De ERS shi camel hep’ A A it jy eter 4 pasion at’ Dine if A , i r ™ Ps IR ln gy : % ir Si aah : sou Shei ewe mar aN utarratis ig 4 ee phate ying existe S Jiresented to Che Library of the University of Toronta by The Ontario Research Foundation at Bian b = Phe hiy JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical W/ e e | Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. 8. Vet. Med. Ass’n) EDITED AND PUBLISHED FOR The American Veterinary Medical Association BY PIERRE A. FISH, ITHACA, N. Y. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Gro. HILTON, Ist District; W. Horace Hoskins, 2d District; J. R. MOHLER, 3d District; C. H. STANGE, 4th District; R. A. ARCHIBALD, 5th District; A. T. KINSLEY, Member at large SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL J. R. MOHLER R. A. ARCHIBALD ae. as at Index Volume LIII 7 NEW SERIES VOLUME VI se 3 ITHACA, N. Y. Published by the American Veterinary Medical Association L916 ee bath 657325 ao. “7. 37 ‘s s : List of Illustrations, Volume LIH, New Series, Vol. 6 PAGE GENITAL TUBERCULOSIS OF CATTLE Fig. 1. Penis and sheath of bull calf, sagittal section............. 32 Fig. 2. Penis with sheath reflected over glams.............++. ene | Fig. 3. Sagittal sections of penises of steers.............-++seeee 33 Fig. 4. Tuberculosis of sheath and prepuce of bull..............-- 36 Fig. 5. Primary penial tuberculosis in bull.............-:sseuue 37 Fig. 6. Sagittal section of penis of bulli..............--seeceus 39 c Fig. 7. Penis of bull protruded from sheath..........-...cscses 39 oD Fig. 8. Rupture of prepuce from coital violence................. 40 Fig. 9. .Tuberculosis of the glans and penis. :.... 61.5.) ss suena ed 40 ‘e Fig. 10. Tuberculosis of glans and prepuce:......i2..js+.semeeee 41 Fig. 11. Lateral view of penis with tubercular adenitis............ 43 Fig. 12. Sagittal section of Fig. 11. ..2...2. 2 4 43 Fig. 13. Tuberculosis of ovary, oviduct and uterine walls......... 45 Fig. 14. Serial horizontal sections through ovary and oviduct...... 46 Fig. 15. Tuberculosis of oviducts, broad ligaments and uterine cornu 47 Figs 16. ‘Tuberculosis of broad. ligament... ..........4.+,.eee ee 48 Fig..17. Tuberculosis of ovary and oviduct..................-«-. 48 Fig. 18. Dorsal surface of tuberculous oviducts, uterus and vagina.. 50 Fig. 19, Horizontal section of Fig. 18... ...2... 6s <5 ss ae eee Fig. 20. Exterior of severely tubercular uterus..............se+¢. 53 Fig. 2Y: Sagittal section through Pig. 20.2... o.s¢... 5 54 Fig. 22. Advanced tubo-uterine tuberculosis and pyometra......... 56 Fig. 23. Miliary tuberculosis, uterine mucosa, virgin heifer........ 58 Fig..24. Tuberculosis of vaginal portion of the cervix............. 59 Rig. 25. Sagittal section of Fig. 24.. 5 5 ies... seve ee epee Oe Fig. 26. Uterus of Figs. 24 and 25... ....0.....iscsss see 61 CANINE COCCIDIOSIS Fig. 1. Diplospora bigemind. Oocyst with two spores............. 65 A Case of Neck Puneture. 2 figures: .. 0... 6... ice eo ee) oe 114 Cold Abseess ina Pack Mule, Aro. oes cnc e ee soe ses ss ten 115 Sero-fibrous Tumor in Same Mule, A... .. 2.6... cen dsc neces eee ee 115 Major John FH: Gould 2.3 2 io ieee ck ae ce Pe cae ts eee 126 Veterinarians, Camp Greenleaf, Fort Oglethorpe, Ga..................- 128 Portrait of Alexandre Francoise Liautard...... 0.2.05... sc wee te eens 151 FORAGE POISONING Wigs. 1, 2, 3202). S. «ssaeen eae as Oe eee Pier ee 163 PIG. 4 oe ce aes obo hele ba «WERE BUDE GT Re Ors sa. 164 Pigs. 8, 9... 0. Ugaiie eee ee ek el hes wes so 165 Pig. 10. 5... .8 vs cS eb ue ea oe ba eee wes Oe cr cs Se ae 166 Big. Ad occas swe ces bs aoe hs ou epee os os co cee 167 Wigs. 12, 13, ic hs his gc nb cee aae reese sss cp oe ae ee ne 168 Pigs. 14, 16.5 4.6 oo. sae bee w Ew Pee ws bss on he oy ee 169 Bg. 1G. css oes vowel ie ceca ed ea oe be eae sd San 170 BIg, 1G. nes uae oy ie ee ee ek ee ak ee 171 Pige. 18, 190. oy. cee cas ee es hs ob a a ee 172 Big. 21... 2.0 Se eee ee ee 173 Wigs QP, 24-05 8S ren eek te seat ek > hae 174 Big.f 9B Man. og Be ee aes eas ees pee op eee ee 175 Pig. 206, ew sis Beeb a bins Ces Sera ce 176 Pigs, 27, W8s§. oe. a4. so waeeee eee es eo “ATT Wigs. 30,°S1. oo rs a ee ee eee 178 Pig. 32.54... £ Sey Saves ov eee ee cae es Ss os Se 179 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL. LII, N. S. NO. 6 il PAGE Og i ER ees he a ee ere ere 180 i B8 e s s e b eee eR eee t oer eee 181 Aes ce so ee oe oe AWE So we bees «cee ES 181 iso ee ce ea ces none ees tae es dass see 182 RS i SS Sree rer ry git 183 a Met ce kee webb a oun meee. ec eee 184 MN Wr he sc ee ee cn bebe ee pS eee ee wean 185 Horse STRONGYLES IN CANADA ee Oe. CQUINUS... 2... oo ee ee es eee eee 204 mae ew cromoweme cocntatus.... oo o>. seater ke ee bere Sa ee 205 wees. —OlrOngyis -Wulgaris.:. 2... 2... ouae re eeees » A pee me, Se 205 Bae. 4. Ocsophagodontus robustus. 2.2. Peete oe ee eee ee 205 me Ow seers. an colon of horse. ~...<.-.+1 si veete ew eees oes oes <3 5 206 Fig. 6. Ulcer in colon of horse showing worms.............-.... 206 Pg. ¢, -“pame.as Fig..6, magnified. -. 52 5..605 5.56% Rehit wawites ss 207 ar FS rIOGONtOphorus serratus. .. . Be GGONlOrhyNonys CONG... 6 6c nce cece ns oe ee onee as ae 495 Pid. OMIOTRUYUNCNUS CANIE.... occ ecw wo tens eenyes eee 497 AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of a nodule in the spleen..............-+. 520 Fig. 2. Photomicrograph of the causative agent of this disease, Me, MACRORM. ... . ws cs «oo cee eg ee gine pte on) ood 520 GOITER IN THE NEW Born Pie. a. Hairless Pig (Berkshire)... cyte cewas css cus os oes oo eee 523 Pig.2. Typical litter of hairless pigs. 204 wucw) cic p ice ets Besa er eee 563 THE INTRAPALPEBRAL MALLEIN TEST Fig. 1. Positive reaction at 20th DOwiing ss. ss acs weap see eee 600 Fig. 2. Positive reaction at 20th hour, corded lymphatics........... 601 Fig. 3. Positive reaction on ord: day.coy 4c << j.c ss oe oe ee 602 Fig. 4. Positive reaction on 4th day i. s - os see es os eee Fig. 2. The same animal showing feet with whole of sole removed and the disease shown in Fig. 4, GUpe@ sca cas oye. 66s cg dye es «eee cae 769 Author’s Index PAGE 0 a SE a 453 MN BE ae oo ag See es 239 EEC te ee eee eee 6, 152, 303 MONI RR Be ce a ck ae eae 567 monsoon, Major C. A... ........ 756 Beene Bs OW 606 Pe POG Ts Feo. Sie es os 482 meeeeters A 1), S. os. Se ss 161 RS 2 Bey ei ee ae 80, 368 NM Bor. boos sig wu aoe ne 632 I og yk ina bb 0s 694 Eg ESS phe ow ks. wen 89 Grey i * SS | URE 2 RRS eae it Sanpete ira 376 RE Ee a vag is tae se 235, 777 sree, We Hs es: 230 MRM aa TONOR sc ie OEY 548 eS WE WN ee eS 221 C8 SEE ERAS RGSS aR oa ere 664 SONNEI POR 65 Ok bs 587 meee: Thos. Hie. oes a. «s 659 MTR Wes Sia wee we M's 648 Fitch, Ne eta eres (ea 312 eee PE IOF Pe oS Saeed 241 See Os eee Ree 549 NE, Pkt oe che oa x eee 372 SCENES O30 Sg te aes 745 NS Ris ees pages see 511 Gould, Major J. We aoe 113, 114, 242 Graham, | SE ae eR pape hema pe a Merk oak 161 SIU EAD Ga ec sks 406 ON SE RE Ae SU ee aoe 202 Bri PARIIOD Gl oie fae Sis eo Beek k4cnie > 64, 355, 493, 616, 733 Marcespuren, J. Be ikcec>> 482 ES SA RG vo hes srk waa 8 662 I ian <5 6 vis 6 bi3'6 ¢ 0.2 9 407 MN Ee ic ks ows ae cs « 330 Horstman, Edward............. 646 CI BE ii ee ccs ces ss 77 PAGE ORG ee st ke 246 Be a ea earn 214 I ODOR Bie PI ewe ee 528 ICAU ee ia esses 381 Wile Bi es ee eS 417 Kitowieg Aw tees ss oe ek 334 LeFevre; th. ee. 585. es. 106 Leith Pie Bieter eres hai ss 406 Mason; As bes cies ee 417 MeAuslin, Dea eS weve 5oG Musselman, 8.80305 Po Aes 85 Nanee,. J. die 555d i. hie ee 526 Nitta, Prof, Naosht. <3 5-55 466 BoA Es we eee ees ees , 1, 125, 149, 301, 451, 563, 564, 693 ‘Pendergast, Walter Ma eS eas 771 iPahine.4t. Wares cheese eure y 161 Hoye Tes ee Pes Poy eure 597 rinee Be hoe ca ein oe ee eles 569 eet ee ys peace ey Ss 151, 287 Raffensperger, H. B.....-...... 363 Tiny, Mayer ie ee es 249 PAGMNOU, Th. Be Ss ieee awe GUS wpeermanas, (OA; RN. ees 14 mogers, Burton RB... 8... 501 pr ea Bit Gas > eet gii id ale nigh aah a 97 OHTOON, SIMONE Soins fcc ok be 53] thi? SR CAR « URS ae ae “are eng 711 Beiwarnes Fi ow axes 236 Shufeldt, Major R. W...... 626, 767 RHEWSOD,. A ty kS eas ieee 455, 766 Gavth: Mirmest: 25 sink See 639 PCW, OO es cg Sea ke hee Ss 571 WOOL, RSM So wd ee 192 Weoleh, Howard. ooiii tack 523 We Wo See + Wigdor, M..... 64, 355, 493, 616, 733 Williamas Wy Lis is cat 28, 697 Index to Volume LIII. PAGE ABSTRACTS, ARTICLES AND CASE REPORTS Abdominal Purulent Conditions of the Hen and Some Studies in the Resistance of the Fowl to the Pus Producing Organisms, Studies in. Case Report..... 381 Abortion Disease in Cattle. Ab- ee 534 Acanthocephalid and Arthropod Parasites of the Dog in North America, Notes on the....... 493 Adenoma of the Kidney in a morse, . Abstract....::2., sos a5509 414 Alopecia. Abstract............ 412 Amaurosis and Amblyopia in Dog and Cat. Case Report... 531 Antiseptic: on Neecrotic Tissue, The Solvent Action of. Ab- RERROE By ee ee Nig Cee 119 Arthritis, Tubercular, of the Cervical Vertebrae. Abstract. 243 Azoturia. Case Report,........ 664 Blackleg Immunization, Investi- PAWNS. ON 2 So. ey eae wel 466 Blackleg and Its Prevention..... 214 Blood Examination, Technic for. MDACTAGL ..... dic vases a pee eee 117 Bloodsucking Flies of Saskatche- Wei; OMG Ho ous ea ees 632 Bothriocephalid Tapeworm from the Dog in North America, with Notes on Cestode Para- are ef Dogs, “Aon. iawn 355 Cases, Interesting. Abstract.... 412 Chorea in the Cow. Abstract... 116 Clinical Cases. Abstract....... 118 Coccidiosis, Canine, with a Note Regarding Other Protozoan Parasites from the Dog...... 64 Coecidiosis in Young Calves. Ab- stract: ose sie ae ee ee 783 Cold Abscess and Sero-Fibrinous Tumor. Case Report......... 114 Colic, Hydrobromide of Arecoline in. ‘Abstract<3...... eae Pes Colic, Morphine in. Abstract... 115 Conservation Slaughter......... 221 Digestion, Perverse, in Young Ruminants. Case Report..... 528 Diplomacy in the Field......... 646 Distemper, Canine, Serum Treat- ment Of. 0:5 agepewss tee 455 New Series Volume 6 — PAGE Distemper, Canine, Serum or Inula and Echinacea in the Treatment of... 0.3. 2355 766 Distomiasis, Male Fern, Extract for. Apstraet. vs .<°4 seleeeae 667 Edueation of a Veterinarian.... 569 Empyema of the Chest and Gan- grenous Necrosis of Lungs. Oase Report... ..: cts geae eee Epizootic Lymphangitis, The Cul- ture of the Parasite of, and the Experimental Production of the Disease in the Horse in France. - Abstract (o3.602 24. geek ee 534 106 ‘Epizootic, Lymphangitis, The In- trapalpebral Reaction in the Diagnosis of. Abstract.... 784 Equine Meat as a Food, An Ap- peal for... 0.5.4 sabe cee Pe ¢ | Esophagus, Observations Regard- ing the Topography of. Case Report 2. ss. Sees: oe eee 406 Feeding of Cattle During a Pe- riod of Deficiency, Note on the. Abstract © 03.4 6s. 6. ee eee 412 Feet, The Care of the. Case Re- port... 5s. aeeee ee 242» Fibro-Myoma in the Abdomen of a Retriever. Abstract........ Flukes from the Dog, Two New. Forage Poisoning, Studies in.... Glanders in Felines. Abstract... 533 Glanders, The Properties of the Serum of Animals Hyperimmu- nized Against, ete. Abstract. Goiter in a Dog. Abstract..... Goiter in the New-Born, Further Notes on Control of. Case Re- POM... ea eee ~ 523 Guinea Pigs, An Infectious Dis- enae Of... 5. ee 511 Hemorrhagic Septicemia and Its Control in Pennsylvania...... 482 Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Reports of Cases of. Case Report.... 648 Horse . Meat... o. soe 372 Inflammations, The Classification Oso 2. oe 80 Inflammation, The Significance of the Several Kinds of...... 368 Inguinal Hysterocele. Case Re- Ree... te ee ee ae 777 INDEX TO VOLUME LIII, NEW SERIES, VOL. 6 VII PAGE Jhooling in Camels, A Note on. Abstract Justin Morgan—The Man and 6 SE eee 756 Lameness. Case Report........ 526 Lameness, A Peculiar Case of. a 240 Lameness, The Relief of. Case eR Sh os ea 662 Live Stock Cars, The Cleaning and Disinfection of.......... 85 Losses Among Cattle in the Pa- cific Northwest, Mysterious... 711 Maize, The Insufficiency of, as a Source of Protein and Ash for Growing Animals. Abstract.. 786 Malformation (ectopia cordis), “A. case Heport............. 407 Mallein Test, A Preliminary Re- port on the Intrapalpebral.... 597 Mange, Demodectic, of the Horse with Contagion to Man. Ab- EERO en Mange, Notes on the Treatment OE ee 244 Mange Transmitted to Man, Equine. Abstract........... 415 Marasmus of Army Horses. Ab- Aa Se 778 Meat Inspection, The Value of the Laboratory to............ 376 Morphine Sulphate in Dog Praec- eee AWLTASE...... 52. kes... 409 Myiasis, A Note Regarding, Especially that Due to Syrphid Barvae.. -Abstract...:....... -National Academy of Sciences, Annual Meeting. Abstract... 415 Neck Puncture, A Case of. Case ee 113 Oak Poisoning of Livestock. Ab- i a ES Se eee 669 Oviduet, Tumor on. Case Report 239 Palpebral Malleinization........ 587 Parasites Affecting Equines, Ani- DN sh ie wen on ea sees - 312 Parasites of Sheep............. 334 Parasites of Swine............. 330 Pathology of Spavin, Historical Facts Concerning the......... 745 Physaloptera from the Dog, A, with a Note on the Nematode Parasite of the Dog in North VS eat a ee ge 733 Pay See VADeet. ee... 243 Pregnaney, False. Case Report. 239 Pulmonary Drench. Case Report 239 Pyemia. Abstract............. 409 PAGE Pyotherapy in Epizootie Lym- phangitis, Researches in Italy. A batraiet: 0.6 tse 68 es eee 535 Pyotherapy in the Treatment of Harness Wounds; Some Con- siderations on the Efficacy and Non-Specificity of Anticryptoc- occal Pyotherapy on the Horse. Abstract: ‘Sige ese oy acess 667 Reproduction in Cattle, Diseases Interfering with, and Their Significance to the State..... 697 Rheumatism in the Horse, Acute Articular—Rheumatie Fever. Abstract: Scswarees aban << Rinderpest, Experiments on the Treatment of, with Various Drugs. ADStr@e’. ..<5 50 5s Rinderpest, Note on the Use of Organ Extracts in Place of Virulent Blood in Immuniza- tion and Hyperimmunization Against. .. Abstract: ..5.<.3 Rinderpest, Preliminary Report on the Virulence of Certain Body Organs in. Abstract.... 533 Rumenocele in a Calf, Diaphrag- matic Intercostal. Case Report 235 Seaweed for Feeding of Horses,,. Utilization of. Abstract..... 410 248 247 785 - Sheep Pests, Parasitic and Preda- CiOUS: ..... ices ee eee Strongyles, Horse, in Canada... Sub Orbital Fistula in a Dog, A Rebellious. Abstract........ 416 Suppurating Corns in Horses, Treatment of, with a Case. Case Report... 3.0; 2) Weee an Swine Plague in Man. Abstract 532 Teat Operations. Case Report... 659 Tetanus, Two Cases of. Abstract 248 Tetanus, Successful Treatment of... Case. Report. ..<. i ae 241 Tick Eradication in Louisiana, Organizing and Condueting State-wide: . .s 1). swesseeewaem 639 Tick Eradication, Problems of.. 230 Trembles (Milk Sick) in Cows, Transmitted to Man by Milk and Milk Products, Observa- tion on. Case Report........ 236 Trichinae, Experiments in the Transmissions of... oo oes 363 Tubereulin Test, Some Facts About the. Case Report..... 771 Tubereulin Test, Some Studies of . HOS. hiss: . oss pa 14 Vit iNDEX TO VOLUME LIII, NEW SERIES, VOL. 6 PAGE Tuberculin Tests and Post Mor- tem Results—Accessories to the Tubereulin Test, An Analysis OL Oe Ee ee huis wile wets oe 501 Tubereulosis in Camels in Egypt. Abstract 669 Tuberculosis, Genital, of Cattle.. 28 Vaginitis, Necrotic, in Cattle. es ce ee ee es Veterinary Curriculum and Army Sere Lee 8) Be eo. # OOF e. © ee 244 Veterinary Service.........-- 571 Veterinary Diseases in Southern POOPIE 0 ee ewes 606 Veterinary Education in New MMTMULGLO. 6c 6. ss kenge meee 97 Veterinary Instruction, Reciproce- ity and Equality in.......... 567 Veterinary Research, A New Center for.2.:..45 eae eee 626 Violet Ray in Veterinary Medi- cine. Case Report........... 774 White Snake Root or Rich Weed (Eupatorium Urtecaefolium) as a Stock-Poisoning Plant. Ab- stract 22530 pee ee oe ees 786 ) AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION American Veterinary Medical Assoeiation «o-oo Se a re 286 Annual Meeting Fares from Pacific Coast Ter- ritory, Reduced... 2.5 4%. 287 Fifty-fith, of the A. V. M. A.. Philadelphia Meeting, Attend (11, Me ranars Sroeutrren, yh 0 8 545 Philadelphia Meeting, The.286, 545 President’s Address.........-. 794 Program of the 55th......... 675 Executive Board, . Dr. Hilton elected: tO. cui oie eaten ace 286 Journal, Expanding Our........ 287 Profession, An Advancing...... 678 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE Appointments in the Veterinary Reserve Corps of the Army, Information Relating to...... 788 Army Veterinary Service....... 249 British Army Veterinary Service, Report: on the... 02.0% Siem 417 Miscellaneous «2... 0... SSS 5 gee See 126, 284, 428, 546, 671, 791 Transport Service (The Innocent Abroad) cise: AG 536 Veterinary Service to the Quar- termaster of the Army, An Ef- fort to Return the............ 125 Veterinary Foree Sufficient to Meet All Army Needs Now... 670 PAGE Voluntary Enlistment in the En- listed Reserve Corps of the Medical Department, Regula- tions Governing... .'..5 .«aenkan 121 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Alabama Veterinary Medical As- SOCIATION. i. nob dee 125. Bureau of Animal Indust y Vet- erinary Association, Buffalo, N, ON 3s Peis eee oe ke 680 Bureau of Animal Industry Vet- erinary Association of Michi- QA ss ca eh ges ve ee 439 Bureau of Animal Industry Vet- erinarians, National Asener: t10n 08... nk. os eee eee 818 Bureau of Animal Industry Vet- erinary Association, New York 439 Bureau of Animal Industry Vet- erinary Inspectors’ Association, Pennsylvania Division of the 553 Camp Dodge Veterinary Medical Association - 2.3... <.4eewee 438, Central Canada Veterinary Asso- ciation, Annual Meeting of the 133 Central New York Veterinary Medical Association.......... 6890 Colorado Veterinary Medical As- sociation... o.3 5.5. eae eee 816 Conference on Tick Eradication. . 288 Connecticut Veterinary Medical — Association... 2°. does ce Ol Dominion Veterinary Meat In- spectors’ Association of Can- GOR er oe eee 138, 429 Louisiana Conference........... 551 Michigan Milk and Dairy In- spectors’ Association......... 142 Michigan-Ohio Veterinary Asso- Ciation: . 24.56... 550 Missouri Valley Veterinary As- sociation, Report of the....... 804 Missouri Valley Veterinary Asso- ciation, Resolutions Passed by the, February 20, 1918....... Nebraska Veterinary Medical As- sociation New York State Veterinary Medi- eal Society Northeastern Pennsylvania Vet- erinary . Club. 023: .53 rae Oregon and Washington Veteri- nary Medical Associations.... 812 Southeastern Michigan Veterinary Medical Association.......... Southern Tier Veterinary Medi- eal - Association... «i625 vee 818 Southwestern Michigan~ Veteri- nary Medical Association..... 290 141 809 INDEX TO VOLUME LIII, NEW SERIES, VOL. 6 1X PAGE Southwestern Veterinary Medical pe oe eee 137 Tippecanoe Veterinary Medical PeGtIAION, Ges ss 679 Veterinary Association of Mani- pT eee Si ee 139 Veterinary Inspectors’ Associa- MANE Says reg ena ss «t= 135 Virginia Veterinary Medical As- SN ene 815 Western New York Veterinary Medical Association.......... 6835 Book REVIEWS Ballads of the Regiment—Major Crean 3s, Gri oer 444 Cornell Veterinarian, The—Sheep LE ie eee oy omer os nore age 820 Mastitis of the Cow. Sven Wall, Re CS POGROE fs cos pais go se 555 Veterinary Post Mortem Technic —Walter J. Crocker......... 294 Wounds of Animals and Their Treatment. Harrison Smythe- (GR 6 SERS AS a eg 560 COMMUNICATIONS RE RGM rs oes ee sie ge os 444 MMI i ec eo aes 442 Dibothriocephalus Latus........ 556 Eating of Horses Non-American 293 Empyema of the Chest......... 292 Kansas State Agricultural College and the Kansas City Veterinary College, Statement Concerning Proposed Agreement Between ME he ees ee ore oe 557 PRG Er a Pe eS 441 Liautard, Dr., British Apprecia- Ra gk ee 685 BORED CP Orwerd: . 6s. eee. 443 Sentiment vs. Health........... 145 Veterinary Poet, A.........-... 686 EDITORIALS Announcement ....5.........:. 693 RAPE IERION Pee ek. 149 Community of Interest......... 301 Conserving Health.....:....... 451 PAGE Equine Meat as Food, Eight Rea- SONS “LOR. OSs sa 2k eee Fifty-fifth Annual Meeting at Philadelphia® 3... fie 694 Gas Masks for Horses.......... 566 Grading Colleges. ............25 151 Horseflesh: 0. tissoea sce eae on 1 Matter of ‘Duty, Ajo... 28k. 563 Our. Ditties: 2 sera Pe ee 455 Veterinary: Benet. oc) 20 Sr 564 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Dentistry, Veterimary............ 8 Differential Diagnosis, A....... 303 Filariasis of the Withers in Horses: 222s sae ec. : 308 Gases, Asphyxiating, on Horses.. 11 Glanders, On, = 2230 ewes. es ce 305 Goiter in Horses. 3735. ere ce 156 Oxyurosis in Equines........... 6 Quittor, Cartilaginous.......... 157 Rabies in Guinea Pigs.......... 152 menguera .. 6... 6.008} ee 9 Stomatitis, Contagious Vesicular 307 Swine, Diseases of (Review).... 316 Synchisis Scintillans in Horses.. 153 Veterinary Medical Association, Bo OINGWe SS ea ee fetes 158 MISCELLANEOUS EABOOUO NGOS = 3006s GG tae 4 o's SY ae ee 146, 299, 449, 562, 687, 821 NECROLOGY Cunningham, John T........... 145 e DeGive, Mo Vineent. 2252.6 s60 2 446 DeLaney, PUG RNY sto Peace ss" 448 Dingley, Ernest C.............. 29% SME APO, RR OUT re on ase 8 687 Hughes, I MS eek eG oc aty ot is 561 Ta ORS oe Sees a 29% Koontz; Royal Bo... ice srs 145 Liautard, Alexandre F.......... 296 Porry, Charles Ts. cic Pi3n ss 445 Rapp, Charles “A 2553 Sfshae wn 446 Stroud, Bert Bo. eae 445 Thomson; Rufus. Bi... veccoke 446 Troax, Bisir “W.... 3s 23 299 JOU RNA. | OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. Executive Board , lst District; W. Horace Hosxins, 2d District; J. R. MoHuEr, 3d District; C. H. STANGE, 4th District; R. A. ARCHIBALD, 5th District; A. T. KINSLEY, Member at large. Sub-Committee on Journal J. R. MoOHLER R. A. ARCHIBALD The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JouRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be sent upon application. VOL. 1T1Il., N.S. Vor. VI. APRIL, 1918. No. 1. HORSEFLESH Evidence indicates that from the time of the cavemen in northern Europe all of the larger domesticated animals, including the horse, were used for food purposes. Later the tribes of north- ern Europe sacrificed the horse, as the most noble animal, to their Gods and the ceremonies of sacrifice were accompanied with great feasts in which horseflesh was largely consumed. With the growth of Christianity the idolatrous custom of sacrifices was denounced and in the effort to abrogate pagan worship edicts were issued against the consumption of horseflesh, not apparently because of _ any inherent quality in the fiesh, but for religious reasons. Christ- ianity has apparently been responsible for prohibiting horseflesh for food along lines somewhat similar to the Arabie and Jewish prohibition against the use of pork. Sentiment has also been a factor. The horse, more than any other animal, perhaps, has been man’s friend and servant. In war he has helped to win victories ; in peace he has added to his owner’s prosperity. Strong ties of affection have developed between horse and master. With perhaps the exception of swine, all of the domesticated animals are more or less cleanly in their habits and are of use to man in other ways than yielding up their flesh for his consumption. The cow is the wet nurse of humanity. Without her milk the hu- 2 EDITORIAL man population of the earth could not be sustained nor main- tained, especially during the early years of infancy. In olden times and in some areas still, the ‘bovines do the work of the horse in tilling the soil. The sheep provides us with material for our clothing. All possess some qualities which are on a par with some human attributes. Maternal affection, during the period of help- lessness of the young, is strongly developed. The cow is docile and unresisting; the gentleness of the lamb is proverbial—and yet we eat them. On sentimental grounds the only consistent course is vegetari- anism. Protein and fat as well as carbohydrate may be obtained from vegetable sources. Man is an omnivorous animal. Nature has endowed him with a mouth and digestive apparatus which can utilize either an animal or vegetable diet and a taste or appetite for a mixed ration. There is also evidence that the more concen- trated animal protein is more easily digested and assimilated re- sulting in more pronounced bodily vigor and stamina. War has been responsible not only for much traditional glory for the horse, but it has also brought him down to the inglorious — level of the other domesticated animals. The ban against the use of horsefiesh was undoubtedly imposed to break up pagan worship rather than to any injurious dietetic effect or for any great respect for the horse. The custom, once established, has been maintained. During the French revolution and the Napoleonic campaigns, it was necessary at times to use horseflesh to avoid starvation. Dur- ing the Danish siege in 1807 it was utilized. To a vanquished peo- ple, sustenance is of more immediate importance than glory. The pangs of hunger may overcome the pangs of conscience and re- ligious scruples yield to the necessity of keeping alive the vital spark. Although earlier records are not available, it would appear that early in the nineteenth century some of the European countries. permitted the sale and use of horseflesh as a necessary or progres- sive measure. A state of siege and the hardships of war, with accompanying food restrictions, have apparently been responsible for a return to the early practices of the consideration of the horse from a dietary standpoint. From 1840 and 1850 some of the European countries have sanctioned the public sale of horse meat. The practice has grown, indicating that there has been a desire for it and this has been still further emphasized by- the fact that horse meat has been EDITORIAL 3 supplied at a much lower rate than that of the other domesticated animals. Subject to the same careful veterinary inspection as for other food animals, there is little or no possibility of the communi- eability of disease to the human subject. With proper supervision and inspection there have been no more indications nor reports of dietary troubles than from other meats. Horse meat has sometimes been substituted for beef without detection on the part of the consumer. In comparison the essential difference is that the fibers of horseflesh appear to contain a some- what higher proportion of glycogen and the fat is of a somewhat softer consistency. Because of this it is claimed the flavor varies slightly from beef but the difference disappears when the fat is removed. The taste has also been stated to be slightly sweeter than ordinary meat. Such articles of food as oysters, lobster and liver contain glycogen and are highly prized. The claim has also been made that horse meat has a greater percentage of nourishment than beef, mutton or pork. In America the use of horse meat has not attracted attention until recent years. Twenty years ago the government inspected horse carcasses for export to Denmark, but the trade from this country was not apparently kept up for more than three or four years. The present war and considerations of public welfare have brought the matter to the surface in a number of localities. The sale of horseflesh has been permitted in St. Louis; Cincinnati; New York; Portland, Oregon; and doubtless in a number of other places. Reports indicate that local consumption is on the increase and in some instances the supply has not been able to keep up with the demand. 3 The question is also an economic one. There are some millions of people here from foreign countries where horsefiesh has been consumed and who would be glad to continue its use if available. There would at the outset, be a considerable demand for it here and the demand would increase. There is an export market for it among our allies and this market would undoubtedly grow. The head of one of the horsemen associations has stated that there are. 4,000,000 horses in this country that might as well be eaten. If the dressed carcass would average from 400 to 500 Ibs. there would be from 1,600,000,000 to 2,000,000,000 Ibs. of meat available with a per capita quantity of 16 to 20 lbs. for a popula- tion of 100,000,000. Many horses are on ranges where the 4 EDITORIAL pasturage might be available for our other animals or where the soil might ‘be utilized for the production of cereals. At this time waste is criminal. The world must be fed and edible food of all kinds should be utilized. Sentiment for the horse should be re- spected just as the sentiment of vegetarians is respected. There is no thought of compulsion in enforcing the eating of flesh of any kind, but where such an important source of food supply is avail- able and it is clearly evident there is a demand for it, there should be no unnecessary delay in making it available. The horse can do his bit in the dietary of civilization as well as the other domesticated animals. Custom should not be allowed to stand as a barrier when necessity demands progress. The use of the horse for food is be- yond the experimental stage. There is no more danger from eat- ing this form of flesh than any other commonly used. The horse is proverbially clean in his habits. Compared with poultry and swine there is no discussion—yet we balk at the horse and swallow swine. P. Ane. BEB = BS EIGHT REASONS FOR EQUINE MEAT AS FOOD First, horseflesh has not been eaten in the past in our country largely because we have been influenced by an unsound public sen- timent and popular prejudice created by religious and other de- erees of less enlightened nations than our own. Second, horsefiesh should be eaten because the flesh is rich and nutritious. The horse is one of the most cleanly animals by nature and spurns impure and unwholesome food. The food that hogs and ducks will consume, the horse rejects. The horse is al- most immune from tuberculosis, while the cow, hog and chicken are very susceptible. The mare’s milk is one of the richest animal food products known to science. Third, horseflesh should be placed upon the market, because a large part of our population in the large cities have been afforded in their native countries access to this cheaper kind of meat, and thus helped in their struggle for a better existence. Fourth, every humane society in the land should join heartily in this movement because it would help solve one of the most try- ing problems that daily concerns their splendid work. To punish by fine and imprisonment the man who works a hopelessly and in- curably lame horse adds many hardships to the owner and many EDITORIAL 5 times makes his children go to bed hungry and weak. It is no so- lution of the man’s misfortune to fine and imprison him, and break down the wife and mother at home with her children’s need for | food, clothing, perhaps medicine and a roof over their heads, thus adding another economic problem for civie and charitable bodies to solve. , Fifth, one of the principal forms of food consumed by the horse is oats. This food, so rich in nutritious elements and long prepared for human consumption in the form of breakfast food, is now so costly as to be almost beyond the reach of the working classes. Sixth, many of the horses properly forced off the streets by humane agents are kept by their ignorant and impoverished own- ers for weeks with the hope of curing them, and large quantities of now the most expensive foods, oats and corn, are worse than wasted. The owner dreads the destruction of the animal because that means the payment of a fee for removal of the body, and in finding of some new employment to keep his family and himself. Seventh, the sales marts of our cities are besieged for relief by owners in their desperation, and many times out of sympathy for these unfortunates permit the sale of these animals against their better judgment, and thus add to the horse’s extended suffering. The temptation to traffic in these animals, to clandestinely move them from place to place, and to unload part of their burden on someone else less able to bear it, is a problem so difficult of solution by the humane societies that even the imposition of many thousands of dollars in fines annually (I have heard as high as $30,000 a year and imprisonment) does not rectify the wrong. Neither does it add to greater humaneness, which we hope and pray will come out of this terrible and terrifying war. Kighth, every horse that might be sold for food consumes daily eight times as much by weight as would sustain a man. Evy- ery day he is fed impoverishes his owner when there is no remedy for his crippled legs or body. Such horses ofttimes eat, but waste as much again as would maintain a sound horse at work. There is waste of labor spent in the hopeless struggle trying to cure such horses, waste of food and medicine, which ought to be conserved. W. Eee EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Bois Jerome. Oxyurosis IN Equines.—Under this name the learned profes- sor of Alfort, A. Raillet, proposes to study the series of troubles that are due to nematodes of the large intestines of equines and which belong to the genus Oxyuris. Although these helminths, fed especially on the vegetable de- tritus of the large digestive organs, are scarcely parasites, and by some authors are considered as harmless, yet numerous and posi- tive observations show that they are liable to promote various troubles, some of which have a direct relation to their evolution and others perhaps are related to some products of secretion which are manifestations of the physiological activity of parasites. In opening his subject, Professor Raillet gives an historical discussion which begins with 1782, when Goeze was the first to de- scribe and give an illustration of the oxyure of horses under the name of T'ricocephalus, which in 1788 Schrank calle¢ the T. equa, and in 1803 was transformed by Zeder into Mastigodes equi. In the same year Rudolphi called it the Oxyuris curvula and in 1849 it was named OQ. equi by Em. Blanchard. Later, and between the years 1859 and 1901, many articles were written by various authors, viz.: Rudolphi, Gurlt, Gribel, Jerke, Raillet, Probstmayer, Looss, Luistow, etc., until finally the type species of the genus was admitted as the Oxyuris curvula of Rudolphi, which is the Tricocephalus equi of Schrank, and must therefore take the name of Oxyuris equi of Schrank, whose dis- tinctive characters are those given by Raillet, describing the male and female parasite with their varieties, that may be observed in different cases, especially calling attention to differences in the length of the tail in each sex. Oxyuris equi lives in horses, donkeys, and mules. It has been found in zebras. It is in the diaphragmatic curvature of the large colon, where it is generally met with normally. It has been found in a duck. It is a cosmopolitan parasite and is found in all coun- tries where there are equines and yet, although recognized as com- mon parasites by veterinarians the statistics relating to them are not numerous. One is given in which a horse had evacuated 300 long tailed oxyuris and at the post mortem of which 30 more were found, 8 of which were males. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 7 There are two other species of oxyuris, the O. poculum and _ the O. tenwicauda, both of which present only a zoological. interest. ‘Continuing his interesting article Raillet writes on the evolu- tion of the parasites and of their pathogenic action telling the reader successively the opinions advanced by various writers from Hurtrel d’Arboval down to our day and relating the facts ad- vanced by English, French and German observers, he summarized all in the symptomatology as consisting in local manifestations uni- versally admitted and in general trouble insufficiently established. The former consist first in a violent, unresisting, although in- termittent pruritis, which is manifested by the animal rubbing the posterior part of the body against surrounding objects. The animal holds down his tail tightly, curves his vertebral column, pushes against the walls or sides of his stall and with force rubs against them, sometimes almost in a frenzy. In the anal region, almost always the perineum and often also at the base of the tail, crusty plates of various sizes, yellowish, greenish or of dirty grey color are seen adhering to the inflamed and sometimes excoriated skin. The skin of the perineum may also be scratched or inflamed. Frequently also the crusty scabs and the excoriations are found at the inferior portion of the root of the tail. The caudal appendix has the hairs altered, they are curly, torn and easily pulled out. In- flammation of the anus does not seem to be a common observation. The general symptoms observed by many veterinarians are a noticeable loss of flesh, accompanied sometimes with anemia and perhaps cachexia. Colic has been observed but may, however, be due to other causes than the parasites. _ While this is the summary of the observations of the various authors, the diagnosis of oxyurosis can be established without great difficulty—the pruritis of the perineal region and the depila- tion of the tail at its base, with the scabby oviparous collections on the perineum, all tell the story. The presence of worms attached to the anus, certainly in the feces or if necessary a rectal exploration will be positive evidence of the condition. The prophylaxis and treatment are then considered. The former is difficult. The treatment is easy. Tartar emetic, corro- sive sublimate as Van Swieten solution, areca nut powder, thymol, followed by purgatives, etc., have their advocates. Raillet advises enemas of tepid soap water or acidulated with vinegar or with cor- 8 BUROPEAN CHRONICLES rosive sublimate 1 per 2000 or a mucilaginous emulsion of thymol. These enemas must be large and repeated as often as necessary. The cutaneous lesions heal of themselves and disappear spontane- ously or with antiseptic treatment. The bibliography of the article of Prof. Raillet gives a long list of publications covering a space of years from 1782 to 1913 and offering to the inquirer a most complete collection of writings upon this subject which has been reviewed by the masterly article of the worthy professor of Alfort. Ss Bw VETERINARY Dentistry.—Notwithstanding the fact that American Veterinary Science is quite in its youth, when compared with that of old Europe, no one will ignore the many valuable con- tributions that have been given for the elevation and benefit of our profession and several names are already inscribed in the archives of good work performed. Among them, some will remain compara- tively unknown; others will be remembered for years to come. It is to Dr. House, I believe, that one of the most frequent, essential and important opportunities of surgical application is due. If today veterinary dentistry is a specialty, if it has the honor of a collegiate department, occupied by professors of emi- nent ability, it is due to the work started by Doctor House many years ago. I am under the impression that I am but one who can remember to have witnessed his ability, his dexterity and the sue- cess met with, although some failures may have occurred. These remarks are suggested by a communication published in the Bulletin de la Societe Centrale of Paris in October, 1917. It is from the pen of a Belgian veterinarian, Professor Jos. Hamoir, actually doing service at the central infirmary of the Belgian army. The author is already well known by his writings, even in Amer- ica, and the communication referred to is entitled: Study on the Dental and Paradental Affections of the Horse. The subject has already been treated in the various classical works on surgery and therapeutic treatment, but Prof. Hamoir has had such extensive opportunities and been able to give so much attention to the patients observed that his article has been con- sidered of such value that it was referred to the Commission on Recompense for the recognition it deserves. The author first develops the importance of the problem of mastication, especially with horses the principal object of the arti- EUROPEAN CHRONICLES i. 9 * ele. As the function of mastication has for its essential organs, the molar teeth, it is of them that Hamoir speaks principally and divides the causes which disturb the mechanism of mastication and renders its functions insufficient, into physiological and pathologi- cal. These being related either, 1st, to a congenital fault in the opening of the jaws or a reciprocal anomaly in the molar surfaces ; 2nd, of a congenital anomaly of structure of some molars; 3rd, of dental diseases, such as fractures, luxations, caries, ete.; 4th, of paradental affections, alveolitis or primitive or secondary alveolo- dental periostitis. This long consideration is divided into two chapters. In the first are treated, in succession: Ist, the dental crisis, which means the period from two to three and one-half years of age, on the average, during which successively takes place the change between the milk and adult molars; 2nd, the dental irregu- larities. With Belgian veterinarians, with exceptions, the name of chicots is given to the sharp and cutting asperities that occur on some teeth. The word chicotomy is used to refer to the operation for the removal of those asperities; 3rd, overgrown teeth. These are called suwrdents and mean the condition of a sound molar grown above the general level of the dental arch to which it belongs; 4th, dental caries; 5th, fractures; 6th, alveolar periostitis. In the second chapter, under the heading of paralveolar affec- tions, are treated: Ist, the sinusitis of dental origin, and 2nd, the osteomyelitis of similar origin. _ It is not possible for me to go into further consideration of this valuable paper. To have enumerated the various subdivisions and give a faint idea of what is in it, is all I can do. The causes, symptomatic manifestations, lesions with their progress and vari- ous localizations, results and treatment demanded to restore the dental apparatus to a proper condition, are points that the reader must look up for himself in the Bulletin de la Societe Centrale. Ss = & _ ReneuerA.—This is the name given, in Peru, to a paralytic sheep disease to which Mr. S. H. Gaizer, F.R.C.V.S., gives much consideration in Sir John M’Fadyean’s journal. After telling how he was requested to investigate the subject, the author gives the local geographic and climatic conditions of Peru, treats of the sheep-farming customs and comes to the history of the disease. 