Hy tey LA ee dnwiror Ap rder Aang ahbenech PO" Ws tPA ARH OME i er PPA A itt Nm tea ly He el ate Rea etl cuahonetsited PE oO Rd SR 9 eRe Si di! rr Wr Ly vy > 3 Spa tecee: pe ae as ee = Presented to The Hibrary of the University of Coranto by The Ontario Research Foundation ry ee inp Ps yh oiat JOURNAL OF THE _ American Veterinary Medical as it ; ° ° Association ; . FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) EDITED AND PUBLISHED FOR The American Veterinary Medieal Association BY PIERRE A. FISH, [THACA, N. Y. ne eT COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL a ee aS ae eS ae —— Sees SACS S WE soa ; Seat oy) 3, 5 : : < a \ F. Torrance, Chairman G. R. WHITE A. E1cHHorRN, Secretary VY. A, MoorE C. J, MARSHALL L. FroTHINGHAM W. R. BLatr C. H. STANGE R. A. ARCHIBALD H. JENSEN M. JACOBS G. H. RoBeRtTs N. S. Mayo R. P. LYMAN SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL ©. J. MARSHALL, Chairman R. P, LiyMan A, ErcHHorn, Secretary VOLUME XLVIII ___NEW SERIES VOLUME. I ITHACA, N. Y. Published by the American Veterinary Medical ‘Association 1916 aS eee 65'7320 PC Be eae eee dae Ayieone | index . PAGE Ce ae | EP Pa a gee tore 718 WR ss Ba ere eos os Fae 620 eee es TS eee 119 MAUS Fas WV co og aoe 4 > el eee 506 Banswter, Ho. setae 793 Posshart, J,’ Ki. i cme Cia ous 321 Lc}e al 1 Pah apie & BE gO ee eaarga i? 772 PT OWN aad Sei. = - . oe Pent: Bo As eres 6s ae 31 “eReveland, W. dicie sss 2%; 193, 324 Comm Gi (Shi so Pes 44, 188 Senee, 1. es ss eee we leet 459 ee ete, J.P a ee years, 117 Pee, WN ee 213 Pract, Bi. Booiseis RRO ae Ne 315 Duckett, A. B........ UAT Py rere 726 Dany GoW oo ees 772 DIVRBATO (The hs os 5 atin oes sine ao eee WARING 08 Spe ck 5s ates Vere 63 Hichhorn, A....... 121, 254, 478, 669 PR RS as oo hw elo ee 650 RR We Oe eS 617 FarringtonyA. M.. 5 oc. v.e ess 491 RE Bec SOs fre 61 Wie! BN Oe 109 Pee, IW Ai nc sane %2s.9 18 Pipher, Poult. d..).... 12.05... 688 rE DP. fac) ois Sa 566 Peete, bf Nj sak so ae 98 A TR A he ae OW Galena 4 ke ee 385 Gapneta Th, We tiietat os sh 794 SIU MANG Gy Fe on ag 338 Glover), Gr Fas. ........... 487 Golding; Cyrif Gn %. oe, 65 Goubeaud, G. ‘J. ; <: Si oe 597 Graham,‘R......4 5 a. 574 Greenwood, B.A. .S &:. Ge. . 709 ee 18 SF Go\ As V423 cop Pe PAGE Hall, I, Cy oi... 09 se eR Halli Bis°C. s,s nae eee tee 450 Haring, C.. Mi.c00.¢ cee 225, 239 Himmelberger, L. R......... 450, 574 Hoskins, Hy P.. 5.3 ee yt area Hoskins, W. Horace....100, 101, 456 Hoyt, CG. J... s 2c. eat 742 Hughes, Joseph... ..~.. sae ees 487 Jervis, H. B. ¥.. .. eos eee 590 J. Go Wis. os sey ee 387 Jones, G. Bow. c. oe 173 J. R. Mow. ss, soe 510 King, We 3iiy..2 <2 teeeeeeee 315 Kinsley, A. ‘Passe eae +2.» 40, 2485 Knowles, A.’ Du: ... cme eeeeers 286 Lacroix, J..Vi.ises2e ee ee 136 L. As Mo. Oe 659 Lambert, F.: Asin SEE ee 39 | Lawrence, J. Fi. c epee a 705 Liautard, A.....67, 70, 259, 264 393, 523, 668 Longley, (O.° AL). ee 817 Lyman; KP. oor PRs 8). ine . 487 Pietean, Ts... 5. cee as 5 795 Mahon, ¥. ©... ... cose eee 742 Marshall, OiwSss. 305558 on ,..80, 429 Marshall, H.... 27. ee neu SPSL Mayo, N. 8... ..: css ae 88, 311, 793 Merry; A. Bi. i ccoven eee 611 Meyer, Koo... «2 ci dae eee 552, 565 Mohler, J. R...121, 273, 363, 402, 532 Moore, V: A.. “sc veshaee 208, 442 Murphey, BL 8.30) vue ‘242 Newsom, I. E.... 20) .g. 8 Wee i Nighbert, E. M.:.\) ape 613 wus . 188, (389, 521, poh eon © oh 0 e 6) 6 & wo ee ee 4 PS 6 S12 6, 6 tow we oe. Jee 0 ee 8 416 Wie. ¢ 0 Fe 2 i” vole a hast Le Ly, nal ihe tn adel GO. Tae eee eee eee nf aia ahd teen eee ree oe - ‘ ‘ 0 eo aa PAGE 661 636 718 64 77 56 Shipley, L. U... Sisson, 8S. ..... Stange, C, H.... Steckel, L. M... Stewart, Les .. Strayer, J. ne > 28. ah Ne Vans Agnew, R. ‘Schroeder, E. C.. ‘Schultz, C. H.... “Theobald, H... Wertz, 8. 8...... White, G. R.... Wood, A. L.... Oe recs. T18 Be reer... OAT ..... 105, 156, 718 Ny oe aes ce hn eet PPPS PRE tte as «11 pak Sewn Ne GD i Rick epee Gee RESON. Sr ead ey PE Ag thant ene fBrreech'ed: to: the’. Vv. M. Ye Eni Meare wip ak oieudeigaa in Hog Cholera. . GS ESS ian rae enee ee from Lupinosis, in Pea i - as Eas otras » F.C we Re ee pe Cee ee es Oe 4.: 0.88) S10 Je 8) 06, 6-6) 8 Series Vol. 1. Index to Volume XLVIII. New Series Volume I. PAGE Abderhalden Reaction. Abstract 626 Abortion, Contagious in Domesti- eated Animals. Abstract .... 198 Abrachia in a Colt, A Case of Symmetrical. Abstract ...... 472 Abseesses, Interdigital, in a Span- iel Treated by Vaccine. Ab- RMNGUOMIR So oreo ss '4 0 5.03 Oe eee 325 Abstracts from Recent Literature 67, 195, 325, 622, 748 Adrenalin in Hemoptysis. Ab- BiRey sk US Oe ae 67 Anesthesia in Animals, Respira- Lene: A batract 6... ae 630 - Anthrax, Vaccination Experi- ments: Against: <6. 5).5 2208 . 669 Army Veterinary Service, The PROTON Fae oe es Ses es 311 Atheromatous Great Mesenteric Artery Cause of Death. Ab- 1 RR Ses a Se ct” 331 Atlas, Fracture of, in a Toy Pom- eranian. Abstract ........... 68 Azoturia, Cases of, and their Treatment, Case Report....... 193 Bacteria in the Animal Body, © Modification of. Abstract.... 622 Book REVIEWS. 255, 376, 507, 650, 795 - Anaesthesia and Nareosis of Animals and Birds (F. T, G.) NGA RS Bee 377 Animal Castration. J. V. La- vo» pb Opa iaah aed Rates oe, By CIN 255 American Tllustrated Medical Dictionary. W. A. N. Dor- TESA REIS MG seit ax i i ea 509 Essentials of Veterinary Law. PEMOUOMWBY SE SoS Seiad es cos 796 Infectious Diseases of Animals and their Control in War. : MMOOBNGR 6s 55s vc cs nhs hes 795 . Lymphatic Glands in Meat Pro- ducing Animals. P. Godbille 652 Medical and Veterinary .Ento- mology. Wm. B. Herms.... 650 Principles of Veterinary Sur- gery. L. A. Merillat ...... 507 Special Cattle Therapy. M. R. POCME ODN 6 hss Saas fe a ew 255 Veterinary Posology. Banham angi Xotny. 2.65. Sone ws. PAGE Wound Treatment. Merillat, Hoare and others ......... 255 Caesarian Section with Removal of Entire Uterus. Case Report _ Carcinoma and Cryptorehidy ine the Horse. Abstract ....... pay FD Carcinoma of the Liver in a Dog. Case Report ... Catarrhal Fever Complicated with Irregular Strangles and Termin- ating in Glanders. Abstraet.. 330 Cellular Extracts and Their Im- portance as Therapeutie Agents. 317 Cerebral Softening. Abstract... 622 Certified Dairies, The Success and Failure of the Tubereulin Test MN oi. i a es .. 420 Chicken Cholera. Abstract ak ee 749 Chloroform Anesthesia, Unusual Sequel of. Abstract 22... .. 784 _ CHRONICLES, EUROPEAN. ..2, 264, 393, 523, 662 Abortion, Epizootic.......... 393 Anesthesia, Respiratory....... 399 Antitetanic Serum and Acci- dents . .. 3) cceee ees 267 Arteries, Slow Rupture of..... 523 Blood Sera and Hemorrhages.. 271 Camphor and Tetanus........ 666 Cartilage Grafting........... 528 Cecum, Mammalian ........... 6 Chronicle, American ......... 8 Dyeing War Horses.......... 527 Hpithelioma, .Contagious, in . Chickens’: «4 seen 529 Exchanges, Amongst. a Few af Our .... 1, Gaseous Gangrene. sad See ere 667 Johne’s Disease............ a» 526 Nematodes and Their Treat- ment so... a 64 Pyoculture and Opsonic Index. 269 Sugar in Surgenys. . vo dso ss 662 - Coccidiosis in Cattle and Carabaos in the Philippine Islands and its - Relation to Rinderpest....... 687 Colleges Recognized by the AL Vv. M.. A., Dist.ott Sica sees ComMUNIcATIONS. eee 254, 372, 506, 650, 793, _ INDEX OF VOLUME XLVI, NEW SERIES, VOL. I Vv — : ‘Useful. Person’’.... gph a — of 2000 Years. . ee ey | Fie Ee Fie $8" 9 :@ 5e (es © ee © @ wo rete y “mb DIM ysis ation. Test with Nee nce to the Diagnosis of — rs ary Report ND kn 5 55+ 6 6 Sse 0a < 566 18 Abortion i in Cattle, the © vand | Occurrence of..... 304 0 Ents Diseases, An Law for Co-oper- Sula ‘and Fed- 429 ee eer ewe eee eer ew eee : Leng eens a. in Chick- Control of, by Vaccina- SS ae 196 ritants or Blisters.... 44 tation of Hair and ‘ith Return to pecs loam hist Report . 459 . 759 © ee eee 540, 560, 574, 686, 702 a gate A New Mode nin. Abstract .. ‘< Forage. in Horses and 749 Treatment in Iowa. r of Parasites and e. _ Abstract . ¥ “sak Contribution to the of the Changes in the Count in. Abstract.. _and the Complement Fix- 1 Test. Abstract........ : j Mite, Notes on a Little- 15 own, ‘in Rab bits - hebbente the Primary Factor 574 469 nim Protection and the Vet- ; erinarian ert ss seuss “Becomes ae me Fes . ot A Vv. M Pee tS 8.8 6.0 ee dow 8 op ee se 8 8 658 vei A Meeting at Detroit 385 718 | 473 | 199 | _ Fever Complex in the Cow, The 726 | Fistula of the Ear, My First Ac- .1, 133, '259, 385, 513, 657 | 1 | Follicular Mange. _ Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pre- PAGE A. V. M. A. Members and the MIRAI M eC esins see bk so 657 A, V. M. A. Officers and Com- mittees 1915-1916.......... 513 Bureau of Animal Industry... 521 Emblem, Veterinary.......... 658 Foreign Mission, Dr. C. J. Mar- ORAL 10 20 OWS og ses Sa Ses 662 Glimpse at the Transcontinental Trip and Oakland Meeting, A. 10 “Hin Standards? «os :.5.32 «3 661 Reorganization Committee .... Retrospect and Prospect...... Second Pan- American Scientific Congress Stockmen and Live Stock Sani- SOR AMOUNT ON eves sp cic Therapeutics, Should our System of, be Revised....-........ United States Live Stock Sani- tary Ass’n Meeting, The. . Vrooman Conference, The..... Electrocution of Animals $5 (aes Embryoma, Subperitoneal, Caus- ing a Diverticulum in a Fatal Obstruction in a Mare. Ab- gs ee a TX Pap btn op Emetie Action of Various Drugs, The Seat of. Abstract....... 628 Enteritis of Cattle, Chronie Con- tagious. Abstract ........+:. Eosinophilia, Biological Tnvesti- _ gations of. Abstract......... Hpileptic Fit in a Puppy, Long. Fg Foy a reap sy meee at ee coe Epizootie Lymphangitis, On the - Treatment of. Abstract ..... 71 260 659 . 387 385 705 | Erysipelas After Spaying. Ab- hice STE C EE CN OL ER ere 69 ‘*Esponja’’, or Summer Sores, Contribution to the study of, of Equidae in Brazil. Abstract. . Eye an Indicator. of Disease. Case Report ......... is eih eew 759 745 Fatal Disease of Cattle in the Mountainous Regions of Cali- fornia, Studies to Diagnose a.. 552 Significance of the........... 709 tual Experience. With. Case Report 190 . Foetal Sac Attached to the Gas- tro-Splenic Omentum of a Rab- © PAGS DIET AGE sce ua ark sn Case Report.. 63 valence of, (England). Ab- stract ‘VI INDEX OF VOLUME XLVIII, NEW SERIES, VOL, I PAGE Foot-and-Mouth Disease with Spe- cial Reference to the Outbreak Of 1914-1919) ee css 273, 402, 532 Fracture, Peculiar. Abstract .. 754 Glanders, Active Immunization to. Abstract. Glanders, The Mallein Ophthalmic Test in. Abstract.......-+--- 754 332 Hasstilesia Tricolor (Stiles and Hassall 1894), A Common Para- site of Rabbits in the U. S..... 453 Hemorrhagic Septicemia ......-- 49 Hexamethylenamin, Its action and use as Applied to Veterinary Practice .... 6... eee neon 314 Hinny Mule and Her Twin Colts. Case Report ....-.+-+-+reeee Hodgkin’s Disease in a Mule. Case Report ......2-.2-eeee 746 Hog Crolera ....-+-++2+0+: eee 31 Hog Cholera, Cell Inclusions in,. . 450 Hog Cholera Control.......-.+-- 156 Hog Cholera Investigations, A Review of Recent Progress in.. 160 Hog Cholera Serum. Abstract .. 623 Hog Cholera Serum, Preparation of. Abstract Hog Cholera Serum, Separation of the Anti-Body Fractions in. A betraet spa iwibee ss ha taiatele Hog Cholera Virus, The Action of a Coal Tar Disinfectant on,... 315 oe ple Sve ie. 676). 6.976058 Illegal Practice .... 6.062%. 55- 597 Immature Veal, Biological Com- parison Between Mature Beef- and,’ Aeterna. -. 3. ecole tees 757 Incisors of a Horse, Numerical Anomaly of. Abstract ...... 331 Insufflation, The Method of In- tratracheal. Abstract ....... 630 Intestinal Intussusception in Cat- tid. Case report..... .. cc 6st 321 Intestinal Obstruction by a Stone in a Dog. Case Report....... 617 Intestinal Obstruction with Peri- tonitis Due to Hemorrhage in the Floating Colon of a Horse. POE ines... sc eee 759 Lactation in a Foal. Case Report 324 Lactation in a Seven Day Old Calf. Case Report .......... 61 Laminitis and Leucocytic Extract. Cage Report... o.25 dca mmess 65 Larynx, Growth in the. Abstract 762 Lead Poisoning in Calves, Acute. Case Report ....cwssevee pags 148 62 | : PAGE Lead Poisoning, A Case of ina. Pig. Abstract ... 0.5 cee 327 Leptomeningitis and Lymphadeni- tis, Hemorrhagic in Anthrax. Abstract .30..000 54 . + 98 e of the eS SSS apay aoa segs baer yeaa 88 a Secon- WYGKEDEAT 55, WiGeae rey Ss «, 93 : rts 68 . Response to Address of Welcome 77 or TE A. V. MA. Prolarsus Uteri, Intestinal Hem- , 201, 336, 478, 634, 763 rgimneatags a Complication of. on cS Se Meee 75 . Py ar ee a ee et ee ee ot ee 4 RRR Sita j24 | ‘‘Purpura Hemorrhagica’’ in the 201 Horse with ‘‘ Addenda’’ of AI- aa 203 lied Affections. Case Report.. 742 SR alae 36] | Pyelo-Nephritis in a Cow. Ab- sce 638 SEPA CE Ftc is os kins pis: co alee pitta, COM Gian 126 - ite g9 | Quarantine Against Foot-and- Preliminary, on the In- — abate What General 3] and What Srecific Rules Should oes eran pay be Observed in Fixing the Per- Advertisements of iods and Duration of the Differ- ae. 487 ent. Forms of... 3 osorcer Qin 442 Gontege calbisanbs 779 psi Case Report fetes? pevaces. 26 57 207 sident Provincial Secretaries Bebe os a eg eG 785 f 9 ae ap Lanrty State Secretaries 1915- a Tissiora: Etiology of. aa Rupture of the Diaphragm with Cholera in America, i as LC ag Report....... ” yy" and Distribution Ce re ee oe a a | pe See 2 9g . «Nis Rie tivities: sp Salmon Memorial Address ...... 456> pe Tae the Committee. 360 Scrotal Hernia in a Foal. Ab- Poe Chilera: 8 t Stract . oe. ee eee eee ee. ee aan 476 Sp H Lesions and Differential Seat of ‘War, A Few Clinical Ob- i i abe am 213 servations from the. Abstract. 334 S Cholera Serum. The Seeretary’s Office, A. V. M. A... 784 Beg uta ona He - Society MEETINGS.131, 369, 497, an e Treatment o 645, 787 Hogs — with Cholera 338 oat of Animal Industry Em- omm inanee DEOVOOS oes Gan stag bce ee 498 ttee, Intelligence and Central New York Veterinary Edueation . er Bre Ss 105 | Medical Association ....... 497 ~ Requ Wergments of a Veteri- as ppections Veterinary Medical Se Sia uraaoan BOUOIMGIOU 5. ssc kaw n 131, 792 = tea tig, ~ Discussion of Florida, Veterinary Medical As- Present in stind a 117 OS I ea 791 Veterinary ueation, The Kansas Veterinary Medical As- _ Practical Part of. set's DRO PR TIGE 45> Signs dca ce PER 789 pomnittes , Legislation ..... 100 Hudson Valley Veterinary Medi- mittee, Official Tour of eal Boolety isis its hak 371 Whee ce twat tveee 418 Massachusetts Veterinary Medi- amittee, Publication 363 cal Association ............ 369 ommittee, Resolutions . 99 Mississippi State Veterinary ttee, Salmon Memorial 101 Medical Association ..,..., 645 vor INDEX OF VOLUME XLVIII, NEW SERIES, VOL, I PAGE New York City Veterinary Med- ical Association ............ 501 Northeastern Indiana Veteri- nary Association .......... 500 North Dakota Veterinary As- AORINRIDMS spac kt es de vate « 131 - Ohio State Veterinary Medical PBOOCUMIDOD os so Vs cask 05 o's 647 Oklahoma Graduate Veterinary Medical Association ....... 791 Southern Tier Veterinary Medi- eal -Assocaition |... .....05. 649 United States Live Stock Sani- tary Association Resolutions 504 Veterinary Conference at Ith- fe Sea SPIN I a og ck 646 Virginia State Veterinary Medi- cal ‘Association §: 2... . ifs 790 Wisconsin Veterinary Medical PSSOCIRMOR OU es ys ee ops ss 787 Southern Practitioners, of Inter- OB Gc Geart as So se eae pe oes 590 Spindle Celled Sarcoma in Eng- lish Bull Terrier. Case Report 60 Stomach, Laceration of the, by.. Duodenal Obstruction Due to Asearids. Abstract ......... 625 Stomach, Rupture of. Abstract . 70 Strongylus Armatus in Testicle of a Cryptorchid. Abstract... 67 Suppurative Lesions in Horses anda Calf of California Due to the Dinhtheroid Bacillus”. of FE xe@ine- NOCOIO 5A 0 Nips. Kou 18 Sutures and Suturing .......... 136 ‘‘Symptomatie Anthrax’’ in Swine, the Etiology of. Ab- PPR eer ss a). Ho sins eee 631 c ba a Tetanus, Antitetanic Serum andl Magnesium Sulphate in Treat- ing. Case Report....... oo oe Tetanus, Localized. Abstract ... 627 Traumatic Pericarditis with Cound plications and Surgical Removal _ of the Causative =i nt. i me Report Pe om Tuberculosis of Fatal Case of. Abstract . Tuberculosis, Equine. Tuberculosis of the Heart. Report Tuberculosis of the Lymph Glands — : in Children, A Bacteria Ps Study of. ‘Abstract ae 331 piomsetini —-626 Case o 9.2.0 8 © 24's ¢ 6.6 8 42 908 ee ee © 2 oe Cle Scere Urinary Lithiasis in Bovines .. Urticaria. Abstract de 0 8.8, ER Sls) Veratrum Viride, On the Action of Abstract Verminous Products, Properties of Phagocytosis and Absorption of. Abstract Veterinary Curriculum, The Value and Methods of Teaching the Fundamental Subjects in the. . Veterinary Practice Laws for Ohio, New . 470 ee | 142 War, Veterinary Activity in. stract vied apes What Was This Trouble? "Case Report “ete ee ee ewe eeae “see ete eee eee er eree ee eee ener eee "ese ee - JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U.S. Vet’y Med. Assoc.) OCTOBER, 1915. EDITORIAL. —————— IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT—REVIEW BECOMES OFFICIAL ORGAN OF AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. Exercising the power vested in it at the Oakland meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, to establish an official organ of the association—either by the creation of a new journal or the acquirement of an already established one—the Committee on Journal, through its sub-committee, has purchased the AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, and has selected as editor of the official organ Pierre A. Fish, of Ithaca, N. Y,, who is preparing to assume the duties of this important position at the earliest moment consistent with the many details incident to such a step. We therefore take this opportunity of expressing our appreciation to our large family of readers and loyal supporters during the many years in the past in which their subscriptions, literary contributions and kind words of encouragement have helped us to put forth our best efforts, often under great stress, and not infrequently when our health has not been of the best, and to assure them that their old monthly visitor, under a new name, will continue to reach them regularly as heretofore. We regret that time will not permit of an expression from Dr. Liau- tard to the readers of the Review (to whom he has given so 1 bo EDITORIAL. unstintingly of his time and his talent for the past forty years), reaching us in time for this issue, but it will be just as welcome in the next. In conclusion, we wish to congratulate the American _ Veterinary Medical Association in having been able to retain the services of so splendid and so excellent a man to edit the official organ of the national veterinary body, as their very efficient com- mittee has been able to secure in the person of Dr. Fish, which will insure to its readers a continuance of the high ethical stand- ing and high ideals which they have so much appreciated in the AMERICAN VETERINARY REviEw during our long years of asso- ciation. Dr. Fish’s acceptance of this responsible office follows in a brief statement from his pen: “Through the action of the American Veterinary Medical Association at its Oakland meeting, the writer has subsequently been honored with the position of editor of the journal which is to replace the former proceedings of the association. Since the editorship has only just been arranged and numerous details re- main to be attended to, it is difficult to make a positive statement as to when the new management will assume complete responsi- bility. In the meantime, if there should be unavoidable delays, Dr. Ellis has very kindly promised to continue his co-operation so that there may be no break in the continuity of the monthly issues. At this time the writer wishes to express his profound appre- ciation of the honor that has come to him; to ask for co-operation from each and every member ; to express the hope that the journal will increase our community of interest, as well as the member- ship of the association, and that there may be unity and progress for the future. PUA See September 25, 1915. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Bots JEROME, 15th Sept., 1915. Amoncst A Few oF Our Excuances. In the Clinica Vete- rinaria, that excellent contemporary Prof. N. Lanzillotti Buon- EDITORIAL, 3 : santi has published for a number of years, the number of July santi : Eaigt' 5 calls attention to the conclusion of an article by Prof. 4g Matteo Carpano on the Fever of the Mediterranean coasts or the _ piroplasmosis of bovines with the organism Theilera parva. The - entire subject is treated by the author very extensively, and is illustrated by plates showing the various developments of the germs. The means of transmission by the natural infection _ through the tic, Hyalomma Cegyptium as well as the experi- > mental transmission through infected blood is followed by a general consideration on the pathogeny of the disease and in _ which are then examined the triple pathogenic action that takes place, viz.: the general, due to the toxines produced, the direct upon the cells of the organism and specially the endothelium 3 of the nasal walls and the direct action upon the red globules of the blood. The diagnosis is an important question as other diseases may be mistaken with the piroplasmosis, as anthrax ematica, hemorrhagic septicemia, bovine pest, exudative pleuro- ‘pneumonia and the piroplasmosis of the Bigeminum. While however the macroscopic diagnosis can be made, it is essential to have recourse to the microscopic, specially in suspicious cases. _ The prognosis, treatment and prophilaxis complete the excellent work of Prof. Carpano with a long bibliographic notice. sk 2 X* An article on Swine pest by Prof. P. Stazzi and one on the diarrhea of calves by Dr. P. Scatti complete the series of original articles of this issue of our Italian contemporary. * 2 x Prof. F. Hobday, as every one knows, is at his post at the front, and yet his Veterinary Journal comes out regularly and always is full of interesting articles. The August number gives first the likeness of one of our poor English confréres who was killed whilst on active service in the Dardanelles, and after paying its condolences to him, the _ Journal presents its general articles. 4 EDITORIAL. First comes a preliminary note upon the intradermal pal- pebral method of mallein testing for glanders. In a recent chronicle I have already called the attention of our readers to this new method invented and patronized by Prof. Drouin, who has applied it very extensively in Greece and in the French army, with such satisfactory results that there can exist no doubt as to the admission of the procedure as the very best and simplest to have recourse to. In the article of the Journal, a number of illustrations shows the various stages of the mani- festations, which concord perfectly with the description that I have given already. *k This is followed by an article on the use of polyvalent serum of Leclainche & Vallee, with which I have also made our Amer- ican readers acquainted as taken from the Reuue Panisset. The official instructions issued for the use of this valuable serum in the dressing of wounds read as follows. This serum, produced by horses immunized against the or- _ganisms of diverse suppurations (staphylococci, stryptococci, coli bacilli, pyocianic bacilli, etc.) and of gazeous gangrene, (vibrion, septic, B. perfringens), according to the method of Leclainche and Vallee, possesses at the same time the advantages recognized in normal serum and those which result from the presence of specific antitoxics. By its physiological qualities, the serum forms on wounds and inflamed mucosa an isolating layer, and constitutes an occa- sional medium eminently favorable to the rapid regeneration of anatomical elements to the success of grafting, to the safeguard and regeneration of cutaneous flaps, muscular or mutilated or- gans (fingers, toes), which, without it, would require excision. It is a precious and incomparable help to conservative surgery. It diminishes pain and causes it to disappear (extensive wounds, burns). By its specific properties, the polyvalent serum ensures the ee = MU bce tee ee EDITORIAL. 5 ae of organisms; it modifies rapidly, then dries up suppuration or hinders its development; by its action on anarobes — and microbes that favor their multiplication, it avoids indirectly the formidable complications of gazeous gangrene. © In contradiction to antiseptics which paralyse and coagulate at the same time the microbe and the cells of the tissues, the serum protects the latter and affects the microbe only. Employed in dressing of infected wounds, it realizes a physi- ological antisepsy expressed by immediate modification of sup- : puration and its progressive disappearance, followed by a hasty cicatrization. Used as washings and dressings as a preventive in surgical operations susceptible to post-operatory complications (soiled or infected serosa, progressive gangrene), it brings about normal repair of the lesion. Mopes of Use. The employment of the serum, exclusive of all other antiseptic medication, is carried out as follows: (1) Practise a complete lavage of the surfaces to be treated with a boiled, lukewarm solution of sodium chloride 9 p.1000 in water, distilled for preference. (2) According to the case, apply on the wound layers of simple sterilized gauze soaked in serum, or introduce a tampon, soaked in serum into the fistulous tracts or cavities or inject the serum without dilution. (3) Apply a dry protective dressing. (4) Renew the dressing of polyvolent serum as often as necessary and according to the indications of each case. Pro- longed use of the serum does not lead to any anaphylactic or other accident. (5) Each flask issued, or ampoule opened needs to be used immediately. Only contradiction, cerebral surgery. k *k *k Among the original articles of this issue of the Veterinary Journal, there is one from Dr. Walter Stapley, M.R.C.V.S., -M.D., D.V.Sc., on the— 6 EDITORIAL, MAMMALIAN CoEcuM. “ That academic authorities have stated that bears have lost the coecum by retrogressive changes, that the double coecum of birds is fit for direct comparison with the mammalian coecum and that the vermiform appendix. is a lymph gland and not a vestige of the coecum of ancestral man, is to be regretted; for not only do these erroneous statements serve to confuse the history of the coecum, but they divert the study of the subject from its proper sphere, the consideration of the differentiation of the simple os into small intestines and large bowels.” And with the opening of the subject, the author writes a very interesting discussion, where the names of scientists and anatomists are brought forward, such as those of Dr. Arthur Keith, John Hunter, Prof. Berry, Owen, etc. The conclusions arrived at by the author seem to us to be that: “The formation of the vermiform appendix depends entirely upon the manner the external muscle tears when subjected to pressure from within. . . . Finally there has been too much nonsense talked about the evolution of the coecum; these pro- cesses can only be followed by the forces that built up this organ. It is profitless to discuss the matter of gemmules, chromosomes or hormones, for all these things must ever be reduced to the energies that established them in the first instance. The physical side of comparative anatomy is a much neglected subject.” Still it is a fact that many mammalias have an appendix and also a number of them have not. Even in the first instance there is no general agreement. Its presence is accepted with some animals by some anatomists and denied by others. At any rate the subject as treated by Dr. Stapley contains much interest. sk * * The Bulletins de la Société Centrale were among our missing exchanges one that we regretted the most. Recording monthly as they do the work done by the Société, they stopped their publication last year, at the time of the general mobilization in EDITORIAL. 7 _ France. They have just made their reappearance with date of - 1914—those which will follow will bear the date 1915, in that _ way the volume will be completed. E Tn this number are recorded the two meetings that were held 4 in July 1914. The first records principally a case of rather im- _ portant interest, viz. the application of hot air in the treatment q of paraplegia. The second sitting was entirely occupied by the _ reports of the various committees for the several prizes which are given by the Society. There were the reports on the papers 3 offered for the general competition of 1914, that of 1200 fs. of _ the Pamgoueé prize, that of 1600 fs. of the Trasbol prize, that of 600 francs of the Urbain Leblanc prize, that of 500 fs. of the Weber prize, and finally the report of the Committee on prizes for papers which were brought to its attention as they were presented at the meetings during the year. It is unnecessary to give a list and the titles of the subjects which were treated and presented by the competitors, but be sure that if they were not so numerous, they were at least of great value from a scientific point of view. 7 This distribution of prizes has always been regarded by us as a very good move on the part of any association. Several medical Societies in the States have them or at least used to years ago. And it has appeared to our ideas that the A. V. M. Assoc. would add a great deal to the interest offered to the yearly gen- eral gathering. Of course the association does not need this to obtain material for discussion at its meetings, but we feel that it would prove a great inducement and a source of no small self . pride for those who would be victorious in their attempt to get a coveted prize. __ Perhaps the association has no funds to dispose of in grant- ing such, and pecuniary prizes would not have in the eyes of our confréres the same value as a gold, silver or even bronze medal. But if the thing were considered and entertained by the association there is no doubt that generous legacies would by degrees be given which would compare favorably with those I have alluded to in the consideration of the prizes granted by the Société Centrale. 8 EDITORIAL. The question may be worthy of the consideration of our as- sociation and the creation and nomination of a committee on prizes be the object of a decision of this great national organi- zation. *K * AMERICAN CHRONICLE. I hope my readers will pardon me this change of denomination in my capacity of chronicler. But how can I do otherwise when I have before me American repro- ductions which I cannot help but consider as addressed to the Chronicler more than to the Editor himself. Some while ago I received the Report of the N. Y. State Veterinary College at Cornell University, for the year 1913-14 —as transmitted by the President, Jacob Gould Schurman. When an institution is requested by law to publish yearly a report of its work to the Government of its State, and such report is distributed to parties interested, it may happen that the one who receives it regularly, punctually almost every year, is tempted to say after glancing at the title page of the pamphlet, “Well, I suppose it is the same as last year,’ and on that the said pamphlet is put aside for further and later (??) considera- tion. The one who does that for this new report from Cornell University would make a great mistake and deprive himself of most interesting and valuable information. Of course the report is about the same as those which have preceded here, but the arrangements are very different. And if the general report of the Director merely lays down the progress that was made, that differs from that of years before, and one cannot but be interested in the advancements that are shown to have taken place. ae But with this part of the report which may be considered as the “ General survey of the condition and operations of the Col- lege,” there is a second part which “contains the statements supplementing this general survey by the different professors describing the principal scientific investigations in which they EDITORIAL, 9 and their associates have been engaged.” Glance at the appendix, at the report of the surgical, of the ambulatory, of the medical and of small animal clinic and then the reader will be brought _ to the scientific records made by Prof, D. H. Udall on the diagno- sis of open cases of tuberculosis, by Prof. R. R. Birch on Hog Cholera transmission, by Prof. W. L. Williams on Contagious abortion in cattle, on the cause, prevention and treatment of re- tained placenta in the cow, on an improved technic for the han- dling of fistulous withers; by Prof. C. P. Fitch on Septicemic hemorrhagica among cattle, on a review of the principal meth- ods used to standardize bacterins with special reference to the use of the hemocytometer ; by Prof. E. M. Pickens on Tuberculo- sis in pheasants and a cysto adenoma on a fowl, etc., etc. Many of these papers found in the Report are reprinted and have had previous publications but distributed among veterina- rians as they will be by the Report, the benefit that will be ob- tained will be very great. In that as in many other ways, the report of the State Veterinary College at Ithaca, besides showing the amount of work done by the institution, does much good for all those who may read it. | xk x x The Cornell Veterinarian is not visiting me as regularly as I should like to see it coming. Number 2 of Volume V July 1915 has only arrived. It contains Editorials; a preliminary report on the recognition of Swamp fever or infectious anhemia in N.Y. State, a case of premature birth, some relations of anatomy to Physical diagnosis and Surgery, a case of Erosive Osteo-arthritis in a calf, on being Something more than a Veterinarian. If one bears in mind that Prof. P. A. Fish is the Editor and that the contents of the July number are signed by Dr. Udall, Fitch, Danforth, Septimus Sisson, S. A. Goldberg and Arthur Hughes and is told besides that the illustrations referring to the contents are handsome and correct, one can appreciate the value of this number of the Cornell Veterinarian. The attentive reading of the pages of this journal and of the pages of other bulletins which are published in the States and 10 EDITORIAL, find at times their way in my office, has often led me to a con- clusion which I think would prove beneficial to all the veterina- rians throughout the country—viz. to the creation in the Review of special pages to review concisely all the clinical reports that may find their way in other publications whose circulation only permits a limited spreading of such reports. I am sure for in- stance that an analysis of the Premature Birth of Danforth and that of Erosive Osteo-Arthritis in a Calf by Goldberg would prove interesting to all. The great and I fancied most valuable item in a medical paper, veterinary or human, is beyond the purely scientific part, the spreading of all the clinical cases that can be found and are worthy of interest and deserving of credit. Often the busy prac- titioner will read them and ignore the others. I have for years endeavored to realize this with my European exchanges, I should think if it was done with otr American contemporaries, no one would complain. ok * x BrpiioGRAPHIC Items. I have received the June quarterly, Alpha Psi, No. 2 of Vol. I, and also three numbers of Helpful Hints for the Veterinarian published by Abbott Alkaloid Com- pany of Chicago. moet, Pree A GLIMPSE AT THE TRANSCONTINENTAL TRIP AND THE OAKLAND MEETING. Before referring to the meeting proper, we will take our readers with us over the beautiful scenic route that we have described to them in several of the pre-convention numbers, and give them a few glimpses of the beautiful moving picture that was unfolded to those who journeyed to the convention city on the American Veterinary Medical Association Special Train from Chicago. We would say in the beginning that as there were not sufficient reservations made by A. V. M. A. members to run out an entire train especially for them, a Greek letter society with — a Ve 7 eee . a a . _ EDITORIAL. 11 _ nearly as many members as there were veterinarians, and a few _ dentists, made up the required number, and in that way a special _ was arranged for and run from Chicago to Oakland. Leaving Chicago in their berths at 11 p. m. of August 24, our members awoke the next morning to find themselves traversing the fertile Mississippi and Missouri River Valleys. Crossing the rich agri- _ cultural states of Iowa and Nebraska, everyone was impressed by the immense grain crops, and equally surprised to see the sheaves of wheat standing in little shocks for miles and miles; some of it having stood long enough for a new growth of several inches to have sprung up—due to the continuous rain which had not permitted it to dry sufficiently for threshing. During the second night the train ascended the eastern foot hill slope of the Rockies, so that early the following morning our party found themselves in the city of Denver, the mile-high metropolis of the Rockies. An unexpected treat awaited them at this place— a tour of the city in sight seeing automobiles not included in the original itinerary. This tour included the public buildings and residential districts, the public parks and zoological gardens, and was greatly enjoyed by all. From Denver our train pro- ceeded to Colorado Springs (seventy-five miles south, but 800 feet higher) reaching there about noon, the train was parked and the day given to pleasure seeking. This place had many attractions. Pike’s Peak in the distance attracted some, while the Pike’s Peak region, including a visit to Manitou nestled in the bosom of the Rockies, famous for its soda, iron and sulphur springs, an auto trip to Crystal Park 9,000 feet high by narrow tortuous roads up the face of the Rockies—requiring about four hours for the ascent and descent—furnished all the thrills desired by the most daring spirits. Another thrilling auto or carriage trip is that from Manitou to the Cave of the Winds, passing through Williams’ Canyon and, like the trip to Crystal Park, but less high, by a narrow ledge road up the side of a part of the Pike’s Peak region of the Rockies. The cave when reached was most interesting and instructive. Its many halls each of distinct character in decorative effect, compels man to take off 12 EDITORIAL, his hat to nature’s handiwork. The Garden of the Gods with its grotesque formations of rocks was also of especial interest. Returning to Colorado Springs in the evening from the various © trips of their fancy, the party spent the evening seeing the place, attending the theatre or listening to the excellent orchestra in the park; returning finally to the Pullmans and retiring. Some time early in the morning our train pulled out of Colorado Springs, so that every hour of daylight might be spent in the Rockies. Soon after breakfast the Royal Gorge was reached, which we attempted to describe in previous issues from reports, but having seen it, feel that it is too splendid, too grand and too awe-inspiring for words; also impressing one with the great ac- complishments of modern engineering. Having passed through the Royal Gorge, still with a panorama of fascinating mountain scenery before us, we come to the ‘‘ Tennessee Pass,” 10,240 feet high, which is the dividing line between the Atlantic and Pacific slopes. Our train halted at this point for a few moments, at the mouth of a tunnel, where a large coal mining plant is located. Passing through this tunnel—which is half a mile in length— we emerged from its western portal, which opens upon the Pa- cific slope. East of this point, the rivers and streams had been flowing toward the Atlantic; in the opposite direction to that in which our train was traveling; but as soon as we passed through its western portal, we observed the streams flowing with us, down the Pacific slope toward the Pacific. In the afternoon of this day our train reached Glenwood Springs, a beautiful little spot with shady park walks, warm sulphur baths and flowing hot sulphur springs. A stop was made at this place long enough for those who desired, to indulge themselves either in a bath or a walk through the grounds and in drinking the famous hot sulphur water, for which is claimed medicinal properties that will cure rheumatism and skin troubles. We then proceeded through the Grand River Valley fruit section, finally reaching Salt Lake City Saturday morning, where a trip through this interesting historical city was made in sight-seeing automobiles, and a visit to the auditorium was made in time for the organ EDITORIAL, 13. recital—12 to I p. m.—on the most wonderful organ in the world—the human voice being reproduced during the exercise. Leaving Salt Lake City on the Western Pacific, passing on trestle over a large portion of the great Salt Lake, and over miles of salt bed, succeeded by miles of desert as white and level as a dining table, through which we traversed the entire night. We entered the famous Feather River Canyon early on Sunday morning. This wonderful route through the Sierra Nevada Mountains, 90 miles in length, in which the road is laid on shelves cut out of the solid rock on the side of the Feather River, which alternates between placid stream and swirling rapids, is not only intensely interesting because of its scenic beauty, but also because of the fact that it passes through mile after mile of gold fields; hundreds of openings in the side of the mountain close to the river-edge, where gold ore was being taken out and washed— or “panned” in miner’s parlance—were in clear view of our party from the train windows. As our train emerged from the | western end of this canyon,—at which point is located the largest gold dredging district in the world—we came upon the little town of Oroville at the edge of the fertile Sacramento Valley. A stop of a few minutes was made at this place and a large num- ber of our party alighted, but finding the heat unusual—to some of them at least—soon returned to their cars. Inquiry from an inhabitant elicited the information that the thermometer regis- tered 104 at that point and 115 further down the valley.. From this point we proceeded to Sacramento, where we were met by Dr. P. H. Browning, who had come down from San Francisco to bid us welcome in behalf of the California State Veterinary Medical Association. Dr. Browning requested the entire party to come to one end of the station-platform, where he had a myste- rious looking canvas covered object. On throwing back the can- vas he revealed the presence of sixty baskets of fruit, which he told the party to appropriate and take aboard the train. Soon after boarding the train, we were invited to go into the baggage car, where a few barrels of ice cream were at our disposal, do- nated we understood, by the cattle men of Sacramento. After ; 14 EDITORIAL. the ride between Oroville and Sacramento—the hottest valley we passed through on our entire trip, the fruit and cream were very grateful to our palates. We passed out in the San Joaquin Valley and reached Oakland about 7 p. m., where we were met by a number of automobiles and taken to the beautiful Hotel Oakland; which we are sure our party found to be one of the pleasantest and in every way most satisfactory A. V. M. A. headquarters. Monday morning found members from the four points of the compass bustling about the hotel office, shaking hands, re- newing and making acquaintances. The registration and secre- tary’s office during the opening morning was just outside the large ballroom on the main floor, in which the opening and gen- eral sessions were held, and soon proved a popular point of con- gregation, for registration, receiving of badges, etc., prior to the opening session at 10 a. m., when President Marshall formally declared the fifty-second annual meeting open and introduced Mr. H. C. Capwell of the Chamber of Commerce of Oakland who welcomed the association to Oakland and to California in a very happy strain and was responded to by Dr. J. G. Rutherford in his own inimicable style. Dr. Marshall then delivered the annual address, which summarized matters of interest and importance to the organization and to the American veterinary profession in a most interesting and comprehensive manner.* The general sessions were held each morning and on Monday evening in the ballroom on the first floor where the opening session was held, until Thursday morning, when in was held in Maple Hall just - across the way, where it was also held on Thursday evening for the election of officers. On Friday morning a general session was held in the Hall of Congress, in the Panama-Pacific Interna- tional Exposition grounds; where, immediately following the formal opening by President Marshall, a splendid address was made by Mr. D. O. Lively, in charge of the Live Stock exhibit at the fair, in which he expressed his appreciation and that of the * See first section of official report of American Veterinary Medical Association, beginning on page 75. SS aR ae ae Se eee ee ee eae a ee EDITORIAL, 15 — Live Stock men in general, of the work and accomplishments in 3 _ the interest of the live stock industry by the veterinary profes- sion, and, on concluding his address, presented the organization with a bronze medal. The address and presentation was re- sponded to in a masterly manner, by Dr. V. A.. Moore of New York. ‘The installation of officers for 1915-16 then took place in this hall, when the following gentlemen were escorted to their | respective stations: President, Dr. R. A. Archibald, California; First Vice-President, Dr. V. A. Moore, New York; Second Vice- President, Dr. Robt. W. Ellis, New York; Third Vice-President, Dr. A. Eichhorn, District of Columbia; Fourth Vice-President, ee gs (13 Len BEEBE E| EXPOSITION ef Dr. C. D. McGilvray, Canada; Fifth Vice-President, Dr. Geo. H. Hart, California; Secretary, Dr. C. M. Haring, California, and Treasurer, Dr. F. H. Schneider, Pennsylvania. This cere- mony being completed, we were taken to the Presidio grounds to witness a cavalry drill which had been arranged especially for the A. V. M. A. party, and was fully appreciated by them. After this most excellent exhibition on the Presidio grounds, the A. V. M. A. party returned to the exposition grounds and dispersed to enjoy the fair in their several ways, the meeting in the Hall of Congress being the last session of the 1915 meeting. The sec- tion work was conducted in several different rooms in the hotel in the afternoons, and also in Maple Hall. On Tuesday evening a reception and dance was given in the ballroom of the Hotel 16 i EDITORIAL, Oakland, during which some excellent vocal selections were rendered and some rare music on the bagpipe given; the per- former beitig in costume. On Wednesday evening a banquet was held also at the Oakland at which some features entirely dif- ferent from any we have seen at former banquets were intro- duced. It was a great success. The ladies attended the opening session on Monday morning, and were then taken charge of by the local committee of ladies, who exerted every effort to see that they were entertained; a ride through the residential dis- tricts of Oakland and Berkeley, a visit to the University and the Greek theatre at that place, where an address was given by ex- President Taft, and the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco, naturally being the chief attractions. The latter _has some features that are strictly peculiar to the present. We refer to the little trains of cars that run through the exposition grounds without tracks that can be boarded anywhere and will carry you from one end of the grounds to the other for a small fare. Another is the electric wheel chair in which two or three people can ride (one driving) anywhere where a person can walk except inside the buildings. By removing the “ plug” and putting it in the pocket the chair is safely left outside of any building for any length of time. These conveniences are great time savers and materially lessen fatigue, two important features in connection with large expositions. The most convincing evidence of the success of the Oakland meeting, was the reluctance with which the A. V. M. A. members, their families and friends left the city after the meeting closed. But they finally got away. That is away from Oakland, but not from California. If you went to San Francisco, you found some of them there; if you went to Los Angeles you found some of them there; and if you went to San Diego you found them there. This last mentioned city is a surprise to most of us visiting it for the first time; being an up-to-date little city with fine hotels and everything first class. The fair at San Diego is a gem. That is not an original expression as applied to that fair, but just fits it. It is one of the most beautifully laid EDITORIAL. 17 _ out places that can be conceived of; beautifully cared for and | > iii SERS See Gy SPT Pe SNE IE er ee ag its buildings of the very highest class in appearance. Some of our members even went into Mexico before turning homeward, and had the unique experience of visiting a country fair in a small Mexican village. About two hundred and fifty new members were elected at the Oakland meeting. Tue ANNUAL MEETING OF THE GEORGIA STATE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION will be held at Macon, Ga., October 26 and 27, 1915. Dr. O'NEAL RECOVERING FROM ATTACK OF ANTHRAX.—A. VY. M. A. members who remember the genial countenance of Dr. W. R. O’Neal at the Oakland meeting will be glad to learn that the good doctor is making a very satisfactory recovery from a recent attack of anthrax, and hopes soon to be as well as ever. Dr. O’ Neal lives at Newman, Cal. VETERINARIANS ORGANIZE; PRACTITIONERS IN AND NEAR Wicuita Form Association.—The Arkansas Valley Veterinary Medical Association, a society formed for the purpose of promot- ing the interests of veterinary practitioners within a radius of fifty miles of Wichita, was organized at a meeting in Wichita last night. A membership of nearly forty was carried on the rolls of the association when it met to elect officers at the court house. Officers elected are: Dr. B. F. Houston, Sedgwick, ‘president ; Dr. G: M. Predmore, Wichita, vice-president, and Dr. F. L. Mar- ney, Wichita, secretary and treasurer. The association will hold semi-annual meetings.—Wichita, Kan., Eagle, August 26, I9I5. Atumnti Meetinc, New York STATE VETERINARY COL- LEGE, AT New York UNIversiry.—lIn the absence of the presi- dent and vice-president, Robert W. Ellis (’89), chairman of the executive committee, called a meeting of the alumni of the above- named school (which includes graduates from the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, American Veterinary College, New York-American Veterinary College and the present New York State Veterinary College at New York University) at the Hotel Oakland, Oakland, Cal., on the evening of August 31, 1915. Oscar J. Kron, of San Francisco, acted as secretary, and a very interesting meeting was held. A number of states were represented, and a greater activity amongst the alumni through- out the country is anticipated in the future. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. SUPPURATIVE LESIONS IN HORSES AND A CALF OF CALIFORNIA DUE TO THE DIPHTHEROID BACIL- LUS OF PREISZ-NOCARD.* By Ivan C. Hatt anp Cart W. FISHER, BERKELEY, CAL. One of us (C. W. F.) has frequently during the fall months of twelve years practice in San Mateo County, observed clinically recognizable abscesses, usually of the pectoral region of horses, and Dr. Chas. Keane, State Veterinarian of California, stated re- cently in reply to our enquiry, that he had seen some seventeen years ago many horses so afflicted, in certain instances several animals of one ranch or in one stable. The disease appears to be less prevalent here than formerly, but we suspect it to be wide- spread. That suppurative infections due to B. Preisz-Nocard are benign and yield so readily to simple surgical treatment accounts for the lack of attention they have received at the hands of in- vestigators in this country. It is important to recognize these lesions, not as having serious consequences in themselves aside from the loss of time, since they are rarely fatal, but rather be- cause a superficial resemblance to farcy in the horse coupled with marked orchitis in male cavies injected with pus make confusion with glanders a distinct possibility. It is equally necessary to distinguish epizootic lymphangitis and sporotrichosis which are etiologically distinct from ulcerative or suppurative lymphangitis, for which, however, bacteriological differentiation offers few ob- stacles. The necessity of bacteriological diagnosis has been empha- sized recently in two articles by Dr. K. F. Meyer, which elucidate the hitherto somewhat perplexed question of geographical dis- * From The Cutter Biological Laboratories, Berkeley, California. 18 UPPURATIVE LESIONS IN HORSES AND A CALF. 19 th Africa, Algeria and Jamaica, is due to a blastomycete ococcus farciminosus. This is likely the disease observed re (2) in India and by Scwartzkoff (3) in the Philippines. tence of epizootic lymphangitis in the United States is On the other hand Meyer recognizes the mycotic ce bodies of the cryptococcus farciminosus which up to e t time have resisted all attempts at artificial cultivation. e sporotrichosis however the pus contains few organisms, tr able only after prolonged search; yet cultures may be . HISTORICAL. a8 eous lymphadenitis of sheep was discovered in California d els 2where i in the United States by Norgaard and Mohler (5) y as 1899, but ulcerative lymphangitis, a disease of iden- dia stock and is supposed to have entered Europe from Britain. Dieckerhoff and Grawitz (8) were the first to Pein * eee pox” a specific microbic infection for oe Preisz and Gujnard (9) isolated from pseudo- 20 IVAN ©. HALL AND CARL W. FISHER. tuberculosis in sheep organisms differing from those described in similar lesions of other animals by a number of writers, particu- larly Eberth (10), Chantamesse (11), Nocard (12), Charrin and Roger (13), and others. It is the merit of Preisz (14) to have elucidated clearly the etiology of certain varying types of pseudo- tuberculosis among domestic animals and to have shown the dis- similarity of the bacillus which now bears his name. The ques- tion of pseudo-tuberculosis of various animals has been recently reviewed by Poppe (15) who gives a fairly complete bibliog- raphy. : In 1893 Nocard (16) recovered a Gram positive bacillus from the vaginal sheaths of cavies showing orchitis after injection of pus from sixteen horses suspected of farcy but giving a negative mailein test. Again (17) in 1896 pus from horses suffering from a disease simulating glanders produced orchitis in guinea pigs but the horses failed in seventeen instances out of nineteen to react to the mallein test. The excellent plates published showing the morphological and cultural characteristics of the causative organ- ism clearly demonstrate its distinctiveness from B. mallei. The organism was believed to be identical with that already recovered by Preisz from pseudo-tuberculosis of sheep. For fuller accounts the reader may be referred to the reviews of Nocard and Leclainche (18), and Hutyra and Marek (19). | CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS. Dr. Keane noted that “ chest abscesses,’ as they are known locally, “ usually started underneath or in the skin of the pectoral region. However, at times other parts of the body were affected, especially along the abdomen. The lesions started in the form of small circumscribed indurations which affected the skin and the tissues underlying. The infection, as a rule, was of chronic type and the lesions ultimately developed into abscesses, some of which were enormous in size.’’ In our experience the abscess forms at a depth of 5 to 8 cm. under the skin and tends to gravitate. If unopened many days are required for natural drainage to the surface to become established, while the abscess , SUPPURATIVE LESIONS IN HORSES AND A OALF. . 21 ain in the meantime a diameter of 10 to 25 cm. The ed pus is odorless, thick, creamy, and often caseous. abscess heals readily by ordinary open wound treatment ainage is established. In our series drainage was secured deep incision at the lower limit of the abscess and some of the as drawn aseptically into a sterile syringe. The syringe was capped, packed and sent to the laboratory in Berkeley. The y of the drained abscess was filled with oakum or gauze * mixture of Liquid Petrox aan Formulary, 3d. a aotly If the abscess had begun to ulcerate when first rved, sponging with the same material usually led to a cure n a few days or at most a few weeks. Neither of us has rved a second attack in a fully recovered horse. On the other hand, if metastasis develops as in Case XIV, cure lay be more difficult. This is the only case we have known to rminate seriously and since, unfortunately, cultures were not > at autopsy, it cannot be certainly ascribed to unmixed in- ction by B. Preisz-Nocard. _ The following cases were studied: Case I.—A horse, aged years or more, having worked in the foothills all summer was und September 2, 1913, suffering from an abscess of the pre- capular gland. Incision.through 5 cm. of overlying intact i sues released a quantity of caseous pus which yielded a pure culture of B. Preisz-Nocard. Packing and drainage was fol- ywed by relief in a few days and the wound was practically Rested: September 13th. Case II.—A filly, 4 years old, at range or working in the foothills throughout the summer was found August 20, 1913, da the owner with a swelling on its chest. nage 2d a pre- 22 IVAN C. HALL AND CARL W. FISHER. Case III.—A colt, aged 1% years, appeared September 11, 1913, with a prescapular abscess after having remained in a paddock in San Mateo all summer. Immediate incision 5 cm. deep followed by the usual packing and drainage gave relief as shown by reinspection September 13th, and September 15th a good recovery was evident. B. Preisz-Nocard was the only organism demonstrated. Case IV.—An adult horse having worked in the foothills all summer was treated September 11, 1913, by antiseptic swabbing and daily thereafter for some days for an ulcer of the precrural region 2.5 cm. deep and 7.5 cm. diameter. When next seen, October 3, 1913, the animal had recovered. B. Preisz-Nocard was present in pure culture. Case V.—An “old” mare, working in Redwood City all summer developed a very large hot, feverish pectoral swelling over an abscess which was drained October 29, 1913, by incision 6 to 8 cm. deep, this being followed by rapid recovery. B. Preisz-Nocard was present in a pure state. Case VI.—A mare, 5 years old, was treated October 29, 1913, for a shallow pectoral ulcer by antiseptic swabbing. Cultures were uncontaminated and contained only B. Preisz-Nocard. This case was not heard from again. Case VII—A calf aged 5 months developed a cold subcu- taneous abscess over the parotid gland which was opened No- vember 3, 1913. A pure culture of B. Preisz-Nocard developed from the pus. . Case VIII.—A colt, 3 years old, having been at range all summer and fall in the foothills, was found suffering December 16, 1913, from a pectoral abscess, which was opened, packed and drained as usual. B. Preisz-Nocard was present in pure culture. From this time on during the season no further abscesses were encountered, although a close watchout was kept. We had not yet identified the diphtheroid bacillus which we had found, but at a suggestion from Dr. K. F. Meyer, University of Cali- fornia, we undertook a study of the B. Preisz-Nocard as it occurs in sheep with the result that we obtained in pure culture from the SUPPURATIVE LESIONS IN HORSES AND A CALF. 23 s secured from four aged ewes at the abattoir organ- 1 with the diphtheroid bacilli isolated from the above XIII.—A horse, 15 years old, kept in a corral in a valley fo thills was treated by incision and drainage of a pectoral September 1, 1914, and again the day following for a -y abscess. B. Preisz-Nocard was cultivated in pure is membrane from the mouth, became evident. October large subscapular abscess was opened and drained. The h the wound appeared promising November 7th, a large of small multiple abscesses developed around it from er 10th to 16th, of which the more prominent were 24 IVAN C. HALL AND CARL W. FISHER. November 18th, 1,000 million and November 2Ist, 2,000 million killed B. Preisz-Nocard were injected, of which the latter dose produced a marked local reaction lasting until November 27th. By November 30th, however, the leg was much better, with the swelling practically gone though a temperature of about 102° C. still persisted. For constipation a laxative pill was given which was effective though the temperature remained high, registering 104° C. and 103.5° C. on December 2d and 3d, re- spectively. December 11th, the temperature having fallen to 99.8° F., a further dose of 1,000 million killed bacilli was in- jected, followed a week later by 2,000 million. Within 2 days following the last a sharp local reaction* occurred with a slight rise of temperature to 101° C. and varying from that to a maxi- mum of 103.5° C. December 25th. Now began a period of anorexia associated with fluctuation of temperature and frequent outbreaks of pustules and abscesses in the lymphatics of the foreleg. The abscesses were opened as soon as located, probably 75 to 100 in all from the point of the elbow to below the fetlock, besides smaller confluent ones which broke spontaneously. During this period which occupied prac- tically all of December, B. Preisz-Nocard was again secured un- contaminated in culture. During the last week the leg became very painful and a generalized infection was evidenced by high temperature, rectal relaxation and dyspnoea on December 29th and 30th and collapse December 31st. Death was then hastened by administration of chloroform. Post-mortem examination showed the leg oedematous with many pyogenic foci especially along the lymphatics. The sub- scapular and mesenteric lymphatic nodes were enlarged and in- flamed, with petechiae upon the intestines and many signs of generalized chronic infection. Case XV.—A horse, 3 to 4 years old, kept in a valley near a marsh presented, October 28, 1914, a very large subscapular ab- * The reactions aroused by this vaccine in comparatively small doses are significant in view of an experiment we made with a normal horse to prove the harmlessness of the vaccine, in which first a dose of 100,000 million followed in four days by 300,000 million produced no fever and an induration not larger than 12 cm. diameter and 3 cm. deep. — an uli es aii SUPPURATIVE LESIONS .IN HORSES AND A CALF. Ficure I—Case XIV—Nov. roth, 1914, showing the location of the Primary abscess (x) and more prominently a principal secondary lesion nearly healed surrounded by small multiple abscesses. Figure Il.—Case XIV about Dec. 2oth, 1914, showit.g swelling of the foreleg, partially healed abscesses and subscapular focus. 26 IVAN C. HALL AND CARL W. FISHER. scess at the elbow, from which B. Preisz-Nocard was recovered in a pure state. The usual incision, packing and drainage led to an uneventful recovery. , Case XVI.—A horse, 6 years old, kept in a corral near the foothills was noted by its owner, November 5, 1914, with a pectoral swelling. Incision 5 to 6 cm. deep made November rgth yielded pus containing only B. Preisz-Nocard, as shown by cul- ture. Drainage resulted in prompt uneventful recovery. SEASONAL INCIDENCE. From our experience of the years 1913-'14 and of one of us (C. W. F.) during twelve years previously, we believe that these abscesses occur principally, if not entirely, during the fall months. We have as yet no conclusive explanation for this fact though Gray (20) speaking of ulcerative lymphangitis attributes it to infection through cracked heels and other skin lesions. In California the disease is most common just preceding the rainy season and appear to diminish with the coming of wet weather, so that before the apex of the average seasonal precipi- tation curve is reached during the months of January to March opportunity for field observations ceases. The fact that the abscesses are confined to the few months following the California dry season favors Gray’s idea of hoof infection. It is well known among horsemen here that hoof lesions are frequent during July and August, so that this theory has much in its favor though as yet no absolute proof can be adduced in favor of any given method of infection. One of us (C. W. F.) has repeatedly shaven the skin over developing abscesses with a view to finding the portal of entry, but no evidence of this being cutaneous abrasion could be as- certained. We suggest that infection possibly occurs also by buccal or intestinal abrasion through eating rough foods during the dry season, a view which finds support in the recorded en- vironment of our cases previous to observation as well as in the experimental infection of a.colt and a lamb by feeding, | SUPPURATIVE LESIONS IN HORSES AND A CALF. 27 sported by Boquet (21), and in the culture by 22), of this organism from horses dead of colic. Kli- }) has emphasized the role played by injury to the in- cosa in predisposing to the passage of bacteria through but one of our cases encountered afield were among ie exception being that of a calf (Case VII), but other sof oncaeid similar infections in calves have been pre- ute ‘a infection causing sbictibelicipnvutunnia in cattle ac- > to Kitt (24) as well as a farcy-like disease mentioned by - (25) have been ascribed by these writers to the bacillus z-Nocard. e extensive geographical distribution of infections due to cillus of Preisz-Nocard has been best demonstrated in _ Following the original discovery of the organism in uberculosis of sheep in France by Preisz and rd (9) in 1891, and its further observation there by d and Morey (26), Turski (27) found the disease in i - Sivori. (28) recorded it in Buenos-Ayres, Cherry and 3ull (29) in Australia, Norgaard and Mohler ( 5) i in the United tates and Gilruth (30) in New Zeland. es and Guillaume (31) have also observed in hogs of uux, lesions due to this organism analogous to those of lymphadenitis in sheep. We have found no opportunity k overlooked during inspection. » believe our observations to be the first recording infec- y the bacillus of Preisz-Nocard in horses in the United 28 IVAN C. HALL AND CARL W. FISHER. AGE AND SEX INCIDENCE. Among our horses the ages ranged from 1% years to over I5 years ; the calf ‘was five months old, and the sheep which provided cultures were old ewes. Among horses no apparent predilection has been found at any age, but Gilruth (29) thought old broken- mouthed sheep most susceptible, while Carré and Bigoteau (31) found in their extensive study that umbilical abscesses in young lambs were responsible for many deaths. These observations and our experience convince us that the age and sex of animals have little relation to the occurrence of the disease. Norgaard and Mohler (5) have noted that when older sheep of a flock were discovered infected that search for lesions in the younger mem- bers usually showed them to be also afflicted. LABORATORY WORK. Our bacteriological studies, which will appear in detail else- where, have convinced us of the identity ofthe causative organ- isms we have isolated from the above mentioned lesions with the bacillus of Preisz-Nocard, as it is described from ulcerative lymphangitis of the French and German writers and as it occurs in caseous lymphadenitis of sheep in the United States. In each of our cases, except the later stages of Case XIV, we recovered pure primary cultures of this bacillus. Aside from the bacter- iological identification of the micro-organism it may be of in- terest to note that we have produced orchitis in guinea pigs by intraperitoneal injection of small quantities of cultures with considerable regularity. We have also confirmed the production of a soluble though weak toxin whose action upon guinea pigs, as already noted by European observers, is remarkably like that of diphtheria toxin. Large doses of bacilli washed in salt solu- tion while capable of producing orchitis in cavies appear incapable of causing the toxic and acutely fatal symptoms which are ob- tained by the injection of whole cultures. Such orchitic guinea pigs apparently recover after a long chronic course of scrotal ulceration, but may subsequently die suddenly with internal lesions, particularly of the spleen and lymph nodes. We desire SUPPURATIVE LESIONS IN HORSES AND A CALF. 29 to emphasize at this time the necessity of bacteriological ex- amination of the pus produced in orchitis of guinea pigs injected E 3 with pus from abscesses in horses and particularly the unrelia- a: bility of experimental orchitis in male guinea pigs as a sure diag- nostic test for glanders. SUMMARY. We have observed during the fall months only in eleven Ay horses and one calf, a peculiar abscess formation simulating in at least one case the ulcerative lymphangitis of European writers. These abscesses are usually, though not invariably, located in the prepectoral region and their depth in the tissues supports the idea of a true lymphatic infection; if unopened, however, they ‘ultimately transform into ulcers.. Ulcerative lymphangitis is well known abroad, but till now has remained unrecognized in the United States. The disease we have found usually yields to simple surgical treatment, but we have observed one refractory case. Pure cultures of the specific cause were recovered from each _ of these cases and their identity was proven with similar organ- isms recovered by us from sheep afflicted with caseous lymph- adenitis, 7 ¢., the bacillus of Preisz-Nocard. In certain cases the infections we have studied bear some clinical resemblance to farcy, epizootic lymphangitis, and spor- otrichosis, but may be readily differentiated from these by bac- teriological analysis. Further, orchitis in male guinea pigs re- sulting from the inoculation of pus containing either B. mallei or B. Preisz-Nocard needs offer no confusion in diagnosis if the pus is studied microscopically and culturally. REFERENCES. (1) Meyer, K. F.—Epizootic Lymphangitis and Sporotrichosis (Studies in American Sporotrichosis I1)—The Relation of Animal to Human Sporotrichosis (Studies in Ameri- can Sporotrichosis III). 2) Moore—The Veterinarian—Report of Societies, 1897, p. 162. 3) Schwartzkoff—Am. Vet. Review, 1902, xxvi, 111. 4) Mohler—Bureau of Animal Industry, 25th Annual Report, 1908, p. 225. 5) Norgaard and Mohler—16th Annuaj Report—Bureau of Animal Industry—1:899, 3 ° 0S Weber—Bull. de la Soc. centr. de méd. vétérin., 1877, p. 58. 7) Goux—Rec. de méd, vétérin., 1842, p. 207. : Dieckerhoff and Grawitz—Virchow’s Arch. f. path. Anat., 1885, cii, 148. 9) Preisz and Guinard—Jour. de méd. vétérin., 1891, p. 563. 10) Eberth—Virchow’s Arch. f. path. Anat., 1885, c. 23; also 1886, ciii, 488. 11) Chantemesse—Ann, de 1’Inst. Pasteur, 1887, I, 97. 30 IVAN C. HALL AND CARL W. FISHER. (12) Nocard—Ann, de I’Inst. Pasteur, 1888, ii. 293. (13) Charrin and Roger—Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., 1888, cvi, 868. (14) Preisz—Ann. de |’Inst. Pasteur, 1804, viii, 231. (15) Poppe—Handbuch der Path. Mikro-organismen Kolle u. Wassermann, 1913, Y, 775; Fischer, Jena, 1913 : (16) (Nocard—Bull. de la Soc. centr. de méd. vétérin., 1893, p. 116. (17) Nocard—Ann. de I’Inst. Pasteur, 1896, x, 609. Ng Nocard and Leclainche—Les Maladies microbiennes, Masson et Cie, Paris, 1903, ii, 16 (19) Hutyra and Marek—Special Pathology and Therapeutics of the Be or 0 of Do- mestic ers speck Am. Ed. Alex. Eger, Chicago, 1912, vol. i, pp. 670 and 7 (20) Gray—Hoare—“ A System of Veterinary Medicine ”—Alex. Eger oChlaeen 1913, i, p. 220. 3 (21) Boquet—Compt. rend. Soc. de la biol., 1914, Ixxvi, 294. (22) Carré—Compt. rend, Acad. Sci., rgro, cl. 358. (23) Klimenko—Ztschr. f. Hyg., 1904, xlviii, 67. (24) Kitt—Monatschefte f. Thierheilk, 1890, i, 145. (25) Lienaux—Annales de méd. vétérin., 1902, liv, 230. (26) Guinard and Morey—Compt. rend. de la Soc. de biol. ., 1895, p. 893. . (27) Turski—Ztschr. f, Fleisch, u. Milch Hyg., 1897, vii., 178. (28) Sivori—Rec. de méd. vétérin. ., 1890, p. 657. (29) Cherry and Bull—The Veterinarian,: 1899, Ixxii, 523. (30) Gilruth—Jour. Comp. Path. and Therap., 1902, xv, 324. (31) Seres and Guillaume—Reyv. Gen. de méd. vétérin., 1908, xi, 5a (32) Carré and Bigoteau—Rev. Gen. de méd. vétérin., 1908, xi, 369 and 433. PracticAL Horse PoINTERS FROM THE SASKATCHEWAN DE- PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—(Farmer’s Advocate and Home Journal, Winnipeg ). Never water immediately after feeding pees this washes the grain through the stomach in an undigested state and is apt to- cause colic. | Two things a horse will do—fight flies if necessary, and eat green feed if he gets the chance.. Don’t punish him. You can’t stop him. You would do the same if you were a horse. Always groom horses well at night; an hour is little enough to spend on a four-horse team. Horses groomed thoroughly at night will only need a brisk brush over in the morning, and they will rest better. Don’t use the curry comb on a horse’s shoulders. Many a sore has been started by the curry comb, and nobody knew what caused it. Should it be actually necessary to use the comb to remove dirt, do so very carefully. Always hitch the tugs last and unhitch them first. Do not let the horses have control of a wagon or machine until you first get control of them. It is the sign of a safe driver to have the lines all in readiness.and in easy reach before hooking any of the tugs. When you let your horses rest on a hot day always have heads toward the wind. The other way the perspiration spoils the air that passes along the body to the end of the nose, and it does not refresh the horse a bit. Stand close in front and try it yourself a while. (Concluded on page 48.) a HOG CHOLERA.* By Epw. A. CaniLt, V.M.D., Boston, Mass. glad of an opportunity to address this association on the which has been assigned me. Twice before I have nored by a similar invitation from your Secretary, but eetings were postponed, as you know, because of the ess of the foot and mouth disease situation. considering the subject of hog cholera I am sure that every 0 ks of several hundred pages have been written upon the > and its control. Therefore it is reasonable to suppose | the short space of time alloted to me it is impossible to BR eiscién of the history, cause, symptoms, etc., and to . myself a little more closely to some of the more practical ; of the work, which would be more apt to appeal to you as s and breeders. Considering the control of the disease me standpoint of the State and a frank confession of the s for you. Bhiesore the annual meeting of the Massachusetts Swine Breeders’ Association, followed by a demonstration of the Simultaneous Treatment, assisted by - Sturges. 31 32 EDW. A. CAHILL. It is known that taking the country as a whole the losses from hog cholera approximate $60,000,000 a year for the last ten years, and according to a conservative estimate that the losses this year will reach more than $70,000,000. This is in spite of the serum treatment rather than because of it. If you read the reports and opinions of the live stock officials, and breeders in the different states, you will find many who are enthusiastic in their support of the serum treatment, and you will find many who con- demn its use. In some parts of the country the treatment is being haled as a blessing to the breeder, while in other sections it is considered a curse. Magazines and periodicals are heavily laden with discussions pro and con as to the value of the serum treat- ment. Under these conditions it is no wonder that the average man, who is busy with his own affairs, and who does not know the inside facts, is bewildered by this mass of conflicting evidence. However, a careful study of the entire situation very readily proves that both factors are right in their contention, but that their conclusions differ because of their method. It shows most conclusively that the states which consider the entire problem a curse and where the serum treatment is not working successfully, are the ones which lack a proper law or regulation for the control of this disease and the administration of the serum treatment. On the other hand, it is very evident that in states where a strong law or regulation is in force that the results are most satisfactory and the treatment in great demand. In one of the states where the treatment is in bad repute, it has recently come to light that the authorities in charge have issued 9,000 permits for the administration of the simultaneous treatment to almost any person who desired a permit, whether he realized the importance of the treatment or not. The result is that in that state alone the losses this year will be at least $1,000,000 more than any previous year. Another Western state which has an Agricultural College gives a permit to any person who goes through a course of 60 hours’ training. The holder of such a permit is allowed to use serum and virus any- where within the state. Recently I visited a herd in that par- eet, HOG CHOLERA. 33 —_— ate which is considered one of the best in the country. rd is composed entirely of registered Duroc Jerseys. Two d and ninety-eight head of young animals which were to a sale that had been extensively advertised throughout the y were immunized by a man holding such a permit. Six at 27 animals were left while all the rest died. Another nounces very proudly that they issue permits for the istration of the simultaneous treatment only after a satis- recommendation has been given the applicant from his 7 e t a “ ut Sales had been traced vouitiva to Sitected anti-hog a ‘serum.—Sevanna, Ill., Journal, August 18, 1915. COUNTER IRRITANTS OR BLISTERS. By G. H. Conn, D.V.M., Pratrre Depot, OHIO. “~ Of all the methods employed by the laity in the home treat- ment of the diseases and injuries of the domestic animals, the time-honored blister or counter-irritant is the one usually applied, — and in my experience it is contra-indicated many times more than it is indicated in the conditions in which it is applied by the aver- age layman. In the first, place most people think that because a blister relieved some other condition in some animal that they might have seen the treatment applied to, that it is the proper treatment for their animal, never taking into consideration the pathology of the particular condition. The laity are not the only people who make such a constant use of counter-irritants, but there are numerous veterinarians who seem to have a blister for every condition that affects the members of the domestic animals. I know of a veterinarian not many miles from me who has used so many blisters that he is known to the people over this part of the country by the name of “ Blister Bill.” There are several things to be taken into consideration when using these agents; the part to which it is to be applied, its mode of action, its length of action, the strength of the agent and also the mode of application. The action of blisters may be summed up as follows: First, we have a redness of the skin and an in- creased blood supply to the part and some burning and pain. If the irritation is continued or a stronger agent is applied, we have an aggravation of this condition with an exudation of serum; if a still stronger agent is used-or the first is continued sufficiently long, we have pustules formed at the root of the hair follicles, and the hair drops out and a thick heavy scab is formed. As a rule the hair returns in a short time, as the hair follicles are usually uninjured ; the application of grease favors the early return of the hair.: If the counter-irritant is applied for some time or applied with violent friction, or is covered with a bandage or is applied 44 r the tissues immediately beneath it; many times we use or their effect upon some remote part of the body, usually ne remote organ. All of the actions of counter-irritants his way cannot be explained nor can satisfactory theories ced for them. It is without a doubt due to reflex action ) to the stimulation of some nerve which has a branch in n, which supplies some of the internal organs. We apply irritants to the chest in congestion of the lungs, in pneu- | We have learned nia our study of physiol- at the nerves carry impulses from the periphery to the 1 als ) from the pain produced when breathing if the cbuiibe. itation be applied over the region of the chest. The heart is ted and blood pressure is raised from stimulation of the nerve and the vaso-motor centers. If, however, the irrita- very widespread and severe, the reverse is true. This ex- ains why heat with mustard or turpentine is valuable in shock, and depression. Counter-irritation in chronic conditions a tissue change, dilates the vessels, renews the circulation, 1 this way chronic inflammatory exudates are absorbed. sunter-irritation should never be applied to an acutely in- area, and the greatest of care should be exercised when sd where the skin is thin or over an articulation. The nature animal, the condition affecting it, and the strength and 1 of applying it should be taken into consideration when ing such agents. ii 46 G. H. CONN. Without a doubt the rubefacients or that class of counter- irritants which only produce a redness and swelling with a dila- tion of the blood vessels and which bring an increased blood sup- ply to the part are the most valuable of these agents and the most largely used. They are comprised of volatile oils, alcohol, iodine, mustard and several others. Most of these agents are used and known as stimulating liniments when combined with suitable agents. These are particularly valuable for the resolution of those swellings that are usually the result of acute conditions affecting the limbs, udder and throat and also for strains and bruises. The most common agents used for blistering are croton oil, cantharides and red iodide of mercury; used on exostoses and breakdowns and also to secure rest for some particular part. Largely used in curb, spavin and ringbone, their results are brought about by the production of an acute inflammation, to- gether with tissue changes and vascularity and fatty degenera- tion. The hair should be clipped over the area to be blistered and the site washed with soap and water and the animal should not be allowed to bite the parts. By sponging the parts around the blistered area with soap and water, they can be protected from the discharges; grease or vaseline may be employed. Caustics or escharotics are agents which destroy tissue, and for that reason are not used as largely as the others. They are used for the removal of exuberant granulations, tumorous growths, sloughing and necrosis; they are mineral acids, silver nitrate, sulphates of copper, iron and zinc and several others; the actual cautery comes under these agents. These agents are really destructive agents instead of constructive agents, and for that reason do not find as large a field of usefulness as the others. Silver nitrate, however, sometimes favors resolution in slow- healing granulating wounds and is often used for this action. Suppurants are not much used at this age, but may be em- ployed by the laity and some empirics. Any of the more active counter-irritants may become suppurants if properly applied. The seton and rowel were the two most common methods of COUNTER IRRITANT OR BLISTERS. 47 bout this condition, but they were both dirty and bar- they are fast becoming obsolete. at amount of damage is often done when such agents are carelessly or where they are contra-indicated. The ut- . should be observed and the best of judgment should ye d by the use of this much-used class of agents or bad 1 ones that will reflect to the discredit of the user, will to result. I saw a horse about one year ago that was over the left knee and allowed to work every day, with quent opening of the joint and rendering useless of the I heard of another mare that had a blister applied to a which was so caustic that it sloughed away the muscular d started a necrosis of the bone which became so exten- it it was necessary to destroy the animal. advice to the laity is this: Consult a qualified veteri- about the conditions for which you usually apply a blister ye him prescribe the one which is indicated. It requires great a knowledge to prescribe counter-irritants intelli- and for their best uses as it does for many of the other ibt if there are many of us but what become careless and al in our treatment of many common conditions and also use of certain classes of treatments. We cannot be too ‘in our diagnosis, and especially our prognosis, and above - treatment. If we make an effort to have a thorough rstanding of the results we expect and also of the pathology le of the more common conditions, and also thorough dg of some of the more common methods of treatment, then make the people see that we are fitted to do their and then we will have solved the problem of the quack. e small things that most times make a success or failure. y are able to do big things and many times extraodinary but when it comes to common everyday conditions that et with they do not give them the attention that they _and this is the time that many of the laity lose confidence veterinarian’s ability, and it is then hard for the veteri- 48 G. H.- CONN. narian to regain this confidence. I have found that it takes prac- tical knowledge, theory, good judgment and an abundance of tact and a pleasing and winning personality to be a success among some classes of people, and there is some of this class in every community. So it behooves us to use as much care, judgment and as successful treatment in the common conditions as it dues some of the more dangerous acute conditions. (Continued from page 30.) If a horse is very warm, let him drink about five swallows, then hold his head up for about half a minute to let his stomach cool slowly. After that let him drink a reasonable quantity. Do the same yourself in hot weather, and cold water will not hurt you if you drink a gallon. Don’t get into the habit of yelling at your horses. They will soon learn not to pay any attention unless you do yell. They can learn to obey a spoken word better than a yell, as it does not irritate them. It is the mark of a good hired man not to be heard a few rods away. | A horse works with his shoulders. Keep them well. Look at them three times a day. Keep them perfectly clean. Keep the collars clean. Fit the collar snug against the neck. Ii a shoulder gets sore it is the driver’s fault. Some men always make sore shoulders, some never do. One man is worth several times as much as the other. In working colts remember that they are like children, have to be shown over and over again. They should not be expected to learn their business the first year, and always get over a tongue right or wait for their turn to be unhitched, or stand per- fectly still in the field and not turn around to see what you are doing. You must exercise patience and good judgment, and not spoil them. A horse cannot work in ill-fitting harness. Try it yourself. Especially must his collar be continually watched. Don’t let a horse work an hour in a collar that is too tight or too loose. His neck will change as he loses or gains flesh, and the collar and harness cannot be fastened the same each day. This is especially true in the spring when work first starts. A good man is often seen in front of his horses looking after the collars and hames the first part of the season. "HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA.* By A. T. KinsLey, KANnsas City, Mo. n nals and is caused by the B. bovisepticus. | . disease has been identified in various sections of the -* and many es countries. It was recognized ue ved in Mo., Kans., N ebr., lows and other states. Many ns have reported a type of infectious pneumonia, “ae young cattle that had passed through public stock Pe » specific cause of the disease is’ the B. bovisepticus an belonging to the pasteurella group. This microbian iniversally distributed and therefore it is not uncommon e sporadic cases of the disease. It is probable that the epticus rarely produces disease, except in those cases the resistance of the infected animal has been dimin- 1, in other words, it is probable that animals must be espe- ea before the Missouri State Veterinary Medical Association, at St. Louis, 49 50 A. T. KINSLEY. The B. bovisepticus may gain entrance to the animal body through the various mucous membranes, but especially the res- piratory and digestive mucosa, and it may also be introduced through the skin. Three different forms of this disease have been described, viz., pectoral, abdominal and exanthematous. The primary lesions of the pectoral form occurs in the thoracic viscera, those of the abdominal form in the abdominal viscera and those of the exan- thematous form in the subcutaneous tissue. Hemorrhagic septicaemia is characterized primarily by hem- orrhages which occur in the subserosa, submucosa and subcutis. In addition to the hemorrhagic lesions the pectoral form is evi- denced by the accumulation of serous fluid in the plural cavity and by pneumonia, in which there is a marked interstitial exuda- tion that gives the lung a marbled aspect. Areas of hepatization occurs in one or both lungs, these portions being red, brown or grey in color and of a friable consistency, other portions of the lung will appear hyperaemic and hemorrhagic. The visceral pleura may be covered with fibrinous exudate. Subpleural hem- orrhages are very common. The mediastinum may contain a gelatinous exudate. The abdominal form is characterized by a hemorrhagic en- teritis and peritonitis in which there is usually a quantity of serous or sero-hemorrhagic exudate in the peritoneal cavity. In some cases the spleen may be enlarged. The subcutaneous form is evidenced by a marked accumula- tion of serous exudate in the subcutum, particularly of the infe- rior cervical region. Reynolds and Munn have reported some cases in which there was a marked hemorrhagic meningitis. It is rather common to find two or more of the foregoing types of lesions occurring simultaneously. ? The symptoms of this disease depend upon the type of lesions. The early stages of the disease are usually evidenced by depres- sion, dullness and inappetence. There is suppression of milk. The affected animals are usually stiff and have little tendency to HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA, d1 There is usually a rise in temperature of from 2 to 4 The pulse rate is increased and the character changed. toral form, respiration is increased and the breathing ly difficult. The affected animal has a dry, painful and there is a frothy serous or sero-sanguineous nasal dis- Pleuritic friction sounds and solidity of lung areas may mined by a physical examination. Those cases in which involvement of the abdominal viscera, show digestive _ characterized by subcutaneous inflammatory oedema, of the inferior cervical region, although it may occur This tumefaction may interfere with circulation, and respiration, as well as with locomotion. s. Animals so affected are usually nervous, excitable sometimes vicious. In the subacute or chronic form of the : the affected animals show marked emaciation. I ptoms ae the presence of a single type of this nc bieic septicaemia may be acute or chronic. The very form of the exanthematous type usually terminates fatallv 1 from 6 to 36 hours. The pectoral form rarely terminates in less than three days’ time. The prognosis is unfa- . In those animals which recover from the pulmonary 1 chronic lung affection usually persists. al treatment of this disease is of little value. Various . still persists at about 90 per cent. Since the B. A. I. the control of this disease in the buffalo of Yellow 52 A. T. KINSLEY. speak of its efficiency as follows: Dr. Stanley Smith of Colum- bia, Mo., ‘‘ one lot of 56 cattle, in which eleven had died and practically all remaining animals (45 head) were affected at time of use of the bacterin, two only were lost after injection of bac- terin, and they were down at time of treatment and we did not expect to save them. I think bacterin a good preventive and have advised several cattle men to have their cattle immunized before shipping.” Dr. A. J. Munn, Fayette, Mo., says, “I have treated one herd of 40 head of cattle affected with hemorrhagic septicaemia, in which 3 animals were affected at the time of administration of bacterin. Two of the three affected animals recovered and none of the remaining 37 contracted the disease. Dr. Horace Bradley of Windsor, Mo., sent in the following report of his investigation of eight herds : Herds Head of No. Cattle. I 105] In these three herds the affected animals were , [ treated with stimulants. 2 53{ 100% loss of sick animals. 3 40} 20% loss of entire herds. 4 48 ° 4 dead, 1 sick treated with bacterin, no further loss. | 5 28 2 dead, 1 sick treated with bacterin, no further loss. 6 54 2 dead, 52 sick treated with bacterin, no further | loss. 7 82 2 dead, 62 sick treated with bacterin, no further loss. 8 3 1 dead, none sick, no treatment, all died. Dr. F. C. Reid, of Lamonte, Mo., reported as follows on one » herd: This herd was comprised of 121 three-year-old steers, of which 7 died before treatment, 11 others were sick when bacterin was injected, and there was no further loss. This brief paper with appended reports has been prepared with the intention of stimulating a full discussion upon this topic. RURAL PROGRESS. Recent Rurat Economic MovEMENT. By L. M. StecxeL, D.V.M., New York, N. Y. before the cry of the high cost of living became uni- 1oughtful and far-sighted persons recognized the need x farm development both from an economic and social The social welfare of the farmer is as important as c, since better living conditions and social intercom- m lead towards contentment, and a contented farmer his farm to better advantage. - the Rooseveltian administration the country life t was given a strong impetus. In 1908 President Roose- inted a commission to make an extensive study of coun- n America. This commission found that agriculture is nercially as profitable as it ought to be to repay the * onalized extension work; third: the hauvabation of a campaign of rural progress. e then a new awakening has taken place. The wheels of ogress have turned for the betterment of farming con- tions which tend to cause the farmer to receive less than r cent. of the prices paid by the consumer for farm prod- so to determine ways and means for improving this con- 53 54 L. M. STECKEL. co-operation with this office the Post Office Department has established various parcel post routes to facilitate the farmer to ship his products direct to the consumer. The government also established a Rural Organization Service to study ways and means to help the farmers get together and to devise methods to improve the condition of the farmers from a social standpoint. The Department of Agriculture is also co-operating with various state agricultural colleges, experiment stations, county committees and boards of trade in establishing farm bureaus for the dissemination of scientific knowledge and methods of work- ing the farm and disposing of farm products. The United States Congress passed the Smith Lever Act, appropriating a sum of money, which in ten years is to reach $4,580,000, to be used in agricultural extension teaching. This money will be distributed among the different agricultural colleges to be used only for field demonstration work. One of the most important accomplishments in this line was carried out by the American Agricultural commission which went to Europe in the summer of 1913 to study rural credit, co-operation, production and mar- keting as carried on by the farmers in the various European countries. As a result of the commission’s report, various bills have been presented to Congress for the establishment of national land banks. It is anticipated that before very long a law for the creation of such banks will be enacted. The work of the com- mission has also awakened the entire country to the importance of agricultural co-operation in the field of production, marketing and credit. The New York state legislature passed a law author- izing the establishment of a land bank and made additional ap- propriation to the Agricultural Department for the furtherance of its work in agricultural organization and co-operation. New York state and many other states have now County Farm Bureaus with one or more progressive farm agents in a county as leaders of this work. Their duties are to help the- farmers in the county in all phases of agriculture, such as co- operation, demonstration work on the farms, co-operative pur- chasing of supplies, marketing of products, as well as the dis- ; RURAL PROGRESS. 55 rhe ps the greatest result of all this agitation was the nm in the public mind a different feeling towards the tiller man. The urban population is now more readily min- ith the rural folks. Quite a number of people in other ns and businesses are now taking up farming as a future Many young men and women who formerly ran away ie farm to take up law, medicine or business in the city ow following studies in agriculture and willing to remain farm to help along in this universal rural progress. We well many young men and women in the cities anxious to ‘ farming for their life work. e farmer’s wife. The farmer can Sta a belt from his engine and run the washing machine. He can fasten It to the churn and make butter. The same belt can also water into the kitchen. Farm sanitation, too, has received rable attention. The farmer no longer needs to bewail that his home is not as sanitary as that of the city man. have his hot and cold water, bath and sanitary plumbing ec at a reasonable outlay. a Becint ihe farmer can easily tated his products to = market—and from a social standpoint, the farmer can reach neighbor for business or friendly calls. The Rural Free tension of the trolley service. Thus there is virtually no “not open to the farmer. By this means, likewise, he can r +h as has been done to make farming more profitable, the 3 r and his family more contented, we look forward with yet 56 L. M. STECKEL. greater hopes for a still broader agriculture when the farmer will take his full share in the evolution and progress -of our civilization. | With this march of progress, the veterinarian should aim to keep. pace. Not only must he be a man of broad training in veterinary science, sanitation and the general field of animal economy, but he should also familiarize himself with the vital questions affecting the people. Together with the minister, phy- sician, teacher and county agent, he should work for the im- provement of the community and exert his influence towards broadening the life of the agricultural population. In propor- tion to the betterment of the welfare of the people, his own stand- ing bécomes of importance. SmMItTH-LEVER ACT. Passed Congress F ebruary 7th, 1914. Signed by the President May 8th, 1914. In effect July Ist, 1914. : It provides the giving of instruction and practical demonstra-. tion in agriculture and home economics to persons not attending or resident in agricultural colleges. The appropriation is as follows: $480,000 per annum, or $10,000 for each state which accepts the provision of the act. In addition to the above, there is fur- ther appropriated $600,000 for the second fiscal year, and for each year thereafter for seven years $500,000 additional until the roth year a total of $4,580,000 is reached, and this amount will continue annually thereafter. The $480,000 is a permanent appropriation, while the additional appropriation is conditional upon each state contributing an equal amount, and the money also is to be distributed to each state in proportion to its rural population. StorK Brincs Twins to Dr. Cani_u’s House.—Dr. and Mrs. E. A. Cahill, Boston, Mass., were blessed with twin boys, weighing 4% and 6% pounds, on September 20. We congratu- late the fortunate parents. REPORTS OF CASES. RABIES ?* By V. ScHaerer, Tekamah, Neb. not reporting this case because I can give any light on cause I thought I might bring out a little discussion that uild throw some light on “ mad itch.’”’ I call it that because | "t any other name for it. May 10, I was called to see a mule nine or ten miles out that was biting himself on the side. ule didn’t seem to be bad other ways, but they had him tied. d been biting himself and had torn off hide and hair. I seen cattle in this condition a number of years before, but had seen any horses or mules before, so I didn’t know what .I gave him a dose of arecoline and eserine and it seemed the itching for that evening. It was a while before sun- and the animal seemed to be better, so I left him. The xt day it was reported to me that he was worse again. I went s him again. He was in a bad condition, biting right and , and I believe it bit a man’s limb nearly off. That mule died. few days afterward I was called to the same place, and there another one acting the same way, but it died just before there, so I didn’t see the animal. About the 1oth of June called to see an animal affected in the same way. It was itself, and everything in sight. A fellow would hold out ‘d, and the animal would snap it. The animal died while re there. It showed the first symptoms in the morning. d to be off a little bit, but didn’t seem to be very bad, but imal wasn’t right. Kept on getting worse until about dark. evening the animal died. I have seen a good many cattle fed in a manner similar to this. I held a post mortem on two 1em and could not find anything. Afterwards I saw some ed heifers that would bite their hind legs until they tore the off, and finally died, and it was supposed by some of the ers to be due to some poisonous weed. | am giving my experience on these cases thinking probably sbody might know something about it. I have seen it in ani- at different times and called it mad itch for want of a better >. In the cattle I held a good many post mortems and I Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, 1orq. ee | 57 58 REPORTS OF CASES. could not see anything to show that there was anything wrong, but some animals lived about two days and some of them started in the morning and died at night. I have stated this case because I thought some one might give a little light on the subject. DISCUSSION. A Member—I would like to ask the gentlemen if he ever saw any horses die with rabies? Dr. Schaefer—No, sir. A Member—Then you can’t tell the difference between this trouble and rabies? Dr. Schaefer—No, I cannot. Dr. Walrod—In regard to these cattle biting themselves and rubbing themselves: I found a good many cases like that in a man’s yard, in the rear of a yard where they had millet hay, and he had lost several animals. I held post mortems, and in every case the third stomach was impacted. They were very wild and would tear the flesh off the hind legs and sometimes lick the hide off and I had them taken out of there and put in a field and given some oats and changed the diet altogether and there wasn’t one died after I went down there. It was all a trouble with the © third stomach was my experience. ; Dr. Schaefer—I could not find that in some of these cases. I found something similar to that in the cases I spoke of in 1904, some animals that had some symptoms of corn stalk disease, but there was some millet there also. I found impaction of the third stomach. It seemed as if the cattle were crazy and they thought it was rabies but it was undoubtedly due to eating millet. After I saw the cattle I told him to quit feeding millet, but he kept on and finally I went up there and saw 14 or 15 head lying down, and I told him he had better keep them off the millet, but he didn’t want to do it, because he didn’t think that was the trouble. That man lost 14 or 15 calves—they were coming yearlings—hefore he finally agreed to let me change yards. That was the only thing I could recommend because I never found anything else that did any good. He changed yards and he lost 25 or 30 head. In those other cases I administered cathartics, some of them were not very far along, gave epsom salts, but got no results. Dr. Thompson—We had the same thing this winter up where I am and we decided it was due to mold on alfalfa. We had had many cattle and steers that acted the same way about biting, and all of them died. We know it was not rabies—we have had no REPORTS OF CASES. 59 there. We decided it was the food. We cut off the , and we didn’t have any more trouble. Dr. Schaefer—lIn the case of the mules, I attributed it to some plants in the pasture. The last mule was kept away others and had never been in the pasture where the first The man had 200 mules in the different pastures; but only thing I could attribute it to, was poisonous plants. one died at night— the mule that died when I was there. to post him but the next morning it rained and I could. ident Stouder-—Dr. Pammel, can you throw any light on Pammel—I am a botanist—I would have to see the plant. the plant here I would be glad to name it for him. Vermillion—I have had all kinds of cases like that. In Thad some cattle that had what they call the “ mad itch.” ould go up to the side of a tree or to the barn and rub es out, or run into a wire fence and tear off their flesh. died. Two or three years ago I saw two steers which way, only they didn’t bite themselves. They would of excitement, would lay down, run their heads up ll, and rub all the skin off the side of their faces, and uld appear to be all right for an hour or an hour and two hours, and maybe again we would have to tie them ype. They would go up against something and rub the 1eir foreheads and the sides of their heads, and go on k that way. All of those cases recovered. I didn’t do cept to give oil. I believe that must have been due something like that which was stopped up in the ali- 1 and caused irritation, and inflammation set up and ally cause irritation of the skin. They didn’t carry a re of over one or one and a half degrees at any time. T have seen something similar to that in cattle when short of water. Around the tank in the pasture there e a lot of sand as well as water. The calves would go up d sink in the sand where the water would seep out, and | the same symptoms, and recovered. It wasn’t so ex- as in the case of those cattle that had mad itch. They e exciting symptoms, and we thought at that time that it to irritation caused by the sand. It probably was not, y all recovered and none of them carried confirmed symp- 60 REPORTS OF CASES. Dr. Griffith—W ouldn’t it be possible that it was hemorrhagic septicemia? I have had some trouble similar to that. Notre.—The caption on this article is ours, the author not having given it any other than ‘‘ Case Report,’’ and our first impression on reading his description of the case was rabies. That, we believe, would be the impression of the average city practitioner; but it seems, from the discussion ‘that followed, to have been the impression of only one of the members who discussed the subject. Realizing the many conditions met in the country— upon which practitioners base a diagnosis—that are not met with in the city, we have published the discussion that followed the presentation of the paper; from which it would seem that, in the opinions of those present, there are many things other than rabies that might account for the symptoms Dr. Schaefer described in the mules and cattle that he had observed. It would be interesting to know what the microscope would have re- vealed in a smear from the brain of one of those mules.—[EpirTor.] SPINDLE CELLED SARCOMA IN ENGLISH BULL TER- RIER. By CritTENDEN Ross, D.V.M., New York, N. Y. On or about June 28th, Doctor Ellis was called to see an English bull terrier, female, which he had had occasion to treat five years previously and at which time a portion of a rib was re- moved. This time there appeared at the same place of the pre- vious injury a large growth with a fluctuating point, which was lanced at the office the next day and a quantity of caseous ma- terial was removed, after which a tampon was placed in and the - patient sent home. It was then given daily treatment for a few days and as the thick wall did not reduce and the growth ap- peared to be getting larger, it was operated upon; after which the 6utcome looked very hopeful for a few days, then the growth developed very rapidly again and was interfered with again by operative procedures. After a month of such efforts ee 4 REPORTS OF CASES. 61 - the patient was considered hopeless, as the growth appeared - more and more of a malignant nature. It might be added here _ that a specimen of this growth had been sent to Dr. Kaupp, but ' was not sufficient from which to make a positive diagnosis; therefore after the patient was destroyed another specimen was mailed, from which the doctor stated that the growth was a spindle celled sarcoma. LACTATION IN A SEVEN-DAYS OLD CALF. By J. Witi1Am Fink, D.V.S., Newburgh, N. Y. Sending you herewith photograph of grade Holstein calf born July 4th, 1915, having a fully developed mammary gland secreting milk. Photograph shows the udder which is about ‘ Bere enaence Girl, born July 4, 1915. Commenced giving milk when seven days old. the size of two large fists with well developed teats about one inch long and milking from all four quarters, the milk is of good quality ; the quantity about a pint up to the third week has now increased until it gives a quart night and morning. The calf is from a grade Holstein mother ‘and a pure bred bull. Has been kept by itself since it was born (and not with 62 REPORTS OF CASES. other calves), except when it was nursing. It began giving milk when it was seven days old. The owner noticed the udder en- larging the first week and tried one of the teats and found to his surprise it contained milk, and has milked it steadily night and morning ever since, until it has increased in quantity to about a quart night and morning. There is nothing unusual about the size of the calf; being an ordinary sized month-old calf. I have searched all records, in- quired of a number of dairymen and breeders and have been un- able to find a parallel to this phenomenal calf. Have had several veterinarians and expert herdsmen examine the udder and milk to verify the truth and condition, and had them milk the calf and examined the mouth. At present the calf is being exhibited at the neighboring county fairs and pronounced by everyone who sees it as a remark- able freak of nature, and unheard of before. It surely speaks well for the Holstein breed of cattle as milk producers at an early age. A HINNY MULE AND HER TWIN COLTS. By Dr. L. A. Ray, Quincy, Indiana. I am sending you a half-tone and history of the hinny and her twins. One is now dead. The only Hinny Mule and her twin colts known to exist. Bred and owned by J. M. Bryant, Quincy, Ind, REPORTS OF CASES. | 63 rae History. of hinny, a black Spanish jennet; sire of hinny, a Percheron horse, chestnut sorrel in color. The hinny is points, good and typy in all points, works in the team, orker and plenty of ambition. She was bred July 7, . Foaled July 11, 1915. She was bred to a mammoth jack, color. Twins both females, one living now, other lived ays. One 25 inches high at birth, other 30 inches high. FOLLICULAR MANGE. -H ES. Eakins, D.V.S., Professor of Histology and Materia Medica, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado Agricultural College. s authorities state that treatment of follicular mange is most unsatisfactory. As I noticed another item in mection in the August number of the Review, I thought srinary profession would be interested in the following ports : ee lite English terrier entered clinic March 16, 1915. Squam- > of follicular mange very extensive over head, including ears; extensive over neck and shoulder regions; scat- ver back, legs and under surfaces of body. Parasite ated. Hair was shaved from head, neck and shoulder there the lesions were numerous. Hand treatment with ush, using sapo mollis and two per cent. aqueous solu- liquor cresolis compositus was a preliminary measure. .4523:.64. a0 Beoe Dhl May 6, To Green, Stalkner & Lake, Reno, Nev., for stationery, by W. B. Mack, Resident Secretary................ May 6, To L. H. Howard, Boston, Mass., for floral wreath (Dr. OSROOE > iiss eins emi + skew ick pals RUE 5 kc et May 6, To Kenfield-Leach Co., Chicago, Ill., for 300 member- Shi COrds is fas. os wiGe ad oes anys waa Ore eee May 6, To N. S. Mayo, Chicago, Ill., for stenographic services, of EO Pe ee eee eee Pe er ee May 6, To N. S. Mayo, Chicago, Ill, for two months’ salary... May 6, To Wm. J. Dornan, Printer, Philadelphia, Pa., for partial payment on printing Proceedings............ May 6, To Kenfield-Leach Co., Chicago, Ill, for, by L. A. Merillat : s.c'6s wossinss « ¥s athe heeds wig bee eb May 11, To State Trust Co., Nashville, Tenn., for cheque book.. May II, To S. A. MacQueen & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., for fram- ing two medals and engraving same..........+..... Sept. 18, To Wm. J. Dornan, Printer, Philadelphia, fe for partial payment on printing Proceedings 3s ka Sept. 18, To Hull & Reeve, Washington, D. C., for services rendered Committee on Legislation................. Nov. 3, To Triple Printing Co., Chicago, Ill, for printing re- Ceipt: blanks os ois. weaded.s cdi demvnee ae eee Nov. 3, To S. Sisson, Columbus, Ohio. for expense as member Committee on Anatomical Nomenclature........... Noy. 3, To A. A. Etienne, Montreal, Canada, for expenses as Resident-Secretary 030.5 26 sss sd. awedees «MRED Nov. 3, To Wm. J. Dornan, Philadelphia, Pa., for reprints Renort of Committee on Glanders...............06- Noy. 3, To Wm. J. Dornan, Philadelphia, Pa.. for balance due for printing Proceedings New York Meeting....... Nov. 3, To G. W. DMumphy, Rochester, Mich., for expense as member Committee on College Investigation........ Nov. 3, To Kenfield-Leach Co., Chicago, Ill., for printing, by N Mayo, Secretary Kosi ead GA02 > O19 eee Nov. 3, To J. T. Seely. Seattle, Wash., for expenses as Resi- dent Scerebaty: sic av viernes é> sas oc cig Nov. 3, To Triple Printing Co., Chicago, Ill., for printing, by N. S. Mayo, Secretary +h Gigs oie Ste v reeldoe cane Nov. 3, To Tohn W. Spence, Philadelphia, Pa., for printing, by Dr, Hoskins isc oss sae ves 4x.cdsvkeeks Soe Nov. 3, To N. S. Mayo, Chicago, Ill., for cablegram to Sir John McFadveati sy iias so kkse sd) aces cee Nov. 3, To A. M. Farrington, Washington, D. C., for floral desion (Dr. Saltm@tiyca tesco ss ssa saa as aces Nov. 3, To N. S. Mayo, Chicago, Ill., for postage, etc.......... Nov. 11, To Abbott Alkaloidal Co., Chicago, Ill., for multigraph- ing letters, by Secretary AS90950 ds cocss eb bee 11t, Fo American Surety Co., New York, N. Y., for pre- eoeereeereoer eee eee eee eee eee ee mium on Secretary’s bond . 13, To the O’Donnell-Brunley Co., Chicago, Ill., for applica- tion blanks eoeoeoerereose ee ese ees eeeeereeee tt eeereeeeeee eee . 10, To Wm. T. Dornan, Philadelphia, Pa., for discount and INCEPESt 2. occe 56cek Mees Lee anes calves es . 10, To R. R. Dvksta, Manhattan, Kansas, for expenses as Resident Secretary eoeoeteeoeree eee ewe ewe weer ewe eer eeeneee SOCIETY MEETINGS. 2c. 10, To John R. Mohler, Washington, D. C., for salary and he aa expenses as Chairman Publication Committee bcues >. 15, To Philadelphia Flower Shop, Philadelphia, Pa., for . 15, To A. H. Cheney, Polston, Mont., for expenses as Resi- a = ENE IS eo Bog a viak Kai dives Cod osicess's +s C. 15, To M. A. Sherman, Cldcago. Ill., for envelopes, by N. S. Mayo, Secretary Daerae Ci ewes bi8 ose eRe ak So ec. 19, To N. S. Mayo, Chicago, Ill., for salary as Secretary.. C. 19, Yo M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn., for expenses as member Committee on College Investigation sya oe Dec. 19, To a A, i Chicago, Ill., for printing, by Secre- Dec. 28, To wold i Marshall, Philadelphia, Pa., for 2,000 double NESS NS BRE REE OE SSR ie Saree Dee. 28, To Johnson & Prince, Philadelphia, Pa., for printing and addressing postal cards, by Dr. Marshall....... Dee. 28, To John W. Spence, Philadelphia, Pa., for letterheads, a EE RRS ILS SOR COU OE TEESE OT Oe 1915. . 2, TON. S. Mayo, Chicago, Ill, for salary as Secretary.. n. 2, To N. S. Mayo, Chicago, Ill., for stamps, stationery, etc. n. 13, To W. Horace Hoskins, Philadelphia, Pa., for expenses, ry Committee on Legislation Peete MA sedan a i beset ax 5, To N. S. Mayo, Chicago, Ill., for stamps, stationery, etc. 5, To M. A. Sherman & Son, Chicago, Ill., for printing, MRS Uris 0 6 LE 6 GA a oink o pb oe eas ods 5, To Geo. E. Ellis, ‘St. Joseph, Mo., for fees and dues EE 0 las Fin el ov Soe de coeds eee aes eo. bie 5, To W. Horace Hoskins, Philadelphia, Pa., for expenses - mr committee on Levislation, 3.0... 006.6. .ccc cesses 5, To R. P. Maisteller, College Station, Texas, for ex- penses as Resident DONTE Fos Cac aig ibe a 06h 845 ues 5, To Abbott Alkaloidal Co., Chicago, Ill, for multigraph- Ay hn 6's WEN Fb Wid bee a hee eee eee eae’ Bac. 43, To apie Printing Co., Chicago, Ill, for membership Apr. 19, To M. A. Sherman & Sons, Chicago, Ill, for printing, stationery, by N. S. Mayo, DRETCUALY < os. wus diwcetee Apr. 19, To M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn., for expenses as Chairman Committee on College Investigation Peete Apr. 19, To D. M. Campbell, Evanston, Ill, for expenses as ac member Committee on College Investigation pie anar May 4, To W. Horace Hoskins, Philadelphia, Pa., for balance of appropriation due ‘Committee on Legislation wee ed May 22, To N. S. Mayo, Chicago, Ill., for expenses incident to ESS IIR EERE ES CR eT ee 22, To N. S. Mayo, Chicago, IIl., for payment on salary.. ry 24, To J. D. Fair, Millersburg, Ohio, for expenses as Resi- . dent Secretary Ue seve cca) se soa Cala ay 24, To Holmes County Farmer, Millersburg, Ohio, for sta- tionery, etc., by J. D. Fair, Resident Secretary eevee May 29, To G. R.. White, Nashville, Tenn., for incidental ex- ‘a _ penses as Treasurer to date .. -sinvciaterkeeme ne. ai 16, To Frederick H. Schneider, Philadelphia, Pa., for ex- penses as Resident Secretary +e vith oa eig Stk ahleaon nila June 16, To M. A. Sherman & Sons, Chicago, Ill., for printing . a application blanks, by N. S. Mayo, Secretary Re o sane 26, To E. T. Baker, Moscow, Idaho, for expenses as Resi- a dent Secretary Poids has ¥ickds bese eh ener etary hies > tre a wey ane oh 6 ie ok tk ho oc 23 75 10 50 98 SOCIETY MEETINGS. IQI5. June 29, To D. McAlpine; Brockville, Canada, for expenses as Resident "Secretary | iss bo eek see a eee 5 Io July 12, To J. A. Kirnan, Boston, Mass., for expenses as Resi- dent Secretary of: Tentessee: i425 sa1s.5.2 Le ee 175 July 12, To D. M. Campbell, Evanston, Ill., for “ad” in Journal 2 20 Total expenditures, 1913-14-15 oan ka Dae $11,199 30 Total receipts ...... ‘VOR es eg $12,391 57 Total CXPENGMUCES: 34 sass eG eek ee 11,199 30 Balance in bank Seale pes tee eee ae $1,192 27 Respebttuity scree: Grorce R. Wuire, Treasurer, — OAKLAND, CALiForNIA, August 30, 1915. Finance Committee, American Veterinary Medical Association: GENTLEMEN—This certifies that G. R. White, Treasurer, has $1,192.27 on deposit at the State Bank & Trust Co. to the credit of the American Veter- inary Medical Association. Bi Brie, ~H. Vanrrease, Asst. Cashier. Nashville, Tenn., August 20, 1915. | ie a REporRT OF FINANCE COMMITTEE. To the Officers and Members of the American Veterinary Med- ical Association: Your committee on finance have carefully examined and audited the books of the Secretary and Treasurer and find same to be correct as per card index and vouchers and the report of the officers as submitted. ale ace GeorGE H. Harr. I’. H. SCHNEIDER. Gro. W. DuNnpHy. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. The report of the librarian covers the period from August 1913 to August IQI5. The number of copies of the proceedings received with the number distributed and those now on hand is shown in the fol- lowing table: | | | 0405 '06’07’08 ’og 710 "II 712 *13 On hand or Rec’d.... 10 ‘s Re 7 153 r45 183 hs 63 432 Returned >... 4c see ; Ge REA Amstributed .. 6. aes Be . a 3 3 9 y 6 25 96 On hand Aug. 1, 1915 7 12 82 4 150 136 176 245 38 390 It would seem that the number of copies returned unclaimed is entirely too large, and in order to remedy this each member ; itil MEETINGS. 99 ) os books sold is forty ahd is in excess of any | There have been a few requests for the exchange of gs for other books and periodicals, but as yet these e not been granted. Respectfully submitted, 3 J. N. ‘zB ROST, Librarian. eas, Through the foresight and generosity of John D. er by means of the Rockefeller Foundation, an institute +h in disease in animals has been established, and its e provided for in our country which is certain to be e value in the conservation of the live-stock interests 9f the United States but of the entire world; therefore esolved, That the A. V. M. A. recognizes its value ciates the eit act of Mr. Rockefeller. ee The methods adopted by the Bureau of ‘Mnitnal In- . S. Department of Agriculture i in the control and eradi- this disease, have succeeded in practically wiping out ction; therefore Resolved, That this association express its hearty com- mn of the methods employed by the Bureau of Animal 1 its monumental task of circumscribing the area of s much as possible. and gain aiding in the protec- n the general infection; and urther Resolved, That in‘ the opinion of this associa- ? atifying results obtained could not have been secured me by other means than those employed, nor under other han the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry as at n resolution was KiSoted. ). nee ou ati meeting (in sod year) of the 100 SOCIETY MEETINGS. unqualified success, due to the admirable location and other local features, but especially to the splendid efforts of the various local committees, and the hospitality of the good people generally; therefore Be it Resolved, That the sincere thanks of this association be extended to all who in any way contributed to the success of the meeting; and Be it Further Resolved, That special thanks are due the press of Oakland for the large amount of space devoted each day to the deliberations of the association; and Be it Further Resolved, That an expression of appreciation and thanks is hereby tendered the management of the Hotel Oakland for its efforts toward the success of the meeting. Drs. DALRYMPLE, NELSON, NorTon, RUTHERFORD and SHEPARD, Chairman pro tem. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION AT THE A. V. M. A. MEETING AT OAKLAND, CAL., IQI5. The past two years have been ones of anxious expectancy terminating in the keenest disappointment in that our Army Veterinary Service bill failed both in the 62d and 63d Congresses. It is an unusual experience in the annals of Federal legisla- tion that a bill originating in the House and passing that body would fail in the Senate. Of exceptional record is the fact that a bill passing the House twice by unanimous consent, that such a bill would fail in the Senate after having been favorably recom- mended by the Senate Military Sub-Committee, then approved by the Senate Military Committee as a whole, yet such has been our experience. No calling of men, no profession ever put up a more public spirited fight for just recognition than was made under the direc- tion of your Committee through the membership of the associa- tion, and no effort ever achieved richer results, for it brought a direct action or implied support of every member of the House, exceeding more than three hundred and seventy-five members in number. I shall not attempt to go into the many details of this cam- paign, but to briefly record that your Committee sent forth dur- ing the 63d Congress, 8,800 reprints, 3,200 circulars, 7,854 bul- letin letters, 800 briefs of our claims and five hundred copies of FF; a ix. ees - fee fe yg 33 Ret ab ® Splat § St Fi ‘ ce 4 a ai. fe ‘a @ 5 Eee yey ees ae eee eat ee ie bra a rgd Sera pad gin Sid a i a et Ee es ee SOCIETY MEETINGS. 101 our bills. These various appeals going forth not in bulk but to individual members of the profession at the various stages of the progress of this legislation. At first thought one might be tempted to conclude that this was lost service, but as Chairman of your Committee I would count much of this work as gain in the great educational cam- paign your Committee has carried on. We did not consider in our efforts that we were to win by the fiat of any one man, any group of men nor by any methods that would cast one single reflection upon the profession, nor did we ever ask any member or friend to use his influence or make an appeal in any way than that our country owed this recognition to the profession and that we had suffered an injustice which we asked to be righted, and I am fully assured that the members of the 62d and 63d Con- gresses felt fully convinced of the same. Your Committee feel deeply indebted to the loyal work done in every state of our fair land and rejoice that to-day there will be no greater service to be done in the House than to canvass carefully the new members elect, who were not in either the 62d or 63d Congresses. Respectfully submitted, W. Horace Hoskins, Chairman. REPORT OF THE SALMON MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. By Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, Acting Secretary, Annual Meeting of the A. V.M:..A.,, Oakland, Cal., September, 1915. Dr. Daniel Elmer Salmon was born at Mount Olive, Morris _ County, New Jersey, July 23rd, 1850 and died.at Butte, Montana, August 30th, 1914, a little past 64 years of age. Passing the early part of his life on a farm he entered the public school, later the Chester Institute, Eastman Business College and completed his education at Cornell University. He was one of the first students at Cornell at its opening’in 1868 from which institution he received his veterinary degree of B.V. S. and a pupil of that venerable Professor of Veterinary Science “ James Law.”’ Some six months of his veterinary is _ course was spent at the “Alfort Veterinary School” in France. In 1876 he received from Cornell the degree ‘‘ Doctor of Vet- erinary Medicine.” His earliest work in the uplift of the profession was a course of lectures on Veterinary science at the University of Georgia in 1877. He was a pioneer worker for the Federal Government in 102 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1878 in the study of the diseases of swine. In 1879 on the Con- tagious Pleuro-Pneumonia of Cattle staff where he was asso- ciated with his preceptor Prof. Law. Later under United States Commissioner of Agriculture LeDuc he took up the study of Texas Cattle fever. In 1883 under U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture Loring he established a Veterinary Division in the Department of Agri- culture which in 1884 became the Bureau of Animal Industry of which he became Chief, and held this post with the greatest hon- ors and distinction until Dec. 1st, 1905. After his retirement from. the Federal service he accepted for a period of five years under the Government of Uruguay the duties of establishing a Veterinary Department at the University of Montevideo to build up animal industry in that country. Dr. Salmon was an honorary Associate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons of Great Britain; Fellow of the Amer- - ican Association for the Advancement of Science; chairman of the Committee on Animal Diseases and Animal Food of the American Health Association; ex-president and member of the executive committee of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation; member of the Washington Academy of Sciences and of various other bodies devoted to medical and general science. His writings of these subjects are well known and have been published in many languages. I count it one of the special privileges of my life to have had more than twenty-five years of my professional career linked closely with a like period of Dr. Salmon’s. His ever forward’ movement in the great uplift of the profession in official life and’ . his great appreciation of every broader college movement, in that it fitted men for higher duties that waited for men to perform! were charming aspects that I love to recall. I rejoice that my years of service in our profession gave me the opportunity of knowing much of his point of view in many of the earnest controversies that illuminated our journals and’ gave a national aspect to our U. S. V. M. A. meetings in the davs of Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia and the early period of investi- gation of the Swine Plague and Hog Cholera. I can recall the expressions of doubt and the almost ludicrous doubting amaze- ment when the Texas Cattle Tick was decided as the great propa- gating factor of Texas Cattle Fever. I can vividly recall the earnestness of his face hefore convention gatherings when pre- senting his views on these subjects. I can see before me the triumphant smile that made his face beam with gladness and SOCIETY MEETINGS. 103 cious feelings of real joy of the great service that was .our Country from these achievements. humbly modest, but filled with feelings of greater re- lity, characterized his reaching the Presidency of this tion in the memorable contest at Nashville that gave him sted honor. I| was not his advocate or supporter at Nash- I fathered in some part the candidacy of the late Dr. isgood, but when the battle was over and I had assured 1 President Salmon of my readiness to in every way sup- administration, the cordial greeting that followed made ds of friendship stronger that year by year added a greater ire of pleasure and joy as the pilgrimages to these meetings sed in number. Some may be present here to-day who will the episode of our meeting in Omaha in 1898. We were ing to that City in goodly numbers in the same train and the announcement that breakfast would be served in the din- rs to be attached at Columbus, Ohio, whetted our appetites. | ng a march on our more somnolent: associates, Mr. Hos- a lady traveling from Pennsylvania to her home in Chicago, Salmon and myself left our sleeping car and passed along ‘train shed to the dining car, where for more than an hour joyed a splendid breakfast and with many feelings of exul- of how we had stole a march on our confreres. When fast was over we in the height of good humor started ‘for- yard through the train for our sleeper. When we reached the bag- e car without finding our sleeper, it dawned upon us that thing was wrong and in a few minutes we learned that we on the section bound for St. Louis and one hour-and one- at of Columbus. The conductor proved to be a brother and trains were held for connections and-we were sent via aapolis to Chicago on a special train déad-heading to » from the G. A. R. Convention’ at Cincirinati, Ohio. fe arrived some three hours later than’ our right section and oys were waiting to greet iis with the laugh on their side. Salmon could never recall this incident but it brought forth ly laugh and though he was not a Mason he ever appreciated licitous caré givén our party as we were ‘entrusted’ to mem- of the craft at the various points from Columbus via In- polis and Chicago. ew men were gifted to fill official place with Aare leaks ial equipment as Dr. Salmon and no public service, federal ate, ever received more fully. the best of a good man’s life our Country received at his hands. A broad education en- 104 SOCIETY MEETINGS. dowed him with the highest ideals. The greatest good to the greatest number ever tempered the scientific truths he sought, that they might bring the greatest blessing to mankind and at the same time strengthen in justice the economic service of Ani- mal Industry. He was a splendid judge of men and ever dealt with them in the spirit of kindness and forbearance. He built a public Vet- erinary Sanitary Control service better than he knew. He en- larged a country’s animal food products field of consumption ten thousand fold, from a bureau at its creation limited to not exceed twenty in number he lived to see it employ more than a thousand Veterinarians and our country travel into Europe in a single year on the back of $400,000,000 of pork alone. From a service to eradicate Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia and find the cause of Texas Cattle Fever and some method for its control, he saw the work of this department expand into a score of sub- divisions and every aspect of animal industry enhanced and en- larged and a nation’s animal food supply better guarded than any other nation in a like period of time. He enriched a nation in greater real wealth than any other department of our Federal Government. He enriched our profession by the most liberal giving to us all the fruits of the work he lovingly and devotedly fostered and laid us under the richest and truest obligations man can create in the debt of knowledge we owe him and the service he gave the richest years of his splendid career. The hand of official power under our politically governed country may be the greatest boon to mankind or it may be the destroyer of the highest and best ambitions of men. The power of a President was never used more unjustly and more arbitrarily in our Nation’s history than the demand of the then President Roosevelt for his resignation from office, when a committee of his peers had sat in judgment on the charges against Dr. Salmon, and fully and freely exonerated him from the same. “ Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown,” is oft repeated in a nation’s growth and development and the power that drove from office this good man at the zenith of his best work and greatest achieve- ments is the most unfortunate part of our political system of government. The sting of ingratitude is the hardest wound to bear and the slowest to heal and I am full sure shortened the splendid public servant’s years. For five years he gave to Uruguay the value of his long years of experience in the establishment of a Veterinary School and the SOCIETY MEETINGS. 