will surprise you. There is a whole lot about what slip
in nature allows disease to take hold of one individual and allows
another to escape; why some recover, others do not; although so
far as we can see, each may: have just as good a right to stay
well, to become sick, or to get well as the other; why one colt
of a drove of eight or ten should have an irregular form of
strangles, be covered with large abscesses and probably die, while
in the others it follows the regular course and they get well quick-

ly. For a moment think of the wonderful cure of parturient

paresis and who can explain it! So there are many things about
disease that we do not just understand; also, the obscure action
of some drugs in curing disease we can not explain. One of those
drugs that we know the least about how it acts is Echinacea
Angustifolia, and yet I have seen some of the most marvelous
cures effected with this drug.

In 1904 Professor Fish issued a bulletin giving the history
and telling us about its uses, action, and chemical combination;
and relating a number of experiments that he had made; so I
will not take time here to dwell on those points, but will proceed
to report some cases giving an idea of what cases I have found
it most applicable to.

* Read before the twentieth annual meeting, New York State Veterinary Medical

| Society, Ithaca, August, 1909.

577

ot
=|
@

D. D. LE FEVRE,

I. May 5, 1904. Gus Orr called me to see a five-year-old
black .cow,.dry . at. pasture; pregnant six or seven months;
paralyzed, drawn home on a stone-boat; apparently same kind of
case as parturient paresis, except no tendency toward coma; pa-
tient eats a little; is bright in appearance, but will not stand up or
even try to; pulse and temperature normal. For seven days I
poured down that cow’s throat every kind of medicine that I
could think of; tired myself'and owner both out raising her up
and down with slings, and both of us had made up our minds
that it was all off with the cow, and he was asking me to kill her.
At that time temperature was 105, pulse 90, respiration about 70,
inhalation, decubitus, or some other kind of pneumonia was pres-
ent; going to die. I persuaded owner to get two pounds of
powdered echinacea and give her three ounces every four hours.
The next morning the owner ’phoned me the cow was up walking
around the yard eating. I get from two to four of these cases a
year and find that the drug in large doses acts like a specific; per-
haps the treatment for parturient paresis would do as well.

2. May 4, 1908. Called by Bert Gravell to see cow seven
years old. Jersey, new milker, in fine condition, giving large
mess of milk, till May 2 when she was out in a cold rain storm
all night. On the third he noticed she was sick and on the fourth
he called me. I found the cow shivering, trembling ; temperature
106, pulse 80, breathing rapid; head drawn upwards; mucous
membrane of eye blood-shot ; animal which was previously docile
is now very nervous and if handled becomes very much excited,
jumps in manger and rams around in stall till it is dangerous to
handle her. Occasionally if not disturbed owner tells me she be-
comes quiet and may try to eat a little. It is noticed that she is
partially blind. Diagnosed cerebral meningitis. From the
fourth to the eighth, patient constantly grew worse, in spite of
pounds of salts, nitrate of potash and bromides, some arecoline,
and chloride of barium, and other things. On the eighth cow is
totally blind, cornea completely opaque, or rather bloody; bulges
out as if eyeball would burst. Seems to try to stand on tip toes;
is in a constant tremble; head drawn up; nose poked in corner of

A PRACTITIONER'S EXPERIENCE WITH ECHINACEA. 579

‘stall against wall; is crazy; dangerous to try to give medicine;
trembles so she shakes floor; temperature still 106; respiration
‘stertorous, can hear her out of doors; could not take pulse;
owner begs me to kill her. I persuade him to get one pound of
‘echinacea and give one-quarter pound three times a day; next
morning owner ’phoned me cow was much better; medicine was
| continued and in two days cow was out in yard grazing and in
| about two weeks the eyes cleared up and she came back to her
‘milk, making a complete recovery.
' 3. November 10, 1907. W. J. Swartz attempted to remove
', the placenta from one of his cows. November 18 I was called. I
| don’t think I need to describe her. You have all seen and smelled
lots of just such ones; gaunt arched back, staring coat, straining
) and passing a little fetid pus every few minutes; refuses food;
high temperature and so forth; from the 18th to the 23d that cow
received all kinds of dope, including nuclein, tallianine and cal-
» cium sulphide, gentian, nux vomica, nitrate of potash, and several
) kinds of injections, and she grew constantly worse till on the
|) 23d she is nearly ready to die; refuses food entirely; has to be
helped up and is a picture of misery. I persuaded owner to get
| echinacea; gave four ounces three times that day; next day she
| began to eat a little; medicine was continued, and in three days
| she was eating everything she could get to, and soon made a
complete recovery and gave a good mess of milk.
> 4. May 4, 1904. Called by J. B. Dickerson to see bay mare
- six years old in good flesh ; fine roader; she is in a box stall; eats
_ sparingly; seems in pain; gets up and down; acts uneasy; tem-
_ perature 105; legs sore to touch; acts stiff; walks lame all over.
_ May 7, abscess of flexor tendon bursa at hock joint is opened;
May 9, one on left hock; next day, one on front leg at knee: some
at fetlock; all forelegs are affected and almost every flexor ten-
~ don sheath suppurates; also abscess on flank and chest are lanced.
_ For a period of ten days, I think, an abscess was lanced almost
| every day. On May 18 animal was gotten out on a paddock back
| a of barn out of sight where she could be buried. She was a sight to
behold; sores all over ; could see the hip bones bare; but she. being

580 D. D. LE FEVRE.

a fine horse and a pet of the family, we began giving echinacea i
large doses internally and washing sores with echofolta and dust-_

and was eating good. I never saw sores heal so fast in my life.
In a very short while horse was working, completely recovered.

I might go on and mention any number of cases where it)
has given me the finest kind of results, but these will serve to _
give an idea of what kind of cases I have used it in. I always use
it in poll-evil and fistulous withers both internally and externally,
and have the finest kind of results.

I love to doctor those cases because they are easy jobs for me.
I always get a good cure and a pleased client with but little work _
and a good fee. Why, I could not keep house without echinacea. —
I generally let the owner buy it as it is too expensive for me to ||
furnish.

MEDIATE AUSCULTATION.

I have often wondered why the mediate form of auscultation |
(Laennec) has not been more fully made use of by the veterina
profession. ren

It appeals to one in the matter of gaining more accurate |
knowledge of each individual case—shutting out so much of the |
surrounding disturbances encountered, especially where numbers —
of cows are confined in one place—as well as too many gossiping |
bystanders. |

With practice, I am sure no one would discontinue it when
acquainted with its advantages, to say nothing of its appearance, |
from a professional standpoint. Now that physical diagnosis
means so much, in the examination of bovine tuberculosis alone, ~
it seems a good time to begin this method also,

Then, I think the majority of cases can be more positively -
stated, “as not having the specified disease examined for,” to |
quote the words of a member of the recent conference at Ithaca; |
and I think this would be largely the answer to his question and
the means by which such verdict can be derived. te a

When every outfit contains a phonendoscope, or even a stetho- |
scope, conscientiously used, less guesswork and a more satisfac- |
tory decision to all concerned will be attained. Fi

C. J. Mutvey, D.V.S., Mooers, N. Y.

URETHRAL CALCULUS OF THE OX.*

By H. L. Stewart, Lacona, IA.

My reason for selecting this subject is because | believe it
has never been brought before this association for discussion,
) and in my opinion is a much more common ailment than is usu-

ally supposed ; and in many cases the trouble is not properly diag-
nosed, owing to the fact that such a very small calculus is the
' cause of the trouble; and speaking from personal experience is
|) often diagnosed as some other disease and treated as such, till
) the case terminates in death. I am frank to say that I did not
always diagnose it the same, or treat it the same, but usually got
') the same graveyard results. And one reason I so readily ac-
knowledge my mistaken diagnosis, is because I have been called
' in consultation several times and I found that other practitioners
' were making the same mistake that I had made, and I have often
' wondered what the experience of other practitioners was with
|, this trouble; and I have been unable to find much literature
on this subject, and that is what prompted me to write this short
paper.
| __ I do not believe any of us have ever overlooked this trouble
in the horse, owing to the urethra being so much larger; espe-
| cially near the meatus, and will accommodate a so much larger
calculus that it is easily diagnosed; but with the ox a calculus
_ weighing two or three grains will cause very serious conditions,
t _and produce death, owing to the peculiar S shape of the urethral
~ canal, that it is a very easy place for them to form or lodge and
very difficult for them to pass them. The calculus is usually
found at or near the curve in the urethra, yet does sometimes
_ form near the meatus, and may form any place in the urethra.
ihe symptoms of the disease differ somewhat in different cases
"and that is why it is often diagnosed as different diseases.

* Read before the Iowa Veterinary Association at Fort Dodge.
581

oh ea!

at
'
a

582 H. L. STEWART.

get up, will elevate the tail a little, as seen when urinating nor-~
mally, and usually from one or two to a dozen drops of urine —
will be seen to dribble from the point of the sheath for the first
day or two, and in some cases a drop will be seen to fall about |
every ten seconds, but in many cases there will not be a drop of |
urine seen. In many cases the animal will be seen to kick at the 7
belly as sometimes seen with abdominal pains and the usual con-
- stitutional symptoms of an ox in pain are present. Some have 2
little elevation of temperature, and a slight diarrhoea, a peculiar
stamping of the feet as if they might itch is not an uncommon
symptom. Where there is not too much swelling, and the animal
1s not too fat, by passing the hand along the urethra, the calculus
may be located; as it is very painful to the touch, and when lo-
cated by the pain evinced, the calculus, though very small, usually
about the size of a kernel of barley, may be felt by carefully |)
feeling for it. There is usually more or less swelling, and in)
some cases the swelling is enormous; sometimes swollen the en- |
tire length of the belly, and half way up the sides of the animal.
In some cases suppuration takes place and sloughs through the
urethra, and allows the urine to escape underneath the skin, and
I have seen not less than five gallons of urine escape as soon aS
an incision was made through the skin, and yet find the calculus
slightly imbedded in the urethra just anterior to the opening
made by the sloughing; I have met with several cases of this |
nature. |
In some cases they slough through to the outside, forming,

so to speak, a new urinary meatus and opening into the sheath,
and the animal voids his urine through the opening thus made,
and seems to do fairly well for a while. I have seen two cases_
where, after the animal had made a partial recovery, and the }|
opening produced by the sloughing had almost closed up, the ure- 7)
thra become distended and form a receptacle, in which a large |
number of calculi ranging from the size of a kernel of wheat to |
as large as one or two kernels of corn, forming a mass two and
a half inches or more in diameter, Yet, while there are a few 7

URETHRAL CALCULUS OF THE OX. 583

that recover in this Wway, there are but very’ few ‘that recover
without being operated on.

Until the last couple of years I have iiveys operated for the
removal of the calculus; usually operating just anterior to the
scrotum, and after removing the calculus found there was so
- much inflammation that the urethra was swollen shut; and in

several instances amputated the penis, then made another in-
cision just posterior to the scrotum, and found the same con-
dition. I have several times amputated the penis here owing to
a partially gangrenous condition, then made an incision just in-
ferior to the anus. But for the past two years I have not oper-
ated for the removal of the calculus except in a few cases to con-
vince the owner that I was right in my diagnosis; but usually
make an eliptical incision just inferior to the anus, about three
inches long and about one and a half inches wide, then make an
‘incision in the urethra about one and a half inches long, and the
urine usually spurts out, but if it does not I catheterize the animal
then with a linen suture, suture the divided edges of the urethra
back to the skin. Of course the ordinary antiseptic precautions
should be used. I have never used much after-treatment and
have gotten the best of results, and have never seen any bad re-
sults from leaving the calculus where it was, and the animal
seemed to thrive as well as if nothing had been wrong.

THE Society of Comparative Medicine of the New York
State Veterinary College, will hold its annual banquet at the
Ithaca Hotel, Thursday evening, February 24th.

Dr. JoHN SPENCER, of Pulaska, Va., has accepted a position
on the staff of the University of Wisconsin, at Madison, as
“ Lecturer in Veterinary Science,” to long course students.

A SECOND hearty welcome from the Pacific Coast comes from
| the President of the Southern Auxiliary of the California State
| Veterinary Medical Association. Read it under head of corre-
spondence on page 604 of this issue. a.

PROTARGOL AND ITS USE IN PURPURA
HAEMORRHAGICA.*

By R. H. Kineston, D.V.S., New Yorx City,

On the first of October, 1905, I started to use solutions of
Protargol in the treatment of Purpura Haemorrhagica, and I be- —
lieve I may claim priority in the intravenous use of this drug in —
this disease in New York City. The discovery of its use was —

accidental ; at the time I was using a five (5%) per cent. solution ~

as an injection for a horse with synovitis. In the same stable I
had a green horse with purpura and after the disease had de-
veloped to such an extent that the horse appeared to me to be be-
yond recovery, I gave him a hypodermic injection in the neck of —
40 c.c. of a five per cent. solution of protargol and at the same
time put in a tracheotomy tube, as the horse was suffocating. By
the afternoon the neck on that side was swollen from his head
to his withers and I then injected 40 c.c. of two and one-half per
cent. solution on the other side of the neck. The next morning
both sides of the neck from the withers to the head were greatly
swollen, but the horse appeared to be no worse. I then started to
give the horse intravenous injections of 60 c.c. of a two and one-
half per cent. solution twice a day, rather expecting fatal re-
sults. This treatment was continued for a week and the animal
made a rapid recovery. There was no sloughing due to the hypo-
dermic injections in the sides of the neck.

As'I frequently have cases of purpura haemorrhagica in the
green horses that are undergoing or following their acclimating
sicknesses I use solutions of protargol exclusively in the treatment
of this disease, the dose varying from 30 c.c. to 60 ¢.c. of from
two and one-half per cent. to ten per cent. solutions, once and
twice a day. If the horses are swollen around the nostrils I use
cold showers and in several animals I had to insert tracheotomy
tubes, but used no other medication on any of them. I also ex-
perimented on normal healthy horses to determine the maximum
dose, if possible. A number of horses were given 60 c.c. of a

* Read before the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City, November 3,
1909,
584

PROTARBGOL AND ITS USE IN PURPURA HAEMORRHAGICA, 585

per cent. solution three times a day with no apparent ill
fects. Other horses received 60 c.c. of a ten per cent. solution
before starting to work. How much a normal horse will stand I
can not state as 60 c.c. three times a day is the largest quantity
I ever used on any horse. Two and one-half per cent., five per
| cent. and ten per cent. solutions of this drug were used on a
number of horses affected with purpura; over ninety per cent.
) of them making a complete and rapid recovery, and in none of
‘them was there any sloughing away of the tissue. The records

| kept in these cases show that about ninety per cent. recovered
| and the ones that died had other complications. One horse died
suddenly after he had made a complete recovery, had been exer-
) cised and got ready to work. I was unable to hold an autopsy on
him, but he had not received any protargol for over two weeks,
| The strength solutions that give the most satisfactory results
) are two and one-half per cent. and five per cent. used twice a day,
| the dose at each injection ranging from 30 c.c. to 60 cc. This
| solution should be used intravenously and the solution made up
with cold water, distilled preferred. The solution keeps better if
made up cold, and I make up enough at a time to last for two
|) or three days’ treatment only. I never warm the solution before
injecting it into the jugular vein, but no doubt it might be an
| advantage. The two and one-half per cent. of solution seems
| to give as good results as the five per cent. solution, but, although
| the ten per cent. can be used without any bad results, I would
_ recommend the weaker solutions.

In a majority of the cases of purpura where I used this drug,
_ the treatment was kept up from three to six days only. It is
- needless for me to describe the symptoms of this disease, but, in
connection with them, I would say that I noticed in some cases
- that the great cedematous swellings would almost all disappear
_ over night. At first I looked for a fatal termination, but found
later that this does not call for an unfavorable prognosis.
rs I persuaded a number of the members of this society to try

_ the treatment, and I believe they have had about the same results
" that I have had.

HORSE SHOEING.*

By Dr. W. H. Ropinson, Woopsrorp, ME.

In fulfillment of my promise to your secretary to prepare a
paper on the shoeing of interfering horses.

Interfering is a subject which a veterinarian is often called 7
to treat. There are many kinds of interfering, but those of
which I will speak about are knee-hitting, shin and ankle-hitting, —
these being the principal ones. You can take a horse from pas-
ture and leave his feet alone with all the wings on them, not level-
ing them up to suit the eye, and drive on your shoes, and I have
never seen one of them that would hit after he was shod. But
when the horse-shoer begins to rasp and make the feet smaller, —

and then change the action of the feet, this is when the trouble |”

commences. Nine out of ten horses that interfere wear their

shoes away on the outside portions, which indicate clearly that |
the horse’s foot is not balanced on its leg, and shows further that |)
the part of the foot that comes in contact with the ground is the ~

first side that wears away. That is the high side; for if the foot |

was balanced it would wear both sides alike, although standing
with the foot on the floor, and as looking at it you could measure ~
the inside part from the coronary band down to the ground sur- —
face and find that it measures the shortest, while the outside part —
of the foot may to the eye seem to be the highest; while in reality |
it is the longest, and the shoe is found worn away on the outside |
part the most. This shows very plainly that the foot is high —

outside. Floor-men as a rule, cannot balance the foot correctly — ,

because of the way that they hold it when dressing it. Instead —

of beveling the foot to suit the joints by picking it up and hold-

ing the metacarpal bone and letting it hang in a proper position, —
they catch it between their knees and twist it to suit their eye and)
not the joints. Most of the horses that interfere are the toe-wide —
or base-wide, sometimes called “nigger heel.” Nigger heel

* Read before the Maine Veterinary Medical Association,
586

HORSE SHOEING, q 587

’ horses are, as a rule, bad interferers and generally hard to cure.
The toe-wide kind will be found wearing their shoes on the out-
side, where the greatest body of the foot is found to be. When
you get a horse standing in the correct position, which is, to have
his foot equal on both sides, he is very seldom found to inter-
fere; he will break over the toe straight on the shoe. In shoeing
interferers I generally put on a straight toed shoe, which assists
in this square breaking over movement of the foot. This in it-
self has a tendency to cause the horse to carry the foot and limbs
more correctly in line with the body. In shoeing the toe-wide
foot it is necessary to try and turn the toe in, making it of the
pigeon-toed variety; or the reverse of this is the rule to follow in
case of the horse that toes in, thus giving the foot a chance to
|) break straight at the toe. In shoeing a faulty-gaited one of the
’ interfering type, the shoer must always see him in action before
| he starts to shoe him. A view should be taken of the horse both
going from you and coming towards you. Another point of great
value is to drive the horse on moist ground, so as to see the prints
') of the shoe and learn how he breaks over, and if he breaks or
| rocks over the inside, the toe may be extended over the shoe so
|, that it will force him to break over more squarely. If calks are
being used, the toe calk can be extended over that portion. I

_ would suggest, in shoeing the pigeon-toed variety, that you work
| directly opposite to the way that you would on one of the toe-
| wide position, by taking away the inside toe of the foot and ex-
_ tending the shoe over the outside, with the outside heel of the
| shoe fitted close to the inside, and sometimes fitted full and ex-
| tended over. As a rule the pigeon-toed do not interfere,
and if they do, it will be found that they hit generally with
_ the inside toe. The driving helps out a good deal; if a horse
' is driven properly and is not jerked to one or the other side,
— pulled around corners or pulled up too quickly; as it deprives
him of the full use of his head, and has a bad influence on his
_ trouble. Weakness is another cause of interfering in horses, by

| their not having strength to carry their limbs, no matter |!

_ lightly they are shod; and the tendency is that they are likely to

588 W. H. ROBINSON.

interfere when overdriven. Many times the owner will dictate _ '
how he wants his horse shod; most times whether right or wrong |
and will not listen to an opinion. Horse shoeing is a mechanical
art and not a rottghly hewed work, which some men think who ||
know no better, but it is a fine mechanical calling and men must
understand the responsibility of their calling.

Drs. GLover, Newsom, Kaupp and Barnes attended the State |
Veterinary Association Meeting held in Denver recently.

Tue local meat inspection force under the management of Dr.
Busman gave a pathological exhibit to the meat inspection class —
of the Veterinary Department of the Colorado Agricultural Col- |)
lege during the stock show in Denver early in January. ;

It is generally conceded that there is much more tuberculosis
prevailing among the flocks and herds in Great Britain than in
this country. The annual report of Mr. A. M. Trotter, V. S., to.

the Corporation of Glasgow, Scotland, bears out this contention. ||

Some 57,751 of home-fed cattle were slaughtered in Glasgow |)
last year and 9,614 head were affected with tuberculosis; that is |)
over 16 per cent.. Of these, 1,158 carcasses were totally de-—
stroyed. There was a total of 35,387 head of foreign cattle
slaughtered in the city and only 520 were affected, or 1.48 per |
cent. Of those affected, only 8 carcasses were totally destroyed ©
and 21 partially —Live Stock Journal.

If the appealing picture of the four little daughters of New —
York, requesting Mayor Gaynor and Park Commissioner Stover —
from the back of their surrey to “ please * * * let the auto- —
mobiles go up Fifth and Eighth avenues, so we can drive our
ponies in Central Park again,” as published on the front page of
The Rider and Driver of January 22, were but heeded, as it should
be, what a step toward a restoration of “ the peaceful life’? would 7
be taken. If anyone had predicted fifteen or twenty years ago that —
any mechanical appliance would some day be allowed to literally
plow up and destroy the roads in Central Park, which were the ©
pride, not only of New York City, but of the entire country, and |

convert that beautiful, shady, flower-perfumed retreat into a |
dangerous, oil-besmirched, malodorous pandemonium, he would 7)

have been considered a fit subject for the “ funny house”; and
yet that is exactly what has taken place. Let us echo the request —
of the dear little ones in the surrey; please Mr. Mayor and Mr. }
Commissioner, use your good offices to correct this evil.

LIGHT AND VENTILATION. *
By D. H. Upatt, D.V.M., Irmaca, N, Y.

__ Consideration of the air in its relation to health involves a
study of the constituents of the air (gases, dust), the physical
properties of the atmosphere, the weather and the climate.
The following constituents are of great hygienic importance:
Oxygen 20.7 per cent.
Carbon dioxid .03 per cent. (3 parts in 10,000).
Water vapor _ variable.
Ammonia, nitric acid, nitrates, dust.
In quiet breathing from 2.5 per cent. (horse) to 5 per cent.
(man) of the inspired oxygen is used. This unites with the
-hemaglobin, and chemical union occurs even when the amount
of oxygen in the air is reduced 50 per cent. Less than this
amount causes rapid breathing and an increase in the frequency
of the heart’s beat. The effect of continuous breathing of air
|, poor in oxygen has not yet been determined. Variations in the
amount of oxygen in the air of different localities are too slight
_ to possess hygienic importance. mm
Carbon dioxid varies in amount in the free air. There is an
average of 3 parts in 10,000 in the country to 3.7 parts in 10,000
in cities. In living rooms where there are no active currents
the amount is as high as 1 to 2 or even I0 parts in 1,000. The
' sources of carbon dioxid are the breath of animals (cow and
17 horse 100-125 liters per hour), decomposition of manure, oxida-
_ tion of gas and fuel. It is removed from the air by plants, rain,
; and chemical union with organic matter. It serves as an index
to the degree of impurity of air and is therefore of great
__ hygienic importance. This gas alone is rarely present in amounts
sufficient to cause acute poisoning. In combination with other

* Presented to the twentieth annual meeting, New York State Veterinary Medical
_ Society. Ithaca. August, 1909.
589

590 D. H. UDALL,

gases that are formed with carbon dioxid it acts as a depressant. — |
Continuous inhalation of these gases lowers the nutrition and
tone, respiration is depressed, the lungs are poorly aerated, and — |
the animal is more susceptible to infection. |

According to Pettenkofer the air in living rooms should con-—
tain not more than 10 parts of carbon dioxid in 10,000. Ac-
cording to several European writers on veterinary hygiene stable |
air should contain not more than 30 parts in 10,000. 4

WATER VAPOR.—The temperature determines the amount of |
water that may be retained in the air in the form of vapor. |

At zero Centigrade this is 4.876 gm. 4.876 = 100 %.

Cbm. at 20° Centigrade this is 17.18 gm. 4.876 gm. = 28%. —
Percentages refer to the relative amount present. Water of con- —
densation in a stable indicates that there is a relative moisture of ©
100 per cent., that is, the air is saturated and the excess has |
formed as water of condensation. The absolute amount of moist- |
ure in the air is greater in summer than in winter, but the relative ©
amount is greater in winter. The per cent. of moisture is high- —
est in the morning and lowest between two and four in the dfter- _
noon. The amount of water vapor in the air is of great hygienic ©
importance. It’s sources are the same as those of carbon dioxid |
(breath of animals, decomposition of manure), and like C.O.2 ©
it is an index to the vitiation of the air. By some investigators
the determination of water vapor is considered of more import-
ance than that of C.O.2, this is especially true of stables.

Saturation with high temperature leads to saturation of the
brain or lungs with heat stroke. Saturation with low tempera-
ture induces heat radiation and it is more difficult to maintain
the body warmth. Stable air in winter often contains too much
moisture (95 per cent.). Remaining permanently in such a —
saturation is detrimental, the animals become depressed, tone, —
nutrition and resistance are lowered, refrigeration and respiratory
diseases occur. Moist air is a better medium than dry for the
sporulation and vitality of pathogenic organisms, and in such an
atmosphere the course of disease is always prolonged. Under

LNGHT AND VENTILATION, 591

; ygienic conditions with a temperature of 65 to 70, Fahrenheit,
_ the moisture is from 40 to 70 per cent.

Ammonia, due to the decomposition of urine, is sometimes
present in stable air to the extent of 1 part in 1,000. Its effect
‘is that of an irritant to the mucous membranes.

Dust may be so prevalent as to cause mechanical irritation of
| the air passages. Its principal danger is as a carrier of germs.
One cubic foot contains on an average of 20+40, 4-8 of which are
» bacteria, the rest fungi. The germs arise from the ground, the
skin and mucous membranes, clothes, etc. They are not carried
' into the air by expiration or from moist surfaces by means of
evaporation. Small drops carrying germs may be carried into
the air by coughing or sneezing, where they may remain for a
| long time, especially in stables where there are few currents.
Most of the germs in the air are harmless. Pathogenic organ-
_ isms, with the exception of those that form pus, have not yet been
found in the free atmosphere. It is safe to assume that diseases
are rarely transmitted through the free air. This is due to the
dilution of the air and the effect of light and dessication as dis-
') infectants. In closed rooms infection through the air more read-
|| ily occurs, especially when diseased animals are excreting patho-
' genic organisms. This appears to be true of tuberculosis of the
_ lungs, nasal and lung glanders, and influenza. A portion of the
_ infected drops may be taken in with water and food, masses may
| dry and infection be carried into the room a long time afterwards
in the form of dust. Infection by means of drops and dust is
overcome only by disinfection, currents of air are insufficient.

| VENTILATION.—When animals are kept in a room that is
_ closed on all sides the air gradually becomes stale from the con-
sumption of oxygen by animals and micro-organisms; contami-
_ nation by C.O.2 and other offensive gases arising from the intes-
tines, skin, manure, etc.; water vapor from animal exhalations,
food, water, urine and manure. Good stable air contains about
_ 1,400 bacteria and 200 fungi per cubic foot, under poor condi
tions these may be increased 10 to 15 times.

592 D. H. UDALL,

Remaining continuously in vitiated stable air reduces the
nutrition, blood-formation and resistance, disease spreads more _
rapidly and the attacks are prolonged. lt has often been observed |
that the introduction of good ventilation has reduced the sick-rate’ |
and mortality and stimulated the functions. In this connection /}
Dammann has referred to a stable containing 80 well-fed Swiss
dairy cows in which the installation of a good system of ventila-— .
tion increased the yearly output 483 quarts under identical con- |
ditions of feeding. The condition of the milk is also affected by |
ventilation. If a constant change of air is not practical it should |
be effected not less than half an hour before the time of milking. |”

In determining the requirements of ventilation it is custom-
ary to consider the gaseous impurities of the air and in many |
cases this is confined to the amount of C.O.2 which is used as an
index. Where cattle and swine are kept it is essential to deter- |
mine the per cent. of water vapor, and in horse stables to estimate |
the amount of ammonia. The water vapor should not average
more than 40 to 60 per cent. The maximum amount of C.O.2
should not exceed 2 to 3 parts per 1,000. Stable air containing
more than 3 to 1,000 is vitiated. |

The hourly exhalation of C.O.2 from domestic animals is ~
about 300 cubic centimetres per kilogram of body weight, it ©
varies with the food and temperature. In a stable of 10 cows
weighing 400 kilograms (800 pounds) the hourly production is —
about 1,200 liters (42.37 feet). ;

Stable air contains 3 parts C.O.2 per 1,000..
Fresh air contains .3 parts C.O.2 per 1,000.

1,000 parts air absorb 2.7 parts C.O.2 hourly.
1 liter air absorbs 2.7 cc. C.O.2 hourly.

1,200 liters C.O.2, hourly production of 10 cows, absorb 444,444 |
liters (15,693 cubic feet) of air hourly, the amount of air neces- |
sary to provide 1,000 parts of air to 3 parts of C.O.2. After
providing for the other. sources of C.O.2 it will require from
1,588 to 2,471 cubic feet per hour per cow. With a good system

LIGHT AND VENTILATION. 593

of ventilation the air cannot be replenished more than twice or
" three times hourly so that each cow should have not less than 600
t 800 cubic feet of air space, that is, a half to a third of the air
) required each hour. With less active ventilation, the usual con-
ditions, the space should be greater.
SysTEMs OF VENTILATION.—The forces controlling changes
in the air supply are variations in temperature, currents of air,
and diffusion. The last of little practical importance. Ventila-
’ tion through incidental or accidental openings is not easily con-
‘trolled. When there are few currents of air in motion it is not
sufficient, during a storm the animals may be exposed to drafts.
| Natural ventilation is far from ideal.
_ Artificial ventilation must provide for three things: 1.
7A supply of pure air. 2. Free circulation through the in-
) takes and exits without exposing the animals to drafts. 3. The
’ circulation must be continuous and easily regulated. Fresh air
“must reach the animal in abundance and preferably in the region
” of the head; it should be brought in through shafts made for the
|) purpose, rather than through windows and doors.
* __ To provide for a complete circulation the intakes and exits
should be widely separated. Drafts are prevented by taking the
'” air in through several small openings.
i The value of any system of ventilation depends upon currents
| of air induced either by the wind or differences of temperature.
These two sources have disadvantages in being inconstant and
in hot quiet days in summer their action is suspended.
According to the direction of the currents of air ventilation
is termed horizontal or vertical. Horizontal ventilation is some-
times seen in dairy barns in the form of round shafts passing
_ through the wall just beneath the ceiling. It is better to have
_ the shafts bent at right angles and pass for three or four feet
__ in the wall as nearly as possible to the inner surface. This pro-
__ vides breaking the current of wind and the air is slightly warmed
as it passes through the shaft. By passing upward it is mixed

_ with the warm air of the stable before coming in contact with
the animals.

. f

v*

Se
sree

594 D. H. UDALL,

Air may be brought in through a shaft that has its origin” |
near the ground, passes through the wall and underneath the 7 |
floor and is carried through the floor near the manger. This ||
form is best used where the animals stand with the heads directed | |
towards the middle of the stable. One opening is provided for |
every two or three cattle. In horizontal ventilation the wind is”
the principal factor in the regulation of the supply. The air”
enters from the side toward which the wind is blowing, mixes
with the warm air and leaves through shafts on the opposite side. |
The principal disadvantage of a horizontal system depends on |
the fact that its action depends entirely on the wind, and that |~
when the wind is still there is no ventilation. | |

Vertical ventilation is provided for by means of shafts which ~
open in the middle of the ceiling and pass directly upward
through the roof. These shafts are from six to twelve inches in |
diameter; when larger than this they may create drafts, collect ||
water of condensation, or fail to operate. The shaft may be con- —
structed with four passages by means of partitions. They should |
be lined with smooth boards, and are improved by a covering of |
building paper and another layer of boards. The shaft should
be surrounded by some non-conductor of heat (chaff, straw, —
sawdust) to prevent cooling of the air in the flue, this adds to |
the efficiency of the system and prevents the formation of water ©
of condensation. Dampers should be placed in the flue to control
the currents. For six to eight large cattle estimate four inches of
diameter (Klimmer). Others advise a flue about one foot in
diameter for every ten cattle. This shaft serves only for the exit —
of the air. Fresh air is supplied through some form of horizontal —
system. Differences in temperature between the internal and ex-
ternal air usually provide for abundant currents except in very
warm sultry weather. Pe

Various means are employed to utilize the wind in increasing —
the efficiency of the system.

1. Aspiration attachments.

2. According to Muir the shaft is divided into four com-
partments, the dividing walls are carried above the outer walls

LIGHT AND VENTILATION, 595

‘so that the wind exerts suction on the windward side and enters
he shaft on the opposite side. According to Muir the total
ameter of these flues is about ten inches, and one shaft is used
for every twelve cows.

_ Schreider uses a system by which the intake enters at the
op of the stable. Holes about one-half inch in diameter are
d in the intake shaft, which passes entirely across the stable,
this prevents the formation of drafts and allows the cool air to
k down into the warmer air. The outlet is brought to within
twelve to fifteen inches of the floor to remove gases arising from
the bedding. Use one set of shafts for every ten animals, each
} shaft being about fourteen inches square.

The Humanitarian and Nature Student and Our Animal
| Friends is the new name of the little paper we have been used to
7 knowing as Our Animal Friends. That is not the only change
it has made, however; it has changed the color of its cover to a
) shade of green, suggestive of nature, and enlarged the magazine
|" very materially. The February issue has a number of very in-
| teresting articles beautifully illustrated. Altogether it has taken
| On an appearance of importance in the field of literature, and we
prophesy a successful future for it.

Horyoxe, Mass., Dec. 27, 1909.

_ Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 W. 152d street,
New York.

a GENTLEMEN—Enclosed please find check for $3.00 for re-
_ newal of my subscription. I first subscribed when in college;
and the sooner the students realize the benefit of the Review,
- the better off they will be, for there are reports of cases, etc.,
that are worth discussing with a body of students.

Thanking you for your past favors,

Yours very truly,
W. C. Van TAsset, M.D.C.

REPORTS OF CASES.

A NEW TREATMENT FOR FISTULOUS TRACTS AND |)
ABSCESS CAVITIES. i

By Dr. C. A. Lestiz, Deadwood, S. D.

In offering this article to the profession, I do so with the
firm belief that I have discovered a course of treatment that is
specific in the treatment of fistulous tracts of all kinds, and, hay- |
ing used it in a great many cases with such marked success, yy
feel justified in making the above assertion. te

Surgery has done more than any other method so far, how-
ever there are a great many methods of treatment now in vogue, |
and each one has its merits; but there still remains a class where |
the ramifications are so extensive that it is almost impossible to’
get a healthy granulation of the various tracts, and so with each
successive operation undertaken the veterinarian hopes to achieve ©
a cure, only to meet with another disappointment. ie |

In the interval of these operations, irrigation with antiseptic El)
solutions are kept up, and it is now my opinion that irrigating ©
these chronic fistulous tracts with any watery solution is to be
condemned, for the fluid fills up the sinuses and keeps their walls |
in a macerated condition, which has a tendency to prevent for-
mation of healthy granulations. If at all possible, I would advise
drying these cavities out with strips of gauze. If the latter is —
impossible an injection of alcohol may be used on account of its —
desiccating property. |

The new method of treatment is quite simple and consists |
of filling the fistulous tract with bismuth paste. I wish to give ~
the history of some of the cases I have treated with the paste, 7
and the results. However, I wil! first speak of the method of —
injection and give the formula for the paste:

(Formula of Paste for Treatment.)

Bismuth Subnitrate .......... 30.0 Grammes.
White: Wakaen.... 2055 198 ... 5.0 Grammes.
Soft Paraffiflfe,......0s.. coum 5.0 Grammes,
Vaselin ...... a Se 60.0 Grammes.

Mix while boiling.
596

REPORTS OF CASES. 597

It will be found convenient to get eight times this amount,
and then, after placing the last three named ingredients into a
"quart Mason fruit jar, which is perfectly dry and sterilized, place
) the jar in cold water, letting it reach the boiling point, and boil
until the contents are melted; then add the bismuth while stirring.
Allow all to heat for some time. (Great care should be taken
that no water is accidentally spilled into the paste while boiling.)
The jar can then be removed and the lid screwed on tight, and
) contents shaken until it is cool; it is then ready for use at any
e after it is again melted.

- Method of Injection—The paste should be heated and ster-
ilized, also the syringe. The fistula should be dried out with
Sterile gauze until it is as dry as it can be gotten. I use a strong
|» metal syringe for the injection. The fistula is then filled up with
) the paste, making sure it is forced to all parts of the tract. The

opening is then plugged with a gauze sponge, and it will be
) found convenient to stitch same tightly in the opening to pre-
') vent the escape of the paste until it has hardened. An ice bag
) may be used to hasten the hardening process. The theory is
that the solid substance acts as a framework for the formation of
the healthy granulations. If the injection has been successfully
» done, the external opening will heal in a few days, and later the
bismuth-vaselin is undoubtedly absorbed and the connective tissue
remains and contracts, thereby obliterating the sinus.

Dr. Emil G. Beck (M.D.), of Chicago, surgeon to the North
Chicago Hospital, is the discoverer of this treatment, and it was
| from a small booklet published by him entitled, ‘‘ A New Method
') of Diagnosis and Treatment of Fistulous Tracts, Tuberculous
'~ Sinuses, and Abscess Cavities,” that I conceived the idea of using
_ it in fistulous withers, etc. He first used it to diagnose the tracts

_ by taking a radiograph after an injection of the paste. As he
_ could get so much clearer a picture with its use, as the bismuth
_ offers great resistance to the penetration of the X-Rays. How-
~ ever, the first case injected for diagnostic purposes disclosed the
- new method of treatment. After one single injection of the bis-
muth paste the fistula (rectal) closed up and remained so; and
he has obtained equally good results in many other cases.

i. Case No. 1.—On April 17, 1908, a white gelding was shipped
to me for treatment. The fistula, in centre of neck on left side,
had existed two years, and had been operated on unsuccessfully

several times. I operated on the animal, with no satisfaction,

598 REPORTS OF CASES.

on four different occasions. I kept on treating the case until |
finally I procured one of the above-mentioned booklets, and im-7 |
mediately tried the paste, and in just eleven days the animal was
well, and has remained so to this date. a
Case No. 2—August 30, 1908. Bay mare, poll-evil had ex- _
isted three and one-half years. Dried cavities and tracts out for
three days, then injected bismuth paste, and animal healed up
in very short time. wv
Case No. 3.—Dark bay mare, poll-evil and fistulous withers;
was a very bad case. I operated, to be enabled to dry out the |
tracts to better advantage. Injected paste after five days of the |
drying-out process and fistula healed nicely, but the poll-evil”
broke out again. I then mixed the vaselin and bismuth alone
and injected tracts daily for five days until it gradually quit dis- |
charging; then injected paste on sixth day, and recovery was |
complete. P|.
Case No. 4.—October 1, 1908. Bay mare (broncho), shot
through the ilium and discharging at four inches below the ex- |
ternal angle of the ilium. I enlarged opening, and, after curet- |
ting sinus thoroughly, I dried it out and left it packed over night;
then injected the paste, and animal recovered quickly. al
Case No. 5.—October 15, 1908. Black mare, poll-evil had |}
existed about six months in this animal and was discharging a ||
great deal of pus. The first injection failed; then I again used
the vaselin and bismuth daily for seven days, and discharge great-
ly diminished. Made final injection and another complete cure. |
Cases Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.—In one week I injected these five |)
cases without a single failure. No. 6 had existed fourteen months, —
No. 7 about five years, No. 8 six months, No. 9 about two weeks, |)
and No. 10 one year. |
Cases Nos. 11, 12.—Used it on two quittors one success. ei
Case No. 13.—Gray gelding, fistulous opening in the supe-
rior maxillary sinus from bad operation of trephining. Existed
one year. I enlarged the opening and discovered that the open- |
ing into the nasal fossa was nearly closed, which in a measure ~
accounted for the absence of discharge from the nose. I dried ~
sinus out and filled it up with the paste, and animal made a rapid |
and complete recovery. 7
It is needless to describe any more cases, except to say that —
I have not failed as yet to effect a cure with it, and have treated
a great many cases.

REPORTS OF CASES. 599

Conclusions—1. Fistulous tracts, or abscess cavities, includ-
ing empyema, can be cured by injection of bismuth paste. 2.
Cavities or fistulze should be as clean and as dry as possible before
the injection of bismuth paste. 3. The paste, when injected in
liquid state, solidifies in the fistula and serves as a framework
' for new connective tissue; the paste is absorbed and the fistula
obliterated. 4. Bismuth paste injection will not heal out sinuses
where sequestra are present; same must be removed before injec-
‘tion. 5. The bismuth paste injections are harmless and produce
no dangerous symptoms.
_ I would be pleased to hear from any of the profession with
espect to the success they have with this treatment.

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS.
By A. A. Locxnart, V.S., M.D.V., Carnduff, Sask., Canada.

_ During the past year I have met with a number of cases of
' poisoning, I think through the agency of stagnant water or
| spoiled feed. In one case there seems to be little doubt of the
| source from which the poisonous material was obtained, but in
) the others it is not quite so clear.
' Interming it poisoning, I doubt if I am exactly correct, as I
think that it is more probable the trouble was caused by the en-
‘trance into the digestive tract of an organism which found it a
very suitable place to proliferate; and, generating a toxine hav-
’ ing a special morbid influence upon the medulla. The clinical
aspect resembled in some respects a cerebro-spinal meningitis, but
| I doubt if there was any true inflammation of the meninges of
| either brain or chord. There was no fever except where compli-
' cated with pneumonia; in fact, the temperature was in some cases
/ subnormal.
It These are the first cases of this kind I have had and for want
of a better term I have called them cerebro-spinal meningitis, and
as the cause of this disease in horses seems very indefinite, or,
as so many causative factors have been mentioned in connection
_ with it, I think, possibly, several different conditions have been
_ included under this head.
F The first symptom to appear in seven out of the eight cases
' coming under my notice was a complete paralysis of the muscles
of deglutition and total inability on the part of the patient to

F a
a

600 : REPORTS OF CASES.

For the most part they would lie there perfectly motionless. Oe. 4 1
casionally the neck would become curved and stiffened, mouth”
opened slightly, while the limbs would thrash violently. I had
an idea at first that this might be due to spasm of the cervical
muscles; but as there was no evidence of this as long as they
were on their feet, I concluded it was just abortive attempts to |
raise themselves up a little. In two cases there was considerable |
twitching or quivering of the shoulder and flank muscles some
time before they went down.
‘The pulse in those I saw early in the disease was very little
disturbed, but later it became considerably quickened. Its char-
acter was full and soft and usually seemed to retain its fullness’
until within a very short time of death. The temperature also |
was at first approximately normal, but in several I saw late in |
the disease it was subnormal, 96-98 degrees Fahrenheit. Feces |
and urine seemed to be passed normally as long as animal was |
on its feet. Of course, in cases that had gone some time the
abdomen presented a very tucked up appearance. i
The first lot of cases I had was about a year ago. When I |
was called in, one horse had died immediately following an at-
tempt by the owner to administer a bottle of oil; another was |
plainly suffering from a gangrenous pneumonia and was de- ~
stroyed at once. Two other horses had been unable to swallow
anything, one for about a day, the other for a trifle longer. This—
last one had already considerable difficulty in rising after lying
down, quivering of the muscles when standing, and died the fol-—
lowing day. The other one, which presented at that time no ap-
parent symptoms except inability to swallow, did not succumb —
for five or six days. ;
The next outbreak was on August 25th last. This time only 7
two cases occurred. The first was a three-year-old colt, and on —
the 2d of September an aged mare on the same farm took it, and |)
no more have occurred there since. The third and last outbreak |
was December 15. In this instance two horses were affected; |
both died within twenty-four hours of each other, after less than 7)
forty-eight hours’ sickness. al
In the first case there seems to be little doubt that drinking 7)
water from a long unused well was the prime factor in causing |
the trouble. The well usually used was beginning to give out, ~
and the farmer, having another well which had not been in use 7

REPORTS OF CASES. 601

. for a considerable time, thought he would clean it out, so set to
» work bailing it, emptying the water into a trough that was beside
‘it. While at this the four horses, which had been let out for
) exercise, came up and took a drink. These were the four which
) died, the rest of his horses not being affected. The second case
was not quite so clear, for, besides having started to use a long
disused well, he was feeding some oat chop that had heated.
The last case has a more complicated history still. The water
| used on the farm was from a well which had been used continu-
| ously, the feed fresh and apparently sound; and the only sus-
" picious circumstance was that this team had, three days previous
o taking ill, been driven over to another farm some miles away
| and there put in and fed. This farmer has had no trouble of
|, the nature himself though, and apparently all the horses got there
|) was a sheaf of oats out of the stack he: was feeding himself.

There are several points which stand out fairly clear to my
mind in connection with these cases. First, I think that the fact
’ of the animals in each instance taking sick so closely together
_ and then the trouble ceasing immediately, excludes the idea of
its being anything of a contagious nature and points strongly to
the theory of poisoning or intoxication from substances taken
in through the digestive tract. Also there could be no connection
between the different outbreaks, as not only were they separated
by a long space of time but also by distance apart, one farm being

|
| seven miles southeast of town, one three miles west, and the
| out doubt due to some toxic substance contained in the stagnant
| -under my notice. I found it, but, in addition, the damaged food.
}
I

]
|
i
:
i
|
{
t

other seventeen miles north. The first cases being almost with-
well, I naturally looked for a similar cause in the next to come
The last case presents nothing definite except the fact that if it
was at the neighbor’s the deleterious matter was obtained it must
have been in the food, as they were not watered there. I did not
| have an opportunity of holding a post-mortem on any of these

' cases, and doubt very much if I would have gained any informa-
| tion if I had. I must say that I should like to know definitely

i whether this disease is due to damaged food, stagnant water,
| “neither, or whether it might be caused by both. If any of your
readers have any light to give on the subject I should be glad
_ to hear from them. I would also be glad of any suggestions as
| to treatment, which, on account of the inability of the patient to
‘Swallow, presents more than ordinary difficulties.
_ As all my cases died it will be quite unnecessary for me to
into this phase of the subject.