10 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES The word Renguera is probably derived from the Spanish word ‘‘rengna’’ meaning ‘‘injured in the back’’. The origin and spread of the disease is without reliable informatiun. It has ex- isted in Atoesaico, one of the largest farms in that country, for six years and also in neighboring farms. The number of animals af- fected varies and in some instances the losses have been such that sheep raising had to be abandoned. The symptomatology is as follows: the disease occurs only in sheep. The symptoms commence in lambs from the age of 14 days old to that of 5 or 6 months. It is manifested by a partial loss of ‘control of movements of the hind legs and quarters with a ten- dency to knuckling. At rest the animal stands with a wooden- horse attitude, so as to keep its balance. When forced to move, both hind: legs move forward by jumps. If made to go faster there is a twisting of the hind legs around one another, followed by a fall, with the animal on its side, but often on its back with legs in the air. After a few moments the lamb recovers, rises again until another collapse occurs. With all that, the animal appears per- fectly healthy and if left alone for a rest, after recovering from its exhaustion, he will move about apparently well. There are acute and chronic cases. In bad cases in lambs a not uncommon symptom is observed, viz.: a slight up and down trembling of the head and more rarely of the whole body. The fore limbs then show loss of control. — The paralysis is always progressive from behind forward in | fatal cases. When this occurs in young lambs, it usually comes within a week. Apart from the nervous manifestations the affected animal is otherwise normal and all his functions are regular. Perfect recovery has not been observed. | The post mortem lesions were, (1) increase in the peritoneal, pericardial and pleural fiuids, which were frequently slightly tinged with hemoglobin; (2) a darker color of the liver in most cases; (3) slight but never marked increase in the coloring of the cranial and spinal meninges; (4) occasional catarrh of the small intestine in lambs; (5) not infrequently patchy endocarditis. The possible nature of renguera and the attempts to transmit the disease with brain inoculation, with blood, cerebro-spinal fluid, peritoneal and pericardial fluid and by methods of feeding, did not prove successful in experiments, EUROPEAN CHRONICLES - 11 4 An almost constant association of a micrococcus with the dis- ease suggested a large number of inoculations which were made on hoggets and lambs, all of which are concisely recorded in Mr. Gai- zer’s article which is closed with the following conclusions: ‘‘Renguera is a new and hitherto undescribed disease of lambs, occurring in the Peruvian Andes. ‘‘Sheep only appear to be susceptible. ‘*Renguera belongs to the class of nervous diseases, to which louping-ill, scrapie and swing back in Britain and a in South America belong. ‘“‘Renguera is distinguishable from louping-ill by its affecting lambs only and by there being no convulsions in any form of the disease. From scrapie it is distinguished by there being no symp- tom of skin irritation. No comparison can be made with swing back. It closely agrees with some of the descriptions of pataleta but not with others. ‘‘Renguera is almost constantly associated with a micrococcus which can be grown from the fluids and tissues of the body, in- cluding, sometimes, the brain and spinal fluids; but in the absence of success in all attempts to transmit the disease either with the coceus or any of the fluids and tissues of the body, it is not possible yet to say if this coccus is the causative agent. ‘‘Curative measures hold but little promise of success. Pre- vention may be found by further experimentation. ‘The occurrence of the disease at an altitude where ticks do not exist should be of special interest as it shows that ticks are un- necessary for the propagation of at least one sheep disease of the nervous type.’”’ | ASPHYXIATING GASES ON Horses.—If the noxious effects from these gases are well known in human medicine, from the numerous instances that have been observed ‘and studied on the various battle- fields ; where an obus (shell) loaded with chloroformiate of trichlor- ated methylen and chloropicrine was used, the results accompany- ing the explosion of such on horses and mules have not yet had much publicity in our periodicals. On that account, the observa- tions reported by Veterinarian Francois and Doctor Nicolas are full of interest. The former relates two observations. In one, which occurred on the front at Verdun, the teams of fifteen wagons delivering mu- 12 EUROPEAN GHRONICLES nitions to artillery battery positions had been exposed to the effects of asphyxiating gases and were in such condition that it was thought first an utter impossibility to bring them back to camp. One hun- dred and two horses were affected. Sixty-one were very sick, 33 less seriously and 8 were in such state that none were expected to recover. These horses were divided into three groups, separated, and isolated in the woods close by, in the shade and having quiet and free ventilation. The second observation related to a smaller number of horses, thirty-four, which were also divided into three groups as in the first case, viz.: 18, 11 and 5 horses, according to their condition. The description of the symptoms in the sickest of the animals is minutely described and concisely summarized by Dr. Nicolas as observed by him. Severe dyspnea, abortive cough similar to that observed in heaves or emphysema, rosy, spumey nasal discharge, loud respiration with mucous rales, dull cardiac sound, hyperten- sive pulse, small, cyanotic mucous membranes, lumbar reflex alb- sent or reduced. Everything indicated difficulty in respiration due to the edema of the lungs, as characterized by the nasal discharge ; edema which has been observed in men who died from intoxication by chlorine gas and in dogs experimentally intoxicated with it. The progress of the trouble is, notwithstanding the severity of the attack, without alarming aspect. After seventy-two hours, three days, improvement was noticed in the animals that suffered most. and in a few days all the horses of the two observations of Francois were able to resume their work, none showing afterwards any ill consequence of the intoxication. According to Francois the condition, of the sick ones, was due to an attack of tracheo-bronchitis with possibly a slight extension of capillary bronchitis in the anterior portion of the pulmonary lobes. : The treatment indicated as a preventive is the use of a mask, simple in its construction and of sufficient solidity to be adapted to all kinds of bridles and not interfere with the bit, to be easily applied and permit the frequent application of compresses on the head. As a curative treatment, shady, airy and sheltered expos- ures seem to be essentially and almost the only indication. In human medicine, says Nicolas, venesection early and free, injections of ether, cold rectal enemas, camphorated oil, strychnine and also inhalations of oxygen gas have their advocates, EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 13 So far the treatment resorted to in human medicine has not been applied to our animals. Ee Ss BS SUMMARY FROM RECENT PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED AND : BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES. Those marked ‘‘X’’ will be summarized. Those marked ‘‘O”’ will appear m abstracts. VETERINARY ReEcorD—Dec. 8th. (O) Undiagnosed—Deec. 12th. Acute articular rheumatism in the horse—Tetanus—Dec. 25th—Undiagnosed—(0O) Azoturia in forage poisoning—Two cases of tetanus—(O) Acute spreading disease of the alveolar periosteum in horses. VETERINARY NEws—(from Dec. 22 to Jan.) A few successful cases— Magnetic and electric forms of pressure on animals—(O) A few diseases af- fecting animals in Northern Rhodesia. VETERINARY JOURNAL.—(December) Treatment of pneumonia by intra- tracheal injections—Poll evil—(O) Tubercular arthritis of cervical vertebrae in a mare—(QO) Case of goitre in a dog—Rheumatism or what?—(O) Ne- crotic vaginitis in cattle—(O) Subcutaneous emphysema—Remmniscences of a remount officer in the U. 8. Army—(X) Somme veterinary medical association —(QO) Obituary of Prof. A. E. Mettam. CLINICA VETERINARIA—(Nov.) Upon the experimental ictero-hemorrhagic spirochetosis of dogs—Second case of spirochetosis in white rat—Etiologic examination of the uterine secretion in the diagnosis of the diseases of the uterus—Trichina in Italy—(O) A case of pasteurellosis in man. In Nuovo ErRcoLANI—(Noy. and Dec.) New researches upon the etiology and transmission of pulmonary pest—Judgment against two empiries gelderes. REVUE DE PATHOLOGIE COMPAREE—(O) Efficacious treatment of sarcoptic mange in horses—(O) Camphor in diseases of cardiac vessels. REVUE GENERALE DE MeEp. VreTER.—(X) On the operation for ecartilagi- nous quittor. RECUEIL DE MeEpD. VETER.—(X)Pathogeny of goitre in horses—Horse chestnuts in the food of animals. BULLETIN SociETE CENTRALE—(O) New center of sareoptie mange in rabbits—Contagious stomatitis in the horse—(O) Rare localization of epi- zootic lymphangitis—(O) Intoxication with phenie acid followed by death— (X) Studies of digestive pathology—(X) Differential diagnosis between eal- culus and coprostasis of horses. ANNALES DE L’INSTITUT PASTEUR Bacteria of dusts. p. Wipe Fs —Dr. C. L. Norris, formerly at Wheeling, W. Va., has been transferred to Fort Worth, Texas. —The daily press reports the arrest of Fritz Hagerman alias Charles Aisenbach at Susanville, California, who confessed that it was the common understanding that the plots of the Industrial Workers of the World to poison cattle and burn grain, farm houses and lumber mills were supported by German money. \ SOME STUDIES OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST* M. H. REYNOLDS University and State Live Stock Sanitary Board, St. Paul, Minn, I have recently had occasion to make a special study of tuber- culin test records of herds that have been under continuous ob- servation and tuberculin test for a number of years. The studies which I am presenting are taken from the work of several different men of the University and Live Stock Sanitary Board. It does not appear practical to try to give more than this general statement of credit because many of the individual cases represent the work of several men. In most of the later cases used, the work was done by the au- thor in the course of certain tuberculin test research studies that have been under way for several years. I appreciate very much the assistance I have had in these studies from the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, through Drs. Ward and Whitcomb. There are several points which I wish to bring out in this dis- cussion : That a simultaneous or combination test is more accurate than either test alone, no difference which test we use. That we should be slow to condemn any recognized test, espe- clally on limited experience. The desirability of simultaneous or some equivalent form of testing in the case of very bad herds, very valuable animals, or any conditions under which extreme accuracy is desirable. The value of carefully made clinical observations and herd history. That we too frequently overlook warnings in the form of low reactions. That any tuberculin test should be considered as merely an aid in diagnosis and not the diagnosis. _ - The unwisdom of generosity in diagnosis with valuable ; ani- mals. That we must not condemn all cattle that show 106.0 on tem- perature test, or pass all that stay below 103.0, in other words, we have been looking too much at the top of the thermometer for our reactions. *Presented at a joint session of the Minnesota and Wisconsin State Vet- erinary Associations, 1917, SOME STUDIES OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST 15 Nothing that I may say should be taken as a condemnation of either recognized test. My experience and the experience of others show that they are all useful. Each has certain advantages and all three have faults. The following cases have been selected as types and should be so considered. Such cases have occurred over and over in my ex- perience. To simplify these cases and focus attention on the particular point under consideration, I shall usually omit many details essen- tial to a good test record. We shall assume that the management of details as to stable conditions, feed, water, temperature hours, ete., was intelligent and correct. OvER-LOOKING WARNINGS. These cases will illustrate also the fact that we must not look at the top of the thermometer altogether for our reactions. CasE 1. A young Jersey cow was eighteen months old at the time of her first test in August, 1914. Her highest preliminary temperature was 102.2. Her post-injection temperatures were 102.5, 103.2, 102.0, 102.4, 103.0, 102.8. This heifer was tested again in December, 1914. Her prelim- inary temperature was 102.0. The post-injection temperatures were 103.6, 102.2, 102.0, 101.8, 101.4, 102.8; diagnosis ‘‘doubtful’’. She was omitted from the regular herd test in November, 1915, on account of pregnancy, usually a mistake, and so in this case. We do not now omit pregnant cows from a herd te8t, unless they are actually or about calving. However, this cow was retested in January, 1916, and gave a clear temperature reaction as follows: High preliminary, 101.2. Second day temperatures, 104.2, 105.8, (watered) 103.4, 102.6, 102.4, 102.1. Autopsy of February 4, 1916, showed lymph glands enlarged and caseo-caleareous with a caseo-calcareous area in the lung substance, lesions evidently old. Such eases are not rare. What does this case teach? Does it not plainly teach that such cases should not be omitted from herd test on account of pregnancy or any other ordinary cause? Does it not show a very plain warn- ing in the test of August, 1914, repeated even more plainly in the test. of December, 1914? This cow was in a valuable herd for two years after she may have been a spreader of tuberculosis. Those temperatures of August and December should have been taken more seriously. 16 M. H. REYNOLDS Case No. 2. CASTELLANI, A. 1917. Notes on tropical diseases met with in the Baleanie anu Adriatic Zones. Jour. Trop. M. and Hyg., Vol. 20 (17), Sept. 1, pp. 198-202. CoLr, Leon J., and Pump B. Haptey. 1910. Blackhead in turkeys: A study in avian coccidiosis. R. I, Exp. Sta. Bull. 141, pp. 187-271, 11 pls. CRAWLEY, HowArp. 1912. The protozoan parasites of domesticated animals. Bu. Anim. Indust. Cire, 194, pp. 465-498, pls. 37-42, figs. 63-75. Daruine, 8. T. 1911. Oriental sore in Panama. Arch. Int. Med., Vol. 7, May, pp. 581-597, 6 figs. 1913. The immunization of large animals to a pathogenic trypanosome 76 MAURICE C. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR (Trypanosoma hippicum (Darling)) by means of an avirulent strain. J. Exp. Med., Vol. 17, (5), pp. 582-586. 1915. Entamebic dysentery in the dog. Proc. Med. Ass., Isthmian Canal Zone, Vol. 6, (1), pp. 60-62. FANTHAM, H, B. 1916. Protozoa. In The Animal Parasites of Man, London, pp. 25-210, 119 figs. Foster, ALLAN A. 1912. Protozoic stomatitis, or sore mouth of dogs. Kans. City Vet. Coll. Quart., Bull. 36, June, pp. 872-874. Gray. Henry. 1913. Venereal diseases in the dog, rabbit, hare and fowl. In Hoare’s A System of Veterinary Medicine, Chicago, Vol. I, pp. 366-371. GUILLEBEAU, A. 1916. Parasitic occurrence of Himeria stiedae in the liver of the dog. (Schweitz. Arch. Tierheilk.), Vol. 58, (11), pp. 596-602, 6 figs. (Not seen.) 1917. Idem. Rec. d. Méd. Vét., Vol. 93, (1-2), pp. 71-73. Hatu, MauricE C. 1917. Apparatus for use in examining feces for evidences of parasitism. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., Vol. 2, (5), Fen., pp. 347-353, 3 figs. 1917. Parasites of the dog in Michigan. Jour. A. V. M. A., ns. Vol. 4, (3), June, pp. 383-396. LAVERAN, A. 1916. American leishmaniosis of the skin and mucous mem- branes. New Orleans M. and Surg. Jour., Vol. 68, (9), Maren, pp. 582-606. MALKMUS, BERNARD. 1912. Clinical diagnosis of the internal diseases of do- mestic animals. Chicago, 259 pp., 57 figs. MOHLER, JOHN R., ADOLPH EICHHORN, and JOHN M. Buck. 1913. The diag- nosis of dourine by complement fixation. Jour. Agric. Research, Vol. 1, (2), Nov. 10, pp. 99-107. RAILLIET, ALCIDE and ADRIEN LucET. 1891. Note sur queiques éspeces de coccidies encore peu étudiées. Bull. Soc. zool. de France, Vol. 16, (9-10), Nov.-Dec., pp. 246-250. (Not seen.) STILES, CHARLES W. 1892. Notes on parasites. II. Jour. Comp. Med. and Vet. Arch., Vol. 13, (9), Sept., pp. 517-526, figs. 1-7. WEIDMAN, Fred. D. 1915. Coccidiwm bigeminum Stiles in Swift foxes (Hab- itat Western U. 8.). Jour. Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. 28, (4), Dee. 31, pp. 320-323, 3 figs. —Dr. R. A. Gregory has removed from Forest City, Ark., to De- Witt, Ark. —Dr. H. F. Lienhardt, formerly at Wayne, Pa., is now located at Manhattan, Kans. —Dr. J. M. Jehle, formerly at Des Moines, has charge of hog cholera control work in five counties with headquarters at Grin- nell, Ia. AN APPEAL FOR EQUINE MEAT AS A FOOD* W. Horace Hoskins, D.V.8., New York, N. Y. When conferences are being held as to the amount of whale meat that can be secured to meet meatless days, and these inhabi- tants of the deep live wholly a cannibal life; when shark meat is quoted at 20c a pound and their meat was once despised and their source of sustenance like that of a whale; why should anyone shudder at the consumption of equine flesh, when it lives only on the richest cereal grains and the most succulent grasses of the plains and mountains of the west, where the air and sunshine are the purest and the valleys and hills are watered by the freshest and least-soiled water of our land? Why should we send men down to the perils of the deep to secure whales when on our western plains we have upwards of two millions of horses, with their rich and nutritious flesh, ready for the slaughtering pens? Why should we seek shark meat at 20c a pound when clean and wholesome equine steaks can be placed upon our tables at 15¢ per pound? Are we not guilty of serious neglect and almost criminal in- difference to the well-being of millions of our people in the great cities who have had access to this meat in their own lands and are denied it in our own country? What is our answer to the daily story of many weeks of fifty deaths a day in our great metropolis from pneumonia, and almost a like number from tuberculosis that are contributed to largely by an insufficient amount of animal food because of an actual scarcity, and the inevitable high prices resulting and the relative low wage? How are we to answer future generations if the little children of our day are denied a sufficient quantity of milk for their proper sustenance and growth, because of the high price and dangers of contamination ; and, at the same time deny their mothers sufficient animal food while they foster, conceive and suckle these babies that are to be our future men and women; when right at our doors in these meatless and wheatless days is a vast, untouched source of animal food, rich, clean, wholesome, free from tuberculo- *Presented at the meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey, January, 1918, 78 W. HORACE HOSKINS sis and the using up of which would afford hundreds of thousands of acres of land ready for the tilling to lessen our wheatless days? Why should we have to cry out in our land for this relief and tell the story that follows in so graphic a manner and to plead for legislation, national, state and municipal, to reestablish federal and to establish state and municipal equine meat inspection and give immediate relief ? When Germany from month to month carefully figures the dimensions and weight of her dogs as a part of her available food supply ! When her women will visit the interned camps of American prisoners, and offer to prostitute their bodies for a cake of soap, because of the scarcity of fat! When every ounce of equine fat is conserved for food; and not a pound of her horseflesh but what is given out with the same exactions as any other kind of animal food! When her highest skilled veterinarians are commandeered to save every hoof possible in the exhaustion of her own horses and only those taken in battle afford any contribution to her depleted supply at the battle front! When agriculture has forced her to make beasts of burden of her women, to cultivate her fields and maintain her crops. We in America stand aghast at our great ani- mal food shortage, and because of our past prodigality and waste- fulness in our beef supply, seem dazed and perplexed when right at our doors stands ready for sustenance and our economic helpful- ness, one of the richest, cleanest, most nutritious sources of animal food in the world. Worse than wasteful, we are nearing the line of criminal neg- ligence, for we cannot dodge the responsibility of the unparal- leled losses from pneumonia and tuberculosis stalking over our land just now; so largely contributed to by an insufficient animal diet for our people, because of the high price of beef, mutton and pork, and the relative low wage of those who daily work. ' We recall with seeming surprise and astonishment that our soldiers in the Civil War subsisted many weeks and months on horseflesh, maintaining their strength and courage. We forget the siege of Paris, when for six months her people were sustained and saved by horseflesh, her chief animal food. We are unmindful of the fact, that the American Indian pre- ferred the meat of horses to that of buffalo, that they followed to EQUINE MEAT AS A FOOD 79 the death, when Uncle Sam had no condemned horses for their sustenance. Almost immune to tuberculosis and the condemnations of car- casses from this disease on the killing floor would be of no moment, while 9% of the hogs, killed under federal inspection, are sent to the rendering tank as unfit and unsafe for food, because of gener- alized tuberculosis. Upwards of three to five per cent of our beef cattle go the same way, from the same cause, and yet this is the white man’s as well as the red man’s plague in every period of American history. The only disease that gives us any serious consideration as to the wholesomeness of equine meat, is that of glanders, yet this disease is so rare in man that a recognized case in our land is of sufficient interest to have the story graphically told by the asso- ciated press in every paper in our land. Stranger than fiction is the fact that a large per cent of the condemnation of Uncle Sam’s horses in the army and on the Indian country borders, was for glanders and yet the Indians ate these carcasses uncooked and our records show no prevalence of glanders in the death records of these early occupants of our land. Equally interesting is the fact that cooking the meat to the usual temperature of a broiled steak, makes innocuous this meat so far as any danger of transmission is concerned. Again we know as a recognized scientific truth that the muscle. fibre is resistant to any contamination of this form of disease. Meatless days, wheatless days, are serious charges against even so wasteful and prodigal a nation as ours has been. Hides, horns, and hoofs, that brought easy wealth and pelf, _ as the flesh rotted and the bones bleached on our western and southern plains, as we lived in a fool’s paradise, and indulged in ‘‘Mulberry Seller’s dreams’’, that there would ever be a day of reckoning. The question is up to us now with a fearful force. Shall we let. two millions of horses, fed on the richest grasses of our fertile plains, producing the richest foods, of the safest and most whole- some kind, grown in the open mountain range air, free from the dangers of contamination of domesticity, and enriched in its nu- trition by its muscular activity as it roams over the unfenced lands, gathering its rich succulent grasses from non-infested pas- tures, or shall we accept the dangers of the other than beech nut 80 SAMUEL HOWARD BURNETT ' fed hogs, or the products of contaminated pens, stables, barn yards and chicken roosts and then boast of our intelligence and keen perception ? Shall we continue to encourage every moral wrong, that has kept pace with the economic wrongs of our land, and allow millions of pounds of wholesome food go to waste, deny to the animal food raisers of the west these grasses for sheep and cattle, or deny to our own people and lift our pleas to God for more plentiful and abundant crops, when these horses are roaming over thousands of acres that ought to be tilled and growing grains to save the lives. of millions of our brothers and sisters in the war torn, war crazed, poverty stricken, hungry and cold allied countries? Shall we continue to condone every moral wrong back of which is an economic one? THE CLASSIFICATION OF INFLAMMATIONS SAMUEL HOWARD BurRNE?TT?, Ithaca, N. Y. Of course the matter of most vital concern to a veterinarian is to be able to recognize the nature of pathological conditions on meeting them. It is also a matter of a good deal of importance that he express himself in describing his experiences so other members of the profession can get a clear understanding of his meaning. A confused use of terms is usually an indication of a lack of clearness of concept. The use of ambiguous and poorly de- fined terms accounts for part of the haziness of some of the de- scriptions encountered. An idea must not only be clear and dis- tinct, but be expressed clearly. This difficulty is especially apparent in regard to inflammation. Inflammation is a large subject. Parts of it are difficult; but the entire subject is made unnecessarily so by the confused use of terms. It is sometimes surprising to find how much less difficult and less confusing is the study of actual cases and specimens than what has been written about them. The following simple classification of inflammations is of- fered in the hope that it may be of help. I believe no one will find it difficult to use. The terms are not new. They have been in use a long time. The arrangement is somewhat simplified. An at- tempt has been made to make the meaning of the terms clear. THE CLASSIFICATION OF INFLAMMATIONS 81 For convenience of description and reference, inflammations are separated into a few groups.. It is in the main an artificial classification. The same fundamental processes are present or may ‘be present in each group and in each individual case of each eroup. Intermediate forms between the different groups occur. It is not the purpose of this article to discuss the meaning of the several varieties of inflammation. It should be kept in mind, how- ever, that inflammation is merely a local reaction. It is the local expression, as it were, of the interaction between the cause and the vital forces present in the body. A study of the expression of the interaction of these is of great value. It helps to an understand- ing of the disease. A classification of the reactions makes it easier to grasp the meaning of the conditions found. In general, inflammations are named according to the pre- dominant or more important process present. There are excep- tions to this. Certain injuries and the resulting reactions are well enough known to have names of their own rather than classified names. Some of these are according to the character of the in- jury (wound, laceration), some according to the cause (sunburn, frost-bite), or the character of the reaction (abscess, uleer). When different processes are present in about equal degree, a combina- tion of names is used: as a degenerative and exudative or a fibrino- purulent inflammation. The following schema presents the commonly occurring forms of inflammation : Group 1. ExupatTivE— Group 3. NEcroTic— fibrinous suppurative hemorrhagic ulcerative serous diphtheritic purulent CUSCOUS catarrhal gangrenous desquamative Group 4. PROLIFERATIVE— serous simple Mucous granulative purulent chronic productive Group 2. PARENCHYMATOUS Some inflammations are named according to the cause, as | glanders pneumonia, tubercular mastitis, actinomycotic glossitis. It gives needed information to add a term giving more definitely 82 SAMUEL HOWARD BURNETT the character of the lesion, as caseous tubercular lymph-adenitis or productive tubercular omentitis. Group 1. Exudative inflammations are those in which the predominant feature is exudation. The more important other pro- cesses present are degeneration, active hyperemia and _ prolifera- tion. Degeneration of the vascular endothelial cells makes exuda- tion of fluid possible. There may be degeneration of other cells due to the direct action of the cause of the inflammation or it may be a secondary effect. The coagulation of an exudate may deprive cells of their supply of nourishment. Again cells may be injured by substances produced by disintegration. Active hyperemia pre- cedes exudation. With exudation the hyperemia is lessened. An abundant exudate presses on the capillaries and usually produces a local anemia in the midst of the exudate. With absorption of the exudate and proliferation of new tissue, hyperemia extends toward the central part of the area. Hyperemia persists at the edge of the area containing the exudate. Proliferation of connective tis- sue occurs in all cases where there is a considerable amount of exu- date. The presence of fibroblasts and young blood vessels indi- cates that at that place the resisting and healing forces of the body are overcoming the cause of the injury. When there is a considerable amount of fibrinous exudate healing is by the forma- tion of granulation tissue. A mistake sometimes made is to eall such a stage of a severe fibrinous inflammation a chronic productive inflammation. When the principal feature in the inflamed area is fibrin, it is called a fibrinous inflammation; when fluid containing but little fibrin, a serous; when leucocytes, a purulent; and when red corpus- cles, a hemorrhagic inflammation. THE CLASSIFICATION OF INFLAMMATIONS 83 degeneration or necrosis of the functional cells is the predominant process. The supporting tissue, being more resistant, suffers less damage. This form of reaction is found.in glands (liver, kidneys, pancreas, salivary glands, thyroid glands, mammary glands and ovaries), in skeletal muscle and in cardiac musele. In very severe forms, there may be necrosis, e. g., acute yellow atrophy of the liver. The supporting tissue is not extensively involved in the necrosis. The more common kinds of degeneration found are - cloudy swelling, granular, fatty and lipoid degenerations. Some- times there is a marked degeneration of the functional cells and an abundant exudate in the supporting (interstitial) tissue. Such a condition is sometimes called a diffuse inflammation (acute dif- fuse nephritis.) iene Group 3. Necrotic inflammations are those in which the most important process is necrosis which affects both the functional and the supporting tissue. All the kinds of necrosis occur—coagula- tion, liquefaction, caseation and gangrene. A suppurative in- flammation is one in which there is suppuration. —— JOHN T. CUNNINGHAM Dr. John T. Cunningham died at Providence, R. I., September, 1917. —Dr. Eugene Ferron has been employed as veterinarian and assistant manager of the cattle ranches of the Cauca Valley Agri- cultural Co. since August, 1916, at Palmira and in other parts of the Cauca Valley, Colombia, South America. MISCELLANEOUS —vVeterinary Inspector E. B. Parker has been transferred from Colgate to Marietta, Okla. —Dr. L. W. Burwell has removed from Clarendon, Ark., to Gahanna, Ohio. | —Dr. H. W. Witmer has removed from Bradentown to Ft. Pierce, Fla. —Dr. D. E. Wright of Reno, Nevada, has removed to Colfax, Calif. ‘ —Dr. Frank Bowne has removed from Paris Crossing to Pi- mento, Ind. | —Dr. M. E. Gleason, formerly at Fowlerton, Texas, has re- moved to San Antonio. —Doctor and Mrs. H. Preston Hoskins of Detroit, Mich., an- nounce the arrival of a daughter, Lois Margaret, March 4th. —Dr. G. B. Munger, veterinary inspector on the meat inspection and hog cholera control forces of the Bureau of Animal Industry in Indianapolis, has been transferred to the hog cholera control foree of Dr. James McDonald, Springfielld, Il. —The Illinois State Civil Service Commission will hold an ex- amination, April 20, for Assistant State Veterinarian. The duties involve the sanitary control of live stock and making differential diagnosis under the direction of the Chief Veterinarian. Gradua- tion from a veterinary college of recognized standing, and license to practice in Illinois and experience as a veterinarian required. Salary $8.00 a day when working. —Lieut. H. L. Anderson, formerly of Thornton, Ia., is stationed with the 307th Cavalry, Del Rio, Texas. —Lieut. Fred W. Graves, formerly of Hillsboro, Ind., is with the 326th Field Artillery, Camp Zachary Taylor, Louisville, Ky. —Lieut. M. H. Gandy, formerly of Shreveport, La., is with the 309th Cavalry, Fort Sam Houston, ‘Texas. —Dr. Walter J. Taylor, formerly of California, who went to the Canal Zone, Panama, in 1916, to investigate anthrax outbreaks, has recently been put in charge of a new division which has for its pur- pose the management of cattle handling, plantations, dairy, hog and poultry farms. MISCELLANEOUS 147 _ —Dr. J. O. Wilson, formerly at Portal, N. D., has removed to Pierre, S. D. —Dr. Klee, a nephew of Professor Bang, and formerly an assist- ant in the Clinical Department of the Veterinary School at Copen- hagen, Denmark, is spending a short time in America visiting a few of the veterinary colleges. Dr. Klee is on his way to Lima, Peru, where he has a position with a veterinary live stock association. —Press reports state that 240 government horses consigned to Covington, Ky., had died of suspected poisoning. Analyses of the stomachs indicated that belladonna and croton oil had been admin- istered in some form. —Dr. W. G. Bailey has removed from San Francisco to ‘oa Calif. —Dr. D. E. Sisk has removed from Mahomet to Gibson City, I. —Dr. Adam A. Husman, formerly at seem ase has been trans- ferred to Memphis, Tenn. —Dr. J. G. Murphey has removed from Oakland to Stockton, Calif. —Dr. C. Ross has removed from New York City to Woodhaven, Queens Co., N. Y. —Dr. G. P. Rebold has been transferred from Stockton to virus- serum inspection work at Oakland, Calif. —Dr. Daniel Mattrocce, formerly of Merced, has accepted a posi- tion as veterinarian with Miller & Lux, Incorporated, at Los Banos, Calif. —Dr. Lauderdale of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, is sta- tioned in Laurens County, Ga., to assist in treating hog cholera. —HLieut. John I. Handley, formerly of East Lansing, Mich., is at Headquarters 41st Division, Camp Hill, Newport News, Va. —Dr. C. J. Cook has removed from Omaha, Neb., to Fort Keogh, Mont. —F rep Carps ror Horses. The City of Copenhagen has begun issuing feed cards for its horses. The number of horses in the city is estimated at 10,370. The cards allow for a large-size horse 3 kilos (6.61 pounds) of oats per day (instead of the unofficial 4 kilos which has heretofore existed’). In addition to this, other feed, such as molasscs and blood mixtures, may be used to the extent of 2 kilos per horse. 148 MISCELLANEOUS —INcREASE IN Mear AnImats. A statement given out by the U. S. Food Administration based upon compilations by the Depart- ment of Agriculture, shows that the total number of cattle in the United States on January 1, 1918, was greater by 1,247,000 head than on January 1, 1917. The number of hogs increased 3,781,000. The number of sheep and lambs was 1,284,000 more than at the be- ginning of 1917. This shows a total increase of 6,312,000 meat animals. DUMB HEROES There is a D.S.O. for the colonel, A Military Cross for the sub, A medal or two when we all get through, And a bottle of wine with our grub. There’s a stripe of gold for the wounded, A rest by the bright seashore; And a service is read as we bury our dead— Then our country has one hero more. But what of our poor dumb heroes That are sent without choice to the fight, That strain at the load on the shell- swept road, As they take up the rations at night? They are shelling on Hell Fire corner, Their shrapnel fast burst in the square, And their bullets drum as the trans- ports come With the food for the soldiers there. They halt till the shelling is over, They rush through the line of the fire ; The glaring light in the dead of night And the terrible sights in the mire. It’s the daily work of the horses, And they answer the spur and rein With quickened breath mid the toll of death, Through the mud and the holes and the rain. There’s a fresh healed wound in the chestnut ; On the black mare ’s neck there’s a mark; The brown mule’s new mate won’t keep the same gait As the one killed last night in the dark. But they walk with the spirit of heroes, : They care not for medal or cross, But for duty alone into peril unknown They go, never counting their loss. There’s a swift, painless death for the hopeless, With a grave in a shell hole or field; There’s a hospital base for the cas- -ualty case, And a vet for those easily healed, But there’s never a shadow of glory, A cheer or a speech in their praise, While patient and true they carry us through With the limbers in shot-riven ways. So here’s to the Dumb Heroes of Britain, Who serve her as nobly and true As the best of her sons, mid the roar of the guns, And the best of her boys on the blue. They are shell-shocked, they ’re bruised and they’re broken, They’re wounded and torn as they- fall; Yet they’re true and brave to the very grave, And they ’re heroes, one and all. T. A. Grruine, Veterinary Officer, C.A.V.C., France. fe 8) — an — ‘A w Cr) oO m— oO be [ae] ~ 5 & pti Read. le) \o) c od be ae Vv eH ~ c fae} Py, cB) — x JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. Executive Board GEORGE HILTON, Ist District; W. Horace Hoskins, 2d District; J. R. MOHLER, 3d District; C. H. STancg, 4th District; R. A. ARCHIBALD, 5th District; A. T. KINSLEY, Member at large. Sub-Committee on Journal J. R. MoHLER R. A. ARCHIBALD The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JOURNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be sent upon application. Vor. LIII., N.S. Vou. VI. May, 1918. No. 2. Communications relating to membership and matters pertaining to the American Vet- erinary Medical Association should be addressed to Acting Secretary L. Enos Day, 1827 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to Ithaca, N. Y. CENTRALIZATION The lack of centralized authority has been responsible for serious delay in certain branches. A system with division of au- thority means a consequent and deleterious division of responsibil- ity. There is perhaps an undemocratic flavor to the idea of con- centrating authority but it has the advantage of locating the re- sponsibility promptly and speeding results. The recent history of the railroad transportation is an apt ‘illustration. The highly trained specialists of the railroad world who gave their services to the government accomplished more mar- vels than American railroads had ever accomplished before. In spite of all their efforts their work failed when the emergency arose because they were lacking in coordination. There was a lack in perspective, an inability to utilize all of the railroads as a single system. The lack of centralized authority was seen and admitted by the railroad men themselves and this authority was their solu- tion of the problem. Since the Secretary of the Treasury has as- sumed the directorship of the railways there has been improve- ment. The arrangement has been bad for some of the roads, but it has improved transportation. 150 EDITORIAL The airplane industry has not met expectations and centralized authority is demanded for this branch of the service. The allied armies have fought more or less independently for three years or over. There has been evidence of lack of coordination. There has doubtless been pride in the size and organization of a great na- tional army and an unreadiness to place it under the supreme command of a General of another nationality. In opposition there has been an enemy highly organized and with authority very much centralized. The enemy, more favorably situated as to geo- graphical position, has been able to swing armies from one front to another with the hope of conquering its opponents singly. The fighting has now centered upon the western front; the supreme test has begun and in the emergency the authority has been cen- tralized in General Foch as Generalissimo. America is second to none in her pride and support of her Army—much of it still in the making. By brigading her troops with the gallant French and British defenders of civilization, she has waived selfish ambition of a great national army as a separate entity, when for the common good greater effectiveness may result. There has, throughout the war, been unity of purpose. With more complete unity of action, there is more promise of success. If centralization of authority is desirable or essential in earry- ing out great projects in the Service, it follows that it is applicable as well to subordinate branches, each in its sphere. The veteri- nary corps has not been overburdened with authority. Its past history is over, but in its reorganization and future plans, central- ization of authority is the goal to keep in mind. Healthy, normal soldiers belong to their commanding general; when sick, wounded and disabled they belong to the Surgeon General. Each is supreme in his own department. The Army animals belong to the Quarter- master’s department; when sick or disabled they should belong to the veterinary department and veterinarians should have full au-— thority over them until they are again fit for service. Our veteri- nary war history is in the making. It is wise to utilize the best features of veterinary service as shown in other armies and profit by the experience of others. Authority locates responsibility. Efficiency is the standard of success. This standard may make or break leaders but it must be maintained. An open page lies before our veterinary corps. The history written thereon will determine EDITORIAL 151 its future. We venture the prediction, when all is said and done, that it will compare favorably with that of others. P. ACF. BS S&S GRADING COLLEGES Although several months intervene before the Philadelphia meeting, it seems to the writer that there are a few problems that might well be considered and perhaps discussed in our JOURNAL prior to the August meeting. The first problem in mind is the college situation. While the writer has never taken the college problem as seriously to heart as some of our members, believing, as he does, that such matters with a little assistance will eventually adjust themselves; at the same time it is fully realized that we have reached a point which is daily becoming more acute, where the veterinary colleges of North Amer- ica, both State and private, must be so classified that prospective students who desire to take up the study of veterinary science will have some sort of a guide to aid them in choosing the particular institution from which to obtain instruction. Under existing con- ditions the prospective student has no means of definitely ascer- taining which are accredited institutions and which are not. He usually applies to the most available college irrespective of its standing only to find when it is perhaps too late and to his sorrow that his chosen alma mater has a questionable standing, if any, with the profession he is entering. Young men have come to the writer after graduation from un- recognized colleges seeking to obtain membership in the American Veterinary Medical Association and other recognition and have ‘stated that they entered such institutions without knowledge and with no means of obtaining information which would in any way enlighten them as to their character and standing. They natur- ally assumed that as long as such colleges were operating under government sanction by state charter that everything was as it should be. It is quite obvious that there can be no greater handicap for the recent graduate than to discover when he goes out into the world to follow his chosen profession that his credentials for which he labored so hard are not recognized by the existing authorities 152 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES on veterinary education, the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation and the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. That there is an element of injustice in all this, that should be remedied if possible, goes without saying. The big problem confronting us is to determine wherein lies the remedy. Having in mind that suggestions might be asked for from men who are in- terested in this problem through the medium of our JoURNAL is what prompted the idea to broach the subject at this time. In order to start the ball rolling in this direction the following suggestion is offered: that all colleges on this continent be scored by the committee on intelligence and education of the A. V. M. A. and depending upon the score obtained each college be placed in class A, B, or C, depending upon their facilities and qualifications to give instruction. This plan has been and is being followed out by the Associa- tion of American Medical Colleges and that it has been successful is attested by the fact that the Surgeon General has decreed that only medical men who are graduates of class A or B colleges, as classified by the Association of American Medical Colleges, can obtain entry into the United States Service. Graduates of class C colleges cannot enter the medical corps as officers and boards of examiners of many states will not permit them to take state board examinations for entrance into private practice. Let us adopt then as soon as may be practical some system of classifying our veterinary educational institutions which will at least be definite and mean something to the prospective student. R. A. A. SB S&S S&S EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Bois Jerome. Rasies IN GUINEA Piags.