105 development of her animal industries co-ordinate with higher ‘Veterinary education. When this period of exile was complete he returned to the land that he loved, but found no place where his services were specially demanded and accepted a place at Butte, Montana, in a commercial Hog Cholera serum producing plant. The climatic change proved too trying and an acute lung ___ affection in a few days removed from our midst this valuable man. . | _ Let us with all the richest blessings that have flowed from his well lived life; with all the tenderness engendered by an inti- “mate acquaintance with this good man’s career; with all the _ devotion to one who gave a life time of service that we might _ be bettered in a hundred ways, rear a fitting monument that shall _ fitly express our appreciation of his splendid work and that shall _ live with future generations that shall continue your and my _ work, a living testimonial of our esteem and appreciation and _that shall in the fullness of time, enrich and enlarge the field of work, he so patiently sowed and cultivated. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION. By C. H: STANGE, CHAIRMAN. _ At various times in the past your Committee on Intelligence and Education has reported concerning the work that was being done in the several veterinary colleges of the United States and _ Canada. Inasmuch, however, as the Association now has a __ special Committee on Veterinary College Investigation the Com- mittee on Intelligence and Education has attempted to prevent any encroachment on that field. Our report is presented in three __ papers in addition to the one presented by the chairman, viz. : _ __—~*The requirements for a Veterinarian, P. A. Fish; Discussion of Present Methods of Teaching, J. F. De Vine; The Practical part of Veterinary Education, A. H. Baker. Each author is responsible for his own statements only. s It would be possible to enumerate many things which would _ indicate growth and development of the veterinary profession and reflect credit on its many members. I assume, however, that the association is more especially interested in knowing what this Committee has to suggest in regard to the future. It is folly to deny that the veterinary profession of the com- ing years will be what the institutions of this country make it. That the attitude of the profession in general has a marked influ- ence on what can be and is accomplished by the several colleges must also be admitted. The problem of education, which is a 106 SOCIETY MEETINGS. fundamental one, becomes therefore one in which the entire pro- fession is concerned. Why then should we not face the issues squarely and avoid deceiving ourselves or being misled by those whose interest in the work cannot be questioned, but whose com- mercial tendencies have been permitted to flavor the very nature of their progress. We need men who are willing to practice a profession and not men looking for a commercial or business career. I venture to say that before our profession can reach the position of importance, trust and dignity, that it should oc- cupy and which we all covet for it, it must mean more than an attractive opening to those who are casting about for opportuni- ties to secure comparatively large monetary gains. In order to reach this much desired goal the profession must be given a spirit and a character which mean individuality and insure honor and respect for those who are a part of it. Pos- sibly this may be more clearly expressed by saying that the pro- fession must not be for individuals but that individuals must be developed for the profession. It must be higher and more im- portant than the persons who may chance to enter into it. The profession must have a value within itself and not act simply as a means of bringing happiness and comfort to individual per- sons who form a part of it. There must be an ideal to serve as nothing else can induce men to snend their life in the service of any science. It is not a question of enjoying happiness, but of fulfilling duties. The profession should not be considered a business any more than our flag is looked upon simply as a piece of cloth. We must lend honor and distinction to it. Dr. Leonard Pearson, as Chairman of this Committee at one time stated, “ Science is international, it knows no political boun- daries. * * * The veterinary Sciences are of the same age in this country as everywhere else upon the earth. It is only the public recognition of the value of the veterinary sciences that is young and immature.” Since that.statement (which contains a volume of truth and much food for thought) was written, con- siderable progress has been made, but rapid strides cannot be insured nor can success be attained unless we recognize the broad basis and vital factors which concern our work as specialized members of an organized societv. Therefore let us. not be un- fair to ourselves and to the future of our profession by not ad- mitting self evident truths. An attempt to determine what the educational policies of this association are has resulted in the conclusion that it had no well defined. policies. Permit me to summarize the efforts of the A. V. M. A. in educational matters. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 107 97 this association declared itself as being in favor of h ‘standards of veterinary education in the United States nada by regularly adopting the following—* That this ion co-operate with the faculties association to endeavor a standards of veterinary education in the United oat Canada, and—, to encourage uniformity in entrance ts, curricula, examinations, graduation requirements ; es. bed object sought in regard to uniformity in degrees has alized. No further definite activity on the part of this nization concerning educational matters however was re- d until 1910 when proposed amendments to Article VIII ling to applications for membership were tabled for one a sigee it was decided that an accredited ac inane col- ( ¢ requirements and course. ) ape equivalent to requirements for admission ognized high school. Matriculation to a recognized veteri- b) A curriculum of not less than three collegiate years, of s than six months, each, especially devoted to the study of ‘mary science. Beginning with the session of 1913-14 the iculum shall cover a period of not less than twenty-four is of not less than three collegiate years, devoted to special of veterinary science. 1912 the requirements in the by-laws were changed to read, ree Collegiate years, of not less than seven months each. requirement of not less than 24 months was postponed for year or beginning with the 1914-15 session.’ 14 I9I 3 our by-laws were again modified, putting into force ulations one to nineteen B. A. I. circular No. 1 50. Some ress is apparently being made by the substitution of a first e Civil Service examination as a matriculation examination ad of a second grade as heretofore required. The subjects 1 ired are of the most elementary character and _ategeaioed ma tuition fees. Are these regulations going, to be trans- red from paper into actual practice? 108 SOCIETY MEETINGS. It is difficult to understand how a class consisting of two or three hundred students whose preliminary education varies from partially completed public school work to completion of high school (possibly in a few cases some more advanced work), can be converted as a class into competerit veterinarians in 18 to 24 months. The limited number composing the faculty in our schools precludes the possibility of giving personal attention to the vary- ing tendencies and capacities of such a large number. The addi- tion of another year to the course will not serve to correct this difficulty, although it may alleviate it to a slight extent. A tendency, whether it is increasing I will not attempt to discuss, but nevertheless is serious, is quite noticeable and should be carefully guarded against during the college days. This tendency is toward a lack of wholesome interest in and sympathy for the live stock industry of our country. Jn some cases this amounts to little less than a regard of the stockman as a legiti- mate prey for the veterinarian. ‘This is especially noticeable where the student is educated in an atmosphere of commercialism instead of an educational and professional one. No attempt has been made to make other than general state- ments as specific information will probably be supplied by your special committee. This educational question, however, has reached the stage which requires free and frank discussion and most of us would prefer to have some other person do that. This committee could have discussed only the more pleasing subjects. Is it not true that this association has been led into tem- porizing with the problem of most vital concern to a profession supposed to protect not less than seven billion dollars worth of live stock? Indeed some of the most recent criticisms by stock- men of the work done by veterinarians, we claim are ill advised and unjust, but permit me to remind you that for several years young men being educated by the thousands as leaders along agricultural lines have had a preliminary education as thorough as the highest requirements of any of our veterinary colleges exact to-day, while the actual requirements for entrance to many of the veterinary schools at the present time would not admit a young man to even a two-year subcollegiate in agriculture. I ask in all sincerity can we expect, under such conditions, to turn out men who will command the respect and confidence of the animal owners who, themselves, have had a more thorough education in the basic sciences upon which veterinary medicine rests? In- deed, the Legislature of a few states has enacted laws requiring that veterinarians practicing in these states should have a higher Oe ae ; j ee Ss 1% x es nae an eh’ - Te ean eee ee e Be as . * oy ae. ae Se ee SOCIETY MEETINGS. 109 preliminary education than the colleges in those states required. This was done to insure the livestock owner of the counsel and advice of men of at least their own educational attainments. I predict that many of the other states in the near future will take similar action. All the members who have contributed to this Committee report in substance have urged a more thorough education for the veterinarian along one or several particular lines so that your Committee is unanimous on that most important point. It is evident that a four year course of nine months each is none too long to provide for the necessary collegiate work. In fact, another year will practically insure this in most if not all State Institutions. With this must come better foundation work both preliminary and in the sciences and agriculture. Some insti- tutions have already adopted six year combined courses and have had students enrolled from the beginning. The A. V. M. A. cannot afford to do anything to embarrass any of our veterinary colleges or their proprietors unless it be for the benefit of the profession which should always be considered first; welfare of individuals next. However, this is a very small consideration when compared with the welfare of the Live Stock Industry and the future standing and efficiency of the profession. In view of these facts can this association do less than to adopt and put into force at the earliest possible date the requirements so skillfully swept aside (unconsciously, except to a few), at the 50th Anniversary Meeting. In this report many important points have been omitted, but as the subject is not new most of the members have formulated some idea as to what should be done. With the association’s permission, the writer would like to suggest that if the A. V. M. A. intends to assist in developing veterinary education it cannot afford to be without a well defined policy which should be planned well in the future. A semi-permanent committee should be provided for, this committee to formulate a policy con- cerning educational questions for consideration and adoption by this association. The policy, when once adopted, should be sub- ject to change only after careful consideration by the proper committee followed by the approval of the association as a whole. THE REQUIREMENTS OF A VETERINARIAN. By Pierre A, Fisu, ItHaca, N. Y. _ The aim of all veterinarians should be to place the profes- sion on as high a plane as possible as regards efficiency and the 110 SOCIETY MEETINGS. respect of the community—that it may in fact, as well as theory, become a learned profession. While there may be various re- quirements to bring about this desired end, such as a good moral character, a pleasing personality, an adequate technical knowl- edge and perhaps various others, a fundamental requirement is a good general education—the possession of knowledge and the ability to use it. In earlier days when live stock was both cheap and plentiful, the health of the individual animals was a secondary factor, for they could easily be replaced at low cost. Under such conditions it was economical to leave the treatment of the sick in the hands of unskilled and often illiterate employees. After a more or less extended experience with sick animals these men felt competent to set themselves up as “ doctors’’ and acquired more or less practice. It was not to be expected that men of this character, many of whom spent their spare time in saloons, should have a very high standing or hold very much respect in a community. In the course of time, as the value of the animals increased and there was some demand for veterinarians, schools, with meager entrance requirements, were formed by private indivi- duals who, incidentally with their practice, served as instructors. Although these schools were undoubtedly originated, in part, for financial gain, they also marked an advance over previous condi- tions. Instruction in veterinary subjects has been and still is, given in many agricultural colleges more with the view of en- abling their students, when they become farmers, to treat the. patients rather than to develop the Satie side of the subject. At the present time with an increasing scarcity of animals and their higher financial and economic value, a few of the states, realizing the importance of the live stock industry, have estab- lished State Veterinary Colleges for the purpose of promoting research relating to the domestic animals and training young men as veterinarians to devote, as far as possible, the same skill and application to their animal patients as physicians apply to human subjects. This involves a considerable financial outlay, and as in the case of higher educational institutions generally the ex- pense of educating a student is greater than the financial income derived from him. The state school is not, therefore, a money- making concern. Its purpose is not profit but public benefit. The state, in recognition of its bounty, usually requires of its recipients a standard of education equivalent to that of a high school course, and this requirement ought not to be considered too severe as a J nial te ieee ef SOCIETY MEETINGS. 143. . ion upon which the superstructure of a professional and sal education is to be reared. The effect is that the student fair education when he comes to the veterinary college the end product marks an advance for both the profession 1e public. nis brief sketch of the evolution of the veterinary profession unlike that of other professions except that the veterinary in the transition stages while the other professions have ced farther. In the present generation all of the stages ed above may be found. addition to the foresight of certain states and a somewhat sened interest of the public, there are two other factors ch should be considered in connection with this evolution. first is the American Veterinary Medical Association which 1 Organization, requiring a certain standard for admission ~ mbership, can and has raised the profession to higher levels. -mere fact of organization, whether general or limited in e; marks an advance because it represents community of in- st. It is largely through the efforts of this association that f the schools of'this country are now on a basis of a three 5 4 course. It would seem, however, that in one impor- ‘respect the association has failed to advance although efforts e been made by certain of its members from time to time. r fifty years of existence it still permits a most elementary cational requirement as a foundation for veterinary instruc- ; —— is apparently still satisfied with the requirement of a grammar school education, or the knowledge ordinarily pos- sec by a child of thirteen or fourteen years of age. The result ich a policy is not only to increase the output of veterinarians, as they are, but to encourage many young men inadequately a ed to take, what they believe to be a short cut, with a imum of time and expense, to break into a learned profes- = Under such conditions the public cannot be blamed for holding its recognition of the veterinary as a learned profes- _ The public is more or less aware of what is required for trance into other professions and cannot be expected to sym- hi ze with any attempt to circumvent such requirements. Even t the veterinary profession is more or less handicapped by the racy of some of its earlier representatives. Statistics recently printed state that the total annual output of tittarians from Denmark, Germany, France, Sweden and the ish Isles is from 526 to 586, while that from the United es is 750. If these figures are correct this country alone 112 SOCIETY MEETINGS. turns out about fifty per cent more veterinarians than does the major countries of Europe. In proportion to population this country exceeds them all. As compared with Germany the pro- portion of the output to population is nearly twice as great. It is a little more than twice as much as either France or Sweden and is a little more than four times as great as that of the British Isles. While we have the somewhat doubtful distinction of stand- ing first as regards output, we have the misfortune, except in isolated *cases, of standing lower than any of the European schools as regards entrance requirements and length of course. _ Even on our own Continent, the schools in certain of the South American countries and the Philippines exceed us in this respect. Now that we have a sufficient quantity of veterinarians, or more than enough as compared with European countries, is it not time that more attention should be paid to the quality of our output? If we ever hope to become a world power in veterinary affairs we should have quality rather than quantity to compare with other nations. At the Toronto meeting in 1911 an attempt was made to take a short step in advance by the adoption of two resolutions. One was that “‘ beginning with the session of 1913-14 the curriculum shall cover a period of not less than twenty-four months of not less than three collegiate years, devoted to special study of Veterinary Science.” This was to replace the regulation in cir- cular 150 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture which required a course of nineteen and a half months exclusive of final exami- nations and holidays. The other resolution was to the effect that beginning in 1914-15 one year of high school work or its equiva- lent should be required for matriculation in the veterinary schools and in 1918, two years of high school work should be required for this purpose. At the meeting in Indianapolis in 1912 objec- tion was raised to extending the course to twenty-four months at the date mentioned and a delay of two years was asked for. The decision of the association was a, compromise and a post- ponement of one year was granted, making the resolution effective in 1914. In March, 1914, one of the leading veterinary journals of this country, commenting upon the published proceedings of the 1913 meeting at New York City, stated that an examination of the proceedings revealed no errors in the account of the meet- ing as published in a previous issue of the journal “ but a num- ber of additions may well be made to the report as there given.” It is stated that the course of instruction as prescribed for col- leges, which would remain on the accredited list of the Associa- SOCIETY MEETINGS. ° 113 tion, is not twenty-four months as was generally believed it would e beginning with the year 1914-15, but a course “ conforming 9 the requirements of regulations one to nineteen, inclusive, of 1e Bureau of Animal Industry circular, No. 150.” The writer was unable to find any specific change of this character mentioned n the printed proceedings, but after correspondence with the esident and Secretary of the New York meeting, it appears a resolution was passed adopting the recommendations of. Committee on College Investigation as mentioned on page 175 f the Proceedings for 1912. A reference to this recommenda- ‘tion shows that it suggests the adoption and substitution of the Bureau regulations, one to nineteen inclusive, for the first sen- _ tence of paragraph A. and paragraphs B. and C. of section 2, _and for section 3 of article VIII of our By-Laws. ‘That a reso- lution so vital to the welfare of the association should pass unani- ; _mously when it is known that many members are opposed to such a change would indicate that the purpose of the resolution was n ot understood. _ The statement of the journal was essentially correct and the light step in advance decided upon at Toronto is not to be fully en and the resolution to lengthen the curriculum to twenty- es ur months and other important matters are rendered negatory _ by the adoption of the Bureau regulations. The journal, how- | Aver, states that the matriculation requirements for recognized veterinary Colleges will be one year of high school work begin- ning 1914-15 and two years in 1918-19 and thus believes some _ progress is made. The way in which the year of high school _ requirement is to be met is shown by the catalogs from certain schools which announce that they will receive matriculants having _ diploma from a recognized college, normal school, or high school without examination. Not having either, the applicant may be admitted: (a) by passing an examination in spelling, arithmetic, letter writing, penmanship, copying from plain copy, United States history, geography of the United States and its Ossessions (the second grade Civil Service Examination) and b) by presenting a certificate showing the completion of at east one year of high school work, or by passing an examination showing an equivalent training. The examination showing an equivalent training may be in high school studies, or in subjects _pertaming to the occupation, business, or calling in which the 4 applicant has had experience. (Italics our own.) __ The catalogs state further that: In recognition of the fact that age, maturity, experience and other factors tend to com- 114 SOCIETY MEETINGS. pensate, in a measure at least, for scholastic attainments, appli- cants over 21 years of age may, on presentation of satisfactory reasons, be admitted by the Beard of Directors, or the Executive Committee of the College without passing the equivalent exami- nation; (b) provided, that if any student has been so admitted, he shall take the omitted portion of the entrance examination at least one academic year before he may become a candidate for the degree conferred by the College, or, in lieu thereof the Board of Directors or Executive Committee, may substitute excess work in other approved subjects. (Italics our own. ) Stripped of its verbiage the preceding statements mean that an applicant must know how to read, write, spell and have some knowledge of arithmetic, history and geography limited to the United States and its possessions, and in lieu of one year of high. school work, if he is 21, he may take a little extra work in an overcrowded curriculum. The interpretation of the equivalent of one year’s high school work is novel. The substitution for it of an examination on subjects pertaining to the occupation, business, or calling in which the applicant has had experience means that the farmer may be examined in hoeing corn, gathering crops, pruning orchards, care of stock, etc.; that the chauffeur may be examined as to the mechanism of an automobile—if he has a iicense that may, per- haps, be accepted in place of the examination; that the booze dispenser may be examined on how to mix drinks; that the gro- cer’s assistant may be examined on how to deliver groceries, and that musicians, trainmen and so on ad infinitum may be examined in their respective occupations. If examinations in subjects per- taining te the occupations in which the applicant has had expe- rience is desirable for entrance into the veterinary as a learned profession in lieu of an education, then the attention of our sister professions should be called to that fact. We respect the dignity of labor but submit that a trade is not a substitute for a complete or partial high school education and that many occupations are entirely foreign to an adequate preparation for veterinary work. A further consideration is the enormous amount of versatility required of a faculty capable of conducting real examinations pertaining to the various occupations, pursuits, ete., of the ap- plicants. It is a sad commentary on the fiftieth anniversary of this association that a retrogressive educational step should have been attempted and accomplished. It is retroactive, and this tendency by the association as the representative of the profession would ; ~ ~ c i ‘ SOCIETY MEETINGS. 115 is to. justify the opposition of the army in its antagonism toa gnition of the Veterinary corps. __ e second factor in the evolution of the Veterinary profes- . this country is the U. S. Department of*Agriculture.. A ars ago this department appointed and sent out a commit- 5 investigate the methods of instruction in the various veteri- Colleges and to make recommendations. The recommenda- . with perhaps some minor changes were later converted into ons and with the approval of the U. S. Civil Service Com- 1 published as a circular of the Department. The circular that it must be distinctly understood that no power to direct — trol the work of the veterinary colleges is claimed either > department or Civil Service Commission but that the ions are merely to indicate the requirements of the Govern-. nt as to veterinary colleges whose graduates are admitted to aminations for veterinary inspectors in the Bureau of Animal stry. The department also publishes a list of the accredited me ; while admitting the right of the department to. deter- . the grade of its employees, maintain that its action has been certain details of management and that its published list con- a sind impression by saint that all of the schools are 1 — ai attained. ; 4, nevertheless, stands as a reproach to this association and ertain schools that this progressive step was compelled to be n by a force outside of the profession. It will be a still er reproach if the power of the Department of Agricul- should find it necessary for the best interests of the live stock str to raise the entrance requirements and lengthen the of instruction. _ While acknowledgment should be freely rendered for what. 1e department of the Government has done, condemnation Id be just as freely expressed for what another of its de- ments is doing to counteract the good intentions of the This condemnation refers to the postal department, which ts the misuse of its mails by veterinary Correspondence C Whatever legal technicality may intervene, the moral nee is clear that much damage is done to live stock, the 116 SOCIETY MEETINGS. number of illegal practitioners increased and that these schools, by their misleading assurance to prospective students, obtain money under false pretenses and share a portion of their ill-gotten gains with the Government by their liberal use of the mails. Can “age, maturity, experience and other factors tend to compensate, in a measure at least, for scholastic attainments ” ? If they will compensate for a high school education, cannot they just as logically compensate for a grammar school education? Will anyone say they also compensate for the alphabet? If we could conceive that higher entrance requirements would increase the number of students and would bring higher financial returns to the schools, would there be any opposition to such require- | ments? This country already has the distinction of the greatest output of veterinarians as compared with other important coun- tries but statistics show that the number of the domesticated animals is not increasing. Veterinary education in this country should be second to none but it will never attain that rank so long as a money making basis is its underlying foundation. The report of the U. S. Census shows that the average in- come of the educated is higher than that of the uneducated man and in its classification shows that those who have had a high school education represent a capitalization 33 1/3 per cent. higher than those with only a common school education. It is reasonable to assume that, other things being equal, the percentage will not vary materially after a veterinary education has been added. It is difficult to see, after fifty years of organization, how the moderate resolutions passed at Toronto should work-hardship to any school which really has the best interest of the profession at heart. In the efficiency of the men entering, it was not asked that an advance of 33 1/3 per cent. be made all at once but at the outset only about an 8 per cent. increase and after four years an increase of another 8 per cent., and that a curriculum of 19% or 21 months should be increased to 24 months. Is there to be a veterinary profession or a veterinary trade in this country? Are we in it just for the money that can be made or because of a higher feeling that we can be of some use to the public and to the dumb animals whose health is entrusted to our care? Does this generation of veterinarians insist that its sons and successors must not have better advantages than we have had? At the present rate of progress, what can we hope for in another fifty years? A profession has been defined as an occupation that involves a liberal education. It implies scholarship. There is a dual pur- = “4 af a SOCIETY MEETINGS. 117 pose in a professional education, one which relates to position in the public and the other to the technicalities of the special branch involved. If we are ever to hold up our head with the other nations of the earth in veterinary affairs, we must recog- nize the fact that organization must concern itself not merely with community of interest but with the interest of the commu- nity as well. DISCUSSION OF PRESENT MeEtTHopDs oF TEACHING. By J. F. DeVine, GosHen, N. Y. My report as one of the Committee on Intelligence and Edu- cation will be confined to criticism of the present methods of teaching in our veterinary schools with particular reference to the teaching, or lack of teaching, of the graduates who intend and do take up the general practice of veterinary medicine and are usually termed “ veterinary practitioners.” As to the methods of teaching those who specialize in any of the various so-called scientific branches of veterinary medicine, such as bacteriology, meat inspection, etc., I have no comments to make, and in order that my listeners may not construe my attitude as prejudiced toward colleges, I might add that I am not only a practicing veterinarian, but have been interested in teaching two subjects in my Alma Mater for several years. Veterinary education is in an era of ascendency. We see signs of progress on every side. Higher standards of ele- mentary education as entrance requirements to veterinary schools are being exacted by all recognized colleges. Much of this is due to association work and particularly to this grand organiza- tion (The American Veterinary Medical Association), and it is my conviction that a college or school which does not exact a reasonable preliminary education as an entrance requirement, and give a thorough course in all branches of veterinary science as known to-day, and the State that does not protect the gradu- ates of such schools, is guilty of a crime against society. You will note that I say a reasonable preliminary education. I am not a believer of extreme requirements, since such measures would be likely to discourage men of a desirable type from entering our profession. While it is absolutely essential to have a reasonably safe frame-work on which to build, it is likewise possible to overdo the preliminary educational question for prac- tical purposes, a tendency I fear too easily acquired by those living in a university atmosphere. It might be well to remind 118 SOCIETY MEETINGS. those who think it so necessary to delve so deep, ghat with rare exceptions those who made universities possible lacked the polish of long contact with the emery of great colleges. However, the preliminary education is not what I wish to - discuss. It is the finished product that is put to the acid test. -In my mind one of the principal causes of the advancement of our profession stands out as plain as a beacon light. It is that we are giving our state and our country better men, and one of the things that has made this possible is unquestionably the standard of our college courses which has made the work more inviting for men having a more liberal education and higher ideals. But this has brought us face to face with a problem that if our veterinary schools are to do the greatest good must be con- sidered, to wit: That most of the young men entering veterin- ary colleges to-day have not had to withstand the trials and vicis- situdes in order that they might become professional men, that some of us older ones experienced. Consequently, some ét our schools are turning out'men who some stockmen and horsemen are wont to sarcastically term “kid glove veterinarians ’’—men who consider it too menial to soil their hands or clothes; while other more charitable critics say the colleges are graduating men with a willingness to serve their clients, but with a lack of knowledge to do any one practical thing. Veterinarians of this type, I care not how well their training may be, are a disappoint- ment to themselves and an actual injury to the live stock in- dustry. They occupy good men’s places and are a detriment to the advancement of our profession. True it is that some of these young men are willing and if they had had some practical experience coupled with their scientific training, their success would in many cases be instantaneous. I appreciate the fact that the untrained, illiterate quack has been rapidly giving way to the well-educated, refined young man, but the deplorable fact also confronts us that with the older type of men we have lost a large percentage of the real practical horsemen and stockmen. I often stop and wonder why this is so. Is it an impossible composite to be a practical man and still be learned and cultured? I think not. But in our efforts to get away from the old type practitioner, we have jumped too far and in most cases it is not solely the fault of the student, but the fault of our college. Some of our colleges that are looked upon as the greatest schools, have men teaching subjects to the young man who intends to go into veterinary practice,.who are about as well qualified to teach such subjects as the non-graduate s " ; . J ~ SOCIETY MEETINGS. 119 be to teach bacteriology or chemistry. It is true that and those who pore over books and are called scholarly > a place in institutions of learning, but their course should be lemented in every case by a teacher who has been or is a actitioner of experience. I recall complaining to one of the officials in one of our State ools that some of his new graduates who had been around fice from time to time were not as capable in a practical as a stable boy. His reply was that practitioners expect ch of the new graduate, and he compared them with the medical man who spends from one to several years as an in a medical hospital before entering general practice. ry good argument you will say—but in contrast to this, it ; to me, that new graduates expect too much of the prac- sr, as I have rarely seen one of these young men seeking ion as an assistant who would not quickly make it known 1 that he considered his services worth at least a thousand s a year. If there is any locality where veterinary prac- s can afford to pay one thousand dollars a year for the y of a young graduate to ride with him and expect no 1 ‘Service many of us would like to know of such a lo- pie Il assist in shaping the destiny of at least a majority of young men who show special interest in practical work. | I that I have no definite plans to submit to this Society or > schools for correcting the shortcomings I speak of, but e an idea in mind which I shall simply suggest for your eration, and that is the desirability of exacting that a t of veterinary medicine give a certain time, of not less iences are obtainable, and that evidence of this experience ted as one of the conditions precedent to receiving the of veterinary medicine. ‘Tue Pracricau Parr or VETERINARY EDUCATION. By A. H. Baker, Cuicaco, IL, lospital practice is as important in the curricula of veter- colleges as the didactic coursés. It holds the same relation 120 SOCIETY MEETINGS. to the course in theory and practice of medicine and surgery as the laboratory does to the courses in bacteriology and pathology, and the dissecting room to anatomy. No one would think of curtailing dissecting or laboratory work in connection with the last three mentioned subjects. Their value is self-evident to every teacher of them. To slight them would reduce the character of the teaching to that of cor- respondence schools, which we all recognize as utterly imprac- tical. The Department of Agriculture prescribes 300 hours for diagnostic methods and clinics in the department of theory and practice of medicine, and 310 hours in surgery, including surgi- cal exercises and restraint. These numbers of hours are none too many, for they give the students opportunities to see and handle patients, which im- presses the matter upon them to a far greater extent than the same instruction given in the lecture room. They are practical demonstrations of the science as taught in the lectures. They give the teachers opportunities to repeat much of the scientific matter given in their lectures and to demonstrate the application of their theories in actual practice. For this purpose it is neces- sary for a veterinary college to have a hospital in connection, to teach the students how to make diagnoses and to enable them to observe, from day to day, the results of treatment. It is also necessary to have an out clinic to furnish a larger variety of cases, including lameness, which requires oft-repeated close ob- servation to differentiate between the symptoms of the various troubles. It requires a lot of practice to enable a student to differentiate between the character of swellings and the various kinds of pulse. “ Seeing is believing, and feeling is the naked truth.” People can take in more with their eyes than they can with their ears. The A. V. M. A. has passed a resolution requiring all veter- inary colleges to give a course of 24 months. To give a course of 24 months I prefer four winter sessions of six months each, rather than three sessions of eight months, for the reason that the most interesting and profitable practice in the country is in April, May and June. In a six months’ session the students can be let out about April first, thus giving them the opportunity to see active practice when it is the greatest and most instructive. In a session of eight months the students are at school in hot weather at both ends, and when they are released the major portion of the spring practice has passed. re Se ‘oa . Sail nity ite fo en » a = =— Bee ere hers PN ey Pee " —-, ee aa! SF Ee eine ee “i \ a ; Ne re Pre oe: bee b> ' ¥ 4 Oe” Ee eee nites? * rad want. aes: ee 3 -, ee ae = Oe Oe) ed = iit as 3 OF pa ae wi o a , Pao] Bay a Sos eae Ch tata ae ge as eel es. Ne " “2 vr’ seg SOCIETY MEETINGS. 121 Again, most veterinary students are men of moderate means and need to earn money during vacation to pay the expenses of the following winter. The six months’ session will enable them to do so, when in an eight months’ session they would not be able to do so on account of the shortness of the vacation. Again in an eight months’ course students and faculty get tired of their job when the weather gets warm in the spring and prefer to be outside. The last month or six weeks is comparatively wasted. To qualify students for veterinary work in any or all of its branches, the argument is strongly in favor of a four-year course of four sessions of six or six and one-half months each. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE INTRAPALPEBRAL —TUBERCULIN TEST, By JoHN R. MouHLer AND ApotpH EICHHORN, WASHINGTON, D. C. In recent years many attempts have been made to devise a method of testing animals for tuberculosis which would be less laborious and time consuming than the subcutaneous test. The value of the subcutaneous test when applied by competent and experienced men cannot be doubted and for this reason it has been difficult to perfect a new test by which the presence of tuberculosis could be more accurately determined. Nevertheless, owing to the tediousness of applying this test and the possibility of the so-called ‘‘ doping” of the tested animals, it would be of great advantage if another simpler means of diagnosis could be found which, in its efficiency, could be favorably compared with the subcutaneous test. 2 Many investigators have attempted to diagnose tuberculosis by various different tests based on the anaphylactic reaction of the infected individual. Among these the cutaneous, ophthal- mic and intradermal tests have received special consideration. Various biological tests have also been experimented with, such as the complement-fixation, precipitation and agglutination tests. Of all these latter tests, the ophthalmic and intradermal tests appear to be the most practicable. Somewhat encouraging re- sults have been reported from the ophthalmic test, and at the present time it is recommended by certain investigators. How- ever, a careful study of this test by the Bureau of Animal In- dustry has shown it to be less accurate than the subcutaneous test. The intradermal test employed on the subcaudal fold at the base of the tail has proved more promising and is receiving considerable support from many veterinarians. In an effort to 122 SOCIETY MEETINGS. locate the most suitable place for the intradermal injection of mallein in the detection of glanders, Lanfranchi of Italy selected the lower eyelids as a new site for the injection and termed the resulting reaction the intrapalpebral test. Lanfranchi claims that by this method the good effects of both the ophthalmic and intradermal tests are apparent. Moussu as well as Drouin of France subsequently applied Lanfranchi’s intrapalpebral method for the application of tuberculin in the detection of tuberculosis . and more recently Norgaard of Hawaii experimented with this method of injecting tuberculin with gratifying results. The in- trapalpebral injection is merely the application of the intra- dermal method to the lower eyelid. ‘This location has been selected on account of the sensitiveness of the tissues and the iooseness of the skin and underlying tissues of the eyelid which favor a marked development of the changes associated with this form of reaction. An edema in this location develops in a striking manner, making the reaction very apparent, even at a distance and upon a casual examination. In order to test the efficiency of this method of diagibeess Bureau tuberculin has been prepared by concentrating the ordi- nary subcutaneous tuberculin to 50 per cent of the original volume. With this tuberculin a number of animals known to be affected with tuberculosis and others known by previous sub- cutaneous tests to be free of the disease were injected into the . skin of the lower eyelid. Careful observations were made from the time of the injection of all these animals. In from twelve to twenty-four hours from the time of injection: in the animals affected with tuberculosis the development of an edema in the lower eyelid was observed which continually increased in in- tensity until in about forty-eight hours it reached its height, but persisted for 72 hours or even longer. The character of the swelling was not uniform in all animals, as is indicated by an examination of the photographs attached (igs. 1, 2 and 3). In some instances it extended almost in a circular form around the entire orbital cavity. In other cases it only affected the eye in a semicircular manner, appearing as a puffy swelling, which was perceptible from a considerable distance. In severe reac- tions the conjunctiva becomes injected, with an increased flow of tears, and not infrequently a muco-purulent discharge, phenomena which are similar to those in the ophthalmic reac- tions. I*or diagnostic purposes, however, the latter phenomena are not essential, as the edema which persists for 48 hours after the injection is a sufficient indication upon which to base a posi- er Tt a Da Oe Fleet PERT T te Le e eae e , eT Ue e ETO eT CUTE PP er eg ; < P.. * = . > % .: . . 2 Te on Ne Ee eS Ree Te ieee SOCIETY MEETINGS. 123 nosis of tuberculosis. In making the observations any y readily observe the reaction from a distance of from five to fifty feet in the tuberculous animals, whereas in thy animals there is no reaction whatsoever, both eyes the same normal appearance. some instances the reaction was also accompanied by a e or less pronounced systemic disturbance indicated by an m of the temperature, which varied from 2 to 4 degrees the pre-injecting temperature. The elevation in temper- appeared before the local reaction had fully developed and y had entirely subsided at a time when the reaction ap- d at its height. Comparative tests conducted with various ulin preparations such as glycerine-free tuberculin, extract ure cultures, etc., proved that the best results may be ob- -d from ordinary Bureau tuberculin concentrated to one-half ‘yolume, the glycerine content producing no perceptible edema 0 control animals. 2 mall gauge needles and ordinary enolerthte #etees _for the intradermal test are suitable for the intrapalpebral t. The animal to be tested should be properly secured and Id by an assistant by the nose or with the aid of a bull staff, the case of nervous animals, while a second assistant holds = head by the ears or horns. The head is turned so that the t eye is almost in a horizontal position. The injection is then ude by securing the fold of the skin of the lower eyelid of the lle parallel with the margin of the eyelids. The dose of yerculin to be injected is 14 c.c. It is essential to make the in- ction into the skin proper and not under the skin. Another tthod we have used is to draw the skin of the lower eyelid it over the zygomatic ridge and then insert the needle as de- ribed above. The point of injection is about 34 of an inch m the inner canthus of the eye and about % inch below the urgin of the lower eyelid. From the limited observations made on this test it appears ut further experimentation is justified and should additional perience prove the test to be sufficiently accurate for diagnos- urposes, it could be employed either in place of the subcu- us or as a supplementary test to the latter method. 124 SOCIETY MEETINGS. THe ATTENDANCE MEMBERS Arizona—C. D. McMurdo; J. C. Norton. California—R. A. Archibald; A. S. Almeida; J. F. Ast; D. H. Bergh; P. H. Browning; James Boyd; G. W. Closson ; Bert J. Cady; uf A. De Serpa; S. A. Doyle; Geo. J. Donnelly ; L. A. Danielson ; Wm. F, Egan; A. F. Eagle; Peter I. Egan; David F. Fox: Carl W. Fisher P. W. Goodwin; Fred H. Guldager; J. yf Hogarty; C. M. Haring; H J. Hammond; F. M. Hayes; Geo. H. Hart; Leo O. Henrich; H. H. Hicks; Wm. P. Jackson; J. P. Iverson; Charles Keane; Oscar J. Kron; Geo. H. Locke; Otis A. Longley Daniel Mattracoe; John F. McKenna; K. F, Meyer; F. Hi McNair; W. G. Oliver; M. J. O'Rourke ; W.R. O'Neal; Normal Neilson ; Dr. Plummer; i fe E. Quinn; I. B. Paxton; Thos. T. Rundle; Geo. S. Rey; C. fe Roadhouse; J. O. Stiner; Chas. H. Sears; Chas. R. Simpson; F. N. Sawyer; A. I. Sorenson; H. F. Spencer; W. J. Taylor; H. E. Torgersen ; W. M. Thompson; J. Traum; Chas. C. Wing; H. J. bide ae h oe L. Zeiler. Colorado—P. C. Guyselman; I. E. Newsom; A. J. Savage. Canada—C. D. McGilvray; F. ‘Torrance: {: G. Rutherford. Hawaiu—Victor A. Norgaard. Idaho—J. R. Fuller; Ray B. Hurd; Walter A. Sullivan. . Stee H. Baker; D. M. Campbell; Joseph Hughes; Geo. B. Jones; : a Indiony 21% Klotz; John D. McLeay; G. H. Roberts. Iowa—H. S. Murphey; C; H. Stange. Louisiana—W. H. Dalrymple. Maine—W. L. Mebane. Massachusetts—Langdon Frothingham. Michigan—S. Brenton; C. C. Dauber; Geo. W. Dunphy; James Drury; Richard P. Lyman. Missouri—J. G. Eagle; A. F. Kinsley; C. Jensen; R. C. Moore; S. Stewart. Montana—A. D. Knowles. New York—Robert W. Ellis; Otto Faust; V. A. Moore; E. Rafter. Nevada—Stephen Lockett. New Jersey—Geo. B. Vleit; A. G. Vogt. North Dakota—Jacob Van de Ewe. Oklahoma—Chas. H. Jewell. Ohio—John H. Blattenberg; W. G. O’Harra; E. H. Shepard. ce est H. Lytle; Geo. C. Mitchell; B. T. Simms; W. D. right, Pennsylvania—E. P. Althouse; W. Horace Hoskins; R. L. Kann; C. J. Marshall; F. H. Schneider; S. E. Weber. : South Dakota—C, A. Leslie. Texas—Levi E. Johnson. Utah—H. J. Fredericks; John Halton; N. C. Spalding. Washington, D. C—A. Eichhorn; J. R. Mohler. Washington—S. B. Nelson. West Virginia—H. B. Langdon. Wisconsin—B. L. Clarke; R. S. Heer; W. A. Wolcott. VISITORS Arizona—M. S. MoMurdo. California—L. J. Anderson; Jos. M. Arburna; Baker Browning; C. S. Brooks; H. K. Bassett; F. O. Brostom; Ie R. Beach ; Ralph M. Bell; R. Christian; L. A. Coyel: C. R. Cowen; R. A. Cook; “ee Christiansen ; Spencer O. Crawford; Thos. D. rita tls ‘S. Christiansen : W. 1. Dunlop: R. E. Dederick; T. mM Dardin; Andrew E. Donovan ; Walter L. Edwards; 50 fee © SOCIETY MEETINGS. 125 gs .D. Fennimore; G. F. Faulkner; S. H. Fetherston; Jos. J. Filligen; Cyril _ Golding; W. ee Gordon; Frank Griffith ; Geo. C. Gross: Edward a Hogarty ; pyobn Hay; L. M. Hurt; A. F. Hanna; L. C. Hoffman; H. C. Johnson; RE Daecens : E. M. Keef; M. B. Kurtz; Wm. M. King; A. E. Kroenke; F arry Lawrence; H. M. Lawrence; A. Molin; -F. M. re es Albert L. “Mees . McComb; John McInness; L. D. Pirie; J. W. Roberts; C. M. “aol "Segsworth; Richard H. Town; John L. Tyler; Warren Tog- . nd. B. Wendt; W. L. kil eg geese 3 H. Weibel; S. E. Watkins; ¢ W. ilcox; F. W. Wood; H. B. Wintringham ; Victor Ward; E. ‘es ickendrath ; John Zieg ; Walter Fier: 4s. Petersen ; Wm. E. Phelps ; H. A. Spencer ; A. S. Williams; Carl Sword. Canada—M. J. Kellam. England—E. H. Stent. _ Idaho—W. S. Decker. Illinois—Jos. P. Dunn; _M. P. Whitten; C. A. Zell. Indiana—V allorous MclLieay. — Towa—C. W. Lynne. Kansas—Joe W. Timmen; R. Vans Agnew. Kentucky—V. 1. Safro; R. G. Mewborne. Maine—W. H. a meee: H. Clark; M. Houghton. 3 Missouri—J. W. Oe reti.- Albert Kinsley. _ Nebraska—C. M. Day; J. A. Grau; M. D. Strong. Nevada—R. A. Caldwell. New Jersey—Wm. A. Flock. New York—Norman S. Moore. North Carolina—Hal. G. Rollins. _ Ohio—M. C. McClain; W. B. Washburn. _ Oregon—Geo. M. McComb; J. E. Warren: Master Garrison Mitchell. a Pennsylvania—A. ) McCloskey ; John B. McCloskey; N. Rectenwald. Texas—E. F. Jarrel. Virginia—Rex Steele. Washington—Geo., H. Yates. LADIES Arizona—Mrs. J. C. Norton. California—Mrs. R. A. Archibald; Mrs. A. S. Almeido; Miss Nancy * aS Mes. P. Hi: “Syne § Mrs. H, Bergh; Mrs. J. R. Beach; Miss . Madge Bryson; Mrs. G. H. Closson; Mrs. L. A. ‘Covel; Mrs. J. J. Cropper ; Miss K. O. Donohue; Mrs. L. T. Danielson; Miss "Bessie Feeley ; Miss Honore Fleming; Mrs. Carl W. Fisher ; Mrs. D. F. Fox; Mrs. Geo. C. Gross; ‘Mrs. J. J. Hogarty; Mrs. C. M. Haring; Mrs. Win. P. Jackson; _ Mrs. Harry Lawrence; Mrs. Otis A. Longley; Mrs. J. F. McKenna; Mrs. F. H. McNair; Miss Gertrude Moore; Miss Gladys Monroe; Mrs. 'M. C. McClain; Pauline S. Nusbaum; Mrs. Kate A. Ogden; Mrs. A. F. Oliver; rs. J. O. Stiner ; ee F. N. Sawyer; Mrs. N. C. Spalding ; Mrs. C. M. eiger ; a C. R. Simpson; \Mrs, A. I. Sorensen; A sais H. A. Spencer; Mrs. gt . Tyler; Mrs. H. FE. Torgersen; Mrs. J. ig Miss Rowena -Traverso; “Mrs. M. Wheeler; Miss Dorothy Weed; Mrs. E. c Zickendrath ; Mrs. a, L. Zeiler. Canada—Mrs. J. G. Rutherford; Miss A. Rutherford. Iilinois—Mrs. A. H. Baker; Mrs. J. P. Dunn; Mrs. N. S. Mayo. Indiana—Miss Odessa Jackson; Mrs. 3 D. McLeay. Iowa—Mrs. H. S. Murphey; Mrs. C. H. Stange. Massachusetts—Mrs. L. Frothingham. 2: Michigan—Mrs. Wm. H. Clark; Mrs. C. C. Dauber; Mrs. James Drury; poise Vera Runyan; Miss Eula Runyan ; Mra. Ce C, Runyan: 2 eo oes "alk: ve 126 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Missouri—Mrs. Ruby Chenoweth; Mrs. G. M. Eagle; Miss Dorothy ” Re. Eagle; Mrs. A. T. Kinsley; Mrs. H. Jensen. oe Nebraska—Mrs. C.-M. Day; Mrs. J. A. Grau; Mrs. M. D. Strong. me New Jersey—Mrs. Wm. A. Flock; ‘Miss J. A. Schmidt; Mrs. a Vleit; Mrs. ‘A. G. Vogt. New York—Mrs. Robert W. Ellis; Mrs. E. Rafter. Ohio—Mrs. W. B. Washburn. eee am Oklahoma—Mrs. Chas. H. Jewell. a . eee Oregon—Mrs. G. C. Mitchell; Mrs. Mary Pitney. a Pennsylvania—Mrs. A. J. McCloske#; Mrs. C. J. Marshall; Mayme Rect- a enwald; Maisie Rectenwald; Mrs. W. Horace Hoskins. — Washington—Mrs. Geo. H. Yates; Mrs. S. B. Nelson. ee Washington, D. C—Mrs. H. J. Washburn. Wisconsin—Mrs. B. L. Clarke; Mrs. R. S. Heer; Muriel Heer; Mrs. W, A. Wolcott. . NEW MEMBERS : ee Name. Address. College. -Gradua- Abercrombie, Henry E.. Cambridge, Ill........ McKillip Vet. Col.. 04 Adams, John Dawson... Genesee, Idaho....... Washington St. Col. 1gto Allen, George H.... 5.2. St. Joseph, Mo....... K. C. Vet. Coffese: IgIl Alford, Simon Wayne... Lincoln, Neb......... K. C. Vet. College..... a: IgIo Anderson, Cecil S....... Ottawa, Ont......... Ontario Vet. College... .. 1906 Anderson, L. J:......... Centerville, a ee . San Francisco Vet. College ei Anderson, MO ee St. Joseph, Mo.. . Ontario Vet. College..... 1886. FP 8 ree viy Arburna, "Joseph M..... Sonoma, Cal.. . San Francisco Vet. College rors Ashbaugh, Frederick M.. Washington, D.C. -.. U.S. Col. Vet. Surgeons.. 1904 Aymond, Sidney Clay... Bunkie, La.. . U.S. Col. Vet. Surgeons.. 1912 °° Baddeley, Jee o., Walla Walla, “Wash... U.S. Col. Vet. Surgeons.. 1908 Bailey, Leon L.. P_Eowell, Ind. .34:..0. 3. McKillip Vet. Col. ...... 1913 Baker, Guy G.. ae Spencer, Iowa........ lowa St. Colleges cea. 1907 Baker, Robert Ernest. . . Bidaie: Va... te... U.S. College of V. S.. 1914 Bales, "Harold W.. ~aaperty, Miss... <2... . Kans. St. Agr. Col:.... ae CEgOD Balke, Ernest J 4 Tae Es a INGEN, «255s SE St. Joseph Vet. Col...... 1Q14 Barnett, William A...... Clemson, ee S. C. Ohio St. Univ; Vi Cay mee Barnhart, Emmett F.... Cleveland, Ohio. ..... Ohio State Univ. V.C.... 1907 Bayler, Theodore M..... Kankakee, Til. . Chicago Vet. College..... 1911 Beavers, Joseph A..... .. Canton, Miss......... V.C. Vet. College. Vea See Beattie, Joseph Gilmore. North Portland, Ore.. K. C. Vet. College....... 1905 — Bell, Ralph Mack... ... Berkeley, Cal........ . N. Y. State Vet. Cok. sone Biggs, Anson W......... South Omaha, Neb.... K. C. Vet. College....... 1908 Bolender, Fred Jourette. Galveston, Tex....... U.S. C. ob Vi Sige IQI4 Brandenberg, T. O...... Lakota;N: Di... 330 .N.. Y.-State Vet. Collet 1913 Branson, Roscoe A...... Wichita, Kans........ Kans. St. Agr. Shae IQIL Brashier, Earl S......... Chidagoy Mei o. ... Chicago V. C.. = 6 SORE Brookbank, Roscoe E... Washington, D. C.... U.S.C. of V. S., cas ia ed TOO Brown, Sylvester....... Traverse City, Mich.. Chicago Vet. Col........ 1912 Buller, John J.......... Santa Monica, Cal.... San Francisco, V. C...... 1914 Burdett, Cyril H........ Centralia, Kans....... K. C. Vet. College. 20 7. woe Burns, Albert H........ Hepler, Kans......... St. Joseph Vet. Col: ..... 1914 Burkland, Herman W... Atlanta, Ga.......... Ohio St. Univ.. IQil Cady, Bert.J.....:. ....) Berkeley a. N. Y. State Vet. Col. 1904 Carnite, James S........ Fort Plain, N. Y...... N. Y. S. V. College...2-7 1914 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 127 Year of Address. College. Gradua- tion. Austin, Minn.. . Chicago Vet. Col....:... 1912 Grant, 'Neb.. . St. Joseph Vet. Col. ..... 1909-14 ve Albuquerque, N.M.. . McKillip Vet. Co!....... 1905 i Wweenmeton, 0.02 2.50. S.C. of VS... Fe tots .. Washington, D. Con BBeOvof VS: Ph tn .. Panora, Iowa........ Chicago Vet. Col... .. 1910 . Manhattan, Kans..... Kans. St. Agr. College... 1011 Maryville, Mo....:... St. Joseph Vet. Col...... 1910-14 ... Calgary, Canada..... GR. Co oe OH ... Pawnee City, Neb.... K. C. V. C.. 1Q13 . Monroe, La.. te CmcagO ¥: oe 1908 Pawling, N. Y........ N. Y. State Vet. Col..... IQII . San Francisco, Cal.... S. F. Vet. College. 2... I9I0- . Canaan, Cann WS Cl of VS es 1903: Z Augusta, Kans. ...... St. Joseph, V.C......:. 1914 Cottrill, Roy B irom Pork. W. Va.< & U. SCl of V. S000 ora Cox, Walter P . Baltimore, Md....... To Det We se oes 1907 Crane, Adelbert G Bg St MecKithy’s V..C. : oss) 22 tog . . Arlington S. D....... McKillip’s V.C........ 1914 Dallas Center, Ia..... Iowa State College..... 1908 masons, DOCU. Ses OF Vi Ss. git . Winnipeg, Man........ Ontario V. C.........0. IgI0 . Springfield, Ohio..... moptesio Vo Co os a 88 meatrice, Neb... ..2,. St. Joseph V..C..... . 2. “9090 Ypsilanti, Mich...... Ontario Vet. Col.. Sc BOOS Eugene, Ore.......... Colorado St. oy Cabs: 1912 Gadsden, Ala......... McKillip V. C. . Se | Washington, D.C.... U.S.C. of V.S.. TQI4 . Franklin, N. H....... Chicago V. Crd eae 1907 San Francisco, Cal.... 5. F. Vet. College...... 1912 meer, 1... 2... Lowa St. College, . .:.2: 1913 Marion, Ohio........ Ohio St. Vet. Col......... 2909 . Chevy Chase, Md..... Geo. Washington Univ... 1914 Clemson College, S.C. New.York American..... 1906 ;-Auburn; Ala.i..c. .:. Chicago Vet. Col........ 1910 wearrenton, Va. 3.2.0. U.S.C. of Ni Sie cree a 1907 Cardenas, Cuba...... EC. V.€:; 1909 Peenee N.Y... us. NYS. Vet ‘Col., ‘Cornell 1909 Fairmont, W. Va..... Ontario, V. C.. 1908 Newtown, Pa........ U.S.C. of V.S.- .: 1903 Portland, Ore........ Washington St. ra he gee 1910 . Buhl, Idaho......... Ontario V. C.. 1907 Alexandria, Va.. Geo. WashingtonUniv.V V.C. IQ14. Washington, BC.) Uy Si Cintas S. fo ta ... Weiser, Idaho.. Kans. St. Agr. Coles... 1912 Lovelock Nev....°). N-VSENEC.. 4.2... 1904 mocmmond, Va... U. Se Grebe ms. oe 1901S Wasommton, D.C... U. SP Crone Sec l. 1908 .. Clarksdale, Miss...... Ontario Vet. Col.. 1908 Omaha, Neb......... K; Caw C,. Bee Eee Elkhorn, Wis......... McKillip Wet, Coli . 1914 eDinuba, Cal. ........ + Sede Met; Col... iy Mee Os? Chicago, Ill.......... Chicago V. oe ak 1914 Bem TON CA)... 2 odo orate COL. ce es IQ14 128 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Year of Name. Address. College. Gradua- tion. Graf, John.. oseee Elma, Towa... «. 5.4.5, MCRD SV. C.n6 cee 1914 Graham, Leroy (ee Cedar Rapids, lass « St. Joseph V. C:;. ae 1909 Graham, Oswald H..... . Scranton, S. C........ Vet. Dep. Ohio St. Univ.. 1914 Grapp, Gustav H....... Port Deposit, Md..... U.S. C. ob V.S. eee 1907 Groff, Benjamin W...... Massillon, Ohio...... Ontario Vet. College. .... 1898 Grossman, James D..... Ames, Ia............. Ohio St. Uni. Vet. Dept.. 1914 Gruber, John T......... Marion, Ohio. ....... QO. S. UD. Vet. Cok. ee 1908 Guard, Willard F....... Ames, Towa... .i» O.S2G Vet. Cok. 22 Igt2 Guyselman, P. C........ Monte Vesta, Col... ... Colorado Agr. Col.. 1gi2 Hallman, Elam T....... East Lansing, Mich... Ala. Poly. Inst. Vet. Dept Igo Halstead, Wm. E....... Binghamton, N. Y.... U.S.C. of V.S...... 1914 Hassloch, August C..... New York City...... Noy, Ci of V. Sine ee 1891 Haworth, Chas. C....... Donnellson, Ill....... Chicago; V.:C.. iain IgIo Hayden, Chas. E........ fthaca; Be oY ss. ek N. Y¥. State V: Cs) .ca hea eee Hayes, Jesse... .......% Alexandria, Va....... Geo. Washington Univ... 1914 Hazelwood, Robert V.... Bessemer, Ala........ Cincinnati Vet. Col...... “IgIo Henderson, Levi C...... Twin Falls, Idaho.:.; Be CO. Vii... ae 1904 Hill, George H.......... Atkinson, Ill......... Chicago V. C.. Patt tars | Hoekzema, Otto F...... McBain, Mich........ Grand Rapids, V,. Cine 1909 Hollander, Ferdinand... New Orleans, La...... Chicago Vet. College..... 1914 Hollingsworth, Fred. ce Council Bluffs. . . U. SoCOOPY. Sc 1904 Hollister, Wm. ) ee . Avon, Iil.. ... Chicago V. C.:.0.s¢ «eee Houck, N. G.. ee Washington, D.C... U.obPicc +k, ee 1895 Hull, Martin... cesses pee BOUth St, Josenh. Mo; S$. FV. C..00., ee 1913 Mun, Rey Bie Ka Payette, Idaho....... K. C. V.C. 1908 Huthman, G. H......... Portland, Ore.. . SF. Vet..Col.. acs eee IQIl Jervis, James G......... Vancouver, B. e. . Ontario. Vi Cole ae Igi2 Jung, Otto E........... Oklahoma City, Okla. Kansas City; Vic... eee 1908 Jungerman, Geo. F...... Morrill, Kans........ Kansas City Vi... vies 1908 Kaylor, James M....... Barry, TR nae Chicago V. Cis. Sac wee ee KRetler 7.0. 535 sone Ridgeville, Ind....... McKillip’s V. Cyca see 1912 Kelsey, Marry Boe Newport News, Va.... U.S.C. of V.S.......... 1910 Rall, fo Ms ke Sue Winters, Cal. ..i.... S. F..V.C... ao eee 1913 Kelser, Raymond A..... Washington, D. C.... Geo. Washington Univ... 1914 Keneday, Prank Poe Twin Falls, Idaho.... Ontario V. C............ 1908 Kern, Harry F.......... Manila, P.I.......... Colo. Agri. College....... 1911 Kettlehon, Arthur H.... Columbus, Wis... .... McKillip’s V. Cu c iccu een 1915 King, Samuel A......... Washington, D. C.... U.S.C. of V.S.. . I9t4 King, William-M........ San Francisco, Cal.... S. F. V. C..........+55 1913 Kinsey, George W...... Wheeling, W. Va..... M. A. C. and C. V. C.. 1891 Kirby, Amos C......... Hannah, N. Dak...... Grand Rapids V C....... Ig10 Kocher, Frank T........ Sunbury, Pa......... Univ. of Pa., Vet. Dept. . IQI5 Ladson, Thomas A...... Hyattsville, Md...... U.S.C. of V. Se 1905 Landon, Frank M....... Gr. Barrington, Mass.. U. S:'C. of V.S.c0uenuas 1903 Langford, Samuel M.... Martinsburg, W. Va.. Ontario V. C............ 1gt2 Lassen, Christian W..... Pendleton, Ore....... McKillip’s V. C......2.%. 1906 Lee, Walter H.. .: 5.250. Brundidge, Ala....... Ala. Polytechnic Inst..... 1910 OS SI ne Goldfield, 38 225 45s Iowa St. College.........20 1984 Lemley, George G....... Omaha, Neb......... Chicago V. C.. .353cb. dee Lenfestey, John H...... Lyons, O80 .o, s5025 aa Chicago V. C....05. «00s < eee Leonard, Milton M...... Asheville, N.C... 00505 Cornell University....... 1914 Lewis, Walter K........ Columbia, S. C....... Ontario Vet. College. .... 1900 Lewis, Watson F........ Indianapolis, Ind..... Cornell Univ............ 1907 Lipp, Carl F....... . Napeville, Ill......... Kansas City V.C........ 1913 SOCIETY MEETINGS. 129 ; Year of Address. College. Gradua- tion Macmon, Wis,....... Ohio St. Uni. V.C.. 2... 1913 Chalmers; Ind.:....'2...McKillip’s V..C.... 2.2.5. IQIL . Washington, D. C.... U.S.C. of V.S.. 1909 Montreal, Que......... Ontario V.C............ 1905 Corvallis, Ore........ Washington State piri 1909 ... Horicon, Wis.. patil tatoo Ns Ss. 1914 ... Walton, 'N. Y........ N. Y. State Vet. Col. 1912 “a Butfalo, NY <, ....N.-Y. State Vet. Col.. 1909 .. Edmonton, Alberta... Ontario V. C............ 1910 .. Edgeley, N. D........ Kansas City Vet. Col... 19%3 ... Clay Center, Kans. .. Kansas City Vet. Col..... 1907 .. Devil’s Lake, N. D.... McGill Univ, Vet. Dept... 1892 tae Anderson, S. C....... Ala. Poca gra ee Institute. 1913 . Washington, D.C.... U.S.C. of V.S.. 1907 ema Cat... are VEG... Pk BQts Elko, Nev........... Washington St. Col..... 1906 Pee CA), eB Ba We ee a's vein slo Wiehe 1914 4 Cleveland, Ohio. ..... Ohio St. Univ.. : 1892 . th Chelsea, Mich........ Ontario Vet. Col.. ee) (EQS _ Meads, F. F... oto migee. ORS...) 6 Grand ae Vet. Col... 1911 : Meyst, Frederick W..... Washington, D. C.... U.S.C. of V.S....40... 1909 dleton, Asa C....... Grundy Center, Ia.... McKillip’s. .. 1908 or omaillen,'Chas.J.......... Cleveland, Ohio...... N. Y. State Vet. Col..... 1903 me ater, Thos. C......... Walhalla, N. D....... St. Joseph Vet. Col...... 1908 ‘a Molgard, weer Gots Ruskin, Neb.. goatee, C.. ey __ Morehouse, Walter G.... Salem, Ore.. _ N.Y. State Vet. Col..... 1907 Mount, Willet G..... -. Red Bluff, Cal. at EY Ae oe acy SES Muller, J. Herman...... Washington, BC tS Cf V: S:;.... os 1909 Munce, Thos. W . Washington, Pa...... Univ. of Pennsylvania..:. 1915 Murphy, Joseph W...... Columbia, S. C....... Chicago Vet. Col........ 1905 Pak aS Fostoria, Ohio....... Ontario Vet. Col......... 1905 a Mydland, Gustav H..... Everest, Kans........ Kansas Sta. Agr. Col..... 1914 Nash, Elmer D.. ... Helena, Mont........ Grand Rapids, Vet. Col.. 1900 Newman, Lloyd Oe 3. Wim MOD... 5. ok Kansas City Vet. Col..... IQI2 Paine, Harold.......... Rosetown, Sask....... Ontario Vet. Col......... 1897 Parrish, Roscoe D Figpmana, Neb... ss. : Kansas Agr. Col......... IQ14 Parrish, William W...... Tampa, Fla.......... Auburn A. P. I. i) aS Pearce, memue et)... . Carson, la........:.... St. Joseph Vet. ro Menrearit IQ13 ee Phelps, Chas. D........ Clear Laké, Ia:....... Chicago Vet. Col........ IQII Phelps, Oliver J... .. Lexington, Ky........ Cincinnati Vet. Col...... 1915 Pickens, Earl M... UPRMEMCO IN. Wii hie N. ¥eScV,40 IQIL Pirie, Leslie D........... Se @) er SPV: TQI4 Pritchard, John W...... Fessenden, N. D...... McKillip’s. Tee OR tr) v2) Pritchett, Lamor F . Auburn, Ala.......... Ala. Poly. Inst... . SKS Te ey oo ky i aires oe N. 3 82V 24 Cornell... 1907 “phat Seperate par da Indianapolis, Ind..... Cincinnati V. ERS eS 1903 paver TD .w.c 5s Omaha, Neb.. ... Chicago Vet. Col........ 1915 .¢ ds, Francis...... Washington, i RT @ Washington Univ... 1914 __ Ricebarger, Benj. F . St. Charles, Ill........ Toronto Vet. Col.. 1906 me, soverts, Jas. W......... Paviecrwek Cal... .. S.PeVG. lcs... IQI5 Robinson, Edwin A..... Petersburg, Va....... U.S. V. C. of V.S....... 1914 Ross, Crittenden....... New York City...... Towa State College...... 1914 Ross, Harry H.......... Winnipeg, Can....... McKillip’s. Cokes BGte Reshon, Harry B.. Bowe Pc Reading, Pa.......... Univ. OPM coco occ "ORS 130 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Year of Name. Address. College. Gradua- tion Roswell, Wm. L.. . Corry, Pa.. .¢ Univ: of Pa... IQI4 - Roueche, R. C.......... Cleveland, Ohio. 24 Chicago Vet. Col.. 1906 Ryan, Frank €..050°7%5 Washington, DC! TE Se ae ee feet, | Sevenster, John........ Hamburg, Iowa...... U.S.V.C. and McKillip’ $. 1891-1905 Severovic, Mirko F..... Sr AGMUIONIRO, PELL og se st oo cre McKillip’s........ 2. cso 1914 Schader, Curtis H....... Sunnyside, Wash..... Chicago Vet. Col........ 1912 Schacter; .G: Lita: cs vers Wansa, Neb.....°.... Ko. V. CC...) Se Schermerhorn, Robt. J... Redlands, Cal........ S. F. V.S.. 1914 Schleich, Fred. H....... Williamsport, Ohio... Ohio St. Univ.. IQI4 Schneider, Francis O.... Nicholasville, Ky..... Cincinnati Vet. Col. ¢thes 1914 Schucengost, Robt. H... Swea City, Iowa..... McKillip’s.. .... isa IQ14 Shartle, Walter W...... Indianaplis, Ind...... Indiana Vet. Col......... 1909 Shikbs, Ernest A.. . «Dearborn, Mo... 0... Chicago: Vet. Coliaeteas . IQtIt Shillinger, Jacob E...... Easton, Md.......... Geo. Washington Col..... 1914 Sims, Frank C.......... Aurora, Neb......... Kansas City Vet. Col..... 1910 Stamp, Ashley G........ Parma, Idaho........ Kansas City Vet. Col..... 1915 Staab, John J.....:.. 4... Cleveland; Ohio. ....% McKillip’s. od nwo steel, Edward RK... ....s Chester, Neb... 2040 Nave State Vet. Col-stua IQ14 Stevens, Guy G.......... Groton, N. Y........ . NV Y.: College. . IQII Stickel, Wm. E......... Etna Mills, Cal....... S. F. Vet. Col.. 1 one Stouffer, David F....... Bellevue, Neb........ Kansas City Vet. Col..... 1906 Stroup, Wm. Ui. .)34.. 4 Corinth, Miss... ...>.... Ala. Poly. Inst... ais Igt2 Sugg, Redding S........ Rocky Mount, N.C... Ala. Poly. Inst.......... IQI5 Taylor, Lawrence L..... Condon, Ore......... McKillip’s 2 seca 1909 Teil, John A.......... 7.. Hatton, N.D.......2. Chicago Vet. Col. ieee Thompson, John A...... Manila, P. I.......... Kansas City Vet. Col..... 1907 Thornton, Edward L.... Fort Kent, Me....... U.S. Cif Vi 3S... 28s KES, MOF Trigg, Wm. S........... Washington, D. C.... Geo. Washington Univ.... 1914 Thwpner, He As nec Walla Walla, Wash... McKillip’s.............. 1907 Turlington, John A..... i aMielfa; Va......... 015 ee ed IQIO Tyler, john L. -. sva.% taomons, Cal: 2 5ic) Chicago Vet. Cal. 1891 Walmsley, F. D......... Utica, N. Y.. awe ING ey ae 1904 Ward, Victor... ..... Paso Robles, Cah Aigk S. Fu¥. Cio 5 eee Igi2 Watson, Thos. Wo.ct Hillsboro, Texas...... Ontario Vet. Col.. IQOI Webb, A. Je sé kegs okt Utah......... Ohio St. Univ.. IQII Webber, OB: ..< Reehester, N.Y...... No Yost. Vet, Col.. IQi2 Webster, Wa 0.0 Utica--Olio...’...'....... MeKaillip’s. 25) aes IQI4 Weeks, Cornelius C.... . Washington, D. C.... U.S. C. of V. &.. Ania 1906 Wershow, Max......... Columbus, Ohio...... Ohio State Univ......... 1913 White, Logan A......... Sioux Rapids, Ia....... Iowa St. Univ........... - 1914 Write, V Xs oe Blackfoot, Idaho..... Ohio St. Univ.c..5 05 ee IQII Whiteman, Harry J..... Latrobe, Pa.......... Univ. of Pennsylvania.... 1912 Whitney, A. Homer..... Narka, Kans.. ., ans, St. Agr. Cok eens IQI2 Williams, Geo. M....... Boone, Iowa..:....... Chicago Vet, Colt ie IQI2 Wintringham, suman B... Petaluma, Cal. is56. oS. FAV ics si Wood, Ezra P.. . Charlottesville, Va.... U.S.C. of V.S 1908 Wood, Frederick W.. . Manila P. bo. cos. No, 8. Ce ee 1907 Zell, Charles A.. . Chicago. Fs sac. 2 “ie oy V. C. of Munich... 1900 Zickendrath, Ernest C... Palo Alto, Cal... 3%. 23.5%, Vet. Can. iow RGSS (To be continued in the next issue.) SOCIETY MEETINGS. 181 NORTH DAKOTA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The fourteenth annual meeting of the above association was held in the Veterinary Building, Agricultural College, Fargo, August 4-5. The. meeting was called to order by President Farmer, and about forty members were present. Several well prepared papers were presented ; among the more interesting was Dr. C. C. Jackson’s paper on “ Dourine.” Dr. Jackson, as an agent for the Live Stock Sanitary Board, has been doing considerable work in conjunction with the B. A. I. in the eradication of this disease in the western part of the state and was familiar with his subject. A good discussion followed. Dr. Geo. R. White, State Veterinarian of Tennessee, was present both days, and on Wednesday afternoon gave stereop- 4 - tican demonstrations on the castration of cryptorchids, mules, ruptured boars and an operation for inguinal hernia on boars not necessitating castration. On Thursday morning Dr. White gave his lecture and demonstration on “ Surgical Restraint of Domes- tic Animals.’ This lecture was alive with interest and was enjoyed by all present. The association now has a membership of almost one hun- em dred. The next spam will be held at Fargo the last week of July, 1916. | The following iieeis were elected: Drs. R. E. Shigley, Pres- ident, Kenmare; R. S. Norton, Vice-President, Velva; B. C. Tay- lor, Treasurer, Hillsboro: W. J. Mulroony, Secretary, Havana. W. J. Murroony, Secretary. ee FICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION. The 1915 summer meeting of the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association was held at New Haven on Thursday, August 12. The members gathered at the hospital of Dr. George L. Cheney, where several interesting cases were presented for diagnosis. Following the clinic and a buffet lunch, the mem- bers boarded a launch which had been chartered for the occasion and sailed to Mansfield’s Grove, where they enjoyed a very ex- cellent shore dinner. This was followed by a sail to Savin Rock, another shore resort near New Haven, where the party spent a very enjoyable evening. ° The attendance was very good, no business meeting was held. The annual meeting will be held at Hartford on the first Tues- day in February, 1916. A. T. Griyarp, Secretary. NEWS AND ITEMS. ATTENTION is called to the fact that the AMERICAN VETERI- NARY Review has become the official organ of the American Veterinary Medical Association and will hereafter be published at Ithaca, N. Y., under the name of the JouRNAL OF THE AMERI- CAN VETERINARY MEpICAL ASSOCIATION. All communications, remittances, etc., in future, should be addressed to Dr. P. A. Fish, editor, Ithaca, N. Y. NortHWEst Iowa VETERINARY ASSOCIATION met in Sioux City the end of August, when 40 or 50 veterinarians from sur- rounding cities congregated there and held a clinic at Dr. J. N. Litchy’s place. All owners of lame horses were invited to bring their animals for free examination, says the Sioux City, Jowa, News. Conpucts Five THousANp RemMounts; Has Sure SUNK AT Enp.—Dr. E. R. Forbes, British veterinary surgeon (formerly State Veterinarian of Texas), after safely conducting to England in eight months’ time five thousand remounts, had his ship sub- marined and sank August 19 fifty miles at sea off the Coast of Cornwall. Dr. Forbes is now examining army horses at Cincin- nati, Ohio. ANTHRAX VicTIM REPORTED Is IMPROVING.—Dr. Carl Viers, a veterinarian, of Vermillion, S. D., who has been suffering with anthrax, a cattle disease, in a local hospital, is improving steadily. Dr. Viers contracted the disease by rubbing a mosquito bite at the time he was operating on the carcass of a steer that had suc- cumbed to anthrax. A portion of the flesh of his left arm was removed to prevent a spread of the malady.—Sioux City, Jowa, News. Dr. Henry Juen Is MapeE BorDeEr CATTLE INsPpEcToR.—Dr. Henry Juen, of Belleville, has been appointed an inspector of cat- tle on the Mexican border. He departed for El Paso, Tex., Wednesday. Dr. J. H. Maloney, of East St. Louis, will accom- pany Dr. Juen. Both veterinarians will inspect cattle shipped into the United States from Mexico. Dr. Juen is a son of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Juen, of South Spring street, Belleville—St. Louis, Mo., Times. 132 ak Oe | Fee Tae p 4 ye ow 1) eae ms gent i m4 a * : ja ~ 3 wi ld , it - BY te 1 a “sk “a hd re i Pe i Pi cae ai) + us gaan AJOURNAL | OF THE > AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Assn.) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor : . ITHACA, N. Y. Committee on Journal _ F. Torrance, Chairman, A. E1rcHHorn, Secretary, C. J. MARSHALL, W. R. BLAIR, R. A. ARCHIBALD, M. Jacoss, N. 8, Mayo, G. R. WuiTE, V. A. Moore, L. FRotTH- INGHAM, C. H. STANGE, H. JENSEN, G. H. Roserts, R. P. LYMAN. _ Sub-Committee on Journal C. J. MARSHALL, Chairman, R. P. Lyman, A. E1cHHoRN, Secretary The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JouRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. VoL. XLVIII. N.S. Vor. I. NovemBeEr, 1915. No. 2. RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT. In any organization for the community of interest there must be a leading spirit—one who is farsighted enough to see not only the need of the times but the possibilities of the future, one who has sufficient energy and persistence to translate dreams into acts. From the old world there came one who possessed not only ideals but energy and by idealizing the real he has been able to realize the ideal, at least relatively, in veterinary organization. It is doubtful if Dr. Liautard, as an active participant in the formation of the U.S. Veterinary Medical Association, fully appreciated the chance of its later development into the American Veterinary Medical Association and the possibilities opened up for welding the veter- inary profession of this and adjacent countries into a more capable and homogeneous mass. Five or six decades ago the veterinary material of this country was decidedly raw from an educational standpoint as compared with European standards. The diagnosis was easy to Dr. Liau- tard’s clear vision and as a remedy he organized one, if not the first of the veterinary schools which has survived. Education, then as now, is fundamental to real progress. Emphasizing the educational ideal, he later established the American Veterinary Review, which at the outset was the official organ of the U. 8S. Veterinary Medical Association. In 1890 an 134 EDITORIAL extra number of the Review was printed, devoted exclusively to the proceedings and papers presented at the first meeting of the association held in Chicago. (The twenty-seventh annual meeting of the association.) From the records this appears to be the first separately printed volume of the proceedings. In subsequent years the association, with its growing membership, printed its own proceedings and the official connection of the Review became less apparent. From an historicdl standpoint it, therefore, seems fitting that the association in considering the abandonment of its separate volume of proceedings, which because of its considerable size, was beginning to cost about as. much as the annual dues amounted to, and to substitute a Journal for it, that the old rela- tions with the Review should be considered and this publication taken over for the use of the association. Even in the separate volume of the proceedings it was neces- sary to abridge the transactions of the meetings and this abridge- ment must, of necessity maintain in the new Journal. The essential items must be presented and there must be space for contribu- tions if the periodical is to be a Journal in fact as well as name. It will be our aim to strike a happy medium in this respect, to omit no item of importance of the association’s affairs, and yet have a sufficient variety of articles of timely interest to appeal to the pro- gressive practitioner, who, after all, is the bulwark of the profession. The prospect offers promise. The association member in pay- ing his dues contributes not only to the support of the associa- tion, but to the uplift of the profession and receives in return a periodical which keeps him informed of its activities. The prac- titioner who is not a member may acquire information beyond his own narrow sphere and keep in touch with the profession as a whole, and ultimately see that the association needs him and he needs the association to complete and round out his career. As a unit working in mass formation for the betterment of the pro- fession he will find his efforts productive of more fruitful results than anything he can hope to accomplish in his individual isolation. In transferring the ‘office of publication from New York City to Ithaca, N. Y. in a limited time, many details are involved which unavoidably tend to delay. Time is required for tabulating the proceedings of the meeting and the papers and discussions there presented, and much work is thrown upon the stenographer in a short space of time before the material can be available for the EDITORIAL 135 al. Krom the necessities of the case the first number of the m the New York office. There has been unavoidable delay in ‘forming some of the arrangements at the new office of publica- ib has not been our doe to inaugurate ieee changes as s the form and appearance of the Journal. Some may be | lis, others unavoidable. We prefer a gray cover because is the academic color for veterinary medicine. Typographical ange and re-arrangement of material is more or less necessary ler new conditions. ) An important function of any veterinary periodical is the cational one of disseminating knowledge of recent facts in tice, therapeutics and general matters pertaining to the pro-— on. A broad-minded practitioner should include in his study le representative journals of his own country, and at least make i effort to get in touch with one of the foreign journals; but for mmunity of interest there must also be due consideration for the rdinary and every day affairs that touch all practitioners. _ For the future we ask the co-operation of all members of the rofession. Any success worth having must be based on truth, rogress and efficiency. With co-operation all prejudice may be overcome. America should have a foremost place in the world- rtherhood of veterinarians. he 4 | Pras i SUTURES AND SUTURING* J. V. Lacrorx, Kansas City, Mo. For the purpose of joining tissues wherein there has been ef- fected solution of continuity, sutures, of some kind have long been employed to procure prompt coaptation of wound margins. The term ‘‘suture’’ is applicable to material employed in the pro- cess of joining tissue as well as to the joined structures after co- aptation has been effected; consequently, in one sense, there is no great difference in the significance of the terms ‘‘sutures’’ and ‘‘suture materials.’’ We shall limit our consideration of suture materials to those commonly employed. Suture materials are of vegetable, animal and metallic origin. Of vegetable origin, we have linen thread put up for use in various ways, and this constitutes a very strong and durable agent that is particularly serviceable in uniting surface wounds in thick-skinned animals. Linen thread is very effective when empolyed as a lig- ature for bulky masses of tissue, but it becomes very dense after having been in situ for a few hours and is quite prone to cut through tissue encompassed when tension is great. However, it is a very serviceable material for emergency work upon the large animals and does not become absorbed even when buried in the tissues. For the purpose of reenforcing marginal sutures, linen tape is very useful, since because of its shape, it does not readily cause pressure necrosis under tension. Of animal origin, the materials usually empolyed are gut, kangaroo tendon and silk. Gut is very frequently employed and when not treated in any one of the numerous ways to retard its absorption, will become absorbed in a few hours. The time re- quired for its absorption depends upon the character of the tissues containing it and the size of the suture material. Tissue that is vascular and that tends to keep sutures in a moist state, will ab- sorb sutures earlier than will tissue that is not so well supplied with vessels. When it is desirable to have a gut suture remain in position for several days, it is treated by being chromicized or iodinized or otherwise rendered more dense. Used in the approx- imation of some sub-surface wound margins, it is very dependable. * Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A. Section on Practice. Oak- land, Cal. LY * ™ ~ ¥ 2 “a a Sw - a_i % {se a yey oe q . Rr A = ‘ . ——— “ ¥ 2 Wee ie aif, Le waar \ on - r ‘ te J ¥ 7 ee . en hee pm i a Ot, * et fe S.3 tes 4 ? — : - ” : ‘= ‘ = to. ae os » f . TEACHING THE FUNDAMENTAL SUBJECTS 143 The psychologists have demonstrated experimentally and be- yond doubt: 1. That the objective method of teaching is the best because the student can learn the most by that method for the time and energy spent. 2. That a given thing can be learned by fewer repetitions if there is some interval between the repetitions than if the repetitions are consecutive. In view of these facts, our own experience and that of many others, we believe the didactic method of instruction indefensible except in those cases in which the literature is so voluminous and contradictory that the beginner could not pick the grain from the chaff. In such a case the lecture notes should be furnished the student in mimeographed or pamphlet form; as the material can be covered faster than if the student must write as dictated, also many students do not think fast enough to follow a lecturer, whereas they “may get the point from careful reading. Then how shall we teach? By the quiz and laboratory methods supplementing both by ref- erences to the literature, so that the student may get this informa- tion first hand and learn to use the great storehouses of the masters: constantly, in quizzes and laboratories the wmstructor must empha- size the most wmportant things by skillful questioning and supple- mental statements, keeping in mind the fact that mstruction must be judged by what the student learns and not what the imstructor knows. We are constantly running up against the ‘‘bug-bear’’ of ‘practical instruction’’. In foundation subjects it is largely an illusion because details must be mastered before we can generalize and apply our knowledge, which seems to be the central idea in so called ‘‘practical instruction’’. I wish to quote from an address given to this association at the Toronto meeting of the A. V. M. A by Prot. Sisson as follows: ‘‘Hrom a practical standpoint, a euphonious statement which — often turns out to mean that he has the ability to.memorize pretty well the statements found in some text-books.’’ In other cases “practical knowledge’’ stands for only a vague, indefinite idea of a particular thing. Again ‘‘practical anatomy’’ at Johns Hopkins means gross anatomy. In addition to pointing out some of the meanings of ‘‘practi- cal’’ allow me to add that I believe that most of the things which we can learn in the fundamental subjects if taught by men who know, appreciate and can teach the problems of veterinary medi- I f Ly vs rt af hee Mink nae oe tas 144 H. S. MURPHEY cine, are of practical use. I also believe that facts, the application of which is not seen today, may be very important tomorrow; for example, a few years ago, but little attention was paid to ductless glands ; now we know them to be very important and treat them ac- cordingly, in all branches of medicine; we stumbled along for years without studying the fascial compartments, now we appreciate their importance in surgery and hence pay careful attention to them in anatomy. Some of us go so far as to say that the body is made of fascial compartments which contain other structures. I heard a very prominent physician say in an address that “‘if we were better scientists we would be better physicians.’’ Did the famous Crile stumble upon the principles of anoci-association? No, he built. it up step by step using knowledge gained through the ap- plication of physical, chemical, anatomical and physiologic methods. We cannot agree under the present condition as to the amount’ of preparation before actual medical subjects are taken up. We be- lieve that at least high school training at the present time is essen- tial, and hope that before long, college training in physics, chemis- try, botany, zoology and language shall be required. We see no reason why we should lag behind the requirements and standards in human medicine, when our problems are as complex and our duty to the public as great. If our matriculant has not had a thorough course in the funda- mentals of physics then he should have it after becoming a veter- inary student. 7 In chemistry he should be taught enough inorganic and organic chemistry to learn the fundamental principles, the illustrative material being taken from things he will work with later, e. g. water of crystallization may be illustrated by magnesium. sulphate, etc., also a thorough course in physiological chemistry is absolutely es- sential, this should include the digestion experiments and an ex- amination of the normal fluids, both physically and chemically, the student should prepare his own material from the tissues him- self. There is neither time nor necessity for thorough courses in the above subjects, from the standpoint of the physicist and chem- ist. Probably the greatest criticism of the teaching of the above subjects is that they are not given from a medical view-point, hence too much time is devoted to irrelevant phases of the subjects and not enough to the essential, usable things. . A general treatise of zoology should come early in the course ae Bar he CR a See Ca cha sO: ee a “oe -; ' -s akg ak = veo as TEACHING THE FUNDAMENTAL SUBJECTS 145 and it should include classification, nomenclature and method of study illustrated by laboratory work on one or two species. The same might be said of botany except that it should also include lab- oratory work on mitosis, absorption with various concentrations, respiration, etc., to illustrate some of the biological laws, which are difficult to learn experimentally on animals. As I see it our weaknesses in teaching anatomy at the present time may be given as the lack of coordination, teachers not devoting their whole time to anatomy; failure to utilize all of the methods available and lack of illustrative material. Embryology, normal histolozy and gross anatomy should be in one department as found at the present time in the A-plus medical schools, such as Johns Hopkins, Harvard, and the Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Lowa State Universities. If I am correctly informed this is true in veter- inary schools only at the University of Pennsylvania, while we have at Ames, the gross and microscopic together with the embryology sep- arate and given by the department of zoology. We believe that embryology should come early in the course. The view that embry- ology is merely a preparation for obstetrics is not based on the facts in the case. ‘We can never understand the descent or failure of des- cent of the testicle or the position of the gubernaculum testis except through the facts of embryology ; the importance of which has been fully emphasized by Prof. W. L. Williams’ careful studies and papers. Let me quote Flexner: ‘‘The earliest topics of the curriculum —anatomy, physiology, physiological chemistry—already hark back to a previous scientific discipline. Everyone of them involves already acquired knowledge and manipulative skill. They are lab- oratory sciences at the second, not the primary, stage. Consider, for example, anatomy, the simplest and the most fundamental of them all. It used to begin and end with dissection of the adult eadaver. It can neither begin nor end there today; for it must provide the basis upon which experimental physiology, pathology and bacteriology may intelligently be built. Mere dissection docs not accomplish this. In addition to gross anatomy, the student must make out under the microscope the normal cellular structure of organ, muscle, nerve and blood vessel; he must grasp the whole process of structural development. Histology and embryology are thus essential aspects of anatomical study. No treatment of the subject including these is possible within the time limits of the 146 H. S. MURPHEY modern medical curriculum unless previous training in general bi- ology has equipped the student with the necessary fundamental conceptions, knowledge and technical dexterity.’’ We cannot learn tumors or much of the recent advance in pathology and experimental medicine, except by reference to em- bryology. ) I confess that I must constantly use embryology to explain many facts in anatomy; for example, why the recurrent laryngeal nerves pass around the aorta and dorso-cervical arteries respect- ively, thus traversing the cervical region twice instead of going di- rect to larynx from the vagus in the carotid region. To learn the classification of glands we must understand how they develop. While a course of embryology given from a zoological standpoint is scientific, it should be presented from the medical view-point, especially the part dealing with histogenesis, which is usually left out, also more attention should be given to the placenta in gross dissections, and histologically, as well as actual dissections on vari- ous sized embryos, a thing usually left out entirely; the study of the placenta and embryo we have been doing with our comparative dissections. We recognize six methods of approach in the teaching of anatomy : . 1. Didactic 2. Quiz. | 3. Specimen demonstration by instructor. 4. Specimen study by student. | 5. Dissection. 6. The use of the living horse to amplify the others. In our work in histology we use methods one to four inclusive and have made a serious attempt to prepare students for their work — in physiology, pathology, surgery and’ medicine by including the following things not usually studied: 1. Histogenesis of the con- nective tissues and glands; 2. Joints, bursae, vaginal sheaths, a comparative study of morphology of the blood cells, the digestive organs and reproductive organs, the udder in various physiological states and last but not least the hoof and its corium. In fact you see that it is given from a veterinary view-point. This subject has not received its due share of time and effort in the past and even at the present in most schools; our greatest handicaps are lack of text and laboratory guides; our view-point and how we have met some of the problems follow: TEACHING THE FUNDAMENTAL SUBJECTS 147 Veterinary anatomy both gross and microscopic has to do with the normal structure of domesticated animals, i.e. the things the _body is made of, the organs such as bones, joints, muscles, tendons, _ brain, nerves, stomach, intestines, lungs, heart, blood vessels, ete., following this and a part of it the detail of structure, what it is _ and how it is put together, kinds of cells and tissues in the body as a whole as well as their arrangement in particular organs. We need the aid of the microscope because we are unable to see the units with the unaided eye. We call the chemist and physicist to our a _ aid cutting and staining the very thin sections so that we may have color contrasts to see the detail of the minute structures. While __we are learning the morphology we also learn some of the funda- mental things about the chemical constitution, reactions, and func: tion of the different organs. Anatomy is the oldest and of neces- sity must be the first of the subjects studied in obtaining a med- ical education. We must learn about the thing itself before we ean profitably study its activities, hence we need to know the struc- _ ture of the organs or systems of organs before we study the normal : q _ functions in the detail of physiology. Again we must know the __ position, size, color and consistency (feel) of the normal organ to _ recognize the abnormal or pathological organ. One cannot diag- nose or treat either internal or surgical diseases without a constant use and reference to the detailed facts of anatomy. To illustrate: __ Any one ean lance an abscess, but only the one trained to feel the dif- ference between the normal and abnormal can locate a deep abscess and drain it properly, to avoid injury to important blood vessels, nerves and adjacent fascial compartments. Again the internist uses anatomical facts to explain the entrance of micro-organisms at definite places, and whether held there or disseminated to other locations, e. g. tuberculosis, strangles, etc. While anatomy has the same value academically that any other science has, viewed from the professional standpoint it is not an end of itself but only the means to an end. It is the first or basis of the foundation subjects _ of medical science. It is almost platitudinous to state that the » Stability of the professional structure may be measured largely by the mastery of the fundamentals in this foundation. In addi- tion to the facts learned the training and preparation for the fol- lowing courses are no small part of the absolute benefits of a course in anatomy. These may be summarized as follows: 1. To learn the scheme of medical terminology. 148 H. S. MURPHEY 2. To learn to visualize ‘‘retinize’’, i.e. not to see a bone as a bone but a structure with definite markings and parts such as shaft and extremities with depressions and prominences that are smooth or rough, deep or shallow, ete., to learn ‘‘to see’’ and not merely ‘‘to look at’’. 3. To learn “‘to feel’’ and transfer such mental impressions to words. 4. To learn expression: the language of anatomy comes as near that of mathematical precision as any one of the sci- ences. 5. Judgment to separate the essential from the non-essential, i.e. to conquer and remember the detail of one thing to the exclusion of a less important one. | 6. The ability to make and retain original observations in the laboratory, to get knowledge from things rather than books. 7. As above noted to train the senses of sight and touch. We may summarize the general objects of anatomy to be: a. To obtain the foundation facts of the structure of domestic animals. b. To train the student so that the subsequent subjects of the curriculum may be more comprehensible, and more easily mastered. e. To fit the student so that he may follow the future advance- ments in medicine. Of the methods outlined below we were the first veterinary school to co-ordinate gross and microscopic anatomy, to use the liv- ing horse and prepared specimens consistently, in both class and lab- oratory work. 1. The use of the living subject in the class room and labora- tory. In the latter the students are required to palpate all super- ficial structures and surgical landmarks and to outline all other structures. In this way the ‘‘feel’’ and relationships are learned on the living horse step by step, with the dissection. None of the scientific detail is lost but intensified, made useful, and extremely practical so that the student learns the structures of the living by studying both the living and dead and is not learning about the dead by the cadaver alone. 2. The emphasis of ‘ieoemebie While we take up our work in the beginning from the systemic plan, relationships are studied at the same time; to illustrate we find an oblique smooth groove TEACHING THE FUNDAMENTAL SUBJECTS 149 y, On Laiterior surface distal third of shaft of pitt: at the time we 2 take this up in osteology we learn that this groove Fodees the femoral 4 blood vessels. When we study the rhomboideus muscle we first 4 study its origin, insertion, action, structure, then the relationships from without inward: anteriorily the skin superficial fascia, 4 trapezius muscle; posteriorly the latissimus dorsi and scapular cartilage above the scapula proper; deeply the superficial layer of the dorso scapular ligament which appears superficially below the - muscle anterior to the scapula, deeply the splenius, complexus and longissimus anteriorly, while posteriorly the serratus anticus and ec eeeimes ; the practical application of this may be seen in opera- tions on cases of fistulous withers. In the class room and labora- : . 4 tory, sections cut in various planes are used to aid in getting clearer ideas of topography. In the latter part of the course of anatomy _ proper lectures on the topography of the important surgical re- _ gions are given. We believe it would be advisable to follow up this work with the senior classes in surgery by giving them lectures, ; E guizzes demonstrations, on the topography of the various regions - be operated in the practicums; the living animals, sections, dis- _ sected specimens and cadavers should be used. 4 os 3. Co-ordination of gross and microscopic : ne This is ( pein unless given in a single department so that two methods and view-points will not conflict. In our lectures and laboratory Deeork and quizzes in histology, we constantly use gross specimens j and see with the naked eye many things which we are studying mi- | -eroscopically ; to illustrate we have gross preparations of the spleen, 3 those showing the capsule and trabeculae onky and others showing _ these spaces filled with the pulp. We hold our microscopic sec- i tions up to the window and compare with the gross specimen. _ While in the dissecting room, the spleen is studied grossly in free j ‘ hand sections and slides reviewed microscopically, using both gross bl and microscopi¢ notes as an aid. This is done in both the first and | 7. dissections while in the quizzes over the viscera during the second year the gross anatomy is followed by the detail of histology in discussing the structure of the organ. & a 4, The constant use of prepared specimens in the class room and eeeeratory (see No. 6 above) to illustrate, students are dissecting - the head, they will be furnished frontal, sagittal and horizontal _ sections of entire head, and sculptured ones of different aged ani- mals to show teeth sinuses infra orbital and lacrymal canals, to ss a a - es oe i aig a ‘io 150 H. S. MURPHEY study and sketch at the same time, so they get the detail for ex- ample of the sinuses by chiseling them out and the relations both from their own specimen and by a study of the prepared sections, also further we are having a quiz on the nasal cavity. These same sections are used. Thus our work is objective rather than didactic. 5. Compressed air ought to be available in the dissecting rooms so that at times fascial compartments, vaginal sheaths, joints cap- sules and hollow viscera may ‘be distended. The advisability of accurate knowledge of the position and extent of these structures is self evident from a surgical standpoint. 6. The every day use of the view-point that anatomy for pro- fessional purposes must prepare for present day demands of train- ing in physiology, pathology, internal medicine and surgery. (Note the applications previously cited.) Physiology should be taught by both class room and laboratory instruction; if time permits the lectures and quizzes should be supplemented by demonstrations. It seems unnecessary to say that laboratory work should begin with simple experiments, illustrat-. ing the fundamental, chemical and physical laws, as seen in the _ working of the animal body, then following up step by step to the — point where complex experiments are used to show the interde-— pendence of the functional activities of different organs, thus pre- paring the student to appreciate and understand the abnormal activity of individual organs, the result of this increased or de- creased activity on other organs, and thus be prepared to analyze the symptom-complex of disease. The action of drugs and disease symptoms are now largely studied by physiologic methods. The student is thus prepared to analyze the charts and tracings now so commonly used in texts. If he does not have this laboratory train- ing he is not able to understand his present or future problems. The student should be referred to original sources for infor- mation in physiology for two reasons, first to get information from original sources and second to learn how we have obtained our knowledge of the animal body at work and to appreciate the exper- imental method. We claim no particular originality for, and should hesitate to offer, the following laboratory outline if it were not for the dis- cussion to follow: 1. Action of cilia by the ‘‘cork’’ experiment in the frog. TEACHING THE FUNDAMENTAL SUBJECTS 151 . Simple reflexes on the ‘‘pithed’’ frog. a. Simple pinching of toe. b. Ditto after giving strychnine. e. Ditto after cooling. d. Spread of reflex by holding toe and applying acid to side. . Effect of section and stimulation of vagus on frog. . Actual test of the nerve for methods of stimulation. . Changes in normal and injured nerve as determined by electrometer. . After discharge in nerves. . Summation of stimuli. . Independent rhythm as shown by the scratch reflex; The same experiment also shows that movements are definite and purposive. . Fatigue in endings and synapse. . Refractive period. . Inco-ordination (cerebellar). . Equilibrium (semicircular canals). . Window study of rumination in the goat. . Effect of operative removal of the following: thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, liver, kidney, ete. . Demonstrations of Pavlov’s classic, experimental studies of the digestive glands. . Osmosis and filtration in vitro, followed by the formation and absorption of lymph and chyle in vivo (see No. 21). . A study of muscle to show tonicity; power of contraction, extensibility, fatigue, ete. | . Study of the circulation to show how the heart works, its controlling mechanism, and how this may be modified by other functions such as respiration, temperature, exercise, etc., or abnormal conditions such as injury. . Study of respiration. . The factors concerned in secretion such as nerve stimulation, amount of blood present, rate of blood flow. Inhibition through the nervous system or by other means, as shown in the classic experiments on the secretion of saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice and urine and sweat. . Demonstration of absorption: a—from the gut as shown by the feeding of fats and killing the animal to observe the 152 H. S. MURPHEY Jacteals engorged, also by histological studies with Sudan III or other methods. bh—Absorption from tissue spaces as shown by pigment granules. e—From such cavities as joints, bursae and vaginal sheaths. It is understood that the foregoing experiments require ap- paratus and time. The student in doing the actual work must know in a general way what to expect as a result of his experiment ; he must keep notes and study his graphic records; then later the instructor goes over the work in class, discussing it and pointing out the significance of the observations. The graphic charts so commonly used at present in all scientific work can be understood only in this way, by learning how they are made and what they mean. In bacteriology the class and laboratory work should go hand in hand. The conclusions of the class room should be proven in the laboratory; the course should be such that it may be ealled ap- plied bacteriology, keeping in mind the fact that we are training a veterinarian; allow me to digress at this point to say that the teacher of any subject must not only know the application of his subject but should have had a broad training in that subject and have come in contact with and worked under a master in that sub- ject. Teachers need training as well as students. A professorship in the veterinary schools of this country should mean much more than it does at the present time. The student should learn general bacteriology, what bacteria are, and how they grow, how to isolate and cultivate them. No one can really appreciate aseptic precautions who has not mastered the technique of bacteriology. Along with the physiology of bacteria the principles of immunity would be learned, since the reactions may be said to be interdependent. Along with or following the study of pathogenic organisms a thorough course in experimental serum therapy should be given; if either is to be neglected let it be the former. In practice or food inspection do we have to do with the cultural characteristics of an organism or the reactions it pro- duces? of the Arkansas Station. Dinwiddie’s organisms are intracorpuscular bodies, associated with the erythrocytes, while King’s® organism is a spirochete. The latter is said to be relatively large, measuring five to seven microns long and one micron in width, being flexible, round and blunt at its ends, actively motile, and revolving around its longitudinal axis. King claims that this spirochete can be readily distinguished from bacteria on account of its lack of rigidity and its characteristic motility, which is de- scribed as being undulating, with the spirals fixed. It can be dif- ferentiated from blood films by its refractive properties and its characteristic morphology. ; oc. HOG CHOLERA INVESTIGATIONS 165 is King, Baeslack and Hoffmann‘ report the examination of the blood of forty-eight normal hogs without finding any spirochetes, __ whereas the examination of the blood of forty hogs suffering with | - ¢holera, all revealed the presence of a spirochete. In the case of six hogs which retovered from the disease, spirochetes were found during the course of the disease, but were absent after recovery. The sick hogs referred to were infected with twelve different strains : _ Laboratory diagnoses of cholera were made in two instances by means of dark field examinations of blood revealing spirochetes. ‘In other instances these were found a few hours before any symp- toms appeared. Spirochetes were found with less difficulty in the plood of hogs suffering from the acute form of the disease. Spiro- __ chetes are easily demonstrated in the scrapings from the intestinal ulcers of hogs dead from cholera. The organism was also found in the erypts of the cecum and in skin lesions. Attempts to iso- late the spirochetes from the spleen, liver, lymph-nodes, spinal cord, cerebro-spinal fluid, bile and urine were reported as having been unsuccessful.* Hayes,’ of California, has examined twelve specimens of blood _ from cholera hogs and reported that he was unable to find spiro- ___ chetes present in any of them. = According to the latest report of the Chief of the Bureau of ~ Animal Industry (1914)?° the Biochemie Division has made some _ observations on the presence of spirochetes in hogs. These studies _ have shown spirochetes to be present in considerable numbers in = the contents of the intestines, especially in and around the ulcers found in the intestines of sick hogs. Spirochetes could not be demonstrated in the blood, but large numbers of the same spiro-— -chete were found in the intestinal contents of healthy hogs. “ Based ig —— holds to the belief that his spirochete is capable of break- ing up into granules and that these granules may play an import- Past part in the life cycle and physiological functions of the organism. They are present in the blood of cholera hogs, in cultures of Spiro- chaeta suis, and are capable of producing the disease in healthy: hogs. Granules were not found in the blood of normal hogs, both susceptible and naturally immune. 166 H. PRESTON HOSKINS These granules are undoubtedly the same as those referred to in annual reports of the Veterinary Division of the Indiana Ex- periment Station. Craig and Whiting’ refer to them as irregular, round bodies or granules, similar to the forms seen in normal blood and known as hemoconia or blood dust. The same investigators also report having seen filaments in the blood, free and attached to the margins of the blood cells, in both healthy and diseased hogs, but more numerous in the latter. In an earlier report’? the state- ment was made that these two forms of organisms undoubtedly bear a close relation to hog cholera, but proof of the fact that they are the direct cause of the disease has not yet been secured, because of the fact that it has thus far been impossible to isolate them. In a later report,’* referring to the filaments, they state that they are to be considered as a clinical phenomenon, the result of disintegration of the erythrocytes. The same report states that the so-called gran- ular bodies show a tendency to increase in number when placed in artificial culture media. The nature of the media used is mentioned in the latest report available’* and they consisted of milk, hay and meat infusions and bouillon, and various sugar media. More than 60 germ-free filtrates were studied with the aid of a Zeiss ultra- microscope. In summarizing their work, King and Hoffman”™ claim to have practically fulfilled Koch’s laws, in so far as it is possible with an organism possessing the biological characteristics of the spirochetes, and that it may logically be concluded that Spirochaeta swis is more established as the specific cause of hog cholera than any other known organism. King and Drake** have suggested the possibility that, at some time or period in its life cycle, Spirochacta suis is eapable of pass- ing through bacteria-proof filters. In this connection it might be well to call attention to the work of Von Betegh.** This investigator claims that the ultra filtration of the filterable virus of hog cholera is questionable. He states that the virus, in the form of the heart’s blood, emulsions of spleen, kidney and lung tissue, after being filtered through a Bechhold dise collodion filter, did not produce hog cholera when injected into young pigs. He believes that the viruses that we usually call filterable are not filterable at all, and that their filterability de- pends entirely on the filter used. The unfiltered virus contained strongly refracting bodies and organisms resembling spirochetes, HOG CHOLERA INVESTIGATIONS 167 ind when cultivated on agar, showed colon bacilli, bipolar organ- isms, and others resembling Bacillus suipestifer. In their latest publication, King and Drake** announce that a » culture of Spirochaeta hyos (formerly Spirochaeta suis) has secured and that typical hog cholera of the acute type has | produced by inoculating a hog with this culture. Two German investigators’® recently startled the scientific d with the announcement that they had isolated and cultivated causative organism of hog cholera, but this work was not re- a d in detail, and the methods of isolation and cultivation were ground that up to this time spirochetes have not been filtered ‘pressure, and furthermore that salvarsan, a well-known ochete poison, is not of any value in hog cholera. This invest- was able to demonstrate spirochetes 1 in the blood taken dvs 1. He was able to find them in the intestinal tract. He be- d that the pprochotes found in i cholera originate from the a ‘Uhlenhuth” has made a study of the effects of various disin- fectar ints upon the hog cholera virus. He found that corrosive sub- te and carbolic acid would not kill the virus in a comparatively time. A six per cent cresol soap solution and calcium hydro- de in varying dilutions destroyed it within one hour. The ‘us is very resistant to cold, (as we know by experience in Min-, za ta ) but it is killed by drying at a temperature of 78°C. Heat- for one-half hour at 58°C. do not rob it of its disease produc- powers. Virus inclosed in fermenting manure is killed. It also found that hogs which have apparently recovered from cholera, but for some reason are in an unthrifty condition, 1ently prove to be virus carriers. The secretions from the eyes nose disseminate the virus. everal laboratories have made observations on the bacterial that practically all anti-hog cholera sera contain living ia. A species of streptococci predominated in all sera he ex- He found that hyperimmune hogs do not give off bacteria 168 H. PRESTON HOSKINS bottling. Organisms multiply in serum preserved with one-half of one percent of phenol. Hayes believes that a high bacterial count does not necessarily predispose to abscess formation. The Indiana Experiment Station’* reports the purchase of samples of different commercial sera and the tests of these, both for purity and potency. Bacterial counts in the different makes of sera varied from 30,000 to 125,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. The Kentucky Experiment Station®* has also made some bac- terial examinations of serum. Dr. Graham reports in this connec- tion that some sera which they produced contained no bacteria, while others contained as high as 65,000 per ¢.¢. No relation could be observed between the bacterial content and potency. Serum that showed the presence of secondary bacteria proved just as po- tent as sterile serum. He recommends the determination of second- ary bacteria in serum as a requirement in routine serum production, the samples for bacteriological examination to be taken from the mixing tank at the same time that a sample is taken to determine the potency. | Something that is very desirable is a method of standardizing hog cholera serum. This problem has been attacked in two direc- tions by different groups of workers. Reichel?* had the problem in mind from the virus side, believing that if we had a fixed virus of hog cholera, as we have for rabies, it would be easier to produce a standard serum. In a recent publication the author** questioned the feasibility of this, for several reasons. The great variations _in immunity and susceptibility of different hogs toward the hog cholera virus makes the problem a difficult one. The secondary in- fections met with in hog cholera, not present in rabies, tend to complicate matters and make the problem harder. However, if it is possible to get a fixed hog cholera virus, I believe we have it at University Farm at the present time. The virus which we are now using at the State Serum Plant is now going through its 120th passage, and appears to be as virulent as it is possible to get it. Haslam and Franklin?® have endeavored to standardize serum in the finished product. Their methods involve the use of test pigs and the index of the potency of the serum under the test is gauged by the reaction shown by the test pigs. In any test where pigs are used, great variations in natural immunity must be taken into con- sideration, these extremes varying from what appears to be a perfect natural immunity up to extreme susceptibility. HOG CHOLERA INVESTIGATIONS 169 3 _ Haslam*® has made one of the most sensible suggestions that a we have heard of for some time. Briefly it is to test serum in large quantities, using a correspondingly large number of test pigs, on the assumption that the exactness of the test varies with the number of test animals, the greater the number of these the greater the accuracy of the test. Haslam suggests testing serum in quantities = of 500,000 c.c. at a time. This is from three to six times as large Pe quantity as is usually tested at one time, but by using from three to six times the usual number of test pigs, the expense is no greater and a very much better idea of the potency of the serum can be obtained. What appears to be an encouraging piece of work is that re- ported by Dr. John Reichel,?” of Mulford’s scientific staff. He has refined or concentrated hog cholera serum by a rather complicated process of precipitations and filtrations into one-half, and even less, of its original volume. The anti-bodies in the serum appear to be associated with the globulins, as shown by Reichel in his work, and also some work done in the Biochemie Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, under the direction of Dr. Dorset.*®. Reichel’s refined serum is sterile and free of a large portion of the inert sub- Stances of hog cholera serum as we are accustomed: to use it. In a f recent communication, Dr. Reichel informed me that plans were under way to place hog cholera serum globulin on the market, but that a great deal of work on it remained to be done, indicating that there were several difficulties to be overcome before it would be ‘possible to market it in competition with serum. : None of the investigators who have claimed to have cultivated Pi the hog cholera organism, have reported any attempts to attenuate _ their organisms, with a view to perfecting a vaccine. Apparently _ the only work that has been done along this line isthe continuation of the experiments to prepare a vaccine by heating virus to dif- ferent temperatures for varying periods of time. Graham and Brueckner®® have published their results and conclude that virus heated at 60°C. for one hour may produce cholera, and pigs inoc- ulated with such a virus, even if they do not develop cholera, are not necessarily rendered immune. The same dose of vaccine may ae protect, or non-protect inoculated animals of the same size under similar conditions. For these reasons they believe that at- tenuated virus is worthless in rendering swine immune to cholera. ‘his is rather in direct contrast to the favorable results re- : “(ie 170 H. PRESTON HOSKINS ported by Peters*® several years ago. Craig reports some work done along similar lines at the Indiana Experiment Station..* A mixture of one part virus and two parts normal salt solution was incubated at a temperature of 37.5°C. for 24 hours. Then this mixture was heated from one to two hours at temperatures varying from 60 to 65°C. Of 62 pigs inoculated with the heated virus, 60 died of acute cholera. Of 23 pen exposure checks, 21 died of cholera. Lewis, Shuler, McElroy and Ritter,*° of the Oklahoma Experi- ment Station, have attempted to prepare a vaccine by passing virus through the bodies of immune hogs. The work was done first with a view to determining how long the virus injected for the purpose of hyperimmunizing remained virulent. Blood drawn from a hog as early as 24 hours after hyperimmunization and used as a vac- cine, apparently protected four pigs, but the value of the experi- ment is lost, owing to the fact that no control pigs were kept, or at least reported. About two years ago a hyperimmune was bled, by mistake, on the fourth day after hyperimmunization, at the State Serum Plant. The error was detected before the blood was mixed, and accordingly was kept separately. The question arose as to whether it contained any virus, or sufficient antibodies to be used as a protective serum. Four pigs, weighing from 15 to 25 pounds, were inoculated with varying amounts of the vaccine(?). One pig that received one cubie centimeter died of cholera on the 23rd day. The second pig developed chronic cholera and died on the 40th day. The third pig passed through an attack of cholera and recovered. The fourth pig, although it received 15 cubic centimeters, likewise passed through a mild attack of cholera and recovered. Both of the latter pigs were badly stunted, and never were thrifty again, having been kept under our observation over six months. This work was taken up again recently, but apparently the results are extremely variable, so much so that I would prefer not to say much about them at this time. | With the exception of the work of King, Baeslack and Hoff- mann,’ already referred to, the problem of diagnosing hog cholera in the laboratory has received comparatively little attention. A number of investigators have from time to time thought of the pos- sibilities of the complement fixation test as being of assistance in this respect. The chief difficulty seems to lie in securing a suitable antigen. At the Missouri Experiment Station, Connaway and HOG CHOLERA INVESTIGATIONS 171) - Durant** have been doing some work along this line. In their pre- liminary report they state that they used, as antigens, blood and -_ extracts of spleens of virus pigs. Apparently they obtained rather irregular results. ; pe, The only other work of a similar nature reported has been done by Healy and Smith*? of the Kentucky Experiment Station. They ___ased an extract of the mesenteric lymph-nodes and state that this _. antigen shows striking differences in its reactions toward sera from ~ normal hogs, rabbits, cows and hyperimmune hogs. They state further that the antigen is not present in the freshly prepared gland extract, but requires a definite period (eight days in most ae eases) for development; the antigen passes through an ordinary __ porcelain filter, but not through an ‘‘F’’ bougie. Along the line of laboratory diagnosis the Pathological Di- vision of the Bureau of Animal Industry has done some work of a histological nature, in an attempt to differentiate between cases of hog cholera and glomerular nephritis, in both of which conditions 4 the kidneys very frequently present petechial hemorrhages. In _ the last report*® of the Bureau, it is claimed that these two condi- ee tions can be differentiated under the microscope very readily, and __ the conclusion is drawn that the presence of hemorrhagic kidneys alone was not sufficient for a diagnosis of cholera. We have noted 0 Ee this hemorrhagic condition of the kidneys in young pigs suffering _ from necrobacillosis, and it undoubtedly has been the reason for a _ number of mistaken diagnoses and as many unsatisfactory experi-’ ences with serum. _ ___In elosing I wish to mention one other experiment, conducted by Birch,®* of the Cornell Veterinary Experiment Station. He has fairly well demonstrated that under our present meat inspection - regulations it is possible for the carcasses of hogs harboring the virus of hog cholera to be passed for food. This was demonstrated by feeding to susceptible hogs pieces of pork from pigs inoculated _ with virus, and killed before the appearance of macroscopic lesions. _ These pork scraps were fed fresh, refrigerated and cured. It is readily realized how cholera may be spread by feeding uncooked pork scraps to hogs. Thousands of hogs in this country are fed on garbage, and although a great majority are probably kept immun- ized against cholera all the time, those in uninfected territory may not be. Here lies the danger, namely, that the disease may be spread by these infected pork scraps, into previously uninfected 172 H. PRESTON HOSKINS territory. Canada, in a way, rather blames a great deal of her cholera on this source of infection, according to Rutherford** and MecGilvray.*® The Pathological Division of the Bureau, in their most recent report,’® refutes this claim, at least in so far as brine- pickled and dry-salted pork is concerned. Portions of bacon from hogs in different stages of cholera were brine-pickled and dry- salted, and then fed to susceptible hogs without producing the dis- ease. The same hogs were subsequently shown to be susceptible to cholera by inoculations with virulent blood. | A review of these hog cholera investigations has been made at this particular time because we believe that the time is not far dis- tant when the Experiment Station will be able to devote consider- able time to research and experimental work along similar lines. With increased facilities and more help for serum production, as well as additional space and equipment for experimental work, I feel safe in saying that we will be deeply engaged in this kind of work before this year is out, and that serum production will be subsidiary to research work. REFERENCES 1. Dorset. Hog Cholera Control Investigations of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, Report of Progress. Proc. 18th Annual Mtg., U. 5S. L. 8. S. Asso., 1915, p. 99. ; 2. Fischer. Preliminary Report on the Results of the Treatment of 40,000 Head of Swine with Serum-Virus in Ohio. Ohio State Univ. Vet. Alumni Quar., Jan. 1914, p, 64. ' 3. Dinwiddie. Nature of the Virus of Hog Cholera. Proc. Amer. Vet. Med. Asso., 1912, p. 506. 4, Dinwiddie. The Infectiousness of Serum and Serum-Free Blood Cor- puscles in Hog Cholera. Bull. No. 111, Ark. Agr. Exp, Sta. 5. Dinwiddie. Studies on the Hematology of Normal and Cholera-In- fected Hogs. Bull. No. 120, Ark. Agr. Exp. Sta. 6. King and Baeslack. Studies on the Virus of Hog Cholera. Prelim- inary Report. Jour. Inf. Dis., 1913, Vol. XII, No. 1, p. 39. 7. King, Baeslack and Hoffman. Studies on the Virus of Hog Cholera. Jour. Inf. Dis., 1913, Vol. XII, No. 2, p. 206. 8. King, Drake and Hoffman. Further Studies with Reference to Spiro- chetes Observed in Swine. Zeit. f. Immun. u. Exper. Ther., 1914, Vol. XXII, p. 347. 9. Annual Report, Calif. Agr. Exp. Station, 1914. 10. Annual Report, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, 1914. : 11. Craig and Whiting.. Hog Cholera. Bull. No. 173, Purdue Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1914. 12. Annual Report, Purdue Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1912, p. 80. 13. Annual Report, Purdue Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1913, p. 77. 14, Annual Report, Purdue Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1914, p. 73. 15. King and Hoffman. Spirochaeta Suis. Its Significance as a Patho- genic Organism. Jour. Inf. Dis., 1913, Vol. XIII, No. 3, p. 463. 16, King and Drake. Some Phenomena Involved in the Life History of Spirochaeta Suis. Jour, Inf. Dis., 1914, Vol, XIV, No. 2, p. 246, URINARY LITHIASIS IN BOVINES 173 17. Von Betegh. The Ultrafiltration of the Filterable Viruses. Berl. Se Woch., 1912, Vol. XXVIII, No. 52, p. 968. ge 4 iy King and Drake. Inoculation Experiments with Pure Culture of Spiro- chaeta Hyos. Jour. Inf. Dis., 1915, Vol. XVI, No. 1, p. 54. _ 19. Pfeiler and Lentz. Cultivating the Virus of Hog Cholera. Berl. Tier. Woeh., 1913, Vol. XXIX, No. 39, p. 689. es a0. Arnheim. Spirochetes in Hog Cholera. Zeitschr. f. Hyg. u. Infek- : tionskr., 1914, Vol. LXXVI, No. 3, p. 435. 21.’ Uhlenhuth. Hog Cholera. Mitt. Ver. Deut. Schweine Zuchter, 1911, Vol, XVIII, No. 7, p. 110. be Baty Graham. "Hog Cholera Serum Production In Kentucky. Proc. 18th eanal Mte., U.S. L. S. 8. Asso., 1915, p. 138. _ 23. Reichel. Fixed Hog Cholera Virus. Jour. Inf. Dis., 1913, Vol. XII, Not 1, p. 106. ‘Hoskins. Some Observations on Hog Cholera and the Use of Serum. ier. Vet. Review, 1915, Vol. XLVII, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 46-56 and 188-196. 25. Haslam and Franklin. Standardization of Anti-Hog Cholera Serum. Jour. Inf. Dis., 1914, Vol. XV, No. 2, p. 257. a 26. Haslam. Standardization of Anti-Hog Cholera Serum. Proc. 18th pel Mtg., U. S. L. S. S. Asso., 1915, p. 118. eel. Reichel. The Refinement of Hog Cholera Serum. Proce. 18th Rinual tg., U. S. L. 8. 8. Asso., 1915, p. 127. -Graham and Brueckner. Notes on Attenuation of Virus in the Blood of 10] ae Hogs to Prepare a Vaccine. Jour. Med. Res., 1915, Vol, XXXI, No. 3, 29. Peters. Treatment of Hog Cholera with Attenuated Virus. Proe. 15th Annual Mtg., U. S. L. S. S, Asso., 1911, p. 125. 30. Lewis, Shuler, McElroy and Ritter. Hog Cholera. Bull. No, 104, Agr. Exp. Sta. 31. Connaway and Durant. Experiments on Complement Fixation in Hog ara. Bull. No. 131, Work and Progress of the (Missouri) Agr. Exp. Sta., 32. Healy and Smith. Complement Fixation in Hog Cholera. Jour. Inf. , 1915, Vol, XVII, No. 1, p. 213. 33. Birch. A Study of Hog Cholera Transmission. Cornell Veterinarian, 4, Vol. IV, No. 3, p. 116. Be BA. Rutherford. Report of Veterinary Director General of Canada, 1912, 4. 85. MeGilvray. Hog Cholera. Proc, Amer. Vet. Med. Asso., 1912, p. 475. at “4 ’ ray Vv URINARY LITHIASIS IN BOVINES* G. B. Jonzs, Sidell, Ill. In dealing with this subject it is not our aim to go into tech- : ‘ ‘al or theoretical points, but to deal with it solely from the prac- er’s point of view. [bance literature on this subject is very brief, therefore we shall Bait W Presented at the meeting of the A. V, M. A., Oakland. Section on Prae- pe September, 1915. 174 G. B. JONES The ox is a very peculiar quadruped, presenting but few char- acteristics in common with the horse or other domesticated animals, and therefore, is prone to manifest in a different way the symptoms of the disease which he and the horse may have in common. ErioLtocy. The exact cause of urinary calculi is not yet fully understood; yet we can all agree that the ox is often afflicted with these lime deposits and I believe from his peculiar diathesis that he is more subject to this affection than most other ruminating animals unless it be the sheep. ! Why some cattle possess calculi and others not, with identi- cally the same food and water, is beyond my knowledge. My be- lief, however, is that it comes from some derangement in the func- tion of the kidneys or other perverted: chemism. Most writers claim that the trouble arises from the kind of food they eat or from the water they drink.. If this be the case why do not cattle given an abundance of wheat bran, clover, hay, sugar beets, and lime stone water oftener become affected than those on a succulent nitrogenous diet? My observation for the past twenty years fails to verify the opinion that any special kind of food or water have any material effects in producing calculi. (See postmortem No. 2). The more thrifty and plethoric animals seem to be oftener affected, and those on forced or full feed much oftener than those that are thin and on scant rations. Observations have further shown that sheep on forced feed are much more prone to these lime deposits than those that are not heavily fed. Therefore, my conclusions are that the chief cause seems to be from excessive feeding in a majority of the cases; and that the drinking water, temperament and hereditary predisposition are but small factors. CLASSIFICATION OF UrinARY CaAucuui. The classification is most conveniently made according to the location in which they are found. 