602 REPORTS OF CASES.

AN INTERESTING CASE OF OBSTETRICS.
By M. R. Sterren, M.D.C., El Paso, Texas.

Patient, pure-bred, aged Holstein cow. General condition
good. History: Has had no calf for four years. Is due to calve
two days past. Has shown no signs of labor, but has a dirty |
vaginal discharge and anorexia. Temperature, 106.5° F. Rapid,
stertorous breathing, and constantly lies down. The abdomen ~
is tremendously enlarged and the owner expects twins. oi

Regional examination reveals the os opened to about the size |
of circumference of one finger. The edges feel hard and refuse)
to respond even slightly to attempts at dilatation. b| |

With the patient in the standing position a long, probe-pointed |
bistoury is used freely in the upper median line of the ring. This
makes it possible to enter the entire hand, but it does not go far,
as the whole neck of the womb is firmly plugged with a tenacious, |
sticky mucus of about the consistency of soft putty. The moment)”
this is removed the author is grandly soaked by a forcible gush
of sanguinolent fluid. This rush of fluid continues as long as the”
hand keeps the flaccid neck of the womb dilated, and, after the
liberation of about twenty gallons, a small, thin, secundine en-
velope floats out of the right horn. It contains only a small quan- |
tity of fluid, no foetus. if

The abdomen is now decidedly shrunken and the cow ap- ©
parently in great distress assumes the recumbent position. Upon
again passing the hand into the womb, in this posture, a foetus is)”
felt in the left horn. It is exceedingly large, but dead, and before |
he can be delivered further cutting has to be done, as the os is |)
yet only large enough to admit a small fist. After considerable ||
mutilating, we accomplish our object. The mother is given a|_
stimulant drench, and no attempt is made to repair the injury to”
her genital tract. In spite of her old age and only rough after- |
care, she makes a fine recovery. |

A CASE OF TETANUS.
By Dr. L. S. Lang, Plain City, Ohio.

Was called November 11, 1909, to see road mare, property
of Mr. D. Found animal suffering with tetanus, idiopathic form. |
Owner said mare had been ailing several days. I made a careful

REPORTS OF CASES. 603

examination, but failed to find a scratch or wound. Began at
once with tetanus antitoxine, 60 c.c, every six hours, for four-
teen days. All the time feeding patient oatmeal gruel three times
daily with stomach tube. On the fourteenth day the food fer-
“mented in stomach, causing a distressing case of acute indiges-
tion. I was out of town at the time, and when I got to the patient
it was about gone. I put her in slings and used stomach tube,
removing about two gallons of fermented liquid, which gave in-
stant relief. I make mention of this case to show the large
amount of antitoxine used, and the symptoms were still quite
marked when we discontinued its use. We also gave one tablet
of H.M.C. full strength once daily. The animal made an un-
eventful recovery.

For Our Dumb Animals
SONG OF THE DEATH-WAGON.

_ (These verses are dedicated to the common people, who think they have
some rights on the streets and highways, and may, if they choose, ride in
' horse carriages or go on foot.) —

I’m the grand juggernaut of this millionaire age;

| I snort over the land like a demon in ‘rage:

) All the pure air I taint with my poisonous breath,
| And I reap, as I run, a rich harvest of death!

When I scorch down the street on my every-day tour,
_ Beware of my prowess, ye lowly and poor;

| For I scorn the vile earth and its vile, plodding kind,

| And I leave the sweet scent of my scorning behind.

| Then I turn to “ good roads” that the ranchers have made,
. Leading out far away ’neath the green, rural shade;

| Think the ranchers have rights, like their fathers of old

| On highways to towns where their products are sold?

_ When they hear my “honk! honk!” on the public highway,
_ They just hike to tall timber, and right there they stay

~ Till I pass in a cloud—my own exquisite breath;

| I'm the steed of the proud, the joy-wagon of Death!

~ €Everett, Wash. . ' R. K. BeecHam.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REviEw, New York:

The dawn of the New Year finds the veterinarians of the
Pacific Coast with much to accomplish and more to anticipate;
for the coming of the A. V. M. A. to the extreme West marks a
new era in the history of the veterinary profession west of the
Rockies. California is noted for many things, among them be-
ing charged with producing the biggest liars and the largest
pumpkins; but as we expect many here from Missouri, as well
as elsewhere, we are preparing to “show” you, and let you be
the judges. Will Davis, in the following lines, voices the senti-
ment of every true Californian: i

“ California, you for me
And of you I boast;
There is no place I can see
But the dear old Pacific Coast.
You can have your New York towns,
Broadway may be fine;
But the Golden West
I love the best,
California for mine.”

So let the slogan of all be, ‘“ On to ’Frisco in September.”
Yours for success,

Jno. L. TyLer, D.V.S., M.D.

HorseLess AGE Nor Yret.—tThe horse is in no more peril
of extinction by the automobile than he is of being driven into
oblivion by the airship. We are no nearer to the horseless age’
than we are to the manless age. The two creatures began busi- 7)
ness in partnership before the dawn of civilization and will con- |
tinue together at the old stand down to the end of time. —Horse- q
man and Spirit of the Times. —

604

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.
By Prof. A, Liautarp, M.D., V.M.

) TUBERCULAR PERICARDITIS IN A Doc [E£. Wallis Hoare,
_F.R.C.V-S.].—The history of this six-year-old cocker spaniel is
' as follows: Loss of appetite since a few days, his abdomen has
| grown larger lately, he has gradually lost flesh and had an occa-
sional cough. The symptoms observed were: emaciation, anzemic
condition, rapid, weak, irregular pulse, accelerated respiration,
marked ascitis, temperature 101.5°, dullness on percussion over
| the cardiac area, heart sounds not audible. Percussion of the

chest revealed dullness in the two lower thirds of the thorax,
auscultation absence of respiratory murmurs. The right side is
normal. Puncture of the abdomen for fluid is negative. After
) a few days the dog was chloroformed. Autopsy: Abdominal
|» cavity contained ascitic fluid. Liver congested and enlarged. In
thoracic cavity the pericardium is enormously distended and
_ pushing the lungs upwards. There are firm and extensive ad-
| hesions of the pericardium, diaphragm and left side of the chest.
| There was a fairly large effusion in the left side of the chest.
| The left lung had a cavity containing fluid. Tuberculous bacilli
| were found in scrapings of this vomica and also from the pleura.
| Tuberculous lesions were also found with bacilli over the heart
| and the pericardium.—( Veter. Rec.)

| TuMorR IN THE UMBILICAL REGION [By the Same].—A two-
| year-old gelding had, when six months of age, a swelling in the
_ umbilical region. This was getting smaller at times and again
_ would grow larger. Umbilical hernia, said the owner. Yet the
_ growth became very hard and as big as a man’s fist. The horse
was cast and chloroformed. After disinfection, a median incision
was made and the tumor dissected out. It extended to the um-
_ bilical ring and in its centre contained pus. After its removal the
umbilical ring was found not closed. As the peritoneal covering
was not injured, during the operation three sutures were passed

605

606 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

through the edges and the ring closed up. The skin was then } |
sutured. The case did well.—(Jlbidem.)

DEATH OF A MARE By SNAKE BITE [Graham Rees Moggs,
Lt., A. V. C.].—Supposed suffering with sun stroke, this seven- 7)
year-old mare was laid up because she staggered about in walk-_
ing, and, in fact, had to be assisted in so doing. Her temperature ©
was normal, respiration 50, pulse irregular, heart beats very ab- |
normal. No signs of pain. She refuses food, but drinks a little ©
water. Stimulants were administered. The next day she ap-
peared weaker. Strychnia was given. The following day she
was worse. Pulse is hardly perceptible, respiration much dis-
tressed, and the temperature 103° F. Towards evening it rose
to 108.5° F., and about midnight the mare died. At post-mortem

none of the organs seemed to be diseased, but all the cavities of

the heart were entirely filled up with a huge white clot continu-
ous with cordlike coagula extending for many inches into the

great blood vessels. These were sent with the heart to the Im- |

perial bacteriologist, who said that ‘‘ he would suspect the case -

to be due to either a snake bite or to poisoning. Some agent which |

was acting on the blood, dissolving the blood cells and forming
ANTE-MORTEM CLoTs.”—(Veter. News.)

Bone OpsTRUCTIONS OF THE Rectum IN Docs [J. Kirby
Pilkington, M. R. C. V. S.].—These cases occurred in a two- |

year-old Pomeranian dog and a six or more years half-bred
mastiff. The symptoms were very similar in both. Off food,
great pain, very uneasy, constant straining, arching of the back,
howling, etc., etc. In the mastiff there was abundant salivation,

chopping and twitching of the jaws. By rectal examination the |

cause of the trouble was made out. Free enemas brought about —
the result. In the Pomeranian there was a bone one and one-half —
inch by half an inch, sharp at both ends. In the mastiff a piece ©
of acetabulum of a sheep’s pelvis with strong spicules and meas-
uring two and one-half inches by one and one-quarter.—(Ibidem.) —

VenTRAL Hernta—Operation—Deatu [Wallis Hoare, |
F. R. C. V. S.\.—Aged harness horse was found impaled on a |)

gate and removed with great difficulty. The next morning there
was a dependent swelling on the inferior aspect of the left flank, —
extending almost to the stifle. There was one also further for-
wards, extending close to the margin of the false ribs. Much
effusion existed and the parts were very painful, the skin show-

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 607

‘ing evidence of considerable bruising. Puncture with a fine tro-
_ car gave no information as to the nature of the contents of the
swellings. The horse was cast and chloroformed and a hernia
recognized through an extensive rent of the abdominal muscles.
On account of the condition of the parts it was thought better
to postpone any immediate interference. Four days after the
_ swelling hung beneath the level of the stifle, the skin was excori-
ated, serum escaped through the puncture made with the trocar,
the presence of a large amount of intestine in the swelling was
made out. The following day the horse exhibited symptoms of
colic, quite severe, with quick, weak pulse and a temperature up
to 102° F, Chloral was administered and gave relief. How-
ever, it was clear that immediate operation was indicated. The
_horse was cast, chloroformed, properly secured, and the site made
_as asceptic as possible. An incision made over the posterior part
of the swelling opened into a cavity containing a loop of small
intestine and a large amount of torn and bruised omentum. After
| enlarging the opening of the abdominal muscles with a probe-
| pointed bistoury the entire mass of escaped intestines was finally
| replaced and the injured omentum removed with scissors. The
| layers of peritoneum and abdominal walls were sutured, not with-
out troublesome hemorrhage, and the skin wound was closed
| after packing the cavity with cyanide gauze. The animal got u
' when the effects of chloroform had passed away and he did wel
| for ten consecutive days, when he had two attacks of colic and
| succumbed to the last. Autopsy: No tympanitis, abdominal
' wound perfectly healthy and complete union. Extensive ad-
| hesions of the small intestines with abdominal wound, causing
. constriction of the intestines, which is congested and cedematous.
| Adhesions existed also between coils of the intestines, which
| were dark in color externally but presented no evidence of
_ strangulation. There was no evidence of diffuse peritonitis —
_ (Veter. Record.)

RENAL CaLcuLus With Comp.ications [Arthur Payne,
FR. C. V. S.].—Male St. Bernard dog, healthy until ten months
_ old, is then a little out of condition, from which he is brought
_ out by good feeding, arsenic, iron and quinine. Nearly two years
after he has great difficulty in passing blood-stained urine. His
_ kennel is sprinkled with it. A cast two inches long is found.
' No calculus could be found in the urethra or bladder. The tem-

_ perature is 102.3° F. Pulse quick and small. Urotropine is pre-

~
we.

608 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

scribed, with diet of milk, fish and boiled tripe. Great improve- _

ment is noticed and lasted for one week, when the same symp- 7)

toms returned; passing a metal sound in the urethra, a calculus
is felt in the usual position in the urethra. By direction of the
owner the dog was killed. At the post-mortem a calculus was —
found in the urethra just behind the os penis. The walls of the
bladder were thickened and the mucous membrane was eroded
and inflamed. There were nine calculi in the bladder. In the
pelvis of the left kidney there was also a calculus formed of three
pieces which, when put together, formed a stone five centimeters
in length and three in thickness.—(Veter. Journ.)

A Few Cases oF SINUSES OR BLIND FistuLa@ [Prof. J. J.
O’Connor|.—Under this heading the author records, first, two
cases of poll-evil and two of fistulous withers which were rather
complicated and demanded severe surgical interference in the
shape of free incisions, counter openings, removal of necrotic
structures, curetting of bones, sections of ligamentum nuchz and —
subsequent treatment with antiseptic washings, irrigating with
iodine, boric and powder manganate of potash, with, at times, a ©
little perchloride of mercury. One of the cases of poll-evil took ©

nearly six months to get well. Of the fistulous withers, one de- 97)
manded four months before he could return to work; the other |)

one had to be destroyed, as the suppuration extended under the —
scapula and his recovery was too doubtful. 7

Another case of sinus in the shoulder is also recorded where ~
it was necessary to remove a piece of the spine of the scapula
on two occasions. : q

A retriever is also the subject of another interesting case.
Injured by a golf ball in front of the left knee, the dog was sub- —
mitted to severe operation for a very large and painful swelling —
involving the upper part of the carpus and the lower part of the —

radius and ulna. An incision exposed a comminutive fracture 7

with loose particles of bone, which were removed. The parts —
were curetted and dressed antiseptically. At first all seemed to”
progress satisfactorily, but then again abscess formed, and abun=—
dant discharge occurred from a fistulous tract. It increased in —
quantity, became very offensive, and amputation just below the
elbow had to be performed. It was followed by recovery. Septic —
periostitis had been the cause of the relapse. The record closes —
with two cases of a sinus in a horse’s foot. A mare had become
lame and the cause not discovered until a few days after. It”

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 609

a

_ was a piece of a lady’s hatpin which then protruded behind the
| point of the frog. Although it was withdrawn the mare grew
worse; she had a deep sinus which was enlarged, exposing dis-
eased plantar aponeurosis and superficially affected navicular
bone. Antiseptic dressing of lysol, tincture of iodine, sterilized
gauze, etc., brought out a complete recovery in six weeks.—
(Veter. Journ.)

FRENCH REVIEW.
By Prof. A. LIauraRD, M.D., V.M.

_ EFrects or THE LickinGs or DoGs ON THE CICATRIZATION
or Wounps [The Late Prof. Suffran|.—A two-year-old dog has
had an abscess on the left side of the chest which has left a wound
irregularly round with skin surrounding undermined; there are
sloughings here and there of parts of muscles. The intercostals
are almost entirely destroyed by the necrotic action of the pus.
_ The general condition is bad, the dog eats nothing and ts con-
stantly licking his wound. His coat looks dull and staring,
_ the muscular system is much emaciated and the visible mucous
membranes pale. The wound was attended to first. Complete
disinfection, removal of necrotic tissue, dressings with boiled
water, peroxide of hydrogen, boric acid and dermatol, protective
bandage round the body. Injections of physiological serum were
administered. . After a few days the wound assumed a better
aspect, and, with change, the general condition of the dog is
also improving, he eats good, puts on flesh and is sent home con-
valescent.

| After a few days he is returned with evident symptoms of
| gastro-enteritis. The bandage had been taken off before com-
| plete cicatrization and the dog has returned to its bad habits;
' he has licked the sore again and again, and this has resumed its
_ bad character as before. Besides this, the dog has articular pains;
| he is in constant suffering. The original treatment of the wound
_ is resumed, and, to overcome the general bad condition, injec-
| tions of caffeined serum is prescribed. This treatment will be
| followed this time until radical cicatrization of the wound of the
chest. Under its influence improvement is soon manifested again
and recovery obtained in a short time.

610 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

Conclusions—Covered dressings can never be recommended — |
too much in the treatment of wounds in animals that can lick ©
themselves.—( Rev. Veter.) |

A SCLEROSTOMA IN A Cystic TESTICLE oF A Crypromw [By ©
the Same |.—Pure Anglo-Arab thoroughbred had left abdominal
cryptorchidy for which he was operated. The operation was 7
successful and followed by recovery, although it was quite diffi- ~
cult, on account of the specific lesions of the testicle and of its |
enormous dimensions. When it was removed it appeared as a |
mass as big as a child’s head, soft, and fluctuating all over its
surface with a large cyst. This consisted of a single pouch, with, 7
however, three or four diverticuli. It contained 300 cubic centi-
meters of serum, limpid, transparent, yellow citrine in color and |)
strongly albuminous. On the portion which separated it from |
what remained of the testicular gland there was observed a little
orifice from which protruded a white filiform body, regularly ~
cylindrical, which, being carefully pulled out, proved to be a
sclerostoma armatum. The histology of the testicle showed |)
that there was no glandular tissue left and that the organ was |
only constituted of connective fibrous tissue.—(Ibidem. )

A CASE oF MILtary Carcinosis In A Doe [Same Author].— —
Aged fourteen years, this white French poodle has never been
sick, but since a fortnight he is very weak, constantly lays down, ©
and has severe dyspnoea with the slightest effort or exertion. He
is in poor condition, indeed, and much emaciated. His abdomen
is enormous, but there is no peritoneal dropsy. Laid on his back,
by exploring the abdomen, two large and hard tumors are de-
tected. The smallest is round and as big as the fist. It is situ-
ated in the left side of the abdomen and is easily displaced with ©
the intestinal mass. The other, much the larger, as big as a
child’s head, is located in the right hypochondriac region. The
liver feels hypertrophied, hard, bosselated, but not painful. There —
is no doubt that the case is one of multiple abdominal tumors;
certainly, in the liver and mesenteric glands, or spleen! a case |
of cancerous cachexia beyond treatment. The dog died the next —
day. |:
"Pp st-niortcn a opening the abdominal cavity there were | |
exposed enormous quantities of neoplasic masses in the liver, —
the spleen, the pancreas, intestines, lymphatic glands and peri-
toneum. The size of these tumors varied from small, dissemi- 7
nated masses, as big as a pin’s head to that of a child’s head. a

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 611

The spleen formed a mass weighing 925 grammes. Some of the
tumors are soft and cystic. In the peritoneum 50 cubic centi-
‘meters of ascitic, reddish, bloody fluid was extracted. The kid-
-neys and the bladder were the only organs of the abdomen that
were free from lesions. In the thoracic cavity, while there were
some, they are less developed and generally on the mediastinum,
the pleura and the lungs. The bronchial and mediastine glands
presented some also. Histologically these tumors proved to be
_lympho-sarcomatous in nature.—(Rev. Veter.)

_ A Case or HyprocerpHaty in A Doc [Mr. Oulés].—A
Danish hound pup of three months has a stupid physiognomy.
_No expression of features, dull look, general depression of all
_the senses, he ignores all that takes place round him. His cranium
is abnormally developed, his face is short and aborted. Five
or six centimeters above the right orbit there is a fontanel.
Standing, the dog when left alone, moves in a circle, always to
the right, sometimes in a circle, or again rotating on his haunches
when sitting down. Placed in his kennel, he lays in the sterno-
abdominal position. He has great difficulty in getting up and
at times cannot do it. He does not answer to a call, does not
recognize his master, cannot find his own kennel, and attempts
to run away when one tries to take hold of him. Yet all the
_ functions of vegetative life are normal. He eats good; he even
enters into erection. Placed on observation, no change occurs,
and he is destroyed. The lesions were located in the cranial cavity
' and beyond a large cystic tumor occupying the cavity, the prin-
cipal lesions consisted in: 1. The almost total absence of some
| of the ventricular organs, the corpus callosum, cerebral trigone,
| and the complete disappearance of the septum lucidum. 2. In the
_ absence of the white substance and of the horns of Ammon. 3.
| In. the atrophy of the ganglia of the base on the right side.—
(Revue Veterin.)

| PARALYSIS OF THE PENIS—AMpPuTATION [Dr. Fontaine,
| Army Veterinarian|.—Sequela of an infectious disease, this par-
alysis has existed for several months and amputation becomes
_ necessary, which is performed with the classical method. Injec-
_ tion of cocaine, circular incision over the corpus cavernosum,

_ extended by a V incision on the inferior part of the penis, dis-

section of the urethra distended with a catheter, section and
| Psture of the canal, elastic ligature on the cavernosum, excision

Ps

. _° centimeters below the ligature. Late in the evening an abun-

612 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

dant hemorrhage takes place, the elastic has slipped and got loose. |
It had to be replaced by another made of strong cord. The loss”
of blood has been quite abundant, as when the animal is allowed
to rise from the bed where he was operated, he staggered and
two litres of caffeined serum had to be given to him. The animal
did well after this, but, notwithstanding the care taken in the
operation, the penis retracted considerably and the stump was
drawn within the sheath. The’ slough of the end of the penis”
which had, been strangulated with the cord ligature was quite
slow in taking place. The author recommends that the amputa-
tion always be made in such a way as to guard against the re-
traction of the penis and also prefers the use of strong cord rather
than the elastic ligature to control the hemorrhage.—(Rev.
Gener. de Med. Veter.)

FRACTURE OF THE RIGHT BRANCH OF THE INFERIOR MAX-
ILLARY—METALLIC SuTURE [Same Author ].—On the border of
the right branch of the lower maxillary a six-year-old mare has
a running sore in the centre of a diffuse swelling, probably the —
result of a kick. A probe introduced comes in contact with the |)
bone, which feels rough. Examination is painful; there is ab-
normal mobility and crepitation is heard. The case is one of
open fracture without much displacement. A free, crucial in-—
cision is made, the bone exposed and curettage of the superficial 7
splinters. The fracture is seen running from the anterior border
of the first molar obliquely downwards and backwards. It is
complete and the fragments of bone are separated by an organ-
izing clot. A hole is made through the fragments of the bone
on each side of the fracture and a piece of galvanized iron wire’
passed through both and its ends are twisted on the outer sur-
face. After cleaning and oxygenated water applications the skin”
wound was closed, leaving the centre open, and the whole was_
protected with gauze and collodion. Soft diet is prescribed.
After two weeks the metallic sutures became loose and were re-
moved. The consolidation was quite sufficient to allow a more -
substantial feeding; mashes, carrots and crushed oats were al-
lowed. Complete recovery after a month.—(Revue Gener. ae)
Mede, Veter.)

ConTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF STRINGHALT Cavan BY +
ADHESIONS AND SHORTENING OF THE TENDON OF THE LATERAL |
EXTENSOR OF THE PHALANX [Mr. Mammale, Army Veterina-
rian|.—Instead of performing the ordinary subcutaneous ten- |

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 613

" otomy of that tendon, the author performs the tenectomy as fol-
- lows: The region well shaved and disinfected, a three centi-
) meters incision is made on the skin; after isolating the tendon
» from the subcutaneous tissue it is raised with a directory and a
’ disinfected cord is passed underneath and secured on the tendon
ith a running knot, so that, by strong tractions upon the tendon,
the adhesions that may have been contracted as the tendon passes
‘on the groove over the external face of the hock are lacerated.
When these tractions have been sufficient, and the tendon is loose,
apiece of it is cut off, measuring three centimeters in length. Dis-
infection, suture and iodoformed collodion dressing. When the
‘animal is up from the bed of operation, he is made to walk for
ten or fifteen minutes. Then, every day after, he is made to
take light exercise, walking or even trotting for half an hour.
‘Complications are very rare, and complete recovery in eight or
ten days follows. Out of twelve cases thus operated the author
has obtained seven perfect recoveries, three improvements, and
|) met with only two failures—(R. G. de M. V. and Rec. Hyg. et
Med. Vet. Nilit.)

ITALIAN REVIEW.
By Prof. A. LiaurarpD, M.D., V.M.

|_Enzoory or Botriomycosis or CASTRATION IN SWINE [Dr.
| Fracaro Ruggero|.—Five young swine, two males and three fe-
‘males, two months old, were castrated. Some twenty days after
_ the operation each had either in the scrotal region or the left
| flank, according to the sex, a swelling. Those of the scrotum
| were not hot nor painful but hard, oval in shape, as big as the
| fist of a man, and rather movable. In exploring deeper in the
| inguinal canal another swelling could be felt, soft and fluctuating,
| which was thought to be due to hernia of the omentum or of the
_ intestines. The swellings of the females in the left flank was
_ projecting some; but slightly under the skin it was smaller and
' had a tendency to extend towards the lower part of the abdomen.
‘In all of the five animals the central point of the tumor was the
seat of a cutaneous ulceration, seat of the operation of castra-
tion, from which there escaped pale, yellow pus having a bad
odor. A probe introduced in the wound went in quite deep and
_ gave the sensation of a rough and anfractuous fistulous tract. In-

fection after operation and funiculitis of botriomycotic origin was

614 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

diagnosed and an operation for the removal was performed. The ©

growths were removed: with the males by dissection and ampu- ||
tation of the cord, which was much enlarged; with the females
by isolating the tumor with dissection and closing the wounds of 7)
the peritoneum, muscles and skin. Examination under the micro- ||
scope of sections of the tumors revealed the presence of botrio-
myces.—(La Clin, Veterin.)

CARIES OF THE PHALANX IN A DEER—COMPLICATIONS—RE- |
covery [Prof. Felice Cinotti].—A twelve-months-old deer was”
brought to the author. She was lame. Raised and kept in a
large private country place, she was in splendid condition and
quite tame. One morning she showed soreness in the internal
claw of the right fore foot. Treated by the owner, she did not~
improve. She had a large sore on the plantar surface of the
foot, and probing run down the third phalanx. Simple appro-
priate treatment was applied for a few days and accompanied
with improvement to such an extent that the beast was returned
to her field. After a while, however, the lameness again returned, —
as the leg had become swollen and quite sore. She had arthritis —
of the articulation of the two last pasterns. Amputation at the
second interphalangeal joint had to be performed. From this,
the animal did well for three months, but once again she had 7
another relapse; the leg up to the knee seemed affected. It was
swollen, measured 21-23 centimeters round, and looked like a case ©
of elephantiasis. Was it an actinomycotic or a blastomycetic 7
osteo-periostitis? Disarticulation at the radio-carpal joint was
performed, anesthesia being obtained with an injection of sto-
vaine at 2 per cent. The operation was a perfect success. The
stump of the leg was protected with a little box secured round
the forearm and soon the little animal educated itself to walk on |
three legs. She was several months after found dead in the field
with throat torn by a mastiff dog.—(J/ Nuovo Ercol.) |

Auto-AMPUTATION OF THE TONGUE IN A Cow [Dr. F._
Cinotti].—A fine milch cow, five years of age, had been delivered |
some days previous of two dead calves. The labor was long and |
difficult, and during its execution the cow made violent efforts |
and exhibited much pain; to such an extent that, said the cow-—
keeper, he had never seen the like, although he had been engaged
in that kind of work for many years, and had seen many cows —
deliver. Indeed, said he, ‘ the animal rolled her eyes and ground

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 615

her teeth in a terrible manner.” The cow was fat and in good
condition, but a few days a delivery she refused food and
_ drank but little. Drenched with farinaceous beverages, she did
‘not improve. And at last, as the tongue was noticed hanging
‘as dead out of the mouth, the owner called for veterinary assist-
-ance. From the nostrils there escaped some mucus, normal in
aspect, but that the animal did not leak out as is usually done by
those animals. In depressing the lower lip, the tongue was ob-
served with a deep fissure, oblique from left to right, with the
_ part in front of a greenish yellow color, cold, mortified, throw-
ing out a very offensive odor of gangrene and ready to slough
out. The mortified part was twisted off without great difficulty
nor hemorrhage and left a granulating healthy stump. The
mortified part measured eighteen centimeters in length. It
_ weighed thirty-six grammes. It was in a state of gangrene. It
was supposed that during the accesses of pain accompanying the
_act of parturition a portion of the tongue had been squeezed be-
tween the molars and subsequently mortified.—(J1 Nuovo Ercol.)

SARCOMA OF THE MAMM WITH INFILTRATION OF CELLS
CONTAINING PIGMENTARY ELEMENTs [Prof. Garibaldo Lisi].—
A slut, aged eight years, presented on the left side of the pec-
_toral region a bosselated, hard tumor about fourteen centimeters
- in diamter. This was adherent by a wide basis to the tissues
underneath and had, since two months, grown between the first
_ and second pectoral mammz. Between the first and second right
_ abdominal and the first left abdominal there were several smaller
_ ones about the size of a hazel nut. The lymphatic vessels start-
ing from the base of the tumor were large and ran in various
_ directions on the chest and over the abdomen. The tumors were
_ removed and formed a mass which weighed 470 grammes. The
_ central portion of the large one was composed of a mass of
_ necrotic substance having an offensive odor. The minute exam-
- ination revealed them to be of a sarcomatous nature, with here
and there deposits of pigmentary cells and also of tissue of car-
- tilaginous nature.—(J1 Nuovo Ercol.)

i ForeIGN Bopy IN THE LuNGs oF A HEIFER [Same Author].
__—tThis was a surprise of post-mortem. The animal had been
_ slaughtered, although in good condition of nutrition, but be-
_ cause she had a constant cough. At the autopsy a piece of wire

! was found lodged in the supero-anterior part of the right pos-

616 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

terior lobe of the lungs. It measured about ten centimeters in 7
length and occupied a slightly inclined position from forward
backward parallel to the median plane of the body of the animal.
The foreign body_was in three-quarters of its length surrounded —
with a large layer of connective tissue which posteriorly ended
into a cul-de-sac. The lungs were free from lesions and no ad- —

herences with the diaphragm existed. It was evident that the | |

foreign body had reached the lungs by way of the larynx and
trachea and not by the digestive tract.—(Jbidem.) P|

THoraAcic Cyst COMMUNICATING WITH THE ABDOMEN —
[Same Author]|.—In inspecting meat at a slaughterhouse, the —
author observed in an eighteen-month-old calf a kind of trans-—
parent sac filled with very clear and very thin fluid. The sac was
spindled in shape, seventy-five centimeters long and four wide.
Attached to the inferior and median plane of the anterior face
of the diaphragm, it hung in the thorax about on a level with
the xyphoid cartilage. It was attached by a strong peduncle, quite —
short, and which was in communication with the abdominal cay-_

ity, being supported on the posterior face of the diaphragm by a ~

kind of ring continued with the serous membrane. The thick-—
ness of this cyst was not the same in its whole extent. The ex-—
ternal coat was formed with the serous covering of the anterior |
face of the diaphragm muscle and the internal by that of the pos-
terior, the middle coat was of connective tissue mixed with elastic -

fibres. This lesion was evidently congenital—(Jbidem. ) Fy

STRANGER (in Drearyhurst): “Is there any place in this—
town where I can get something to drink?” Uncle Welby Gosh:
“Yes, sir, onless you’re mighty blamed hard to please. There’s
four town pumps, a sulphur well, an’ half a dozen places where
you kin git root beer.” —Chicago Tribune. |

A LARGE barn on the Patchen Wilkes Stock Farm at Lexing=~
ton, Ky., owned by Mr. W. E. D. Stokes, of New York, was
destroyed by fire recently and twenty-nine valuable trotting bred

brood mares were burned to death. Among the mares burned 7)

were many noted animals sent here from all parts of the country
to be bred to Peter the Great, 2.07%. The loss is estimated at
$50,000. The fire started from an explosion of natural gas.—_
Rider and Driver.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

) TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
ILLINOIS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION.

The twenty-seventh annual meeting of this association was
held at the Lexington Hotel. December Ist and 2d. President
N. I. Stringer in the chair and seventy-five veterinarians present.
The minutes of the semi-annual meeting, held at Blooming-
‘ton, July 13, 1909, were read and approved.

PRESIDENT STRINGER’S ADDRESS.

_ Gentlemen—We are now at the beginning of the twenty-
seventh annual session of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical
» Association, to which I extend to this large number of veteri-
_ narians a most cordial welcome.
I stand before you as the trentieth president of this associa-
tion (some presidents having served more than one term), and
* lI assure you that I cannot express to you in words the gratitude
_I feel toward you for the honor you have conferred upon me.
I have received honorable recognition by you for the past
three years—two years as secretary and one year as president.
_ I have spent a great deal of time and energy in my feeble
| way to further the welfare of this association. I have felt all
| along the way that vou could have chosen others more com-
" petent, and better results obtained.
| At the close of this meeting I will step back in the ranks
' where I am sure I shall feel more at ease and in my proper place.
_ The president is expected to deliver an address at the an-
| nual meeting, which has been adhered to with few exceptions.
I feel that I would like to be one of the exceptions. My remarks
~ will be very brief for I do not want to take up the valuable time
that should be given to the program.
7 After our secretary had been campaigning for some time for
_ papers and was not receiving replies to his requests, he wrote
somewhat discouragingly to me. By a united effort we have
__ been able to secure and present to you the largest and best pro-

617

618 SOCIETY MEETINGS,

gram that has ever come before this association. Every subject —
is a good one and every essayist is competent to handle his sub- —
ject thoroughly. Right here I wish to inform each essayist that
they have the heartiest thanks of our secretary and myself for
their kindness. |
At this point please pardon me for reiterating what has been —
said by former presidents, and that is, please respond to the —
secretary’s invitation to furnished a number for the program —
whether or not you will furnish a paper. You should consider ©
it an honor to be asked to read a paper before this—one of the —
best associations on this continent. By refusing to reply to the —
secretary's request, it makes him feel that- you consider it an —
insult to be asked for such a favor. If the members were more —
responsive it would be an easy matter to have a two days’ ses- —
sion at our semi-annual meeting ; and a few clinics ought to be —
added also. A few years ago it was an easy matter to get up |
a program. It only required one main subject and two minor —
ones, namely, azoturia, parturient apoplexy, and tetanus. 3
After the discussion upon azoturia had been started it was —
almost impossible to get it stopped. How different now! If at —
this moment I should announce to you that I am going to read —
a paper on azoturia, every one of you would look at me with a_
quizzical eye, and say to yourselves: ‘‘I wonder if he thinks ~
that he is going to tell us anything that we don’t know.” Par-—
turient paresis has been practically conquered. 7
I prophesy that judging from the ground that we are gaining 7
on tetanus, that the time is not far distant when it too will meet
its annihilator. But for azoturia I have no prophesy to make. —
It is hoped that our scientific men will not stop their search until
they can explain the true pathology of the disease, cause, and
successful treatment. a
In my paper upon hypodermic and intravenous medication at ~
Bloomington three years ago, I prophesied that it would eventu-_
ally be the only true method of treating disease. I am realizing
that my dream is coming true. Alkaloidal medication is taking
the place of bulky drugs. iq
The knowledge of phagocytosis and the opsonic theory
(which you will hear about during this meeting) is fast con- |
quering germ diseases by the hypodermic application of serumsyy
bacterius and autogenic treatment. ‘
We wish that the young graduates would respond more Libe|
erally when asked to write papers for the meetings. Possibly

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 619

_ some of them fear their paper will not be interesting, or that
their paper will be criticized by the older veterinarians.

- Young man, do not fear criticism, for you will get used to
~ that when you have been in practice a few years. Remember
that any subject is always interesting to the older members, and
_ they are ever ready to enlighten you whenever they can. The
majority of your audience are usually young graduates like your-
self. The old members who commenced to write papers as soon
as they joined the association, are the ones who have received
the greatest benefit, especially those who have continued to be
active workers. With the increased time required by our veter-
inary colleges and the addition of several scientific chairs, our
new graduates should be competent to present an interesting paper
at any time when called upon to do so.

Pardon me for making the severe application when I say _
that we have too many veterinarians of the porcine type who
absorb everything they can from others, but are very careful
not to impart any of their knowledge. Some will use what they
gain from you as a knife to stab you in the back with. Others
stay at home during the meetings of the association for fear
they will lose a few dollars in their practice, or in the hope that
they may get a few clients away from their near competitors;
_ they are of no use to the profession, but they are quick to squeal
"and want the law applied by some one else should any quack
get to doing business in their neighborhood.

_ The past year has been exceptionally good for practice. This
‘is due to the high prices of stock and to the desire of the stock
raisers to have their animals treated by qualified men.

' We should be grateful for the fact that never before in the
history of this state has there been a State Board of Live Stock
i ommissioners and State Veterinarians that has done so much
| for the stock raising interests and the veterinary profession.

In conclusion let me call your attention to the great feat
i performed by the Chicago end of this association, who are also
embodied in the Chicago Veterinary Society, in the grand enter-
'tainment they gave to the largest and best meeting ever held by
the American Veterinary Medical Association. Every detail
was carefully planned, and every detail carefully carried out.
The burden must have been a heavy one, and this association
owes a debt of gratitude to its Chicago members. Never before
in the history of the A. V. M. A. was the list of new members

620 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

so latge, and I hope that it will be a stimulus to increase the
membership of our state association two’ fold. |
Following the president’s address, the Board of Censors not
being present, Drs. C. C. Mills, J. M. Kaylor and R. W. Storey
were appointed as censors, pro tem. 3
The names of Drs. D. F. Stevens, Mt. Morris; J. P. Doran,
Ohio, Ill.; J. A. Ragan, Morris; C. E. Harvey, Evanston; Albert
E: Peters, Springfield; O. E. Dyson, Chicago; H. R. Ryder,
Chicago, and C. G. Dienis, Ottawa, were presented and approved
by the Board of Censors. On motion the secretary was in-
~ structed to cast the ballot of the association, and they were de-
clared duly elected to membership. 3

READING OF PAPERS.

“ Fistula; Causes, Operation, Treatment,’”’ by Dr. W. G. Has-
sel, Grayville—The doctor advocated opening the tract to the
bottom, and packing it with linseed oil and turpentine, equal
parts; and claims excellent results. S| |

Discussion—Drs. Mills, Glendenning, Welch, Chamberlair a :
G. B. Jones and Nesbit. S| |

“ Laporotomy in a Dog,” by Dr. B. F. Hudson, Moweaqua 4
This was a very interesting report of the successful removal from)
the intestine of two small bones, a ball of hair, and a ball of
some unknown substance. The dog made a good recovery a
worked in the field the following season; one year later the)
animal died from what the doctor believed to be a stricture of
the bowel, but no post mortem was held. 4

Discussion—Glendenning, Mills, Crawford and Blair.

Adjourned for lunch to meet at 1.30 p. m.; the meeting
again called to order and the reading of papers continued.

“ Johnes’? Disease in Cattle,” by Dr. H. R. Schwarze, Che
cago—A very interesting paper, which was discussed, and se
mens were passed around,

Discussion—Drs. Joseph Hughes, Hassel, and M. H. Rey
nolds, Minn. ;

Dr. Hughes stated that according to a late report from Pro
Bang these cases would react to an injection of avian tuberculir

“ Neglected Opportunities,” by Dr. O. E. Dyson, Chicag o—
This paper was a plea to veterinarians to better inform them
selves along the lines of breeding and feeding of live stock,

“Our State Biological Laboratory ’’ was responded be »
Dr. A. F. Peters, the director in charge; he gave a short e
planation of the production of hog cholera serum, and advog cat

u

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 621

exhibits at farmers’ institutes and county fairs of pathological
specimens, with the object of informing the public on such
_ matters.
; “ Infectious Anemia in the Horse,” a report by Dr. A. H.
Baker, Chicago—This was a typical case of that fatal disease
and was listened to with a great deal of interest, as it occurred
in this state.
_ _ Discussion—Drs. Mills, Martin, Hassell, Welch and N. S.
Mayo, of Virginia.
| Report of Cases, by Dr. W. J. Martin—The first was a case
of “Open Joint,” with healing in twenty days. The next was
_a case of “ Choke,” with the subsequent lodgment of the butt
of a whip in the esophagus, abscess, etc., and recovery. The
next was a case of a colt being injured by a harrow, with the
result that the nictatan membrane was exposed, also the teeth,
and severe lameness: and recovery.
Discussion—Drs, Welch, Hassell, G. B. Jones, Mills and
_ Hymes.
“Impaction of the Rumen in the Ox,” by Dr. J. C. Wingert,
| Marengo—A very able paper and dealt with disease in the
flatulent and dry forms, and advocated the use of the stomach
| tube to soften the contents of the stomach, also to give medi-
_ cine through.
le Discussion—Drs. G. B. Jones, Nesbit, Joseph Hughes, Hen-
' sel, Wise, Wray and Martin.
| __ Adjourned to meet at 8.30 in the banquet room.
\ Promptly at the appointed hour sixty-three veterinarians sat
_ down to a sumptuous banquet provided by the management of
| the hotel; all enjoyed it; cigars were passed, after which the
_ company listened to an intellectual feast provided by the speak-
_ ers of the evening.
lq Dr. M. H. Reynolds spoke for “ Minnesota,” and in a few
| brief remarks outlined what Minnesota had accomplished in the
- past and what they hoped to do in the future.
4 P. S. Haner, Chairman of the State Board of Live Stock
_ Commissioners, responded for “ Illinois,” in a few pertiment re-
- marks, and extended a cordial invitation to the association to
hold their next semi-annual meeting at the State Biological
¥ Laboratory.
; Dr. Maxmillian Herzog (M.D.), spoke on the progress of
_ pathology, the strides it had made in recent years and its future
; prospects.

622 SOCIETY MEETINGS,

Dr. D. M. Campbell, editor of the Missouri Valley Bulletin, —
spoke for his state, and advocated veterinarians should subscribe
for current veterinary literature and thus keep themselves in-
formed. <

Dr. A. T. Peters, the new acquisition of Illinois, in his own
modest way expressed his sincere hopes that the new Biological
Laboratory would be a help to the veterinary profession of
Illinois, as well as to the live stock interests. j

Dr. N. S. Mayo, late Chief Veterinarian of Cuba, responded
for the “Sunny South,” and all could feel the warm breezes as"
they swept across the room, and for the moment we could see
the palm trees wave and could imagine ourselves in that fertile”
land across the sea. .

Dr. Jas. M. Wright, State Veterinarian of Illinois, in his
own forceful way, spoke of the relation of the veterinary pro-—
fession and politics, and contended that only through political
recognition could we hope to get legislation that would be bene-
ficial to the veterinarian, and also protect the public health.

T. J. Russell, the new member of the State Board of Live ~
Stock Commissioners, was called upon to say a few words, and —
responded in a way that convinced every one present that he
would do all that was possible to conserve the live stock inter-
ests, and expressed his appreciation of the veterinarian as a_
sanitarian. a

Dr. D. Arthur Hughes in a few words voiced his apprecia-_
tion of the association and the work it was doing.

At 11.30 p. m. the company broke up to meet next morn-
ing at 10. |

At 9, Dr. Knisely, the inventor of the double stomach tube,
gave a demonstration of his tube; it was witnessed by a goodly ©
number who were much interested. A

Promptly at 10, December Ist, the meeting was called to
order and the reading of papers proceeded with.

“Experience With Parturient Paresis,” by Dr. W. G. Neil-
son, Monmouth—A very interesting paper which brought out a
liberal discussion. E

“ Severing of the Extensor Tendon,” by Dr. C. C. Burns, 97
Bement—A rather remarkable case of healing after an accident
of this kind. F

Discussion—G. B, Jones, Mills and Wilson,

———————
: Bee ac) nl

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 623

“The Duty We Owe to Ourselves,” by Dr. H. A. Presler,

_ Fairbury—This paper advocated that veterinarians be more ethi-
cal, and so command the best prices for their services.

Discussion—Drs. A. H. Baker, Hymes, Mills, Alverson,

_ Glendenning and Nattress.

‘‘ Phagocytosis and Opsonins,” by Dr. Maxmillian Herzog— —

_ The doctor spoke extemporaneously and gave a very lucid ex-
_ planation of the latest discoveries along those lines. The subject
_ proved to be a very interesting one; the doctor lauded the appli-
"cation of opsonins in the cure of chronic infections.

Discussion—D. M. Campbell, Joseph Hughes.
Adjourned for lunch to 1.30 p. m.
At 2 p. m. meeting was called to order, and the reading of

papers resumed.

“ The Stallion Law and the Veterinarian’s Certificate,” by Dr.

- L.A. Merillat—This consisted of an explanation of the opera-
tion of the stallion law that becomes effective January 1, 1910,

and requires that all stallions that stand for public service be

registered.

“ Production of Milk,” by Dr. Matthew Wilson, Waukegan—

__ A very comprehensive paper dealing with the milk question, sani-
| tary conditions, and the attitude of stock owners to the tuber-

culin test.
Discussion—Dr. Blair.
“Surgery and the Country Practitioner,” by Dr. C. G. Glen-

- denning, Clinton—This paper made a plea for more aseptic pre-

cautions amongst the country practitioners, discouraged barn

_ yard operating, and advised the use of anaesthetics.

“Draught Horse Breeding in this Country,” by Mr. E. T.
Robbins, B.S., M.S.A.—This was a masterly plea for the breed-
ing of better classes of live stock, and the building up of that in-
dustry. }

On motion the secretary was instructed to see that the paper
be published.

“ Treatment of Contracted Tendons in Young Colts,” by Dr.
James Smellie, Eureka.

Discussion—Dr. Welch.

New BwusSINESS.

On motion Drs. Martin, Burt and Smellie were appointed to
draft resolutions thanking the Chicago Veterinary Society for the
able manner they entertained the A, V. M. A. during the meet-

_ ing in September.

24 SOCIETY MEETINGS,

‘The resolution was adopted and the secretary instructed to :
have a copy engrossed and sent to the society, also that the reso- —
lution be spread on the minutes of the association. :

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The following officers were elected by unanimous ballot: Pres- —
ident, Dr. C. G. Glendenning, Clinton; Vice-President, Dr. James
Smellie, Clinton; Secretary, Dr. J. H. Crawford, Harvard; —
Treasurer, Dr. G. Walker, Chicago. Board of Censors, Dr. A. 7
Worms, Chicago; Dr. J. T. Nattress, Delavan; Dr. N. P. Whit- —
more, Gardner. 4

On motion a committee on necrology was appointed to draft f
suitable resolutions on the death of the late Dr. Leonard Pear-
son.