—Probably this heading will be a sur- prise to some of our readers, who may ask what interest rabies of guinea pigs will offer. My excuse is the interest the subject may present from the point of view of comparative pathology and the value to those who experiment on the disease with these little ani- mals. At any rate this contribution to the study of rabies in gui- nea pigs is in the Annales de l’Institut Pasteur and is signed by Prof. P. Remlinger, which is sufficient to indicate that the subject EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 153 is interesting. It is to be regretted that its length does not allow an entire translation. I will give only extracts from it. The clinical physionomy of rabies in guinea pigs is far from uniform. In the animal inoculated with street virus the furious form is most frequently observed. All the intermediate forms ex- ist from the most violent to the most attenuated. After this state- ment, Doctor Remlinger gives a description of the various forms observed. First the furious form, then a more attenuated, the dyspneic, the pseudo-septicemic, the spasmodic, those in which the disease assumes such severity that like a shock death occurs gener- ally between 24 and 36 hours or even in a shorter time, and before it has been possible to ascertain and fix the form of rabies that caused it. There are also the paralytic forms among which is that caused exclusively by fixed virus. In a second portion of his article, the author presents a very interesting examination of the many factors that are liable to mod- ify, in guinea pigs, the symptomatology of rabies and also its dura- tion and progressive advance. Among the principal factors is first considered the influence of the number of passages of the virus for the study of which, ex- periments were carried out with three viruses, in the’second is the influence of the mode of inoculation and in the third that of the seat of inoculation and finally that of other foreign factors. Following this important demonstration, the importance of which is principally from the point of view of experimentation, a minute comparison is made of the disease in guinea pigs and rab- bits, and finally the article closes with the following résumé and conclusions : ‘‘In opposition to rabies with fixed virus—always of a para- _ lytie type—rabies with street virus has, in guinea pigs a most va- ried physionomy. The furious form is the most frequently ob- served, but all the intermediate forms exist. At times there is no agitation, the dominating symptom is dyspnea and the symptomat- ology is such that it resembles one of the numerous epizootic pul- monary affections of guinea pigs. The dyspnea may of itself be little marked and the analogy is then more like that of septicemia than a broncho-pneumonia. ‘“The spasmodic form, which is particularly observed after inoculation in the anterior chamber and nasal instillations, is very special. It is essentially characterized by a violent reaction, both 154 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES objective and subjective, (prurit) at the point of inoculation, by pharyngeal rhonchus, spasms and convulsions. It has a great analogy with the form of rabies most common in man. ‘‘The duration of declared rabies may, in guinea pigs, be very short. While the preceding forms, which run their course ordi- narily in 24 to 48 hours, there is a form lightning like (foudroy- ante), the duration of which is so short that the disease escapes observation and death seems to occur suddenly. Hence in experi- ments on rabies, all pigs that die without symptoms ean be con- sidered as suspicious. Corpuscles of Negri should be looked for and the bulb be used for passage. ‘‘The paralytic type is manifested under two forms, the re- laxed and that with contracture or pseudo-tetani. Both may as- sume an ascending progress in their development and attain the syndrome of Landry, so frequent during rapid manifestations. ‘‘A certain number of factors are likely to exercise influence upon the symptomatology of the disease. In passing from guinea — pig to guinea pig, street virus becomes more active than from rab- bit to rabbit. It may happen that after 8 or 10 passages, it kills . in a fixed manner in 5 to 7 days. The first inoculations, starting from the dog, may give a paralytic form. After 2 to 4 passages the furious form, in its most severe aspect, may be observed. The severity of the symptoms diminishes afterwards. There are dys- pnea, pseudo-septicemia forms, which towards the 20th passage, give rise to.a paralytic form, which lasts to the end. “The mode of inoculation, in the case of intramuscular or subeutaneous injections, the seat of inoculation, the age of the ani- mal, the dose of injected virus, etc., have also their effect on the symptoms presented. If with the intracranial and intraocular in- jections, all the forms of rabies may be noticed, those in the mus- cles of the thigh or the soles of the feet give almost exclusively the pseudo-tetanic form. The analogy with tetanus is completed by the fact that in ease of subcutaneous or intramuscular inocula- tions, paralysis almost always began at the inoculated region. ‘‘Paralytic rabies is observed, especially in the street virus, in young animals and with a large dose of virus; while in adult age and with weak doses furious rabies prevails. In the experimental! rabies of guinea pigs there is no splanchnic type comparable to the splanchnic type of tetanus. ‘‘Guinea pigs are sensibly more susceptible to rabid virus EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 155 than rabbits. The period of inoculation is shorter and a smaller dose of virus or attenuated virus, harmless for the rabbit, causes the disease. There is then a great advantage which counterbalances in part the shortness of the disease and the variability of the clin- ical type. This must not be ignored in investigating rabies.’’ .BEB RB SYNCHISIS SCINTILLANS IN Horses.—Well known in man, this affection of the eye is almost entirely unknown in our domestic animals, except for two cases that have been clinically observed in Berlin, one in a horse, the other in a pigeon. Veterinary Major Brock-Rousseau has observed one case lately and recorded it in the Revue de Pathologie Comparée. It was in an aged gray mare. Both eyes had the aspect of a glass paper weight in which a quantity of small glittering bodies are fixed in the paste. The aqueous humor was filled with simi- lar bodies, constantly in motion, and having the appearance of containing a quantity of golden dust in the cavities of the eye. Both organs of sight were alike and nothing else appeared which could explain such a condition. AS the affection has not been described in veterinary literature, says the writer, few facts are related by him. It is said that about 1828 the discovery of scintillans syn- chisis was made by a physician, Doctor Parfait Davidson. In 1849 a German oculist noticed in sections made on several eyes, that cholesterin was present and that there had been preceding choroiditis. In 1876, besides the cholesterin, two new forms of erys- tals were discovered in eyes where the condition of scintillans had been observed, these were tyrosin and some phosphatic salts. In 1890 the anatomical changes were attributed by Gallannaerts to the choroid only—and finally Panas in feeding rabbits with naph- thalin obtained an experimental scintillans synchisis, composed of crystals of sulfate and carbonate of lime without traces of choles- terin. With this history we are brought to the definition of today, viz.: a rare form of softening of the vitreous humor, characterized by the presence of numerous (paillettes) broken crystals of choles- terin, floating in the interior and glittering as flakes of gold. Examination with the ophthalmoscope is peculiar. When it is made with lenses of 18 or 20 dioptrics, if one gradually takes away the lens so as to bring it to the point of the various layers of the 156 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES eye, he sees, after, dilatation of the pupil, moving flecks of tyrosin recognized by their brilliant color and agglomerated masses of cholesterin with, sometimes, phosphatic agglomerations in the form of little balls covered with many dots. All these crystals may sometimes be observed by the naked eye and when they move they appear like gold dust. After dilatation of the pupil the vitreous humor has a very peculiar aspect, that of a brilliant kaleidoscope. With such conditions the sight is of course greatly impaired and often completely lost. There are cases where it remains almost normal and it is only accidentally that the oculist with the oph- thalmoscope discovers the true condition of the eye. The pathology of the disease is yet-the subject of discussion and its etiology is in doubt. Old age, sex, some dyscrasia, syphilis, hepatic diseases seem to favor the genesis of the affection. In veterinary medicine all of these have only a secondary interest. me me me Gorrer IN Horses.—The pathology of the thyroid adenoma or goiter of horses is one which the previous articles of Prof. G. Petit of Alfort to which I have alluded in previous chronicles and to which I made reference under the title of epithelial tumors of the thyroid gland, has been the subject of another communica- tion of valuable interest in the Recueil of Alfort. Recalling the classification of the epithelial tumors, which he presented and which he divided into benignant (adenomas or goi- ters) and which can exceptionally be transformed into cancers, and the malignants, cancers proper or epitheliomas of various kinds. Prof. Petit, having treated of the latter in previous arti- cles, says that he will complete the consideration of the subject by discussing now the pathology and evolution of the thyroidian ade- noma or goiter, which, being synonymous in man, cannot be differ- ent in comparative pathology. It will be understood that the study has for its object the sporadic, sometimes large and well characterized but more fre- quently encapsulated, invisible and not the endemic goiter which is so frequent in man at some climacteric, and has not been ob- served in equines. In relation to the etiology, Petit says it is quite difficult to solve the question as like cancer, which at times follow it, both of these tumors result from the epithelial proliferation, independent of any characterized inflammation, EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 157 With the study of the pathogenesis various points are estab- lished. For a long time it has been believed .that goiter was due to the proliferation of the cells which line the thyroidian vesicles. This was an error, as the adenoma comes from the multiplication of the epithelial vesicles which remain between the vesicles and exist at the embryonic stage. Plates showing this condition of the thy- roid in the embryo are shown. It is probable that the adenoma is the manifestation or process of a glandular renovation. Adenoma- tous cells have no pigment, a fact which contributes to the whitish aspect of the small adenomas. The growth of the adenoma takes place by a characteristic and well defined nodular arrangement, or by extension or diffused in- filtration with indefinite areas: These two processes are illustrated by excellent plates. In the massive or trabecular adenoma the tendency to neo- vesiculation is not indicated. For the cystic and the pseudo-cystic transformation the process is also different. In these the neovesi- cles are small microscopic cysts, which have a tendency to enlarge and mingle so as to form cavities more or less irregular and wide. Although the thyroidian adenoma represents a precancerous condition it does not necessarily follow that it must degenerate as such ; yet cancer may be said to make its appearance more often in a gland having undergone the adenomatous transformation than in a normal gland. | 3 The article of Prof. Petit closes with a schematic table of the three types of thyroidian adenomas with their cystic and pseudo- eystic form, viz.: the fundamental or initial, the diffused and their derivatives. Ra me Ba CARTILAGINOUS Quirror.—I am writing upon this subject as Professor Sendrail, Veterinary Major, gives a good article in Panisset’s Revue in relation to the operation. _ After a long critique of nearly all that has been written on it, with familiar objections on some of the methods of operation and a fair acknowledgement of the advantages the Professor gives a description of modifications that have withstood the test of a long and wide experience. These modifications consist, above all, in limiting the parietal injury to the wall so as to retain for the foot a normal resistance and preserve its integral function. 158 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Before the operation the foot is prepared by a normal paring and the application of an ordinary shoe. This is done standing. The wall is thinned following a half circle extending 6 to 8 centimeters in length and 4 in height with its anterior boundary quite far from the extremity of the cartilage and posteriorly about two centimeters from the heel. This thinning occupies nearly half the height of the quarter and must be made very thin immediately below the coronary band. The cartilage is exposed by a straight incision along the in- ferior border of the coronary band, joining both ends of the in- cision and embracing a piece of the podophyllous tissue about one centimeter wide. The external face of the cartilage is isolated from the skin with a double sage knife introduced under the coro- nary band and moved forward and backward as in the classical method. With a curette knife of Volkmann the ablation of the cartilage is made quite easily. The ablation of the anterior portion of the cartilage is the deli- cate step of the operation and demands careful use of the instru- ment. The lateral ligament of the joint can then be saved from in- jury. The operation is complicated only in cases of ossified ear- tilage. Although the necrosed portion of the cartilage may some- times appear as the only diseased structure, Sendrail recommends the ablation of the entire cartilaginous plate. An ordinary dressing, moderately compressed, is applied and — held in place by rolling bands and is renewed according to indica- tions. The results obtained by this mode of operation in several hun- dred cases have proved very satisfactory but they nevertheless re- quired from four to six weeks of rest. 3 ma pa Ba A New Verertnary Mepican Association.—If the report from a professional journal from America is correct and ‘‘more than 800 veterinarians have already been assigned to duty in the Ameri- can Army’’ and probably a number of them will come to France, the news published in the veterinary papers of England will prove of interest to them. Visiting and joining a veterinary association in time of war at the center of hostilities and mingling with confréres of similar aims and speaking the same language, will no doubt prove a great EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 159 boon for our American confréres and present an opportunity they will accept with great pleasure. I have already communicated with Professor F. Hobday, Vet- erinary Major, who is one of the officers of the association, and I hope to be able soon to give our American friends his reply to my inquiries if application for membership would be favorably enter- tained by the ‘‘Somme Veterinary Association’’ directors. From the Veterinary Journal of England the following is given as notice of the organization : At the suggestion that a Veterinary Medical Association be started at a centre ‘‘somewhere in France’’, as likely to be benefi- cial to the veterinary officers stationed in the neighborhood ; the out- come was that the society should be called the ‘‘Somme Veterinary Medical Association’’; that meetings should be held each fort- night, and a regular board of officers appointed and qualifications for membership adopted. When the reply to my inquiries from Vice President Veteri- nary Major Hobday is at hand, I will communicate it to our friends in America. EB se E SUMMARY FROM RECENT PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES. Those marked ‘‘X’’ will be summarized. Those marked ‘‘O’’ will appear im abstracts. VETERINARY REVIEW OF EpriNBuURG. The first number of volume two has been published lately. It is a fine issue of 138 pages and like its prede- cessors presents to its readers concise abstracts, reports, reviews, notes on ' books, and bibliography of great value. There is in the number a review by Doctor Wm. Osler of Oxford University, a well known scientist, who wrote for the Veterinary Review on the Essai de Bibliographie Hippique which is published in Paris, and again on the Birth of Modern Surgery, a valuable addition to the subject, in which the great work of Lister in surgery is fully considered and credited. Among the reviews of this number, our friends in America will be pleased to read of the works of Professor Williams on Obstetrics, Doctor DeVine on Bovine Tuberculosis, and Kilbourn on the Pasteurization of Milk. (X) Matapres pu Porc (Diseases of Swine) by Prof. Moussu (Asselin and Houzeau, Paris). This text will facilitate the work of the veterinary practitioner and the breeder. It will receive consideration later. JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS. Early history of veterinary literature (continued)—Bracken poisoning in ecattle—Treat- 160 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES ment of red water by intravenous injections of tartar emetic—(X) Con- tagious abortion in mares and joint ill in foals—Etiology and serum treatment. VETERINARY JOURNAL, January, 1918. Distomatosis—Liver rot and flukes in sheep and cattle—Diphtherie vaginitis of cattle—(O) Delayed fracture of the humerus—(O) Radial paralysis in cows—(O) Adenoma of the alopecia—A note on jhooling in camels. February. Report on Ixodic lymphangitis—(O) Adenoma of the kid- neys—Bacterial pyelonephritis in a cow—Aspergillus in birds, man and cow—(O) An experience. VETERINARY ReEcorD. Uterine torsion in cows, mares and cats—Malignant edema—Tetanus—Bloody urine—Morphine in dog practice—(X) Fila. riasis of the withers in horses, VETERINARY NEws. Bloody urine—(O) Interesting cases. In Nuovo Ercouant. On the naso-fronto-maxillary resection in dogs. La CLINICA VETERINARIA. Bacteriologic researches on the typhoid affections of horses—On the value of the method of Wullfi in the diagnosis of an- thrax—(O) A case of puerperal mania—Tincture of iodine in the treat: ment of wounds. REVUE DE PATHOLOGIE COMPAREE. LEpizootic abortion of bovines. REVUE GENERAL DE MEDECINE VETERINAIRE. Life and work of A. Chauyeau— Treatment of lymphangitis in ae ee Old fistula treated by poly- valent serum. «as —Kuinuinc Horses. A new equipment for killing condemned horses with illuminating gas has been installed in the Denver city pound. A small air-tight stall is connected with the city gas main. While the horse is munching his oats or hay from a manger in one side of the stall the gas enters from a pipe directly underneath. The animal gently and peacefully subsides into insensibility—The Popular Science Monthly. —A force of federal inspectors engaged upon the eradication of dourine, with headquarters at Albuquerque, New Mexico, have been assigned as follows: Drs. Joseph L. Flanigan, Vernon A. Dennis, Ben H. Steigleder, Guy E. Abrams, John J. Staab and Gardiner B. Jones. —According to an order issued by the Secretary of Agriculture, the Federal quarantine against sheep scabies was lifted on April 15, 1918, from 136 counties in Texas with an area of 118,033 square miles. This order is deemed to be of special interest at this time because of the demand for mutton and wool, STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING* ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER and R. L. PONTIUS Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station ie Lexington, Ky. The sporadic appearance of forage poisoning in Kentucky has afforded opportunity to project a series of experimental stud- ies upon feeds which were proved to contain the causative factor of the disease. Numerous suspected feeds in sporadic outbreaks of forage poisoning have been fed to experimental horses with negative results; in fact, difficulty has been experienced ‘in estab- lishing the feed responsible for the disease in certain outbreaks which have come to our attention. Attempts to isolate the causa- tive factor from positive feeds (feeds which in ingestion experi- ments produced the disease) have in many instances resulted nega- tively. During the course of experimental studies veterinary practi- tioners and stockmen of wide experience have been consulted and the prevailing impression regarding the etiology of forage poison- ing seemed to associate this disease with moldy or inferior feed- stuffs. In one instance positive feed was not visibly contaminated with molds, and certain molds isolated from supposedly poisonous feeds after being propagated in the laboratory were supplied to animals in feeding experiments with negative results. The possibility of more than one cause of forage poisoning, or that a clinical disease resembling forage poisoning may be induced by more than one etiologic agent, is not disregarded nor is it claimed that the type of forage poisoning observed in Kentucky is necessarily the same intoxication occurring sporadically in the various states. Experimental data available at this time, however, indicate that the type of forage poisoning in horses and mules caused by the ingestion of an oat hay and an ensilage in remote outbreaks in Kentucky are closely related if not identical with a sporadic and clinical forage poisoning observed by Professor H. P. Rusk and Dr. H. 8S. Grindley* of the University of Illinois oe- curring on the McLean farm at Ottawa, Illinois. *Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medi- eal Association, Section on Sanitary Science and Police, Kansas City, Mo., August, 1917. *Unpublished report. 162 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS In this paper are given a few preliminary experiments, with photographs, extracted from bulletins Nos. 207-208 of the Ken- tucky Experiment Station. The results of these studies corrobo- rate in a measure the theory advanced by the late Dr. Leonard A. Pearson, wherein he mentioned the clinical analogy of forage poi- soning in animals to meat poisoning in man, Infections of this type in man arising from extracellular toxin producing organisms are amenable to serum prophylactic treatment as pointed out by Kempner and Wasserman. The serological treatment of forage — poisoning is thus suggested as the result of the apparent relation of serum immune to B. botulinus in protecting against a micro- organism resembling B. botulinus isolated at the Kentucky Station — from three feeds obtained from natural outbreaks of the disease. Serum immune to the strains isolated from the feeds proved equally efficacious in protecting small animals against a fatal B. botulinus infection as well as an artificial infection arising from the homo- logous strains. Bele Following a natural outbreak of forage poisoning in horses an oat hay was secured that possessed the property of producing clinical forage poisoning subsequently to ingestion. (See Figs. 1, 2 and 3.) The oat forage was moved to the Experiment Station where the threshed grain separated from the straw, as well as the straw independently, proved capable of producing clinical forage poisoning in horse and mule stock subsequently to ingestion. Wa- ter in which the grain and straw were immersed proved likewise infective to horses subsequent to drinking. Chicken feces obtained from the oat straw after threshing, disguised in wholesome feed of a horse, resulted in the disease, while chicken feces from remote sources, disguised in wholesome feed of horses, was not productive of the disease. Chickens, rabbits, guinea pigs, swine, sheep and goats freely consumed the poisonous oat grain without noticeable effect. , Contaminated feed may apparently retain its infective qual- ity for several months in that two barrels of the oat hay in ques- tion were reserved for approximately two years and upon allowing horses to drink water in which the oat hay was immersed clinical forage poisoning resulted. In 1916 Drs. Buckley and Shippen** brought out the patho- **Jour. Amer, Vet. Med. Ass’n, 1917, 50, New Series 3, No. 7, pp. 809-816, STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 163 genic nature of B. botulinus to horses, and noted a clinical and ana- tomic resemblance of B. botulinus intoxication artificially induced in horses to sporadic forage poisoning. The pathogenic character of B. botulinus for horses as pointed out by Buckley and Shippen Figs. 1, 2 and 3, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station Griffith Oat Hay and Threshed Grain was observed by the writers following the ingestion of 2 ¢.c. broth culture B. botulinus* disguised in wholesome feed and as the re- sult of injecting 0.1 ¢.c. subeutaneously. The intoxication observed *B. botulinus strain (N. B. 8.) from Dr. Buckley, Washington, D. C, 164 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS following artificial infection with B. botulinus presented in some experimental horses symptoms and gross anatomic lesions resem- bling those found in forage poisoning. It was also reported by Buckley and Shippen that chickens were not noticeably affected following ingestion of B. botulinus broth culture in feed, yet the feces from chickens fed B. botulinus proved capable of inducing Fig. 4, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station fatal intoxication when fed to horses accompanied by the clinical features of forage poisoning. Corroborating the infective.property of chicken excreta fol- lowing the ingestion of broth cultures of B. botulinus disguised in feed mule No. 89 was fed 95 grams of the chicken feces naturally voided. The feces were ground and thoroughly mixed in whole- some feed and given to the mule on December 21st. The ration of STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 165 this animal then consisted of wholesome feed and water. The ani- mal appeared normal until the morning of December 26th, at Fig. 9, Bulletin 207, Ky. Exp. Sta. which time there was observed a marked muscular weakness, phar- yngeal paralysis and restlessness; the tongue was paralyzed and 166: ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS pendulous. Fig. 4 was made at 10 a. m. on December 26th and at 3 p. m. the animal became permanently decumbent, followed by death on December 27th. From the internal organs of horses fatally afflicted from drinking the poisonous oat hay water previously mentioned nu- merous plantings were made in different cultural media under con- ditions favorable to the development of B. botulinus. Samples of the oat water direct from the barrel were also cultured and placed under similar favorable conditions. From the cecum contents of experimental horse No. 91 fatally afflicted from drinking the oat water, a Gram positive, anaerobic, sporulating, rod-shaped organ- ism, 0.8 to 1 micron wide andi 214 to 6 microns long, was isolated. Fig. 10, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station This organism resembled B. botulinus as to morphological and eul- tural characters and it was administered to small animals. A healthy guinea pig received per os 0.2 ¢.c. broth culture of the anaerobic bacillus isolated from the cecum of horse No. 91 on — February 14, 1917. Fig. 10 represents the prostrate condition of this pig at 11 a. m. February 15th, 24 hours after being infected. Death occurred at 7 a. m. February 16th. Experimental horse No. 94 was allowed to ingest with whole- some feed 4 ¢.c. broth culture of the anaerobic organism isolated from the cecum of horse No. 91 on February 14, 1917. The animal remained apparently healthy until February 19th, at which time there was manifest paresis of the pharynx and a marked general weakness. The plate for Fig. 11 was made on February 19th and the following morning the animal was permanently decumbent. STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 167 After remaining in a moribund condition for three days death followed on February 23rd, nine days after feeding the culture. Postmortem examination of horse No. 94 revealed hemorrhagic lesions in the outer wall of the small intestine and on the inner wall numerous punctate hemorrhages and highly injected areas were found. The gross findings at autopsy in other horses similarly infected involved congestion of the lungs, areas of hyperemia, con- gestion and hemorrhage in the mucous and serous membranes. In the connective and supporting tissue of the body gelatinous infil- Fig. 11, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station tration was frequently observed. Gross changes were very slight or not discernible in other animals artificially infected. From the cecum of horse No. 94 an anaerobic bacillus resem- bling the organism used to infect this animal (originally isolated from cecum of horse No. 91) was regained. 0.5 ¢.c. of the organ- ism in broth given per os to guinea pig shown in Fig. 14 resulted in intoxication and death in 25 hours. | The fatal effect of B. botulinus as pointed out by Drs. Buckley and Shippen and the resemblance of artificially induced B. botuli- nus intoxication in horses to clinical forage poisoning prompted 168 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS Fig. 13, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 169 the preparation of botulism antitoxin. In numerous experimental trials it was found that botulism antitoxin proved efficacious in protecting horses against an artificial infection of B. botulinus given per os and subcutaneously. The protective quality of goat serum immune to B. botalanas against a fatal artificial infection of the homologous strain in Fig. 14, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station Fig. 15, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station guinea pigs is shown in Fig. 15. The three animals in the rear re- ceived varying doses of serum intraperitoneally on March 13th, followed on March 14th by 0.05 c¢.c. of toxin (unfiltered B. botuli- nus broth culture) per os. The same amount of toxin was also ad- ministered ‘per os to an untreated pig. Death occurred in the con- trol pig in approximately 24 hours, while the pigs receiving serum remained apparently healthy. 170 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS The protective quality of botulism antitoxin against the broth culture of the organism isolated from the cecum of horse No. 91 is shown in Fig. 16. Varying doses of serum were administered in- traperitoneally on March 15th to the three pigs in the rear, fol- lowed on March 16th by 0.05 ¢.c. per os of the broth culture of the organism isolated from the cecum of horse No. 91. A control pig was simultaneously infected with the same amount of the broth culture. Fig. 16 was made on March 17th, on which day the con- trol pig died. One of the serum treated pigs shown in this test died on March 24th. The other serum treated animals remained apparently healthy. Duplicate tests on guinea pigs with varying amounts of serum apparently provided protection against many times the lethal amount of the organism. —— —- —— Fig. 16, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station Horses Nos. 98 and 99 received in wholesome feed 2 ¢.c. unfil- tered broth culture of-the anaerobic organism isolated from the cecum of horse No. 91'on March 6, 1917. These animals remained apparently healthy until the morning of March 8th at which time they were found in a decumbent and moribund condition. The preceding evening (March 7th) Nos. 98 and 99 consumed the grain but only a small portion of the hay allowed. Fig. 17 was made at 10 o’clock, March 8th. No. 98 died at 3 p. m. in the afternoon, while No. 99 survived until the following morning. Horses Nos. 1002, 1003, and 1004 received two prophylactic injections of botulism antitoxin, followed by 4 ¢.c. (in doses of 1 and 3 ¢.c. at intervals of 9 days) of broth culture of the anaerobic organism isolated from the cecum of horse No. 91, in 1000 grams of uolywyg suoutiodxm Ayonquey ‘20% UTJo][Ng ‘LT “ST 172 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS Fig. 18, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station wholesome oats. Mule No. 105 received the same amount of the organism, but no serum. Fig. 19 shows the same animals with No. 105 in a decumbent position. Mule No. 105 displayed a marked resistance and contin- ued to eat for approximately 9 days following ingestion of 1 c.e. 1002 A908 1004 i Fig. 19, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station uoT4Ryg juowtsodxmy Ayonquey ‘10% UJo[NE ‘13 “OU 174 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R, L. PONTIUS broth culture but. following the ingestion of 3 ¢.c. broth culture disguised in wholesome feed death occurred in 48 hours. The se- rum-treated horses, Nos. 1002, 1003 and 1004, remained apparently healthy and were released after 30 days’ observation. From the stomach of mule No. 105 an:anaerobie organism re- sembling B. botulinus was regained which proved fatal when in- gested by guinea pigs. In preliminary tests 0.5 ¢.c. of broth eul- Fig. 22, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station ture was administered by the mouth to a guinea pig at 9:30 a. m. on March 30, 1917, resulting in death on March 31st at 3 p. m. Fig. 21 illustrates the. prostrate condition of the animal 20 hours following the artificial infection per os. Fig. 24, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 175 To observe the effect of the sterile culture filtrate of the or- ganism isolated from the cecum of horse No. 91 and its serological relation to B. botulinus, horses Nos. 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010 and t011 were injected with botulism antitoxin and allowed to consume 2 c.c. of the filtered broth culture of the organism iso- lated from horse No. 91 in 1000 grams of wholesome oats 25 hours later. Fig. 23, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station Horse No. 104 received the same amount of the filtrate in feed simultaneously but was not injected with serum. Fig. 24 includes the same animals 7 days later, showing control in a moribund con- dition. Control No. 104 4 days after ingesting 2 e.c. of the sterile broth filtrate, showed marked salivation and paralysis of the pharynx. (Fig. 23.) The symptoms in this animal were suddenly 176 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS manifest, developing rapidly after the fourth day. Death oceurred 7 days following the ingestion of the filtrate. The serum-treated horses remained healthy and were released in 30 days. From water in which the oat hay was immerséd’ a similar pathogenic organism resembling B. botulinus was isolated and to determine its relation, if any, to B. botulinus, tests were made upon guinea pigs. Three pigs received intraperitoneally varying amounts of sheep serum immune to B. botulinus, followed in 24 hours by 0.1 cc. per os of the broth culture of the organism isolated directly Fig. 26, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station from the oat hay water. The pigs receiving serum remained healthy, while the control pig succumbed in approximately 40 hours. The protective quality of cow serum.immune to B. botulinus was also observed by injecting three pigs intraperitoneally with varying amounts of serum, followed in 24 hours by an artificial in- fection per os of 0.1 ¢.c. of the organism isolated from the oat hay. (Fig. 26.) The serum-treated pigs remained healthy, while the control pig receiving the same amount of the broth culture by the mouth succumbed in approximately 18 hours. Horse No. 1012 was given a prophylactic injection of serum immune to B. botulinus on March 20th. Horses Nos. 107, 112 and 1012 received 2 ¢.c. broth culture of the organism isolated from the oat hay March 21st. (Fig. 27.) STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 177 Rony aus Fig. 27, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station On March 25th horse No. 107 was dull and stupid, with a no- ticeable impairment of the organs of deglutition. See Fig. 28. During the course of illness this animal salivated profusely. Mus- | No. 107 Fig. 28, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station 178 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS Fig. 31, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 179 cular weakness developed rapidly following the symptoms dis- ‘played on March 25th and the animal became permanently de- cumbent. Death occurred in No. 107 during the night of March 27th. Horses Nos. 112 and 1012 appeared normal. See Fig. 30. Horse No. 112 showed no discomfort until March 30th, at which time the feed was prehended slowly and with some difficulty, though the appetite was apparently not impaired. Attempts to drink were continuous but the water was returned through the nasal passages. Corn was prehended, masticated and dropped upon the ground. See Fig. 31. The symptoms continued and were possibly augmented from this date, accompanied by marasmus. Fig. 32, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station On April 5th the animal (No. 112) became permanently de- cumbent and death occurred during the night. See Fig. 32. On April 6th horse No. 1012 was to all appearances normal, though on March 30th a transitory reaction was observed, at which time antitoxic serum was administered. The manifestations soon sub- sided and the animal remained apparently normal and was re- leased on April 30th. i Horses Nos. 1013, 1014, 1015 and 1016 received an injection of botulism antitoxin on March 27th, and on March 28th, together with untreated horses Nos. 109, 110 and 114 (See Fig. 33) were each given 1000 grams of wholesome oats in which were mixed 2 e.e. of the filtered broth culture of the organism isolated from the poi- sonous oats. Control horses Nos. 109, 110 and 114 all succumbed; 180 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS No. 109 died on March 31st, No. 110 on April 2nd, and No. 114 on April 7th. : The four serum-treated horses similarly infected and receiv- Fig. 33, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station ing portions of the same wholesome feed displayed no symptoms and were released after 30 days. See Fig. 34. Following a sporadic outbreak of forage poisoning in mules in Carroll County, Kentucky, a corn ensilage was proved by feed. STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 181 Fig. 34, Bulletin 207, Kentucky Experiment Station ing tests to incorporate the causative factor of the disease. From the ensilage in question an anaerobic, Gram positive bacillus which in cultural and morphological characters seemed closely allied to B. botulinus (See Figs. 1 and 2) was isolated. In animal experi- ments it proved capable of engendering clinical forage poisoning in experimental horses and mules subsequent to ingestion of 2 c.e. Fig. 1, Bulletin 208, Ky. Exp. Sta. of the broth culture or the sterile filtrate of the broth culture, while .02 ¢.c. of the broth culture per’os proved fatal to guinea pigs in 24 to 36 hours. The apparent likeness of this organism to B. botulinus prompted the injection of animals with serum immune to B. botu- 162. 2° ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS linus, followed by artificial infection of the organism from the silage. Three mature guinea pigs were given intraperitoneally on May 12, 1917, varying amounts of goat serum immune to B. botu- Sas tin 208, Ky. Exp. Sta. Fig. 2, Bulle Fig. 3, Bulletin 208, Kentucky Experiment Station linus* and 24 hours later these animals received per os 0.1 e.¢. broth culture of the organisms from the silage. A control pig re- ceiving the same amount of broth culture but no serum died in 48 hours. (See Fig. 3.) The serum treated pigs remained healthy. *N. B. 8. Strain from Dr. Buckley, Washington, D. C. STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 183 The apparent serological relation of serum immune to B. botu- linus* to the filtered broth culture of the organism from the ensi- lage was observed in similar tests, wherein guinea pigs were ap- parently protected by intraperitoneal injection of the serum against Fig. 4, Bulletin 208, Kentucky Experiment Station an amount of the filtrate given by the mouth sufficient to cause death in a control pig in 3 days. Fig. 4 depicts the results of the filtered broth culture in an untreated pig while the serum pigs re- mained healthy. Fig. 5, Bulletin 208, Kentucky Experiment Station The apparent protective quality in guinea pigs of serum im- mune to B. botulinus* against the organism from the ensilage was followed by injecting serum immune to the organism from the en- silage into guinea pigs followed by a fatal amount of B. botulinus.* *N, B. S. Strain from Dr. Buckley, Washington, D. C, 184 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS Intraperitoneal injection of varying amounts of serum im- mune to the organism from the ensilage apparently protected guinea pigs against an amount of the unfiltered broth culture of L. botulinus given by the mouth which caused death in an unpro- tected pig in 48 hours. (See Fig. 5.) One of the low dose pigs, however, died in nine days after receiving the serum. The remain- ing serum-treated pigs remained apparently healthy. The apparent protection afforded in guinea pigs against the organism from the silage by injecting serum immune to B. botu- linus was followed by similar trials in horses. Fig. 6, Bulletin 208, Kentucky Experiment Station Horses Nos. 1019, 1020, 1021, received an intravenous injec- tion of botulism antitoxin on May 15, 1917. On May 16th these horses and an untreated mule, No. 118, were each fed 2 c.c. of the broth culture of the organism from the ensilage mixed with 1000 grams of wholesome oats. The animals were then allowed whole- some feed and water. On the morning of May 17th No. 118 ate only a portion of the grain ration, while the three horses injected with serum appeared normal. At 10 a.m. No. 118 fell and could not regain a standing position. At 3:45 p. m. the plate for Fig. 7 was made. No. 118 died at 3:30 p.m. The tongue was paralyzed and protruding from the mouth. Post mortem examination showed gross lesions similar to those observed in animals naturally afflicted with forage poisoning. STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 185 From the preliminary studies, as extracted from bulletins 207-208 of the Kentucky Station, the writers are inclined to the belief that certain types of forage poisoning may result from the ingestion of feed contaminated with microorganisms resembling B. botulinus. The experimental results obtained by injecting ani- mals with serum highly immune to B. botulinus as well as serum highly immune to 6rganisms resembling B. botulinus isolated from poisonous forages followed by a fatal infection of B. botulinus or of the organisms closely resembling B. botulinus are suggestive of the possible value of serum in natural outbreaks of this disease. 