1st, Renal caleuli found in the kidney which may again be sub- divided into (a) Caleuli of uriniferous tubes. (b) Caleuli of the pelvis of kidney. 2nd. Uretral caleuli found in the ureters. 3rd. Vesical calculi found in the bladder, URINARY LITHIASIS IN BOVINES 175 4th. Urethral calculi found in any place in the urethra. 5th. Preputial caleuli found within the sheath. Caleuli may also be subdivided according to their chemical composition, but this would afford no guide to their location or symptoms, as caleuli of the same chemical composition may be found in any part of the urinary tract from the kidneys to the sheath. It is my belief, which is further substantiated by postmortem, that the formation of most, if not all urinary calculi in cattle, be- gin or originate in the kidneys and that they pass from there on to the different locations in which we find them. I can not accede to the belief that these urinary calculi have a nucleus of some foreign body around which these salts have been deposited, neither do we find those concentric rings representing the layers that have deposited in succession as in lactiferous salivary ealeuli and bezoars. Fia4. 1. The form or shape of these caleuli will vary according to loca- tion in which we find them. This is more especially true if they have remained in the same location or position for any length of time. In the kidneys they are usually of a spherical outline and small, and the adhering of several of these smaller ones constitute those larger ones whose sides are rough, resembling a mulberry surface. Again they may present smooth or polished surfaces as when found in the bladder and no doubt these cystic ealeuli become polished by remaining in contact with other caleuli in the bladder for some time. 176 G. B. JONES Urethral caleuli may present either a smooth or roughened surface and if a roughened surface, we conclude that it has either come directly from the kidneys, or that there are but few if any more remaining in the bladder. If we remove one from the urethra that has a smooth or pol- ished surface we conclude that there are many calculi yet remain- ing behind to give us trouble. Symptoms. As a rule there are no premonitory symptoms of any disturbance until a caleulus passes into the urethra. Post- mortem case number two, which is given here is the only one in my experience that ever showed any symptom of calculi previous to the blocking of the urethra with a calculus. In order to obtain a better understanding, we shall divide the symptoms into two classes. Ist. Those shown by partial occulusion of the urethra. 2nd. Those indicating the complete blocking of the urethra. In partial occulsion but little if any physical disturbance is noticed but later on we see what resembles a large fluctuating ab- cess on the median line in front of the scrotum, but seldom behind it. This fluctuating mass may extend to either side from the line of the penis and extend over considerable of the inferior surface of the abdomen. : In other and still more protracted cases of partial occlusion we see a fistula on the median line between the sheath and scrotum of both the urethra and the skin, and the urine escaping here dur- ing micturition. : These cases are the result of partial occlusion of the urethra by a calculus, enough water escaping all the time to prevent death, but the entangled caleuli causing a fistula of the urethra and other coverings. It is not uncommon to be called to see other neglected cases to find no evidence of pain, and the only symptoms would be that the animal was apparently bloated, sluggish, not eating, and breath slightly impregnated with uriniferous odor. On palpation of the rumen in these cases we fail to find any symptoms of gastric tympany, but might conclude it was a ease of ascites until given further examination. Upon physical examina- tion of the bladder per rectum it is often possible to find it full, tense, and yet the abdominal cavity contains many gallons of urine. In many cases of this kind postmortem reveals no rupture of the URINARY LITHIASIS IN BOVINES 127 bladder, but a weak, degenerated condition of the walls of the blad- der and ureters, thereby allowing the urine to escape by a process of osmosis. No treatment is available in these cases. In complete blocking of the urethra pain is exhibited from the first, by dull- ness, refusing feed, then shifting of hind limbs, colicky pains, twisting of tail, then alternately raising and lowering of tail as in the act of micturating, the alternate contracting and dilating of sphincter ani, and in the later stages the animal will kick at the abdomen, moan and strain violently, as if trying to defecate. Manual examination per rectum should reveal a tense, full condition of the bladder and slight pressure on the same would cause excruciating pain. It is seldom, if ever, we are able to locate the exact place of the obstruction in the urethra in the male, by ex- ternal manipulation on account of the diminutive size of the caleuli and the deep coverings of the penis. In the female the symptoms would be similar but the diagnosis much easier and surgical interference is seldom if ever required. TREATMENT. Medicinal treatment seems to avail but little in these cases, yet there are a great many so-called solvents, such as potassium acetate and citrate, lithium salts, hydrochloric acid, bicarb, soda, etc., but as a matter of fact all we know positively, is, that these medicinal agents tend to dissolve calculi in the test tube, that is outside the animal body, and it is very questionable whether they retain the same power while circulating in the blood or other tissue fluids. It seems possible that early treatment might tend to check the formation of new calculi, but hardly credible that these medicinal agents would be able to perform the same function when we only administer a few drams of these different nostrums by the mouth, or that any part of them should ever reach the calculi in a way to be of any therapeutic benefit. Belladonna, opium, chloral, etc., may be given to temporarily allay pain, but otherwise the time for medicinal treatment is long past before the practitioner is called. All physical treatment or those by mechanical manipulation have availed nothing at my hands, so will not be considered here. SurGicAL TREATMENT. Surgical treatment will be considered only in relation to the male animal as those are the ones that we are more frequently called to deal with, and the ones presenting the most serious trouble. 178 G. B. JONES After careful examination per rectum you find no indication of urine in the abdominal cavity and the bladder is still distended and tense, we would first puncture the bladder through the rectum with a small trocar, allowing all the fluid possible to escape in order to relieve the tension of the bladder and so avoid possible rupture of the same in casting the animal. One of three locations may now be selected as the seat of the operation. Ist. Ischial region. sometimes selected especially in fat cattle about ready for the market. | 2nd. Post scrotal region. This is the location most generally selected for the removal of the calculi from either curve of the penis. 3rd. Pre-scrotal region selected for removal of caleuli in an- terior portion of the urethra. It is so seldom that a caleulus lodges in the anterior portion of the penis that it is hardly advisable to operate in this region. Mopus OPERANDI. ‘To operate in the ischial region, cast the animal on the left side and secure all feet as near as possible in the extended position, in order to retain the structures to be i idol upon in their normal position. In some animals the operation might be performed in the stand- ing position by the use of a local anesthetic. The incision should begin at a point near the ischial arch and extended down parallel to the penis four or five inches. On further exploration, after the incision is made, we first come in contact with the two suspensory or retractor muscles, and just anterior to these the penis will be found. By firmly drawing the penis out of wound, sever it at the lower edge of the incision, and if there is no stoppage between the bladder and incision the urine should flow freely. If urine fails to flow, pass a director into the bladder to dislodge any calculi, mucus or blood clots that may be obstruct- ing its passage. Any excessive hemorrhage may be checked by firmly pinching the stump of the penis for a few minutes. After thoroughly cleansing, stitch up the wound in such a manner that the stump of the penis will be held firmly between the edges of your incision and also allowed to extend a quarter or half inch beyond the surface of the skin. It has been recommended to insert a tube in the stump of the penis to prevent it closing, but my experience with the tube has been to always have a stricture at URINARY LITHIASIS IN BOVINES 179 the upper end of the tube in the urethra which was far, far worse than a stricture at the end of the stump. The operation in the ischial region is not performed with a view of removing the calculus as it is seldom found here, but to give temporary relief with a view of an early market. The anterior portion of the penis and the caleulus which, in all probability lies in this part, are allowed to remain. For operation in post scrotal region, cast the animal as before but secure right hind limb up to side of abdomen and toward the shoulders. Make your incision along the median line, beginning about a hand’s breadth behind the scrotum and extending back four to six inches. By making a long incision here we are enabled to reach both superior and inferior curves of the penis more easily. Sep- arate the two parts of the retractor muscles to some extent as your incision is made. The penis can now be located and by gentle traction and manip- ulation we should be able to locate the calculus either in the super- ior or inferior curves of the penis, although to the unpracticed\ hand this is not always an easy matter on account of the diminutive size of the obstructing agent. After locating the calculus, cut down through the corpus caver- nosum into the urethra and remove the stone by a little pressure, or if rough and entangled in the swollen mucous membrane the knife is required to dislodge it. When the calculus is in either of the curves it is preferable to cut into the corpus cavernosum from the side of the penis to the urethra. Some prefer making the incision from the under side of the penis as the urethra is not so deeply situated, but by making the incision in the side we have less gaping in the folding of the penis. The incision should be made just as small as possible for the removal of the calculi. Don’t be content with removing but one calculus but carefully examine before closing the wound for others as it is not at all uncommon to find two or more lodged in the same locality. A gravel located in either curve of the penis would not be over three-sixteenths to one-fourth inch in diameter and in a bull with a large penis is not always easily detected. After the calculi are removed and the urine has escaped, ex- amine the anterior portion of the urethra to be sure that this part _ contains no obstruction, as often times the mucous membrane of the ‘180 G. B. JONES urethra anterior to calculi is so irritated and swollen that it is im- possible for the animal to urinate naturally even after the caleuli are removed. If the anterior portion of the urethra was not ob- structed I would then close the wound in the penis with silk or eat- gut suture and also close the wound in the skin with two or three stitches and after treatment would be as for any open wound. If on the other hand we find the animal is unable to pass the urine through the anterior portion of the urethra we must sever the penis: at the point where the calculi were removed and secure the remain- ing stub of the penis to the sides of the skin incision, thereby af- fording a place for micturition through the wound back of the serotum. All treatment in the male must be considered only as a means of temporary relief, and not as a permanent cure. Post MortEM APPEARANCES. Postmortem appearances on ani- mals afflicted with urinary calculi will sometimes be astonish- ing to the operator. As an illustration we will consider two very interesting cases on which autopsies were held. CasE No. 1. Case number one was that of a five-year-old registered short horn bull weighing 2800 pounds and was being fitted for show purposes. This animal was apparently in the very pink of health until on Wednesday evening in the fore part of August, the animal was taken suddenly ill. After a thorough ex- amination, the case was diagnosed as one of urethral ealeuli. Con- sidering the use to be made of the animal and the seriousness of the operation in so plethoric an animal, his destruction was advised. The postmortem in this case revealed no calculi at all in the urethra, but the mucous membrane throughout the whole length of the urethra was badly swollen, black and congested. The inner walls of the bladder presented the same appearance as that of the urethra, only in a worse state of decomposition; the interstices between the mucous and muscular coats tending to suppuration. The mucous coat could be torn loose from the muscular coat in one solid sheet of diseased tissue. On the floor or internal inferior surface of the bladder, extending from the fundus to the beginning of the urethra, was one solid sheet of a tough gelatinous deposit, and imbedded in this gelatinous deposit were thousands of caleuli varying in size from a small mustard seed to that of a common, white bean. The ureters seemed about normal, but the pelvis and tubules of the kidneys contained a great number of small caleuli, and a small amount of gelatinous deposit. URINARY LITHIASIS IN BOVINES 181 _ The cessation of micturition in this case seemed to be caused the swollen and congested state of the urethra and the gelatinous yosit in the bladder and not from any single calculus. Case No. 2. Case number two was a white registered short 1 steer, calved the last of October, 1902, and destroyed the first ovember, 1903. It was the intention of the owner to fit this ;, both of which were heavy milkers. This calf thrived well intil the middle of the following February, when he was taken ill | symptoms of cystitis. The treatment was given with appar- nh Sieg beaisal symptoms of urethral oalents The animal was ast and we operated in the post- scrotal region; caleuli were found | le superior curve of the penis. The anterior portion of the urethra was so badly swollen and ested that the urine failed to pass satisfactorily so the retractor ‘les and penis were severed at this point and the parts arranged commodate the passage of urine in the rear of the scrotum. This animal seemed to make satisfactory recovery, and gained y pounds in July and seventy pounds in August. About Sep- ember first he began to decline, get stupid and refuse feed until he last of October he was destroyed. On post-mortem. the urethra in the remaining stub of the penis in about the same condition as that of case number one. The der was about the same as in the other case, but containing a ter abundance of small calculi, although there was not so much 1e gelatinous deposit. ‘The left kidney contained a considerable number of small ealeuli. e right kidney was about five inches in diameter and ten inches gth. The tubules and pelvis of this kidney were a veritable 1 bank. The calculi in this kidney ranged in size from a mere n to an agglutinated mass that was three-quarters of an inch in for the fat stock show, and the calf was allowed to nurse two - 182 G. B. JONES ABSTRACT OF DISCUSSION. | Dr. Mayo: A stock man in Cuba sent me an eight ounce bot- tle which was nearly filled with calculi taken from an ox’s bladder, which varied in size from very small shot to that of a large pea. Most of these looked almost like gold beads. They were of a bril- liant metallic luster and were arranged in consecutive layers. Some were dull on the outside, and if you took off the layer you would get a beautiful spherical lustrous calculus. I do not know the cause of this beautiful irridescence, but an | ordinary handful looked like gold beads of a rather dull color. Dr. JosEPH Huaeues: Dr. Jones seems to have a corner upon ealeuli and the urinary deposits, especially in the bladder and urethra. He has, prior to now, published many of these remarks and observations in the Press. I have seen this disease in many of the Middle Central States. Just a few weeks ago I was studying the symptoms in a bull in which my diagnosis was correct, and yet I was at sea as to what to do. The herdsman was absent and no one seemed to know much of the prior history of this animal. The owner invited me to re- main and visit with him for half a day, until the herdsman returned, and he told me that on several occasions the bull had the same symptoms, and by waiting and giving him the usual nitre he ex- pected a calculus to pass in a short time, and sure enough it did. It was very small, but it gave prompt relief to the animal. The animal was nervous, irritated, a full bladder—showing all the symp- toms of the renal colic. All these subsided in a short time. To me these urinary deposits are of extreme interest. It took me just twenty-five years’ search to find. the caleulus in a horse, and on many oceasions I thought I had the symptoms and thought I would have the opportunity to demonstrate my surgical ability, and strange to say the operation was a very remarkable suc- cess. Then followed two or three in rapid succession. In the mean- time I aequired a very fine collection of calculi. In the dissecting room, during twenty and thirty years’ ex- perience, I got some marvelous specimens of renal ecaleuli, one as large as my fist. It was in the horns of the pelvis and like a pipe- stem in the ureter. Another specimen was sent me by a veterinarian, in which the animal died of colic. He found in the pelvis of one kidney a simply URINARY LITHIASIS IN BOVINES 1823 ormous calculus that was never suspected before. How the se- m of the kidney could pass, unless the pelvis accommodated itself to the enormous bulk of this, was a problem. But we have - e the bull, especially, a remarkable problem with regard to these mations. We have, first of all, an excretory channel that is very The urethra in a bull is widest at the bladder and tends to con- all the way through, and, of course, at the extremity of the is extraordinarily contracted. The calculus is bound to be- e lodged just as soon as it reaches the contracted portion, or a tion sufficiently contracted by the lumen of the penis. At the time, many claim to get wonderful effects from Belladonna, 7 Palmetto, ete. That is a combination by which I have suc- ed in relieving these symptoms of marked adhesiveness in bulls. o not always find the calculus. have seen dogs treated with this same mixture, and the pro- ary preparation, Sanmetto. I have seen dogs put on that and s marvelous the number that would pass. They came out in uar handful and actually filled the bottle—nearly a two-ounce and to me it was a demonstration that we have drugs that fective under certain conditions. Must we stand by and see a wonderfully alesis animal die, still: feel that we have not confidence to take our knife and ch ag that ua ealculus? But when we come to see the small c 1 we could explore that canal in the bull. It looks discourag- _ But this surgery along the tract, while it may be productive ye DI I have had many cases in dogs and it a simple operation to locate them in these animals. You locate t his catheter. It is remarkable to me how he would make the iagno I might know the animal could not urinate, but I would not know whether the calculus was to blame for it or not, I would 184 G. B. JONES I have had a few cases of calculus in cats, and it is a pretty hard matter to handle them. The urethra is small the penis not large, and it is difficult to do the operation. I was never able to handle an operation of that sort very successfully, but I remember a very nice Angora male cat that was taken sick and frequently at- tempted to urinate and passed a few drops of blood, and that was about the only success he had in trying to urinate. I hesitated about trying to operate and I prescribed Sanmetto, and I was sur- prised at the results. r I have tried it on dogs but with no success, and it aes terminated in an operation with them; but I am satisfied in cats you can get good results in using Sanmetto. Dr. JENSEN: With reference to the cat,—how do you know it is ealeuli? I have had some little experience in years gone by with cattle, — but I always found them on post-mortem. Some years ago I was called to see a case belonging to a ranch- man outside of our town, and I found the steer with what I thought to be a case of dropsy, leaning against the rack. I am quite sure it was dropsy by what I found afterwards. In making the exam- ination I could feel any amount of what I suspected to be gravel, and furthermore, the condition of the animal was such that I did not encourage any treatment at all and induced them to kill it. The only surgery I did was a post-mortem. There I found a ruptured bladder and I have some of the specimens of calculi here—seven as big as a hazel nut. There was a teacupful. The urethra was completely blocked. I have put up a great deal of Sanmetto for physicians | on pre- scription. I am really marvelling at its send-off. As to the nitrous ether, I cannot understand why it should get that action. It is supposed to stimulate urinary secretion, and the only theory I can advance is that it possibly does. With reference to the results that the herdsmen get from nitrous ether,—that is another eye-opener. I simply cannot ae- count for it. JI am so interested in this matter that I hope before long I will be able to find out. Dr. Jones: Dr. Marshall wished to know how I knew it was a calculus. Jam pretty sure it was. The cat was passing blood, and upon palpation, I found an enlargement on the penis. Dr. Hucues: I would like to take issue with Dr. Jones in re- URINARY LITHIASIS IN BOVINES 185 1 to the action of Sanmetto, because wherever there is urinary tion, one naturally seeks the dispensary or pharmacopceia for remedy. You do not want to use the knife immediately. _ Now, we do get marvelous results from Sanmetto. I do not log practice or cat practice. Saw Palmetto is a common drug. + the combination and get the most marvelous effects in animals are profusely urinating. Just at this time, in my own prac- there are cases in which the symptoms are largely kidney, and [ : astonished at the Epre aeons the urination is a steady, fox say that Baw Palmetto is a urinary gem uiia It has, in opinion, a distinctly retarding effect upon the eliminations of idney. It may have a tonic effect. I do not know what a is. The term ‘‘tonic’’ does not stand for anything, but it ns to get the cells of the uriniferous tubes active—to get them ugh the nervous system. believe with Dr. Marshall that it is out of the question, in the . of these cases, to locate the calculus. I think I know my y fairly well, and just exactly the course taken by the é iron start to finish, and I have gone over it and failed ab- il to find the location, oe I knew it was calculus, but I Dr. Hughes was speaking of wsibali and not “Ge ritated Patidition of the urinary canal. ‘stated that the action of those drugs was stimulating i in colic. nd the condition of urine is due to’the hyper-acidity of the rorous habits. The bull is not carnivorous. At least I have ‘seen him at it. But owing to the hyper-acidity which natur- Mize the condition and hence remove the eause. The general option of Buchu is that it is a diuretic. There is not much to it ; that it disinfects, due to certain chemical action. It disin- s the kidney. Dr. O’Nex: I would like to ask Dr. Hughes if he considers sa catheter? That is, where we have no obstructions—and ynostic purposes. ‘ 186 G. B. JONES Dr. Hugues: The question put by Dr. O’Neill has often ap- pealed to me, but when one comes to lay open the tract or to probe it, to take into account its wonderful length, the fact that its caliber is so small at the outlet and so large at the bladder, it would look as if it were impossible. Besides in order to make it practical, one would have to be able to seize the extremity of the penis. To do that would cause considerable difficulty. Dr. O’Nemu: Would you anesthetize your animals? Dr. HueHes: No, but when you come to manipulate the sheath of a valuable animal you are liable to have an adhesion—in fact, the surgery of this tract looks like a nearly impossible problem. I hope that we are nearing the time when our younger men will succeed in devising some way of effecting that. Dr. O’Nemu: We have had in this last year, perhaps, more trouble than we have had in our experience in treating bulls, but we have been treating some full-bloods. In our section we are bothered with fox-tail. We find that they lodge around the end of the penis—the upper portion of the scrotum—and you will find that they get tumor formations, and we have simply to find means of dilating and removing or throw up our hands, and we have-passed one or two catheters. We have dilated simply by using a foree- pump and grasping the end of the scrotum and using force enough to dilate and to break down the adhesions, and we have succeeded in three cases of very valuable bulls, which would be otherwise useless. By laying these bulls down and putting them to sleep under complete anesthesia, I am able to grasp the end of the penis, and by pulling forward tensely enough, can straighten it. Dr. Jones: Mr. Chairman, I am not expert in diagnosis on this urinary trouble, but it gives me as little trouble to diagnose a urinary calculus as anything I have. In the first place, we were fortunately working on an animal in which we could. make a manual exploration per rectum. By lubricating the hand and inserting into the rectum fifteen or eigh- teen inches and bearing down, it is very easy to detect an extreme. tense hard condition of the bladder. At the same time, the animal will invariably strain and many times will bellow from pain. Another set of symptoms: If we are all observers, (which we should be, and I think are), and would observe the steer or the buil in the act of micturition, there is a continual pumping of the tail URINARY LITHIASIS IN BOVINES 187 riably those go with the male animal in micturition. When - are affected with calculus you will find them continually af- 2d with that motion, and if you are observant there is no passage, by manual exploration we arrive at the conclusion that the ani- is affected with calculi, although in Case No. 1, as I said—a reg- red short-horn,—and five thousand dollars would not have been temptation to that owner of that bull. ‘it was a serious prop- sition in that case. . a On the post-mortem we did not find any calculus in the ure- thra, but from the irritation, from the bladder on down throughout as occluded beyond any possibility of urine escaping through ethra. he symptoms that I have just related would hold good ‘in all If there are any further questions about the-symptoms, I answer them; if not, I will remark on treatment. Dr. pees. How do you locate the caleulus when it is not the urethra? Dr. Hugues: How do you locate the calculus between the arch and the extremity of the penis? Dr. Jones: I think that I said in my paper that I had never been able, by external manipulation to locate anything, not- fanding we were taught that way. It is a fasle idea. Not that, many an operation have I had when it was hard to de- ealculus not larger than a grain of wheat—with the penis ex- _ I was in company with a very eminent surgeon at one time. operdting as an assistant to me, and he said to me after- rds, ‘‘It was not half so easy to locate it after I exposed the penis as I supposed it would be.”’ You must be very careful. I would commence at the superior If you find the calculus there, then go very, very carefully, ler to locate it at all. It is not an easy job when it is exposed. Dr. Hugues: Have you ever passed a catheter or made an vor to explore the extreme lower extremity in a bull—by of a catheter or anything else. Dr. Jones: Not in these cases, nor in any other. Experience 1as shown me in these cases, when there were swollen and irritated litions of the urethra, it was sufficient to block the passage of ine without a calculus being there,—what chance has a catheter? Vase No. 1 was one of those. 188 G. H. CONN Dr. O’Nemu: Did you make an effort to try it? Dr. JONES: No, sir, I just made the statement that it can be done. In some eases it can. In regard to our medical treatment (which has been spoken of) there was no reason at all in case No. 2, as described in my paper. It was an attempt made on my part to save that calf with the object the owner had in view,—of a show calf; and to see what could be accomplished by the medical treatment. I think, in that case alone, if in no other, our treatment was entirely satisfactory. I think the caleuli in that case increased wonderfully. The owner of this calf was a very wealthy man. There was nothing that he would not do in the medical or surgical treatment to save the calf, and as I said, after our treatment, at the end of the year, we found the kidney a veritable sand-bank. How many he passed, I know not. If he passed any~considerable number, they were accumulating very, very fast. Now, undoubtedly, in that calf’s first evenptemse there were good results, as Dr. Hughes has stated. We got results from February until May. This animal might have passed several during that : time, but the finish came later on, as I stated in the paper. I believe it is useless, after they become affected, to try to pro- long life, with any expectation of accomplishing anything valuable. That is, we have accomplished nothing. We simply keep the animal alive, and our results, in the end, I believe are disastrous. fy VU LOBELINE SULPHATE ° G. H. Conn, D. V. M., Prairie Depot, Ohio. Lobeline is the active principle of Lobelia Inflata or Indian Tobacco; in large doses it is a powerful emetic, but the depression is so great that it is never administered for this action alone. It stimulates the secretion of the mucus and also the secretion of the bronchi, the pharynx, the stomach and of the intestines. It also has some diuretic properties and is a diaphoretic. Perspira- tion may occur very soon after its administration. It reduces blood pressure. After the initial symptoms have passed off, the temperature is reduced and there is depression of the muscles gen- erally. LOBELINE SULPHATE . 189 Lobeline is indicated in those gastric conditions in which there a lack of sufficient secretion, and in those cases of constipation ue to lack of intestinal secretion. Also in dry, hard coughs, due ritation of the throat and bronchi. It is also of use in condi- is of the upper air passages which are of a catarrhal nature. It 4 general relaxant and may be employed in obstetrics to dilate rigid os and stimulate tardy labor. It finds its greatest use 1e treatment of tetanus combined with tetanus anti-toxin in vet- ary medicine. It is also of use in asthmatic affections of the ro obelia should be used in 15 to 30 minim doses for the same in- utions that I have given for the larger animals. Never use a d extract or a tincture as you will get abscess and other objec- le after effects. EXPLANATION: In order that the editorial statement in October issue and the statement of ownership, management, ete. - ze 268 of the present issue will not-appear to be inconsistent, 1 explain, that according to the postal authorities, the name place of publication do not change until an issue under the new at the new address has actually been mailed; and as Dr. Ellis " : , the October issue from the old address, they recognized no e, and requested statement of October Ist to be made as though epee had taken place, although the AMERICAN VETERINARY ew really became the property of the American Veterinary Med- Ragocintion on that date. A further explanation of the delay the receipt of the numbers of the October issue by subscribers, Dr. Ellis had exeerted every effort to get it out very nearly time, (even though his work on it did not begin until his return the Oakland meeting) is that the issue was held up at the post 2 on a technicality, relative to the change of name. REPORTS OF CASES MY FIRST ACTUAL EXPERIENCE WITH FISTULA OF THE EAR. J. EK. Strayer, Hartington, Neb. On Sunday, December 18th I received a telephone eall to come thirteen miles to see a bad case of distemper (Strangles). The wind was blowing a gale, such as we have in Nebraska occasionally; this interfered materially with the telephone service. The meagre mes- sage in formed me that a colt has had the distemper two weeks and has a running sore on the ear. Come at once. On arrival I found a two-year-old colt, draft type, with a fistula half way up the ear, discharging a thick, dirty whitish substance, somewhat resembling the white of an egg. Immediately below the fistula was an enlarge- ment filled with the grumous substance mentioned above. Pressure on this enlargement caused a discharge at the fistula; and just be- low this enlargement a solid object could be felt, which projected about three-fourths of an inch above the parietal bone. It’s out- line could be distinctly felt and I had no heey in saying it was a tooth formation. The parties claimed the colt had this discharge about two weeks, but further inquiry brought out the fact that they had owned the colt two weeks and did not know how long the condition had existed. The original'owner was consulted at a later date which brought out the fact that the colt had an enlargement there when he was two weeks old. The parties were advised to bring the colt to town where he could be placed on the operating table. This they did the next day. The field of operation was shaved, disinfected and cocainized as deeply as possible. A horizontal incision was made, the tissues were removed and this revealed the odontome which was surrounded by a substance macroscopically resembling alveolar periosteum, which adhered very tenaciously to the tooth and parietal bone. The forceps were applied with hopes of removing the periosteum and tooth in toto, but the capsule crumbled under the pressure of the forceps. Several futile attempts at extraction were made and it seemed that the parietal bone was very likely to fracture, but after REPORTS OF CASES 191 , continued rotary movement I was able to extract the tooth, was one and one-half inches long and nine-sixteenths inch ameter at the crown and gradually tapering to the fangs which » four in number, and about the size of straws. There was enough space between the fangs so their outlines could be dis- iy seen. The molar had a roughened or carious appearance with a groove ing from one fang around the tooth and communicated with ula at one point of the crown. This point was as white as ssible for ivory to be, which proved conclusively that the ob- as intended for a pre-molar. The outlines resembled the upper pre-molar. The crown was directed upward, fangs mward and inclined inward toward the petrosal bone. Forty of bichloride of mercury were placed in the cavity and held ‘ition by some cotton. The colt was sent home the ninth day € ntly not feeling worse as a result of the operation and ent. ray Vv _ CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER IN A DOG, CRITTENDEN Ross, D, V. M., New York, N. Y. dachshund was presented at the office one evening with the y that she had been failing for some time; that she tired very when at exercise, that the digestion had been poor and that ime the patient under consideration had had a very severe of vomiting. The patient was treated accordingly, but. it mbed before morning. An autopsy was held which revealed | lowing :—Animal slightly emaciated and anemic, the stomach ed congested and at points the mucous membrane appeared hagic, the lungs showed post-mortem stasis and a mucous te in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. The liver con- a tumorous growth which was sent to Dr. B. F. Kaupp for tory examination and who was kind enough to make a photo- of a section of the same as well as a laboratory report, both ich follow. 192 REPORTS OF CASES Report or Dr. B. F. Kaupp, Parnouoaist: A specimen of the liver of a dog was received at the laboratory from the clinic of Drs. Ellis and Ross 8/10/15. The liver contained a tumor measuring 3 em. x 3 em. x 4 em. and appeared lobulated. The sectioned surface through the center of the tumor ap- Fie. 2. 1 Normal liver tissue. 2. The tumor cells. 3. Connective tissue. peared whitish in color and cut as though a small amount of con- nective tissue was under the knife. The whitish areas appeared to be invading, rather irregularly, the liver tissue and was not in- capsulated. REPORTS OF CASES 193 specimen about one centimeter square at the juncture of the ently healthy tissue and tumor was prepared and sectioned ‘ined with hematoxylon and eosin. of cells protruding and invading new surrounding liver tis- he cells were typical cancer cells possessing large cells with 2 mile. When he got her into the barn oho wentabun uld not arise. I arrived at about 6 o’clock P. M., cath- . t as outlined on page 239 of the April number of Medicine with the exception that I gave the cates owed this with aloin, 4 dr.; spts. etheris nit. 2 oz.; chloral -I made her as comfortable as possible and left her ce. hours after this I again catheterized ties Soil Pipunted dose. I gave her turpentine 1 oz. every three hours until 8 er the 8 ounces turpentine had been given I gave stimu- eatment in the form of nux vomica and alcohol. The mare 194 REPORTS OF CASES CasE No. 2. Black gelding, weight 1400 pounds. Was not- iced to be lagging behind the other horses in the field. This horse was attacked after working all day until about 5 P. M. The owner took the horse to the barn as soon as he noticed the symptoms and had no sooner arrived at the barn when the horse went down and could not get up. I arrived at 9 P. M., found the gluteal muscles greatly swollen and very hard. I followed the same treatment as in case one with the exception that I used hot packs on the muscles of No. 2. This horse got up after being down 36 hours. He did not recover fully for several days, due to the muscles being so badly swollen. The other cases were not so bad as the two above mentioned. These being cases in which the muscles became hardened but the horses did not go down. I gave each of these not to exceed four ounces of turpentine during the first 8 hours. I used stimulative treatment to the af- fected muscles, and in cases where there was much nervousness I used chloral hydrate in the first stages following with stimulative treatment as in cases one and two. I have better success with the treatment as outlined in treat- ing azoturia than with any other treatment I ever used. However, I have not used this long enough to say that it never fails. It was gratifying to me for I had, up until this time, tried every footie I could hear of in Bins azoturia. A eall has been issued by Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Vrooman for a conference to be held at Chicago, November 29th and 30th to consider ways and means relative to ‘‘preparedness’’ and properly financing campaignes against future visitations of Foot- and-Mouth Disease and to co-ordinate the work of federal and state authorities. It is expected that the meetings will be attended by state live stock sanitary officials, agricultural college experts, practical stock- men, veterinarians and representatives of various other branches. CHRONIC CONTAGIOUS ENTERITIS OF CATTLE Der infektiose Darmkatarrh des Rindes Pror. Dr. MIESSNER, Hanover. Tenth International Veterinary Congress, London, 1914. Chronic contagious enteritis of cattle is termed bovine para- ulosis and the causal organism the bacillus paratuberculosis In cases where it occurs in the sheep the bacillus is called bacillus paratuberculosis ovis. The paratubercle bacilli were successfully cultivated upon ( containing dead acid-fast bacilli or their extracts, by Twort am in 1910, and subsequently by M’Faydean, Sheather Edwards, and Holth. Cultivation is possible upon media to either dead acid-fast bacilli or their glycerine extracts are ratuberculosis must be considered as a disease sua generis, 1 has nothing to do with tuberculosis. Pe bacillus of paratuberculosis is distinct from the tubercle aratuberculosis may be diagnosed by means of a vaccine pre- by Twort and Ingram from. the paratubercle bacillus. In eases the bacillus may be searched for in the feces after ent with anti-formin and centrifugation. ?aratuberculosis is principally a disease of the cowshed. 1e causal organism may gain access to the body during the of suckling. For this reason, as one of the measures to be d against the disease, calves should be reared separately, on d premises. In connection with the dissemination of the from animal to animal through the medium of contamin- Straw, suspected or diseased animals must be isolated as ptly as possible and their standings thoroughly disinfected. mmunization by means of dead bacilli should be investigated. _ M’Faydean-has recorded a case of the disease in a deer. -Paratuberculosis has been found in sheep by Stockman and by dean, Sheather and Edwards. Sheep and goats have also iccessfully infected by inoculation with pure cultures of the bercle bacillus. 196 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE THE CONTROL OF THE PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND SALE OF MILK IN THE INTERESTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH. Le Controle de la Production, de la Récolte, de la Distribution et de la Vente du Lait dans L’Intérét de la Santé publique. Pror. CH. PorcHeEr, Lyon. Tenth International Veterinary Congress, London, 1914. The author gives an account of the difficulties introduced into the milk question through the intervention of typhoid carriers, and the transmission of Mediterranean fever through the medium of milk derived from apparently healthy animals. To render the work valuable from a prophylactic point of view, these facts must be submitted to a closer examination. The serum test, or the “‘lacto-reaction,’’ must be carried out upon goats de- rived from places that are infected with Mediterranean fever. — The hygienist, in order to follow the matter to a logical con- clusion, should also carry out serum tests upon the people employed at farms and dairies. In this way it might be possible to eliminate carriers who are responsible for so many important outbreaks of abdominal typhus, originating from contaminated milk. M. Porcher emphasizes the importance of dirty milk as a cause of infantile mortality. He advocates a very thorough inspection of dairies, including not only the animals, but the premises, water supply, ete. a Finally, he advocates the creation of a complete and homo- genous course of instruction regarding milk under a single profes- sor in the veterinary schools. ray Vv THE CONTROL OF CONTAGIOUS EPITHELIOMA IN CHICKENS BY VACCINATION, WINFRED B. MACK AND EDWARD RECcoRDS. Bull, No. 82, Ag’] Expt. Sta. of the Univ’y of Nevada, Reno, Ney., June, 1915. The authors conclude that the etiological identity of roup, avian diphtheria and contagious epithelioma is a subject of con- troversy which requires further extended research to settle. For that reason it is uncertain whether the cases dealt with in the ex- periments were caused by pure contagious epithelioma virus or were due to mixed infection. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 197 od from the skin and mucous surfaces and attenuated at _ for one hour checked the spread of the disease promptly and sed a favorable influence upon visibly infected birds. Cases |. In five icles no unfavorable results followed the subcu- us administration of the vaccine, but in two flocks serious d septic processes were apparently caused by it. The crude ration used is not, therefore, without danger and a more refined et must be devised. However, the conclusion that in this meth- re is a fairly efficient means of promptly checking outbreaks of rious epithelioma or the other uncertainly defined diseases, re is more than one capable of producing similar morbid con- s in fowls, and a therapeutic agent of considerable value, warranted. Furthermore, the prevention and control of this e, or group of diseases, may eventually be placed on a sound, FisH. ERA SERUM. Freperick EBERSON. Journ. Infec. Dis. Vol, 17 (1915), p. 339. | separate hog cholera serum into active and inactive parts. eriments were based on the work of Gibson and Banzhof of fd aeens ) KS oO 9 oe fq) 5 ct D _ M oO M M fq) Sp et, pS) pan best results. Stock reagents should be prepared in quantities calculated to all requirements for as long a time as the activity of the rea- ‘remains practically constant. Thus: sufficient haemolytic for six months’ work; antigen to suffice for one month’s ; fresh red cell suspension once a week; fresh complement r on alternate days, or as needed. It is advisable to use the of two sheep for sensitizing rabbits and to use the red cells » same sheep for the haemolytic system.’’ 500 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE In a discussion of some practical questions which arise in the use of this test we find, among others, the following : **Can the test be practically applied? Yes, without doubt, and with as much ease as a mallein or tuberculin test is applied. In the one case blood is collected in the field and sent in for a laboratory test, in the other the reagents are prepared in the laboratory and sent out for a field test. Further, as many retests can be made by the complement fixation method as desired, for no toxins or immun- izing substances are injected into the suspected animal to interfere with subsequent diagnostic tests. This test is no longer a new de- parture in veterinary diagnoses; it is successfully applied in gland- ers, contagious ‘abortion and in other specific diseases and is yearly coming into more general use. Is the technique too intricate and laborious? Not more so than many other necessary and accepted laboratory methods, and this is essentially a laboratory test. What is the percentage of positive reactors in dourine out- breaks? This of course varies according to the length of time the disease has been in existence in a stud or range herd before being checked by preventive measures. In the most extensive outbreak that we have had to deal with 456 positive reactors were found in a total of 2000 animals tested; nearly 23 percent. In an outbreak on an Indian Reservation, 127 animals gave positive reactions out of 1464 tested, or less than 9 per cent. Usually it is between 15 and 20 per cent. Our experience indicates that 100 per cent. of dourine infected animals, whether in active or latent stages of dis- ease, give positive serum reactions, provided that an interval of two to three months has been allowed for an incubation period in the more or less resistant animals, less than one month being suffi- cient in most. cases.’ In conclusion, I venture to express absolute confidence in the complement fixation test for dourine as it is now presented, and to claim that apparent failures or discrepancies are due, not to the method itself, but to faulty Peehosane: on the part of the operators or of the collectors of the test serum.’ Firce, r: ROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY : MEDICAL ASSOCIATION he first business meeting of the combined fifty-first and fifty- d meetings of the American Veterinary Medical Association alled to order by the cnc Clarence J. Marshall at 10:30 k A. M. PRESIDENT MaRSHALL: Ladies and Gentlemen:—The time has arrived to to order the regular fifty-second stated meeting of the American Veteri- Medical Association. The meeting is now in session. e gentleman who is on the program to deliver the address of welcome, 1orable Victor H. Metcalf, ex-secretary of the Navy, is sick, but we have. r man in his place. It gives me pleasure to introduce to you Mr. H, C. il of the Chamber of Commerce of Oakland, who will deliver the address come, wii for him to cablegram his congratulations to this association at its meeting. I had a communication from Dr. Liautard a short time ago made the statement to me that, owing to the conditions in Europe at association, Dr. Liautard’s congratulations and best wishes for the best suc- of the A. V. M. A. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President: I second that motion and in doing so, I want e to the association that it was my pleasant privilege to call upon Dr. rd last summer and to spend a day with him at his beautiful country in France,—a most delightful day, and the memories of this association re presented to us there by Dr. Liautard, I am sure, expressed the in- 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that a cablegram be sent from this association to Dr. Liautard. If there is no objection, it is so ordered. : ; Dr. Evtis: Mr, President: I neglected to bring with me a letter which ~ I received from Dr. Liautard in which he asked me to convey to the association also, his best wishes and congratulations, and I will ask that that letter be al- lowed to become a part of the minutes of this meeting. I will see that the s sec- retary gets it. Bois Jerome, 12th of December, 1914. To the President of the American Veterinary Medical Association, My dear President and most esteemed friend: For a few years past, it has been with the greatest pleasure, that I took advantage of the possibility of cabling the association, a few words of friendly souvenirs for all. Those were always welcome, I knew, by the arrival of the acknowledging thanks in return. Today, on account of the state of affairs on the Continent and of the doubt- ful delivery at the proper time of my usual cable, I will not permit that I shall be deprived of my pleasure, nor ignore my duties towards you and all those friends, members of our association, who have gathered in the great city of New Orleans. A Frenchman may be allowed to visit an old French city with a letter. , You will then permit me, my dear President, to ask you to accept my deep regrets of being absent from your great meeting, to present and express to all — our friends my warmest friendly souvenirs and to assure all of my sincere wishes for a grand meeting with the continued growth and successful progress of our national Institution. Frenchman-like, I may be allowed to send in this French city, in days gone, a good and hearty ery of: VIVE L’AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, Yours very cordially, A. LIAUTARD. Although the above letter was written for the New Orlean’s meeting which was not held, it nevertheless is expressive of Dr. Liautard’s never failing interest in the A. V. M.A. and the veterinary profession in America, and not to publish it in the minutes would leave a missing link in the chain that has bound him to his American confreres whom he has annu- ally supplied since he has been unable to be with us in person.—EpITor. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I will appoint Dr. Dalrymple, Dr. Ellis and Dr. Hoskins to draft that cablegram. The cablegram so sent by that committee is as follows: Oakland, Calif.. Aug. 30, 1915. Prof. A. Liautard: Bois Jerome, via Vernon, Eure, France, Warmest thanks. Congratulations. A. V. M. A. Dr. HAarineé: I would like to call attention to the new program which has been printed and which should be followed rather than the official program which was mailed to you by Secretary Mayo from Chicago, because changes in PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 203 place of holding meetings became necessary. The meetings this afternoon be section meetings on the Mezzanine floor. You will note by the new pro- that the meeting of the Association of Veterinary Faculties and Examin- ards of North America will meet in Room 101; section on Veterinary stice will meet in the blue room; and the section on Sanitary Science and in the northwest room, all on the Mezzanine floor. You will note also there is a general session this evening which is not noted in the official ‘am, so that in arranging to attend the meetings, please follow the new ‘am,—the large white one with the blue cross printed on the cover. The committee on arrangements felt that the ladies and our visitors will not to be over-burdened with entertainment other than trips to the exposition is the great attraction of the San Francisco Bay region at this time. will be announced daily concerning our program. To-day, the ladies asked to meet at one o’clock on the west side of the court, if they care to | the exposition. At that time certain announcements will be made to _ Mrs. Haring has charge of the arrangements for the trip this after- n, and if you will be there at one o’clock sharp, details will be arranged at 5 time for the ladies, ) ym. Mayo: I would like to announce that all who have not paid their may do so. There is a clerk at the door who will receive your money and you receipts and membership cards, so please see her rather than myself arding it as she has all the data there. "PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I believe that finishes the program for the morn- Py wish to warn the members to attend the meetings on schedule time. are many attractions around here, and I fear you will get away at times you should be here attending the meetings. I hope you will be here ptly. Be sure to attend all the meetings of the session. That is all we is morning. If there is no objection, we will stand adjourned until two . this afternoon. | Oakland, California, August 30, 1915. : The second business meeting of the fifty-second annual con- ion of the American Veterinary Medical Association was called rder by President Marshall at 8:00 o’clock P. M. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: We are already twenty minutes beyond the sched- e for beginning. The secretary tells me there is no unfinished business. first order of business is the report of the executive committee. Dr. Mayo: The executive committee has reported favorably upon the fol- z applications for membership: (They will be read alphabetically), The f new members was published in the October number. The report has taken twenty minutes. It is about half done. Would fer to have it finished tonight, or take it up at a future meeting? We quite a long program for -tonight, and Dr. Stange, I see is here prepared e his report. It is just as you say; we can finish it tonight if you wish. Re Hoskins: I move that we take up the balance at a subsequent session association. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: If there are no objections, it will be so ordered. 204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. It is so ordered. The next subject on the program is the report of the Com- mittee on Intelligence and Education by Dr. C, H. Stange. Dr. STANGE: There are some other papers, I believe, that are to be re- ported by other members of the committe. I will ask Dr. Moore to present Dr. Fish’s paper first. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: What is Dr. Fish’s paper? Dr. StaNGE: Upon the Requirements of the Veterinarian, it is a part of the report of the committee. : PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Dr, Baker has a report to make for this committee. Is Dr. Baker in the room? Dr. BAKER: Mr. President, I have jotted down here the few ideas that have come to me on this subject, and I am naturally inclined to dive right into the pith of things without much preliminary waste of ‘‘hot air’’, you might call it. I will give you a few ideas which I have here on the subject of the prac- tical side of veterinary education. According to my ideas this is a very im- portant part of veterinary education, and you will naturally glean from the paper the point I wish to make first in connection with this subject, and that is that hospital practice is as important in the curricula of veterinary educa- tion as a diagnostic course. It holds the same relation to a course of theory and practice of medicine as the laboratory does to a course in bacteriology and pathology and the dissecting room in anatomy. ((Dr. Baker’s portion of the report was printed in the October number). PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, if there is no objection, I think it would be well to hear the other portions of the report-of the Committee on Education and discuss the papers at one time. If there is no objection to that, I will call on Dr. V. A. Moore to read Dr. Fish’s paper. Dr. V. A. Moore: Mr, President, this paper is entitled ‘‘The Require- ments for a Veterinarian,’’ by Dr. Fish. (Printed in the October number). PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Dr. Stange, are there any other papers? Dr. STANGE: Mr. Chairman, members of the American Veterinary Medi- cal Association, gentlemen, at various times in the past your Committee on In- telligence and Education has reported concerning the work that is being done in the several veterinary colleges of the United States and Canada. Inasmuch, however, as the association now has a special committee for the purpose of in- vestigating colleges in the United States and Canada, our work has somewhat overlapped with the work of that committee. Dr. Stange then read his paper on the subject of Intelligence and Eduea- tion. (Printed in the October number). PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The next paper of the Committee on Intelligence and Education is by Dr. DeVine, a member of the committee, to be read by the secretary, Dr. Mayo. Dr. Mayo then read the paper entitled ‘‘ Discussion of the Present Meth- ods of Teaching’’ by Dr. John F. DeVine. (Printed in the October Number). PRESIDENT MARSHALL: That finishes the report of the Committee on In- telligence and Education. What will you do with that report? Dr, 8. Stewart: I am wondering whether we might not at this place eall for the report of the special committee on colleges. That report is ready I understand. Let it be a part of this general discussion. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 205 ‘PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Where does that appear in the program Dr. S. Stewart: It comes on Thursday evening, if I remember correctly perhaps it is Wednesday. Dr. Dunphy of that committee is here and he may e his report and can read it at this time if you so desire. _ PRESIDENT MaRsHALL: Do you make that in the form of a motion? _ Dr. S. Stewart: I move that we call for this report at this time. See- bse ‘PRESIDENT MarsHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the motion. What is ‘Dr. Keane: We have prepared a report of the Committee on Diseases, you are going to take up the report of this special committee on the in- on of colleges, we will have to defer this report. ‘Dr. Mayo: I have seen this report of the Committee on Veterinary Col- ; and it bears very closely upon the subjects which we have been consider- of the Committee on Diseases? ‘Dr. DuNPpHY: Mr. President, the report is not quite ready. It was to be ht here and submitted to the various members of the committee appointed purpose of visiting the different colleges and making an examination of them. The'report has been formally presented and submitted to two members »f the committee. The other member of the committee, living here in Cali- ‘ia, has not yet had a chance to visit the different colleges,and his part of the ; was submitted to the other members of the committee. I have prepared his report for Dr. Reynolds, who is the chairman of the committee, he not being able to be present, but it was the intention of the committee that Dr. Browning, e third member of the committee, should go over this report, and we should range it so that it would be satisfactory to the other members of the com- tee. Now, this report could be ready tomorrow afternoon, but in the pres- condition it would not be advisable to submit to the association at this time. i a Mr, President, in view of this statement, I move that discus- nx ‘of the boone of the Committee on Intelligence and Education be postponed | the report of the other committee is received, and then we can discuss the 2 subject at one and the same time. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made and seconded that the ission of the report of the Committee on Intelligence and Education be vostponed until the report of the Committee on Colleges has been received. Any arks? If not, those in favor of the motion, make it manifest by saying ”?; those opposed by the same sign. It is so ordered. Dr. D. M. CAMPBELL: Mr. President, the report of the Committee on Re- ization is ready at this time. I would like to suggest that this report be now. It will only take a few minutes. In my opinion, it is necessary hat it be read at this time in order that the executive committee may have a nce to act upon it and report it back to the association, 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I think the suggestion of Dr. Campbell is a good one. It will take but a few minutes to read the report and it will give the ex- ecutive committee time to act. Did you put that in the form of a motion, Dr. Campbell? . Dr. CAMPBELL: Yes. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: If there is no objection, we will call for that re- port at this time. Dr. CAMPBELL: This report which I present at this time has been gone over at length and is signed by all the members of the committee. It is a sort of compromise and is brought as an amendment to the report submitted by myself at the New York meeting, and I move that it be referred to the executive committee with instructions to report it back to the association at, say, eleven o’clock tomorrow. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made and seconded that the report of the Committee on Reorganization be referred to the executive com- mittee to be referred back here to the association for full discussion tomorrow morning at eleven o’clock. Any remarks? Dr. KINSLEY: Mr, President, how is the association at large to know what this compromise is? Will that be brought out by the executive committee in the report tomorrow? We have not heard this report; it has not been read. Will the association at large have an opportunity to learn just what this is? Dr. CAMPBELL: I don’t think it would be advisable to read the report at this time because the executive committee will undoubtedly see fit to make some changes in it, perhaps to change it all. When they report it back, it will be read to the association at that time, and everyone will have an opportunity to hear it. Dr. KINSLEY: That is what I want to know; I want to hear the report read, PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Any remarks? All those in favor of the motion as stated, say ‘‘aye’’; opposed, the same sign. Carried, it is so ordered. The next order of business is the report of the Committee on Diseases: Dr. V.A. Moore is chairman. The members of the committee are Dr. S. H. Gilliland, Dr, A. T. Kinsley, Dr. W. W. Dimock, and Dr. C. M. Haring. Is Dr. Moore present? Are you prepared to make your report now or do you wish some part of the re- port made by some other member of the committee? Dr. Moore then read the History and Distribution of Hog-Cholera in America. Vv. A. Moorrt Chairman S. H. GILLILAND _ C. M, Harine A. T. KINSLEY airman and Members of the Association : here has been little of unusual interest relative to the ap- ce of infectious diseases of domesticated animals during the ~ vo years, with the exception of the outbreak of Foot-and-— Disease in the fall of 1914. The seriousness of this epizootic rs it impracticable for the committee to undertake a discussion t this time. As its control and finally its eradication will ecomplished through the efforts of official veterinarians, your nittee feels that the Bureau of Animal Industry should at the e) time issue a complete report on the appearance, extent, con- and economic significance of the recent outbreak of Foot-and- Disease, for the benefit of the profession and in a form obtain- y every veterinarian. Although some errors apparently been made and much criticism expressed regarding the effi- of the veterinary service in this Herculean task, your com- ‘recommends that this association express its appreciation of valiant services of the federal and state veterinarians in the ation of this disease. sw York meeting, centered its afar in a study of hog chol- distribution and control in America. It seemed wise, there- 208 Vv. A. MOORE to his client and to the community. There are few, if -any, specific infectious diseases of animals that can be more satisfactorily con- trolled by the veterinarian than hog cholera. In carrying out its work, the committee divided the subject matter between its members as follows:—The history, distribution and recommendations were assigned to the chairman. The symp- toms, morbid anatomy and differential diagnosis to Dr. W. W. Dimock. The etiology and methods of control to Dr. C. M. Haring. Dissemination and prevention, to Dr. A. T. Kinsley. The prepar- ation of anti-hog-cholera serum:and methods for using serum and the treatment of sick animals, to Dr. 8. H. Gilliland. The com- mittee has tried to make its report as brief as possible, consistent with its purpose. It has refrained from long discussions and pre- sented the essential facts as it sees them relative to the phase of the . disease under consideration. The committee has gone over the individual parts very carefully and respectfully submits the papers prepared on the different phases of the subject, and for which the authors alone are responsible, as its complete report. HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HOG CHOLERA IN" AMERICA V. A. Moors, Ithaca, N. Y. The first appearance of hog cholera in this country, as ascer- tained by an extensive correspondence by the Bureau of Animal Industry soon after its organization, and so far as we have since been able to learn, occurred in the state of Ohio in 1833. It ap- peared in South Carolina in 1837 and in Georgia in 1838. In 1840 it was found in Alabama, Florida, Illinois and Indiana; in 18438 in North Carolina and 1844 in New York. The statement is made by Ostertag and also by Hutyra and Marek that hog cholera ap- peared first in the United States in 1833 and that it was carried to Europe from here. The Rec. de Med. Vet., 1831 contains a state- ment in reference to the appearance of a disease in France in 1822, that, according to the description given, was hog cholera. Fleming refers to an epizooty among swine in Ireland in 1840. There are also numerous references to disease spreading among swine in Germany and other European countries prior to 1833. The accur- acy of the diagnosis of these diseases can not be assured any more HOG CHOLERA 209 aul stive iaetiole on ole typhoid in which his description of the i ons is quite similar to those found later in cases of hog cholera % is country. In 1875 Professor Axe of London investigated disease and confirmed the findings of Dr. Budd. | uile the fact cannot be proven the evidence is quite as con- that hog cholera was imported into the United States from as it is that it was indigenous to America and taken from sountry abroad. Whatever its source of origin, after its ap- nee it spread at first slowly but later with increasing rapidity ‘the lines of commerce, until it has invaded practically every t of this country where swine raising has become an industry. e) of terms such as enteric fever, pig distemper, blue sickness, , Scarlatina and many others which may or may not have ; disease in which he quotes The Worcester (Mass.) Spy, 4t many farmers in that city and vicinity are losing their swine ysterious and fatal disease known as hog cholera. In the stern part of this town it prevails in a greater or less ex- on every farm.’’ He adds that in most cases the disease is to Western hogs that have been sold by drivers during the - at season and which seemed to have communicated the con- 1 to the other inmates of the sties in which they have been kept. 1861, Dr. Edwin M. Snow of Providence, R. I., contributed on this disease to the United States Department of Agri- In 1875, Dr. James Law of Cornell University furnished + same department a valuable paper setting forth the symp- and morbid anatomy of intestinal fever in swine. He be- "i 4 a it to be contagious although the specifie organism had not 210 Vv. A. MOORE been found. In 1878 the United States Commissioner ‘of Agricul- ture appointed nine men for a period of two months each to in- vestigate the disease in various localities. In their reports consid- erable information concerning the symptoms and morbid anatomy that had been formerly described was confirmed. Law showed that it could be transmitted by inoculation and Ditmers described a micro- organism which was called Bacillus suis and which he believed to be the specific cause of the trouble. Later he described it as a micro- coccus. The study of this disease was continued in the Division of Veterinary Science in the Department of Agriculture by Dr. Sal- mon. Its study was also taken up by certain men in other parts of the country. In 1885 Salmon and Smith announced the discovery of a specific bacterium and described its essential characters and properties. It was called Bacterium of Swine Plague. In 1886 Dr. Theobold Smith of the Bureau of Animal Industry discovered another bacterial disease of swine. It was found to be identical with the German Schweineseuche and due to the same cause. This led Dr. Smith to eall it, on account of its identity with the German disease, swine plague and its organism the bacillus of swine plague and to change the name of the disease deseribed in 1885 as swine plague to hog cholera and its organism to the Bac- terium* of hog cholera. Dr. Billings of the Nebraska State Agri- cultural Experiment Station, whowas working on swine diseases, was not willing to accept the change in the nomenclature and he contin- ued to write about hog cholera, the disease first deseribed by ‘the Bureau, as swine plague. His writings were widely distributed both in this country and Europe and they are in a large measure responsible for the confusion relative to the nomenclature of these two diseases. In 1893 Dr. W. H. Welch of Johns Hopkins Medical School and Dr. Clements of Baltimore presented a paper before the Interna- tional Veterinary Congress in Chicago in which they gave a clear history of the nomenclature of these diseases and in which they ad- hered to the one of the Bureau of Animal Industry. In 1903, deSchweinitz and Dorset discovered what they called a disease identical with hog cholera but which they produced with virus that passed through the finest porcelain filters. Subsequent investigations by Dorset, Bolton, McBride and Niles showed that * The genus Bacterium was changed in 1888 to Bacillus. HOG CHOLERA 211 yanism known as the bacillus of hog cholera was not the cause t disease but when present it was a secondary invader. They ot, however, deny that it possessed pathogenic properties for The correctness of this new conception of the etiology of d nolera was soon accepted by European investigators. Soon after the discovery of the filterable virus, it was found he serum of hogs that had recovered from cholera possessed ain amount of immunizing power against the disease and yhen they were hyperimmunized their serum would produce porary passive immunity against the virus. It was also d out that if the immunizing serum was used in conjunction 1e virus, or the simultaneous method, the pigs became immune much longer time. It is this serum, known as the Dorset- serum, together with the use of the virus and serum or the aneous method that are now being employed as prophylactics t hog cholera. though the fact seems to be proved that the outbreaks of ra in this country were due to a filterable virus it was believed B. suipestifer (bacillus of hog cholera) was still a more or portant factor in swine diseases. A study of the reports of vestigations of the outbreaks shows that this organism was if ever, found in the middle West. It was, however, isolated l many outbreaks in the East and its pathogenesis for pigs was ‘ly established by inoculation and feeding experiments. In that the disease produced by this bacillus should be differen- from that of hog cholera and in order that there might be a differential nomenclature of swine diseases, the United States Stock Sanitary Association appointed, in 1910, a committee of report on the nomenclature and classification of swine dis- After carefully considering this subject the committee re- at the meeting of the association in 1911, that the name hog a should be given to the infectious communicable disease of e occurring in epizootics caused by the filterable viruses; that name Salmonellosis should be given to the disease caused by ly or in epizootics are due to Bacterium suisepticus (bacil- swine plague). The report was adopted. While this nomen- » may not be the best, and while it has been adversely criti- its justification rests in the fact that the diseases are distin- 212 Vv. A. MOORE guished by their etiology, which seems to be the one biological basis for classifying the specific infectious diseases. There is a voluminous literature on hog cholera and many differences of opinion exist concerning it. The findings, however, are tending to the conclusion that hog cholera caused by filterable virus constitutes the greater number of the serious outbreaks among swine in this country, and that B. swipestifer and Bact. suisepticus are the causes of less serious epizootics or more sporadic diseases. The frequency of mixed infections has undoubtedly been the cause of confusion in arriving at a clear understanding of the symptom complex of this disease. 7 DistRIBUTION. Without going into details it can be stated that hog cholera exists to a greater or less extent in every hog raising state in the Union. It is much more prevalent in those sections where hog raising is an important industry and where naturally there is more interchange of animals for breeding and other pur- poses. In Canada it is reported not to be common except in cer- tain restricted areas. In those sections of the country where it is less prevalent it is found most frequently in garbage fed herds about large and small cities. The results of definite experimental work have shown that the probable source of infection in the garbage is the scraps of raw pork that come from hogs which were infected at the time of slaughter but which did not show lesions sufficiently to cause their condemnation. It is, generally speaking, a wide spread disease and it is gradually extending to uninfected places. REFERENCES The following is a list of a few references of interest in the study of the history of hog cholera in the United States: Berry. _Swine fever. Jour. Compar, Path. and Thera., Vol. XV (1902), As Billings. Bulletins, Neb. Agric. Exp. Station, 1888. Also many special publications and contributions to various veterinary journals. Dawson. The serum diagnosis of hog cholera. New York Med. Jour., Feb. 20, 1897. De Schweinitz. The production of immunity in guinea pigs from hog chol- era by the use of blood serum from immunized animals. Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. 8S. Dept. of Agric., 1898. De Schweinitz and Dorset. A form of hog cholera not caused by the hog cholera bacillus. Cireular No. 41, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, 1903. Detmers. Report of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture, 1877. Dorset, Bolton and MeBryde. The etiology of hog cholera. Bulletin No. 72. Bureau of Animal Industry, U. 8. Dept. of Agriec., 1905. Dorset, McBryde and Niles. Further experiments concerning the produc- tion of immunity from hog cholera. Bulletin No. 102, Bureau of Animal In- dustry, 1908. HOG CHOLERA | 213 mming. Animal plagues, their history, nature and prevention. Lon- ing, i seolack and Hoffmann. Studies on the virus of hog cholera. Jour. Dis., 1913, 12, p. 206. g and Hoffmann. Spirochaeta suis, its significance as a pathogenic . Jour. Infect. Dis., Vol. 13, (1913), p. 463. . Report of the U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture. 1875. mon and Smith. Annual Reports of the Bureau of Animal Industry, 5. mon. Special report on hog cholera, its history, nature and treatment. reau of Animal Industry, 1889. Smith and Moore. Experiments on the production of immunity in rabbits gu - pigs with reference to hog cholera and swine plague. Bulletin No. _ Snow. Annual Report, U. 8. Dept. of Agric - Sutton. The North American Medico-Chirurgical Review, 1858. _ Reed and Carroll. Bacillus icteroides and Bacillus cholera suis. A pre- mary note. The Medical News, Apr. 29, 1899. _ Reynolds. Hog cholera and hog cholera vaccination. Bulletin No, 113, iv. of Minn. Agric. Exp. Station, 1908. elch. Report of investigations concerning the causation of hog cholera. = kins Hospital Bulletin, Nov. 1, 1889. and Clements. Remarks on hog cholera and swine plague. First tional Veterinary Congress of America held in Chicago, Ill., Oct., 1893. PTONS, LESIONS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS W. W. Dimocx, Ames, Iowa. _Symproms. The fact that hog cholera makes its appearance in us forms, in different individuals, in different herds and dif- | nD temperature. The rise in temperature is often found to be petore the animal shows signs of being sick—in fact in the ‘not have observed any previous symptoms of ill health. In S that live long enough to show clinical symptoms, we often first there is a general depression. A closer examination of such nals will show that there is a congestion of the mucosa of the nd the temperature will be found to be from 104°-109°. The 914 W. W. DIMOCK eye, and often fastens the lids together. When feed is offered, the animal comes up to the trough slowly and leaves before the others have finished. There is a marked tendency to stand off alone, ap- pearing generally dull; constipation is not uncommon at this stage although in some outbreaks of cholera, diarrhoea may be one of the first symptoms reported by the owner. The pigs are often thirsty and will drink water or swill, but refuse to take solid food. The general condition of dullness increases and the animal refuses to come out from the straw. The ears hang down, the tail is straight and there is more or less evidence of weakness, especially noticed in the hind quarters. The animals will stagger when walking or weave slightly when standing. At this stage diarrhoea is usually marked, © the discharges being of a dirty gray or greenish color, and fre- quently contains masses or strings of mucus or of a fixed exudate. However, it should be remembered that the color and consistency of the feces depends to quite an extent upon the character of the food. The discoloration of the skin over the ventral surface of the body extending up around the neck, ears and nose, and down the inside of the legs, is in many outbreaks a rather prominent symp- tom. The color of the skin in such cases is of a bluish red, and is due to congestion and infiltration of the blood in these parts. This condition is most noticeable on white pigs. The reddish rusty spots frequently noticed on the underside of the body seem to be the accumulation of some secretion from the skin, and by many are considered a very sugestive symptom or indication of cholera. These masses are usually about the size of a pinhead or possibly a little larger, and the skin immediately surrounding may be slight- ly congested. The collection of urine in the sheath and the conse- quent dilation, are by some considered quite characteristic of chol- era. It would seem to me from the pathology of the cyst forma- tion that the condition has existed for a longer time than the chol- era. No doubt, however, this condition is materially aggravated from the presence of cholera and the resulting congestion of the membrane and condition of the urine. Symptoms suggesting changes in the central nervous system, are usually not noticed, but when present they are in the form of convulsions, or there may be a very marked depression which might equally come from the gen- eral weakness of the body. The enlargement of some of the super- ficial lymph glands of the body, especially the inguinal, while not in itself characteristic, can well be mentioned as one of a chain of HOG CHOLERA 215 | Congestion of the respiratory mucous membrane is cally always present, but is a difficult condition for which to ine. In young pigs stomatitis, especially the ulcerative or tic form is frequently met with in company with cholera, but also found in pigs that are known to be free from hog cholera, should not be given a prominent place in the possible symptoms. with hog cholera often cough. Coughing may indicate irri- 1 or inflammation of the respiratory mucous membrane, pneu- pleurisy, lung worms or stomach worms, therefore, while astive of cholera, is in no way positive. In the chronic cases and the gait is usually very unsteady. In moving a bunch es from the straw to the open for examination, we should al- ent it cannot always be detected. In those pigs that still ‘considerable vitality, I have often noticed a very peculiar marked especially by the way they pick up their feet, the ments of the legs and the feet being short and choppy, with ht indication of uncertainty. The squeal of a large percentage es in which the disease takes on a subacute form, is a hoarse, ), weak ery that lacks tone and force. Lesions. In order to systematically diseuss those patheleg: s¢ that we know as hog cholera, it will be necessary to under- es we use the term hog cholera to designate the disease of eaty Be goanied by various secondary or mixed Mptigné t is necessary to take into consideration, both in the diagnosis yrognosis, those tissue changes that result from this mixed in- m. In my opinion all other forms of disease or lesions re- i from whatever cause, no matter how closely, clinically or logically, they may resemble cholera, unless directly. or indi- due to the action of the filterable virus; should not be con- 216 WwW. W. DIMOCK sidered under hog cholera; except in connection with the differen- tial diagnosis. This, on the basis that: | Hog Cholera is a specific, infectious disease of pigs. It conforms to the generally accepted attitude towards the other specific infectious diseases of animals—to classify them according to their etiology. In the diagnosis of the infectious fevers of pigs, we first of all look for characteristic virus lesions or by inoculation, demon- strate the virus infection. If found to be present we say hog chol- era, and handle the infected herd as a virus cholera herd, regard- less of the amount of secondary or mixed infection or character of the lesions. If we fail to find characteristic virus lesions or to otherwise demonstrate its presence, we would not under any circumstances call the disease hog cholera. Our anti-hog cholera serum is only preventive against virus cholera and that in itself, makes it almost imperative to the prac- titioners and those engaged in serum production to use a term that is limited in its meaning. That form of disease due to the virus plus the secondary in- fection which is found in the majority of cases as met with in the field, is what has always been understood both by the veterinary profession and the stockmen of the country, as hog cholera. It is the most prevalent, fatal, wide-spread contagious disease of pigs in this country, and is more serious and of. greater economic importance than all other conditions found in pigs that clinically or otherwise resemble the results of virus infection. At least the disease caused by the so-called filterable virus should be designated by some term, the meaning of which 1 is limited to the action or presence of the virus. In discussing the morbid anatomy of hog cholera, I shall take up first the lesions that occur in the tissues of the animals that are affected with the virus alone, uncomplicated. The observations that we have been able to make, and the reports from others who are working on this disease go to show that the hog cholera virus - produces three general pathological changes in the tissues of the animals affected, that stand out as prominent characters of the dis- ease. These changes are congestion, degeneration and hemorrhages. I will take up the discussion of these changes in the order mentioned. Congestion is practically always present, to a greater or less HOG CHOLERA | 217 egre 2, in one or more organs of the body, but is not a very import- int pathological change in hog cholera, so far as the diagnosis is in a marked or mild form in the respiratory mucous membrane, ungs and the brain and its membrane. The spleen, liver, kid- and bladder usually show evidences of congestion, in some of a very mild character, while in others the organs are uni- y and extensively congested. The stomach and intestine (in eases) may fail to show any gross evidence of congestion, ile in other cases the congestion may be marked, especially in the ach and large intestine. However, the fact that in some typi- es of congestion, would seem to suggest that some secondary ors are necessary to make the change sufficiently extensive to ecognized on gross examination. The lymph glands, especially n'a the connective tissue structures saat | in many instances pre- a bad striking and almost beautiful picture—the very bright In cases ae the lymph glands show degeneration or sup- ion evidence of secondary infection is usually marked. ongestion of the skin in hog cholera is confined to the ventral ‘face of the body extending down on the inner side of the legs; 2 he sides of the neck, nose and back of the ears. udy swelling or granular degeneration and is found to be most mounced in the kidneys, liver and spleen. From the examination f£ a large number of kidneys, both gross and by microscopic sec- we feel safe in saying that degeneration is a marked and eteristic change as met with in the kidneys. Upon gross ex- lation the organ is usually some what enlarged and presents the owing general variations: normal in appearance, congested in 218 WwW. W. DIMOCK areas or uniformly, normal in color and hemorrhagic, congested and hemorrhagic, uniformly pale, so-called cooked kidney, or it may be pale and hemorrhagic, in which case the petechial hemor- rhages are very plainly seen because of the contrast in colors. In some cases of chronic cholera and from pigs that seem to possess a certain degree of resistance to the virus we get an interstitial neph- ritis. In such cases the capsule is more or less adherent, “‘strips with difficulty’’ and the kidney is of a grayish brown color. Upon section we find in the early stages that the tubular epi- thelium is swollen so that the lumen of the tubule is obscured. The cell protoplasm becomes decidedly granular, the cell membrane ruptures, the nucleus undergoes disintegration and the whole be- comes a granular mass in the lumen of the tubule. All the paren- chymatous structures of the kidney may be involved but the degree of degeneration shown in sections depends upon the character and duration of the disease. From our observations it would seem that the basement membrane is rarely involved and probably only when we have an interstitial nephritis, which is a secondary lesion. The so-called trachoma bodies found in the various cells of the body, especially from the eye discharges and the kidney cells, are rather constant changes, but they are also sometimes found in healthy pigs and therefore, cannot be considered characteristic of hog cholera. The degeneration of the mucosa of the intestinal tract, especially in the caecum and colon, is an important change, for while not easily demonstrated, the secondary changes that are made possible from the structural and functional disturbances that result in some cases in a complete cessation of the normal function of this mem- brane, thus allowing micro-organisms to multiply in the membrane itself, or pass through and be carried to other organs of the body. producing changés that are fatal even though the animal naturally or artificially overcomes the virus. The degeneration of the other parenchymatous organs of the body is a typical granular degenera- tion, the degree and extent of which, seems to depend upon the severity of the case and the amount of secondary infection. This is especially true of the liver and spleen. Congestion and degeneration are changes that are character- istic of practically all our specific infectious fevers and while they are exceedingly important in our interpretation of the action and importance of the virus, when we come to make a diagnosis of hog cholera, like the inflammatory changes met with that are due to secondary infection, they serve only in a supplementary way. HOG CHOLERA 219 The hemorrhages which are exceedingly characteristic of virus on are what we know as petechial hemorrhages and are found great majority of cases to be present in the kidneys, lungs, s membrane of the bladder, pharynx, large intestine, lymph | stomach, brain and in the skin on the ventral surface of the The cause of the hemorrhages is the degeneration of the nchymatous cells and structures surrounding the capillaries, sed pressure from the congestion that is present and no doubt a direct action of the virus on the wall of the blood vessel. ible petechial hemorrhages on the kidneys are just beneath surface of the organs and in typical cases are readily seen, es- ally after removal of the capsule. Upon gross or microscopic ¥ they are often found in the golmeruli, throughout the cor- medullary portions in the intestinal structures and in the ‘In some severe cases, our observations~would indicate that emorrhages may be found generally distributed throughout all he structures of the kidney. In the lungs the hemorrhages are | situated beneath the serous covering, but microscopic exam- 1 shows the finer capillaries throughout the substance of the to be ruptured, allowing the blood to escape in the air sacs veolar spaces, and interstitial structures. Hemorrhages are 2 visible on the mucous surface of the bladder, large intestine | stomach, and are found to be quite frequently present in the cosa, but so far as our observations go, are never found in erosa of the intestine, except when secondary infection is evi- ithe body. The circulatory disturbances noticed in the skin, most frequently in the form of an infiltration of blood, but . examination will show that many of the capillaries are rup- and that a true hemorrhage existed. The other organs of ly do not, as a rule, upon gross examination, reveal the pres- f hemorrhages, yet in some cases small hemorrhages and y infiltration may be found in the substance of the liver, heart, in and possibly other organs of the body. | young pigs, especially those under six weeks of age, we fre- y find numerous petechial hemorrhages showing on the liver heart. I feel that the hemorrhages found on the heart and in young pigs, are directly due to the action of the virus, hemorrhages on the heart and its membrane and the serous ace of the intestine, in older animals is practically always due mme form of secondary infection, and it seems to me that this is 220 WwW. W. DIMOCK perfectly logical, not only from our pathological and histological study of the affected parts, but by taking into consideration the delicate condition of the capillaries and supporting structures in these organs of the young pig. The spleen sometimes shows sub- ‘ capsular hemorrhages, and histological examination frequently shows the substance of the organs to be generally hemorrhagic in character, dark and friable, and often showing the anemic in- fracts. We do not consider the small subcapsular capillary hemor- rhages to be absolutely characteristic of hog cholera, nor are the other changes in the spleen constant, yet while not constant are present in the majority of cases. While it has become generally accepted and we feel perfectly justified in saying that the hog cholera virus alone or in itself never produces inflammatory processes, but that all inflammatory pro- cesses met with in pigs affected with the filterable virus are those due to the action of some other agent, but as the cases of hog chol- era met with in the field do in the majority of cases suffer from see- ondary or mixed infection, and the resulting lesions being more or less constant and uniform in character, we have come to accept them as being sufficiently characteristic of hog cholera as to warrant our using them in making a diagnosis. The typical button uleers of the cecum and colon, are good examples, but we feel that the virus in producing, first a congestion, degeneration or hemorrhage in the - mucous membrane of the intestines, enable other micro-organisms to get a foot-hold, and the tissue changes that result in the forma- tion of the typical hog cholera ulcers, is simply an inflammatory reaction of the tissues in an attempt to protect itself from the de- structive action of the organisms and prevent a rupture of the in- testine. At other times inflammation met with in the alimen- tary tract may be an acute inflammation with little or no exudation or destruction of tissue. There is more often in such cases a mucous exudate that has a sticky, greasy character, often blood stained, especially in the stomach. Again the inflammatory changes in the intestines take on the form of a diphtheritic enteritis. This may be in the ileum, cecum or colon, but is usually confined to one portion or the other in pigs of the same herd. In all such eases there is com- plete degeneration of the mucosa, and involvment of the whole in- testinal wall in inflammatory changes. The interlobular hepatitis, intralobular multiple abcess formations so frequently found in microscopic sections, the enlarged, dark, friable spleen and the in- HOG CHOLERA | 921 tial nephritis, is due so far as we can determine, to a secondary tion that gains entrance to the system through the intestinal . The various inflammatory changes in the lung which range m a simple inflammation to a suppurative necrotic pneumonia, lue to micro-organisms whose entrance to the lungs has been » possible from the fact that the virus. has so weakened the ‘al corporeal resistance and that of the lung itself, to those nisms that normally live on the respiratory mucous membrane ; are inhaled with the dust and dirt of the air, that the lungs longer able to throw them off, and through their lodgement e substance of the lungs, they produce the various degrees of umation mentioned above. Atelectasis of the lungs, both nat- id acquired, is rather common in the Pig, ts should not be. ken for inflammatory changes. The dark discoloration of the bone marrow which formally oc- a prominent place in the lesions of hog cholera, is found to her rare, especially in young pigs with an acute form of the e, and we are inclined to feel that the changes in the bone mar- should be considered to be due largely to secondary infection, 1 in chronic cholera, in older animals. An anemic condition of to find. A slight or marked increase in the amount of in- itoneal fluid is rather constant, a fibrous exudate or hemor- /on the peritoneum is evidence of secondary infection. In w cases where we have examined the urine from virus pigs it 60 to 75% gave a strong reaction to albumin. DirrerENTIAL Dracnosis. In that there are many diseased ons of pigs that more or less closely resemble in their clin- anifestations, hog cholera, it becomes necessary to take them 222 WwW. W. DIMOCK exist in this country), septicemia, malignant edema, necrotic laryn- gitis, anthrax, heat stroke, lightning stroke, or sudden death from any cause, and a number of acute febrile conditions, that we have met with in pigs, but so far have been unable to classify. In the differential diagnosis of any disease we must always take into ‘consideration the history of the affected herd, and then take those diseased conditions that it is possible to recognize, and by a process of elimination attempt to determine what one of the var- ious diseases it might be that is causing the death of the animals. In order to do this, we must of necessity know, and be able to ree- ognize those things that are considered specific characters of the various diseases or diseased conditions met with in pigs. The diagnosis of hog cholera is made possible by finding in the various organs of the dead animals those lesions that are known to be characteristic of virus infection, or by inoculating a susceptible pig with the blood from a suspected case and the production of the disease.. In case the suspected blood is from a pig that showed marked evidence of a mixed infection, or inflammatory changes, the blood should first be filtered. Animal inoculation is further made necessary from the fact that many of the pigs that die of hog cholera fail to show the characteristic lesions, but as it is often im- possible, especially in the field, to make animal inoculation, and as we cannot always afford to wait for the result of animal inoculation, it becomes necessary for us to take into consideration and use those things that we know regarding the differential diagnosis. In eases of parasitism, we look for the presence of the parasite, but we must know the importance of the parasites which we find and their disease producing characters. In all forms of enteritis we must take into consideration the conditions under which the pigs have been kept, the food and the water supply, the location and character of the lesions in the ali- mentary tract, the changes found in other organs of the body and the general character of the lesions as a whole. In what is apparently an infectious enteritis in which emacia- tion is the characteristic symptom and enteritis and atrophy of the liver the principle gross tissue changes. If we admit that there is a specific infectious disease of pigs known as swine plague caused by the Bacillus suwisepticus, then we must demonstrate the presence of the specific organism. In verminous pneumonia, we will find the Strongylus paradozus. HOG CHOLERA 223 yi In all of the forms of inflammation of the lungs, we must be ed by the history of the disease, number of animals affected and general character of the lesions. In brine poisoning we practically always can get a history the animal had access to large quantities of salt. I wish to asize this because I personally know that there are many so- ed stock foeds on the market that contain sufficient quantities It, that when left constantly before the animals in solution will ce acute brine poisoning, and we know of a number of cases e a farmer has emptied his pork or beef barrels where the ani- s had access to it, that resulted in their death. Poisoning from various causes has been demonstrated a number — mes in this country, and we must depend upon the history to- er with the absence of any specific infection. Tn anthrax and malignant edema, we would look for charac- stic lesions and the specific cause. In general septicemia the post mortem findings, cai with eee te to emphasize the fact that the three main Sathelveibal ves that occur in pigs as a result of infection with the so-called steve virus are congestion, degeneration and hemorrhages. If we wish to make a diagnosis from the gross changes found yh glands, spleen, stomach and intestine, respiratory mucous oe mucosa of the bladder and the brain and its membrane. I ¢ of the kidneys, such kidneys are usually very pale in color | the organ may or may not show hemorrhages. The degenera- > changes found in the other parenchymatous organs of the body 224 WwW. W. DIMOCK can usually not be detected with certainty upon gross examination. The formation of small or large ulcers in the intestine, especially in the cecum and colon are considered characteristic of cholera, especially the so-called button ulcers. A general diphtheritie in- flammation of the small and large intestines does not necessarily come from cholera infection. The degenerative changes met with in the lungs are often found in simple cases of pneumonia and can in no way be considered typical of cholera; however, we should not overlook the fact that during the fall and winter, pneumonia more often accompanies cholera than it does in the late spring and summer. The typical petechial hemorrhages of hog cholera are found just beneath the pleural covering of the lung, in the kidneys, in the mu- cosa of the bladder, cecum and colon, sometimes in the stomach, and the mucous membrane of the pharynx. The spleen and lymph glands are often hemorrhagic and the connective tissue structures of the brain frequently show hemorrhagic infiltration. In young pigs of three, six or eight weeks of age, the liver sometimes shows numerous small hemorrhages, but we seldom find these in older ani- mals. In a few cases where we have found petechial hemorrhages - on the heart and its membrane there has always been marked evi- dences of secondary infection. If one is to make a diagnosis of hog cholera from the gross findings at the time of autopsy, I feel that he should find at least two lesions that are considered typical of hog cholera, but that one should be careful in using for diagnosis lesions that may result from a great variety of causes. We consider num- erous small hemorrhages on the lungs, kidneys and mucosa of the bladder as characteristic hemorrhages from hog cholera. Any one of these with involvement of the lymph glands or formation of ulcers in the intestines are sufficient to make a diagnosis of hog cholera. Experience has shown that after having made a diagnosis of hog cholera, that one should be very careful to estimate the general con- dition of the herd and the form of cholera, and especially the de- generative changes, such as pneumonia and ulcers of the intestine, largely due to secondary infection as such animals often fail to show sufficient temperature to exclude them from vaccination, yet the lesions may be of such an advanced character that should they overcome the action of the virus the animals would die from other causes. HOG CHOLERA 225 THE ETIOLOGY OF HOG CHOLERA C. M. Harine, Berkeley, Cal. Ithough the specific cause of hog cholera has not been seen or ated in cultures, much is known concerning its nature and at- ISTRIBUTION OF THE Virus. So far as known the virus of nolera exists only in the tissues and excretions of infected hogs substances which may have been directly or indirectly con- ated. There is no evidence that the virus has the power to gate itself outside of the tissues of swine. In infected swine rus is present in the circulating blood and lymph, in all the gans, muscles and vascular tissues of the bones. It may escape the body in the urine, feces, saliva, nasal anl larchymal se- s and from pustules of the skin. ‘Fivrerasiuiry or THE Virus. The blood, tissue juices and eXx- ions of infected hogs are capable of transmitting the disease, 1 after having passed through filters which remove all known ia. The resulting filtrate may be free from living organisms as our present cultural and microscopic methods can deter- and still be capable of producing hog cholera when admin- 1 to susceptible animals.*°**°° The virus of hog cholera is itly corpuscular in nature since itwill not pass through the Kitisato filters, although when diluted it is not retained by yreelain Pasteur-Chamberland filter candles F and B.*® The will pass even more readily through the Bergefeld filter. ver, this kind of filter may occasionally permit Bacillus sui- er and other bacteria to pass.*° °° In all filtering the pores candles usually become more or less clogged and finally the of the disease producing virus may be completely prevented. ate this as much as possible blood virus should be diluted filtering, at least 1 to 10, and it is better to begin with coarse ation through sand, filter paper, infusorial earth and asbestos. fering hog cholera virus through fine porcelain filters, its po- per volume is weakened so that a larger dose of filtered virus uired to produce acute hog cholera. Evidently something is red. which has considerable to do with producing hog cholera. ibtedly much of the potent virus material is retained in the nee of the filter. It has been observed that the protective 226 Cc. M. HARING power of anti-hog-cholera serum is greater against filtered than unfiltered virus. This weakening by filtration is supposed by some to be due to the removal of bacteria which, as a secondary cause, may act as an adjuvant to the filterable virus. PROPAGATION OF Virus. So far as we know, the only method for the propagation of virus is by the infection of swine. This is ac- complished through the exposure of susceptible swine by inoecula- tion, the feeding of virus, by the infection produced in susceptible swine, by placing them in infected feed lots or exposure pens and by association with infected hogs. Subscutaneous injections of 14 c.c. or more of defibrinated filtered or unfiltered blood, usually produce hog cholera after an incubation of 5 to 14 days. In some instances the period of incubation may be even more prolonged. Swine are the only domesticated animals that are susceptible to hog cholera and numerous attempts to propagate the virus by the inoc- ulation of horses and other animals have failed. The attempted cultivation of the virus by the use of artificial media has thus far failed.*' The statement of Pfeiler and Lentz** who claimed its apparently successful cultivation has not been sub- stantiated. The propogation of the virus on a cheap medium would be of enormous economic importance in the preparation of immune serum and, in view of the reported successful cultivation of the filterable virus of rinderpest by Boynton, efforts along this line would seem worth trying with hog cholera. Efforts to concentrate the virus by centrifugalization or by prolonged standing and sedimentation have failed to produce prac- tical results. When defibrinated blood is centrifuged and the re- sulting sedimented corpuscles repeatedly washed until free from serum, they have been found to be rich in virus. This, however, is probably in part due to the adhesion of the virus to the corpus- eles, since it has been demonstrated that the same results can be ob- tained by adding sheep or rabbit corpuscles to corpuscle-free hog virus and centrifuging. With the use of agar coated filters or other colloid filters, the virus is retained and is deposited to a certain extent in the outer layers of the medium.? *° By injecting physiological salt solution in the proportion of about 25 ¢.¢. per pound of body weight into the abdominal cavity of infected pigs, five to seven hours before they are to be killed for virus, and drawing off what is unabsorbed after the animal has been bled, a fluid rich in virus may be obtained. Certain manufac- a?) : HOG CHOLERA 227 of serum have successfully used this salt solution virus for immunizing purposes.” * Ithough the preparation of virus for hyperimmunizing pur- has been limited to the use of blood and salt solution already ntioned, virulent material for experimental purposes has been yared from infected tissues by macerating the ground-up or- n an equal weight of physiological salt solution after which uid is pressed out and filtered. he urine of infected hogs is rich in virus and although un- for hyperimmunizing may be utilized for infection ex- ents. It is more easily filtered than blood serum. he bile of infected hogs contains the virus but can only be J in a very diluted condition. The feces contain a relatively small amount of virus. This is Sbably due to the destruction of the filterable virus by the pro-_ of fermentive and putrefactive bacteria in the intestinal IRULENCE OF THE Virus. It is a matter of common know- with those who have tested hog cholera virus in connection um manufacture that there is great variation in the course cholera in pigs following the injection of virulent blood. ss in many instances this is due to variations in the individ- istance. of the pigs inoculated. Variation in virulence, *, seems to be a marked characteristic of the filterable viruses. s it has been possible by repeated inoculations to enhance d fixed virus for hog cholera which is at all comparable to virus of rabies.” °° °” . ‘tency is less efficient than that made from strains of high The variation in virulence of epidemics i in various parts u ence of the filterable virus: Craig’ states that strains of low potency can be enhanced in virulence by passage 2 to 6 weeks old pigs from susceptible mothers. One of 228 C. M. HARING the strongest theoretical arguments against the simultaneous meth- od is that the distribution of highly potent laboratory virus tends to keep hog cholera infection enhanced to its highest point of viru- lence. Hog cholera epidemics diminish in virulence when new virus is not introduced, but there is a difference of opinion among authorities concerning the use of virus and the restrictions which are desirable in connection with its field use as an immune agent. The view held by some pathologists is that pure uncomplicated hog chol- era is itself a relatively mild disease which derives its malignancy from the bacterial infections which follow in the wake of the pri- - mary infection with the true filterable virus of the disease. The claim of Dinwiddie™ that certain strains of cholera virus, even when bacilli are absent from the injected blood, seem to quite gen- erally beget bacillary infection by inoculation and that the same effect is produced by exposure infection with these strains. When unfiltered virus is used there is always the possibility of the pres- ence of pathogenic bacteria. The practice of drawing the virus blood in the early stages of the disease and its preservation with 1% phenol, does much to eliminate bacterial contamination. — A little data concerning the comparative virulence of various strains of filtered bacteria-free hog cholera virus is available. The | minimum fatal dose has not been determined and doubtless the — virulence of the virus, even when so-called fixed strains are used, is so variable that it would be impossible to determine the fixed min- imum. ACTION OF THE VirUS IN Vivo. Lacking definite knowledge of the specific pathogenic organism causing hog cholera, the method of its harmful action on the body cannot be definitely determined. It is now generally supposed that the filterable virus weakens the resisting powers of the body, and that semi-pathogeniec bacteria, particularly those of the colon, paracolon, typhoid groups invade the tissues and render the disease more malignant. A deseription of | the pathological changes produced is given by Dimock in another section of this report. The virus is harmless for all domesticated animals except swine. The injection of considerable quantities of virulent blood into horses produces some reaction. It is probable that soluble toxins do not play a very important part in the action of the virus. The action of the virus on the endothelial cells is evidenced by the characteristic petechial hemorrhages throughout the body. The HOG CHOLERA 929 lesions are doubtless indications of a trophic affinity of the in- ole organism or its products for the epithelial cells. The puru- -eonjunetivits and the peculiar cell inclusions which we de- e later in the conjunctival epithelial cells are perhaps manifes- is of a specific action on these tissues. In most of the lesions og cholera, particularly those of an extensive character, doubt- secondary bacterial infection plays the most important part, the primary injury at the points where the lesions form is ably due directly to the virus. As to just how this injury oc- is at present a matter of surmise. 3 Infection with the filterable virus of folina. variola, epithelioma agiosum, and trachoma is accompanied by intracellular changes certain groups of cells and the presence of inclusions similar to se of trachoma in the conjunctival cells of hogs infected with lera is probably of significance as an indication of the affinity the virus for such cells. | _ CHLAMyYDOZOA oR StRYNGOPLASMA.** * In the conjunctival epi- helial cells of most swine infected with hog cholera, cell inclusions very significant and interesting character have been demon- ted. The presence of these intracellular bodies is not neces- y confined to the animals which show the purulent conjunctiv- tis often associated with hog cholera. Although the percentage non-infected animals is very small, (3%, according to Uhlenhuth) infected animals the inclusions are usually present. As has al- dy been mentioned, the cellular inclusions resemble the so-called ymydozoa or stryngoplasma present in trachoma of man, and hn Noguchi‘! claims to have cultivated in vitro. The bodies are demonstrated in smear and impression preparations from onjunctiva of hogs as soon as they become visibly sick. When ed by Guinsa’s method they appear as granular masses of a » purple color inside the cytoplasm of the conjunctival epi- ial cells. These bodies occasionally rival in size the nucleus of cell, but are usually smaller and consist of large numbers of ary small, deeply stained granules. As yet the exact significance nd in trachoma it is noteworthy that in epithelioma contagiosum vaccina, similar bodies are present in the proliferating ecto- mal cells, while there are certain resemblances to the Negri 230 C. M. HARING bodies in rabies which are present in the nerve tissue of rabid ani- mals. All diseases in which chlamydozoa and similar bodies have been demonstrated are believed to be due to filterable viruses. In none of these have the actual germs of the diseases been positively demonstrated. We are inclined to attribute these cell inelusions to protoplasmic changes due to selective action of the virus for those particular cells. That is in accordance with the evidence from the lesions that the filterable virus of hog cholera has a selective and de- structive action for the endothelial and epithelial cells. CONCERNING THE VIRUS IN ViTRO. The time that the specific organisms of hog cholera will live outside their natural host de- pends upon. the effect of the physical and chemical influences to which they are subjected. There is abundant circumstantial evi- dence that the virus under favorable natural conditions may live - for over a year in infected wallows and pig sties. On the other hand, we know that it is quickly destroyed in putrefying material and susceptible animals have been placed in previously, infected pens after a lapse of three months without contracting the disease. It is well known that under laboratory conditions, virus may some- times be kept for months without a diminution in virulence. It fre- quently occurs, however, that in a few days originally virulent blood will weaken and occasionally even lose its pathogenic power entirely. The cause of this has not been satisfactorily explained. It has been observed that the virus retains its virulence longer in filtered bacteria-free serum than in filtered urine. THe Errect oF TEMPERATURE. Heat is an effective agent for the destruction of hog cholera infection. The virus is relatively more resistant to both moist and dry heat than the vegetative forms of most bacteria, but not so resistant as the spores of anthrax and similar organisms. The effect of heat on virus is illustrated by the colleen table prepared from the published experiments of the German Imperial Board of Health Laboratories.*° °° °* HOG CHOLERA 231 TERTAL ent, TIME RESULT serum filtrate 45 24 hours Not killed nor weakened serum filtrate 46.5 24 hours Not killed nor weakened | serum filtrate 46 48 hours Killed serum filtrate 55 24 hours Killed id serum filtrate 60 10 hours Killed uid serum filtrate 58 2 hours Not killed juid serum filtrate 78 1 hour _ Killed ‘ied blood © - 65 2 hours Not Killed lood 72. Lhour Killed | blood © : 72 hour Killed ahs 58 1 hour _ Killed 58 40 minutes Not killed 0 d does not seem to have any effect, although so far as we ely eold weather in the northwest central states, but begins n with the spring thaw. In the Imperial Valley, California, fe g at a temperature of 37°C. dong not impair the potency light seems to have very little effect even by direct. action. PUTREFACTION. The virus is ies to be relatively sensitive 2 effects of putrefactive organisms. Carefully controlled ex- nts have proven that the virus is destroyed in decomposing e in eight days. Giltner reports, however, the persistence virus in putrid pork for one year. Virus containing urine to Lie hog manure was added to hasten decay, lost its virulence in urs when kept at a temperature of 22°C. Virulent filtered , when mixed with non-sterile blood and urine, lost its disease ig power in 5 days. The same virus filtered twice and kept room temperature was still fully virulent at the end of five irulent blood preserved with 0.5% to 1% earbolie acid t preservative loses its virulence as soon as it begins to de- aly few cases of cholera occur during the three hottest months | a few days. The virus in old putrefied organs loses its | 1 retains its virulence for several weeks while the same blood , 4 0 experiments have been made on temperatures below zero _ 232 C. M. HARING compose. The fact that the virus will persist longer in diluted filtered serum than in decomposing blood may explain why contam- inated water is such a frequent source of infection, for it would appear that the virus will survive more readily in water than in decomposing organic matter. | DISINFECTANTS. On account of the resistance of the virus to chemicals it would seem that dependence should not. be placed on the use of disinfectants in the dilutions which are usually used to kill pathogenic bacteria.. Even when the 3% solution of lysol or ecom- pound solution of cresol is used, as recommended by the Bureau of Animal Industry, it should be borne in mind that an application for over 1 hour is necessary to kill the virus. Miiller*® states that even in pens built of iron and concrete the destruction of the virus is so ‘difficult that after the disinfection of infected pens, immediate re- stocking with susceptible swine is usually followed by losses from hog cholera. It is recommended that the application of 6 per cent. cresol soap solution or calcium chloride be used to disinfect pig sties. The following table compiled from the results of experiments published by the German Imperial Board of Health Laboratories’ °6 57 shows the resisting power of hog cholera virus to disinfectants. As a rule the tests were made by mixing 10 ¢. ce. of virus with an equal amount of aqueous dilution of the disinfectant. | Bacteria ASSOCIATED WITH Hog CHOLERA INFECTION. Infee- tion with the virus of hog cholera is usually followed by the inva- sion of the tissues with certain species of bacteria. The presence of these bacteria greatly complicates the problems of the investigator who attempts to explain the pathological changes which occur in hog cholera. Some authorities hold that several species of bac- teria which are frequently associated with hog cholera are occasion- ally the cause of epidemic disease in swine without the presence of a filterable virus. This belief, however, appears to be losing ground in the United States, although it is still generally held that B. sw- pestifer*, B. suisepticus and possibly other organisms are the occas- ional cause of sporadic disease. BACTERIA OF THE COLON TypHoID Groups*. The Bacillus swi- pestifer (B cholera suis) first described in 1885 by Salmon and * For description of the morphological and biochemic characteristics of these bacteria, the reader should consult any complete veterinary bacteriology,—- only the important points relating to their association with hog cholera virus are mentioned here, ‘SINOY INOF 104JV JUO[NATA TITS SBAA 5 “Inoy Via ut outin ut STLITA ports, *Inoy % ut PpeThy jou 40q pouoyBom STLITA e478 14 wundtoeg “Imoy ouo ur STL.ITA oyqy pet SBM VW ‘MOY ou 194zv 4yuoJod [[T}S SYM SNITA OY} SIdTBISUE OM} UT “Moy euo ul pea SBM szuowt.edxe oulos ut 078 14/0 STLITA Wn.Log ‘sinoy WT UL pol[ty Ssnata umnieg “Sop NUL CL ur peTey SBM STLITA ouy ourtin ur “Sop NULL 0% ut porey SBM STATA UnL.I0S oy sjuoutiedxe L9G YO url “Moy 9uo ur STLITA TEL 04 SoVvUBISUT oulos utr polTley “woroolut JO qyutod 4B. uot e.A4[ GUL FO JUNOVOB UO SAISHPMOSUT s}NSIY “DoLE FB MOY OM} JOyzZB Yooyo ou pyy snaTA “OoLS 48 Sinoqy G ur pet 40u SHAT A *IMoy ouo ul pet STLITA 078.149. UNLIG ‘SIMOY OA} UL POTTY Jou poor poywursqyod “SANOY OMY ul pe STLUTA 97814 G ULL ‘SOPRUTU CT UL POT[EY JOG soynurur OT Ur poy[Py you our uy snatA “SITLOY VG ut pel] jou STUITA 947817, G UINLIG *morjoafutr jo s}atod jv UWOT}eI}[ GUL jo “Moy 8uo ur STLITA wWnIIs petty JUNOIOV VO OAISN[OUOOUT [OFIM YIM s}[Nsoyxy ‘Soy nULUr og ut STLITA wnio0s petty “SaInoy OMY ut pe [PT 40U STLITA un..eg ‘POTTLY JOU SnATA poorq poywuraqyog “yquoul ouo ut STATA 07B14 [9 ULTNLLOS TEL 04 pole “SInoq OMY ut o7yeIYG UInL.IOS TEL 04 pete “Yyyuour ouo ut STLITA 07 BIG UILIOS TEL 04 pelle yy ‘skep CL ur pel yng ‘moy vuo 194 tv queyod T74s SULATA o7ye.1h [PB WnIIG ‘skup F UL pel[ty JOU SMITA PooTq poyeuTAqyod ‘SINOY FZ UL PETTY JOU snata oyeayyYy weg "SOJNULUL CT UL OULIN UL SNATA T[PY 0} pore ‘skep g UL Poord snaTA TILT 0} ported ‘skep * et ‘skup g UL [ITY 0} se ste SI sae oust auo ut paw syoom = ur Sboe aqeayy aoe POXTUL STLITA unites pus oseuvdd -ofd jo syed yenbrt WOT}NOS %0'E WOTFNJOS WF 0} WOTFNIOS %Y 0} ¢ — WOTNTOS %0'¢ WOTNTOS %0"G WINIOS SMITA PUB OUITT yO y[tur Fo szred penbry worzNyoOsS worznyos wWOoTyNyToOSs WOE W's %WO'S WMOs W0'S WOT Wo" mWOT}NTOS woTyNyOS ' WOTYNTOS WOTpN[OS WOT}NTOS %G"s WOTINTOS %0'OT (snyeredde s, ueuteyg WOTZNIOS %40'EE WOT}NLOS %GZ'0 WOT}NOS %0'0Z WOTPNLOS %GQ°y ~ -yySueays TNT WOTINTOS %4G'°s WoTyNTOS %0's WOTNOS %O'T MORRIS % "9 esvuvho0k J uorynjos dvos [ose.¢ worjnjos dvos [ose1) uotynpos deos joseip josArT oully JO epr41o[yy eully JO ATW deog oy BU0greaTq umntpog UrULLOF WY WIMULLosAUy UreLLOsTyay UTULLOsy yay TO#FTM. TOFFEM. optxolog wesoipAy UL poyB1oUey ) BU0ZO eutIad AT) (‘Tog s,[o3nT) eurpoy voi epAyopTeulioy oyVpOoo.Ne, wNIpog wIoFOIOTYO prow d1joqreD prow aTpoq.eD, plow atpoqrey prow arpoqrey - 234 C. M. HARING Smith was for many years believed to be the specific cause of hog cholera. The view at present seems to be that this organism is re- sponsible for certain lesions in pigs, but that it is not the cause of epi- zootic hog cholera. Authorities differ as to the importance which they attribute to this organism as a cause of disease in swine. The organism is frequently present in the circulating blood of swine in- fected with the filterable virus of hog cholera, but in many eases it has been found impossible to demonstrate its presence.* °* Baczl- lus sutpestifer and similar strains have been isolated from the in- testines of healthy swine in herds where no epidemic existed. It should be noted, however, that when such strains have been tested as to their pathogenic power, when given by the mouth to pigs the results have been negative.*’ It has been demonstrated that B. suipestifer when fed or when injected intravenously may produce a diseased condition indistin- guishable from hog cholera except by the absence of the filterable virus and the lack of transmissibility by association. Under cer- tain conditions it is probable that these organisms may become en- hanced in virulence or the resistance of the animal may be reduced and infection result even when the infection with filterable virus is absent. Contrary to the infection produced by the filterable virus hogs, which are infected with pure cultures of the Bacillus suipes- tefer do not transmit the disease to healthy hogs and if they recover they continue to be susceptible to natural infection.’ By feeding quantities of cultures, inflammatory and necrotic processes develop on the mucous membranes and sometimes congestion and caseation of lymph glands. Subscutaneous injections aré not so liable to be fatal. | 3 BACILLUS TYPHI SUIS AND BACILLUS VOLDAGSEN. In Germany considerable pathogenic importance is attributed to certain strains of the Paratyphoid B. group, particularly B. typhi suis which has been isolated from young swine showing lesions of caseous enteritis.® *4 4958 The advocates of the claim that this particular organism is of great pathogenic significance and the specific cause of a pig ty- , phoid apart from its association with true hog cholera have been unable to convinee all of their colleagues.® *° Some leading German authorities assert that these organisms are fundamentally only a variety of B. suipestifer.” The recent isolation of B. typhi suis from the mouths of sound pigs in healthy herds as a further vic- tory for those who have consistently held that the filterable virus of Ps > ae ee Pe eth ae Oe hg gs . ye eae Sa eS eae Fe eee oT he eee trition. HOG CHOLERA 235 hog cholera is at the root of so-called pig typhoid infections.** - Lesions resembling those described as found in voldagsen and typhi suis infections have been found in pigs in California. In one in- stance a herd of several thousand hogs has been under observation by Hayes for a year, during which time several hundred pigs of weaning age have become so affected. No evidence of cholera in any form was established even though many autopsies haye been held and infection experiments carried out. The symptoms in these pigs might easily be mistaken for hog cholera. Traum has isolated B. suipestifer but efforts to find B. typhi suis have thus far failed. The predisposing causes in this outbreak of diphtheritic easeous enteritis are attributed to congenital weakness and malnu- Baciutus Cont Communis. A variety of strains of this well known saprophytic and semipathogenic inhabitant of the intestinal tract have been isolated from the circulation of swine infected with hog cholera. No one questions its pathogenic significance as a secondary in- vader or that its presence like that of its cousin B. suipestifer may increase the malignancy of the disease so far as the particular in- dividual infected is concerned. BACILLUS SUISEPTICUS (BACTERIUM SUISEPTICUM, BACILLUS OF SWINE PLAGUE). In those cases of hog cholera having pulmonary lesions this organism is especially liable to be present. It has been repeatedly demonstrated in the air passages of healthy swine and until the discovery of the filterable hog cholera virus was consid- ered to be the primary cause of swine plague. It is the concensus of opinion in America at the present time that the majority of out- breaks of so-called swine plague are primarily due to the hog chol- era virus, the Bacillus suwisepticus being a secondary invader. In fact it has been demonstrated that the presence of this particular species of bacteria is not essential to the development of advanced lung lesions in hog cholera. The filterable virus alone probably never produces extensive hepatization or purulent inflammation in the tissues, but when associated with Bacterium pyogenes suis or other semipathogénic bacteria present in the open passages as well as with Bacillus swisepticus, may cause.pneumonia. The viru- lence of various strains of this bipolar bacillus varies within very wide limits and changes very rapidly even in cultures of the same strain. It is possible that extensive outbreaks of pure swine plague 236 Cc. M. HARING do occur, although so far as we know this has never been positively demonstrated by filtration experiments. The writer has observed one instance of epidemic pneumonia in some large herds of swine in which anti-hog-cholera serum failed, but which later yielded to sanitary and isolation measures. In Germany pure swine plague (Schweineseuche) is still considered an important disease often dis- tinet from hog cholera. SPIROCHAETA HYOS (SPIROCHAETA SUIS) an organism found in the intestinal ulcers, crypts in the ceca, and external local lesions of animals infected with hog cholera is believed by King to be more nearly established as the specific cause of hog cholera than any other known organism.*° *!*? He reports having cultivated this organ- ism in pure culture. This spirochaete appears to be capable of breaking up into granules which have the power of passing through bacteria-proof filters. The organism including the granular forms which pass through the filters are capable of producing sickness tpyical of hog cholera. The spirochaetes, however, being demon- strable only in the intestinal or local external lesions. Until more data is available the question of the relation of spirochaetes to hog cholera remains open. The fact that sodium taurocholate quickly destroys most spiro- chaetes, but has no effect in the filterable virus of hog cholera, is presumptive evidence that Spirochaeta suis is not the specifie cause of hog cholera.*® BACILLUS NECROPHORUS. This organism is frequently the pri- mary cause of serious necrotic inflammations in swine, particularly in suckling pigs, in which it causes skin infections and sores in the mouth. The filterable virus of hog cholera produces favorable con- ditions in the tissues for the development of this species of infee- tion. B. necrophorus has been demonstrated in button ulcers which at one time were thought to be especially typical of hog cholera.* OTHER BACTERIA. The presence of bacteria of various kinds in the lesions and circulation of virus infected hogs should be consid- ered as a natural result of the injury to the tissues, particularly the endothelial cells by the virus, furnishing portals of entry for all kinds of bacteria which, on account of the lowered resisting power of the body, may spread in the tissues and circulation. In affected hogs Uhlenhuth found B. swipestifer in 76 cases, B. paratyphoid A in 3 cases, B. enteritidis (Gaertner) in 1 case, B. pyocyaneus in 50 cases, streptococci in 36 cases, staphylococci in 27 cases and B. colt in 110 cases. In 14 cases the organs were sterile. HOG CHOLERA 237 REFERENCES ; 1. Bang, B. De bacteriologische forhold ved svinespesten. Ref. by C. O. Jensen, Cent. f. bakt, bd. 13, No. 5-6, pp. 203-205. Citation in B. A. I. Bulle- ain No. 67, p. 20. (1892- 1893) 2. Betegh, von. Zur ultrafiltration der filturbarer Virtsarten. Berl. tieriirtz. Wochensch. 1912. No. 28, S 969-973. 3. Birch, R. R. A study of hog cholera transmission. The Cornell Vet- erinarian, Vol. 4, No. 3, Oct., 1914; also Report of the New York State Vet- erinary College for the year 1913- 1914, pp. 106-114 (Jan., 1915). _ 4, Boynton, W. H. A preliminary report of experiments in the cultivation of the virus of rinderpest in vitro. 1914, Philippine Jour. of Sciences, Sect. B., | Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 39-44. 5. Boxmeyer, C. H. The production of hog cholera in swine by inocula- f tion with bacteria-free filtrates. Jour. of Inf. Diseases, 1905, II, pp. 359-360. 6. Carre, H. Le Clainche, HE. and Vallee H. La peste du pore. Rev. Gen. > Med. Vet. 11 (1908), No. 125, pp. 241-246. 7. Craig, R. A. In report of the veterinary department, 25th Ann. Rep. Purdue Agr. Exp. Station, Indiana, June, 1912, p. 79. De 8. Damman und Steitfelder. Untersuchungen iiber Schweinepest. Archiv. f. Tierheilkunde 1910, Bd. 36, H. 4-5, S 432-484. 9. De Schweinitz and Dorset. A form of hog cholera not caused by the hog cholera bacillus. Cir. of B. A. I., U. S. Exp. Sta., No. 41, 1903. 10. Dinwiddie, R. R. The infectiousness of serum and serum-free blood corpuscles in hog cholera. Ark. Agr. Exp. Station Bul. 111, 1912. Abstract in Jour. Comp. Path. Vol. 26, p. 77. 11. Dinwiddie, R. R. Significance of bacteria infection in hog cholera. , Ark. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 117, May, 1914. 12. Dorset, Bolton and MeBryde. The Etiology of Hog Cholera. U. S. » B.A.T. Bul. 72. 13. Dorset, McBryde and Niles. Further Experiments concerning the pro- - duction of immunity from hog cholera. U.S. B. A. I. Bulletin 102. 14. Fetzer, L. W. Shoat typhoid (A translation of Weidlich’s article in Berl. tierartzliche Wochensch. (Bd. 30 H. 516). Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., Vol. 9, No. 10, p. 728, No. 11, p. 820, 1914. 15. Glasser, K. Studien iiber die aetiologie der Schweinepest. Deutsche tierirtzliche Wochensch. Bd. 41, 1907. 16. Giltner, W. What is the antigen responsible for the antibodies in Dorset-Niles serum? Mich. Agr. Ex. Sta. Tech. Bulletin 13, June, 1914. 17. Giltner, W. (Personal correspondence. Michigan Agr. Ex. Station). 18. Graham, R. and Bruckner, A. L. Notes on the attenuation of virus in the blood of cholera hogs to prepare a vaccine. Jour. of Med. Research, Vol. 31, (1915), No. 3, pp. 557-568. 