It was moved and seconded that the association accept the —
invitation of the State Board of Live Stock Commissioners to —
hold the next semi-annual meeting at the State Biological Labora-
tory. Motion carried. “4

On motion the rules were suspended and the following coe
tlemen were duly elected: A.C. Ammann, Maroa; F. A. Shep- ~
perd, Fairmount; J. C. Cowser, Farmington; M. J. O’Donnell,
Chicago. Be

Drs. A. H. Baker, Presler, and Welch, were appointed as
auditing committee. The report of the auditing committee was —
read and on motion the report was accepted. ay

President C. G. Glendenning was then conducted to the chair
and in a few well chosen words thanked the association for the —
honor conferred and assured the association that he would try to —
merit their confidence and approbation. On motion the meet- —
ing adjourned at the call of the President. It was conceded by —
all that it was the most successful meeting in the history of the
association. The register shows that 164 attended the meet-

ing. J. H. Crawrorp, Secretary.

SCHUYLKILL VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION.

The seventeenth semi-annual meeting was held in the Board —
of Trade Rooms, Reading, Pa., December 15, 1909, beginning
promptly at one p. m., with Dr. D. R. Kohler in the chair, and
Dr. W. G. Huyett in his place as secretary. No morning session — ,

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 625

was held owing to the unavoidable absence of Pres. Newhard,

' and the members present. being less than a quorum.

__ The reading of the minutes of the previous meeting and roll

_ call was dispensed with upon a motion.

' The name of Dr. S. F. Griesemer, Bernville, was presented
for membership and approved by the Board of Trustees. On

motion the secretary was instructed to read the ballot of the

association for him, and he was declared duly elected to mem-

_ bership,

_ Under new business Dr. Noack presented the following reso-

lutions :

Whereas, It is important for the state that all contagious and

” infectious diseases amongst live stock be suppressed ; and,

| Whereas, It frequently occurs that animals die from a con-
tagious or infectious disease and are buried without the cause

. of death being known; and,

Whereas, It is in the interest of the state to support the
live stock owner and breeder; therefore, be it,

Resolved, By this association, in regular meeting assembled,

| that an act shall be introduced at the next legislative session,

| that the live stock owner shall be reimbursed by the state for the

loss of animals which are proved to have succumbed to such

') disease by the autopsy held on such animals and the minute re-

port of such autopsy made in writing by a qualified veterinarian.

'~ A motion was made and seconded that the President appoint

| a legislative committee of three to present these resolutions be-

fore the next legislative session.

READING AND DISCUSSION OF PAPERS.

Dr. O. G. Noack presented a valuable paper upon the subject
_ of the “ Importance of Municipal Control of the Sale of Meat and
_ Milk.” The paper was discussed by Drs, Kohler, Huyett and
_ Fetherolf.

| Dr. Kohler remarked that the local butchers of his section
often buy cattle under conditions with the farmer that said
animal must “kill right;” that is, free from any infectious dis-
ease, or the loss would fall back to the owner.

| The next essayist, Dr. W. S. Longacre, being unavoidably
_ absent and also having failed to present his paper to the secre-
_ tary, Dr. W. G. Weber was called upon by the chair on “ Re-
_ ports of Interesting Cases.”

ie
Bn 2
i
i
ee

'

626 ; SOCIETY MEETINGS,

a. “ TETANUS IN A MULE.”

Dr. Wehr claims he gets excellent results with the anti-toxin —
treatment and highly advocates it; he recently had seven re- ©
coveries out of fourteen cases. q

It was the concensus of opinion that tetanus anti-toxin is

a positive and reliable preventive and should be used more fre-

quently in wounds upon valuable horses especially; but as a
curative it is not so highly recommended because the drug is”
often of inferior strength, not properly standardized, the product
of each manufacturer having a different number of anti-toxin
units to the cubic c.

** CATTLE POISONING BY NITRATE OF SopDA.”

Nitrate of soda was used on a farm as a fertilizer for tobacco
plants, and some of the cows happened to get access to a bag
standing in an open shed and relished it as if it was coarse salt.
Soon symptoms of brain lesions were in evidence, great irrita-

tion of mucous membranes, etc. A number died; some were |

relieved by antidotes and physics.
Dr. Wehr says whenever he makes a hypodermic injection -

of digitalin he is sure to have formation of an abscess at the
point of injection. It was suggested that he use digitalin in —
conjunction with some other drug and no abscess would result. —
The following cases were brought up and discussed by the ©
members: Impaction of Rumen in Cattle, Congestion of the
Brain in Horse, Dyphtheria in Fowls, Scours in Calves, Reten-—
tion of Placenta and Prolapse Uteri in Cow. in
A motion was made to adjourn at 8.30 p. m., to meet June |
the 15th, 1910, in Reading. | {|
W. G. Huyertt, Secretary.

MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. |
(Last Three Meetings. )

The regular monthly meeting of the association was held at
Young’s Hotel, Boston, Wednesday evening, October 27, 1909.
The attendance was small but those present no doubt felt re-)
paid for coming, as they were treated to an interesting account 7

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 627

_ of the doings of the International Veterinary Congress at The
_ Hague, in September.
_. Dr. Austin Peters, who had attended the congress, told of
the doings and events of the several days of the session in a
manner that interested every one.
The following resolutions on the death of Dr. Leonard Pear-
son were drawn up and adopted by the association :
ba Whereas, The Massachusetts Veterinary Association has
learned of the death, September 20th last, of an honored and
able member of the veterinary profession, Dr. Leonard Pearson,
Resolved, That this association deplores his death as a great
_ loss to the veterinary profession, the scientific world and human-
_ ity; be it further, ;
Resolved, That these resolutions be entered upon the rec-
_ ords of this association and that a copy, together with the sym-
pathy and condolence of the Massachusetts Veterinary Associa-
tion be sent to the members of his bereaved family.

Signed : AustTIN Peters, M.R.C.V.S.,
Danret Emerson, M.D.V.,
FRANCIS ABELE, JR., V.S.

___ The association held its regular monthly meeting for Novem-
| ber at Young’s Hotel, Boston, Wednesday evening, November
| 24, 1909. —

There was but a small amount of business to come before

the meeting so the time was mostly occupied by a discussion of the

_ two following questions propounded by one of the members :

i! First—How do treatments for mastitis or mammitis in the
cow, by injections into the udder, compare in success with

treatments by the mouth?

: Second—How do the results from some of the newer pro-

_ prietary medicines compare with firing and tenotomy for spavins ?
: The December meeting of the association, held Wednesday

evening, December 22, 1909, brought out a very satisfactory

_ number of members considering the date was so near that of our

greatest holiday. :
as No special business coming before the members a general
discussion on most timely topics was indulged in; the most
interesting, perhaps, being Dr. Winchester’s description of the
new intradermic injection of tuberculin in cattle as a diagnosis
of tuberculosis. This work being reported as that of a German
investigator.

628 SOCIFTY MEETINGS,

As usual a further discussion on that many-sided question,
tuberculosis, was gone into at some length.

W. T. Waite, Secretary.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ol ENG
EXAMINERS.

The Georgia State Board of Veterinary Examiners held their —
second annual meeting at the State Capital in Atlanta, on De- ©
cember 22, 1909. Drs. C. R. Jolly, T. E. Jago, J. C. Schwencke ©
and Peter F. Bahnsen answered the roll-call. A telegram from —
Dr. John R. Anderson notified the Board that he was unable to —
attend the meeting. :

Dr. J. C. Schwencke, the retiring secretary, presented the —
resignation of Dr. M. A. Morris as a member of this board —
which, after due consideration was accepted and notice issued |
to the Georgia State Veterinary Association that a vacancy ex- —
isted, asking them to endorse some one for the position, subject —
to the approval of and appointment by his Excellency the —
Governor. :

After inspecting the examination papers for this term, pre- —
pared by Dr. Peter F. Bahnsen, the board opened the session |
for examination. Twelve applicants appeared before the board, —
either in person or by properly prepared and duly accredited —

application. Of these the following five were granted license to |)

practice:
Dr. L. L. Cheney, Augusta. University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. E. J. Cramer, Atlanta. American Veterinary College.
J. J. Culp, Ionia, Mich. Ontaria Veterinary College. —
S. Mathers, Cordele, Ga. Ontario Veterinary College.
KE. G. Case, Savannah, Ga. Ontario Veterinary College.

The other seven applicants were rejected on account of in- ||

sufficient credentials and inability to pass the examination. Four |
of these presented “ Lamb-skins” from veterinary correspond- |

ence schools and one claimed to hail from the University Vet- ‘| i
erinary College of Kansas. Only the colleges accredited by the |)
Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, |)

are recognized by this board.

At the conclusion of the examinations the board went into 7

executive session. Dr. Schwencke, whose term expired, was 4

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 629

- thanked for his faithful and efficient service as secretary. The
"following were elected officers for the ensuing term: Dr. -T. E.
| Jago, of Athens, President; Dr. John R. Anderson, of Macon,
. Vice-President, and Dr. Peter F. Bahnsen, of Americus, Sec-

im retary.
4 Meeting adjourned.
PeTrer F. BAHNSEN,
Secretary.

. 8B. A. L VETERINARY INSPECTORS’ ASSOCIATION
a OF CHICAGO.

Cuicaco, ILL., January 21, Ig10.
The regular monthly meeting of the B. A. I. Veterinary In-

! ] spectors’ Association was held Friday evening, January 14, I910.

a It was regularly moved and seconded that the annual banquet
be held on Saturday, March 12.
The paper of the evening was read by Dr. McKenzie, en-

| titled, “ Intensifying and Simplifying Medical Knowledge.”

-On motion by Dr. H. D. Paxson a committee was appointed
to draft resolutions on the deaths of Dr. Potratz and Major John
B. Sine.

Whereas, In His divine wisdom our Heavenly Father has
deemed it expedient to transfer our fellow worker and esteemed
friend, Dr. H. F. Potratz, into His spiritual kingdom, and,

Whereas, we, his fellow members of the B. A. I. Veterinary
Inspectors’ Association, feel deeply his removal from our midst
and desire to give expression to the same. Therefore, be it

Resolved, That we extend our heartfelt sympathy to Mrs.
Potratz and her infant daughter who are left to mourn a loving
and devoted husband and a kind and affectionate father, his col-
leagues a faithful friend and congenial companion, and the
Bureau of Animal Industry a capable and efficient servant.

Whereas, The Great Artificer of the Universe in His infinite
wisdom has summoned our honored friend and co-worker, Major
John B. Sine, to a higher sphere of usefulness in the spirit land,
we, his fellow members of the B. A. I. Veterinary Inspectors’
Association desire to give expression to our great sorfow at his
demise. Therefore, be it ©

630 SOCIETY MEETINGS,

Resolved, That we express to Mrs. Sine our profound sym- |
pathy in this the hour of her great sorrow, and the hope that —
she may have that fortitude which comes from an abiding faith
in the promise of.a happy reunion in the great beyond. In his
death his colleagues mourn the loss of a kind and congenial com-
panion and friend; the Bureau of Animal Industry a capable and
efficient officer, and his country a brave and distinguished patriot.

Drafts of these resolutions have been ordered: placed on the
records of this Association and an engrossed copy be sent to the
family of the deceased members.

JAMES JOHNSTON,
L. Enos Day,
A. A. Hoicomsg,

Committee.
D. D. Trerney, Secretary.

LO, THE HORSE,

In the midst of the present extravaganza of automobile and
aeroplane racing it is refreshing to take notice, occasionally, of
the horse. Witness the feat of an Illinois horse who belongs to
a mail carrier. He has traveled twenty-six miles a day for
twenty-two months, or a total of over 17,000 miles.

- It is impressive to note that in all this distance this horse did
not puncture a tire, lose a bolt, wear out a bearing, foul a spark
plug or run out of gasoline ten miles from home. Moreover, he
did not once exceed a speed limit, run over a hog, or skid on a
corner.

His chauffeur never killed his engine on a hill, nor did he
have to get out after an hour or two and crank him from in
front. The horse climbed every hill, and pulled through every
mudhole, and at the end of the 17,000 miles his owner did not
find that it would cost about $100 to replace his bearings, rebuild
his magneto, and take the carbon out of his cylinders.

Truly, the horse may be humble, but there is much comfort
in him.—Aurora Beacon.

| CALIFORNIA, SEPTEMBER 6-7-8-9, 1910.

NEWS AND ITEMS.

_ THE annual meeting of the New York State Agricultural
Society was held in Albany, January 18, 19, 20.

__ Pror, Lraurarp has recently been elected Vice-President of
the Societe Centrale de Medicine Veterinaire of Paris. The vet-
erinary profession of both continents rejoice in this added honor.

Dr. Water R. Pick, First Cavalry, who sailed with his

regiment from Manila, P. I., January 15, for the States, will

‘reach Walla Walla, Wash., about the 20th of this month, instead
of Des Moines, Iowa, as he at first expected.

GOVERNOR WARNER, of Michigan, has recently appointed Dr.

'S. Brenton, of Detroit, a member of the State Board of Veterin-
ry Examiners. In congratulating Dr. Brenton and the State of
Michigan, we voice the sentiment of the entire veterinary pro-
-fession of America.

_ Keystone VETERINARY MeEpICAL AssocIATION DINNER—
On Tuesday evening, January 18, the Keystone Veterinary Medi-
' cal Association gave a dinner in honor of Dr. S. H. Gilliland,
| recently appointed State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania, and Dr.
| Louis A. Klein, more recently appointed Dean of the University
of Pennsylvania Veterinary School. Alumni Hall, in which the
_ dinner was given, was tastefully decorated with the American
” flag and the U. of P. colors. Dr. W. L. Rhoads, of Lansdowne,
~ Pa., was master of ceremonies. Dr. John W. Adams, of the veter-
i inary school, in the capacity of toastmaster, added much to the
pleasure of the occasion by the wit with which he interspersed
his introductions. Between seventy-five and eighty members of
the Keystone Association, and their guests, sat at the festive

board; New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware be-
ing represented. Among the distinguished guests were Senator
N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture, of Pennsylvania, and
Hon. Edgar F. Smith, Vice Provost of the University of Penn-
sylvania. Toasts were responded to in the following order, and
each speaker took occasion to express his earnest approval of the ap-

631

632 NEWS AND ITEMS.

pointment of the two estimable gentlemen in whose honor the din-
ner was given. “ The Keystone Veterinary Medical Association,”
W. Horace Hoskins; “* Stock Raising,” Senator N. B. Critchfield ;
“The Veterinary- School, ” John Marshall; “‘ The Outlook,” Rob- ;
ert W. Ellis; “ The University. and the State,” Vice Provost
Edgar F. Smith; The Veterinary Faculty,” Louis A. Klein;
“ Veterinary Sanitation,” S. H. Gilliland. The recognition of |

merit which characterized these two appointments and the un-

doubted good that will result from them is gratifying. : |

Dover, DEL., January 24, 1910.
Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.

Dear Sirs—Enclosed find my check for (1910) REvIEW;
couldn’t do without it; just as necessary as my vet. books, and
always save it from year to year for occasional reference. 4

Yours very truly,
J. R. Kunus, V.S.

JEWELL City, Kan., December 24, 1909.
Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, New York.

DEAR Strs—Enclosed please find personal check for $3.00, for |
which push my subscription ahead one year. I would rather |
think of being without a place to sleep than to dispense with the
REVIEW. Respectfully yours, ee

H. R. GRooME. ~

For Cap Horses’ Comrort.—The cab horse has to eat while
at work. That is, while waiting on duty. The stifling nosebag”
is objectionable. A policeman in Berlin, Germany, Herr Chris-
toph Reimer, has invented what the cabmen call the right thing.
The food bag is attached to the shafts of the vehicle by means of
two iron rods bent at the proper angle, and the horse can eat ;
his oats or other grain without having to put his head down to ~
the ground. A cabman in Friedrichstrasse said: “This food |
bag certainly has its advantages. Some horses continually throw ||
their oats out by shaking their heads, but the new scheme will
prevent that. Furthermore, when using the ordinary nosebag,
a cabman is obliged frequently to change the lengths of the reins ~ |
and straps in order to make it possible for his horse to reach his
food. This will not be necessary with the new invention,’—
World’s Chronicle. .

| Texas V. M

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of

We

the following list :

vat value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us
‘of the dates and places of their meetings.
Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included

c t. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors.

uylkill Valley V. M.A..

“ae
ees
uth Dakota V. M.

et. Alumni Univ. Penn..

- State V. M
So. St. Jose
coming

sen A & fo Ys Vet. Insp..

Twin City V.M
Vermont Vet. Med. Aad

Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Columbia..

Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba..
Vet. Med. Ass’n of N. J.......
V. M. Ass’n, New York City.
Veterinar a, New York City.....
euzinie tate V. M. Ass’n
ashington State * V. “M. Zz.
Woeneton State V.M.A....
Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n..
n Soc. Vet. G
York Co. “Pa V.M

| Cail of Chair.:

uthern ge yt 8 of California

ASSN. viinwas

Veterinary Ass’n of Alberta... ..
.| 3d Wed.ea. mo..

eeeeee

eee ee eee ee eee
seer

ee

ee eee eee eee eens

errr ree eee ee eeery

Mar. 8-9, I910..

Jan and June.
ist Wed. fol. the

2d Sun. ea. mo.
2 Eacee 15, 1910....

ee

.| Jan. Apl.Jy.Oct.
4th Tues. “Jy mo.

Ce

Cail Exec. Com.
Thu. ea. mo.

eee eee eee e eee eee

eee ewe weel cae

.| Philadelphia..

eee eee re

Name of Organization. D «be Raga | ves La Name and Address Secretary.
a ch age getaed 141 W. 54th St. L. Glynn, N. Y. OT:
Sept. 6,7,8,9,-10| San Francisco. K. P. Lyman, KansasCity,Mo.
ORAS BE (PRE Horace E. Rice, Little fock.
ist and 3d Thur.| Lec.Room,La
bac Pha Kee -| _of eac month val Un’y,Mon . P. A. Houde, Montreal.
.| 2d Fri. ea. mo...| Chicago....... . D. Tierney, Chicago, Il.
1p es Se aE San Francisco.| J. J. Hogarty. ‘Oakland.
mitral Canada 'V. ASSN. vs cscens|. ecco ssnsccccesces Ottawa .......| A. E. ave.
Chicago Nocertnae s daiee 2d Tues. ea. mo.| Chicago ...... . ~ "Chicag
golorado EG WV. Os PON Mosca cal aceccetwdatéoeces Denver ....... . Woodliffe ,
February 1, 1910. Harttord.. B. . Dow, Willimantic.
eis wahes whan coe daskeuaeaccel La che ‘Taylor, Henrietta.
badveenebus Sicko Tians Seaab aepeeth . F. Bahnsen, Americus.
cee SSE | Pe ne ES OP Cook, ‘poceuanet.
ikied jt Jekewcdics ts hecnkebhesseles _H. Crawford, Harv
b 4 A vasvese Jan. and Aug Louisville..... v. iS Swain, Mt. Pulaski.
ndiana Veterinary Association...) ........-ssesseee| seeeeseccseenee . Bronson, Indianapolis
a Veterinary Ass’n....... ....| Feb.15,16 17,1910 Des Moines... H. rom Simpson; nison.
n FO SRO ere eee B. Rogers, aenbetten.
re Se Not decided ..| D. A. Piatt, Lexin:

Ss. Lorgett. Gleno
E. P. Flower, Baton Nowte.
A. Joly Waterville.

Baltimore H. ounse , Sec’y.
oston........ Wm. T. White Newtonville.
i towtaletou ae | Judaon Black, Richmond.
Lo aa sidainasece Ed. Leech, Winona.
eee es bee {.¢- Robert Agricultural Col.
Kansas City.. F. aye FortCollins,Colo.
Joseph....| F. F. Brown, Kansas City.
WR hae 5d W. S. Swank, Miles City.
Grand Island.| H. ay Jonens, , Wee Water.
Ee De Vine, ve bel
Wilmington .. ‘Adam F isher, Charlotte.
of BORGO! kacaistee CG. eu oer Valley City.
RR ee , Wilmi: +
Up’rSandusky| F neste an Wert, Ohi
REN See R. A. Phillips, Eeiientn City
oe REL PY Goi, ; Ano ple, Lage - py
Paterson, N.J.| H. K. Berry, Paterson
‘| Philadelphia... F.H. Schneider, Philadelphia.
Be i 2 ie Chas. G. Thomson, Manila.
Mon. and Que. Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P.Q.
Providence ...| J. S. Pollard, Providence

St. Louis.....
Reading ......
Philade —_ “
Sioux Falls. .

Los A pipe: .

see eee eee

Ce

Not stated...... Winnipeg. ..

tst Wed. ea. mo.| 141 W. 54th se
*| Monthly Se sa Jersey City ..
1st & 3d Fri. Eve. Pullman... vs Ps
Coed ine cane eanes Seattle...

Ist Wed. ea. mo. Pittsburgh. .
vaaaerueen® «.....| Grand Rapids.

se eet eee ee eee

Wm.T.Conway,St.Louis,Mo
W.G. Hu rae. ernersville.
B.T.W .Wash’n, D.C.
et iy eV Gealamns Sioux Falls.

. A. Edmonds, Los Angeles.
. R. Collins, So. St. Joseph.
A.C. BS mre iy ne mg
R. P. Marsteller, Col
S. H: Ward, St. Paul inn.
F.W. Chamberlain, Burling
C. H. H. Sweetapple,
Saskatchewan, Alta.,

M: Page Smith, Wash., D.C.
F. Torrance, Winni
W. Herbert Lowe, Paterson.
W. Reid Blair, N. Y. City.
A. F. Mount, Jerse City.
W.G. Chrisman, C arlo’sv’le.
R.G. McAlister, Pullman.

. T. Seely, Seattle.
oe I, sant

West, t, Madison.

7 Bausticker, York, Pa.

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Tuis is the season of the year when your clients will begin to discuss
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to get in foal on previous occasions, they will want your advice in regard
to her. If, on examination, you believe mechanical assistance is what she
requires, you will at once think of CrirreNpEN & Co., of Cleveland, Ohio,
as the firm that has all the up-to-date impregnators and other breeding
specialties; stallion and jack supplies, etc. If you need any of their goods
you will find their address on the opposite page, lower left-hand corner.

As the spring approaches, skin diseases will begin to manifest them- —
selves in the dogs. The Hoffmann-LaRoche Chemical Co. will furnish —
a free sample of Thigenol “Roche” if you desire to test their product. |
so fully are they assured that it will prove its efficiency to you. (Literature ©

will accompany the package.)

Do not hesitate to urge your clients to use the Arr-CusHION Paps on |
their driving and business horses. They are an essential on asphalt pave-
ments summer and winter. See description on page 22 (adv. dept.).

Tur condition of the roads during the winter season is bound to run~
the work-horses down in flesh. Nothing will pick them up so satisfac- 7
torily as Attas Horse Feep, Give this splendid molasses feed a little
thought. If you desire to know more of its composition, write THe 7
Meaper-AtLAs Co. You will find their address when you need it on page J)
3 (ady. dept.). ,

Tuis is the season of the year when veterinarians appreciate the joys
and conveniences of a horse ambulance, and the discouraging wearing ordeal 9
of standing on a street corner looking at a patient perishing on the ice- J
covered pavement, in the absence of such a convenience. The Rech-Mar- |)
baker Co., of Philadelphia, show a cut of the best horse ambulance made, |
on page 7 (adv, dept.), |

634

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The new therapeutic agent—a distinct chemical body, no secret
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requiring only one application.

** Antiperiostin has proven itself a very valuable agent in my hands
for the last six months, and | can truthfully say that in my opinion it is the
best remedy for those cases of incipient periostitis in horses, which usually
terminate in bone spavin or splint, and which when treated under the old
line methods, such as firing and blistering, have been more or less un-
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COUGHS, BRONCHITIS, PNEUMONIA, LARYNGITIS, ETC.
IN HORSES AND DOGS

can be effected with greater certainty and promptness by the use of

Glyro-Gernin (Smith)

than by the employment of any other remedy extant.

COUGHS.—Glyco-Heroin (Smith) checks cough instantly, relieves obstruction |
of the breathing passages, liquefies the mucus, allays the pain, subdues nervousness,
abates the fever and induces restful sleep. Relief is immediate and recovery is rapid.

PNEUMONIA.—Glyco-Heroin (Smith) relieves the congestion, disperses en-
gorgement, reduces the fever, sustains heart action, calms nervous excitement, renders
respiration free and regular and shortens the duration of the disease. It conserves
strength and forestalls the development of fatal complications.

BRONCHITIS.—Glyco-Heroin (Smith) allays inflammation of the bronchial
tubes, arrests the cough, begets free breathing, dispels fever, liquefies the bronchial
secretions, restores the appetite, and prevents the disease from assuming the chronic form.

LARYNGITIS.—Glyco-Heroin (Smith) relieves inflammation of the larynx and
tenderness of the throat, abates the fever, allays the pain, checks the cough, promotes
the appetite and induces quiet sleep.

DOSE.—The dose for horses and cattle is one ounce every
two or three hours. For dogs, ten drops to half-teaspoonful.

SUBSTITUTION.—To insure entirely satisfactory
results, it is vitally important that veterinarians emphasize
name “Smith” when purchasing or prescribing Glyco-
Heroin (Smith), for many would substitutes for the
remedy are offered by unscrupulous dealers.

LITERATURE.—Exhaustive clinical reports from the
foremost hospitals and members of the veterinary profession
will be sent, post paid, on request

MARTIN H. SMITH COMPANY, NEW YORK

AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.

‘MARCH, 1910.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES,
Paris, January 15, 1910.

. VACCINATION AND IMMUNIZATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS.
'—Medical and veterinary papers are continuing the publication
of the investigations that have been made public lately in relation
to those very important questions. It is unfortunate that the

- space that is allowed to this chronicle does not permit the full con-

sideration of all that is now of recent date, coming, as for in-
» stance, from those ever-working investigators, Director Doct. S.
| Arloing and Prof. Vallée; I must be satisfied in merely present-
_ ing a concise résumé of what has appeared lately.

At one of the last seatings of the Academie des Sciences, Di-
_ rector Arloing made a communication on the anti-tuberculous
vaccination for cattle where he resumed the results he has ob-
tained in a series of experiments upon this important subject
which he has carried out since 1902.

The vaccine matters that he used were fixed varieties of hu-
man and bovine bacilli, which are indefinitely transmissible.
These varieties, which do not give rise to any appreciable lesions,
‘are innocuous to the animals that are vaccinated and also to the
one who vaccinates. They can be used either by intravenous in-
jections or by the digestive tract or again by the skin. The thus
artificially created immunization was confirmed by the inocula-
tion of very virulent bovine bacilli. The control was made by
similar inoculations upon witness subjects vaccinated; and othérs

635

636 EDITORIAL,

clinically observed had been finally slaughtered and been the sub
ject of a most minute autopsy. Oue of 60 vaccinations per-

plete success, 25 per cent. of relative success and 25 per cent. of 7)
failures. Among the witnesses, no infection in 9.2 per cent.,
partial infection in 27.2 per cent., complete infection 63.6 per
cent. 5
Comparing the degree of infection in the failures and the par-
tial infections. the lesions appeared six times more important in
the witnesses than in the vaccinated. The vaccination by venous
injections has given the best results (75 per cent. of success),
then came the operation by ingestion with 50 per cent. and finally
the subcutaneous method with 10 per cent. of perfect and 73 per
cent. of partial successes.

The immunity may last between 15 and 22 months. It may.
be increased for a longer period of time by other subcutaneous
inoculations entirely harmless. ,

*
* *

And in his conclusions Dr. Arloing says: “ This method of 7
immunization does not exactly resemble any of those presented
up to this day. a

“ All the methods known rest on the use of attenuated tuber-
culous bacilli. Therefore I am permitted to congratulate myself —
in having been the first to support the theory of the variability —
of the tuberculous virus and to have defended it for a long time 7
against promoters of the exceptional immunity of the bacillus of
Koch,

“To this point of view my method does not differ from
the others. But the vaccines that I use are not composed of
bacilli, individually and extemporaneously modified, either by —
heat or antiseptics or by the passage by the organism of cold
blooded animals. Their active agents are living bacilli of bovine —
origin, deeply modified in their tuberculigenous potency by a

_ EDITORIAL, 637

long series of cultures in the depth of glycerinated bouillon. The
“modifications that they have sustained are now fixed, and thus
these bacilli form breeds which are indefinitely transmissible.
B hese breeds, comparable to the anti-carbuncular vaccines of
Pasteur, can no more produce the tuberculization of visceras and
lymphatic glands, in the condition that I recommend them to
used. Being harmless to monkeys, I believe them also in-
nocuous for man.
“ By their characters they resemble one of the avirulent vac-
cines of Prof. Kleinmer of Dresden. At any rate, I am positively
sertain that they cannot cause any fatal infection in animals, con-
rarily to the bovo-vaccine of Von Behring or the tauruman of
Koch-Shutz, to whom I reproach fatalities between 7 or 8 per
cent. of the vaccinated.

“T do not claim that the series of those experimental re-
earches are closed and probably this antituberculous vaccina-
| tion still requires some improvement, but the results so far ob-
" tained justify its use; with, however, the application of the ordi-
nary measures of prophylaxy, so as to reduce the damages caused
| by bovine tuberculosis in the same way in fact as it is done for
other contagious diseases.”

*
od

| On this side, Prof. Vallée has also published in the Annales of
Pasteur Institute two very important articles on tuberculous im-
| ‘munization with the résumé of the immense labor that he has
carried out in the last six years, and in which not less than 666 |
| animals were submitted to experimentation.
Ne In his experiments, Vallée, to confer immunity, tried at first
living bacilli. He asserted that equine bacilli were equivalent
to that of Behring and that this equine bacillus was innocuous to
bovines. Then he showed that the inoculation was not danger-
ous, that the resorption of the introduced bacilli was relatively
simple and rapid, and that they did not recuperate any virulency
in the inoculated organism.

H

|
|

638 EDITORIAL,

As a test-virus he resorted to a very virulent bacillus ob 4
tained from tuberculous mastitis. All his experiments were car-
ried out in two series of animals vaccinated and witnesses sub-
mitted to this test-virus. All the witnesses showed at autopsy
very extensive tuberculous lesions. The vaccinations were al-
ways made in two seatings, three months apart. The first con- |
sisted in the introduction by the various processes, intravenous
injections, subcutaneous vaccinations, digestive ingestions, of
some milligrammes of equine bacilli and at the second of 20 to
40 milligrammes of the same, except in the method by inges-
tion where the doses have been as high as 50 centigrammes. __

Vallée has also resorted to dead bacilli, so as to grant at once
a kind of prevaccination to be used in contaminated centers where
young animals are exposed to take tuberculosis easily. And for
such experiments he used bovine bacilli very virulent, which were
treated with iodined water, or again bacilli killed by heat. The
results were not satisfactory.

aoe

The conclusions drawn from all these long series of experi-—
ments are very interesting. Vallée resumes them as follows:
“In the attempts of anti-tuberculous vaccination of bovines, it
is indicated to resort to the use of a bacillus free of virulency 7
for those animals and one which can be resorbed rapidly and |7
completely. :
“ These essential qualities existed in the bacillus of equine |
origin that we employed. The results that we have obtained by
intravenous inoculation of this microbe, in the condition that
Von Behring has indicated for his bovo-vaccine, can be com- |.
pared with those obtained with that substance. |
“The resistance granted by this method remains very rela-
tive. It is proportional with the quantity of bacilli inoculated |
as vaccinating agent. In no case, does it permit an animal to |
stand exposed to natural infection longer than a few months. It 7
is also insufficient to insure complete resorption of the bovine )

bacilli inoculated intravenously as test of the immunity. It does
"not reduce the aptitude of bovines to be infected experimentally
ingestion.

“The immunity conferred by sub-cutaneous inoculation of
these same bacilli in doses double to those used by intravenous
injections is much inferior to that obtained with this last. It
is possible to confer to bovines, either by injection of small doses
f virulent bovine bacilli or by that of large doses of bacilli al-
most a virulent, a very real immunity to infection by the digestive

“It is indicated to use in the vaccination per os rather poorly
virulent bacilli, so as not to promote a dangerous infection of the
‘cow-barns by the vaccine bacilli that the vaccinated animal throw
out in the few days following the inoculation.
_ “The granted immunity is so much more marked with the
vaccination per os that it has been performed in a younger ani-
"mal. Contrarily to the vaccination by intravenous injection
‘with the same bacillus, it allows complete resorption in seven
months to the most of virulent bovine bacilli taken ina test meal.
“Vaccination per os does not protect young bovines forever.
It only permits them to resist for one year about to the close con-
tact with animals, carriers of open pulmonary lesions.
_ “This vaccination per os deserves to be studied from a prac-
tical point of view, so as to use it in stables in connection with
- the detection and the elimination of tuberculous individuals, car-
riers of open lesions.
~ “Vaccination of bovines with dead bacilli has given us no
| results or at best, results only far inferior to those obtained
with living bacilli.”

*
* *

GENERAL ApvicEs Upon CastratTion.—Published in the
Berliner Tierarstliche Wochenschrift, this article of Prof. Toep-
per analyzed in the Revue Generale is, I imagine, a lecture to
young practitioners, as it calls their attention to the operation

640 EDITORIAL,

and contains valuable pieces of information which every o e
can profit by.

It seems that in Germany castration is in some regions left
in the hands of gelders. Young veterinarians, says Toepper, i
ought to practice it and be familiar with it. The habit of having
animals kept fasting for one or two days seems injurious to colts
of one cr two years, by promoting the displacement of the omen- ]
tum because of the vacuity of the stomach and intestines and as 7
consequence the production of hernias. As a proof, the author
states that he has observed in one day 11 cases of epiploic hernias
out of 38 operated.

Aged stallions, and especially thoroughbreds, must, however,
be kept fasting one day before the operation. If these animals
have been without food for 24 hours and have been anesthesized
with chloroform, chloral, morphine, etc., when they are returned
to their stables, they rush to their manger, gobble up their food
and swallow it without chewing it. It is not unfrequent then to ~
observe cases of choking. Then one has to take hold of the
tongue of the horse, pull it out and try to extract the food con- |
tained in the mouth. To prevent this accident, thin watery mash —
better be given instead of dry fodder, hay, ete.

The operator must never forget to explore the inguinal canal |
and especially the external inguinal ring. This may be done
with the animal standing, except in fat individuals where it is”
better to do it while he is cast and that also after the incision of
the scrotum—hence the indication to operate only after the ani- |
mal is after his first year. |

Acquired inguinal hernia is due to all the causes likely to 7
produce a narrowing of the abdomen and a dilatation of the in- |
ternal inguinal ring. This narrowing of the abdomen is due to”
the contraction of the abdominal and the dilatation by the crural —
muscles. Pressures upon the relaxed abdominal walls have no
effect in the formation of inguinal hernias. Recent hernias are
rare in stallions used for breeding purposes. Toepper has only
observed one case in a stud establishment where between 180 and 7
200 stallions were kept. A stallion when he has colic must al- 7

EDITORIAL, 641

ways have its testicular cord examined. The exit of intestines
is a common complication with some methods of castration and
some ways of casting. The author operates old stallions by
" method of covered testicles, the hind quarters being raised. He
" operates without anesthesia and with the animal cast. No cas-
tration ought to be performed when epizootics prevail; infec-
tious pneumonia, typhoid fever, distemper, etc. In regions where
' tetanus prevails, serum injections must be used.
Castration with clamps is imperfect—the pressure on the
‘cord is applied upon a too wide surface and the mortification
is incomplete unless caustics are used, and then their action is ir-
) regular. Method by torsion of the cord is defectuous for the
‘same reasons. Prof, Sand, of Copenhagen, has invented a spe-
’ cial nipper to secure the cord and crush it thoroughly.
' Between 1892 and 1898 Toepper has castrated about 3,000
_ horses with this nipper and has never had any accident. With
the emasculator he has had two serious hemorrhages. Hemor-
rhage following castration may come from the testicular cord or
again from the blood vessels surrounding them. This last is
_ always less severe.
The section of the cord must be made as high up as possible
| to avoid the infection of the stump. The cutaneous incision
', must be quite free also to avoid retention of the collection of
| fluids. Muscular tissue and pieces of connective tissue project-
| ing beyond the stump of the cord or protruding from the wound
__ must be removed with the emasculator. Antiseptic care during
the operation must be attended to. The operating wound is to
_ be covered with wadding until the hobbles are taken off. Taken
to his stall, the animal is tied with head high. He is given a
little tepid water and a little hay. He is to be watched and in
case of hemorrhage be placed in a narrow stall to prevent his
_ moving too much and keep his legs close together. The cleaning
of his hind legs is to be dispensed with for several days. The
day following the operation a walking exercise of an hour morn-
ing and evening is allowed. Towards the seventh day the wounds
are cleaned, their edges separated and the sloughing tissues re-

642 EDITORIAL.

moved. Recovery is complete in two or three weeks. There are
some very good points in the recommendations of the German
professor, but we fancy that there are many that American
surgeons would hesitate to follow. .

SurvivaL AFTER INTESTINAL RUPTURES.—This serious and —
always fatal accident may sometimes give occasions for some
reason or another, to difficulties which may result in law suits, —
and there may be instances when experts may be appointed by —
the courts to settle the question of about at what time the rupture ~
took place, and consequently how long may a horse live after the —
lesion has occurred. By reading the Bulletin de Medecine Vet-—
erinaire from Malines (Belgium), I think this has already been
the case, and a veterinarian, Mr. C. Verlinde has related several
cases which throw light on the subject. I imagine he did it to —
substantiate an advice given as expert, where it was stated that —
in case of intestinal or stomachal rupture, the animal may sur- q
vive to it for 24 hours. And if that is probably a very rare ex- —
ception, it is just as rare to see death take place before four or ~
five hours, exception being made, however, of those cases where —
the rupture comes and complicates in extremis inflammatory or —
gangrenous lesions already existing. This continuation of life —
varies considerably, of course, and depends upon a great many —
different circumstances: general condition of the animal, extent —
of the rupture, quantity and nature of the substances dropped —
into the peritoneum, nature and Panne of surrounding le-
sions, etc.

But notwithstanding the frequent difficulty to determine ex-
actly the moment when the rupture occurred, Mr. Verlinde be- —
lieves that in the very great majority of cases, the animal may —
and does live between eight and twelve hours after. To substan- —
tiate this assertion several cases are recorded; several illustra-
tions,

EDITORIAL, 643

__ It is one animal whose rupture was diagnosed one afternoon
’ at 3 o'clock P.M. after suffering with colic all the morning and
- died 11 hours after. Another has colic since 24 hours. Treated
during the day, a washing of the intestines with long enema is
attempted at 5 P. M. Through some error in the manipula-
tions of the rectal injection, a perforation of the intestine oc-
‘curs. The animal died during the night at 2 o’clock A. M., or
9 hours after the perforation. In a third case, a horse takes his
meal, is put to work, suddenly drops heavily down. He is taken
_ home at 9.30 and is seen by Mr. V. only at 12 o’clock midnight,
_when a diagnosis is made of rupture of the stomach. The horse
_ lived until 3 o’clock A. M., having survived 10 hours after the
_ rupture had taken place; no doubt occurring when the animal had
his fall. The last case is still more interesting. Taken ill im-
' mediately after his morning meal, a horse gives symptoms of
_ Stomachal indigestion with probably a rupture. The horse suf-
_ fers all day, all night and the next morning he is yet alive, but
' in such wretched condition that at last the owner has him de-
| stroyed. The horse had lived 24 hours after the rupture of the
» stomach had been diagnosed. The fact that the contents of the
- stomach had been held as in a sac between the folds of the great
- omentum may explain this long survival.
Conclusions of the author: Generally, if not always, the
_ length of the survival after a rupture is superior to five hours.

a8

Is AGAIN THE TINCTURE OF IODINE AS SURGICAL ANTISEPTIC.
_ —I have already treated of this subject in preceding chronicles,
and have shown how it was gradually becoming of general use.
Yet I may be allowed to resume another article on it which has
been published some time ago in one of our exchanges, The
- Clinica Veterinaria, of Milan, by Prof. D. Bernardini.

is Iodine has not yet obtained in veterinary surgery the wide ap-
plication that its precious aseptic properties deserve. Since a long
time, having observed how tissues, even those injured recently,

644 ¢ EDITORIAL,

were tolerating the tincture, the author used it to sterilize infectell |
wounds, especially those that were to be sutured. 4
At first he used it in some cases of bearings of superficial su-
tures, to purify the wound before realizing a second union. The
tincture being applied on the wound after the sewing and for sev- |
eral days after until cicatrization. Applied in sluts after the re-
moval of mammary tumors, on the wound itself and before the 7
application of the sutures. Renewing this for several days after, ¥)
a first intention healing process occurred in the great majority
of cases. Even when applied directly on tissues freshly cut, the —
results were always the same. E
After oxygenated water, tincture of iodine, says Benndirdie 4
is the most energetic antiseptic that tissues will stand. This is’
explained by the facility with which it evaporates and diffuses —
with the organism’s heat. And also by the facility with which —
it combines with the alkaline elements of the organic plasmas. —
Its action in the depth of structures is illustrated in the radical |
treatment of canker of the foot and the results obained by sur- —
gical interference would probably not be so brilliant if, as has been 4)
the case in numerous instances, the application of the tincture of
iodine had not come to complete the work done with the sharp —
instrument. | ,
In injuries by crushing of the metacarpo or metatarso-phalan- ~
geal joints in dogs, lesions which are most severe, and often —
justify amputation, there again dressings with iodine were fol- —
lowed by rapid recovery.
The use of tincture of iodine has been systematically organ- |
ized at the veterinary clinics of Milan to sterilize the skin before
surgical operations. As it is not easy to shave the skin of animals
without using soap, the shaving is done several days ahead of
the operation, or the operative field is dehydrated with alcohol —
before the iodine is applied. In the cases where a closed dressing —
cannot be applied, the use of the tincture is also advantageous, as
the iodine forms on the stitches of the sutures and on the sur-
rounding region a thin protecting covering pellicle, sufficient to
protect the parts underneath.

AS.

EDITORIAL, 645

The application must be renewed every two or three days,

and the day before the threads of the sutures are to be removed,

it is good to soften that pellicle with the application of a little

antiseptic ointment.

_ Bernardini has obtained excellent results which he says are
1perior to any of those gained with other methods which at best

are slower and more complicated.

cd
* *

_Exrract or NorMat Serum or Horse.—At the Society of
) Therapeuty, where I sometimes attend, I heard lately a paper in
which there are some points which veterinarians might take ad-
» vantage of. It related to the use of the extract of normal serum
of horses in given cases of hemorrhages. | '
| The hemostatic and cicatrizing action of the normal serum is
well known. Still its use is comparatively limited, on account
\ of the difficulty to have always at hand fresh and aseptic serum.
' Two therapeutists, M. M. R. Simon and E. Chody, have thought
that this therapeuty might be rendered more applicable by using
' the serum of horses, obtained aseptically and dried immediately
in vacuum, to the minima of 2 millimeters pressure and at a tem-
perature close to zero. .
| Their experiments and those of others who have tried the
dried serum have demonstrated that it keeps all its properties,
_ being used either in dry powder or again dissolved in water. In
human practice it has been used against hemorrhages in sheet
| in epistaxis, in hemorrhages following the extraction of teeth, in
| the removal of tonsils, and of adenoid growths or of the tur-
binated bones.
3 Internally it has given excellent results in severe anemia,
_ dyscrasic hemorrhages, hemophily. There are certainly cases of
_ similar nature that occur in veterinary practice and where the
use of this extract of normal serum of horses would prove ad-
vantageous.. Let it be tried!

*
i *

646 EDITORIAL,

Our Deap 1n 1909.—Death has during the year 1909 played |
sad havoc amongst veterinarians of notoriety in Europe, and
England, France, Germany, Italy and Hungaria counts a cer-
tain number of victims taken from our professional ranks.

From England, in the month of June we had to record the
sad death of Captain Veterinary Surgeon Quinland, who died
in India, victim of his profession, from rabies. More recently |
it is Prof. Axe, late of the Royal College of Veterinary Sur-
geons, of London, no doubt known by many amongst our readers.
Prof. Axe wrote a great deal, but his principal work is the one
entitled “The Horse,” which is published in nine volumes and
whose manuscript was just completed when he took ill. ;

From France, our confréres had to regret the death of Doctor
St. Yves Menard, who was President of the Association Cen-
ivale des Veterinaires, a benevolent society, which provides finan- ,
cial help to unfortunate members of the profession and to their
families. He was professor of Hygiene in one of the govern- ©
mental schools and Director of the French Institute of Animal
Vaccine. Prof, F. Suffran died comparatively recently in Octo-—
ber. Author of many articles published in French veterinary |
journals. Prof. Suffran died quite young after holding for sev- |
eral years the chair of Clinical Medecine and of General and_
Surgical Pathology at the veterinary school of Toulouse.