1022 1038 Fig. 7, Bulletin 208, Kentucky Experiment Station It is not assumed that forage poisoning in all its phases result from infections of this type but the occurrence on forage of organ- isms resembling B. botulinus which, upon being artificially propa- gated in the laboratory have proven capable of engendering clini- cal forage poisoning in horses subsequent to ingestion, is regarded as contributive to our knowledge of the etiology of this disease. Supportive of this contention is the cultivation of B. botulinus and organisms resembling B. botulinus in forage extracts. The experi- mental evidence presented is supportive of the theory originally ad- vanced by Dr, Leonard A. Pearson, while at the meeting of the 186 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS American Veterinary Medical Association in 1916 Drs. Buckley and Shippen pointed out the likeness of B. botulinus intoxication artificially induced in horses to sporadic forage poisoning. as SE eeNaaeS Discussion Dr. EicnhuorN: The so-called forage poisoning is a disease or considerable importance and the work of Dr. Graham plainly indi- cates that great steps have been made towards shedding light on the nature of the disease which up to date has baffled veterinarians. As Dr. Graham has pointed out, the work carried out by Drs. Buckley and Shippen has demonstrated that the Bacillus botulinus possesses pathogenic properties for horses and furthermore that the Bacillus botulinus, and especially its toxins, has repeatedly caused death of horses even when fed in small doses. The symptoms manifested by animals artificially infected with the Bacillus botulinus or its toxins somewhat resemble those of forage poisoning. The inauguration of this work by Drs. Buckley -and Shippen was undertaken under my direction and I followed it with the greatest interest since even initial investigations ap- peared to have established a relation between forage poisoning and botulinus intoxication. Not only eultures of these organisms but also the toxins alone when fed even in very small quantities to horses produced symptoms of forage poisoning. The remarkable feature in these experiments appeared to be that the feeding of only very minute doses of the toxins were required to produce symptoms to a condition which closely resembled forage poisoning. Subsequent experiments have established that droppings col- lected from chickens after feeding them with cultures of the Baczl- lus botulinus have also repeatedly produced death in horses with symptoms of forage poisoning. These findings probably elucidated the experimental work which was previously reported by Dr. Gra- ham on forage poisoning in which he found that chicken droppings contained in oats were responsible for losses in horses with forage poisoning. The work now reported by Dr. Graham has further ad- vanced our knowledge on the etiology of the disease and has given us a definite knowledge on the causative agent of the disease. Besides, he even went further and demonstrated that a disease which in all particulars resembles forage poisoning may be suc- cessfully combated by protective immunization. As no doubt most of you know the Bacillus botulinus has been and is known as the organism causing sausage or meat poisoning and in the early work with this organism a serum.was developed for the treatment of this infection in human beings. No doubt, however, credit is due to Dr. Graham for furthering and developing it with regard to its application for animals. Besides such serum might possess great curative value for animals infected with forage poisoning. STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 187 There is only one more word. While these important factors have been established by him experimentally it will be of interest to undertake immediately further investigations along this line in order to establish whether actual outbreaks of forage: poisoning occurring under natural conditions are caused by botulinus in- fection and whether the losses sustained from this disease are due - to botulinus intoxication. It appears to me that this is the case but no doubt further work is required to establish it beyond a doubt. Dr. Goss: The work of Dr. Graham is very interesting and shows quite conclusively that the forage poisoning with which he came in contact in Kentucky was due to the Bacillus botulinus. I have observed the different forms of diseases which have been called forage poisoning and have followed them carefully during the horse plague in Western Kansas and Nebraska. It has occurred in other places. There seem to have been more or less character- istic lesions in the brains of the horses. I did not get the symptoms as shown in this disease in Kentucky. There was usually a rise of temperature before the symptoms developed, more or less jerking, fall of temperature and increasing paralysis. On examining the brain, we found certain infiltrations which seemed to be quite characteristic of that particular disease. In some respects it was similar to Borna’s disease, as described as existing in Europe, but there seems to be a different cause. We were unable to find intra- cellular or intramolecular bodies. We have throughout the greater portion of the United States, or through the corn belt, the disease forage poisoning, which oc- curs where horses are allowed to eat quantities of moldy corn. in these cases we find large softened areas within the brain; the soft- ened area nearly always occurs in the cerebrum; it may be on either side, or on both sides, and those cases are quite typical. The losses are very high indeed where we have had a bad visitation in a particular season. There is a form of this disease where the fatality is quite high. The symptoms to all appearances are quite similar to those de- -Seribed by Dr. Graham. On examination of the brains of these animals no pathological changes are found, except indications of fatigue. In another instance, the animals did not show any in- crease in temperature, their temperatures were so normal that they were sleepy, and with paralysis, the tongue would hang out. The temperature would gradually go lower and lower until death re- sulted in the course of about 48 hours. In another epidemic the animal showed symptoms more or less characteristic of influenza, and it had been diagnosed as infiuenza. The animals were eating fodder which was exceedingly moldy. The temperatures were high at first, and continued high, in this instance around 106 degrees; the heart beat was exceedingly rapid, 188 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R. L. PONTIUS and very weak, almost imperceptible, and nearly all the animals died within 48 hours. Unfortunately I did not get a post mortem on any of them. They were fed upon alfalfa, which looked quite good, but it had a peculiar odor, a sort of tobacco odor. That man lost about six horses. Out of eight or ten which were affected there were only three or four recoveries. We took some of the al- falfa to the laboratory and fed part of it to eight guinea pigs, and six out of the eight died. Further work was done in isolating the organism and we succeeded in isolating quite a number of organ- isms. This was done sometime ago before this work came out on B. botulinus. There is a possibility of an anaerobic, and I am won- dering if it is a different form of anaerobic than the one found 1m Kentucky. In my observations there were only four forms of dis- ease which were caused by feeding forage. The symptoms may be different but Dr. Graham’s work will encourage, I think, further work along the line of isolating anaerobics, and it may be we do not do enough work in isolating organisms, as it is out of the ordi- nary technique of some laboratories. Dr. AmMuine: There is no question in my mind that the con- dition is analogous to what we have in the East. I have had con- siderable experience and I find the same conditions from products eaten by animals and humans and in 99 out of 100 cases I say the conditions are due to fungi and poisons in the food. | I recall one case in particular—I know of several—that I had last summer. There was a poultry market where they bring in the poultry from the different markets, and keep and feed them for a few days. Across the street from a poultry market was a tumble down shack in which several people lived. The children would play about the gate and poultry plant. I found poultry showing conditions of paralysis. A little girl was stricken with disease and died a day or two afterward. I found a typical case of poliomye- litis in the poultry owner’s horse which I was called to treat. I was associated, and am at the present time, with a gentleman named R. F. Hof, whom I consider one of the best bacteriologists and microscopists in the country, and he in each and every case has found these same bacilli, also micrococei and bacteria. These conditions passed along from one child to another. They all lead to the same termination—death in many cases. I do not suppose there was ever a time when we had the amount of fungi, molds, ete., that existed at that time all through the East. The cherries and berries could hardly be used; they were brought to the market on Friday or Saturday and by Monday, and in many eases in 2 hours, developed this mold. The merchants and producers all suf- fered severe losses because people would not buy. Berries would be bought in the afternoon or evening, placed in refrigeration, and probably served to a child the following morning with milk and sugar, which is a culture medium, The children were playing in STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 189 the street, and there were changes in the atmospheric conditions, fogs, and variations of temperature many times of 40 degrees with- in ten hours. The children were perfectly healthy in the evening and the next morning after eating some of the berries they would appear to be afflicted with paralysis. There were intestinai troubles. There were gastric conditions and pains in head and cervical region (superior) and sudden death. There were many eases of inflation of the intestinal tract or stomach. In many of those cases a physician would be called, and a great many times he would diagnose it as a case of pneumonia. The distension of the abdomen and the pressure on the diaphragm minus temperature and the lower portion of the bronchial organs, caused a certain sound on account of the air retained there. The inhalation was probably free, and the exhalation probably arrested, causing pul- monary rales due to pressure on diaphragm due to gastric infla- tion, ete., which caused them to diagnose a condition of pneumo- nia, when pneumonia was not present. In many cases there was a lesion in the pulmonary tract (and pneumogastric). It was nat- ural to find lesions there on account of the improper circulation of the air. These conditions I have found and have seen for many years. Most of these cases, to my mind, are brought about by vari- ous fungi, and a close and careful examination will usually find the cause. Not many years ago I was called to several stock farms. There were quite a number of hogs, cattle, especially cows and their calves affected, and the first thing I did was to go over the ground. I found a lot of grain which I think was composed of kiln dried matter. It was supposed to be used in fattening cattle to kill, some to increase the milk supply, and the entire mass was impreg- nated with a dry fungus. : Another condition existed in a herd of very high grade Hol- steins, some of the best in this country. A man lost several calves, and he sent the various parts of the organs down to us to examine. We found one and the same conditions in all of them, and the con- Sequence was we investigated the feed and found the same fungi, ‘also the bacteria, bacilli and micrococci always found present in the same condition. They had an enclosed space out in the country and were feeding, at that time, on fungus alfalfa, which I con- sider one of the most dangerous feeds for live stock. I do not know of any feed outside of corn that contains as many fungi as the alfalfa does, and takes as many of the elements out of the soil. In another instance, we found on many farms a grade of bran which was supposed to be the very best grade that could be pur- chased. We found peanut shells ground up in it to increase the weight. Somebody was evidently making a large profit and in that peanut bran we found the same fungi. 190 ROBERT GRAHAM, A. L. BRUECKNER AND R, L. PONTIUS Another instance, there was an infection among dogs some years ago. I found it in performing dogs which had eaten certain ~ ‘biscuits. The profession has not given sufficient attention to the question of feeds. The owner lost four or five dogs in probably 24 hours, and during the same time there were as many more par- alyzed. When the owner got down through New England around Meriden three of them died in three hours. The veterinarians did all they could. The dogs were sent to Harvard, and no lesions whatever were found. The first thing I did was to look over the biscuit, and I found the same mold or fungus. I changed their diet and the condition was immediately removed. On two occa- sions there was a slight attack in the same group with the result that the owner had to purchase food at random when the supply gave out. In both instances the trouble was corrected by immedi- ate correction of the diet and application of an intestinal antisep- tic immediately administered. I kept them supplied for just such emergencies. Z Dr. A. H. Baker: I am particularly interested in this mat- ter on account of the reference to the horses which died at Ottawa, Ill. Conditions surrounding that case were investigated by a sci- entist. It was at my suggestion that the scientist at the State Uni. versity was called in. I recognized, when I was ealled there in consultation with a local practitioner, that we had cases of forage poisoning. Before I arrived five or six horses had died, and they all died with the symptoms that Dr. Graham described. The first symptom developed was pharyngeal paralysis, and the other condi- tions, including the recumbent position, in which the horse was unable to rise, and death in from 48 to 72 hours. We found on. in- vestigation that the owner had just started to feed from silos. The upper portion, a foot deep of that silo, was pretty moldy, he knew it was not fit for food and took it out, anl when it was dry he hated to throw it away, so he used it for bedding his horses, in- stead of bedding with straw, and to his surprise the horses ate this stuff. In the course of 24 to 48 hours they developed symptoms, showing a temperature and died in 2 or 3 days. On investigation the scientists of the State University bought some old horses and fed this same stuff to them; the same symp- toms developed and death ensued. They concluded that the moldy ensilage was the cause of the forage poisoning. In this connection we all know that some molds are harmless, while some molds are very fatal. I would lke to suggest to Dr. Graham, now that he has started on this forage poison investigation, that he give us the result of a little further investigation, and enable us, if possible, to differentiate between poisonous and non-poisonous molds. It appeals to me particularly, because I believe forage poisoning is a very difficult problem for the practitioners to deal with, STUDIES IN FORAGE POISONING 191 Dr. Granam: The outbreak of forage poisoning at Ot- tawa, Illinois, referred to by Dr. Baker, was investigated by Professor H. P. Rusk and Dr. H. 8S. Grindley of the Uni- versity of Illinois. If I an correctly advised, by a series of feeding experiments they were able to prove quite con- clusively that the silage contained the etiologic factor in the outbreak which occurred on Mr. Alexander McLean’s farm near Ottawa, Illinois. Feeding experiments that had been out- lined and conducted during the summer months of last year were incomplete when it came time to refill the silo. The contaminated silage was covered with fresh silage. Separating the contaminated ' silage from the fresh silage was a layer of oil cloth. The new silage was fed by the owner with apparently satisfactory results. - After removing the oil cloth covering, the contaminated silage was used in further feeding experiments conducted by Professor Rusk and Dr. Grindley during the past few months, at which time it was shown to possess its original toxic properties, and fatal results were consistently obtained in horses that were allowed liberal amounts of this feed. : Several horses in these tests were given anti-serum while three or four controls or untreated horses receiving similar rations suc- cumbed after manifesting typical symptoms of forage poisoning. The results of their studies have not as yet been published, but from correspondence and first-hand observations during the course of the experiments it seems that the horses receiving serum were protected from the poisonous effect of the silage. Replying to the question presented by Dr. Goss relative to the presence of gross lesions noted in the cerebrum of experimental horses, I might say that upon autopsy observations indicate the large areas of degeneration, or rather disintegration, to which Dr. Goss refers, are rarely present, at least not consistently so in our observations to date. The temperature of affected animals as a rule is not elevated. Numerous recorded temperatures of animals suffering from the disease, both naturally and artificially, indicate that some may show a high temperature while a larger number . show a normal or sub-normal temperature. . The relation of pathogenic molds to this disease have not been overlooked in our investigations but on the other hand numerous attempts have been made to determine the pathogenic properties of certain species of these organisms found upon animal feeds. The results obtained from time to time in this connection quite agree with the observations by different investigators relative to the role of the common molds in forage poisoning. It may be, however, that certain molds or other non-pathogenic organisms may be involved secondarily. In fact, laboratory experiments seem to confirm such a supposition, providing B. botulinus may be incriminated as the common etiologic factor in this disease. The 192 B. M. UNDERHILL occurrence of B. botulinus upon forage is apparently not indicated by the presence of molds yet it is possible that certain molds may favor the field for its growth and development. B. botulinus, in the presence of certain molds, will grow under aerobic conditions or even in distinctly acid medium, two cultural conditions which are not favorable to the development of B. botulinus independent- ly. The modification brought about by secondary organisms in as- sociation suggests a symbiotic relation and there is little doubt that other saprophytic organisms as cited by Van Ermengem, Buckley, and Shippen, may create conditions favorable for the de- velopment of B. botulinus in nature, accompanied by the produc- tion of its specific toxin. SHEEP PESTS, PARASITIC AND PREDACIOUS* B. M. UNDERHILL, V.M.D., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. It is said of sheep that they have ever been in the vanguard of civilization. As to this the history of the sheep industry in our own country affords an example. Moving constantly westward with the attraction to newer and cheaper lands, it came to.occupy in- creasing areas of western range country until it seemed that wool and mutton production in any considerable scale belonged to the far-west. However true this may have been under past conditions, the decreasing extent of the ranges by their constantly increasing occupation has brought about a new era upon which must follow a more intensive system of animal husbandry. Under such a system sheep and wool production takes its place upon the higher priced land of the small farm where, with improved stock, better care, in- creased productiveness, and the attractive prices of an unsupplied demand, it should prove a profitable branch of farm industry. In certain localities this is already in evidence. The serious shortage in the supply of wool and mutton is not likely to be relieved, how- ever, until familiarity with sheep and methods of caring for them becomes more general and certain elements of discouragement to the industry are eliminated or placed under more effectual control. Reference to the 1915 report of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture will show the estimated number of sheep in Penn- sylvania for that year to be 806,000, having an approximate total “Presented at the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, Harrisburg, Pa., January, 1918. SHEEP PESTS, PARASITIC AND PREDACIOUS 193 value of $4,352,400.00. This estimate would indicate a decrease of 30% from the estimated number of sheep in the state ten years earlier, there seeming to be a decline of about 3% per year. The contribution of Pennsylvania to the present shortage of American grown wool, as shown by the above figures, may be due mainly to the lack of appreciation of sheep husbandry as a profit- able branch of live stock industry. Two other factors, however, weigh heavily as a contributing cause, if they do not in themselves constitute the main one. These are the susceptibility of sheep to parasites and the losses by death and injury from dogs. Both have been besetting causes of discouragement to flock owners, dogs con- tributing to the pillage not only in a predatory sense but, in a less degree, as carriers and disseminators of certain of the parasites with which sheep are invaded. The losses from the ravaging of flocks by dogs progressively inereases with increased density of human, and consequently of eanine, population. Pennsylvania, with its numerous towns and industrial centers, has its concomitant quota of dogs, and this has caused the dog problem as it relates to sheep to be peculiarly ap- plicable to this state. Data compiled by the Bureau of Statistics of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture relative to the extent of this damage for the year 1914 set forth among other summaries the following: Total number of sheep killed................ 5,187 Total number of sheep injured.............. 3,813 Amount paid for sheep killed and injured....$ 46,640.70 Amount of dog tax collected................ 147,815.88 These losses in killed and injured do not, however, represent the entire damage. A flock once attacked becomes restless, excitable, and for weeks afterward will rush about and become on the alert at slight and harmless intrusions to which they would ordinarily give no attention. The check in the normal gain of the flock from this cause may be considerable and constitutes a loss for which the owner is not reimbursed. A good sentinel against unwelcome intruders is the sheep dog of America, the Scotch collie. This can be appreciated by anyone who has seen a well-trained one at work; going about his duties quietly, aggressively challenging any trespassing cur, and at night warning the herdsman of lurking prowlers by his bark. A poorly trained and bad-mannered collie, however, is worse than a nuisance and should be classed with the common pack of sheep 194 B. M. UNDERHILL damaging dogs. It is generally known that dogs that are well cared for, both through their restraint and a certain lack of inclination, are not likely to attack sheep. It is the unrestricted prowler, re- verting in his night rovings to the predatory instincts of the wolf, that is the offender, either alone or encouraged by a pack of similar sneaking marauders. Such dogs should be hunted and destroyed as are any other plundering wild beasts. But let us hope that we are now at the dawn of a brighter day ‘for the sheep industry in Pennsylvania. On the fifteenth of this January there went into effect an enactment of the last session of the legislature which should pass the dog back into history as a serious obstructor. In its main features this law provides that on or before the fifteenth day of January of each year every owner of a dog shall obtain a license with which there will be issued a metal tag to be worn by the dog at all times. Between sunset and sunrise of each day dogs are to be confined in such manner that they cannot stray beyond the premises on which they are secured, unless under the reasonable control of some person. A dog seen in the act of pursu- ing, worrying or wounding any live stock, or attacking human be- ings, whether or not the dog bears the license tag, may be killed by any person, and there shall be no liability on such person in damages or otherwise for such killing. Under the duties of police officers in the enforcement of this law it is stated that it shall be the duty of every police officer to detain any dog or dogs which bear a proper license tag and which are. found running at large and unaccom- panied by owner or keeper. For failure to perform his duty under the provisions of this act, such police officer shall be liable to a pen- alty of $2.00 for each offense. For the performance of this duty he shall be paid the sum of $1.00 for detaining a licensed dog and the ~ sum of $1.00 for the killing of a dog. Any person violating or fail- ing or refusing to comply with any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding $100.00 or to undergo an imprisonment not exceeding three months, at the discretion of the court. In these and in its further provisions we now seem to have a dog law with teeth, let us trust that they will be equal to the canines and carnassials of the carnivorous culprits. Be this as it may, its effectiveness will depend upon the interest of citizens in seeing to it that the law is enforced. Clinical and laboratory experience has shown that sheep suffer SHEEP PESTS, PARASITIC AND PREDACIOUS 195 more from parasitic diseases than from those caused by bacteria. With other herbivorous animals they share hostage to the larval stage of certain of the numerous intestinal parasites of carnivora to which infection their habit of grazing close to the ground perhaps has an exposing influence. Furthermore, their dense fieece and ten- der skin affords an attractive harbor for the sustenance and propa- gation of the mites and ticks with which they are externally beset. Observed parasitism of sheep may exist in one or two individu- als; more often it involves most or quite all of the flock, or the in- festation may be of an enzootic or even an epizootic nature. From the viewpoint of the most prevalent form in which the problem pre- sents itself, measures looking to the prevention of thé spread of the parasitism from animal to animal in a flock and from flock to flock in a sheep-raising district are of prime importance. Treatment for the expulsion of the parasites from infested individuals is essential as preventing direct loss by death and by decrease in the productive- ness of the animals. Furthermore, an animal which may have been thus completely rid of the specific parasite and its eggs will, of course, cease to be a menace to the flock from this source as long as the freedom lasts. Obviously, however, the danger of reinfection and spread are not removed by this treatment unless it is supple- mented by measures applied to the parasite external to the sheep host, for the effectual carrying out of which a knowledge of the life history is essential. Unfortunately this life history is not completely known as to certain malignant roundworm species infesting sheep, though enough has already been determined upon which to base in most cases decidedly effectual procedures of control. It has some- where been stated that it may be taken as an axiom in helminthology that each worm in the body develops from an egg or larva which has entered from without. Worms, unlike bacteria, do not go on multiplying indefinitely with the production of new adult genera- tions in the same host. It follows, then, that preventive measures dealing with parasitism should be based upon the life history of the species to which such measures are applied. Where this is known wholly or in part and such knowledge intelligently taken advantage of, the problem of eradication or control becomes much easier of solution than it otherwise would be. A case in point pertains to a parasite of sheep and other ru- minating animals, the common liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. It has been stated that previous to the working out of the life history 196 B. M. UNDERHILL of the fluke the loss in England from hepatic fascioliasis was for a time in the neighborhood of 3,000,000 head of sheep annually. The determination of the essential alternation of the fluke’s parasitism between the sheep and snail host pointed the way for measures of control, consisting mainly in the elimination of snails by the elimi- nation by drainage of places which harbored them, or in the limit- ing of the sheep to pastures free from standing water or overflow. Since the application of these simple preventive measures the loss from fascioliasis in England and other European countries has been greatly reduced. Apparently flukes have not been as preva- lent among American sheep flocks as among those of Europe. To what extent this may be due to their being overlooked or to failure to report such cases cannot be determined, but it is probably true that whatever degree of actual immunity we enjoy from this pest ~ may be largely accounted for in the fact that it has generally been the practice in this country to pasture sheep upon elevated and dry land rather than upon that which is low and marshy. There are, however, a sufficient number of cases of record to demonstrate the nrobability of fascioliasis becoming more prevalent with the growth of the sheep industry in the United States. There is, in fact, the possibility of its assuming in future years proportions of vastly greater economic importance than at present—even the dimensions of a ravaging plague—unless we are on the lookout for it and, where it appears, apply such measures as are indicated by the life history of the parasite. The more serious symptoms in fascioliasis are usually among the lambs. Animals harboring but few flukes will give no evidence of functional disturbance, as has been demonstrated in slaughter- ing establishments where moderately infested livers have been re- peatedly found in sheep in prime condition. In heavier infestations there is usually dullness, slow movement, and an inclination to lag behind the flock. Anemia is revealed in the paleness of the con- junctival mucosa, and there may be edematous swelling of the eye- lids and perhaps of the brisket. Notwithstanding this the physi- cal condition may remain good and, in fact there may be a tendency to fatten. Later, however, the symptoms become more aggravated, there is more edema in the dependent parts, the puffy conjunctiva forming a prominent ring around the cornea. With progressively diminished appetite there is loss of flesh, and, with the develop- ment of ascites, labored respiration, and diarrhea, the disease is SHEEP PESTS, PARASITIC AND PREDACIOUS 197 at its maximum, usually reached about the third month after infes- tation. Other flatworms infesting sheep belong with the family Taeni- idae or tapeworms. In animals which do not eat flesh infestation with adult tapeworms is comparatively uncommon, and in no such ease is the life history of the infesting species known. Of the do- mesticated herbivorous animals probably sheep most frequently harbor these worms, infestations being most prevalent in the flocks of our far western-states. A species which seems to be peculiar to sheep among our domestic animals is Thysanosoma actinioides (Taenia fimbriata) which is readily distinguished by the long fringes on the posterior borders of the segments. Other species occurring in sheep and also in cattle are Moniezia expansa, M. alba, and M. planissima. These when fully developed vary in length from three to twenty feet or more according to species. In all the segments are much broader than long, and in all the cephalic arma- ture of hooks is absent: As nothing is known as to their cystic forms, the manner in which animals become infested remains un- determined. Unless the tapeworms are present in unusual numbers, taeni- asis does not, so far as clinical experience goes, seem to cause seri- ous disturbance in sheep. Lambs born in the winter and turned upon grass early, when pastures are wet with the spring rains, are most likely to suffer. Where losses. occur in such cases they are generally due to malnutrition and’ digestive disturbances in highly susceptible or heavily infested lambs, the toxins elaborated by the worms contributing considerably in bringing about the morbid condition. During the past summer two yearling lambs—one dead, one _living—were brought to our laboratory from a flock near Phila- delphia, among which some losses had occurred. The carcass, on autopsy, showed anemia, marked parenchymatous degeneration of the heart muscle, liver, and kidneys, spleen normal, pronounced eatarrhal enteritis, and an acute lung edema. The small intestine contained a number of tapeworms of the species Moniezia expansa which were unmassed, the fragments when laid out having a total measurement of about one hundred feet. During the two days which the other animal lived it was very drowsy, refused feed and did not ruminate. The temperature and pulse were taken once, there, as recorded, being 104.4°F. and 150, respectively. Autopsy ‘ 198 B. M. UNDERHILL showed similar lesions to those of the first animal, the intestine containing tapeworms of the same species yielding a total length of about ninety feet. Relative to toxins produced by intestinal worms, it is proba- bly true that the effect upon the host does not necessarily depend upon the number of parasites present. The degree of virulence may vary with particular infestations, and, furthermore, there are undoubtedly cases of peculiar susceptibility, especially among young animals. It may be added in this connection that, as re- search workers in this field bring additions to our knowledge of the parasites and their pathogenic possibilities, evidences are be- ing brought forth which point to the probability that certain ver- minous parasites, heretofore considered relatively harmless, are not so innocent as had been supposed and may be the primary of- fenders in certain conditions now assigned to other somewhat ob- scure causes. | . Of the roundworms infesting sheep but two can be briefly re- viewed within the present limits. Of these Haemonchus contortus, the species most commonly causing gastro-intestinal strongylosis, is probably responsible for driving more men out of the sheep busi- ness than any other adverse factor. The worm is thread-like, about three-quarters to one inch in length, and attaches to the mucosa of the fourth stomach and duodenum where it feeds upon the blood of its host. Infestations occur mostly among sheep which have access to low and marshy pasturage, young animals, as is the general rule in entoparasitism, being the greatest sufferers. Se- ‘vere cases are accompanied by disorders of digestion and lead through loss of blood to pallor, dropsical conditions, and emacia- tion. Where a number of animals are involved any doubt as to the cause of these symptoms of a pernicious anemia may be cleared up by killing one and examining the fourth stomach. If there are heavy infestations this will reveal large numbers of the strongyles both free in the stomach’s contents and deeply adhering to the mucosa, the latter showing the lesions of a subacute or chronic catarrh. It is significant as to the prevalence of the stomach worm that in sheep carcasses submitted to our laboratory for diagnosis it is the exception to find one entirely free from this parasite. It is often found in association with other parasitism, as strongylosis of the bronchi and lungs and nodular strongylosis of the large in- testines, due probably to the fact that conditions which favor in- festation with one are equally favorable to the other forms. SHEEP PESTS, PARASITIC AND PREDACIOUS 199 From what is already known of the life history of the stomach worm, it seems that infestation is direct, the larvae probably being taken up by the sheep with contaminated food and water. Becom- ing adult in the stomach, their eggs pass to the outside where they may hatch in a few hours or weeks according to more or less favor- able conditions of temperature and moisture. Newly hatched larvae will not survive dryness or freezing, but if their vitality is sustained until they become surrounded by a chitinous sheath, they can then live under such conditions for a long period, and it is in this condition that they are infective. Becoming increasingly motile with a temperature rising above 40°F., and in the presence of moisture, as that from rain or dew, they make their way up the blades of grass to a position where they are readily taken up by the grazing ruminant. From the fact that the eggs and newly hatched embryos do not appear to be infective, and that dryness kills them before they reach their ensheathed or infective stage, it follows that the use of elevated pasturage with good natural drain- age greatly reduces the chances of re-infestations. Systems of pas- ture rotation as a method of control are based upon the varying periods of time required for the newly hatched embryos to reach the infective stage under different mean degrees of temperature. At a constant temperature of about 95°F. this stage is reached in three to four days after the eggs have been passed. At 70° one or two weeks are required, while three to four weeks are necessary at about 50°. At temperatures below 40° the eggs will not hatch and larvae which may have reached ensheathment are inactive. Under the usual climatic conditions of the northern part of the United States from November to March we are not apt to have a continuous temperature of over 40° for three weeks. There is, therefore, little chance of new infection from placing infeeted and noninfected animals together in clean lots or fields during this time. Based upon these findings, Ransom recommends a system of pasture rotation which is probably a very effective measure for the eradication of this parasite, although it involves considerable inconvenience. By this method animals which have been kept to- gether from November through the winter, if removed in April to another clean field, may remain there for that month. In May the pasture is to be changed every two weeks. In June every ten days, and in July and August every week. In September the changes may be made as in June, every ten days, while in October a field 200 B. M. UNDERHILL may be occupied two weeks or more according to temperature. The following year the same pastures can be used in the same order of rotation, as any field which has not been visited by sheep, cattle, or goats for one year may be safely considered as free from infec- tion. In verminous bronchitis of sheep, due to the invasion of the bronchi by strongyles, Dictyocaulus filaria, a thread-like worm two to four inches in length, is in most cases the offender. Two smaller species—Synthetocaulus rufescens and S. capillaris—are responsi- ble for deeper seated lung lesions and may co-exist in the same ani- mal with the common invader of the larger air passages. Many cases of verminous bronchitis are complicated with gastric strongy- losis. In post mortem examinations, therefore, the stomach should not be overlooked, as the stomach worms may be responsible for a proportion of the losses. The lung invasion may be light, in which case there may be no more manifestation of it than an occasional cough. In severe cases the cough is more frequent and becomes paroxysmal, a distressing dyspnea often accompanying the attack. The bronchial secretion expelled tends to be lumpy, and usually, though not always, contains the adult and embryo worms. Rela- tive to the degree of infestation, these symptoms may pass to ex- treme difficulty in respiration, emaciation, pallor, edema of the larynx, muzzle and eyelids, and finally lead to the death of the animal in a state of complete prostration. The duration of such cases is influenced by the toleration of the affected animal. Very young lambs may succumb in a few days from the first observation of symptoms. Strong adults, on the other hand, are likely to grad- ually recover during a course of six to eight months. The majority of unfavorable cases, however, are among the lambs, and most of these will run a course of two to four months. The lungworms deposit their eggs in the respiratory passages of their hosts, and most of the freed embryos are expelled with the bronchial secretion. Further than this little is known of their life history. It has been shown that under favorable conditions of warmth and moisture they molt at least twice, after which they retain their cuticular covering and in this condition may resist dry- ing for a considerable period. It is probable that these larvae find their way to the sheep host with wet grass or with water from shal- low collections upon the pastures. That infection cannot occur — directly from animal to animal has been shown by Leuckart, Herms SHEEP PESTS, PARASITIC AND PREDACIOUS 201 and Freeborn, and others, who were not successful in bringing it about by the introduction into the respiratory passages and stom- ach of bronchial mucus containing numerous embryos. Prescribed limits will not permit even mention here of other internal and external parasites responsible for considerable losses among our flocks. But this whole subject of conditions adverse to the sheep industry has at the present time a side of broader im- portance than the purely economic one. It is stated that more than the entire wool production of the United States will be required for our armies. Relative to this the following figures are signifi- cant: in 1917 the wool crop of this country was 285,573,000 pounds, a decline of 4,619,000 pounds from that of 1914, and of 35,789,750 pounds from the crop of 1910. This in the face of the fact that from 1914 to 1916 there was a progressive increase of 187,323,399 pounds in our consumption of wool. As every ship will be needed for the transportation of our men and supplies to the countries at war, little can be imported to supply the tremendously augmented demand for an indefinite period to come. In view of these facts further comment as to the supply and consumption and sustained prices would seem unnecessary. As this paper is addressed to an assemblage of veterinarians, it may be fittingly concluded with a word directing thought to the extent to which the welfare of the sheep industry must depend upon you. To you must logically fall the task of protecting our flocks from their worst enemy—the parasites. The efficient dis- charge of this responsibility calls for close study of more recent research in both the zoological and pathological fields of parasit- ology and a good working general knowledge of sheep as well. Su- _ perficiality has no place in the field of comparative medicine under present intensive systems of live stock husbandry. The apprecia- tion of this by veterinary educators is indicated in the greater at- tention to the biological fundamentals and the bringing up of our courses to meet changing and more complex demands. Modern education in this branch of medicine requires that the student be fitted to intelligently co-operate with the advanced work of state and federal live stock sanitary organization, that he may so put his thought and training into action as to be an indispensable unit of service to his community in the eradication of such conditions as have caused the sheep industry to be almost completely abandoned in certain parts of the United States. HORSE STRONGYLES IN CANADA B. H. RANsom, Chief of the Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, and 8. Hapwen, Pathologist, Health of Animals Branch, Canadian Department of Agriculture During the summer of 1917 a cooperative investigation of the disease of horses known as infectious anemia or swamp fever was undertaken by the Health of Animals Branch, Department of Agriculture, Dominion of Canada, and the Bureau of Animal In- dustry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. In this investigation a trip was made into the Province of Saskatchewan by one of the present writers (S. H.) and localities in other provinces were also visited. Besides data relating to swamp fever the trip yielded a quantity of interesting parasitic material from horses and it is the particular purpose of this paper to record some of the findings concerning nematodes parasitic in the large intestine. The mate- rial has been only partly worked up but sufficient has been done to eive a fair idea of the species represented. Until the appearance of the important monograph of Looss (1902) on the Sclerostomidae of horses and donkeys in Egypt knowledge of the various kinds of nematodes that occur in the in- testines of horses was very imperfect. Looss showed that the strongyles parasitic in the large intestine of the horse comprise numerous forms, and described and figured nineteen distinct spe- cies representing four genera. Prior to Looss the text books recog- nized only two or at most three species and assigned them to a single genus, Strongylus or Sclerostoma. At the present time five genera are recognized and the number of species has been increased to twenty-six. That other species still remain to be described is quite evident to anyone who has examined in detail specimens of stron- ovles from the large intestine of the horse. The genera to which the strongyles of the large intestine of the horse belong are as follows: , Strongylus Mueller, 1780 or 1784 (= Sclerostoma Rudolphi, 1809). | Oesophagodontus Railliet and Henry, 1902. Triodontophorus Looss, 1902 (=Triodontus Looss, 1900 [not Westwood, 1845] ). Gyalocephalus Looss, 1900. HORSE STRONGYLES IN CANADA 203 Cylicostomum Railliet and Henry, 1902 (—Cylichnostomum Looss, 1902—Cyathostomum. Molin, 1861 [not Cyathostoma Blan- chard, 1849] ). {Cylindropharynx Leiper, 1911. This genus, two species of which have been described from the zebra in tropical Africa, is not yet known to be represented among the parasites of the horse.] Very little has heretofore been published in America concern- ing the horse strongyles. Brief descriptions of the species found in Canada in 1917 (with the exception of the genus Cylicostomum) will be given in the present paper together with similar brief de- scriptions of the related species, not yet recorded in North Amer- ica but likely to occur here. The genus Cylicostomum will be dis- cussed only summarily as the Canadian material representing this genus has not been worked up in detail. In addition to a number of known species some new forms have been collected. Descrip- tions of these will be reserved for a future occasion. Genus Strongylus Mueller, 1780 or 1784 (Type species, S. equinus Mueller). Three species of this genus have thus far been recorded as parasitic in the horse and all three were collected in Canada dur- ing the summer of 1917. The adults of this genus can usually be easily distinguished because they are larger than most of the other forms that occur in the large intestine. Species Strongylus equinus Mueller, 1780 or 1784. The adults of this species measure, according to Looss, about 35 mm in length (male) and 45 to 47 mm (female). It is readily distinguished from the other two species of Strongylus occurring in the horse by the presence of three teeth in the base of the mouth capsule (two points on the dorsal tooth together with the two ven- tral teeth give the appearance of four teeth). S. vulgaris has one tooth and S. edentatus no teeth in the mouth capsule. According to Railliet (1915) immature forms of this species may be found in the pancreas and hepato-gastric ligament. Adults were collected at Lethbridge, Alberta, August 5. Species Strongylus edentatus (Looss, 1900). The adults (Looss’s measurements) are 23 to 26 mm in length (male) and 33 to 36 mm (female). The absence of teeth in the base of the mouth capsule render this species easily recognizable. 204 B. H. RANSOM AND S. HADWEN Railliet (1915) states that immature stages occur in the subperito- neal connective tissue of the right side of the body and in the testi- cles of cryptorchids. A male and female 25 mm and 30 mm in length, respectively, were taken from the aorta of a horse examined post mortem at Lethbridge, Alberta, July 5. Full grown ae were collected at Lethbridge, August 5. Species Strongylus vulgaris (Looss, 1900). This is the smallest of the three species of Strongylus occurring in the large intestine of the horse. The adult male measures 14 to 16 mm in length, the female 23 to 24 mm (Looss’s measurements). A single tooth is present in the base of the mouth capsule, but this tooth is supplied with two prominent rounded projections so that on casual examination there appear to be two teeth. According to —