19. Haendel und Gildemeister. Bacteriologische Befunde bei Schweinepest. Zeitsch. f. Immunitatisforsche. Exper. Therapie, 1911, Bd. 11, 8. 304-310. 20. Haendel und Gildemeister. Ueber die Bezechungen des Bazillus Voldag- sen zur Schweinepest. Berl. Tierairtzliche Wochchensch, 1912, Jahrg. 28, M. 34, S. 625-627. 21. Haslam, T. P. Standardization of anti-hog-cholera serum. Report of 18th meeting of U. 8. Livestock Sanitary Assn., 1915. Also in Jour. of Inf. Diseases, 1914. 22. Healy, D. J. and Smith, W. V. Complement fixation in hog cholera. Jour. of Inf. Diseases, Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 218. 23. Hoskins, H. P. Some obs ervations on hog cholera and the use of serum. Amer. Vet. Rev., Vol. 47, No. 1, p. 46, No. 2, p. 188. 24. Hutyra, F. Zur Aetiology der Schweinepest und die Schweineseuch. Zeitsch. f. Inf. d. Haustiere 1907, B. 12, S 281-310, 25. Hutyra, F. Schutzenpungen gegen die Schweinepest. Deutsche tier- firtzl, Wochenschr. Jg. 22, 1914, 8. 489. 238 C. M. HARING 26. Hutyra and Marek. Pathology and Therapeutics of Diseases of Animals, English translation of the 2nd Edition, Alex. Eger. 27. Joest, EH. Schweineseuche und Schweinepest. Handbuch d. pathogenen Micro-organismen von Kolle und Wasserman, 1903, Bd. 8. 576-681. 28. Joest, HE. Bermekung zur Schweinepestfrage. Zeitschr. f. Inf. d. Haus- tiere. Bd. 15, No. 6. 29. Joest, HE. Bermerkungen zur Schweinepestfrage. II Ueber den ‘‘ Fer- keltyphus’’. Zeitschr, fiir. Inf. Haustiere. Band 15, Heft 6, pp. 470-482. 30. King, W. E., Baeslach, F. W. and Hoffmann, G. L. Studies on the virus of Hog Cholera. Amer. Vet. Rev., Vol. 44, p. 555. 31. King, W. E., Drake, R. H. and Hoffmann, G. L. Further studies with reference to spirochetes observed in swine. Studies from Research Lab. of Parke, Davis & Co., 1914, Reprint 71, from Zeitschr, f. Immunitat und Exper. Therapie, Vol. 22, pp. 347-371. 32. King, W. E. and Hoffmann, G. L. Spirochaeta suis. Its significance as a pathogenic organism. Jour. Inf. Diseases, Vol. 13, pp. 463-498. 33. Laan, A. van der. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bakterienflora der Maul- hole bei gesunden Schweinen mit Spezieller Berncksachtigang der Autoinfec- tion bei Schweinepest und Schweinesuche. Centralb. f. Bakt. Abt. 1. Orig. Bd. 74, 1914, S. 548. 34. Lipschutz, B. Ueber mikroskopisch sechbare, filtriebare, virusarte. Centralb. f. Bakt. 1909, I, Orig., Bd. 48, 8. 77-90. 35. Lourens, L. Untersuchungen ueber die Filtriebarkeit di Schweinepest- bacillen. Centralblt. f. Bakt. I Abt., Orig., bd. 44, h. 5, pp. 420, 504, 630. 36. McBryde, C. M. Filtration experiments with Bacillus cholerae suis. U.S., B. A. I. Bulletin 113, 1909. 37. MeClintock, C. T., Boxmeyer, C. R., and Siffler, J. J. Studies on Hog Cholera. Jour. of Inf. Diseases, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 351-374, 1905. 38. McFaydean, J. The Ultravisible Viruses. Jour. of Comp. Path., Vol. 22. p. 58, 168, 232. Ref. in Amer. Vet. Rev., Vol. 34, p. 434. 39. Meyer, K. F. Filterable viruses. Amer. Vet. Rey., Vol. 46, No. 2, p. 132. 40. Miller, K. Schweinepest. Berl. tierarztl. Wochensch. No. 46, p. 75, 41. Noguchi, H. and Cohen, M. Experiments in the cultivation of so- called trachoma bodies. Jour. of Ex. Med., 1913, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 572-578. 42. Ostertag, R. von. In tierarztliche Wochensch, 1904, p. 345 and 847- 858. 43. Ostertag, R. von. Ist der virus der Schweinepest filtrierbar? Berl. tierarztl. Wochensch. 1906, pp, 623-626. 44. Ostertag und Stadie. Weitere Untersuchungen ueber die Aetiologie des Schweineseuche und Schweinepest. Zeitsch. f. Infek. d. Haustiere II. 1907, S. 425-458. 45. Pfeiler, W. Ueber die Beziehungen des Bacillus Voldagsen zur Schweinepest. Berl. tierarztlich Wochensch, Vol. 28, No. 36, pp. 667-668. 46. Pfeiler u. Kohlstock. Untersuchungen ueber Voldagsenpest (Ferkel- typhus). Archiv. f. Tierheilkunde, 1913, Bd. 40., pp. 111-183. 47, Pfeiler, W. Ueber die Beziehungen des Bacillus Voldagsen zur Schweinepest. Berl. tierarztl. Wochenschr, 29, No. 12, 1913. 48. Pfeiler und Lentz. Die Zuchtung des Virus der Schweinepest. Berl. tierarzlich. Wochenschr. 1913, No. 39. 49, Prowazek. Handbuch die Pathogenic Protozoen. Leipzig, 1911. 50. Reichel, J. Fixed Hog Cholera Virus. Amer. Vet. Rey., Vol. 42, p. 559. 51. Robins, C. A.. The use of salt solution virus in manufacturing hog cholera serum. Report of the Mich. State Bd. of Agr., 1912, p. 178. 52. Salmon, D. E. and Smith, Theo. Annual Reports of the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry, 1885-1895. 53. Smith, Theo. The Hog Cholera Group of Bacteria. U. S., B. A. I, Bul. 6, pp. 9-27. Ug ee on) eee eee ) DONALD McINTOSH | Dr. Donald McIntosh, professor of Veterinary Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana, died on September 5, at his summer home in Portland, Me. He lacked but a few months of serving the university for thirty years continuously, and thousands of students are willing witnesses to the helpfulness and reliability of his instruc- tion. He lived for his work and worked to the last; only five days _ before his death he had retired from active service on a university pension. Dr. McIntosh went to the University of Illinois as spec- ial lecturer and in June, 1886, was elected to his permanent position. He arrived at a time when the university possessed but three build- ings for instructional purposes and the student attendance was but 332.—Breeders’ Gazette. COMMUNICATIONS Editor, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Ithaca, N. Y., Dear Sir: A recent case of anthrax in man in a New York Hospital was given unusual publicity by the daily press. This was primarily due to the great respect which the patient enjoyed in his community, and also to the extraordinary courage he manifested during the course of his horrible affliction. My stenographer happened to be in New York at the time, and reading of the case, he lost no time in communicating with the at- tending physicians, calling their attention to an anthrax serum which has been prepared by me and which has been extensively tested, for boths its prophylactic and curative value. The stenographer had this information from taking dictation from me while I was preparing a paper on the subject for the Amer- ican Veterinary Medical Association’s meeting at Oakland, and also from notes which he transcribed for me in connection with the work during the progress of the experiments. Upon telegraphic request the serum was forwarded to New York, and was repeatedly administered to the patient with apparent- ly good results. From the reports of the attending physicians the infection had subsided, but as a result of extreme heart weakness ~ he succumbed quite suddenly; his recovery from anthrax being an- nounced in the bulletins sent out by the physicians. In the meanwhile the daily press heralded the serum as a won-. derful discovery, and made many mistatements as to its prepara- tion, application, origin, etc. It is needless for me to explain the difficulty of having scientific matters correctly quoted in the daily press. It was a useless task to have correct data published as to the serum and its preparation. I was placed as a central light in many newspaper dispatches which was rather an embarrassing po- sition, realizing the undeserved credit given to me. I have undertaken the experimental work in immunization against anthrax with a view of establishing a more satisfactory method of immunization than those which are now employed in this country. The simultaneous method—consisting of an injec- tion of a potent anthrax serum and a carfully standardized spore vaccine—proved very promising and to my mind superior to the Pasteur method. The results of these experiments were embodied in my paper read before the A. V. M. A., in which have also been included the results of field experiments. During the progress of the work we had occasion to treat a considerable number of affected animals with our serum, and ob- tained remarkable recoveries in a very high percentage of cases, in- cluding some of the most severe types. The stenographer, knowing REVIEWS 255 of these results, praised the curative qualities of the serum somewhat ' beyond its known value, which naturally was interpreted by the newspapers as something wonderful. It is needless for me to state that anthrax serum has been pre- pared in Europe by many institutions, and that this phase of im- - munization has been practiced for several years. We have, how ever, succeeded in concentrating the serum by a method of precipi- tation and are now endeavoring to prepare the specific proteids of the immune serum in a dry form to insure its keeping qualities and to prevent contamination. Furthermore, the vaccine which is be- ing used in connection with the serum is an accurately standard- ized spore vaccine, by which it is possible to establish accurately the number of spores given to an animal. ‘s Although I am satisfied that members of the veterinary and medical professions are familiar with the work which has been ear- ried on in the immunization against anthrax, nevertheless I deem it advisable to state my position in the case in order that I may not 4 be misjudged as attempting to claim priority for something which should and is known by all professional men to belong to others. It might be of interest, however, to state that in the course of the experiments it was necessary for us to obtain anthrax serum for comparative tests, and to our surprise we found that it was not ob- tainable in this country. We therefore imported a quantity of such 4 _ serum, and to our further surprise the comparative tests revealed our serum to be at least twice as potent as the one of foreign make, and this may in part explain the splendid curative value of our an- thrax serum. Very truly yours, A. EICcHHORN, Chief, Pathologival Division. faX Vv REVIEWS ANIMAL CASTRATION—J. V. Lacrorx SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY—Martr R. Srerren WOUND TREATMENT—MeEnrILuat, HOARE AND OTHERS Published by the American Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Chicago, Ill., 1915. | These books form numbers 7 (, 8, and 9 in the eRe ALY Medi- _ cine Series edited by Dr. D. M. Kaitsball: It may be inferred from Dr. Lacroix’s preface that the book on ANIMAL CASTRATION is intended largely for students. Although some of the information relative to restraint and preliminary ar- rangements is presumably known and used by those in practice, there is much that will appeal to the practitioner as well as to the 256 REVIEWS student. The book contains 144 pages including 23 ilustrations, of which the most are reproductions from clear photographs showing © methods of restraint, the operating field and different stages of op- eration. The typography is claer and the quality of the illustra- tions is enhanced by the excellence of the paper. | SPECIAL CATTLE THERAPY is a work of 157 pages and covers quite a wide variety of topics which the practitioner is likely to en- counter in his routine practice. We note the absence of any dis- cussion of contagious abortion, a topic of considerable practical im- portance in many localities and on which many veterinarians would doubtless be glad to get further light. The usefulness of the book might be still further increased if there were a table of con- tents for convenience of reference. The topics are treated con- cisely but clearly; the style is informal and interesting and the general effect indicates an extended personal experience by the author. A concise work of this character should appeal to the country practitioner. : WounD TREATMENT is a book of 186 pages. Besides the well known authors, Merillat and Hoare, whose articles on Treatment of Wounds; Antiseptics, Past and Present, in Wound Treatment ; and the Suppression of Hemorrhage, form the body of the book, there are a number of other contributions, by well known veteri- narians, pertinent to the subject. The chapter by Lewis on-standardizing disinfectants, while brief, is very good. It explains clearly how to test the strength of a dis- infectant.and reference is made to the extensive investigations made by. Rideal-Walker in England and Anderson and McClintie in the United States Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. Owing to the necessary brevity of the chapter it might have added some value if the exact references were given to the reports forming the basis of the statements made regarding methods of standardizing disinfectants. The following chapter by Lothe and Beach on the bactericidal properties of the antiseptics and disinfectants contains concise and lucid directions for disinfection and the phenol coeffi- cient of a number of common disinfectants is given together with their cost. Although each article cannot be treated in detail, it is sufficient to say that they are timely, worthy of study, and productive of thought. A number, if not all, of the articles have appeared in Dr, MISCELLANEOUS 257 : ~ Campbell’s Journal, but as arranged in this convenient form they will doubtless be welcomed by many practitioners. 4 As to contents and general make-up, the books may safely be said to maintain the standard of the series and be useful to many _ yeterinarians for study and reference. F. Ark: ray ~ MISCELLANEOUS _ The annual meeting of the Hudson Valley Veterinary Medical Association is announced for November 3, at Catskill, N. Y. The = subject for discussion is Parturition and its Sequels. 3 The next meeting of the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical _ Association will be held at the Merchant’s Hotel, St. Paul, Minn., = January 12-14, 1916. i The lowa State. Veterinary Association will hold its meeting Be danuary 17-19, 1916. The clinic will be held at Ames on the 17th. A special car will convey the members to DesMoines for the re- a mainder of the program. A record for weight has been established by a calf born near Alliance, Ohio. At the time of birth it balanced the scales at 159 _ pounds. The mother was a grade shorthorn and the sire was a Holstein bull. e The counties of LaSalle, Bureau and Putnam, Illinois, have been placed in closed quarantine against. Foot-and-Mouth Disease by a federal order, effective September 25.. é Dr. J. G. Rutherford of Calgary, Alberta, has been appointed on the Dominion Development Committee to inquire into agricul- - tural production, transportation and markets. According to the views of the State Veterinarian of Wyoming, -dourine is being stamped out of that state. Out of 245 stallions ____ tested only three were found to be affected. _ —____Dr. Orrin E. Dyson, State Veterinarian of Illinois is reported oa 5 ill with typhoid fever, supposed to have been contracted while en- ___ deavoring to eradicate Foot-and-Mouth Disease. A federal order effective October:states that the Secretary of Agriculture has revoked the quarantine placed upon the states of Indiana, Michigan and Virginia. The quarantine status of Illi- ___-nois, New Jersey, New. York and Pennsylvania remains unchanged. 7 : J 258 MISCELLANEOUS In an attempt to prevent the spread of Foot-and-Mouth Dis- ease in McDonough county, Ill, it is reported that all churches, Sunday Schools, picture shows and other meetings have been or- dered discontinued. Public schools are excepted. In an effort to eradicate hog cholera from Harsen’s Island, Mich., it has been found desirable to place a quarantine upon dogs. The stock yards at Rock River, Wyoming, have been placed under quarantine by the State Veterinarian, until the yards are- cleaned and disinfected according to government regulations, be- — cause cattle shipped from there to South Omaha, Neb., were found to be infected with scab. ' Dr. Thomas H. Edwards of the Ninth Cavalry, Douglass, Ari- zona, has received orders to proceed to Manila for duty in the Phil- ippine Islands. A horse at North Attleboro, Mass., was electrocuted by coming in contact with surface water charged with electricity, caused by a ground wire attached to an electric light pole. | Veterinary education is receiving proper recognition in Aus- tralia. The college at Melbourne University under the direction of Prof. H. A. Woodruff gives two courses of study, one of 4 and one of 414 years. The college at the University of Sydney, under the direction of Prof. J. D. Stewart provides a thorough 4 year course. It is reported that 335,793 American horses have been sold to Europe between August 1, 1914, and October 1, 1915, at an average value of $220 per head. Additional costs are: transportation $85, — insurance $10, feed $3, and the horse has from four to ten days’ service in the battle line to pay for himself. The Allentown (Pa.) Call referring to the Foot-and-Mouth Dis- ease states that the lesson has been a severe and costly one, but it | has been worth every cent spent for it in that it has taught the country and the state to be careful. The value of being irreproach- ably free from disease is coming to be more and more of value. The Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the U. 8. Live Stock Sani- tary Association is called for December 1 and 2, at the Hotel LaSalle, Chicago. This meeting will follow just after the conference called by Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Vrooman. T. B. Harries of Calgary, Canada, Lt. A. V. C., is seeing ser- vice with the 22d Divisional Train, somewhere in France. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Assn.) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. ‘2 Committee on Journal . TORRANCE, Chairman, A. E1cuHorn, Secretary, C. J. MARSHALL, W. R. Buatr, R. A. ArcurBaLp, M. Jacoss, N. 8, MAyo, G. R. Wurtz, V. A. Moors, L. Frorx- INGHAM, C. H. STANGE, i, JENSEN, G. H. RoseErts, R. ’P, LYMAN. Sub-Committee on Journal ©. J. MARSHALL, Chairman, R. P. Lyman, A. E1rcHHorN, Secretary : The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements _ published in the JOURNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Ranh Vor. XLVIII.N.S. Vou. I. Decemprr, 1915. No. 3. Bois Jerome, November 1, 1915. : To My AMERICAN CONFERERS AND FRIENDS: | It is only in the last days of October (the 29th), that I re- ceived information of the changes made in the publication of the American Veterinary Review, and of the promises made to our friends, by my co-editor, Prof. Ellis, of an expression of farewell on my part, at an early date. _ Distance and circumstances have not allowed me to acquit ‘myself before this, and I do it to-day, in advancing the invoice of my usual, monthly communication for January, 1916.* Since 40 years, or about that, when the American Veterinary _ Review was first trusted to my care by the UNirep Staves VETERI- _ NaAry Mepicau Association, and given to me afterward, I have en- _ deavored to make it one of the best means to elevate our profession - and to put it on the footing worthy of being its noble representative ! All my efforts and all my energy I have used with that object in view. | ij __ The last change and selection of the Cgihbitides of the National ’ Association seems to say that I have not altogether failed. But no matter how earnest and with personal disinterested *Dr. Liautard attached this communication addressed to the American Veterinary Profession, to his chronicles for January, 1916, but having reached us in time for publication in the December issue we give them to the profession now. 260 EDITORIAL motives that my endeavors may have been, they could not have succeeded or corresponded to my professional ambitious views, had it not been for the kindness, the indulgence, the support and the assistance of every nature, that all my friends in America, all our readers, collaborators and correspondents, have given me; and also the good staff I was fortunate enough to attach to the work. It is to them Aut that I owe thanks and expressions of grati- tude. It is to them that I address myself to-day ; for without them, the great object of the United States Veterinary Medical Association could not have been realized. Now, it is the JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, which will continue the work. It has at its head, one whose efforts will never be wanting, and who will keep well in view the main original object of the creation of the journal, viz: the ele- vation of the AMERICAN VETERINARY PRoFEssiIon! A bright future stands for it under his guidance. | A. LIAUTARD. 0). Vv STOCKMEN AND LIVE STOCK SANITARY CONTROL Our country has passed through an epizodtie of foot-and-mouth disease that has caused heavy losses and has tested somewhat se- verely our system for the control of such diseases. The outcome has been gratifying in that the disease has been practically eradi- eated. Nothwithstanding this noteworthy victory for the country, © there are those who feel that the veterinarians who directed the.con- trol work should be replaced by stockmen. The advocates of this change wish to retain veterinarians in an advisory capacity but they desire to place all administrative duties in the hands of so-called practical men. This means that quarantines shall be raised, cattle released and traffic resumed whenever laymen think it wise or ex- pedient. They seem to feel that ‘‘practical’’ men would be able to control the infectious diseases better than the veterinarians who have been trained in the nature of the maladies. The inference is drawn that if stockmen had directed this work when foot-and- mouth disease broke out, its spread would have been checked and the losses sustained from it would have been much smaller. It would seem that those who wish to subordinate the veteri- narians in sanitary work do not recognize the fact that under the present regime veterinarians are officially under laymen in prac- EDITORIAL 261 tically every position they hold. The Chief of the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry is under the Secretary of Agriculture. Official vet- _erinarians in the states are, in nearly all if not in every instance, under the Commissioner or the Board of Agriculture or a live stock sanitary board composed of laymen. In this epizodtie of foot- - and-mouth disease, as in times of other epizodtics, the lay officials _ responsible to the people for their control necessarily depend upon _ the recommendations of their veterinarians. It is interesting to note, that few if any of these officials have criticised the action of _ the veterinarians in their employ relative to their recommendations or acts in connection with the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. These men understand that they must have technical ad- - vice and further they know how difficult the work has been and how éasy it is to make mistakes. The loyal support of the veterinarians by the lay officials immediately over them is most gratifying. It speaks well for the efficiency of the system of organized veterinary service in this country. The proposition to replace official veterinarians by stockmen, thus placing the technical work one step farther removed from the power to act, should be carefully considered. Fortunately we have examples of the action of laymen in regard to infectious diseases which should be reviewed by those who feel that men untrained in sanitary science should be given still greater authority in the handl- ing of animal plagues. If recorded statements are correct, the dissemination of infectious maladies, not only in this but in other countries, can be traced largely to the action of stockmen who, in their transactions, have not taken into full consideration the re- 'strictions or the requirements necessary for the prevention of the spread of the disease. By their methods, such plagues as tubercu- losis, glanders, infectious abortion and hog cholera have become _ widespread, causing annually losses amounting to tens of millions _ of dollars more than the past outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, Serious as it was: It has been the stockmen themselves who, in their dealings, have defied the knowledge of the laws of infectious diseases and by their unguarded, though well meaning actions, have permitted these maladies to be scattered broadcast in our land. It has been largely the animal owners or those dealing in live stock who have opposed most strongly legislation recommended for the better control of these diseases. It is not necessary to restrict the analysis to violation of know- 262 EDITORIAL ledge concerning the spread of the more common infectious mala- dies. History shows that laymen have been responsible for the spread of the most serious plagues of animals from one country to” another. We are told in the records that it was the importation of cattle which had had contagious pleuro-pneumonia from Europe to Africa and Australia that introduced this terrible disease of cattle in those countries. It was cattlemen who took this same disease from Australia to the Philippine Islands. It was a cattleman who but a few years since would have unintentionally introduced surra into this country had it not been for the wisdom of the Bureau of Animal Industry in securing, some years since, a national quarantine against the importation of cattle and the vigilance of the veterinarians in that Bureau in detecting this infection in the imported animals while they were still in quarantine. Again, the introduction of dourine into this country by importing an infected stallion can be traced to laymen. If we go still further back in the history of these and other animal plagues we find that a century and a half ago they became a serious menace to the live stock industry of Europe. Because animal owners and those engaged in live stock dealings were — unable to check their spread, European governments established veterinary colleges for the immediate purpose of training veteri- narians to take charge of and direct the control work. It is sig- nificant that in those countries where veterinarians are given the greatest amount of authority and support there is the least amount of trouble with animal diseases. Is it reasonable to expect that laymen who are not trained in the parasitism of infectious diseases; who do not grasp the danger of the infected but apparently well animal; who do not appreciate the subtle power of ‘‘bacilli carriers’’ or occult eases; who do not know the intricate questions involved in a quarantine; and who do not understand the variety of manifestations of infectious diseases, would be able to initiate precautionary measures of sufficient breadth and rigidity to prevent the spread of the viruses of these affections ? The work of veterinarians in this country, acting under the . authority and with the consent of their superior officials, is also a matter of record. It was the knowledge of the diseases of animals that enabled, in the early eighties, the late Dr. Salmon to persuade Congress that a Bureau of Animal Industry should be established in the United States Department of Agriculture to guide efforts in combating infectious animal diseases. At that time this country “sql EDITORIAL 263 was invaded by contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, a disease that had cost Great Britain and continental Europe untold millions and which was threatening the cattle industry of America. Having obtained authority, a scientific campaign of eradication was waged, often in the face of bitter opposition, with the result that the dis- ase was eliminated in 1892. Until veterinary advice, based on special research, was heeded, the northern states were visited almost _ annually by Texas fever, which resulted in a heavy loss of cattle. It was the veterinary service, centered in the Bureau of Animal Industry, state departments and live stock sanitary boards, that has . cleared this country of foot-and-mouth disease on previous occa- sions. It was heeding the advice of veterinarians that enabled Great Britain to eradicate contagious pleuro-pneumonia and rabies from the British Isles and to keep the latter out of Australia altogether. . So far as can be ascertained from the discussions on this sub- ject, the bases for the proposed change are largely misunderstand- ings. The veterinarians were in no way responsible for limits of value to be paid for condemned animals, especially the pure bred stock. The methods of eradication that required the slaughter of _ exposed as well as diseased animals were not of their motion but the results of scientific investigations and experience with the dis- - ease in other countries. Because all stock owners were not ready and willing to co-operate in the enforcement of these methods there is no reason for changing the source of authority, for the procedure must be the same if the disease is to be eradicated. A very casual inquiry will show that live stock sanitary regulations must be - directed by men trained in the basic sciences which, brought to- gether, compose the veterinary curriculum. The only place where these subjects are correlated and taught is in a veterinary college. It is not unlikely that in the near future certain veterinary colleges may give additional work in sanitary science for the specific purpose of training more carefully a certain number of veterinarians for this special service. It is hoped that such a course may soon materialize. Live stock owners, however, should consider in this - _ ¢onnection that such special preparation is expensive in both time and money and that individuals cannot afford to qualify unless they are assured of the support of the state rand stockmen after they have thus prepared themselves. When the interests of the live stock industry are fully con- sidered, there seems'to be no rational basis for the proposed replac- 264 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES ing of official veterinarians by ‘‘practical’’ laymen. The only men to deal with these important subjects are those who have an intimate knowledge of them. If the veterinary service is not satisfactory or as efficient as it should be, it would seem more reasonable for those who are dissatisfied to give the veterinary profession their moral, financial and educational support in order that it may attain to a degree of efficiency necessary to accomplish all that can rightfully be expected of it rather than to replace the veterinarian with men technically unqualified. When the disharmonies are corrected, the personal equations eliminated and all the facts brought to light, it is confidently believed that the only changes that will be necessary for satisfactory live stock sanitation and control of epizodties will be a more loyal support to the veterinarians charged with this work. In this country, the veterinary profession is still young, and both national and state governments have much yet to do by way of per- fecting their organizations. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia resulted in giving us the Bureau of Animal Industry and this outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease should give to each and every state a better organization of veterinarians for public service. A system of dis- trict veterinarians armed with authority to act promptly on all matters pertaining to the introduction, spread or control of infec- tious and epizootic diseases should be as effective in this country as it has been in Germany. The lesson taught by all epidemics and epizootics as well as by the more common experiences of life is, that for success in technical work technically trained men are necessary. V. A.M. 0). EUROPEAN CHRONICLES NEMATODES AND THEIR TREATMENT The Recueil de Medecine Veterwnaire, which, on the declaration of war in August, 1914, had been forced to arrest its publication has made its reappearance, and the XCI volume will be completed by the numbers which will now successively appear up to the end of 1915. A whole year 1914-1915 will thus be formed. All readers of the Recueil the oldest means of propaganda of French Veterinary Sci- ence, will no doubt welcome back their old friend. The present number contains from Prof. A. Railliet of Alfort a long article on the use of drugs in the treatment of the diseases caused by nematodes, which was a report that the learned Professor EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 265 : | presented to the International Congress of London. The subject is immense and can not be treated in all its details and only the principal parts relating to it can be considered. First of all, Prof. Railliet gives full consideration to the enum- a eration of the most important forms of nematodes that are found in the digestive apparatus, as they occupy this or that part of the digestive canal, stomach and various portions of the intestines in _ the domestic animals, the ascaridx, heterakide, oxyuride, strongy- i lidee, trichostrongylide, dioctophymide, spiruride, trichuride, gna- 4 é thosiomide, anguillulide, rhabdiaside, and the sub-families of some of these are presented with reference to the species of domestic animals in which they are found and the portion of the digestive _ eanal where they are met. First come a few considerations of the precautions, which must _ be taken, such as the necessity to have the treatment preceded by a kind of preparatory cure to render the parasites more accessible to the action of the anthelmintic drugs, when complete or milk diet is then indicated. It is also important to bear in mind the seat -_ oceupied by the parasites. If the expulsion will generally be easy to obtain when the stomach or small intestine is the place of habita- _ tion, there may be some difficulty when in the presence of some an- - _ atomical condition, as is the case in bovines. Again when the par- asites are in the large intestine the administration per orem often remains inefficacious, and one must have resort then to inter- ference per anum. Then the examination of the treatment begins. First come the nematodes of the small intestine. Against the ascarids of monogastric mammalia, two drugs seem to be advocated ‘ ¥ __ by practitioners, tartar emetic and arsenious acid. Although suf- fide of carbon, spirits of turpentine, hye ete. are also recom- mended by many. | Against ankilostomiasis of dogs, thymol or the treatment eed in the human form of the disease is recommended. For the heterakide of fowls, there are many drugs which have been recommended, but the efficacious remedy is yet to be found. The nematodes of the abomasum and small intestine of cattle require peculiar care. Creosote, in preference to that of coaltar, - alone or with thymol, is very useful. Sulfate of copper, pheni- cated water, spirits of turpentine, etc., etc., have also been used. _ The nematodes of the large intestines are hard to dislodge, when 266 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES drugs are given by mouth, and evidently the chances for success are greater if they are administered per rectum—thymol, injections of atoxyl. * * BS * * co The principal nematodes of the respiratory apparatus are the syngamide, the metastrongylide, and the trichuride. The see- ond of these are the most important from the economical point of view, giving rise by their presence to verminous bronchitis or to verminous pneumonia. Among the many old modes of treatment which, unfortunately, have not always constant efficiency, may be mentioned the fumiga- tions of tar, aromatic substances, phenic acid or creosote. The intra tracheal injections recommended by Levi are of little practical ap- plication. Spirit of turpentine, chloroform, benzine, creosote, for- mol, ete., have been tried with almost negative results. If injections have been finally put aside, creosote sprays seemed to give better results. It is probably the best method, providing the pulverizator is a good instrument and works well. In the same category of nematodes of the respiratory appar- atus, there comes the syngamosis which causes such severe losses among fowls. Fumigations and intratracheal injections are the only methods that can be recommended. Carbolic acid and tobacco smoke in- halations have done good. Salicylate of soda in intratracheal in- ' jJections seems to give.the best results of all. Eucalyptus has also its advocates. * CS *K * * * In a third chapter, the nematodes of the circulatory apparatus are considered. These worms are found in the blood and lymph- atic vessels in various stages of their evolution. But few are the at- tempts that have been made to reach and destroy them. Intra- venous injections of atoxyl, tartar emetic, aniline, ete., have been tried in human medicine, but none with positive marked results. The nematodes of the closed cavities and tissues oceupy a fourth chapter. Quite a number of these parasites, inhabit serous cavities, which belong to the filaride. Others live in the viscera or in deep tissues, again others’ in tendons, coats of blood vessels, and subcutaneous connective tissue. But against all these parasites we are almost disarmed. The attempts at treatment which have been made have given almost insignificant results, and yet they must not be abandoned. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 267 Some nematodes are also found in the thickness of the skin, the cause of the granular dermatitis of horses and cattle. Against this, the permanganate of potash in solution has been lately highly rec- ommended, in injections round the seat of diseased parts. For the nematodes of the urinary apparatus, Railliet in the fol- lowing chapter, says that up to this day no therapeutic treatment has been tried against the strongylide, the dioctophymide or the trichuride that may exist in the urinary organs. Agents possess- ing diuretic and anthelminthic properties might be recommended. . The nematodes of the apparatus of vision belong to two dis- tinct families, the filaride and the spiruride. The former are in- _ tra-ocular and are treated by extraction with puncture of the cornea. Yet the use of ointment, under the eyelid, of red oxide of mercury, or of weak tincture of aloes has been used successfully. Also the internal administration of sulfuret of mercury. , | The spiruride or extra-ocular nematodes are successfully - treated by washing the eyes with a solution of bicarbonate of soda or cerolin, 1 or 2%. ANTITETANIC SERUM AND ACCIDENTS, I do not know to what extent our friends of the Review have recourse on themselves to the protective use of the serum when by some way or another they may, in the performance of their various . professional duties, be exposed to tetanic infection. However, the statement made by a veterinarian Mr. R. Parent before the Société de Pathologie Comparée and reported in the Re- ss vue of this organization, will prove very interesting and instruc- _ tive. The case gets a greater value from the fact that it is a direct _ observation, noted on himself where all the manifestations he per- - sonally felt are usefully described as follows: *‘Having on the hands, sores which had been soiled by pus from a horse suffering with very acute tetanus, I received (says Mr. _ Parent) an injection of antitetanic serum, with all the aseptic at- tention possible. It was followed by slight soreness at the point of injection and disappeared after two days. That was on Sunday; on the following Tuesday and Wednesday, there was slight itching at the point of injection. On Thursday, the left upper eyelid itched, the conjunctiva was affected and a marked flow of tears took place. This lasted some three hours, when with a violent feeling of soreness, 268 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES the lips began to swell, lost their natural shape, and gave the im- pression of having been severely bruised. Then there appeared on the hands and feet a severe itching sensation, which rapidly ex- tended to the arms, thighs and lower part of the abdomen. The itching was followed by the appearance of numerous little eleva- tions, analagous to pricks of needles, which soon gathered and formed a wide red patch with an edematous swelling round it. This subsided gradually but the itching returned more severely, then subsided, to reappear from one place to another. Ls ~ aie Ee th ae et Lee OP ae me oe Deethay bae A el Se a eka eg THE CAUSE AND OCCURRENCE OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE* E. C. SCHROEDER, M.D.V. |” B. A. I. Experiment Station, Bethesda, Md. Contagious or Infectious Abortion Disease in Cattle, is the latest among the serious, destructive plagues of food animals to receive the wide recognition in this country its great economic im- portance merits. In Europe, probably because it has existed there longer and is of much commoner occurrence, the importance of the disease was recognized earlier than here. Its infectious character was suspected as early as the 18th century though not conclusively proved until the last quarter of the 19th, and its specific cause, the abortion bacillus of Bang, was not discovered and described until the year 1897. ’ How young our knowledge of the real character of abortion disease in cattle as it occurs in America is, and how slowly we rec- ognize the identity of the disease in America and Europe and wak- ened to an adequate appreciation of its grave, economic importance, may be gathered from facts like the following: In the year 1908, or only seven years ago, one of America’s foremost authorities on veterinary pathology and bacteriology, in a text book on the pathology of infectious diseases of animals, stated, regarding the specific cause of infectious abortion disease, that ‘‘The investigations in the United States have failed to reveal the presence of Bang’s organism, but instead a variety of B. colt com- munis has been found by Chester and by Law and Moore.’’ (1) © In another text book on the infectious diseases of animals, published in 1912, or only three years ago, by one of the best known authorities and writers on veterinary subjects in Ameriea, the iden- tity of abortion disease in this country and Europe is questioned, : and the possibility suggested and discussed that each continent may have a distinct type of infectious abortion disease peculiar to it- self. (2) These statements, which show what prospective veterinarians were being taught about the etiology of abortion disease in our vet- * Presented at the 4th Annual Meeting of the International Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors, Thursday evening, October 28, 1915, at Washing- ton, D. C.. CONTAGIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE 305 erinary schools only a few years ago, are remarkable now mainly because of their evidential value to prove how young our knowledge of the true character of infectious abortion disease is, and they will not be charged too heavily against their authors by those who know that only five years have passed since the first account was published of the isolation in America of the real abortion bacillus of cattle, (3) the bacillus of infectious abortion of Bang, and that this event did not at once prove the identity of abortion disease in America and Europe, but at first only that European abortion disease of cattle had invaded America. Among the infectious diseases of food animals, the importance of abortion disease in cattle is ranked today by many authorities as second only to that of tuberculosis, with the lamentable possibility in view, if its spread is not checked, that it may soon force tuber- culosis into the second place. And yet, our appreciation of the magnitude of the evil is so recent, even among veterinarians, that a search of the Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association for the years 1908, 1909 and 1910, reveals only one, purely incidental reference to it. Fortunately for the welfare of our livestock industry the Proceedings of the Veterinary Associa- tion for the years 1911, 1912 and 1913 prove that American veteri-_ narians are giving abortion disease an increased, and an increasing, amount of attention. The data I have available do not show when abortion disease was first imported from Europe into the United States, but this occurred many years ago, long before anyone in either this or any _ other country possessed the necessary knowledge to devise effective measures against its importation. | Statistics regarding animal diseases in America are too meager 5 to prove anything. Reliable, comprehensive statistics, had they 4 been available, would no doubt have called attention with sharp emphasis to the rapidly increasing frequency of abortion disease in _ the United States a score or more of years ago, and would have given _ the investigations now in progress an earlier start. They certainly would have aroused a wide interest which, we may assume, would have prevented the passage of more than 13 years between the dis covery of the abortion bacillus in Europe and the final determina- tion in America that abortion disease of cattle in Europe and Amer- ica are identical. 7 Although it was not known that the bacillus of infectious abor- 306 E. C. SCHROEDER tion in cattle is of common occurrence in the milk of infected cows until the year 1912, in which a bacillus, pathogenic for guinea pigs, previously discovered in and isolated from milk by Cotton and my- self, was definitely identified by Mohler, Traum, Cotton and my- self as the bacillus of infectious abortion of cattle, I believe the milk-injection tests with guinea pigs made in the Bureau of Animal Industry at different times during the last twenty years by Cotton, Brett and myself throw at least some light on the rapidity with which abortion disease increased among the dairy cows from which the District of Columbia draws its milk supply. In the year 1894, samples of milk from 19 different dairies were injected into guinea pigs. The samples from one dairy caused lesions which were very puzzling at that time, but which, owing to the precise deseription we have of their character, are now known to have been the lesions caused in guinea pigs by the bacillus of infectious abortion of eat- tle. In the year 1907, guinea pigs injected with 36 samples of milk from 32 different dairies proved that 1214 per cent of the samples were infected with abortion bacilli, and that 1554 per cent of the dairies were responsible for the infected milk. In the year 1912, guinea pigs injected with 77 samples of milk from 40 different dairies proved that 30 per cent of the samples were infected with abortion bacilli and that 3714 per cent of the dairies were respons- ible for the infected milk. If we take the frequency of abortion disease as it is indicated by these tests to be equal to one in the year 1894, we see that one has grown to three in the year 1907, or 13 years later, and to seven in the year 1912, or after the passage of another 5 years, or from one to seven in the course of 18 years. At the present time I can say that repeated tests with guinea pigs of the milk distributed raw or unpasteurized in the.District of Columbia by almost any large dairy which draws its supply from a number of different farms, sooner or later show that it is from time to time infected with abor- tion bacilli. I would like to have it clearly understood, however, that I have not given these figures because I look upon them as reliable evidence to prove exactly how much abortion disease has multiplied in a given number of years in the United States or any portion of the United States. The figures are adequate data only, together with the gradually increased frequency with which abortion dis- CONTAGIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE ~ 307 ease in cattle has been reported from year to year, to show that the growth of the evil is actual and not imaginary, and that some very real measures are imperatively required to check it. Now, having given this much attention to the occurrence and inereasing frequency of contagious abortion disease in cattle in America, I will try to devote the remainder of my time to its cause. The bacillus of infectious abortion in cattle, the abortion bacil- lus of Bang, is a short, non-motile, at times almost coccus-like rod. 4 _ There are peculiarities about its growth on artificial media under laboratory conditions, its reaction with various stains, ete., to which I will give no special attention, because those who are interested in the subject will have little trouble to find elaborate and detailed published accounts. In many respects the bacillus is a very remarkable organism. In cows as we know, it causes abortions, but it does not seem able to - maintain itself anywhere in their bodies but their udders and preg- nant uteri. In the udder of a cow it may persist for years and contaminate her milk without affecting her health in any determin- able way. In guinea pigs it is less commonly an agent which in- duces abortions, but is a cause of vast, destructive changes in their livers, spleens, kidneys, testicles, bones, ete. (4) In rabbits it is claimed to cause abortions and is capable of maintaining itself in their bodies for long periods of time without causing macroscopic lesions. It is capable of living weeks and months in the bodies of such widely different species of animals as monkeys, pigeons, rab- bits, rats, mice, guinea pigs and cattle, (5) and in the bodies of children it causes bio-chemic changes which can be detected by ag- elutination and complement fixation tests. (6) Whether the bacil- lus is economically important as a cause of abortions among other species of animals than cattle, I am unable to say but inclined to doubt. Among the various special tests for abortion disease two have proved satisfactory, the complement fixation and the agglutination tests. The former is too complex for general use and the latter relatively simple and equally reliable. These tests do not prove that a cow has aborted or is going to abort; they simply prove that a cow is infected or is not infected with abortion bacilli. The abortion disease investigations which are being made at the Experiment Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry by Dr. W. E. Cotton and myself have proved, among other things, that 808 ‘ E. 0. SCHROEDER some cows which have never aborted and which do not subsequently abort may expel abortion bacilli from their bodies with their milk, and that all cows which expel abortion bacilli with their milk re- act positively with the agglutination test, and that the agglutinating substance is present both in the blood and the milk of such cows. This is strong evidence to prove that a cow which has never aborted and seems to be absolutely healthy in every respect may be the cause through which abortion disease is unconsciously transported from one locality to another, or from an infected herd, either di- ~ rectly or indirectly, into a previously uninfected herd. It suggests strongly that the owners of herds of cows which have not been in- vaded by abortion disease should permit no new cows to enter their herds until an agglutination test has proved them free from infec- tion. j But the mistake must not be made to rely on the agglutination test in selecting bulls. At the Experiment Station we have tested a number of bulls which had been used for varying periods of time to serve infected cows, and only two of these bulls reacted positively, and they were two which Cotton and I had given subeutaneous in- jections of abortion bacilli suspended in normal salt solution. It seems that abortion bacilli rarely get into the bodies of male eattle in a way that causes modifications which can be detected by any means we have at our command, but nevertheless bulls may play a very important part in the transference of abortion bacilli from cow to cow. It is easily conceivable that abortion bacilli may be deposited on the male organ of copulation, and when this is re- tracted into its sheath, find an environment in which they can mul- tiply, strictly exterior to the body, and remain alive and virulent indefinitely. How important this mechanical part the bull may play in the dissemination of abortion disease is may be judged from the following observations made by Cotton and myself in studying three questions, namely, the persistence of abortion bacilli in the uteri and vagine of cows after abortions; the possible appearance of abortion bacilli in the uteri and vagine of infected cows during periods of cestrum, and the possible recrudescence of abortion bacilli in the uteri and placente of cows at normal parturitions subsequent to abortions. We found that the infected condition of the uterus and vagina of a cow after an abortion may persist as long as 7 to 8 weeks. This is in close harmony with the observations of McFadyean and Stock- CONTAGIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE 309 man, who established a period of about 30 days. Our tests, which are as yet far from complete, have failed thus far to show a re- appearance of abortion bacilli in the uteri and vagine of infected cows at periods of cestrum, but, concerning the recrudescence of abortion bacilli in the uteri, vagine and placente of cows at seem- ingly normal parturitions which follow abortions, of 13 tests so far made 6 were positive. We also found that this recrudescence of abortion bacilli is not limited to normal parturitions immediately subsequent to abortions; our records show that it may occur as late » as the third normal parturition following an abortion. We may well ask, what chance, under these conditions, has the bull who is used to serve infected cows to escape becoming, himself infected but unaffected, a mechanical agent for the dissemination of abortion disease? And this should be taken, with good reason, as a sound argument against neighborhood bulls, and against the use of bulls in uninfected herds to serve a miscellaneous lot of cows that do not belong to his herd. It is not difficult to see when we review the known facts about - infectious, abortion disease of cattle and the remarkable bacillus which is its primary, essential cause, why the disease has become widespread and strongly established in the United States. The fact alone that a large proportion of the cows which are attacked by the disease become and indefinitely remain carriers of its specific bacil- lus, a bacillus which is pathogenic in different ways for widely different species of animals, brings with it problems not easily solved. Our methods of buying and selling cattle; our insufficient appreciation and use of modern tests to guard our herds against contamination through the introduction into them of seemingly healthy carriers of disease germs; our methods of permitting con- tact between animals at stock shows without first proving them free _ from contagious diseases, etc., together with other evils urgently need reforming. | I do not like to leave this subject without saying a few words in conclusion about the significance of the bacillus of infectious abortion as a parasitic organism which may attack human health. No proved disease germ is of commoner occurrence in cow’s milk, and though no one has determined that it is truly pathogenic for human bodies, I do not believe that human health should be exposed toit. I believed at one time that it might be responsible in children 310 E. C. SCHROEDER for adenoid proliferations and tonsillar troubles, because of the peculiar character of some lesions it causes in experiment animals, but Cotton and I on the one hand and Mohler and Traum on the other, were unable to prove this to be the case by testing a large number of diseased tonsils and many samples of adenoid tissue removed from the throats and noses of children by local surgeons and kindly presented to us, although Mohler and Traum found that the diseased tonsil of one child in their series of cases was infected ‘with abortion bacilli. Two years ago I presented a paper to the American Veterinary Medical Association on the relation of the abortion bacillus to the production of pure milk, from which I wish to quote one paragraph, as I believe it states concisely how we should regard the prevent- able exposure of human health to bacteria generally, irrespective of their occurrence in milk or other articles of food or elsewhere. The paragraph is as follows: We may say, relative to the bacteria against which human health should be guarded, that it is questionable whether exposure to a bacterium pathogenic for any species of mammals can be prac- tised with impunity; that it is dangerous to permit exposure to any bacterium that is pathogenic for several species of mammals, though it may be, so far as we are informed, harmless for human beings, and that it is a deliberate invitation to disease to permit exposure to a bacterium, like the abortion bacillus, which is pathogenic for widely different species of mammals and is known to cause changes in human bodies that can be detected by complement fixation, agglu- tination or other biochemie tests or tests of any kind. It is only necessary to add that pasteurization, which we need to protect our health against a variety of thoroughly proved milk- born evils, kills abortion bacilli in milk. (1) Moorgz, The Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged, 1908, p. 526. (2) Law, Veterinary Medicine, Third Edition, 1912, Vol. IV, pages 478 to 477. (3) MAacNEat & Kerr, Journal Infectious Diseases, Vol. 7, 1910. (4) ScHRoEDER & Corton, B. A.I., Circular No. 216. (5) FAYBAN, Journal Med. Research, Vol. XX XVIII, No. 1. (6) Sepewick & Larson, Amer. Jour. Dis. Children, Vol. 10, No. 3: THE BRITISH ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE N. 8. Mayo, Chicago, Ill. In the August number of the Nineteenth Century Magazine, under the title ‘‘Cinderella of the Service’’ there is an excellent article by E. G. Fairholme on the work of the British Army Veteri- nary Corps during the present great war. This article makes unusually interesting reading to an Ameri- ean for in giving a brief review of the British Army Veterinary Service it brings home to us the glaring, almost criminal, inade- _ quacy of the present United States army in this particular. In considering the question of transportation on the western front of the great war, it must be remembered that conditions there are unusually favorable for mechanical transport as the country roads are probably as fine as in any other region of the world. Yet, the author says, ‘‘ Horses cannot be superseded. Mechanical haulage, though it has done much to relieve the draught horse in modern warfare, has by no means superseded him. Cavalry and artillery horses are still absolutely essential wherever ploughed land, ditches or hedges have to be traversed. Here the motor-cars, motorcycles and armored trains are helpless. One million horses, it is estimated, are now in use throughout the regions that are the scenes of the present gigantic conflict.’’ _ The article is too long to be reproduced here but the following quotations are presented: After visiting eleven special centers of veterinary activity he says, ‘‘The Army Veterinary Corps with its wonderful organization is doing a stupendous, humane and economic work in the merciful destruction of horses badly wounded and the restoration of thous- ands of others fit to carry on the work. It is a magnificent work humanely and economically because every horse saved means an- other weapon for the fight,’’ and ‘‘the work is done by men who are not only horse doctors but horse lovers,’’ and he also expresses ‘‘im- mense admiration for the organization of the corps and the ability, energy and humanity of its members.”’ An interesting sidelight of the trying conditions is shown when he says, ‘‘During the whole of last winter it was one continuous fight against rain with its consequent mud and attendant ills’’ for at one time the region of the veterinary hospitals was a ‘‘sea of mud,”’ 312 N. S. MAYO The sick, wounded and debilitated horses are brought back to the hospitals from the ‘‘railhead’’ in batches of about two hundred and fifty, being sent back in cars that carry ammunition and sup- plies to the lines. ‘‘The death rate (among the horses) was excell small and constantly decreasing. Even when face to face with the stu- pendous difficulties of the early part of the campaign the work done by the Army Veterinary Corps was amazing.’’ ‘‘There was a spirit of cheerful compliance that made one feel that, so far as horses went, all was well in hand.’’ This is high praise for one qualified to judge. The London Daily Mail also says, ‘“‘The Veterinary Corps have saved their thousands by medical skill and organization.’’ And the Earl of Lonsdale, well-known sportsman and horse lover, also says in the London Daily Telegraph, in writing of ‘‘the remarkable and to me extraordinary Army Vet- erinary Corps organization:’’ ‘‘I do not believe in all the various departments of the army that there is any that show more astonish- ing foresight in the preparation, alleviation and general superin- tendence of the animal than do the Army Veterinary Corps and Remount Department.”’ All through the article great stress is laid upon the imponiaene of a thorough organization. The day of isolated individual effort, no matter how well intended, is passed, at least in modern military plants. An organization must be prepared at least in skeletal form to successfully deal with the problems of modern warfare. The same author goes on to point out that the present British Army Veterinary Organization is only twelve years old, being forced upon the army by the sad experiences of the war in South Africa when the Boers would gather up the abandoned British horses and by careful nursing and treatment would soon use them against the British. The British War Department was at that time ‘‘econo- mizing’’ as we have been doing in the United States. The Indian army, however, being independent had organized an efficient veteri- nary service and was able at the outbreak of the South African war ‘to supply veterinary stores and three fully equipped veterinary hospitals, each of which was epee of sub-division into two com- plete self-contained establishments.’ After the establishment of an organized veterinary houpitat service sixty per cent of the horses were returned to service. This number of trained army horses is much more valuable than the same number of fresh green animals, i bi ' ¥y : y 4 , r ; 4 Ne THE BRITISH ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 313 The need of a thorough veterinary organization in the British army had been presented to the army authorities in 1887 by Major D. B. Brown, who says in a war office publication: ‘‘Depots for sick animals must be formed on the line of communication at fre- quent intervals, each being in charge of a veterinary surgeon with a suitable number of farriers and attendants under him. These depots must keep pace with the formation and expansion of the transport and should not be an afterthought called into existence only when the number of sick animals has increased to a large figure. | These should be of two kinds, large and small, the latter are pushed up close to the army and take charge of all fresh cases. Animals whose recovery depends upon time, and cases of debility requiring nourishment such as small depots are unable to furnish, are passed to larger depots in the rear. In the Abyssinian cam- paign these depots were formed at intervals of seventy-five miles.”’ In closing the interesting article, Mr. Fairholme says: “When without any undue and insular partiality we contrast our own splendid veterinary service with the corresponding organi- zation of other armies and learn that at every point the British system has established a marked superiority, we may well congratu- late our army veterinary authorities on their thoroughness and fore- » sight.’’ . Now that the American people are waking up to the military unpreparedness of the United States, we must do our duty and ex- ert every effort to have our United States. Army Veterinary Service organized so that when a crisis does occur the indispensable animal transport will be humanely, economically and efficiently provided for. The present system, if one can so dignify the condition of isolated independent veterinarians attached to various units, is totally inadequate and doomed to disaster as the British demon- strated in South Africa. It is just as necessary to have a system and organizations for the successful care and handling of sick and wounded animals as it is for the sick and injured troops. It is our duty as citizens and as veterinarians to see that this is provided for in the new plans for efficient national defense. HEXAMETHYLENAMIN, ITS ACTION AND USE AS APPLIED TO VETERINARY PRACTICE R. F. Reeps, V.8., Hazel Dell, Ill. Hexamethylenamin is sold under various trade names; as for instance, urotropin, urotone, formin, aminoform, hexamin, cys- tamin, cystogen, etc. It is produced by the action of ammonia on formaldehyde and occurs as colorless crystals which are without odor. In watery solutions it gives a slightly alkaline reaction. It is very soluble in water, less than two parts, and quite soluble in alcohol, about ten parts. Hexamethylenamin occurred as a chemi- cal long before it was used by Prof. Nicolaier of Berlin in 1894 and 1895, when he was chief of the medical clinic of the University of Gottingen. It was first used as an antiseptic in kidney and blad- der infections, later to destroy typhoid bacteria in the urine, and still later it was found to be of value in phosphaturia. It was first thought that it would act as a solvent of uric acid caleuli, but this was soon disproved. This drug has no local action, and therefore is not used externally. When taken into the stomach it is absorbed rapidly and its elimination through the kidneys begins rapidly. _ It has no effect on the cireulatory and nervous systems, and does not seem to cause general poisoning. It has not been shown that it has very strong action as an intestinal antiseptic, except that some of it may be excreted after absorption into the colon. Just what becomes of the whole of the. hexamethylenamin in the body has not been determined, it is known to be largely excreted in the urine, and has been found in the blood, in the gall bladder, in the pan- creatic juice, in the serous fluids of the cerebrospinal axis, and in the different serous membranes, and synovial fluids of the joints. The excretion into the urine begins quickly but if several doses are given, it may not be fully excreted for several days. The drug may be found in the urine in less than thirty minutes after giving, and it is stated that its presence in the cerebrospinal and synovial fluids can be determined in less than one hour. The drug is not cumulative and can be given over a long period of time without harmful effects. When administered hypodermically the drug has a tendency to cause necrosis at the point of injection. It is not considered advisable to administer it in this manner. The drug is non-toxic in ordinary dosage, and unless a vary large dose were i f Se. gnrad ae Se ee COAL TAR DISINFECTANT ON HOG CHOLERA VIRUS 315 given toxic symptoms would not occur. The symptoms from an excessive dose in the human subject are gastric irritation, diar- _rhoea, abdominal pain, kidney congestion, and most likely an ex- cessive irritation of the bladder with some hematuria. THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS. Hexamethylenamin has a wide range of therapeutic indications. Its value as an urinary antiseptic is unquestioned. It has been held that the drug should be admin- istered with an acid when given to equines. In practice this has not been found necessary. It is one among a very few drugs which appears to have any laxative effect in forage poisoning of horses. Given in two to three drachm doses in connection with F. E. Passi- flora incarnata one or two ounces it will prove of value in a large percentage of cases. We administer the above dosage to an average sized horse every three to four hours. It will undoubtedly prevent the above malady when given in one or two drachm doses twice daily. In pyemie arthritis of foals the drug has proven of worth, in fact it has given far better results than any other treatment we have employed. In open joints, it will prove good treatment, and in mammitis of cows it is an extremely useful drug. Influenza bronchitis, nasal catarrh, and distemper have all been benefitted by its use. Dr. Steffen states in ‘‘Special Veterinary Therapy,’’ (a most valuable little volume), that he has found the drug quite use- ful in allaying inflammation in protracted or prolonged colics. He combines the hexamethylenamin with belladonna, capsicum, and passiflora. Hexamethylenamin is a drug that should receive more careful study as to its actions and indications in veterinary practice. oy Vv THE ACTION OF A COAL TAR DISINFECTANT ON HOG CHOLERA VIRUS WALTER E. Kine AND R. H. DRAKE, Research Laboratory, Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. A few months ago a series of experiments were instituted for the purpose of determining the germicidal activity of Kreso on the virus of hog cholera. In collecting data of this nature, several im- portant conditions must be fulfilled, particularly those involving proper control on the experiments. The virus used in the tests must be sufficiently virulent to cause the death of pigs within ap- proximately fifteen days from the date of inoculation, and typical 316 WALTER E. KING AND R. H. DRAKE symptoms and lesions of hog cholera must be present in control animals. Another important factor is the elimination of naturally immune hogs from the series of experiments. The details of this series of experiments consisted in the care- ful selection of highly virulent virus (serum from hogs infected with hog cholera of acute type) and the addition of a coal tar disin- fectant, Kreso, in various dilutions to this virus. The Kreso solu- tion was allowed to remain in contact (in vitro) with the virus for exactly 5 minutes after which the mixture was injected intramus- cularly into healthy pigs. Control pigs received the same dosage of the virus and were cared for under exactly the same conditions as the test animals. The following table compiled from our labora- tory data illustrates the nature of these experiments: Date of Death. | Characte Incuba- : pe: |, eaaenerer Material Inoculated tion | TYPE Of | Duration of Dis-} og Hog | of Test Periog | Disease| ease from time : ue, of exposure. | Lesions 76 | Control {2 Ce. Virus (73) 6 Days |Chronic |Recovered 3-5-15 in 5 wks. 141 | Control {2 Ce. Virus (161) 3 Days|Acute (9-16-15 Typical 8-28-15 19 days : 154 | Control Ce. Virus (161) 3 Days|Acute 9-11-15 Typical 8-28-15 14 days 163 | 1% Kreso}|2 Ce. Virus (155) 6 Days|Sub- —{9-17-15 Typical Solution |Exposed 5 min. 1% Kreso acute |22 days 8-26-15 75. | 1% Kreso|2 Ce. Virus (73) 10 Days|Acute (3-23-15 Typical Solution |Exposed 5 min. 1% Kreso 17 days - 3-5-15 164 | 1% Kreso}2 Ce. Virus (155) 5 Days |Sub- 9-17-15 Typical Solution |Exposed 5 min. 1% Kreso acute (22 days 8-26-15 165 | 2% Kreso|2 Ce. Virus (161) * No Symptoms—Released Solution |Exposed 5 min. 2% Kreso after 20 days 9-1-15 166 | 2% Kreso|2 Ce. Virus (161)* No Symptoms—Released Solution |Exposed 5 min. 2% Kreso after 20 days 9-1-15 * See data above under Hogs No. 141 and 154 which were inoculated with same material as No. 165 and No. 166, except virus was not exposed to action of 2% Kreso Solution. Hogs No. 141 and 154 served as controls on No. 165 and 166. The results of these experiments show that highly virulent hog cholera virus (in the form of serum from cholera infected hogs), exposed for five minutes to the action of a two per cent solution of Kreso, is rendered inert. 3 CELLULAR EXTRACTS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE AS THERAPEUTIC AGENTS O. A. Lonetey, D.V.S., Fresno, Cal. Extracts of tissue are known under the various synonyms of cellular extracts, tissue extracts and physiological extracts. _ The development of this class of therapeutic agents during the ; several years and the results obtained from their use in various conditions commonly encountered in veterinary practice gives to them an exalted position; one equal if not superior to the position occupied by biological products, including vaccines, serums and _ Many conditions that a few years ago were considered incur- able or fatal, now respond favorably to one or the other of the cel- jular extracts, either administered alone or as an adjuvant to the regular old line treatment or in conjunction with one of the bio- ~ logical agents. The importance of this class of therapeutic agents is now too well established to be overlooked or ignored. In the list of cellular extracts may be included pituitary ex- tract, corpus luteum extract, adrenalin, thymus extract, thyroid extract, leucocytic extract, lymph gland extract, and perhaps:a few _ others. The action of each is specific, although the veterinary pro- ‘sh fession is confronted with such a mass of literature along these a _ lines, that a deal of reading and careful judgment is required to understand and select the cellular extract required for each con- — dition. 3 _ ___ It is with particular regard to the two latter extracts that this paper is written, namely leucocytic extract (Archibald) and lymph gland extract (Archibald). These extracts regulate and stimulate some of the body’s most important physiologic functions; those which constitute the protective and defensive measures against dis- ease and which are most active in inducing convalescence by their ac- tion in stimulating the leucocyte producing organs to a more active _ function. ; _ It may be stated as a general principle, the correctness of which is recognized by the entire scientific world, that any therapeutic agent that will stimulate and increase the number of leucocytes onstitutes rational treatment in all infections and toxemias and that this is a condition to be very much desired, as it is along the 318 O. A. LONGLEY lines of nature’s own methods of controlling or eradicating disease. It is certainly a well established fact that in the treatment of these diseases any method which will stimulate the leucocyte producing organs to a more active function, thereby producing an increase in the number of leucocytes, is, and must of necessity be, of positive value. The great problem which ‘omsisihics has confronted the veteri- nary profession is to determine how to produce this physiological effect by the simplest and most innocent means possible. Many vegetable protein substances have been used to bring about these physiological changes, but it is believed that in carrying out leuco- eyto-therapy, that in order to produce an increase in the number of leucocytes and at the same time increase their functional activities | without unnecessary strain upon the individual, it is eminently more logical for the organism to care for parenteral injections of sub- stances similar to its own elements than to any elements which are of a foreign character. It has been proved beyond a question of doubt that when leu- cocytic extract is introduced parenterally into the bodies of experi- mental animals for experimental purposes and into human beings and domestic animals for the treatment of disease, the physiological results produced are a marked increase in the number of white blood corpuscles, especially those of the polymorphonuclear variety. The value of this is demonstrated by the fact that in the actual therapeutic application of leucocytic extract to individuals suffer- ing from disease, the regulation of the leucocyte count is coincident with the improvement of the diseases so treated. The polymorphonuclear leucocyte is the cell which migrates in greatest numbers into tissues, the site of an acute inflammatory process or becomes more active during an attack of any disease which causes general systemic disturbances of a febrile nature. By virtue of its amoeboid motion it is enabled to pass readily through the walls of the capillaries into the diseased or injured tissues where it is actively phagocytic. In general systemic febrile conditions the ac- tivity of the polymorphonuclear leucocyte assists in the care and elimination of toxie end-products, thus inducing a rapid convales- cence. The semi-solid exudate which fills the intercellular spaces of involved areas in a localized acute inflammatory process is lique- fied by means of an enzyme which is the product of this type of leucocyte and the digested elements are carried off through the lym- re ee CELLULAR EXTRACTS 319 phaties. The accumulation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes about the affected area acts to some extent as a wall or zone limiting the infection and preventing further invasion of the tissues. Therefore it can be readily understood that the action result- ing from the administration of leucocytic extract makes this cellular extract of great value in the treatment of many of the acute condi- tions encountered in veterinary practice. It is indicated in the treat- ment of all infections and toxemias including purpura, laminitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, influenza, azoturia,strangles, coryza, laryngitis, lymphangitis, edema, septicemia and the toxic bowel conditions fol- lowing enteric disorders. Lymph gland extract (Archibald) has been proven to be of great value in the treatment of chronic infections and those diseases which usually run a long course, for while it also produces an in- erease in the number of leucocytes, the greatest increase is in the number of lymphocytes or mononuclear cells. The lymphocyte or mononuclear cell is more active in the con- trol of chronic infections and toxemias than is the polymorphonu- clear cell. It produces an enzyme of more marked activity conse- quently producing a more rapid and complete digestion of the partially organized exudates. It is not easily destroyed by toxins and is therefore a more successful barrier to extensive invasion of the tissues. From the above we must conclude that the polymorphonuclear cells are more active in acute infections while the mononuclear eells are more effective in the control of chronic infections. It is interesting to note that not only are we able to produce a leucocytosis at will, but are also enabled to stimulate that type of leucocytes whose activity will be of greatest benefit in the condition 3 to be treated. Lymph gland extract is indicated in the treatment of unre- solved pneumonias, chronic bronchitis, chronic laminitis, febrile conditions of long standing, and has proven itself to be the best known treatment for canine distemper and mammitis in cows. . Cellular extracts are today attracting widespread attention in the ranks of the veterinary profession, particularly the leucocytic and lymph gland extracts; the gool results being obtained from their use in some cases being almost unbelievable. REPORTS OF CASES THE GELATIN TREATMENT OF PETECHIAL FEVER R. R. Dykstra, Manhattan, Kans. German veterinary literature records the successful treatment of several cases of petechial fever of horses by subcutaneous injec- tions of fluidified gelatin. A mare weighing about 1100 ibs., and affected with petechial fever was presented for treatment at the veterinary clinie of the Kansas State Agricultural College. History :—About six weeks previous to being brought to the college hospital the animal received a deep wire-cut in the fold of the fetlock of the right fore limb. The wire-cut was healing slowly, and this long convalescent period had weakened the patient. Symproms :—Temperature slightly elevated, pulse weak, res- pirations accelerated and laborious. Extensive edematous swellings of the limbs, lower surface of the thorax and abdomen, and of the head. The nasal mucosa showed several large, and the vaginal mucosa small, hemorrhagic spots and streaks; the appetite was good though the swellings of the masseteric region interfered with perfect mastication. A small bed-sore was beginning to develop on the right hip. The wire-cut appeared to be in a healthy granu- lating condition. ones TREATMENT :—The animal was placed in slings. Fluidified gelatin was prepared according to a modified formula of Dr. Johann Schmidt, Dresden, as follows: 1. Boil 1000 cc. of tap water in a flask and permit it to cool to 50 degrees C. 2. Add 10 grams of sodium chloride. 3. Add 10 grams peptone, previously triturated with a little cold water. 4. Add 100 grams of pure gelatin, obtaining solution by con- stant agitation. 5. Add the whites of two chicken eggs, previously mixed with a little water. 6. The entire mixture is then placed in a water bath for thirty minutes, forming a clear liquid interspersed with flakes and coagula. 7. Add 100 ce. of a 2% aqueous phenol solution. REPORTS OF CASES 321 ee ee Ce tee ae eS eee eee es | ee Ps - 7 vey —? oe Ree ae eS Pe ee ee 8. A very small quantity of sodium hydroxide solution is added to make the mixture slightly alkaline. 9. Filter through sterile filter paper. 10. Previous to injection liquefy the gelatin by placing it, in its container, in warm water. Six hundred cubic centimeters of this fluid palette was injected subcutaneously, in six different places, with careful regard for _ asepsis. Moderate localized swellings and one abscess developed as a result of the injection. The former had disappeared in four days. At this time the hemorrhagic spots and streaks in the mucous membranes had disappeared, and the edematous swellings were dis- appearing. In order to hasten the latter a second subcutaneous in- jection of 400 cc. of fluidified gelatin was given eight days after the first. This was followed by complete recovery in a few days. ConcuusiIon :—No definite opinion, based on a single case, can be formed regarding the value of this treatment, though its action was apparently beneficial in this instance. ia% Vv INTESTINAL INTUSSUSCEPTION IN CATTLE Supplement to article in the March Number, 1915, of the American Veterinary Review. JOHN K. BossHArtT, Camden, N. Y. Case No. V :—Invagination of Ileum due to Intestinal tumor. This patient was a black and white grade cow, aged 12. She had been in perfect health until May 12, 1915, when it was noticed that she gave no milk. Upon keeping her in the barn it was also found that she had no appetite for food and drink and that no ma- nure was passed. Salts were given her by the owner with no results. On May 14 the cow was examined by the writer and pulse, res- piration and temperature were found to be normal. Peristalsis was somewhat suppressed, rumination feeble. A rectal examina- tion revealed the absence of feces, but the presence of a mucilagin- ous exudate streaked with blood. Uterus and ovaries were found normal, but there was a firm mass palpated. just within reach. Owing, however, to the forward position this mass could not be more closely palpated. A provisional diagnosis of intestinal ob- struction, probably due to invagination was given and operation ad- vised. 322 REPORTS OF CASES On May 15 the cow was operated upon, Dr. R. C. Hartman of Pulaski assisting the writer. One ounce of chloral hydrate was administered in one quart of cold water. A five inch incision was made after thoroughly prepar- ing the field in the right flank. The animal was permitted to remain in the standing position. After opening the abdominal cavity the right arm was introduced to search for the obstructed bowel. This was easily found and delivered through the wound. It was clearly a case of invagination and it proved to be unreducible. Excision was indicated and properly done. End-to-end anastomosis by means of Lembert’s sutures of catgut was obtained, the serosa su- tured over it and fastened to the mesentery. Peritoneum and muscles were united separately with interrupted catgut sutures. Skin closed with silk. | Examining the removed part it was found to consist of over three feet of necrosed and devitalized intestine, the invagination being due to a tumor the size of a walnut. The after care of this patient should have consisted in washing the wound with a hot saline solution twice daily and in giving small amounts of succulent food and water three times daily. The owner, however, permitted the cow to eat all she wanted the next day, which favor she certainly abused. The next day after that she was not able to rise to her feet and had lost her appetite en- tirely. After several days the owner was advised to draw her out into the lot and let her shift for herself, which she did. Ten days after this she was able to rise again to her feet, when assisted. Re- covery was gradual from then on and complete. Her milk flow increased to 6 quarts night and morning until the middle of October when the owner sold her to a dealer. Case No. VI. Another case of Invagination of the Ileum: A four years old black and white grade cow was taken sick very similar to the previous one on Aug. 14, 1915. Pulse, respiration and temperature were again normal. The hide however felt cold. A rectal examination again showed the mucilaginous exudate streaked with blood. The bladder was greatly distended and promptly catheterized. Uterus and ovaries normal. A firm floating mass was felt forward and downward, but it was not possible to grasp it or examine it by palpation. Operation was advised and performed the next day, Aug. 16. One ounce of chloral hydrate in one quart of cold water was ~ ee ie - es = a REPORTS OF CASES 323 given at once and half that dose after the field of operation was pre- pared. The animal was in the stanchion, in the standing position when an incision into the abdominal cavity was made and a firm coil of intestine delivered through it which is shown in plate no. 4. The operation was completed as in case V. Recovery was uneventful. The previous cases reported have been operated upon in the recumbent position and the experiment of carrying out this pro- longed operation in the standing position is very gratifying. The intra-abdominal pressure is greatly lessened and consequently the PLATE IV:—Operation for Intestinal Intussusception. Invaginated coil in- testine prior to resection. (Plates No. I, II, III have been published in the previous article.) surgeon is less disturbed by protuding intestines. Foreign bodies, like exudates, blood or solutions, cannot enter the abdominal cavity so easily, especially when the incision is packed with dry gauze or linen. Secondary attention should consist in providing a well lighted roomy place for the patient. Small amounts of grass, other succu- lent food or gruels and water should be given three times daily. 324 REPORTS OF CASES One pint of raw linseed oil or one pound of melted lard with stimu- lants should be given every second day until two weeks after the operation and then again as soon as the feces become firm or hard. An increase of grain, roughage and water should be allowed only gradually. The wound should be washed twice daily with hot salt- water. If primary union does not follow a stimulating antiseptic liniment should be applied. fay vv LACTATION IN A FOAL. W. J. CLEVELAND, Havre, Mont. A Percheron mare , weight about 1400 lbs., age 9 yrs., owned by Mr. W. Judding near Buffalo Center, Iowa, foaled a mare colt in July 1910. This foal was perfectly normal in every respect. The dam at this time and for some time previous to parturition had been worked, and while not working was kept on pasture. When the foal was two or three days of age, the owner noticed that the colt’s udder was enlarged. Upon further investigation it was found to contain milk. He milked out about a pint of milk at that time and he found that it was necessary to milk out the udder every day, at each milking he would get about a pint of milk. This continued for ten days, then the owner came to town to get something to stop the secretion if possible. He was given a solution of atropine sulphate and belladonna which he gave the foal morning and evening. When he began this treatment the secretion became less abundant until the tenth day when it had ceased entirely, and the foal continued to grow and developed into a fine colt. | a a Se i eee ‘ ae oh oe Ml — a % 2 ils Soak oe 7 ey aed i, anh "ay me ee an ah pen! . i een = ee a lie ia . 4 " ae : : a eet ee gee pe - ie RP er Aa ple aa gs i eee sae eS a Say » oe “ e eS OST oe 5 ee c meog 8 J ite ~ aS ai. ee al fa in a ets. oe ae ; F ; ; - : ee ete <2 he nee” oo: ea Sn ae ad Ee ore ty Sah ae 1 rs, eM... a) Sey ere ‘ar Done ‘ Z Sec ete 4 rene io Wing i pine =e - : é ane Ss Se 2 na” a ‘ : k on i lo. ee ee ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE INTERDIGITAL ABSCESSES IN A SPANIEL TREATED BY VACCINE H. Tayior, F.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Record For two years this dog suffered with very painful and now and then very large abscesses in the interdigital region. Many were the various treatments resorted to, but the trouble always recurred. It was then decided to try the effect of vaccine. Cultivations made from the coverings of swabs from the wound, had given cultures of Staphylococcus albus and a diphtheroid bacillus. An autogenous vaccine was prepared in vials of 1 ec. size and containing 300 mil- lion organisms in all, 200 million of the former and 100 million from the latter. Six vials were injected into the skin of the inside of the thigh, after painting the site of the injections with tincture of iodine. No constitutional disturbances or any local swelling follow- ing. The injections were made several days apart. But apparent- ly the vaccine had no effect as the recurring abscesses reappeared with the same regularity as before. It must be noticed that since the injection, the dog had three of his paws affected at one time, whereas before he never had more than two. The size of the ab- scesses remained the same. LIAUTARD. ay vv THE PREPARATION OF HOG CHOLERA SERUM HERMAN UspeNs—Veterinary Inspector—Amsterdam. Serum Institut of Rotterdam. Director Prof. Dr. J. Peels. Centralbl. Bakt. Parasit. und Infekt—Orig. Heft No. 3—Bd. 72, 1914. CONCLUSIONS 1. Hog cholera serum has a protective value against the dis- ease. | 2. The serum injection followed by the injection of the infec- tious material resulted in an active immunity. 3. If exposed animals are not immunized as a result of the ex- posure they must be injected with serum in the event of cholera developing later. 326 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 4. The serum has not only prophylactic value, but fairly strong curative action in the early stages of the disease. 5. The serum from a bovine injected with hog cholera virus possesses no protective value against the disease. 6. The method of preparing serum (clear) through clotting and pressing is preferable to the method of defibrinating and cen- trifugalizing. | 7. It is preferable to tuberculinize hogs used in the prepara- tions of hog cholera serum and exclude those which react. 8. The serum recovered with the method of clotting and press- _ ing the blood resulted in the recovery of approximately 14 of the bleeding and not infrequently more. Virulent blood for hog cholera serum is colibetas in glass cylinders, 6 em. in diameter and 50 em. long, and the bleeding is allowed to stand at room temperature for several hours. The bleeding is then placed in a refrigerator for 48 hours and then pressure, by means of a weight, is exerted on the clot for 24 hours. The clear serum is siphoned into the containers. Of the six bleedings (table No. 1) the proportion of serum to blood recovered averages 25 to 50, i.e., serum to 100 volumes of blood. Of 10 pigs bled (table No. 3) the proportion varied from 20 to 100 and 59 to 100. Cultures made from the liver, spleen, kidneys and serum of the 10 pigs revealed the presence of the hog cholera bacillus in the liver and spleen of 9 of the 10 and in the kidneys of 8 of the 10 and in the serum of only 1 of the 10. No. hog cholera bacilli were found in any of these organisms or the serum of pig No. 3. In another series of 22 virus pigs the hog cholera bacillus was demonstrated in the liver and spleen of 19 and in the kidneys of 16 and not in the serum of any. HYPERIMMUNIZATION :—Immune hogs were first injected sub- cutaneously with 500 c. ce. doses of virus, the dose has now been cut down to 200 ec. ¢. as follows. Augirst. 2osuks Tapers 1ec.ec. Virus....10 ¢¢. Serum 1A ae eee 10 ¢.¢. O Be 5's diss Sateen 100 ¢. ¢. ¥ | ae OAR RRR RN ig 0-H) 1 200 ¢. ¢. fs BO se cin do DeSean 200 ¢. ¢. be Oct. Wie ass Gk ee 200 ¢. ¢. ny Obs e aoa a eum bled 1000 e. ¢. yor SRDS prc amine fone tt 200 e.c. Virus ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 327 Noy. ee Dyis het ly « bled 1000 e. ¢. BN a3 gine W's, « bled 1000 ce. ¢. Aside from the example above and the seuvbationnt that hyper- E - jmmmunes are bled every 4 days no definite schedule of hyperim- munization and bleeding are given. Reference is made to the fact that ‘‘many hogs are tubercu- . lous’’. A number were tuberculin tested ‘‘intercutaneous’’ with 100 milligrams of undiluted tuberculin injected at the base of the ear. Table No. 5 includes the results of the tuberculin test of 12 hogs of which 9 are positive and 3 negative. The table also shows that hog cholera bacilli cannot be demonstrated culturally in the liver, spleen and kidneys of hyperimmunes. Table No. 6 includes the results of the tuberculin test of 28 hogs in comparison with the autopsy findings for tuberculosis. Eleven of the 28 reacted and lesions of tuberculosis were demon- strated in all of the 11. In addition to these, however, lesions of tuberculosis were found in 8 additional hogs. In other words, in accordance with the autopsy findings 18 of the hogs proved tuber- culous, while only 11 of the 18 reacted to the intercutaneous tuber- culin test. _ HYPERIMMUNIZATION OF AN Ox:—The repeated subcutaneous injection of virus in increasing the dose, beginning with 250 ce. ¢. October 2nd and ending November 11th with the injection of 520 ¢.c. failed to produce a serum with any protective value whatso- ever. Be PRESERVATION OF SERUM :—To every 100 grams of serum, 10 _ grams of a chinosol solution (Chinosollésung) 1 to 10 were added. REICHEL. fa’ VV A CASE OF LEAD POISONING IN THE PIG H. Tayior, F.R.C.V.S., Veterinary Record. Hisrory :—A carpenter left a tin can containing about 2 lbs. of white lead paint in a cartshed on the ground. A sow three month pregnant ate it all. She was a large black animal and had covered herself more or less with some of the paint, which gave her a peculiar appearance. The next morning the whole thing was dis- covered, but nothing bad was expected of the event. 328 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE THE Errects :—Two or three days after the animal was off her feed, her feces greyish white in color. She had a dose of Epsom’s ~ salts. In the next few days, she became dull, lethargic and ate but little. Eleven days after her lead festival, it was discovered that she had ingested about 2 pounds of the paint. With sulphates and iodide of potassium treatment she seemed to improve, although she showed some interference with her muscular action. On the 16th day, she was taken with brain manifestations, and ran about in an excited manner. Put in a pen, she raced about madly and blindly, banging her snout against the wall. One injection of morphia gave her little relief. She died about an hour after. Points TO OBSERVE :—Length of time which elapsed between the ingestion of the paint and death. No abortion took place. Appar- ent recovery was followed by sudden brain manifestations—feces about normal in color at the latter end of the case—violence of the brain symptoms compared to the slight muscular ones. No blue line around the gums was detected. LIAUTARD. > Vv A BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LYMPH GLANDS IN CHILDREN A. P. Mitchell, M. D., in the Edinburg Med. Jour., Sept., 1914, No. 3, S. 209 Ref. Zbl. f.d. ges. Tuberkuloseforsch [X—4, sets forth the results of his findings in twenty-nine cases of tuberculosis in children under 12 years of age. Special attention was directed to the examination of the cervical, bronchial and mesenteric lymph glands, with an occasional examination of the tonsils. Upon test- ing twelve of the 29 cases for their cultural characteristics and viru- lence for rabbits it was found that,eight proved to be of human and four of bovine type. Three of the children infected with the bovine type died of tubercular meningitis and one from intra-per- itoneal haemorrhage, with all four cases revealing the primary seat of infection to be in the mesenteric glands. However, in two of the four cases the cervical as well as the bronchial glands were also infected. The eight cases which were infected with the human type of bacilli seven were found to show the primary localization in the bronchial gland, in the one remaining case the original seat of infection was uncertain. Tubercular bacilli were found in all the glands in the cases cited. In the 80 cases of tuberculosis reported i, uy ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE / 329 by Dr. Mitchell in The British Med. Jour., Jan. 17, 1914 he states that the bovine bacilli were present in 71 instances (88 percent) and the human bacillus in 9 cases (12 per cent). These eighty cases were surgical and the organisms were isolated from the cervical glands. Without exception all the above cases were of children under 12 years of age. Eighty-four percent of the children under two years of age were fed with unsterilized milk since their birth. In regard to the bovine cases it seems more than a coincidence that in not a single case was there a history of pulmonary tuberculosis in other members of the family, but, continues the writer, children of the same family in some instances showed cervical tuberculosis. It was found upon investigation that in 406 samples collected from the City of Edinburg that 82 (20 percent) contained tubercle bacilli. MANSFIELD. fay Vv HYDATID DISEASE IN A DOG H. A. Rem, F.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Journal This is the illustrated record of a case observed in an aged collie dog which had been suffering with obstinate constipation and was rebellious to enemas and large doses of castor oil. His adbomen was much distended by ascites. The respirations and pulse were slightly accelerated. There was no jaundice. Chronic liver disease was diagnosed and at the urgent request of the owner, a treatment _ of aloin and calomel was prescribed, the abdomen having been tap- ped and relieved of about two quarts of sero-sanguinous fluid. Some relief was at first manifested but extreme emaciation took place and death followed from exhaustion. At the autopsy, the liver was found weighing three pounds and nine ounces, the gall bladder being greatly distended. The liver was the seat of a very extensive infection of Echinococcus polymorphous. ‘Two cysts were found also in the spleen. In the bowels, there were numerous spec- imens of Taenia marginatae and Dipylidium caninum with also a number of Taenia echinococct. LIAUTARD. 330 r ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE CATARRHAL FEVER COMPLICATED WITH IRREGULAR STRANGLES AND TERMINATING IN GLANDERS . Wo. Scort, F.R.C.V.S. Veterinary News This is a lengthy and interesting record, in which the writer was consulted, for a cob which had catarrhal fever. Profuse bi- lateral nasal discharge, sore throat, cedema of the pharyngeal mu- cosa, soft moist cough, cedema of the head, lips, four legs, sternum and sheath. Nodular growths on each side of the cheeks, some hard and fibrous, others soft and pointing, some discharging pus. Sub- maxillary glands swollen. Tubular and parenchymatous pulmon- ary invasion had taken place. } Diagnosis. Catarrhal fever, complicated with strangles, with phenomena simulating purpura. The bacteriological diagnosis re- vealed the presence of streptococci, diplococci, staphylococci, and a pseudo-micrococcus catarrhalis. . From these a stock vaccine was prepared and given at various intervals, the composition of the vaccine being increased as per in- dication. After two weeks of treatment the cob was turned out and convalescent. Some ten days after, he had a severe postpharyngeal abscess. Then a sero-bloody purulent nasal discharge appeared. The mallein test was then resorted to. The sub-cutaneous, the ophthalmic and the intra-dermo-palpebral method was applied. The three gave a positive reaction, But the thermic reaction was nega- tive. The test was renewed and again the same result obtained. The cob was finally destroyed by military orders and revealed at the post mortem lesions of glanders in the nasal cavities and of lobar pneumonia in both lungs. | The writer remarks in conclusion— :‘‘To obtain such positive results with three methods and a negative thermal sounds paradoxi- cal, and may be explained in the fact that the use of vaccines prior to the mallein test may have so altered the body metabolism that a state of prophylaxis, or something akin to it, as against anaphylaxis had been established——.’’ | LIAUTARD. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 331 A FATAL CASE OF TUBERCULOSIS OF A BOVINE ORIGIN H. Bietzke (B. Kl. W. 1914, No. 33) describes a fatal case of tuberculosis in a 14 year old boy. Upon inoculation of both rab- bits and cattle, Beitzke proved that the organism causing the boy’s death to be of a bovine type. Thereby disproving the findings of Weihrauch, Heilstatte Edmundsthal in. Int. Zbl. f. d. ges. Tuber- _euloseforschung Klin. Beitrag IX, 4, that bovine tuberculosis was not harmful to man. Statistics collected by Weber show that over fifty per cent. of the deaths resulting from tuberculosis in children under two years of age are due to the infection with the bovine type. MANSFIELD. fa’ Vv NUMERICAL ANOMALY OF THE INCISORS OF A HORSE Mr. M. Petit Bulletin de la Soc. Cent. The upper jaw of this horse had ten incisors of the second den- tition,—well-developed and irregularly arranged in two rows. The ‘most external of the teeth overlapped over the anterior face of the incisor arch and seemed to have been pushed out by the internal. The length of the teeth was normal except one of the nippers which was greater. All the teeth were worn, but not regularly. The lower jaw had the normal number of incisors, shorter on the right side. They were triangular, the form that the teeth presented was that of a sixteen year old horse. Similar cases of anomalies have already been recorded; they _ all take place on the upper jaw. Yet Lafosse and Goubaux have mentioned observations where both incisor arches were affected, and where the horses had twenty-four incisors. | | LIAUTARD. f. Vv ATHEROMATOUS GREAT MESENTERIC ARTERY CAUSE OF DEATH Masor Doctor PRUNEAU Bulletin de la Soe. Cent. A thirteen year old horse slipped on the pavement, with all his four feet, and fell heavily on the right side and had to be aided 332 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE to arise. He had an anxious expression of the face, shook all over and could not move. Slowly and with difficulty he was brought to his stable, where he died after a short period of agony. Post Mortem. Extensive ecchymotic spots on the right side of the body. No fracture. On opening the abdomen, blood and clots escaped in quantity. Around the kidneys and enveloping them there was an enormous clot. The liver and spleen were normal. The mesentery had a tear, eight or ten centimetres long and be- tween its folds there was a clot as big as a child’s head, from the center of which was exposed the gaping and still bleeding rupture of the great mesenteric. The intestines were normal. The aorta in its whole length showed atheromatous plates, with calcareous in- filtration, more abundant in the abdominal than in the thoracic portion. The heart and valves were normal. LIAUTARD. fay Vv THE MALLEIN OPHTHALMIC TEST IN GLANDERS Pror. Dr. JOSEF SCHNURER (Vienna) Recorder for the X International Veterinary Congress © Monatshefte fiir Praktische Tierheilkunde XXVI Band 3./4. Heft. | CONCLUSIONS ; 1. It is possible to eradicate a glanders epizootic by killing clinically sick horses and by a diagnostic examination of horses found to be ailing.. Immunization treatment is at least superfluous. 2. The most practical diagnostic method is one which, in com- paratively short time (12-24 hours) gives reliable results even in the hands of people not possessing special training in this branch. A method which is simple to carry out and easy to form judgement on; and further, which lends itself to mass examination on the boundary and temporary investigation in the country itself and, at the same time, a method which is comparatively cheap. 3. The serological methods (agglutination, complement fix- ation, precipitation, conglutination, the Adberhalden and anaphy- laxis reactions) do not either alone or in combination, fulfill these . requirements, since they must invariably issue from a central sta- tion. 7 4. On the other hand all the above mentioned conditions are fulfilled by the mallein ophthalmic test operated by applying a ge Le oe = ~~ a eee ae ae! c ~ ¥ 2 SY See Pie — ais 2 _ ae ee, ee, ee : he . : P se = Y : z es = aie =, a es Fe a es ae ra oe ‘oe ee po = re aS a a ae Fi al moins z : ele ae; - a ee Fe ee ee ee ee hd ee Moe ty, On eee é ! a é 3 ¥ a SI os a bs ee ~ . a ey to ae v : 4 a oe — a: ee hs Fl We Gs Ore te — —- _ Le ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 333 reliable concentrated mallein with a brush, pledget of cotton, glass rod or similar appliance but not by dropping in with a pipette or dropping bottle. Of 93,352 ophthalmic tests carried out in Aus- tria (with the exception of Galicia and Bukowina) in the years 1910-1913, 341 glandered horses reacted 88.8% positive, 7.6% doubt- ful and 3.5% negative. Of 75,897 healthy horses, 99.6% showed a : | negative and 0.34% a positive reaction. The results which mis- carried in the case of the glandered horses (3.5%) are to be attri- buted partly to the fact that the horses were only tested once sev- eral days before death, and partly from the probability of mistaken judgement and errors in the postmortem diagnosis (autopsy). 5. In order to clear doubtful cases, one can now and again provisionally draw on a serological reaction (agglutination or com- plement fixation). The conjunctival test does not interfere with the agglutination reaction. 6. Should even the serological reaction not lead to a rapid decision, the classical subcutaneous reaction with a standardized mallein is to be recommended. In drawing conclusions from this test, stress must be laid on the average temperature from 10 readings taken on the day after the inoculation. Under certain cireum- stances the temperature on the second day must also be taken into consideration. Of 46 glandered horses all showed a positive reac- tion and with 464 healthy horses 95.04% gave a negative result, this showing 4.96% of miscarried results in the case of the healthy horses. 7. The miscarried results of the mallein ophthalmic test and the subcutaneous reaction with healthy horses are accounted for by a hypersensitiveness towards mallein due to an existing glanders in- fection. This kind of animal can be correctly classified by consid- eration of the body temperature before and several days after the inoculation. 8. Going out from these fundamental principles it has been possible to eradicate indigenous glanders from Austria and to keep the whole country (with the exception of Galicia) free from glanders for months at a time in spite of severe incursions from-heavily in- fected countries. 9. The imposition of a minimum period for traffic curtailment of suspected animals (quarantine period)—in Austria 60 days, in Germany 6 months—is for the present superfluous and inflicts an 334 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE unjustifiable hardship. The quarantine period should be made solely dependent on the results of the diagnostic examination. 10. It is not justifiable to kill horses which have only reacted positively in the mallein test or in the agglutination reaction and which otherwise exhibit no clinical disturbances, namely, no average temperature over 38°C. taken from a consecutive range of read- ings. Such horses are in all probability non-infected. The re- lationships in this case stand as in tuberculosis of cattle. REICHEL, fay Vv A FEW CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS FROM THE SEAT OF WAR Reported by Mr. JACOULET Bulletin de la Soe. Cent 1. Prriostiris AND TRAUMATIC OsTEITIS by Mr. Noiseux. Sorrel gelding, anglo-arab, nine years, had on the left hind can- non bone a gun shot wound, whose entrance was on the external face, a little above the fetlock joint, and the exit on the internal face a little higher than the other. Bloody suppuration escaped. A little above the place of exit, there was an abscess forming. The cannon bone was swollen, no weight was put on the leg which was held up and showed lancing pains. Diagnosis of fracture was left aside, but possibly the bone was partially split. Treatment, consisted of antiseptic care of wounds and frequent warm water lotions. After three days the abscess of the inner face of the cannon bone was punctured. Venous hemorrhage followed with formation of hema- toma. Sloughing of the skin took place and improvement became manifest, the horse laid down himself and arose without help. On the tenth day, a swelling appeared on the anterior face of the can- non. An incision was made and two days after a piece of shrapnel, flattened on one face and convex on the other was extracted. Sev- eral others were removed at various times after a few days. The animal then walked fairly well and after a month’s treatment resumed his work. 2. WOUND OF THE TESTICULAR REGION by Mr. Noiseux. Arab stallion, six years old, received a ball on the posterior face ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE : 335 a of the right thigh, which came out towards the middle of the internal face, close to the perineum. No important organ was injured. _ Lameness was slight, the fistulous tract healed rapidly. But there ___- was on the scrotum a deep wound, which in some motions of the leg, _ while the animal walked, corresponded to the internal face of the thigh and it was supposed that perhaps the ball had penetrated through the scrotum and also the testicle. No exit opening was vis- ible, the ball then was lodged in the organ. Soon the testicular _ organ swelled and became very painful. The animal rebelled against all hand examination.. On the 6th day, an abscess formed, and was lanced, and an abundant escape of pus took place. The animal became more quiet, and the examination showed that the _ right testicle was drawn upward towards the entrance of the in- _ guinal canal and the left was found twice as big as its normal size. a The fistula of the abscess was probed and the foreign body detected. __ Two fistulous tracts developed and finally a very small piece of _ shrapnel embedded in the tail of the epididymis was extracted. _ Final cieatrization took place in a few days. _ 3. Wovunp or THE Neck by Mr. Lange. - Dappled grey gelding, eight years, had on the left side of the __ superior extremity of the neck, a wound whose superior border measured 20 centimetres. It began near the posterior portion of a the parotid and terminated backward over the projecting parts of BY _the muscles. The inferior border was convex downwards and ran parallel to the jugular groove. There was an abundant discharge of pus and the odor coming from the wound was very offensive. _ After disinfection, the four fingers could be introduced in the fun- _ hel shaped wound, whose bottom reached the median line of the neck, six centimetres below the atlas. Between the inferior border _ of the right parotid and the posterior border of the corresponding inferior maxillary, there was a big swelling from which escaped _ an abundant discharge, flowing towards the chin. Three fingers ee could be introduced, passing along the inner face of the maxillary bone and fragments of necrosed vertebral ligament were re- moved. No foreign body was detected. The laceration was the result of an obus bursting and yet all the important organs of the _ fegion escaped injury. A month’s treatment and the gelding was aie LIAUTARD. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION —__— REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON DISEASES (Continued from page 251) 15. The livestock sanitary authorities to be given power to provide in a practicable manner against the dangerous pollution of streams with hog cholera virus and provide for the safe disposal of garbage liable to be infected with hog cholera virus. 16. To prevent the spread of hog cholera by swine shown for exhibition purposes, such swine to be treated with serum and virus not less than twenty-one days prior to the opening date of the ex- hibit, or with serum alone not more than fifteen days before such time. 17. Provision for controlling for thirty days, by quarantine or otherwise, when deemed advisable by the proper authorities, of all swine treated with serum-virus, or premises on which such swine are kept, to prevent danger of possible spread: of inte from inoculated animals. If the above or similar regulations could be instituted and en- forced there is no doubt that cholera in swine would be materially diminished and could with the judicious use of serum ultimately be eradicated from this or any other country. Since the advent of anti-hog cholera serum the enforcement of sanitary regulations has been neglected. In order to obtain and enforce efficient san- itary measures the pork producers must first be educated to the necessity of such measures. The application of some of the simple sanitary rules has proved of very great monetary value to swine raisers. As an illustration the separation of the infected from the healthy swine by means of a clinical thermometer and the proper after care has been the means of saving over 50% of many infected herds. If more consideration was given to proper hygienic care and sanitary control and less to the production, distribution and appli- cation of serum it is possible that hog cholera would soon become a much less serious disease economically than it is at the present time. Two general methods are utilized in the immunization with anti-hog cholera serum, viz, the serum alone method and the sim- ultaneous method. HOG CHOLERA 337 The exact method of administering serum has been freely dis- eussed at various associations and numerous articles have appeared in various publications. The operator must always provide clean and sterile instruments. It is true that the instruments become contaminated as soon as used but at least two needles should be provided in order that one may be placed in a disinfecting solution while the other is in use. The syringe should be sterilized by boil- ing, after being used for a few hours or after a herd has been immunized, before using it on another herd. The serum and virus should be injected deeply into the muscle in order to insure rapid absorption. Bad results frequently are the result of failure of absorption of the serum or virus that has been injected just beneath the skin in the subcutaneous fat. Swine that are in filthy muddy pens should not be injected because of the probability of infection in the needle wounds. Swine that are injected should be reasonably clean and the point of injection should be painted with tincture of iodine and the skin should be pinched after withdrawing the needle to prevent leakage. The serum alone method produces an immunity for a period of from one week to three months but it does not entail any danger of infecting and producing cholera in a cholera free herd and establishing a new center of cholera in a community free of the disease. By the proper use of serum alone in communities where there are only a few centers, cholera could be efficiently controlled. In such cases the infected herd and all surrounding herds should be immunized and if necessary the process could be repeated six weeks later. This method of control is not as applicable when several counties of a state or the entire state is infected. Serum alone when given in large doses is of considerable value in the incubation period of the disease before the animals show visible symptoms, but after the temperature has risen. The judicious use of serum in such cases has saved as high as 80 or 90% of the exposed herd. The serum alone is recommended for immunizing pregnant sows but the simultaneous method should also be used to immunize swine that are to be introduced into healthy susceptible herds. ' The dose of the serum alone treatment should not be less than 30ce. for each hundred pound live weight of hog. The simultaneous method is used more extensively than the serum alone, because it produces a longer immunity. The dose of serum used in the simultaneous method should be 50% more than 338 S. H. GILLILAND the dose in the serum alone method. The serum and virus must be introduced separately in different parts of the body. This method may be used successfully in exposed herds espec- ially in those swine that do not show a high temperature. But the virus should not be given to hogs that are showing visible signs of cholera. The one serious disadvantage of the simultaneous method is the fact that infection is introduced. Good authorities claim that a hog immunized by the simultaneous method does not eliminate the virus unless he dies ‘of the disease but this statement has not been clearly proven and even though the virus is eliminated only in case of fatal illness of the immunized hog the procedure is dangerous to say the least. The extensive epizodtic of hog cholera in Lowa and adjoining states in 1913 bears the ear marks of the results of sim- ultaneous immunization. To say the least the use of the simulta- neous method is contrary to good sanitation. A so-called double method has been advocated by some for the prevention of cholera. It consists of the serum alone immuniz- ation followed ten days later by the simultaneous method. The efficiency of this method is questionable and it is expensive. In time the application of serum in the control of hog cholera | will be rationally adjusted and this combined with the proper en- forcement of efficient sanitary regulations will result in diminishing the losses from this disease and the swine industry will be profit- ably pursued. ray Vv THE PREPARATION AND USE OF HOG CHOLERA SERUM AND THE TREATMENT OF HOGS SICK WITH CHOLERA S. H. GILuILAND, V.M.D., M.D. The earliest record of the use of serum for the prevention. of hog cholera was made in 1897 by Preisz, who obtained the serum from swine that had recovered from an attack of hog cholera. Shortly after the announcement in 1904 by de Schweinitz and Dor- set that the true cause of hog cholera was a filterable virus, Dorset, McBride and Niles devised a method of immunizing swine against hog cholera. This method was termed ‘‘Hyper-immunization.”’ The United States Live Stock Sanitary Association at its annual HOG CHOLERA 339 _ meeting in December, 1913, outlined some recommendations bearing upon hog cholera control and the production of hog cholera serum. Their recommendations for the production, distribution and admin- istration of the serum is divided into four headings, as follows :— ‘“A. Location of Buildings: The location to be such that the surroundings will not interfere with sanitary production and that their operation will not contaminate surrounding areas. **B. Construction of Buildings: The construction of build- ings to be of material that will permit of daily cleaning and disin- fection, stone, brick, tile and concrete being especially recommended. ““C. Arrangement of Plant: The arrangement of buildings to be such as to facilitate the production of a pure and uncontam- inated product. The swine are to be kept in separate buildings, located a sufficient distance from the building containing the bleed- ing (either virus or serum) and hyperimmunizing room and in which swine are to be placed for the latter purpose only. The serum bleeding room and the hyper-immunizing room to be separate and distinct rooms. The preparation of serum and the preparation of virus from the whole blood to be operations conducted in sepa- rate and distinct rooms without direct communication with each other or with the foregoing not larger than an opening which will permit the transfer of receptacles containing the freshly-drawn blood and to be used for no other purpose. Separate washing and _ sterilizing rooms to be provided. The prepared serum and virus to be stored in properly cooled rooms. Swine kept for virus pro- duction and the testing of serum to be properly isolated so as to reduce to a minimum the danger of spreading infection. Separate and distinct feed rooms to be provided for such animals. Mortuary, erematory, abattoir and desiccating or rendering plant operated for utilizing the waste products of the establishment to be located so as to prevent contamination from this source. Necessary dressing and toilet rooms properly equipped and located to be provided. ' Also, bottling and packing rooms. Provisions for the sanitary dis- _ posal of manure, offal and debris. “DPD. The Operation of the Plant: The operation of serum plants to be under the direct supervision of a competent veterinarian, who is a graduate of a recognized veterinary college as prescribed by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Provision that all serum and virus be produced from healthy animals and be free from injurious organisms or substances. The label on the container to show that serum has been tested according to regulations prescribed by the U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry and comes up to the required standard of potency and purity. Similar regulations in regard to virus,. * “EK. Distribution and Administration: The virus in con- nection with serum or virus alone to be shipped, sold or supplied to 340 Ss. H. GILLILAND and administered by specially licensed persons only, and under di- rection and supervision of state authorities as far as practicable.”’ PREPARATION OF SERUM. The production of hog cholera serum — cannot be classed as a difficult procedure. One of the most essen- tial facts is a careful technique by trained laboratory workers in order to keep the serum free from extraneous organisms. The selection of the hog to be immunized should be made with eare. All animals selected for this purpose should be tubereulin- tested by the intradermal method to prove their freedom from tu- berculosis. They should also be kept in quarantine under veteri- nary observation for a period of at least ten days, to prove that they have not previously been exposed to an infection such as foot- and-mouth disease. It has been reported that hogs of the bacon © type are better adapted to the production of serum than those of the lard type. It is obvious that if the tail method of bleeding is to be used, that a hog with a long tail is desirable. Again, if the intravenous method of injecting the virus is to be followed, hogs with heavy ears and prominent veins are best suited for this purpose. The hogs should preferably weigh from 100 to 200 lbs. Hogs weigh- ing more than 200 lbs. are difficult to handle. There are several methods by which immune hogs may be obtained. One is to secure hogs that have passed through an attack of cholera and have been left with an acquired immunity. These kind of hogs are hard to procure and greatly increases the cost of production. Another method is to purchase the number of hogs required and give them an. injection of hog cholera serum and then expose them to hog chol- era virus infection by placing them in infected pens and associated with hogs sick with cholera. The most reliable method and the one recommended by this committee is to procure a number of healthy hogs and after carefully testing them with tuberculin as above rec- ommended and keeping them under observation for a period of ten days, they are given the simultaneous method of treatment, which consists in the injection of 1 to 2 ee. of virulent virus blood and from 20 to 40 ec. of serum. The dosage of the virulent virus blood and the serum depends upon the size of the animal to be immun- ized. After twenty-one days from this double treatment the ani- mal is then ready for hyper-immunization. ProcEsS OF HYPER-IMMUNIZATION. The immune hog that has received the simultaneous treatment as above-described, after 21 days is ready to be hyper-immunized and may be treated by one of HOG CHOLERA 341 the following methods. In practical work it has often been found _ advantageous to use one process and at times another. 3 I. Subcutaneous Method. al (a) Inject the immune hog subcutaneously with virulent | virus blood in the proportion of 8 to 10 ee. of blood | for each pound of body weight. (b) Inject the immune hog subcutaneously with 1 cc. of a virulent virus blood for each pound of body weight. - Then after an interval of one week give a second in- a Ss jection of 25 ee. of virulent virus blood for each 3 , pound of body weight. After another interval of one i week give a third injection of 5 ec. of virulent virus blood for each pound of body weight. . The injections are made subcutaneously in the region of the groin and on the abdomen. Il. Intravenous Method. (a) Inject the immune animal intravenously with viru- lent virus blood in the proportion of 5 ec. of blood for each pound of body weight. (b) Inject the immune animal intravenously with viru- lent virus blood in the proportion of 5 ec. of blood for each pound of body weight, and then after an inter- of one week, if the hog has fully recovered from the previous inoculation, repeat the injection. Ill. IJntra-abdominal Method. Inject the immune hog intra-abdominally with viru- lent virus blood in the proportion of 10 ec. of blood for each pound of body weight. ‘The above directions for hyper-immunizing the immune hogs are not inflexible, and therefore satisfactory results may be secured by modifying the method of administration in regard to the number of doses given, as well as the dosage of the virulent virus blood, but it is generally believed that little will be gained by increasing or diminishing the amount of virulent virus blood from that stated. Experience has shown that larger amounts cannot be conveniently injected and that smaller amounts result in a serum of lower po- teney. Hog cholera serum produced by any of the above methods of hyper-immunization appears to be equally potent. The intra- venous method of injecting the virus is recommended, though it is somewhat more difficult to give, especially in the hands of the be- ginner. The virus is injected into the large veins on the upper sur- } face of the ear. This method has the advantage of requiring less 4 virus blood than either the subcutaneous or intra-abdominal method. It is essential that the injections be made in an aseptic manner in all the methods. ee ey a a ee Ce a al ye ah aa, 5 a ae oe se) Oe ee er ee ye 842 8. H. GILLILAND The quick subcutaneous method (a) is not as safe as the slow subcutaneous method (b), for the hog is occasionally killed by the single large dose of virulent virus blood. It has been reported that hogs hyper-immunized by one large subcutaneous injection usually regain their health more slowly than hogs treated by the other methods. The most potent serum produced by Dorset & McBride (1) ap- pears to have been with a slow method of immunity. In one of their animals, No. 1383, 5 ec. of this serum protected 30 to 35 pound pigs from inoculation with 1 to 2 ec. of virulent virus. As a rule the immune hogs are not greatly affected by the hyper- immunization injections providing the virulent virus blood is not contaminated and the injections made in an aseptic manner, the most notable symptoms being loss of appetite and listlessness for a few days. If too large a quantity of virus is injected at one place in the subcutaneous method, soreness and stiffness is liable to follow and in a number of instances abscess formation. In almost all cases the immune hog will have recovered from any ill-effeets from the virulent virus injections in a few days, and after eight or ten days is ready for bleeding. It is advisable that all hogs for hyper-immunization purposes be described and numbered by an ear tag. This description and number should be placed on a record card and this record ecard should follow the animal through the entire treatment and should contain information upon the date and dosage of treatment, the daily temperature measurements, the date and amount of blood recovered as well as a final autopsy of the animal. PRODUCTION OF VIRULENT Virus Bioop. The production of virulent virus blood is an important problem in the manufacture of hog cholera serum, as it is required in large quantities not only for the hyper-immunization of the hogs at the serum laboratories, but is required in conjunction with the serum in the application of the simultaneous method of preventing hog cholera. It is further im- portant that the virus blood be of a standard potency. There are three methods by which virus blood may be obtained. (a) Slaughter House Virus Blood, This is the easiest method of securing virus, though it is the least desirable. Where it is done the usual plan is to take the hogs that show signs of cholera (1) U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin 102, pg. 39. HOG CHOLERA + 343 when received at the slaughter house, and when killed save the blood from them. In such eases the animals should be examined to ascertain whether they contain lesions of cholera.. Virus blood obtained in this way is bound to vary in potency and it is often difficult ~ to collect it in a manner that will insure it from con- taining a number of extraneous organisms. (b) Field Virus Blood. It has been observed that the virus of cholera is ap- parently more virulent at the commencement of an e outbreak of hog cholera than later on. It has been ee suggested that if we take the first few animals that appear real sick when the disease first appears on a farm, and bleed them, we will obtain a virus that is ae usually of high virulence. This method of obtain- ing virus blood is followed largely in the state of Ohio and is considered better than the cues house method of obtaining virus. E ge (ec) Injection Method. This method appears the most reliable and is the one a recommended to be usel. It is first necessary to ob- tain a virus of the highest virulence and then repro- duce it in young animals weighing from 60 to 100 lbs. | | It has been found that hogs of this age and weight a are more susceptible than older animals. Virus ob- te ‘ tained under this method is of known potency and it a ; can also be drawn under more aseptic conditions. | However, the greatest disadvantage to the method is the cost of the young shoats for the production of the the virus. In producing virus after this method doses of from 2 to 5 ec. of virus is injected into the muscles of the inner side of the thigh. If the strain of virus used is virulent the animal should show evi- dence of cholera by the fifth day, and as soon as the symptoms are pronounced the animal should be bled. The blood from animals killed in a moribund condi- i fi tion or allowed to die is liable to contain contaminat- of ing organisms. 4 ine Each animal for the production of virus blood should be tuber- a culin-tested and kept under veterinary observation in non-infected 4 pens for a period of ten days before the virus is injected. The ani- : mal should also have a record card showing the daily temperature measurements, weight, amount of virus given, amount of blood ob- tained and autopsy. a The method of removing the blood from the virus infected pig ) is to confine the pig on its back in a trough-like table with the pos- 344 , 8S. H. GILLILAND terior end of the table elevated. The blood is taken from the larger vessels of the neck in an aseptic manner. The skin must first be thoroughly cleansed and rendered aseptic. The operator must wear a sterile coat and surgeon’s rubber gloves. All instruments should be thoroughly sterilized. The virus blood should be immediately shaken as soon as drawn in order to prevent the formation of a clot. It is then filtered through several layers of sterile cotton or gauze. This virus blood is then kept in sterile bottles on ice until used. It is recommended that it be used as soon after drawn as possible. To the virus blood to be used for hyper-immunization purposes, no preservative need be added. It is, however, advisable to add one- half of one per cent carbolic acid as a preservative’ to the virus sent out for field work, in connection with the simultaneous treatment. Guinea pigs should be inoculated and cultures made from all lots of virus blood to prove its freedom from contamination. It is cus- tomary and is recommended that the virus blood for hyper-immuniz- ing purposes should be used within 24 hours after it has been drawn. It should be free from extraneous organisms of any character. After the virus pig has been bled to death a careful autopsy should be performed, and unless typical pathological lesions of hog cholera are found upon post-mortem examination, the virus blood should not be used. : There is another method of obtaining virus from infected pigs which consists in injecting a litre or more of normal saline solution into the peritoneal cavity and some hours later killing the animal and recovering the salt solution. This method has not met with gen- eral favor. BLEEDING OF HYPER-IMMUNIZED Hoes. The hyper-immunized hog may be bled seven to ten days after the last dose of virulent virus blood. There are two general methods of bleeding, the tail method and the quick method from the vessels of the neck. The animal is confined according to the method to be used. The room, utensils and everything connected with this work should be specially prepared in order that the blood withdrawn may be free from con- tamination. In the tail method, about one inch of the tail is clipped off with a sharp chisel after it has been thoroughly cleansed. The blood is allowed to flow into a sterile receptacle. Haslam, Hogan and Christian’ have devised .a vacuum method of drawing the blood (1) Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 16, No. 3, pg. 491. ee fe oS Sey. Leela aw < Mi) eng Sheet a ee ‘s tine gta ee ae ” set <= — HOG CHOLERA . 