From Germany we recall the death of Dr. A. Primer, Pro- —
fessor of Chemistry at the Superior Veterinary School of Ber-—
lin; that of Doct. Gustav Flemming, who died at the old age of
85 years, and that of Doct. Otto von Bollinger, Rector of the i
University of Munich and late professor in the veterinary schools __
of Zurich and of Munich. Doctor Bollinger was well known and |
appreciated among our Swiss and German confréres. He has /
left a large contribution to pathological veterinary literature. |

From Hungaria, at Budapest, Doctor von Thanhoffer died in |
March. He was Professor at the Superior Veterinary School of |
Budapest. le

Italy had to regret the loss of Prof. Pietro Valdonio, of the |
school of Perousa, and of Doct. Pietro Caffaretti, Director of |

eae ok

EDITORIAL, 647

that excellent periodical, Ji Veterinario di Campana. All the
veterinary publications of Europe have expressed their regrets
and given proper obituary notices for the loss that the profession
mn the United States have sustained with the death of our dear
departed friend, Doct. Leonard Pearson.
ae

_ BreiiocrapnHic ACKNOWLEDGMENTs.—Bulletin 121 of the
' Bureau of Animal Industry just at hand treats of “ The Need
- of Controlling and Standardizing the Manufacture of Veterinary
_ Tetanic Antitoxin.”
’ _ Itis the result of investigations made by Dr. John R. Mohler, .
" Chief of the Pathological Division, and Dr. Adolph Eichorn, Bac-
‘teriologist. In presenting it to the Secretary of Agriculture,
"Chief Doctor A. D. Melvin said that it was the report of an in-
vestigation which had become necessary because “under the
isting condition the veterinarian and stock owners were at the
| mercy of the manufacturers of the antitoxin—some of whom
make no statement as to the strength of their products—and it
’ was very necessary that the veterinarian should have some re-
‘ liable assurance of the strength of this most valuable therapeutic
| agent, and therefore there is need for legislation empowering the

Secretary to supervise and control the manufacture of said anti-
toxin and prescribe and enforce a proper standard of potency.”
The report contains an introduction on the subject, concise state-
| ment of the nature and cause of tetanus, an historical summary,
| the mode of action of tetanus toxin, then the standardization of
the antitoxin by European and American methods, and after
q j giving the results of the examination of some of the commer-
cial veterinary antitoxins concludes as follows:

1. The veterinary tetanus antitoxins prepared by the different
to manufacturers have not a uniform potency and the variation
| amounts in some instances to about two-thirds less than the
| strength which it should possess.

2. In order to insure a uniform strength the manufacturers
of veterinary tetanus antitoxins should be required to use the

648 EDITORIAL,

American standard and to state on the label the number of Am-
erican units the dose contains as is required for human tetanus
antitoxin. | . qj
3. The immunizing dose for a horse should contain at least
1,500 immunity units of the standard established by the U. Sz
Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. 4
4. It is seen that the veterinary tetanus antitoxins vary ex- |
travagantly in the unit strength, and some are comparatively }
weak in antitoxic potency, which shows the necessity for the
same supervision by the U. S. Department of Agriculture over
biological products used in veterinary medicine as is now exer-
cised by the U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service
over similar products used in human medicine. .
5. The request for such supervision should have the indorse~
ment of the veterinarian and live-stock interests of this country.
It CERTAINLY WILL!

1
%* *

The report of the Principal Veterinary Surgeon and Bac-
teriologist, Dr. S. Dodd, of Queensland, Australia, in which are ©
considered the following contagious and infectious diseases”
which prevail in that country: Tick Fever or “ Red Water,” |
Osteomalacia of cattle or ‘‘ Soft Bone Disease,” Infectious Oph-
thalmia or “ Blight,” Tuberculosis, Contagious Mastitis, Con-
tagious Abortion, Black Leg, Stomach Worms in sheep and
calves, Influenza, Swine Fever, Spirochcetosis of poultry, Eye |)
Worm in poultry, and a few others of less interest. . |

The report concludes in giving the source and results of the 7
examination of 283 specimens which were sent to the laboratory
during the year ending June 30, 1909. “a

#
* *

Verertnary Nores, Vor. 111, Dec., 1909, from Parke Davis |

& Co., is also at hand with a good likeness and obituary of the |
late Dr. Leonard Pearson. q

Ait:

FRUITION.

_ There is no person whose privilege it was to have known
the late Leonard Pearson, but who gauged his ability above the
‘average man and thoroughly appreciated the masterly work he
was doing in veterinary and sanitary medicine; but few there
‘are who could have measured the extent to which his plans were
‘projecting into the future, while he was performing his duties
’ in the present. Now that he has passed into the golden realms
of immortality, his mortal plans are being gradually unfolded
by those into whose keeping his precious legacy has passed.
_ The new buildings of the veterinary school at Philadelphia,
of which he was dean, were planned by him, and while he was
called to his Maker long before their completion (as there is even
' still much to be done), yet he had carefully planned every de-
tail; so that as the work goes on from time to time, it is making
" material the creation of his fertile mind.
____In many instances the uses for which he had designed cer-
" tain parts of the buildings had not presented themselves at the
» time of his death, and are now coming into evidence as such
occasions as he had anticipated present themselves. An example
is the dinner given by the Keystone Veterinary Medical Asso-
' ciation to the two gentlemen who have succeeded him as dean
_ of the veterinary school and as state veterinarian, which was
held in Alumni Hall, a room in the veterinary building “ planned
| by Dr. Pearson for just such occasions,” as was feelingly re-
| marked by Dr. John Marshall at that dinner.

_ Another impressive example of the fruition of his plans was
_ the congregation upon the campus and within the buildings of
_ the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School in the first
_ days of February of the Pennsylvania Live Stock Breeders’ As-
_ sociation and the Pennsylvania Dairy Union. Not only were
these two important organizations in session within the build-
| ings of the veterinary school, but had with them an exhibition of
_ several breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, and even
i * variety of fruit. With his broad conception of things, Dr.

650 EDITORIAL.

Pearson had appreciated the mutual advantages that must acc 1e
from such an arrangement. The great benefit to the student
body of that school that must result from the presence of the
farm animals and the association with those bodies of men fa- ||
miliar with their care, habits and various productive qualities, 1)
is pleasant to contemplate. He had more than that in mind, how- |
ever. He realized the benefits to the veterinary profession tha t
must result from the stockman becoming somewhat familiar
with what constitutes a veterinary school, its course of in-
struction, equipment, etc.

He had planned to have those organizations meet there, jus
as they did meet last month, calculating for their accommodation”
in the plans of the veterinary buildings. Fruition! Ah, but
who can measure the extent of the fruition? It certainly is not
measured by the benefits derived by that student body through
the presence of those organizations and the live stock exhibit in
their midst and the benefit to the veterinary profession and the
stockman, because the latter has conceived by his visit to that
institution a higher regard for the veterinarian, much as that |
means. No, it will continue to bear fruit by a perpetuation of ©
such a custom in that institution and by its emulation by others,
and is beyond calculation.

The Live Stock Breeders’ Association, of which Dr. Pearson
was vice-president, and the Pennsylvania Dairy Union, paid
their respects to his memory in a memorial service on the eve-_
ning of February 2 at Houston Hall; just as respect is paid to-
his memory and his name revered whenever or wherever there is —
a congregation of veterinarians. These two examples of the
fruits of the labor of this great man, which are being harvested —
by the profession in whose fields he so earnestly and unselfishly —
labored, are infinitesimal as compared with what the vineyards —
of the future hold in store for them; but will, perhaps, serve to
remind the great army to which he belonged, of their everlasting
obligation to him and stimulate its members to higher ideals.
Through the courtesy of one of our confréres, his friend and as- i
sociate, Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, who paid a high tribute to his ~

;

EDITORIAL, 651

mory in an address before the members of The Veterinary
Medical Association of New York City at its February meeting,
| we are enabled to give publicity to the following beautiful senti-
ments. We regret our inability to furnish our readers with the
address of Dr. Hoskins also, but as it was exteniporaneous, and
_ there was no stenographer present, its enjoyment and benefits are
"necessarily limited to those who were privileged to have been
within the sound of his voice on that occasion.

a
* *

INUTES OFFERED BEARING Upon THE DEATH OF Dr. LEONARD
_ Pearson, KrystONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION,
NOVEMBER 9, I909.

Out of the seeming unknown there ever comes forth at times
of nation’s great needs strong and specially fitted men for dis-
inguished services for a country’s people.
Into the domain of veterinary science there stepped into its
service in the early 90's one whose taking away we now mourn
' with a deeper sadness and keener appreciation of a greater loss
than has ever fallen upon the profession of our land.
_ With all the priceless heritage of a mother’s training and
' education, and the filial devotion that steadfastly sustained him
all through life, he grew up with all the charm of a loving and
_ sweet disposition, the kindliest of manner and most considerate
| forethought of others and passed from our midst too soon, more
widely lamented than the boundaries of our own country,
With a wonderfully trained mind he portrayed the future
_ of veterinary science, and fashioned his own life work to com-
| plete the structure that he conceived.
Endowed by nature with great physical powers he labored
with incessant zeal, unmindful of the inexorable laws of rest
and work, straining his wonderful storehouse of strength to the
| breaking limit, that he might compass the magnificent plans,
constantly unfolding from his great creative mind.

652 EDITORIAL.

Blessed are they who were privileged to bask in the sunshine
of his life for he ever lifted men to higher planes of service and
of usefulness. a

Enduring must ever be the memories of his crowded life
of rich tributes to his profession. Nameless and unnumbered 1H
the little acts of kindness and of love his bounty spread on every |
side. |

May we in this hour of our irreparable loss find in the ex-
ample of his life of unselfish devotion to our interests, a firmer
bond of union that will make for our calling a progress and de-_
votion as a fitting monument for the blessings he gave, in some i
measure a testimonial of our esteem and admiration. :

Joining with those who were bound to him with ties of blood
and loving affection, we mingle our sorrow with theirs, sincerely
trusting that they may in some measure be sustained by increas-
ing realizations of greater and greater achievements and more
widespread influence and worth of our profession that received ~
at his mind and hands the stimulating touch of genius and of —
power. 5

%
* *
Minutes oF VETERINARY FAcuLTy, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYL-—
VANIA.

The strange mutations of Providence have stricken down, —
in the seeming hour of his greatest strength, our acknowledged ~
leader, esteemed colleague,.and fellow worker, Leonard Pearson. —

At noon-day of his greatest usefulness and most serious need, | |
he has paid the final summons to the last sleep. :

To this school, for whose advancement he knew no limit of —
service, his profession, to which he brought the highest honors —
and greatest progress; his fellow worker, to whom he brought a —
rich measure of reward for services well done, and to the well- —
being of all:mankind, he added much to make life better worth —
living. ;
Personally rich in the precious gifts of a kindly disposition, —
a genial manner, a charming grace, and the deepest love for his ©

_ fellow man, his career among us stands out a shining example of
a life well lived, and a companionship too short, too early severed.
_ Preciously indeed must the coming years enhance the priv-
- ilege to have been numbered among his friends. Exemplary as
were his character and stewardship, stronger and better must
‘our service be in our common field of labor, that he shall not have
lived in vain. Sweet and enduring the memories of his untiring
zeal and fidelity, enshrined in our safe keeping, to open up to us
a higher sense of duty and consecrated services, for which he
labored and toiled. :

_ In the evening shadows of our deep sorrow, as we record this
minute of our great loss, we are sustained by the spirit of him
for whom we mourn, and out of the mist and shadows let us
endeavor to discern the pathway along which he would have us
tread.

oR
%* uk

THE SAN FRANCISCO MEETING.

; If the Revrew’s interpretation of the pulse of the veterinary
profession of America is correct, the approaching meeting of the
' American Veterinary Medical Association at San Francisco will
_ surpass the expectations of its most sanguine advocates.
‘i Of the middle-west and far west no one has ever entertained
_ for a moment the slightest doubt; the support of Canada and
' the Northwest are assured; from the South we have had no
_ signal as yet, but feel certain that we shall hear something soon
that will inspire confidence in the bosoms of the most skeptical.
i With the north and the south and the west and middle-west in
action, all we need is to start the Atlantic and New England
_ states in motion and we will push before us such an army toward
_ the Pacific as will astonish our brethren of the Golden West.
_ The wedge for the eastern movement has already been placed, in
the form of a communication from one of the older members of
the A. V. M. A., Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, of Philadelphia,
who suggests a plan whereby Chicago shall be the point of as-

654 EDITORIAL.

semblage for attendants from the east and middle-west, goi o
from there by special cars or special train; the details of which
we will leave you to read first-hand from Dr. Hoskins’ com-
munication on page 705. We believe it will appeal to the ma-
jority and will be a stimulus for many to go that would not per-
haps care to undertake so long a trip under different condi-
tions. In any case it is, as we have said, a wedge, and if not
alopted as a whole, will serve to provoke a line of thought in |
channels that will eventually result in the evolution of some satis-
factory plan. With a pleasurable trip thus mapped out and the
delights as depicted by Dr. Archibald on page 702 of this issue,
in anticipation, it will be difficult for any veterinarian to con-
ceive of a more suspicions occasion on which to realize the
dreain of his life, “a visit to California.” a

Another denionstration of the irrepressible energy of our
western confreres, as referred to by Dr. Archibald in his com-
munication, is evidenced by the outlines of the program for the
five days, which Secretary Lyman has already been able to give
us, under “ Society Meetings,’ on page 722, also in this num-
ber. In lieu of the list of applicants for membership in the A. —
V. M. A. which we hoped to publish in the March issue, we are:
taking the liberty of quoting Secretary Lyman as saying that |
“the number * * * exceeds those received during similar
periods of previous years,’ and he prophesies that we “are go-
ing to be able to fulfill Dr. Archibald’s promise of one hundred
and fifty new members.” Espérons-le. |

*
zk *

LEGACY OF PROF, AXE.

In our European Chronicles in this issue, under the heading, .
“Our Dead in 1909,” Prof. Liautard has included the name 7
of the late Prof. Axe, England. In a communication just re-—
ceived from Dr. Liautard, the following clipping from some |
English paper was enclosed : '

EDITORIAL. 655

_ “Mr. John Worthley Axe, of The Lodge, Winthrop, New-
“ark, Notts, lately a professor in the Royal College of Veterinary
“Surgeons, London, and lecturer at the Downton and Wye Ag-
Ticultural Colleges, left £2,000 to the Victoria Veterinary Benevo-
ent Institution to provide almshouses for veterinary surgeons,
500 to the Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution, and £400
© the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons for portraits of
“Professors Spooner, Summers, Varnell and Brown, to be hung
n the council chamber in recognition of their great services to
eterinary science.”

_ One cannot read the above notice without being deeply im-
ssed with the love that our departed English confrére bore
or his chosen profession, in providing after his useful life for
he care of those of its members less fortunate than he and for
he proper recognition of others whose lives have been devoted
9 veterinary science.

New Yorkers IN Kentucky.—Matters on the New York
Horse market are evidently in a very flourishing condition and
ull of promise for the future, as no less than four members of
he American Horse Exchange have been in Lexington this week
s ouring the Blue Grass in search of available material for their

lm «= WL A, McGibbon, who has had unprecedented success in all
of the Eastern shows, has been here for a number of days, ac-
) panied by his charming wife, who is one of the most daring
and success exhibitors in the show ring.

_ Mr. Lehmann Straus was seen trying out a number and Mr.
Willoughby was here in the interests of George Watson.

_ Mr. Godfrey Preece was visiting the various saddle horse es-
ablishments looking for further additions to his championship
string of walk, trot and canter saddle horses.

Every one seems to feel that the business is going to be better
‘this spring than it has been for many years, and that prevailing
prices will range higher than for a long time past, though the
scarcity of available material is still badly felt—(The Stock

Farm.)

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

THE TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS IN
ANIMALS BY BACTERIAL VACCINES, INCLUDING
A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE USE OF A
HYPER-IMMUNE SERUM IN CANINE
DISTEMPER. *

By J. Mcl. Pumurrs, M.D., Corumsus, O.
From the Pathological Laboratories of the Ohio State University.

The protection of the body against bacterial invasion and its
subsequent deleterious results is the most fascinating and one
of the most important subjects with which the pathologist has
to deal. This process is not a simple one, but various and com-)
plex processes join in protecting the body against invasion and
in overcoming the effects of the bacteria after they have entered)
it and multiplied. Thus we find agglutins, precipitins, lysins,)
antitoxins, stimulins, opsonins and various other substances de-
scribed by Nuttall, Pfeiffer, Behring, Ehrlich, Metchnikoff,
Wright and others.

This paper has chiefly to deal with one of these processes,
namely, phagocytosis, or the property possessed by certain living
cells, as some of the leucocytes, of engulfing and digesting micro-|
organisms and other solid substances. |

Haeckle was the first observer to note this phenomenon, but),
it was not until Metchnikoff showed that living organisms enter- |
ing the body were often engulfed and destroyed by the poly-)
morphonuclear leucocytes and promulgated the theory that im-~
munity was due to phagocytosis that it attracted much attention. —

*Presented at the August mecting of the Ohio Society of Comparative Medicine.
656

TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS BY BACTERIAL VACCINES. 667

_ It was soon shown that immunity to certain infections could
‘be transferred from one animal to another by the blood serum,
‘and Metchnikoff’s theory found few supporters. Later Metchni-
koff came to the belief that the serum was of importance in com-
ating infectious diseases, but attributed its action to the pres-
nce in it of substances which stimulated the leucocytes to phago-

_ The studies of Denys, Leclef and Leishmann on the alteration
of the serum, and the consequent increased phagocytosis in cer-
ain diseases, paved the way for the work of Wright and Doug-

as, who discovered a substance in the serum which united with

the bacteria and rendered them susceptible of being phagocytized

y the leucocytes, naming it opsonin. They showed that opsonins

were present both in the normal and ‘infected individual, and

‘that they are fairly constant in the former and very variable in

the latter.

_ The fact that opsonins act on the bacteria and not on the

“leucocytes is easily shown. If a bacterial emulsion is mixed with

washed living leucocytes, and this mixture kept at 37° C. for 20

minutes, practically no phagocytosis occurs. Ifa similar mixture

is made and then serum from a normal person is added, phago-
tosis is very active. Again, if the same bacteria which are
used in the previous experiment have been added to the serum
| and then removed by filtration, the serum will no longer. cause

‘phagocytosis to occur, if it is added to another similarly treated
and incubated mixture of leucocytes and bacteria. The opsonins
| are specific; the opsonin for tubercle bacilli combines only with

' tubercle bacilli; that for streptococci only with streptococci. In
fact, Wright has seemed to demonstrate that the opsonins are

- more or less specific for certain strains of specific organisms. For

_ this reason the bacterial vaccines should always be prepared from

cultures taken from the lesion of the animal to be treated, ex-

- cepting in those diseases in which the isolation of the organism

is very tedious and difficult, so that the treatment could not be

_ started until the disease had run its course. In other words,

the vaccine should be autogenic whenever practicable.

658 . J. MCI. PHILLIPS,

Wright believes that the opsonins are highly important it
combating many infections, and that they may be inreased for |
each specific organism by subcutaneous inoculation of organisms
of the same species which have been killed or attenuated by heat.
He is guided as to the number of organisms to be injected an¢
the frequency of injections by the opsonic content of the patient’s
blood, and measures this by a modification ’ of Leishmann’s
method. The principles of this method can be briefly stated.

Equal amounts of an emulsion of washed leucocytes sus-
ended in .85 per cent. salt solution; of an emulsion of the bacteria
to be tested suspended in the same solution and of the serum te
be tested, are mixed together, and incubated at 37° C. for 15
minutes. Smears of this mixture are made on slides, stained,
and the average number’ of bacteria contained in each leucocyte
is obtained by counting them in fifty to one hundred cells. An
exactly similar preparation is made excepting that a normal serum
is used in place of that from the diseased animal. The opsonic
index for the serum in question is obtained by dividing i :
average number of bacteria per leucocyte by the average number |
of bacteria per leucocyte in the normal serum. |

As the normal index, according to Wright, varies no more
than from .8 to 1.2, an index below .8 would be diagnostic of the]
presence of an infection with the organism tested. Thus, if the
leucocytes of a horse with a fistula take up four staphylococci ©:
the same specimen as of those causing the disease and the leuco-
cytes of a normal horse take up eight of them, the opsonic indes
of the horse to those staphylococci is .5.

Wright and his followers believe that either the opsonins are
the principal protecting substance in the blood or that the op =
sonic index indicates not only the amount of phagocytosis but
also the amount of other immunizing substances produced in
the body. Therefore they use the index as a guide to the degree
of immunity produced in the animal under treatment. They be-
lieve that in local infections comparatively small amounts of bael
terial substances are absorbed by the body, and in consequence e
of the lack of these antigeus but little active immunity is pro- |

TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS BY BACTERIAL VACCINES. 659

- duced. Consequently, the proper method of effecting a cure is to
| actively i immunize the animal by injecting the invading organisms
' (a bacterial vaccine), using the opsonic index as a guide to the
effects produced by these bacterial inoculations and to the dosage
of bacteria.

_ Each inoculation (vaccination) is followed by a period in
which the opsonic index is low (negative phase), which in turn
is followed by a normal index, or one higher than the normal,
for a varying period (positive phase). Very small injections
may be followed by an almost immediate rise in index, and by
their repetition at intervals of a few days the index may be kept
constantly high. Large injections are followed by a very marked
“negative phase, which may continue for some time. In treating
animals it is best to start with very small doses, so that the nega-
tive phase is very slight or practically absent. The positive phase
following very small injections of a bacterial vaccine is transient
and followed in a few days by a decline. If the injections are
_repeated at short intervals, one positive phase may be implanted
on another, and the index maintained above the normal. Wright
does not believe that the clinical symptoms afford criteria as to
the amount of immunity being produced by the bacterial inocu-
' lations, and believes that the index must be constantly taken and
_ the treatment governed accordingly.

| The determination of the opsonic index is a matter of ex-
tremely delicate technic, and in one laboratory we have found
considerable variation in counts made by different workers using
_ the same bacterial emulsions and leucocytes and sera taken from
| the same animals.

Park and Biggs’ have shown that the leucocytes from
_ different persons vary greatly in their activity and selective
action, and that the amount of opsonins in the sera of supposedly
_ normal persons varies from time to time so that the normal is
not constant, and a different dividing factor is found for each
day’s determination of the index of the animal under treatment.

660 J. MCI. PHILLIPS,

For these reasons we have concluded that it is impractical to
use the index as a guide for the injections of bacterial vaccines
in the treatment of animals, and have been using them in an
empiric way.

Theoretically, one should always isolate the organism which
is the cause of the disease by means of cultures taken from the |
lesions in the patient, and the vaccine should consist of a pure |
culture of this organism suspended in a physiological salt solu-
tion and killed by heat. However, we have found that this en-
tails a needless loss of time, and that the results obtained in many —
conditions are no better than by a simple method which McCamp-
bell and I? have already described. Another advantage of
this method is that it does not involve the making of subcultures —
and a consequent loss in the virulence of the organism. The
greater the virulence of the organism before its attenuative by
heat, the more successful is the treatment. The vaccines which |
we use in most cases of ordinary local suppurative lesions are
simply 24-hour cultures, taken directly from the lesions to be
treated, on agar slopes suspended in .85 per cent. sodium chloride —
solution with .5 per cent. carbolic acid added as a preservation.

Wright and his followers count the bacteria in the emulsion |
by thoroughly mixing it with an equal volume of normal human —
blood. Stained smears of this mixture are prepared and both
the red corpuscles and organisms in given areas on the slides are
counted. The number of bacteria in a cubic centimeter of the
emulsion is computed from their ratio to the red blood cells, of —
which there are 5,000,000 in a cubic millimeter of normal human
blood. Even with the most careful technic we have been able
to only approximate the number of bacteria in an emulsion by
this method, and so have used McFarland’s nephalometer* for —
standardizing our vaccines, and find it quite accurate enough for —
practical purpose. This ingenious instrument consists of a series |
of small test tubes of uniform size containing varying amounts |
of a precipitate of barium sulphate, which is obtained by mixing |
varying amounts of a 1 per cent. solution of chemically formed

TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS BY BACTERIAL VACCINES. 661

| sulphuric acid in distilled water and of a 1 per cent. solution of

ically formed barium chloride in distilled water, as follows:

Tube Sulphuric Barium

No. acid sol. Chloride.
iE Cc. 9.9 ¢.c.
ee a 9.8 c.c.
i920.C. 9.7 C.c.
4 C.C. 9.6 c.c.
Sec 9.5 c.c.

These tubes are permanently stoppered, sealed and labeled

| and kept for comparison. The number of staphylococci in a
cubic centimeter of an emulsion of the same density as tube No. 5
_ is 50,000,000 approximately. Of course the tubes must be well
_ shaken before the comparison is made.

After the emulsion has been standardized to the same density

I as tube No. 5 by its dilution with the salt solution, what is
| thought to be the proper doses are placed in sterile bottles, one
| dose in each bottle, stoppered with a rubber cork and heated for

” one hour to 60°-70° in a drying oven. They are then used as

needed.

I will now describe the practical application of this method

i. in fistulous withers and poll-evil.

The openings are made as clear as possible and some fresh

4 discharge from deep in the sinus is pressed to the surface of each
- opening and cultures on agar slopes are made. We use very
i large agar tubes and inseminate as much of the surface of the
. slope as possible. At least four tubes should be inoculated, or,
_ if there are several openings, a culture should be made from

‘each, unless there are more than six, when additional cultures —

are probably unnecessary. If the discharge is very profuse and
the animal particularly filthy, a small glass tube may be sterilized

662 J. MCI. PHILLIPS,

by heating it quite hot, and when cool it is inserted into the
bottom of the sinus, the pus aspirated by means of the rub ber
bulb from a baby syringe and the tube withdrawn. Filed nicks”
at several points in the tube are broken in succession and cultures
taken from the contained purulent discharge at each point. 3
The culture tubes are placed in the incubator for 24 hours
and the character of the growth ascertained.
Next sterilize a .5 per cent. solution of carbolic acid in a 7 |
.85 per cent. solution of sodium chloride in distilled water, by
boiling it in a test tube. As soon as it is cool a small portion is
-poured into one of the tubes containing the culture and the
entire growth emulsified by rapidly rotating the tube between the
fingers and by gently scraping off the colonies with a platinum
loop. The emulsion is poured into a sterile test tube of exactly
the same size as the nephalometer tubes and compared to tube
No. 5. If it is denser than the nephalometer, add more diluting —
fluid. If less dense, take up the culture from another tube. This ~
process is repeated until an emulsion containing all the growth
of all the cultures and of the same density as the No. 5 nephalo- ©
meter tube is obtained. 4
Next sterilize eight small Pipher stoppers and vials by boil-—
ing. Label them from 1 to 7, and the last one “ Stock.” With 7
a Detmers-Robinson or some similar accurately graduated hypo- ~
dermic syringe take up a quantity of the emulsion. :
If the organisms are chiefly staphylococci, place .4 cubic
centimeter of the emulsion in the first bottle and increase the —
dose by .2 cubic centimeter in each succeeding one until a maxi- }
mum dose of 1.6 cubic centimeter is reached. The “ Stock” —
bottle is filled with the remaining emulsion, to be drawn upon |
in case the animal has not completely recovered by the time the —
last of the other bottles is used. It is well to add a little additional —
sodium chloride and carbolic acid solution to each of the smaller —
doses to prevent loss in injecting them into the animal under ~
treatment. 4
If the infecting organism is a streptococcus, which grows 7
much more slowly on agar, it may be necessary to incubate the 7

TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS BY BACTERIAL VACCINES. 663

‘tubes for two to three days, or, in some cases, to make first a
bouillon culture from the pus and incubate this for 24 hours.
This is centrifugated and agar slopes are heavily inseminated
with the precipitate and incubated 24 hours, and the vaccine
prepared from these slopes. Fortunately this proceeding is very
rarely needed, as in most cases a sufficient growth is obtained
_ by the first described technic. The bottles are filled as before,
excepting that the doses are .2 cubic centimeter, .4 cubic centi-
meter, .6 cubic centimeter, .8 cubic centimeter, I cubic centi-
meter, 1.2 cubic centimeter, 1.4 cubic centimeter, respectively.
_ Never give more than 1.6 centimeter at an injection.

The bottles are then stoppered tightly with the rubber corks
_ and heated at 60°-65° for one hour in case the organisms are
_ staphylococci, and to 65°-70° for the same length of time when
_ streptococci. The vaccines are then ready for use, and will keep
- for a long time.

The injections are given every five to seven days in the chest,
between the forelegs and just under the skin. The entire con-
_ tents of each bottle usually being injected in sequence according
_ to its number.

j If the first dose seems to aggravate the symptoms and the
' discharge increases, give the next dose in three or four days,
_ but only give one-fourth of it. After seven days give the one-
_ half of the No, 2 vial and reduce all other doses by about one-
half. If the lesions are progressively drying after the first in-
oculation, wait full seven days between injections, but if the
discharge begins to again increase at the fifth or sixth day, after
an injection give the next inoculation at that time. I have not
treated any animals afflicted with poll-evil alone by this method,
but have had three with poll-evil associated with fistulous withers
in which the poll-evils have made complete recoveries, and be-
lieve that the same line of procedure should be followed as in
fistulas.

With the aid of students and several practitioners I have
treated 31 horses with fistulous withers, with but two absolute

_ 664 r J. MCI. PHILLIPS, i

failures, and two that required some slight surgical interference.
As these latter cases are instructive, 1 will say a word or two
about them. Two of these horses had both poll-evil and fistu-
lous withers and had an incredible number of sinuses simply —
streaming pus, situated from the poll to the middle of the ani-—
mals’ backs. Their necks were full of brawny indurated swell- 7)
ings, and the horses appeared to be cachectic to the last degree. 7
In both cases the horses improved marvelously until about the 9”
seventh week, when every opening excepting the sinuses just
over the withers was closed. These openings were then about —
the size of one’s finger, and beneath them were cavities about —
as large as a hen’s egg, at the bottom of which rough, coral-like ©
vertebral spines could be felt. For three weeks the condition of —
one of these horses remained unchanged in spite of the injec- —
tions. Then we enlarged the opening and curetted off the spines —
until only smooth, healthy bone was left. At the end of a week —
the horse was well. In the other case we let but one week pass ~
after improvement had ceased and operated in the same way, —
and a very prompt closure of this last opening resulted. One 7}
of the failures was in a horse which had been operated on a —
number of times and in which the fistula had closed excepting —
a narrow sinus which extended forward about six inches and 7
was just large enough to admit a probe. There was very little —
discharge. In spite of ten weeks’ treatment this horse was not —
improved. I do not doubt but that there was a piece of dead 4
bone at the bottom of this sinus, but the owner would not permit 7]
an operation. I do not think that this method of treatment will —
cure suppurative conditions without operation if there is a
sequestrum of bone present, but it will put the animal in condi- —
tion for operation and largely prevent suppuration in the cut —
surfaces. The other failure was a horse which I saw but once ~
and prepared a series of vaccines. It was a rather bad recent —
case, and the veterinarian in charge of it told me that the treat- —
ment had no effect. I believe that this horse could have been —
cured by making another set of vaccines. If an animal does not —
show marked improvement after two or three injections, a new

TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS BY BACTERIAL VACCINES. 665

" vaccine should always be made. I have had to do this several
' times. Twenty-seven of the horses made complete recoveries.
The shortest length of time required for healing was two
weeks, and this was a bad case of a year’s duration, and the
longest eleven weeks. Most of the cases lasted about seven
weeks. In one case the fistula recurred in about seven months.
Foor CANKER.—In this disease we have been unable, so far,
' to obtain a culture of the specific organism or to prepare a vac-
cine from cultures that proved useful for treatment. When one
considers the filthy condition of such feet, manure and urine
soaked and often infested with maggots, it is not astonishing
| to find the bacterial flora so abundant that unimportant sapro-
phytes and other contaminating organisms make it very diff-
cult to obtain the specific bacteria on culture. For these reasons
we adopted the following very crude technic, but hope later to
be able to isolate the specific organism and devise some practical
- method for its isolation for making autogenic vaccines or pre-
| paring a useful stock vaccine. This method is open to the serious
| theoretical objection of carrying tetanus, malignant edema, etc.,
_ but we have not been so unfortunate as to have such an acci-
' dent. As such horses cannot be cured by the usual methods of -
treatment it is well worth the risk.

The foot is first opened thoroughly so that all pathological
tissue is exposed. It is very important to get good drainage.
' Curettings from deep in the lesion are then taken, as these are
much less liable to contamination. These are placed in a sterile
- mortar and ground as fine as possible, then covered with about
_ four times their volume of .85 per cent. sterile salt solution and
i ground for a short time. This mixture is filtered through a piece
of cheesecloth or very coarse filter paper and heated to 50°-54°
_ for four hours and immediately injected. About 5 cubic centi-
meters are used for the first injection and the quantity gradually
increased to 10 or 15 cubic centimeters, according to the results.
_ The injections are made every 5 days. By this method all the or-

ganisms in the diseased tissue are used. It has the disadvantage
of inaccuracy of dosage, and necessitates a fresh preparation

666 J. MCI. PHILLIPS,

of material for each injection. Abscesses are more frequent as
sequels than by the other method, but these are easily opened
and drained and soon heal. By this method we have treated
or directed the treatment of 13 cases, with four unimproved and —
nine recoveries. With but one exception the diseased anima
were heavy draft horses. One of the cases which recovered
had all four feet cankered and one had both hind feet diseased. —
Five of these cases were of one year’s duration, and all had bee ns
unsuccessfully treated by surgical means. In very severe and
destructive lesions there will be much contraction of the foot |
from the formation of cicatricial tissue after recovery. .

We had one case of a compound fracture of the humerus in —
a dog which became infected and discharged very freely. The
leg was put in plaster with a window over the wound. One in-
jection of .5 cubic centimeter of the emulsion, standardized as
above, of an agar culture from the pus stopped the discharge
completely, but it began to recur in six days, when another in- ;,
jection was given and the dog made an uninterrupted recovery. —

CANINE DisTEMPER.—The work on this disease was carried | |
on with the collaboration of L. P. Garrahan. 4

Before we can understand what to expect from bacterial —
vaccines in this disease, it is necessary to say a few words con-
cerning its etiology. Distemper, as was first shown by Carré,‘ —
is a disease due to an organism which passes through a Berke- —
feld filter. We have confirmed this observation and have been —
able to clinically reproduce the disease with filtered blood serum —
if taken from an animal not later than 4 or 5 days after the ©
beginning of the disease, but not when taken from dogs which —
have been sick for some time; with filtered nasal mucus diluted —
with .85 per cent. salt solution; with filtered extracts of the —
spleen when ground up in normal salt solution, and with filtered —
pleuritic exudate, although all of these filtrates were sterile on
attempted cultivation. The filtration must be slow. We used
for this purpose non-immune puppies of from 8 to 12 weeks of
age. We were also able to reproduce the disease clinically in ; |
kittens, thus confirming the observation of Laosson,® who first ~

TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS BY BACTERIAL VACCINES. 667

demonstrated the unity of cat and dog distemper. The disease
“thus caused was transmissible by cohabitation to kittens and
“puppies. In very few instances was there any marked nasal dis-
charge in the animals so inoculated, the disease usually appear-
ing as its intestinal and nervous type in the puppies and as the
ntestinal and also in a few cases as the respiratory type of

In taking cultures from animals dying of distemper we were
struck by the almost constant presence of the micrococcus
‘of Mathis ° and Semmer‘ in the skin pustules, nasal discharges,
eumonic lungs, pleural exudates, abscesses (in the pyzmic
type in puppies), and in a few cases from the meninges when
ese were inflamed and adherent. We found it in a number
of cases in the spleen, liver, kidneys and, in a few cases, blood,
but only in those cases which showed suppurative lesions in the
kin, respiratory tracts or some other part of the body. Many
other organisms were met with, mostly bacilli, but not with the
constancy of this micrococcus. The Pasteurella Canis of Phisa-
lix® and Lignier® being quite common. The serum of dogs
ill for a week or more with the respiratory type of this disease
will agglutinate this organism in 1-200 dilution. The opsonic
index to this organism is below .8 in all types of distemper.
_ Pure cultures inoculated subcutaneously into dogs not im-
“mune to distemper will always produce a phlegmon, followed
by an abscess with sometimes a few pustules, resembling those
“seen in distemper, over its surface. Fed to dogs in capsule, it
produces no deleterious results. Rubbed into the nasal mucous
membrane of a healthy dog with a sterile wire, the results are
negative. Having found that heavy doses of morphine greatly
reduce the opsonic index of the dog to this organism, we tried
injecting large doses of morphine in dogs and following this by
subcutaneous inoculations with this organism. In a number of
‘ cases not only was the local reaction greater, but the dog also
showed slight purulent conjunctivitis, slight purulent nasal
catarrh, considerable fever and loss of appetite for several days.
This condition never caused distemper in non-immune controls

=

668 y ‘ J. MCI. PHILLIPS,

placed with these dogs, and the inoculated animals recovered in
a short time. Rubbed into the nasal mucous membrane of mor-
phinized dogs, it caused in a few instances similar symptoms. —

Large doses inoculated into the peritoneal cavity or pleura
cavity will cause in many individuals a clinical picture of the)))
mild respiratory types of the disease, not only in dogs but also
in kittens and guinea pigs. In the latter animals the result is
usually fatal, but the puppies and kittens all recovered. Non-|
immune puppies exposed to animals inoculated in this way de-
_ veloped no symptoms of the disease. One to three injections
seem to produce a marked degree of immunity to the effects of
its inoculation, but not to distemper when the animal is inocu-
lated with distemper spleen. The virulence of cultures must b >
maintained if these results are to be obtained by its inoculation.
We were able to recover this organism from every animal to
which it was pathogenic. Rabbits inoculated intraperitoneally
or subcutaneously die of septicemia and pneumonia. This or-"
ganism produced no soluble toxin. Taking all of these facts
into consideration, we have concluded that canine distemper is
caused by an ultra-microscopic organism which lowers the re-
sistance of the body of the dog to a number of organisms, but:
especially to the micrococcus of Mathis, which in turn produce
the various purulent and inflammatory lesions, while the primary
infection is responsible for much of the prostration and fever
and most of the cellular changes and all of the nervous effects
of distemper. However, in some rare cases, nervous symptoms
may be due to a fibrinous or purulent meningitis caused by some
complicating organism.

Inasmuch as a large number of cases of canine distemper die
from pneumonia and other suppurative lesions, we concluded to
try bacterial vaccines of the micrococcus of Mathis for its treat-
ment. :

Pure cultures of this organism were first obtained, but it
rapidly loses its virulence under cultivation. Bacterial vaccines ©
of this organism seem to be almost inert unless it is maintained ©
at its maximum virulence, so we pass it through two or three”

TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS BY BACTERIAL VACCINES. 669

logs or until it produces a very intense local inflammation and
nsiderable constitutional effect in a dog. When this has oc-
irred we make numerous cultures on agar slopes and prepare
nd standardize the vaccine to the No. 5 nephalometer tube in
same manner as for fistulous withers. One cubic centimeter
then placed in each of a large number of antitoxin tubes.
fter sealing these, they are attenuated at 60 centimeter for one
our. The dose is .5-1.3 cubic centimeter, according to the size
f the dog. It may be repeated in 4 or 5 days. From the results
f this treatment in the following series of cases we have con-
Juded that it is probably of some value in combating and pre-
ting the development of the purulent complications of dis-
emper, and that it thus gives the animal a far better chance of
hrowing off the original infection. While the number of cases
ated is not as large as we would wish, we believe that it is
ficient to be of some value. Several other prominent veterina-
‘ians have given this treatment a rather extensive trial and report
very favorable results, but repeated letters to them have failed
10 persuade them to send me a complete report of their cases.

' Dr. O. V. Brumley of the State University has very kindly
lided us greatly in this work, and results in the cases treated
y him are tabulated as follows. These cases received no other
atment except an occasional dose of oil.

- Cases 1n O. S. U. Hosprrat. Cure Died

we chel Ca ha SUAS Sib ae es 6 mild 6
6 severe 3 3
4 medium 3 I
Respiratory and Nervous...... 5 severe I 4
Respiratory and Intestinal..... 1 mild I
I medium I
( 3 severe 3
Respiratory and ‘ORM, .sc905- ks I severe I
Cases TREATED BY OTHER VETERINARIANS,
Respiratory Fla «5 nin'g mid ee 1 mild I me
4 severe 4 ‘
Respiratory and Intestinal..... 2 medium 2° i
| 2 severe I I
_ Respiratory and Nervous...... 3 severe 2 I
Tests. a. SA 39 29 10

670 J. MCI. PHILLIPS,

This is not the ideal treatment for distemper, but we belie
it will be considerable aid. If I may be pardoned for departin;
from the general subject of my paper for a few minutes, I wil
describe a method which is still in the experimental stage bu
which seems to give great promise of producing a true antitoxit
for use in connection with the bacterial vaccine. This methoc
is based upon the same principles as those governing the pro=)
duction of a hyper-immune serum in hog cholera. A large-sized)
three or four-year-old dog and a kitten are inoculated with the
spleen of a dog dying from acute distemper. If the dog become:
ill his recovery is waited for, but if he does not, and this is
usually the case if an old dog is used as they are usually 1 immune
from a previous attack, the illness of the kitten is awaited. As
soon as the kitten shows symptoms of the disease, another is
placed with it, and in three days after the invasion of the disease
the first kitten is killed by bleeding. The second kitten is then])
inoculated with the spleen of the first, and the blood obtained :
from the first kitten is defibrinated and the whole quantity imme-
diately injected into the peritoneal cavity of the immune dog.)
As soon as the second kitten is ill the process is repeated. After)
the entire blood content of three kittens has been injected at
intervals of 7 to 12 days the dog is kept for ten days and then)
bled under aceptic precautions; all of its blood is collected anc
placed in the ice chest until the serum has separated. This i
then preserved with .5 per cent. carbolic acid and bottled i
sterile antitoxin tubes in 10 and 15 cubic centimeter doses. We
first tried immunizing the dogs by the blood of puppies sick with”
distemper, but gave this up after killing several dogs treated
with this serum, the death being apparently due to a rapid hemo-
lysis. We concluded that an isolysin was developed i in the anti-
toxin dog and so tried using kittens. a

This serum is best given by intraperitoneal injections of 15
cubic centimeters, followed in twelve hours by 10 cubic centimeters
more. By this method, combined with the use of the bacterial
vaccine, we have treated six puppies which had distemper as a)
result of inoculation with the spleen from a case of the disease >

TREATMENT OF SUPPURATIVE CONDITIONS BY BACTERIAL VACCINES. 671

which recovered promptly while the control died, two severe, and
me fulminating clinical case already down with chorea in a six-
months-old puppy all of which promptly recovered. Dr. Planz
“also treated a severe case in a cocker spaniel by the serum alone
which he reports as having made a rapid and complete recovery.
_ We believe that a little more experimental work will enable
us to produce a practical and effective hyper-immune serum.

BIBLIOGRAPHY,

1. Park and Biggs, Collected Studies from the Research Laboratory, Department of
th, City of New York, 1907,

. McCampbell and Phillips, American Vererinary Review, February, 1909.

. McFarland, The Journal of the American Medical Association, October 5, 1907.
Cerré, C. R., Acad, Sciences, Vol. CXL., May, 1905.

Laosson, Quang, diss, Dorpat., 1882.

. Mathis, Revue de Med. Vet., 1887.

. Semmer, Deutsche Zeitschr. fur Thiermed., 1875.

. Phisalix, Societe de Biologie, June 8, 1901.

. Lignier, Contribution a l’etude et la classification des septicemies hemorrhagiques,

“© PY ANDAW Wb

Horse SHows IN 1910.—Atlantic City, N. J., March 23-26;
"Camden, S. C., March 30-31; Toronto, Ontario, May 3-7;
> Springfield, Ohio, June 7-8; Columbus, Ohio, June 14-16; Long
' Branch, N. J., July 24-29; Newport, R. I., September 2, 3, 5;
| Syracuse, N. Y., September 12-16.

if In the announcement of the University examinations yester-
| day it was stated that S. S. Cameron had qualified for the de-
_ gree of Bachelor and Doctor of Veterinary Science. Dr. Cam-
| eron is the Chief Veterinary Officer of the Agricultural Depart-
ment. It is interesting to note that this is the first degree of
Doctor of Veterinary Science issued by a British University, al-
_ though such degrees have been issued by Continental and Amer-
- ican universities for some time past. The theses for which Dr.
Cameron was awarded his degree included contributions upon
hereditary unsoundness in horses, pleuro-pneumonia, contagiosa,
- bovines, epizootic amblyopia in horses, and tuberculosis in ani-
malS and man. The examiners were Professor Allan, Dr. J. W.
Barrett and Dr. Cherry.—The Age, Melbourne, Victoria, Aus-
tralia, Wednesday, December 8, 1909.

POISONOUS PLANTS DESTRUCTIVE TO LIVE STOC ;
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A RECENT BOOK ~
ON THE SUBJECT.*

By D. ArtHur Hucues, Litt.M., Pu.D., D.V.M., Cutcaco VETERINARY |
Cotiece, Curcaco, IL.

The study of poisonous plants has, until very recently, been
neglected in our veterinary colleges. We are wont to talk of the
congested state of the curricula as an all-sufficient excuse to cover
the multitude cf our negligences and to-urge it forward as a
buffer for critics. Certainly, if the curriculum is bursting its
sides with the fatness of the subjects contained in it, that, for-
sooth, should be argument enough against adding more to its”
weight. Strange to say, we find, as time goes on, that every cur- ©
riculum can be .bettered and that the added subject is a help
rather than a burden in making the course at once more useful |
to the student and the live stock interests which he serves.