960: S F336 ==:: = Hike == == 9) Zs. Sar 4). Ee iTS ny hs I Fie. 13. Gyalocephalus capitatus. Fig. 12. Triodontophorus brevicauda. From Looss (modified). X104 From Boulenger (modified). X100 Species Gyalocephalus capitatus Looss, 1900. Length of male 7.5 mm, of female 9.5 mm. Leayes of anterior leaf crown very numerous, slender, pointed. Mouth capsule very short and relatively broad. No trace of a dorsal gutter. Anterior portion of esophagus very wide, middle portion slender. Oesopha- geal funnel almost hemispherical in shape, supported internally by apparently six strongly arched longitudinal ribs starting from the mouth capsule and converging posteriorly toward the commence- ment of the tri-radiate lumen of the esophagus. Vulva about 0.7 mm from the posterior end of the body. Prebursal papillae very long, form supporting rays of the male bursa. These few charac- ters are taken from the more complete description given by Looss (1902). G. capitatus has been recorded heretofore from Egypt by Looss who collected a single pair of specimens from the colon of a mule, from France by Railliet and Henry (1902), and from Eng- land by Leiper (1910). It was collected at Lethbridge, Alberta, August 5, and Rosthern, Saskatchewan, August 31. HORSE STRONGYLES IN CANADA 211 Genus Cylicostomum Railliet and Henry, 1902 (Type species C. tetracanthum [Mebhlis, 1831] ). This genus, as constituted at present, contains a larger number of species than any other genus of horse strongyles, and the worms that belong to it are much smaller in size on the average than the worms of any of the other genera in question. These facts render specific determination as a rule more difficult than in the case of the other genera, especially since a considerable number of species is likely to be present in the same individual host. A study of each specimen under a high power microscope is usually necessary for a determination of its species. Following are the named species of Cylicostomum occurring in the horse and other equines: ‘oll cum ey) Fig. 14. Cylicostomum labratum. Fig. 15. Cylicostomum poculatum. From Looss (modified). X190 From Looss (modified). X190 Cylicostomum tetracanthum (Mehlis, 1831), C. labratum (Looss, 1900), C. labiatum (Looss, 1902), C. coronatum (Looss, 1900), C. bicoronatum (Looss, 1900), C. poculatum (Looss, 1900), C. calicatum (Gooss, 1900), C. alveatum (Looss, 1900), C. catina- tum (Looss, 1900), C. nassatum (Looss, 1900), C. radiatum (Looss, 1900), C. elongatum (Looss, 1900), C. auriculatum (Looss, 1900), C. mettami (Leiper, 1913), C. ewproctus (Boulenger, 1917), C. imsigne (Boulenger, 1917), and C. goldi (Boulenger, 1917). Altogether, so far as appears from the literature available, seventeen named species of Cylicostomum occur in the large intes- tine of the horse and other equines (mule and ass). As already noted some new species belonging to this genus were collected in Canada during 1917, but descriptions of these will be left for a future paper. 212 B. H. RANSOM AND S. HADWEN Most of the species of Cylicostomum thus far recorded as parasites of the horse measure in the adult stage less than 15 mm in length, several less or scarcely more than half this size. A prominent circular mouth collar is present surrounding the mouth opening, more or less distinctly set off from the rest of the body. The mouth collar is regularly rounded, slightly flattened or de- pressed, or (in one species) with its outer edge projecting forward. Inner surface of mouth collar occupied by the anterior or external leaf crown, consisting of narrow flattened leaf-like processes with pointed or rounded tips, ranging in different species from 8 to 42 innumber. Mouth capsule sub-cylindrical in shape usually broader than long but may be longer than broad. Posterior or internal leaf crown comes off from inner surface of mouth capsule near its : nN | | ll | ini | Ndtith —— Fig. 16. Cylicostomum coronatum. > From Looss (modified). X190 anterior border, and is composed of elements varying from small inconspicuous tubercles to long flattened leaf-like processes. Dor- sal lobe of male bursa set off from the lateral lobes by a distinct notch. Dorsal rays of bursa large, split down or almost down to the roots of the externo-dorsal rays, each with two lateral branches of about the same size as the posterior portions of the rays them- selves. Externo-dorsal rays closely approached to the postero- lateral rays, with their terminal portions turning off backwards more or less suddenly from their main course at an obtuse angle. Genital cone well developed, usually bluntly conical, but some- times long and almost cylindrical. Spicules long and slender, equal in size, terminating posteriorly in a double hook, one branch of which bends sharply backwards. Vulva of female closely ap- proached to the anus. The adult cylicostomes, according to HORSE STRONGYLES IN CANADA 213 Looss, do not adhere to the mucous membrane, are not bloodsuck- ers, and feed upon the matter found in the contents of the intes- tine of the host, such as vegetable debris, the ciliates usually found in large numbers in the cecum and colon, nematode ova, ete. Ac- cording to Railliet (1915) the immature stages of the cylicostomes occur encysted in the mucosa of the intestine. From the material collected in Canada during the summer of 1917, besides some new species, twelve species of Cylicostomum have thus far been sorted out, namely, C. labiatum, C. labratum, C. poculatum, C. catinatum, C. coronatum, C. bicoronatum, C. cali- catum, C. radiatum, C. nassatum, C. elongatum, C. insigne, and C. goldi. All of these were collected from the large intestine of horses examined post mortem at Lethbridge, Alberta, August 5, and Ros- thern, Saskatchewan, August 31. C. insigne was found only in the Lethbridge horse; C. elongatum and C. coronatum only in the Ros- thern horse ; the others were present in both cases. The writers are indebted to Mr. L. N. Garlough of the Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, for assistance in sorting out the specimens of the various species of Cylicostomum represented in the Canadian material, and to re A. E. Cameron of the Entomological Branch, Ottawa, for assistance in eld work. jrcistiamesicias i ceomnaimasce BouLENGER, CHARLES L. 1916. Sclerostome parasites of the horse in England. 1. The genera Triodontophorus and Oesophagodontus. Parasit- ology, Cambridge (Eng.), v. 8 (4), June 30, pp. 420-439, figs. 1-7, pl. 22, figs. 1-7. . 1917. Sclerostome parasites of the horse in England. 2. New species ot the genus Cylichnostomum. Parasitology, Lond., v. 9 (2), Feb., pp. 203- 212, figs. 1-5. GepoELsT, L. 1903. Résumé du cours de parasitologie. ix+107 pp. 8°. Bruxelles. GILES, GEorGE M. J. 1892. On a new sclerostcme from the large intestine of aot oo Mem. Med. Off., India, Caleutta, pt. 7, pp. 25-30, 1 pl, gs. 1-14. Leper, R. T. 1910. [Exhibition of specimens of entozoa.] Proc. Zool. Soc., _ Lond. (1), June, p. 147. 1911. Some new parasitic nematodes from tropical Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. (2), June, pp. 549-555, figs. 140-144. 1913. A new eylicostome worm from the horse in London. Vet. J., Lond. (460), v. 69, Oct., pp. 460-462, figs. a-c. von LINSTOwW, 0. F. B. 1904. Nematoda in the collection of the Colombo Mu- oo Spolia Zeylanica, Colombo, v. 1 (4), Feb., pp. 91-104, pls. 1-2, figs. Looss, ARTHUR. 1900. Die Selerostomen der Pferde und Esel in Egypten. (Notizen zur Helminthologie Egyptens. 3). Centralbl. f. Bakteriol., Para- sitenk [ete.], Jena, 1. Abt., v. 27 (4), 5. Feb., pp. 150-160; (5), 12. Feb., pp. 184-192. 1902. The Sclerostomidae of horses and donkeys in Egypt. Rec. Egypt. Govt. School Med., Cairo, pp. 25-139, pls. 1-13, figs. 1-172. dia 214 G. A. JOHNSON Menus, E. 1831. Novae observationes de entozois. Auctore Dr. Fr. Chr. H. Creplin. Isis (Oken), Leipz. (1), pp. 68-99, pl. 2, figs. 1-18; (2), pp. 166-199. MoLiIn, RAFFAELE. 1861. Il sottordine degli acrofalli ordinato scientificamente secondo i risultamenti delle indagini anatomiche ed embriogeniche. Mem. r. Ist. Veneto di sc., lett. ed arti, Venzia (1860), v. 9, pp. 427-633, pls. 25-33. MueELuER, O. F. 1784. Zoologica Danica seu animalium Daniae et Nor- vegiae rariorum ac minus notorum descriptiones et historia. v. 2, 1 L, 124 pp. 8°. Lipsiae. Raituier, A. 1915. L’emploi des médicaments dans le traitement des maladies causées par des nématodes. Rep. 10. Internat. Vet. Cong., Lond. (Aug., 1914), v. 3, pp. 733-749. RaILuieT, ALCIDE, and HeENry, A. 1902. Sur les selérostomiens des équidés. Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Par., v. 54 (4), 7 fév., pp. 110-112. RupoupH, C. A. 1809. Entozoorum sive vermium intestinalium historia natur- alis. v. 2 (1), 457 pp., pls. 7-12. 8°. Amstelaedami. Sweet, GEORGINA. 1909. The endoparasites of Australian stock and native fauna. Part 2. New and unrecorded species. Proc. Roy. Soc., Victoria, Melbourne, n. s., v. 21, pt. 2, Mar., pp. 503-527, pl. 29, figs. 1-9. BLACKLEG AND ITS PREVENTION®* G. A. JOHNSON, Sioux City, Iowa Blackleg is an acute infectious disease of cattle, known under a large number of different names. While other ruminants are not immune to the disease, it is not common among any of them. Some authors state that swine sometimes suffer from blackleg, but we are inclined to believe this a mistake in diagnosis and that the supposed cases of blackleg in swine are some other form of emphysematosa, as there are several other conditions that are caused by other gas forming bacilli that more or less closely resemble true blackleg. This opinion is based largely upon the fact that it is quite a common practice among farmers of many localities of this country to feed the carcasses of animals that have died: of blackleg to their swine without producing a single case of blackleg in the swine, so far as we have been able to learn. Blackleg and anthrax were considered one and the same dis- ease until Bollinger, in 1875, and Feser, in 1876, demonstrated that they were two separate and distinct diseases, blackleg being due to the Bacillus Chauveaui and anthrax due to Bacterium anthracis. *Presented at the 30th Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Associa- tion, Ames, Iowa, January, 1918. BLACKLEG AND ITS PREVENTION 215 Blackleg, to a certain extent, is a localized septicemia, somewhat similar in biologic principles to tetanus. It is usually character- ized by local emphysematosa of the subcutaneous and muscular tis- sue, accompanied by septicemia. The period of incubation in nat- ural infection is usually from 3 to 5 days and the disease usually runs a fatal course in from a few hours to three days. Symproms. In well defined cases there is loss of appetite, and cessation of rumination. The temperature does not give much in- formation because it may be as high as 105, 106 or even 107 de- grees F., while in other cases it does not go over 104 degrees F. Stiffness is an early symptom and in the majority of cases the ani- mals manifest uneasiness by lying down and getting up, which is done with more and more difficulty as the disease progresses. In the majority of cases tumefaction in some part is present ; especially in the later stages of the disease, the swelling is not very painful and usually presents the well known crackling sound upon manipu- lation, but in a typical case this may be absent. The history of the herd is of value in gaining a diagnosis, i. e., has there already been a loss indicating blackleg? Are the premises known to be infected with blackleg, etc. ? Post Mortem Lesions. As is well known this disease is char- acterized by a local emphysematosa of the striated musculature of some part of the body, as the shoulder or hip, with the formation of more or less gas. Upon excision there is usually found an exu- dation of dark or black bloody serum. Just underneath the skin the striated muscles present a more or less darkened or black color. There are usually small cavities filled with gas, giving the muscle a spongy feeling and appearance, and as a rule these parts do not contain an excess of moisture. However, there are cases where there is less gas and more exudation. But the diseased parts always pre- sent a very pronounced characteristic odor, described by some as sour-like, or like rancid butter, while others describe it as a sweet- ish, rancid smell, but not like rancid butter. In typical cases there is little change in the visceral organs ex- cept the liver which is frequently affected by the formation of small ochre yellow centers ranging from 1/16 to 1% inch in diameter, and of dry-like consistency. But in a typical case we may find the musculature of any part affected, as the throat, one masseter muscle, ete., while in extreme cases the characteristic muscle changes ap- pear to be absent. In such cases there are likely to be more or less 216 G. A. JOHNSON reddish patches on the serous membranes, frequently diphtheritic- like growths, especially on the pleura and pericardium. In these cases the visceral organs are likely to be engorged and more or less congested. It would appear that such cases might be termed gen- eralized, while the ordinary case is usually localized and cireum- scribed. But owing to the fact that in some instances it assumes a rather generalized form, a post mortem of these atypical cases is not complete until all voluntary musculature of the body has been examined. The blood is always dark and firmly clotted, especially in the heart. This fact is of great assistance in differentiating blackleg from anthrax. Again there is little tendency in anthrax to the formation of emphysematous swelling, and also the lack of blackleg odor. | The distinguishing differences between blackleg and malignant edema are, the odor which is fetid in malignant edema and the very moist musculature. It should as a rule be easy to differentiate be- tween blackleg and hemorrhagic’ septicemia, but an atypical or generalized case of blackleg might be mistaken for a case of euta- neous hemorrhagic septicemia and vice versa. But if we remember that in blackleg the emphysematosa is usually in the heavier mus- cles, while in hemorrhagic septicemia it is more in the dependent parts as the brisket, belly, ete., and that the fluid in hemorrhagic septicemia is more of a serous nature, usually containing less hem- orrhage, we may be able to differentiate these conditions without the aid of a microscope. _On.the other hand it should be borne in mind that it is possible to have both these diseases in the same herd if not in the same animal, in which case it would be advisable to immunize against both diseases. Shortly after the discovery of the causative agent, Bacillus Chauveaw, it was closely studied and an attenuated virus vaccine was produced, that was capable of producing more or less immu- nity in susceptible animals, and under variously modified processes large quantities of these vaccines have been produced and used from that time until now. That these vaccines were of more or less merit and filled an important field is attested by the millions of doses that have been used. In fact they were the best and only remedy of merit on the market until recently. But as is always the case with attenuated viruses, the results have not always been what were desired. The field experiences have demonstrated that in some instances BLACKLEG AND ITS PREVENTION O17 these vaccines kill a certain percentage of the calves vaccinated, while in others they do not protect for any length of time. In © some instances herds were vaccinated four or five times in a year and still losses continued ; especially has this been true of late years, when the available ranges and pastures have been over-crowded with stock, which has a tendency to increase exposure and conse- quently the prevalence of the disease. NEWER VACCINES. Recently a new line of vaccines has been developed and placed upon the market so that it is not necessary now to rely upon the old time attenuated viruses. These newer vaccines are germ free and consist of aggressins, true and artifi- cial, and blackleg anti-serum. GERM FREE BLACKLEG VACCINE. The germ free blackleg vac- cine is an aggressin. Briefly, it is prepared as follows: supposedly susceptible calves are inoculated with a virulent strain of pure blackleg virus and the disease allowed to run its natural course. The carcasses of such animals that die within forty-eight hours after inoculation are taken into the laboratory, properly prepared and inspected, and if found free from harmful invaders, the dis- eased tissues are removed, and the serum and juices from these dis- eased parts are collected and purified by filtrating processes, etc., so as to render the finished product absolutely sterile. The fact that the animal dies of blackleg within forty-eight hours after in- oculation indicates that large quantities of toxins and antigens are produced. In order to assure sterility of the product each serial lot is thoroughly tested by three separate and: distinct processes, the fer- mentation twbe test, the culture media test, and the guinea pig test. These tests are carried out according to the regulations prescribed by the Bureau of Animal Industry. The product must stand each of these tests perfectly before it is offered for sale. It should also be tested on guinea pigs or calves for potency. Thus we have in the germ free vaccine an absolutely sterile product that contains all the products of virulent blackleg bacilli generated in the natural way. It is harmless, even in quan- tities twenty or more times the size of the regular dose. It requires handling the animal but once. It may be used on any sized or aged animal and under varied conditions, such as at time of brand- ing, dehorning, castrating, etc. It will produce a lasting, if not a permanent immunity. However, it requires from five to ten days 218 G. A. JOHNSON to produce its full immunizing effect, during which time the ani- mal may contract the disease. More recently an artificial aggressin has been put upon the market under the name of blackleg filtrate. It is prepared by growing the blackleg bacilli on artificial media in the laboratory, and purifying by filtration, etc., but as this product is still in the experimental stage and some inoculation tests and field reports do not fully bear out the claims put forward for it, we prefer to re- serve judgment pending more definite information. BuacKLEG ANtTI-SERUM. This is produced by hyper-immu- nizing horses by repeated injections of increasing doses of virulent blackleg virus. After hyper-immunization is complete, the blood is drawn, clarified, filtered, ete., and after being tested for purity and potency, is ready for use. This serum has more or less curative value when used in the early stages of the disease, but the very nature of blackleg pre- cludes successful medication in most cases, hence it is not advisable to build false hopes about a cure. Better play ‘‘Safety First’’ and vaccinate with the germ free vaccine before the herd becomes infected. This serum is also used in conjunction with blacklee virus to produce immunity, but this does not appear advisable for three reasons : Ist. It does not produce as lasting immunity as does the germ free vaccine. 2nd. It is much more expensive and requires handling the animal twice. 3rd. Virus should never be used unless necessary, because of the danger of not only producing an occasional death, but also of contaminating the premises and thereby increasing infection and perhaps creating new centers of infection. On the other hand, blackleg anti-serum has a place in a limited field and that is where a virulent type of blackleg has broken out in a herd of valuable cattle. Then it is advisable to give a large protective dose (30 to 60 ¢.c.) of serum. This should check fur- ther development of the disease within the herd, or render such ani- mals as might develop the disease, within 24 hours to 48 hours after treatment, more amenable to curative serum treatment. Then to follow this protective dose of serum in about fifteen days by giving a regular dose (5 ¢.c.) of germ free blackleg vaccine. The reasons BLACKLEG AND ITS PREVENTION 219 for making the injection of the germ free vaccine approximately fifteen days after administering the serum may be briefly stated as. follows: the serum and germ free vaccine are antagonistic, the one counteracting the other, hence if the vaccine is given before the serum has been largely eliminated (which apparently takes about 15 days) the one will counteract the other. On the other hand, if we wait too long after the effect of the serum has passed away, the disease may develop again. By this method the spread of the dis- ease within the herd should be checked and a lasting immunity produced with a minimum loss of animals, with absolutely no dan- ger of spreading or producing disease. A still better method, where conditions are favorable, is to take the temperature of all animals at time of treatment and such as show a temperature of 104 degrees F. or better, should be given a much larger dose (100 to 300 ¢.c.), according to indications. This method has been fol- lowed in several instances with very gratifying results. But it can be seen that it is rather expensive to be used in ordinary herds and can be followed only where conditions are reasonably favora- ble for handling the animals. Another method of handling a herd already affected with blackleg is to administer the germ free vaccine in regular sized dosage, and keep very close watch of the herd for about ten days and should any of the animals present any symptoms of blackleg, immediately administer a curative dose (300 to 500 e.c.) of serum. This is not so certain, but may be cheaper than the first mentioned method. In attempting to produce immunity by means of an attenuated virus, a materially different biological principle is involved than that involved where a germ free vaccine is used. Where an atten- auted virus is used (it makes no difference whether it be blackleg, ‘anthrax, smallpox or whatever disease) it is supposed to produce a mild or modified form of the disease, which stimulates the produc- tion of antibodies in the animal. This involves a number of vital points, the two most important of which are the proper attenua- tion of the virus, and the proper condition of the individual to be treated. Regarding the virus, if it is attenuated too much, it will not produce any reaction (disease), whereas if it is not attenuated suf- ficiently it may produce so violent reaction as to prove fatal. Regarding the condition of the individual, if its resistance to 220 G. A. JOHNSON the disease should be very low, it would suffer a strong reaction which might prove fatal, or if its resistance should be very high, the individual would suffer little or no reaction and ‘hence acquire little or no immunity. But should the attenuation be just right and the individual in the proper condition, then the proper reac- tion or degree of disease will take place and more or less immu- nity be acquired. But being hedged in by so many uncontrollable factors, the strangest part is that there are not more failures. Another fact that should never be lost sight of is that every time any virus vaccine is used, the virus of the disease in question is being introduced on the premises, and until we know much more about biology we have no assurance that it may not result in harm. In other words, it should be considered dangerous. In using these virus vaccines in herds ‘affected with blackleg, it is about the same as using virus alone in a cholera infected drove of swine. But when a germ free or sterile vaccine is properly administered, there is absolutely no danger of conveying any disease. The the- ory upon which germ free blackleg vaccine produces immunity, briefly stated, is that the antigens contained therein stimulate the production of antibodies in the individual, or in other words, it is the product of the germs that stimulate the production of the anti- bodies which render the animal immune. ADMINISTRATION. The most essential point to be observed in administering germ free blacklee vaccine is cleanliness. Have clean, sterile syringes and needles, draw the vaccine direct from the container into the syringe, as there is always danger of contamina- tion where it is turned from the original into any kind of e¢on- tainer, and then drawn into the syringe. Disinfect the seat of in- jection with some good agent as tincture of iodine. Intramuscular injections of germ free blackleg vaccine in- sure a little quicker absorption, but are more painful and upon the whole have little or no advantages over subcutaneous injection. Blackleg serum should be injected intramuscularly, especially in case there is any localized swelling, when it should be injected in and about the swelling, not to exceed 30 ¢.c. in one place. Some have advocated intravenous injection, but as the serum is from a different species of animal, it may be slightly dangerous. The following data procured from the owners of the cattle indicate the results that are being obtained with germ free black- leg vaccine ; CONSERVATION SLAUGHTER 22). No. died of Blackleg since vaccination No. Herds No. Head Year Vaccinated Ist day After 10 days 12 1887 1915 0 0 8 3320 1916 0 0 25000 1917 5 0 Thus it will be seen that as far as we have any data the animals retain their immunity. The most remarkable fact is that out of the several hundred thousand doses of the germ free blackleg vaccine that have been used this year there has not been a single animal reported lost from blackleg later than 8 days after vaccination, and but a very small fraction of 1% during the first eight days after vaccination, and all such loss was in herds where there had been losses from blackleg previous to the herd being vaccinated with the germ free blackleg vaccine, or in other words, in infected herds. CONSERVATION SLAUGHTER* W. W. Dimock, Ames, Iowa By conservation slaughter is understood the slaughter of all animals that are in danger of death or deterioration from injuries and disease, or for various reasons are unprofitable, that their flesh may be utilized for food. Further, conservation slaughter should be carried out on all animals even though the flesh is unfit for human food; provided, (1) that they are suffering from any condition that is incurable, (2) that the time and expense make treatment unprofitable, (3) that during the time of sickness they expel from the body highly infectious material that contaminates the quarters and thus exposes other animals. All such animals are to be utilized as explained below. The plan for conservation slaughter is to be carried out in connection with the general movement and: necessity to conserve the food supply of the nation and to stimulate increased produc- tion. A few unprofitable animals. in each herd and flock of the state make a total, the consideration of which is worthy of our most serious attention. Data at hand show that in the *Presented at the 30th Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Associa- tion, Ames, Iowa, January, 1918. ‘990 W. W. DIMOCK herds and flocks of Iowa there are many hundreds, even thou- sands of animals that are being kept at a very serious loss in these times of high feed costs. A few such animals in the. past have had no appreciable effect upon the economic question of live stock production in lowa, and largely so be- cause of the great quantities of food stuffs that were available at a comparatively low price. At the present time, however, when we stop to consider the high cost of all food stuffs consumed by ani- mals and the rapid increase in the retail price of all meat food products, it is forcibly brought to our attention that there is a great and unnecessary economic loss sustained from keeping among the flocks and herds of the state, animals sick in a way that makes them a source of danger to their fellows or that will finally result in their deterioration or death, or that are not up to a reason- able minimum production, or that are from any cause decidedly unprofitable. All are fully aware of the desirability of making provision for the most satisfactory disposal of such animals. Many of the animals coming under the class mentioned above may be disposed of for food purposes through the regular channels of. sale. However, if any individual shows evidence of ill health, or is suf- fering from an injury or local disease, the sale price is very mate- rially less than the actual value of the animals for food purposes, and again, the condition of the animal may be such as to make it impossible to ship any distance. In order that all animals still fit for human food may be utilized for such purposes, and the owner receive at least the approximate value for food purposes and thus in every way possible help to prevent loss and at the same time conserve the meat food supply, I believe that we should make every effort possible to handle them under what we may term ‘‘conserva- tion slaughter’’. Before attempting to handle animals that would naturally come within this field, it will be necessary to inform the owners and live stock dealers of the state concerning the purpose and ne- cessity of starting a movement of this kind, and to give more or less specific directions to the owners and veterinarians of the state re- garding the inspection of animals desirable to ship or to be handled locally under conservation slaughter. In carrying out conservation slaughter at the present time I would propose that it be accomplished or undertaken, in general, in one of the three following ways; GONSERVATION SLAUGHTER 993 First, that when possible all animals that are to be disposed of for purpose of conservation shall be shipped to a point having an abattoir that maintains federal inspection. Second, that slaughter be carried out in connection with a local or municipal slaughter house, or on the farm, and the car- cass inspected by a competent local veterinarian. ; In cases where animals are slaughtered under the general plan suggested in connection with conservation slaughter, the inspec- tion of the carcass should in all cases be performed according to the rules governing inspection as carried out by the meat inspection service of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. In case the meat from animals killed under the plan of conservation slaughter in local abattoirs or on the farm is to be offered for sale, the veterinarian making the inspection should be approved by the executive officer of the Animal Health Commission of the State of Iowa. The classes of conditions for which the majority of animals so affected may with safety be used for food purposes under conser- vation slaughter are: ; First. Accidental injury of healthy animals. For example, broken legs, wire cuts, hook wounds, or deep wounds from any cause, the location or nature of which makes recovery uncertain or unprofitable. | Second. Local diseased conditions or diseases that remain local throughout their course or that have little or no tendency, especially in the early stages, to become general in character and that have from experience been shown to be of no danger to the human when the flesh is used for food following removal and con- demnation of the affected part or parts. For example, actinomy- cosis of cattle, caseous lymphadenitis of sheep, scirrhous cord of pigs, granular vaginitis of cattle, polyarthritis of pigs and many organic diseases. Third. That class of diseases that are local and chronic in nature but tend to cause loss of condition in the animal, thus ma- terially reducing its production and often finally terminating in death, either because of marked changes in the part affected or because of the frequency of secondary infection. For example, parasitic diseases where the parasites tend to localize in some par- ticular organ or part, as nodular disease of sheep, echinococeus in the liver of the pig, pulmonary strongylosis, scabies, chronic or- 224 WwW. W. DIMOCK ganic diseases, paralysis of pigs, chronic local inflammations, tu- mors, ete. Fourth. Systemic and constitutional diseases that do not in the early stages necessitate condemnation of the carcass, but that do upon becoming generalized render the carcass unfit for human food and necessitate total condemnation. For example, rachitis, sniffles or infectious rhinitis in pigs, tuberculosis, leukemia, anemia, and diseases of the nervous system. Fifth. Those acute and chronic non-infectious diseases that not infrequently result in the death of the animal, such as a choke, urinary calculi, rupture, arthritis, acute indigestion, intestinal in- tussusception, ete. Sixth. Those acute infectious conditions for which there is no eure and for which prevention is uncertain or inadvisable, the dis- ease spreading more or less rapidly and often causing death of a large number in the herd or flock. For example, hog cholera, swine plague, hemorrhagic septicemia, stomatitis, foot and mouth disease, etc. The slaughter of animals to prevent their becoming infected in the case of an outbreak of an acute specific infectious disease in the herd or flock must be carried out with great care, and this applies particularly to those herds that are in a fattened con- dition and ready for market. Seventh. Those animals that are economically unproductive, including non-breeders and unprofitable producers. For example, sheep, cattle and swine that fail to breed because of some malfor- mation, or because of some diseased: condition of the ovaries, uterus, or udder, or animals that have become non-breeders from any of the various complications associated with infectious abortion. Many such animals can be recognized upon a thorough physical examination. Examples of unprofitable producers other than for breeding purposes are to be found in cows that are being kept for dairy purposes, and animals for fattening purposes that fail to make proper gains because of type or constitutional condition. The great importance of the object to be obtained from the carrying out of conservation slaughter is further supplemented — by the saving of stable room, time spent in care, and feed stuffs that sick and unprofitable animals consume without making any gain in flesh, or producing in a way that makes them profitable. - Many of the sick animals will finally die, resulting in almost a total loss of both the animal and the food that had been consumed, CONSERVATION SLAUGHTER 925 In the Service and Regulatory Announcements published by the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, are found in the last few numbers many items deal- ing with the conservation of meat products as being carried on by the Federal Meat Inspection Service. In the issue of October 20, 1917, is found as follows: ‘*For the purpose of promoting the conservation of meats and products the bureau’s conservation committee visited a number of representative plants, conferred with the proprietors and opera- tors of: official establishments, and studied operations and pro- cedures to see how such conservation might be promoted consistent with approved meat inspection methods.’’ As a result of the above, they report on the following phases of conservation : LEAN Meat. All careless and inefficient trimming of pork cuts, and the unnecessary loss of particles of lean meat left on the fat trimmings are to be avoided as much as possible. This lean meat has little value as fat but a maximum value as meat for food. Fats. The committee recommends that where possible, all __ fats should be so handled as to conserve them for food purposes, that is, that no edible fats shall be permitted to become inedible through failure to properly handle them. . CANNING OPERATIONS. That all canned products shall be in- spected immediately after filling. All leaky cans to be soldered and resterilized within the time prescribed by the regulations (6 hours) so as to prevent their spoiling and thus conserve the con- tents for food purposes. | CurEeD Meats. It is suggested that every establishment do everything possible so that losses from curing may be reduced or entirely prevented. Other suggestions made were that great care should be taken in connection with the proper handling of meats so as to prevent their becoming soiled, and spoiling from lack of proper refrigera- tion, especially in connection with transportation; also to avoid packing of meats in unsuitable containers for shipping. There is also a note on the rough handling of live stock sug- gesting that the managers of slaughter houses and stock yards prevent, so far as possible, the rough handling of live stock, thus reducing the number of bruises, this entailing a loss since bruised meat has a value for tankage only. 226 WwW. W. DIMOCK In the Service and Regulatory Announcements for October 11, 1917, there is a statement on the use, preparation and handling of meat passed for sterilization. In the past, our inspection serv- ice has in the main recognized only two classes, and as a rule the establishments have been prepared to handle only the two classes, these being ‘‘U. 8. Inspected and Passed’’, or passed uncondition- ally, and ‘‘U. S. Inspected and Condemned’”’ as unfit for food. At the present time the Bureau (Meat Inspection Service) is rec- ommending that certain meats be passed for sterilization (U. S. Inspected and Passed for Sterilization) providing the establish- ment has facilities for properly sterilizing the meat, the rule be- ing, that it shall be heated to a temperature not lower than 170° F. for a period of not less than 30 minutes and that the product shall be prepared and marketed according to the requirements of the Bureau. In the Service and Regulatory Announcements for July 3, 1917, under the heading, ‘‘Conservation of Meat Food Supply’’, is given a full statement regarding the purpose, object, and neces- sity for the conservation of meat. It is believed that conservation of a material nature can be accomplished without surrendering the purpose for which inspection is maintained. Since the government, through its Federal Meat ivapeabiag Service, in cooperation with the abattoirs of the country, is doing all in its power to conserve the meat products of the country, it would seem that the state, county, town, municipality, and the farmer should take an active part in attempting to bring about conservation, and that the state and its representatives that are in a position to do so should furnish the farmer, live stock owners, and the veterinarian with the information necessary to accom- plish this without in any way endangering the live stock interests as a whole or the health of the consuming public. SUPPLEMENTARY—CONSERVATION OF HipeEs, Fats, AND By- propucts. Considering the great importance and almost vital ne- cessity of fats as used in connection with the war, provision should be made for the utilization of all animals that die or are killed be- cause of sickness from a condition that renders their flesh unfit for human consumption, through arrangements to save the hide, render the carcass to obtain the fat, and prepare the refuse for tankage or fertilizer. During the last few years, in many of the large and small towns and cities of the state, rendering establish- CONSERVATION SLAUGHTER 227 ments have sprung up and are doing a profitable business. How- ever, there is room for the introduction of many other such estab- lishments. These establishments, in my opinion, should be licensed and every stockman in the couittry should be informed regarding the advantage of having the men connected with these rendering plants call for all dead or dying animals, that the carcass may be salvaged. I further believe that the state, through its Animal Health Commission, should supervise the type of conveyance by which dead animals or diseased animal tissue may be transported from the farm to the rendering establishment, and also supervise the general sanitary condition of the establishment itself. Per- sonally, I can see no reason why, for the present at least, pigs dy- ing of cholera or animals of hemorrhagic septicemia, and from most of the other infectious diseases could not with safety, if car- ried in a properly constructed tank, be transported from the farm to the rendering establishment and utilized for grease and tankage. Pigs dying from hog cholera are utilized for such purposes where the carcass can be used without being transported from one point to another. —_———<@—_—___—. Discussion Dr. K. W. StoupER: This subject of ‘‘Conservation Slaugh- ter’’ is indeed a timely and very practical one for discussion. We are told that fats are very essential to the conduct of war, and yet it is easy to compute that in hog losses alone, Iowa in one year, when disease was not particularly prevalent among our swine, saw more than 1200 tons of fat absolutely wasted, and this is estimat- ing that each hog carcass would have yielded only 10 lbs. of fat. If these fats were worth 10 cents per pound, which is easily below the present market for inedible grease, we have lost about a quarter of a million dollars in hog fats, to say nothing of the proteins which would be by-products of the rendering and exceedingly valuable hog feeds, and worth at least another $100,000 or more, at present prices. Our Extension and Veterinary Investigation Departments have had reports from practically all parts of Iowa showing heavy losses at times among other classes of live stock, particularly hem- orrhagie septicemia among cattle. In some of these cases because of fear on the part of the owner not even the hides are saved, much less the carcass fats and by-products, yet a well organized render- ing service could have saved labor, fats and glycerine, and lessened the spread of infection. Modern invention has improved methods and increased savings materially in all branches of business, and 228 WwW. W. DIMOCK we must soon expect to see the truck with tank constructed box going out over areas of country collecting the carcasses of animals for rendering, for they are proving practical where used already. It occurs to many of us that adoption of such a system should be speeded up, and the plan extended and perfected so that not only the dead carcasses may be salvaged, but that the unprofitable ani- mal, the accidentally injured, and the chronically sick but still partially valuable animals may be easily and cheaply disposed of under a system which utilizes their complete value, and yet most certainly protects the consuming public as well as the surrounding live stock from disease exposure. These possible economies are well known to every veterinarian, Few others are informéd regarding their extent and it is your duty to your country to see that these savings of fats are made in your community just as far as possible. The furtherance of such plans by assisting capable and experienced rendering concerns to find suitable locations, the education of the stock owner to utilize such plants and service, and the posting of ourselves upon the sub- ject of meat inspection until we can give good advice as to the sal- vage in a carcass fit for human food, can be one of our contribu- tions to the welfare of our country at this time. Dr. CHas. Murray: There are two forms of conservation discussed by Dr. Dimock which impress me as deserving of empha- Sis, viz.: emergency slaughter of animals on the farm and utiliza- tion of fats from animals dead through accident or disease. In the work of our department, we are frequently called upon by | correspondence to render a decision as to the advisability of mak- ing some use of animals destroyed or dead of disease. These re- quests come mainly from the laity and the increase in numbers of such inquiries leads me to conclude that they are ready to do their part in conservation of such material. Samples of meat are fre- quently received with a request that they be examined to determine their suitability for food. These samples come from fat animals that have choked, frozen parts of their bodies, or met with accidents that render them unable to get around, ete. We are in poor posi- tion to render a decision except from the history given, for the parts sent are invariably muscle from a part of the body entirely removed from that affected by the injurious agent. Here, it seems to me, is the opportunity for the local veterinarian. He is in a position to inspect the carcass and to make an intelligent decision in the matter. He is in position to encourage his clients to make use of such material as is fit for food, and the client can well afford to pay him liberally for his time and services. There is an increasing sentiment among stock men to utilize the carcasses of animals for food for hogs or for the fat. I believe every farmer can well afford, in case he does not have the advan- tage of a collection system for dead animals, to construct a erude, CONSERVATION SLAUGHTER 229 low priced rendering plant where he can render out the fats to be _ sold at a remunerative price, and cook the fleshy part of the carcass for food for his remaining animals. The price realized from the sale of the fat will pay well for the time and labor necessary for cooking the carcass, and the fact that when the process is com- pleted the carcass has been satisfactorily and safely disposed of ought to be of additional value in that sanitation is thus properly preserved. Dr. J. I. Gipson: I have been interested in this paper because I have been giving the subject serious consideration. I believe conditions and circumstances as they now exist make it the duty of all owners of breeding animals to keep only such animals as are proven breeders, of course, including young animals which are most certain to prove breeders. I believe it is the duty of all own- ers at this time to sacrifice such animals as have proven barren and to keep in their places sure breeders or young animals to be tried out as breeders. The cattle men (breeders of pure-bred cattle) have always carried in their herds animals favored on account of — their blood lines that will not breed and are, therefore, a bill of expense and are not proper animals to sell to any purchaser other than the packer or butcher. With the increased demand for meat all such barren animals should be sent to slaughter, thereby in- creasing the meat supply and conserving the feed heretofore con- sumed by the barren animals that are entirely worthless from the breeder’s standpoint. I believe every farmer in Iowa should in- crease his breeding herds of cattle, sheep and swine, and that ne more worthless, barren animals should be carried from year to year in our breeding herds. I am also interested in the supplementary part of Dr. Dimock’s paper on the conservation of hides, fats and by-products of our dead animals. I figure the hides, fats and by-products of the dead animals in lowa properly conserved will bring to our people about $10,000,000 a year. From what information I can gather only about 10 per cent of these valuable products is conserved by the rendering plants now in operation in the state. About half of the value of these carcasses is represented in the fats, the balance in the hides, tankage, fertilizer, and by-products. These commercial fats now bring about $15.00 per hundred. The fats contain a percentage of glycerine which varies from 4 to 12 per cent and would average 6 per cent glycerine. Glycer- ine is worth from 75 cents to $1.00 per pound and is liable to con- tinue to rise in price, especially during the existence of the war. Glycerine is the real cause of the present high price of all fats. Glycerine is used in the manufacture of explosives, therefore, no argument should be necessary to convince the people of the state and nation that all fats carrying a percentage of glycerine should be conserved and the glycerine extracted, lest there come a time in 230, W. H. DALRYMPLE this great world struggle between autocracy and democracy when there might not be sufficient glycerine available to the United States and our allies for the manufacture of sufficient explosives to destroy the Hun or drive him back across the Rhine. Any laws existing upon our statute books that require the burning or burial of the valuable animal carcasses should be disregarded by the War Department, and an order should be issued commanding the people of this and all other states to conserve all fats from animal carcasses, in order that the glycerine might be extracted therefrom and an ample supply of this valuable product conserved for the purpose of administering a sound threshing to the Teuton armies. The scarcer the supply of glycerine the higher the price will be of all these fats. I estimate an annual waste of 20,000 tons of non-edible fats and grease in the State of Iowa, which I believe should be conserved and could be saved without interfering with the sanitary work of the state in the control and prevention of the spread of diseases of live stock. The rendering process will sterilize the products and thereby render them harmless. I therefore hope to see some action taken by the War Department calling for the con- servation of all animal fats. PROBLEMS OF TICK ERADICATION Personal Influence of the Inspector Dr. W. H. DALRYMPLE Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, La. (The following is an abstract of a highly instructive address delivered by Dr. Dalrymple at the conference of Bureau inspectors engaged in tick eradication work held at New Orleans, Louisiana, January 15-18, 1918.) THE MAN IN AuTHoRITY. One of the most desirable and valu- able qualifications in the man with authority is first of all an ace- curate knowledge of the work over which he presides and the gift of being able to handle other men satisfactorily. Although a man may be a master in the details of his work, yet if he is lacking in the personality and tact necessary to success his manner is more hable to repel than attract people to him, with the resultant lack of cooperation afforded him and consequent hindrance to the ac- complishment of the ends desired. It is generally conceded that the greatest obstacle to the most successful prosecution of veterinary sanitary work, in which may PROBLEMS OF TICK ERADICATION 231 be included tick eradication, is the gross ignorance of the people as to the procedure and the ultimate result sought. Antagonism _ is displayed despite the fact that the work is carried on for their individual benefit and that of the community and state in which they live. And yet, without some effort being consistently and continuously exerted to dispel such ignorance, final success must of necessity be considerably delayed. Hence in this particular phase of the work success depends largely upon the men in authority be- ing endowed with personal magnetism and tactfulness. . (Dr. Dalrymple at this point related several entertaining in- stances in his early work as a veterinary inspector in Ireland in connection with contagious pleuro-pneumonia. These reminis- cences illustrated very forcibly the value and importance of toler- ance and tactfulness in inspiring confidence in the people, and se- curing their good-will and cooperation.) OpstaAcLEs TO Tick ErapicaTion. Anyone who has been in touch with tick eradication since the beginning of the campaign knows the trials and tribulations through which he has had to pass and the many obstacles which have incessantly confronted him. While many of these have been overcome there still exist, and will to the end, those of a similar character which must be tackled. In mentioning a few of these obstacles I think we may give ignorance, which might be extended to gross all-around ignorance on the part of the laity, the very first place. Ignorance concerning the true object to be attained; ignorance regarding the fever tick and its life habits; ignorance concerning the methods of procedure for the destruction of the parasite and the fever with it; and ig- norance as to the value of the work to the individual cattle owner, ete. It appears to me, that with an average amount of tact, and a little more condescension, if you will, a great deal of this ignor- ance might be dispelled by a little man-to-man and heart-to-heart talk concerning the various phases of the problem. In other words letting in the true light to the darkened understandings, for the normal individual, even with the densest sort of comprehension, may be made to see and understand if only the problem is clearly explained to him and more particularly if it is done in a tactful way and in a manner which appeals to the man, arouses his inter- est, and gains his confidence, friendship, and good-will. 2 aa WwW. H. DALRYMPLE True, suspicion is a dominant factor with many of these peo- ple. This, too, is born of ignorance, through erroneous informa- tion proffered by similarly ignorant or suspicious individuals. Once ignorance is dispelled, suspicion also will gradually vanish. The lack of cooperation is a tremendous obstacle in the prose- cution of this important work; and where are we to place the cause for this want of sympathy, if not in the ignorance of so many of our people? Cooperation suggests correct understanding and enthusiasm; and once the people get understanding through en- lightenment, cooperation is bound to follow. It cannot be other- wise; a man may be ignorant, but that is no indication of his being a fool, to his own detriment, if once he sees the light. SELFISH OpsectorS. There is another class of people who, al- though they may not be wholly ignorant of conditions, yet for sel- fish personal reasons frequently obstruct the progress of tick eradi- cation. I refer to the man with cattle but with insufficient or no pasture of his own and depending for the sustenance of his cattle upon free range or the generosity of his neighbor. This man fears a stock law which he considers would interfere with his business, and for purely personal reasons he has no sympathy with the work and: blatantly calls out for ‘‘personal liberty’’, which he seems to interpret as the right to selfishly benefit himself at the expense of his neighbor and everybody around him. Then we have the un- patriotic citizen who seems to object to contribute his due share to taxation through legitimate assessment of his cattle, which he be- lieves the work of tick eradication would force him to do. We are all familiar with these obstructionists, and time will, of course, eventually straighten them out through the general enactment and enforcement of suitable legislation. This desirable result, however, may be very materially assisted by accurate information ju- diciously and tactfully imparted to the people themselves. There is another class of obstructionist who bobs up periodi- cally and who, unfortunately, is rather effective in his methods. I refer to the little politician with some petty political office in view. This man carefully feels the pulse of his community regard- ing the tick eradication question, and if he finds that ignorance prevails and consequently an aversion to the work, he loses no op- portunity to add to this ignorance and to strengthen the people in their spirit of aversion. He simply plays upon the credulity of the uninformed, so that he may successfully ride into office through their votes. PROBLEMS OF TICK ERADICATION 233 This class of citizen usually knows better, but his campaign is conducted in an absolutely selfish manner, without any regard whatever for the real good of his neighbors or for the successful development of his community or of his state. He is a dangerous man, however, because through his sophomoric campaign talks and speeches he is frequently able to sway the minds of the people, and in some instances the minds of the local authorities in the county, whose assistance and cooperation are so much needed to success- fully carry on the work, by posing as the ‘‘friend of the poor farmer’’ against imaginary governmental aggression. Even in a ease of this kind there is a remedy. The ‘‘toxin’’ of ignorance must be carefully combated by the judicious use of the ‘‘antitoxin’’ of knowledge. In other words our poorly informed people must be educated, so that they may be able to think intelli- gently for themselves and base their conclusions upon proved facts. Summary. As this whole matter appears to me, it would seem to resolve itself into two main issues, viz.: 1.. The fact that gréat ignorance still prevails concerning the work of tick eradication, and which must of necessity be dispelled before we may hope to reach the goal of tick-freedom in the short- est possible time; and 2. That the only feasible method to accomplish this, as I see it, is through the education of the people; which I believe will largely devolve upon the county inspector, who is presumed to come into daily contact with the cattle owners in his immediate locality. | This would suggest, therefore, that the inspector must not. only be familiar with every phase of the work, but he should be an edu- cator—shall I say of the kindergarden type? because it should be remembered that his ‘‘pupils’’ are but babies in knowledge of the . problem he is trying to solve. He should be patient, tolerant, and sympathetic, but withal he should be firm, and he should be a stu- dent of human nature, so that he may draw the people to him through being able to adapt himself to their various idiosyncracies, their peculiarities of temperament, ete. Education, therefore, is the surest weapon we possess with which to bring the tick fight to a ‘‘peaceful issue’’ in the shortest time possible, because it will bring with it all other measures neces- sary to accomplish the final result. I fully realize, of course, the magnificent work that has already 234 W. H. DALRYMPLE been done in the face of all the obstacles mentioned, and no doubt others which I have failed to allude to. There is a great deal yet to be accomplished, and there is still an immense amount of gross ignorance, and what I have said is more in the nature of an appeal to those who expect to be in the fight during the remainder of the campaign. Finally, we must always bear in mind that this country is at grips with the most powerful (military) and relentless foe which possibly the world has ever known, in the greatest conflict of which there is any record in history, and on the outcome of which depend momentous consequences. Therefore, everything that it is possible to do to conserve and increase the food supply in meat and meat- food products at this time of stress, and for some time in the fu- ture, should be done, not alone from the standpoint of patriotism but as an absolute necessity, in fact a war measure. I am of the opinion that the successful early completion of the work of tick eradication in the South will be one of the most potent factors in aiding our country and our associates in the war to decide the con- flict favorably. Make Your Money Fieur. —Under Federal supervision there were dipped in Louisiana during the month of March about two hundred thousand eattle. ‘There were constructed during the month 813 dipping vats although the state-wide law, governing the work of tick eradication, did not become operative until April 1. There are now 3478 vats in opera- tion in the state. —Announcement is made of the marriage of Miss Mabel E. Williams to Dr. Edward F. Sanford, New York City, February 14. —A Cornell Veterinarians’ Club was recently organized at New York City with a membership of nineteen. Dr. Cassius Way was elected president, C. V. Noback, vice president; L. Price, secretary- treasurer. ‘-—The following-named veterinarians have been added to the force engaged in hog cholera work in the State of Illinois with headquarters: at Springfield, Illinois: Drs. Howard L. Deuell, Theodore M. Bayler, Albert M. Meade and Grant B. Munger. —LiBerty LOANS STRENGTHEN THE LIBERTY LINE. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS DIAPHRAGMATIC INTERCOSTAL RUMENOCELE IN A CALF WALTER J. Crocker, Philadelphia, Pa. From the time of birth until destroyed the calf in the illustra- tion manifested a swelling which occupied almost the entire side of the body. It varied in size from a lump as big as a man’s fist to a small tub. At times it entirely disappeared. On palpation it some- times presented the consistency of mush, at other times it felt like a balloon. The animal was destroyed and autopsied immediately. The diaphragm was displaced forward and adhered to the thoracic wall on the left side for a distance of six inches. A slit-like opening, 15 em. long, appeared in the diaphragm and last intercostal space and showed white fibrous margins. a peculiar acidulous odor was detected, the blood was tarry black in color, did not coagulate but rather jellied, lungs and heart nor- mal. The gastro-intestinal mucosa seemed to be slightly congested with the exception of the abomasum. The mucosa of this organ was greatly congested. The contents of the stomach and bowels seemed to be drier and harder than normal with the exception of the abomasum. The contents of the stomach were more liquid than normal (no doubt due to the various drenches the cow had received.) The liver was slightly enlarged, showing fatty degen- eration; spleen and kidneys normal; bladder contained an abnor- mally large amount of urine. The urine had a very strong acidu- lous odor, yellow in color, specific gravity 1025, acid reaction. In connection with the sickness of this cow, the son of Mr. O. 238 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS S, H. became ill on the seventh day of May, 1917. Their local physician was called the 20th to treat the boy. However, the trouble did not respond .to the treatment, but his condition was growing more serious. Consequently they took him to St. Mary’s Hospital at Decatur for treatment. On investigation it was found that the boy consumed a great deal of milk, which was taken from the cow before any symptoms were noticed. In fact, the father stated that milk was the boy’s principal diet. The boy’s symptoms, as described by his father, were similar to the ones manifested in the cow. Glassy appearance of the eyes, congestion of mucous membranes, dullness, nausea, vomiting, stiff- ness and constipation. On the 26th day of May, 1917, Mr. H. P. H., who lives across the road from his brother, O. S. H., became ill. The same physi- cians were called to treat him. He was treated at home and not taken to a hospital like the former patient. We went over to see Mr. H. P. H., but were not allowed to go in the room with him. We talked to Mrs. H. P. H. about the case, and the symptoms she described were that he was very weak, listless, complained of stiff- ness, nausea and vomiting spells, breath had a bad odor, and a peculiar appearance of the eyes. | When asked whether Mr. H. P. H. consumed much milk before he became ill, she said that he did not consume any, but that he was fond of cream, home-made cheese and butter of which he had consumed considerable. The milk products that were consumed by Mr. H. P. H. were made of milk taken from two cows that did not show any symp- toms of trembles. However, they were kept in a pasture adjoin- ing the one where Mr. O. 8S. H. pastured his cow. These two cows were taken from their pasture as soon as the trouble was suspected. The symptoms described by the physicians in charge of the boy were, the patient complained of stiffness of the back, a foul- smelling breath, constant vomiting, no rise in temperature, ob- stinate constipation, pupils dilated, conjunctiva congested, knee jerks were present but gradually became absent. The Babinski sign was always marked, a lumbar puncture was made, the Nonne Apelt test applied with negative reaction. Urine gave a marked acetone reaction. He refused all food, gradually became weaker, went into coma and died the tenth day. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS __ 939 The symptoms manifested by Mr. H. P. H. were the same as the former. However, no lumbar puncture was made and Nonne Apelt test applied. Mr. H. P. H. recovered after a long siege of illness. : It was further found that there had been a previous case of trembles on this farm. In the year 1915 there was a sick cow on this farm, which showed the same symptoms recognized in Mr. O. S. H.’s cow. This cow died. She was owned by Mr. O. 8. H., who also became affected and died. Also his child became affected but recovered after a long illness. The milk and carcass of the cow were fed to hogs. These also developed the disease and died. The pastures where these animals were kept was a twenty- acre timber tract, divided in two ten-acre lots by a wire fence. One lot was used by Mr. O. 8. H. for his cow, the other by Mr. H. P. H. for his two cows. The lay of the land was flat with a swail in the north center which was divided by the fence so that each pasture had about the same amount of low land. There was no domestic grass of any kind present. However, there was a large crop of weeds, such as low larkspur, mandrake, buch brush, bur- dock, iron weed, poke berry, Indian turnip, poison ivy, horse weed and a number of other plants I was unable to identify. The interesting feature of these cases, to the writer, is that the same symptoms were manifested by all of the patients. | FALSE PREGNANCY ; PULMONARY DRENCH; TUMOR ON OVIDUCT* T. H. AgNew, Pasadena, California False pregnancy in four goats of a herd of thirty. These goats were bred and were with kid to all appearances. At the termina- tion of pregnancy, labor pains developed, the water bag burst, but no kids were present. They regained their normal condition in seven to nine days, and are again bred and now believed to be from two to four months pregnant. Called to a cow about 2:30 P. M. She did not appear well that morning. The owner, an experienced cow man, gave her a dose *Presented to the Los Angeles Veterinary Medical Association at its Feb- ruary meeting. 240 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS of salts, without any apparent discomfort to her at the time. Upon examining her, found pulse 80, temperature 94, tongue protrud- ing, and breathing very short. She died in four hours, and the post mortem revealed the fact that the dose of salts had passed into the lungs. | Cocker bitch, four years old, has had five or six attacks within a year of what seemed like colic. When examined, by palpation of the abdomen, found what seemed to be an enlarged ovary. De- cided to operate. On opening abdomen, found attached to Fallo- pian tube a three-sided tumor, about two and one-half inches long, resembling a Brazil nut in shape, quite hard and enclosed in a. cyst. This was removed and the bitch has had no further attacks of pain, several months having elapsed since the operation. ‘‘A PECULIAR CASE OF LAMENKESS’’ ERNEST F. JARDINE Basseterre, St. Kitts, B. W. I. Sometime in the month of September I was called to see a lame mare. The animal was supposed to be about 5 months with foal. Had been lame about 4 days and thought it was due to the shoeing So animal was taken to the shoeing smith. Nothing was found in the hoof to reveal the cause. Shoes were replaced. Then had the animal led out of the stable, which had a decline, to the ground. Mare walked perfectly well out of the stable, also along the eround when led, backed all right. I searched the hoof and found nothing. In fact, I told the owner the animal was not lame. He then said, she is all right like that, but trot her and she goes rather funny. I then had the mare trotted, and the animal, instead of placing the left hind leg on the ground at all, held it up in the air the same way as a dog does when he has anything wrong with his leg. It wasn’t a fracture, it wasn’t a nail or anything in the hoof; manipulating the limb from the external angle of the ilium, along the sacral region, etc., to the hoof, the animal showed not the slightest sign of any pain. Naturally the owner wanted to know, not so much, he said, as to what was the matter with her, as he was to know whether she would get right or not. I was at a loss as to what to say, but told him I thought the trouble was in the crural €LINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 241 muscles, and about a month’s rest would help her. I advised warm fomentations to the crural region morning and night for one-half hour at a time, and prescribed a stimulating liniment of ammonia, turpentine, tincture of arnica and soft —e and water, to be rubbed in after fomenting. I saw the owner about six weeks later and he told me the mare was all right again. Whether the treatment, or nature, effected the cure, or whether the trouble was really in the crural muscles or not, I will not venture to say. SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF TETANUS MaJor FRED FOSTER Post Veterinary Hospital, Fort Sam Houston, Texas For the treatment of tetanus, attention is invited to a recipe given herewith that has proved successful in an experiment by Capt. W. W. Richards, V.C., N.A., and First Lieut. Asa R. An- drews, V.C., N.A., in a test made at the Post Veterinary Hospital, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. One mule, weight 1000 lbs., admitted to the hospital February 19th, 1918, with a well developed case of tetanus; rigid condition of the ears; elevated condition of the tail, the whole musculature ‘involved; marked condition of the membrana nictitans on the least excitement; was able to open mouth sufficiently to prehend and masticate food. The following treatment was used: Placed in a comfortable box stall, loose, put on a bran mash diet, drinking water ad labitum. February 19th, intravenous injection of 4 ozs. 3% solution sulph. magnesium. February 20th, 6 ozs. 3% sol. sulph. magnesium. February 21st, 8 ozs. 3% sol. sulph. magnesium. February 22nd, 8 ozs. 3% sol. sulph. magnesium. February 23rd, no medication. February 24th, 8 ozs. 3% sol. sulph. a gaan February 25th, no medication. - February 26th, 8 ozs. 3% sol. sulph. magnesium. February 27th, no medication; able to eat off the floor. February 28th, such a marked improvement discontinued medication. 242 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS March 4th, placed in corral where he could take voluntary exercise. March 14th, returned to duty. (No other medication used outside of the magnesium sulphate.) That the experiment may be given further tests so as to prove its worthiness, it is desired to bring it to the attention of other veterinarians. THE CARE OF THE FEET Capt. JOHN H. GouLp Division Veterinarian, 88th Division, Veterinary Corps Where horses and mules are allowed to run in corrals that are poorly drained, muddy, not properly cleaned, and polluted with stable refuse, thrush, hoof rot, and even canker of the foot are apt to develop. Animals under these conditions should have their feet cleaned by use of a blunt pointed hoof hook, or other blunt instrument, at least twice each week. If there is discovered any signs of decay in the frog or other part of the foot, the whole plantar surface should be treated with an application of pine tar. The tar should be tucked into the bottoms of all crevices, and, if such crevices are deep in the middle or lateral commissures of the frog, a small pledget of oakum should be tamped in over it as an additional protection and to assist in retaining the tar. Frayed portions of horny frog and loose scales of sole should be removed, as they harbor filth and dirt. If the foot is unduly large, by reason of lack of care in trimming, the excess horn should be removed and the foot should be properly leveled. In cases where the cracks and crevices in the frog are deep and cause lameness, equal parts of pine tar, oil of tar and turpen- tine may be used to advantage. Great care should be exercised in keeping corrals and stables free from stable refuse and mud holes, but barring the possibility of such a perfect condition of corrals and stables, the feet of all horses and mules should be regularly cleaned out in order that any deviation from the normal may be determined before it reaches the stage whereby it becomes serious enough to incapacitate the animal for duty. From past experience with large numbers of animals, I should predict that unless unusual care is taken to guard against the con- ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 243 dition mentioned, that there will be a great number of animals in our cantonments and remount stations affected with thrush in vary- ing degrees of intensity. And this more particularly as the fre- quent freezing and thawing attendant to the variable weather of the spring months approaches, preventing to a great extent the thorough cleaning of the corrals, open sheds and stables. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE Porn Evm. Capt. J. A. Mathison. Veterinary Journal.— The concise record of a number of cases of poll evil that came un- der his observation and which proved interesting by the different conditions of the parts met with in the disease. Three cases were due to parts of the occipital bone being loose and driven in the tissues of the poll. Removal of these pieces and efficient drainage was followed with recovery in 24-35 and 59 days. In another case a piece of shrapnel was found lodged in the occipital region. : In two eases resection of the een nuchae was resorted to and demanded 12 and 23 days for recovery. In seven cases, where the ligament had remained healthy but where the pus had burrowed underneath, recovery varied between 12 and 102 days in the hospital. In two eases the abscesses were superficial to the ligament and recovered in 10 and 32 days. In nine cases resection of the ligament was performed and dis- eased portion removed. These remained under prenenien between 46 and 65 days. Of the whole number treated, 17 were geldings, and the bal- ance mares. A. L. TUBERCULAR ARTHRITIS OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. Lieut. W. G. Burndred, A.V.C.—A very old Australian mare was suffer- ing with stiffness and was unable to pick up food from the ground. No history of her case could be obtained. One day it was noticed that she was unable to lower her head to drink water from a stream. When examined she was found with impairment of motion in the neck, in the region of the 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae. She mani- fested pain on pressure of the region or when forced motion was 244 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE executed. The mare was placed under observation. Tubereulined she showed manifest reaction. Mallein test was negative. De- stroyed, after the diagnosis of tuberculosis was made, she only showed the articular surfaces of the 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th and 6th cervi- cal vertebrae with their articular surfaces studded with small gela- tinous nodules of the size of pin’s head. Those between the 6th and 7th vertebrae were covered one-half with similar nodules, larger in size, the other part being adherent and covered with granula- tions. No tubercles were found in any of the organs of the body. The lesions of the articular surfaces were primary lesions of tuber- culous condition of the articular surfaces. y. & GorreR IN A Dog. Horace Roberts, F.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Journal.—A fox terrier had two large swellings on the upper part of the neck. They interfered with his breathing. The dog was of a very nervous nature. An operation was not likely to be accepted on account of a previous fatal result obtained on this dog’s mother. Internal administration of thyroid gland was suggested. One tabloid of one grain which contains not less than 0.05 per cent of lodine was given every evening for three hundred consecutive evenings. After this long treatment the goiter was found quite normal, the respiration was natural, there was no more cardiac impulse and on stethoscopie examination of the heart, there was found a regular function. A. L. NeEcrotTic VAGINITIS IN CaTrLE. G. Mayall, M.R.C.V.S. Vet- erinary Journal.—Three cases are recorded by the author. One lived five days and died. A second lived a week and died. The third lived ten days and recovered. The treatment consisted in the removal of the cleansing, injections and swabbings of the va- gina with a solution of mereury iodide and mercuric chloride bougies were inserted. Internal antiseptics were given in linseed tea. The author remarks that there seems to be an intimate con- nection between this complaint and the retention of the afterbirth, and he believes that the disease is a necrotic one as seems to be considered by some authors. A, ii NoTES ON THE TREATMENT OF MANGE. Vétérinaire Aide-Major Chatelain, Ist Class. Recueil Médecine Vétérinaire, January 15th, 1918. (Translated by Major L. A. Merillat, Veterinary Hospital, A. P. O. 731.)—Of all the ailments that hinder the effectiveness ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 945 of a campaign, mange is the most tenacious and widespread, pre- senting difficulties both as regards the cure of the affected animals and the administration of remedial measures. Nearly all of the remedies recognized or employed by veteri- narians bring good results. Some are rapid and some are slow but all of them cure well enough. The rapidity of the cure varies according to the pains taken in administering the treatment and the best results, as in all medi- cation, all things being equal, occur when the practitioner applies the treatment himself. | These things being agreed the points to be considered in the treatment of mange in an army in the field are: Ist, the rapidity of application; 2nd, the curative effects of the remedy; and 3rd, the cost. | First—THE Rapipiry of APPLICATION. Not only the time re- - quired in treating the diseased skin must be considered but also the preparatory treatment such as clipping, because all the reme- dies that have a fatty base require clipping before being applied. Clipping in a campaign presents great difficulties. There is usually only one clipper in a unit and since the clipping of a horse is a long tiresome job, especially when affected with mange, the affected subjects and suspects cannot be treated as rapidly as they should be. Then again the fatty substances are difficult to spread in win- ter when hardened by cold, and the time required for the men to wash their hands and that consumed in washing the cured animals must also be computed. Furthermore the price of soap and pom- ades still further show the disadvantages of such treatment. Price and time are important factors in a campaign, where it is always essential to work fast to check the spread of the disease. For these reasons those remedies which do not contain fatty bases should be preferred because (except in horses with heavy coats) the therapeutic treatment can be administered without clipping, so that the treatment of a large number of horses can be done in a short time. Rapidity of treatment is therefore also an important. factor, SECOND—THERAPEUTIC Errect OF THE Remepy. In a general way it might be said that the effects of medicaments are analogous. Some are perhaps more active than others, but always the enthu- siasm with which they are administered manifestly influences the results. Most all veterinarians have had good results with reme- 246 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE dies which, when handed to others to administer, have been less effectual. It is therefore futile, in the interest of the sick, to recom- mend a new remedy if it will not be enthusiastically administered. The author has kept in mind the need of improvising practical formulae. Because of the difficulty of getting supplies one for- mula must often be substituted for another. Tuirp. As stated above pomades are effectual but they have three disadvantages: (a) the necessity of clipping; (b) very care- ful application and subsequent care; and (c) the expense. It is therefore preferable to substitute products and composi- tions other than those which have appeared in the professional journals. A rational and effectual remedy that has given exeel- lent results both economically and therapeutically is the sulphur _bath given by means of the dipping vat, but to make this treatment satisfactory in war it would be necessary to build veterinary hos- pitals with dipping vats within 20 kilometers of the front in order that all animals affected could be treated. In lieu of the dipping vat, and when it becomes necessary to meet the emergency of treating an animal in the field showing suspicious depilations I conceived a succedaneum that has given happy results, consisting of cresyl, soap, polysulphure, carbonate of potash and carbonate of sodium. When these are mixed promis- cuously they generally cause an insoluble and inert precipitate. The following plan of dispensing removes this obstacle. These formulae, in addition to giving rapid and excellent results, yield a homogeneous emulsion. When allowed to stand it separates into two layers: a green, moss colored one below that is opaque and an orange colored one above that is transparent. It has a powerful therapeutic effect and can be used as well by the practitioner as in war. It is indispensable to always shake the mixture well before using. PREPARATION. Solution C. Cresyl, 250 gm; hot water, 1000 gm. Solution D. Polysulphate, 100 gm; hot water, 1000 gm. Solution A. Potassium carbonate, 40 gm; sodium carbonate, 10 gm; hot water, 1000 gm. Solution B. White soap, 40 gm; hot water, 1000 om. Take one part of Solution A and add one part of Solution B and shake violently ; add one part of Solution C and shake again, then add one part of Solution D and shake violently for — moments. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 247 -Meruop or APPLICATION. Wash the horse all over with a wisp of hay and water, and when wet incorporate in the wisp 15 grams of black soap and rub it in briskly all over the body to make the soap lather penetrate to the skin. Let the lather dry a quarter of an hour and then wash off the soap. Now without drying the horse rub the solution into the coat with gentle friction and let it remain for two days and then wash well with white soap. (Dose: 100 grams for a horse affected all over the body.) Resuuts. In benign cases one application and in bad cases two to three applications suffice to cure animals affected all over the body, providing they have not been treated with remedies of an irritating nature which have burned the skin and caused the formation of crusts. Immediately after the first application a pronounced amelioration is noticed. Of the 54 horses treated in this manner all but two were cured promptly. This treatment is effectual and exceedingly practical where better methods, such as dipping and sulphuration, are not possible to carry out. The word polysulphate is a word used to designate a product entering into nearly all mange remedies that is chemi- - cally a pentsulphate of potassium. ASM A Note Reearpine Mytasis, ESPECIALLY THAT Dur TO SyRPHID LArvAE. Maurice C. Hall. Arch. Int. Med., v. 21 (3), March, pp. 309-312.—This paper records an additional case of myiasis due to _rat-tailed larvae in man and summarizes the cases to date. There appear to be at least 17 records claiming the presence of ‘syrphid larvae in the digestive tract of man, one record claiming their presence in the nostrils of man, and two records claiming their presence in the diseased vagina of cattle. The case of rat-tailed larvae in the vagina of a cow, published by Bruce in the Journal of the A. V. M. A. for October, 1917, is the second ease of the sort, the first case having been published by Hall and Muir in the Ar- chives of Internal Medicine in February, 1913. There is a note regarding the occurrence of live rat-tailed larvae in February in Colorado at an altitude of 9,000 feet. M. C. Hat. ——_— EXPERIMENTS ON THE TREATMENT OF RINDERPEST WITH VARI- ous Drues. William Hutchins Boynton. The Philippine Agri- cultural Review, Vol. X, No. 3, 1917.