345 from the tail which increases the yield of serum and decreases the labor. The amount of blood to be drawn by this method is about 5 ce. for each pound of body weight. After three bleedings from the tail at intervals of one week, the animal can again be given an injection of virulent virus blood. If the intravenous method is used, 5 ee. of virus blood to each pound of body weight is given. However, if the subcutaneous method of administering the virus blood is fol- lowed, then about double the dose should be given. At some plants as many as four tail bleedings are made before the animal is ‘‘re- _ hyperimmunized.”’ If the blood is drawn from the large vessels of the neck the animal is bled to death at once the same as obtaining the virus blood. The blood as soon as drawn is defibrinated by shaking or passing through a fruit juicer and then filtered through sterile cot- ton or cheese-cloth. The resulting filtrate is known as ‘‘ Hog Chol- era Serum’’, but is really defibrinated blood. To this defibrinated blood there is added a sufficient quantity of 5% carbolic acid solu- tion so that the total volume contains 14 of 1% earbolic acid. In some laboratories the defibrinated blood is centrifuged in order to remove the blood cells and thereby obtain a clear amber-colored serum. This is to be advised even though it does increase the cost of production. Bas, DETERMINATION OF THE POTENCY OF THE SERUM. The potency of the anti-hog-cholera-serum is tested in the United States by ad- ministering serum to susceptible pigs and then inoculating them with virulent virus blood, at the same time giving two or more pigs virulent virus blood without serum. If the pigs receiving both ‘serum and virulent blood survive and those receiving only the virus blood readily succumb, the serum is declared of sufficient potency to be sold. All hog cholera serum offered for interstate sale in the United States must be subjected to the rigid test required by the Bureau of Animal Industry, which is as follows :—Select eight pigs known to be susceptible to hog cholera and weighing from 30 to 60 Ibs. each and divide them into four groups of two pigs each. The first group is to be injected with 2 cc. of virus blood, the potency of which is known, and 10 cc. of the serum to be tested on the opposite side of the body from which virus blood is injected. Group two is to receive the same quantity of virus blood and 15 ee. of serum. Group three to receive the same quantity of blood and 20 ee. of serum. ‘The two animals in group four are to receive the virus blood 346 S. H. GILLILAND only. To consider the test satisfactory the pigs in group four that receive no serum should show symptoms of cholera within seven days and should die or be killed within fifteen days, at which time they are autopsied and must show typical acute hog cholera lesions. Temperature measurements of all the animals are to be taken and recorded daily. If the two pigs which receive only the virulent blood die, and those which receive 10 ec. of the serum sicken but recover, while those which receive the larger doses of serum remain well, the serum is then considered of sufficient potency for use. It has been found . that nearly all hogs properly hyper-immunized will yield a serum which is sufficiently potent to use in doses of 20 ee. to protect pigs weighing between 20 and 100 lbs. Carrying out this idea of always using a dose of 20 ec. for hogs weighing from 20 to 100 lbs., it is only necessary in standardizing to determine the action of a serum in a dose of 20 ce. If the test pigs do not sicken after a simultaneous injection of virulent virus blood and 20 ec. of the serum, the serum may then be considered suitable for practical use. Of course great care is necessary to avoid misleading results. Susceptible pigs must be used for the tests, and the virus blood must be of undoubted virulence as shown by its effects on the pigs which receive no serum. It has been found that the defibrinated blood or serum may be kept for a year or over without greatly losing its potency. How- ever, it is necessary that it be kept at a temperature of 35 to 40°F. All lots of serum should be tested bacteriologically as well as physi- ologically. Any lots of serum found to contain pathogenic organ- isms should be discarded. The ideal serum should be free from all extraneous organisms. A guinea pig should be able to stand an in- traperitoneal injection of 1 cc. of the serum without: any ill ecects. STANDARDIZATION OF Hog CHOLERA SERUM. Haslam and Frank- - jin? have attempted to eliminate some of the sources of error in standardizing anti-hog-cholera serum by comparing the serum to be tested with a standard, centrifugated, dried anti-hog-cholera serum. The dose of serum which protects all of the pigs from visible symp- toms of the disease and from continued temperatures above 104° F. is termed the P plus dose and the dose which just fails to protect is termed the P minus dose. The serum was dried in a Faust drier at a temperature below (1) Journal Infectious Diseases, Vol. 15, No, 2, Sept. 15, 714, pp. 257-267. = sae ee ee ee - é oe i a ee ee ee is « -! . " “ * - ‘ ‘ * Se Re ee ls nn Be a oe aE ee Se te nN ee ES ee ae —s kk, here Se Cs ee aT ee en Ay 2 : . : a ee ee we i ed ae a aad ae Se eT eo ae ee a eee Oe ee ee Pra . = 7 » - a ~Sy pean ry * a ‘ a} oa ee ole =. es ee } ot ‘ mr 4 ¥ rat . : a : SS es ae = HOG CHOLERA 347 40° C. and subsequently dissolved in sterile water and restored to its original volume. ‘The defibrinated blood was distinctly less potent than the cen- trifugated serum and the washed corpuscles had very slight protec- tive value. It was also determined that storage of the serum in aluminum vessels for 24 hours did not measurably effect its potency. Some of the factors that interfere with the accurate standardi- zation of hog cholera are the varying strength of hog cholera virus, the various grades of susceptibility exhibited towards hog cholera by pigs of different breeds, ages, weights and sources, and the de- terioration of the virus and serum by exposure to light, air, moist- Pure, etc. The use of a hog cholera virus of fixed virulence, with a control of dried serum and the use of a larger number of test pigs should serve to increase the accuracy of the standardization of anti-hog- . cholera serum. The careful standardizing is an essential fact in the success- ful use of hog cholera serum. | _ ADMINISTRATION AND Use or Hog CHouera Serum. There are two general methods of using hog cholera serum and both have their advocates. It is believed that one method may be adapted to a certain part of the country where another method would be danger- ous. In those sections of the country where hog cholera is not prevalent, it is not considered advisable to use the simultaneous method on account of the danger of spreading the infection. The methods are as follows :— (a) Serum Alone Method. This method, as the name will imply, is the use of serum alone. The injections should be made on the inner sides of the thighs. Before giving the injec- tion the temperature of the animal should be taken to determine whether or not there is any evidence of commencing cholera. Any animal having a tempera- ture of over 104 should be recorded as suspicious. The average dose of serum used varies somewhat with the experience of the practitioner, but in a general way the average dose may be put down as follows :— ee, 10- to 25-pound pigs........ 10 25- to 50-pound shoats...... 15 00- to 75-pound shoats...... 20 348 S. H. GILLILAND (b) 75- to 100-pound shoats...... 25 100- to 125-pound hogs........ 30 125- to 150-pound hogs........ 35 150- to 200-pound hogs........ 40 200- to 250-pound hogs........ 50 All hogs weighing over 250 lbs.. .60 In those cases where a high temperature is present, indicating the possibility of an on-coming attack of cholera, it is a wise measure to practically double the dose of serum. It is not claimed that the serum will cure animals sick of cholera, but a number of in- stances have been reported of encouraging results ob- tained from serum alone in animals in which the dis- ease is just starting and do not show a temperature of more than 105. Where the animal is visibly very sick and the temperature is more than 107, it is of lit- tle value to give serum. The serum may be admin- istered at any point of the body, either into the muscle or subcutaneously ; but in small shoats, as aforestated, the inner part of the thigh is selected, and in large hogs, where it is difficult to cast them, the serum may be administered back of the ear while the animal is held by a rope ‘‘snubbed’’ around the tee jaw. Simultaneous Method of Treatment. In giving the simultaneous method of treatin to a herd, the work is done in just the same manner as for the serum alone method with the exception that a dose of the virus blood is also injected at the same time the serum is given. The virus and serum should not be mixed and injected together nor should they be injected at the same point. If the serum is in- jected into the muscles of the right hind leg, the virus should be given in the muscles of the left leg or at some other point of the body. The dose of virus var- ies the same as the serum, depending upon the weight and size of the animal. The following figures are the approximate doses in which the virus blood is recom- mended :— 10- to 25-pound pigs: : 4... foes vA 25- to 50-pound pigs .......%... ) 50- to 75-pound shoats ......... 34 75-- to 100-pound shoats ......... 34 100- to 125-pound shoats ......... 1 125- to 150-pound shoats ......... 1 150- to 200-pound hogs .......... 1% 200- to 250-pound hogs ........... 1% All hogs over 250 pounds....... 1% to 2 The dosage of the serum in the simultaneous meth- od is the same as given under the serum alone method. | ee SS ee! a 4 . ~% ‘ : a ee.) HOG CHOLERA 349 The injection of both the serum and virus should be done in a eareful and cleanly manner and under strict aseptic conditions. In order to avoid bad after results the syringe used for the injec- tions must be thoroughly sterilized and the needles should be kept in a solution of lysol between the injection of each animal. A number of needles will facilitate the work. The skin should be washed with a strong disinfectant solution and afterward painted with tincture of iodine at the point of insertion of the needle. If more than 40 cc. of serum are to be given it is advisable to inject it at two or more places. The animals following the treatment should be kept in a clean shady pasture lot or pens and away from mud- holes, barn-yards, ete. Animals should not be castrated or spayed until they have recovered from all effects of the treatment. It is advisable that very little food be given them for the first 24 to 48 hours following the treatment. All abscesses should be opened and drained. In the case of hogs developing abscesses from the injec- tion of the virus blood, such animals should be isolated and the ab- scesses treated aseptically. | The disadvantages of the serum alone method is the fact that the immunity conferred by the serum does not last longer than from two to eight weeks. In exceptional cases it may last longer than this, but there are many instances on record where the immunity was lost in less than eight weeks. It therefore can be considered only a passive immunity and is applicable to herds in which the in- fection is not severe. In the use of the serum alone method of treatment, it is necessary to thoroughly disinfect the premises and dispose of all chances of later infection of the serum treated ani- mals. ‘The serious problem in the administration of the simultane- ous method is the fact that these animals after being treated may become carriers of the infection of hog cholera the same as we have typhoid or diphtheria carriers in people. This belief is not held by all hog cholera workers, but there is still lacking sufficient evidence to disprove the assumption. It is a known fact that where the simultaneous method of treatment has been advocated and generally used that there have been more outbreaks of hog cholera, though the death rate may not be so great as prior to the use of hog cholera serum. Again, in the simultaneous method the administration of the virulent virus blood should be done by one who is experienced in this work so that there may be no chance of the operator spreading infection over the 850 8S. H. GILLILAND premises by the careless handling of this virus blood. It seems that it would be advisable to market the virus blood in a graduated syringe container ready for direct injection the same as diphtheria antitoxin and other biologic products are marketed to-day. This would avoid all exposure of the virus blood prior to or during the time of injection. The containers in which it is marketed should be destroyed by burning or thoroughly sterilized by boiling. We have left, however, the chance of the animal receiving the simul- taneous treatment becoming a carrier and transmitter of the in- fection of hog cholera. The simultaneous method may be used successfully in localities where hog cholera is extremely prevalent and the herds are at all times exposed to infection. The method naturally gives a much longer immunity. It is considered advisable by some men to double the dose of serum when the simultaneous method is used. This greatly increases the cost of the treatment. 7 From the experience of some men it seems unwise to give the simultaneous method to pigs under six weeks of age. They may be given the serum alone treatment and later the simultaneous treat- ment after weaning. Pigs from an immune mother apparently have a sufficient immunity until weaned. Shai ae It is strongly recommended to the veterinary profession gener- ally that serum and virus be used from a manufacturer who is regularly licensed by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in ac-. cordance with an act approved March 4th, 1913 (See Appendix) to manufacture and sell hog cholera serum and virus. The labels on the packages will indicate whether the product has been prepared under such a license. This law cannot be too highly commended, and -if rigidly enforced it will do much to bring about uniformity in these products as well as prevent worthless serum or virus being placed on the market. It must be remembered, however, that there are some state laboratories that are producing a very reliable pro- duct who do not require a license to operate within their own state. At the eighteenth annual meeting of the U. S. Livestock Sani- tary Association, Reichel of Pennsylvania gave a report upon the Refinement of Hog Cholera Serum in which he stated that the pre- . paration of hog cholera serum globulin from hog cholera serum is an entirely practical procedure, and with proper facilities the in- creased labor will add but slightly to the cost of the production of the individual dose. He informs the writer in a private com- HOG CHOLERA 351 Ms ee estion that it has been proven to be a rather simple matter to iume, He has found that he can concentrate Fah POND hog chol- = era serum to one-third the original volume, so that 5 ce. of the con- * - centrated serum will protect test pigs as satisfactorily as 15 ce. of the original material. _ If it is found that the cost of concentration and the refinement of hog cholera serum is not prohibitive, it will certainly greatly im- # _ prove the product, for it eliminates all inert material and thereby BS uicker absorption is obtained. The product is sterile when finished, hich is another great advantage. | TREATMENT OF Hocs sick wiTH CHoLERA. In regard to the ‘medicinal treatment of hogs sick with cholera, little can be said. A great many preparations have been advocated, all of which proved to have little or no curative value. The treatment indicated is to _ support the strength, improve the appetite and regulate the bowels. Be Some years ago the late Dr. D. E. Salmon of the Bureau of a : Animal Industry devised a formula which has been found to be of value in stimulating the appetite and overcoming the digestive dis- _ order. However, it is not to be considered a cure in any sense and in no way is to be compared to serum as a preventative. It is as: _ follows :— Meme UUTCORE 02... ee 1 pound SE hy oa eels cs eck ee 1 pound Meme Chloride. ........4% ..2 pounds Sodium Bicarbonate .......:..2 pounds Sodium Hyposulphite ........ 2 pounds podium Sulphate ............ 1 pound Antimony Sulphide .......... 1 pound These ingredients are to be well mixed together and given in a dose of a tablespoonful once daily to each 200 Ibs. of body weight. _ Any further medicinal treatment depends upon the symptoms of _ the animal. hs _ In the case of animals that are not distinctly sick and have a _ temperature ranging between 104° F. and 106° F. may be given large doses of serum alone. If any benefit is to be derived from } _ the serum it should be very potent and given in much larger dosage than for the preventative treatment. Animals markedly sick and i _ with a high temperature do not respond to any form of treatment. 352 S. H. GILLILAND APPENDIX. An act of Congress approved March 4th, 1913 vests in the Secretary of Agriculture the power to prescribe regu- lations for the production of hog cholera serum and virus as well as other viruses, serums, toxins and analogous products. Some of the main features contained in these regulations pertaining to hog cholera plants are rules which require a complete separation of all virus and serum and entirely separate equipment for the prepara- tion of these products. Adequate space should be provided for all procedures. A sufficient amount of natural or artificial light should be supplied for all parts of the establishment. The construction of the plant should be of such a nature that all rooms, pens, yards, ete., may be easily and thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. All rooms, pens, alley-ways, yards, etc., should be appropriately drained and gut- tered. Arrangements should be made so that hogs furnishing virus or serum may be entirely prepared for bleeding before they are taken into the rooms in which blood is collected, and the rooms in which blood is collected should be used for that purpose only. Im- mediately after the blood has been collected the animal furnishing it should be removed. In order to meet all requirements it is necessary for establish- ments to be under the personal supervision of a competent man at all times while they are in operation. An extract of the law and the regulations for its enforcement - are herewith quoted :— ‘‘ An act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and fourteen,’’ approved March 4, 1913. ‘“That from and after July first, nineteen hundred and thir- teen, it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to prepare, sell, barter, or exchange in the District of Columbia, or in the Territories, or in any place under the jurisdiction of the United States, or to ship or deliver for shipment from one State or Terri- tory or the District of Columbia, any worthless, contaminated, dangerous or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogus product in- tended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and no person, firm or corporation shall prepare,.sell, barter, exchange, or ship as aforesaid any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product manu- factured within the United States and intended for use in the treat- ment of domestic animals, unless and until the said virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product shall have been prepared, under and in compliance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agri- culture, at an Establishment holding an unsuspended and unrevoked HOG CHOLERA 353 license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture as hereinafter author- ized. That the importation into the United States, without a permit from the Secretary of Agriculture, of any virus. serum, toxin or ala- logous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and in the importation of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harm- ful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment * of domestic animals, are hereby prohibited. The Secretary of Agri- eulture is hereby authorized to cause the Bureau of Animal Indus- try to examine and inspect all viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, which are being imported or offered for importation into the United States, - to determine whether such viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products are worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful, and if it shall appear that any such virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, is worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful, the same shall be denied entry and shall be destroyed or returned at the expense of the owner or importer. That the Secretary of Agriculture be, and hereby is, authorized to make and promulgate from time to time such rules and regulations as may be necessary to prevent the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analo- gous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and to issue, suspend, and revoke licenses for the maintenance of establish- ments for the preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, intended for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid. The Secre- tary of Agriculture is hereby authorized to issue permits for the importation into the United States of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, which are not worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful. All licenses issued under authority of this Act to establishments where ‘such viruses, serums, toxins, or analogous products are prepared for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid, shall be issued on condition that the licensee shall permit the inspection of such establishments and of such products and their preparation; and the Secretary of Agriculture may suspend or revoke any permit or license issued under authority of this Act, after opportunity for hearing has been granted the licensee or importer, when the Secre- tary of Agriculture is satisfied that such license or permit is being used to facilitate or effect the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid, or the importation into the United States of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals. That any officer, agent, or employee of the Department of Agriculture duly authorized by the Secretary of Agriculture for the purpose may, at any hour during the daytime or night time, enter and inspect any. establishment licensed under this Act where 354 8S. H. GILLILAND any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treat-. ment of domestic animals is prepared for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid. That any person, firm, or corporation who shall violate any of the provisions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not exceeding $1,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the . court.’’ REGULATION 1 ‘‘For the purpose of these regulations viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products shall include all viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals. Among such analogous products are antitoxins, vaccines, tuberculins, malleins, microorganisms, killed microorganisms, and products of microorganisms. REGULATION 2 ‘‘No person, firm, or corporation shall prepare, sell, barter, or exchange in the District of Columbia, or in any territory of the United States or in any place under the jurisdiction of the United States, or ship or deliver for shipment from one State or Territory or the District of Columbia to any other State or Territory or the District of Columbia any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product manufactured within the United States unless and until the said virus, serum, toxin or analogous product shall have been prepared at an establishment holding an unsuspended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. REGULATION 3 ‘*Kach establishment in the United States at which any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product is prepared shall make applica- tion in writing to the Secretary of Agriculture for a license. When one competitor conducts more than one establishment a separate ap- plication shall be made for a license for each establishment. Blank forms of application will be furnished upon request addressed to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. REGULATION 4 ‘‘See 1. A license will not be issued unless the condition of the establishment and the methods of preparation are such as rea- sonably to insure that the product will accomplish the objects for which it is intended, and that such product is not worthless, con- taminated, dangerous, or harmful. See. 2. A license will be issued only after inspection of the establishment by a duly authorized officer, agent, or employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry has shown that the condition and equip- ment of the establishment and the methods of preparation are in conformity with these regulations. REGULATION 5 ‘‘Section 1. Each license shall terminate at the end of the eal- endar year during which it is issued. 3 HOG CHOLERA 355 **See. 2. A license shall be reissued only after inspection of the establishment by a duly authorized officer, agent, or employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Sec. 3. A license will not be issued for the preparation of any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product if advertised so as to mis- lead or deceive the purchaser or if the package or container in which the same is intended to be sold, bartered, exchanged, or ship- ped, bears or contains any statement, design, or device which is false or misleading in any particular. REGULATION 6 **Licenses shall be in the following form: United States Veterinary License No......... wrasnirton, 2). °O.. 6d as ees 19: This is to certify that, pursuant to the terms of the act of Con- gress approved March 4, 1913 (37 Stat., 832), governing the prep- aration, sale, barter, exchange, shipment, and importation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products intended for use in the Seeeamiemt Of Gomestic animals....................000% is hereby licensed to maintain, at...... Street, city or town of.............. NS I ee nara an establishment for the preparation of EES ae during the calendar year 19..... This license is subject to suspension or revocation if the licensee violates or fails to comply with any provision of said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made thereunder Countersigned : Secretary of Agriculture. Chief Bureau of Animal Industry. REGULATION 7 “Section 1. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product prepared, sold, bartered, exchanged, shipped, or delivered for shipment shall bear the true name of the product and the license number assigned by the department, in the following manner: ‘U. S. Veterinary License No......... > or an abbrevia- tion thereof authorized by the Bureau of Animal Industry. “Sec. 2. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product shall bear a serial number affixed by the licensee for identification of the product with the records of preparation thereof. Each container shall also bear the ‘return date.’ REGULATION 8 **A license will be suspended or revoked (1) if it appears that the construction of the establishment licensed is defective, or if the establishment is improperly conducted; (2) if the methods of prep- aration are faulty, or if the products contain impurities or lack poteney ; (3) if the products are advertised or labeled so as to mis- lead or deceive the purchaser in any particular; (4) if the license is used to facilitate or effect the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful ‘356 8. H. GILLILAND virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product; or (5) if the licensee vio- lates or fails to comply with any provision of said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made thereunder REGULATION 9 ‘*Section 1. Each importer of any virus, serum, toxin, or an- alogous product shall make application in writing to the Secretary of Agriculture for a permit. The application shall specify the port . or ports of entry at which the imported articles will be cleared through the customs. Blank forms of application will be furnished upon request addressed to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Wash- ington, D. C. _ See. 2. Each application for a permit shall be accompanied _by the affidavit of the actual manufacturer, produced before an American consular officer, stating that the virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product mentioned therein is not worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful, whether the product was derived from ani- mals and, if so derived, that such animals have not been exposed to any infectious or contagious disease, except as may be essential in the preparation of the product and as specified in the affidavit. ‘See. 8. Each application for a permit shall be accompanied by the written consent of the actual manufacturer that properly accredited officers, agents, and employees of the Department of Ag- riculture shall have the privilege of inspecting, without previous notification, all parts of the establishment at which such virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product is prepared, and all processes of preparation of such products, at such times as may be demanded by the aforesaid officers, agents or employees. ‘*Sec. 4. Each permit shall terminate at the end of the ealen- dar year during which it is issued. REGULATION 10 ‘‘Permits shall be in the following form: United States Veterinary Permit No......... Washington, D. C.;... cine eeeee 191.. This is to certify that pursuant to the terms of the act of Con- gress approved March 4, 1913 (37 Stat., 832), governing the prep- aration, sale, barter, exchange, shipment, and importation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products intended for use in the treat- ment of domestic animales; ons tets hoe State ofc Se eee is hereby authorized, so far as the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture is concerned, to mmport.)s s.-4 ss <4 ass eee manu- factured bY. ...iik Ase es OF. ko ce sae eee , into the United States thea the port-0f. 64.4 9e i eee , during the calendar year 19. This serait is subject to suspension or revocation if the aed HOG CHOLERA 357 i _ mittee violates or fails to comply with any provision of the said act _ approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made thereunder. (L. 8.) 4 Countersigned : ee Secretary of Agriculture Chief Bureau of Animal Industry. The bureau of Animal Industry shall give prompt notice of the issue of each permit to collectors of customs at the ports of entry 4 Searned therein. Be REGULATION 11 **Section 1. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or _ analogous product imported shall bear the true name of the product 4 ing manner: ‘U.S. Veterinary Permit No......... or an abbrevia- _ tion thereof authorized by the Bureau of Animal Industry. a See. 2. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or an- _ alogous product imported shall bear a serial number affixed by the _ manufacturer for identification of the product with the record of ie paretion thereof. Each container shall also bear the ‘return ate.’ ‘See. 3. A permit will not be issued for the importation of 3 - any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product if advertised so as i to mislead or deceive the purchaser or if the package or container in _ which the same is intended to be sold, bartered, exchanged, shipped, ___ or imported bears or contains any statement, design, or device which is false or misleading in any particular. _ REeuLATION 12 **Permits will be suspended or revoked (1) if it appears that _ the construction of the establishment in which the products are _ prepared is defective, or if the establishment is improperly con- ducted; (2) if the methods of preparation are faulty, or if the pro- ducts contain impurities or lack potency; (3) if the products are _ advertised or labeled so as to mislead or deceive the purchaser in any particular; (4) if the permit is used to facilitate or effect the importation of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product ; or (5) if the permittee vio- lates or fails to comply with any provision of said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made thereunder. REGULATION 13 a “Any bAlnay: agent or employee of the Department of Agri- a culture, duly authorized for the purpose, shall be permitted to enter any establishment licensed under these regulations at any hour dur- _ ing the daytime or night time,and such duly authorized officer, agent, _ or employee shall be permitted to inspect, without previous notifi- _ ¢ation, the entire premises of the establishment, including all com- a partments and buildings, and all equipment, such as chemicals, a a ys 358 8. H. GILLILAND instruments, apparatus, ete. as well as the methods used in the preparation, handling, and distribution of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product. REGULATION 14 ‘‘No grinding or mixing machinery, molds, instruments, tables, or other apparatus which come in contact with virulent or attenu- ated micro-organisms or toxins shall be used in the preparation of other forms of biological products. 3 REGULATION 15 ‘* All equipment, containers, machinery, instruments, and other apparatus used in the preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, or analogous products shall be thoroughly sterilized before use by live steam at a temperature of at least 120 degrees Centigrade for not less than half an hour or exposed to dry heat of at least 160 degrees Centigrade for at least one hour. If for any reason such steriliz- ation can not be applied, then a process known to be equally effica- cious in destroying microorganisms and their spores may be substi- tuted. REGULATION 16 ‘*Permanent detailed records of the methods of preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, including sources of bacterial cultures or viruses used, virulence of such cultures or viruses, methods of testing the purity and potency of the product, together with the methods of preservation, shall be kept by each licensed establishment. REGULATION 17 ‘Section 1. The stables or other premises used for experiment animals in the production or testing of viruses, serums, toxins, or analogous products shall be properly ventilated and lighted, appro- priately drained and guttered, and kept in good sanitary condition. Animals infected with or exposed to any infectious, contagious, or communicable disease shall be properly segregated, and all instru- ments, containers, and other apparatus shall be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized before use. Establishments shall be so located as to avoid the spread of disease, and suitable arrangements shall be made for the disposal of all refuse. ‘Sec. 2. Viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products shall be prepared, handled, and distributed with due sanitary precautions. REGULATION 18 ‘“When the preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analo- gous product has been completed, said products shall be stored in a cold chamber or refrigerator for preservation until such time as they are removed from the premises. All dealers in the District of Columbia or any Territory or any place under the jurisdiction of the United States shall keep such products under refrigeration until sold or otherwise disposed of. ————= a ; HOG CHOLERA 359 REGULATION 19 **Section 1. Samples of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products shall be collected by authorized officers, agents, or em- ployees of the Department of Agriculture. **Sec. 2. .Samples may be purchased in the open market, and the marks, brands, or tags upon the package or wrapper thereof shall © be noted. The collector shall note the names of the vendor and the agent of the vendor who made the sale, together with the date of purchase. The collector shall purchase representative samples. **See. 3. All samples or parts of samples shall be sealed by the collector and marked with identifying marks. REGULATION 20 “The immunity unit for measuring the strength of tetanus antitoxin shall be 10 times the least quantity of antitetanic serum necessary to save the life of a 350-gram guinea pig for 96 hours against the official test dose of the standard toxin furnished by the eee Laboratory of the United States Public Health Service. REGULATION 21 **Section 1. Licenses or permits may be suspended or revoked after opportunity for hearing has been granted to the licensee or importer at times and places designated, by the Secretary of Agri- culture. All hearings shall be private and confined to questions of - fact. The parties interested may appear in person or by attorney, and may submit oral or written evidence on the question of fact involved. ‘See. 2. If, after opportunity for hearing has been granted, it appears that a licensee or permittee has violated or failed to comply with any provision of said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made thereunder, the license or permit may be suspended or revoked.’’ On Sept. 15th, 1915, the above regulations were amended by the additions of the three following regulations :— REGULATION 22 **Section 1. All antihog-cholera serum and hog-cholera virus shall be prepared, handled, stored, marked, treated, and tested by the establishment in accordance with methods prescribed by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry.’’ | REGULATION 23 | **Section 1. The following facilities, and such others as may be essential to efficient conduct of inspection, shall be furnished by each person, firm, or corporation licensed to prepare antihog-cholera serum and hog-cholera virus, ‘Suitable rooms, compartments, or receptacles in such number and places as may be necessary for holding any viruses, serums, toxins, or analogous products for treatment or testing required in accordance with these regulations. Such rooms, compartments, or 360 RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE receptacles shall be equipped for secure locking and shall be held under locks furnished by the Department of Agriculture, the keys of which shall not leave the custody of employees of the Bureau of Animal Industry.’’ REGULATION 24 ‘*Section 1. No animal from public stockyards, abattoir pens, or similar places; no animal which is infected with, or which has been exposed to, any infectious, contagious, or communicable dis- ease shall be brought onto the premises of any licensed establishment at which any antihog-cholera serum or hog-cholera virus is prepared. See. 2. No virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product which has not been prepared, handled, stored, marked, treated, and tested in accordance with methods prescribed by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, or which is worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful, shall be brought onto the premises of any licensed estab- lishment at which any antihog-cholera serum or hog-cholera virus is prepared. ‘Sec. 3. Each licensed establishment shall adopt such measures as the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry shall, from time to time, prescribe for carrying out the provisions of this regulation.’’ RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE In conclusion the committee desires to make the following recommendations to veterinarians and swine owners relative to the prevention of hog cholera, namely : 1. The diagnosis should be made as early as possible after symptoms appear. This must be made in the field by the prac- titioner. Every farm on which hog cholera is found should be quar- antined against that disease. No one should be allowed to go near the affected hogs except those having charge of them and no one from these premises should go to other premises on which hogs are kept. 3. In herds that are infected the well hogs should be im- munized with anti-hog-cholera serum and the sick ones given serum if indicated. 4. There should be rigidly enforced regulations, and statutes if necessary, that no hogs should be sent from infected farms to the market until at least two weeks after all evidence of disease had disappeared from the herd. As hog cholera virus is carried in the carcasses of infected hogs and the disease often spreads to unin- fected territory by shipping infected carcasses, it is very important eee ean a ed | ne fe = te ee ee Sey YT eee PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 361 that such animals should be kept out of the market. As the disease ean, by the use of the serum, be checked in the herd there is no longer an economic reason for rushing apparently healthy hogs from in- fected herds to the market. 5. Strict sanitary regulations should be enforced by every hog raiser to prevent the entrance of the virus. We are confronted with the fact that while the serum seems to be more potent than heretofore, hog cholera is spreading more or less rapidly to unin- fected territory. We must not confuse the protection of hogs in an infected herd with the control of the disease. No one who is inter- ested in the eradication of hog cholera can consider the serum other than a most valuable temporary agent in solving a great san- itary problem. | 6. The simultaneous method of using serum and virus should be restricted to those versed in its significance and carefully trained in the technique of administering viruses. 7. All hogs that are shown at fairs should receive serum alone not more than three weeks prior to shipping (preferably near date of shipping) and serum alone at intervals of twenty-one days while they are on the road, or else they should receive simultaneous treat- ment not less than three weeks prior to their departure for the show- ring. If simultaneous treatment is given the animals should be dipped before they are shipped. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You have now heard the report of the Committee on Diseases. Gentlemen, what will you do with this report? Dr. KINSLEY: I move that it be accepted. Dr. Moore: I second the motion. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the report of the Committee on Diseases be accepted. Any remarks? If not, it is so ordered. Before we adjourn, I wish to state that the executive committee will meet in the morning at 8:30. The general session will meet in this room at 9:30 in the morning. Please be prompt for we are late with the program at the pres- ent time, and if we do not get together promptly, we will lose some valuable time. The motion to adjourn is in order. Adjournment. Oakland, California, August 31, 1915. The third business session of the fifty-second annual conven- tion of the American Veterinary Medical Association was called to order by the President, Clarence J. Marshall, at 9:45 o’clock A. M. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The first thing on the program is the completion of the report of the executive committee, 362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A Dr. Mayo: I will read the names of the members admitted to membership, beginning where we left off last night. (Printed in the October number). Dr. Mayo: All those applicants whose names I have read have been ap- proved by the executive committee, and Tecomimpaded for election to member- ship in this association. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: What is your pleasure, gentlemen, in regard to the applications presented by the executive committee? Dr. KINSLEY: Mr. President, I recall one name last year whose applica- tion was laid on the table and not voted on, Dr. Femaha, I believe was the name. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: He is a member, Dr. Kinsley. Dr. KinstEy: Mr. President, I move the rules be suspended and the sec- retary be instructed to cast the ballot of the association in favor of these gen- tlemen whose names have been read for election to membership of the associa- tion as recommended by the executive committee. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the rules be suspended and that the secretary be instructed to cast the unanimous ballot of the association in favor of the gentlemen whose names have just been read. All those in favor of the motion, signify by saying ‘‘aye’’. All those opposed by the same sign. It is carried. Dr. Mayo: In accordance with the resolution and motion I hereby cast the ballot of the association in favor of the several gentlemen whose names have been read, and which were presented last night and today. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: There are just a few other things that should be taken up at this time and can be disposed of in five minutes, if you will permit. If there are no objections, the secretary will continue the reading of the report of the committee. His time is up, but if there are no objections, he may con- tinue. Dr. Mayo: Roy Riddle of Winchester, Canada, has been recommended for expulsion from the association. I will say in explanation that Mr. Roy Riddle has been convicted of a crime and is serving sentence. Dr. Hoskins: Mr. Chairman, I move the association accept the recom- mendation of the executive committee suspending Roy Riddle. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the recom- mendation of the executive committee expelling Roy Riddle be accepted. Any remarks? If not, it is so ordered. Dr. Mayo: The following resignations have been presented and the com- mittee recommend that they be accepted: Barnett, Joseph A. of Edwardsville, Illinois. Belaire, George H. of Pembroke, Canada. Bretz, 8. E. of Nevada, Ohio. Brown, Charles W. of Berkeley, California. Fry, E. 8., of Naperville, Illinois. Hope, J. G. of the Union Stock Yards, of Chicago, Ill. Massie, J. of Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Morrison, William of Los Angeles, California. C, Jones of Winnipeg, Manitoba, a a, EP Ce EN CE. ai A Cae ee ee ve Sey ie < , . g a : : : : y ee oT PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 363 Dr. Hoskins: I move that the recommendation of the executive committee that the above mentioned resignations be accepted, be approved. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You have heard the motion, gentlemen. Any re- marks? If not, it is so ordered. I wish to announce a few appointment on the different committees. Some of the regular committees are not present. It is nec- essary, therefore, to appoint others who are present to serve in the place of the -absentees. The first is the finance committee, the regular committee was com- posed of James T. Glennon, Chairman, Charles R. Jolly and A. 8. Cooley. As none of the gentlemen are present, I will appoint in the place of these men the following: chairman, George H. Hart, Frank Schneider and George W. Dunphy. The committee on necrology consists of W. Herbert Lowe, chairman, and the members of the committee are 8S. Brenton, George H. Berns, Orville L. Boor and A. Bostrom. As Dr. Brenton is the only member of that committee present I will _ appoint in place of the absentees the following: Dr.D.M.Campbell, Dr. Roberts, Dr. S. Stewart and Dr. Anderson. The next order of business is the report of the committee on finance. Is Dr. Hartman in the room If not, we will pass to the report of the committee on publication. Dr. Mohler—is Dr. Mohler present? Dr. MOHLER: Mr. President, gentlemen of the convention, your committee on publication for the year 1913 and 1914 beg to submit the following report through me as chairman: REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION ‘‘The preceding committee on publication contracted for the services of Mr. Charles F. Roberts as official stenographer with three assistants for the fiftieth annual meeting of the convention held at New York City, September, 1913. The expenses in connec- tion with this stenographic work were considerably in excess of that at previous conventions owing to the unusually large number of papers presented and the division of the meeting into four sections each of which had to be covered continuously by a separate reporter. As a result the stenographic expenses for the fiftieth anniversary meeting exceeded the previous highest cost by over sixty per cent, as follows: To attendance arid reporting sessions of the executive committee and of session of A. V.M. A. meeting at New York, Aug. 30th to Sept. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1913, at $10.00...... $ 60.00 To traveling allowance per agreement..... 15.00 To 468 folios, copy at 15¢c................ 70.20 To 38 folios, executive committee reports at EE sn ica osd sue a4» ser eneanee 6.70 Paid John H. Holmes for services as assist- DUE MEME, PEDOTUCN se ee dies ov aMb Co ue as . 154.40 364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Paid expenses of John H. Holmes...:.... 5.84 Due L. W. Cogswell for services as assistant Gnd: reporter, cas .s 55 eae eke Nas Vial Weise wee 154.40 Paid expenses of L. W. Cogswell.......... 9.25 Due F.. L. Knox for services as assistant re- BOLTED: s.0.s ok ck a pee Se eae ees 234.15 Paid Hotel Astor for rooms for Messrs. Holmes, Cogswell and Knox........... 33.00 $673.64 CREDIT. Sept. 5, LOLs ass eee wes cee kee $200.00 Nov; 8; 191s a4 wen sat ak we ae ek ie ees 473.64 $673.64 Immediately following the appointment of this committee by President Marshall, invitations for bids to print the proceedings of the New York meeting were submitted to seven publishing houses in a letter somewhat similar to that used by preceding committees. As the result of a majority vote of your committee, the contract was awarded to the William J. Dornan Publishing Company of Philadelphia, and the substantial and attractive character of their production has caused very favorable comment and speaks for it- self. The successful bid is herewith attached. It is gratifying to observe that although the anniversary meeting lasted five days in- stead of the customary four days, and consisted of as many as four section meetings at one time with consequent large increase in the number of papers and volume of discussions, the 2500 copies, each containing 1084 pages and weighing 414 pounds, were contracted for at $3484.98, or $1.37 per copy. Adding to this cost of printing that of distribution, stenographic charges and incidental expenses, the price per copy becomes $2.00, or the same cost as the 1911 vol- ume, and but 20 cents more than the 1912 volume. The fiftieth anniversary number greatly exceeds in volume that of any former year in the history of the association, and contains over fifty per cent more pages than the preceding report. The editorial work ~ which this has imposed upon your committee, while onerous and ex- acting, has been a source of much pleasure and gratification. The distribution of the copies of the proceedings began in Jan- uary, 1914, which, considering the great amount of work connected with this production, was possible only through the hearty co-opera- tion of the publishers and those who took part in the program. Most of the books were distributed by mail, which owing to the weight, cost 35 cents per copy for postage. Had your committee been slower in preparing the manuscript for publication, consider- A CP Se Cee Pe ee ee ee ee ee ye =—=— >” a ; . PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 365 able saving in distributing expense would have occurred, as the Post Office Department on March 27, 1914, modified its regulations so that instead of sending the books as third-class matter at one cent for two ounces, we could have mailed them by parcel’s post for as low as nine cents per volume. At the New York meeting of the association the subject of a wider distribution of the proceedings was again revived, which re- sulted in the adoption of a resolution authorizing the librarian to for- ward copies of the report to certain specified veterinary colleges and similar institutions in foreign countries. Your committee, being supplied with the names of all these various institutions throughout the world which should receive a copy of the report, obtained the approval of librarian Frost to forward copies through the Inter- national Library Exchange of the Smithsonian Institute without expense to our association. As a result it has been the pleasure of your committee to see for the first time reviews of the proceedings of a highly satisfactory character in a number of foreign veteri- nary periodicals, and it is the opinion of the committee that a similar resolution should be adopted and made permanent this year in order that our publications may receive the attention they merit from those engaged in any line of veterinary work. The expense incident to publishing extra copies for this purpose was at the rate of $55.00 per hundred copies, a very insignificant cost for making our association a world power in the veterinary profession. The thanks of the committee are hereby extended to the Amer- ican Veterinary Review for its kindness in loaning two half-tone plates of the officers of the association for the proceedings. The usual letter inviting bids for the stenographie work inci- dent to reporting the proceedings of the Oakland, California, meet- ing, August 30 to September 2, 1915, was forwarded to six indi- viduals, and the majority of your committee voted that it would be most economical and satisfactory to accept the lowest bid sub- mitted, that of B. C. Spencer, the official stenographer of the Mis- souri Valley Veterinary Association for the last five years. The total disbursements made under the directions of this com- mittee are summarized as follows: November, 1913, Mr. C. F. Roberts, per contract...$ 673.64 February, 1914, Wiliam J. Dornan Publishing Co., MERTENS OIN 5 oy. v1 dos Kip Gee Ue emt acu giniwiaea karts 3434.98 February, 1914, postage for mailing reports........ 662.10 366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. June, 1914, Chairman Publication Committee, salary and incidental expenses: ..: 2.05. 5.56s .uevibaw 324.55 $5095.27 Through the courtesy of the American Journal of Veterinary Medicine free advertisement was given to this anniversary volume for the purpose of selling some extra copies. The proceeds from such sales which will be referred to in the librarian’s report should be eredited to the expense of publication. Respectfully submitted J. R. Mouuer, Chairman, W. Evus © J. H. Buarrenpere S. Mayo Warp GILTNER Witit1am J. DorNANn Rittenhouse Building, Nos. 701-709 Arch Street Philadelphia, 11-12-18. Mr. JOHN R. MOHLER, Washington, D. C., DEAR Sir :-— We are pleased to estimate printing, paper, binding, wrapping and addressing—2000 copies AMERICAN VETERINARY Mepican Asso- CIATION, as follows: : | Plain matter—$2.58 per page. 6 point Tabular—$7.00 per page. Alterations—90 cents per hour. Each additional page over 1000 pages—$2.58. Each additional 100 copies, 1000 pages—$55.00. 2000 inserts printed on coated paper—$8.00 for each insert. Zine euts 7 cents per square inch, minimum 70 ¢ents. Halftone cuts 18 cents per square inch, minimum $2.00, Photographs to be supplied by customer. This estimate is based on binding the book in cloth, gold stamp on back, blind fillet 2 sides, plain edges. If gold tops, 5 cents per book extra. Very truly yours, Wiuuiam J. DorNAN. Dummy enclosed with book sent by express prepaid. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the report of the pub- lication committee. What is your pleasure, Dr. KinsLtEy: I move it be adopted. Seconded. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the report of the publication committee as read by Dr. Mohler be adopted. All those in favor of the motion signify by the usual sign; those opposed by the same sign. It is carried. It is so ordered, - q ad .- > d a % * eS ‘PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. A. 367 In order to facilitate the work of the executive committee, it has been deemed advisable to have some of the reports of the various officers presented for our consideration at this time. These are scheduled according to the printed program to be presented Thursday afternoon, but if there is no ob- jection we would like to have these reports presented at this time, and will now hear the report of the Secretary-Treasurer and Librarian at this time. If there are no objections, Dr. Mayo will read his report as Secretary. Dr. Mayo: I will first read the report of the Librarian as it bears some- what upon the report of the publication committee. The report of the librar- ian covers the period from August Ist, 1913 to August 1st, 1915. (Printed in the October number). PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the report of the Li- brarian. What do you wish to do with it? Dr. KInsLEY: I move that it be adopted, accepted and referred to the executive committee. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Any remarks? If there are no objections, it is so ordered. (The secretary’s report was printed in the October number). Dr. JENSEN: Dr. Mayo, I am advised that Dr. R. R. Hammond, at Gene- seo. Iowa, and Dr. W. E. Ralston, at Pullman, Washington, are dead. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I also am informed that Dr. James A. MeClosky is also dead. Dr. KinstEy: I move that the report of the secretary be accepted and re- ferred to the executive committee. PRESIDENT MarsHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the report _ of the secretary be accepted and referred to the executive committee. Any re- marks? If not, it is so ordered. Dr. Mayo: Dr. Campbell will present the report of the treasurer, but be- fore that is done I wish to go upstairs and get the printed report for distribu- tion so that all may have a copy before them while it is being read. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: While Dr. Mayo is gone we will hear the report of the finance committee, which Dr. Hart, the chairman will read. (Printed in the October number). PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the report of your finance committee. What is your pleasure? Dr. KinsutEy: I move that the report be received. Seconded by Dr. - Hoskins. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the report of the finance committee be accepted. All those in favor of the motion signify by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no.’’ Carried. It is so ordered. Dr. Campbell then read the report of the treasurer. (Printed in the Oc- tober number). PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, what will you do with this report? Dr. Hoskins: I move it be received. Seconded by Dr. Jensen, 868 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the report of the treasurer be received. All those in favor signify by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no.’’ It is carried. The report is received. The next order of business is the report of the Committee on Necrology. Dr. Campbell, who is to make that report is not present at this time. The next on the program is the report of the committee on resolutions. Dr. Mohler, is your report ready? Dr. MouLER: I do not think it is ready now, Mr. President. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Is Dr. Rutherford present? If not, we will post- pone the reading of the report of the international tuberculosis commission by Dr. Rutherford, chairman. Dr. V. A. Moore: Dr. Rutherford has called a meeting of that committee for three o’clock this afternoon. We will have to have a little more time to make a report. — PRESIDENT MARSHALL: We have a little more time yet to spend if Dr. Hoskins is ready, and he informs me that he is, we will now hear the report of the Committee on Legislation, if there are no objections. (Printed in the Oc- tober number). PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You have heard the report of the committee on legislation. What is your pleasure? Dr. KInSLEY: I move that the report of the legislative committee be ac- cepted. Seconded. PRESIDENT MarsHaLL: A motion has been made and seconded that this report be accepted. Any remarks? If not, all those in favor of the motion say ““aye’’; opposed ‘‘no.’’ Carried. It is so ordered. Dr. JENSEN: Mr. Chairman, it seems to me, if I am not out of order, that this association is greatly indebted to Dr. Hoskins for the untiring energy of this committee, and I move you that a vote of thanks be extended to the doctor for the work he has done in this respect. Seconded. PRESIDENT MarsHALL: Any remarks? If not, gentlemen, you have heard the motion. All in favor of that, stand up. I am pleased to announce that everybody has stood up except Dr. Hoskins, which was entirely proper. The vote is unanimous and it is so ordered. That completes the regular program of ‘the morning, and if anyone has anything else to say, we will have time to con- sider it now. If there is any unfinished business, we can take it up now. Dr. DALRYMPLE: Mr. Chairman, I wish you would advise us as to the personnel of the committee on resolutions. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The resolutions committee is as follows: Dr. Melvin not being present, the chairman is Dr. E. H. Shepard, and the members are Dr. Dalrymple, Dr. Rutherford, Dr. Norton and Dr. Milton. I see that Dr. Shepard is now present and we will have his report. Dr. SHEPARD: I will say that the committee is not ready to report, and will ask if anyone has any resolution that they wish to have offered, that they present them to the committee as early as possible. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: While we have nothing else before the house. Dr. Hoskins informs me he is prepared to offer a memorial in reference to Dr. Sal- mon, and if there are no. objections, I think we might hear Dr. Hoskins’s me- morial address at the present time. (Printed in the October number). (To be contmued) A Se a ek al ay ae nll SRS ee, eS ee ee ee ‘i a mney =4 27 7 OE Ky _ = or SOCIETY MEETINGS MASSACHUSETTES VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The monthly meeting of the Massachusetts Veterinary Medical Association was held at Worcester, on Wednesday, Sept. 15th. The members of the association were the guests of Mr. Harry Worcester Smith. Any person ever having been to Mr. Smith’s estate or know- ing Mr. Smith, knows what a good time was in store for the members. Besides an unlimited supply of refreshments of all kinds, the mem- bers were treated to an exhibition of pictures of Jumpers and run- “ners both past and present, their good and bad points being thor- oughly explained by the owner. A tour was then made through the residence which was a real store house of antique furniture, silver, pictures, ete. This was followed by an exhibition of Mr. Smith’s well known string of jumpers which showed to good ad- vantage the excellent training which they have had. An exhibition of the different forms of jump, such as fence, brush, double and cross country, was then given us. This was followed by a trip through the kennels where Mr. Smith’s fine packs of hounds were seen and greatly admired by the members. The party returned to Worcester at 6 P. M., and met at the Hotel Bancroft. Fifty members and friends sat down to dinner after which the meeting was called to order by President Plaskett. The records of the previous meeting were approved as read. Dr. Plaskett presented Mr. Smith with a shoe worn by the famous horse ‘‘Smugegler’’ which was owned by Howard Russell. The Sec- retary reported that the following members had been notified that according to the Constitution they were exempt from the further payment of dues:—Drs. John Winchester, W. A. Sherman, Wm. Peterson, Geo. Penniman, Austin Peters, Ben. Pierce, Lester H. Howard, Daniel Emerson, Alexander Burr, Thomas Blackwood. On inquiry Dr. Howard spoke on the unusual outbreak of haemorrhagic septicaemia which has prevailed throughout the state of Massachusetts this year. Dr. Howard thought that the cause was due to the unusually heavy rains and the consequent inun- dations of land. Dr. Howard further stated that there has been a decrease of 50% in the cases of glanders in Boston this year which more than compensates for the slight increase in number of cases outside of Boston. He attributed a large part of the decrease to the fact that the watering troughs were closed, and said that the 370 SOCIETY MEETINGS year following the closure of the watering troughs showed a decrease of 40% in the number of cases as compared with six years previous to the closure. Drs. Maloney, Lukes, Ben. Pierce, Abele and Penniman spoke and paid tributes to Mr. Smith as the true exponent of real sport. A committee composed of Drs. Winslow, Howard and Penniman weré appointed to send a letter of congratulation to Mr. Laselle, on his winning the Grand Sweepstake. A rising vote of thanks was given Mr. Smith and the entire gathering joined in singing ‘‘For He’s a Jolly Good Fellow.’’ Adjourned at 9 P. M. | Epw. A. CAHILL, Secretary. The regular monthly meeting of the Massachusetts Veterinary Medical Association was held at Young’s Hotel, Boston, on Wed- nesday, Oct. 27th, at 5 P. M. The meeting was called to order by President Plaskett. The records of the last meeting were read by the Secretary. A correction was made by Dr. Howard to the effect that the decrease in cases of glanders in Boston for the past year has been 50% instead of 15%. Records approved as corrected. Dr. Pierce requested more time on his report on Dr. Buckley’s diploma. The Committee appointed to draw up a letter of congratulation to Mr. Lasalle requested more time. The following men were admitted to membership: Dr. Edward F. Carey, Fall River. Dr. William J. Glasgow, Springfield. Dr. Michael J. Cone, Pittsfield. Dr. M. E. Chapin, Springfield. Dr. J. J. Moynahan, Holyoke. Dr. Winchester remarked that he had received notice of the death of Madame Liautard, wife of our esteemed confrere, Dr. Liautard, of Paris, and suggested that a message of condolence be sent. Dr. Burr moved that a committee of two be appointed to draw up resolutions. President Plaskett appointed Drs. Burr and Winchester. President Plaskett appointed Drs. Abele, Burr and White to constitute the Legislative Committee. The special program for the evening consisted of an excellent address by Mr. H. C. Moore, President of the Pitman-Moore Com- pany, of Indianapolis, on the production of anti-hog cholera serum and.virus. Mr. Moore illustrated his remarks -with stereopticon _———————— ee ee ee SOCIETY MEETINGS © 371 views which were greatly enjoyed. Mr. Moore invited questions and criticisms and the meeting was resolved into a general discussion of hog cholera. About 40 members were present and this number was augmented by at least as many non-professional friends, most of whom were men owning large herds of swine. They all took part | in the discussion and paid the highest tribute to the serum treat- ment. It was moved that a rising vote of thanks be given Mr. Moore for his excellent entertainment which was unanimously carried. Dr. Peirce announced the program for the next meeting. Dr. Miller of Fitchburg spoke regarding an insignia for the automobiles of veterinarians. Considerable discussion arose but no action was taken. Dr. Howard suggested that something similar to the pin worn by the A. V. M. A. members would be appropriate. He then complimented Mr. Moore on his address and stated that the Department of Animal Industry gave credit to the Pitman-Moore serum and virus for a large percentage of our good results. Dr. Abele asked for information regarding eczema in cattle. - Drs. Peirce and Howard in answer stated that several specimens had been examined from animals showing this condition, and that they showed a streptococcic and non-pathogenic bacterium. Dr. Abele further requested information on cattle from out of state coming into Massachusetts as regards foot-and-mouth disease, which was answered by Dr. Howard. The meeting adjourned at 7:45, after which 40 members and friends sat down to dinner in the main café. Respectfully, (signed) HEpw. A. Cantu, Secretary. Hupson VALLEY VETERINARY MeEpIcCAL Society The first annual meeting of the Hudson Valley Veterinary Medical Society was held at Catskill, N. Y., November 3. There were about twenty-five veterinarians in attendance. The president, in his address,. pointed out that while the society was only one year old, there is a membership of forty-one. The policy of the society has been not to have a formal program of papers, but to have one veterinary topic presented at each meeting with full discussion. At the Catskill meeting the topic for discussion was ‘‘ Parturition and its Sequels’’. Those present entered into the discussion and a num- ber of practical points were brought out. The following officers 372 COMMUNICATIONS were elected: President, D. B. Comstock, Albany; Vice-President, ° G. A. Knapp, Millbrook; Secretary-Treasurer, W. H. Kelly, Albany. Board of Censors: Thos. O’Dea, Saugerties; L. L. Parker, Cat- skill; C. J. Hoyt, Walden; C. A. Roig, Poughkeepsie; George Highmy, North Chatham. : It was voted that the next meeting should be held at Hudson, N. Y., February 2, 1916. Wo. Henry KELty, Secretary. Ro eS NECROLOGY ALBERT BOULEWARE KELLY Albert Bouleware Kelly of Albany, N. Y., died November 3, 1915 at the Medico-chirurigical hospital at Philadelphia, Pa. His death was caused by a fall from a ladder which resulted in a frac- ture at the base of the skull. Dr. Kelly was born August 14, 1876 and was a graduate of the N. Y. State Veterinary College at Ithaca, N. Y. He was in prac- tice a number of years at Albany and Delmar. A wife and daughter survive him. Interment in the Rural Cemetery at Albany. J. G. Chrisman, late State Veterinarian of Texas. COMMUNICATIONS RABIES? Editor Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Ithaca, N. Y.: Dear Sir:—I have read with jondbiniale interest Dr. V. Schaefer’s case report printed in the October JoURNAL (pages 57- 60) by Dr. Ellis, with editor’s comment. In my opinion his title (‘Rabies ?’’) well deserves the question mark. This is no uncommon disease in the Southern states. While State Veterinariah of South Carolina I saw quite a number of cattle, and a few mules affected with this disease. Farmers are familiar with this disease and term it ‘‘Mad Iteh.’’ I have held post mortem examinations in some in- stances but have never been able to discover anything abnormal other than an intense inflammation of the meninges of the brain. COMMUNICATIONS 373 I sent some heads to be examined but no Negri.bodies were found. The following extracts from the enclosed press bulletin issued by my friend Dr. C. A. Cary may be of interest to your readers. | M. Ray Powers. INFECTIOUS ITCHING DISEASE Press Bulletin No. 76 C. A. Cary, Auburn, Ala. This disease has been called pseudo-rabies, mad itch, bulbar paralysis and ‘‘Disease of Aujeszky.’’ It has existed for many years in various parts of America but was definitely described by Aujeszky, of Budapest, in 1902. The cause of the disease is unknown but the records seem to in- dicate that it is a specific infection not transmitted by actual contact unless there be abrasions of the skin. It has been transmitted by inoculation. One material used was blood serum. The subcutane- ous tissue at point of natural infection is very virulent and the urine of an infected animal is sometimes virulent. The brain is also virulent. Susceptible animals are the horse, cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, eats, rabbits, guinea pigs and grey mice. MHorses are said to be more susceptible than donkeys but I have seen in Alabama worse cases in mules than horses. Pigs, pigeons and fowls are said to be insusceptible. ’ The natural mode of entrance into the animal body is by sub- cutaneous or by cutaneous infection. It has been reported that food containing virulent products will transmit the disease. -Sub- dural inoculation produces the disease with the shortest period of incubation. Intra-ocular, intra-venous, intra-peritoneal or intra- muscular inoculations with virulent material always produce the disease in susceptible animals. The virus is supposed to spread in the animal body by the lymph vessels and nerves. CLINICAL Symproms: Cattle. In cattle the infection usually starts somewhere about the head, the lips and nose; and the first signs are constant rubbing of the infected part followed very quick- ly by removal of hair, bleeding and inflammatory swellings. The swelling usually extends from the point of infection in- volving the head, throat and sometimes the neck. The animal moans, moves the legs convulsively, scratches the head or infected part with the hind legs or rubs it upon some object, and there is often some salivation and paralysis of the throat so that the animal cannot swallow. The appetite of the animal may remain good but inability to swallow and possibly inactivity of digestion results in tympanitis or flatulency. As a rule the animals are nervous, show fright, sometimes sweat, grind the teeth and moan. As a rule, they die in twenty to forty-eight hours after the first symptoms appear. Post mortem appearances show the extension of the infection to be along the lymph channels. The lymph glands of the head are en- larged. Sometimes the capsule of the lymph node is injected and 374 COMMUNICATIONS nearly always edematous. There is rarely ever any systemic tem- perature. During the summer and fall of 1914 about 50 cases oc- curred in various parts of Alabama. Horses or Mues: In horses or mules this trouble may be mistaken for rabies or forage poisoning. The rubbing of the skin, the head or the parts affected until they rub away large portions of skin and flesh is the characteristic symptom. Often times the animal does not show nervous irritability or any great variation from normal except the violent itching and rubbing and throat paralysis and sometimes general paralysis from secondary infection. Occasional salivation, grinding of the teeth and attempts at swallow- ing may be present. TREATMENT: The experience of all veterinarians indicate that there is no specific treatment. In fact very few cases recover. Tineture of Iodine may be freely applied to the infected place and where possible the edematous enlargements be opened and tincture, of Iodine or other antiseptics may be applied and if possible tie up the animal so that it cannot rub or scratch itself. When possible give purgatives and apply covering to protect the infected places so the animal cannot scratch or rub them. To prevent it keep animals out of infected places and disinfect such places thoroughly before any other animals are introduced. I have long suspected that this trouble was due to some volatile | poison like that found in poison ivy or other poisonous plants. As a preventive measure it might be well to eradicate such plants in . pasture where this disease oceurs. The intense itching in animals closely resembles that of poison ivy in man. I have long suspected that some cattle, or other ani- mals were subject to skin irritations and infected by poison ivy plants. A cow or. horse might nibble or eat such a plant as the three-leaved poison ivy vine (Rhus Toxicodendron) or the small tree or shrub with seven to thirteen leaflets (Rhus vernix). The vola- tile oil (Paff) or glucoside (Smye) gould produce the intense itching irritation about the head or skin at any delicate or abraded part and, along with the rubbing and scratching, germ infection may occur to intensify the irritation of the terminal sensory nerves. With this idea in view I suggest that owners of animals affected with itching disease apply freely and frequently early in its course one per cent solutions of permanganate of potash or iron sulphate (one per cent in water) solution, two or three times a day. Also give to cattle, horses and mules one to two pounds of Epsom Salts in one to two pints of water to remove from alimentary canal any of the plants that may have been swallowed. Or use oné to two pints of raw linseed oil, olive oil, castor oil or warm lard. Rabbits die in convulsions in twenty-four to forty-eight hours after subcutaneous injections of a fluid extract of Rhus Toxicoden- dron. Necrosis and sloughing may occur at the place of injection if the rabbit lives eight to fifteen days. Also nephritis is usually present. It is said that the above lesions occur with greater certainty COMMUNICATIONS 375 and regularity in guinea pigs (Paff). There is nothing said about there being itching or scratching of the place of inoculation. I have obtained pus micrococi from the itching areas but have not reproduced the itching effects by direct inoculation with them. Some have suspected that the itching disease was caused by dry irritating food with insufficient water. Others have attributed the disease to some toxic plant or germ. At present there is no definite or specific known cause of the disease. ). Vv SALMON MEMORIAL COMMITTEE Dr. J. F. WINCHESTER, Chairman Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, See’y-Treas. Dr. A. D. MELVIN Dr. 8S. BRENTON Dr. J. S. ANDERSON Dr. J. G. RUTHERFORD Dr. D. F. Fox Dear Doctor :—At the 51st annual meeting of the A. V. M. A. the many suggestions, offerings and proposals for some fitting tes- timonial to the late Dr. D. E. Salmon, were given the fullest con- sideration and by a vote of the association and their selection the above named committee were elected to carry out the purpose of the following adopted recommendations :— *“Ist.—That the Salmon Memorial Fund shall be undertaken by this body and that a stated committee will be appointed by this organization for the carrying out of the purpose of this movement. **2nd.—That the form of testimonial shall be of an educational character, that may cover a scholarship, a fellowship, or some ad- vanced or special work of interest or import to the veterinary pro- fession, as may from time to time be recommended by this committee for action of the association. **3rd.—That to this end a sum of monies of not less than ten thousand dollars be raised by popular subscription from the up- _ wards of seventeen thousands of veterinarians in North America; this money to be invested under the direction of this association so that the income of four or five hundred dollars may be annually awarded to some one or more along the lines above referred to. **4th.—That said scholarship or fellowship shall be in an Amer- ican Veterinary College, and, if a fellowship, not to be taken in the college of which the successful person awarded the same shall be a graduate thereof.’’ | There are more than seventeen thousand veterinarians in the United States and Canada, all of whom owe a debt to our late co- laborer. The standing of our profession in North America and abroad has been largely contributed to by his lifetime of useful and sincere service. The form of testimonial must appeal alike to one and all in that it fittingly commends his life, that it will keep his memory green in the minds of the present and future profession and it will be a testimonial that will stimulate every young man to emulate his example of devoted, unselfish work for his profession, 376 REVIEWS Will you join with your fellow veterinarians in your immediate district and determine what you can do to aid this committee? May we invoke of you and your colleagues that you lay aside in ap- proaching this duty every other thought, save that of the untir- ing and unselfish side of the more than twenty-five years of official service, that marked his splendid career. Yours for this worthy cause, W. Horace Hoskins, Sec’y-Treas., 3452 Ludlow St., Philadelphia, Pa. fat Vv REVIEWS VETERINARY POSOLOGY Grorce A. BANHAM, F.R.C.V.S anpD WM. J. YounG, F.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M. Fourth Edition, 1915. Published by Alex. Eger, Chicago, Ill. This little volume of 272 pages, bound in cloth, contains a great amount of valuable information for any practising veterinarian. Besides the tables on posology, classification of medicines, their therapeutic actions, incompatibles, diseases and their remedies, there are tables on the most important pathogenic bacteria, para- sites affecting animals and protozoan diseases and their transmitters. Our space is too limited to consider the various topics in detail, but attention should be called to the tables on the percentage composi- tion of feeding stuffs, digestive coefficients and rations for draught horses, as being especially useful for country. practitioners who wish to qualify themselves in an advisory way in promoting their usefulness with their agricultural patrons. The book has apparently been designed for English practi- tioners. Its utility in America would have been enhanced if the American equivalents of the weights and measures could also have been given as well as some recognition of the American pharma- copoeia. * : ie. ; <> me Se : . J t ? . ha — ~~ ee ae Se ad Es) ss oe os eikcete wes $75,000,000 Texas Fever and Cattle Ticks. ... 40,000,000 I ge cc ee Weel 25,000,000 Contagious Abortion........... 20,000.000 eg ii ciency cow die chet 6,000,000 Ne Oia be ae ence 5,000,000 . Other diseases are mentioned which involve smaller items, with a group of unclassified diseases amounting to $22,000,000. ? Surely this state of affairs demonstrates the need of educated ; and efficient veterinary service. Basing our estimate of approxi- mately 14,000 veterinarians in the United States upon the official q census of 1910 and the pro rata increase each year, this would mean i that if these losses could be abolished and each veterinarian were 390 7 EDITORIAL et equally active in the work, each one would be entitled to receive, as his share of the proceeds, the sum of $15,135. The problem is largely educational and involves research. If each state expended annually the sum of $50,000 for educating and training properly qualified men the total cost would amount to only a trifle over 1 per cent. of the total amount lost each year. There is little question that this expenditure, properly directed, would diminish the losses, and improve the conditions or would, at least, prevent them from getting worse. Such an investment should yield large returns after a’period of years. Any business concern suffering a similar per- centage of loss might expect to experience some inconvenience in the course of time. Such a relative loss of animals has a bearing eon the question of the high cost of living and it would appear that the veterinarian has a duty to perform. Tick eradication in the South has been carried on with energy. All new ground gained encourages a greater development of the cattle industry. During the year 37,255 square miles have been opened up, so that up to June 30, 1915, 253,163 square miles had been cleared of this pest. In the hog cholera work, the use of properly prepared serum has | had a pronounced effect. A great number of hogs have been sayed. The systematic eradication work conducted in certain counties in 16 states shows that 178 hogs in a thousand died from cholera in 1912, 168 in 1913, and only 49 in 1914. Only 62,690 died in these counties in 1914, as compared with approximately 200,000 in each of the two years preceding. In round numbers there are 200,000,000 cubic centimeters of hog cholera serum produced in the United States. Of this amount about 25 per cent. or approximately 50,000,000 cubic centimeters are prepared by state governments. The federal government pro- duces serum for experimental purposes only. Private establish- ments of which there are between 90 and 100 therefore manufacture - about 150,000,000 cubic centimeters. Of these establishments 81 have secured licenses from the Department of Agriculture and are privileged to carry on an interstate business. Under the virus-serum-toxin act of 1913 the Department is authorized to promulgate such regulations as may be necessary to prevent the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment, in in- terstate commerce, of worthless or contaminated viruses, serum, ete. The Department may revoke licenses after a hearing has been el a A a a ee a) ve erie uf) i a a Ml ie EDITORIAL 391 - granted, and federal agents or employees may enter and inspect any licensed plant at any hour. Some violations have been discovered and successfully prosecuted. . Government ownership has been suggested in the matter of the control of serum production. Although some _ things may be said in favor of the plan, it is doubtful if it would be prac- _ tical. If the government produces the material it should control the output. At present there are 21 states with established plants and these states may not care to discontinue the work. The pur- chase of existing establishments and the erection of others by the federal government would necessitate a large outlay and federal manufacture, although administered with honest methods, may not serve as a guarantee that no contaminated or impotent serum would be sold. As a substitute for government ownership the Secretary sug- gests that the present inspection service be continued with an ade- quate force of inspectors; that the law provide for the establish- ment and maintenance of a ‘‘government test station’’ for serum to receive official samples of all serum produced by licensed plants and to test them for purity and potency; to prohibit the inter- state shipment of any product of which a sample had not been _ tested and found pure and potent; the imposition of a tax upon all serum of which samples have been tested, with provision for affixing tax stamps and marks prior to sale. As now conducted the establishments make the tests themselves. The present method _ of inspection is effective in seeing that the steps necessary to pro- duce a good article is carried out, but the weak point now is the in- ___ Spection of the tests and it is this feature the government should — eontrol, although the available methods for determining purity and potency are not scientifically exact. It is suggested that the tax ae for the tests should be sufficient to maintain the station without in- creasing the cost to the farmer since the manufacturers would be ¢ relieved of making their own tests. There may be a question as to whether the plan will operate as suggested, for it is usually the rule that the consumer pays the tax ultimately. The cost to the - government in carrying out such a plan would undoubtedly be much less than under ‘‘government ownership.’’ The foot-and-mouth disease, which we trust has reached the ___- vanishing point, is referred to in some detail. The especially mild and obscure form of the 1914 outbreak at its outset and the diffi- 392 EDITORIAL , culty of diagnosis is frankly stated. The exact origin has not yet been discovered, although it is believed the infection was introduced from a foreign country. The methods and progress of eradica- tion are described. At one period new cases of the disease were found more rapidly than the old ones could be disposed of. After some months of vigorous work, the outbreak was brought under control and the spread of the disease checked. One of the most complicated problems of the outbreak was the herd of pure-bred cattle at the National Dairy Show. It is stated that the manager of the show was warned by an inspector of the Bureau of the danger of holding the show.because of the recent dis- covery of foot-and-mouth disease. At the close of the show, the herd was detained to determine whether they had become infected or not. One of the cows soon developed the disease and the herd was placed in close quarantine. Considerable bitterness developed over this herd and others where valuable animals were involved, particularly in the matter of appraisements and quarantine. It was emphasized that the breeding value should be considered as well as beef and dairy value. Congress, however, in making appropria- tions specifically provided that the beef or dairy value only should be the basis of appraisement, as was the case in former outbreaks. The department was therefore obliged to keep within the law. In ease of further outbreaks the Secretary recommends that the breeding value be taken into account for reasons of equity and practical ex- pediency, but that this value shall not exceed three times the beef or dairy value. On this limit there will doubtless be much opposi- tion among the breeders. A. recurrence of the disease occurred last August as a result of the use of contaminated hog cholera serum. This serum had been tested before its use and appeared to be pure but subsequent and repeated tests demonstrated that it was contaminated. The limi- tations of ordinary knowledge and ordinary precautionary measures have been exposed and the necessity for preparedness for extra- ordinary conditions has been emphasized. For more than a year the veterinarians have been embattled, in trench warfare, with an enemy of the most insidious character. There have been many anxious moments; there have been temporary defeats; now victory is in sight, but there can be no peace until the enemy is annihilated. The experience has chastened many; but out of it all some lessons for good must come; some advanced EUROPEAN CHRONICLES ' 393 knowledge gained of the enemy’s strategy, which will strengthen our methods of preparedness for future and unannounced attacks. P.A.F. ray WV REORGANIZATION COMMITTEE A portion of this committee met December 1, at the Hotel LaSalle in Chicago and in a tentative way discussed some of the problems that lie before it. The sentiment of those present was de- cidedly in favor of receiving suggestions from members of the asso- ciation who are interested in the matter. Such suggestions will be welcomed by the chairman of the committee, Dr. C. A. Cary, Au- burn, Alabama. fay Vv EUROPEAN CHRONICLES . Bois Jerome. For a long time to come, regrets will prevail in the veterinary __ profession all over the world that the last Veterinary Congress could not be held. The preparation of the various committees had been so perfect, the number of valuable papers and reports that were prom- ised, the gathering of veterinarians from all over the world, the occasion for celebrating the name of the great veterinarian, JOHN GAMGEE, who had inaugurated these congresses; everything in fact had justified the expectation for an unusually grand success. All that has been useless. -The congress was not held. Was all the work that was done, were all the reports, the papers, the com- munications that were promised and looked for, to be all lost? Fortunately, No. Several have already found their way in some of our professional journals and the Review has made allusions to some of them, as these reached our offices. To day it is our pleasure to notice two that have found their way in the French and English journals. In the first, the Recueil, we read the valuable report of Profes- sor G. Moussu of Alfort, which was presented to the Congress. It is on Erizooric Aportion. One of the diseases which is most ruinous to French stock raising and whose effects though less ap- parent than those of foot-and-mouth disease, tuberculosis, paratu- _bereulous enteritis, anthrax fever, etc., are extremely severe be- 394 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES cause of the diminution in the animals, in the loss of young ones, the reduction in the milk production as well as the many complications that may accompany its presence. Epizootic ABORTION is not a disease of heii species alone, it also effects horses, and probably animals of the ovine, caprine and swine species. That of bovines is the object of the report. The one presented by Prof. Moussu is long and will not per- mit in the space allowed-for this chronicle to be presented in whole, but the subject is so important and of so great interest for some of our readers that I must consider it as thoroughly as I ean. The learned professor has treated his subject in a peculiar manner, dividing it in some ten chapters, some of which are more or less in the shape of questions and it is the resumé of: these chap- ters that I gather for our friends in America. 1—Meruop oF AxportTiON DuRING GrstaTiIoN—EArLy, OrpI- NARY, LATE ABortTion. The indisputable fact, classically speaking, is that abortion takes place between the 4th and 5th month of preg- nancy. Yet, cases of abortion are observed at any date during gestation, in the Ist, 2d or 3d month, and again as near as the day of delivery. As long as epizootic abortion may take place at any time of gestation, it may be called Earnty or Precocious, ORDINARY or Late. If the first is overlooked, it is because the products are not detected by those who have care of the animals, and if they are noticed they are not considered as important as those of later date, four or five months. This is an error, and is another danger, as no © precaution is taken from any point of view. 2—-INFLUENCE OF THE REGIME AND TIME OF THE YEAR. Abor- tions can be observed at any time of the year but are more numerous at the time of stabling than in the pasturing season. In the first the chances of contagion are greater and more numerous. A peculiar observation remains, however, without satisfactory explanation. An enzooty breaks out in a stable. For one, two or more months or more, successive abortions are observed, sometimes - without a single normal accouchement. Then at a given time, there seems to be a stop, normal deliveries follow and abortions disappear or are very exceptional. All this takes place, without any care having been taken to stop the epizooty. Why? And why in some localities or rural areas has abortion made ravages for thirty years or more no matter what precautions have been taken; and in others a EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 395 the disease made only a short appearance and disappeared without any preventive or curative measures having been taken ? 3—THE Fetus AND its ENveEvopes. In infectious abortion, the fetus has not the same characters as in accidental, traumatic or other abortions. The alterations, especially those of the placenta permit a clinical diagnosis, that of infectious or epizootic abortion. By direct examination, one easily observes that among the placental tufts, there are some which are healthy and have their red or uniform dark red aspect of the placenta of normal delivery. But there are others, on the contrary, which appear yellowish red or dirty yellow, and which are evidently diseased. The extent of these alterations varies. But in most cases they show two different types; sometimes the diseased vascular tufts are grouped along with the others and oceupy more often the region of the body of the uterus and the posterior part of the gravid uterine horn, while the healthy tufts are grouped towards or at the bottom of the gravid and the non-gravid uterine horn. In other cases, the distribution of the healthy and diseased tufts is more irregular; there are healthy tufts from the body of the uterus to the bottom of the gravid horn and also diseased ones with a similar disposition. Moussu believes that this depends on the mode of infection. In the first case, it is due to ascending external infection by the di- rect genital way and in the second to descending infection of hema- togenous origin. THE CONDITION OF THE FETUS. This can be classified in three groups. 1. Those where there exists cadavers decomposition and _ be- ginning putrefaction, due to other infections, added to that which has produced abortion, which are most often of external origin, and sometimes of internal hematogenous origin. The fetus cannot be used for useful researches. 2. Those where no external apparent diterations ean be ob- served, but in which post mortem reveals sero-hemorrhagic exuda- tions in the splanchnic cavities. They are always infected. The blood, tissues, viscera and digestive contents ordinarily give cul- tures, where the abortive bacillus and coli or paracoli can be found. 3. Those where there are no visible alterations. These are most useful for research. Cultures with the blood or stomach contents may be negative 396 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES but again be positive with the blood and contents from the diges- tive tract, together or simply with one or the other of these products. 5—Mope or ACTION OF THE CAUSES OF ABORTION. The compli- eated and varied alterations being well known, the causes of abor- tion can be explained as follows: When the lesions are predominating on the envelopes, costatil ean go on to term or near it, if the surface of the intact placenta is still large enough to keep up between the mother and the fetus suf- ficient nutritive exchange for the life of the new individual. The new born at term and those prematured near term remain viable, if they are not infected, although out of mothers affected with epi- zootie abortion or of abortion infection. Such cases are not fre- quent, but yet not exceptional. When, on the contrary, the surfaces of the intact placenta is too reduced to keep up between the mother and the fetus sufficient nutritive exchange for life, the little one dies at any period of ges- tation, although not infected and is expelled shortly after, dead or alive, but not viable. In another form of evolution of the accidents, the fetal fluid becomes infected with the specific agents of the disease, and the fetus also, by the digestive tract through the amniotic fluid or by way of the blood through the placental circulation. If this takes place near term or delivery, the fetus is born alive or viable but dies shortly after birth. If on the contrary, this takes place some time before term, the fetus dies, is expelled shortly after and not altered in appearance. Finally, when on the evolution of the specific placental lesions, an accidental genital infection develops as a secondary affection, the progress of the process is accelerated, the fetus dies quickly and is expelled, more or less altered, sometimes in a state of putrefaction. 6—Causss oF Epizootic ABorTION. It is admitted by nearly all, that the principal cause of epizootic or infectious abortion im cows is due to the action of the bacillus of Bang. Is it the only cause? Professor Moussu says: ‘‘In my opinion, No! The abortive bacillus of Bang, can alone, promote abortion, slow to appear: that is a fact definitely demonstrated. In a number of cases, I have the conviction that it is associated with coli or paracoli, which produce more rapid abortion and I am convinced that many infectious abor- tions are functionally of a special variety of paracoli.’’ In various enzootics of abortion, Moussu has recognized the eee ww EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 397 Re ee presence of a specific variety of paracoli, exclusive of the bacillus of Bang and with cultures he has beefi able to produce at will, rapid abortion, in all the subjects of the experiments; Guinea pigs, does, goats and ewes. 7—MECHANISM OF THE INFECTION. For a long time, it has been thought that infection was exclusively taking place by the ascend- ing genital tract, the organic alterations being limited to the uterus, and undisputable proofs being furnished by experimenta- tion. Whether the genital infection takes place by the bull or whether it may be by external genital contamination and become ascending, is not important. This contamination is so easy that it seems natural that ascending infection can take place and progress. But experimentation has also given proofs, no less positive, of the possible infection through the digestive tract and secondary through the circulation. These were proved by the investigations of the English Commission, which have shown that the pathogenic agent or agents of the disease can be brought to the placenta as a sequela of the soiled condition of solid or liquid food. These facts can be controlled by everyone and Moussu has ob- tained them with the bacillus that he isolated. But leaving aside the contamination by the bull and admitting infection taking place during gestation, Moussu believes that the infection takes place most often by the genital tract during stabling, and that in abortion in pastures, it is the digestive apparatus, which acts principally in the spreading of the disease. All this is of interest from the prophylactic point of view. Moussu believes that in early abortion, contamination occurs prin- cipally through the bull, unless a latent pre-existing genital infec- tion of the female is present: that in ordinary or late abortion, contamination takes place by external genital introduction of the germ and that in ordinary or late abortion in pastures, the infection must be caused principally through the digestive tract, the food or the drink. 8—EXPERIMENTAL ABORTION. The experimental reproduction of abortion by intra-vaginal infection of a pregnant cow or by in- gestion with cultures of Bang’s bacillus-is an admitted fact. Attempts of the same kind were made by Prof. Moussu with the paracoli which he had found in various enzooties and he has obtained many positive results in most of the females that he inocu- lated. After giving the results that he had observed, the positive 398 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES as well as the negative, he came to the conclusion that it is very certain that the abortion bacillus of Bang is not the only agent that can produce epizootic abortion in cows. 9—Dt1AqaNosis oF INFECTIOUS ABORTION. One of the most im- portant and certainly most practically useful question in infectious abortion of cows is the possibility of precise diagnosis of future abortion or better of the abortive infection during gestation. Today we have no means of quick, practical and sure investiga- tions. A close observer may have some good points which may make it suspected. But if these are sufficient for the application of some prophylactic measures, they are not enough. A threatening abor- tion has not the value of the diagnosis of one likely to take place at a later period. The Abortine of the English Commission has given only un- satisfactory results. The methods of agglutination, of the deriva- tion of the complement, have done no better. The experiments made with Abortine by Moussu and which he studied especially and tried with subcutaneous and intra-dermal injections, have given him results without any significance. 7 In résumé, we have not at present any positive and practical means to diagnose abortive infection or its severity. 10—TREATMENT. Today we cannot fight against epizootic abortion with any efficiency. The treatment recommended as effi- cacious may have shown good results because of fortunate ‘coinci- dences and, while successful in some outbreaks, failed in others. The problem of the infection is too complex. Its nature and causes are too numerous to be solved in the present state of our knowledge. Prophylaxis is for the present the measure that gives certain results, for instance, the strict isolation of cows about to abort, the disinfection of the barns, of the genitals of aborted animals, ete., ete. But the true solution will be the application of a preventive vaccination or a specific treatment practical and sure. ‘Trials of - vaecine have been made in Europe and America. Moussu has also tried it but it is to be hoped that at the Congress the solution will appear from the communications and papers which will be pre- sented. The Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics has already published several of the reports intended for the London Congress, that of Prof. W. L. Williams on the technic of the Opera- Ss ir aaa EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 399 tion against Roaring, that of Sir John McFadyean on Tuberculosis, _ that of Director Vallee of Alfort on Immunity Against Tuberculosis and Vaccination Against Tuberculosis in Cattle. ee, In the September, 1915 number of the Journal, there appears one from an American, Doctor L. A. Merillat, Professor of Surgery in the MeKillip veterinary college of Chicago. The subject is Respiratory Anesthesia of Animals, one with which the author must necessarily be a master, his experience covering ‘‘10,000 horses and ~ many small animals.’’ | After paying a just tribute to America in recalling the name of — Doetor T. G. Morton who introduced the use of anesthesia in human surgery, and a few remarks on the necessity of general or local anes- thesia, on the advantages that a regular anesthetist would prove, if : available, or to the student, Doctor Merillat states that the suecessful administration of an inhaled anesthetic requires a wealth of exper- ience. | | The patients which require general anesthesia are divided into groups. In one, he places those that can be safely anesthetised without any special skill on the part of the anesthetist. Neurotomy, tendonotomy, ablation of small tumors, castration, etc., ete. For such, respiratory anesthesia is always better than local or regional. From 60 to 90 c.c. of chloroform (for horses) are required for those cases and to obtain a state of surgical anesthesia. In another group, are found animals more or less enfeebled by disease or those which demand long and bloody operations. Poll- evil, fistula of the withers, septic podotrochlitis, carcinomas, schir- | rous cord, large tumors, ete. The real anesthetist is then required. oe. A few words are then given in relation to the rate of deaths likely to be recorded and related that of an anesthetist who out of _ 45,000 patients had never had a single death to record from an- esthesia. : Dr. Merillat then gives at some length the description of the two methods for administering respiratory anesthetics for serious _ Operations and which have proved the safest in his hands. . First Method—The animal to be submitted to serious operation . must be in as healthy and good condition as possible, as far as --__—s grooming, feeding, cleaning, ete. is concerned. His bowels are prepared by diet and his stomach cleared of food. Ba Chloroform is too toxie to be administered alone, hence Meril- lat resorts to (1) a preliminary anesthetic, (2) then the anesthetic proper and (3) the terminal anesthetic. 400 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Chloral hydrate is given per os, 30 to 40 grams in a drench of hot water an hour before the operation. It is the preliminary an- esthesia. For the anesthetic proper, chloroform is used with a sponge and a canvas cylinder, 18 inches long. This is closed at both ends with a tobacco-pouch string. One end is drawn over the nose and secured to the halter. At the other end, the sponge containing the chloroform, is placed against the nostrils, 30 grams being used first and 30 more later if anesthesia is not obtained. | The free end of the cylinder is held shut with the tobacco- string or the hands. When the reflexes are manifestly under con- trol, the terminal anesthetic is administered. It is composed of equal parts of alcohol, chloroform and ether. This is given through a towel laid over the nostrils, the parts being well soaked with the mixture. Ai$r is allowed to pass freely through the undermost nostril. In some eases pure chloroform may from time to time be drop- ped on the towel instead of the mixture. - For small animals the same general plan is used. But chloro- form demands greater care and attention. Ether is better and safer for small animals and should be chosen by the inexperienced an- esthetist. Second Method—This, Merillat recommends to be used with great caution, when resorted to for serious operations. It is the intratracheal method. The preliminary anesthesia of chloral is given, followed by the anesthetic proper and the terminal into the trachea with an atomizer. The tube of this atomizer is attached to a foot-bellows, the bot- tle containing the anesthetic is placed in a small box containing an electric light to raise the temperature of the liquid and the delivery tube is placed into the trachea through the upper nostril. Splendid success has been obtained in this new method of res- piratory anesthesia. The following are the conclusions of this interesting communi- cation : 1—F or slight anesthesia suitable for short operations, the respira- tory method is safe in the hands of even an untrained anesthetist. 2—F or the profound anesthesia, required for serious and long operations, respiratory anesthesia is safe only in the hands of an ex- pert. EE ee, ee Se eee ae i ae a a ee - . EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 401 3—The most discouraging part of respiratory anesthesia for animals is the difficulty of regulating the dosage. We need an ap- paratus to measure automatically the vapor delivered and consumed by the patient. 4—For profound anesthesia of considerable duration the best way to keep within the limits of safety, is by administering a pre- liminary anesthetic of chloral, followed by chloroform and then maintain the narcosis with a terminal anesthetic of alcohol, chloro- form and ether. 5—Despite profound anesthesia, exhaustion of the brain follows serious operations. This may be prevented by blocking with co- eaine, the nerve trunk which leads from the seat of operation. . 6—The intratracheal method of respiratory anesthetics is worthy of trial. It is a step in the direction of dose regulation suitable for animals. 7—The intravenous method of ether and chloroform is unsafe with the apparatus that we have at present for its administration. A. L. CorRECTIONS: In the November number on page 184, in the fourth line from the bottom the name of Dr. Marshall should be sub- stituted for that of Dr. Jones and the name of Dr. Jensen for that of Dr. Marshall. | On page 315, in the article on Hexamethylenamin in the Decem- ber number, the word curative should be substituted for laxative in the tenth line from the top of the page. In the October number of the Journau Dr. W. H. Robinson of Portland, Maine was listed as a visitor at the Oakland meeting of the A. V. M. A. when he should have been classed as a delegate. Since his return to Maine, Dr. Robinson has been appointed to the State Board of Veterinary Examiners. FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE WITH SPECIAL REFER- ENCE TO THE OUTBREAK OF 1914-1915 (Continued from page 285) Meruops oF ERADICATION That this disease must be controlled admits of no argument; therefore differences of opinion hinge solely upon the method or methods to be adopted. The methods of eradication applicable to foot-and-mouth dis- ease include: (1) Immunization; (2) Quarantine and Disinfee- tion; (3) Slaughter and Disinfection. Each will be diseussed separately in the order named. (1) ImmuNizATION. Immunization in the present outbreak was out of the question as the only serum thus far produced gives but a passing immunity of only several weeks duration, unstable at best, and impossible to obtain in this country or in sufficient quantities in any country. To Professor Loeffler more than to any other we owe our present knowledge relative to the effects of serum immuniza- — tion for foot-and-mouth disease. Ever since he was placed in charge of the laboratories for the investigation of foot-and-mouth disease, the Bureau has carefully followed his work. His publi- cations on the subject, and particularly those referring to immun- ization against the disease, have appeared at various intervals and have been the subject of discussion at several international veteri- nary congresses. While his work on the serum treatment of this disease is of great scientific interest its practical value has not yet been proved. In the last annual veterinary report of the Prussian Government (1914) a detailed description is given of a series of experiments which were undertaken to establish the value of the serum prepared by Professor Loeffler’s method in his own labora- tories. These experiments proved that the serum does not protect animals in small doses (20-80 cubic centimeters) but large doses with repeated injections afforded a protection to the animals and might be employed to an advantage in the eradication work when control of the disease by quarantine measures is attempted. In the partly successful experiments, animals over three months old received four injections of serum at intervals of ten to fourteen days. The first injection consisted of 200 ce. and the subsequent injec- tions of 60, 30 and 30 ce., respectively. Considering that the prep- L : | ‘ ; : ; ee ms ee = FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 403 aration of a liter (about a quart) of serum costs $25.00 in Germany, it would cost over $8.00 to protect every animal over three months old, provided the hogs used for the preparation of the virus are passed for food as is the case in Germany; otherwise, the cost of the serum would be at least doubled. It should also be considered that even in these experiments 6 to 8 per cent of failures occurred, and it must be recognized that in a country like the United States _ with so many highly susceptible animals a single failure of protec- tion might prove to be the source of a new outbreak. The impracticability of the serum immunization is further augmented by the difficulty of preparing the serum, and particu- larly on account of this disadvantage the method could not. be uti- lized satisfactorily in countries where the disease is not prevalent or where it occurs only as a result of its periodical introduction. Moreover, the immunity furnished is of quite short duration, last- _ing only from two to three weeks. The preparation of the serum requires a propagation of the foot-and-mouth disease virus and its presence in this country would be a constant menace to the stock industry, even with the exercise of the greatest precaution and care. This has been substantiated in Germany where the government was called upon to pay damages for losses from outbreaks resulting from the escape of the ‘virus from Professor Loeffler’s laboratories. _ The live stock conditions prevailing in this country would also make the serum immunization extremely difficult, if not impossible. The shipment of stock over long distances, particularly the ship- ments radiating in all directions from stock centers, would neces- sitate the protection of a large percentage of the stock in the coun- try, or at least in an extensive area. This, with Loeffler’s method of serum production, would be impossible. Protective serum can not be kept for a period of years as it deteriorates and therefore the preparation of such serum could only be considered at the time of the appearance of an outbreak. Con- sidering the great amount of serum required for the immunization of a single animal, it is almost incomprehensible how a sufficient amount of serum could be produced to protect the stock even in a single state. It should be borne in mind that the vesicular con- tents of hogs affected with foot-and-mouth disease is used for the hy- perimmunization of cattle. One or more injections of 100 ec. of such vesicular fluid are made into each of the cattle which produce the 404 JOHN R. MOHLER protective serum. The average amount of vesicular fluid obtained from a sick hog is about 5 ee.; thus for each injection it is required to have about twenty hogs affected with foot-and-mouth disease. This. fact alone clearly suggests the impracticability of Professor Loeffler’s method. Professor Mettam, in his report on foot-and-mouth disease for the Tenth International Congress at London, 1914, diseussing the value of the serum treatment, said: ‘‘It must be admitted that serum therapy, as far as foot-and-mouth disease is concerned, is not upon a satisfactory basis. The amount of serum required is large and is costly; its action, as with other sera, is of short duration. It can only give protection for a few weeks at the most, and it may fail in its effects, because either the passive immunity established is of low degree or because the virulence of foot-and-mouth disease virus is variable.’’ * * * * ‘‘the time has not yet arrived when we - can accurately appraise the value of serum as a preventive against foot-and-mouth disease.”’ Leclainche at the same Congress stated ‘‘Up to the present at- tempts to immunize animals against foot-and-mouth disease have not yielded any results capable of practical application. Effective- ness does not appear to be capable of accomplishment and serum therapy has not rendered the service expected of it. Experiments earried out in France, in which repeated injections of 40 to 50 ee. of serum were administered, show that these doses only exception- ally confer any immunity. The use of large doses is hindered by considerable practical difficulties and it would be too expensive. Besides the conditions under which serum is obtained are such that its properties are very inconstant. It is impossible to standardize it before use and the effects of the treatment cannot be depended upon. Serum immunization, therefore, has only an insignificant prophylactic value.’’ ‘*Further investigations in this connection are an urgent neces- sity’’ was the conclusion of Nevermann, Germany’s highest veteri- nary official, at London, in 1914. In Hoare’s System of Veterinary Medicine, Volume 1, 1913, under the heading of Protective Inoculation appears the following: ‘‘Various serums have been tried by the continental authorities but it can not be said that such have proved of practical utility.’’ The English translation of Hutyra and Marek, Volume 1, page 151, states ‘‘The problem of general immunization is not solved at the present time’’, in referring to foot-and-mouth disease. eee hee Se Se ee ee en ee FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 405 Not until a more practical method of immunization has been discovered will it be possible to utilize it for the successful eradica- tion of foot-and-mouth disease in the United States or any other country. (2) QUARANTINE AND DISINFECTION. It has long been main- tained that the method of quarantine without slaughter is a possible _means of eradication but one which by its very nature admits of a greater spread of infection. As will be shown elsewhere in this paper foot-and-mouth disease has been combated by quarantine and. disinfection in certain European countries for many years. The constant recurrence and widespread dissemination of the infection in these countries prove conclusively that these measures have been unsuceessful. The necessity for an absolute quarantine in a dis- ease so easily transmitted is apparent and this has been found im- possible, even in Germany where military support is given to the best organized veterinary police system in the world. Indeed every European country which now has the disease hopelessly fastened upon it has permitted the conditions to exist through this very sys- tem of attempted eradication. As a result the infection has become so widely distributed in many of these countries that the authorities are forced to accept this measure of control as the only available and economic method under the present conditions. The infective agent may be spread so readily that it is difficult to prevent its dis- semination even where animals are confined in tight sanitary build- ings with the most careful use of disinfectants and surrounded by guards, a method entirely impracticable on the average farm and nearly always much more expensive than the value of the average animal so quarantined. Added to these objections is the greater one of known failure in all countries where this method has been tried. In the outbreak of 1902 there were about 100 herds already affected in Massachusetts when the Department began operations for eradicating the disease. Before all these herds were reported or could be reached the animals had recovered and subsequently were not slaughtered but quarantined and the premises disinfected. The difference between the 4712 cattle affected in the 1902 outbreak and the 3872 slaughtered represents chiefly those that made a re- covery, although it also includes a few that died of the disease. Some of the owners of the recovered animals visited the Bureau office subsequently and requested that their herds be appraised and destroyed on account of the complications involving the udders and 406 JOHN R. MOHLER feet which had developed making the animals unthrifty and un- profitable. Their requests were complied with and after the com- mencement of the work of eradication no newly affected herds were allowed to be held for recovery. In the 1908 outbreak all herds that became infected were slaughtered, and the same is true of the 1914 outbreak, with the exception of one herd already referred to which was on exhibition at the National Dairy Show in Chicago when the disease broke out among them on November 1. At this ‘time it was the desire of the Department to slaughter the first few animals which contracted the disease and to limit the spread of the infection to others by establishing hospital conditions, separating the herd into small units and segregating these groups by means of partitions and muslin curtains saturated with bichloride of mereury solution and other sanitary methods. While the latter was started and continued for a brief period it was soon abandoned as certain herdsmen, with the approval of the employer, adopted the German ~ method of directly exposing the cattle under their supervision in order that the disease might run its course in all the animals as quickly as possible. In the meantime at the request of a committee of the National Dairy Show Exhibitors Association the Secretary of Agriculture granted permission to the owners to retain their cat- tle under absolute quarantine until they had fully recovered from the disease and were not disseminators of the virus, which should be determined by experiments to be applied subsequently. Before starting these tests it was the desire to move the cattle further away from the Chicago stock yards and arrangements for the removal of the cattle to the Hawthorne Race Track near Cicero, Illinois, were completed on December 26. An inspection of the animals at that time revealed no cases of foot-and-mouth disease. Only a few cases of various forms of ailments, such as articular rheumatism, pul- monary disturbances and metritis were observed. Five cases of metritis, however, still persisted and these, together with two tu- berculin reactors, were destroyed prior to the moving of the cattle. In order to prevent the introduction of virus into the new quarters so far as possible it was decided to spray and scrub the animals with a three per cent cresol solution. They were then taken through a foot bath into a separate stable which had been previously cleaned and disinfected with a six per cent solution of eresol. The animals were then dried with towels, left there all night, and the next morn- ing loaded into special box cars in which they were conveyed di- FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 407 rectly to their new quarters at Hawthorne Park. The same care. was exercised with regard to the attendants; all their belongings and clothes were disinfected and fumigated, their shoes disinfected and the men themselves required to bathe and change to clean linen. At Hawthorne every precaution was used in unloading in order that -no infection would be scattered and the grounds were guarded by deputy sheriffs during the entire period of quarantine. It is not my purpose to go into details of the quarantine of the Dairy Show Herd, but it should be of interest to record at this" time the experiment which proved that the cattle in the Show Herd had fully recovered. Since the publications of Loeffler in 1904 it has been known that certain animals which recover from foot-and- mouth disease may act as carriers of the virus for a considerable | period, precisely like persons who act as bacillus carriers for long periods after recovery from typhoid fever, cholera and diphtheria. _ Such virus carriers therefore must be considered a constant menace to the eradication of the disease when only quarantine measures are adopted. In order to ascertain if any such virus carriers existed among the animals of the National Dairy Show, 50 head of healthy young cattle which had been secured for this purpose were placed in contact with them on March 25. These test animals consisted of 34 steers and 16 heifers, ranging in age from one year to eighteen months. The tests, which were conducted by veterinarians from the Bureau of Animal Industry, included inoculations of the saliva, feces, urine, vaginal discharges and of hoof scrapings, feeding of milk, manure and direct exposure tests. In the exposure tests one sus- ceptible animal was placed between two recovered show cattle and kept there for 48 to 64 hours, then changed and placed between two other recovered animals. This was done until all recovered animals had been given an opportunity to infect the susceptible animals and was repeated three times so that each recovered animal gave 144 hours of exposure to the test animals. At the same time the re- covered herd was divided into 48 groups of approximately 15 ani- mals each. From every animal of each group a small quantity of feces was collected, mixed with water, strained, and a cheese cloth saturated with the strained fluid. This cloth was then rubbed into the buccal cavity of the susceptible animals. If in the following seven days no indications of foot-and-mouth disease developed in any of the test animals the same grouping of the show cattle followed for subsequent tests which were undertaken in turn with saliva, urine, 408 JOHN R. MOHLER vaginal discharge, milk, and scrapings from the interdigital space and around the coronary band of each recovered animal. During the execution of these tests it was considered advisable to remove only a sufficient quantity of the manure and litter to prevent undue accumulation and to assure satisfactory sanitation, the object being to afford the susceptible animals an opportunity for infection with the virus, if such should be present in the feces. These tests continued until May 9. On April 8, 50 hogs were placed in tem- porary pens within the enclosure and fed on milk from the show cows and also allowed to consume the leavings and droppings from the cattle. As a result of these tests no lesions of foot-and-mouth disease were produced, nor were any of the dire results, promised by some apprehensive individuals witnessed, such as the production of tet- anus, malignant edema, blackleg, necrosis, pyemia, septicemia, ete. On May 31, three weeks after the last inoculation test and seven months after the show cattle had been placed under quarantine, the latter were released by the Federal Government and permitted to move interstate subject to the regulations of the states at destina- tion. At the beginning of the tests on March 25, 747 animals were © included in the number quarantined. On May 30, at the conclusion of the experiment, this number had been increased to 752 by the addition of a number of calves. The conditions under which these show cattle were kept and the sanitary quarters in which they were confined during the period of quarantine would be almost impos- sible to duplicate under ordinary farm conditions while the great number of animals proportionately reduced the average cost of quarantine. Added to this, conditions permitted the removal of these animals from the infected barn and surroundings at the Union Stock Yards to the clean and sanitary quarters at Hawthorne at a very suitable time. That no virus carriers were demonstrated to exist in this herd is a definitely established fact but this does not prove that such virus carriers would not exist in other herds under like or unlike conditions. It is, however, a source of gratification to this Department, as well as to the public, that conditions allowed these valuable seed animals to be preserved by the methods adopted. (3) SLAUGHTER AND DISINFECTION. With our present know- ledge, slaughter and disinfection is the only satisfactory and eco- nomic measure for controlling foot-and-mouth disease in a country like the United States where the infection is not indigenous, All Se eee ee ee oe Va |’) ee ao FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 409 authorities on the subject agreed on this point in their respective reports to the Tenth International Veterinary Congress at London, September, 1914. Thus we have the report of Professor Mettam, Principal of the Royal Veterinary College of Ireland, who states ““Efforts should be promptly made to eradicate the infected centers. The animals affected and those which have been directly and in- directly in contact and which must be considered as probably in- fected, are slaughtered.’’ : _ Professor Remmelts of Holland also claims that ‘‘ Preference must by far be given to the immediate removal of virus by slaugh- tering diseased and suspected animals than to any other measure.’’ Leclainche, a representative of the French Government at this congress, likewise advocates the slaughter of diseased and exposed animals in cases where the infection has not become firmly implanted and where natural boundaries are present. Nevermann, the highest veterinary official of Germany states in his conclusions that ‘‘the slaughter of infected herds in Germany has proved an advantageous method of fighting the disease under certain conditions.’’ Earlier in his article he states ‘‘With their slaughter, newly appearing outbreaks may be readily controlled and thereby the unpleasant spread from such outbreaks may be avoided. I desire particularly to call attention to the magnificent results of this method attained in England and the United States.’’ An article by the venerable Professor Guillebau in the Swiss Veterinary Journal, 1915, claims that eradication by slaughter in the lowlands of Switzerland is indicated but not so in the mountains. Other authorities may be quoted, and the consensus of opinion is that in a locality where it is possible to control the disease by slaughter, this method should be given preference over any other. In view of these facts and thé results achieved in the present and former outbreaks of the disease in the United States, can any one doubt that the measures pursued in this country were not the ‘most suitable for the conditions, especially so if the danger from virus carriers is given due consideration. And it would be desirable for legislative bodies and others to reflect that kind of co-operation that checked and suppressed one of the most infectious animal di- seases in the world can be used effectively against other enemies’ of the livestock industry. Notwithstanding this, certain critics of the Bureau are making similar attacks on the foot-and-mouth erad- - ication work as they did years ago against tuberculosis control work. 410 JOHN R. MOHLER Were these criticisms to be heeded, foot-and-mouth disease would unquestionably be saddled on this country to-morrow, as tubereu- losis is to-day. DETAILED MEASURES TO BE ADOPTED | Veterinarians in all branches of the profession should con- stantly be on the lookout for the disease. Notwithstanding the de- partment has taken every practicable precaution to .eradicate the infection and to prevent the introduction of the disease into this country, the infection may recur or again be introduced from abroad. If in the examination of animals any condition may be found that arouses suspicion of foot-and-mouth disease, a careful inspection should be made of the mouth, feet, teats, udder and perineum for specific lesion of the disease. The only specific lesion is the vesicular eruption, but next in order of importance in diagnosing the disease is the erosion, showing abrupt borders which cause it to present a punched out appearance. The examination should not be confined to the suspicious ani- mals, but should include all susceptible animals of different species on the farm, and if the suspicion of foot-and-mouth disease is strong, the inspection should extend to animals on adjacent farms. The number of animals affected, and a description of the lesions should be noted. Special inquiry should be made into the history of the condition, and all information available should be considered with the view of ascertaining if there is any evidence of contagion. In all cases even where there is only slight grounds for sus- picion of a new outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease the matter should be promptly reported by wire to the chief of the bureau and the state veterinarian and a detailed written report should be for- warded as soon as possible. This report should include a description - of the lesions, and their location, the number of susceptible ani- mals of each species on the farm, the number of animals of each species affected, the temperature record, and the history, including the evidence, if any, of contagion. At the same time there should be forwarded to the department, in tightly sealed containers, ma- terial immersed in equal parts of glycerine and boiled water for microscopic and inoculation purposes. This material should in- clude the contents of vesicles where available, and where this ma- terial is not available, specimens from the freshest erosions or ulcers should be forwarded. FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 411 In all instances where a positive diagnosis cannot be made, but where there is suspicion of foot-and-mouth disease, veterinarians should proceed immediately without waiting for a reply to their report to make inoculation tests on hogs or calves, but preferably yearling calves, in order to ascertain whether the disease is trans- missible. It will no doubt be of interest to this association to learn more of the details which have been adopted in the present campaign of - foot-and-mouth eradication. As soon as the diagnosis had been confirmed, the proper state - authorities and the Bureau of Animal Industry designated qualified veterinarians to take charge of the work of eradication for their re- spective governments. These inspectors-in-charge of the eradica- tion of the outbreak promptly requested sufficient supplies and nec- essary help from the head offices, and co-operated from the begin- ning in ascertaining the extent of the outbreak, as well as in formu- lating and enforcing quarantine regulations. The state authorities were requested to quarantine the infected premises immediately, and to place a guard on each of such premises day and night to see that the quarantine was preserved. The owners of the affected herds were fully instructed concerning the nature of the disease and importance of maintaining a strict quarantine. The owners of adjacent farms were similarly notified and instructed in order that they would take precautions to protect their herds against in- fection. The stock yards in the infected districts were closed im- mediately and creameries and cheese factories investigated to see that skim milk, butter milk, and whey were being properly steri- lized before being returned to farmers; otherwise they also were closed. The widest publicity was given to the outbreaks from the beginning through the daily papers and the distribution of posters, special circulars and similar literature. Public meetings of farmers and stock men from the territory bordering the infected area were called to discuss foot-and-mouth disease, and methods to be employed in eradicating it with particular reference to the duties of livestock owners, and what would be expected of them. Stock owners from infected farms or adjacent premises were discouraged from attend- ing these meetings as all necessary information was carried to them by inspectors making farm to farm inspections. The veterinary inspector in charge of this work requested representatives of state authorities, members of live stock associations and interested live- stock owners of the community to speak at these meetings. 412 JOHN R. MOHLER Arrangements were made immediately for the transportation of employees and their equipment so there would be no delay when the assistants arrived. As soon as an expert on car tracing arrived a report was secured of all live stock shipments that had been made from the community since the disease appeared. All suspicious shipments were traced to destination and back to the farm where the stock originated in order to ascertain if there was any probabil- ity that they were infected when shipped. These precautions were taken to limit the spread of the disease as quickly as possible. The veterinary inspectors located at various public stock yards were informed immediately by phone or wire of any diseased, sus- _ picious, or exposed animals that were shipped from the infected ~ community to public stock yards. A record was made of all live stock cars that carried infected or exposed animals out of the in- fected district, and arrangements made with the various railroad companies for the cleaning and disinfecting of such cars before they were again used. An investigation was made immediately to determine if pos- sible the source of the infection in order to prevent another out- break from the same source but with negative results. Other vet- erinary inspectors were detailed immediately to scout in the com- munity wherever rumor or suspicion led in order to locate and quarantine all infected herds as soon as possible. In addition to the scouts, other veterinary inspectors were detailed to make a care- ful systematic inspection of all live stock within a radius of three miles or more of the infected premises. In cases where foot-and-mouth disease is reported by one vet- erinary inspector, the diagnosis should be confirmed by at least one other veterinary inspector. After the diagnosis has been confirmed, the animals should be appraised and arrangements made to dispose of the affected herd as soon as possible to prevent further spread of the disease. The appraisals are usually made by the two appraisers working together, one a representative of the state, the other the representative of the Department of Agriculture. Care should be exercised in selecting appraisers in order to see that only men of proper temperament, good judgment, and who are familiar with the value of different classes of live stock are chosen for this duty. The digging of the trench should be commenced immediately. The owner of the affected herd should if possible, be induced to take the contract to dig the trench. A lay inspector should be detailed to ee se ee eee ee eee Sei ee ge FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 413. supervise the digging and should be instructed to remain on the premises until the work is finished. It has been demonstrated dur- ing the last outbreak that the smaller trenches can be dug as quickly and more cheaply when picks and shovels are used, as when teams, plows, and scrapers are employed. If the owner of the affected herd refuses to dig the trench a contractor should be hired at an agreed price of so much per cubic yard. In all instances the dimensions of the trench should be specified in writing and the contractor notified that settlement will be made on this basis. If the herd is small and the animals are docile the ends and sides of the trench should be perpendicular. If the herd is large time can be saved by sloping one or both ends of the trench so the animals can be driven into it and there slaughtered. In digging trenches of this kind, _ they should be seven feet deep, seven feet wide, and long enough to — allow comfortable standing room for the cattle. Usually there is room in the trench of this size for the additional small number of hogs and sheep found on the average farm, allowing two hogs or sheep for each cow. Where there is an unusual number of hogs or sheep in proportion to the number of cattle additional space should be provided in specifying the length of the trench. The method of slaughter consists of shooting the animals while they are standing on the fresh dirt at the side of the trench and then rolling them into it, or driving them into the trench and’ shoot- ing them there. The latter method of handling the animals is preferable in disposing of large herds as considerable time and ex- pense is saved and the surrounding ground is not contaminated with infection from escaping blood, saliva, ete. . The hides of all carcasses should be thoroughly slashed, and the abdominal cavity opened to allow the escape of the viscera. Thiswork should be done after the carcasses have been deposited in the trench. After the hides have been slashed and the abdominal cavity opened, the carcasses should be covered with freshly slacked lime. |L {Sent |Fo2‘T |Foc'T |z¢ jor jor |°°°**** UIsmOosTM € |3t ‘advioz ‘qaq bP 80st |P8°SSF OT'ET8‘sI 96F QO. 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RoapuouseE, Berkeley, Cal. In the course of several years supervision of six certified dairies in the San Francisco Bay region for the San Francisco County and Alameda County Medical Milk Commissions by members of the Veterinary Division of the University of California, considerable data has been collected which should be of concern to those inter- ested in the tuberculin test. These dairies offer special advantage for such observations be- cause the herds are constantly under supervision and regulation with respect to tuberculosis and other diseases. The animals have been pastured on ground used only for healthy animals and pur- | chased stock has not been admitted on the preniey until it has passed the test. | There is also satisfactory co-operation on the part of the owner in most certified dairies which makes the results more reliable than they would likely be on an equal number of animals from other sources. ~The methods of supervision in the cartimed dairies in this see- tion are as follows: | 1. Limiting the purchase of stock to herds where less than 10 percent. of the animals react to the tuberculin test. 2. Semi-annual tests of all animals, alternating the sub- cutaneous and intradermal methods of testing. 3. Placing the responsibility for the health of the animals upon one individual. (The monthly veterinary inspections required by the Medical Milk Commission is designed to de- tect physical cases of tuberculosis as well as other diseases. However, in certified dairies physical cases seldom occur.) “Trp Ten Percent Ruue.’’? When this work was begun in 1905 Ward and Haring followed the practice, which was then ap- proved in this county, of allowing all purchased animals passing the test to be added to the certified herd. However, it was soon learned here, as elsewhere, that it was not possible to reduce the number of reacting animals in the herds at subsequent tests by such procedure when purchases were regularly being made. This led to the intro- *Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A. Section on Sanitary Sci- ence and Police, Oakland, Cal., September, 1915. THE TUBERCULIN TEST IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES 421 ~ duetion of what has here been termed the ‘‘Ten per cent Rule’’, the effect of which has been to limit the purchase of animals to smaller herds, as experience has shown that it is very difficult to find large herds of dairy cows in this state that would show less than ten per cent of reactors. It is possible to violate the spirit of the ten per cent rule by purchasing a single cow or a few cows from several ‘owners, but this has not been’ done where the dairymen purchase the stock from the original owner, as they have become impressed with the value of this rule in lessening the danger of reactions at sub- sequent tests. Even with the enforcement of the ten per cent rule, which must be regarded as stringent in the purchase of stock, it has been found that of the 82 reacting animals removed from the various dairies during the past year, 65 of them, or 79.2 per cent, have been purchased during the last three years. This result, to- gether with the fact that it is difficult and expensive to locate and — buy cows from herds where less than ten percent of the animals react, has encouraged the dairymen to raise more calves from their own herds. Tuberculosis in calves raised in certified dairies is as follows : ; HEALTH OF CALVES RAISED IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES No. of Calves No.ofthese No. of these raised Calves raised Calves | on milk from reacting tested cows Dairy No. 1 4 f 0 ee Dairy No. 2 , No report EY. Dairy No. 3 150 150 1 a | *Dairy No. 4 200 ~ 200 27 4 Dairy No. 5 20 20 0 : if Dairy No. 6 60 60 0 a Although the number of animals raised is limited to 434 the result __is significant. SEMI-ANNUAL TUBERCULIN Tests. Alternating Subcutaneous and Intradermal Methods. As every attempt is made to minimize tuberculosis in certified dairies, it is the practice in the SanFrancisco Bay region to test all animals at six month intervals. The sub- cutaneous test was used exclusively until the second half of 1914 when the intradermal method of testing was introduced. The fol- ___ lowing data for each dairy shows the results from the two methods of testing: a *Dairy No. 4 showed 18% of cows in the herd reacting at the time of the first test. The first lot of calves were fed refuse hay from the mangers of the dairy barn. 422 ; C. L. ROADHOUSE ee) RESULTS FROM SUBCUTANEOUS AND INTRADERMAL TUBERCULIN TESTS IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES Datry No. 1 No. animals No, animals Percentage tested condemned condemned Subcutaneous Test June, 1914 132 1 Mi Intradermal Test December, 1914 125 7 5.6 Subeutaneous Test June, 1915 131 3 2.29 Dairy No. 2 Subeutaneous Test February, 1914 259 12 —«46 Intradermal Test ie September, 1914 279 16 ABE Subcutaneous Test March, 1915 298 10 3.3 Datry No. 3 Subcutaneous Test January, 1914 ee 5 1.5 Intradermal Test July, 1914 330 16 4.8 ° Subcutaneous Test January, 1915 350 4 gs | Dairy No. 4 Subeutaneous Test May, 1914 © 196 15 7.6 Intradermal Test November, 1914 172 9 5.2 Subcutaneous Test May, 1915 204 at. 3.9 Darry No. 5 Intradermal Test November, 1913 39° 0 0. Subcutaneous Test June, 1914 43 1 2.3 Subcutaneous Test January, 1915 36 0 0 Dairy No. 6 Subcutaneous Test . December, 1913 66 1 15 Intradermal Test July, 1914 ¥a0 i 5.1: Subcutaneous Test January, 1915 142 1 i 4 | a ? Th. A i) j f Zz t THE TUBERCULIN TEST IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES 423 A summary of the above is given in the following table: Animals Tested During First Half of 1914 by Subcutaneous Method PO ANIMA OSIOR.. 5. ee eda 1011 mG. animalsreacting... .. 60... 6. shee e es 3D Percentage reacting............. pees 3.4 Animals Tested during Second Half of 1914 by Intradermal Method , er, ARIE CONEOG 055s es ate 1080 mee, Allene TOUCTING: ... 5... eS daa s DD Percentaee Teacting. .... 2.52... 2.6 on 5.0 Animals Tested during First Half of 1915 by Subcutaneous Method 0 ee nee ee ah 1161 ve. animamreacting..;...........268 26 Percentage reacting... ............... 2.2 The point of greatest significance from the above data is shown in the summary. To the subcutaneous test of 1914, 35 animals, or 3.4% reacted. The intradermal test, made six months later on the same animals, showed 55, or 5% reacting. As there were more than 1000 animals included in this result, the statement made by Haring and Bell that the intradermal test is somewhat more search- ing in its diagnosis of incipient cases of tuberculosis in animals than the subeutaneous test would seem to be supported. RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE HEALTH OF THE HERDS. The Medical Milk Commissioners have insisted that all tests and examinations of animals be conducted by the official veterinarian, or under his direct supervision. The reasons for this procedure are manifold: first, it fixes the responsibility upon one individual; second, it leads to uniformity in technique and interpretation; third, special- ization is developed, increasing the accuracy of the work; fourth, the filing of uniform records at a central point for a period of years makes it possible to accumulate data of value which is a guide for the future. Identification cards are preserved for all animals in the various herds and ear tags are recorded, and such details can best be done by the man who is doing such work regularly. THE FAILURE OF THE TUBERCULIN. TEST IN CERTIFIED DaAIRIES. During the past year one of the largest certified dairies in the east- ern part of the United States has had certification temporarily with- drawn on account of tuberculosis developing among the animals in the herd. The Board of Veterinary Experts (Moore, Klein and 424 C. L. ROADHOUSE White) appointed by the Milk Commissioners* reported that the most important source of infection in the herd was from animals purchased and added. to the herd. They state that ‘‘ All cows were tested with tuberculin at the time of purchase and only those that passed the test were shipped to the farm. The cows which were pur- chased were from herds that had been assembled by dealers.’’ Dur- ing a period of four and one-half months 111 animals were pur- chased. These animals when tested one year later showed 59 react- ing, or 49.5%. There are other conditions which are reported to have contributed to the spread of the infection, but it was the failure of the tuberculin test to detect tuberculosis in purchased stock no doubt that led to the withdrawal of certification at the time. If the ten per cent. rule enforced under our supervision, or some similar re- striction on the percentage of reactors allowed in a herd from which stock was purchased, had been followed, we believe that the risk of an occurrence of this kind would have been greatly reduced, except in those cases where unscrupulous methods were used by the person selling the animals. From this incident we must be impressed with the great risk that is taken where there is permitted the wholesale and promiscuous purchase of stock for admission to a healthy herd, subject to the tuberculin test. Some of the recommendations of Moore, Klein and White in the report, to which I have referred above, deserve mention : 1. That the Dairy Company extend as rapid- ly as possible the plan which they have recently instituted of raising cows to replenish the herd and that the practice of purchasing cows for the dairy be discontinued as soon as possible. 2. That until sufficient cows can be raised upon the farm extreme care be exercised in purchasing new cows. By ‘‘ex- treme care’? we mean that insofar as is possible cows be pur- chased from herds that are free from tuberculosis, and that the purchase of cows from miscellaneous lots of cattle assem- bled by dealers be discontinued. 3. That all animals not obtained from tubereculosis-free herds be required to pass a tuberculin test before purchase and that they be segregated from the herd until they have passed a retest, which should be made two or three months after their arrival at the farm, a double dose of tubereulin being used. *Twenty-sixth Report of the Medical Milk Commission of Essex County, N. J. THE TUBERCULIN TEST IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES s 425 4. That a test of the entire herd be made regularly at intervals of approximately one year. : These recommendations are in accord with the procedure fol- lowed in this region, with two exceptions: first, the ten per cent rule is used in the purchase of stock, rather than the segregation of 3 _ such animals from the herd and their retesting three months later : and second, semt-annual tests of all animals in the herd are made, rather than the annual testing recommended by them. When stock a is purchased it is usually because there is an increased demand for milk. It would, therefore, not be expedient in such case to segre- gate purchased animals for three months before they could be used a for certified milk production, and, if this were insisted upon, it would inerease the cost in maintaining such herds, which we be- lieve the ten per cent rule avoids. | From our results, we feel that a proper restriction in the num- 4% _ ber of reacting animals which there may be in a herd from which a gs eee ee animals are to be purchased, with semi-annual tests, is as safe as the segregation above mentioned and that it is less burdensome to the dairy owners. tf). ABSTRACT OF DISCUSSION. Dr. Torrance: I would like to ask Dr. Roadhouse what was the method of disposing of these animals? Were they slaughtered, | and if so, were post mortems made to confirm the test or not? Dr. RoapHouse: The milk commission made no disposal of these animals but recommended to the owner that they be slaugh- tered and that the animals be posted where it was possible. Of course, in most cases, the animals were slaughtered at the comple- tion of the test and the lesions sought for. The owners have been satisfied with the results, and now they usually do not ask this. In the regular routine it increases the labor to make post mortems, and post mortem examinations are held only when the owner re- quests it. The owner is encouraged to sell such stock for beef, but the milk commission has no authority over them as long as they are removed from the premises. Usually they were sold for beef by prac- tically all six dairies, but where the number of reactors is large as in the case where one dairy had 35 animals and 15 reactors among them, by the intradermal test, the owner felt that the loss was too great, and I know this particular man sold these animals to other dairies, which is done, no doubt, in other places. There is nothing to prevent it, at present, in California. _ Dr. Kinsuey: I would like to ask the Doctor if the premises were disinfected after the first subcutaneous test, before the ani- mals went into the same stalls, to be milked? 426 Cc. L. ROADHOUSE .- Dr. RoapHouseE: It is one of the rules of the milk commission that the stalls and mangers be disinfected at the close of each test. This is carried out under the supervision of the inspection depart- ment. Dr. KinstEy: It is rather hard, it seems to me, to interpret the findings. It is certainly unfortunate that we have not the le- sions of these reactors to go with the reports to verify the different tests. In the state of Missouri, particularly around Kansas City, all cows going out fer dairy purposes are tested. Those going to the Kansas side are given the subcutaneous test, and those going to the © Missouri side are given the intradermal test. In the last three years for the Missouri side, we have tested some 6000 cattle. For the two years preceding this one, about 4500 head of cows were tested. They have been re-tested twice. The dairies are tested once a year by the intradermal method. Of the 2800 and some odd head tested last year, we got 23 reactors, 22 of which showed dis- tinet lesions when killed under government supervision at our Kan- sas City packing houses. Of the remainder, something over 2800 went in our dairies and were tested during January, February and March of this year, one of those 2800 reacted, and showed lesions on post mortem examination. It is possible and quite probable that we give the tuberculin test to cattle that have been tested within a week or ten days, and yet our findings, I think, have been remarkable on the re-test when one animal in 2800 reacted under such circumstances. Now in the year previous out of 2800 head not a single reactor was found the first year; with something like 1300 of the 1800 the second year tested, not a single reactor. Perhaps it is in our lack of efficiency in making the test, but we find that our percentage of reactors is practically the same as the subcutaneous reactors in . the same class of animals in the yards. Dr. McNair: I would like to ask Dr. Roadhouse or other gentlemen doing work along this line what in his judgment is the value of auscultation or the examination of pharyngeal secretions in the detection of tuberculosis. Dr. Stums: I would like to know if Dr. Roadhouse has the hypodermic needle which he uses. I have made the test and always had difficulty with the needles I used. They are not satisfactory. Dr. Day: I would like.to ask Dr. Roadhouse which test he finds the most practical, the subcutaneous or the intradermal? It is a question in our state as to the practicality of it—the time con- sumed in applying the tests. The accuracy of it, I think, is pretty well tested, but it is a question as to which is the most practical. Dr. DauRrymMPLE: I would like to ask Dr. Roadhouse if he found any difference in the season of the year in which he made the tests? That is, the hot or the cold season? ee ee ee a ee eee ese ee a ee Pee a ee 7 2. . — oie i!) oe ee Sa - THE TUBERCULIN TEST IN CERTIFIED DAIRIES 427 - Dr. RoapHouse: I wish our cattle in California were as free from tuberculosis as the animals which have been reported from Missouri, or Kansas City. Dr. Kinsley has been fortunate in com- ing in contact with animals which are quite free from tuberculosis. I would like to ask Dr. Kinsley if these were beef animals or dairy animals ? Dr. KinsteEy: Cows used in the ordinary dairies in and around the city. 4 Dr. RoapHovusE: Usually in California when we test that kind of stock, especially if they are in dairies that have a hundred ani- mals or more, we find from 20% to 30% reacting. Dr. KinsteEy: We test our cows every year, and the reacting animals are sold to the packing houses. Dr. RoapHousE: In checking the intradermal and subcutane- ous methods as Dr. Kinsley has testified, the results seem quite good. In this testing, may I ask, if the best animals which were re-tested by the intradermal method were given the subcutaneous test also? Dr. Kinstey: On the Missouri side of the state line, we used the intradermal test once a year, testing all dairy animals supplying milk in Kansas City. Dr. RoapHousE: Do I understand that you sometimes use the subcutaneous test? Dr. Kinstey: No, the state line divides Kansas City, Missouri, and Kansas City, Kansas, and our stock yards are on the line. The cows going to Kansas are checked and tested by the subcutaneous method. : Dr. RoapHouseE: Then you did not check the intradermal test as against the subcutaneous ? Dr. Kinstry: No. Not in the last six or seven years. We do sometimes get cows in Missouri which have been recently tested - in Kansas, according to the Kansas regulations. Dr. RoapHouse: From the report’ which Dr. Kinsley gives from his section, it would seem that he did not talk upon the point I thought he referred to. It was a question concerning the results from the intradermal test as compared with the results from the subcutaneous test, which I was interested in. Dr. RutuerrorD: I would like to ask whether any note was made of the proportion of the newly purchased animals which re- acted after the second test. Six months later you tested 1080 ecat- tle. If you tested 1080 there must have been 104 newly purchased cattle. What I wanted to know was whether in your testing, you had checked the number of newly purchased cattle which reacted as against the old stock which had already passed the test? Dr. RoapHouse: It was checked only in this way: in the data which I gave, where the effort was made to determine what per- centage of reacting animals were from the animals recently pur- chased, as I gave in the report, 82 animals reacted during the past year (July 1, 1914 to July 1,1915), Of these 82 reacting animals, 428 Cc. L. ROADHOUSE 65 I believe was the number, or 79% of them, were from animals which had been purchased during the last three years,—not dur- ing the last year. | | Dr. RuTtHERFORD: You say you had 976 cattle that had passed the test and were presumably free from tuberculosis. To those animals you added 104 new animals. What percentage of the new- comers reacted to the second test? That is the point I would like to get at. I have had a good deal of experience in cleaning up dairy herds, and I must say, like you, I was more than delighted to hear of the astonishing success attending the work in Kansas City, as I never ran across anything like that. It certainly speaks well for the health of the stock in Missouri and Kansas. I don’t think we would find that condition anywhere else, on this continent or the old world either. I was particularly interested in endeavoring to discover how much of the disease had been introduced by these new- comers. Dr. RoapHouse: That question I think I can only answer by the figures I gave, that 79% of reactors last year were from pur- chased animals within the last three years. I have not the figures except in that form. Dr. RutHERFoRD: That would imply, I suppose, that the great majority of those reactors to the second test were cattle that had been purchased in the interval between the first and the second test. Dr. RoapHousz: When this work was done it was not with the idea of preparing a report for this meeting, so that I am obliged to take only such results as our records show, and that question can be answered only in the general statement which I made about pur- chased animals. In reply to Dr. McNair’s question as to whether any work was done in the matter of pharyngeal secretions: I can say that it is not a part of the routine work, and as the work is not done as an in- vestigation, we cannot make any report on that. There are two bulletins which have been published within the last two years, one by the California Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion by Haring and Dow, and one in Montana by Welch, and both of these bulletins show the apparatus which they used in this work. I might say that a very small dental syringe is the type used with the intradermal .method and to that is attached a needle about one-fourth inch in length and the injection is made in the folds of | the dermis, so that the needle is not long enough to pass through the skin. Dr. Sts: I wrote to Dr. Welch and he said the one which he illustrated was not a satisfactory syringe, and that he had been looking for years for the right thing but had not found one which exactly suited him. Dr. RoapHouse: I find the syringes usually made and sent out by the biologic people are not durable. A 6 ¢.c. subcutaneous syringe is put up for the subcutaneous test, fortunately the threads = se I i i aT a ee Sa oe ee ee et L, AN IDEAL STATE LAW 429 of the small needles which we can purchase will screw onto the 6 c.c. syringe, and will be tight if a few rounds of thread are wrapped in the threads of the syringe, and with care in connecting the small needle with the large 6 ¢.c. syringe, we are able to inject 30 to 40 head with one syringeful, and it works satisfactorily, because the larger syringe is more durable. In answer to Dr. Day’s question as to which test is the most practical, I would say a review of the work which has been done by the men mentioned and others would lead us to believe, that animals will react through the intradermal test in certain cases which do not react to the subcutaneous, and in other cases animals will react to the subcutaneous test which have failed to react under the intradermal; that with the proper interval between the tests, the actual number of reactions, in a given herd, results when both methods are used. Writers on the intradermal test recommend it particularly for range cattle because it is not easy to conduct the -subeutaneous test on relatively wild animals, and for animals which have high temperatures. It may also be used for hogs, as their temperatures are irregular from handling, and young stock which are not suited for the subcutaneous test. It also seems to be con- sidered preferable to the subcutaneous in climates where the tem- perature of the dir is higher than that of the animal, on account of the difficulty of keeping the thermometer down to the proper tem- _ perature,—low enough so that the subcutaneous test is reliable. Dr. Kinsutey: Mr. President, I would like to ask Dr. Ruther- ford, if he questions my statements, to write to our state depart- ment at Columbia and get some reliable information about the use of tests, or get some of the B. A. I. reports concerning the test in the Kansas City Live Stock Yards. Dr. RutrHerrorp: Not for one moment did I question the ver- acity of Dr. Kinsley’s statement. I simply took the liberty of commending him on the particularly good health of the stock in his section: ra* AN IDEAL STATE LAW FOR COOPERATION BE- TWEEN STATE AND FEDERAL AUTHORITIES IN THE WORK OF ERADICATING CONTAGIOUS ANIMAL DISEASES ©. J. MARSHALL, State Veterinarian, Harrisburg, Penn. It is the duty of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry to prevent the introduction or spread of the transmissible diseases of animals to or within federal territory under its jurisdiction. In accordance with state rights it is presupposed that each common- 430 Cc. J. MARSHALL wealth is prepared and equipped to handle such diseases within its borders. eg The Organic Act of May 29, 1884, establishing the Federal Bu- reau of Animal Industry, specifically provides for the cooperation of states and territories in the eradication of contagious, infectious and communicable diseases and in the execution and enforcement of this act. It also provides that when the properly constituted state authorities signify their readiness to cooperate for the eradication of communicable diseases, the Department of Agriculture is author- ized to expend for disinfection and quarantine measures so much of the appropriation as may be necessary to prevent the spread of the disease from one state or territory to another. Furthermore, pro- vision is made whereby any individual may furnish information regarding diseased animals and may bring violations of this act to the attention of the United States Attorney of his district whose duty shall be to prosecute such violations. When from the nature and extent of the disease it is feared that it may get beyond the control of the local authorities and spread to other states and countries the federal government takes all possible precautions to prevent such an occurrence. The federal government has a legal right to quarantine a state and to prevent the interstate movement of livestock or anything that may carry contagion, en- dangering the livestock of another state or country. It cannot establish or enforce quarantines against livestock on premises or portions of territory within a state except as to the interstate movement of such livestock, neither can it force an entry or compel the destruction of animals or property. A state cannot do so unless it is provided with the necessary legislation. Under the present organization of the federal bureau an effi- cient veterinary sanitary force is maintained at all times and is in readiness for emergency work. Under ordinary conditions this force of men render valuable public service in the work of meat in- spection, tick and scab eradication, and are able to conduct research work on many diseases. In the past such work has proven of in- estimable value to the livestock interests of the country. In eases of emergency it is always available for quick and efficient action. Each state should maintain a somewhat similar service. Such men could be used to advantage at all times. The federal government is not able to look after meat hygiene work in houses that are not doing an interstate business. It is reasonable to suppose that the AN IDEAL STATE LAW 431 poorest class of animals is slaughtered in places not under inspec- tion. About 60% of the cattle, sheep and hogs slaughtered in this country are subjected to a federal inspection. This leaves 40% of the meat supply of every state which is uninspected. Milk hygiene is even more important and very little is done in the various states on this subject. The meat and milk hygiene service, and the minor transmis- sible diseases of animals, that should be looked after by the state would furnish an abundance of work for a good-sized veterinary sanitary police force. With such a force it would be possible for the state to furnish trained men to co-operate with the federal forces in case of emergency. In this respect most of the states have been remiss in the past and in a great majority of cases were able to furnish no experienced, well-trained assistants to co-operate with the federal forces. ' Aside from the regularly employed agents of the state and fed- eral governments, each state should have an abundance of well-edu- cated and efficient veterinary practitioners who may be called into public service when needed. All veterinary practitioners should be compelled by law to report promptly all dangerous communicable diseases of animals. In controlling foot-and-mouth disease the pri- vate practitioner can render most valuable service. The State Vet- _ erinarian in Pennsylvania is authorized to employ local practitioners to do any kind of work when it is deemed necessary. In this way a large number of competent men scattered over the state are in con- stant touch with the work of the Board. They are kept informed and are familiar with the laws and regulations, and most of them ean be called upon for assistance in cases of emergency. It.is also important that the state furnish adequate means for a thorough veterinary education to a sufficient number of men to look after veterinary sanitary police measures. The day and gen- eration have passed when men with business ability alone are con- sidered prepared to be entrusted with matters which involve tech- nical knowledge which they do not possess. Practically every state loses more than five per. cent. of its livestock valuation each year from preventable diseases. Veteri- narians should not be criticised for inability to prevent such losses when the state provides inadequate means, or none at all, for prop- erly training men in matters of animal hygiene and furnishes no money to control or eradicate these diseases. Very few of our 432 Cc. J. MARSHALL states spend any money for veterinary education. If five per cent. of the preventable losses were spent for veterinary education and veterinary hygiene work in each state, the work could be done satis- factorily and millions of dollars saved annually for other purposes. The general plan of organizing the work of co-operation be- tween the federal and state forces should be carefully planned and thoroughly understood by both sides when it is necessary to combine forces to handle unusual conditions, as is necessary in exterminat- ing foot-and-mouth disease, or other possible diseases that are equal- ly as important. This would depend to a great extent upon the equipment of the state. It is especially true in reference to the number of available men, their qualifications and experience. The outline of the work to be covered in foot-and-mouth disease, for ex- ample, is somewhat as follows :— 1. Locating the disease. Placing quarantines on premises and territory. Appraising livestock and other property. Preparing burial trenches. Slaughtering diseased herds. Disinfecting premises. Farm-to-farm inspections. Issuing permits. 9. Releasing quarantines. 10. Auditing and paying the bills. The federal and state forces should each have a main office, and an efficient and sufficient office force to handle the business promptly and accurately. If the disease is wide-spread, the infected terri- tory should be divided into districts and a competent, experienced man, who is familiar with the territory and the people, placed in charge of each district. It is best perhaps for both the federal and state governments to have a representative in charge of each dis- trict. If so, these men must understand each other thoroughly and work in absolute harmony. If this cannot be done, each had better be given a separate territory or separate duties and then held re- sponsible for his part of the work. Where the work is done to- gether, each should have free access to the other’s records at all times and the field work should be routed and planned together so that duplications will be avoided. The districts should not be too large. The men in charge should be in daily touch with the working foree and at the same time keep Sel la lat al secs A ee eae) ee, AN IDEAL STATE LAW 433 the main office informed daily of the progress and new developments. In reference to locating centers of infection, the main office should know where the suspicious shipments have been received and, by co-operating with the railroad officials, shippers, dealers, -ete., this information can be obtained. The general public should be informed through the public press, agricultural papers, fliers, posters, public meetings, etc., of the pres- - ence and location of the disease; the symptoms, nature and import- ance of the disease and the measures to be adopted to prevent and eradicate it. In most cases the owner will report suspicious symp- toms, either to his local veterinarian or to the state or federal officers. This plan should be encouraged in every way possible. It has been very unusual for owners to hide or attempt to hide the disease and it is believed that if they can be assured of prompt and fair settlement, none would deliberately try to deceive the proper - officials. As soon as the disease is located, or where there is reasonable suspicion of its existence, and where susceptible animals have been exposed to the disease, a special quarantine should be placed at once. Loeal, federal and state agents should have authority to place such “quarantines. If possible to do so, a guard should be placed over the premises. Curiosity on the part of stock-owners and others to see how the disease looks is often’ responsible for its spread. A quarantine alone is not enough to keep such people away. Neces- sity often demands that the people on quarantined premises must leave the place. This might be done safely if a guard were present to disinfect their shoes, fumigate their clothing, ete. By this plan it would also be possible for children on quarantined premises to continue their school work safely. Special quarantines, or those on a district or section of country, ‘should be handled by the main office. The method adopted by the federal bureau in classifying territory as free, restricted, exposed and ¢glosed was considered satisfactory, and should be followed as closely as possible by the state authorities. It is not practical in all eases for the state and federal quarantined area to be divided in the same way. A state may consider it safe to move animals within the federal quarantined area for certain purposes, when the federal government could not permit such a movement across a state line. The state authorities may not be satisfied to accept shipments from 434 Cc. J. MARSHALL out of the state when government regulations would permit them. The main office should look after details of this kind. On the matter of appraisements, a representative each of the federal and state governments should work together. These men should be familiar with the breeds and prices of livestock, and be able to place a just valuation on animals and other property that is - to be destroyed. In case the owner is unwilling to agree to the ap- praisement allowed, the Pennsylvania law provides for appointing sworn appraisers. The slaughter method has been adopted as the best means for controlling the disease and the sooner it can be done the better. An experienced person should be selected to destroy the animals. If any safe way can be devised to slaughter exposed animals, and save the hides or the carcasses for food it should be done. It is seldom feasible to manage the destruction so as to accomplish this saving, for the reason that it is not safe to move exposed animals to slaughter houses; there are seldom any facilities for conducting the work on the farm and moreover there is but a limited market for the meat slaughtered on the farm. As soon as the animals are disposed of, the premises should be promptly disinfected. This should be carefully and thoroughly done under the supervision of a man especially trained for this kind of work. Reinfections occurred in very few cases during the past outbreak, yet, much of the work was done in very cold weather under adverse conditions. Farm-to-farm inspections may be done by either state or fed- eral men. The diagnosis’should be verified in all cases and the most experienced and reliable men provided to examine all doubtful cases. There is perhaps more danger of diagnosing other eondi- tions as foot-and-mouth disease than there is of failing to recognize and include true cases. The diagnosis is not always easy. It is especially difficult in those cases that have partially recovered, and in many instances at the beginning or the ending of an outbreak. Permits for holding sales, moving livestock, hides, fodder, ma- nure, ete., intra-state should be handled by the state forees. In most cases the state men are more familiar with the territory, peo- ple and the state regulations than the federal men. Permits should be issued without expense to the owner, and by none except those specially authorized to do so. The federal men have rendered valuable assistance in an advisory capacity in the OS a a = Ka ee ee eS SY et ee he! ee ee a a AN IDEAL STATE LAW 435 matter of issuing permits. All transportation companies, stock yard companies, shippers and newspapers should be promptly noti- fied by the main office of any changes in the regulations. Before starting with the actual work of eradication a thorough understanding should exist as to the payment of accounts; not only as to the share of expense each party should bear, but as to the ac- tual payment of same. When it is decided that payment of claims is to be divided in a certain manner (as for instance, each paying 50 per cent.). in- stead of paying the claim by two vouchers, each for the exact share decided upon, it might facilitate matters and give more general sat- isfaction if such claims were paid in full at one time, either the state or the federal Department making the payment and being re- imbursed by the other for its share of the expense. If a full under- standing of the division of the expense were entered into before such expenses are incurred, no dispute would arise by this method, and better work might result. However, legal difficulties arising out of the prohibition against the federal government making loans must be avoided. During the past outbreaks claims for cattle, ete., were paid by _ two vouchers, one by the state and one by the federal Department of Agriculture. It frequently happened that live stock were mort- gaged to an extent of over 50 per cent. The share of neither de- partment was sufficient to defray this mortgage, and as a result much confusion and delay took place in the settlement of such claims, with a corresponding degree of hardship and dissatisfaction on the part of the owners. Funds should also be made available for the prompt payment of temporary laborers, such as men employed in the digging of trenches, the labor incident to disinfection, ete. Such funds were not always available during the past outbreak. It is extremely difficult to get competent labor quickly, and at the proper rate when the payment of wages is a matter of doubtful promptness. The majority of this class of workers are dependent upon their daily wage for their daily bread, and however good their claims might be they are not in a position to wait. This might be handled by spec- ial temporary disbursing agents, who could be bonded and sent out with the field parties. It is extremely important that definite plans be adopted for obtaining funds and for making prompt payment of all just claims 436 ©. J. MARSHALL when it is necessary to destroy livestock and personal property for the public good. In certain states the limit of appraisement has justly been raised to full market value in cases of foot-and-mouth disease. Some states have neglected to set aside funds for meeting such appraisements, but have trusted to the generosity of future | legislatures to appropriate the money. This plan is too uncertain and far removed to appeal to our practical breeders and livestock men. Many of them are unwilling, and cannot afford, to accept promises that are not bankable. Colorado has adopted a pie that seems reasonable and just. It is as follows :— The governor has authority, in emergency cases under certain conditions, to issue certificates of indebtedness. These certificates are practically notes of the state carrying four per cent. interest, and, under the constitution, the legislature is required to make an appropriation to care for such certificates whenever it meets. Under the law passed last winter in Colorado, in case of an out- break of foot-and-mouth disease, or any other highly contagious disease, the stock board informs the governor and he authorizes the board to destroy such livestock and property as may be necessary, after the appraisement, and upon certificate from the board as to the indebtedness of the state, the governor causes certifivates of in- debtedness to be issued. As these carry four per cent. interest and are certain to be cashed at the first session of the legislature, they are practically the same as cash and will be accepted by all banks the same as any other security. Under this plan the credit of the state is used for any amount that may be necessary to stamp out any serious live stock contagion. The plan is simple and, it is believed, will be effective. Co-operation of state and federal government officials must exist to the fullest extent if prompt and efficient work is to result. The system of dividing the matter of expense equally between the state and federal governments, which existed during the recent out- break, seems to have been just and equitable, and one which gave general satisfaction to all concerned. The actual work should be done on a fifty-fifty basis also, if possible. ~The subject assigned for this paper was *‘ An Ideal State Law for Co-operation Between State and Federal Authorities in the Work of Eradicating Contagious Animal Diseases’’. The ‘‘ideal’’ is so difficult of attainment that some authorities define it as ‘‘vis- ionary, or existing only in imagination’’. Therefore, while having AN IDEAL STATE LAW 437 an ideal in mind, I prefer to confine my efforts on this subject to a comprehensive law which may be tangible, rather than to an ideal which is only visionary. This is a matter which has receivel our attention and efforts for a number of years and has resulted in the adoption by the Legislature of Pennsylvania of what is known as the Act of July 22, 1913. The inception of the present law was the act of May 21st, 1895, which created a State Livestock Sanitary Board, and defined its - duties. The original act has been amended from time to time and was finally codified into what has proved an efficient and comprehensive law, under which we have been enabled satisfactorily to handle several epizootics, as well as the ordinary run of transmissible dis- eases which are of daily occurrence. It has also given us power to impose restrictions upon the interstate movement of diseased and undesirable animals and enables us to secure assistance from the federal Bureau of Animal Industry by a section which definitely provides for co-operation with the authorities of the National Gov- ernment (Section No. 34). Such assistance is not confined to inter- state cases, but may be and has been, available for work within the state. | The federal employees are appointed agents of the State Live- stock Sanitary Board and issued identification cards. They then have the same authority as regular state agents, but receive no com- pensation from the state. In this way the federal men have rendered to the state valuable assistance. The Board has never had occasion to regret that such authority was given, but has felt under deep obligations to the federal government for the valuable service it has rendered in exterminating two outbreaks of aphthous fever. In the discussion of an efficient livestock sanitary law we must first consider the foundation upon which it is to rest. There should be provided a livestock board or bureau in the Department of Ag- _ rieulture. Such body must be composed of men who shall be well versed in livestock diseases and not of so-called practical business men or practical farmers whose views will incline only toward min- imizing the immediate financial losses occasioned by destruction of diseased animals. Under the direction of this body there must be an efficient corps of trained men whose services as sanitary police - may be available at any time upon short notice. For this purpose it is not necessary to maintain a large standing force, but a small corps of regular employees may be used in an emergency as a nucleus 438 C. J. MARSHALL for the formation of a larger force to handle unusual conditions. Under ordinary conditions the regular employees may be profitably used in the work of meat and milk hygiene and in handling the usual run of dangerous ‘diseases which are constantly encountered by owners of livestock. In order to be of greatest service the livestock authorities thus created must be provided with legal authority to enforce such requirements as may be deemed necessary. Probably the most important requirements will be an efficient quarantine, which should be elastic as well as drastic. Such a quarantine could be made to cover all classes of animals, individual- ly or collectively, and all materials which may convey contagion. It should also be made to apply to individual premises, as well as to all premises and territory within described boundaries. In addition to quarantine, a comprehensive law must provide for appraisement and destruction of animals and property, when such action shall become necessary in order to prevent the spread of disease. Pro- vision should be made for equitable and prompt adjustment of all losses thus sustained. In order that such a law shall have force it is necessary to pro- vide penalties for infractions of the statute itself, of quarantines, and of rules and regulations adopted pursuant to the law. | In formulating the Pennsylvania law, these were the salient points around which were collected the auxiliary requirements necessary to place it on a workable basis. While we do not presume to offer it as an “‘ideal’’, as we are aware of several minor points wherein it may be improved, we have found it to be sufficiently comprehensive to enable us satisfactorily to handle our sanitary work. This law also empowers us to make rules and regulations for the enforcement thereof. Furthermore, it has been declared to be fair and just and has received the endorsement of the progressive and broad-minded livestock owners and breeders of our state. The law should be broad in its terms; the powers conferred on the livestock board should be comprehensive; details should be omitted. Wide range of authority is essential if officials are to get efficient results, particularly in emergencies. An attempt to regu- late minor matters in the statute itself is sure to lead to embarrass- ment and to hamper officials when they have to deel with unforeseen contingencies. No scheme which is elastic, and adaptable to all conditions, can be devised, unless it embraces power, lodged some- Fe Lag nl “4 j ; ; ey 4 v) M, ’ AN IDEAL STATE LAW 439 where, to make changes and do unanticipated things, without the de- lay which would be unavoidable if‘an amendment of the law itself at the next session of the legislature were required before the board can move. Vesting in the board power to make rules and regulations is the **ideal’’ provision for taking care of details. Such rules and regu- lations, of course, are not valid unless in harmony with the guiding principles prescribed by the statute. The only serious inconvenience we have encountered in: the op- erations of our law and regulations is the fact that in some respects they conflict with parallel laws and regulations of other states and those governing the federal Bureau of Animal Industry. These discrepancies are very confusing and embarrassing to transporta- tion companies and shippers; also to livestock owners living near state borders. A railroad agent may receive rules and regulations from the federal authorities and half a dozen or more states, from which his road draws its livestock traffic. All of these regulations may differ on essential points and it will be impossible for the agent properly to construe the intentions of the various authorities. Nearly every regulation which may be drawn will be provided with exceptions to cover various classes of livestock and various exigen- cies which may arise, as in the case of livestock for immediate slaughter being differentiated from feeding or breeding stock and subject to an exception of the general provision of the regulations. That which is permissible under an exception to a regulation of one state may be prohibited by the regulation of an adjoining state which has not provided for such an exception. In one instance a shipper obtained a permit in Ohio to move and ship a load of cattle. When the railroad agent refused to ac- cept the consignment on the grounds that the Pennsyivania regula- tions prohibited the importation of such cattle, the shipper became meensed, threatened a law suit and to withhold his future patronage from that railroad. The shippers thought that by complying with the regulations of one state and obtaining an official permit, he was at liberty to carry out the intention of his permit. In another instance a shipper obtained a permit from a federal agent in New York to ship a load of dairy cows into Pennsylvania. After viewing the federal permit the railroad agent received and forwarded the consignment. At that time the Pennsylvania regu- lations forbade the importation of dairy cattle and when the ani- 440 Cc. J. MARSHALL _ mals arrived at destination, were quarantined and held under ob- servation for six weeks, which occasioned loss and inconvenience. It was natural for the shipper in this case to assume that the federal authorities had jurisdiction over interstate shipments. His as- sumption was correct in so far that the federal authorities could for- bid the interstate shipment, but. was wrong in assuming they could affirmatively authorize it in conflict with Pennsylvania regulations. If these objections can be overcome by the adoption of uniform laws and regulations by all states, in conformity with similar laws and regulations of the National Government, we will make rapid progress in the work of livestock sanitary control. There does not appear to be any serious difficulty in the adoption of a uniform national and state law, but when we approach the subject of uniform regulations we will probably encounter numerous perplexities and controversies, owing to differences of sanitary problems in various sections of the country. This will be especially true in regard to interstate movements by common carriers. It may be of interest to refer to a difficulty of this nature which arose in our state during March, 1915, at a time when the foot-and- mouth disease outbreak was under control, and restrictions were being gradually lessened. Under federal regulations it was per- missible to ship livestock, for immediate slaughter, out of federal modified and exposed areas. The Pennsylvania regulations forbade such shipments to enter our state, and were even more drastic in forbiding such shipments to pass through the state enroute to other states. A reference to the map will show the keystone position held by our state, as such shipments could not reach New York, New Jersey or the New England States except by passing through Penn- sylvania or Canada and, of course, Canada was closed to livestock from the United States. From certain experiences we felt justified in adopting and en- forcing our own state regulation; so far as we are aware no other state adopted a parallel regulation. Hon. Francis Shunk Brown, Attorney General of Pennsylvania, declared that we had legal authority under the sanitary law, to adopt and enforce such a reg- ulation. Hon. Martin G. Brumbaugh, Governor of Pennsylvania, upheld our action as being an advisable precautionary measure to prevent reintroduction of foot-and-mouth disease into the state. The regulation was also endorsed by various breeders’ associations. i i a al AN IDEAL STATE LAW 441 Of course, the railroad authorities vigorously opposed our action, but after a conference, at which our position was clearly and fore- ibly stated, the railroads withdrew their objections and took im- mediate steps to comply. As far as practicable such situations as the above, and all other problems which may arise, should be antic- ipated and uniform regulations be prepared for adoption by the various state and national authorities. Such uniformity should cover so far as practicable the trans- missible diseases of animals, the manufacture, sale and use of bio- logical products and meat and milk hygiene. Municipalities and local boards of health should adopt the laws and regulations of the ‘state and the state should follow the federal government. Probably the best method for attaining the desired uniformity would be for the federal authorities to have supreme jurisdiction over livestock sanitary control work in each state, with the state organizations acting as auxiliaries and being in immediate charge of the field work. I realize that this proposition is somewhat vis- ionary and approaches too closely to the ‘‘ideal’’, to be practical at this time. But I am convinced that a final solution of this prob- lem of uniformity can, and probably will, be worked out along these lines, just as has been done in the case of the military forces of the various states. The Pennsylvania law has stood the tests of the lower courts in a number of instances and its constitutionality has been upheld by the Superior Court. The opinion rendered by the learned Judge Orlady of the Superior Court will be alagty forwarded to anyone who may desire it. ell LARGE AREA Tick-FRrREE. Areas amounting in the aggregate to 12,313 square miles, situated in the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia, was freed from the tick quarantine on December 1. Previous releases bring the total for the year’s work to about 50,000 square miles—the greatest area released in any one year since systematic tick eradication was begun in 1906. At that time there were 741,515 square miles under quarantine; there are now 465,733 square miles, or less than two- thirds of the original area. WHAT GENERAL AND WHAT SPECIFIC RULES SHOULD BE OBSERVED IN FIXING THE PERIODS AND DURATION OF THE DIF- FERENT FORMS OF QUARANTINE AGAINST FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE* VERANUS A. Moorz, Ithaca, N. Y. The assembling of men for the purpose of discussing the sub- ject of quarantine and its application to a particular disease is not new to sanitary science. The term itself refers to the old sanitary system of detention in the lazarets of ships and men for forty days for the purpose of fumigation. Quarantine dates back to 1348. Since that time, there have been many international conventions on the subject. Paris, Vienna, Constantinople and Rome’ have each entertained gatherings of this kind. However, it was in the con- ference at Venice in 1892; Dresden in 1893; Paris in 1894; and again at Venice in 1897 that the the controverted points were set- tled relative to the rights of communities to close their borders to any and all traffic that was liable to carry infection to other indi- viduals or countries. There is, perhaps, no other topic in preventive medicine that has received more careful attention than this. The necessity of quarantine has been recognized and already statutory authority has been given to the proper officials by state and national legislative bodies to enforce it whenever it is deemed necessary in order to prevent the spread of a communicable disease. The prin- ciple, therefore, that such protection is a legal obligation is clearly established and the correlated question of authority to enforce it is granted throughout the civilized world. The adjusting of a quarantine has been a matter of much con- troversy. From the beginning its purpose has been to protect men and animals against infectious diseases. While this appears to be simple, many perplexing questions have arisen relative to the re- quirements to be observed when the quarantine is laid either as a means of eradicating or as an aid in combating infection. The two most important are to determine the time necessary to enforee it and the restrictions required to insure its efficiency. For centuries the time was an arbitrary period fixed by the authorities. The rec- *Read at a Conference called in Chicago, November 29-30, by Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for the discussion of foot-and-mouth disease. ee rr oe ine a eee ee RULES IN FIXING PERIOD OF QUARANTINE 443 pee eC Ee ee OO ee ords show that the effect of such a definite time was satisfactory in many instances but there were numerous exceptions. In some in- stances these allowed new cases to arise which became centers for the further spread of the disease. However, such quarantines did much to hold the plagues in check. That was all that could be accom- plished, for the nature of the disease was not understood. In recent times, the development of definite knowledge con- cerning the cause of the diseases to be guarded against has shed new light upon the requirements of quarantine. After the etiology of the plagues was known; when the channels by which the virus escapes from the body were recognized; when the degree of resis- _ tance of the infecting agents to external influences was determined ; and when the ability of the virus to find another host was under- stood, it was easy to explain that for the protection of a community a quarantine could not be raised arbitrarily but should be held until the individuals thus segregated are no longer capable of transmit- ting the virus. This changed the practice of holding a quarantine for an arbitrary period to one that fixed its duration in accordance with the time during which the infected individuals are dangerous. In addition to this, such restrictions were added as necessary to prevent the escape of the virus. Those who reason in terms of mathematical precision may have difficulty in understanding that animals alike in all obvious re- spects, which become infected with a given virus, at the same time do not die or recover and eliminate the germs from their bodies in a like manner. The fact is they usually do not. Why this is so has not been entirely explained for the phenomenon is a struggle be- tween two vital forces, the individual infected and the invading organisms. ‘The resistance of the host is not known and the invad- ing power of the organism is not determined. As the struggle comes to an end the animal body may entirely free itself of the virus or a few of the organisms may remain in some tissue or organ where they may multiply and from whence they may escape for a very Jong time to infect others. These are called ‘‘¢arriers’’ or spreaders and they present the most difficult problems in sanitary science. Again, in the process of healing, a diseased focus may remain some- where in the body which may become surrounded with protecting tissue and the individual appear to be fully recovered. The virus in these areas may die or, after a time, grow through the retaining wall and either start. up the disease anew or escape from the body to infect other individuals. There are many illustrations of this, 444 VERANUS A. MOORE the most conspicuous, historically, being the cattle that carried con- tagious pleuro-pneumonia from Europe to South Africa and Aus- tralia months after recovery was thought to have been complete. Successful quarantine must take into account many factors. Most of them come to us not as clearly defined tangible facts but rather in the form of biological forces which manifest themselves in the unfolding of the disease. They are the controlling elements al- though they can be understood only in so far as our knowledge of infectious diseases is able to accurately interpret them. However, the principles to be observed are clear. The quarantine is placed to prevent the spread of the virus. It must be maintained until there is no danger of the animals transmitting it either immediately or at any future time. It is difficult for those not trained in the habits of microscopic life to appreciate that viruses are vital forces that take no heed of the opinions of men. The fact cannot be too foree- fully emphasized that naturally infectious diseases are spread in accordance with the means—simple or complicated—provided by the laws and forces of nature for that purpose. The agencies for the transmission of infectious diseases were not designed for the con- venience of animal owners or sanitary officers but rather to enable the virus of the disease to perpetuate itself and to be transferred from the infected to the uninfected individual. We should not forget that the virus of foot-and-mouth disease, for example, is a definite factor in nature’s economy and is provided for quite as much as the perpetuation of other living things. We look upon the transfer of pollen by the insect in the fertilization of clover as a wonderful provision of nature because clover is useful toman. The transfer of the virus of a plague from one host to another is often just as wonderful and always just as securely provided for, but, be- cause its effect operates against human interests, there is a tendency to condemn and to pass judgment without knowledge. The fixing of a quarantine period and defining its specifica- tions are dependent upon the character of the disease and the nature of its etiology. There must be knowledge of the location of the virus within the host, of the time in the course of the disease it is eliminated and its ability to spread after escaping from the body in order to adequately safeguard against it. Again the purpose of the quarantine modifies both its duration and requirements. If it is to protect a community against the introduction of a foreign disease it is obviously more drastic than if it is used only as a tem- porary means of combating the malady. When employed for —— oer lM ee ae __ i, ne se er ee ae 4 ; i 2 F 3 ; ’ RULES IN FIXING PERIOD OF QUARANTINE 445 permanent protection it should remain for the maximum period of incubation and for the longest known time required for the light- ing up anew of arrested lesions. In case of certain diseases the virus, after it escapes from the body, is able by numerous and in- sidious ways to disseminate itself to such an extent that it is diffi- eult or impossible to confine it to the quarantined area. These are all important considerations in determining just what proced- ure shall be followed.. In any case a margin of safety must be al- lowed.* . _ In order to apply the principles underlying quarantine to foot-and-mouth disease it is necessary to have the knowledge ob- tained from clearly defined answers to the following questions, namely : 1. What is the nature of the virus? 2. What is the period of incubation ? 3. How does the virus escape from the body and by what agencies is it carried from the infected to the susceptible animals ? 4. How long after apparent recovery are the animals capable of transmitting the virus? 5. Is it possible by practicable quarantine methods to prevent the virus from spreading after it leaves the body ? | Because of the extreme infectiousness of this disease it has not been studied experimentally in this country. The work with it has been regulatory and for the purpose of diagnosis. The character of the virus has not been determined other than to learn that it will pass through bacterial proof filters and that it escapes from the open lesions of the affected animal. The period of incubation varies within undetermined limits. Exposed animals, as a rule, develop symptoms in from three to seven days but in occasional eases it is much longer. In New York it was found that now and then two and three weeks elapsed before symptoms appeared. After the _ virus escapes from the lesions it is carried on any article with which it comes in contact—the clothing or hands of attendants, on food, litter, implements, domesticated animals or insects. The troublesome cases are those that carry the virus after healing. There are reports that animals have infected others months after apparent recovery. These are exceptions but they "Rabies affords a good illustration of this. The average period of ineu- bation of rabies in dogs in less than 40 days but by enforeing a quarantine of six months on all dogs going to Australia the disease has been kept out of that country. 446 . VERANUS A. MOORE affirm the possibility of such individuals spreading the disease for this period and we do not know for how much longer. Unfortu- nately we have no means of determining in advance how long an infected animal may harbor the virus. Zschokke investigated its ability to remain in the feet. ‘‘He found the vesicles which oceur in the skin of the interdigital spaces and the plantar cushion may also extend under the horny capsule forming there, furrow-like spaces along the sensitive laminae of the wall and sole. He also found hidden vesicles in the hoof which did not open to the outside. The virus would remain there until it was brought to the surface by the natural wearing away of the hoof.’’ There is nothing to prevent animals thus affected from eliminating the virus for an in- definite time. Loeffler, after careful investigation, recommended that no animal that had recovered from foot-and-mouth disease should be permitted in the channels of commerce. A faetor of still greater significance is the ability of the virus to escape by insidious ways and to be carried from the infected to well animals notwithstanding the barriers of quarantine. It is so difficult because of the many possible carriers, that Dammann stated it could not be prevented. He did not mean that infected cattle could not be isolated long enough,in insect proof enclosures with efficient guards, but that it was impossible by the usual or even more than ordinary rigid enforcement of quarantine regulations to prevent the virus from escaping and infecting other animals. His con- clusion is confirmed by the best live stock sanitarians of Europe. It is the verdict rendered after long experience and observation by men who have endeavored to eradicate foot-and-mouth disease by quarantine and police control. In passing judgment upon this phase of the subject we must not be controlled by the experience with a few herds or even outbreaks. Data from many infected districts and numerous epizooties are required, for by the laws of chance, fortunate results may, in a few cases, follow any procedure. In this country, where experience with this disease is very limited, we are not in position to judge unless we supplement our knowledge with the results of those whose experience is sufficient to indicate the shortcomings and value of quarantine. We are dealing not with a local question but a nation wide problem. Because of this greater responsibility our quarantine regulations should be safe, reliable and sound. I have dwelt somewhat at length on the principles underlying ie is Pa ee ee ee a a See eee te ee ee oe wo a ae ron 5 at ii an rs . eR i be AL ies ig Setelhid slit lar) fh Reichs: a tet a Bt eae > ji | Fy Ms 4 m BS, 53 ee RULES IN FIXING PERIOD OF QUARANTINE 447 _ the determination of the important factors in quarantine for the purpose of pointing out the many elements involved in safeguarding our live stock interests by this method. Until more data are avail- able the best we can do is to live up to the knowledge we possess unswerved by individual experiences to the contrary. When Cap- tain Ross went to India to study the mosquito as a carrier of ma- laria he was often almost persuaded that the accused insect was in- _nocent. He laboriously studied, one after another, 999 specimens in vain but the thousandth one. revealed the story of the anopheles as the intermediate host and spreader of the malaria plasmodium. There is a common tendency to yield to the findings in a limited nitmber of cases. There are people willing to formulate regula- tory measures suggested by a personal experience. While such ex- periences have their value and while they may represent the major- ity it is well to remember that although it is the usual that ordinarily happens, it is the unusual that most often causes the trouble. . As I understand it, the questions involved are the object of.the quarantine and the enforcement of its requirements. There are two clearly defined purposes for which quarantine has been employed in connection with foot-and-mouth disease, namely, first to control it, and secondly to temporarily check its spread until drastic measures can eliminate the diseased animals and render safe the premises occupied by them. There is no other disease that ever gained entrance to this country so difficult to re- strain by quarantine as this, due not only to its high degree of in- fectiousness but also because practically all species of animals are susceptible. Again, the undetermined limit of time that recovered animals may be carriers cannot be dismissed without careful con- sideration. Both Hess and Loeffler* found that a limited number of recovered animals carried the virus for seven months. Never- *Loeffier’s conclusions relative to virus carriers are as follows:— ‘*Regular supervision of such farms is indispensably required. **One of the most important results of the researches concerning foot-and- mouth disease is, that the fact has been doubtlessly ascertained that, just as in numerous human infectious diseases, some of the recovered animals will re- main carriers and continue the spreading of the virus. — **Tt seems that the number of such animals is limited. ‘¢How long such animals can spread the virus, has not yet been ascertained. According to present experiences, even 7 months after the end of the epizootic, - new infections have been caused by them. ‘* As yet no method is known to distinguish the virus spreaders. _ ‘*Tnfected animals are to be placed under observation for at least 7 months. boas must not be offered for sale, and should be kept separated from healthy animals,’? 448 , VERANUS A. MOORE mann in his last annual report of the Veterinary Officers of Prus- sia pointed to more than one hundred outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease attributed to virus carriers. The experience in practically all European countries points to the failure of quarantine as a means of eradication. The outbreak in Germany in 1892 which cost that country $25,000,000 and again in 1911 with a still heavier loss speak with emphasis on the weakness of this method. When such veterans in sanitary science as Dammann state that it is im- possible to enforce a sufficiently strict quarantine to hold the virus of this disease in check, it seems presumptuous for us to consider it - otherwise. When men like Loeffler and Hess find animals seven | months after recovery capable of spreading the virus we have no experience in this country, and there is none in any other, to deny the possible danger of allowing recovered animals to go at large within that time. From the present knowledge of foot-and-mouth disease and the available data concerning methods for its control two kinds of quarantine seem to be necessary—namely, federal and loeal. The federal quarantine is imperative for all animals coming from countries in which foot-and-mouth disease exists. It should be rigidly enforced and maintained so long as there is a possibility of the animals transmitting the virus. In addition to this, strict supervision of all imported articles or substances that might bring the virus is essential. The outbreaks of 1902 and 1908 illustrate in a striking manner the necessity for such care. The local quarantines need not be considered at length. They are, however, of the greatest importance in checking the spread of the disease. The Secretary of Agriculture has formulated regula-— tions for this purpose and issued them as B. A. I. Order No. 231.* **<(a) Quarantined area: Any State or any portion thereof quarantined for foot-and-mouth disease in live stock. (b) Closed area: Those portions of the quarantined area from and to which the interstate and foreign movement of cattle, sheep, other ruminants, and swine is absolutely prohibited, and the movement of the dressed careasses of such animals, the hides, wool, hair, horns, or hoofs of such animals, and of hay, straw, or similar fodder, manure, or litter is restricted. (ce) Exposed area: Those portions of the quarantined area from which the interstate and foreign movement of cattle, sheep, other ruminants, and swine is permitted for immediate slaughter after inspection and certification, and into which such animals may be removed for any purpose, also from which the inter- state and foreign movement of the dressed carcasses of such animals, the hides, skins, wool, hair, horns, and hoofs of such animals, and of hay, straw, or similar fodder, manure, or litter is restricted. (d) Modified area: Those portions of the quarantined area from which > ee se va, waeeee RULES IN FIXING PERIOD OF QUARANTINE 449 This order leaves little to be added unless from experience changes or additions seem to be necessary. It provides for rigid quarantine of the affected premises and the country immediately surrounding them, and, under proper veterinary supervision, it permits the limited movement of animals in the next adjacent zones. This plan in itself is excellent. There is, however, need for a better mechan- ism for promptly enforcing it in the different states. Many of them are not organized in such a way that immediate action is assured. The delay of a single day may cause heavy additional losses. To guard against this there must be a closer sanitary supervision. We should find, if possible, the best method of bringing this about. I suggested district veterinarians under the state veterinarian whom animal owners and practitioners could call at once and who should have authority to enforce quarantine measures and to aid in making the diagnosis in cases of doubt. They would serve as sanitary supervisors and their territory should be no larger than they can properly cover. An expert district veterinarian would give both technical assistance to practitioners and have authority to enforce, whenever necessary, regulatory restrictions. The enormous value of our live stock warrants the necessary expenditures for efficient protection. Whatever system of quarantine is finally adopted, ‘thes federal © and state governments should recognize their obligation to the ani- mal industries of the country. They should be prepared to meet emergencies. In the eradication of an epizootic there must be co- operation. In plagues like foot-and-mouth disease where control necessitates the destruction of the entire herd, often of valuable animals, it would seem wise for our legislative bodies to consider adequate indemnity for the unfortunate owners. With proper pre- cautionary measures such epizootics should be very rare. But if, perchance, they do appear and herds have to be destroyed, would it not be wiser and eventually cheaper to have indemnities sufficient to encourage co-operation rather than those that provoke opposition ? the interstate and foreign movement of cattle, sheep, other ruminants, and swine is permitted for immediate claughter without inspection, and into which such animals may be moved for any purpose, also from which the interstate and foreign movement of the dressed carcasses of such animals, the hides, skins, wool, hair, and hoofs of such animals, and of hay, straw, or similar fodder, manure, or litter is permitted without any restrictions whatever. (e) Free area: Those States or portions thereof which are not quaran- net for foot-and-mouth disease, and on which no restrictions whatever are im- pose 450 L. R. HIMMELBERGER Eradication is for the good of the public and those who are benefited might bear a part of the burden placed upon the owners of the condemned animals. A campaign of education should precede or accompany regulatory work. The people should learn that the slaughter of infected and exposed animals alike is not the motion of any individual but the method arrived at by the crucial test of re- search and experience. To be fully prepared each state as well as the federal government should have a definitely formulated plan of attack that could be applied immediately should foot-and-mouth disease or any other animal plague appear. Finally the conclusion seems to be justified that when the dis- ease appears in a country generally free from its infection like the United States, quarantine should be enforced for protection against all importations that may bring the virus. Local quarantine should be employed only as a means for temporarily combating the disease. Its eradication is to be accomplished by the heroic meas- ures of slaughter and disinfection. This conclusion is reached in full recognition of what has been accomplished with quarantine in isolated instances and in certain infected countries like the Philip- pine Islands. The slogan should be ‘‘we cannot afford to have foot- and-mouth disease in this country.”’ ty Vv CELL INCLUSIONS IN HOG CHOLERA L. R. HIMMELBERGER, Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. In 1907; Halberstalder and Prowazek' found in the conjune- tival epithelium of persons suffering from trachoma, inclusions of the cell outside of and next to the nucleus. The bodies: are seen near the nucleus as irregular masses and they become larger and finally break up into granules. Prowazek held these inclusions to be the result of the reaction of the cell to the virus. Since this announcement many observers have reported on finding these bodies in trachoma. Some have ascribed to them the position of being the etiological factor. It appears to at least have been established that these cell inclusions are characteristic of trachoma. Cell inelu- sions received their first claim to importance through the work of ee ee ee oe he ae cl —_. a gee Le es, CELL INCLUSIONS IN HOG CHOLERA 451 Negri, who found them to be of eminent diagnostic value in lyssa. Bodies within the cell have been observed in many diseases caused. by the filterable viruses. The Benda bodies in epithelioma contag- iosum, the Lentz canine distemper bodies and the Shiffmann bodies in fowl plague are all claimed by their observers to be of signifi- ance. Uhlenhuth,? in a general study of hog cholera, reports on the observations of trachoma-like bodies in that disease. These in- clusions according to Uhlenhuth differ from the trachoma bodies in being slightly larger. They were found on the average in eight to ten days after the injection of the virus, sometimes in both eyes, sometimes in one and at times in the upper or lower lid only. In most of the hogs they soon disappeared. In a few cases, however, they persisted until death. In several cases the bodies were found four to five days after the injection of the virus. These bodies have also been observed in hog cholera by Meyer* in an examination of -a limited number of hogs suffering from this disease. ) Cell inclusion from conjunctiva of cholera hog. (Plate was retouched). The writer has systematically examined smears from the con- junctival epithelium of a number of hogs and _ has ‘observed cell inclusions under various circumstances. We have never found the inclusions in the epithelial cells after death. All cells do not con- tain them even in a positive case. In fact the bodies are found in but a small percentage of the cells in a given microscopical field. The inclusions are found outside the nucleus in the cell protoplasm and vary in size from one-fourth to one-half the size of the nucleus. The protoplasm of those cells containing inclusions is more granular than the negative cells and presents granules staining more deeply and of the same staining qualities as the cell inclusion. The bodies observed by the writer were distinct and of regular structure, in that they were sharply circumscribed. Staining with Giemsa’s solution, the nucleus is stained a deep blue, the cell protoplasm a pale blue and the inclusion body a purplish hue. The protoplasmic 452 L. R. HIMMELBERGER granules are stained much the same as the inclusion and appear to be distributed in the immediate vicinity of the included body. In those cells containing the larger bodies the nucleus is compressed and distorted. These bodies were found in ninety-five per cent of the cases examined during the period at which the body temperature was beginning to rise; in other words in the first stages of the disease. In only a small percentage of the cases were cell inclusions observed at the time the temperature was at its maximum, 106° to 108° F. Examination of the sections taken at time of death failed to show the presence of cell inclusions. Only a few cases have been ex- amined in section however. Smears made from the conjunctiva of hogs after death failed to show the presence of inclusions when ex- amined. There is a great difference of opinion regarding the significance of these bodies, in rabies, trachoma and other diseases in which they have been observed. Whether they may be considered as the ac- tual pathogenic organism, some stage of its life cycle or whether they are mere reaction products of the cell against the virus, is a question difficult to settle. In order to throw some light on these questions, Uhlenhuth produced mechanical inflammation of the con- junctiva in a number of hogs. After the inflammation had set in, smears were made and examined but no inclusions were found. Eye secretions from cholera hogs transferred to the conjunctiva of other animals, the ape, dog, cat, etc., failed to transfer the bodies. In the examination of one hundred and thirty hogs, only four or — five per cent. showed the presence of the inclusions. Attempts to transfer these bodies to the conjunctiva of other normal hogs failed. In a study of the Negri bodies, Watson‘ is lead to believe that they are definite protozoan parasites, placing them in the sub-order of Cryptocysts or Microsporidia of the Sporozoa. Spore stages were observed by Watson and if any analogy exists between the Negri bodies and rabies and the cell inclusions of other diseases, there may be some grounds for consideration of them as a stage of the life cycle of the etiological factor. Wolbach, however, classes the trachoma bodies as non-parasitic, and as evidence of this he cites studies of sections which showed inclusions in only the thinned or superficial epithelium, while, were they parasitic, the deeper layers of the stratified epithelium should show the effects of the invasion. He concludes that trachoma bodies A COMMON PARASITE OF RABBITS : 453 _ present in only injured epithelium and that granules of like arance can be demonstrated as the result of disturbed mucous tion. As regards the included bodies in hog cholera we have y evidence of their parasitic relationship to the disease. Uhlen- h calls attention to the very high virulency of secretions from the of pigs. sick with hog cholera. The injection of this material he amount that a capillary tube one centimeter long would hold, uced the disease in as short a time and in as severe a form as -amounts of virulent blood. While the high virulency of eye secretions suggests the possible involvment of the secretory cells of the conjunctiva, it would not be safe to consider these bodies of etio- logical significance in hog cholera. Noguchi has recently announced uccessful cultivation of trachoma bodies in vitro, which should the way for determining the relationship of cell inclusions in eral to disease processes. di | REFERENCES HALBERSTALDER AND PROWAZEK:—Arbeiten aus d. Kais. Gesundheitsamt. 26-43. . HLENHUTH, HAENDEL ET AL:—ibid Bd. 47-2. : YER:—Tenth International Vet. Cong. in London, 1914. Watson :—Journal Exp. Med., Vol. 17, 1913. Worsach anp McKre:—Journal Med. Res., Vol. 24, 1911. i) ASSTILESIA TRICOLOR (STILES and HASSALL, 1894), _ ACOMMON PARASITE OF RABBITS IN THE UNITED STATES Bo Maurice C. Hauu, Ph.D. ssistant Zoologist, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. In Europe the hares and rabbits are animals of some little im- portance as food animals. Meat inspection regulations contain provisions covering the conditions under which these animals may _be passed for food or condemned; poaching among the rabbit war- s of private game preserves is a specific offense which carries at rather severe penalties; and European veterinary papers not yuently publish articles dealing with the diseases and parasites rabbits. In the United States the status of the wild rabbit varies m that of game in the eastern United States to a pest in many . 454 MAURICE C. HALL parts of the West, but whether we regard it as game to be preserved or a pest to be eradicated the parasites which affect it deserve a certain amount of attention. In a paper now in press the writer has listed sixteen species of nematode parasites from hares and rabbits; a casual examination of readily available papers indicates that at least fifteen species of cestodes occur in hares and rabbits either as strobilate tapeworms or as bladderworms; while the following flukes, Fasciola hepatica (the common sheep liver fluke), Dicrocoelium dendriticum (a rather com- mon fluke in sheep and cattle in Europe), and Distoma tricolor, and possibly others which have not come to my attention, have been reported from hares and rabbits. It is with the last named fluke that this paper deals. : Distoma tricolor, described from Sylvilagus mallurus (Lepus sylvaticus) and Lepus americanus by Stiles and Hassall in 1894, is of very common occurrence in the intestines of rabbits in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia, being present in large num- bers in every rabbit examined some years, though there are years when it is of apparently rather rare occurrence. Dr. Hassall tells me that it has also been found in heavy infestations, suspected of killing the rabbits, on Long Island, N. Y., by Dr. Austin Peters. Dr. Francis of the Texas Experiment Station tells me that this fluke is" very common in jack rabbits around College Station, Texas. It is evident that a parasite which occurs from New York to Texas is of wide distribution and probably rather common. That it is not found or reported oftener is probably due to the fact that the fluke is about one millimeter long and looks something like a small seed to the naked eye. The wide distribution and common occurrence of this fluke in American rabbits makes it desirable that it be referred to some genus other than the collective genus Distoma. It does not con- form to the generic diagnosis of any existing fluke genus known to the writer and it seems necessary to establish for it not only a new genus, but a new family. I have accordingly created a new genus named after Stiles and Hassall, to whose collaboration veterinarians, physicians and zoologists are indebted for the immensely valuable author catalogues and host catalogues of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry and the Public Health Service. The status of the fluke is then as follows: Superfamily Fascioloidea Stiles and Goldberger, 1910. A COMMON PARASITE OF RABBITS 455 . Superfamily diagnosis —Trematoda: , Flukes with organs of _ attachment consisting of an oral sucker aye a ventral sucker which is situated not far from the oral sucker. Reproductive organs _ usually posterior of the ventral sucker. Body not subdivided. Her- ‘maphroditic, with the exception of the Schistosomidae. — ~~—« Type family —Fasciolidae. Railliet, 1895. es _ Family Hasstilesiidae Hall, 1916, new family. eH bee Family diagnosis—Fascioloidae: Small, compact flukes of rel- Ee yay great width. Genital aperture posterior of acetabulum, dway between this and the posterior end of the body. Two large estes, the posterior located in the median line, the anterior entirely to the left of the median line. The ovary is entirely to the right of the median line, lateral of both testes and either extends slight- ly anterior of the posterior testis or else overlaps the anterior border of the posterior testis and the posterior border of the anterior testis. Esophagus short; intestinal ceca extend to the posterior border of the body and are rather tortuous. Ovary is dorsal of the right in- testinal cecum in the specimens I have examined: Stiles and Has- gall state that it is ventral. Left testis is ventral of the left intes- tinal cecum. Type genus.—Hasstilesra. Hall, 1916. Subfamily Hasstilesiinae Hall, 1916, new subfamily. Subfamily diagnosis.— Hasstilesiidae: Characters of the family. — Type genus.—Hasstilesia Hall, 1916. Genus Hasstilesia Hall, 1916, new genus. Generic diagnosis—Hesstilesiinae: Acetabulum slightly smal-. ler than the oral sucker. Posterior testis in posterior third of body, oe anterior testis in middle third body. Genital aperture near the anterior border of the posterior testis. Cirrus pouch well developed. onan in middle third or anterior two-thirds of body; trans- verse vitelline ducts pass near the anterior border of the posterior ° aie Laurer’s canal present. Uterus extends from the so-called shell gland on the right side anteriorly around the acetabulum, de- -_seending over the left or anterior testis or between the testes, then back from the left side between the testes, the metraterm terminat- ing to the left of the cirrus pouch at the genital pore. Ova ellipiti- i eal. Excretory system not well developed, excretory pore terminal, i the very small contractile end portion giving off two fine canals. _ «Type species.—Hasstilesia tricolor (Stiles and Hassall, 1894) | ‘Hall, 1916, 456 W. HORACE HOSKINS Species Hasstilesia tricolor (Stiles and Hassall, 1894) Hall,1916. Spectfic diagnosis —Hasstilesia: .65 to 1.2 mm. long by .35 to .64 mm. wide by .82 mm. thick. Body elliptical, showing three colors in fresh material, the uterine portion yellow to brown, the vitellaria white, the rest of the body gray. The anterior five-sixths (not two- thirds, as Stiles and Hassall state) of the body covered with minute instable spines. Oral sucker 88 to 112 microns in diameter. Ace- tabulum about one-fourth of the body length from anterior end. In- testinal ceca much looped dorso-ventrally and extending inward toward the median line just posterior of the acetabulum. Laurer’s canal opens dorsally about half way between the acetabulum and the genital pore. Pharyngeal bulb about 40 microns in diameter. Esophagus about 30 to 40 microns long. Testes 160 to 272 microns in diameter. Vas deferens and penis well developed. Ovary 80 to 120 microns in diameter. Ova 13 microns by 20 microns. Hosts—Lepus americanus, Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus (‘‘Lepus sylvaticus’’). Location.—Intestine. Distribution —District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia, New York, Texas. REFERENCES Stites :—Ch[arles] Wardell & Hassall, Albert. 1894:—Nouvelle espéce de douve intestinale (Distomum tricolor) chez le lapin & queue cotonneuse (Lepus sylvaticus Bachman) et chez le liévre du nord (Lepus americanus Erxleben). [Abstract of 1895a, by Stiles] Bull. Soc. zool. de France, Par., v. 19 (9) nov.-déc., pp. 160-162, fig. 1. 1895—A new species of intestinal fluke (Distoma tricolor) in the cotton-tail rabbit (Lepus sylvaticus Bachmann) and in the northern hare (L. amert- canus Erxleben) Vet. Mag., Phila., v. 1 (11) (Nov., 1894), Jan. 17, pp. 729-737, pls. 1-2, figs. 1-8. Ly Ww SALMON MEMORIAL ADDRESS* W. Horace HOSKINS, Philadelphia, I well remember, in the latter seventies, when our country was seriously turning its attention to the consideration of animal dis- eases and how it was confronted with the possibility of having contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle becoming a nation-wide scourge. I vividly recall the great conference at Chicago when it was found that it had reached Illinois and the possibilities of its *Presented at the meeting of the Philadelphia Branch B, A. I. Employees, Feit = Dr ee, oe eee ne a | SALMON MEMORIAL ADDRESS 457 extension to the great grazing plains of the unfenced territories of the West. The Treasury Cattle Commission was then the body _ charged/with the responsibility of dealing with this animal plague. Conspicuous then among those who were gravely considering the problems of elimination was one whose name has since been en- serolled on the nation’s walls of fame as a great public servant. A Commissioner of Agriculture followed the Treasury Cattle Commission and this official likewise recognized the intelligent and broad gauged services of this splendid representative of his profes- sion and assigned him to several important posts of service—investi- gating diseases that were causing great losses to animal industry in various sections of our land. | When in 1884 the Bureau of Animal Industry was created by an Act of Congress, the position of Chief of that Bureau was given to this man and for twenty-five year no one ever filled an official role in the public service with greater fidelity, more intense zeal and distinguished achievements than this representative of his call- ing. Some of you will remember that the cardinal act establishing this Bureau restricted the number of employees not to exceed twenty. When I realize that today it utilizes the services of nearly twelve hundred members of my and some of your profession in a quarter of a century’s growth, I may be permitted to repeat. here what I once stated on the floor of the Convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association that I knew of no man in my pro- fession who under the trying vicissitudes of our politically gov- erned country could have so well and faithfully filled this position as the now lamented Dr. D. E. Salmon. Blessed with a well-balanced mind; fitted by a training in the best school of our land preparatory and professionally; signally endowed with a kindly disposition and warm-hartedness, keen of preception in selecting men for places they were well adapted to and of developing men for special fields of service as the needs arose, ever eager to conserve the highest and truest interests of his fellow man, to which end he bent every energy and force within him, never for a moment forgetting or overlooking the economic side of the varied problems confronting him in this great work; that our land might prosper and foster animal industry as one of its truest sources of real wealth; he labored on in the upbuilding of his de- partment and gave of the best part of a good man’s life—a service 458 W. HORACE HOSKINS rich in results—true in its aims and purposes and fruitful of untold and unmeasured blessings to the prattling baby at the mother’s feet to the the blossoming childhood; the blooming manhood and womanhood and the conserving of old age that comfort, peace and strength would be theirs even unto the end through a wholesome food supply. Your positions, this association, your lives of useful helpful service to mankind and the uplift of your and my wonderful galaxy of states, is the outgrowth of the work so faithfully planted, so well watered and nurtured, so devotedly fostered and promoted by the lifetime of public service rendered by this man to whom I pay this loving tribute. It was my great privilege and it was a precious one indeed, to have mingled thirty-five years of my own life in the veterinary pro-. fession with him as a co-laborer in the upbuilding of our calling that it might conserve man’s needs and a country’s growth with a fidelity to its highest purposes and I count it a rich treasure indeed that I enjoyed in this period his sincere friendship. | A politically governed country has the richest of charms and allurements and its pathway is likewise strewn with sore trials and bitter disappointments. Ingratitude is the basest experience of an official career. It was this good man’s lot to taste of the bitterness of a-nation’s ruler’s ingratitude. Time cannot efface nor memory obliterate the cruel, unjust and ungrateful treatment meted out to this great public servant, but a loving profession, a nation’s bene- factor can keep fresh the memory of those rich deeds, faithful trust he preserved and public services rendered and a nation’s children’s children may continue to rise up and call his name blessed. Let us unite our efforts to fittingly perpetuate the good name of our co-worker and co-laborer. -With loving devotion let us en- shrine his memory in the annals of America of a life well lived, a work well done and through the perpetuation of the story of his publie services, hold forth to future generations the richest reward of duties well performed, an honored and revered name among those who knew him best. May I invite you all without regard to place or station, to con- tribute the most you can possibly give to the richest memorial that may grace a well lived career, not in gold or silver that may tarnish, not in marble or stone that may crumble and decay, not in canvas that time may obliterate, but in a living working fund that shall 25. fe eee eee eee ~e a eae e : Tee he : ; , 2 « ne. Saat eee ie mie Dl n REPORTS OF CASES 459 aid the deserving student to an education in some aspect of your and my work, that shall establish a fellowship for advanced study in your and my field of service that our labors may be easier and lighter or an honorarium to some well deserving worker who has contributed some worthy addition to our knowledge and lessened our toil and responsibility. In keeping with his modest, unassuming career, his lifetime of - geareh for greater and truer knowledge, his restraint of boastful proclamation of great things achieved, his deep consciousness, at all times, of the greater problems to be solved, let us rear such a memorial as would have met his approval in life and make future generations more conscious of his devoted public services. ra% Vv REPORTS OF CASES DEPIGMENTATION OF HAIR AND SKIN WITH RETURN , TO ORIGINAL COLOR I. O. DENMAN,. Middletown, N. Y. While at Walton, N. Y., I saw an unusual case which was very interesting to me as I have never seen a similar case and have been unable to find an account of one in the literature. The case was a bay gelding 7 years old, weighing about 1400 lbs. used by the Risley Lumber Co. of Rock Rift, N. Y. for hauling wood. This horse had a large cold abscess of the shoulder and was treated in my hos- pital, the abseess walls being sloughed out with copper sulphate, resulting in a complete recovery. About two months later my at- tention was called to the case as the foreman said the horse was getting speckled. This was indeed true as small areas of depig- mentation were appearing over the entire body. These gradually increased in size until after 2 or 3 months the horse was covered with round white spots of hair and skin varying in size from that of a dime to that of a half dollar. There was not at any time the slightest trace of any inflammation, eruptions, or lesions of any kind on the skin. About this time the horse developed a slight case of heaves and daily doses of Fowler’s solution and linseed oil were prescribed. Soon after beginning this treatment it was noted that 460 REPORTS OF CASES the white spots were no longer increasing in size and later a decrease in size was noted until after 4 months they had entirely disappeared leaving the original color of a solid bay. To me the above case presents an interesting study. What is the cause of the depigmentation and why did it appear in areas? Was the copper sulphate a causative factor and did the administra- tion of arsenic bring about the return of the pigment? y, Vv ANTITETANIC SERUM AND MAGNESIUM SULPHATE IN TREATING TETANUS HENRY THEOBALD, Roselle, Il. During a period of 8 months I had occasion to treat 5 cases of tetanus with what I consider fair success. CasE No. 1. In May, 1914 I was called to a case which the owner mistook for a case of founder but on my arrival found a typical case of tetanus. It was a 12 year old gelding which when being unhitched from the wagon, had run away into an old wind-mill that had been torn down, thereby tearing a gash of 8-10 inches above the left knee, leay- ing an ugly lacerated wound. The owner said that he had washed the wound after it happened, but outside of the cleansing no more attention was paid to it until he called me. When I examined the horse I found him all stiffened, with practically all muscles rigid. The membrana nictitans was very much in evidence; the tail curved to one side; the muscles of the neck as hard as a board and in fact unable to move due to general stiffness. Locomotion was so impaired that it was dangerous to be near him for fear he would fall over, as every such attempt showed plainly that when he moved, it was with the utmost effort that he sustained balance. The jaws were set but could be opened 14 of an inch with some force. The wound was grown over with an.abundance of proud flesh, the knee swollen and very painful. In standing he appeared as if straddling some object; at no time having the legs in a normal position, for about two weeks. ET Oe ele ae) En. ie a a REPORTS OF CASES 461 In the process of treatment I curetted the wound and gave it a cleaning with a strong solution of tr. of iodine and earbolic acid. After curetting a long retaining cavity was thereby established, which I packed with absorbent cotton saturated with equal parts of tr. of iodine and carbolie acid, and left in the wound until the fol- lowing day. Then I proceeded to give 1500 units of antitetanic serum (P. D. & Co.) and 40 «¢.c. of concentrated solution of mag- nesium sulphate, 20 ¢.c. behind each shoulder. The necessary steps were taken to clean the parts where in- jections were made, as clipping the hair and washing and painting with iodine. (I mention this as abscesses formed which can not _ very likely be traced to infection with the needle.) As the patient was unable to eat I advised the owner to keep a pail of water within reach, and also proceeded to give a bran mash which was made of a rather sloppy consistency, figuring that he might be able to get a little nourishment and also to help as a lax- ative. The stall was darkened, not admitting any light, and being in a remote end of the barn, far enough away from all noise, I figured that the patient might have a chance. The second day I noticed hardly any change, only that the patient had partaken very sparingly, and with much effort. of the bran mash and drank about 14 pail of water. The treatment of serum and mag. sulph. was repeated as on the first day, and every succeeding day until 12 doses of the serum had been given, but the mag. sulph. sol. was continued for 15 days in all, three days longer than the serum. Daily attention was given to the wound such as euretting and strong antiseptic cleansing and packing. Did not notice much change until the 4th day when to my sur- _ prise the muscles of the jaw seemed to relax. Ordered the owner to secure some alfalfa which was in season and nearby, and handed the animal a small handful which he grasped firmly with his lips and held there until he was able to work it between his teeth. After he worked it into his mouth he was unable to masticate it, but kept on munching and smacking for a long time before he swallowed it without having set his teeth on it. The patient from this day on kept on improving very nicely; on the 6th day he ate and masticated the alfalfa, although with effort and there were hopes 462 REPORTS OF CASES of his recovery. On about the 10th day. a number of abscesses formed at the point of the injection of the mag. sulph. sol. which were promptly opened and cleansed. (Abscesses kept on forming from later injections of mag. sulph. and in every other patient treated the same way.) From this time on the patient did finely and after the serum for 12 days, the mag. sulph. was continued for 3 more days. All this time the patient kept on eating continuously having a ravenous appetite (i.e. after 10 days) was able to move around the stall which he seldom did, devoting most of his time to eating bran mashes and alfalfa all day long. | Plenty of fresh water was given, the same being given every 2 hours to be sure that he should not have to drink any that was warm, or full of dust or feed. An iron tonic was now given for 2 weeks in the form of a powder on the feed. Whenever the animal showed great distress during the first 10 days potassium bromide was given in 14 doses 4-5 times daily. The heart, whenever it was deemed necessary, was stimulated with camphor and aromatic spts. of ammonia but no medicine was given when the patient was quiet and the heart action good. The animal quite often showed distress after eating which was overcome with the bromide. About a week after dismissing the case the owner called again and I then found that some of the abscesses had healed with some infection left in them which caused considerable swelling. I opened them and ordered the patient turned in pasture where he. was kept for 2 months. He was put back to work and performed as well as ever. Case No. 2. I was called to a case the following June which had developed tetanus but could not find a wound of any kind. This was a yearling colt but for his size looked like a 2 year old full of life, though stiff when the owner brought him from the stable. This one was able to walk with a straddling gait but when about 20 feet from the barn made a leap or attempted to leap like colts of that age are wont to do, with the result that when he struck the ground, he bounded like a rubber ball for about 100 feet on all four until he fell, almost falling on top of the owner. He was made to rise in which we assisted, but was a nervous wreck when we got him into the box-stall away from the noise. The jaws were not set in this patient but there was considerable diffi- a] Pree fe ee ae See, ee eee Uo Se ie ie REPORTS OF CASES 463 culty in mastication the first 3 days, i.e. whenever I gave him some- thing to eat on my visits. I gave the owner the usual instructions pertaining to cold water, grass and bran mashes but on my daily visits for seven days the owner had paid very little attention to him, as it was hay- ing season and he was too busy to bother with him. The serum and mag. sulph. were given in the same doses as case No. 1 and after a week the patient was turned into pasture, a little stiff but made a nice recovery. With this case I was at a loss to understand what cured the patient; my treatment or the want of water and feed as I am positive that he did not get enough from the owner in a week to make one meal. Anyhow I took the credit. Cass No. 3. This was in August, 1914 at the same place where I had Case No. 1. It was a 5 year old geldng that the owner valued very highly. 7 The case was fully as bad as No. 1 if not worse; he was treated the same way with a nice recovery. The owner did nobly in per- _ forming his work supplying alfalfa, bran mashes and water as per orders. — It took about 4 days before the muscles of the jaw relaxed and as they were locked rather tightly, | was surprised to find him improving from then on although not as speedily as No. 1. On the 7th day the owner called me late at night and said he was afraid the horse would die. I rode out and found him panting and sweat- ing profusely, with a fever of 106°. I could not account for the condition except that some of the ab- scesses might have caused it, as the lungs were normal and no other symptoms of other trouble. I gave him 1 oz. of quinine sulph. sol. and used a rectal injection a little colder than luke-warm water (a pail full). This was about 10 o’clock at night and then left my - pump with orders to again give an injection at 12 o’clock and again at 4 o’clock. The next morning about 10 o’clock there. was no sign of fever and the patient was doing well. Both front legs of this patient were swollen bwicg their normal size due to the injection of mag. sulph. and remained so about 2 weeks after the last injection. I found swelling following in every case which seemed to gravitate in some patients to the fetlock joint but it gradually receded after 2 weeks from the final injection. After about 3 weeks this horse was turned to pasture, given a brief 464 REPORTS OF CASES rest and put back to work. In all he was no more that two months - out of service and the owner claims does his work fully as well as before. Case No. 4. Called by a neighbor early one morning in Sep- tember who said his horse was down with colic. I went out and found the horse laying in the pasture unable to get up, because of tetanus. We assisted in getting him on his feet when he also started to hop on all four feet striking the ground with all at the same time. He bounded along for about 300 to 400 feet when he got down again and was unable to get up. I told the owner that his horse had lock-jaw but he decided to kill him as he was 25 years old, and did not want to spend the mony as he was not worth it. CasE No. 5. November 13, 1914 I received a call from a neigh- boring town from a butcher who said his driver was acting rather funny. He said he was stiff all over, rofushe to eat and in fact was un- able to reach for the feed in the feed box. From this information he had given I concluded that it was a case of tetanus, which it proved to be. | When I told the owner that the mare had tetanus he decided not to bother with her, and have her destroyed as he had never heard of any being cured, and asked me whether I did not agree with him. I then told him of the mortality in tetanus, and also of the sue- cess I had had with the treatments I had given to other patients during a period of seven months, however, not forgetting to tell him that there were plenty of chances for the patient to die as I did not want to promise any too much on the strength of those that had made recoveries. I was told to go ahead and. try my luck as the mare was a 5 year old and valued at $300. I proceeded to look for a nail-prick in one of her feet, and I will say, that was the only foot I tried to examine as she was unable to stand it from the excitement caused by doing so even with the utmost eare to keep her quiet by gentle manipulation of the leg. Realizing that it was impossible to lift her feet, I decided fiat to excite her any more, and looked for wounds over the rest of the body, but did not find any. This mare occupied the first of 4 stalls, past which the other 3 horses had been driven going to and com- ing from work. REPORTS OF CASES 465 I suggested that we allot her the last stall to keep her more dis- tant from noise. We undertook to move her there, but found that she could not move and had to leave her where she was. Her condition was such that she could not open her mouth at all and she surely was a pic- - ture of misery. All the muscles were rigid, having the consistency of a board; _ the tail curved almost at an acute angle and remained so for sev- eral weeks. The membrana nictitans was very evident, covering most of the eye-ball. The muscles all remained rigid for over 3 weeks except the masseter muscles which relaxed gradually after 4 days of treat- ment. “Grass being out of season, I recommended that carrots be given which were first ground up and mixed with bran and water to a sloppy consistency of which the patient partook rather sparingly for the first few days. As stated before the owner being a butcher, he had many occasions to meet his friends and customers which (contrary to my orders) he permitted to see his lock-jaw horse. The attendant informed me almost daily that the owner had shown his mare to at least 10-20 persons every day and demon- strated to them how stiff she was by moving her from one side of the stall to the other with the effect that she would bound on her feet like a rubber ball and continued in these spasms for 5 to 10 minutes. I had very little co-operation in this case as far as the owner was concerned as regards quietude and rest, as all the other horses were led past the patient several times a day, his continuous per- sistence in asking strangers to see the animal and besides allowing 2 dogs around the stable howling incessantly, although given orders to remove them. It was more indifference than contrariness in his actions in allowing the noise, and in spite of it all the animal made a splendid recovery, although more protracted than the other eases, no doubt due to excitant causes. The treatment was the same as the other cases had received, except that I gave more potassium bromide than to the others, figuring that the noise would have to be counteracted. | As stated before the muscles did not relax for some time but after 4 or 5 days the masseter muscles relaxed to such an extent that carrots could be sliced 14 to % inch thich and eaten that way instead of adding them to the mash ground up. Mashes of bran were given, however, for several weeks. The 466 REPORTS OF CASES mare started to eat hay in about a week in small quantities and rather slowly requiring about 10 minutes to masticate the small amount she would prehend, and laboriously work between her teeth. When dismissing the case I gave orders to put her in a box-stall as she was doing nicely, (after about 15 days) or to exercise her daily which the owner promised to do, but instead turned her out in the yard or let her out in the street during all kinds of weather. A few days after Christmas I had occasion to go to his town and. found the animal trotting around the town almost fully recovered, only a little stiffness remaining. I encountered the same trouble in abscesses forming at the point of injection of mag. sulph. but never got any fever above 102° from them. Last June the mare gave birth to a nice colt which is a picture of health. The mother is better than ever (the owner’s words) and as he said, ‘‘ You had to show me.”’ LATER CASES WHICH WERE IN THE LAst STAGES In December, 1914, was called to a 7 year old gelding that had stepped into a piece of barbed wire and tetanus developed. When I got there I told the owner that it was useless to treat him as he was more dead than alive then, having not partaken of any feed a week previous to my visit. The owner having heard of my sue- cess with my treatment insisted on me taking a chance which I did, giving the serum and mag, sulph. that night but was called on the phone next morning and told the horse had died during the night. This animal was down when ealled. In July, 1915, was called to a place where the owner told me his suekling colt about 2 months old had cramps. I went out and found the colt down with tetanus. Did not treat him as there was no chance for his recovery and in fact he died 2 hours later. In August, 1915, called by a livery-man who told me over the phone that his horse was all stiffened up and that about 2 weeks be- fore he had run away and slipped on the side-walk thereby break- ing the skin on both knees. From this I concluded that the knees were infected as most of them get so, after such a long time and went out to treat him. When I got to the barn I saw a typical case of tetanus with the rigid muscles, the dilated nostrils, the membrana nictitans pro- truding over the eye, tail curved, the straddling posture and all symptoms that accompany tetanus. REPORTS OF CASES 467 I informed him as to the condition of the horse, of which he thought very lightly as he had heard of the luck I had had in treating them, and figured that I could not lose him. I proceeded as in the former cases in the line of treatment, ‘with what I thought fair luck as the masseter muscles were relax- ing on the 4th day when the owner told me that in his estimation the horse did not drink enough water. I informed him that if it was within reach and if the horse was thirsty-he would help himself, but the owner thought that he could not swallow, although he had swallowed mashes for a day or two. I told him not to worry and give him water every 3-4 hours so it would be fresh, but instead of doing so with.a pail gave it in a pint syringe until he had the patient so excited and nervous that he got down. He called me up. I took my sling but was unable to get him back on his feet. This case was fully as bad as No. 1 but feel almost positive that he would have recovered if the water had not been given in a syringe. He was past the stage where he would starve to death as he was eating bran mashes and evidence of the muscles of the jaw relaxing. These eight cases have geen treated by me within a period of 15 months and according to my judgment the treatment has been very successful (maybe lucky) in at least those cases where the animal still had a chance. Where the animals were down and in the last stages the treatment was of no value, the same as in other diseases the best of treatment and medicine was of no avail. | In conclusion will say that I have used antitetanic serum ex- tensively as a prophylactic in nail-pricks and wire-cuts and have not had one case develop tetanus after its use. nn dl CAESAREAN SECTION WITH REMOVAL OF ENTIRE UTERUS WALTER M. PENDERGAST, Syracuse, N. Y. On August 5th at 11 A. M. was called to see a Boston bull bitch that was in labor. Upon examination found one hind leg of pup presenting in the passage. At 4 P. M. no progress having been 468 ! REPORTS OF CASES made I gave her one ampule of pituitrin and another at 7 P. M. with no results. Efforts to extract the pup with forceps failed so at 9 A. M. August 6th I decided to perform Caesarean section. Patient etherized, field of operation serubbed with soap and water, shaved and painted with tincture of iodine. Incision about 314 inches long was made through abdominal wall, and uterus exposed to view. The uterus was gangrenous and in pulling it — through the incision it ruptured, so I decided to remove the entire uterus and foetus intact. Ligated the uterus with catgut just posterior to the bifurcation and removed the uterus which contained one foetus about twice the normal size. The ovaries were also re- moved. The abdominal muscles were closed with interrupted cat- gut sutures and the skin wound with interrupted silk sutures. The wound was swabbed with tincture iodine before inserting the skin sutures. The patient had a profuse hemorrhage due probably to the fact that I neglected to ligate the ovarian arteries. On the follow- ing day the bitch appeared bright and lively and in ten days the abdominal wound was entirely healed. The bitch made a fine re- covery. Previous to this case I had operated on five bitches with only one recovery. In these five cases the uterus was sutured and re- turned to its normal position. In a large per cent of these cases the uterus is badly infected and lacerated and I think in such cases the removal of the entire uterus would be productive of much bet-— ter results. I feel sure that the above case would not have re- covered if the uterus had been returned to the abdominal cavity. On December 15, Congressman Lobeck introduced a bill (5792) providing for the classification of salaries of veterinary inspectors, lay inspectors and clerks employed in the Bureau of Animal, In- dustry. The bill provides that the entrance salary of veterinary inspectors shall be $1400 with an annual increase of $100 until a maximum of $2400 is reached; lay inspectors (grade two), an an- nual increase of $100 up to a maximum of $1800; lay inspectors (grade one), an annual increase of $100 up to a maximum of $1600. ‘Clerks of the Bureau shall receive an entrance salary of $900 with an annual increase of $100 per annum to a maximum of $1500. Upon evidence satisfactory to the Secretary of Agriculture, promo- tions shall be made upon the efficiency and faithfulness of the em- ployee. | a 4 4 = . a < ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE CHANGES IN THE BLOOD Count In Dourine. N. Popesco, Archwa Veterinara.—The strict measures employed by the sanitary police to control dourine in Rou- mania have not given the desired results. The statistics of the vet- -erinary service show that this disease is on the increase. In 1910, 79 cases of dourine were diagnosed, and in 1911 there were 407 cases. The cause of the spread of this affection may be attributed, ac- cording to Popesco, to the difficulties that are met in making a diag- nosis and the insidious development of the disease. The object of the present work is to find a method of early diagnosis based on the relation which exists between certain morphological and numerical _ changes in the blood cells and the different stages of the disease. The observations of this author were carried out on 11 dourine horses. From these investigations he drew the following couclu- sions : : 1. In experimental or natural dourine, there are constantly found numerical morphological changes in the blood elements. 2. The leucocyte count in dourine, in general, is like that ob- served in other trypanosome diseases. 3. During the first days (1 to 20) following the infection by the Trypanosoma equiperdum, there is an increase of from 1,000,000 to 3,000,000 above the normal in the red cells. | 4. Coincident with the increase in erythrocytes, normoblasts are observed and there is a hyperleucocytosis varying between 11,200 and 22,000 which persists in the majority of cases until the animal dies. 5. During the period of incubation the number of sale aitna neutrophiles is increased (79 to 84 per 100) and also the eosino- philes (3 to 11 per 100), as well as other constituents: mononu- clears, normoblasts, ee eyes. in stage of division and neutrophi- lic myelocytes. 6. In the cases of dourine of acute development the diminu- tion of the red cells is not very marked. The early and certain diagnosis of dourine cannot be made by an examination of the blood constituents. This examination, however, is susceptible of fight helpful data for rendering a diagnosis in doubtful cases. (Nore :—In this country during the past four years the Bureau of Animal Industry has made use of a modification of the comple- 470 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE ment-fixation test for diagnosing dourine and has found that this method gives highly satisfactory results. It has been possible to detect cases in the very early stages of the disease as well as in the latent forms of the affection. Judging from the results thus far obtained by this procedure, it is quite safe to predict the cumplete eradication of this malady 1 in the United States in a very few years). GILTNER. fa’ Vv On THE ACTION OF VERATRUM VIRIDE WITH SOME REMARKS ON THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF THE MEDULLARY CENTRES. William Cramer, Physiological Department, Edinburg Univ. From the Jour. of Pharmacology and Expervmental Therapeutics, Vol. VII— July, 1915— Nos. 1 and 2.—‘‘ The use of veratrum viride has recent- ly been strongly recommended by Dr. Haultain in the treatment of eclampsia. According to him the drug is most efficient in reducing a high blood pressure, slowing the pulse and inducing diuresis, and it was at his request that I undertook the following investigation with the object of HEGiNe, if possible, the physiological basis for its therapeutic application.’’ The author summarizes his iceriiicrite with the following con- clusions :— ‘*Veratrum viride in small doses has a selective action of the afferent (pulmonary) nerve-endings of the vagus. In cats it thus produces reflexly slowing or stoppage of respiration and a fall of blood-pressure due to vaso-dilatation. As a rule there is in addi- tion a marked slowing of the heart-beat produced reflexly through vagus-inhibition, but in eats this effect is sometimes absent. These effects of small doses are dependent on the integrity of the vagus nerves. ‘‘The drug after having stimulated the afferent nerve-endings of the vagus, paralyzes them so that a second or third dose is with- out effect. ‘With larger doses the drug in addition to the effects just mentioned, paralyzes the cardio-inhibitory nerve-endings of the | vagus and has also a direct action on the medullary centers leading to vaso-constriction and to paralysis of respiration. These addi- tional effects are not dependent on the integrity of the vagus nerves. ‘*Sinee large doses of the drug have so many diverse and part- ly antagonistic actions, the general result of a large dose of vera- trum viride is very complex and irregular. ae fe a ee | ree a i A, ‘ ‘ ays. 4 ~~? ~~ E- 4 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 471 . “The manner in which veratrum viride acts reflexly on the medullary centers leads to the conclusion that impulses arriving at the respiratory centre can be communicated to the vaso-motor centre and to the cardio-inhibitory centre and that a central con- nection exists between these medullary centres. **The question whether veratrum viride owes its action to vera- trine or to protoveratrine or to another alkaloid is discussed and left undecided. It is pointed out, however, that in the light of the present observations, the pharmacological action of veratrine and protoveratrine requires reinvestigation. “‘Veratrum viride is therapeutically valuable, as in suitable doses it affords a means of producing a lasting vaso-dilatation through acting reflexly on the vaso-motor centre.’’ REICHEL. 4). Vv - Forrau Sac ArracHED TO THE GAsTRO-SPLENIC OMENTUM OF A Rassir. P. Bruce White B.Sc. Jour. Comp. Pathol. and Therap. This case supports the view of many who consider that the so-called eases of abdominal pregnancy are due to uterine rupture with sub- sequent extrusion of the fetus. On the opening of the carcass of a doe-rabbit there was found a large tumor attached by a pedicle to the gastro-splenic omentum, but otherwise free in the abdominal cavity. Examined more attentively later, the tumor was found to have a stomach shape with greater and lesser curvature. It was attached towards one end of the lesser curvature, which measured 3.5 em. long. The sac was 6.5 em. long, 5.4 em. deep and 3.5 em. thick. With the fingers it was easily ascertained that the sac contained two bodies movable on each other. The larger occupied two-thirds of the sae and the other the remaining part. The wall of the sac was smooth and polished. An incision of the great curvature re- vealed a well developed fetus, covered with hair and exhibiting signs of mummification. The sac was of a fibrous texture, adherent in some places to the torn chorion, and in others to the amnion, which closely invested the fetus and contained no fluid. The well developed placenta showed no signs of attachment to the sae wall. Lying in the hollow of the back of the fetus was the second body, a large organized clot. The pedicle showed signs of torsion. The left horn of the uterus was greatly constricted about half its length 472 ABSTRAOTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE and showed unmistakable signs of a rupture. It was evident that the fetus had escaped into the abdomen through a rupture in the wall of the uterus. | LIAUTARD. nm Vv A CASE OF SYMMETRICAL ABRACHIA IN A Cott. P. Bruce White. Jour. Comp. Path. and Therap.—Externally the malformation was quite symmetrical, there being no trace of either of the fore limbs. The anterior ends of the scapulae protruded slightly on each side of the weak and narrow chest. There was considerable umbilical hernia but the other external parts were normal. On examination of the abdominal viscera, there were found several large cysts on the surface of the liver and mesentery. They contained yellowish fluid. The testes were small but remained in the abdomen, Dissection showed no traces of the missing limbs. The glenoid cavity was quite unformed but could.be ascertained with the fingers. The whole musculature was rudimentary. The supra- and sub- spinatus muscles blended into a thin sheet of muscle, extending over the external face of the scapula. The subscapularis was better de- veloped. The serratus magnus was to some extent developed as were also some parts of the pectoral muscles. The vascular and nervous arrangement could not be made out thoroughly. The brachial plexus was undersized and the brachial nerves suddenly broke up into a brush-work. The scapulae were the only representatives of the limbs and girdle: they were much reduced. In the left shoulder blade the glenoid and coracoid borders tapered away to a point terminated by a sharp curved process. The spine was feebly developed as a slight longitudinal ridge fading away at either end. The blade of the scapula was to a large extent cartilaginous. There could be found no traces of nodules or any structure which might be regarded as rudiments of the missing limbs or coracoid process. LIAUTARD, ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE ; 473 THE Dog as A CARRIER OF PARASITES AND DISEASE. Maurice C. Hall, U. 8. Dept. Agric. Bull. 260, Nov. 23, 1915.—This bulletin, which is intended especially for the use of physicians, veterinarians and health officers, emphasizes the fact that while a dog that is properly cared for and kept within reasonable bounds is an animal with many delightful and useful qualities; on the other hand the dog that recognizes no owner or no restraint, that carries vermin and disease, that kills sheep and destroys property—these dogs must be eliminated. Such dogs are both a nuisance and a danger. Dogs play a part in the spread of such diseases as ringworm, fayus and foot-and-mouth disease, but it is as carriers of parasites that dogs are of primary importance. The bulletin disregards the numerous parasites of the dog which are confined in all stages of their development to the dog or related animals and deals only with those parasites which are transmissible in some form to man and the domesticated animals. Of the latter group the paper deals in detail with those forms which are known from the United States and gives passing mention to those which are of minor importance or not yet known from the United States. Those known from the United _ States include rabies, which is, of course, still of more or less prob- lematical etiology though commonly regarded as of a protozoan nature, hydatid, gid, cysticercosis of various forms in cattle, sheep, hogs and reindeer, tapeworm and roundworm transmissible to man, tongueworm, fleas and ticks. A discussion of the life histories, so far as known, and of the prophylactic measures, especially as they concern the dog, is given for these parasites. , It is noted that the dog is at present the subject of criticism from three quarters: public health officers are insisting on a restric- tion of the dog’s unwarranted liberties in order to lessen and in time to eliminate the menace of rabies; sheepmen accustomed to being forced out of business by sheep-killing dogs have been taking more aggressive action looking toward eliminating worthless dogs; and parasitologists are insisting that the dog is so responsible for the spread and so essential to the existence of many important para- sites that we must curtail his liberty to protect ourselves, our fam- ilies and our stock from the evil results of his unrestrained wan- derings. M. C. Hatt. e 474 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE VETERINARY ACTIVITY IN THE War. Dr. J . Kostrhum, Army Veterinarian, Tierarzth. Zentralb, 1915, p. 148—In an introductory remark the author describes the extraordinarily difficult problems which confront the veterinarians in the field, which require, aside from professional skill, considerable physical endurance as well as experience and a keen sense of duty. He further describes in detail a case of dystocia in the mare. The fetus was dead in dorsal po- sition, with the head bent to the side in a way so that the fetus en- tered the genital organs with its neck. After great effort embry- otomy had to be performed, and that with unsuitable instruments. He therefore points out the necessity of equipping the veterinarians with instruments for parturition. A frequent occurrence among the animals was abort espec- ially in the months of January and February, which resulted from mechanical irritation, irregular and abnormal methods of living, ex- traordinary work with subsequent rapid cooling off, especially where this occurred in a damp, cool atmosphere. Calked wounds are very frequent, and complications develop as a result of contact with snow in the form of necrosis with an exten- sive and deep loss of substance. It was therefore very important to bandage the parts and rest the animals affected with such wounds. Among the infectious diseases, glanders, influenza, scabies, pustular stomatitis and anthrax were observed. Cases of influenza occurred only sporadically, and only rarely was the disease localized in the lungs. According to Kostrhum, this was attained as a result of the individual quartering of the animals, the frequent bivouacing of doors and the frequent change of the location. The author en- ergetically recommends the use of neosalvarsan, since it greatly re- duces the period of convalescence and is therefore only apparently more expensive when compared with the symptomatic treatment. The combating of outbreaks of glanders proved very difficult. Individual cases recurred repeatedly. The measures employed in time of peace could be employed only to a limited extent. Also the insufficient disinfection of the harness, the constant changing of the horses and the use of stables which had not been disinfected were responsible factors in its propagation. It appears that the chronic cases of glanders which remain in a latent form in the mild climate of the southern theatre of the war turn into acute cases when the animals are transferred to the more En 5 es i Or, oy A Be aS j a e way % Ms ' . yr —— ee PA. | Wigks oy wie Bes Pi. 1a we as a: be es A ys mt a, 1 fe 2 ad " Pe, mL 5 ‘x a Th “ t op ., -, The a a it Ah ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 475 My ; rigid northern climate of the Carpathians, wherefore the author is inclined to accept an influence of climatic conditions upon this disease. (Notre :—At the present time the German army has five labor- atories at the different fronts for the purpose of testing animals for glanders and other infectious diseases. ) EICHHORN. fa’ Vv THE PREVALENCE OF FooT-AND-MoutTH DisEAsE.—(ENGLAND). Leaflet No. 292, Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. From the Lancet—N 0. 18 of Vol. II—October 30, 1915.—This disease has been rather prevalent in England during the year 1914. A total of 19 is outbreaks is recorded in the report of the Chief Veterinary Officer of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. A leaflet on the subject is therefore quite opportune, especially as the malady spreads so | rapidly, and a knowledge of its symptoms, the subjects that may be affected, the nature of the infection and its carriers, is important to stock-owners, medical men, and veterinary surgeons. All the _ domestic animals and ruminants may be infected with foot-and- mouth disease. Human beings may contract the complaint, though they are not the most susceptible class. Cattle are the most .suscep- tible, then come sheep, pigs and goats, and afterwards horses, dogs and cats. All suspected outbreaks of the disease are to be reported immediately to the authorities. The filterable virus to which the disease is due produces its effects usually within 48-72 hours, but the incubation period may exceptionally extend.to 10 days. A high temperature—105°F., in cattle, lameness, slavering at the mouth, e. and smacking of the lips are present. Lameness in a number of animals, especially if noticeable in more than one species—ceattle, pigs, or sheep, for example—should arouse the gravest suspicion. The lameness may escape the casual observer, as the animals may be so footsore as to remain lying down. Slavering is not so notice- able in pigs and sheep as cattle. The lesions consist of vesicles ap- pearing about the mouth and on the finer parts of the skin and about the feet at the junction of skin and hoof. In milch cows the milk yield falls considerably and the lesions may appear on the teats and cause permanent injury to the udder. Very young calves may die from enteritis. The contents of the vesicles are infective, as is 476. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE also the blood in the early stages of the disease. The virus may be easily destroyed by antiseptics, but under certain conditions which exist in nature it may remain active for months and be carried long distances. Contact and cohabitation of the animals favor the spread of infection, and attendants, utensils, wind-blown saliva, foodstuffs, and water-supply may all act as spreaders of the epi- demic. Roads along which affected animals have passed and wagons in which they have travelled may remain infective for some time. As showing the difficulties in the way of controlling the spread of the infection it may be noted that rats, fowls, birds, cats, horses, and dogs may act as carriers of the virus. The leaflet says that human beings may possibly convey the disease to animals. The spread of infection is very insidious. A good deal of evidence has been col- lected which goes to show that a human being may, through his clothes, make the clothes of others infective. Animals which have recovered may be harborers of infection for a considerable time. The commonest method of infection is through the mucous mem- branes by way of the alimentary canal; 1/250th of a drop of fluid from the vesicles is sufficient to cause infection. Personal hygiene and disinfection, control of attendants on outbreaks, confining the milk-supply to the infected place and boiling it before giving to other animals, are measures of prevention advocated. The conclud- ing paragraphs of the leaflet draw attention to the importance of reporting the existence, or suspected existence, of the disease ‘promptly. Great loss in stock and money and long periods of pre- valence of the disease may result from inability to isolate and stamp out the disease by reason of lack of immediate notification. REICHEL. nn Vv ScrotaL HERNIA IN A SuHrRE-F'0AI—STRANGULATION—RADI- CAL OPERATION—ReEcOvERY. H. Caulton Reeks, F.R.C.V.S. Vet- ertnary Record.—A valuable foal showed an ordinary scrotal hernia. The owner was advised to leave it alone as it would probably disap- pear as the foal grew, and at any rate caution must be given the oper- ator of its presence when castration was to be performed. Instead of following this advice, the owner bought a truss, applied it and inside of 24 hours violent colic was manifested, strangulation was plainly marked and the case seemed hopeless. However, after casting the — ee oe Oe Te, Fae an ee i Se) Bier ees } HSS oe ee ae ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 477 foal, attempts were made to reduce the hernia. They failed and the little sufferer was left to himself after receiving a full dose of castor oil and methylated ether. Directions were given to have small doses of ether given every two hours. The next day the case was still serious, showed less violence in the colic and the next morning all pain had subsided, the foal was in much better condition. _ Operation was suggested and consented to by the owner. It was performed as follows: The left scrotal sac was opened and gave escape to a large amount of inflammatory fluid and the pro- af truding intestine exposed. Attempts to reduce it failed, although there was no adhesion. Greater pressure was resorted to but no reduction was obtained. In trying to pull the intestine per rectum it was found that the fingers of the hand in the rectum could touch those of the other hand near the protruding intestine. With great care, a scalpel was used and an incision made through the inguinal ring. After this it was an easy matter to pull the intestine per rectum, and with careful manipulation return the whole into the _ abdominal cavity. At that moment the testicle made its appear- _ ance and was removed with the ecraseur. During the process of reduction a portion of the intestine ap- peared enormously thickened, almost leather-like in consistence and with a mottled dark red and purple coloration. The wound of the abdomen was carefully attended to with antiseptics, iodine, sutures, pads, etc., and the little fellow allowed to get up, which he - did in a short time and went to suck his dam. The case went on without any serious manifestation and ended with complete radi- cal recovery. LIAUTARD. An important bulletin (211) for country practitioners has been _ published by the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Colorado Agricultural College at Fort Collins, Col., on Colorado Plants In- jurious to Live Stock. The authors are Dr. G. H. Glover and W. W. Robbins. A number of the plants are doubtless common to other states and the information and suggestions will undoubtedly be useful over a wide area. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION ‘ PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the very eloquent me- morial with reference to our beloved Dr. Salmon. What do you wish to have done with the report? Dr. KINSLEY: Mr. President, I move that we accept it and refer it to the publication committee to be published in our proceedings, or in whatever form they are to be published hereafter. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You have heard the motion. Do I hear a second? Dr. MurPHEY: I second the motion. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made and seconded that the report on Dr. Salmon be received and referred to the publication committee for publication in our annual report. Any remarks? If not, all in favor of the motion signify by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ‘‘ayes’’ have it. It is so ordered. A committee was appointed to attend the International Vet- erinary Association meeting, which committee was composed of Dr. Eichhorn, Dr. Mayo and myself (if you will pardon me for appointing myself one of the committee.) Dr. Eichhorn is present and is ready to report the findings of that committee. We will be glad to have him report at the present time. Dr. Eichhorn read his paper ‘‘Report of the Official Tour of Europe’’ as follows: REPORT OF THE OFFICIAL TOUR OF EUROPE OF THE DELEGATES OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION TO ATTEND THE INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CON- GRESS AT LONDON, 1914. A full report of this tour was published in monthly instal- ments in the American Veterinary Review and it is not deemed ad- visable to take up the descriptive phase of the tour, since this has been exhaustively treated in that publication. It is respectfully requested that the association adopt the report as published in the American Veterinary Review as our official report, and consider this as a supplementary report in which it is aimed to discuss brief- ly the veterinary education, meat inspection, sanitation, ete., as it impressed us and to point out all features which might be advanta- geously utilized for the welfare, progress, and standing of the vet- erinary profession in this country. ~ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 479 Professionally, our tour was an extraordinary success and we wish to express our heartiest thanks to the association, since the numerous honors and courteous attentions shown us everywhere _ were primarily the result of our official connection with our great association, and we also desire to show our appreciation to all those abroad who spared no effort to make our stay very profitable and interesting. It is to be regretted that we are not in a position to report on - the results of the deliberations of the Tenth International Con- gress, since only the opening and closing meetings were held by as that great organization. The unfortunate and untimely war of the present interfered with the execution of the program of the con- a _ gress and the few foreign delegates who arrived in London soon re- _ __ turned to their homes in answer to the return call of their countries where their services were needed. The committee on arrangements for the congress, no doubt, did their utmost to make the Tenth International Congress a success and every one who had the privilege of being at the several func- tions which were held in connection with the congress was highly impressed with the elaborate preparedness of taking care of the large number of visitors expected and also to make the professional part of the congress of great interest to the participants and also of benefit to the various countries which they had the pleasure to represent. In this regard great credit is due to Sir John McFad- yean and Sir Stewart Stockman, who were primarily instrumental in the arrangements for the congress. One could see on their faces the sad disappointment and no doubt they had the sympathy of every one present. The tour which our party undertook prior to our arrival in Great Britain, however, was enjoyed by every one and gave us an opportunity to observe and visit many veterinary institutions and also to study to a small degree the sanitary organizations of the various countries in regard to veterinary problems. The party visited the veterinary schools of Brussels, Alfort, Berne, Milan, Budapest, Vienna, Dresden, Berlin, Hanover and Utrecht. We were greatly impressed with the magnitude, equip- ment and thoroughness of the work in practically every school which we visited. All veterinary colleges in continental Europe are Government institutions which are maintained by regular ap- 480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A propriations from the representative governments. It is natural that under such conditions the schools are developed to the highest perfection. It is not deemed advisable to take up individually the various schools since that has already been stated. With the exception of one or two, each school impressed us beyond our expectations with its thoroughness. First of all, the preliminary education required to enter at present in all of the veterinary colleges abroad is far beyond our standard, and the various representatives of the colleges informed us that only because of these requirements has the veteri- nary profession been elevated in these respective countries to the present high position. A high school education is required in every country of continental Europe at the present time to enter upon the study of veterinary medicine. In some institutions they even re- quire a two-year college education in natural science prior to taking up the study of veterinary medicine. The curriculum in the vet- erinary colleges extends over a four-year period of 9 to 10 months — each. In every college great stress is laid upon the clinical work for the benefit of the students, and in most of them ambulatory elinies are being maintained which afford an opportunity for the students to familiarize themselves with the actual work in practice. especially in bovine practice which naturally has to be neglected in the colleges located in large cities. The spaces reserved for the colleges are located in most in- stances in convenient parts of the, cities allowing these institutions considerable ground upon which the numerous buildings are lo- eated. In every school there are various departments, each depart- ment having its own building in which to conduct the educational as well as research work in that particular branch. Thus, the sub- jects of physiology, physics, and chemistry as a rule are housed as one department in special buildings; anatomy in another one; pharmacy, pharmacology and botany have also special buildings, ete. The hospitals are of modern construction and equipped with all up-to-date appliances for the treatment of various diseases. A ward for infectious diseases is isolated from the others. The same arrangement is maintained for the hospitals for small animals. The laboratories are well equipped and the students are required to do all work in histology, bacteriology and pathology, ete., in preparing specimens, sections, etc., connected with the laboratory study of these different branches. eee ee = PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. A 481 It is aimed at the present to give the students an opportunity ___ to study bovine diseases, and in some institutions various breeds of cattle are maintained and in one particular institution pregnant cattle are brought in for the purpose of affording the students an opportunity to study normal and abnormal parturitions. A professor is at the head of each department having his corps of assistants assisting him in his work. This is not entirely confined to teaching and a great deal of time is devoted to research work. As a result of this arrangement most of the advancement in veterinary science has originated in veterinary schools abroad and there is a tendency to even extend the experiments and investigations in the various branches in the veterinary colleges. Of course, the teaching staff, also those engaged in research work in these schools devote all their time and attention to their respective work. The members of the faculty and their assistants devote their entire time to the welfare of the schools and the benefit of the students. The arrange- ment appears especially of great advantage since a professor in charge of a department makes this particular line his life work and develops his branch to the highest standard. As a result one can see in each department splendid collections of various materials which from an educational point of view are all of special advantage to the student. It is needless to point out the advantages of an arrangement of this kind in veterinary education as compared to a practice by which practitioners are charged with the teaching of - yarious branches as is practiced in some of our institutions. ._ The practitioner has no time to study and keep up with all phases of his subjects. Furthermore, he can devote only a small fraction of his -__ time to the preparation of his branch and his teaching cannot be developed to such an extent as would be the case if he could devote all of his time to certain branches for the benefit of the students. We cannot refrain from briefly mentioning the veterinary mu- seums and libraries which are maintained in connection with every veterinary college visited. The most interesting collections, of path- ological and normal specimens preserved by the most recent methods ‘may be seen. The buildings and equipment are everything that - could be desired, being equipped with the most modern appliances utilized for teaching. Roentgen apparatuses, projectoscopes, etc., are employed in most every department of the different colleges in Europe. 482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A We must, however, consider that all the European institutions ~ are old and developed gradually to their present standard. Never- theless, we can do our best to learn by their experience aiming towards the highest standards for the veterinary profession in the shortest time in which it ean be attained. Only through require- ments of a high standard of the prospective students and through proper veterinary education can we hope to attain a standing which the veterinary profession should command. : The committee had a splendid opportunity to make compara- tive observations in meat inspection in the various countries and also to compare them with the meat inspection practiced in the United States. One striking feature in this regard is the control of the abattoirs and stock yards in all countries of continental Europe. They are municipal institutions erected and managed by the re- spective municipalities and in every respect under full control of these authorities. The expenses of maintaining these establishments are met by a fixed charge for each animal killed and accordingly most of the abattoirs are self-sustaining enterprises. With the exception of a few abattoirs we were very favorly impressed with these establishments as they are conducted abroad. It should be ~ considered, however, that the meat industry in Europe is not com- parable with the commercial features of this industry in this eoun- try, since large packing interests are unknown there and the killing is almost entirely confined either to small wholesale or to individual butchers. We desire especially to point out the establishments of Germany which appeared to be model in the construction, sanitation and man- agement. In France and Italy we observed that the old ‘‘cell sys- . tem’’ of butchering was still in vogue. The inspection as practiced in the abattoirs is controlled by the rules and regulations governing the meat inspection of the respective countries or the municipalities. In Germany all animals slaughtered for consumption must be in- spected and they have accordingly the control over all food animals which reach the consumer with the exception of those slaughtered for family consumption. The meat inspection system is divided in a similar manner to the one in this country, that is, into ante- and postmortem inspection. Veterinarians employed by the municipal- ities are in charge of the inspection which from our observations is very thoroughly carried out in all abattoirs we visited in Germany. In some of the other countries we observed a laxity in the inspec- PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Vv. M. A 483 _ tion, in one. particular instance the veterinarians only passing up and down the aisles without giving the individual carcasses the necessary inspection. The regulations governing the meat inspec- tion vary to some extent in the different countries but the differences are not very striking and are very much the same as those governing the Federal meat inspection in the United States. In this regard it may be mentioned that in the disposition of the carcasses affected with certain diseases the regulations in Europe are much milder than in the United States. In connection with the abattoirs they maintain so-called sanitary abattoirs in which all the condemned and retained carcasses are finally disposed of. A laboratory is.also maintained in the sanitary abattoirs for bacteriological meat in- spection. The sterilization of the meat which has been condition- ally passed is also done in this building, special sterilizers being provided. The meat is cut up into certain sized pieces, placed in baskets and these baskets then shoved into the sterilizers where the sterilization is accomplished under steam pressure. Such meat must be sold under declaration in special shops known as F reibanks. Some of the abattoirs visited were very impressive in their construction. Architecturally they appeared neat. From a san- itary point of view they possessed everything that could be desired. In the more modern establishments such as are in Dresden the con- struction was carried out on a very elaborate seale including labor- saving appliances. The large killing halls are so constructed that the buildings are provided with ample light and air and the entire establishment might be considered free from odor; even in the tripe room one is impressed with the absence of disagreeable odors. Similar arrangements could not be expected in the establish- ments of this country on account of the variance in the commercial end of the industry. One could readily see everywhere that the meat inspection in this country is at least as efficient as in any European country and the food passed under our method of in- spection is assurance to the people of its wholesomeness. The veterinary: service of the different countries could be only satisfactorily discussed by an elaborate description which would take too much space for a brief report of this kind. The sanitary regu- lations relative to the control of infectious diseases vary considerably in the different countries and one might favorably compare them with the existing conditions in the different states of our country. The least attention is paid to the control of tuberculosis. There is 484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A no concerted effort in Eurpoe towards the control of the disease by — legislative measures. In some countries the governments are aiding in their efforts to eradicate the disease from their herds but com- pulsory measures do not exist in this regard. The compulsory tu- berculin test is unknown and no attention is paid to the milk supply with regard to tuberculosis. No control is exerted over traffie with tuberculous animals and a man knowing of this disease in his herd will not hesitate to dispose of affected animals to the best advantage ; he will even sell such animals to his neighbor. A great deal more at- tention is accorded to the control of glanders. In some of the coun- tries which we visited the authorities have successfully eradicated the disease with the aid of stringent measures enforced by govern- ment officials. In this regard probably Austria attained the best results within the shortest time since the acceptance of the eye test for the diagnosis of glanders and by the inauguration of other measures for the control of the disease in stables where it appeared they succeeded in eradicating glanders in most of the provinces of Austria. Prussia has also attained similar good results, but the complement-fixation test has been used instead of the eye test. Rabies is being controlled in the various countries by muzzling orders which are strictly enforced, and as a result of this the disease has been practically eradicated from most of the countries which we visited. Compulsory reporting of outbreaks of various other dis- eases and subsequent strict quarantines are required in most infec- tious diseases, and thereby the sanitary authorities are always in position to establish the extent of the respective diseases in the different countries. The veterinary organizations and the methods of control of various diseases as practiced in the different countries have been more fully treated in the general report of the committee. The failure of the last congress which was to have been held in London, as a result of the European conflict, is to be greatly regret- ted since various problems were to have been exhaustively treated on that occasion and no doubt all countries would have greatly profited by the resolutions which would have been adopted as a re- sult of the earnest deliberations which are characteristic of the vet- erinary international congresses. At the present time it is difficult to foresee the time when it will be possible to hold the next congress but it appears that it is not too early for our association to con- sider the possibility of inviting the next congress to this country. eee. ee ee eS PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 485 The neutrality which has been maintained by this country through- out the European conflict would no doubt assure the veterinarians of all nations a hearty welcome. An official invitation from our association in due time will further assure our professional brethren abroad of a successful meeting. The benefit which the veterinarians of this country would derive from such a meeting and the advan- tages to the country would justify a thorough preparedness and an early consideration of an earnest appeal to the permanent com- mittees of the International Veterinary Congress to decide upon the place of the next meeting in the United States. Such an invitation could be issued as soon as the war clouds disappear and after the restoration of the much desired peace, when each one will return to his former occupation working for the welfare and benefit of humanity. Dr. EicHHorN: Mr. President and Gentlemen: We were treated with the utmost courtesy by the different countries we visited officially and privately, and, no doubt, a great measure of this is due to the fact that the association granted us the privilege of representing it officially during our tour, and for this reason, Mr. President, I move that the association extend a vote of thanks to all those who aided us in our successful trip, and that we express our grati- tude for the kind reception we were accorded at every place we visited. Sec- onded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, I can heartily endorse everything that Dr. Eichhorn has said with reference to the courteous reception given us while we were abroad. What do you wish to do with the report Dr. Eichhorn has pre- sented? Dr. Kinst&ey: I move that the report be received. Seconded. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the report of Dr. Eichhorn be received and referred to the publication committee. If there are no objections, it is so ordered. Now, gentlemen, a motion has been made by Dr. Eichhorn. Dr. Hoskins: I move the adoption of the motion and a vote of thanks be extended to the people who assisted in making the tour of our committee so ~ guecessful. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that this associa- tion extend a vote of thanks to those who made our trip so pleasant and con- tributed in many ways to the pleasure of the tour. Any remarks? If not, it is so ordered. There are a few suggestions contained in Dr. Eichhorn’s report, which I think the association should act upon. One is particularly in reference to this association extending an invitation to the International Congress to meet in America at its next meeting. Dr. Hoskins: I move that the recommendation be referred to the execu- tive committee to be acted upon as the committee shall see fit. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. 486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the question of extending an invitation to the International Congress be referred to the executive committee and that they make a recommendation to the association for action. Any remarks? If not, it is so ordered. ; It is now a little past eleven o’clock which was the time appointed for the report of the reorganization committee. Is the committee ready to report? Dr. RuTHERFORD: Mr. President, pardon me a moment, I want to ask one question of Dr. Eichhorn with reference to education. Is it in order to ask it now? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I think it would be in order at this time. Dr. RuTHERFORD: My question refers to what you said in regard to a high school education in many of your colleges. Does a high school education in Europe mean more than our high school education, in other words, is there a higher standard there than in our high schools? As I understand it, they do not have high schools such as we have. Am I right or wrong? Dr. E1cHHORN: Iam not ready to discuss the difference between the edu- cation in this country and abroad, but it requires the same number of years to go through the gymnasium, as they call it, or the high school. In Europe they have four years public school and eight years gymnasium, or high school, and in this country we have eight years public school and four years of high school. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Is the committee on reorganization ready to report? Dr. CAMPBELL: I do not understand it is. The report was put in the hands of the executive committee with instructions to report back to us at this time, but I understand it is not yet ready. PRESIDENT MarsHALL: As I understand the proposition, as it stands at present, the executive committee is not yet ready to report. They ask for more time for consideration. Dr. CAMPBELL: I wonder if they would not be willing to set a definite time to make that report so that we will all know when the matter of reorgan- ization will come up so that we may be present to take part in the discussion. Dr. JENSEN: Mr. Chairman, I believe that the executive committee could make that report tomorrow afternoon at the time appointed for the completion of business just before the election of officers, if that is agreeable. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You mean tomorrow afternoon? Dr. JENSEN: Tomorrow afternoon before the election of officers. ' PRESIDENT MARSHALL: If you mean Thursday afternoon, all we have left is the election of officers and there probably would be a good attendance of the members at that time, and it would possibly be advisable to postpone the matter until Thursday evening at the time of the election of officers. Dr. CAMPBELL: In this connection I want to remind the executive com- mittee and members of the association that the report of the committee on re- organization was made in that very way two years ago, on the last day of the session, and the last session of that day, there was not an opportunity to con- sider it at that time. It is possible the association might wish to send this back to the executive committee for.some minor changes; it is quite probable they PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 487 would wish to do so, and it seems to me, it is advisable to have this subject up for consideration one day in advance of the last meeting of the session. In this way the matter may be reported back to the executive committee and time allowed to make whatever revisions the committee may see fit to make before re- ferring back to the association. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Tomorrow morning at nine-thirty we have another business session and it is rather short and if agreeable to the members of the association we can bring the matter of reorganization up for consideration at — the session tomorrow morning, if that will be agreeable to Dr. Campbell. Dr. CAMPBELL: Yes. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Then the report of the committee on reorganiza- tion will come up tomorrow morning at ten o’clock instead of nine-thirty. I am sure we will have sufficient time if we begin our meeting at ten o’clock in the morning instead of nine-thirty as scheduled at the previous meeting. There are three or four reports for tomorrow morning in addition, which have not been called at present and there is one other report on the program for today and that is the report of the committee on necrology. Are you ready to make that re- port, Dr. Campbell? Dr. CAMPBELL: I am waiting for certain information and the report is not yet ready but it will take less than five minutes to get the report ready when I get the information desired and I would rather have some time to complete the report. Will there not be time to get that report tomorrow morning? It will be ready at that time. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: We will hear your report tomorrow, Dr. Campbell. The report of the committee on advertisements of veterinary remedies by Dr. G. H. Glover, chairman, was listed for tomorrow but Dr. Lyman is here and will make the report now, if you so desire. af Dr. R. P. LyMAN: Gentlemen, this report I find in my mail upon arrival here and as it is written by our chairman Dr. George H. Glover, I will simply read the report of the committee as presented by. him. I will say that the com- mittee has done a large amount of work by correspondence with the publishers of many papers carrying advertisements and so on. Dr. Lyman then read the report of the committee on advertisements of vet- erinary remedies as prepared by George H. Glover, Chairman, as follows: REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ADVERTISEMENTS OF VETERINARY REMEDIES Gro. H. GLovER, Chairman : JOSEPH HUGHES : R. P. LYMAN Mr. President and Members of the Association: The work of your committee has consisted largely in close in- spection of the advertising columns of agricultural and livestock papers, and calling the attention of the owners or managers to those 488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A advertisements which are considered objectionable, and asking them to discontinue the same. A lawyer was first cousulted for advice as to just how far we could go in denouncing specific fake ‘‘cures’’, without making us” personally liable in a suit at law. I was informed that, in substance, we had better ‘‘make haste slowly’’, and while we might express a doubt, and make manifest a disapproval of certain advertised ‘‘eures’’,we must openly brand them as fakes, unless we are prepared to prove the truth of our assertion. The burden of truth resting with the one who dares to publicly denounce an apparent fraud, seems to reverse the order of justice and in this instance places your com- mittee in a dilemma. Many letters have been written to editors and managers of newspapers, and many arguments have been used to induce them to reject certain questionable advertisements. We have succeeded in some instances and failed in others. Some of these advertisements are so glaringly fraudulent, that it seems like questioning a man’s intelligence to assume that he approves of them. A copy of the first letter which was sent to the leading agricultural and livestock papers is as follows: ‘Dear Sir: As chairman of the committee appointed by the American Veterinary Medical Association on advertisements of veterinary remedies, I wish to call your attention to certain advertisements which are being carried in some of the agricultural and livestock papers relative to ‘‘cures’’ for various animal diseases. The very illuminating and deceptive character of some of these advertise- ments, must be apparent to anyone who will take the time to read them carefully, Several newspaper editors have sought the co-operation of this committee in helping them to make their papers more valuable by pointing out those advertisements which are looked upon as decep- tive or fradulent, and I wish to assure you that this committee will be glad to work with you to this end., We will be glad to offer technical assistance in deciding as to what may be considered proper claims for veterinary remedies. This committee assumes that you are anxious to make your paper perfectly reliable in everything that it publishes, and that you would not knowingly accept an ad- vertisement that is not square with your subscribers. We have not as yet looked especially into the character of ad- vertisements which appear in the columns of your paper, but we have found some that are objectionable in many other papers. In> the interest of a square deal for the thousands of readers of these PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 489 papers, we are anxious to see these fake advertisements for veteri- nary remedies curtailed and eventually entirely suppressed. Respectfully ’’. The replies received, were on the whole not very encouraging. Many of these letters were never answered. A very few informed us that they would discontinue any advertisements that we thought objectionable. A few asked us later to point out certain advertise- ments in question and to ‘‘show them’’ why they were considered objectionable. Some of the replies were decidedly caustic, and in- ferred that we were actuated by ulterior motives and in substance, that they would exercise their own judgment in the matter of ac- cepting advertisements for their paper. The revenue from advertisements is an important asset to a newspaper and most editors cannot be reached by an appeal to medical ethics. As to the question of honesty with their subscribers they invariably come back with the argument that the claims made for these remedies may be substantiated, they have no proof to the | contrary. Your committee is of the opinion that very little can be ac- complished by mere appeal to editors to discontinue certain adver- tisements which this committee considers objectionable. Convine- ing proof of the real merit, or absence of it, must be produced in each instance, by actual experiment in the hands of recognized au- thorities and the results published to the world. It is the opinion of your committee that the best way to handle this situation is for the United States Department of Agriculture at Washington or State Experiment: Stations, State Boards of Health, Pure Food Officials, or others whose authority cannot be questioned, to make analyses, and if deemed necessary to co-operate with prominent veterinarians in testing these remedies and that the results be published. It is our opinion that this committee might be far more useful by centering their efforts in the line of promoting the actual investigation of the most conspicuous of the long list of proprietary remedies through some of the agencies mentioned, rather than criticising newspaper editors and engendering their ill will and opposition. The campaign of education should go on with renewed vigor but our efforts should be centered in exposing these miraculous cures one by one and your committee feels that in this way some tangible evidence of good accomplished can be reported at our an- 490 ‘ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A nual meetings. We have several instances recently where fake remedies have been suppressed in this way. We would recommend that this committee be continued, but that its work in the future be directed more to seeking the co-opera- tion of recognized authorities in actual investigation of fake rem- edies and in publishing the results. Dr. KINSLEY: I move that the report be accepted and referred to the pub- lication committee. ' PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the motion. Any re- . marks on the motion? Dr. Mayo: Mr. Chairman, I have been especially interested in this ques- tion and I heartily approve of the suggestions made by the committee, that is the plan that has been adopted by the American Medical Association, that is, of analyzing and publishing the results of the analysis of these wonderful cures and I believe that much good can be done in connection with the Bureau of Animal Industry and statistics. I would also say in this connection that a matter came to my attention, which probably ought to be brought before the members of this association. There was started over a year ago, a Correspond- ence Veterinary School that was known as the Northwestern Veterinary College, somewhere in Minnesota or Dakota. They nominally had their headquarters in - Minneapolis but Dr. Reynolds who investigated this affair was unable to find any thing more than a post office there. Their literature was formerly sent out from Aberdeen, South Dakota. . It was called to my attention in this way. A physician wrote to me, sending me copies of their literature and saying that the head of the concern was a member of this association. I am happy to say he is not. His name was Krutner. He was a graduate, but not a member of this association. I took the matter up with the various journals who were carrying their advertisements and at my request, they stopped it. | I took the matter up with the. post office authorities and showed them that they were not a veterinary college. They carried the names of Dr. V. A. Moore, Dr. W. lL. Williams, Dr. A. H. Baker, Dr. Hobday, and several others in such a way as to make it appear they were members of the faculty, although if you read it carefully you would find that that was not the statement made. It was one of the most convincing, wide-awake, and misleading propositions I ever looked over, but finally after referring the matter to the post office authorities, the Northwestern Veterinary College sent out a notice to their patrons that ow- ing to war conditions they had reached the limit of their finances, Dr. Hoskins: Dr. Mayo has referred to a matter concerning which I was going to ask a question of Dr. Lyman. I would like to know under what conditions the American Medical Asso- ciation makes these investigations and analyses. I know that they do in the American World, published in Philadelphia, very openly and frankly score pretty nearly all these fake remedies, giving their analyses and so forth, as given by the American Medical Association. They do this openly. They don’t seem to fear any prosecution by these fellows. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 491 Dr. Mayo: I can say in answer to Dr. Hoskin’s inquiry that the American Medical Association have their scientific staff to make these analyses. They are not without their troubles, however. They are spending amounts aggregating hundreds of thousands of dollars with reference to this very proposition and that is the reason why I suggested that we depend upon the analysis of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture. It would relieve the association of considerable responsibility in some ways, if we could get the government to assume that task. Dr. Hoskins: It seems to me the Post Office Department ought to re- ' frain from distributing these fake advertisements. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Any further remarks? If not, all those in favor of referring the report of this committee to the publication committee, so sig- nify by saying, ‘‘aye.’’ Opposed, by the same sign; it is so ordered. I understand the report of the special committee on veterinary anatomical nomenclature is ready. Is Dr. Newsom here? Dr. NEwsom: There was just a supplemental report we signed. I would suggest that it be read now. I do not suppose you want us to read this long report containing many scientific names unless Dr. Mayo wants to read it. There were a couple of pages in explanation which were sent to me by the chairman, Dr. Sisson, and it was signed by all the members of the committee. It would only take about five minutes to read it. Dr. Hoskins: I move that Dr. Newsom read that part of the committee’s report. ; Dr. Mayo: It is upstairs and I will get it. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Until Dr. Mayo can locate this report, we will call upon some other committee. Is the report of the special committee on the agricultural college investigation ready? Is Dr. Farrington here? If not, the secretary can read the report. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VETERINARY EDUCATION IN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES At the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association held in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1912, the fol- lowing preamble and resolution was passed: ‘‘Whereas, The veterinary instruction given in Agricultural colleges to students pursuing the four- year agricultural courses varies mare in the sev- eral agricultural colleges, and Whereas, Graduates of agricultural colleges may - receive one-year time credit in veterinary colleges, ac- credited by this association, providing said graduates “ agriculture have had sufficient veterinary science ; e it Resolved, That the president appoint a committee of three to outline such sufficient Mista: cl science, 492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A and to recommend to agricultural colleges the extent and scope of veterinary science which this association believes should be included in such agricultural courses. ’”’ Former President Mohler appointed as the committee of three called for in this resolution, Dr. Paul Fischer, State Veterinarian, Co- lumbus, Ohio; Dr. James B. Paige, Veterinarian to the State Ex- periment Station and Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachu- setts; andDr. A. M. Farrington, at that time Assistant Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. This committee was unable to meet for a conference but by correspondence began an inquiry to ascertain the character and amount of veterinary instruc- tion which was given to agricultural students at the several agri- cultural colleges of the United States. This was no small task, and ag indicated in the preamble it was found to vary materially in the different agricultural colleges extending from some colleges which make no mention even of veterinary science in the curriculum to the other extreme where three or four veterinarians were employed in teaching and were provided with an extensive equipment which might well be the envy of some veterinary colleges. Because of these variations in the amount of veterinary instruction the com- mittee considered that the problem given them was to outline a plan by which veterinary colleges can determine how much eredit in vet- erinary science can be given to graduates of four-year agricultural colleges who wish to take up the study of veterinary medicine in a veterinary college. Since it seems impracticable to bring about a uniformity in the courses of instruction because of differing local conditions and different demands upon the colleges, your committee after looking into the matter decided that the only advisable method was to admit agricultural graduates to accredited veterinary col- leges on the certificate plan which is that each applicant should be admitted on a certificate signed by the proper college authorities setting forth in detail the scope and kind of studies which he has passed successfully. On this basis he was to be admitted and given such advanced standing as seemed to be indicated by his scholarship. The committee submitted a report to this effect to the fiftieth annual meeting of the association (see page 245 of the proceedings of that meeting). In the discussion which followed the report was characterized as disappointing and not what was desired. The idea of those persons who drafted the resolution was to prepare a guide eS ee ee y eee aa eee PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 493 to those teaching agricultural students and not a guide to those conducting a veterinary college. President Marshall accordingly re- appointed the same committee with instructions to again attack the problem and bring in a report which shall recommend the extent and scope of a course in veterinary science ‘at agricultural colleges. At first sight it appeared to be almost a hopeless undertaking to ex- pect agricultural colleges to adopt a uniform course, as conditions differ so widely in states where these colleges are located. However, it may be helpful for this association to adopt a standard course for agricultural students and the several colleges may work towards such standards gradually from year to year as changes are made in the personnel of the teachers and demands for instruction. Such a course may have a similar effect on veterinary education as the now famous course promulgated by the Government commission on veterinary education as printed in Bureau of Animal Industry cir- cular 150. Your committee has devoted much time and thought to this matter and has received the co-operation of twenty-five or more veterinarians now engaged in teaching veterinary science in agri- cultural colleges and as a result of our labors we beg to submit the recommendations as given at the end of this report. Some words of explanation may be necessary in this connection. In the first place is seems advisable that each agricultural col- lege should employ at least one veterinarian who shall devote his entire time to teaching veterinary subjects or if the classes are small he may devote a portion of his time to experimental station work. It has been suggested that at some small colleges it will be necessary for the veterinarian employed to earn a part of his salary by outside practice. But the veterinary department of an agricul- tural college should be important enough, and of sufficient conse- quence, to command the time of a competent veterinarian without it being necessary for him to do outside work or practice his profes- sion to earn a portion of his livelihood. In the second place one objection to the course as recommended is that the amount of teaching is more than can possibly be accom- plished at the smaller colleges and while this may be true to some extent the ideal should be in advance of what can be easily accom- _ plished, and the greater number of preliminary studies the student has pursued will give him a firmer grasp of the instruction to be given later.’ These preparatory studies can easily be covered in the ordinary high school or other preliminary instruction. In one 494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A agricultural college one requirement to enter the veterinary depart- ment is a reading knowledge of a foreign language in addition to high school graduation and upper division studies which makes the ~ entrance requirements of this institution higher than any veteri- nary college in the United States. In the third place the majority of agricultural colleges are pro- | vided with well-equipped departments of animal husbandry which far exceed the equipment of the veterinary department and while there is no objection to good instruction in animal husbandry, es- pecially in some states where live stock raising is a leading industry, yet this should be a pre-requisite to the study of veterinary science and not allowed to exceed it in importance. In the fourth place it seems advisable that considerable time should be devoted to the study of anatomy, not in a technical way as at a veterinary college, but for the purpose of becoming more familiar with the specimens of animal life that the successful stock -man is to raise on his farm, this instruction to begin with the foun- dation, the bones, and then lead on to a general understanding of the superstructure of the animal. One teacher in this line recom- mends that special stress be placed on the study of the skeleton as it seems to help the student during his first-year in college more than any other branch of anatomy. It is quite as essential for a veterinarian to insist on this knowledge as for an animal husband- man to require a knowledge of the color, markings, characteristics, ete. of the farm animals which he describes in his teachings. In teaching veterinary anatomy it is not imperative that the carcass of the horse should be secured, treated with preservatives and sys- tematically dissected as at a veterinary college, but small animals such as a rabbit, dog or cat can be used to demonstrate the organs and gross structures as preliminary to further instructions. At one college the dissection is confined to the rapid dissection of the horse carcass and the observation of cattle, sheep and hog viscera: at an abattoir. However, if laboratory facilities can be provided so that each student can dissect a small animal it will greatly add — to the interest in the subject and will impart a general knowledge of gross anatomy sufficient for the ordinary live stock grower. In some agricultural colleges instruction is given to agricultural stud- ents in histology but this does not seem advisable unless the college is giving a pre-veterinary course which is different and distinct from the ordinary instruction to agricultural students. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A 495 In the fifth place it seems advisable that the function of the organs of the living animal should be taught since it is important to know the framework of the animal it is also highly important to know the uses of the organs within that framework. This is embraced in the study of physiology. One teacher who is allowed a short period only for instruction states that he gives anatomy and physiology during the same course of lectures as he believes that agricultural students who have rather limited time for this work can more easily correlate structure and function if they are taken up together. ; In the sixth place all will admit the importance of extensive knowledge of the reproduction of farm animals, together with the hygiene of pregnant animals and the care of the new born. Some teachers recommend that embryology be also taught in this connec- tion, and while this may be advisable when there is a sufficient number of hours of instruction available, yet it is not essential for the ordinary agricultural student. In the seventh place it is generally admitted that instruction is needed in the common or sporadic diseases of live stock, espec- ially those due to improper care and handling. The dominant idea - of all veterinary instruction to agricultural students should be the importance of prevention of disease rather than ability to cure disease after it has once been established? Along with the instruc- tion in prevention of disease some time should be devoted to the common remedies which may be used. In some colleges this is taught under the heading of materia medica and therapeutics but it is believed that these subjects should not be included as such in - the curriculum for agricultural students but should be preserved for the strictly veterinary college. In the eighth place it is found that there is a wide variation of opinion regarding the teaching of clinics or practical laboratory work at the agricultural college. If it is true as stated by one teacher that 50% of all the agricultural students in agricultural colleges today come from cities or large towns and have had little or no experience in handling animals it is important that practical instruction in this line be given especially in harnessing, hitching, driving and handling of horses. If this work is not taken up by the animal husbandman practical demonstrations in this line should be given. The tendency is for this teaching to develop into a reg- ular veterinary clinic which is not desired and is usually a waste of 496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A time. One difficulty about this matter is that a variety of suitable cases is very limited but so long as the instruction can be confined to such eases as the well-educated stockman ought to know the effect is satisfactory but when it comes to performing operations such as neurectomies, operations for roaring, or attempts to prescribe for cases of pneumonia or similar complicated diseases the time of the student could be more profitably used elsewhere. In the ninth place it seems advisable to add that if the course of study is so much crowded that there is no time to cover the whole field of animal plagues the instruction may be confined to the more common infectious diseases which the ordinary farmer is likely to | meet with. At one college the veterinarian states that his main work as far as veterinary teaching is concerned is to dwell stronly on prevention, sanitation, better farm mahagement, and instruction concerning the treatment of simple and emergency cases in a proper manner and to carry on the work of the veterinary department in a way that the agricultural graduates will have the highest respect for intelligent expert veterinary service and to know when they are receiving it. The amount of veterinary pathology given in this connection should be very meagre and in fact confined to the merest outline sufficient to cover the subjects. In the tenth place it is advisable that agricultural students should be taught the truth that the employment of a well-qualified veterinarian is necessary for the treatment of diseases of live stock and that such a veterinarian is an economic asset to every agricul- tural community. It is asserted by one teacher that a farmer can not be his own veterinarian any more successfully than he ean be his own physician, the only difference being that in one ease it is usually a monetary consideration and in the other a human life is involved, and that as soon as an abnormal condition exists or there is a diseased process established, that the best advice and as- sistance should be called. As stated in the beginning of this report it is very difficult to establish a course which will be satisfactory under all conditions. In general it may be said that it is not well to give the students an opportunity to ‘‘specialize’’ in veterinary science because if they do that they are apt to consider that they are qualified to engage in general practice. To do this they should attend a regular veterinary college. (To be continued) SOCIETY MEETINGS The Sixth Semi-Annual Meeting of the Central New York Vet- erinary Medical Association was held at Syracuse, New York, on November 23rd, 1915, with the following members present: H. A. Turner, A. J. Tuxill, W. L. Clark, M. W. Sullivan, L. G. Moore, A. E. Merry, F. E. York, E. E. Dooling, J. C. Stevens, W. B. Switzer, J. G. Hill, R. C. Hurlbert, J. M. Currie, W. M. Pendergast, J. H. Hewitt, J. A. Pendergast, Frank Morrow, J. V. Townsend, J. K. Bosshart, A. L. Danforth. Visitors: Dr. D. H. Udall, of the New York State Veterinary 3 College, Ithaca, N. Y., and Mr. MacClary. Preceding the business session a clinic was held at the infirmary of Dr. H. A. Turner at 938 South Salina Street, occupying the hours from 10:00 A. M.to 1:00 P.M. The subjects were: , Case I. Brown gelding: Median neurotomy: Dr. H. A. Turner, surgeon. Case II. Black gelding: Trephining and extracting tooth: Drs. J. A. Pendergast and J. G. Hill, surgeons. : Case III. Gray gelding: Firing spavin: Drs. W. L. Clark and J. V. Townsend, surgeons. Case IV. Grade Holstein bull: Demonstration of physical examination of cattle: Prof. D. H. Udall, demonstrator. . ; Case V. Bay mare: Median neurotomy: Drs. H. A. Turner and Frank Morrow, surgeons. Following a lunch at the infirmary, the members adjourned to the Saint Cloud Hotel, where the business session was called to order by Dr. Frank Morrow, Vice-president; Dr. E. E. Dooling, President having been called away. The usual routine business was con- ducted. The death of Dr. J. S. Elliott, of Clinton, N. Y., a member of the association, was reported and the secretary was directed to send a letter of condolence to the family and to inscribe same on the minute book of the association. The matter of illegal practice was discussed and a resolution adopted constituting the members a committee of the whole to report illegal practitioners to the secretary who was authorized and di- rected to forward any such reports to the attorney-general’s office for attention, urging prompt action. The advisability of publishing the names of illegal practitioners in the newspapers was also dis- cussed and laid on the table pending an investigation as to the legality of such action. 498 SOCIETY MEETINGS The program consisted of the following addresses, papers and - case reports: Address: ‘‘Veterinary Education’’—Dr. D. H. Udall, New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, New York. Paper: ‘‘Foreign. Bodies in the Stomach’’—Dr. J. M. Currie, Rome, New York. Paper: “Meat and Milk Inspection and Its Effect in the City of Syracuse’’—Dr. A. E. Merry, Syracuse, New York. Case Reports: ‘‘Unusual Digestive Trouble in Cattle’’ ; ‘‘Rup- ture of the Diaphragm with Recovery’’ (subject at clinic for examination) ; ‘‘Caesarean ‘Section with the Removal of the Entire Uterus of Bitch with Good Recovery’’—Dr. W. M. Pendergast, Syracuse, New York. Case Report: ‘‘A Peculiar Case of Azoturia with Great Amount of Sloughing at the Shoulders’’—Dr. Frank Mor- row, Rome, New York. A full discussion was had upon all of the nee thus pre- sented. A unanimous vote of thanks was extended to Dr. Udall for attending the meeting and contributing to the program. At 5:30 P. M. the meeting adjourned and was followed by a dinner at the St. Cloud Hotel which was well attended. (Signed) W. B. Swirzer, Secretary. fat Vv BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY EMPLOYEES Digest of Proceedings of Joint Conference of Representatives of National Assn. Bureau of Anwmal Industry Employees and Rep- resentatives of the Bureau of Ammal Industry Meat Inspectors National Assn. held in room 802 Inve Stock Exch. Bldg., Kansas City, Mo., Sept. 26, 1915. The members of this Conference were appointed by the execu- tive committees of their respective associations to attend. The following B. A. I. Employees were in attendance at the Joint Conference : Representatives of N. A. B. of A. L. Eis Drs. Rohrer and Curry; Mr. Stephen Bray, (le I. Gr. No. 1) and Mr. Jas. T. Sandy (lL. I. Gr. No. 2). Representatives of B. A. Il. M. I. N. A.: Messrs. Stevens, Greene, Goodman, Stratton and Whalin. (Lay Inspectors Grade No. 2). On motions, Messrs. Bray and Whalin were elected Chairman and Secretary, respectively, of the Conference Committee. a ae ees of ros t=. = a at Pi, a fon’ A a rer Oe Se ee ? SOCIETY MEETINGS 499 Mr. Stevens expressed the desire and willingness of the M. I. Natl. Assn. to co-operate with the N. A. B. of A. I. E. in securing a salary classification bill which would be just and equitable to all classes. Motion carried that the Conference recommend to the Nat. . Secretaries of each of the National Assns. that they instruct the local secretaries to call mass meetings of all B. A. I. Employees, re- gardless of class, grade or affiliations for the purpose of discussing and adopting or rejecting, the recommendations hereinafter. re- corded. That at stations where two separate organizations exist the secretaries of each organization shall issue call for said meeting jointly and that the Chairman, Secy. and other officers at said meet- ings should be other than the present officers of either association, and that the National Officers be guided in their efforts by the pre- ponderance of sentiment thus ascertained Motions carried that the following. salary schedules be recom- mended : Minimum Maximum Veterinary Inspectors ....$1400 $2400 per annum Lay Inspectors Grade 2 .... 1200 1800 per annum Lay Inspectors Gradel.... 900 1600 per annum LS AS ara Est, wo. 900 1600 per annum Above maximums to be attained through annual increases of $100. Motions carried showing that it was the sense of the committee in conference that the introduction of a bill embodying the schedules herein suggested is desirable, that its provisions are fair, just and equitable, that it should be endorsed by all B. A. I. Employees, re- gardless of class or organization affiliations and that every legiti- mate means should be used to promote its final passage. Motion unanimously carried that the conference recommend to all B. A. I. Employees that whatever schedules were finally adopted and pre- sented to Congress should be enthusiastically supported by all. Motion carried that the conference suggest that in all cases the clause ‘‘ All other promotions to be made at the discretion of the Sec- retary of Agriculture’’ be substituted for the clause ‘‘ Further in- crease in salary to be made at the discretion of the Secretary of Ag- riculture’’. It was held that such a clause would give the Secre- tary greater discretionary powers in his selection of men from the ranks for special duties. It was also maintained that efficiency should stand an equal show with seniority. 500 SOCIETY MEETINGS Motion carried that the good will and harmony manifested throughout this conference demonstrate its success and forecast good results for all parties concerned. The committee recommends that frequent conferences of a similar character be held in the fu- ture, to the end that harmony and unity of action may be obtained in promoting the interests of all B. A. I. Employees. Conference adjourned sine die. STEPHEN Bray, Chairman. CC. V. WHauin, Secretary. fay UV Report of Committee on Resolutions of the North Eastern In- diana Vetermary Association, appointed by A. Buckmaster, Presi- dent, at a called meeting November 29th, 1915. OBITUARY Dr. William Frederick Myers was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, Noy. 15th, 1864, and died in St. Joseph Hospital, Nov. 27th, 1915, from a gun shot wound received while hunting on Thanksgiving day, and was buried from the ‘‘old home’’ in which he was born, Nov. 29th, 1915. He graduated from the Chicago Veterinary College in the Class of ’*89 and immediately entered into and continued in practice in Fort Wayne, Ind., until his death. He was a member of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, the Indiana Veterinary Medical Association, the North Eastern Indiana Veterinary Association, and at the time of his death was President of the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners. He was an ardent sportsman and especially was he a skilled fisherman and it was his delight to bring in the first catch of bass in the early spring. He had an old fashioned cottage,‘‘The Old Ken- tucky Home,’’ (on the very brink of Lake Barbee), whose walls, floor and ceiling were covered with relics and skins, and it was his great delight to entertain visitors, giving the history of each article, and if none existed, he would manufacture one, that would make the hearers gasp for breath. He had a genial disposition, a kind word and a sunny smile for every one, and best of all a heart as ten-. - der as a girl’s. It was the privilege of the writer of this sketch to be one of his intimate friends, and no one feels his loss more keenly. Wuereas, It has pleased the Almighty in His infinite wisdom to remove from our midst our beloved friend and brother, Dr. SOCIETY MEETINGS 501 William F. Myers, it is fit and proper that this association should record its feeling of grief, therefore be it ReEsouveD, That in the death of our friend and brother, this association mourns the loss of a valued member, and be it further RESOLVED, That we extend to the family, our heartfelt sympathy in this our common bereavement, and that a copy of these resolutions be spread on the records of this association. A. H. STOKER, O. G. WHITESTINE, O. L. Boor, Committee. fay Vv VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF New YorK CIty (October Meeting) The regular monthly meeting of this association was called to order by the president Dr. H. D. Gill in the lecture room of Carnegie Laboratory, 338 East 26th Street, New York City, Wednesday even- ing, Oct. 6th, 1915. The minutes of the June meeting were read and approved.. Dr. Rogers of Woodbury, N. J., was unable to be present.so the next order of business was taken up. Dr. Ellis gave a very interesting account of the trip to Oakland, California, and also of the annual meeting of the A. V. M. A. Dr. Ackerman as delegate to the N. Y. State Veterinary Med- ical Society reported on the annual meeting held at Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. W. Reid Blair also a delegate to the State convention en- dorsed Dr. Ackerman’s report and also supplemented the same. Dr. D. W. Cochran, chairman of the committee, appointed to draft resolutions on the death of Dr. John A. McLaughlin, presented the same, and they were unanimously adopted, ordered spread in full upon the minutes and a copy sent to the family of the deceased. Dr. Goubeaud, chairman of the committee, appointed to draft resolutions on the death of Dr. W. H. Wright, reported that he had drafted the same and would forward them to the Secretary. This report was also adopted and the resolutions ordered spread in full upon the minutes and a copy sent to Dr. Wright’s family. The secretary then read Dr. A. Downing’s letter in reference to the ease of Dr. Julius Cavazzi in which he stated that before 502 SOCIETY MEETINGS further action could be taken it would be necessary for this associa- tion to prefer formal charges. Dr. Griessman stated that as a member of the prosecuting com- mittee of the State Society he had instituted proceedings in this case. After a rather lengthy discussion preceding which a letter ad- dressed to this association from Dr. Cavazzi was read by the seere- tary, Dr. Ackerman moved that no further action be taken by this association in the case of Dr. Cavazzi for the reason that the State Society is now prosecuting. This motion was seconded and ear- ried by a large majority. The bills for floral tributes to Dr. McLaughlin and Dr. Wright were presented and ordered paid. In the question box the following question was asked: What is meant by Approved Veterinarian in the Dept. of Agriculture? Dr. Gill answered that the Dept, of Agriculture has an ap- proved list of veterinarians whose tuberculin tests are approved by the same. The tests made by laymen who conform to the rules of the Department of Agriculture are also accepted. This subject was discussed at some length and Dr. R. W. Ellis moved that ‘‘It is the sense of this meeting that the secretary be instructed to write the Commissioner of Agriculture of New York State urging that applicants for approval to their tuberculin tests be referred to this Association for endorsement. This motion was duly seconded and carried. Dr. Theo. A. Keller asked about the yearly testing in New York City. Dr. Gill answered that it has been decided that a blood test should be made at least once a year and every horse tagged for iden- tification. It is proposed to test every horse in the city, but the lab- oratory facilities of the Department of Health at the present time are inadequate to handle this volume of work. It is suggested that the State Department of Agriculture equip a laboratory to carry on this work. A discussion of quarantine regulations then followed. It was unanimously resolved that an expression of thanks be tendered Acting Dean, S. M. Brown, for the use of the lecture room in Carnegie Laboratory, as a meeting place. No further business appearing the meeting adjourned. Rosert 8. MAcKEuuar, See’y. ~ ea Oe a ee es oe pe eS ee ee ee ee he a ea aE 2 rae ¥, a a ee eee Ree a a Ne at ig Le te 1 roc. SOCIETY MEETINGS 503 ed (November Meeting) The regular monthly meeting of this association was called to order by the president Dr. H. D. Gill in the lecture room of Carnegie Laboratory, November 8, 1915, at 8:45 P. M. The minutes of the October meeting were read and approved. Dr. T. B. Rogers who was scheduled to read an interesting paper on Anthrax was unable to be present. A discussion of the Veterinary Law of New York State relating to the new provision requiring practitioners to register annually during the month of January with the State Board of Regents, then took place. _ The secretary read the law as amended and a general discussion of the changes followed. On motion, the secretary was instructed to notify the members of this association calling attention to the new registration provision of the law. A communication from the Commissioner of Health, Dr. S. S. Goldwater, calling the attention of this association to the sale of a colic remedy by one P. Harvey Flynn of 145 Duane Street, New _ York City, said to contain opium and alcohol was presented to the association for consideration. Dr. H. Stark stated that he had called the attention of the De- partment of Health to this case and had also notified the U. S. Attorney General and the U. 8S. District Attorney. After some discussion the secretary was directed to refer this | ease to the U. 8. Internal Revenue Department, stating the facts and asking for a ruling regarding the same. The question was asked ‘‘Does the law require a veterinarian to report lesions of glanders found on post mortem examination in an animal that has died of colic. ‘Dr. Gill answered. this by stating that the public health law requires any and all lesions of glanders no matter how they may be found, to be reported to the proper authorities inside of twenty- four hours. Another question asked was ‘‘How long is it necessary to ex- pose a dog suffering from a fractured pelvis to the X-ray, to obtain a good negative ?’’ Dr. Louis Griessman who has been quite successful in X-ray 504 SOCIETY MEETINGS work stated that five seo or less exposure would give a good negative. After a short general discussion the meeting adjourned. Ropert 8S. MacKeEuar, See’y. fa’ Vv Resolutions Adopted at the Meeting of the United States Lwe Stock Sanitary Association, Chicago, Ill., December 1 and 2, 1915. WHEREAS, the live stock interests of this country have recently been menaced by that serious animal plague, foot-and-mouth disease, which many foreign countries have been unable to successfully control; and Wietmniisa, the methods employed by the Bureau of Animal In- dustry of the United States Department of Agriculture have success- fully eradicated previous outbreaks in this country and by so apply- ing the same methods have succeeded in practically eradicating the recent and most extensive outbreak, therefore be it RESOLVED, that this association unequivocally endorses and sus- tains the methods employed by the Bureau in the stupendous task of eradication. . Wuereas, the many owners of live stock have recently suffered tremendous losses from foot-and-mouth disease by the destruction of stock for the public good, be it RESOLVED, that this association recommends that the Fed- eral and State Governments be liberal in their appraises and recom- pense the owners for losses to the extent of the full commercial value of the animals destroyed. WHEREAS, there has been some criticism of the officials of the Bureau and the methods employed by them with the resulting agi- tation to replace the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry by a man who is not a scientist especially trained in animal sanitation ; and WHEREAS, the gratifying results obtained by the present per- sonnel have demonstrated beyond doubt their executive ability, be it RESOLVED, that this association hereby announces that it would unqualifiedly disapprove of the appointment as Chief of the Bureau of a man lacking scientific training and experience in dealing with animal diseases. 1 a ee ae ee st eae A elas ce 32 aie il SOCIETY MEETINGS 505 WHEREAS, the Secretary of Agriculture has called a conference on foot-and-mouth disease to enable his department to give a hear- ing to all persons desirous of expressing their views regarding the disease and the methods of its control ; WueEnreas, the Honorable Carl Vrooman, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, has very efficiently and acceptably conducted such a conference with fairness to all, be it RESOLVED, that this association commends the action of the Sec- retary of Agriculture and expresses its sincere appreciation of the work of the Honorable Carl Vrooman. WHEREAS, It is necessary to encourage the maintenance of pure- bred herds free from tuberculosis and from which healthy animals _may be purchased with some dependable assurance that such stock is free from tuberculosis, therefore be it RESOLVED, that this association urgently request the United States Department of Agriculture to take some steps whereby all herds free from tuberculosis may be given publicity to the end that the maintenance of free herds may be encouraged. WHEREAS, it has been reported to this association that the Man- ager of a creamery in Steuben County, New York, on learning of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease had been reported in his vicinity, immediately applied careful and intelligent methods of sterilization as advised by Sanitary Veterinary experts, and WHEREAS, this association is on record as advocating the steri- lization of creamery by-products that are returned to farms, be it RESOLVED, that the United States Livestock Sanitary Associa- tion at its Nineteenth Annual Meeting held in Chicago, 1915, hereby formally commends the aforesaid manager and expresses its appre- ciation of his diligence and care which have saved the country and the State of New York the expense of suppressing an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease which, without such precaution, would have probably followed and which doubtless would have meant a large expenditure of public funds. This association further expresses its conviction that such co-operation as is here recognized, on the part of the many people concerned, would greatly reduce the extent and expense of outbreaks of contagious animal diseases throughout the country. COMMUNICATIONS Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Ithaca, N. Y.: Dear Sir: In the November number, I saw an article on anthrax in a man at a New York hospital. We had a case of an- thrax in a man in Franklin County in the town of Dickinson. Some years ago this last summer an outbreak of anthrax occurred on the farm of William Burnett. The loss was nine cows and three horses. I was ordered by the Commissioner of Agriculture at Albany to investigate and found it to be anthrax. I vaccinated the rest of the herd with No.1 and No.2 anthrax vaccine. No more deaths occurred that year. That fall all of the carcasses that had been buried were burnt with crude sulphuric acid. The following year, in the month of July, another death occurred. The owner skinned the animal and buried the carcass without notifying me. That was six years ago. This year one died in October. He skinned the animal and sold the hide to a dealer in the village of Brushton. This man Bur- nett had a pimple on the back of his hand but paid no attention to it. Hight days from skinning the dead cow his hand and the under portion of his arm were badly swollen. He consulted a physician, who advised him to go to the Ogdensburg hospital. When he got there Dr. Madill tested his blood from the sore hand and found an- thrax germs. Blood from other parts of the body also showed an- thrax germs. He wired to Washington for some serum. It took two days to get it. By that time Mr. Burnett was in a very bad condition. Being a clean man and of good habits, after treatment with the serum for a few days he recovered sufficiently to return home. I was sent there to investigate and vaccinate the rest of the herd. There were no more deaths. I burned the carcasses with the above acid. I went there afterward to try to locate the place where the cow was buried six years ago, but could not until after Mr. Burnett came home from the hospital. He showed me the place. I had posts and a wire fence constructed around the place and burned the grass all over for twenty feet square. No doubt the germs had worked out to the surface in due time from the ecareass which had not been properly destroyed. A. W. Baxer, Brasher Falls, N. ke a 0 ARMY REORGANIZATION The work of Doctor Hoskins and the A. V. M. A. Legislative Committee of last year shows its effects in the present Congress. Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Ithaca, N. Y.: It will be of interest to the veterinarians thironphent the counties to know that the Chairmen of the Senate and House Military Com- eS ee ee ae REVIEWS 507 mittees have the profession in mind in the scheme of army reorgani- zation which is part of President Wilson’s preparedness program. In Senator Chamberlain’s proposed Army Bill, the Veterinary Service is incorporated as paragraph 17. In Congressman Hay’s proposed reorganization plan the Army Veterinary Service is in- corporated in paragraph 13. Both measures practically incor- porate the ARMy VETERINARY SERVICE bill that was before Congress last year. Now that we know that the Chairmen of the Military Com- mittees of Congress have our interests in mind, it is of the utmost importance for the profession to see that their respective Congres- sional representatives do their part in keeping our VETERINARY SeRvIcE MEASURE incorporated in the final Army Reorganization measure when it is considered. R.J.F. >) REVIEWS THE PRINCIPLES OF VETERINARY SURGERY Louis A. MrrRILuAt, V.S. Ineluding an Authorized Translation, Enlargement, and Rearrangement of Gen- eral Veterinary Surgical Pathology by Professors C. Cadeac, P. LeBlane, and C. Carougeau, of the Veterinary High School at Lyons, France. Sece- ond Edition revised and enlarged. Alex. Eger, Chicago, Ill. : The berehuad edition of The Principles of Veterinary Surgery by Merillat will be quite a help to the teacher of general surgery, and also to the student who is desirous of having one book that will cover the entire field. The busy practitioner will find in it a vast fund of information especially along the lines of some of the newer phases of veterinary surgery, the development of recent years. Due to its conciseness the information the book contains is made readily available. The book is divided into two parts. Part I includes: First, Regenerative or Reparative Processes in the animal tissues, giving a clear and thorough description of simple reparative processes, meth- od of healing in wounds and in individual tissues. A short chapter on inflammation follows with a very clear and distinctive classifi- cation of the different forms, with a thorough study of the ‘‘anatom- ical processes of inflammation’’ given in a concise form so that one can readily grasp the subject with the minimum amount of reading. The etiology and treatment of fever or pyrexia are emphasized. 508 REVIEWS Degenerative processes, which are so important to the veterinarian, have been well outlined, thoroughly discussed, especially in regard to etiology and treatment. , Bacteria and their relation to general surgical conditions have been given a very prominent place, chapter V being devoted to the classification and study of the different forms of organisms com- monly met with in surgical conditions. The surgeon realizes the im- portance of microorganisms in surgical conditions, as he must always battle to prevent wound infection. The author no doubt had this in mind when he says, ‘‘nearly all of the pathogenic micro- organisms might on some pretext or other, be classified with the so-called ‘surgical bacteria’ ’’; and ‘‘the surgeon must cope with all bacterial forms that are capable of producing local or systemic derangement by directly invading the trauma and all of those that produce diseases requiring surgical intervention’’. A short and clear description is given of the most common organisms. Veterinarians are realizing more every day the importance of considering immunity and the different methods of producing im- munity in coping with the various disease processes. From the surgeon’s standpoint this is of great importance in protecting the animal against infection following surgical operations. Raising the opsonic index previous to major surgical operations is worthy of trial in cases where the operation can be delayed. In chapter VI there is a very concise discussion of the types and theories of immunity, opsonins, sera, vaccines, which commends itself to the student and practitioner. Surgical restraint which very properly belongs.to general sur- gery is given sufficient space to familiarize the student with the com- mon methods used in-preparing animals for surgical operations. Progressive veterinarians know the importance of anesthesia for controlling animals in both major and minor surgical operations. The time is coming, and we hope very soon, when veterinarians will resort to anesthesia in practically all major operations, in justice to the patient, the client and themselves. The methods of anesthesia (local and general) are taken up at considerable length in chapter X and all phases fully discussed. One of the very essential things a surgeon should take into consideration is proper asepsis, antisepsis and the sterilization of the hands, instruments, ete., before attempting any surgical opera- tion. This subject has been given the prominence it deserves in REVIEWS 509 chapter XI. An excellent outline is given for the procedure in wound treatment which should be read by every student and prac- titioner. Practical hints are given for the preparation of the ma- terial and patient for aseptic operations. If these suggestions were carried out by practitioners success would be assured in most cases. Part II of the book takes up the general pathological conditions in so far as they relate to surgery. Wounds of various kinds, ab- scesses, ulcers, etc., are discussed at considerable length and well classified. : Specific infectious diseases are prominently mentioned and their importance considered from the surgeon’s viewpoint. The last chapter gives a thorough description and classifica- tion of the various varieties of tumors found in the different animals. The book as a whole is neat in appearance, well bound, but it is to be regretted that it was thought necessary to use small type in order to reduce its size. The author is to be congratulated on presenting to the student and practitioner such a commendable treatise on the principles of veterinary surgery. O. V.B. THE AMERICAN ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL DICTIONARY W. A. NEWMAN Doruanp, A.M., M.D., F.A.C.S. Eighth Edition. W. B. Saunders Co. , Philadelphia and London. Plain $4.50 net. Index $5.00 net. An up to date dictionary is as indispensable to a veterinarian as to a physician. New tests and methods of diagnosis are being con- stantly devised, and to keep abreast with the technique of modern practice, one must familiarize himself with them.. The present edi- tion shows that the list of tests has grown from ten pages in the original edition to nineteen. Several hundred new terms have been defined and the text matter has been increased by thirty pages. To students and practitioners alike a dictionary is a funda- mental necessity in order to determine the meaning and pronuncia- tion of more or less uncommon words which they must encounter. A good dictionary is one of the fundamentals of an education. ge - A ae Fn RR NECROLOGY WILLIAM F. MYERS 3 Dr. Myers shot himself accidentally while hunting on Thanks- giving day and died the following night. Doctor Myers was 51 years of age. He graduated from the Chicago Veterinary College in 1889 and located in Fort Wayne where he enjoyed an excellent practice. He was an active member of the A. V. M. A. and all who attended the Indianapolis meeting will recall his indefatigible efforts to make it successful. Doctor Myers was a bachelor and lived with his mother, to whom he was devoted until her death a few years ago. The writer roomed with ‘‘Billy’’ Myers in college and a more congenial companion could not be found. Free from criticism and hypocrisy he had a laugh and a joke to smooth over every rough place; charitable, generous and genial. Billy was a prince of good fellows. The fact that over thirty veterinarians gathered at his » funeral, but feebly expresses the esteem in which: he was held by those who knew him best as a clean, lovable fellow with a high sense of honor. 3 He was a great lover of nature and children. To the hundreds who have enjoyed his whole-souled hospitality at his cottage on the lake, his sad death was a terrible shock, but everyone who knew him acquired a sunnier and more charitable view of life. I can see him now in our college days as he sat at the piano playing and singing a rollicking song and the chorus comes floating down through the years: ‘‘I’m a man you don’t meet every day.’’ Surely one did not meet such a good fellow and true friend every day. N. S. Mayo. PROFESSOR JAMES MecCALL Professor James McCall, principal and founder of the Glasgow Veterinary College in Scotland, died on November 1 at the age of eighty-one years. Dr. Joseph Hughes of Chicago and Dr. W. H. Dalrymple of Baton Rogue, La., are former students of Professor McCall. EMMET K. BUTTS U. 8. Veterinary Inspector Emmet K. Butts, formerly of Dry- den, N. Y. was killed in an automobile accident at Atlanta, Ga., December 19. DSS SRR ee MISCELLANEOUS A special course for licensed veterinarians will be given in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania during the week beginning January 24th. The course will include lectures and demonstrations in medicine, surgery, pathology, milk hygiene, stock judging, etc. The semi-annual meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary As- sociation will occur in Kansas City, February 1st, 2d and 3d, 1916. The marriage of Miss Pearl Elvesta Gossett and Dr. M. M. Leonard of Asheville, N. C. occurred November 10th. Dr. Leonard and Dr. 8. H. Stephens have recently formed a partnership for the practice of veterinary medicine. Dr. Alfred Savage of Macdonald College, Quebec, after spend- ing the summer and fall in camp, is expecting to go overseas with the Army Veterinary Corps. ‘Miss Johnnie Mary Stewart and Dr. William Thomas Huf- nall were united in marriage last September. Doctor Hufnall is food inspector at Port Arthur, Tex. | The average American farm family consumes over $100 worth of meat per year. It is reported that one new herd of cattle in Illinois came down with foot-and-mouth disease December 14. _ A meeting of the Western New York Veterinary Medical As- sociation was held at the Hotel Statler, Buffalo, December 16. An interesting ‘‘Brief History of the Cattle Tick Fight in Louisiana to Date’’ is given in Circular No. 6 of the Louisiana State Live Stock Sanitary Board. The author is Dr. W. H. Dalrymple of Baton Rogue, La. According to The Farmer, St. Paul, Minn., the health of the live stock of Minnesota shows a high state of efficiency. In the period beginning August 1, 1914 and ending July 31, 1915 there were tested for tuberculosis 51,866 head of cattle with 1,495 reactions or 2.84%. The pure bred herds of the state are practically clean, less than 1% showing reactions during the year. landers has almost 512 MISCELLANEOUS disappeared. In 1905, 606 horses were killed on account of glanders. The number of cases has declined steadily year by year to 38 in 1914-15. | | It is stated that the most noteworthy achievement of the. Minne- sota Live Stock Sanitary Board was the effectual stamping out of foot-and-mouth disease, brought into the state by infected serum. This piece of work alone more than repays the state for the entire cost of the Sanitary Board since its inauguration twelve years ago, DELIVERING Wrong SuBstTaNce To Buyer. ee 759 1301 1036 2685 Pobopary 2000.5... 1013 586 703 1220 March ..... mee tied.'. 603 620 672 1469 MIRE Sa ERG ee. 348 256 577 757 po Re Bae ae ae 393 428 1226 673 DUNG fe AWE ous ea, 4796 4267 2505 384 MEN Aro O Me whe Wie os 4.08 59805 5903 5588 3119 BEM oil ees 109347 3608 10273 3607 September ........... 5373 2021 21292 4309 fe pare eae 1515 2096 9906 3326 INOVMEANOR 0S. 1566 1943 9650 777 December ........... 1432 1740 5822 1825 yy a a 186950 24769 69250 24151 * Last report received from Switzerland. 1915 Premises * **1733 % * * * * * *&* Kk ke * 1733 1915 Cases 1229 904 *: 559 2692 540 JOHN R. MOHLER ITALY 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Month Localities Localities Localities Localities Localities SONU oie. 57210 14870 15722 3707 1233 February ......... 49091 9053 7291 2337 1123 PERO Se kas a .. 100491 3580 8570 2107 * 838 OTA ss ads ck boas 68671 9435 5777 1815 TD oe ae ares oe 95625 12831 7302 1217 BORA oc ees 406343 3661 11506 439 GORE oie sic saereinca 3 112902 3369 16957 1300 PRUE i 6 tks es 39082 2658 9284 1758 taf September ........ 28373 1880 14046 851 ogee SOLODE os Sek a> 18232 ‘30905 14238 2146 November ........ 29136 81392 8240 1361 Jpstd December ........ 19452 53045 4371 1661 eae OPALS 5 os cee ae 1024609 226679 123304 20699 3194 * Last report received from Italy. AUSTRIA The status of foot-and-mouth disease in Austria May 31, 1911; 787 dis- tricts, 11,013 farms HUNGARY The status of foot-and-mouth disease in Hungary May 31, 1911; 1,609 districts, 19,045 farms. ; RUSSIA Outbreaks Cases August, 1010... 65. a ae ee oe 7,215 590,349 September, 1910/0 i... oe ieee bine eas ois cme 6,225 545,671 Ostobak SI9LO ssl eee eee Oe ae a 4,467 314,759 Dba eres 6. vies oss 'cin nn o's 0 8 Oe ag on Sd ee ee 17,907 1,450,799 March, 1916. 605 is-. ss Vs step wie tk oy His ee ee 374 26,017 (No report from Russia between October, 1910 and March, 1914, and none since March, 1914 to date). -f} Vv ABSTRACT OF DISCUSSION. Dr. Hugues: I do not wish to discuss this paper from the standpoint of the practitioner and ordinary observer of the dis- ease because that has been exploited to such an extent that it would be time wasted, it would be useless for me to endeavor to bring to your attention the salient features of this disease. But I want to endorse everything Dr. Mohler has said. There are a few little things that probably I might take issue with him upon, but they are so inconsequential that they are better left unmentioned. FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 541 This disease, foot-and-mouth disease, I have been observing since I was seven or eight years old. Prior to my taking up the study of veterinary medicine, I had cases to observe—at least three outbreaks on our establishment and in the country surrounding it. I had a chance, in consequence, to become conversant with it early in life. I remember driving a wagon regularly to the fields where the cattle were,—the wagon containing cabbages, that the cattle might be sustained throughout the outbreak. These animals were quarantined under very strict and rigid regulations, and the dis- ease was allowed to run its course, which it did and disappeared, leaving the animals without any mortality, further than the trouble and commercial obstruction incident to the presence of the disease, in the way of quarantines, etc.,; removal or barter or selling of cattle, shutting down of fairs and markets, the disease at that time was not looked upon as a serious one. Where the disease came from was a problem that was confronting the people. It came ordinarily heralded by newspaper reports intimating that it was at some dis- tant point, say, 100 miles away, and that it might be expected to visit our territory. Ordinarily it came with the regularity of clock work, so that, granting that we had an outbreak, we will say in this year, and that outbreak ran its course, the disease disappeared leaving our cattle in the condition which had previously existed, and did not return until a certain irregular period afterwards—maybe two years—maybe five years. So that it is not to be supposed for a moment that that disease or that outbreak had clung around the establishment or around the locality or neighborhood, but rather that it was brought in. When one comes to ask himself how it is possible that this disease could originate in a state like Michigan where it has originated, he is only asking the question that I have heard asked many times, thirty, thirty-five and forty years ago. So it seems in that respect we are not making any progress in the mat- ter of being able to definitely determine how this peculiar disease appears in a locality, and when probably the next outbreak comes, it will descend upon a community thousands of miles distant. I have no knowledge, of course, of serum therapy in this dis- ease. Consequently I don’t feel that I am in any way competent to discuss it. I ama close reader. There is not anything that has been published on this subject that I have not endeavored to lay my hands upon, and when [ could not get it through English chan- nels, | had the matter translated, so that with regard to those dairy show cattle, in the course of time, there will appear a very complete and a very exhaustive report of the handling of those animals. I don’t believe that any form of quarantine that could be imposed would control this disease, and as a consequence, I highly endorse the methods adopted by the Bureau of Animal Industry. There is no compromise to be made with me on this subject. But I have been criticised. It has been stated that I have been an obstruction- 542 JOHN R. MOHLER ist by associating myself with those dairy herd people to the detri- ment of the field veterinarian. I want definitely and. positively to go on record. I have gone on record before, at the last meeting of the United States Livestock Sanitary Association on this matter, and answered any question put with the regularity of clock work. You have been the obstructionist. I have not been. I want to reiterate here that I associated myself with these dairy people when they were in desperate straits. There was a feeling in Chicago at the time when the disease was discovered at the stock yards and a valuable herd of this kind was on exhibition, that something must be done to save them. The expression was heard abroad: ‘*‘ What of this valuable dairy herd? Why should they be slaughtered as others have been?’’ Now in the placing of a quarantine, naturally the owners were excluded. Their men to a great extent were ex- eluded. The attendants of these animals were only allowed.to con- verse with outsiders from a second story window. Finally the notion got abroad that these cattle had to go underground, and that got these dairy show people by the ears. As a consequence they sent their manager to me to know whether I would represent them. I want to say again at this meeting that before I concluded to do so, before I would give them an answer in any way, I said: ‘‘It has got to be satisfactory to the State of Illinois that I shall associate my- self with you’’ and also to the Washington authorities. I saw the state veterinarian of Illinois. He said: ‘‘It will please me im- mensely if you will act as a go-between’’. Then I ealled up Wash- ington by long distance, and I got Dr. Mohler on the telephone. I told him what the existing conditions were in regard to this herd. That there were probably thirty cattle at that time of the dairy show stock which had been removed from the infected quarters to. the hospital where they were segregated. Dr. Mohler stated that in his opinion it might be well for me to ally myself with those people, and he gave me some directions as to how, in his opinion, I should endeavor to counteract the disease. So that, you should not accuse me of playing false to the profession, and of being an ob- structionist. I am not in any sense. I merely allied myself with those people with the object of endeavoring to determine as to whether or not these cattle could be saved. You understand that if they were slaughtered, the dairy industry of this country would be set back probably fifty or a hundred years, because there are cattle in that herd of inestimable value. And while I am speaking on that subject, although it is digress- ing a bit, I might state that the owners of these cattle to-day con- sider that they have been ill-treated on every side. They were held up at the Union Stock Yards at Chicago, and the most extortionate and extraordinary bills rendered,—$40 a day for hay,so much apiece for each stall occupied, and at the end of about two months the bill presented by the Union Stock Yards& Transit Company was $40,000, FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 543 and they were asked to promptly settle. They did settle. They set- tled under protest. Now, the question arises why didn’t the state or federal government start in after these cattle and slaughter them? If they had considered the conditions existing,—the feeling exist- ing—they certainly would have to pay well for those animals. And now what is the state of things? Why, these dairy people aren’t recompensed,—haven’t been recompensed. Should they not, in fairness, I ask, be recompensed for what they have lost? What have they done? Merely carried the cattle through quarantine— not a self-imposed quarantine probably but a compulsory one. But they have paid their bills, and their bills amount to about $200,000. Ts it fair, I ask, for the federal government to send men to value these cattle to find out whether they are worth that amount, and then these men value those cattle at meat value? A number of the ealves sold for $2000 or $3000 and awaiting delivery, and still they are only worth, in the opinion of these men sent by the government, what ordinary veal is worth. Just imagine that! Jersey cattle, _ four weeks old, worth say $10 and $15 a head, when the owner can, or could, dispose of one of those animals for $1000. Numbers and numbers of such instances are on record, but I have digressed. I wanted only to throw a little side light on the existing conditions for the information of you veterinarians. These people should not be exasperated. They should not be irritated because they repesent a great combination of interest, the great dairy interest, and they are of extraordinary power in this country, and if something is not done—and there is no secret about this—I pity the organization known as the Bureau of Animal Industry. That is exactly the sen- timent that prevails and exists to-day as I know it. So that we veterinarians who have or can in some way modify and make light the burden of these people, ought to do it, because numbers of them are almost financially ruined. Some of them have gone broke and have sold the cattle, or allowed them to go for bills which piled up against them. If something is not done—well, I would hate to think of the consequences because I know a thing or two. Now in regard to slaughter: I will say again, I strongly en- dorse the position taken by the Bureau of Animal Industry in the matter of slaughter. It is the only way to control this disease. In Illinois to-day we have or are having fresh outbreaks—numbers of them. Dr. Mohler is, of course, conversant with the progress of the disease. I merely have my knowledge from the Chicago papers as they arrive, but they are not by any means getting this under control, and I would have liked to have heard Dr. Mohler deal a little more especially with the subject of the distribution of cholera serum, because we know that here has been the most glaringly burigling affair. This last outbreak in Illinois was caused by the distribution of serum that never should have gotten out. I know ‘something about this too. I know the true history of the entire 544 JOHN R. MOHLER 4 matter most thoroughly. I venture to say there is not half a dozen men who probably know as much about this latter outbreak, but we will pass that over. Cy A number of interesting features developed in connection with my relationship with this dairy herd. One thing I might state is that when I commenced to study this disease I saw a disease that was of a mixed character; a dis- ease probably closely simulating measles, simulating small pox, simulating typhus. I don’t know that the symptoms of the latter were just as marked, but it occurred io me steadily: am I attempt- ing to carry through a bunch of catt!e which, when they have run through the course of this disease, will disseminate it? That was incessantly dinned into my ears from all sources. Will the cattle on recovery still be carriers? So that I made a very exhaustive study of this question, from a comparative standpoint. I am not enough of a scientist—even though I were I might not make any progress—but as a man of common sense, one who probably can take a view as intelligent as the average—I could not see how I would have cattle that would be dangerous. Besides I commenced to check over in my mind the history of the outbreak that I had seen in my early life, and I reached the conclusion that no subse- quent outbreak that had occurred ‘to my knowledge was due to the cattle that had recovered. So I eliminated from my mind that question. At the same time it was dinned so steadily and con- stantly into my ears and into my mind that cattle which have this disease are liable to be carriers, and not only that but they are liable to contract the disease again, that it kept me in a constant state of hot water. What is my belief to-day? That cattle which get this disease and recover are immune. I don’t believe that any man in this room could infect these dairy show cattle with the virus of foot-and-mouth disease. I don’t believe that on the date we left the quarantine at the Union Stock Yards in Chicago—we were quarantined on the first of Novenber and we left the Union Stock Yards on the 12th of December after quarantine—that we carried any disease with us. I expressed that belief at the time. I have expressed it many times since. I am expressing it to-day. I still firmly believe it. That such is the case was proven at the out- set by the test that was conducted, and there never was a more gruelling test. I don’t believe any animal was ever subjected to such a gruelling test as these animals were before they were released by the Bureau of Animal Industry. Now, gentlemen, these cattle have gone to their respective homes, with one exception and these cattle are commingling and have for months commingled with the cattle that.remained on the farms and with the hogs that remained on the farms, and there is no outbreak of the foot-and-mouth disease on these farms. Of course, that is a kind of satisfaction to me. I realize that my association with this bunch of cattle would either FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 545 frightfully discredit me, or at least, not allow me to escape eriti- cism. Well, the criticism, I am thankful to say, has been mild. It has’ not brought me any particular credit, however. I set out to allow these cattle to get well. I maintained a strict quarantine. Did I treat them with any medicine of any kind? No, I did not. They did not need it. I might say, though, I did in some instances treat a few, in this way: The bulls weighing 2500, 2600 and 2800 lbs. ‘were so lame they could not stand up or walk. Why? Their feet were swollen. There was not merely the little vesicle we see be- tween the digits that is indicative of the foot-and-mouth disease, but there was a general swelling and when the swelling receded - the flesh receded, especially at the soles, the consequence was that the dry horn had to be removed, but this is inconsequential. In the eases of many of these animals, probably thirty bulls, I had to go down several times and treat their feet, but these thirty bulls are just as sound as ever. There is not a single instance where any- thing went wrong except one, and that was the animal that got the necrotic infection between the digits. To-day that bull is in good | condition, and his foot is not in any way destroyed although we expected to lose him. I hold that the virus of foot-and-mouth disease is a very be- nign one, notwithstanding we hear stories of the frightful malig- nancy of the disease. It is malignant probably if it is treated. You gentlemen, many of you are practitioners, and probably you ean take a different view of the handling of infectious diseases from that taken by the strict scientists here in this body. You know as well.as I do that we have numbers of infectious diseases, which, if you attempt to treat them, will prove very difficult, but if you cause them to run the regular course will do very well, and if your treatment is anything, it should be of the most simple char- acter conceivable. Take a common ease of strangles, for instance. I can take a case of strangles and I can cause it to develop and take such an irregular course just through using certain medicinal agents, that I lose the case. But if I let it alone, it will get along very nicely. Dr. Knowues: I might say in reference to the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Montana, that as Dr. Mohler has stated, it was introduced by a trainload of cattle taken in there, and that is a very good illustration of how foot-and-mouth disease can be handled by the observation of thorough sanitary and quarantine regulations, and full co-operation of owners and veterinarians with the sani- tary officials. In the Montana outbreak there were some 1200 head of cattle, horses and mlues, and some hogs; also some sheep. The exact number I do not remember, but there were no new infections except the few cattle on the range that Dr. Mohler speaks of, and the stock-men were as one in co-operating with the state and gov- ernment officials in stamping out the disease, realizing, owing to 546 JOHN R. MOHLER the magnitude of the range country and the enormous value of live- stock in Montana, that the loss would be inestimable if the disease once got a hold. But by strict observance of the sanitary and police laws, the disease was eradicated within a very short time, and Mon- tana has been a free state and is to-day. Dr. Ercunorn: I just want to make a few remarks in reply to Dr. Hughes, as far as carriers and immunity is concerned rela- tive to the disease. According to Dr. Hughes’s observation in one single case, he claims that carriers do not exist in that disease, and also that the immunity is an established fact. Now I don’t know how far Dr. Hughes’s experience goes in foot-and-mouth disease, but he stated that his experience is chiefly based on the observa- tions of the dairy show cattle. From the literature which I fol- lowed very carefully, there is no doubt that we have to contend with carriers in this disease. This is an acknowledged fact by the greater scientists all over the country where the disease is prevalent. This has been proven by such men as Loeffler, Zschokke of Switzerland ~ and Neverman of Germany. B= ee ee he ee pe. Ee ee Lier ppare ve DISEASES AND TREATMENT IN IOWA 723 with an agent prepared after methods used in producing tubercu- lin and mallein. This so-called ‘‘Abortin’’ was said to give a tem- perature reaction in 4 to 14 hours following a hypodermic injection of one-half to one cubic centimeter. Further investigations demon- strated its unreliability. The ophthalmo reaction was tested with like results. Diagnosis of infectious abortion with abortin there- fore leaves much to be desired. _ Authorities are well agreed on the value of the agglutination and complement fixation tests in diagnosing this disease. Accor- ing to Grimstedt, M’Fadyean, Stockman, Wall, Holth, Zwick and Zeller, Belfants, Stazzi, Reisinger, Muller, Hardenberg, Schumann and others an existing or previous infection with abortion bacillus may be determined by means of the agglutination and complement fixation methods. Even these tests, however, indicate simply that the serum came from an animal in an infected herd and that it is or was infected. They do not reveal anything concerning an existing” pregnancy or whether the animal will abort. The precipitation method does not give uniform results. | - Recent experiments indicate that while abortion and contagious vaginitis frequently co-exist in herds the identity of their etiology cannot be accepted. The control of infectious abortion in the light of our present knowledge must be along the lines of preventing its introduction into and spread among a herd. Isolation and disinfection are there- fore the chief measures to be relied upon. Serological examina- tions should be made of all animals intended for introduction into healthy herds. A difference of opinion exists as regards compul- sory notification of the presence of the disease. Control is further embarrassed by the question as to when an animal may be consid- ered as recovered. Education would seem preferable to sanitary police measures. 7 Immunization seemed hopeful from the fact that animals that had aborted from one to several times afterward retained the foetus in a normal manner. | - Passive immunization on account of its short duration and great expense was not found practical and therefore active immuniza- tion was attempted by various methods. Bang of Denmark, M’Fad- yeah and Stockman of England conducted valuable experiments along this line, The Imperial Board of Health of Germany con- ducted experiments with 4,599 animals of which 2,442 received different kinds of vaccine, 724 DISEASES AND TREATMENT IN IOWA These experiments were conducted under practical conditions, the animals being kept under ordinary farm conditions. No de- cisive results followed the use of immunization agents such as serum, living cultures, or killed cultures. This much may be said, however, that a readily apparent decrease in the number of abor- tions did not take place, as on the average 15.83% of the treated animals aborted, while 18.13% of the control animals aborted. The use of living cultures give greatest promise as only 8.01% aborted following their use. Sir Stewart Stockman reports even more en- couraging results from living cultures, the percentage of abortions © following vaccination being 6.5 as compared with 38 in control animals. ForacGE Porsonine: Information regarding the condition com- monly called forage poisoning or cerebro-spinal meningitis is very unsatisfactory. Experiments carried out by the Bureau of Animal Industry were indefinite. The feed was reported as mouldy but feeding it to experimental animals did not reproduce the disease. Blood inoculations were also negative. Some cases investigated by our research department revealed the presence of an organism probably belonging to the bipolar group, which was difficult to iso- late and which was found to be pathogenic on inoculation. That mouldy silage and to a certain extent other foods are fatal to horses there can be no question but the exact nature of the disease pro- ducing agent contained in such foods has not been established. Some cases occurring on pasture and occasionally also in stables where no definitely spoiled condition of the food can be established point toward a variety of causes of similar symptoms or one cause existing in a variety of food-stuffs. No more than the average number of cases have been reported during the past year. ANIMAL PARASITES :—The large number of inquiries received by the veterinary division indicate the increasing prevalence of parasites among our domesticated animals and also that either many stockmen do not consult their veterinarian in regard to parasites or the average veterinarian does not pay sufficient attention to this branch of his practice. In this report we wish to call attention especially to the increasing prevalence of sclerostomiasis among horses and the favorable results obtained from the use of atoxyl which was first used at the Iowa State College after noting the beneficial results obtained by Bockberg and Dorn, ee eee ag” | ph’ bl Pie See ee ee ee elidel Pa ee DISEASES AND TREATMENT IN IOWA 725 Generally speaking no agent is absolutely specific for certain species of nematode worms. A generous diet is one of the most essential parts of the treatment. Periodic doses of anthelmintic medicine should be given at intervals where animals are known to be exposed. This is more successful in serious outbreaks due to strongylidae than the curative treatment. The injection intravenously of sterile solutions of atoxyl in 4 to 12 grain doses followed by tartar emetic per orem in most cases leads to marked improvement and at present seems the most successful treatment we have. SUMMARY. Hemorrhagic septicemia is being more frequently reported. Prevention is along lines of isolation, disinfection and immun- ization. Tuberculosis is spreading quite rapidly especially among hogs and deserves federal and state attention. Hog cholera has decreased rapidly in the last two years but an organization should be perfected to prevent extensive outbreaks in the future. Foot-and-mouth disease has been practically eradicated at a cost exceeding six millions of dollars which, however, is small when we consider that one infectious disease among hogs produced twenty- eight millions of dollars in losses in Iowa alone. Infectious abortion is next to tuberculosis producing the great- est losses to the live stock industry. Prevention is along sanitary lines but the use of living cultures for vaccination purposes is giving encouraging results. Forage poisoning continues about the same as regards fre- quency. Little definite information is available regarding the spe- cifie cause, consequently no new treatments can be suggested. Animal parasites continue to produce heavy losses. Of chief significance is sclerostomiasis of horses for which atoxyl intraven- ously and tartar emetic per orem seem to be the most satisfactory treatment. Bibliography : Proceedings Tenth International Veterinary Congress. Reports. Chief Bureau of Animal Industry. NOTES ON A LITTLE-KNOWN RABBIT EAR MITE* (Psoroptes cunicula Mégnin) A. B. DUCKETT Scientific Assistant, U. 8. Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. On April 8, 1915, a gray male rabbit, which was one of twenty- two being used for experimental purposes, was reported to Dr. F. H. Chittenden, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect in- vestigations, as manifesting signs of sickness. Dr. Chittenden, after verifying the report and convincing himself that something was radically wrong with the rabbit, requested the writer to ascertain as far as possible the nature of the ailment. A superficial examina- tion disclosed the following symptoms: loss of appetite with a sub- sequent loss in weight, mental stupidity, difficult breathing, lack of. physical vitality with a partial paralysis of the fore-limbs and neck, lopping of ears and general lethargic condition. It is significant that this particular rabbit should have been the first to show signs © of disease, as he was known to be extraordinarily active and the first to see and avoid danger as well as to attack an enemy. His exceptional speed and courage, had, indeed, made him the terror of all the remaining males, not only was this rabbit a monarch over all the others, but his pugnacious disposition led him to attack his attendant on several occasions inflicting slight wounds and tearing holes in the legs of his trousers. Physically, when in a normal condition, he was a splendid type of rabbit, possessing a large, broad head with large, clear eyes and thick, heavy-set ears, rounded shoulders, powerful legs, in fact, a generally symmetrical form, typ- ifying strength, speed, and endurance. Owing to these qualities the writer is of the opinion that no other rabbit in the lot could have survived this disease for the same period, but would have succumbed in a very short time. The first examination led to a diagnosis of pneumonia. Castor- oil was administered through the oesophagus and a little Epsom salts kept in the drinking water. The rabbit was immediately segregated and given plenty of succulent green food. Three hours later his condition was noticeably worse. A rigid examination for further complications was made and the disease in question, some- what commonly known as rabbit ear mange, was disclosed in the right ear. “Published by permission of the Honorable Secretary of Agriculture, rae air le lil a et — ee ae * kas hah = OE ee eee ee ee ee ry ny NOTES ON LITTLE-KNOWN RABBIT EAR MITE 727 This disease is caused by a mite, determined by Mr. Banks as Psoroptes cuniculi Mégnin, and has not hitherto been formally re- eorded in America, although Mr. Banks has a note on its having been collected in the ears of rabbits by Mr. H. E. Ewing, February 4, 1907, at Urbana, Ill. ! i SOLE ee RO TEE ee eR ors es oF WHITE SCOURS IN SUCKLINGS 735 On the first, or not later than the second day of the disease, a watery diarrhea appears, which possesses a very disagreeable odor, in foals, and pigs the color of the fecal matter is a yellowish brown, in calves, white, and in lambs, yellowish, changing later to a grayish white. At times the fecal discharge is tinged with blood. The tail and adjacent parts are soiled with the discharges. In the beginning of the disease, defecation is accompanied by severe pains, later it is painless, and near the end of the disease it is involuntary. In foals - symptoms of colic are frequently observed, as trotting movements, pawing with the front feet, looking at the abdomen, or drawing the feet under the body. Similar symptoms are observed in calves, but in a milder form. The abdomen may be distended, or tucked up. The appetite is lost. After defecation the patient stands with feet placed together, back arched, head drooping, or else it lies motionless upon the ground. Weakness increases rapidly, the eyes sink in their orbits, the cornea loses its lustre, saliva drips from the mouth. The hind legs are spread apart, the hair is harsh, the skin of the extremities is cold and clammy, the body gives off a dis- agreeable odor. Finally the greatly emaciated animal is exhausted and death ensues. — In the beginning of the disease the body temperature is 2 to 4 degrees Fahrenheit above normal, but with the appearance of weak- ness the temperature falls, and just before death it is sub-normal. Respiration is superficial, and in the later stages rapid. The pulse is frequent, and weak, and at times scarcely perceptible. In some cases inflammation of the joints develops, also indications of sep- ticemia. : COURSE AND Prognosis. Asa rule the disease runs a very rapid course, death may occur on the second day after the appearance of the first symptoms, in exceptional cases it may require 10 days to run its course. The prognosis is very unfavorable. Frequently all of the affected animals perish. The losses are rarely less than eighty per cent. Those that survive often remain weak, or sickly, for a long time. Unfavorable signs are bloody diarrhea, and the rapid falling of the body temperature. The age of the affected ani- mals also has an influence upon the prognosis, being more unfavor- able in very young animals. The infection may be retained in a stable for years, the high mortality is partly due to catarrhal pneu- monia, which is a frequent complication, | 736 HENRY MARSHALL Diagnosis. The diagnosis is usually easy, and is based upon the appearance of the disease shortly after birth, the depressing character of the affection, the intense diarrhea, and the infectious nature of the disorder. It is to be differentiated from simple acute gastro- intestinal catarrh produced by dietetic errors. The latter disease usually appears in older animals, and generally exists in a milder form. Septicemia of new born animals produced by in- fection through the umbilicus, is distinguished by the diseased con- dition of the navel, and by the appearance of inflammatory processes of a metastatic nature, especially in the joints. TREATMENT. Prophylaxis is of the greatest importance. It consists of perfect cleanliness during parturition. This includes cleaning and disinfection of the stable at frequent intervals; an abundance of clean bedding for the parturient animal; cleanliness of the hands of stable attendants, ete. If the disease has already appeared in the stable, it is advisable to remove the pregnant animal to a clean stable, two or three weeks before she is expected to give birth. It is also advisable to disinfect the litter and vagina of the mother, both before and after partur- ition. The udder, tail and external genitals of the cow should be thoroughly clean. The new-born animal should be handled in a perfectly clean manner. Its first food should be colostrum, which because of its laxative properties will assist in the passage of the meconium. The young should be kept in moderately warm, clean places free from drafts. ae Poels recommends the following method of handling the mother and her offspring to prevent calf dysentery. The external genitals, the tail and the udder of the mother are washed with a 3% creolin solution. The vagina is irrigated with a solution of corrosive sublimate, one to 5,000, or with copious injec- ~ tions of tepid water. The calf is caught upon a clean sheet, the umbilical cord is ligated close to the abdominal wall, severed and the stump is painted with a 5% solution of potassium permanganate. The mouth of the calf is washed and a closely-woven muzzle applied. As soon as possible the calf should be permitted to suck out the colostrum. However, it is recommended to first draw from each teat a small quantity of milk which should be mixed with a disin- fectant or otherwise rendered innocuous and discarded, as the milk near the orifice of the teats may be infected. ba | WHITE SCOURS IN SUCKLINGS 73 The milk may also be drawn into clean vessels and fed to the calf immediately after birth, and again 14 to 1 hour later. The muzzle is removed only during sucking or feeding. By this method, which may also be applied to foals, the disease is said to have been eradi- eated from many farms where formerly all calves died. Evers has obtained good results by placing the young calves in a clean box or crate where they are held for 4 or 5 days, in the meantime they are fed with milk obtained from their mothers. In the treatment of calf dysentery many drugs have been rec- ommended from time to time. After isolation of the affected ani- mal it is important to administer a mild cathartic, castor oil being especially recommended for this purpose. Dose of castor oil for calves and coals is 1 to 2 ounces. After the action of the cathartic, barley water, lime water 1% to 1 pint, linseed tea or other mucila- ginous preparation should be administered, combined with opium, chalk or magnesia, if desired. Hertwig’s Mixture is recommended. It is composed of Powdered Rhubarb Root 4 grms. or 1 drachm, Magnesium Carbonate 1 em. or 15 grains, Opium .3 gm, 5 grs, and Camomile tea 100 ec. or 3 0z., to be administered at one time to the calf. _ Of the intestinal disinfectants, salicylic acid (5 to 30 grains), naphthalin (15-30 grs.), salol (1-2 drachms), creolin (10-30 min- ims) also in enémas in 1% solution, enémas of starch flour and laud- anum are also useful to relieve the straining. As an abortive remedy the intravenous injection of collargol is highly recommended. (34 of a grain to 14%4 drachms of 144% carbolic solution). Eggs, wine, strong coffee, or subcutaneous injections of caf- fein are useful in combating the weakness. Dr. Eber of Leipzig has successfully treated a great number of cases with a subcutaneous infusion of a slightly alkaline physio- logical salt solution. (.8% sodium chloride and .25% sodium ear- bonate). Two quarts of this solution are injected into the sub- cutis of the neck with the aid of a eanula, rubber tube and funnel. The infusion may be repeated in from 2 to 5 hours if necessary. The excrements of the affected animals should be destroyed, as they contain the infective agent. IMMUNIZATION: Since it is recognized that various species of coli bacillus are responsible for this disorder, immunizing sera have been prepared by different investigators for combating the disease, 738 HENRY MARSHALL It has been found that a polyvalent serum is most effective, since various species of the colon organism are associated with the eti- ology of the disease. In most instances, the results from the use of such serum have been most gratifying. Very satisfactory re- sults having been reported by various practitioners. By its use Jensen succeeded in reducing the mortality in herds on numerous premises where the disease had prevailed in a malignant form from 100% to0%. These results were obtained without the inanguragon of any other protective measures. Raebiger had only one death among 62 calves iccuied with such a serum; he also reports 278 inoculations on previously in- fected premises in which none of the calves have become affected since this treatment has been adopted. White scour serum is now being commercially prepared in Europe and in America. According to the manufacturers this serum is indicated as a prophylactic in calves coming from herds in which calf dysentery is present. Calves thus exposed should receive 10 to 20 ¢.c., subcutaneously. Those that become infected soon after birth should immediately receive a hypodermic dose of 10 ¢.