Of all our negligences this neglect of the study of poisonous”
plants destructive to live stock is one of the worst. Indeed bot- |
any, properly correlated with materia medica, toxicology and the
science of animal feeding, should have appealed strongly to those —
who had to do with the formation of veterinary curricula before —
so late a day as this. Here in the western half of the country —
are numerous animals dying, and causing heavy losses to stock-
men, of locoism, delphinosis, veratrism, ergotism, lupinosis, hem-
lock poisoning, forage poisonings, lobeliaism and the like. The |
branch of toxicology relating to poisonous plants is, therefore, of —
great practical importance; indeed ranks with studies of infec- —
tious diseases, in the usefulness of the knowledge of it to the —

*A Manual of Poisonous Plants, Chiefly of Eastern North America, with Brief —
Notes on Economical and Medicinal Plants, with Numerous Illustrations, by L. H. _
Pammel, Ph.D., Professor of Botany, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic |
Arts; published by the author, Ames, Iowa, 1910. ;

672

POISONOUS PLANTS DESTRUCTIVE TO LIVE STOCK. o7s

“prospective veterinarian. There have been veterinarians like Drs.
_ Nelson, Knowles and Glover, of Washington, Montana and Col-
orado, respectively, to recognize the value of the investigation of
_ poisonous plants harmful to stock and to call upon the Bureau of
Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture, Washingon,
to assist in the inquiry. Sporadically, also, practicing veterinar-
jians have endeavored to solve problems connected therewith;
_ otherwise very little has been done by us to give the study its just
recognition and to lay hold of remedial or preventive measures
to cut down the losses caused by grazing on poisonous plants.
Not only has there been little investigation, at least little in-
vestigation bearing fruitage, there has also, consequently, been
little written on North American poisonous plants in proportion
to what has been written on contagious diseases, on operative sur-
" gery or any other popular branch of the science. Relatively there
‘is a dearth of books and pamphlets bearing on toxic plants,
_ though what we have indicate that we have not been slumbering
| in outer darkness satisfied to let the deadly juices of wild plants
" go on with their destruction of our flocks and herds. With the
_ co-operation of experiment station veterinarians, agricultural
| college veterinarians, private practitioners and stock owners, it
| has been possible for four of the Federal botanists, Drs. V. K.
_ Chestnut, E. Wilcox, A. C. Crawford and C. Dwight Marsh to
gather much information on important poisonous plants known
to cause much loss in the western half of the United States. For
| instance Chestnut has written: ‘“ Preliminary Catalogue of
i Plants Poisonous to Stock,”! “ Principal Poisonous Plants of the
_ United States,”? “Thirty Poisonous Plants of the United
I States,”* “Some Poisonous Plants of the Northern Stock
re _ Ranges. 4 Chestnut and Wilcox have written “ The Stock Pois-
_ oning Plants of Montana.’”*® Crawford has written: “The
is Larkspurs as Poisonous Plants,”® “ The Poisonous Action of

1, Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, 1898.

2. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Botany, Bulletin 20.

3. Farmers’ Bulletin 86, U. S. Department of Agriculture,

4. Yearbook of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1900.

5. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Botany, Bulletin 26.

6. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin 11, Part I.

674 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

Johnson Grass,”? “ Barium a Cause of the Loco Weed Dis-
ease.”® Marsh has written “ The Loco Weed Disease”? a
“Laboratory Work on Loco Investigation.”?° Nor is this all, ~
fugitive writings of interested veterinarians and others have)
appeared from time to time in our professional periodicals, yet) |
without being able to fasten the information contained in them |
upon the minds of the masses of veterinary thinkers, though its”
practical value one would expect should harpoon the interest as
does news knowledge on an infection among our animals, The
literature on poisonous plants, in a word, is scattered; difficult
to lay the hand ‘upon, inaccessible, therefore, to the very per- |)
sons who most need to have it at their fingers’ ends—the veteri- |)
nary undergraduate and the veterinary practitioner.
- If either of these desire information on poisonous plants,
they must betake themselves to the files of veterinary journalism;
write to an experiment station for a bulletin; drop a line to |
Washington for a government document, or go guessing or grop- |
ing in darkness like a fraternity neophyte for want of the light | |
on strange poisoning which they should be able to have from a
manual on poisonous plants. True that veteran English author,
Veterinary Colonel Nunn of the British army, knowing by his 7
long experiences in India the need of such a work, wrote a book
on Veterinary Toxicology. But it is lean, has never so far as
I can learn, been modernized, and has nothing in it whatever
which is helpful to the American veterinarian, and practic- |
ally the veterinarian at work in the arid regions of the
West, who is desirous of information on plants destruc-
tive in a wholesale way to large numbers of animals.
Again, Dollar’s translation of Moussu’s work on Animal Path- |
ology contains a chapter on poisonous plants, which is a digest of
some of the work done in this country, and refers to our poison- |
ous plants. But what, pray, is a single chapter in a large book —

7. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin 90, Part IV.
8, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin 129.
9. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers’ Bulletin 380.

10, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin rar.

POISONOUS PLANTS DESTRUCTIVE TO LIVE STOCK. 675

=

d
e
3 when the subject of poisonous plants demands a volume itself!
Prolix as Doctor Lane’s monumental work on veterinary medi-
cine is, the sections in which he writes-on poisonous plants are
necessarily. from limitations of space and the largeness of the
subject, congested with numerous topics on plant poisons all too
briefly spoken of. To be properly treated the subject of poison-
; plants demands a volume, where the writer is not hampered
limitations of space, and where he can treat the subject with
th at amplitude which justice to it requires.
_ We have no such book in American veterinary literature—
that is a book expansive in treatment, entirely given over to pois-
nous plants destructive to live stock. The production of such
a book would be highly advantageous to the profession. Such a
" book must be a product of the times. When events, notably the
pressing needs as shown in wide destruction of animals, demand
for investigation and the setting forth of its results, the avidity
' of student, practitioner and stockmen for information, call for
such a volume, in the very nature of things it must be written.
But who is to write it? He who is to do so must steer very care-
~ fully between two dangerous currents—the Scylla and Charybdis
which both threaten to bring wreckage to his literary venture.
On the one hand he must note that the purchaser must be the
keen-minded veterinary student, practitioner and stockman lust-
ing for practical knowledge directly applicable to poisonings dis-
? covered on the ranges. On the other hand the technical knowl-
edge which is essentially botanical, must be whipped into shape
_ by a betanist, but by a botanist who will not permit himself to
hold fast to numerous details of plant terminology and who has
| some knowledge of veterinary physiology and pharmacy. If his
. _ work i is not practically useful, that will be the Scylla to wreck it,
| iL for none will buy it; if it is loaded down with turgid botanical
_ terminology, enough, that will be the Charybdis which will spoil
| its chances of success. How can one wonder that such a book
has never appeared, as it must be written by a botanist with the
close collaboration of veterinary scholars, or else my a veterinar-

ian with the help of botanists.

676 D, ARTHUR HUGHES.

Happily such a book is soon to come from the press. Though
it may have its limitations, its omissions, though it may be criti-
cised by those who know what such a book should contain and
what the author should not have permitted to be put into type, it
should, nevertheless, be welcomed as an honest endeavor on the
part of its author to be useful to veterinarian and stockman)
and to scatter abroad the benefits which have accrued to him]
from a long study of harmful plants. Dr. L. H. Pammel, P | |
fessor of Botany in Iowa State College, is to shortly issue such
a volume entitled ‘‘ A Manual of Poisonous Plants,” a work of
some 750 pages with numerous illustrations covering most of
the plants injurious to live stock in the United States. He has
consulted much of the scattered literature, of which I have
spoken, and gives in his book a compendium of the knowledge
which he has gained. We have been complimented with a set of
proofs of the first part of the work, and we are hopeful and ex-
pectant that the contents of the whole volume will be as useful as ~
the chapters in the first part.

Inasmuch as we believe the book when it comes from the
press will attract some attention, we make bold to summarize the
contents of Part 1. Chapter one is on poisons and statistics of
poisons. Chapter two treats of bacterial poisons, ptomain pois-
oning, botulism or ham, sausage and fish poisoning, and maidis-
mus or pellagra. Chapter three is on dermatitic poisoning—
poison ivy (rhus toxicodendron) and the dermatomycoses. Chap-
ter four deals with forage poisoning, ergotism and aspergillosis. —
Chapter five speaks of poisoning (internal) from ingestion of
fungi—toadstools, for example, the deadly amanita. Then in
chapter five the author speaks of miscellaneous plant poisonings: —
equisitosis or poisoning from the common “ horsetails,” locoism —
and its wide destruction, lupinosis or poisoning from lupines, —
delphinosis or larkspur poisoning, lathyrismus or poisoning from
vetches, aconitism or poisoning from hellebores, poisoning from —
umbelliferce—poison hemlocks (conium macula), water hem-—
locks (cicuta maculata), fish and arrow poisoning, hydrocyanic |
acid poisoning’ from plants, mechanical injuries from plants— |

POISONOUS PLANTS DESTRUCTIVE TO LIVE STOCK. 677

_ wild barley, cheat grass, needle grass. And in the seventh chap-
ter we find a long classification of poisons, their symptoms and
antidotes, in which the author gives a beautifully clear table en-
_ abling a man to put his finger at once upon the antidote for any
_ of the poisonings caused by poisonous plants in North America.
If this chapter alone were sold in pamphlet form and could lie
_ near at hand it would be found invaluable to the veterinarian
_whose work lies on the great stock ranges of the West. In these

_ chapters Dr. Pammel, though he is not a veterinarian, has kept

__ strictly in mind the veterinarian’s needs and has given large place
_ to diagnosis, symptoms, treatment and prevention of poisoning
from plants. No doubt veterinarians who read these chapters
- may not find everything to their liking. Nor is this to be ex-
- pected, even though the author has taken into counsel veterinar-
_ ians in writing this part of the work. But I think that what has |

’ been written so far is reliable, and nothing else can be expected

than that the opinions of veterinary readers and their comments
will be gladly received by the author.

. The book when published should give an impetus to the study
_ of plants injurious to live stock. We are fortunate at last in hav-

" ing a handbook on the subject. In the process of ‘time other

books will appear on this branch of toxicology with the progress
_ of the study. In such volumes for veterinarians more space will
_ likely be given to the veterinary rather than to the strictly tech-
‘nical botanical side of the study. But the writing of professional
_ books is not at all like the writing of vapid novels or fulsome
_ .melodramas—the production of to-day cast into the fire to-mor-
row. The facts must be ascertained by laborious processes of ob-
servation and experiment; the pages must be written with a cold-
blooded demand for facts alone. Nevertheless, even in writing a
book on poisonous plants or any other branch of toxicology, the
presentation of the mere facts will not make a book readable or
salable. The facts must be presented in such a manner as to at-
tract the attention, inspire the mind, and at least carry a mild en-
thusiasm with them. Happy the man who, like Dr. Law in many
of his pages, can marshal his facts in such pictorial shape as to

678 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

tunately, found in practice, upon the mind of veterinarians actual —
or prospective. ; |
But the conduct of work on poisonous plants in veterinary 4)
colleges cannot be satisfactory if too much reliance is placed upon Wy
hand-books or text-books alone. Illustrations and printed matter 4 |
are alright in their way. They, however, are in themselves like ]
so many dead bones, without the unity of breathing life. The —
plants should be seen as they are in nature; if not in this fresh —
state, at least in mounted form in the herbarium—better if they, —
are placed in permanent form on the walls of the pathological —
laboratory. In the lecture room, fresh specimens, dried speci- ~
mens, or large lithographs picturing the plants as found in the ©
field, ali add zest to the study. Or, that failing, large photo- —
graphs will assure, or lantern slides taken from photographs or —
colored to do duty for nature. The study of poisonous plants |
destructive to live stock can be made very inviting to the veteri- —
nary undergraduate. Men who come to our veterinary colleges —
‘are, or should be, men with a practical turn of mind; men with %
practical purposes. What they want is knowledge which can be —
made directly useful to them. A share of such useful informa- —
tion on poisonous plants injurious to animals may be had from |
the work, which, in the course of this article, has been reviewed. —

Cot. WENtTWoRTH Mossy started his corncob a-puffing and —
told this one: “A confiding young preacher just out of a New —
England seminary received a call to a little village in the horse-
raising district of Kentucky. The first Sunday, after introduc-
tions and allround handshaking, the senior deacon took him aside
and asked him to offer prayer from the pulpit for Lucy Gray.

“ The young parson did as requested, and repeated on the fol-
lowing two Sundays. On the fourth Sunday the deacon told him
he needn’t pray any more for Lucy Gray.

“*T)id she die?’ asked the parson solicitously.

“* No, she won,’ replied the worthy deacon.”—New York
Sunday World.

THE ERADICATION OF THE CATTLE TICK

(Margaropus Annulatus).

By D. E. Satmon, D.V.M., Monrevipgo, Urucuay, S. A.

In the effort to eradicate the Margaropus annulatus, or fever
| tick, much attention has been given to methods which require
_ that the lands which are to be freed from the parasite should be
left for three or four months without being pastured, in order
_ that the young ticks may die of hunger for lack of a host upon
' which to feed. In some districts the land when not used for pas-
| ture may be utilized for hay or may be cultivated in field crops
_ during this period, but in many regions where the land is nearly
all used for grazing, it cannot be utilized in this manner. This.
. is a great disadvantage, and if the land is fully stocked it cannot
_ be closed against animals during the summer and fall, when feed
is apt to be scarce and the pastures are indispensable.

_ As these conditions obtain in Uruguay, and as it is impossible
P to dispense with the pastures, I have recommended a different
‘ procedure, which might, also, be applied with advantage in many
- parts of the United States. The leading idea is to adopt a plan
_ of eradication which will permit of the constant use of the land
for grazing, and which at the same time prevents renewal of the
infection. |

It is well known that the female of the Margaropus differs
from that of other ticks in that it remains on one host from the
time when in the larval condition it first attaches itself to an ani- .
mal until when as a mature adult it falls to the ground to lay
its eggs. This means that every female Margaropus must re-
main on the host a considerable period, the minimum of which
is stated by the zoologists to be 21 days. Now, if we place cattle
which are free from ticks in an infested pasture or range, and
679

680 D, E. SALMON.

remove them before the expiration of the period that is required
for the development of the adult female, it is clear that there can
be no renewal of the infection. Admitting that the observations
of the zoologists are reliable, we can put cattle which are free
from ticks into an infested field or range and take them out at the
end of 18 days without having interfered with the process of de- |
stroying the infection by starving the young ticks on the pastures.
All of the larval ticks which get upon the cattle during the eigh-
teen days that they are in the infested field will be carried out of
the field when the cattle are removed. By repeating this oper-
ation every eighteen days with a fresh lot of tick-free cattle, we
can utilize the pasture during the entire time that is required to
free it from ticks, without increasing the length of the period that —
is necessary to accomplish this. q
The practical application of this method may be illustrated
by a simple diagram: .
Let A and B in the fats represent an infected pasture di- ~
- vided by a fence, and C a small enclosure for dipping or spraying —
the animals. It is proposed to free
the enclosure B from ticks while util-
izing it as a pasture. To accomplish
A B this it would only be necessary to dip |
| the cattle before they were put into —
[c| B, and to repeat this dipping every —
eighteen days while they remained —
there. Unfortunately, dips which are efficacious in destroying
ticks also injure the cattle more or less, and if repeated at too
short intervals the injury becomes serious. To overcome this ob- 7
jection, the pasture is divided as shown and only half of the ani-
mals are dipped and put into B at one time. At the end of eigh- —
- teen days, the cattle in A are put into C for dipping, the cattle
in B are returned to A, and, finally, those in C are dipped and —
put into B. At the end of another period of eighteen days this
operation is repeated.
By this method of procedure the interval between the dip- |
ping of each lot of cattle is thirty-six days, a period sufficient |

THE ERADICATION OF THE CATTLE TICK. 681

with most dips to permit the entire recovery of the animals and
e voidance of injury. If, however, it is deemed best to give a
ger period of rest, this may be accomplished by dividing the
‘cattle into three lots. For this purpose it is not necessary to put
, fence across the enclosure A, since the animals may be marked
for identification, or the lots may consist of cattle of different
ages or classes. With three lots of cattle, it would only be neces-
" sary to dip the animals once in fifty-four days, and only two or
three times in all during the process of eradicating the ticks
from B. :
' Now, having freed the enclosure B from ticks, a slight modi-
| fication of the process will serve to accomplish the same result in
_A. The cattle are all dipped or sprayed and placed in B, where
' there are no longer any ticks. One-half or one-third of the ani-
_ mals are now placed in A for eighteen days, then dipped and re-
_ turned to B, after which the second lot is transferred from B to
_ A for eighteen days, and so on until the pasture A is also free
_ from ticks.
A double fence would secure a successful result in a mini-
_ mum period of time, but it is too expensive for general adoption.
_ Many years of experience have shown, however, that the infec-
tion of Texas fever only exceptionally finds its way across a
" single line of fence, and, consequently, we may assume that the
_ ticks only in rare instances pass through a fence. When this
' occurs, it will only serve to prolong the period of infection some-
' what, and the larval ticks, which are the ones most likely to cross,
- will disappear during the following winter.
® If the ground is sloping, ticks may wash from one field to an-
_ other during rains and may in that manner cause a more serious
_ infection. Whether or not it is necessary to adopt special meas-
_ ures against this danger will depend upon the intensity of the
infection and the degree of inclination of the surface of the
~ ground.
_ The most favorable time to begin these operations for freeing
pastures from ticks appears to be in the Northern Hemisphere
about the first of July, and in the Southern Hemisphere about the

682 D, E, SALMON.

first of January. The ticks will usually disappear in three or
four months or before the following winter. At all events, the
eggs should all hatch before winter, and the larval ticks if any
have survived from the original infestation, or if any have gained

access from adjoining pastures, should soon be destroyed by the 77)

unfavorabie weather of winter in most parts of the United States. 7
One of the pastures (B) may, therefore, be freed from infesta- |
tion the first year, and the other (A) the second year. q
A very important point in the procedure is to prevent the
infection of the pastures with mature female ticks late in the
autumn, since the eggs deposited by these may not hatch until —
the ensuing spring, thus carrying the infection over to the fol- ‘
lowing year, and making it necessary to go through the whem q
procedure a second time. 4
It may prove in practice that after certain dips, and more
especially with animals which are free from ticks and which are
put into the infected pastures without such treatment, eighteen —
days is a longer period than the cattle can be left in hot weather ©
without danger of the detachment of ticks which are capable of |
laying fertile eggs, in which case it would be necessary, of course, —
to reduce the period to 15 or 16 days. On the other hand, after
dipping or spraying with crude petroleum, or oil emulsions, this —
period could be increased to 20 or 25 days, as the larval ticks —
would not adhere to the animals for several days after the dip- —
ping.
It is evident that unfenced pastures may also be free from —
infection by this plan if there is control of the cattle which have —
access to such pastures. Where such control is possible, the cost —
of fencing may be avoided, thus making it much easier to secure —
the adoption of the plan in any community. Public roads and —
commons may, of course, be treated in the same manner; that is, —
cattle should be free from infection when going upon such lands —
and should not be permitted to remain longer than eighteen days —
without being dipped. By such regulations, it appears pos-
sible to greatly facilitate the eradication of the Margaropus from —
infested farms, districts, counties or states. |

SARCOPTES MANGE. *

By E. C. Limsaucn, Mr. Vernon, O.

: Mange, as we all know, means a skin disease of domestic ani-
- mals, due to mites. The sarcoptes is a genus of the mite family.
4 It being most common in the horse accounts for its frequency
" with which it is brought to our view. This is not at all a new
- field of exploration; however, on account of the nature of the
disease, its rapidly spreading properties, its strong resistance to
_ treatment, and its frequency in certain localities, it is worthy of
_ thought and attention. Mange mites were discovered in domestic
_ animals as early as 1672, so we can all at a glance see that this
' is not a recent discovery. The disturbances which these mites
"produce are of an exanthematous nature, effecting the epidermis
and derma. They are microscopical in size, but intense in their
work. The sarcoptes are tunnel-making mites, which burrow
little galleries in and beneath the epidermis; here it hides, lays
_ its eggs, from whence come the young. The period of incuba-
_ tion varies from four days to four weeks, depending on their
4 location, and the resistance and condition of the host. The egg
-in the larve stage presents six legs and no genital organs, and
- is about the same size as it is at the time of hatching. In the
- second, or nympha stage, it has eight legs, no genital organs,
and almost the size of an adult male or female.

: The third stage is the adult stage. They have now grown to
- be adult males and females. At this stage copulation takes
_ place, after which the male dies. The female is now called a
pubescent female; in some cases she burrows under the skin, and
in other cases she stays on the scabs. She now mates again and
becomes an ovigenous female, and lays from 12 to 15 eggs; then
she dies. This whole cycle requires about fifteen days.

* Read before Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association, January 12-13, 1909.
683

684 E. CG, LIMBAUGH. s,

Under the sarcoptes we have two sub-genera; under the fi
division comes sarcoptes scabii equi (of the horse), sui (of the
hog), vulpis (of the fox), caprae (of the goat), cameli (of the ©
camel), canis (of the dog), ovis (of the sheep), and hominis —
(of the man). Each of these is peculiar to its own species of ©

animal. When removed to another animal, they will produce 7

what is termed transient mange, which lasts but a short while. —

Sarcoptes of the dog and fox are interchangeable; mange from 4

the fox will produce the same in a horse. Occasionally that
from a dog may be transferred to man; that from a horse may ~
also be transferred to man. ;

The second division of sarcoptes subgenera is of a muha
smaller variety, known as sarcoptes minor. This includes sar-—
coptes cati (of a cat). a

In all cases the female of the sarcoptes family, after copula- —
tion, burrows under the skin, lays her eggs, and then she dies. —
The rapidity with which they multiply is astonishing. If but —
one pair, namely, a male and female, were transmitted to a horse, :

the aggregation of the young in ninety days would number |

1,500,00. The sarcoptic mites have less vitality than any of —
the non-burrowing mites. They die in one hour when kept —
apart from the skin in dry air at a temperature of 145° F. They —
live from 12 to 14 days in the damp air of stables. On the skin ©
of a dead animal lying in a damp stable they have been known 4
to live from 24 to 28 days. Of the mite family, the sarcoptes
equi is the one which is most frequently brought to our notice. —

The manner of transmission of these mites from host to host 4

varies greatly, according to the surroundings. The most common —
ways of spreading this disease are by careless grooms about the
barn, by currycombs, brushes, bedding, blankets, harness, stalls,
etc.

Some time after exposure, the animal is brought to our
notice, with the history from the owner that he doesn’t know
what is wrong with his horse; he believes that he is either lousy,
or has the Texas itch, as the layman calls it, or that his horse

has been lying in a dirty stall and has manure scald all over him; — |

SARCOPTES MANGE. 6S5

complains of his horse almost tearing the stall down; tears
‘up his stable blanket; with this history, look out.
_ On examination we find the following symptoms: You find
lesions on the skin, accompanied by intense itching; as the para-
site begins to work, it sets up this irritation; as they increase and
Itiply, the itching becomes more intense; this is a very impor-
tant symptom. You will note a tendency for the disease to
spread and invade new territory. The itching is most noticeable
in hot stables after night.
On scratching the horse over an infected region, he will lean
towards you, work his upper lip, and very often almost falls to
| the ground as you curry over the itching areas. If the horse
is watched for a few moments, he will turn his head and bite
himself wherever he can get to the affected locations with his
th.
: The two principal factors taken into consideration to make
a positive diagnosis are the intense itching and the finding of the
mite itself with the use of the microscope. The result of the
irritation will form erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, crusts
-and scabs.
From the biting and rubbing which the animal does itself we
May get an artificial eczema. Later on he will show alopecia;
“the hair coat appears moth-eaten; skin becomes thickened and
“wrinkled. It will become dry, scurvy-looking in patches; other
' places being raw-looking sores from the effects of the irritation.
These lesions may be found anywhere on the body except
F below the knee and hock. They are most frequently found on
the surface of the ventral sternal region, on the lateral and ven-
tral cervical, on the dorsal lumbar, and ventral abdominal regions.
The course of this disease is always chronic. The duration
| _ depends upon the age of the host, the power of resistance, the
severity of infection, condition of the surroundings, and the care
which the animal receives.

ProGNosis.—In middle-aged animals, favorable; in young and
old animals that offer less resistance, unfavorable. They usually
die from cachectic conditions.

686 E. C. LIMBAUGH.

TREATMENT.—Isolate all animals showing no symptoms of
the disease, placing them into separate barn; quarantine the in-
fected barn, disinfect same, sterilize brushes, blankets, harness, |
etc.; do not allow groom to go from infected to non-infected —
barn. First wash or bathe the affected horses with soap and | >
water; scrub with a brush in order to loosen all the scurf and
scales; then bathe all over with a 10 to 15 per cent. solution of
creolin; do this every second or third day. If in the summer ~
time, tie the horse in the sun for an hour before bathing, as the _
mites are found to be more numerous on the skin surface, due to |
the external heat, in that manner being able to destroy more —
mites by the bath and shortening the attack. This treatment —
must be kept up every second or third day for two weeks, and —
then should be done at least twice a week for thirty days. In —
the meantime the stalls should be occasionally whitewashed and ©
clean bedding be kept in them. With proper attention, a perma- —
nent cure may be effected in from fifty to sixty days.

A Larce Orper.—Wanted.—A steady, respectable young ~
woman to wash, iron and milk two cows.—Home Chat. a

Hats Orr to tHE Mure.—I know the mule is much ma- |
ligned by many who talk and write about him, but there is no ani-
mal that is easier to handle if treated kindly. Not long ago I
was talking to a successful grower of mules, who said that he
would rather break a team of mules than a team of horses, the
mules being not nearly so nervous and steadier goers. Kindness
is his policy in dealing with them. There is no doubt that the
mule is as susceptible to decent treatment as any other animal,
and it is not necessary for a man to be armed with a club when
driving a span of mules. I have seen mules, whose dispositions
had not been warped by brutal treatment, so dependable that
the owner was able to drop the lines at any time and do whatever
work he had in hand without fear of their running or raising a
disturbance. So I take off my hat to the mule whether he be
from Missouri or any other state in the Union, for he is the
farmer’s friend, his burden-bearer, and a money-maker wherever
you put him.—-W. D. Neale in Farm and Fireside.

FURUNCULUS.*
By Frank R. Yourese, M.D.V., Nasuvitte, TENN.

The disease universally known and regognized as furunculus
is a local staphylococcic infection, carbunucular in character, pre-
senting all the pathognomonic symptoms of other acute inflam-
_ matory processes,

History.—It was recognized in Montreal, Can., as far back
as 1890. Many cases were treated at Montreal Veterinary Col-
" lege, of which some terminated seriously while others made a
_ nice recovery.

'__ The next place that I have any knowledge of it being found
_ was in Minneapolis, Minn., about the year 1902, at which time
_ it was brought to the notice of the veterinary profession by Dr.
_ C. C. Lyford and others. ,

| It was probably brought to this state about two years later
) by shipments of horses from the West or Northwest, and has
been more or less prevalent throughout this section of the coun-
try for the past five years.

Cases have been annually reported in the counties of David-
son, Williamson and Maury. During the past summer more
cases have been seen than in any previous year.

At least 100 cases have come under the observation of the
_ practitioners in the city of Nashville, and no less than 50 cases
made their appearance on one prominent stock farm in Maury
County. Many of the above-mentioned cases were observed by
the writer and their progress and termination carefully noted.

_ Some writers on the subject seem to think it is more preva-
~ lent in cold weather than warm, but from my experience I find
"it the opposite. During the hot months of June, July and August

ee *A paper read before the Tennessee Veterinary Medical Association—Annual Meet-
___ ing, Murfreesboro, November 18, 1909.

687

688 FRANK R. YOUREE,

there was a great deal of complaint among the horse owners, but.

since it is cooler no cases have been reported or observed. ;
None but equines are susceptible to this type of furunculus

infection. ‘|

Symptoms.—The lesions are usually noticed between the fet-
lock and hoof as a-general thing, and start from a slight abrasion
of the skin. Any one not acquainted with the disease would prob-
ably think at first glance that it was where the animal had calked
itself or struck its leg against a stone, or from external injury as) |
the result of kicking, since the disease is more common in hind
feet than fore ones. Others would mistake it for scratches.
When noticing it later the practitioner would see that some severe
infection was present, as the tissues become more angrily in-
flamed, characterized by some swelling, accompanied by pain |
and evidence of beginning slough which is of a gangrenous
nature in the surrounding tissues, destroying not only the skin ||
but the subcutaneous tissues, including blood vessels, nerves,
ligaments, etc., down to the bone itself, and sometimes termi-_
nating in open joints.

This causes great pain, manifested by acute lameness.

After the slough has been removed the central portion seems 7
to be necrotic, while the ragged edges are very sensitive and co -
tinue to ulcerate, thus enlarging the wound. If not checked it,
will extend upward and cause a thickening of skin and under-|
lying tissues resembling a case of lymphangitis. |

On account of the irritation and fretful condition of the
wounds the animal will often nibble at it, and in case there is some ~
abrasion of buccal mucous membrane the infection may extend:
into the mouth, taking the same course as it would around the
ankle and coronary band. As the disease progresses, abscesses will
form in the surrounding tissue, most frequently above the orig-
inal wound.

The more extensive the sloughing the more pain there will be
present, and the animal will be seen swinging the leg backward |
and forward and pawing more or less. Oftentimes there is a |

FURUNCULUS, 689

rise of temperature due to systemic disturbance and pain. After

the surrounding gangrenous slough is completed there is often

“a “core” left similar to that found in the ordinary carbuncle.

This “‘ core” becomes detached and gradually sloughs out. This

i e rarely ever makes its appearance above the hocks and
nees,

TREATMENT.—In the treatment of furunculus, numerous rec-
\ ended remedies have been thoroughly tried, and I am free
| to say that the most of them have proven to be worthless or
worse than worthless as curative agents in controlling this
' After due trial and careful observation, my conclusions as
to treatment are about as follows:

» In treating this disease the practitioner should not use any
) preparation which will make a crust or scab over the wound, as .
this seems to hold the infection by preventing proper drainage
d sterilization which allows the-germs of the disease to live
and multiply.

The best results have been obtained by soaking the affected
foot or leg in a 1-2000 bichloride mercury solution for thirty
minutes each day. After drying, an aplication of one part of
tincture of iodine to five parts of tincture of iron should be ap-
plied to the wound.

_ The iodine and iron should be applied several times during
‘the day with a mop or brush. In cases where the infection has
begun to spread to the surrounding tissues—not in close prox-
imity to the open wound—the whole affected or swollen area
' should be painted with tincture of iodine of the regular official
strength. This will aid in checking its progress.

. Further treatment consists of good hygienic surroundings,
~ clean stall, fresh air and keeping system in good condition.

- No exercise should be allowed. After the infection appears
~ to be well under control and the wound healing by rapid, healthy
_ granulation, there should be some antiseptic healing preparation
used. Preferably, bismuth-formic-iodide powder, or a powder

aan TE ETS I TS _
*

690 FRANK R. YOUREE,

made by mixing acetanilid, powdered, 2 ounces; boracic acid,
powdered, 2 ounces; hydrastis canadensis, powdered, 4 drs. |
There is no sure preventive, however the affected animal —
should be isolated. The health and surroundings of the wel
ones should be improved by keeping clean stalls and washing the H
feet and legs when muddy. 1 |
The legs of the exposed animals should be washed from the
knees and hocks down once daily with a 1-2000 bichloride mer-
cury solution. L
The prognosis varies greatly from that of simple disfigura-|_
tion to death. Death seldom occurs when patient is immediately
subjected to proper treatment. Especially is this true provided
there are no new seats of infection.
Quittors, open joints, loss of hoofs, thickening of Limbs and
large scars are the most frequent sequele.
When death occurs it will generally be from exhaustion, | .
hemorrhage or sepsis. |

An AccoMPlLisHED Cow.—Man wanted for gardening, also ©
to take charge of a cow who can sing in the choir and blow the”
organ.—Home Chat.

At the recent meeting of the New York State Apteileai |
Society, Commissioner of Agriculture, Raymond A. icity |
was elected president. |

A $280,000 Horse.—The most valuable horse in the world
is said to be Bayardo, an English three-year-old, whose owner |
cares more for the horse than money, having recently refused an .
offer of $280,000.

Horse SHow Drrectors.—Stockholders of the National
Horse Show Association have elected the following members of
the Board of Directors: Alfred G. Vanderbilt, E. T. Stotesbury,
Frederick M. Davis, William H. Moore, Reginald C. Vanderbilt,
J..W. Harriman, Robert A. Fairbairn, M. L. Akers, C. W. Wat- |
son, Roy C. Gasser, William G. Loew, G. Mifflin Wharton, Henry
Fairfax, John A. Spoor, Arthur G. Leonard, Colin Campbell and | ||
J. H. Childs.

REPORTS OF CASES.

FATAL SKIN DISEASE IN HORSES.*
By Wiu1am Suepparp, M.R.C.V.S., Sheepshead Bay, N. Y.

| ‘The cases in question all occurred on a farm at Sheepshead
_ Bay, about one-half mile distant from the Sheepshead Bay race
| track, The barn in which the animals were stabled was of an
_ old-fashioned type and had been built many years.

The first case was brought to the notice of the owner on
Sunday, August 16, 1908, about 6 o’clock in the morning, when
_ the horse became restless and feverish, with continual shaking

_ of the head and champing of the jaws. By noon a slight erup-
_ tion appeared on the left nostril which was rubbed until it be-
came raw. The animal was becoming more irritable, but ate a
bran mash and drank some water.
At 6 p. m. the eruption extended over the eye and the animal
|. showed a temperature of 103° F., and was becoming more irri-
' table, pawing, kicking and refusing to eat, but drank a small
'- quantity of water. The restlessness continued all night and at
' 6a. m. the eye was closed, the nostril very badly swollen and
the eruption extending to the ear on the left side. Except for
a slight swelling the right side remained normal. The horse
had become very ugly, refused to eat or drink, and treatment
was administered with great difficulty. Temperature was 103%.
By noon the horse had become crazy and unmanagable and the
attendants were unable to give treatment. The left nostril and
side of the head was entirely raw from the rubbing, moisture
' coming from its surface of a reddish color, apparently blood and
serum mixed. The delirium continued during the night and the
"animal seemed to be growing weaker. At 4.30 a. m. on Tues-
' day, the 18th, the animal died in great agony. Shortly after
- death a white, pus-like exudate came from both nostrils, left eye
and left ear. This case was diagnosed as a form of erysipelas or
eczema and treated as such.

*Read at the February meeting of Veterinary Medical Association of New York City.
691

692 REPORTS OF CASES.

eight o’clock. I examined this horse’s skin with a DoweEal ie
glass; could see nothing abnormal. I gave him a dose of physic ~
and applied an ointment to the skin composed of salicylic and ~
carbolic acids, with vaseline.. I saw him that evening at Mr. —

Ryder’s stable, and twice a day until he died. On the morning
of the second day, finding him no better, he was given, so long ©
as it was safe to do so, medicinal doses of Fowler’s solution of ©
arsenic, the skin cleansed, and a 5 per cent. solution of irisol
applied. The evening of the second day his temperature was ©
106 1/5° F.

Case No. 2.—On August 28, at 5 a. m., twelve days later,
another horse was noticed with the same symptoms as shown |
by the first case, and I was called in at once and treated the |
nostril with an antiseptic and sedative wash or lotion. The —
horse had a temperature of 103 2/5, but ate food and drank
water. By noon of the same day an eruption developed on the |
left nostril and the horse was becoming very nervous. Dr.
Ackerman was called in consultation. Dr. Ackerman was of ©
the opinion that this was a case of rabies, and that the previous ©
one had also been the same, and that they had both been bitten
probably by the same dog, only this one had resisted longer.
There had been a rabid dog killed in this neighborhood some ~
time previous. Neither horse had shown marks of a bite.
Changed the external treatment from a cooling lotion to an —
iodine treatment and the internal treatment to fever medicine
and sedative, but without effect. I was of the opinion that this
also, was a form of erysipelas or eczema.

We at that time, with considerable danger and difficulty,
succeeded in snipping out some patches of skin from these irri-
table and diseased areas and sent it to the Brooklyn Diagnostic
and Research Laboratory for examination, both microscopical
and bacteriological, but this gave negative results.

At 6 p. m. the condition of the horse was about the same as
at noon, except the eruption was slightly increased in area. The
animal ate and drank and submitted to treatment. During the
night he was much quieter than the other horse had been, but
this was probably due to the animal being of a quieter disposi-
tion. By 6a. m. the eruption had extended over the eye and the
left side of the head was swollen and raw in appearance, being

” practically the same as Case No. 1. The fever at this time was
’ 103 2/5°. Some water was drank but food was refused. At
noon the eruption had extended to the ear and the left eye was
closed. The right nostril was normal except for slight swelling.
|, Treatment was administered with difficulty, as the animal had

become ugly, biting and kicking at anything within its reach.
| At 6 p. m. the animal died in great agony as the other one did,
and the same white discharge came from the eye, ear and nos-
-trils. ;

Case No. 3.—Shortly after (within a couple of weeks) an-
other case developed. This horse had been worked all the morn-
ing and ate its dinner at noontime. When brought out of the
_ stable for the afternoon’s work it showed the first symptoms that

the others had shown, only they developed more rapidly and
were more violent. This case was shot by the owner without
. giving it any treatment.

a Case No. 4.—On December 28, 1909, or sixteen months

after the first outbreak, another horse developed the same symp-
'» toms as shown by the others. This case was a dark bay gelding,
ten years old, and weighed about 1,200 pounds. This horse had
) been used by the owner on the morning of the 28th and ate its
dinner as usual. The first symptom was the intense itching of
') the left nostril, which it rubbed continuously, becoming more
') violent as the disease progressed. The horse died about four
+ o'clock on the morning of December 29, or sixteen hours after
_ showing the first symptoms. _

SoME GENERAL Notes REGARDING THE Cases.—In all the
cases the first symptom has been the rubbing of the left nostril.
Temperatures at first have been 103° F. and have gone as
high as 105° F. or 106 1/5° F.
All the horses affected were out of different teams and had
’ not been together in any way.

; The first three cases had been fed on timothy hay and oats;
the last case on corn stalks and oats.
In all cases it was necessary to securely barricade the stall
to prevent the animal from tearing it down by its violent pawing
and kicking.

: ReMARKs.—The hay consumed by these horses was also fed
__ by Mr. Ryder’s neighbors, the pastures being owned jointly by

694 REPORTS OF CASES.

them. The oats fed to the 1908 cases were purchased from a |
grain merchant from whom I procure my grain. This same
brand of oats was fed by many persons in this locality. | |
The horse that died last December had been fed some moldy |
corn off the cob, but the others now living ate the same. | a
All the abraded surfaces I noticed existed on the dead horses’ |
heads and necks, especially the heads and nostrils. I noticed
none on the carcasses further back. |

Post Mortem.
By Joun J. McCartney, D.V.M., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Through the courtesy of your president, I have been asked ||
to present to you the results of the post mortem of the last or |)
fourth case. To my mind the title, “ Fatal Skin Disease in |)
Horses,” needs to be followed by a large-sized question mark,
as there seems to be something deeper than the skin to cause
such fatal results. By the symptoms that have just been pre- —
sented, one might be justified in being suspicious of rabies, an- |
thrax or the so-called corn-stalk disease of our Western states. |

When the last animal was taken with the disease, Dr. Shep- ~
pard called Dr. Ackerman in consultation over the telephone and
they came to the conclusion that it would be best to destroy the ©
animal and hold a post mortem to ascertain, if possible, the cause
of the disease. As it was impossible for Dr. Ackerman or Dr.
Sheppard to attend to the matter at this time, I was asked by
them to do it for them.

Arriving at the farm the following morning I found that the
animal had died a few hours previous and lay in his stall on his
left side. From external appearances everything seemed to be
perfectly normal except the left side of the nostril, from which
the hair had been rubbed, leaving a raw surface about 6 or 8
inches in diameter. The owner stated that the reason why a
larger area had not become denuded was probably due to the
fact that the animal had been tied so that he could not get at
it to rub it, and that he had been ill for a shorter length of time
than the other cases. .

The post mortem was made with a view of ascertaining sev-
eral things. First, as in all post mortems, to observe macro-
scopically anything abnormal with the organs, and secondly, to

REPORTS OF CASES. 695

_ obtain, for microscopical and bacteriological examination, such
_ tissues as the blood for the examination for anthrax organisms,
_ the brain for the negri bodies of rabies, and sections of other
_ tissues that might be an aid in the diagnosis. As soon as the
' cadaver was cut into, some of the blood was caught in a clean
_ jar. Except for a slight congestion of one of the lungs, the

organs of both the pleural and abdominal cavity seemed to be
normal, The nasal cavity was red and congested, but no marked
lesion could be found.

| The brain was removed and placed in glycerine and shipped,
with the jar of blood and sections of the lungs, liver and kidneys,
to Dr. V. A. Moore, of the State Veterinary College, to see if
he could locate the cause of the trouble by means of a micro-
scopical examination.
i 4 Under date of January 6 the following letter was received
_ from Dr. Moore:

New York STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
at Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y.

January 6, 1910.
Dr. Joun McCartney, 167 Clymer St., Brooklyn, N. Y.:

DeEaR Dr. McCartNEy—I received your letter on December
29 and the specimens a day or two later. The symptoms you
give are not very indicative of any infectious disease, although
they might occur with both rabies and anthrax. We were not
able to find evidences of rabies. We procured cultures from
various organs, and some are interesting organisms which we
are trying to identify, and in addition to that we obtained cul-
tures with colonies resembling anthrax. We are making inocu-
lations and in a short time will be able to determine positively
whether or not anthrax was present. If we learn anything
definite in this respect I shall write you further.

(Signed) _V. A. Moore.

Again, on January 18, 1910, Dr. Moore writes:
Dr. E. B. ACKERMAN, 167 Clymer St., Brooklyn, N. Y.:

Dear Dr. ACKERMAN—In regard to the disease in horses
I am at a loss to know what to say. We have isolated an or-

696 REPORTS OF CASES.

ganism that resembles very closely that of anthrax and which 4

we thought was anthrax, from the original culture. When we |
get this in pure cultures, however, it fails to show any patho- —

genesis, although it does resemble anthrax to a considerable ex-
tent. The other organism seems to be closely related to the

colon bacillus, and I do not believe it can be accused of the cause — |

of the trouble. I think I wrote Dr. McCartney that we failed —
to find any evidence of rabies. This leaves us, as you see, in —
doubt as to the cause of this trouble. We have spent a consid-

erable time in studying the two organisms found, but have been ||

unable to find that either of them possessed any disease-pro-
ducing power whatever.
Sincerely yours,

V.A. Moore.

As to the exact cause of the disease we are still left in doubt,
but from the bacteriological results we are positive that there

is something deeper than a mere skin disease, which we may be © if

able to identify later on should any more cases develop.

TUBERCULOSIS IN A FAMOUS COW.
By B. F. Kaupp, M.S., D.V.S., Pathologist Colorado Agricultural College.

Jollie Johanna, after winning the grand championship of
Holsteins at the St. Louis world’s fair, was presented by the
owner to the Animal Husbandry Department of the Colorado
Agricultural College. She was fifteen years old at the time she
was destroyed a few days ago.

Jollie Johanna’s record as a milk and butter fat producer was
as follows: 5,064 pounds of milk in 90 days; 169.99 pounds
butter fat in the same length of time.

Since she has been owned by the college she has been tested
twice a year for tuberculosis, with the balance of the college
herd. She reacted each time till next to the last test. At the
last test she was given 5 c.c. of tuberculin, which resulted in a
maximum rise of temperature of 105.2°.

Old Jollie was kept in quarantine, instead of being slaugh-
tered by the college, for two reasons: First, her calves were
very valuable; second, for experimental purposes.

REPORTS OF CASES. 697

Only one of her calves contracted tuberculosis, and this calf

h F not until it was four years old.

As Jollie’s usefulness had passed, it was decided to kill her
for the purpose of demonstrating the lesions of tuberculosis to
the farmers’ short course which was convened the first week in

_ January at the college.

The autopsy was witnessed by the students of the veterinary

; department of the college, as they had observed her react on
several occasions. One and one-half ounces chloral hydrate was

administered intravenously, which produced anesthesia in less
than one minute.

: Avutopsy.—External Appearance—The carcass was fairly
well nourished. Superficial lymph glands not palpable. Right
knee was slightly swollen. Upon incision it was found in a

’ state of chronic inflammation. No tubercular lesions could be

_ detected macroscopically. Prerural and prescapular lymph.
glands were normal.

Herav.—The post-maxillary lymph-glands of the right side
and the submaxillary lymph glands of the same side showed one
or two tubercles each. The post-pharyngeal and superior cervical
lymph glands were normal.

THorAX.—There were miliary tubercles throughout the sub-
stance of both lungs. In no case were the nodules larger than a
hazelnut. All contained the characteristic yellowish, cheesy pus
with gritty cut. The largest number of tubercles were around
the peribronchial lymph gland. These lymph glands were also
tuberculous. The mediastinal and prepectoral lymph glands were
free from tubercles as well as the heart and both plure. Be-
tween the seventh and eighth ribs on the left side and between
the eighth and tenth ribs on the right side were located three or
four sarcomas about the size of a hazelnut. In the substance of
the large lobe of the left lung was also a sarcoma about the size
of a hulled walnut.

_ ABDOMINAL Cavity.—The uterus, ovaries, kidneys and spleen
were normal. The sublumbar, popliteal, post-mammary, renal,
portal and lineal lymph glands were normal. Many of the
mesenteric lymph glands contained miliary tubercles up to the
diameter of a lentil, the glands were not enlarged, and, aside
from the presence of the tubercles, appeared normal in color.

698 REPORTS OF CASES.

Two small tubercles were present in the left adrenal gland.. The ~

gland was normal in size. One tubercle was found in the wall — |
of the stomach. The peritoneum was normal. A large sarco-
matous mass lay just posterior to the face of the liver, touching

that gland at the point where the portal vein enters the liver.
In the omentum on the superior face of the rumen were a half-
dozen sarcomatous nodules. up to the size of a hazel nut. These
lay close to the attached portion of the omentum and were sur-
rounded by fat necrosis. Diagnosis on all lesions was confirmed
in the laboratory of pathology.

ANATOMICAL D1acGnosis.—Tuberculosis of the right sub-
maxillary and post-maxillary lymph glands, the peribronchial
and mesenteric lymph glands, the left adrenal gland, and both
lungs.

Sarcomatosis of the inner walls of the thorax, left hang and
omentum. Chronic inflammation of left knee.

TWO INTERESTING CASES OF ECZEMA:
By Freperick R. Wuiprte, M.D.V., Morgantown, W. Va.

The following histories will no doubt be of interest to the
readers of the Review, and I take pleasure in presenting them.