—So ealled cures for rinder- pest have been found lacking in curative power. Highly suscepti- 248 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE ble animals were used in all the experiments. A highly virulent strain of virus was used to inject the animals upon which the drugs were tried. In the localities where cures for rinderpest had been reported the recoveries of animals without such medication were very high. Twenty different drugs were used. An 0.85 per cent solution of sodium chloride, warmed to about 41°C. was used to dilute the drugs for intravenous and intraperitoneal injection whenever the dilution was necessary. Strychnine, nitroglycerin, and echinacoid stimulate animals passing through immunization by the simultaneous method. These drugs are practically useless against rinderpest contracted in the usual way. Only two animals out of a total of over fifty recovered from the disease when treated with the various drugs. The drugs had no curative power for the animals suffering from rinderpest. HAYDEN. incase AcutTE ARTICULAR RHEUMATISM IN THE HorseE—RHEUMATIC Fever. V. 8. Veterinary Journal_—A seven-year-old big Shire gelding was taken lame suddenly and grew worse rapidly with considerable swelling from the hock down to the fetlock. His temperature went up to 106°, his pulse was 60, the conjunctiva _Wwas injected and the urine slightly colored. Diagnosis was made of acute rheumatic fever with endocarditis. Submitted to alka- lines, salicylate and digitalis. The horse was put in slings but his condition grew worse and though its temperature went down a. state of collapse set. in and he was destroyed. At the post mortem there was found acute synovitis of the fetlock with furrows on the articular cartilage, erosion on that and on the os suffraginis and the sesamoids. The heart had a boiled and streaky look with commencing vegetations of the endocardium of the left auricle just above the insertion of the mitral valve. Acts ae Sane Two Cases or Teranus. Ernest Morgan, M.R.C.V.S. Vetert- nary News.—A brief record of a well bred mare, cast from the army, which had run away a fortnight before and sustained some cuts about the legs. The symptoms were well marked although she could take enough food to keep her alive. Chloral in four dram doses given daily twice a day brought her to an uninterrupted recovery, although she had been kept in a loose box with open win- dows in a slaughter house where daily killing was carried on. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 249 The other case was not so fortunate. An eight-year-old bay mare had no perceptible wound and yet showed marked tetanic symptoms. On the 3rd day she had swellings between the fore legs and under the chest. On the 6th day had a strong jugular pulse. She could lay down frequently and rise without difficulty. She ate slowly and practically she seemed to improve but finally she got down and was killed. At the post mortem a decolorized clot extending into the arteries was found with also an extensive valvular disease of the heart. A. L. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE THE ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE MaJsor RAINEY, British Army Veterinary Service The present work and organization of the Army Veterinary Service afford a striking instance of what can be achieved in a short while when science is adequately assisted by finance and in other ways given facilities fairly completely to develop its latent possibilities. The existing war is the first recorded in military history in which the veterinary service of the Army has been per- mitted and assisted to carry out a definite scheme of its own genera- tion, and it is this fact which gives most interest to a critical ex- amination of results as they stand today. The British nation has been blamed by other nations and by its own citizens for its disregard, in the past, of science, but the Royal Army Medical Corps and the Army Veterinary Corps of the present constitute a powerful argument for those defenders of _ British sanity who maintain its capacity to adapt to practical needs ideas which other, possibly more imaginative, nations have visualized more fully, but have not always in the last resort so completely developed. The old English proverb, ‘‘Sharp’s a good dog but Holdfast’s a better’’, may perhaps be taken to express this national characteristic. Primarily, an Army Veterinary Corps must justify its cost on economic grounds. The humanitarian factor, although it plays an important part in the practical work of the corps, cannot for pur- poses of war on a modern scale be held alone to justify the cost of 250 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE so extensive an undertaking as the Army Veterinary Corps of the British Army of today. It is not possible at this stage to draw up a balance sheet that would accurately or even approximately show what dividend the Nation derives from its capital outlay in this respect, but the fol- lowing figures present, it is thought, a fair prima facie case in favor of an Army Veterinary Service as an economic factor in war: (a) The total wastage* among horses and mules of the Brit- ish forces at home and expeditionary forces abroad, including losses from enemy gunfire and all other causes whatsoever, during the year ending December 31st, 1916, amounted to 12% of the total animal strength. (b) The total wastage among horses and mules of the British forces during the year 1912 (i. e., during peace) amounted ap- proximately to 14.80% of the total animal strength. These figures mean that in spite of continuous losses from enemy gunfire, and from the inevitable chances and vicissitudes of war, the annual wastage among probably the largest number of horses and mules ever collected together has, during the last com- plete year of war, actually been less than the rate of wastage in time of peace. This, notwithstanding the fact, bemoaned by hu- manitarians, that the bulk of the animals have been standing night and day in the open exposed to all weathers, whereas in time of peace all Army animals are stabled under the best hygienic condi- tions. | : The average annual mortality among Army animals partici- pating in the South African War, 1899-1902, See 55% per annum for the whole war. There was no Army Veterinary rorps in those days. The Army Veterinary Department, as it was then, consisted of only a few officers and Auxiliary Civil Veterinary Surgeons whose duties for all practical purposes were limited to professional attendance upon such sick and wounded animals as chanced to come within their narrow official scope. Proposals for a better organization, indeed for any adequate organization, were coldly received. The military chiefs of those days, in common more or less with the rest of the community, had little confidence in their veterinary advisers and relied largely *The. expression ‘‘wastage’’ ineludes deaths, destructions, missing and castings for destruction or sale. The mortality alone in 1916 was 9.47%. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 251 upon the time honored fallacy that all such subsidiary technical matters were of slight, if any, military importance. Considerations of more legitimate military importance may have led, in 1899-1900, to a Cavalry campaign for which no hay was thought necessary, resulting, for example, in that memorable occasion on which a Brigade of Cavalry marched out from Bloem- fontein under 100 strong, the remainder hors de combat for the most part from bulk starvation and consequent debility of their horses. Major W. E. Watson, D.S.O., 6th Dragoon Guards, who marched out with the ‘‘Brigade’’ on that occasion, places the strength of effective mounted men as low as fifty. It is not, however, claimed that the South African War of 1899-1902 and the present European War are exactly parallel cases in a veterinary point of view. It is not necessary to make such a claim since there is a wide enough margin between an annual equine mortality of 9.47% and 55% to permit of considerable de- parture from the parallel, without affecting the validity of a state- ment that on the whole the better results of the present war in equine matters are chiefly attributable to the work of the Army Veterinary Service. If the South African War was one of marching and counter- marching, then this war has been one of hauling and straining to drag vehicles and guns of all descriptions through tenacious mud, under conditions of the greatest hardship and discomfort. More- over, although there has been little of cavalry work in France, Egypt has afforded opportunity for some extensive operations in this respect, and, in the fighting against Bulgaria during 1916 very heavy work was required of the pack-transport animals. Sta- tistical returns for the German South West African Campaign and Rebellion, August, 1914, to July, 1915, and for the subsequent period, July, 1915, to March 1st, 1916, show an annual mortality at the rate of 9.09% among animals (horses and mules) of the Union forces. The conditions of this campaign were similar in most respects to those of the South African War, 1899-1902, with this considera- ble difference that the Union Government were careful to include in their forces an Army Veterinary Corps, identical as far as pos- sible in its organization and proportionate strength with the Army Veterinary Corps of the Imperial Army. 2 - 252 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE There are thus three distinet figures from which deductions can be made: 1. Those of South African War, 1899-1902, with an annual mortality of 55%. 2. Those of German South West Africa, 1914-1915, annual mortality of 9.09%. - 8. Those of the European War, 1914-15-16, inclusive of cam- paigns in France, Egypt and Salonika—annual mortality under 10%. If it may be permitted to indulge in a little loose sleebeala dis- cussion, then: Let ‘A’ be taken to mean an Army at war. Let ‘B’ be taken to mean an efficient Army Veterinary Corps. Let ‘C’ be taken to mean the peculiar conditions of a South African War. A+B—C = an annual equine mortality of 9.47%. A+B+C.= _ an annual equine mortality of 9.09%. A—B+C = _ an annual equine mortality of 55%. The above very simple equations certainly appear to indicate that plus B, otherwise an efficient Army Veterinary Corps, bears an important relation to mortality among Army animals in war. It is true of course that there is an economic limit to the di- mensions and utility of an Army Veterinary Service or of any other administrative service, but that point does not seem yet to have been worked out by calculations. It would appear to be im- portant actuarially to establish precisely what proportion expendi- ture on each administrative service should bear to the cost of an Army or other National undertaking as a whole, so as to be pro- ductive in the long run of the best economic results. This is a field of scientific inquiry, so far as military opera- tions are concerned, in which little or nothing has been accom- plished. At the beginning of the war there were published in the daily newspapers letters from ill-informed and distressed humani- tarians in which statements were made to the effect that an Army horse lasted only for a few days after arrival at the front. How unnecessarily these -good people distressed themselves and a sym- pathetic public may be deduced from the above announced annual death-rate which, it is believed, gives the war horse five years’ ex- pectation of life after being posted to the British expeditionary force. The officers of the Army Veterinary Corps are graduates of British and Colonial veterinary colleges, with the exveption of ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 253 Quartermasters appointed for duty as such to Veterinary Hospi- tals, Horse Convalescent Depots, Base Depots of Veterinary Stores and Schools of Farriery. As there exists a good deal of misconception among the ven- eral public concerning the degree of professional education re- - quired for purposes of graduation as a duly qualified Veterinary Surgeon, it may here be stated that the curriculum of a modern veterinary college extends over four years, that is one year less than the period required for graduation as a practitioner of human medicine and surgery. The curriculum embraces the same subjects as those of the medical student modified or extended where neces- sary to meet the different requirements of the domesticated ani- mals. It is estimated that about 40% of the entire veterinary pro- fession of this country are now employed as officers in various capacities with the Army Veterinary Corps. The numbers of officers and other ranks, A.V.C., available for duty on mobilization in August, 1914, were: Officers, 109; other ranks, 322, including reservists. Today there are over 1200 officers and considerably more than 20,000 N.C. Os. and men, exclusive of native Indian and Egyptian subordinate personnel. The personnel of the Army Vet- erinary Corps is, therefore, like that of other branches of the service, chiefly composed of officers and men who have joined the colors since the outbreak of war. No man passed fit for service with front line combatant units has been accepted for enlistment in the Army Veterinary Corps (Regulars) since September, 1915, and of those enlisted prior to that time nearly 3,000 have been trans- ferred to R.N. and B.F.A. and replaced by Class B recruits. As far as possible men accustomed to horses -were enlisted, but this source of supply proved to be limited in view of the prior claims of combatant arms, so that it has been necessary to train ab initio ‘what appeared most unlikely material. Fortunately the material proved better than official fears. What was lacking in experience was found fruitful in intelligence, and the impression has been gained that for instruction in scientific principles it is as well to have intelligent virgin soil as painfully to have to modify the little knowledge that in veterinary matters especially ‘‘is a dangerous thing’’. The present personnel as a whole is keen, enthusiastic, and im- bued with those ideas of humanitarianism and helpfulness which are essential to useful work among dumb and comparatively stupid animals, 254 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE The work of the Army Veterinary Service comprises: 1. The examination for soundness of all animals prior to their purchase for the Army. 2. Care of remounts on board ship. 3. Prevention and control of contagious and other diseases among all Army animals. 4. Treatment of minor cases of sickness and injury under regimental arrangement with the unit to which the animals belong. 5. Evacuation to veterinary hospitals of all cases of sickness or injury that cannot be treated properly with the unit, or that, for military reasons, it is not desirable to retain with the unit. 6. Maintenance of an efficient standard of horse-shoeing throughout the Army. 7. Supply of veterinary medicines and equipment. 8. The training in schools of farriery of shoeing-smiths and cold-shoers required for the Army. 9. Careful observance of and advice upon all matters directly or indirectly. affecting the welfare of the Army horse, e. g., stable- management, forage and feeding, watering, etc. The policy of the Army Veterinary Service is well expressed in the adage, ‘‘prevention is better than cure’’. The importance of prevention in military matters is paramount, and herein veteri- nary medicine diverges widely from human medical praictice. This becomes apparent when one remembers that the horse cannot help himself but is entirely dependent upon the observation and foresight of those whose work it is to fend for him. Veterinary and medical practice run side by side so far as hygiene, sanitation and. antisepsis are concerned, but the point of divergence is where the man can report himself ‘‘sick’’ and the horse cannot. This means that if the horse is to be adequately protected he must be inspected at least once daily by someone who is competent to detect incipient symptoms of disease. It does not require much imagination to realize the enormous amount of work and organization involved in arranging for this service alone in connection with a military horse —— of many hundreds of thousands. The difficulty in detecting the first symptoms of disease in a horse is considerable and no small degree of experience is neces- sary before this difficulty can be overcome. This fact is partien- larly brought home to those concerned in dealing with. outbreaks ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 955 of equine influenza and pneumonia. In this class of disease, the greatest scourge of the equine race under conditions of domestica- tion, frequently there is in the early stages little or no abnormal symptom apparent to the unskilled observer. A horse to such may appear in good health although at the time a clinical thermometer will register a rise of 5° F. if-the temperature of the animal be taken. It is hardly necessary to add that if taken out and worked in this condition, as only too often happens, the animals will sub- sequently either die or become so seriously ill as to necessitate several weeks of careful treatment. Remounts, that is, unseasoned horses, are peculiarly liable to this class of disease, so much so that practically every horse under- goes an attack subsequent to purchase and prior to commencing his military training. The Army Veterinary Service took early steps to combat this potential cause of wastage by enforcing the rule that in no case was any remount to be embarked on a ship or transferred from a Remount Depot unless his temperature had been taken and found to be normal not later than the.day immedi- ately preceding his journey. This simple measure alone has proba- bly saved the lives of thousands of horses. In addition to the above rule instructions are that when an outbreak of pneumonia or in- fluenza occurs in any unit no horse of the unit is to be worked on any day during the existence of the outbreak unless his tempera: ture has been taken and found normal. The foregoing technical information is given as an instance of the complexity and far reaching possibilitiies of equine preventive medicine. Horses on Board Ship. There is no branch of administration in which the Army Veterinary Service has better justified its ex- istence on economic grounds than in connection with the care of - and arrangements for horses and mules on board ship. At the outbreak of war it became evident that a large number of horses and mules would have to be purchased in other countries and brought to England by sea, and the Veterinary Directorate at the War Office undertook to provide veterinary surgeons to take charge of the animals during the voyage to this country. Veterinary surgeons were also sent out with the Purchasing Com- mission to examine the animals before purchase and to make such arrangements subsequently as would ensure that only healthy ani- mals were placed on board ship for conveyance to this country or 256 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE elsewhere as might be required. One veterinary surgeon and a carefully selected lay assistant were allotted to each ship carrying horses or mules. The appointment of an assistant, in addition to a veterinary surgeon to each ship proved a fortunate arrangement as it was found possible after a year’s experience to place many of the as- sistants in sole charge of the animals, and to withdraw a corre- sponding number of veterinary surgeons for duty with Divisions of the new armies at a time when the problem of finding sufficient veterinary officers for the latter was acute. For purposes of convenience both veterinary surgeons and layy assistants, when acting in sole charge of horses on board ship, are described as ‘‘conducting officers’’. These conducting officers have done invaluable work. Many of them have been continuously em- ployed on horse-ships since October, 1914, and have become trained experts of the highest. order. During the first few months of the war the losses on board ship were somewhat heavy, averaging about 3% for a short period. It is now rare to lose 1%. Ship after ship arrives in port after the voyage across the Atlantic with at most one or two animals lost on the voyage and often none. Even on the long sea route from Canada to Mediterranean theatres of war the loss has seldom amounted to 1%. Including the above mentioned heavy losses during the first few months of the war the total average loss on all horses and mules shipped from the beginning of operations to the present date barely exceeds 1%. These excellent results are attributable in part to the pains taken to ensure the animals being in good health when shipped, in part to the expert care bestowed on the animals on board ship, and in part to the improvements on horse-ships that have been carried out during the war as the result of suggestions and recommendations received from conducting officers. A notable improvement in this connection has been the adoption of a system whereby animals are carried free in pens, each pen containing about five horses or mules. Formerly all Army - remounts were carried in narrow stalls, each animal having a stall to itself of a maximum width of 2 feet 6 inches. The pen gives more freedom of movement, better facility for sanitation and: ventilation, and even permits an animal, desiring to do so, to lie down for a while. Incidentally an important economy has been effected in that far less timber is required for constructing pens than stalls. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 957 The foregoing is only one instance of the many problems that have been tackled successfully as, the outcome of keen and zealous observation and research on the part of conducting officers. Conducting duty during this war has naturally not been de- void of stirring and perilous incident. In July, 1915, the S. S. ‘* Anglo-Californian’’, carrying 925 horses from Canada to Eng- land, was attacked off the coast of Ireland by a German submarine. After three hours’ shelling and the death of the captain the ship put into Queenstown in a leaky and battered condition. Of the 925 horses on board 26 were killed by shell fire. The remaining . 899 were ultimately landed at an English port in good condition owing to the gallant behavior of the civil veterinary surgeon, Mr. F. Neal, who, although he had every opportunity to leave in the ship’s boats at the same time as the subordinate staff, remained at his post and tended the horses almost single-handed until the ship was conveyed into port. He also attended the wounded on board during the engagement. In recognition of these services brought to notice by the Admiralty, Mr. Neal was presented, with the approval of the Treasury, with a gold watch suitably inscribed to commemorate the occasion. : The foregoing is but a single instance of numerous acts of heroism and devotion to duty on the part of conducting officers. The following extract from the diary of a veterinary surgeon who has acted with distinction as conducting officer since October, 1914, will give some idea of the nature and importance of this work: | S..S. MecHANICIAN, 9TH VOYAGE EX MONTREAL, 958 Horszs, Aveust 107TH, 1915—Dainy Report A. E. Boyer, M.R.C.V.8., Veterinary Surgeon in Charge On voyage out all decks were thoroughly cleaned and disin- fected. The whole of parting boards, floors, ceilings, stanchions, breast boards, etc., after being scrubbed and disinfected were sprayed with 10 per cent solution of creolin previously to being whitewashed. All mangers were scrubbed with caustic soda and disinfected. Tuesday, August. 10th, 1915 Commenced loading at 8:30 a. m. and finished at 1 p. m. 978 horses were sent, and I, in conjunction with Mr. McEcheran, the veterinary surgeon employed by the Remount Commission, re- jected 20, consequently we are sailing 20 horses short. The causes of rejection were as follows: 258 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 1 injury to foot, old abscess under wall. 1 suspicious of the eoutagious dermatitis. 2 eases of strangles well developing. 16 cases of temperatures over 102 degrees. I took on board over 30 with high temperatures, varying from 100 to 102 degrees. 2 p. m.—Tour of whole ship. Several horses very dull. men allotted to sections, and went over same. 8 p. m.—Tour of whole ship. Saw every horse; found several eases, for which I sent salines. Temperatures very bad; there is no wind. Several horses slightly blowing and sweating. Outside temperature, 69 degrees. Saw 76 degrees not look 1 Tween, 84 degrees 4 Tween, Horses do 1 Orlop, 80 degrees 5 Tween, 84 degrees’ very promising tonight, 2 Tween, 80 degrees 6 Tween, 80 degrees but it is due to the heat. 2 Orlop, 82 degrees 6 Orlop, 80 degrees Have every port open, 2 Hold, 76 degrees 6 Hold, 80 degrees all wind scoops out, and 3 Tween, 80 degrees 7 Tween, 82 degrees all wind sails up. Can 3 Orlop, 82 degrees 7 Orlop, 80 degrees do no more, only hope for some wind. Wednesday, August 11th, 1915 3 a. m—An awful night. Called out by night watchman. Several horses blowing with heat, one a bad case of i 5 had 9 moved to more airy positions. 7 a. m—Tour of top deck. With one exception all cases doing Not a breath of wind. Horses looking very dull. 10 a. m.—Tour of whole ship. Temperatures very high. More horses moved. Saw every horse, very worried with heat; had all parting boards out and started mucking out. 2 p. m.—Another tour of whole ship. Temperatures still high ; no wind. Horses all look jaded and weary, and are without ex- ception the most sick and sorry horses I have ever had. 8 p. m—Tour of whole ship. Saw every horse; moved 5 to- night. Temperatures a trifle better, but still high. If this heat continues shall be sure to have some losses. Am praying for a well. breeze. Outside 64 degrees. These are a little bet- ter than they have been all day; had 84° in one 1 Tween, 76 degrees 4 Tween, 68 degrees part today. This has 1 Orlop, 74 degrees 5 Tween, 78 degrees been without exception 2 Tween, 72 degrees 6 Tween, 74 degrees the most worrying day I 2 Orlop, 74 degrees 6 Orlop, 76 degrees have ever had. The 2 Hold, 70 degrees 6 Hold, 76 degrees horses are a poor lot and 3 Tween, 72 degrees 7 Tween, 76 degrees seem to crack up and 3 Orlop, 76 degrees 7 Orlop, 72 degrees start blowing at 80°. Had I not moved them to the top I am sure I should thave had 2 ‘or (B 14578) A 2 3 deaths from conges- tion to record tonight. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 259 Thursday, August 12th, 1915—Nice breeze blowing 7 a. m—Tour of top deck. All cases moved from below doing well and feeding. 10 a. m—Tour of whole ship. Temperatures little better; saw every horse; discovered Case 11, pneumonia, also Case 10, strangles, abscess on shoulder, opened same; ship being thoroughly mucked out. Other cases doing well. 2 p. m—Another tour. Saw every horse; all mucking out finished; ship very sweet; temperatures good, horses looking better; have hopes now, but there are a lot showing signs of a febrile condition. Case 11, pneumonia, got temperature down from 106.4 to 105 degrees, panting, slightly easier. Ship in good form. 8 p. m—Another tour. Saw every horse; ship cool and sweet: discovered Case 13, showing slight pain in feet; had him moved to place where he could lie down; temperature not up, pulse only slightly. All temperatures good tonight. Pneumonia case slightly better, temperature down to 104. Outside, 58 degrees.’ 1 Tween, 70 degrees 4 Tween, 62 degrees 1 Orlop, 68 degrees 5 Tween, 70 degrees Found two ventilators 2 Tween, 66 degrees 6 Tween, 68 degrees were not trimmed; al- 2 Orlop, 70 degrees 6 Orlop, 64 degrees tered same, and in 15 2 Lower 6 Hold, 74 degrees minutes a drop of 2 de- Hold, 68 degrees 7 Tween, 70 degrees grees. 3 Tween, 66 degrees 7 Orlop, 70 degrees 3 Orlop, 70 degrees Friday, August 13th, 1915—Fine day, nice breeze 7 a. m—Tour of top deck. All feeding and doing well; had Case 5, a poor, miserable black gelding with strangles, boxed off, so that he could feed without being worried by others and receive special diet. 10 a. m—Tour of whole ship. All cases doing well; ship be- ing mucked out; saw every horse; called to Case 15, colic, gave draught. 2 p. m.—Tour of whole ship. All cases doing well; mucking out all finished ; ship sweet and cool; colic case better. 8 p. m.—Tour of whole ship. All cases doing well except laminitis, which is still in pain, all four feet being affected; tem- perature not bad, and although high, the ship is very sweet. Have great hopes, but shall not relinquish my vigilance. I miss my as- sistant, who was sent to take a ship from Newport News. Outside, 55 degrees. 1 Tween, 68 degrees 3 Tween, 62 degrees 6 Orlop, 66 degrees 1 Orlop, 67 degrees 3 Orlop, 68 degrees 6 Hold, 70 degrees 2 Tween, 64 degrees 4 Tween, 60 degrees 7 Tween, 68 degrees 2 Orlop, 70 degrees 5 Tween, 70 degrees 7 Orlop, 68 degrees 2 Hold, 66 degrees 6 Tween, 70 degrees 260 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE Saturday, August 14, 1915—Fine day, nice breeze 5 a. m.—Called to Case 16, colic, gave draught. 7 a. m.—Tour of top deck. All doing well; opened strangles abscess, Case 5, very large and putrid, disinfected stall; colic case still in pain, had him moved to top deck. 10 a. m.—Tour of whole ship. All cases except colic doing well; fear it is a case of severe impaction. Saw every horse, opened strangles abscess; Case 6, had stall disinfected ; temperatures good, horses looking very well; mucking out done, and ship thoroughly clean; lines disinfected at 11 a. m. Pneumonia ease little better, laminitis the same. 2 p. m—Tour of whole ship. Saw every horse; colic ease still in pain, passed catheter and gave enema; all others doing well. 8-p. m.—Tour of whole ship. Colic case little better, had good passage; all horses except pneumonia and laminitis look very well, and I have great hopes; temperatures excellent tonight. Outside, 54 degrees. Arranged with Chief Officer and fixed a wooden air-shoot with a wind sail attached, to run into dead end of No. 6 Hold; it at once brought the temperature down 4 de- grees. 4. Tween, 56 degrees 5 Tween, 63 degrees 6 Tween, 62 degrees 6 Orlop, 60 degrees 6 Hold, 66 degrees 7 Tween, 60 degrees 7 Orlop, 62 degrees Tween, 65 degrees Orlop, 62 degrees Tween, 62 degrees Orlop, 64 degrees Hold, 60 degrees Tween, 59 degrees Orlop, 62 degrees WwWN NW NHH 10 p. m.—Colic case better, horse out of pain and nibbling a little food. Sunday, August 15, 1915—Fine day, nice breeze 12:15 a. m.—Called to Case 18, colic, gave draught and left instructions. : : 7 a. m.—Colie ease better. Tour of top deck; all doing well. 10 a. m.—Tour of whole ship. All cases doing well; mucking out finished at 10:30; ship very sweet. 2 p. m.—Tour of whole ship. Saw every horse; all decks cool and sweet, all horses looking well; cases doing as well as can be expected. : 8 p. m.—Tour of whole ship. Discovered Case 17, influenza, temperature 106.4; gave draught and moved to a better position. Saw every horse ; all cases doing well; temperatures very ec to- night. Outside, 57 degrees. 1 Tween, 66 degrees 4 Tween, 60 degrees Considering the out- 1 Orlop, 65 degrees 5 Tween, 64 degrees side, these are excellent. 2 Tween, 66 degrees 6 Tween, 64 degrees Undoubtedly this is the 2 Orlop, 68 degrees 6 Orlop, 68 degrees best ship on the trans- 2 Hold, 66 degrees 6 Hold, 70 degrees port for keeping venti- 3 Tween, 68 degrees 7 Tween, 65 degrees lated when you have a 3 Orlop, 64 degrees 7 Orlop, 66 degrees little breeze. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 261 Monday, August 16th, 1915—Wet, but good wind blowing 7 a. m.—Tour of top deck. 10 a. m—Tour of whole ship. Saw every horse; mucking out done; had several poor weedy horses moved to better positions. Pneumonia case progressing favorably. Laminitis case no worse. Influenza patient’s temperature down to 104 degrees. Ship very sweet, and unless something unforeseen occurs, I hope to land every horse. 2 p. m.—Tour of ship. All patients about the same. Wind rather strong, but it is keeping the ship cool, and we have plenty of fresh air in all parts. 8 p. m.—Tour of ship. Saw every horse; all patients progress- ing. Pneumonia case, temperature lower. Infiuenza case, temper- ature 104.6 but is feeding a little. Ship cool and sweet. Tempera- ture good. Called to colic case; gave draught. Outside, 58 degrees. 1 Tween, 64 degrees 4 Tween, 60 degrees Owing to rough sea on 1 Orlop, 64 degrees 5 Tween, 65 degrees weather side we have had 2 Tween, 63 degrees 6 Tween, 66 degrees to have the Orlop deck 2 Orlop, 66 degrees 6 Orlop, 69 degrees ports closed, but so ar- 2 Hold, 65 degrees 6 Hold, 70 degrees ranged the wind sails 3 Tween, 66 degrees 7 Tween, 66 degrees that we kept them cool. 3 Orlop, 66 degrees 7 Orlop, 68 degrees Tuesday, August 17th, 1915—Fine day, light breeze 7 a. m—Tour of top deck. All patients doing well. Regret to say Case 5, strangles, has an abscess forming on the shoulder, otherwise he was doing well. 10 a. m.—Tour of ship. Saw every horse. Discovered two more cases of strangles and one influenza. Patients progressing, although one influenza case causes a little worry. Mucking out finished 10:30. Ship sweet, but wind is dropping. 2 p. m—Tour of ship. Saw every horse. dropped; some holds rather warm, but sweet. causing anxiety ; others all doing well. 8 p. m.—Another tour. Saw every horse. Ship rather warm, and several horses slightly blowing; had 10 moved to top deck and more airy positions. Gave night foreman list to watch horses, and orders to move them upon the slightest sign of blowing. My cases do not seem quite so well tonight. Am hoping for a wind to spring up. Feel rather anxious tonight. Outside temperature, 62 degrees. Wind almost Only three cases 1 Tween, 74 degrees 6 Orlop, 71 degrees 4 Tween, 64 degrees 2 Tween, 72 degrees 7 Tween, 72 degrees 6 Tween, 70 degrees 2 Hold, 70 degrees LI Orlop, 71 degrees 6 Hold, 73 degrees 3 Orlop, 74 degrees 2 Orlop, 73 degrees 7 Orlop, 72 degrees 5 Tween, 70 degrees 3 Tween, 68 degrees 262 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE Wednesday, August 18th, 1915—Fime day, nice breeze 7 a. mi—Tour of top deck. All horses moved better. All pa- tients, except bad influenza case, doing well. 10 a. m.—Tour of whole ship. Wind getting up; all mucking out done at 10:30. Saw every horse, discovered another bad influ- enza case, and two more cases of strangles; all looking and doing well, except Case 17, which is causing some anxiety; ship very sweet. 2 p. m.—Tour of ship. Saw every horse; ship nice and cool and sweet; all cases progressing, except 17. 8 p. m.—Tour of whole ship. Saw every horse; all patients seem a little better tonight; temperatures are down, except pneu- monia ease, which has gone up to 103°, but pulse is good at 60. Nice breeze blowing, and ship very cool and sweet, although I have four patients very bad; with ordinary luck and care I hope to land every horse. We are 745 miles from Avonmouth at noon to- day. Temperatures good tonight. Oustide, 61 degrees. 1 Tween, 70 degrees 3 Tween, 67 degrees 6 Orlop, 68 degrees — 1 Orlop, 68 degrees . 3 Orlop, 70 degrees 6 Hold, 70 degrees 2 Tween, 66 degrees 4 Tween, 62 degrees 7 Tween, 68 degrees 2 Orlop, 66 degrees 5 Tween, 65 degrees | : 7 Orlop, 70 degrees 2 Hold, 66 degrees 6 Tween, 63 degrees 11 p. m—Called to Case 28, colic; gave draught and left in- structions, only mild case. Thursday, August 19th, 1915—Fairly strong wind 7 a. m—Tour of top deck. Last night’s colic case better; all horses doing well, except Case 27, causing a little worry. 10 a. m—Tour of whole ship. Saw every horse; opened three strangles abscess in cases; all patients doing well; Case 17 a little better. All mucking out done by 10:30, and ship cool and sweet. 2 p. m.—Tour of whole ship. Saw every horse; all patients - progressing. 8 p. m.—Tour of whole ship. Saw every horse, and although there are one or two cases which cause a little anxiety, I have great hopes of landing every horse. We expect to reach Avon- mouth early Saturday morning. Ship very cool and sweet tonight, and not a single horse blowing. Outside, 62 degrees. 1 Tween, 69 degrees 3 Tween, 66 degrees, 6 Orlop, 66 degrees 1 Orlop, 65 degrees 3 Orlop, 68 degrees | 6 Hold, 70 degrees 2 Tween, 66 degrees 4 Tween, 63 degrees | 7 Tween, 68 degrees 2 Orlop, 67 degrees 5 Tween, 64 degrees 7 Orlop, 70 degrees 2 Hold, 66 degrees 6 Tween, 64 degrees Friday, August 20th, 1915—Fine day, nicé breeze 7 a. m—Tour of top deck. All patients doing well. Called to Case 30, colic; gave draught; also to Case 34, ditto. Case 27 still worrying. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE ~ 263 10 a. m.—Tour of whole ship. Saw every horse. All doing well. Discovered Case 35, an injury to off coronet which is form- ing a quittor. Mare in much pain; gave draught. Mucking out all finished 10:30, and horses being well groomed. Have great hopes of landing all. 2 p. m.—Tour of whole ship. Wind dropping a little; hope it will spring up again. All doing well. 8 p. m.—Tour of whole ship. Saw every horse. Being in the submarine zone, all orlop ports are closed, and the wind having dropped, these decks are rather warm, but the ship is sweet. Two cases only worrying, 27 and 35. Hope to unload tomorrow. Out- side, 62 degrees. These are, I am afraid, going to rise as the wind 1 Tween, 72 degrees 4 Tween, 66 degrees is still dropping. I have 1 Orlop, 71 degrees 5 Tween, 71 degrees put on extra watchmen 2 Tween, 70 degrees 6 Tween, 69 degrees - with lamps (as we are 2 Orlop, 72 degrees 6 Orlop, 74 degrees sailing all lights out to- 2 Hold, 69 degrees 6 Hold, 74 degrees night), with instructions 3 Tween, 70 degrees 7 Tween, 73 degrees to move to upper deck any 3 Orlop, 70 degrees 7 Orlop, 74 degrees horse showing the least sign of blowing. My eases number 35 all told, tonight. Saturday, August 21st, 1915—Anchored in Walton Bay at 6:30 A. M. to await tide 7 a. m.—Tour of top deck. All patients progressing, and others looking well. . 10 a. m.—Tour of whole ship. All patients doing well. Saw every horse. Mucking out done by 10:30; all sails and alleyways disinfected, and mats laid down for unloading. Although I have about five for hospital, I anticipate not losing one. Ship rather warm; breeze very light. 2 p. m.—Have just heard that we are not to unload until to- morrow morning. This disheartens me after working hard with the horses all the voyage and, having the utensils put away and ship thoroughly cleaned, must make arrangements to feed again tonight and tomorrow morning. Ship very warm; no wind. _. 8 p. m.—Tour of whole ship. Regret to find temperatures are rising; several horses blowing, and in getting one out to take on top deck have been severely kicked on the knee and disabled pro tem.; my head foreman has completed my round. As far as I can see no ship has come from the dock, and the authorities could have unloaded us this afternoon had they made an effort. I have five serious cases which may take the wrong turn owing to the heat, and a record spoiled. Have put on extra watchmen with the fore- man with instructions to take every horse to the weather deck upon the slightest sign of blowing. Have persuaded the horsemen to 264 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE get up at 2:30 a. m. to again muck out and disinfect the ship be- fore going into dock. My knee is very painful, and I hope nothing happens in the night. Am very sick at not being unloaded today. The temperatures are getting bad, there is no wind, and the ship being anchored, makes it worse. Outside, 63 degrees. 1 Tween, 74 degrees 4 Tween, 68 degrees 1 Orlop, 76 degrees 5 Tween, 80 degrees 2 Tween, 76 degrees 6 Tween, 77 degrees 2 Orlop, 76 degrees 6 Orlop, 76 degrees These I am _ afraid, 2 Hold, 73 degrees 6 Hold, 77 degrees will get higher. 3 Tween, 76 degrees 7 Tween, 74 degrees 3 Orlop, 74 degrees 7 Orlop, 73 degrees On the whole, the horses have improved on the voyage, and are far and away in better condition than when I received them, but there are quite a lot weary and showing signs of temperatures, which tonight will not improve. I sincerely hope I shall be able to land them all, not having lost one up to now. August 22nd, 1915—Ship docked 4:30 A. M. 7 a. m.—Tour of top deck. All doing well. My knee being still painful, my head foreman went all over the ship, and all is in order. The mucking out was finished at 4 a. m. 9 a. m—Commenced to unload. Landed every horse, obtain- ing certificate that their condition was very good. Finished at 11:30 a. m. I attribute the success of this voyage to the fact that the ship was mucked out every day and that special care and attention was paid to the ventilation. J cannot speak too highly of the chief officer, Mr. Dingle, who entered into the ventilation problem with great zeal, and devised many little schemes to get fresh air into bad corners. I am sure without his assistance and cooperation I _ should never have got through without losing one or two. This ship is undoubtedly one of the best in this transport business, both as regards facilities for working, appointment and ventilation. The holds and decks are lofty and the alleyways wide. A. EK. Boyrr, M.R.C.V.S. Work of A.V.C. at the Front. The work with Divisions in the front line and field units and elsewhere is largely of a preventive and first-aid nature. In each Division in addition to the Mobile Veterinary Section of which, later, there is a definite number of officers and non-commissioned officers, Army Veterinary Corps, distributed as evenly as possible throughout the fighting units, just as are Medical officers and N.C. Os. of the R.A.M.C. These veterinary officers and N.C. Os. are responsible for carrying out simple first-aid treatment and for deciding what cases are slight enough for ‘‘duty and dressing’’, and what should be handed over to ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 265 the Mobile Veterinary Section of the division for evacuation to veterinary hospitals on the lines of communication. They carry out the constant inspections of animals mentioned in the earlier portion of this article as being indispensable to prevention of dis- eases, both contagious and non-contagious among animals. Rela- tively the number of bullet and shell casualties among horses and mules is small as compared with similar casualties among officers and men, because the animals are as far as possible kept behind the firing-line. In a big Cavalry action naturally matters would be different, but this form of warfare on a big scale still is awaited so far as the British forces in this war are concerned. Horses fare better than men in so far as their thicker skin and bulkier tissues offer greater resistance to projectiles and splinters, but worse than men in that economic considerations and mechanical difficulties often render it necessary to destroy horses for wound conditions which at most would maim a man. Open wound dressing is necessarily for the most part practiced in the field. Bandaging is only practi- cable to a relatively small extent. Under the best conditions it has not on the whole been found a suitable form of dressing for the unclean type of wound met with on active service, and in the case of equines it is most difficult to apply a bandage to any situa- tion other than the lower extremities of the limbs that will not speedily become displaced and thus a positive evil instead of a hy- pothetical good. Certainly bandaging appeals strongly to the popular imagination. There is an effective cleanly appearance about a freshly bandaged wound which catches the eye of the journalistic artist and, through his efforts, that of the general public. In point of actual results, however, it has been found better . to disregard superficial appearances and to enlist the bactericidal aid of the oxygen of the atmosphere. What is probably the best form of field dressing for horses discovered up to the present is as follows: Foreign bodies are re- moved from the wound as far as possible without probing. Shreds of damaged tissues certain to die and decay if left in situ are similarly removed with the dressing scissors. The wound is then gently cleansed with antiseptic wool, facilities for downward drainage of discharge are established and the dressing is com- pleted by painting all exposed tissues with tincture of iodine. 