¢., to be repeated in several hours, as indicated by the symptoms. For curative purposes for calves suffering from white scours in a more or less severe form, not less than a 20 ¢.c. dose should be promptly injected to be followed by injections of 10 ¢.c. of the serum at inter- vals of 6 to 12 hours, depending upon the symptoms. 3 It should be remembered that organisms other than the Bacil- lus colt communis may, in occasional instances, be the causative factors in this disease, and that a serum based on immunization with the colon bacillus will not be of value in such eases. Dr. J. F. Winchester of Lawrence, Mass., has framed a bill to come before the Massachusetts legislature relative to the inspec- tion of cattle so as to provide that any cow placed in quarantine shall not be released until a tuberculin test is given, and that all native cattle sent into the stock yards at Brighton, Watertown and Somerville be tested as foreign cattle or cattle brought in from with- out the state. Dr. Winchester declares that it is really a pure milk bill and means the further conservation of the lives of human beings, especially children. The bill has been indorsed by the anti-tuber- culin league and committees from other important organizations of Lawrence, » ne PO eee SS, ae ee a ; > Pee rieateS. SR a ee Ea en Pe ee ee oo: = Pate TEN ee: ia ee sab OS a CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS WITH COMPLICATIONS AND SURGICAL REMOVAL OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT W. F. BurveicH, D.V.M., Clemson College, S. C. That we, as assistants of Nature in her healing art, should at all times have confidence yet not over-confidence in the results of her silent workings, whether suspecting success or failure, was im- pressively manifested to me while in attendance upon the case here- with described. In the early part of last June I was called a considerable: distance from my office to attend one of a number of valuable cows in a dairy herd in Madison County, N. Y. According to the owner this animal during the three weeks previous had shown symptoms of inappetence followed by loss of condition and a failing milk supply. At the end of the second week a hot and painful swelling about the size of an apple appeared on the left thoracic wall immediately posterior to the point of the elbow. The animal preferred to re- main inactive a greater part of the time. At this time a local practitioner was called who, according to the owner, gave the animal but a cursory examination and pro- nounced the disease black-leg with recommendation of immediate slaughter. This, however, the owner refused to do, when two or three days later he enlisted the services of another veterinarian (non-graduate) who pronounced the disease acute indigestion and prescribed treatment. No arrangements were made to treat the local swelling. ’ Upon my arrival a few days later I found that the animal had been removed from the stable and placed in a horse stall where she stood breathing with apparent difficulty and frequently emiting slight groans which were in harmony with the respiratory move- ments of the chest walls. The left forward leg was extended to accommodate the presence of a swelling of approximately eighteen centimeters in diameter and nine centimeters in depth which was situated on the inferior border of the chest wall immediately pos- terior to the humero-radial joint of the extended limb. The swell- ing had the appearance of a large abscess and was hot and painful, 740 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS Compelling ‘the animal to move about apparently increased its suffering, Temperature 100.5, respiration 20, pulse 70, not very weak, Exploration of the interior of the swelling by means of a trocar revealed the presence of a very fetid, dirty brown liquid. After a very guarded prognosis I advised the owner of the necessity of an operation for the purpose of releasing this fluid and exploring the abscess cavity for the possible presence of foreign bodies. With the animal in the standing position an incision was made about one and one-half inches in length directly over the most prominent portion of the swelling. There at once occurred a dis- charge of about one pint of very fetid fluid which was immediately followed by a very considerable hemorrhage rather alarming in its proportions. A digital examination to locate the origin of the hemorrhage revealed the presence of several bone sequestrae from the sternum which were about two centimeters in diameter. These were at once removed and further search revealed an opening through the sternum which directly communicated with the thoracic cavity. While exploring this opening my finger came in contact with the heart, whose movements were very marked. Further investigation revealed a hard object lying in the pericardial sae in close prox- imity to the apex of the heart and which upon remoyal proved to be a blackened ten-penny wire nail. The hemorrhage was now very pronounced, the blood Aadee freely in a stream of about one-half inch in diameter. Remarking that the cow would probably die in a very short time I cleansed the abscess cavity with cotton swabs and antiseptic solution and firmly packed the opening with cotton gauze to prevent further hemor- rhage, externally at least. Since the hemorrhage apparently had its origin at some ob- secure point in the interior I had visions of the blood flow being thus checked to quickly fill in around the heart and clotting there to seriously interfere with its action. This, however, did not occur and I concluded that the gauze exerted sufficient pressure to check the hemorrhage. . At this time the animal was trembling considerably. The respirations and pulse were very rapid, this being due probably i in part to excitement, CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 741° After administering stimulants and arranging for proper nurs- ing and medication, I left with instructions to be called in the morn- ing if the cow was still alive. I felt confident, however, from her general appearance, that she would not be. It was two days before IT heard from the case when the owner called me over the telephone stating that the cow was still alive and seemed to be feeling better. Upon my arrival I found the animal apparently comfortable, standing quietly, and having a little appetite. The udder was in- active. Temperature 100.5, respirations 30, pulse 60, fairly strong. _ The gauze pack had come away from the opening of its own accord and a slight discharge of dirty brown fluid was still present. The swelling was somewhat reduced in size and inflammatory intensity. As this farm was of such a distance from my office that daily attendance upon the animal was economically prohibitory, I de- cided to allow the owner to treat the local wound and administer medicine orally according to my directions and to inform me from day to day of any changes that he might notice in her condition. It was nearly three weeks before I again heard from the case when the owner called at my office and informed me that the cow had improved to such an extent that her appetite was nearly normal and the quantity of milk gradually increasing. The surgical wound was yet open from which there was a little fetid discharge. The swelling was largely reduced and the pain apparently completely- subsided. A later history I have unfortunately been unable to secure, yet the ultimate result of this particular case is perhaps immaterial from the view-point of the rough handling that certain of the vital organs may withstand and yet continue at their work. In this case a rather severe local infection was present in the swelling. Certainly a portion of the thoracic cavity must have become contaminated at least where the nail was present. It suggests to me the possibility of favorable results in surgical interference in at least a few of the cases of traumatic pericarditis when the diagnosis is made sufficiently early to avoid the sequelae of marked general systemic disturbances. 742° CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS “ACUTE LEAD POISONING IN CALVES” C. J. Hoyt, Walden, N. Y. Two calves, pastured in an orchard adjoining a farmhouse, were seen and fed at 6:00 P. M., and at that time showed nothing unusual. One hour later the owner saw them and noticed the first ealf walking unsteadily and the second calf having slight convul- sions. These symptoms increased rapidly and I was called. Upon arrival one hour later, I found first calf dead and second calf in a very excitable condition, salivating profusely, sweating, having spasms of the muscles in the head and neck, trembling and throw- ing itself upon the floor and staggering to its feet. These symptoms increased for twenty minutes, when the calf died. I diagnosed the cases as acute lead poisoning upon which the owner told me there was no lead in the pasture field. I told him I would return the next morning to hold a post-mortem, and search the pasture for lead. Post-mortem revealed nothing but the pas- ture revealed a small pool of water which had seeped up from a eess-pool or drain connected with the kitchen sink by 18 feet of lead — pipe. One quart of this surface water was obtained, also one quart of liquid from each calf’s stomach. The three samples were for-- warded to L. J. Cross, chemist at Cornell University, who returned a report saying that all three samples were laden with lead. _ f>. ad ‘‘PURPURA HAUMORRHAGICA”’ IN THE HORSE WITH ‘““ADDENDA’’ OF ALLIED AFFECTIONS Frep. C. MAHON, M.R.C.V.S. One subject was a thirty-year-old bay mare ‘‘which had not previously had a day’s illness’’—aecording to the owner. Grazing on herbage already invaded by some Army and other animals the mare had suffered severely from strangles—febra-pyogenica—was evidently invaded by the poison, and to such an extent that at one time I feared dissolution. The parotideal swelling, and resultant abscess after blistering and opening of same, took on a bad ulcera- tive process, the cavity measuring 13 in. in cireumference at one time. Throughout the seizure the appetite was never remiss, CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS _ 743 and temperature did not exceed 104.3° F. In this case my treat- ment was by tonics, as acid nitro-hydrochloric dil., liq. ammon. acet., and infusion of gentian in scalded hay, chaff, corn, and bran. In leu of cantharides, or mercurial blister, 1 used repeatedly mustard oil, an agent I use extensively. Il gave hypodermically injections of strychnine and electuary of potass. iodidi, belladonna, and glycerine. As an attack of purpura supervened on the tenth day I had recourse to adrenalin—my sheet-anchor in almost all cases—but if asked to explain why such good results follow in my experi- ence I am afraid I cannot give a precise reply. Whilst writing of adrenalin ‘‘and its use in purpura,’’ etc., let me quote a very able American writer, observer, and clinician (vide ‘‘ Veterinary Materia Medica,’’ fifth edition, p. 10—Parke, Davis and Co.). _ Dr. J. H. King, of the Kansas City Stock Yards, states in ‘‘Veterinary Notes’? of December, 1908, p. 12, that he finds adrenalin is a reliable means of diagnosing the presence of ‘‘heaves’’ (broken wind, asthma, emphysema of lung tissues). Even though the horse has been drugged with stramonium or other sedative, he says: “‘I noticed that upon injecting intravenously 30 minims of adrenalin chloride solution in 14 oz. of normal salt solution the breathing became accelerated in about one minute, and if the animal was only slightly affected with the disease it would immediately show the double respiratory act, or double abdominal breathing, accompanied by the usual action of the costal muscles unabated for several minutes. I have used adrenalin chloride as a diagnostic agent for the past three years with the greatest confidence. In order to verify my diagnosis, I have kept track of these cases, and have always found afterwards that I was correct.’’ I refer to these notes as it was by accident in using same in Case No. 2 of purpura in another aged mare on the farm where my thirty-year-old ‘‘nag-mare’’ had strangles, followed by purpura and broken wind setting in suddenly, that after the first injection of 90 minims of adrenalin chloride my patient’s breathing became normal, and this condition remained so for thirty-six hours approx- imately, and with the hemorrhagic infarctions, petechial spottings of the mucous membranes, and edema, the broken wind was again noticeable. This to my mind opens up a serious question as to whether fraud is not possible by injections of horses prior to sale, and particularly if put to the crucial point. Post-mortem results 744 nf CLINIOAL AND CASE REPORTS and chemical analysis would not afford the practitioner or purchaser of a broken-winded horse much satisfaction, if at all. ; Briefly, Case 1, a twelve-year-old mare (heavy van), cardiac weakness marked, temperature 98.6° F.; pulse, submaxillary 68 per minute, cardiac 90; both small, weak, intermittent; edema of all four legs, causing animal to remain a fixture in her stall. Head pendulous for two days, and animal stupefied, forcing head into a corner, and remaining in this position for hours. Here -adrenalin repeatedly used. Saved this case. In fact, I have only attended her for a week. Value originally knacker’s price. To- day worth £20. | —. Case No. 2.—Thirty-year-old ‘‘nag-mare.’’ Here again chief agent used adrenalin. Results marked. Recovery. Case. No. 3:—Thirty-year-old ‘‘cart mare.’’ Purpura and broken -wind. Again adrenalin chloride effected wonders, “ne bs attribute recovery entirely to its judicious use. . Case No. 4.—Peculiar from onset. Diagnosis, ‘‘lymphangitis.’’ Near hind limb markedly so. Off hind slightly. On third day knuckling over of near hind fetlock. -‘‘Dead lame.’’ Shoe re- moved. No mischief apparent. Soap and iodine liniment, in- jections twice daily of adrenalin chloride 60 minims, liq. ammon. .acet. in drinking water, bran mashes, linseed boiled, also linseed tea. One injection of physostigmine. Nodrenching. Recovery on tenth day and at exercise. Work in three weeks from seizure. One no-- ticeable feature of this case was a symptom as if the animal had had a paralytic stroke. I believe some clot of blood or clots had formed © in the renal vessels at one time, as the urine collected on three oc-. casions showed on examination broken-down urine easts and red blood corpuscles. Here I used thermofuge to the loins, covered with wool blanket, and surcingled well. How is it that ‘‘adrenalin’’ is so marked in its physiological actions? Summarizing the conditions in which it is used by sur- geons scattered throughout the globe, I find mention of it in post- partum hemorrhage, epistaxis, hemoglobinuria, lumbago, gravis conjunctivitis, laminitis, parturient laminitis, collapse following gun-shot wounds, keratitis, and other ocular diseases, azoturia, chronic hemorrhagic nephritis, purpura hemorrhagica, pleural effu- ‘sions in the dog, and heaves (broken wind), and if one searched closely the pages of veterinary literature no doubt its employment ‘may. be noted in scores of other cases. In passing, I wonder if the ee we ee epee > ES Bengt 2 ert nee ane as : ys ey" fe abe sah te ES RR ee TT ee - eh fe fos Ps — yay CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS - 745 sister profession uses it as we veterinarians do. Their records should prove interesting in the extreme. | To my mind it is a potent agent for good, and has revolution- ized the treatment of many diseases, so should be glad to have rec- ords of its use and cases treated, recorded fully and more ably by the pens of the ready writers of our profession.—Veterinary Journal. or Vv THE EYE AS AN INDICATOR OF DISEASE A. SAPERSTEIN, D.V.M., Spokane, Wash. The veterinarian, unlike the human practitioner, cannot inter- view the patient. The veterinarian must diagnose by physical manifestations. Hence to be a good diagnostician, the veterinarian must be a close observer. se Experience and observation teaches us that every possible con- dition which causes disease produces abnormal reaction in each organ of the body. This reaction varies in degree—hbe it slight to very severe, the change is there for the trained diagnostician to ete, The more complex and highly organized an organ is, the more sensitive it is to systemic disturbances. Inasmuch as the eye is the only highly organized organ that is located externally, it should therefore be our best indicator. Just as the galvanometer can de- tect very minute electric currents, so the eye records the slightest disturbance in the animal body. The eye, however, goes one step farther. ‘To the trained observer it indicates what may be the ae- tive cause. Those of you, who have not paid any attention to the eye as a diagnostic agent will be surprised to note the variations it will undergo in ill-health. The following are some of the changes that have been observed : The wild look. ' The glistening cornea. The anxious look. . The lusterless cornea. The dull look. Temporary partial blindness. The starry look. Temporary blindness. The bulging eyeballs. _ Eyes swollen shut. The sunken eyeballs. Sclerotic coat may be congested. 746 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS Selerotic coat may be hemor- The eyes may be flooded with rhagic. tears. Lower eyelids may be edematous. Pupils may be dilated. The eyes may discharge mucus Pupils may be contracted. or pus. The eyes may be aching. Tear ducts may be occluded. The eyes may be affected with parasites. Tumors may be found on the conjunctiva and nictitating membrane. The conjunctiva may be hemorrhagic. The conjunctiva may be in the following state of discoloration : 1. Yellow; 2. Yellow-pink; 3. Yellow-red; 4. Brown-red; 5. Blue; 6. Blue-red; 7. Pale or anemic color. Intermittent twitching of the conjunctiva. Intermittent twitching of the eyelids. Various combinations of these physical manifestations may occur. Very little has been done in classifying diseases as to the changes they produce in the eye. All work along that line has been done only in a general way. However, I hope that these few sug- gestions will stimulate the veterinary profession to a further classi- fication. HODGKIN’S DISEASE IN A MULE CasE.—Mule six years old, gray in colour, very large frame, and had been a large and powerful animal in her prime. History GATHERED.—Two years ago, writes a correspondent, she had a bad case of ‘‘distemper’’ (which may mean much or noth- ing) and had never entirely recovered her former flesh or power since. Then about a year ago she began to lose in weight and abil- ity to do her part of the farm work, and twice in the last year she has had enlargements under her ‘‘lower jaw.’’ The first of these enlargements decreased in size for a time, but the last would not decrease. Her appetite was capricious, and she continued to lose in flesh, and when put to work would soon tire and have to be taken out and let rest for a few days. : She was brought to me for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. I found the submaxillary lymphatic glands to be very much en- larged, from the size of a hickory nut to the size of an orange, and the pectoral lymph glands could be felt to be enlarged, also as well as all of the lymphatic glands that it was possible to palpate. The pulse was rapid, 68; temperature, 104; and respirations, 25. But I thought that some of the disturbances might have been caused a A a at ia ROS ET REM Ve 8 + CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 747 by the long walk that she had in coming to my place—about eighteen miles. She was thin in flesh, hair rough in appearance. When she brayed, the voice was not normal, but more of a shrill nature as though the pharynx was partially occluded. My diagnosis of her case was Hodgkin’s disease, or generalised lymphadenoma, and that the probability of her living a week was very doubtful, that death was sure and certain as the disease was incurable. He wanted her treated, regardless of my prognosis. I began treatment, which consisted of the administration of strychnin and Fowler’s solution. After two days’ stay at my barn she got very restless, and } finally got down and could not get up without assistance, and the next day she could not stand up after she was assisted to get up. The following day she died. The post-mortem lesions were the most typical I have ever seen. Beginning at the pharynx was a con- tinuous chain of enlarged lymph glands, through the mediastinal glands, the diaphragm, and along the aorta posterior to where the iliae arteries are given off. Then all the lymphatic glands of the intestines, spleen, liver and parietal walls of the abdomen were en- larged from the size of a nut to the size of a football. The sternum and lungs were deeply involved. On palpation, the glands were rather firm and hard, and on section the glands presented a grayish white semi-translucent appearance, broken by intersecting strands of fibrous tissues, and mnere was no necrosis or caseation of any of the glands. Her appetite remained only fair until she died. Her bowels and kidneys functionated about as normal.—Veterinary News. Published accounts state that glanders has broken out in a number of horses and mules purchased by the British government and held at the Newport News, Va., stock yards. Dr. Ferneybough, the state veterinarian, states that dink of 102 suspects twelve mules and horses have been killed. It is reported that a number of valuable horses have died in the vicinity of Albion, Mich., through an attack of a peculiar dis- ease which has not been diagnosed. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE Unusuau SEQUEL OF CHLOROFORM ANESTHESIA. Henry Taylor. Veterinary Journal.—A spaniel bitch, about 5 years old, had a mammary tumor, as often seen in such animals. It was the size of a tangerine orange and the owner wished it removed. Placed on the operating table, the dog being muzzled with a piece of tape, the chloroform was administered by means of a sleeve of thin calico, one end fixed on the dog’s head and the other regulated to admit proper amount of air. A sponge wet with chloroform was placed inside. The dog took the anesthetic rather badly, slobbered much and when under the effect and the operation about beginning, it was observed as if it was full of wind, the abdomen being apparently tympanitic. Respiration was labored. The chloroform was stop- ped and the operation rapidly performed. Taken to the fresh air, the dog came to but the abdomen remained distended and the breathing very difficult. The animal looked very sick and made useless attempts to vomit. Notwithstanding treatment, death took place during the night. Post-mortem: Stomach enormously dis- tended with air or gas, the walls being very thin and on being pricked the organ collapsed as if the muscular elasticity was want- ing. No other lesions. The extreme distension with interference of respiration and circulation was the cause of death. A.L. ra’ Vv TREATMENT OF WHITE Scours. Dr. Stedefeder. Berliner Tier- arztl. Wochenschrift, Nr. 23——It is the opinion of this writer that much importance has been ascribed to certain intestinal infection through bacteria. Therefore the uses of anti-bacterial and certain eradication methods have proven ineffective. Death from white scours is generally caused by extensive hem- orrhages in the intestinal tract. This loss of blood causing an anemic condition in the brain renders the animal unconscious, which if not properly treated results in death. It is evident that infectious intestinal catarrh is caused by highly virulent bacteria. But owing to the great number of bac- teria present in the intestinal tract it is difficult to isolate a specific — organism. It is well known that the specific organism must be isolated before an anti-bacterial treatment can become effective. The writer states that the treatment for this disease should con- sists of the administration of physiological salt solution, either by subcutaneous injection or per os, MANSFIELD, ABSTRAOTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 749 A New Mops or INFECTION IN DISEASES OF CALVES... Dr. H. Jer- nack, Berlin. Zeitschr. f. Fleisch und Milchhygiene, Heft 16, 1915. The above writer has observed that many cases of calf infection occurs through the umbilical opening, and he has noted in four out of six eases of calf diseases that the origin of the infection came from the urachus patens. In each instance there was both purulent and gangrenous condition of the urachus and bladder. The kidneys were swollen. The internal organs including the liver and umbilical vein showed no pathological changes. The ani- mals were in a bad state of nutrition. In ealves showing severe urethral, bladder and kidney lesions _ as well as a general infection it may be safely considered that the original seat of infection was the umbilical opening. In eases of badly nourished calves where the lesions in the organs are absent it is recommended that particular attention be directed to the bladder as well as the general umbilical region for the point of infection. MANSFIELD. fa® CHICKEN CHOLERA. The Lancet, No. 4816, Vol. CLXXXIX. No. 25 of Vol. II, 1915. December 18, 1915.—Dr. J. P. McGowan, assistant superintendent of the laboratory of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, has published through Messrs. Blackwooa and Sons a pamphlet on the Epidemiology and Pathology of Chicken Cholera, together with a Discussion on White Diarrhoea in Chicks. Dr. McGowan describes the research carried out by him on be- half of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture into chicken cholera and the white diarrhoea of chicks. At certain premises where the intensive system of poultry-rearing was used and eggs were hatched in incubators, some chicks died from white diarrhoea in April. In December an epidemic broke out among the hens characterized by discharge from the nose of a glairy mucus, exudate and ulcers in the mouth. In January these symptoms ceased and were followed by a form of paralysis affecting the legs chiefly, and in many cases this improved in course of time and the birds recovered almost entirely. Examination of the spinal cords of the affected fowls by Dr. J. Dawson, neurological histologist, revealed nothing abnormal. The organism which Dr. MeGowan obtained from the lungs and heart in a case of white diarrhoea was identical with the chicken cholera organism, and the occurrence of paralysis and catarrh of the upper air passages is symptomatic 750 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE of the tendency of action of the members of the haemorrhagic sep- ticemia group—i. e. to fix on certain localitites of the body in eer- tain epidemics. The chicken cholera organism is a saprophyte in soil, manures, and water; it is also present in the air passages and intestines of a large number of apparently healthy fowls. Although it may be present and harmless for long periods, yet a lowered vitality of the bird may cause it at any time to assume a high de- - gree of virulence. The investigator concludes that one outstanding feature of the whole of the haemorrhagic septicaemia organisms (in fowl, sheep, and cattle) is that while they may produce both sporadic and infectious diseases in the adult, they may also cause infectious conditions usually associated with diarrhoea in very young animals. The white diarrhoea of chicks is consequently considered to be caused by the chicken cholera organism, which, like other members of the haemorrhagic septicaemia group, can occasion sporadic cases of the malady at one time and devastating epidemics at another. REICHEL. f}. Lone Epmepric Fir ry a Puppy. Henry Taylor, F.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Journal.—A seven weeks old puppy, was covered with lice. Dressed with a preparation looking like lysol, he was taken with a fit in which he remained for no less than six hours. Bro- mide of potassium failed to act as the dog was unable to swallow. But after the fit had been on for five hours a few drops of methyl- ated ether were injected sub-cutaneously and at the end of the sixth hour he was standing and walking about. The twitching of the head, jaws and neck had lasted without interruption for six hours, the dog being unable to stand all that time. | A. L. ft). THE OPHTHALMIC TEST FOR DIAGNOSING TUBERCULOSIS IN CaT- TLE. Prof. A.M. Bergman. Zeitschrift fiir Infektionskrankhetten der Haustiere, Vol. 17, Nos. 1 and 2, August, 1915.—1. After the instillation of 40% glycerin solution into the eyes of cattle there occur in isolated cases a watering of the eye and some secretion of mucus, but no secretion of pus; thus no reaction results which would be confused with the conjunctival reaction to tuberculin by tuberculous animals. 2. With glycerin boullion, which is prepared as the medium used in the manufacture of tuberculin and. is handled exactly as a tubercle bacillus culture, being concentrated to 1/10 volume, there ea ee _ ~ - SS = > oe oe Oe i A 5 ‘ 7 Ty ~ f ee ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 751- is no conjunctival reaction which would be confused with the con- junctival reaction to tuberculin by tuberculous cattle. 3. The tuberculin of the government veterinary bacteriological institute (at Stockholm), a Koch’s tuberculin, made up from 92% bovine and 8% human strains and containing 40% glycerin, has proved perfectly suitable for the ophthalmic test. Of 107 animals tested 87 were checked off as tuberculous and 20 as free from the disease. This was done in 38 cases by autopsy and in addition, where it was necessary, by inoculations, and in 69 cases by thermic tests and clinical and bacteriological examinations. Of the tuber- culous cattle 70 reacted clearly to the first ophthalmic test, 11 were doubtful and 6 failed to react. Of the 20 sound animals one reacted. The second ophthalmic test in the same eye gave a true and clear result in all cases; 87 reacted, 20 showed no reaction. The oph- thalmie tuberculin test is the best fitted for use after a preceding sensitization. 4, At the first tuberculin test a sympathetic reaction was pres- ent in the untreated eye of perhaps 4% of the reactors. 5. The sensitizing effect of dropping tuberculin into the eye of tuberculous animals is clearly apparent if the second administration oceurred 48 hours later and especially in cases where the reaction was not conclusive after the first administration. When the second administration was made after 13 days the sensitizing effect was equally apparent. 6. The sensitization eye clearer the reaction to the second test, and it occurred earlier and each more quickly than at the first. 7. To read the test but once is not enough. If a previous test in the eye has not been made, it is desirable to look for the reaction 8, 12, 18, and 24 (possibly also 30) hours after the instillation. If the eye is sensitized by a previous instillation, one should make examinations after 6, 12 and 18 hours and if several instil- lations with short intervals between have been made previously, a thing which seldom occurs in practice, then the examination of the reaction may be made at the third and sixth hours. 8. The tuberculin treatment of one eye of a tuberculous animal often has a sensitizing effect upon the other eye, which may be recognized by the earlier appearance and disappearance of the reaction in subsequent tests. 9. ‘Repeated tuberculin administrations in the same eye at 752 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE intervals of 1 to 3 days has caused in tuberculous cattle after at least four instillations a decrease in the capability of the eyes to react. The reaction begins early, as in sensitized eyes, but dis- appears very quickly, sometimes indeed 5 hours after the admin- istration. A complete cessation of the sensitiveness to tuberculin did not occur after 8 instillations. By such treatment of one eye the other becomes less sensitive in about the same degree as the one treated. The capability of the eyes of becoming somewhat accus- tomed to tuberculin may be without practical importance since a reaction occurs even if it lasts only a short time and since, on the other hand, it is evident that the normal capability to react returns several days after the cessation of the instillations. Frequent in- stillations can not be used for fraudulent purposes. The conclusions reached by Professor Bergman are in accord- ance with the results which have been obtained at the University of California. However, as indicated in Bulletin 248 of the California Experiment Station, page 134 and 135, our attempt to use the oph- thalmiec test in the routine testing of dairy cattle has failed to give satisfactory results under California conditions. We believe that the test has a place in veterinary practice, especially in experimental work and in the testing of especially valuable animals where every means of detecting tuberculosis should be used. In this latter in- stance we advocate the use of the repeated ophthalmic tests before injecting by the combined intradermal and subcutaneous methods. CU. Me ‘a= Vv BioLogicAL INVESTIGATIONS OF EosINOPHILIA. Second part: PROPERTIES OF PHAGOCYTOSIS AND ABSORPTION OF VERMINOUS PRO- puets. M. Weinberg and P. Séguin. Ann. de l’Inst. Pasteur, Paris, July, 1915, v. 29 (7), pp. 823-346, pls. 6-7. —Weinberg and Séguin give the following conclusions: 1. The eosinophiles possess phagocytic properties. They en- gulf inert matter and are capable of destroying in this way not only most of the microbial species, but also protozoa and erythro- cytes. However, their phagocytic properties are manifested more distinctly against microbes than against cells. 2. Experiments with Bacillus subtilis, B. coli, protozoa and erythrocytes show that the eosinophiles are capable not only of en- gulfing, but also of completely digesting these elements. 3. Phagocytosis takes place in vitro as well as in vivo (perito- neum, subcutaneous cellular tissue, circulating blood). When the SK)’ Meme erae? ig stee st ry eee ee Te ee ee \ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 753 eosinophiles are very abundant in the blood, or when they have ac- cumulated at the point of penetration by a microbe, they are capable of playing an important role in the immediate protection of the or- ganism against infection. 4. Although the eosinophilés are endowed with indisputable phagocytic properties, they only play the part of the supplementary phagocytes. Their phagocytic properties have in general passed unperceived because, on the one hand, of their exceptional presence in purulent collections, and, on the other hand, of a customary stain- ing technique for microbes which does not permit of differentiating the various sorts of leucocytes. 5. Hosinophiles which have been in contact with hydatid fluid for one hour at 37°C. no longer manifest phagocytic properties, while the other leucocytes (neutrophiles and mononuclears) re- main capable of engulfing microbes. 6. Eosinophiles absorb hydatid fluid. This fluid loses its antigen properties after having been in contact for some time with a suitable number of eosinophiles. It is easy to demonstrate this by the fixation reaction, using fresh serum from a ease of echinococ- cosis and comparing the reactions with normal hydatid fluid and with fluid which has been in contact with eosinophiles. 7. The eosinophiles of immunized animals absorb hydatid antigen more easily that eosinophiles from fresh animals. 8. The absorption of the hydatid antigen by the eosinophiles takes place equally well in the incubator or in the refrigerator. 9. In conclusion, the eosinophiles, like the polymorphonuclear neutrophiles, play an important role in immunity. But while the neu- trophiles have for their principal function the protection of the or- ganism against microbes, the eosinophiles are especially adapted to the neutralization of certain toxic substances. They show their phagocytic power in the absence, total or partial, of the polymorph- onuclear neutrophiles. Similarly the polymorphonuclear neutro- philes may undertake the absorption of the verminous products in the absence of the eosinophiles. It is probable that having absorbed toxic pe hicks, the eosino- philes play a role in the elaboration of specific antibodies, and Wein- berg and Séguin are carrying on researches with a view to determin- ing this point, M. C. Haun, ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE ~I On He PYELO-NEPHRITIS IN A Cow. W. E. Blackwell, M.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Record.—Short horn cow, five months pregnant, pre- sented the following symptoms: suppression of urine, loss of appe- tite, dullness, disinclination to move, lying down most of the time, passed no feces, during the last eleven days of her sickness. She - made frequent and painful attempts to micturate discharging only about half a teacupful of thick blood stained purulent matter. The temperature was 102°, the ears and horns cold, the back arched. The treatment was only palliative. She died after an illness of eleven days. Post-mortem revealed both kidneys enlarged and surrounded by a thick envelope of suet. One of them weighed 12%4 pounds. The other only 10. This one was more advanced in disease. Unfortunately the bladder was not examined. It might have shown lesions of cystitis. i A. L. PECULIAR F’RActTURE. Lieut. A. Hoskins, A.V.C. Lame, aged light draught horse had on the outside of the leg, a few inches below - the elbow a slight swelling. It was soft and tender to the touch. Fomentations were prescribed but the lameness kept increasing. Evidently an abscess was forming. It was lanced and creamy pus escaped. The following day on examination, there was observed a displacement in the bone and a discharge of synovia from the wound. No crepitation was detected. The animal was destroyed. On autopsy, there was found a fracture of the top of the radius, into six pieces with suppuration of the joint. Inquiry about the horse showed that he had been kicked several days before but the case did not appear serious, the lamenes not having shown itself: until some fourteen days after the kick had been received. A. L. ray Vv ActivE IMMUNIZATION TO GLANDERS. A. Marxer. Archiv f. wissenschaftliche u. praktische Tierheilkunde, Vol 41, pp. 272-285, 1915.—The author discusses previous attempts at immunization to glanders, and the reasons for the failures. Among these is the fact that the glanders bacillus has singular properties, for ex- ample, localized infections will sometimes heal without conferring any real immunity upon the previously infected animal. Previous attempts failed probably because the bacilli lost all their antigenic properties during the killing processes. In the preparation of glanders vaccine, Levy, Blumenthal and Marxer used solutions of chemically indifferent substanees, which through their osmotic action brought about an attenuation of the glanders bacilli, with- ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE T55 out causing any deep seated change which diminished their anti- genie properties. For this purpose glycerine and urea were used. ~The method of killing is varied, according to the amount of bacilli in suspension. Bacilli at a concentration of 0.1: gram of bacilli in 4 ¢.c. of 80 per cent glycerin are killed in 14 hours at 37 degrees; at a concentration of 0.004 gram of bacilli in 4 ¢.c., they are killed in 714 hours. The above mentioned investigators used such glycerin attenuated glanders bacilli in their experiments on guinea pigs. Best results were obtained when the immunizing dose was injected subcutaneously. A single injection of even small amounts of the dead bacilli was a certain protection against the sub- sequent infection. Similarly good results were obtained on horses when these received two injections of the glycerinized bacilli, either subcutaneously or intravenously. Each of two horses re- ceived 0.1 gram, and three weeks later, 0.2 gram of dead bacilli intravenously ; a third horse received a first dose of 0.2 gram sub- cutaneously and about a month later, double this dose. A fourth horse received 0.1 gram, and three weeks later 0.25 gram subcu- taneously. All of these horses were found to be immune when tested against virulent glanders bacilli. Similar results were obtained by Levy, Blumenthal and Marxer, with glanders bacilli killed in urea solutions: The use of the urea solution has this advantage, that the attenuating action of the so- lution can be stopped at any desired time, by evaporating the solu- tion. at low temperature in vacuo, down to dryness. The powder so obtained is a convenient form of preserving the attenuated bacilli. On the other hand, in order to prevent further attenuation in the glycerine suspensions, it is necessary to add water and keep the mix- ture cool. This method is not convenient for practical purposes. The urea vaccine may be used in the tropics. Glanders bacilli, at a concentration of 0.1 gram of bacilli in 4 ¢.c. 10 per cent urea solution are surely destroyed by 17 hours’ shaking at 37 degrees. Guinea pigs were immunized with powdered bacilli or with extract powder. This latter was prepared by cen- trifuging the bacillary emulsion in the urea solution; the perfectly clear supernatant fluid was evaporated to dryness and rubbed to a powder. The bacilli powder was prepared in a similar manner. . Horses were immunized with urea attenuated glanders bacilli, using 600 milligrams at one treatment or 300 mgs. at two treatments. The protective action was still present after a year’s time. There is no temperature reaction after the injection. 756 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURS Marxer prepared some of his glanders vaccine ‘‘Farase’’ for Professor Dediulin’s laboratory in Charkow. This vaccine con- sisted of glanders bacilli killed by urea. It was tried by Bautz and Machodin on guinea pigs and on twelve horses, two of which horses were controls. The results were in general very good. Some diffi- culty was experienced with the determination of the minimal lethal dose of the glanders virus for guinea pigs. The horses received two injections of vaccine, three weeks apart. The virus was injected 45 days after the second vaccine injection. : Following these experiments, Dediulin tried the Farase on a large number of horses, over 1000, of very mixed breeds and origin. One year and four months after the vaccination with Farase, not a single case of glanders occurred among the immunized ani- mals, although in the same locality (Karl-Gute, in Poltava) 14 glanders reactors had to be destroyed. These animals were all allowed to run together. A number of the immunized horses were tested with mallein and reacted negatively. _ Four years have elapsed since the vaccination with Farase, and Dediulin states that not a single case of glanders has occurred, although occasional cases occur among non-immunized animals. From these successful results by Dediulin on a large seale, it is concluded that the glanders immunization by the method of Levy, Blumenthal and Marxer has great practical value and should find widespread application. Note by Abstractor.—The use of three separate agents to kill the bacilli, though very ingenious, is not new. Marxer, in the above paper, describes the attenuation of glanders bacilli by shaking for 17 hours at 37 degrees, an emulsion of the bacilli in 10 per cent urea solution. In this case the death of the bacilli is caused by the combined action of shaking, mild heat, and osmotic action. Several years ago a controversy arose over the question of the harmful action of sodium benzoate in foods, especially tomato ketchup. Certain manufacturers A, prepared ketchup with sodium benzoate. Their rival, B, did not use this preservative and exten- sively advertised the fact that no preservatives were used in their ketchup. But according to A, B’s ketchup was effectively pre- served by the use of excessive amounts of vinegar (acetic acid), oil of cloves (eugenol) and other spices, and sugar. If used in proper amounts food may be preserved by either vinegar, spices, or sugar. According to A, no one of these was present in sufficient amounts in B’s ketchup to warrant the statement that it contained a presery- ative, i.e., one preservative. But the combined action of the three prevented the growth of microorganisms. BERG, * x a a ~ bt ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 757 INTERNAL HEMORRHAGE AS A COMPLICATION OF PROLAPSUS Urert. Mr. Brissot. - Bulletin de la Soc. Centrale-——First observa- tion. The writer was called to attend a cow reported having pro- lapsus of the uterus. She was lying down, her respiration was ac- celerated, and she was very restless. The protruding organ had an enormous size, there was no congestion, but its appearance that of a heavy bag filled with liquid. It gave a noise and the feel- ing of undulations when it was displaced and pressed on its surface. _ Fearing a serious complication, more minute examination was made and then it was observed that the visible mucous membranes were pale and bloodless, the pulse could not be felt, the horns, skin and ears were cold, the respiration very accelerated, all the symp- toms of internal hemorrhage were present, of which the condition of the prolapsus and its fullness were evident proofs. The cow died almost immediately. Tapping of the uterus gave escape to 15 or 20 liters of red blood. Puncture of the abdomen gave exit to what remained in the animal. Second Observation. A mare was affected with the same com- plaint, prolapsus uteri. She was rather old, a very nervous animal, and she exhibited great pain. The uterus was enormous and much congested. Held up on a sheet by two assistants, cold water was freely poured over it and reduction by pressure of bandage (the Coeulet method) reduction began. While proceeding in the ma- nipulations, it was observed that a certain quantity of fluid, moved in the uterus, as in the preceding case, suspicion of a similar com- plication was entertained. The mare died during the manipulation. Post-mortem: the abdominal cavity. was found full of blood. On the peritoneal wall of the uterus there was a large ecchymotic spot, surrounding a laceration of the serous and muscular coats, in the middle of which was widely open an utero-ovarian vein. While this was empty and bloodless, its congener of the opposite side was full, dilated andflexuous. The mare had died by the rupture of a large varicose vein. A. L. fat Vv BIOCHEMICAL COMPARISONS BETWEEN Mature Brer AND Im- MATURE VEAL. William N. Berg. Jour. Agricultural Research, Vol. V, pp. 667-711, 1916.—An extended research in which 41 calves, all seven days old or less, when killed, were used. The work may be divided into three parts: (1) chemical analysis bearing on the chemical composition of immature veal: (2) artificial digestion 758 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE experiments in vitro bearing on its digestibility and (3) feeding ex- periments using cats as subjects. Portions of ordinary lean beef steak were purchased in a market for use as controls in (1) and (2). The meat of a calf less than three weeks old when killed, is general- ly regarded as immature. During the study of the chemical composition of mature beef and of immature veal, no differences between them that are physio- logically significant were detected, although large numbers of anal- yses of a detailed character were made. The claim that immature veal (bob veal) is more watery than beef finds little support in the data obtained. The average water content of beef was (in round numbers) 74 per cent; of immature veal, 77 per cent. The differ- ence of 3 per cent is not regarded as important. The total nitro- gen and the various forms in which it is present, was the same for both. Adding the water to the total protein (total nitrogen multi- plied by 6.25) 96 per cent of the beef and the veal were alike, the re- maining 4 per cent, consisting largely of fat, were not studied. In a large number of digestion experiments carried out in glass vessels, immature veal digested as fast as mature beef. The speed of digestion was measured by three different methods. At present, it is not possible to measure speed of digestion in the body, hence methods have been developed for making this measure- ment outside of the alimentary tract, and valuable data can be ob- tained. Both pepsin and trypsin were used in the digestion. The amounts of the enzymes were varied over a wide range. So small amounts as 0.1 or even 0.01 milligram of pepsin digested beef and veal with equal speed. A few experiments were made in which milk was compared with the veal. Of course, milk proteins, be- ing in solution at the beginning, digested faster than the veal. Cats chosen at random, were fed on a diet in which immature veal was the sole source of nitrogen. The young animals grew normally on the diet; the older ones became fat. may arise as the result of flies so infested feeding on the moisture, on the skin of the horse. But since embryos found in the umbilical crusts belong to the young stage of Habronema, the embryo which has just escaped from the egg, he proposes for this the following ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 761 hypothesis: Embryos of Habronema pass out in the manure ‘of equines, penetrate the soiled skin after the fashion of larval hook- worms, setting up the inflammatory reactions which give rise’ to “‘summer sores’’, and undergo in the skin, as erratic parasites, ‘the development which would normally take place in the fly. The suggested prophylaxis consists in the removal of the adult worms from the stomach of the horse by the use of such anthelmin- ties as tartar emetic and arsenic, the destruction of the embryos in the manure and of flies, and the use of clean bedding. As a reme- dial measure for the established lesions he recommends the appli- eation and injection of 2 to 3 percent trypanblue, though he states that the only truly efficacious treatment is the early and complete ablation of the invaded tissue. The clinical variations in the appearance of the umbilical crusts, parasitic dermatitis, summer sores, bursati sores, esponja, ete. is a function of the stage of development of the young worm, which may be present in the embryonic stage or in the six succeeding larval stages. All of these forms may be collectively designated as cu- taneous habrohemosis or cutaneous habronemiasis. The paper by Railliet and Henry is in effect a resumé, empha- sizing before a different audience the importance of the work of Descazeaux. | | M. C. Hat. ra’ Vv SUB-PERITONEAL Empryoma Causine A DIvERTICULUM AND A FATAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE FLOATING COLON IN A Mare. Professor G. Petit and Mr. Houdemer. Bulletin de la Soc. Centrale—One morning a twelve year old mare was dull, depressed, carrying her head down and her back arched. The visible mucosae were in- jected. Pulse about normal. There was slight tympanitis. The lips of the vulva were swollen, the vaginal mucosa edematous with small eechymoses. The valve of the meatus urinarius was swollen and looked as if it was torn. The anus was protruding, somewhat relaxed with its mucosa purplish in color. A few hours after the symptoms changed. Dull colic, consti- pation, tympanitis were present. The visible mucosae were becom- ing cyanotic and there was great dyspnea. Intestinal obstruction was diagnosed and death took place in the afternoon of the same day. At the autopsy the intestines were found dilated with gases. At the convex curvature of the floating colon there was a volumin- ous tumor, which had by traction given rise to the production of 762 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE a diverticulum and an elbow flexure of the intestine with complete closure of the colon and its obstruction. This tumor weighed 4 kilogrammes and 750 grammes, it was irregular on its surface and when cut through showed spots, irregularly distributed on the out- side and also in the center of the tumor. The authors considered it as belonging to the variety of embryomas or teratomas. A. L. ray GROWTH IN THE LaryNx, Doct. Luigi Menicagli. Jl Nuovo Ercolani.—This case occurred in a cow. The tumor was situated on the anterior margin of the left arytenoid cartilage and extended on the internal and external faces. The animal was four years old and suffering with difficulty in breathing after walking a short distance. The difficulty increased gradually and soon the cow mani- fested severe dyspnea threatening suffocation. The minute exam- ination of the throat, neck and thorax was negative. That of the larynx, made with a speculum in the mouth and a laryngoscope, re- vealed to the writer the presence of a growth on the arytenoid car- tilage which to be removed would probably require laryngo-trache- otomy. This was decided. After careful disinfection and the pre- paration of the field of operation a tracheotomy tube was inserted. The larynx was exposed and entered, the tumor was seized with a pair of forceps, isolated from its position and attach- ; ments on the faces of the cartilage by a careful dissection of the mucous membrane, when finally it was drawn outward where it was extirpated. Abundant hemorrhage followed and stopped with some difficulty by plugging. The tracheotomy tube was removed. The wound was closed with sutures and the animal allowed to get up. Careful diet for a few days was followed by rapid recovery. A. L. ee a ee an eI eee ee eT TO LC a Oe eee ees OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (Continued from page 644) Dr. CAMPBELL: I move to amend that resolution and think that a com- mittee should be appointed leaving the number and selection with the new pres- ident. I refer to the resolution in the matter of acquiring the publication. Dr. Lyman: I rise to a point of order. The point of order is that that was laid on the table until the other motion was taken care of. Therefore, I eall for the original recommendation. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: In my opinion, the original motion should receive attention first. Dr. Kinstey: Shall we amend that motion? Is not that motion before the house now? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: There is a motion before the house but how are you going to dispose of the first motion? Dr. KINSLEY: What is the motion before the house PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The recommendation of the executive committee. Dr. KINSLEY: Cannot that be amended? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: He did not offer it as an amendment to that motion. Dr. CAMPBELL: I intended to offer it as an amendment to the motion. Is the mover of the original motion in favor of the amendment? Dr. Hoskins: Dr. Campbell has not stated his amendment. Dr. CAMPBELL: As I understand the motion, it is to accept the recommen- dation of the executive committee, that is the present executive committee as now constituted, composed of thirteen members from throughout the country to constitute a committee on Journal to organize and establish an efficient publi- cation on the lines of the American Medical Association and to carry it out until other provisions are made for it. Dr. Hoskins: That is the way I understand it. That the recommenda- tions of the executive committee must either be accepted or rejected and if they are rejected, then we can come back with the motion putting the motion in some other form. That has been the custom of our association for a great number of years. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: That is my opinion. That you must accept the recommendation of the executive committee or reject it. Dr. Hart: Mr, Chairman, I move the report of the executive committee be adopted, Dr. KINstEy: Is not that the same motion that is before the house now? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion was already made, 764 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Dr. Kinstey: If that is the ruling, I would like to ask another question. Is it the intention of the executive committee to use the list of the exeeutive committee and officers as presented and published in our program? Dr. Hoskins: Yes. The publication committee or committee on Journal. Dr. KInsLEY: I say is that committee to be the same as published in our printed program. Dr. LyMAN: As now constituted? | Dr. Mayo: As I understand it, Mr. President,-it means the executive committee as at present constituted. The question was not discussed particu- larly in the committee as to that but that is my understanding. Dr. Kinstey: Mr. President, that being the case, as I recall it, it has been the custom in making the report of the executive committee, that a list of the men constituting that committee, be presented for the information of the association. I do not believe there are many of us here who know who con- stitutes that committee. Looking over the printed list which appears on the program, I see a number of members listed there who are not present at the meeting and I doubt if they have taken any action with the executive committee. I think it is fair to the organization that we may know who they are, Rr. R. C. Moore: Mr. President, as a member of the association, I can- not support the recommendations of that committee to continue the present executive committee for the publication committee or committee on Journal because they are too widely separated. I do not believe it is practicable, not that Ihave a right to say anything against any member of the committee or against their ability, but they are too widely separated. I believe it would not be practicable to conduct a Journal in a proper manner when the men who have charge of the running of it are widely scattered as these men are. I be- lieve as a matter of business, these men should be appointed by the president, for the purpose of running this Journal. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I think it would be in order to explain to you who are the present members of this executive committee. I will read them: ‘Dr. Cary, who is chairman of the committee. He is not present. Dr. V. A. Moore has been substituted as chairman in his place. Dr. Lester H. Howard is not present and Dr. Frothingham has been appointed in his place. Dr. Jensen is present. Dr. Dyson is not present and Dr. Stange was elected in his place. Dr. Roberts is present. Dr. 8. H. Ward is not present and Dr. Lyman was appointed on the executive committee in his place. The executive committee as now constituted, consists of the following: Drs. Moore, Frothingham, Jensen, Stange, Lyman, and Roberts, and elected officers of the association. These officers are about to retire. ; Dr. TyLER: As I understand it, the present motion before the house, pro- vides that the men who are serving at this meeting on the executive committee are to be continued, not those on the present list. It seems to me the associa- tion is taking out of the hands of the new president, his inalienable right to appoint committees. working under him who are largely responsible to him for their actions. I think the president is entitled to the right to appoint his own committee on publication or Journal, or whatever you call it. He has some rights in the matter. | ; ty es eae eT eS tees — —_ = FT ad PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. ¥. M. A. 165 Dr. CAMPBELL: I will now ask if you will entertain an amendment of this motion to adopt the report of the executive committee of this nature, that the reports be referred back to the committee with instructions to change the publication committee, or the committee on Journal to five members appointed by the new president. Will you entertain an amendment of that kind? _ Presmpent MarsHati: I will put the proposition to the association and let them decide what they wish to do about it. Dr. Hoskins: I understand you cannot entertain a motion of that kind. We have either got to reject or approve the recommendation of the executive committee. We must do one thing or the other. If it is not the desire of the members of the association that the present executive committee, as now com- posed, shall constitute the committee on publication or the committee on Journal. to undertake the work of establishing this Journal, we want to vote against it. If we believe they can best carry out the provision contained in the resolution, then we should approve the recommendation of the committee. -:. Dr. Keane: It seems to me we are quibbling over some very small de- tails anl yet at the same time this is an important thing. If the association decides to adopt this resolution which provides for the publishing of a Journal, it would appear to me, that the first year would be the most critical year in the history of the publication and the men who have been working on this plan, it appears to me also, are the men who ought to have charge of the first year’s work. Some objection was made on account of the fact that they can- not get together. There are three on this executive committee at this asso- ciation today, who are from the east and two from the eastern part of the ‘middle west. I think that is about as close as you can get members of a com- mittee together and at the same time give the whole country representation on the committee. So that is why I am in favor of the executive committee’s re- port as read. Dr. Kinstey: Mr, President, I rise to a question of information. Does -not this resolution carry with it the present officers of this association on that committee? They are scattered from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from ‘the Pacific to the Atlantic. '- Dr. Mayo: Permit me to state, that the members of the executive com- mittee realize that the actual work of running this Journal has got to be done by two or three men and it is their plan to appoint a sub-committee, so situated ‘and we hope, qualified to get this Journal started, but they thought the associa- tion ought to be represented back of this small committee by a much larger ‘committee on publication or Journal, which should be pretty well scattered over the nation. The members of which could be reached by mail and not neces- ‘sarily be called together, in this way they could advise whoever is carrying ‘out this work, That was the idea of the committee. PRESIDENT MarsHaLL: If there are no other remarks, the question is, ‘whether we will accept or reject the recommendation of the executive committee. ‘Those in favor of accepting the recommendation of the executive committee, in regard to the publishing of a Journal, make it manifest by saying, ‘‘aye’’, those opposed, ‘‘no’’, The ‘‘ayes’’ have it; it is so ordered. 766 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M, A. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, the committee also recommends that this or- ganization shall be incorporated as the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, Dr. Fox: I move that the recommendation of the executive committee, that the association be incorporated, be accepted. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL:—Are you ready for the question? Dr. Hoskins: Mr. President, I trust that resolution will not prevail or at least that it shall not prevail at this meeting. There are so many things to be said about incorporated bodies. We have gone along very well for fifty years and the few little instances that we have had have been insignificant as far as any trouble this association has had is concerned. We have been a body of men governed entirely by the rules of our adoption. The moment we be- come an incorporated body we become in every sense a legal body and I know that there are some who feel there may be at some time a possible danger of some one of us being sued for large amounts of damages. While this should not have any weight with us, yet you should remember that the moment we be- come a legal incorporated body, we are far more readily sued and drawn into litigation than we are as we stand today. If we incorporate, then we exercise and hold our rights and privileges under legal restraint which surely has not solved many of the great difficulties under which such bodies labor and I think the moral forces have done more to solve every public question than any legal entanglement and I sincerely trust that if we are really going to be in- corporated, we will have at least a year to think it over before we adopt the © provision. Incorporation, in my mind, has not a single thing to commend it. I am a member of several clubs, one of them a great force and a great power in our community, and from the fact that it exerts its influences by moral suasion and moral appeal and moral force, we have kept it from being a legal body that might be sued. To dismiss a man by any failure to live up to what we preach or our code of ethics, or our ideals, we will never accomplish by legal measures. Let us remain simply a moral force, bound together because we have certain ideals and are all interested in carrying them out. Let us not invite the legal entanglements that will follow incorporation as it is impos- sible to get a national incorporation. We must incorporate under the laws of some state and must be responsible to what may be the laws in that certain state governing corporations and we will also be bound by the future laws which may be made. To my mind, we are going into a mass of difficulties, the nature of which no man can foresee. For more than fifty years we have been operating under the present plan of this association which has met every purpose in dealing with every business proposition which we have had to meet and if some of the members have had to give more of their time, more of their money than others, they should remember they came into this association to do all in their power for the best interests of it and for the profession which has been benefited by the progress of this association. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, the sentiments we have just heard expressed by Dr. Hoskins, of course, we all approve of, but the establishment of a Journal is a business proposition requiring a definite business organization, and no re- sponsible person will be associated with that business organization unless it a. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 767 is incorporated. You have got to collect money, and‘ in order to do that, we ‘must incorporate. We cannot do it as individuals of this association. It is an absolute necessity if we are going to publish a Journal, there is no question about that at all. You assume no more legal responsibility than your officers do now and while I have signed a note with others for several thousand dol- lars, one does not like to do it, nevertheless, I am sure the members of this association, if there were such would rally to your support. Yet, at the same time, aside from the fact of personal risk and personal inconvenience we can- not do business unless this association is incorporated, and that is all there is to it. So far as I am rersonally concerned, I would be just as loyal and will give my hearty support to anything that may come up as anyone else, but I do not think that I would care to be associated with a business proposition of this kind that was not incorporated. Dr. Lyman: TI want to endorse what Dr. Mayo has just said. I don’t believe there is a member of our association that would want to become the editor of this Journal without the incorporation of this association. As Dr. Hoskins has said, we have had an association for some fifty odd years, and have run along very smoothly. Perhaps you don’t know all the details. It may have seemed to have run very smoothly to some of you who are not behind the scenes. I personally was sued for ten thousand dollars while a member of your association for actions of the association. I think some of you are _ familiar with that fact and I paid for the defense of this action out of my own pocket. Why should not this association pay the expenses of the asso- ciation and not shoulder them upon the individuals themselves? I just simply want to endorse what Dr, Mayo has said, I believe we must be incorporated since we are going to conduct an official Journal. Dr. Hoskins: Mr. Chairman, I am quite familiar with the case Dr. Lyman refers to. It was an insignificant act of an irresponsible man and amounted to nothing. I have been a trustee of this association for five consecu- tive years. I never had the slightest question asked about where the money was coming from to meet our obligations. It is.a fact that when we went to publish the minutes of last year, we didn’t have the money with which to do it and some of us were asked to give a note in order to aid the publisher in carrying out his work, which was given. It was not that he had any doubt but that the association would pay. Any publisher will probably charge up an account for you to give you credit for two or three months before you will be asked for money, This association has a good steady income, it is a very definite matter. Now. if we incorporate, our president may be involved in litigation and he may have to answer for anything that is published in the ‘proceedings, and he may have to answer in the courts of Washington, or in the courts of Dakota, or he may have to go down and answer in the courts of Texas. I don’t want to put any member of this associatiin in that posi- tion. I don’t want to see this association brought into the field of litigation by which attorneys would have to be retained in the various portions of the country and a great deal of expense would be laid upon the association. If I thought it was absolutely essential to have an active incorporation to publish ‘this:Journal, I would be against publishing it rather than to write litigation 768 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. all over the land which this incorporation will cause because your officers will have to respond to every suit and we can be sued then as a whole through your officers, where today, we can only be sued as individuals and those financially responsible will be sued. The expenditure of twenty-five dollars in Connecticut, is a mere drop in the bucket. However, the necessity of giving a note signed by five or six men as endorsers, is a matter of good faith. We have an assured income to pay the bills of the association. If we have to be in: corpora to publish a Journal, I say let’s not publish a Journal. Dr. Stance: I fail to see what the objection to incorporating is. Why should we not be incorporated? What is tke great objection to doing business as an incorporated organization? Dr, Mayo: Gentlemen, we cannot do business unless we are incorporated. If you have advertising, you have got to have some one with some authority to collect it. You cannot collect a cent of money now for anything, for any purpose, unless you are incorporated, and I want to tell you if you start to publish an official Journal for this organization I seriously question whether you ean publish such a Journal unless the officers of this association are person- ally responsible for any debts that may be incurred. It is just exactly what we had to do in publishing the proceedings last year. You may talk all you please about this matter of courtesy when they say, ‘‘Oh, they know this asso- ciation always pays its debts.’’ That is true. The association has an income © but it is also true that the publishers want a note that is negotiable, that they ean discount. The publishers have to have money with which to meet their ex- penses and they must have a negotiabl2 note so when it comes down to that, a business proposition, you are going to find that there is no sentiment back of it all. It is all very well to talk about the sentimental phase of it but this busi- ness does not recognize sentiment and you have got to have a legal entity to do this. There is no question about it. Dr. RuTHERFORD: In order to throw a little light on this question, I might say that since Dr. Hoskins has pictured the career of an incorporated body, as being beset with many terrors, I would cite the experience of the Manitoba Veterinary Association which was incorporated over twenty years ago and has had a very smooth, uncheckered career, has neyer sued or been sued and I do not, for my part, see any such trouble as Dr. Hoskins has pictured. I think it is very desirable that this association should be incorporated so as to facilitate the business which is before us in connection with this Journal. Dr. Fox: As the mover of the adoption of this report, I wish to say, that while I agree with Dr. Hoskins as to the necessity of our having the moral support of our members, I believe that we should not do anything that would detract in any way from the morals of this association, nevertheless, I cannot understand why the incorporation of this association should detract in any way from its moral support or standing, none whatever. I have the privilege of belonging to two or three different organizations which are incorporated and have been incorporated for many years, in fact one of them is our state association, which was composed of only twelve members, or ten, as I re- member it and the very first thing they did was to go to the state and take out their incorporation papers. It has now been in existence for twenty-seven years PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 769 and they never have had a particle of trouble in. any way whatsoever. If we want to obligate ourselves in any way, it is not necessary for us to obligate our officers, or such members of the association as happen to be on the com- mittee. It is not necessary for them to endorse notes and be responsible for our association, to the banks for the indebtedness incurred. Why not make this association an incorporation? Let it stand for its own liabilities. Incorporation would give the association standing and not detract in any way from the moral side or the moral support. I believe if this association is incorporated, it will have just as much moral support and probably more than at present. It could not in any way cause me to depreciate the pride I have in this association, simply because it has been incorporated. Dr. KEANE: We have no legal standing today. What is there to prevent some other veterinary association or other people of other organizations to organize another American Veterinary Medical Association and incorporate it and get legal standing and forbid this organization from retaining its name? I cannot see any objection to its incorporation. ; Dr. Hoskins: Mr. Chairman, I don’t think that Dr. Fox got my point. I probably did not make it as clear as I should. You incorporate under the laws of Illinois, for instance, or of Delaware, (the place where you will prob- ably get it the cheapest) you will have to be responsible to all of the laws of that state, present and future. The point I wanted to bring out was that we do not attempt to exercise our powers today by any legal rights we might possess. We determine for ourselves what shall be the best thing for the majority of the association, by vote. The day we become a legally incorporated body, we then are responsible to the laws of the state, under which we are incorporated and you must respond in a legal way. It is a sure thing for a man who may be offended by some statement made here in a paper presented on the floor, in which he may be held up to scorn and ridicule, for him to sue the association. It is the easiest thing in the world for him to institute proceedings against the association and you will find yourselves just as other organizations have found themselves, with suits piled up against you and they will be all over the land. It will be a very easy thing in the case of the Manitoba Veterinary Association where all of the mem- bers live within the province but it is a very different problem in the states with an incorporation having members in all of the forty-eight states, each state having its own laws, all different in many respects. The moment the body has a legal existence, that body can be sued and can sue. I hope I will never live to see the day that this association would have, by legal measures to enforce its mandates as decided by the majority of the association from year to year. It loses that great moral force, that we have stood for and it solves but one problem, that of getting credit and I think that is a minor problem. So with all due respect to Dr. Mayo, it is based upon the problem not more than once or twice to be met and quickly met and accepted when it was a momentary question. | Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, Dr.. Hoskins does not understand it. For instance, I gave a bond to this association from a bonding company for $2,500.00. They said, ‘‘Whom are you making it out to? Is this society in- 770 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. corporated?’’ ‘‘No.’’ ‘*Well,’’ they said, ‘‘Make it out in the name of somebody.’’ And I made it out to Dr. Marshall. Now, gentlemen, that was all the protection you had. In the ease of the treasurer, it was the same thing. He gave a bond made out to some member of the association. He could take the money and go anywhere and you would have no redress. I hope we will be honest, we have been up to the present time but we cannot do business unless we are incorporated and you assume no more responsibil ty than any individual member does. Dr. Hoskins talks about some member taking state- ments here for which he could be sued individually. What are you going to do about it? It is absolutely necessary that we incorporate. I eall for a vote on it, PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The question is called for. The question is, whether we will accept the recommendation of the executive committee and incorporate the association. Those in favor of incorporating the association as recommended by the committee, make it manifest by saying, ‘‘aye.’’ Those opposed, ‘‘no.’’? The ‘‘ayes’’ have it; it is so ordered. Dr. Mayo: I will state that I have received a telegram from the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association, stating that they appropriated $100.00 to the Salmon Memorial Fund and asking that certain resolutions be presented to the association. It has been referred to the chairman of the committee on resolutions. I have received a number of letters and telegrams from various members, who are unable to attend, all extending their regrets and wishes for a prosperous and successful meeting. mii . Dr. Exiis: I think this association has received communications from the Presidents of the State Societies and as they did some very active work bing the Salmon Memorial, I think the matter should be presented here. Dr. Mayo: I think it will come up before the committee on resolutions. I would also repo:t the resolution of the executive committee, that a sub- committee consisting of the president of the committee, Dr. Moore, the presi- dent of the association, Dr. Marshall, and myself be appointed ta consider the question of acquiring ; - Pea) ee hey ty Po ee ee PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. VW. Mé A. row acyl Except for this, your committee would recommend this insti- tution for restoration to recognition. The Ontario Veterinary College is now, undoubtedly, entitled to the same footing as other ‘schools previously listed in this report, as the majority of them are now found in technical violation of article VIII which relates to faculty requirements for major subjects and one year high school for matriculation. San Francisco VETERINARY CoLLEGE. Special Report :—On account of the fact that our main inspection in the San Francisco Veterinary College was not made during the same college year as for the other colleges here reported and on account of the fact that in the past informal charges have been made against the San Francisco school and its management, and an expressed desire ‘on the part of responsible officers of our association, members of the executive committee and older members of the association for offi- cial information, it has been deemed advisable to include here a special report on this institution. This institution was visited by two members of the committee and the following report is based on this inspection: Additional details of criticisms and some minor criticisms not mentioned here are included in our supplementary report for the management of the institution. ‘The general surroundings of this school, its. class rooms, lab- oratory facilities and equipment, social atmosphere, etc., are fully as good as a number of others already recognized. _. The school is located in a fairly good neighborhood. - The amount of instruction given and distribution per indi- vidual teachers was satisfactory with the exception that Dr. O’Rourke, in charge of three important subjects, surgery, ob- stetrics and therapeutics in addition to a private practice to main- tain, appeared to be overloaded. An important position on the faculty (physiology) had not been filled at the time of inspection when work should have been under wey and there had been no provision made for carrying this work. Siatricnlation was conducted in about the usual way for simi- lar schools. Markings were satisfactory as were also records of acceptances, from other institutions with the exception of certain minor criticisms already made to the management. Concerning compliance with our by-law requirements, regula- 782 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. ¥. M.A. tions XI to XIII, section 2, article VIII relating to the teaching of specified major subjects we find that this school in common with quite a number of other institutions is failing to comply with these requirements. Note that this last statement is for the college year 1914-15, this being the first year for which these requirements have been in force. The violation here is of regulations XI and XIII, there being at most but four veterinarians in service eligible for the specified major subjects, if our information is correct. Concerning section 3, article VIII, by-laws 1913 relating to one year high school or equivalent as a matriculation condition, we would report that this institution in common with others has ope- rated during the college year 1914-15 in violation of this regula also. This school is considered by the committee as subject to reason- able criticism on account of too much shifting in the faculty. The building in general, class rooms, laboratories, ete. were not in a condition creditable to a professional college, certainly not inspir- ing toward high professional ideals, being untidy and in disorder. The surgical clinic room was in bad condition and it was diffi- cult for your committee to see how clean, creditable surgery could be taught-in such an untidy room. But we would warn against a too hasty condemnation on this point as several other recognized institution have been found during the past two years in fully as bad condition. Concerning questions that have been raised as to facts of in- corporation ownership of institution, personal questions relating to faculty members, ete., it appears to your committee that many of these questions-are not the concern of either this committee or the association except as they bear upon proper organization and management in relation to the student’s welfare or the ae ‘of the profession as a whole. Investigation showed detiatackortly that this institution has been properly chartered as an educational institution, not as a busi- ness institution. One of us (Reynolds) saw a certified copy of Articles of Tneér- poration signed by the secretary of the state, dated February 12, 1912, this being the second set of Articles of Incorporation. A certified copy of the first charter was also submitted to tne chaiz. man of this committee. A deputy recorder stated in our presence at the court house that they had no records of this kind dating prior to the earthquake. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 783 REORGANIZATION OF COMMITTEE WORK :—We would again call attention to the overlapping function of the committee on college investigation and the committee on intelligence and education and would again recommend the adoption of some plan similar to that of the American Medical Association, a fairly stable council in- volving the fusion of these two committees. We propose the fol- lowing by-law amendment: Substitute for the fifth line of article VII the following: ‘‘Com- mittee on veterinary education, three members,’’ term of office (3) three years, one membership expiring each year. Substitute for section 2 the following :—‘‘It shall be the duty of the committee on veterinary education to investigate the work of the American veterinary colleges and to report to the association such general findings, suggestions, and criticisms concerning the same as it may deem advisable.”’ ~**Tt shall also be the duty of this committee to annually rec- ommend to the association a list of veterinary colleges for recog- nition by the association with reference to eligibility to membership of their graduates. _ “It shall also be the duty of this committee to keep in touch with the general progress of education in the veterinary, and allied professions and make such report from time to time as it may deem advisable. ’’ LIBRARY AND MUSEUM :—We recommend that this association shall by official action take a position to the effect that adequate museum and library facilities shall be considered as a requirement of an acceptable veterinary college. Several schools have made ereditable starts in this direction during the period here reported, but there is still a very general lack in this respect. We propose the following resolution : “Resolved that it be expressed as the sense of this association that adequate museum and library and suitable reading room facili- ties should be considered as among the essentials of a modern well equipped veterinary college, and that at an early date our by- laws shall be changed accordingly.’’ PLAN OF COMMITTEE REPORT :—It is Fiction recommended by your committee that the general plan of submitting this committee report in two sections, one for reading and publication, the other a supplementary report consisting of criticisms and suggestions prepared by the committee for transmittal by our association seec- retary to the college concerned, be approved and continued, (Z'o be continued) Mn come emie - eee” + te a ee cee FROM THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. OF THE A. V. M. A. RESIDENT STATE SECRETARIES FOR 1915-1916 Alabama iS er eS is oes eee W. W. Webb, Auburn. WIP OTA OR Se iy i aisle we J. C. Norton, Fleming Block, Phoenix, Arkansas..... R. M. Gow, State Veterinarian, Old State House, | Little Rock. California 2 eo See J. F. McKenna, 616 Kye St., Fresno. Colorado...:...I. E. Newsom, Division of Veterinary Science, | Colo. State College, Ft. Collins. Conrnbetiouts 22,0550... . . aaa ee A. T. Gilyard, Waterbury Deleware oss suis. se. Bx Be Eves, 301 West 18th St., Wilmington* Dist. of Colum....... H. 8. Gamble, 1329 Gallatin St., Washington Plorida: i253 %- Be ees Fred W.: Porter, 1113 Florida Ave., Tampa yeorgia.,..... W. M. Burson, State College of Agriculture, Athens. Hawail:......V.A. Norgaard, ‘Territorial Veterinarian, Honolulu Deis os ee es a ee J. R. Fuller, Weiser. Lignois 6 63 ss: ..L. A. Merillat, 1827 South Wabash Ave., Chicago TRIBUS 25s Ee OC ee T. A. Sigler, Greenekatier : LOW esses 5 ot eae Tt eee on hee H. C. Simpson, Denison ABNOR Oo oc is ks Cos ce ee ee J. H. Burt, Manhattan Kentuecky.........Robert Graham, Agr. Expt. Station, Lexington Dotisiqna : cre se hs Bee eee W. H. Dalrymple, Baton Rouge* Mame ores ee Henry B. Westcott, 1008 Congress St., Portland Maryland... ......« John H. Engel, 1141 Hartford Ave., Balmer’, Massachusetts. . . Edward A. Cahill. Dept. of Animal Indians: . State House, pase DECOR os eee W. Austin Ewalt, Mt. Clemens Minnesota. ..H. Preston Hoskins, University Farm, Division — of Vet. Science, St. Paul MiatisgipDl ss 265. 54s ei es ee O. M. Norton, Greenville Missouri 2b. tec C. D. Folse, 1336 East 15th St., Kansas City MOOMIOND..... 66. ied eae ws det ss F.S. Gray, Great Falls NCDPABMN ek — New York. ..C. P. Fitch, New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca North Carolina........ hea gS haere: 6 B. F. Kaupp, Raleigh* en eee C. H. Babeock, New Rockford* OR... S. Sisson, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State . e . University, Columbus ec v's ace a Rigi oie cas Joseph E. Nance, Anadarko* Oregon........ ...W. Dean Wright, 1227 Missouri Ave., Portland Pennsylvania..... E. H. Yonker, 2344 North 18th St., Philadelphia Philippines..... William Boynton, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila Porto Rico....... Daten cae epee Carlos Ortiz, 26 Villa St., Ponce* Rhode Island:......... J. S. Pollard, 183 Harrison St., Providence En ns B. K. McInnes, Charleston NE ee ye lgek void S. W. Allen, Watertown Temuesscce. ......... No one appointed as yet, M. Jacob, State | _ Veterinarian, Nashville, acting Se ee ee es Sea bank o's oo es A. A: Foster, Marshall. Se John Ernst, J r., 125 E. 4 South St., Salt Lake City* Vermont....F. H. Rich, Paenont Agricultural Fe oiamns Station, Burlington WAPI 5 bie 1 aa ee William G. Chrisman, Blacksburg* SS eee Carl Cozier, Bellingham West Virginia......... De nl false shuns E. Layne, Huntington WISCONSIN, ... 00+ +. +..+.++ Nghe lie aco eRe W. A. Wolcott, Madison Wyoming..... ....Hugh R. Millard, 2507 Central Ave., Cheyenne *These men have not yet filed acceptance of appointment. oy a -« RESIDENT PROVINCIAL SECRETARIES. CANADA Alberta. Pai ee Sate eg F. A. McCord, 215 Queen’s Ave., Edmonton British Columbia. ...d. G. Jervis, 3694 Victoria hice Vancouver MBOIUR. si fei. ise William Hilton, 334 Elgin Ave., Winnipeg* New Brunswick........... Wisosy D. McCuaig, MeAdam Junction MR eS eee George Townsend, New Glasgow COEEO. sy 6 George Hilton, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa Prince MAIO ono bi ys a yin'h oi W. H. Pethick, Charlottetown Quebec... BCA BGs bce Wes 8 dak M. C. Baker, 194 Milton St., Montreal* OE A ge ey H. L. Dixon, Maple Creek* *These men have not yet filed acceptance of appointment, 786 FROM: THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE A. Y. M, A. LIST OF COLLEGES RECOGNIZED BY THE A. V.M. A. Alabama Polytechnic Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine. — Chicago Veterinary College. Cincinnati Veterinary College. Colorado State College, Division of Veterinary Medicine. George Washington University, College of Veterinary Medicine. Grand Rapids Veterinary College. Indiana Veterinary College. Iowa State College, Division of Veterinary Medicine. Kansas City Veterinary College. Kansas State Agricultural College, Veterinary Department. McKillip Veterinary College. Michigan Agricultural College, Division of Veterinary Medicine. New York American Veterinary College. New York State Veterinary College. Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine. Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto. St. Joseph Veterinary College. San Francisco Veterinary College. State College of Washington, Veterinary Department. Terre Haute Veterinary College. United States College of Veterinary Surgeons. University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine. ~~ On account of numerous inquiries coming into the secretary’s office, the following information concerning the A.V.M.A. dues and the privileges of members with respect to the J ournal has been pre- pared : Dues are payable in advance beginning on the first day of the annual convention. On receipt of the dues, the secretary issues the membership card for the current year. Although in 1914 no convention was held dues for that year were collected in the fall of 1914. Members who paid their dues in advance at the Oakland convention received 1915 membership cards. Members who have delayed paying their dues and pay them now will of course receive ~ only the 1915 membership card. The 1916 dues are not payable until August 22, 1916 and bills for such dues will not be sent out until about that time. However, any member who may desire his 1916 card now may receive it at once by paying his dues in advance. At the Oakland meeting the association voted to increase the annual dues to five dollars. This is a change in section 2 of article SOCIETY MEETINGS 787 X of the by-laws and goes into effect August 22,1916. Accordingly, applications for reinstatement must now be accompanied by eleven dollars, to cover the six dollars obligated at the time of suspension and one year’s dues in advance. Since applicants for membership must pay one year’s dues in advance, this action of the association in inereasing the dues has also necessitated a modification of sec- _ tion 1 of article VIII, increasing the sum which must accompany applications to ten dollars. Applicants for membership who have paid their subscription to the Journal in advance since October, 1915 may have this credited as a part of their membership fee by writing to the Editor, Dr. P. A. Fish, Ithaca, N. Y. and asking him to notify the secretary. Such applicants need remit, only seven dollars. : The Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, formerly the American Veterinary Review, comes free to every mem- ber who pays his dues in advance. The United States Post Office Department requires the secretary or editor to secure written con- sent from each member to whom the Journal is sent that two dollars of his dues be used to help defray the expenses of the Journal. Accordingly, coupons for this purpose have been attached to the printed application blanks and statements of dues sent out from the secretary’s office. According to the constitution and by-laws, members remain in good standing until they are eighteen months in arrears. How- ever, in order to comply with the Post Office regulations, only those members who keep their dues paid up to within the current year may receive the Journal without other payment than their dues. . The price of the Journal to all others, whether members or not, is three dollars a year. Any one can secure the Journal at this price. ra’ Mw SOCIETY MEETINGS WISCONSIN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association held its annual meeting at the State Capitol, Madison, Wis., January 18, 19 and 20, 1916. : The unusually large attendance, and the great interest mani- fested, was conclusive evidence of the fact that the Wisconsin Vet- erinary Medical Association is a real live organization. We had the pleasure of having Dr. J. V. Lacroix of Kansas City with us who gave a very interesting talk on ‘‘The Surgery of Fistulous Withers,’’ which was followed by a demonstration’ of same at the clinic the next day. 788 SOCIETY MEETINGS We were also very fortunate in securing Dr. H. Preston Hos- kins of Minn. as one of the speakers. He spoke on ‘‘Some Phases of the Use of Serum in Controlling Hog Cholera.’ We were fully convinced that there was still much to learn pertaining to this broad subject. The dinner session, attended by 150 guests, was held in the brown room of the Park Hotel, January 19, and proved a joyous occasion, Dr. L. A. Wright.acting as toastmaster. Brief speeches followed the banquet, directed by the toastmaster, in which the fol- lowing took part: C. P. Norgard, Head of the State Board of Ag- riculture; S. A. Baird, President of the State Breeders’ Associa- tion; A. Hopkins, Secretary of the State Breeders’ Association ; Dr. Joseph Hughes, Chicago; Dr. J. V. Lacroix, Kansas City; Dr. H. P. Hoskins of the University of Minnesota; and Dr. O. H. Eliason, State Veterinarian of Wisconsin. All made special pleas for co-operation between the veterinary profession and the live stock breeders. Dr. A. 8S. Alexander, Professor of Animal Husbandry of the University of Wisconsin, proved his ability as an instructor and entertainer when he gave his favorite talk on ‘‘ Rural Life in Seot- land’’, illustrated by stereopticon views, this being the so ‘‘after dinner mint’’ of the occasion. After two days of strenuous work in the convention hall, the third and last day was devoted to clinical work at Dr. J. P. West’s Infirmary, in charge of Drs. Lacroix, Heer, Ferguson and their worthy assistants. Be _ The following literary program, in conjunction with several very interesting committee reports, was carried out very success- fully: Use and Limitation of the Tubereulin Test........ Dr. C. M. Crane Tuberculosis Eradication. 3: 2... . sees oe ee Dr. J. P. West State Inspection ...5. SGP a eo iva ee Dr. O. H. Eliason Establishment of Inspected Herds................. Dr. J. F. Roub Avian Tuberculosis... ... cc ae «ce goss oe Dr. B. A. Beach The Dog as a Carrier of Parasites and Disease....Dr. H. EB. Horel The Effect of Pituitary Gland Extract on Milk Spurntnes in the COW ists i ace Dr, BB: Hadley Some Phases of the use of Serum in Controlling Hog Cholera a PE EEE Dr. H. P. Hoskins Necnmpaciiiosia: ........6.,. ++ «oa eee Dr. G, A. Gettelman St Es toate a A Ge 2 PSS ET eels Gee eee SOCIETY MEETINGS 789 Er eee Dr. D. E. Murphy Hydrocele in a Yearling Bull..................-. Dr. R. 8. Heer Stricture of the Esophagus.................... Dr. L. A. Wright NTT ge, hea ene re ae Dr. J. V. Lacroix Some Specific Substances which Influence Reproduction. ... Prof, E. B. Hart i a. © Se. 8 & 6.58 @€ 18 € € © ©@ oe 8 € © 8 6 8 ee 8 8 ee es ee ee 8 8 Hemorrhagic Septicemia...................6. Dr. L. J. O’Reilley Acute Hemorrhagic Enteritis................... Dr. W. R. Swan Forage Poisoning in Cattle........... Main ke” Dr. J. F. Roub yous odie eis eee ees Dr. V. 8. Larson SE ER RGMCLIO. i. ee ce ol ee ee one Dr. R. E. Schuster The following officers were elected and installed for the en- suing year: Dr. L. J. O’Reilley, Merrill, President; Dr. Herbert Lothe, Sharon, Vice-President; Dr. W. A. Wolcott, Madison, Secre- tary; Dr. J. F. Roub, Monroe, Treasurer. The meeting was voted an entire success and adjourned, to meet at Menomonie, Wis., next July, on invitation of Dr, J. D. Lee. W. A. Wo.cort, Secretary. ra’ KANSAS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The twelfth annual meeting of the K.V.M.A. was held in the City Building, Kansas City, Kansas, January 5-6, 1916. It was one of the best meetings ever held by the association and in- terest did not lag from start to finish. In addition to interesting papers and talks by the members, the association was very fortunate in having Dr. A. Eichhorn of the B. A. I., Washington, and Dr. H. Palmer of H. K. Mulford Co. to take part in the program. Dr. Eichhorn’s paper ‘‘The Treatment of Diseases with Bio- logical Products’’ was an excellent paper and created much inter- est and discussion. The author informed the secretary of the asso- ciation that the paper will appear in the veterinary publications in the near future, and the association can assure the veterinary pro- fession that a treat is in store for it. : Dr. Palmer gave an illustrated talk on the ‘‘ Manufacture of Biological Products. ’’ Dr. L. W. Goss, Pathologist K. 8. A.C. and member of the as association, gave an interesting illustrated talk on the ‘‘Outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Kansas.’’ Dr. J. W. Guilfoil was elected president for the eoming year ; the present secretary was re-elected, 790 SOCIETY MEETINGS _ Fifteen new members joined the association. The next meet- ing will be held at Wichita, January 2-3, 1917. : J. F. Burt, Sec’y-Treas. a Qe VIRGINIA STATE VETERINARY MEpICAL ASSOCIATION The meeting of the Virginia State Veterinary Medical Associa- tion convened at Richmond, January 13 and 14. We had the best meeting the association has ever experienced. There were sixty per cent (60%) of the membership present. Our program was one of the best ever rendered. The papers and addresses were of the highest type. Dr. Horace Hoskins of Philadelphia gave a very interesting talk in which he eulogized the life of Dr. D. E. Salmon, and out- lined to our association the memorial fund which was responded to by every member of the association present. Dr. C. H. Hayes, a specialist on hog cholera, in charge of the extension assigned to the state by the B.A.L., gave a splendid talk on the preparation and administration of hog cholera serum, accompanied by stereopticon views. Dr. Henry Marshall of the B. A. I. packing house work at Richmond gave a splendid paper on White Scours. Dr. 8. C. Neff of Staunton, Va., gave a very ‘ntereeliiae and in- structive paper on septicemia, as the result of a kick. The banquet, which was served by Mr. James Disney, manager of the Murphy Hotel, was a regular seven course Virginia dinner. There were eighty covers. The guests of honor were Gov. Stuart, ex-Gov. Mann, J. L. Houston, speaker of the house, and a number of senators and representatives, Dr. Henry Marshall of Richmond, Dr. C. H. Hayes of Burkeville, Va., and Dr. W. Horace Hoskins. Dr. Ferneyhough, chairman of the committee, presided as toastmaster. ‘Those responding to toasts were Goy. Stuart, ex-Gov. Mann, Hon. Westmoreland Davis, Hon. J..L. Houston, speaker of the house, Col. Leedy of the senate, Representatives Grasty and Willis, and Dr. W. Horace Hoskins. The officers for the ensuing year are: Dr. H. H. Adair of — Bristol, President; 1st Vice-President, Dr. D. V. Glover of Lexing- ton; 2nd Vice-President, Dr. D. E. Buckingham of Washington, D. S.. See’y-Treas., Dr. W. B. Chrisman of Blacksburg. The time and nase of the next meeting is Ocean View, July 13 and 14, 1916. W. G. Curisman, Sec’y-Treas, b “ 4 “a a ne . ee . : ar ee ee ee oe ey ee SOCIETY MEETINGS ; 791 FiLorma VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The second annual meeting of the Florida Veterinary Medical Association was held February 7 in the State Board of Health Lab- oratory with a representative attendance of officers and members. The only officer absent was Dr. F. H. Armstrong of Pensacola, vice-president. Several prominent Department of Agriculture at- taches were present and addressed the convention. Officers were elected for the ensuing year, the former board of officers being re-elected. They are: President, Dr. C. F. Dawson, Jacksonville; Vice-President, Dr. F. H. Armstrong, Pensacola; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. Fred W. Porter, Tampa. The following were elected to honorary membership in the association: Dr. Nigh- bert and Dr. Logan of the United States Department of Agricul- ture and Prof. C. H. Willoughby of the University of Florida. The following members attended. the convention: Dr. Dawson, Dr. W. A. Munsell, Greene Cove Springs; Dr. W. J. Tanner, St. Petersburg; Dr. Fred W. Porter, Tampa; Dr. W. O. Kemp, Key West; Dr. W. P. Link, Tampa, and Dr. A. Dolan, Sanford. F.. W. Porter, Secretary. ra’ Ld ~ OKLAHOMA GRADUATE VETERINARY MepicAL ASSOCIATION The semi-annual meeting of the Oklahoma Graduate Veteri- nary Medical Association was held at Oklahoma City, January 18 and 19, 1916. This was a very successful meeting as harmony ‘pre- vailed. There was a large attendance and some instructive papers and addresses were given; also some interesting discussions upon various subjects were held. Among those giving addresses and papers were: Dr. V. W. Knowles of the B. A. I. in an instructive address on vaccination and sanitation in eradication. of hog cholera; Dr. J. G. Eagle gave an addres on the serum treatment of hog cholera ; Dr. E. V. Robnett, State Veterinarian, presented a paper on hemorrhagic septicemia of cattle ; Dr. D. W. Gerber read a paper on influenza of horses in its various forms ; Dr. C. R. Walters gave a paper on the accuracy of the intra- dermal tuberculin test ; Dr. C. E. Steele told of experiences on his recent trip to Eu- rope with a ship load of mules for the English Government ; 792 SOCIETY MEETINGS Dr. J. E. Nance deseribed in an interesting manner his ex- periences in the Philippine Islands as a veterinarian in the service of the B. A. L; Dr. J. S. Grove, inspector in charge of the B. A. I. at Okla- homa City gave an address for the uplifting of the veterinary pro fession, which was beneficial to all who were present ; Dr. Fred Eagle in an interesting talk discussed the betterment of the profession ; Doctors F. F, Meades, A. O. Hughes, J. M. Vrba, E. M. Prather, J. E. May, W. F. Hall, J. A. Lowell, F. M. Starr took part in the various discussions. R. C. Smirn, Secretary.., CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The annual meeting of the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association was held at the Hotel Garde, in Hartford, on babar a February the first. | Eighteen members were present and the following officers were elected: President, Dr. G. E. Corwin, of Canaan; First Vice-Presi- dent, Dr. G. L. Cheney, of New Haven; Second Vice-President, Dr. F. D. Monell, of Derby ; Secretary, Dr. A. T. Gilyard, - Water- bury; Treasurer, Dr. Thos. Bland, of Waterbury. Doctors J. g. and E. F. Schofield of Greenwich invibed the as- FE sociation to their town for its next summer meeting. This invitation was accepted with much enthusiasm and sev- eral papers were promised. The secretary was instructed to confer — with the Schofields regarding the date of the meeting as well as the program. ‘The members present entered into a very interesting and lively discussion of cases, and everybody seemed to be willing to talk, and the afternoon slipped away very quickly. Dr. Bland passed around copies of a booklet containing a copy of the Veterinary Practice Laws of Connecticut and a list of the veterinarians licensed to practice in the state. This pamphlet has been compiled for the association by Dr. Bland and copies of it may _ be had upon application to the secretary. A. T. Giuyarp, Secretary. bn peel | ior 2 ; BE a ee ae eer eee COMMUNICATIONS A VETERINARY EMBLEM ‘Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Ithaca,N. Y.: | Dear Sir: Some two years ago the Rockland Co. N. Y. Vet- erinary Association suggested to the American Veterinary Medical Association the importance of adopting a distinctly veterinary em- blem that might be used on vehicles or in miniature be worn as a - pin. The blue cross was also suggested as the emblem. The subject was carefully considered and much data regarding ~ the cost as well as suggestions as to the form and colors to be used were taken to the Oakland meeting. At Oakland a communication was received from a prominent army veterinarian, stating that an international conference was to be held at Bern in the near future to adopt an international veterinary emblem for the protection of horses in war. The writer also stated that it was quite certain that the emblem adopted would not be a blue cross, as to most veteri- narians the blue cross is the emblem of the British Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. In view of this information, it was thought best to postpone the consideration of the subject until the international congress has adopted what may be called an universal emblem. N. S. Mayo. ILLEGAL PRACTICE Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Ithaca, N. Y.: Dear Sir: Thinking that reports of prosecutions of illegal practitioners might be regarded as news items of interest, I send you the following which you may publish. in the next Journal if you see fit: H. M. Cleaves, who claims to be a veterinary surgeon, and who has been practicing in Norfolk, Va. and vicinity, was recently ar- rested and tried before a Justice of the Peace, who fined him fifty dollars and cost, in default of which he was sent to jail. Respectfully yours, H. BANNIsTER, Sec’y. ray Vv Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Ithaca, N. Y.: DEAR Sir: In relation to the case report in the February num- ber under the head of ‘‘What Was This Trouble?’’ by Dr. Walter M. Pendergast of Syracuse, N. Y. I would suggest that it reads very much like an outbreak of anthrax in cattle partially immune. Partial immunity might have been brought about by the cattle being native to anthrax soil or by vaccination, 794 COMMUNICATIONS The sypmtoms—excessive temperature, suppressed and bloody milk seeretion, dark feces, and the history—inundated pasture and the fact that cattle kept in the stable escaped, to me points strongl to anthrax. ; R. W. GANNETT, 74 Adams St., Brooklyn. fa’ Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, Ithaca, N. Y.: The December and January numbers of your Journal afford very interesting reading, to both the profession and stock owners ; to all, in fact, who are interested in the detection and suppresion of contagious diseases in the animal kingdom. . The articles are particularly interesting to me, as one who acted as veterinary inspector under the British Government in the North of Scotland, for the County of Inverness, where, in the years 1872,- 3, there was more than one outbreak of epizootic aptha, (com- monly called foot-and-mouth disease,) in both the bovine and ovine tribe. In the recent outbreak in the United States, referred to in said articles, it is beyond my ken how this disease, with its specific symptoms, could, for one week, baffle the profession in its diagnosis, especially since this was not the first outbreak in this country: the delay thus occasioned causing tremendous unnecessary expense to the federal government, in the final stamping out of the disease. To me, this seems a remarkable lack of professional knowledge, allowing the plague to get sixteen days headway, without recogni- tion. The abnormal temperature and depressed condition in the latent period of foot-and-mouth disease, is always the forerunner, without visible lesions, and isolation for four days in the first eases” suspected, if an error, would at least be an error on the safe side. In my opinion, the symptoms should have been recognized at once. This being a specific disease, it has a latent period, in my ex- perience, of only four days; an ineubative period of less than twelve days, and a special appointing period, certainly within fourteen days. I need not go over the physical symptoms of these periods, but they are conclusive and of a specific character. I certainly agree with the energetic measures taken by the fed- eral government in the quarantine and general slaughter, in all af- fected areas, and the extreme care exercised in disinfecting every possible means of transmitting the contagion, and indeed the crow, black though he be, could be painted a little blacker because of the = part he plays in carrying the germs of this scourge. In my experience in handling this disease in Scotland, I never knew a case to end fatally, in either the bovine or the ovine tribe. Its lesions are limited to all mucous membranes, with a temperature c bg +s he F vii yr 4 f 1, a “ sr a _ ae Tao. 4 he AE ¢ we i th el i nae lin. Cia 7 Bama in 2 al eee REVIEWS 795 up to 106°; difficulty in mastication, deglutition and rumination ; with a profuse dripping of saliva, resulting in a peculiar smack- ing of the lips. These are specific symptoms of the disease, and Il have known animals to reduce in weight from 600 pounds to 400 pounds. But the convalescent period is short, within two months the animal will regain its normal weight, under favor- able conditions, unless there are serious foot lesions, which may assume a chronic character. I mean in the bovine and ovine. We did not, in the North of Seotland, resort to the slaughter- ing process, or even the strict quarantine, as at that time, the move- ment of animals in that district was very limited, and as a rule, within six weeks the epizootic ceased to exist. I am recording this from personal observation while acting as government inspector in that country. I can understand the complications existing in this country be- tween the federal and state veterinary departments, and ean illus- trate the indifference of the veterinary department of the State of New York, by the following condition: Why was bovine pleuro-pneu- monia allowed to ravage the whole of Long Island for ten years, be- fore it was detected and stamped out by a private practicioner ? You will admit that this deserves an answer from the veterinary _ Staff of the agricultural department of the State of New York. It is bad surgery to try to heal up a wound while a foreign body remains in it. I am induced to offer the above remarks in the belief that I am the only veterinary surgeon, at least in the United States, who had full government supervision and handling of this malady before the stamping out process was ever thought of, some fifty years ago. L. McLean, M. R. C. V. S. fy. vv REVIEWS INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF ANIMALS AND THEIR CONTROL IN WAR Pror. HERMANN MIESZNER, Hanover, Germany 162 pages and 37 illustrations. Published by M. H. Schapper, Hanover, 1915 The author, who is Professor and Director of the Department of Hygiene of the Royal Veterinary High School, in Hanover, Ger- many, endeavored to treat this subject in a most practical way, free from unnecessary theories, yet from a purely scientific point of view. He divided the subject into two part, general and special. The general part describes the field hospitals and depots for horses, the moving laboratories for serological examinations behind the 796 REVIEWS battle fronts, and finally a thorough chapter devoted to disinfee- tion. The special part deals with the symptomatology, pathological anatomy, symptomatic therapy, serum, vaccine and chemotherapy of the different infectious diseases, such as glanders, anthrax, rabies, scabies, influenza, strangles, coryza, dourine, contagious pleuropnen- monia of cattle, peripneumonia bovum, and rinderpest. The use of salvarsan and arsinosolvin is described in detail. , Special attention is given to the differential diagnosis of various diseases. The routine laboratory tests, and the various biological tests applied to animals for diagnostic purposes are well deseribed and illustrated. The illustrations picturing the ophthalmie reac- tion are especially noteworthy. : This work now occupies a unique place in veterinary literaiure since it represents the first publication which describes the ways and means by which it is aimed to control animal plagues under such un- favorable conditions as exist during the present conflict. The author has certainly treated this important subject very thoroughly, and the volume deserves careful attention, especially by the veterinary sanitarians. EICHHORN. ESSENTIALS OF VETERINARY LAW HENRY Bixpy HEMENWAY, A.M., M.D. Fellow, American Academy of Medicine; Fellow ainortoee Medical Ass’n, ete. Published by the American Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Chicago, Ill., $3.00. This volume of 340 pages is published as No. 10 in the Veteri- niry Medicine Series. The author states there has been a request for a handbook which could be used as a text in veterinary schools and agricultural colleges. The perfunctory way in which veteri- nary jurisprudence has been taught in many of the veterinary schools and the absence of such instruction in many of the agricul- tural colleges, would indicate that such a book is of timely interest, not merely as a text book but as a book of reference for the many who have passed through college without adequate information’ on this subject. The book has been divided in four parts including ten chapters. Part I deals with fundamental and general legal principles as a REVIEWS 797 basis for the more specific principles applicable to veterinarians and agriculturalists. Part II appertains more particularly to veterinary practice. Information is given relative to the authority of the state; license to practise ; revocation of license ; what constitutes veterinary prac- tice; veterinary contracts; errors of judgment; liabilities for the acts of others; cases of malpractice, liability for accidents ; lability for operation ; right to sue for fees; amount of compensation ; liens; expert testimony, etc. Part III deals more particularly with veterinarians, in the government service. Their jurisdiction and authority as officers are discussed especially with reference to quarantine, destruction of property, appraisement and liability for infectious diseases, ete. Another chapter deals with dairy inspection, dairy products; the meat industry, including transportation of live stock, quarantine regulations, supervision of slaughter houses, ante and postmortem examinations, meat inspection, ete. A few pages are also devoted to biologie products. Part IV pertains to animals generally. A chapter is devoted to the ownership of animals and another to bailment. This section has much legal information, especially for the agriculturalist but also of use to the veterinarian. A number of pages is devoted to the citation of cases. Following a complete index is a short.chapter on Collecting by Mail, by W. B. Parker. Although the summary given above is incomplete, it is suffi- cient to indicate the general scope of the work. Veterinarians should have a more extended knowledge of their rights, liabilities and responsibilities; they should know enough of the legal aspects of the live stock industry to be of service to advise and co-operate with their agricultural clients. Heretofore this knowledge has not been easily obtainable in concise form. The present book meets this need, | Pay, Ne eee Re NECROLOGY JAMES H. FERSTER Dr. James H. Ferster was born in the State of New York sixty-three years ago, March 2, 1853. As a young man he located at Rochester, N. Y., where he was engaged in the advertising busi- ness, later going to New York City, where for a number of years he was on the staff of the New York Sun. Following his newspaper experience, Dr. Ferster practised as a veterinary physician and surgeon in Plainfield, N. J., and then moved to New York City, where he has since engaged in vetenadaey practice. He was graduated in this state March 4, 1890, and for a number of years lectured in the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons on canine pathology. He was a member of the New York Driving Club, the R. D. A. N. Y., and the Nassau Driving Club, serving as president of the two former clubs in 1914, and he also was a prominent factor in the re- cently organized New York State Association of Horsemen. Dr. Ferster was taken with pneumonia, but within a few days was reported to be on the road to recovery. He suffered a relapse, however, and all efforts to check his decline were unavailing. He leaves one son, Charles Ferster. Dr. Ferster was a great friend to little children. A few weeks before his death, Dr. Ferster pence in the Trotter and Pacer, the following lines: I place one hand in God’s and then I know I cannot fall; and then as far below As I ean reach, I stretch my other hand And in the slum and depth of wickedness I find . A fallen fellow man. I shout ‘‘ Hello! ’Tis Christmas morn—look not below But up.’’ I grasp his hand and hold it tight As mine is held by Thee, and pray for might To help me put his trembling hand in Thine. Then Thou wilt draw him by Thy power divine Unto Thyself. Then he, like me, will stand One hand in thine; the other stretched toward man. For he can reach some man that I cannot. He knows some tender chord I have forgot. And as I see him lift, and place some other’s hand In Thine, I quietly give thanks that Thy great plan For saving man is through his fellow man. Give thanks for more: Give thanks that God saw fit in saving men to let me help a bit! Aileen hs de NECROLOGY 799 D. ARTHUR HUGHES David Arthur Hughes died at Chicago, February 14, from an attack of grippe, followed by pneumonia, with heart complications, at the age of forty-six. Dr. Hughes was born in Liverpool, Eng- land and came to America at the age of fourteen. He graduated at Cornell University, specializing in literature and later returned to specialize still further and to obtain an advanced degree. He was a winner of a Shakespearean prize. He graduated from the New York State Veterinary College at Ithaca, N. Y., with the class of 1903, and was married in 1907. For a number of years Dr. Hughes has been Inspector of Food Supplies for the Quartermaster’s Corps, United States Army at Chieago. He was also Professor of Dairy Inspection, Milk Hy- giene and Medical Botany, at the Chicago Veterinary College and editor of the Quarterly Bulletin. Dr. Hughes was a voluminous writer. His signed articles were frequently seen in English and American veterinary, agricultural, medical and secular magazines. His interest in literature and veteri- nary affairs was profound and the profession suffers a decided loss in his untimely end. DANIEL B. ERB Dr. Erb died of heart failure last January at the age of 86 years. He was a resident of East Petersburg, Pa., and had practised farming and veterinary medicine for many years, although of late he had retired from active work. He is survived by five children, twenty-two grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren. PEE TS ae eae : - MISCELLANEOUS CHRISTIAN CO-OPERATION IN Foot-ANp-MoutH DisEasE: Ac- cording to Wallace’s Farmer, a case of foot-and-mouth disease broke out again on January 17, in Christian County, Ill, and an- other case was discovered January 28. The farmers took prompt action. A mass meeting was held at the county seat. Representa- tives were present from every township in the county. A county live stock organization was effected and a circular letter wes sent to more than two thousand farmers in the county, telling them of the danger, and of the part it would be necessary for them to play to stamp out the disease. Visiting back and forth promptly went out of fashion, dogs were destroyed or confined at home. Peddlers and subscription solicitors were put out of business at once. On a large number of farms, cans containing disinfectants were installed near the gates, and farmers and their families disinfected their shoes when leaving home and again when returning. There were no appeals to the court, no political oratory, no foolishness of any kind. Everybody joined in doing what experience has shown to be necessary to stamp out the disease. [We trust there are other Christian Counties where this spirit of co-operation will prevail in- time of need. |] The Utah Agricultural College at Logan has ineluded in its short extension courses, one for veterinarians which has proved of much interest. At the meeting of the Michigan State Veterinary Medical As- sociation held at Lansing, Mich., Dr. George W. Dunphy was elect ed president. The eleventh annual meeting of the Ohio Valley Veterinary Medical Association was held at Terre Haute, Ind., February 9. About 150 members were in attendance from Indiana, Illinois, Ohio and Kentucky. A very suecessful meeting was reported. At the banquet, Dr. D. M. Campbell of Evanston, IIl., officiated as toast- master. The State Board of Agriculture of Rhode Island has issued regulations that any person or firm bringing into the state for | selling or using anti-hog cholera serum, virus of hog cholera, tu- bereulin, mallein or other biological products used for testing or MISCELLANEOUS SOL immunizing domestic animals must first obtain permission from the State Veterinarian. The sale of such seein with the amount sold must also be _ reported. Persons procuring such products must not use or dispose of them until assured that a report of such delivery has been made to _ the State Veterinarian or until they themselves have made such a report. [It is conceivable that in some urgent cases such a delay may cause rather serious consequences. | 3 If the virus of hog cholera is used in the state, it must be under the supervision of the State Veterinarian. No animal that has reacted to the tuberculin, mallein or blood test shall be removed from the premises where the test was made without permission from the State Veterinarian. Any person mak- ing the test for tuberculosis or glanders must immediately notify the State Veterinarian of the result of such test. A fine of $300 is imposed for violating the regulations. The next meeting of the Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical Association will he held at 25 North Sixth Street., Reading, Pa., June 14.» Dr. W. F. Burleigh, formerly of Oneida, N. Y., is assistant state veterinarian at Clemson College, S. C. _ The next annual meeting of the Texas Veterinary Medical As- sociation will be held at Fort Worth, Texas, March 14 and 15. The Northwestern Ohio Veterinary oe Association met at Toledo, Ohio, February 16. Army Veterinarian Charles H. Jewell, at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, will be stationed at Schofield Barracks, Honolulu, H. I. He ex- pects to sail from San Francisco March 6. The California State Veterinary Medical Association will meet March 8, at Davis, Cal. The Veterinary School at Munich, Germany, has become a part of the University. More than one-tenth of the Salmon Fund has been subscribed. The practice of the late Dr. Ferster will be continued by Dr. R. S. MacKellar who has been associated with him for over 21 years, VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of — great value to their Association, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list: Name of Organization Alabama Vet. Med. Ass’n.. Alumni Ass’n College of Vet Med, ©; Bei ieee. Alumni Ass’n, N, Y.-A. V.C Alumni Ass’n U. 8. Coll. Vet Surgeons American V.M. Ass’n.... Arkansas Veterinary Ass’.n Ass’n Médéeale Veterinare Frangaise ‘‘ Laval’’ B. A. I. Vet. In. A., Chiecage B. A. I. Vet. In. A., 8S. Omahe Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass’n.. California State V. M. Ass’: Central Canada V. Ass’n... Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass ’1 Chicago Vet. Society Colorado State V. M. Ass’n. Connecticut V.M. Ass’n... Delaware State Vet. Society Essex Co. (N. J.) V. M.A... Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n Georgia State V. M. A...... Hamilton Co.(Ohio) V. A... Hudson Valley V.M.A.... Idaho Ass’n Vet. graduates. Illmo Vet. Med. Ass’n...... Illinois State V. M. Ass’n... Indiana Veterinary Ass’n.. Iowa Veterinary Ass’n..... Kansas State V. M. Ass’n. Kentucky V. M. Ass’n Keystone V. M. Ass’n...... Lake Frie V. M. Associatiox Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n. Maine Vet. Med. Ass’n. Maryland State Vet. Society Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n. Michigan State V. M. Ass’n. Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n Mississippi State V. M. Ass’n Mississippi Valley V. M. Ass’n Missouri Valley V. Ass’n... Missouri Vet. Med. Ass’n.. Montana State V. M. A... Nat’1Ass’n B.A.I. Employees ee esreeeeeer eee ee New York 8S. V. M. Soc’y.. North Carolina V. M. Ass’n. North Dakota V. M. Ass’n. North-Western Ohio V. M..A. Ohio State V. M. Ass’n.... Ohio Soc. of Comp. Med..... Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ass’n Oklahoma V. M. Ass’n Ontario Vet. Ass’n........ Pennsylvania State V. M.A. April 15, 1916. 11916 Aug. 22-25 Date of Next Meeting 1916 Feb, 18-19 seer eee eee eeee 1916 st and 3d Thur of each mo. 4d Fri. each mo :\d Mon. each mo. Monthly farch 8, 1916. “see ee eee June and Nov.. 2d Tu. each mo. June, 1916... LOPS. ee. jan. Ap. Jul. Oct -d Mon. each mo 8 aa Be ee Jan. 2-3, 1917. det. & Feb.. *d Tu. each mo eoeeee eeccevervr eee oer eee eevee 916 (917 Fan, 10, 11 Jemi- Annually 916 Feb. 1, 2,3 916 L916 ice ean we .| 1916 Aug. 2-4.. 916 1916 July .... (916 ree ee eee os ewe ee ear 2 ae 1916 Feb. 22-23 *“*e ee .| Davis -| feb. and July.. - Place of __ Meeting _ Auburn 3 is735 Columbus 141 W. 54th St. .|Wash., D. C... Detroit, Mich... Little Rock... Lee. Room, La Val Un’y, Mon. Chicago 3S. Omaha, Neb.. St. Joseph Ottawa Syracuse Chicago ove ee ee oe, Oe oe Oe .|Fort Collins... Greenwich .... Wilmington .... Newark, N. J... Rochester Savannah see ee ee ee ew ew we see ee “ee ee Hudson .| Blackfoot .. li. St. Louis.... Chicago Indianapolis ... Des Moines. . Wichita .|Lexington ..... Philadelphia ... Pending Lake Charles Augusta Baltimore “ees 8 @ eoreeee Young ’s, Boston Lansing eee we oe Clarksdale ..... Galesburg, Il.. Kansas a. Mo St. Louis. Bozeman .... New York, N. Y. ove eeee see eee eee ewes ose ween ose eerw eer eee oe Omaha City.. Toronto eeeevee Pittsburgh ... Se ae “