The first was a case of eczema of heels in a trotting stallion.
It was the worst case I have ever seen in my experience as a
veterinarian. I informed the owner that regular work would
have to be stopped for at least two weeks, although I thought pri-
vately that it would take nearer four weeks to effect a cure.

The course of treatment was as follows: Glycerine was
rubbed wel] into the legs to soften all scabs and remove the dirt.
This was followed by a cleansing with warm water and castile
soap and the parts dried with cotton. A 50 per cent. thigenol
ointment was then applied, over which was placed a roll of cotton
held in position by a bandage. This was allowed to remain
twenty-four hours, and when it was removed improvement was
found to have progressed so rapidly as to astonish all who wit-
nessed it. All tenderness was gone, swelling of the legs had sub-
sided, and the surface of the skin appeared to be in a normal
condition. On the second day the animal returned to its regular

REPORTS OF CASES. 699

_ work of eight miles daily, never taking a sore or lame step. From
_ this on thigenol ointment Io per cent. was applied twice daily
_ without cotton or bandage for three days longer, when all treat-
ment was discontinued.
| The second case was that of eczema in a silk poodle dog,
_ which I can best describe by saying that when the animal was
brought to me I recommended that it be destroyed, but to this
the owner would not consent, preferring that some effort, at
~ least, be ‘made to effect a cure.
' At first I tried the conventional treatment with zinc oxide
externally and arsenous acid internally, but with very little im-
provement in two weeks beyond slight relief from the intense
‘itching.
_ Thigenol treatment was then begun, both externally and in-
ternally, all other treatment being discontinued except ext. gen-
_tian in grain doses three times daily, as a means of stimulating
|, the appetite. Externally thigenol was applied twice daily in the
) following combination: Thigenol, % oz.; resorcine, 20 grs.;
» glycerine, I oz.; aque q. s., 3 ozs. Internally one-half teaspoon-
ful of a 25 per cent. solution of thigenol in water was given twice
a day. ,
' After the second application of the ointment the animal was —
|) never seen to scratch; the appetite returned after the third day,
') and in nine days the dog was returned to its owner completely
') cured. Three pounds in weight had been gained and the hair
_ was starting to grow afresh.

A CASE OF DYSTOKIA.
By L. V. Pork, D.V.M., Sherburne, N. Y.

- _ On the morning of February 7, I was called, with Dr. Jas.
. Foster, of Sherburne, on a case of dystokia. The cow was a
. fine big Holstein, pure-bred, weight about 1,400 pounds. The
_ owner reported that she had been served February 4, 1909. The
_ calf presented anteriorly with the head and left forefoot turned
_ back. These were straightened and the calf came to the hips,
_ but it was impossible to bring it further. We cut through the
_ body just back of the last rib and deviscerated the calf and finally,

700 REPORTS OF CASES.

by cutting through both sides of the pelvis, brought out the :
hind parts. Immediately following came twenty-five balls of
hair. After dinner we flushed the uterus with a disinfectant j |
and found nothing peculiar. The next day the owner said the |
cow had tried to “cast her withers,” but the uterus which she |
had tried to eject proved to be another calf weighing about fif-
teen pounds. | |

The first and largest calf weighed 167 pounds without the |
abdominal viscera, which is a record in this section. The cow ||
is now doing nicely. I would be pleased to hear some explana- —
tion of the hair balls following the first calf. This cow carried
these calves from February 4, 1909, to February 7, 1910 (one |
year and three days).

Tur VETERINARY SURGEON’s WorxK.—During a discussion
of general topics ina primary school the teacher asked the ques-
tion, “ What is a veterinary surgeon? ae

“ One who doctors old soldiers,” was the ready reply of a boy
of five years.

“TLL BACK THE FIELD.”’—A Salvationist was holding forth ||
close to the course at Belmont Park. “ Yes, my friends, our lives ||
are in our hands, and of our making, but when we are under the ©
sod we don’t know where we are.”

“The glorious uncertainty of the Turf,” remarked an old ’un
as he squeezed through the turnstiles.— (Bit and Spur.)

Hampton, Iowa, February 8, 1910.

Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:

Dear Strs—Enclosed please find check for renewal of RE-
view for coming year.
Couldn’t get along without the Review and keep anyway,
near up-to-date,
Respectfully yours,

A. L. Woop.

CALIFORNIA, SEPTEMBER 6-7-8-9, I9QIO.

CORRESPONDENCE.

OAKLAND, CAL,, January 29, 1910.

_ Editors of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:

GENTLEMEN—Were we gifted with the possession of a vo-
cabulary of a Webster it might be possible for us to convey to you
in appropriate terms, on behalf of the veterinarians of the West,
expressions of the highest appreciation for the kind sentiments
contained in an editorial from the pen of your Dr. R. W. Ellis,
entitled, ‘‘ Welcome to the Golden West,” which appeared on
_ page 419 of the January number of the AMERICAN VETERINARY
Review; but only being endowed with a very ordinary supply
_ of words, we are unable to adequately express our appreciation
further than to say that we thank you.

We believe that there is something more in store for those
who are fortunate enough to attend the next meeting of the
American Veterinary Medical Association in California, further
than the great privilege of taking part and listening to the
splendid scientific addresses and demonstrations which are so

- characteristic of the meetings of the national organization ; some-

thing more, even, than the social and intellectual enjoyment of
meeting talented people from all over the world; there is, in fact,
a great object-lesson to be derived.

Less than four years ago the great metropolis of the West,
San Francisco, which we, laying aside all local prejudice, con-
sidered to be the greatest and grandest city of its size in the
world, was visited by fire and simply wiped off the map. Yet,
- notwithstanding this total destruction and the fact that such a
_ short period of time has elapsed, this great city has sprung up
from the ruins like a mushroom over night, greater and grander

than ever.

We firmly believe that those whose good fortune it will be
to witness this, the most sublime transformation of modern
times, and who can personally view what has been accomplished
_ by the indomitable courage, and the untiring and irrepressible
energy of our Western people, will undoubtedly leave here im-

701

702 CORRESPONDENCE.

bued with some of the same spirit that has been responsible for
the rebuilding of a magnificent city in a few short years.

Of course, the rapid prosecution of the work of reconstruc-
tion has also been-favored by meteorological conditions. Our
California climate permits of outdoor work three hundred and
sixty-five days in the year. The intense humid heat of summer
and the extreme cold of the winter experienced in some portions
of the United States are entirely absent. In fact, our climate
simulates very closely that of Mediterranean Europe and Africa,
which is considered by those who have never visited California
to be par excellence, the most beautiful and pleasant known.
Yet this country can also be likened unto a Grand Riviera, fur-
nishing as it does a congenial home for the orange, the lemon
(fruit) and the grape, and where even the ostrich and the date
palm flourish as they do in their native soil.

While on the subject of the San Francisco fire, permit us
to state at this time that we have secured for our headquarters
next September the Palace Hotel. This world-renowned hos-
telry, which was completely destroyed by fire and dynamite dur-
ing the progress of the above-mentioned conflagration, has fig-
ured very prominently in the making of Western history. In
fact we could go on indefinitely and relate innumerable his-
torical facts regarding this interesting caravansary would your
space and our time permit. Suffice it is to say, that the Palace
Hotel has been rebuilt from the ground up at an expenditure of
approximately eight millions of dollars, and now stands as a
monument of the confidence and energy on the part of our
American and more especially our Western people.

It is here, surrounded by the memories of the early days of
California, that we purpose to carry out our business and social
program, and at the same time receive an actual demonstration
of what the term “ Western hospitality ” really means.

As a result, Messrs. Editors, of your editorial and assisted
perhaps a trifle by our letter of welcome, we are receiving numer-
ous encouraging communications from veterinarians all over
the continent signifying an intention on the part of the writers
to leave no stone unturned whereby they can arrange their affairs
in order that they may be with us next September.

This is entirely in keeping with our aims and ambitions. We
want as large an attendance as possible. We feel that our repu-
tion is at stake, and we desire above all things to cause a realiza-
tion on the part of the membership of the American Veterinary

CORRESPONDENCE, 708

Medical Association that their Executive Committee made no
’ mistake in selecting California as a place of meeting, September,

IgIo.

Respectfully,

R. A. ARCHIBALD,
Chairman Entertainment Committee.

_ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANI-
i a MAL INDUSTRY.

WasuHincrTon, D. C., February 8, 1910.
Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York, N. Y.
GID IN THE UNITED STATES.

In the February number of the AMERICAN VETERINARY RE-
VIEW (Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 536-548) appeared an article on Gid
) by Drs, Taylor and Boynton, which would give the impression
|) to the uninformed reader that this was the first authentic report

| _ of the occurrence of the disease in the United States. The au-

thors state that “in a careful search of the literature we have
failed to find any authentic report of a positively identified case

|, of the disease having appeared in the United States.”

As a matter of fact the presence of Gid in this country was

| _ definitely determined several years ago, and in January, 1905, the

Department of Agriculture issued Bulletin No. 66 (23 pp., 12
figs.) of the Bureau of Animal Industry entitled “ The Gid Para-
site (Canurus cerebralis): its Presence in American Sheep,”
_ by B. H. Ransom, Chief of the Zoological Division.

In the first portion of this Bulletin (p. 8) it was stated that
_ “evidence has come to hand which shows that the disease is now
_ present in the United States, cases having developed recently

| which, as the attendant circumstances show, must have resulted
_ from infection in this country.

- “A number of native sheep died at Bozeman, Mont., in Janu-
ary, 1904, with the characteristic symptoms of gid. These sheep
were brought to the notice of officials of the Montana Agricul-

tural College. On post-mortem examination, bladderworms

were found in the brain, and through the courtesy of Professor

704 CORRESPONDENCE,

Cooley two specimens (B. A. J. Collection, No. 3644, figs. 3, 4) 4
have been placed at the disposal of this laboratory. These speci- —

mens agree in all essentials with the European Cenurus cere- |
bralis, so far as may be determined from published descriptions |

of the latter, no specimens for comparison being at present avail- |
able.” i
It may be of interest to note that since the publication of ©

Bulletin No. 66 numerous additional cases of gid have been seen |
in sheep in Montana, and that the disease appears to be of very |

common occurrence in that State. The prevalence of gid in Mon- —
tana has been several times referred to in the printed annual —
Reports of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and |
reference is made to giddy sheep from Montana in an article by —
Mr. M. C. Hall of this Bureau published in the AMERICAN VET- —

ERINARY Review for December, 1909, pp. 328-337, but all of ||

these references like Bulletin No. 66 apparently escaped Drs.
Taylor and Boynton in their search of the literature

Very respectfully,

A. D. MEtvin,
; Chief of Bureau.

PHILADELPHIA, PA., February 4, 1910.
Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:

Would it not be well for the Review to urge upon the mem- |
bers of the profession the feasibility of a plan for the San Fran- |
cisco meeting of assembling in Chicago, and by special cars or |

by special train, if possible, arranging our way of reaching San |

Francisco by the Great Northern or Northern Pacific, visiting —

Puget Sound and the attractions of Washington in part, then ©
down the Pacific Coast to our destination? This plan would add |
much to the pleasure of going, contribute a deal to the fraternal —
side of our assembling and would no doubt afford much greater |

attractions and opportunities for the same money that one will |
spend individually to reach the western coast. .

I am sure our Chicago confreres can make this plan contribute ~

much to this our first meeting on the golden shores of California.
Fraternally yours,
W. Horace Hoskins.

CORRESPONDENCE. 705

Avpany, N. Y., Feb. 10, IgIo.

') Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York:

At a recent annual meeting of the Medical Society of the
State of New York, held in the City Hall at Albany, January
24 and 26, the disease known as Pellagra was one that received
considerable attention and discussion; some excellent photos and
lantern slides being shown.

It occurred to me that we sometimes have a condition in
canines that simulates this disease very much, particularly what
is termed the Egyptian type of the disease. I refer to that re-
bellious form of Dermatitis which has not, to my mind, been

satisfactorily diagnosed and in which scrapings reveal no para-
site. Possibly this suggestion may be of interest to those who
have extensive canine practices and have the means for making
accurate observations.
Yours truly,

J. F. De Vine.
SASL SETTER IE PEE EO
OBITUARY.

CHARLES STEWART ATCHISON, D.V.S.

Dr. Charles S. Atchison was born in New York City in 1875,
was graduated from the American Veterinary College in 1898
and died of pneumonia, in the Washington Heights Sanitarium
on February 10, 1910. Although born in New York, he had
lived in Brooklyn since he was six years old up to the time of
his death. He entered the office of Dr. Geo. H. Berns of 74
Adams street, Brooklyn, in 1894, as bookkeeper; a year later
he entered the American Veterinary College in New York, gradu-
ating from that institution in 1898, when he was made house
surgeon at “ The Berns Veterinary Hospital,” promoted to as-
sistant surgeon in 1902 and to chief surgeon in 1904, having
taken a special course in surgery under Prof. Williams in 1903,
at Cornell. In 1909 he became a partner with Dr. Berns. His
death was sudden and his illness of short duration, being taken
sick on Saturday and dying the following Thursday. Doctor
Atchison was unmarried and lived with his parents up to the
time of his death. He was a brother of Dr. Samuel Atchison,
who is a veterinarian also practising in Brooklyn.

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.
By Pror. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M.

INOPERABLE SARCOMA TREATED WITH COLEY’s Fium [P. —

Thrale].—Sarcomata have been treated in human surgery by the ~

use of Coley’s fluid: a sterilized culture of the Streptococcus Pyo- —
genes and Micrococcus Prodigiosus in bouillon. This fluid is in-
tensely toxic, and the injections, beginning with doses of half
a minim, are gradually increased to 7 or 8 minims or more. A
severe reaction usually follows. ‘The fluid is injected into the
abdominal walls or into and around the tumor. In favorable
cases the growth gradually dwindles away. The writer, a stu-
-dent in class D, has tried it in a five-year-old mare affected with

sarcoma of the posterior scapular region, reaching down over |)

the sternal region, behind the elbow. Previous excision had
been done, but the growth had returned. Sixty-four minims of
the fluid were injected in nine injections and strong reactions were
obtained ; but on account of the large size of the tumor, treatment
was not continued.— (Veter. News.)

CasE oF TRAUMATIC PeEricArDiITIsS [G. W. Godwin,
M.R.C.V.S.].—Pregnant with her third calf, this cow presents
the following symptoms: Pupils dilated, eyes with anxious,
frightened expression, mucous membranes cyanotic, very marked
jugular pulsations on both sides, cedematous swellings under the
sternum. ‘Temperature practically normal, abdominal breathing,
pulse weak and intermittent. Auscultation reveals distinct splash-
ing sound, synchronous with heart-beats. Marked dyspnea after
a short walk. Traumatic pericarditis diagnosis is made. Cow
dies. A piece of wire 3 inches long was found sticking in the
heart and the pericardium contained a large amount of stinking
fluid.— (Veter. News.)

MULTIPLE FRACTURES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN THE
Ox [E. B. Reynolds, Student Class C.|.—A five-year-old Guern-

706

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 707

sey cow got cast in her stall, the shank of the chain being caught
round the left horn. She is relieved of her position with diffi-
culty, but is at first unable to get up. Some twenty minutes later
she does get up, carrying her head inclined to the right, and in
walking turning to that side with a slightly staggering gait. She
was put indoors and kept quiet. She seemed apparently well
except that she carried her head to the right and showed some
loss of control of her movements. She was later turned out and
gradually improved ; recovering so far as to carry her head much
straighter. She then had her calf. A month later, one evening
she was noticed being off her food and giving no milk. She
stood with her legs apart and the next morning she died sud-
denly. At the autopsy all the organs were found healthy except
that the “atlas and axis were ankylosed and that, in a distorted
position. The atlas with the occiput and skull were twisted on
the axis and had become fixed in this abnormal position by bony
_ union between the base of the odontoid process and the atlas.
There was also a recent fracture across the odontoid process.”
—(Veter. News.)

MULTIPLE ADENO-CARCINOMATA IN THE Bitcu [Ralph
Bennett, M.R.C.V.S.|.—Eight-year-old bitch had ascitis and
three tumors in the mammary glands, and also one subcutaneous,
close to the costal cartilages. Paracenthesis abdominalis gave
escape to one and a half gallons of fluid. The tumors were re-
moved and the animal temporarily relieved. One month later
she is again in the same condition. The ascitis has returned.
She is tapped again and two gallons of liquid taken off. Then
laparotomy is performed to ascertain the condition of the abdo-
men. This is such that the animal is inoperable and is killed.
At the post-mortem, the uterus was found enlarged with thick
walls, and containing a large quantity of chocolate colored fluid.
There were a great many tumors of various sizes, wart-like in
aspect, on the ovaries, mesentery, bladder and parietal peri-
- toneum. Examined by Prof. McFadeyean, these were reported
adeno-carcinomata.—( Veter. News.)

THREE CASEs OF RABIES IN Eguines [Capt. Hugh T. Ryan,
A.V.S.|.—Record of three cases of horses which had died after
presenting symptoms of rabies and in which the diagnosis was
confirmed by inoculation of the brain afterwards in two of them.
The author suggests the following as of great importance, and

708 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

recommends them to every one who sees his first case of rabies:
1. That the animal is rabid and not mad in the ordinary sense of
the word; 2. that the animal begins by being uneasy and a few
hours later excited; 3. that he rushes at human beings who ap-
proach him with the obvious intention of hurting them; 4. that
he bites himself severely; 5. that eventually he becomes paralyzed
before death.— (Veter. News.)

TRAUMATIC PERITONITIS IN A DRAuGHT Mare [E. Nash].— —
Record of an animal which was taken ill with symptoms of colic. |
which were diagnozed as due to stoppage of the bowels. She was
relieved with anodynes, and the next day, although she had no
pain and her bowels and kidneys had acted well, yet her tem-
perature remained at 103° F. Forty-eight hours after the first
attack she still appeared’ doing well, eating sloppy food and
drinking some. The temperature, however, remamed high, and
on the fourth day it went up to 104°. She showed no signs of
pain but acted only rather in a dull condition. Auscultation re-
vealed a distinct bruit of the aorta. Things remained in about —
the same condition up to the ninth day, when the animal died,
having only exhibited an elevation of the temperature, which ran
up to 106.2°, without motion of the bowels. At the autopsy ex-
tensive peritonitis was found with a collection of several gallons
of bloody, evil-smelling fluid and a great deal of lymphatic clots.
In a portion of the double colon were found several abscesses
and a large horseshoe nail imbedded and penetrating through the
walls of the intestines.—(V eter. Record.)

FirartA Ostert In INpta [S. H. Gaiger, L.C.V.D.|.—The
presence of this parasite is of very rare occurrence; only five
observations are on record. The author has found it in a fox-
hound, which died when 15 months old from an attack of gastro-
enteritis. On opening the trachea some thirty nodules, 3.5 mm.
long and 2.3 mm. wide were found, through the surface of
which the head of the worms protruded, with about half of the
worm being inside the tumor and the other half in the lumen of
the trachea. The lesions were just at the point of the bifurcation
of the trachea into the two bronchia and were most numerous
in the commencement of the right bronchia. The tumors were
egg-shaped, looking exacting like little pieces of tissue glued on
the mucous membrane, and were covered with the respiratory
mucous membrane. The tumors consisted almost entirely of the

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 709

coils and intertwined tails of the worms, the tails being easily seen
through the mucous membrane covering.—(Journ. Trop. Veter.
Sciences. )

— Cogenvurus Seriacis 1n A Goat [Prof. D. Dey, Bengal V eter.
College|.—Coenurus cerebralis is rarely met with in the sub-
cutaneous tissue of animals. Only two cases have been reported.
In this case it was in a she-goat, which had a cyst on the off
thigh for which she was operated. The cyst was situated be-
tween the adductor longus and magnus muscles. Two days
‘later the animal was observed staggering. She fell down, re-
maining for some time in a state of coma. She had convulsions,
spasms of the respiratory, ocular and masticating musticles.
After 15 minutes she got up, ate and seemed all right. These
s returned several times during the week. She remained in
this condition for a few days and finally died in coma in one
of them. It had been noticed that previous to that she had bulg-
ing of the right frontal bone. At the post mortem slight con-
gestion of the peritoneum was observed and also cysts in the
folds of the mesentery, on the liver and the kidneys. The right
hemisphere of the brain contained also a large cyst, which pre-
sented innumerable scoleces but without any distinct septa
‘dividing it. From the presence of smaller hooklets carrying a
» bifid guard the author considers that the specimen he has found
was ccenurus serialis—(Journ. Trop. Veter. Sciences.)

OPERATION FOR STRABISMUS IN A CASE OF DisLocaTED EyE-
“Barr [Henry Taylor, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Ten-year-old pug playing
with another dog knocks himself against a table leg. The right
“eye projects from its socket and is rotated upon itself in such a
way that the internal half of the palpebral opening is entirely
occupied by the sclerotic coat and the external half by the cornea.
Fomentations’ and pressure upon the eye failing to reduce the
difficulty, an operation was decided upon. The dog received
cocaine under the skin of the outer canthus. The palpebral

‘Opening was enlarged by slitting the outer angle and the con-
© junctiva above and below. A hook made with a fine probe was
Inserted into the orbit between the external rectus and the eye-
ball and its aponeurotic tendon cut through. Similar procedure
» was adopted with some of the fibers of the retractor muscle.
" The wound of the external angle and the lids were sutured.
) After a few days the stitches were removed and a slight im-

710 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

provement only was noticed. This, however, gradually became
daily more manifest until complete recovery occurred. The x | |

remained, however, a sequela to the accident; the eye became |

P|

amaurotic. This was independent of se operation. — (Journ. |

Pp
Veter.) |
Fracturep Tipta [Percy A. Wilkes, M.R.C.V.S.].—Record |
with illustration of a fracture without displacement and which >
was diagnosed only as found at post mortem. Aged cart horse,
in harness, slips, falls, and is extremely lame on the near hind
leg when he gets up. He puts no weight on his leg and is in
great pain. No lesions could be found except some soreness on |
pressure over the anterior portion of the tibia. The next day)”
the pain is less, but there is a large swelling on the tibial region. |
The horse is put in slings and after five days the lameness has, |
subsided much. The next morning he is found hanging in the |
slings unable to resume his standing and is groaning loudly with |
pain. The owner has him destroyed. A longitudinal fracture)
of the tibia, oblique and without displacement, were found at)”
the examination of the leg.—(Veter. News.)

ADRENALINE IN Laminitis [E. M. Phips, F.R.C.V.S.)—))
Bay hunter gelding, six years old, was given twenty miles fast 7}
work and the next day had acute laminitis in his forefeet. 7)
Physic ball, and drenches of spirits ether. nitr. with aconite were ||
prescribed. He gets worse. He is placed in slings but shows)
no improvement, being in great pain and sweating profusely.
His temperature is up to 102.7° and his pulse 80. Adrenaline),
is then resorted to. A solution of one drachm of adrenaline) |
hydrochloride solution (1-1000) with 3 of normal saline solution |
is made; one drachm of this is injected subcutaneously on each |
side of the fore fetlocks. In a few moments the effects were”
wonderful and the relief marked and quick. The blowing dimin- ||
ished, the pain was gone and the animal could walk comet |
tively freely. The temperature dropped and the pulse became ||
normal. Unfortunately the animal took septic pneumonia nd |
died a few days after.—(Veter. Journ.) }.

ENLARGED Cystic Prostate IN A Doc [Arthur Payne,)}
F.R.C.V.S.|.—This collie is eight years old and has had diffi-
culty in urinating. He was in good condition, however, had
good appetite, only he ejected his urine in a dribbling strain.

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 711

. There is no calculus in the urethra. Examination by rectum
revealed an enlarged prostate. Urotropine was prescribed and
the dog became apparently well. About a year after he pre-
sented the same condition and was again relieved in the same
way. But again twelve months after he had another attack much
more severe and that time, on exploring by rectum, the prostate
- was found so large that it pressed upon the rectum and dis-
placed it upwards. Notwithstanding treatment the dog grew
_ worse and died. The post mortem showed that the prostate was
enormously enlarged and cystic. The cyst was as big as an
orange and contained four ounces of clear straw-colored liquid.
_—(Veter. Journ.)

AMAuROsIs FoLttowinc PNeumonia [T. H. R. Hoggan,
M.R.C.V.S.|.—Broncho mare had pneumonia Five days later
she acted in a peculiar way, banging her head whenever she
- moved about in her box. She was blind with amaurosis of both
eyes. She was treated with blisters over the poll of the head.
iodide of potash and strychnia internally. She began to improve
after a fortnight of treatment and made a complete recovery in
a month.—(Veter, Record.)

FRENCH REVIEW.
By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M.

LYMPHADENOMA OF THE MEDIASTINE, INVOLVING THE
' Larce ArtertaL TRUNKS OF THE Heart IN A Horse [Dr.
_ Morel, Sanitary Veterinarian|.—This tumor was found in an old
' horse, very fat, killed for the butcher. On opening the chest
_ the growth was observed developed around the aorta, and the
pulmonary artery. The lungs, vena cava, and pulmonary veins,
as well as the auricles, remained healthy, but were pushed out of
their normal position. Located in the mediastine, the tumor
- surrounded the large arterial blood vessels. The aorta was twice
_ its normal size. The growth was formed of a firm, homogeneous,

' white-greyish tissue, which had here and there some nodules

which made its outer surface bosselated. It weighed about four

_ kilogs. and the histological examination revealed its nature to be

\ that of lymphadenomatous origin. —(Rev. de Pathol. Comp.)

712 ADSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

OssIFICATION OF BoTH AURICLES OF THE HEART IN A |)

Horse [Same author|.—A rare lesion found at the hippological

abattoir. It consisted in an almost complete ossification of the ©

auricular mass which was five times its normal size. The ven- 7

tricular mass seems to be covered by a cap. Whitish in color, |
very hard, this cap had its external surface convex, the internal -
concave and showing the lateral columnz charne which run

through it normally. The interauricular septum was entirely ||

destroyed. The heart was hypertrophied. The lungs were em- | :
physematous.—(Jbidem. ) .

GANGRENE OF THE MUSCLES OF THE THIGH IN A HorsE |7
[Mr. Langing}.—Animal of great value had on a level with the ©
patella and the external face of the thigh a very large swelling,

hard, painless, and carrying four large fistulas, which open on |)
the inside of the thigh. These have existed for some time; and, 7
notwithstanding constant irrigations a very offensive odor comes |)
from them. Pieces of mortified flesh are pulled away by explora- |

tion. An operation seems necessary. The three external fis-
tulas are made one with free use of the bistouri, and a wide ©

wound 35 centimeters long and 12 deep is made. The edges are |

kept apart with forceps and large and thick pieces of gangrenous
muscular tissue are extracted. They give out an horrid odor. 9
Their quantity is such that they have to be removed with the |

hand. Their size varies between 100 and 500 grammes. Weighed —

all together they form a mass weighing four kilogs. The im- |)

mense cavity well washed antiseptic solution, was subsequently
dressed with boric acid and soon began to heal. The cicatriza-_
tion was quite rapid and in five weeks was complete. Unfor-
tunately the pathogeny of this peculiar accident has not been
positively made out.—(Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.)

ENIGMATIC INTESTINAL OccLUSION IN A Cow [Same

author|.—A cow presented all the symptoms of indigestion: — |

Loss of rumination, slight tympanitis, moaning while laying -
down, no defecation. All kinds of treatment are resorted to,
frictions of oil of turpentine, soap rectal injections, purgatives,
veratrine, pilocarpine, eserine, etc. Nothing succeeds. Intes-
tinal obstruction is suspected and yet there is no intermittent
colic. Ten days after that state of affairs, while making another |)
rectal examination, the writer pulled out a blackish cylindroid }
body measuring 12 centimeters in length and resembling a large

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 713

» sausage. It has a very offensive odor, and looks like a large thick
* clot of blood in putrefaction. From this moment the condition
_ of the cow improved and recovery followed in a few days. In-
, stead of a clot of blood it is probable that the cylindroid body
_ referred to was the mortified part of an invagination which had
happily sloughed out.—( Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.)

CANCER OF THE Lert Sac oF THE Stomacu [Ch. Darmag-
_nac, Army Veter.|.—Always delicate, this mare, aged 14 years,
_ was at last in very, bad condition. She is a living skeleton, hav-
ing lost 85 kilogs. of her weight. The mucous membranes of
_ the eye and vulva are pale yellow, that of the mouth is also yel-
_ lowish and the tongue is heavily coated. She has no appetite or
- again has a very marked pica. Her feces are in small and well-
_ formed balls. Pulse is 60, temperature and exploration of the
_ large cavities shows everything normal. The blood is pale in
color. It coagulates slowly and presents hypoglobuly and hy-
- poleucocytosis. The urine is alkaline with density of 1048. No
_ abnormal elements but deposits of oxalate of lime. Test of tu-
_ berculine is negative. Subglossal and parotid cedemas appeared
later, but there was no stomachal regurgitation. After a short

time of tonic treatment with select food the mare showing no im-
provement in her condition, she was destroyed.

_ At the post mortem, the left sac of the stomach was found
- occupied with an enormous tumor weighing 3 kilogs. 500. It
_ had developed around the cardia and was projecting in the in-
_ side of the organ where it appeared as a big cauliflower. The
stomach contained about two pounds of earthly substances. Some
_ other smaller tumors existed in various parts of the abdominal
cavity and on the ovary.—( Rev. Gen. de M. Veter.)

HERNIA OF UTERINE HoRN AND OMENTUM ON THE RIGHT
SIDE OF THE VuLvA IN A Stut [Mr. Pignet].—To add to the
record of errors of diagnosis the writer mentions the following:
_ A large-sized slut had delivered three dead puppies. She had
- also on the right side of the vulva a soft round tumor, quite as
_ big as the fist, which diagnosed as a cystic pouch, was not oper-
ated at once, on account of the condition of the dog. Having

- improved, another examination was made. An exploration with

_ puncture gave negative results. An incision with the bistouri
_ was made and when the finger was introduced into the cavity
_ it came in contact with a part of the great omentum and drew

714° ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

out one uterine horn and its corresponding ovary. An operation —

to reduce these was performed afterwards with all conditions |
of asepsy and antisepsy and followed with recovery. The rup- |

ture had taken place through the right inguinal canal, passed be-
tween the skin under the pubis and the ischio-pubic floor and
finally along the thigh to appear on the side of the vulva. If the ©

animal had been carefully watched during her pregnancy it is © |

probable that her condition would have been. better known and —
no error of diagnosis committed.—(Rec. de Med. Veter.)

Curtous Symptoms DUE To AN INTRA-THORACIC MELANO- |

tic TuMorR Not SusPectep [Mr. Perard].—At the post mortem _
of this old horse which had been destroyed because of his age and ©
a severe suffocating attack of roaring, there was found in the —
thoracic cavity an enormous melanotic tumor filling up the an-
terior extremity of the chest. Developed slightly more on the
right side, the growth is irregular, bosselated, in form of cauli-
flower, and is situated between the base of the heart, the anterior
extremity of the chest, the vertebral column and the trachea,
which it squeezes on the sternum. It envelops the pneumogastric
and recurrent nerves of the right side. There was no other
melanotic deposit in any part of the organism. During life the
horse had had colic which presented as peculiar amongst the
manifestations an abundant perspiration on the right side of
the neck. This he kept all the time afterwards. He had been
reported as being deaf and also blind. Evidently his sight was
poor, the upper eyelid of the right side was drooping over the
globe of the eye. He had had epistaxis and also frequent at-
tacks of roarino with threatening suffocation after exercise. Very
careful examination of all the functions and searching for acute
diseases of the respiratory apparatus were always negative.
Cerebral tumor had been suspected and iodine treatment fol-
lowed; but after ten days his condition became such that the
owner had him destroyed.—(Rec. de Med. Veter.)

BELGIAN REVIEW.
By Prof. A. Lrautarp, M.D., V.M.

SARCOMA OF THE MEMBRANA NICTITANS IN A Doc: GEN-
ERALIZATION : DeatH BY CACHEXIA [Prof. Hebrant and Adjunct

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 715

_ Antoine|.—This is a detailed record of a case of sarcomatous
" generalization which occurred in a street dog. The disease mani-
' fested itself first by a single growth over the membrana nictitans
of the left eye, which, although it had been removed in three
| different surgical interferences, in the last one of which the
“entire globe had been taken off, yet had returned.’ Finally the.

dog was brought to the attention of the writers. He was in bad
condition. The orbit was filled with an enormous tumor, pro-
' jecting beyond the brims of the cavity and spreading to the skin
of the face, to which it is adherent. Extirpation of the neo-
plasm was attempted, but had to be abandoned on account of the
vast extent reached by the neoplasm. Then cauterization and
sloughing with formic aldehyde injections were tried, but the
| invading process of the tumor to the face, the lymphatics and
) the neck showed that the animal was beyond possibility of treat-
'/ment. He died cachectic, having gradually lost its appetite and
yet having never exhibited during life the slightest respiratory
or nervous trouble. The post mortem was very curious and in-
) teresting and the lesions beyond expectation. Almost the entire
7 organism was involved. In all the tissues and organs, with only
) two exceptions, tumors of various sizes and different dimensions,
)) but all with the same aspect and of the same nature, were found.
|) They were all well defined, having a pale rose color of fresh
|» veal meat, and all presenting the same macroscopic and micro-
|) scopic characters. Strange to say that, notwithstanding this
‘extensive generalization, the lungs and the kidneys were the
only organs free from lesions. The spleen had only a very small
_ tumor.—(Annal. de Belgigq.)

_ Deer PuncrureD WouNnpD oF THE Foot: TENECTOMY:
» Recovery [Mr. C. Verlinde].—Aged ten years, this horse has
) picked up a nail. He is very lame and the foreign body has run
’ obliquely upwards and backwards, being implanted in the ex-
ternal lacune of the frog. It is extracted and synovia escapes
freely. There is perforation of the plantar aponeurosis and the
' sesamoid sheath is open. Tepid creolined footbaths and dress-
~ ings with Van Swieten solution, iodoformed gauze and hydro-
_ phile wadding are resorted to and kept up for a few days. No
- improvement takes place and an operation is decided. After
_ thorough disinfection of the foot the horse is put in stocks,
~ cocaine is injected a little above the fetlocks on both sides, the
~ sole is removed, the body of the frog is excised, and the plantar

716 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

aponeurosis is exposed. Part of this is cut off and the navicular |}
bone is detected apparently healthy. For some time improve- 7 }
ment seems to follow, but then relapse takes place. The fetlock
is swollen, ugly suppurating synovia flows freely, and by another
operation a portion of necrosed aponeurosis is freely cut away,
leaving a deép, infundibuliform wound which required about a
whole month to heal, after which the horse resumed his work.—
(Bull. de Med. Veter. Malines.)

ABSCESS OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDER FOLLOWING Dis-| |
TEMPER IN A Doc [Mr. George Hasse].—A Gordon setter dog 1)
has had distemper with broncho-pneumonia manifestations. It
is noticed that although in apparently perfect healthly condition, |)
he passed blood in micurating. The bladder is painful during ¥
rectal examination, and the examination of the urine with the
microscope and a chemical analysis reveals a large number of -
leucocytes with the presence of pus, hemoglobin and albumin. |)
Although the dog did not seem to be much distressed with that |)
condition, his ailment lasted six weeks. The only treatment /
consisted in pearls of spirits of turpentine, tea and suralimenta- —
tion.—(Ibidem.) .

SPONTANEOUS STOMACHAL AND RECTAL RUPTURES IN A_
Horse [MM. Bredo and Gendens|.—A mare is taken with —
colic and dies in an hour. The abdomen is very tympanitic and
a fold of the floating colon escapes through the anus. At post
mortem no peritonitis is found. The floating colon is pressed
towards the pelvis and one fold of it passes between the uterus —
and the anterior part of the rectum by a rupture of the organ, —
measuring 20 centimeters in length and having indurated
borders. These are bloodless. There was also a post-mortem
laceration of the stomach. The animal had been a confirmed
wind-sucker and on several occasions had suffered with tym-
panitis. It was evident that the stomachal and coli-rectal rup-—
tures were due to the struggles during the attack of colic and to —
the heavy falls on the ground, which produced a sudden com- —
pression of the tympanitic abdomen in which the gases promoted —
the double splanchnic rupture in the less resisting parts, one in |
front on the stomach and one in the posterior part of the gastro- —
intestinal tract.—( Bull. de Med. Veter. Malines.) |

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. vers

GERMAN REVIEW.
By Joun P. O’Leary, V.M.D.,Buffalo, N. Y.

_ PARATYPHUs BACILLI IN THE ICE USED FOR THE PRESERVA-
_ TION OF SEA FisH: A CoNTRIBUTION TO THE ORIGIN OF FISH
_ PotsoninG [Dr. Rommeler|.—After Conradi called attention to
the occurrence of meat poisoning in connection with ice preser-
vation, the author examined ninety-eight samples of ice which
were taken indiscriminately from boxes in which sea fish had
been shipped, for the presence of paratyphus bacilli. Among
twelve different shipments of fish four samples of ice from each
shipment harbored the paratyphus bacilli. It is, therefore, not im-
possible that under such circumstances the paratyphus bacilli pres-
ent in the ice, contaminate the fish with poisonous principles
which accounts for the outbreak of the so-called fish poisoning
_ inthe human subject. The author does not wish in any sense to

-infer that the shipping of sea fish in natural ice be forbidden, but
rather in the sanitary interests of the enterprise that only such
natural ice be used for the above-named purpose, as is derived
from waters whose source is free from the suspicion of infection.
—(Deutsche Medesin. Wochen. 35 Jahrg. 1909, S. 883.)

A New Fetine Inrectious Disease [Dr. Gaertner].—A
new infectious disease appeared among cats which were confined
in a kennel at the University of Griefswald. Six cats died with-
in four days and two more shortly afterward. The autopsy re-
vealed in all cases a multiple necrotic pneumonia which was com-
plicated in three animals with a hemorrhagic fibrinous pleuritis.
In teased preparations from the hepatized lung tissue, from the
spleen, and heart blood, a short ovoid, bipolar, stainable, Gram
negative, rod shaped organism had been found. Pure cultures
of this bacterium were pathogenic for rabbits, guinea pigs, white
mice, dogs and cats. As a result of the experiments carried out
by the investigator, he arrives at the following conclusions: 1.
From all the cats dead of the disease he isolated and cultivated
one and the same ovoid organism. 2. This rod-shaped bacillus
belongs, according to its morphological, biological and cultural
properties, to the group of Bacterium Hemorrhagic Septicemia.
' 3. Because with this organism by inhalation, intratracheal and

_ intrathoracic injections a pneumopleuritis can be produced, there-
fore it must be the cause of this feline infectious disease. The
- mien organism can be called according to its habitat Bacterium

718 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

Pneumonia Felis—(Centralblatt fiir Bact. U. S. W., 1909, 1
Abt., Orig. Bd., 51, S. 232.)

INVESTIGATIONS. CONCERNING THE Ha#Morruacic_ IN-
FARCTS IN Beer Livers | Chaussé].—Although Stubbe, Kitt,
Saake, Jager, Stroh and others in Germany had described this
liver affection, which is frequently found in food-producing ani-
mals, Chaussé took up the work and investigated the disease both
microscopically and macroscopically; and also as to its etiology.
He found no vegetable or animal parasites which could be
ascribed as a cause. From his investigations, Chaussé draws the
following conclusions: 1. This liver affection is quite a common
occurrence in cows, it is rare in oxen and not seen in calves or |
other animals. 2. Its etiology is still unknown. 3. The source
of this disease is to be sought in the ramifications of the portal
vein. From this point toxic or other microbic influences act de-
leteriously on the liver capillaries; the latter dilate leading to
hemorrhagic infarcts. 4. Only those livers which are badly af-
fected should be rejected for edible purposes; otherwise they may
be consumed without danger.—(Deutsche Tier. W ochenschrift,
No. 22, 1909.)

THE INFLUENCE OF TUBERCULINIZATION ON THE MILK SE-
CRETION [ Tiraboschi] .—After the injection of tuberculin a
slight decrease in the amount of milk secreted is apparent dur-
ing the first hours, which in the succeeding twelve hours in-
creases somewhat and is considerably increased in the next twelve
hours, and then again rapidly falls off, so that about the third
day normal conditions again prevail. In reacting animals the
average loss is 1.940 kg., in non-reacting animals half, usually
0.926 kg. The chemical composition of the milk is changed, in-
asmuch that in the first twenty-four hours a slight increase is
noticeable in the fat content and of the soluble substances in the
serum. There was no appreciable difference observed in the
milk of reacting and non-reacting cows, while at the same time a
decrease in quantity took place, so that the increase of the fat
and the soluble substances in the serum are to be considered
purely as indications of a highly concentrated condition: a rela-
tive increase only.—(Deutsche Tier. Wochenschrift, No. 22,

1909. )

Tue PresENCE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS IN THE CONJUNCTIVA
OF THE Horse AND THetr RELATION TO OCULAR DISEASES

ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 719

[Chief Vet., Ernest Kriiger|.—In the eyelids of healthy horses
we find many species of microbes: staphylococcus, streptococcus
pyogenes and aureus, bacilli, which resemble the bacterium coli,
‘one similar to the necrobacillus, also diplococci, which resemble
in appearance and growth Fraenkel’s pneumococcus. The ma-
| terial was taken in this manner: A piece of fine rubber tubing

previously sterilized was attached to the end of a glass rod. The
tubing was now moistened with sterilized bouillon and then

wiped across the conjunctiva. The secretions adhering to the
| rubber tube were placed in sterilized bouillon; with this material
agar and gelatine plates were inoculated and the colonies isolated.
From the abundance of organisms present in the conjunctival se-
‘cretions, we may conclude that they are an important factor in
the therapy of ophthalmic diseases. The presence of micro-or-
‘ganisms derived from the atmosphere, from the lachrymal ducts
in diseases of these or neighboring parts or directly gaining
the eyelids, prove beyond doubt that through slight defects in
the epithelium of the conjunctiva a means of infection exists at
all times. Consequently in cases of simple conjunctival catarrh
or inflamations or corneal ulcers, the disinfecting method
of treatment is of the greatest importance.—( Zeitschrift fiir
Veterinirkunde, 1908, S. 193.)

INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING THE ACTION OF PURE OXYGEN
IN Wounpbs AND InFections [Dr. Burkhardt, Wiirzburg.—
Thiriar, of Brussels, was the first to use oxygen in surgery. The
“agent was applied by means of subcutaneous insufflation in
phlegmons, furuncles, suppurative arthritis, etc. The results ob-
tained were extraordinary. Later other investigators took up
the study of oxygen along the same lines; for example the Eng-
| lish physician, Stober, also Joris, a pupil of Thiriar. Accord-
ing to Joris, oxygen has only a slight disinfecting power, its ac-
tion depends upon the fact that the bacterial toxines are rendered
armless by oxidation; that apart from the phagocytosis aroused,
hyperleucocytosis is induced. In spite of the alleged results the
method of treatment under discussion has found few supporters.
| The author tested the action of pure oxygen upon wounds
| and infections in rabbits and dogs as experiment animals. The
results are as follows: 1. Oxygen in contact with wound sur-
‘faces produces an intense vascular injection, a condition of ar-
terial hyperzemia. The wounds remained more moist and the
pranulation tissue formation was promoted. 2. Cultures of

720 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

facultative aerobic bacteria grown on artificial media in an atmos- 7
phere of pure oxygen are considerably retarded in growth, but 7
are not destroyed. 3. In the animal body it appears also that 7
large quantities of oxygen brought into contact with areas of
infections do not limit the growth of bacteria to any appreciable 7)
degree; in general infections it is even less so when we saturate 4
all the body of experiment animal with oxygen. Nevertheless ©

these animal experiments indicate that a decrease in the virulence 7
of the bacterial poisons takes place even, if only to a slight de- 9)
gree. 4. When pure oxygen is brought in contact with the peri- 17)
toneum, a slight inflammatory irritation is produced, a condition —
of hyperleucocytosis arises especially when fluid is present in the |
abdominal cavity, the absorption of fluid in that cavity is retarded.
5. Ozone seems to be super ior to ordinary oxygen in combating | e|
infections; especially in the body cavities, as the latter permit
of being readily filled with the gas.—(Deutsche Zeitschrift fiir”
Chirurgie, 93 Bd. 2 Heft, page 182.)

WESTERN CANADA NOTES.

C. H. H. Sweerapp te, V. S., staff-sergeant for many years |)
in the Royal Northwest Mounted Police at Fort Saskatchewan if
and registrar for the Alberta Veterinary Association, has been —
given a commission and is now Inspector Sweetapple.

UNDER the authority of the new Provincial Health Act, re- q
ferred to in the notes in the January issue of the Review, Dr.
J. W. Whybra, V.S., of Prince Albert, has been appoirited ons
the council for a two-year period.

Dr. A. S. Gepste, late of the Health of Animals Branch, has’
located in practice at Balgonie, Sask., and will also deal in East-—
ern horses. .

INSPECTION of dairies and cattle in Western cities, such as”
Regina, Saskatoon, Prince Albert, Edmonton, Calgary and 7
Lethbridge is performed by laymen. Milk retails at ten cents per 1)
quart and is of only fair quality judged by macroscopical tests; |}
no testing of cows with tuberculin is done. q

Ir is hoped that the new Council of Public Health will urge”
upon the different municipal authorities the necessity for elimin- |
ating as a source of milk supply for their respective burghs, by |)
means of the tuberculin test, all diseased cows.

Dr. J. D. Paxton, of the Health of Animals Branch and ¥
Customs Department, stationed at Midway, B. C., has recently
become a benedict.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

THE A. V. M. A. AT SAN FRANCISCO,

| The zeal with which the veterinary profession of the Pacific
| slope is unceasingly laboring in one united effort to make the
| 1910 meeting a success promises no uncertain reward to members

of the association and veterinarians throughout America, By

| planning now and making arrangements to attend the annual
| convention we embrace an opportunity not alone to take part

_ in good fellowship, to receive the benefits derived by mixing with
‘men of national repute, but, moreover, do this at a time when
one can conjoin a professional feast with delightful travel, sight-
seeing and a visit to a country west of the Rockies that scarcely
a man with ambition has not hoped some day to look upon.
Although the eager and well-organized preparations as well
as other influences add a stimulus and tend to strengthen a latent
_ inclination to attend the next A. V. M. A. convention, it is even
' thus early anticipated that the changed character of the pro-
gram, and the many apparent attractive features now formu-
| lating for the meeting, will act as an irresistible magnet. Though
| an entirely new step and far from our customary habitat indica-
‘tions this early point to unprecedented attendance and success
| of the Western venture.

| With the nucleus of a program in sight we feel prepared to
_ outline the week’s work as follows:

Monday, Sept. 6—The afternoon and evening to be given

| over to the consideration of veterinary educational problems

combining the efforts of the Association of College Faculties
and Examining Boards, the Association Committee of Faculties
and the Committee on Intelligence and Education. It is believed
| that the result of these deliberations can be submitted to the asso-
ciation in resolution form and thus largely condense this hereto-

_ fore protracted phase of the business portion of the meeting.

Tuesday, Sept. 7—The morning session given over to open-
_ ing exercises and president’s address. The afternoon session
- to be a symposium on tuberculosis under the auspices of the

721

=I
ty
ho

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Committee on Diseases, and including the results of the delib-
erations of the International Commission for the Study of the
Control of Bovine Tuberculosis, which latter is working under 7
the initiative of the A. V. M. A. The remainder of this session 7 |
to be occupied with admission of new members and election of
officers.

Wednesday, Sept. 8—The morning session will be consumed
in finishing what remains of the general business and in the
presentation of papers on sanitation, research and experimental
work. The afternoon session to be devoted to subjects directly
intended for the benefit and interest of the general practitioner.
Wednesday evening we may again consider the rapidly develop-
ing problem of milk or meat sanitation and thereby aid and -
strengthen the position of the veterinarian in general practice
as regards food sanitation.

Thursday, Sept. 9—The morning to be given over to various
phases of surgery in its relation to veterinary practice. The
afternoon for papers of general interest to all veterinarians.
Evening, the banquet.

Friday, Sept. 1o—A surgical and diagnostic clinic. |

It is anticipated that not all veterinarians will find it con-—

venient to attend. This misfortune should not deter non-member |)

veterinarians from submitting their applications for membership; /
members are supplied with a detailed résumé of the meeting in |
an annual.report containing, likewise, the literary contributions. ~
It can thus be realized that under one cover is contained litera-
ture of inestimable value which, even without the undisputed
pleasures and advantages of attending the meeting of the national ©
organization, is worth many times the cost of affiliation. |
Should literary contributions materialize in sufficient abun-
dance, it is even possible that division of the morning sessions |
into sections may be attempted. |
Readers of the Review are earnestly requested to aid in the |)
program making by signifying their intention to contribute to |)
the literary features. Offers to contribute (and if possible the

titles stated) should be immediately sent to the secretary, Dr. |)

R. P. Lyman, 1336 East Fifteenth street, Kansas City, Mo. This”
is a general appeal and acknowledges that we desire contrib-
utors in all fields of veterinary science.

Rv Pde

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 723

OHIO STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

This association convened for its twenty-seventh annual
session at the Ohio State University, Columbus, O., on Tuesday,
January 18, 1910.

The meeting was called to order at 2 p. m. with President
Wm. H. Gribble in the chair.

Dr. Gribble introduced Dr. David S. White, who gave an
interesting address of welcome. The welcome address was re-
sponded to, in behalf of the association, by Dr. W. A. Axby,
who, likewise, gave a very interesting talk.

Tue ATENDANCE—The roll-call showed the following mem-
bers present: F. E. Anderson, W. A. Axby, S. E. Bretz, J. H.
Blattenberg, O. V. Brumley, H. W. Brown, Walter A. Brown,
I. J. Brobeck, L. W. Carl, G. W. Cliffe, L. P. Cook, E. H. Cal-
lender, Rolly J. Carver, Norton Dock, A. C. Dunlap, B. C.
Eldredge, J. D. Fair, H. Fulstow, J. E. Foster, C. B. Frederick,
Paul Fischer, J. L. Faragher, W. F. Foust, Wm. H. Gribble,
T. B. Hillock, W. R. Howe, S. R. Howard, R. C. Hill, E. R.
Hinkley, O. E. Hess, Ruben Hilty, C. E. Inskeep, T. E. Jones,
J. H. Jefferson, F. B. Jackson, Geo. W. Kinsey, A. J. Kline,
W. A. Labron, C. E. Leist, E. C. Langdon, E. C. Limbaugh,
S. D. Myers, J. A. Meagher, Fred Miller, H. M. Manley, G. U.
Marchand, A. E. Metzger, H. T. Moss, H. E. Myers, E. L.
Price, L. A. Severcool, Walter Shaw, F. F. Sheets, S. Sisson,
L. Smalley, E. R. Stockwell, W. H. Smith, D. C. Snow, Herbert
Skeels, I FE. Stansbury, W. H. Turner, H. B. Turney, W. E.
Wight, D. C. Snow, W. B. Washburn, I. A. Wynn, W. E. A.
Wyman, e J. Williamson, A. J. Wolf, C. C. Yule, besides quite
a number of visitors.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read oa approved.

President Gribble followed with an excellent annual address.

A communication was received from Dr. T. B. Cotton, one
- of the charter members, stating that on account of failing health
he was unable to attend the meetings, and requested a with-
drawal card. On motion, Dr. Cotton was elected an honorary
member.

Report of Committee on Veterinary Progress was rendered
by Dr. F. F. Sheets, chairman.

Treasurer’s report was then read by President Gribble. It
showed a balance of $416.25 in the treasury, with a few out-
standing orders unpaid.

724 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Report of Committee on Veterinary Diseases was made by
its chairman, Dr. Paul Fischer. :

The secretary reported the fact that since our last meeting —
death had removed one of our members, Dr. J. W. Price. The
secretary called attention to the special assessment fund which
we have on hand, and advised that the same be disbursed. On
motion, it was ordered that those who paid the *~ assessment,
that the same be returned.

Committee on Arrangements reported that a banquet had
been arranged for at the Northern Hotel in the evening.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

There being but one nomination for each respective office,
the rules were suspended and each in turn was elected by the
usual procedure.

President—Dr. L. P. Cook, Cincinnati.

Vice-President—Dr. G. W. Cliffe, Upper Sandusky.

Treasurer—Dr. T. B. Hillock, Columbus.

Secretary—Dr. O. V. Brumley, Columbus.

Censors—Dr. J. D. Fair, 3 years; Dr. S. Sisson, 2 years;
Dr. J. E. Foster, 1 year.

BANQUET.

The banquet, in point of numbers, decorations, music and 4

good things to eat, was the best ever. Seventy-nine surrounded
the tables.

After the eating was over it was voted, on account of the
lateness of the hour, to have but one paper before we adjourned.

Dr. H. T. Moss read his paper, “ Has the Dog an Appen-
dix?”

The paper brought out quite a lengthy discussion, which was
more scientific than practical.

President Gribble appointed Drs. Shaw, Wight and S. D.
Myers a committee on resolutions on the death of Dr. Price.

Adjourned to meet at the Ohio State University at 8.30 a. m.,
January 19.

WEDNESDAY, January 19, 1910—Meeting was called to order
at 9.30 a. m.

PAPERS AND DIscussIoNs.

The meeting was opened with a paper by Dr. G. W. Kinney:
entitled ‘“‘ Tuberculosis: Where Are We At?” This was a good
paper and received a very liberal discussion, followed by Dr.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. ™

-G..U. Marchand, * Veterinary Obstetrics: Dystokia in the Mare,
Cow, Bitch and Sow.”

Dr. J. H. Jefferson read a very practical paper, “ Dyamic
Arthritis and the Use of Nuclein Solution in Its Treatment.”
This was followed by another paper of practical value by Dr
Rolly J. Carver, “ Sanitary Construction of Dairy Barns.”

4]

__ ReEsortutions—The following resolution was offered by Dr.
‘L. P. Cook:

“Resolved, That this association indorse any effort to secure
legislation providing against the confinement of horses in stalls
less than six feet wide and nine feet long. This association be-
lieves that it is not only brutal to deny the tired horse sufficient
stall room to rest itself, but that many of the deformities and
infirmities and consequent sufferings of horses are due to their
confinement in stalls too small to permit of their lying down
properly and securing needed rest.”

: Moved and seconded that the above resolution be adopted and
that the secretary be instructed to forward a copy of the same
to the Hamilton County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
‘to Animals. Chair declared the motion carried.
Drs. Holden, Dock and Dettman were called for papers, but
the authors were all absent at this time. Dr, Limbaugh was also
absent.
Dr. H. E. Myers’ case reports, (a) “ Influenza with Rheu-
matic Complications”; (b) “ Strangles,”’ were read by the sec-
retary.
| The Board of Censors reported having examined the cre-
_dentials of twenty-one applications for membership and one for
reinstatement and recommended that they be elected to member-
ship.
There being no objections to any of the candidates, it was
- moved and seconded to suspend the rules and the secretary cast
the vote of the association for the candidates whose names were
read. .
Committee on Necrology then reported as follows:

“Whereas, death has removed from us Dr. J. W. Price, of
Lancaster, O., who was born October 21, 1868, near Reynolds-
burg, Fairfield County, O. He graduated from the Ontario Vet-
erinary College, March 24, 1894, and joined this association
January 15, 1908. Dr. Price had suffered for a number of years

726 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

—

from renal calculi, and was removed from his home August 23
of last year to Grant Hospital, Columbus, where he was op-
erated upon and died August 26. ;
“This association mourns the untimely loss of one of its:
members, a successful practitioner, a lover of the horse and a
courteous gentleman.
“We hereby extend our heartfelt sympathy to the bereaved
wife and family, and spread upon the minutes of this association
this expression of the high esteem in which the deceased was
held by all its members.
“WALTER SHAW,
“S. D. Myers,
“'W. E. Wicurt,
“Committee.”

On motion, it was ordered that the resolutions be spread on
the minutes, that they be published in the AMERICAN VETER-
INARY Review, and that a copy be sent to the family of the de-
ceased. |

The Auditing Committee retired to consider the bills against
the association. Dr. Foster, a member of the committee, being
absent, Dr. Axby was appointed to fill the vacancy.

On motion, a vote of thanks was tendered the retiring officers,
the officers of the Ohio State University and the various com-
mittees.

The officers-elect were declared installed. There being noth-
ing further, the association adjourned.

SypNEy D. Myers, Secretary.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON CONTROL OF
TUBERCULOSIS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

FIRST SESSION.

The American Veterinary Medical Association has recog-
nized for some time that the question of tuberculosis control work
among domestic animals was a big and very difficult problem of
universal interest and fundamental importance and one that must
be met sooner or later. |

This Association clearly recognized that certain great inter-
ests are concerned in any dealing with this problem. Funda-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 727

mentally these are: First, general society interested in this ques-
tion as a public health measure; second, the live stock producer,
especially interested in the financial questions of profit and loss—

the producer of animal focds for human beings; and, third, there

was the manufacturer of these animal feeds, the packer; and,
fourth, the veterinary profession involved as sanitarians and
practitioners intimately related on one hand to the producer,
and on the other hand to the consumer.

With these considerations in view, the American Veterinary
Medical Association made provision at its last session for the
creation of an International Tuberculosis Commission, which
should fittingly represent all these great interests. The essential
duty of this Commission was to study thoroughly and report
upon the general problems of control work rather than upon
technical research problems.

The following gentlemen were selected to represent the
United States on this Commission: Hon. W. D. Hoard, of Wis-
consin, a practical dairyman, breeder, farmer, and editor of
Hoard’s Dairyman; Dr. John R. Mohler, Chief of the Patholog-
ical Division of the federal Bureau of Animal Industry; Dr. V.
A. Moore, professor of pathology and dean of the veterinary col-
lege at Cornell University, New York; Dr. M. P. Ravenel, pro-
fessor of bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, and member of
the Wisconsin State Live Stock Sanitary Board; Dr. M. H. Rey-
nolds, professor of veterinary medicine, University of Minnesota,
member and organizer of the Minnesota State Live Stock Sani-
tary Board; and Dr. E. C. Schroeder, superintendent of the fed-
eral Bureau of Animal Industry Experiment Station.

The members selected to represent the Dominion of Canada
were: Hon. W. C. Edwards, Ottawa, one of Canada’s most
famous breeders of shorthorns; Mr. J. W. Flavelle, of Toronto,
a prominent Canadian packer; Dr. C. A. Hodgetts, Chief Health
Officer for the Province of Ontario; Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Vet-
erinary Director-General, and Live Stock Commissioner, Ottawa,
and Dr. F. Torrance, Winnipeg, professor of veterinary medi-
cine, University of Manitoba, and a prominent Canadian veteri-
narian.

So far as the writer knows, credit for the original suggestion
and for pushing the movement along until it finally resulted in
the creation of this Commission, belongs especially to Dr. Ruth-
erford, of Canada.

ol
bo
D

SOCIETY MEETINGS,

The first session of this Commission was held recently at :

Buffalo, New York. Dr. J. G. Rutherford was elected chairman, 4

and Dr. M. H. Reynolds secretary of the Commission.

It was soon recognized that this was necessarily a preliminary

meeting and should be devoted to a discussion of organization,
and plans for work with the members getting acquainted with
each other and with each other’s views.

It was soon agreed that the Commission could not wisely at

this stage adopt specific resolutions or recommend specific meth- q
ods, but a number of general propositions were taken up for 7

consideration and on some of these the Commission reached
unanimous understanding.
(1) That general compulsory tuberculin test and slaughter
is impractical and should be dropped from further consideration.
(2) That voluntary testing for owners as a general state
policy should be retained, provided it be recognized for what it

really is, i. e., a very efficient means of public education and as ~

serving somewhat to keep further spread of tuberculosis among
domestic animals in check.

(3). It was unanimously agreed, recognizing fully its limita-
tions, that we can and should accept the tuberculin test under
certain conditions as a basis of suitable control legislation.

The general problem before the. Commission, i. e., control
work, Was divided into four sections and assigned to sub-com-
mittees as follows:

Education and Legislation—Dr. Reynolds CChidieee
Governor Hoard, Dr. Rutherford.

Dissemination—Dr. Moore (Chairman), Dr. Schroeder, Dr.
Ravenel,

Location of Tuberculosis.—Dr. Mohler (Chairman), Mr.
Flavelle, Dr. Hodgetts,

Disposition of ‘Tubercular Animals.—Senator Edwards
(Chairman), Dr. Mohler, Dr. Torrance.

One of the serious difficulties in our problem was recognized
as the indifference of purchasers of valuable breeding stock who
want certain blood lines and are willing to take the tuberculosis
in order to get the breeding.

It was recognized that marked change in public sentiment in
most states and provinces must be secured and that this can be
expected only as a process of slow development. _

In this informal discussion the Commission found and recog-
nized the importance of certain doors admitting the sanitarian to

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 729

_ the tubercular herd, i. e., (1) by way of the killing floor and
_ local stock yards to the farm; (2) through clinical cases recog-
nized in practice, inspection, or otherwise; (3) tuberculin test-
ing for interstate and export traffic.

: Two important general sources of dissemination (not indi-
_ vidual infection) were recognized: first, the traffic in tuberculous
cattle especially in pure bred stock, and second, unpasturized
- creamery skimmed milk.

In view of these various considerations it was also agreed
that the Commission needs the assistance of two more members,
one Of whom should directly represent American packers and the
_ other should represent American state health officers.

M. H. Reyno.ps, Secretary.

RHODE ISLAND VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

The annual meeting of the Rhode Island Veterinary Medical
Association was held at the hospital of Dr. J. S. Pollard, 22
Powhatan street, Providence, on Thursday, January 20, and was
well attended by members from all parts of the state. The meet-
ing was called to order by the President, Dr. Thos. E. Robinson,
of Westerly, who made a short address of welcome to the mem-
bers present. A committee of the Board of Examiners consist-
ing of Drs, Charles T. Frey, John S. Pollard and Thomas E.
Robinson were in attendance and addressed the members of the
association upon the workings of the board for the past year,
and gave many proofs of the good accomplished by the passage
of the Veterinary Practise Act. It was suggested by the com-
mittee that this association might desire to co-operate with the
Board of Registration in printing the association’s by-laws with
the rules and regulations, copy of practise act and lists of regis-
tered veterinarians, that the Board of Registration are about to
have printed, thereby having one book instead of more. This
suggestion brought about a thorough discussion of the subject,
the result of which was that it was voted to combine the by-laws
of the association with those of the Board of Registration, the
expense to be borne in equal part by each. The subject of tuber-

730 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

culosis proved to be the one which afforded much discussion and
the following resolution was adopted and ordered published:

Whereas, An incident has lately occurred in which the tuber-
culous patients at Wallum Lake Sanitarium were fed tuberculous
milk from diseased cows, and ‘ih

Whereas, Such unfortunate accident could not have happened
if said cows had been properly inspected before entering the
state, and

Whereas, Such inspection can only be properly accomplished
by intelligent veterinary inspection, it 18

Resolved, That in the opinion of the Rhode Island Veterinary
Medical Association the inspection of cattle in this state should
be in the hands of graduates in veterinary medicine.

His Excellency Gov. A. J. Pothier was elected to honorary © |

membership and one candidate was elected a member. Election
of officers resulted as follows:
President—Dr. Richard L. Tucker, of East Providence.
First Vice-President—Dr. Geo. L. Salisbury, Jr., of Lafay-
ette.
Second Vice-President—Dr. Ed. J. Sullivan, of Georgiaville.
Secretary—Dr. John S. Pollard, Providence.
Treasurer—Dr. Thos. E. Robinson, of Westerly.

J. S. Potvarp, Secretary.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK CITY.

The regular meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association
of New York City was called to order in the lecture room of the
New York American Veterinary College, 141 West Fifty-fourth
street, New York City, on Wednesday evening, February 2, with
the President, Dr. E. B. Ackerman in the chair. After the usual
routine business had been transacted, the President introduced
Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, of Philadelphia, who addressed the
association on “‘ Some of the Men of our Profession of the Last
Thirty Years.” Dr. Hoskins spoke from intimate personal
knowledge of some of the strong men of our profession, many
of whom have recently died, leaving the veterinary profession
stronger and better because of their work in its behalf. The
doctor spoke of the profession’s tremendous indebtedness to such

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 731

‘men as Liautard, who fortunately is alive and vigorous, and to
Raynor, Faust, Huidekoper, Lyman, Michener, Bell, Pearson and
others. The debt can only be partially repaid by keeping the
characters and self-sacrifices of such men constantly before us
to act as an inspiration and stimulus to greater individual effort
‘in behalf of the veterinary profession. Since many of the men
| mentioned had made New York the arena of their labors, we
felt a greater personal interest in the address. After Dr. Hos-
kins’ remarks were concluded, several of the members spoke
reminiscently of some of the men mentioned.

Dr. William Sheppard contributed some excellent case re-
ports on “ Fatal Skin Disease in Horses.” He gave the history
of four acute cases of a peculiar affection of horses confined to
‘animals on a single farm. The symptoms were remarkably sim-
ilar to those of rabies as seen in the horse, with the exception of
the violent symptoms, so often associated with rabies. The
post-mortem findings of a single case were reported by Dr. Mc-
_Cartney and the bacteriological findings by Dr. V. A. Moore, who
reported negatively as regards the examination of the brain for
“Negri Bodies.”

_ This paper led to an animated discussion. Some members ex-
pressed the opinion that the cases were rabies, while others be-
lieved them to be an obscure nervous affection, not rabies. This
| paper in its entirety will be published in the AMERICAN VETERI-
NARY REVIEW.

Drs. Hoskins, Sheppard and McCartney received a vote of
thanks for their contributions to the evening’s program.

_ Dr. J. Schnurmacher was elected to membership. Meeting
adjourned.

W. Rem Brarr, Secretary.

) COLORADO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

This association held its annual meeting January 14, I9I0,
| in Denver. The following members were present: Drs. Chas. G.
if Lamb, M. J. Dunleavy, M. J. Woodliffe, A. G. Fisk, Emile
| Pouppirt, C. Wade, Denver; Geo. H. Glover, B. F. Kaupp, L. E.
| Newsom, C. L. Barnes, A. W. Whitehouse, Fort Collins; Geo.
_ W. Dickey, Colorado Springs; A. B. McCapes, Geo. W. Pell,
} Boulder; F. W. Culver, Longmont; E. J. Foreman, Trinidad;

732 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

H. Bird, Thos. Ouinn, Gineiey: me
The following new members were elected: C. Wade, Det |
ver; W. W. Courtwright, Monte Vista; Edward N. Farrel,
Eaton, A. G. Fisk, Denver; A. W. Whitehouse, Fort Collins 3”
Geo. W. Bell, Boulder. as |
The following officers were elected for the ensuing year 4
President, Robert H. Bird, Greeley; First Vice-President, E. J.
Foreman, Trinidad ; Second Vice- President, F. W. Culver, Long-
mont; Secretary and Treasurer, M. J. Woodliffe, Denver ; Execu-
tive Bourd<=Drs: Chas. G. Lamb, Denver; Geo. H. Glover, Ford 7
Collins: Geo. W. Dickey, Colorado Springs.
After disposing of the routine work, the meeting adjourned 4
to the Auditorium Hotel, where all enjoyed a banquet. ‘.
The next meeting will be held in June.

M. J. WoopttrFe, Secretary.

THE LOUISIANA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO- |
CIATION, 4

The above association met in New Orleans January 19; four- |
teen members present. Paper of an interesting case of intes-
tinal calculus in a standard bred sorrel gelding was read by Dr. ©
E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge, La. Paper on “ Good of the Pro- —
fession.” Recital of a number of cases followed by animated —
discussions were indulged in. The following officers were ~
elected for the ensuing year: Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, president;
Dr. H. G. Patterson, New Orleans, La., vice-president; Dr. E.
Pegram Flower, the present incumbent, secretary-treasurer by |
acclamation. Resolutions on the untimely death of Dr. M. M. —
White were ordered drawn up and a copy sent his relatives. An ~
elaborate banquet followed the meeting, participated in by all —
members present, in addition having as guest Dr. Laughlin, vet- —
erinarian in employ of the government at the Isthmus of Panama. —
This association has grown during the past two years from a —
membership of nine to twenty-three, and hereafter will meet —
twice per year. q

E, Pecram Frower, D.V.S., Secretary.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

In the accom

| VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

nying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of
_ great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us
_ of the dates and places of their meetings.
Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included

4 in the following list :

Connecticut V. M.
| Hamilt
Illinois V. M. and Surg i AIS
- Indiana Veterinary jr
owa Veterinary Ass’n....... «++.
lq gansas State ie oe
_ Kentucky V. M
| Keystone V. MA
Epuisinns State v M.
- Maine Vet. Med, Ass’n...........
' Maryland State Vet. Society edo
' Massachusetts Vet. Ass'n. .
_ Michigan State V. M.
' Minnesota State V.M.
_ Mississippi State V. M. Ass’n.
| Missouri Valley V. Ass'n Re ee
_ Missouri Vet. Cats Sete
_ Montana State V. M. = bscane keen
Nebraska eg
a New York S. V. M. pactakvae
- North Carolina V. M. Ass’n...
- North Dakota V.M.
Ohio State V. M. Ass’n...........
Ohio Soc. ¥ Com zomparative | Med.
- Oklahoma V Faas’
_ Ontario Vet. oo REECE a .
Passaic Co. V. M. Ass’n.......0:-
Pennsylvania State V. M.A......
4 Philippine V. M, Assscesenes
Province of
Rhode Island V. M.
_ St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors.

Schu Ikill Valley V. M. fiaaiooes
Soc. Vet. pier Univ. Penn..

> South Dakota V. M.A...........
' Southern Auxiliary of California
' State V.M. A

- So. St. Joseph Ass’n of Vet. Insp..

were eee

; Date of Next
Name of Organization. Meeting.
Alumni Ass’n, N. Y WA. So ES a ae a
" American V. M. Ass’n........- Sept. 6, 7,8,9,- 10
Arkansas Veterinary ASS’N........| .sseeeseecesesens
_ Ass’n Médécale Veterinare Fran-| 1st and 34 Thur.
eC Be dececses's seseees| Of each month
| 8B. A.A. Vet. In. A., » Chicago... -| 2d Fri. ea. mo...
om California State V. M. Ass’n......| .sossscrvescescee
4 on apnea Y: ASSN seesees 5
7 cago Veterinary Society
- Colorado State V Vv. M. Apes. aap he

eee ee ee eee eee

eee eee ee eee eee

seeeeeteeer

July 1910.

eee ee eee eee eee
eee eee eee eee)
seen eee

weeee

eee ete eee eee eee
eee neee
see

eee tenet see eeee

Call of Chair...
Mar. 8-9, 1910...

jan. and June.

ist Wed. fol. the
Sun. ea. mo.

3] anes 15, 1910...

eee

an.Apl.Jy.Oct.
ean ay mo.

Tennessee Vet. Med. Ass’n.......| .-sscenscceeseees
PORORS Vi Il ABE Ne ces ccspaveccecs Call’ Exec. Com.
Twin City V. M. Ass’n....... .....| 2d Thu. ea. mo.
Vermont Vet. Med. Ass’n ........ ye a eS aie
_ Veterinary Ass’n of Alberta... ..| ........ gaia comes
_ Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Columbia..... 3d Wed. ea. mo..
Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba......... | Not stated......
OO BS Ae ee ec rrr
V. M. Ass’n, New York City......| st Wed. ea. mo.
Veteri Practitioners’ Club... Monthly........
Virginia State V. M. Ass’n.......| ..-..0055
ashington State Col. V. M.A..| 1st &3d Fri.Eve.
> Washington State V. M.A.......] cccscecseceeecees
_ Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n....... 1st Wed. ea. mo.
- Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad.... uchanne cawnes Gan
a Vork Co. (Pa.) V. M. A.........0. SG aaees Gas ERE

Place of
Meeting.

Name and Address Secretary.

141 W. 54th St.
San Francisco.

seeeeee

sea ae ‘Ta

vies Louis Cook, Cincinnati.
ard.

i ee MN mf XT:
yman,KansasCi
Horace E. Rice, Little

. P. A. Houde, Montreal.
.D. sa. ERT Chicago, 1.

,Mo.
‘ock.

ae ogarty, Oak

f ks "Chicago.

ar’

. Woodliffe, Denver.
. Dow, Willimantic.
lor, Henrietta.
nsen, Americus.

. Crawf wford, H Harv
W.A . Swain, Mt. Pulaski.
E. M. Bronson, Indianapolis

H.C, Simpson, Denison.

B. Rogers, Manbattan.
Not decided ..| D. A. iatt, Lexington.
Philadelphia.. Ss. Lorient Glenolden.

h
Wilmington ..
Ria

Paterson, N.J.
Philadelphia..
Mon. and Que.
Providence .

Los An eae
407 Ill.

eee eee ee eee
eee ee eee eee eee

141 W. : ik x
Jersey City..

eee ween ewes

Seattle........
Pittsburgh...
Grand Rapids.

pene Black, Rich

: {

-| B. TW

P. Flower, Baton Rouge,

. Joly
"Consaalenn| Sec’y.
War T. White, Newtonville.
oe mond.
Winona.

C. Robert i Agricultura Col.
F, r.Kaupp,F ortCollins, oto.
Brown, Kansas City

W. 5. Swank, Miles City
ope , Weep ing Water
Vine, my
ae. F isher, Goshen.
C. H. SE Valley CB.
er ers, parr,
Node an Wert, O
R. A. Phillips, Oklahoma City
C.Hs psy ple, Toveate,
H.K. aterson
F.H. Schinetder, Philadelphia.
Chas. G. Thomson, Mani
Gustave Bo Rigaud, P.Q.
J. S. Pollard, Providence

Wm.T.Conway,St.Louis,Mo
W. G. Huyett, Wernersville.
ward, Wash’n, D.C.
J. A. Graham, Sioux Falls.

. A. Edmonds, Los Angeles.
.R. Collins, So. St. Joseph.
A.C. Topmiller, Murfreesboro
. P, Marsteller, Col e Sta.
S. H: Ward, St. Paul, inn.
F.W. Chamberlain, Burlin:
C.. H. H. Sweetapple,
Saskatchewan, Alta., Can.

M. Page Smith, Wash., D.C.
F. Torrance, Winni

W. Herbert pote = ae
W. Reid Blair, N. Y. City.

| 00 om t,
W.G.C hris t, Jerse n Chariobv'le

R.G. eaves ter, Pull
. T. Seely, Seattle.
Bikers pean

Se Bausticker, York, Pa.

PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT.

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In closing Volume XXXVL., the publishers desire to thank the Review
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relationship to its subscribers, and we trust that in renewing their subscrip-
tions our subscribers will take a certain pride in doing so direct with the
Review office, and not through agencies.

SHarp & SmirH have found it necessary to use a full-page space tor their
display, so have had to be transferred to page 33 in the back forms, where
they have a very attractive display under head of Specrat OFFER.

Readers will note a change in the address of the Norwich PHARMACAL
Co., from 70-72 Fulton street, New York, to 60 Beekman street, in their
advertisement on page 25 (adv. dept.). This move was made necessary
through a constant increase in the volume of their business, which demanded
more room and greater facilities for handling it,

Anti-Itis, Inc., in order to increase their manufacturing capacity, have
moved their office and laboratory from Danvers, Mass., to No. 23 State street,
Lynn, Mass., as will be noted in their advertisement on page 6 (adv. dept.).

In the advertisement, “Back Numbers, AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
For Sate,” which appeared in the February Review, the advertiser erred in
stating that his volumes ran from 12, 13 and 16 to 25, inclusive, when he
intended 16 to 35, inclusive, as his advertisement now appears in this issue.

734

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XXXVI.

PAGE
- Leonard Pearson, Frontispiece to No. 1, Vol. XXXVI.
Photographs of Strange Case of a Dog—
Seas vise canvas ss cs Rpeegeegbersceesedbae cnestevas'ep 59
ns cp aaa ba on eee heed n neh PAROMEMEeR Eten crstsccnnebeenes 60
DMARD 0's lbs s csstin vas cdasees obdseccesp pec swssescerscoctsceence 60
_ A Group of Hague Congressionists, Frontispiece to No. 2, Vol. XXXVI.
Serious Anemic Disease Among Horses—
Respiration, Pulse and Temperature Chart, Case No. 11......-+++++ 226
Respiration, Pulse and Temperature Chart, Case No. 8..........++ 232
Clinical Pictures by Frank J. Loomis, D.V.M.......--+.2+++-0008 259, 260, 261
Kyphosis (Congenital) .......0.0cccccccoscccccccnccsenccesssensoeecs 262
Samuel H. Gilliland, V.M.D., M.D., State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania,
Frontispiece to No. 3, Vol. XXXVI.
Lipoma Causing Strangulation of Intestine............0.eeeee ener eens 369

a.—Lipoma.

b.—Pedicle of lipoma causing strangulation.
c.—Portion of intestine above strangulation.
d.—Strangulated portion showing venous congestion.

NR Sere LORS hin da 9 bch as AoA K Wices das was closes geehsesesesecasececes 369
Section showing framework of adipose cells. Fat unstained.

Photos with Explanatory Notes by G. A. Weston, G.M.V.A., Lau-
ee SS odo ede Mabe ee cas ensbasdiseee ee 487-

ES SR a ie ee eS re eee 492

_ Gid Found in Sheep in New York—
Fig. 1—Photograph of Sheep, No. 19, showing the general attitude
of depression. Photographed five days prior to killing........ 539
Fig. 2—Sheep, No. 20, showing lateral carriage of the head and
“leaning” position when standing.............scccccsseceeees 540
Fig. 3—A group of affected sheep. Two show the lateral carriage
of the head and two show the attitude of depression.......... 541
Fig. 4—Photograph of the right cerebral hemisphere from animal
No. 18, showing the distended lateral ventricle and the position
Se ery Caen Ce Ay er ee 542
Fig. s—Photograph of head of cyst, showing suckers and hooklets... 543
Fig. 6—A higher magnification of the hooklets................+5-. 544
Fig. 7—A photograph of the head, neck and a few segments of the
Taenia Cerebralis from the intestine of a dog fed with the
brain containing cyst of Coenurus Cerebralis of sheep No. 20... 545

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a

INDEX TO

PAGE
S- Abele, Francis, Jr...... 490, 491, 492
Archibald, RS Artsdauictusts 490, 701
Beecham, R. K.....-+++++++++0 603
Berns, George H......++++++++5 454
Boucher, W. A...+++eses essere 262
Boynton, Wm. H.,....+-+-++++++ 537
Cliffe, G. W.-.ccecscercccescres 569
Day, La Emacs: cress ceeesey 55
De Vine, Peo. dewene chars 705
Donnelly, J. Fergus.....+-+++++> 374
Evans, W. A.......-ee sees ee ees 165
Gannett, R. W......+-++++++ 374, 493
Glover, George H.......+-.+++5 350
Grenside, F. C.....-..0+02ee0ee5 338
Hall, Maurice C.......-++++++++ 328
Hoard, Ex-Governor.......++-+ 204
Hollingworth, Walter G..-...-- 462
Hoskins, W. Horace....---+--+++> 704
Hughes, D, Arthur.......--+++>> 672
Jervis, B. Five... eee ees e eee es 476
Kaupp, B. F.......s:. esses 368, 606
Kingston, R. H......-0+.-+-++55 584
Kinsley, A. T......-.-ee0-0e 45, 344
B Sredet ta! Bice cies vn Os on eas eo 602
Le Fevre, D. D.. ...0 6 ened vas 577
Lellman, Wilfred.........-..--+ 438
ee ae eee ees Se 506

Liautard, Prof. A.62, 66, 71, 267,
272, 276, 381, 385, 389,

497, 501, 504, 605, »

613, 635, 706, 711, 74

Limbaugh, E. C.......-....++: 3
Lockhart, A. -A...........-0.-+ 509
Longfellow, R. C.......--+++5+: 308
Loomis, Frank J.......-.----+- 259
Lynch, W. H......-..0s2 eee ees 254
Mack, Winfred B...........--- 222
McCartney, John J.......----++- 604

PAGE
McCrank, J. A......esveeees 261, 263
Melvin, A. D.......ssseccceeses 703
Mohler, John R.......+.++++- 31, 248
Moore, Veranus A......--+-+++- 20
Morris, Claude. D..........-.+>: 422
Mulvey, C. Ji. ....0clsceewscaee 580
Nockolds, Coleman......... ae eee
O'Leary, John P....279, 392, 507, 717
Palmer, Herbert F..........+++> 360
Phillips, J. MclI.........+0+05++ 656
Poles Lis View. a. scica eee ean vous 609
Reynolds, M. H............. 175, 549
Riceberger, B. F.....5--20se008> 373
Richardson, FE. A.... cess. cceses 370
Rievel, Professor......-..-++--- 561
Robinson, W. H...... cabs bet eas 586
Roemer, Dr. Paul..........-+--: 438
Russell, Professor.....-..---+-- 217
ES OE RS es ert 679
Schwarzkopf, Olaf..........- 264, 375
Sheppard, William........ ron Cae 601
Simpson, Hal. C......-+..+-+++> 371
Giertrel> LM As sich eawevouan 561
Cretan Be Te ee yanees cows he 602
Stewart. Ti. ds. .-+-sesene cnatan 581
Stringer, ‘2. sca: kinsesesrsess 307
Taylor, Walter J.......+++-+++++ 537
Tyler, John. Li... eceteccicwease 604
Cita it DD 31.6» cies smcamarneeeen 5890
rar, “Ax Banas ods cutee enews
Reston: Bs A si0s dace evens 485, 487
Whipple, Frederic R..........-- 608
Wilkinson, B.* Cin. a tingeses 00 ame 304
Wilkinson, J. Atkinson......... 492
mals, 1. Gis dda eaabtets oneees 350
Youree, Frank R......... ig Was w 687

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXVI.

PAGE

Abortion, Epizootic, Pathology
and ‘Etiology. of: 60.4. .0s2.%0% 360
Abscesses, Retro-Pharyngeal.... 69
Abscess of the Neck of the Blad-
der Following Distemper in a
DOO oi cue coe nh code ene sore 717
Abscess, Subcartilaginous, of the
Foot
Abstracts from gs sgh .62,
267, 381, 497, 605, 706
A Case of Paralysis of the Tail
and Sphincters............... 391
A Case of Ruptured Bladder.... 267
A Case of Tetanus, Case Report. 602
Acknowledged Pamphlets and
Communications
A Curious Foreign Body in a

4
Acute Encephalitis Due to a
Cholesteatoma .....2-.-e0s0:- 501
Adenocarcinoma, Papilliform of
the Prostate with Metastacic
Extension
Adeno-Carcinomata, Multiple, in
Sat ACT 5's es 1 eA ae a a 707
A Discussion of De _ Renzi’s
Treatment of Somatic Tznia-
sis with Male Fern, and Some
Tests of the Treatment in Gid 328
Adrenaline in Laminitis......... 710
A Few Cases of Sinuses or Blind
Fistulz
A Few Truths for Future Veter-

ee ee ee ee ee |

inary Medicine in Maine...... 470 ;

Age, Horseless, Not Yet........
A Glance in Comparative Path-
OGY: in ian 04 hata hg dg 415
Agriculturist and Dairyman, the
elation of to Milk Hygiene..
Aliments Remain in the Intes-
tinal Canal of the Horse, Con-
cerning Length of Time .... 281
Alumni Association of Ontario
Veterinary College...........- 536
Amaurosis Following Pneumonia 711
American Veterinary Medical
Association, Expansion of the. 18

204

PAGE

American Vetefinary Medical
Association—List of Commit-
tees Appointed by President
Melvin

American Veterinary Medical
Association to Meet at San
Francisco in IQIO.......ceeece 303

Amniotic Fluids of Sheep Dead
of Rabies, Experimental and
Histological Observations Con-
cerning Milk and the......... 508

Amputation of the Penis and

ee eee eee eee tere eet eeee

Castration 3.5 i calennneses Soe 497
Amputation of the Prepuce in a

Mule for Neoplasm of the Pre-

DUCE Foc cieevng (CemeR Rae .. 278
Anal Tumors of Dogs......... 72
Anatomo-Pathological Diagnosis

of Rabies: ii. <swaee cpaiatemen 519
Anchylostomiasis in a Dog Com-

plicated with Rabies-like

Symptons: 4.5.4 «eae ee 510
Anemia, Equine Infectious......
Anemic Disease Among Horses,

a Study of a Serious......... 222
Anesthesia, Local. ass 5 igscin vate 530
Anesthetic, Cannabis Indica as a

General, Case Report......... 2
A New Method to Fight Tuber-

CUOSIs iis.us occ < woe pie hain te 152

A New Treatment for Fistulous
Tracts and Abscess Cavities,
Case Report. sss’: as eevee cere 5

An Exhibit and Lecture Course. 253

An Interesting Case of Obstet-
rics; Case Report. iusievecen

Annals of Surgery, The, Com-
pletes its Fiftieth Volume..

Annual Smoker of Delta Sigma
Beta

Annual Smoker of the Veteri-
nary Medical Association of
New York City.....scsevsees 515

A Non-Irritating Depilatory Ap-
plicable in Veterinary Surgery. 392

Ante Partum Laminitis..... vovels Se

Anthrax Bacilli in Milk......... 63

512

ee

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXVI, vii

PAGE

_ Antibrachinin, Second, Sclerosis

of the; (Fibrolysin Therapy),

First, Facial Paralysis Through

the Action of Scar Tissue..

_ Antinarcotic Effects of Lecithine

_ Antiperiostin, The Action of..

_ Antiseptic, Cutaneous, Iodine as.

Antitetanic Serotherapy..

Anus, Prolapse of the, Case Re-
ES ES a ee

A Peculiar "Equine Infectious
Disease

A Rare Form of Measles in a

SOR te sco haa ees ee sia'ea 6

375
Army Veterinary Notes..... 265, 376
Ascitis, Chyliform, in Cats...... 275
A Study of a Serious “yee ae

Disease Among Horses.......
- Atchison, Charles Stewart, D.V.S. a08
A_ Tragic Death in the Army
Veterinary Corps......+.+..+: 375
Auricular Catarrh in a Dog Due
to the Presence of a Spike of

“Be Ee 73
Auscultation, Mediate........... 580
Auto-Amputation of the Tongue

OE ee Oy, er ee 614
Autoserotherapy ........+++.++- 408
A Warning to Canine aa 414
A Wonderful Milch Cow....... 505
Axe, Professor, ak ‘OE eee can 654
Azoturia with Unusual Compli-

cations, Case Report......... 371
rary Human or Bovine.......

B. A. I. Veterinary Inspectors

Association of Chicago....... 510
Belgian Review.......... 71, 504, 714
Belle, Hamburg, Dies on Trip

Pena s . 6 454% v0, vie cal aaks 355
Benefit of Post Mortem, Case

Ee eee ee 491

eport

a eee rane Anemia... 160

Ee Cholesteatoma of the Brain. 501
Biliary Bladder, Some Abnormal-
ities of the, Observed in An-
SE CA v5 5 sacle ne 5:00 60,08
Biological Products Used in Vet-
erinary Medicine, Necessity of

Federal Supervision Over..... 534
Bladder, Abscess of the Neck of
the, Following Distemper in a

MPSS esa a yee wews ve the 716

PAGE

Bladder, A Case of Ruptured... 267
Bladder, Calculi of the.......... 269
Bladder, Corncobs in Mare’s,
Case Report. 5. cscdvsisecss ce
Bladder, Hemorrhage of the in a

Din. d abe saehvietewed ese 391
Bladder, Rupture of the During

Parturition in a Mare........ 72
Blood in the Urine............. II
Blood, Virulency of the—Hered-

ity. Of Rabies... ......csescsss 530
Bone Obstructions of the Rec-

See et TOM. 5 obs oe vueec see's
Botriomycosis and Its Parasite.. 6
Botriomycosis, Enzooty of, of

Castration in Swine.........- 613
Breeder's Gazette, Holiday Edi-

Cites OF UOs< ss < cancdacaactass 421
Bullet Wound of the Chest in a

MEGNG? 5 idx eda cebnteveeeee
Bullock, Hematoma of the Sub-

maxillary Region of a........ 270
Calculi, Cystic, in a Bitch....... 267
Calculi of the Bladder......... 269
Calculus, Cystic, Unusual Case

Of im a Dow. oss scsi sete deees
Calculus Cystitis in a Cat....... 70

Calculus, Renal, With Complica-
tions
Calculus, Urethral, in a Puppy.. 64
Calculus, Urethral, of the Ox... 581
Calf, Chinese, Malformation in a 268
Calf, Mare Suckles............- 174
Canada (Western) Notes....514, 720
Cancer of the Left Sac of the
Stomach
Canine Specialists, a Warning to 414
Cannabis Indica as a General
Anesthetic, Case Report...... 262
Carcinoma of the Maxillary
Sinus of the Horse........... 381
axe eg Miliary, A Case of in

eee eee ee ee ee ee eee eee

Caries of the Phalanx in a Deer

—Complications—Recovery .
Case of Double Shoulder-Slip..
Case of Dystokia, Case Report...
Case of Hydrocephaly in a Dog. =
Case of Orchitis in a Dog......
Case Reports. ..254, 364, 485, 596, Gor
Castration and Amputation of

She Penta... i aes 497
Castration, General Advices upon 639

. 614

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXVI,

PAGE

Catarrh, Auricular, in a Dog
Due to the Presence of a Spike

Of UR¥@sd5.262 . patie. ee 73
Cats, Tuberculosis in........... 417
Cattle, Onion Poisoning in...... 63

Cattle, What Must the Owner
Do to Prevent the Dissemina-
tion of Tuberculosis Among
His, Cattle: «tetas vaaoucie 438

Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, Case
Report <b se Fear ace 99

Charles Stewart Atchison, D.V.S. 705

he Saale Wound of the ina

Child, Horie Saves Life of..... 437

Chloroform, Iodurated Applica-
HORS 83a eee bees

eee Note on a Case of in
PIDs ce cara olen ade Beale

Cholesteatoma, Big, of the Brain sor

Chyliform Ascitis in Cats....... 275

Cities, The Provision of Milk for 561

Clean Milk Question, Discussion
OF FUME T ga eee Co eee eek 217

Collargol amet in Veterinary
Surgery
eg Veterinary, Equipment

ee

Colleges, Veterinary, Matricula-

tion Requirements for........ 350
Colt Calls Aid to Its Mother Stuck

$Y DA os Sastig' su oben vata 44
Comfort for Cab Horses....... 632

Committees Appointed by Presi-
dent Melvin of the American
Veterinary Medical Associa-

thon). sas ei eee Fe 247
Complications, Azoturia with
Unusual, Case Report......... 371

Concerning the Length of Time
Aliments Remain in the In-
testinal Canal of the Horse.. 281

Concerning the Occurrence of the
Bacillus Pyogenes as Sputum
Bacteria and Pus Producers in
the Various Species of Ani-
MBG L855: EES AS bes 509

Concerning the Suppression of
Heaves

Conclusions of the Ninth Inter-

Ce

national Veterinary Congress.. 289
Congress, Ninth International

Vetesinaty iiss ita ts <2 405
Congress of The Hague........ 147

Conjunctiva of the Horse, Pres-
ence of Micro-organisms in the 718

PAGE —

Contribution to the Study of
Stringhalt Caused by Adhe-
sions and Shortening of the
Tendon of the Extensor of the
Phalanx
Corncobs in Mare’s Bladder, Case
Report
Correspondence.59, 266, 377, 495

604, 701

Cow, A Wonderful Milch...... 505
Cow, Intussusception of the Small &
Intestine. int 8.0 ase sn cee
Cow, Tuberculosis in a Famous,
Case Report... :vissasncraecmee 696
Cows, Effect of Music on....... 253
Cows’ Teeth Brushed; Better
Butter Results. .icsuas a eaees 61
Coxo-Femoral Dislocation in a
COW 2B it8 oda eu seperate
Cryptorchidy, Remarkable Case
of in a; Horses).c eae 504
Curious Abnormality of the —
Membrana Nictitans in a Colt. 70
Curious Symptom of Distemper. 269
Curious Symptoms Due to an In-
tra-Thoracic Melanotic Tumor

Not: Suspected .......%. avai e 715
Cystic Calculi in a Bitch........ 267
Cystic Testicle, a Sclerostoma

itt. aj (of: a" Cryptoiae.. ..caeyae 610
Cystitis, Calculus, in a Cat...... 70
Cystitis, Hemorrhagic, and Vesi-

cal Lithiasis in a Cat......... 502

Dairies that Are Producing Mar-

ket Milk, Veterinary Inspection

OF ARRAS rar eee eee 422
Dairies, To Provide Good Milk

From
Dandruff Obtained from the Skin

of the Horse, Examination of

thé (545 fois dala Ob ee 280
Dead; ‘Our, in: 1000. u.45 Uitceaes 646
Death Due to Tenia Serrata.... 268
Death in the Army Veterinary

Coros..A: Tragit-ccsss.keacane
Death of a Mare by Snake Bite. oe
Death-Wagon, Song of the..... 603

Deep Punctured Wound of the
Foot, Tenectomy, Recovery... 715

Delayed Parturition, Case Report 263

Delta Sigma Beta, Annual .
Smoker of

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXVI, ix

PAGE

De A _Non-Irritating,
mn in Veterinary Sur-
Bieta | Ghat and. Fibrochon-
droma of the Intermaxillary
Space in a Horse............
_ Dermoid Cyst of the Eye in a

Dog
Diagnosis. of NON oo os uf ode 20
Diffuse tess! Sarcoma in a

ee

Dinner, ’ Keystone Veterinary
Medical Association.......... 631
Directions for the Home Pas-
teurization of Milk...........
Discussion of the Clean Milk
SUMMONS 16 US Vacs caesep vases 217
Diseases, Infectious, from_ the
Veterinary Inspectors’ . Point
GU IOUE is tba cea dado cv ccees 55

Diseases of Breeding Animals

and of the New Born, Veteri-
nary Obstetrics, Including the. 12

Disease, Venereal, in Cattle,
e Remarks on.....-...++: 356

Disinfectant, Iodine as a in Op-
NE Ce PT Tees 303

mamoeeion, Coxo-Femoral, in a
pe NS ee
Distemper, Curious Symptom of. 269
es of the Posterior Tibial

ae Anchylostomiasis i in a Com-
Mog with Rabies-like Symp-

De ay a Cy aE 510

Don Melanoma in a..........-- 65
Dog, Pemphigus in a...........
Dogs, Notes on Soured Milk
COMRTNORE AN. SESE ss ee

Oe To Cross Ocean to Cure
Double Shoulder-Slip, Case of.. 499
Dried Tuberculous Dusts in ee
Contagion of Tuberculosis.... 522
Dystokia, a Case of, Case Report 609

Eczema, Two Interesting Cases
of, Case Report............... 608

Epiror1AL—

Acknowledged Pamphlets wee
Communications
American Veterinary Medical -
Association to Meet at San
- Francisco. in I910........... 303

PAGE
Bibliography—Equine Anemia, -
160, 301, 418
Expansion of the American
Veterinary Medical Associa-

Che iii gia eee 18
PML (oui wasnhowwinct ones eee 649
Holiday Edition of the Breed-

Bs: GONtO os Soe pnd abhi 421
Legacy of Prof. Axe.......... 654
Leonard Pearson............. I
Necessity of Federal Super-

vision Over Biological Prod-

ucts Used in Veterinary

OMEN Gs, sswdidabece see 534
Social Aspect at The Hague.. 163
The Governor of Pennsylvania

Arnoints a State Veterima-

Os) or aS deea aoe
The National Horse Show in

New York: . ss cis pence BUS
The San Francisco Meeting.... 653

Welcome to the Golden West. 419
Effect of Music on Cows....... 253
Effects of the Lickings of Dogs

on the Cicatrization of Wounds 609
Empyema in a Mare Affected

with Pleurisy.. /o icv. ss desks 274
Encephalitis, Acute, Due to a

Cholesteatoma
English Review .62, 267, 381, 497,

5,

Enigmatic Intestinal Occlusion in

sett oh abbey ke oes Weald cos 712
Enlarged Cystic Prostate in a

Mat Nerdy rE On. coe bee 710
Enteritis, Enzootic, in the Horse,

PS en yy eee 304
Enteritis, Tuberculous, in a
OO. ce ead ov « cee tate
Enzootic Enteritis in the Horse,
Cave: Reset 2303: SERS

Enzooty of Avian Tuberculosis
with Possible Human Origin. .
Enzooty of Botriomycosis of

387

Castration in Swine.......... 613
Epizootic Abortion, Pathology

and Etiology of.............. 360
Equine Anemia—Bibliography... 160

Equine Infectious Anemia....... 45

papsecorns of Veterinary Col-
CMOS inka testes semen) wk

Eradication of the Cattle Tick.. 679

EvuropEAN CHRONICLE—

A Glance in Comparative
Pathology

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXVI,

PAGE

Again the Tincture of Iodine
as Surgical Antiseptic....... 643
Anatomo-Pathological
nosis of Rabies....2...022..
A New Method to Fight Tu-

berculosis...;23ess-ae eee Ree
Antinarcotic Effects of Lecith-
NO Vein pee We ste aR eke 527

Antitetanic Serotherapy....... 208
Autoserotherapy
A Warning to Canine Special-

eee tweet eeeee

100. FS Soba ee Oat ohne 414
Blood in the Urine........... II
Bibilographical Notices and

References..... 301, 418, 533, 647
Botriomycosis and Its Parasite.
Conclusions of the Ninth In-

ternational Veterinary Con-

[a eS Oe ae ome” a BEN 289
Congress of The Hague...... 147
Dried Tuberculous Dusts in

the Contagion of Tubercu-

WSIS a nists Mad oes Wylde 522
Extract of Normal Serum of

TROPSE eitsien cee be 2 Nice Aare 645
Functions of the Omentum... 295
General Advices upon Castra-

{EON |. cea va Rds rd Te tees cate 6390
Hematology in Veterinary

Moedicitie 65 s:cdid be Fieens 0 158
Heredity of Rabies, Virulency

of the Blood........:...... 532
Human or Bovine Bacilli..... 300

Iodine as Cutaneous Antiseptic 8
Iodurated Chloroform Applica-

ONE A 54k CoS Che ee 209
Local Anesthesia ............4- 530
Luxation of the Perforatus

TeUdON : 2 + scecedeeberocths 157
New Pathogeny of Heaves... 410
Ninth International Veterinary

Congress 85555 aise e's biv'eaon 405
OOePOROOs :5j0's've Main Gales ihe 2
Our Dead in 1909. ....+.2.00%
Survival after Intestinal Rup-

ECS 4 Gide nab E ES KAR 2
The Diagnosis of Heaves in

HOtsee® icdtsieG eimai wikis ad 525
The Diagnosis of Pulmonary

Taberculosia. «sii: ... ies isesn
The Progresses of Exotic

Pathology sc. is'¢: i cease elean 12
To Provide Good Milk from

Dives 2% si «95 50a ods ad 156
Tuberculosis in Cats.......... 417
Vaccination and Immunization

against Tuberculosis,..... ves 635

PAGE |

Veterinary Obstetrics, Includ-
ing the Diseases of Breeding-
Animals and the New Born.

Examination. of the Dandruff
Obtained from the Skin of the
Horse

Examination,
Showeecs sce ies eee 3

Exchanges, Baap from. ..62,

I2

55

267, 381, 497, 605, 706

Expansion of the American Vet-
erinary Medical Association. .
Experimental and Histological
Observations Concerning Milk
and the Amniotic Fluids of

18

Sheep Dead of Rabies........ - 508
Extra-Uterine Gestation in a Cat 388

Extract of Normal Serum of
Horse
Eye, Dermoid Cyst of the in a
Dog

ere eee ewe eee eee eww ee eeeee

Fecal Stasis in the Large Colon
of a Horse with Displacement

and No Strangulation........ 3890

Fatal Skin Disease in Horses, .
Case Report <iss< ca os sank eae
Federal Supervision, Necessity
of, Over Biological Products
Used in Veterinary Medicine.
Fees, Physicians’, 4,000 i

Ag
Feline, New Infectious Disease. .
Femur, Inter-Articular Longi-
tudinal Fracture of the Infer-
ior Extremity of the, in a
FLOrge: 2366 os. cab ee
Fetlock, Rupture of the Internal
Ligament of the, Radical Re-
covery
Fibrochondroma and Dermoid

ee

‘Cyst of the Intermaxillary
Space in a Horse.....csceens
Fibrolysin Therapy: First,

Facial Paralysis through the
Action of Scar Tissue; Second,
Sclerosis of the Antibrachium. 3
Filari Osleri in India.........
ey ey of the Right Heart in
@ THOR... 5. knits co ckteueh ghee
First Action on the Army Vet-
eritaty Bill | sic. texeiee ce ene
Fistulous Tracts and Abscess
Cavities, a New Treatment for,
Case Re
Fistulous

racts, Treatment of,
Case

534

77

Ptisdvsauirs deme 506

Report. sche sews vivvee O73

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXVI, xi

PAGE
Foal, Monstrosity in a.......... 384
Foetus, Retention of a, in the

Re ry Pa 384
Foetus, Retention of in a Cow,
oe ey eee 261
Foot, Deep Punctured Wound of
the, Tenectomy, Recovery..... 715
Foot, Subcartilaginous Abscess
eae
For Cab Horses’ Comfort...... 632

Seen Body in the Lungs of a
Heifer
Fracture of the Right Branch of
the Inferior Maxillary, Metal-

MG IEE. Ss cc aeled hs ve cece ++. 612
Fractured Os Pedis............ 383
Fracture of the Mandible, Case

NEG ares pects ¢ ceee ae osu 493
Fracture of the Right Radius
and Ulna and Dislocation of

the Humero-Radial Joint...... 65
Py gS” a 710
French Review. .66, 272, 385, 501,

609, 711
OO ED. CoS a
Functions of the Omentum..... 205
Further Facts About Rabies.... 248
MOR aS sss ceaWed a «evs 687

Gangrene of the Muscles of the
TaN. 1B, RLOPTSS, «5 odo n ness 712
General Advices upon Castration. 639
German Review..... 279, 302, 507, 717
Gestation, Extra-Uterine ina Cat. 388
Gid, a Discussion of De Renzi’s
Treatment of Somatic Tzniasis
with Male Fern, and Some
Tests of the Treatment in.... 328
Gid Found in Sheep in New
pa. St gag oad | i ne 537
Glanders—Immune, Case preecrt 490
Goat, Coenurus Serialis in a.... 709
Golden West, Welcome to the... 419

Gout or Uric Diathesis in Fowls 73
NT ey cane eks sana 74
Hemorrhagica, Purpura, Case
NN are dass alas os eo o's «ale 370
Hemorrhagica, Purpura, Protar-
gol and Its Use in............ 584

Hamburg Belle Dies on Trip
South
abet Sed Filariosis of the Right in

er ar a

ee ar ae

Heart, Galification of Both Aur-
icles of the, in a Horse...... 712

PAGE

Heaves, Concerning the Suppres-
SINE, ci, Sec rensOoee tai see
Heaves in Horses, The Diagnosis
OF nih ees ee - 525
Heaves, New Pathogeny of...... 410
Hematology in Veterinary Medi-
cine
Hematoma of the Submaxillary

Region of a Bullock.......... 270
Hematoma, Traumatic..........
Hemorrhage of the Bladder in a

See eee So es De Re 3901

Heredity of Rabies—Virulency

OFM NBO: oo cc ca pat ceecice 532
Hernia, Perineal, Colopexy, Re-
section of the Hernial Sac—
Bacowety: .. cs sc ctmetsoeeeete 274
Hernia of Uterine Horn and
Omentum on the Right Side of
of the Vulva in a Slut....... 713
Hernia, Scrotal, Case Report.... 374
Hernia, Ventral — Operation —
Deaths iy... ..cdctekeeies es 606
Hog Cholera and Hog Cholera
Videcitiation 4... <ca ded suer ods
Holiday Edition of the Breeder's
GARG... Sens ave Oe eek 421
Horseless Age, Not Yet........ 604
Horses, a Study of a Serious
Anemic Disease Among...... 222
Horses, Fatal Skin Disease in,
Case Resort -i... tistidescye vb 601
Horse Saves Life of Child...... 437
Horses for Her, No Docked.... 216
Horse Shoeing...............+.
Horse Show, The National, in
IRON NOU. 6. i cacdadest cout 305
Horses in Literature............ 164
Fiorses, Tynes. of... sisawi c<Setk 338
Horses, Wedding............... 380
Horses, Why Autos Frighten... 484
Horse, the Perfect.............. 174
Human or Bovine Bacilli........ 300
Hungarian Review.............. 380
Hydrocephaly, A Case of, in a
EMO ik couse so ba a5 eae o< GH
Ice, Paratyphus Bacilli in the '
Used for the Preservation of
See RUS oo. eee oa 717
India, Filari Osleri in..........
India Mallein Reaction in.......
Infarcts, Hemorrhagic, Investi-
gations yes bi the, in Beef
Livers acs ae tks pec oaee 718

Equine

xil TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXVI.

PAGE
Infectious Diseases from the
Veterinary Inspector’s Point
Of 3 View 360.3 GGG Sie 55

Inflammation of the Tongue in
the Course of Strangles and Its

Treatment oo..96 OE eesti 305
Influence of Tuberculinization on

the Milk Secretion............ 718
Inoperable Sarcoma Treated with

Coley’s: Fhuidsis 20520 aes 706
Instruction, Night.:..........%. 344
Inter-Articular Longitudinal

Fracture of the Inferior Ex-

tremity of the Femur in a_

Hoge is soa hoes ake 272
Interesting Case of Tuberculosis

in Ao RiOree. se Ore stoped. 383
Intestinal Occlusion in a Cow,

Enigmatic cd 8 bie Sane: 712
International Veterinary Con-

gress, Conclusions of the Ninth 289
Intestinal Obstructions by For-

eign Bodies in Dogs.......... 386
Intestine, Strangulation of in a

Horse, Case Report........... 368
Intravenous Therapy, The Pres-

ent Standpoint of............. 507

Intra-Thoracic Melanotic Tumor,
Curious Symptoms Due to an,
Not. Suspecteds.¢ issue, ts aeiad 714

Intussusception of the Small In-
testine in a Cow....2)...0..5 4

Invagination of the Small Intes-
tine in the C.

Investigations Concerning the
Hemorrhagic Infarcts in Beef
DAVOS Sco ods toe eae 718

Investigations Regarding the Ac-
tion of Pure Oxygen in Wounds
and Infections..5.0 “veces ose 719

Iodine as a Disinfectant in Op-
erations

Iodine as Cutaneous Antiseptic... 8

Iodine, Tincture of, as Surgical
Antiseptic

Iodine, The Use of in Pneumonia 62

Iodurated Chloroform Applica-
tions

Italian Review...........0%; 276, 613

Ithaca, Veterinary Conference at 513

Keystone Veterinary Medical
Association Dinner.......... . 631

Knuckling, Mesoneurectomy and
CNOLOMY 18.6 ioe co's sve koa eth

Laminitis, Adrenaline in.........
Laminitis, Ante Partum......... 275
Lecithine, Antinarcotic Effects of 527
Lecture Course, An Exhibit and. 253
Legacy: Of :Prok: Axe.i¢ Aes sods 654
Lickings of Dogs, Effects of the

on the Cicatrization of Wounds 609
Light and Ventilation.......... 589
List of Committees Appointed by

President Melvin of the Amer-

ican Veterinary Medical As-

710

sociation). 3. oo Sie tee ae 247
Literature, Horses in........... 164
Lithiasis, Vesical, and Hemor-

rhagic Cystitis in'a Cat....... “502

Live Stock, Poisonous Plants De-
structive to, with Special Ref-
erence to a Recent Book on the
Subject | o.50 a ee eae 672

Liver, Rupture of in a Puppy... 65

Local. Anesthesia. (22%) 54 sees 5

Local Men Invent Potato Ma-

chine: 2353 PR re yh aay i 5
Lo, the: Horse, . siea seco eee 630
Lungs of a Heifer, Foreign Body

in: the oe isaawek Rea ee 615

Luxation of the Perforatus Ten-
21 Pe WBE biG SENN "pace 157

Luxation of the Shoulder Joint.. 385

Lymphadenoma of the Medias-
tine Involving the Large Arte-
rial Trunks of the Heart in a
Horse

Maine, A Few Truths for Future
Veterinary Medicine in....... 4
Malformation in a Chinese Calf. 268
Mallein Reaction in India....... 499

Mamme, Sarcoma of the, with
Infiltration of Cells Containing
Pigmentary Elements......... 615

Mandible, Fracture of the, Case

Report.) cd. cdicde eee 493
Mange, Sarcoptes ........ ree
Mare Affected with Pleurisy,

Empvemia in a..... Pega .. 274
Mare Suckles Calf.......... ee y ¢

Marriage, Miss Jessie Williams
and A. M. Mair, United in.... qa2t
Matriculation Requirements for
Veterinary Colleges...... ie gO
Maxillary, Inferior, Fracture of
the Right Branch of the, Me-
tale’ Sutures ct as seve OF2
Mcintyre, W. ELiviccesvre teen ee
Meseies, a Rare Form of ina

}*4 ee see eee eee eee

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXVI,

xiii

PAGE

Mediastine, Lymphadenoma of
the, Involving the Large Arte-
rial Trunks of the Heart in a

PET ed ice cine s van ses 711
Mediate Ausculation............ 580
Melanoma in a Dog............. 5
Melano-Sarcoma in a Mare..... 382

- Melanosis of the Peritoneum in
Ee ee 382
_ Membrana_ Nictitans, Curious
Abnormality of the, in a Colt. 70
Membrana Nictitans, Sarcoma of
ee ESB DOR ee 0 iv eid's vinca one’ 714
- Meningitis, Cerebro-Spinal, Case

Mc hie vc ah phe cep <0 8 SEA «
Mesoneurectomy and Tenotomy

Mi MAMMCMINNE, WN bss ved vedas c 71
Miliary Carcinosis in a Dog, a

Rs hilt oS ch Cop Vin code 610
Miliary Tuberculosis of Placenta,

ROME ODOPE talk, ys sabe v4.0 0s0:02 492
Milk, Anthrax Bacilli in........ 63
Milk, Clean, Question, Discussion

MERAMES cde I Sodas os twakes oo 217

Milk Fever, So-called, Three Pe-
culiar C
Milk Hygiene, The Relation of
the Dairyman and Agricultur-
OE BS: Sn ee |
Milk, Market, Veterinary Inspec-
tion of Dairies that Are Pro-

RIOR, LUGE OL, ails oe ecu s oe
Milk, Relation of to the Public

SEROMR Skee ts, CER apes Se 165
Milk, ‘the Producer, the Con-

sumer, and the Veterinarian.. 175
Milk Secretion, Influence of Tu-

berculinization on the......... 718
Milk, The Provision of for Cities 561
Miss Jessie Williams and A. M.

Mair United in Marriage...... 421
Missouri Valley (The) Veteri-

nary Association.............. 513
Monstrosity in a Foal..........

Multiple Adeno-Carcinomata in
the Bitch

Multiple Fractures of the Verte-
bral Column in the Ox........ 706

ed

Nature, Vis Medicatrix, Case
Report
Necessity of Federal Supervision
Over Biological Products Used
in Veterinary Medicine....... 534
Necrosis. of the Bars: Seques-—
trum. and Caries of the Inferior
Maxillary—Recovery .........

PAGE

Neoplasm of the Thyroid Gland

in a Dog, Upon Seven Cases of

PRRAIGS « doico's's sass dgaeeees 277
New Feline Infectious Disease.. 717
New Pathogeny of Heaves...... 10
News and Items....286, 400, 511, 631
Night Instruction...............
Ninth International Veterinary

CONROE 686 Gs 0265 . capeieee 405
No Docked Horses for Her.... 216
Non-Syphilitic Ulcers in Domes-

He mmintblibi. . o.5 Fobee as ek <S 301

ee a ee

Re VR ing va <ordh oes cha

Osiruary—
Charles Stewart Atchison, D.
V.S

53 PEPE ee 705
Rudolph Julius Marshall, V. S. 79
David Jeffrey Dixon, D. V. S,. 78
Leonard Pearson............. 75

Obstetrics, An Interesting Case
of, Case Report... ..:.....e0. 602
Obstructions, Intestinal, by For-
eign Bodies in Dogs.......... 386
Omarthritis, Suppurative, in the
PROUOR Noch. csocss iw cote e ee.
Omentum, Functions of the..... 295
Omentum, Hernia of Uterine
Horn and, on the Right Side -
of the Vulva in a Slut........ 713
Omentum, Prolapsus of the After
Castration, With a Curious
RIMMED c-ay.s.0.0 choad ukeak s Ze
Onion Poisoning in Cattle....... 63
Ontario Veterinary College,
Alumni Association of........ 536
Operation for Strabismus in a
Case of Dislocated Eyeball.... 709
OnaiiuGels: Soo. 200. a eee 2
Orbit, Tumor of the in a Cat... 500

Orchitis, Case of in a Dog...... 270
Os Pedis, Fractured............
Ossification of Both Auricles of

the Heart in a Horse......... 712
Our Dead in 1900..............

Ovaro-Hysterectomy of a Sheep.

Ox, Urethral Calculus of the.... 581

Oxygen, Pure, Investigations Re-
garding the Action of in
Wounds and Infections....... 719

Pamphlets and Communications
’ Acknowledged

xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXVI,

PAGE

Papilliform Adenocarcinoma of
the Prostate with Metastatic
Extension

Papilloma of the Penis, Two
Cases, in) Horses ss ceils. tanks 271
Paralysis, Facial (Fibrolysin

Therapy): First, Through the
Action of Scar Tissue; Second,
Sclerosis of the Antibrachium. 394
Paralysis of the Penis—Amputa-
tion
Paralysis of the Tail and Sphinc-
tere, 2, Case Ori ives oe Oe vk 391
Parasite, Botriomycosis and Its. 6
Paratyphus Bacilli in the Ice
Used for the Preservation of

SR SO: acannon al 717
Parturition, Delayed, Case Re-
DORE Force scutes ayy aan s wren 263
Pasteurization of Milk, Direc-
tions for the Home........... 400
Pathology, A Glance in Com-
parative” 2f%. ees Ge tesees 415
Pathology and Etiology of Epi-
zootic Abortion............... 360
Pathology, The Progresses of
EXO assis ei Saye eee eae 412
Pemphigus in a Dog............ 509
Penis, Amputation of the and
SOSETARON. 630 oe Scary Mince wee 497
Penis, Paralysis of the—Ampu-
CNG oS des de Dar epakicoes ee 611

Perforatus Tendon, Luxation of
ThE Ve, J cdanies uae 157

Pericarditis by Foreign Body—
Puncture of the Pericardium.. 387

Pericarditis, Tubercular, in a
DOR 33 sinc ss hector aes 605
Perineal Hernia—Colopexy—Re-
section of the Hernial Sac—Re-
COVEEE oct or kiesa > Pouce ce 274
Peritoneum, Melanosis of the in
@ BAO ss cavbcidecuues ss 382
Peritonitis, Traumatic, in a
Dratight:: Mare sic ois cess des ba 708

Phalanx, Caries of the in a Deer
—Complications—Recover 614
Photos with Explanatory a 487
Physician’s Fees 4,000 Years Ago 402
Pilorus, Sarcoma of the—Peri-
toneal and Pleural Dythridiosis
its i COB 5 o:diis cw meh eas
Placenta, Miliary Tuberculosis
Of, Cate REDOKE, «i icccis caste
Pneumonia, Amaurosis Follow-
Bid Oi cor htecedesb esa . 7It

PAGE

Poisonous Plants Destructive to
Live Stock, with Special Refer-
ence to a Recent Book on the
Subject

Policy, The Future, of the Pro-
fession

Posterior Tibial Nerve, Division
Of Abel... sbi eels eee 481

Post Mortem, Benefit of, Case
Report: -.3<.4654 etna ee 491

Potato Machine, Local Men In-
VENE. Seco Sais a cet tenes Meee

Prepuce, Amputation of the
Penis in a Mule for Neoplasm
OPEC, «.5:3:.c,.os se a aie: Sane 278

Presence of Micro-organisms in
the Conjunctiva of the Horse. 718

Profession, The Future Policy of
Te io. Sad aes <s 5690

POT ew 5.5 5 Sa sine oo ae
Prolapse of the Uterus with
Complications, Case Report... 492
Prolapsus of the Omentum After
Castration, With a Curious
Symptom ©... 0s <aae seeks ee
Prolapsus Recti in a Mule...... 272
Prostate, Enlarged Cystic in a

Dog
Protargol and Its Use in Pur-
pura Hemorrhagica........... 584
Psoas Muscles, Tearing of the,
During Casting — Secondary
Hemorrhage of the Posterior
Vena: Cava... .issidnan Gee 67
Public Health, Relation of Milk
tothe ij. ss cn a 165
Publishers’ Department. 146, 288,
404, 518, 634, 734
Puncture of the Pericardium—
Pericarditis by. Foreign Body. 387.
Puppies, Rabies in....:..s-..00s 384
Papers. Hemorrhagica, Case
Report. «i.:3.2s-asnk cues eee 370
Puseva PleaThe August Cat.. 306
Pyogenes, Cooenat the Occur-
rence of the Bacillus as Spu-
tum Bacteria and Pus Produc-
ers in the Various Species of

Animals ..\s i<sscavepis aeantenen 509
Rabies. a3 owes sans y ing vevssheniie sie
Rabies, Anatomo-Pathological

Diagnosis Obs inde ctok cae 519
Rabies, Diagnosis of.......... 20
Rabies, Further Facts About.... , 248

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXVI, xv

PAGE

Rabies, Heredity of, Virulency of
OO Se errs 530
Rabies in Puppies..............
Rabies, the Nature, Cause and

BUR POVMNENCE Of... cers ss so cvvee BI

Rabies, Three Cases of in

EIN) oe eG pis rnc + nw Ses 707
Recti, Prolapsus, in a Mule..... 272
Rectum, Bone Obstructions of

gy ee es >
Relation of Milk to the Public
Hea!th
Remarkable Case of Cryptor-

p chidy in a Horse.......... ee 504
Renal Calculus with Complica-

tions y

- Reports of Cases. ..254, 364, 485,
| 596, 691
Retention of Foetus in a Cow,

Case Report
Retention of the Foetus in the
Bitch
Retention of Urine in Cats, and
TR PORIIROOR Mien sey CN vos oh a 2
_ Retro-Pharyngeal Abscesses..... 609
Review, Belgian.. ........ 71, 504, 714
Review, English .62, 267, 381, 491,

5,
Review, French. .66, 272, 385, -
, ZIT

ey

Review, German... .279, 392, 507, 717
Review, Hungarian............. ; c
> Review, Italian.............. 276, 613
_ Right Radius and Ulna, Fracture
of the, and Dislocation of the
_ _ Humero-Radial Joint......... 65
Sepiore of the Bladder During
rturition in a Mare......... 72
Rupture of the Internal Branch
of the Suspensory Ligament
with other severe Lesions..... 502
_ Rupture of the Internal Ligament
of the Fetlock—Radical Re-
ROE a’, aio acs bes a Wee sec 388
- Rupture of the Liver in a Puppy 65
Ruptures, Intestinal, Survival
Re ee eames 642
- Ruptures, Spontaneous Stomachal
and Rectal, in a Horse........ 716

.-

San Fraacisco, American Veteri-
nary Medical Association to
mreet at im I910...........,.. 301
San Francisco Meeting, The.... 653
_ Sarcoma, Diffuse Lingual in a
GS ees ase 273

PAGE

Sarcoma, Inoperable, Treated
with Coley’s Fluid............ 706

Sarcoma, Melano, in a Mare.... 382

Sarcoma of the Mammez with In-
filtration of Cells Containing

Pigmentary Elements......... 615
Sarcoma of the Membrana Nicti-
tand In a DOGi« a iidivceeceeves 714

Sarcoma of the Pilorus—Periton-
eal and Pleural Dythridiosis ina

icc sits; occas tates see 380
Sarcoptes Mange..........-+.+5. 68
Serum of Horse, Extract of Nor-

WEP acide cueescibios sveue tics 645
Sclerostoma in a Cystic Testicle

Of 8 Crvpteid es 5 ics Vda cea 10
Sclerostoma Tetracanthum...... 271

Scrotal Hernia, Case Report.... 374
Sequestrum and Caries of th
Inferior Maxillary — Necrosis
of the Bars—Recovery........ 66
Sero-Sanguineous Accumula-
tions, The Treatment of by
Means of Injections of Pure
Tinet; of odie. <. .ésse0. 883 304
Serotherapy, Antitetanic........ 298
Sheep, Gid Found in jn New
pe te pet ee me 7
Sheep, Ovaro-Hysterectomy of a. 65
Shhocine” Horse. ..:. 2. .secde chic 586
Shoulder Joint, Luxation of the. 385
Sinus, Carcinoma of the Maxil-
lary of the Horse............ 381
Sinuses or Blind Fistule, A Few
| ee a a ere
DCN CeNROE SS os branche Meek
Small Intestine, Invagination of
the in the Cacum............
Smoker, Annual of the Veteri-
nary Medical Association of

New York City). ... 250.00. 515
Smoker of the V. M. A. of New
Ome: OUP... on. eee tiban vd 2

53
Snake Bite, Death of a Mare by. 606
Social Aspect at The Hague.... 163

Society MEETINGS—
American Veterinary Medical

Association | \o5.5.3. eee tae
B. A. I. Veterinary Inspectors’
Association of Chicago..... 629
Colorado Veterinary Medical
Wssociation’ :':22\Jcaeeas se. 731
Georgia State Board of Veteri-
mary Examiners............
Illinois State Veterinary Medi-
cal Association............. 282

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXVI.

xvi

PAGE

International Commission on

Control of Tuberculosis in
Domestic Animals........... 72

Maine Veterinary Medical As-
SOUBATION Sse oo eden ete 3909

Massachusetts Veterinary As-
sockation” “S50. Ses oes 284, 626

Meeting of the Faculty Section
of the Association of Veteri-
nary Faculties and Examin-
ing Boards of North America

New York. State Veterinary
Medical - Society..........-.

Ohio State Veterinary Medical
Association

Organization of the Tennessee
Saabs Medical Associa-

Rhode Island Veterinarv Medi-
cal -Assdciations..6 7.406%...

Schuylkill Valley Veterinary
Medical Association. . 624

The A. V. M. A. at San Fran-
COND Gh: dev E See ee

The Louisiana Veterinary
Medical Association.........

The Oklahoma _ Veterinary
Medical Association.........

Twenty-Seventh Annual Meet-
ing of the Illinois State Vet-
erinary Medical Association. 617

Veterinary Medical Association
of New: York City..283, 307,

York County Veterinary Medi-
val: Soctety iii ows ose cues

Somatic Teniasis, a Discussion
of De Renzi’s Treatment of
with Male Fern, and Some

Tests of the Treatment in Gid.

Some Abnormalities of the Bili-
ary Bladder Observed in Ani-
ale iss 06.5 che 6 ols s doce a ND

Some Expressions of Apprecia-
tion from Subscribers.........

Some Photos with Explanatory

Pe

730
144

Noten e's k's dbee skis Cea ks 487
Some Remarks on Venereal Dis-

cade in Cattletiici.s Sixeeta were 356
Song of the Death-Wagon...... 603
Spontaneous Stomachal and Ree-

tal Ruptures in a Horseissse'.: 71

Stasis, Fecal, in the Large Colon

of a Horse With Displacement
and No Strangulation......... 380

Stay, the Horse Will...........

Stomach, Cancer of the Left ‘Sac
the

Strabismus, Operation for in a
Case of Dislocated Eyeball....
Strangu!ation of Intestine in a

Horse, Case Report¢. 2.06.43 368

Strangulation of the Small In-
testine by Pedunculated
Lipoma, Two Cases of..

Stringhalt Caused by Adhesions
and Shortening) of the Tendon
of the Lateral Extensor of the
Phalanx FO .Gty is wee ees

Subcartilaginous Abscess of the
FOOti 8. 0's 2 sce ote ea eee

Suppurative Omarthritis in the
HLOrse 826.204 i en Se ee

Surgery. Collargol ee in
Veterinary

Survival after Intestinal Ruptures 642. j

Suspensory Ligament, Rupture of |
the Internal. Branch of the with -
Other Severe Lesions.........

Tenia Serrata, Death Due to....
Tallianine, Treatment of Tet-
anus by Intravenous Injections
of—Recovery ............000-
Tearing of the Psoas Muscles
During Casting — Secondary
Hemorrhage of the Posterior
Vena Cava... :iite ieee
Teeth, Cows’ Brushed, Better
Butter... Results. /\5i.h cs auanee
Terrier Has Taken - 3,000-mile
Jaunt

ee |

- 54 a
Tetanus, a Case of, Case Report. 602

Tetanus, Case Report ee Ee i 2

Tetanus, Treatment of by Intra-
venous Injections of Tallianine
—Recovery

The Action of Antiperiostin Pr.
The Annals of Surgery Com-
pletes Its Fiftieth Volume..

The Diagnosis of Heaves in
Horses
The

Diagnosis of Pulmonary
Tuberculosis: 04) ines ise Ga

The Future Policy of the Pre -
TEGBION: sss cc een

The Governor of Pennsylvania
Appoints a State Mie iti |

3
The Hague, Congress of........ 204
The Hague, Social Aspect at... 165
The Horse Will Stay.........

The Missouri Valley Veterinary
‘Association

512 —
The August Cat—Pussy’s Plea.. 306

$25

ME Re

*

TABLE OF CONTENTS,

VOLUME XXXVI, xvii

ee : PAGE
The National Horse Show in
eM ES Ses ca we ce
The Nature, Cause and Preva-
mi lence of Rabies.......)...->+% 31
The Ophthalmo Reaction in a
Case of Glanders of the Horse. 396
mone rertect Horse........:..:. 174

The Present Standpoint of Intra-

= yenows Therapy. ............--+ 507

The Progresses of Exotic Pa-
ES ER Mr 412

The Provision of Milk for Ci ies om
The Relation of the Agriculturist
and Dairyman to Milk Hygiene 204
_ The San Francisco Meeting..... 653
The Treatment of Sero-Sangu-
ineous Accumulations by
Means of Injections of Pure
ME OF TOG ok kako ons aes 304
- The Use of Iodine in Pneumonia 62
The Veterinarian of To-day and
__ What He Advocates.......... 462

The V. M. A. of New York City,
UOMO awd Oca siaroe’ sna Riss 253
‘dee h Panerens of the Muscles
} the, BAG A PURO oes acs aa pds 712
Thoracic Cyst Communicating
with the Abdomen............ 616
Three Cases of Rabies in
Be ANODE tes ossae woes. o's 707
Three Peculiar Cases of So-
called Milk Eever............ 66
Bribie, Fractured.......+s+ s,s. 710
‘Tibial Nerve, Division of the

' Posterior 481
Tick, Cattle, Eradication of the. 67¢
Tincture of Iodine as Surgical

ee ed

PR eae ae 643
To Cross Ocean to Cure Toy
Bg See eee 380
Tongue, Auto-Amputation of the
OME. s dag acta hme eo oaks 614
/ Tongue, Inflammation of the in
the Course of Strangles and Its
NS aE ea an Pear
) To Provide Good Milk from
OR ESE Se a a 156
Traumatic Hematomea......... 386
Treatment of Fistulous Tracts,
eg 0 CS Se 373
. Mlamatic’ Peritonitis ina
Speeeeet’ Mare... 5... we. en. 708

& Treatment of Suppurative Con-

ditions in Animals by Bacte-
rial Vaccines, Including a
Preliminary Report of the Use

of a Hyper-Immune Serum in ©
Canine Distemper............. 656

PAGE *

Treatment of Tetanus by Intra-
venous Injections of Tallianine
—eROONVET Ye viens ccvvatonaddce

Truths, a Few for Future
Veterinary Medicine in Maine. 476

Tubercalatis. Ja a Famous Cow,
Be OT SR ES a EE A actoa Say

Tubercular 1 Pericarditis in a Dog.605

Tuberculosis, A New Method to

PUIEES<. conve» ocr taemieeuk es 152
Tuberculosis, Avian, Enzooty of

with Possible Human Origin.. 387°
Tuberculosis, Dried Tuberculous

Dusts in the Contagion of.. 2
Tuberculosis in Cats............ 417
Tuberculosis, Interesting Case of

is Wlorie 2. dccuus tans 383
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, The

Pieemonis Of. ss cs ddckoaee 529
Tuberculosis, Two Observations

of Psychical Manifestations of

in a Dog and.a Cat......««..- 506
Tuberculosis, Vaccination and

Immunization against......... 635
Tuberculosis, What Must the

Cattle Owner Do to Prevent the
Dissemination of Among His
Cattle?
Tuberculous Entertis in a Horse. 390
Tumor in the Umbilical vo ter
Tumor of the Orbit in a Cat..
Tumors, Anal, of Dogs......... 72
Two Cases of Papilloma of the
Penis in: Horses: ...........+-
Two Cases of Strangulation of
the Small Intestine by Pedun-
culated Lipoma............... 399
Two Interesting Cases of Ecze-
ia; Case Report: oS). <2. a
Two Observations of Psychical
Manifestations of Tuberculosis
in a Dog and a Cat....2...... 506
Types of Horses............... 338

Ulcers, Non-Syphili‘ic, in Domes-
tic Animals
Umbilical Region, Tumor in.
Unusual Case of Cystic Calculus
ce DIOR. as 5. tess cas Sales Oe 382
Upon Seven Cases of Primitive
Neoplasm of the Thyroid
kgand in a Dog. i cckecmse.. 277
Urethral Calculus in a Puppy.. 64
Urethral Calculus of the Ox..
Uric Diathesis or Gout in Fowls. 73
Urine, Blood in the............. II
Urine, Retention of in Cats, and
Treatment

ey

271

605

ee a a ae?

xviii

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXXVI,

PAGE

Uterus, Prolapse of the with
Complications, Case Report.... 492
Vaccination, Hog Cholera....... 549
Vaccination and Immunization
against Tuberculosis.......... 635
’ Vaccines, Bacterial, Treatment of
Suppurative Conditions in
Animals bv, Including Prelim-
inary Report of the Use of a
Hyper-Immune Serum in Ca-

nine Distemper ........+...... 656
Venereal Disease in Cattle, Some

Remark Gnesi ORs 356
Ventilation and Light........... 580
Ventral Hernia — Operation —

Déath ao s0tiGG sek aoe
Vertebral Column, Multiple Frac-

tures of the, in the Ox........ 700
Vesical Lithiasis and Hemor-

rhagic Cystitis in a Cat...... 502
Veterinarian, Milk, the Producer,

the Consumer, and the........ 175

Veterinarian, The Governor of
Pennsylvania Appoints a State 304

Veterinarian, The, of To-day
and What He Advocates..... 462

Veterinary Colleges, Equipment

OE 20 ioe k HE earn even 469

veteraee Damen Army..
264, 375

Netestaasy Examination at ,
Shows
Veterinary Inspection of Dairies
That Are Producing Market
Mi so ca Gan le ee
Veterinary Medical Association
Meetings (Table) 145, 287, 403
cB 517, 633,

"9 i Medicine, Hematology
Vaseeitaey Obstetrics, Including
the Diseases of Breeding Ani-
mals and of the New Born....

a

Vis Medicatrix Nature, Case
Report... 5a eee
“Wedding Horses 0.0.5... 85
Welcome to the Golden West... or
Western Canada Notes...... 514, 730 —

What Must the Cattle Owner Do
to Prevent the Dissemination
of Tuberculosis Among His
Catale ? ti oe bias Oe

W.°H. McIntyresi so. A Gee 480°

Why Autos Frighten Horses.... 484

POSITION WANTED.

WANTED—Position as assistant, by veterinary produate or would go in half
partnership. Several years’ experience. Can furnish best of references. Address
ve re of AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 West 152d St., New

or

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WANTED—A position by a young man who will graduate from McKillip Veterinary
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Address Lyle ‘p lon, care of McK. V. C., +7 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill.

Ferien WANTED.

A Hindu, graduate of O. S. U. and a foreign Veterinary Col’ege. Several years’
experience under British PA rnment and in America; wants position under some
Veterinarian or with some school. References the best. Address D. V. M., care of
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WANTED.—Horses, Mares, Cats, Dogs, etc., afflicted with Cancer. Address
Dr. S. STRAUSS, 111 West 119th St., New York City.

BACK NUMBERS AMERICAN oe atts REVIEW FOR
SALE,

For SALE,—Back numbers of AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. Volumes 12,
4 and 16 to 35, inclusive (22 volumes in all). Not bound, but in good condition.
What will Rey give for the whole lot? Address A. B., care of AMERICAN VET-
ERINARY REVIEW, 509 W. 152d St., New York, N. Y.

PRACTICE FOR SALE,

I want to sell my Hospital and Practice in county seat, town of 3,000 popaiation,
in best farming county of Nebraska. Good reasons for selling. Address J.C
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161 Arecoline, Hydrobrom—Dectined......+s++-+++ ceeeeeee ERAS xe :
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tor Atropine Sul hate.... weenee PTReETEE TT TOPs eee I-4er or eeneeeee a2 Fi]
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124 Muriate.......- 2 >
345 Coc madly 7 goes OES ee Fete eee ee © RRR eee eRe eee 2 grs......- eee 7° 3) a
120 a ccntececk Pass Sees aes: ws I a
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ARERR SS: OE RE a Eee ee, £
be | Di y6chees POUT TTTTT ITIL Le Be BET... cucecee I 20 = —
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Morphine errr eeeerner 2 .
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Aconite Cryst... «s+ I-20 gr. = <
104 Coniine Hydrobromate. ........+.+++-+-+05 SE Met BOE. oc occs cae 43 &
128 Coniine Hydrobromate.... ...6----+0+ seeseeee seers “} Tyee 5-0
10s Digitaline, Pure . ....0 -+ seveceessereeess savanna “SSS 12 o ge
129 Digitaline, Pure............ cUetda amends toa epesd unas hae ON rt Se 20 a
296 Ergotlne, ...cccr-s-scsesnencnsscensecenseeses RI Tee) eae ia . oy’ Wine
157 Ergotine........ bias a, Ae 4eTS.... ‘ 2
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106 Eserine Compound .....,..-..--.+:+:- wag Ponta dwn: ae (6 L 0 Nn
Eserine Sali ak . I- 4@r. BSB oy
Erocetmee : ‘i - see 5 s
rychnine .... I- .
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a NG abshacndebiagrases I- 2 gr. a
locarpine, .......-+sse02:: I T. —
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{ Bicrine St be is 0c waace # >
arpine Mur...........-- pe =
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148 Hyoscyamine Sulphate, Crystals............- Re eat Te een 1”
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42 2) =
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Morphi 66 > °
tog Morph Atropi ascncens 55
4 orehine saire vance ..--s 1% gts. 2
Atropine Sulph.............. % er. c s
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e +» I-4 gr. an tio
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110 Pilocarpine Muriate, Crystals....................-0++ it, ee 3 =} S
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145 Pilocarpine Muriate, Crystals...... peer Soe Sime so T96 > OUB. co tacenss a
t1r Sodium Arsenite ....... eececoese eteerseseces esseeee I Bln wweceseeee 2
t12_ Strychnine Sulphate....... ........ Rt - Be a ee eR oa
ial Strychnine Sulphate ............... eeecceamcakpensee: 27-2 Ql. ei o
148 Strychnine Sulphate Leeeeees wes caseeee I Qt.. = ad
149 Veratrine Muriate......... oe ay. x
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17

INDIANA VETERINARY COLLEGE

Chartered by the State of Indiana, December 24, 1892.

A graded three-year course
lasting from Sept. to
April ist.

With the new addition to our
building we have preatly increased

our Hospital, Laboratories, Class
Rooms, etc.

Graduates are eligible to mem-
bership in the American Veterin-
ary Medical Association, also to
appointment as U. S. Veterinary
Inspectors and U. S. Army Vet:
erinarians.

Write for Catalogue.
Prof. FERDINAND A. MUELLER, Ph. G., V. S.,
Indianapolis, Ind. Secretary

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE,

ESTABLISHED AT
CORNELL, UNIVERSITY, ITELACA., WNW. Way

BY CHAPTER 153, LAWS OF 1894,

This college is well equipped with modern facilities for scientific and practical instruction,
or undergraduates and post-graduates. Most varied practice for students in the free clinics.
Regular graded course, three years of nine months each. Entrance by Regents’ ‘ Veterinary
pages Certificate,” or by examination, September 2oth, 1909. atriculation September
28th, 1909.

& & x Tuition Free to New York State Students.

For extended announcement address,

Professor VERANUS A. MOORE, Director.
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY.

New York-American Veterinary College. |

(New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, chartered 1857, and the American Veterinary
College, chartered 1875.)

Session 1909-1910 began September 27, 1909.
Write for New Catalogue and all information to

WwW. J. COATES, M.D., D.V.S., DEAN,
141 West 544th Street, New York City.

CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE

2537 and 2539 State Street, Chicago, Ills.
Organized and Incorporated under the Laws of the State of Illinois, 1883.

deguiar Session commences the first week in October in cach yea

For Prospectus giving all information as to curriculum, fees. etc., addres
the President.
7) JOSEPH HWUGHES, M.R.C.V.S.,

2537 and 2539 State St., Chicago, Ilia

V3 1 Ly 18

BCINwING SEVT. MAR 5S? Noe

SF American Veterinary
601 Medical Association
A5 Journal

v.36

COPped

Biological
& Medical
Serials

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

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