266 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE It would not be permitted in an article of this kind to state fully how the personnel of the Army Veterinary Corps is disposed throughout a Division; suffice it to say that every animal is able to receive at all times the expert attention of this personnel. No horse is permitted unnecessarily to suffer. If it is evident that he cannot be restored to usefulness within a reasonable period then he is painlessly destroyed on the spot. If his injury or disease is amenable to treatment he is evacuated without delay to a base hos- pital containing facilities for the most up-to-date and scientific methods of treatment. The Mobile Veterinary Section is a complete Veterinary Unit, allotted to a Division, corresponding in many ways with a Field Ambulance of the Royal Army Medical Corps. The duty of this unit is principally to collect from fighting formations in its Divis- ional area all injured, sick and debilitated animals requiring to be sent back to the large veterinary hospitals on the lines of communi- cation. It also acts as a dressing station and undertakes the col- lection from the base of veterinary medicines and equipment. These stores are then distributed by the section as required to di- visional combatant units, a system which has proved far more con- venient and expeditious than that in vogue in the earlier stages of the war when each unit in the field received its supplies independ- ently from Base Depots .of Veterinary Stores. Approximately half of the personnel of the Mobile Veterinary Section is utilized in the duty of collection of sick and first aid treatment, including injection when necessary of tetanus antitoxin; the other half forms what is known as the Railway Conducting Party. This party is responsible for safe conveyance of the patients from the nearest available railhead to the Veterinary Hospital at the Base and first-aid attendance en route. On its return from the base the conducting party brings with it the medicine and equipment re- quired for distribution to Divisional Units, as mentioned above. Not all the patients collected by the Mobile Veterinary Section are sent to the base; when the division is stationary milder cases are retained and treated by the section and ultimately returned cured to units. Veterinary Hospitals and Convalescent Horse Depots. These are situated on the line of communication and at the various bases of the Expeditionary Forces, in addition to’ many established in Home Commands, ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 267 An overseas veterinary hospital is established to deal at one time with 1250 cases or a greater number, its organization being such as to permit of ready expansion. The personnel allowed for each hospital is sufficient but not extravagant, having in view the important principle that an administrative service should be an economic dividend-paying proposition. It is-interesting to reflect that on mobilization the then dimin- utive Army Veterinary Corps was sufficiently hard put to it to find skilled subordinate personnel for one veterinary hospital as at present constituted, whereas there are now about thirty such, apart from Camel Hospitals and Convalescent Horse Depots, all staffed with competent highly trained personnel. Each hospital is subdivided into wards and each ward as far as possible is appropriated to the treatment of a separate class of injury or disease. To the most skilled surgeons is given the care of wound cases; officers who have specialized in microscopic work have charge of the cases of parasitic skin disease and microbic af- fections. Similarly each non-commissioned officer has definite du- ties allotted to him according to the capacity he displays for a cer- tain kind of work. . The treatment of parasitic skin disease alone presents an enor- mous problem. From earliest history parasitic skin disease has ever been the distressing accompaniment of war. Horses, like men, suffer from the depredations of lice but a far worse scourge of the former is in the disease known as mange. This disease, caused by a microscopical insect parasite which attacks skin and in one species burrows under the surface of the skin gives enormous trouble. The intense irritation that occurs causes the affected horse to lose flesh rapidly unless promptly and efficiently treated. One veterinary hospital with the British Ex- _ peditionary Force is practically confined to the treatment of this disease alone. In the earlier stages of the war each case had to be separately treated by hand, involving an enormous amount of la- bor, but now there are established in many veterinary hospitals specially constructed dipping baths capable of dealing rapidly and easily with any number of patients. The bath is a long trench- like affair, dug into the ground and lined with concreted material, impervious to water. The bath is filled up to a certain height with a solution or mixture of the medicaments found most efficacious in destruction of the mange parasite and kept by means of steam of 268 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE precisely that temperature ascertained to be necessary for the best results in the treatment. Matters are so arranged that the horse on plunging into the bath is completely immersed in the solution whence he emerges, having traversed the length of the bath, by upward incline to the dripping pens. The principal trouble in regard to mange is to find a solution or mixture of medicaments that will destroy the parasite and its eges without injuring the skin of the patient. Unless care is taken to observe both these conditions injury to the skin to a serious ex- tent may supervene, so that the remedy proves ‘‘worse than the disease’’. To eradicate mange entirely from an Army in the field has so far proved impossible, but in this war it is kept well under control and has never got the upper hand, as it did in the South African War, 1899-1902, when it caused heavy mortality and inefficiency. The great progress in methods of treatment of mange made by the Army Veterinary Service in the present war is scientifically gratifying and economically important. It has in fact, as a dis- ease, ceased to be a terror and now only remains a nuisance. In the British Expeditionary Force 80% of all cases of disease, in- cluding wounds, admitted to veterinary hospitals. are returned to duty in due course. Of the remaining 20% a considerable pro- portion are painlessly destroyed, and sold at a good price to the local inhabitants for human consumption. In this country the percentage returned to duty from veterinary hospitals is natur-— ally higher in proportion as the conditions obtaining at home are more favorable than those nearer the firing line. The absolute wastage both overseas and at home is thus kept down to a low monetary figure. Each veterinary hospital is an entirely self-contained unit responsible not only for the treatment of 1250 horses and mules, but for the discipline, training, payment, and general welfare of over 400 non-commissioned officers and men. Apart from medical and surgical treatment the horse and mule patients have to be fed, watered, groomed, shod, exercised and generally cared for in such a way that they will be fit for duty at the front or elsewhere when discharged from hospital. All animals thus discharged for duty are sent straight to remount depots where they are classified and posted again for service to various branches of the Army as may be most suitable, ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 269 The selection of adequate sites for veterinary hospitals has been a difficult business. Apart from the large area required, questions of accessibility to railway stations, good water supply, facilities for disposal of manure and carcasses, called for serious consideration. A horse normally needs for drinking purposes alone about 8 gallons of water a day in addition to the require- ments for surgical and other purposes. In the opening months of the war the veterinary hospital was necessarily for the most part an open air institution. Not at once could there spring into ex- istence the present admirably constructed stables, operating sheds, shoeing forges, exercising tracks, store houses and other carefully devised arrangements for the convenience and comfort of animals and men. _ Although it is true that horses tied up in the open will, if well fed and rugged, and provided with moderately mud-free stand- ings, keep in good health and flesh, it is nevertheless impossible in the climatic conditions of Northern Europe to obtain the best re- sults in these circumstances so far as veterinary hospitals are con- cerned. Among reasons that contribute to the desirability of some sort of overhead cover for sick horses, there stands out prominently the fact that it is not reasonable, humanly speaking, to expect men to give to patients standing in the open in wet weather the indi- vidual care and attention which are essential to successful veteri- nary work. Moreover, during the winter months, at least, cov- ered accommodation is absolutely necessary for the adequate treat- ment of mange which, as already stated, forms a constant and considerable proportion of equine patients in time of war. To deal efficiently with this disease it is necessary to clip the animal all over, to wash or ‘‘dress’’ them frequently, and to leave them unrugged during the course of the treatment, as rugs harbor in- fection and facilitate spread of the malady. It is evident that grave loss of flesh and condition must occur if unclipped and re- cently “‘dressed’’ animals are exposed day and night to wintry weather while tethered and without protection or shelter of any kind. Condition is easily lost but hard and tedious to restore. A really emaciated animal takes many weeks and even months to re- cover sufficient muscular bulk to fit him for the heavy exertion of _ military duty at the front. The financial expenditure represented by covered accommodation for veterinary hospitals is therefore repaid in preservation of condition and consequently accelerated 270 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE convalescence. In veterinary as in most other matters ‘‘time is money’’, as practically every horse delayed in hospital has to be replaced in the unit whence he comes by a fit horse from a remount depot. Shelter and a moderate amount of warmth are great aids in the restoration of condition as well as in preventing the loss of it. Food has not only to build up the tissues but to maintain the body temperature, and the more is diverted to the latter service the less is available for the former. On a standard minimum food ration, therefore, it is ede mete for body building purposes to keep the patient warm. | Especially during the winter in France and Belgium, when the universal mud throws heavy strain upon gun teams and trans- port animals by reason of the great difficulty in dragging vehicles over the shell torn swamp-like ground, a constant stream of de- bilitated and war-worn horses and mules pours into the veterinary hospitals from divisions at the front. These animals for the most part are not diseased but merely weakened through loss of museu- lar and other tissue. For such horses the comfortable surround- ings and shelter of the hospital act like magic. Except in the case of old animals, in a comparatively short period the hollow sides fill out, the coat resumes its normal bloom and the returning strength and spirits give evidence of restored vitality. These re- sults could not be attained in double the time were covered accom- modations in winter not available. Old animals, if debility is at all advanced, recuperate slowly even under the best conditions, so slowly indeed that it is often economically necessary to destroy them rather than to keep them until again fit for work. This lack of resiliency in the old animal renders it most undesirable to purchase for war purposes any horse that has passed the prime of equine life. The period of a horse’s life during which he is at his best for military purposes is very brief. If under six years of age he is highly susceptible to all forms of equine contagious disease and stands the hardship of a campaign badly. If over twelve years, although resistant to con- tagious disease, he has generally lost the elasticity and recupera- tive powers necessary to enable him to ‘‘pick up’’ quickly after a severe bout of work. Therefore it is that military veterinary hospitals receive an undue proportion of the old horses of an Army especially in the winter months. It would be ungracious to proceed to any description of the buildings of the yeterinary hospitals ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 971 ———— without referring to the assistance afforded in this respect by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. This admirably organized society has labored throughout the war to assist the Army Veterinary Service in its efforts to promote the welfare of the Army horses and as a logical consequence the effi- ciency of the armies in the field. Naturally the objective of the society is humanitarianism but the active practice of a genuine, if in a technical point of view irrelevant, good inevitably leads to increased efficiency at some point or other. Benevolent societies like the R. S. P. C. A. and Y. M. C. A., whose objectives at first sight may appear widely removed, are in effect working towards the same end—efficiency. Science, religion, secular benevolence and philosophy, in so far as they are all striving for a positive good are aiming for the same goal, and their progress is only limited by the degree of truth on which their policy and excursions are based. A crank, that is, an individual who conducts a more or less vio- lent crusade on behalf of a doctrine or belief based on erroneous premises, is more dangerous in his friendship than in his enmity to any of these spheres of useful activity. This reflection brings us back to the wisdom of Solomon and Socrates, who exhorted their generations above all things to ‘‘seek wisdom—get understanding’’. That country or state which devotes most attention and gives most support to science better described as exact knowledge must, other things being equal, be the most successful in its undertakings whether in peace or war. It is futile in this connection to claim that the demoralization of modern Germany is attributable to overmuch cult of science. The scientists of Germany, like other classes of the Hun community, are harnessed to the Juggernaut of militarism. Those who dictate the high policy of the German Empire are not scientists, but relatively ignorant despots who have employed for evil purposes a force painfully elaborated by the re- search of scientific men primarily working for the benefit of hu- manity. | In November, 1914, the Army Council accepted an offer from the society to start a fund for the purpose of hospital requisites for sick and wounded horses, under the title of ‘‘The R. S. P. C. A. fund for sick and wounded horses’’. The Duke of Portland con- sented to act as chairman of the committee formed, in accordance with the sanction of the War Office, to work in close cooperation with the Army Veterinary Department and supplement the reOng- nized saa for Army Veterinary Services. 272 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE This fund has up to the present collected over 100,000 pounds which has been spent on building veterinary hospitals as required, supplying special horse tents, horse drawn ambulances (for all the veterinary hospitals and for the mobile veterinary sections at- tached to each division of the British Army) besides presenting motor horse ambulances for the armies themselves. The fund has also provided Bentail corn crushers and chaff-cutters with petrol engines for all the hospitals in France, and has supplied a large number of clipping machines, hand-clippers, dandy brushes, curry combs, Vermorel sprayers, etc., as required. The first hospital built in 1914 was for 1,000 horses and was constructed of wood and galvanized iron, with wooden mangers and wooden water-troughs. It consists of a series of buildings, each with accommodation for 50 horses and a double expense for- age store. It was found that wooden structures required a great deal of repair, and it was also thought that in case of advance or retirement the steel constructed shelters would be more advanta- geous, as they could be unbolted and removed to some other situa- tion. Therefore, the other three hospitals, built very much on the same plan, but increased to 1250, have been made of steel or cast iron throughout, with roof and centre divisions of corrugated iron. The mangers of the latter are of pressed steel and run down the central divisions, and the stables are fitted with bales. The floor- ing consists, in the majority of cases, of ashes and railway sleepers, though where it has been possible to make them they have been econ- structed of cement. Each building has been supplied with a gut- tering round the eaves and has two drinking troughs, in the major- ity of cases made of galvanized steel, but latterly these have been replaced by troughs made of reinforced concrete. Each horse has a space of 514’, length of building 144’, width all over 28’, mini- mum height 8’, height of ridges 11’. The fund has also provided the hospitals with dining huts, officers’ mess, and kitchens with stoves and boilers; also ablution rooms, men’s mess rooms with larder, scullery and kitchen, Quartermaster’s stores, bath rooms for the men, with douches. Administrative offices, consisting of C. Os.’ office, clerk’s room, guard room and cells; Quartermaster’s office, saddlers’ shops, carpenters’ shops, pharmacy and _ stores, drying sheds, dressing sheds and stores (four to each hospital). Sergeants’ mess, Sergeants’ bathroom, operating sheds and forage and chaff cutting sheds with corn crushers and chaff cutters com- ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 273 plete. The fittings for the hospitals have been complete in every detail, including, where it was considered necessary: laboratories for microscopic work, cameras for research work, sterilizers for operating purposes, dressing boxes to contain liniments, bandages, ete., for each ward. | _ In all eases the fund has provided the complete material and the labor has been found from the Army Veterinary Corps men themselves. This has worked admirably, because after the stables had been erected a certain number of the personnel of each hospi- _ tal could, for the time being; be employed on constructing build- ings under the guidance of Mr. A. H. Fass, who has done splendid honorary work in superintending the erection of the various hospi- tals given by the fund. The fund also provided the necessary buildings for 500 horses at No. 1 Convalescent Horse Depot; these buildings are very simi- lar to the ones provided for the hospitals, and they have recently been added to increase the accommodation to 750 horses. In all, hospital aceommodation—including stabling for 500 horses at the isolation hospital, Woolwich—for nine thousand five hundred horses have been presented through this fund. It should be pointed out that the advantage of accepting such voluntary aid is that the work can be carried out under the guid- ance of the Works Department, but without adding to or hamper- ing that department at a time when it is already overwhelmed with work; therefore, the important question of accommodation for sick and wounded horses can be dealt with immediately, and does not have to wait its turn with all the other work which has to be seen to. Another supply from the fund which has been of great use to the corps, is that of ‘‘Vermorel’’ sprayers, seventy-eight of which have been issued to all the hospitals and mobile veterinary sections. These are not only of great utility for dressing and cleansing wounds, but also for disinfecting railway trucks in which the horses have been brought railhead, thus preventing the possibility of spreading contagious diseases. The fund has also presented motor-lorries for conveying fod- der and other supplies to certain of the hospitals, and it is by these various aids that the utility of the fund has been established. To the Chief Secretary of the R. S. P. C. A., Hon. Captain E. G. Fair- holme, the Army Veterinary Service is greatly indebted for the 274 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE enthusiastic and efficient way in which he has organized and co- ordinated the work of the fund so as to adapt its resources with a minimum of waste or friction to the immediate needs of the service. What has been described in detail concerning veterinary hos- pitals and the assistance of the R. 8. P. C. A. applies chiefly to the hospitals of the British Expeditionary Forces, but the guiding principles of the military veterinary hospitals are the same in commands at home and in the expeditionary forces. The detail is modified to meet local requirements. In Egypt, for example, it is neither necessary nor desirable to provide cov-. ered accommodation to the same extent as in northern Europe. The hospitals in Egypt, moreover, are manned largely by native Egyptian personnel, thus effecting an important economy and saving in man-power. In addition to the standard veterinary hos- pitals for horses and mules there are established in Egypt, hospi- tals for camels, organized on lines similar to the former, and also principally manned by native Egyptian subordinate personnel. There are three of these camel hospitals, each established to deal with 1250 camels. The veterinary service in Egypt includes in its | organization a mobile veterinary section (apart from the usual divisional mobile veterinary section), having a roving commission. It was found necessary to provide this special unit on account of the widely extended disposition of the forces of Egypt and the long journeys occurring in the transit of animals to and from vet- erinary hospitals. : The veterinary services working with the British forces in German East Africa have had, in addition to normal professional work, to cope with various problems of the most difficult nature. It was considered advisable, in view of the many specific diseases affecting cattle and equines in East Africa, to hand over the con- duct of the Army Veterinary Services in that country to the per- manent veterinary staff of the British East African Administra- tion. The chief veterinary officer of the staff was appointed to the Army Veterinary Corps, with temporary rank appropriate to the proper discharge of his responsibilities, and with power to nomi- nate for temporary commissions in the Army Veterinary Corps, such veterinary surgeons on his staff as he considered most compe- tent to assist him. The arrangement proved to be a fortunate one, as these officers brought to their military duties a knowledge of the local diseases obtained by years of residence and research work ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 275 among live stock in that country. The well equipped veterinary laboratory at Nairobi was placed at the disposal of the Army Vet- erinary Service, and many problems were worked out therein with — results that have been helpful in the difficulties attending the oper- ation of cavalry and transport in regions beset with fly-borne dis- eases of the most fatal character. Among other duties the Army Veterinary Corps has to under- take the collection and care of cattle for fresh meat and transport requirements of the forces. These cattle have been kept compara- tively free from rinderpest and other local diseases by inoculation with sera prepared in the Nairobi laboratory and by various meas- ures scientifically ascertained to have protective powers. It is not, perhaps, too much to say that a considerable portion of the succéss attending the operations in German East Africa is fairly attribu- table to the highly skilled services of the Civil Veterinary Staff, working under the auspices of, and in coordination with the Army Veterinary Service as a whole. The diseases encountered include South African horse-sickness, rinderpest, tsetse-fly diseases, surra, epizootic lymphangitis and anthrax, a sufficiently formidable list to deal with in addition to the normal scourges of war. Glanders and Mallein. To describe fully the work done dur- ing the war by the Army Veterinary Service in connection with the control of glanders alone would require greatly more scope than that of this entire article. As is now fairly generally known, glanders is a particularly deadly equine disease of insidious nature and is highly infective. Records of this disease date back to Hippocrates and Aristotle, and from earliest history it has caused important losses among horses in times of war. The reasons for its predominance in time of war are partly the same as those which cause most infectious dis- eases to multiply at such times, but notably a tendency to assume a virulent form when by reason of hardship or food shortage the constitutional bodily resistance of the animal is reduced. An out- break of glanders occurring in peace among well-fed, highly con- ditioned otherwise healthy animals spreads slowly and with diffi- culty, on account of the physiological resistance it encounters; in war, on the other hand, an outbreak occurring among war-worn or debilitated animals will speedily assume most serious propor- tions unless adequate means are adopted to check it. Fortunately an adequate means now exists in mallein, a substance composed of 276 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE killed cultures of the glanders bacillus to which has been added glycerin and earbolic acid. : When mallein is injected by means of a hypodermic syringe under or into the skin of a horse affected with glanders a reaction takes place in which a swelling forms at the site of inoculation and a marked rise of temperature occurs within twenty-four hours. If the horse is not affected with glanders no reaction occurs. As glanders may be dormant in an apparently healthy horse for months, ready to break out in an acute rapidly fatal form at any moment, the value of a means whereby the latent disease can be readily detected becomes easily apparent. Mallein has been freely used in the present war with the re- sult that the mortality from glanders has been less than 1% of the total mortality from equine disease in general. Every remount is tested with mallein as soon as purchased. Animals arriving from Canada or elsewhere after purchase are again tested. In brief, the test is applied at every period in the animal’s career found from past experience to be associated with an outbreak of glanders. Last but not least animals cast and destined to be sold are tested with mallein before sale so as to avoid the possible chance of trans- ferring to the civilian community an infected horse that may de- velop acute glanders subsequently to sale and thus spread disease to the detriment of national welfare. Naturally all this mallein testing means a great deal of anxious work and drudgery. There are few duties of which the Army veterinary surgeon becomes so _ heartily sick as this incessant testing of horses with mallein. Ney- ertheless it has to be done and results show that for the most part it is done skilfully and thoroughly. The operation itself is practi- cally painless, most horses take no notice of it, and there is in a healthy animal no painful sequel such as may occur after vaccina- tion or inoculation for enteric in man. Formerly all mallein for the purpose of the British Army was obtained from the Royal Veterinary College laboratories in Lon-— don, but at an early stage of the war it was decided that the Army Veterinary Corps should undertake the preparation of the mallein required and that the laboratory of the Army Veterinary School at Aldershot should be used for this purpose. Accordingly an officer of the Special Reserve of the Army Veterinary Corps, a trained bacteriologist, was appointed to carry out the work and matters proceeded satisfactorily till at the height of its activity ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 977 the laboratory was turning out 80,000 doses of mallein a month. This could have been maintained, but an interesting development in the history of mallein lessened the need for the variety of mallein hitherto in use. This development occurred as the result of re- search by French veterinary surgeons who discovered that a very much smaller quantity of a differently prepared mallein injected into the skin of the eyelid sufficed to give a more delicate and, in the opinion of many operators, a more certain test for glanders. The dose of the original mallein injected under the skin of the neck was from 15 to 20 drops, whereas for the eyelid test with the French mallein about two drops are sufficient. A much finer needle is used for the latter so that the greater sensitiveness to pain of the eyelid is automatically compensated. If an animal is glandered a swelling of the eyelid speedily occurs, after injection, accompanied by a more or less profuse discharge from the eye; no reaction is seen if the animal is healthy. For some time the new mallein was all obtained from French sources, but recently the laboratory of the Army Veterinary School has commenced to prepare it and no difficulty is anticipated in turning out an equally reliable prepara- tion of identical nature. . During the last two years only two cases have occurred in which a cast Army horse or mule has been found to be affected with glanders after transfer by sale to the civillian community, notwithstanding the large numbers of Army animals that have been so disposed of during this period. Perhaps this fact consti- tutes the best evidence that could be offered of the efficiency of the mallein test and the way in which glanders among Army animals has been controlled by this and other means. Horse Ambulances. The application of horse ambulances to military purposes has been an interesting and useful feature of the present war. During peace, horse ambulances have for some time past been used by the Army Veterinary Corps in connection with station veterinary hospitals but it is believed that the present war is the first in which they have been taken into the field. Two chief kinds of horse ambulances are used at present, motor horse ambulances and horse-drawn vehicles. The motor horse ambulance was first used overseas at a busy port where the veterinary hospital was necessarily located on a height some dis- tance from the quay. When dealing with animals sick or injured by some accident on the voyage, it was found that some rapid and 278 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE powerful means of transport was desirable to convey the patients with the least possible delay from the ship’s side to the veterinary hospital. Help was forthcoming in an officer from the committee of the Home of Rest for horses at Cricklewood acting in conjune- tion with the R. 8. P. C. A. to supply a motor horse ambulance if the Director of Transport at the War Office would agree to allow the motor firm selected to release from combatant requirements a suitable chassis. In due course this permission was obtained, a body constructed to carry at one time two patients was fitted to the chassis, and the ambulance was despatched overseas. Need- less to say, it proved a great success. Since then other motor ambulances have been supplied by the R. 8. P. C. A. as required. It has been necessary for military rea- sons to keep the number within low and definite limits so as not unduly to encroach upon the prior claims of combatant branches of the service and of the R. A. M. C. for chassis and petrol. No such considerations, however, have hindered the adequate supply of horse-drawn vehicles for ambulance purposes, and these are now included in the equipment of all veterinary hospitals and many mobile veterinary sections. Apart from the humanitarian aspect these motor ambulances play an important economic part in fa- cilitating the removal to veterinary hospitals of numbers of horses and mules that would otherwise have to be destroyed. Injuries to the foot bulk largely in the list of troubles to which the war horse is particularly subject. Of this class of injury the principal cause is the extraordinary liability of iron nails lying on the ground to attach themselves to and penetrate the sole and frog of the horse’s foot. Most of the material conveyed to the troops overseas is packed in light wooden eases and in the process of opening and ul- timately burning these, nails become distributed broadcast. Every possible effort has been made to prevent this distribution, but mili- tary exigencies are such that this phenomenon is to a large extent inevitable. The extent of injury to the horse caused by picked-up nail naturally varies according to the degrees of penetration and the amount and nature of infective dirt carried into the wound at the time of, or subsequent to, the accident. Very often the acci- dent causes no obvious lameness at the time and, especially in the presence of mud, the condition may escape observation until, per- haps, one morning the affected animal is found so lame as to be unable to bear any weight on the foot. This oceurs by reason of ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 279 the rapid formation of pus, resulting from infection of the wound, within the rigid horny capsule of the foot, causing pressure on the sensitive structures within. First-aid is at once administered by paring away the horn over the wound, liberating the pent-up dis- charge and applying an antiseptic dressing, but the horse remains very lame and unable to walk without much pain and distress. The question of his removal to a railway station for dispatch to hospital is solved by the horse ambulance. In this he travels in comparative ease the distance to the station, and having completed the railway journey, is again conveyed in comfort in an ambulance to the veterinary hospital, where his foot receives more particular attention and he is soon on the high road to a speedy recovery. The cases of picked-up nail, that is, the cases of injury to the foot of Army horses from this cause, in France alone, number sev- eral hundred a week. Attempts are being made to devise a mova- ble metal protection to the sole of the foot that will prevent pene- tration by nails without being too heavy or difficult to adjust, and it is hoped that in due course a satisfactory outcome of the experi- ence will result. In the meantime the horse ambulance probably justifies its provision and maintenance on account of this item alone. Army Schools of Farriery. Army horses working on modern macadamized roads have to be shod well and frequently if they are to remain effective and therefore at duty. A set of shoes will often barely suffice a horse in a gun-team for 100 miles of modern road work, i. e., about five days constant but not severe marching. If an army fights on its belly, it is certain that a horse does all its work on its feet, and for military purposes in western Europe an unshod horse is useless. While the New Armies formed during the first year of war were still ‘‘on paper’’ it was foreseen that unless extraordinary steps were taken there would be a very seri- ~ ous shortage in the Army of men able to shoe horses. Accordingly every possible means was utilized to obtain shoeing-smiths. This was before the days of conscription and in order to get as many as possible of the experienced blacksmiths scattered throughout the country to join the Army, high rates of pay and attractive pros- pects of promotion were offered. This measure sufficed to relieve immediate needs but it was clear that for future purposes much more comprehensive arrangements would have to be made. The supply of ready-made blacksmiths suitable for the Army was com- 280 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE paratively small. The motor-car, by replacing horses for many purposes both in town and country, had hit the art of farriery very hard and the village smithy had for some time fallen off in attractiveness to young men seeking a trade to follow. Obviously, therefore, the thing to do was for the Army to train its own shoe- ing-smiths, or at any rate to get soldiers trained as shoeing-smiths in some way or other. The question of training was taken up eagerly. Wherever opportunity offered young soldiers volunteer- ing for the work were placed under training in military and civil- ian forges. Classes of instruction were started in veterinary hos- pitals, remount depots, ete. The Borough Polytechnic Institute, Bermondsey, gave considerable assistance by organizing large classes of instruction in cold-shoeing at Herold’s Institute, Ber- mondsey. The great demand was for shoeing-smiths for Royal Field Artillery and Infantry Transport. The cavalry were fairly well off, as they were able to train, with the assistance of older farriers called up from the reserve, under regimental conditions, sufficient recruits for their purposes. The Army Service Corps were also well off, as the great majority of blacksmiths coming into the Army from civil life in the early months of the war were en- listed by special arrangement in the A. S. C. Also the A. S.-C. were ina position to undertake the training of considerable num- bers of cold-shoers and shoeing-smiths in their regimental forges, which were already established at most pre-war military stations in this country. Presently, as might have been expected, it was discovered that a grave lack of uniformity existed in the degree of proficiency displayed by the newly trained men. Some of the new ‘‘eold-shoers’’, as they were officially described, were fairly useful, others proved after trial to have only a superficial and theoretical knowledge of the work. Meanwhile the rapid growth of the New Armies and the necéssity for quick replacement of cas- ualties occurring overseas called for an ever increasing number of adequately trained cold-shoers and shoeing-smiths. Briefly, the difference between a cold-shoer and a shoeing- smith is one of degree, in which the latter has the advantage. The cold-shoer knows enough about shoeing to take off and nail on shoes and carry out what may be described as ‘‘minor repairs’’. The shoeing-smith is a complete artificer able to es a shoe as well as to adapt it to its destined purpose. In the early summer of 1915 the Army Veterinary Department ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 281 of the War Office offered to establish and organize Schools of Far- riery, each school to be capable of turning out about 1,000 cold- shoers every three months. This offer was accepted and steps were taken forthwith to form three Army Schools of Farriery in this country. At the same time a small School of Farriery came into being on the lines of communication, British Expeditionary Force, under the auspices of the Veterinary Directorate overseas. The schools have all been working at high pressure since the winter 1915-16 and have given the utmost satisfaction. The sys- tem of instruction and standard of examination are uniform and each pupil must give definite proof of competency before he is ““passed out’’ of the school and becomes entitled to the extra-duty pay earned by qualified artificers. A modern Army School of Farriery is a busy affair. With nearly eighty forges going, each fire serving for the instruction of about half a dozen pupils, a daily shoeing of some hundreds of horses, the school is on a par with other gargantuan institutions arising out of the war. Great ingenuity has been displayed by the instructors in devising means of a dummy or artificial nature to assist in the early stages of tuition. A simple but highly effective apparatus varying in form but similar in principle has been introduced to which the foot from a dead horse can be firmly attached. The apparatus with foot attached can then be manipulated and moved through vary- ing angles in exactly the same way as a blacksmith manipulates a horse’s foot and leg in the course of shoeing. The learner thus begins on a dummy of infinite patience and insensitiveness to pain should the former be clumsy in his early efforts to nail on a shoe. The schools are located in the vicinity of remount depots and large garrisons so that there may be an ample supply of Army horses for purposes of instruction and demonstration. The assist- ant instructors are largely drawn from retired and _ re-enlisted ' Army Farriers. In addition to tuition in the art of shoeing, the pupils go through a short course in first-aid surgery of the horse’s foot, so that they may know what to do in case of need arising out of their own inexperience or some fortuitous circumstance beyond their control. Questions on this subject form part of the qualify- ing examination. About two months’ concentrated training at a farriery school enables a man of fair average intelligence and manual dexterity to qualify as a ‘‘cold-shoer’’. Not less than three additional months of training are needed before a pupil is qualified to pass out as a ‘‘shoeing-smith’’, 282 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE It is correct to speak of the ‘‘Art’’ of shoeing. A competent farrier must be at least somewhat of an artist to be able after a brief scrutiny of a foot so to shape the glowing iron by a few blows of the hammer as to bring its curves into true accordance with those of a hoof that may and often does present abnormality of outline. A skilled farrier scorns over-precise mensuration. At most he will register the greatest breadth or length of a foot by breaking off to the required length a piece of straw to correspond with such dimension. Subsequently with only this piece of straw, and the image reflected in his trained memory, to guide him he will make a shoe that on being fitted will often be found to require no alteration whatever. The Schools of Farriery cannot produce this degree of excellence after five months of training, but they can and do turn out a very useful artificer whose transition to artist is only a question of native capacity and time. In the achievement of this end the problem of how to supply a hastily collected Army of modern dimensions with a sufficiency of forge-artificers has been satisfactorily solved. In the course of description of any form of honest endeavor the narrative is apt to take on a highly laudatory tone and thus to convey the impression that, wherever else there is shortcoming, at any rate the subject under review is perfect. If such an impres- sion has been conveyed by the foregoing notes it is fortunately not too late to correct it. The Army Veterinary Service, in common with all other organizations dependent for their success upon the individual efforts of human beings, contains a normal proportion of seekers for the line of least resistance, faint-hearted fighters in the struggle against disease and inefficiency. An Army, like a Nation, gets pretty nearly what it deserves in the way of scientific assistance. The vast possibilities of sanitation and preventive medicine are as yet dimly realized even by veterinary surgeons themselves, much less by those who have not at all considered the - matter. The many hundreds of debilitated horses pouring every week into veterinary hospitals could be reduced by one-half, were the personnel of the Army Veterinary Corps and that of other Arms concerned with horse-management universally alive to the prior necessity of prevention as distinct from cure of disease. In the professional tendency, inherent in most practitioners, to devote the mind principally to the ‘‘healing art’’ rather than to the prac- tice and propagation of the principles of horse management, hy- ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 283 giene and sanitation, lies no small share of the causes that come between perfection and the Army Veterinary Service of today. It has not been possible in the scope of this article to go closely into detail; the attempt has been made rather to give a general idea of the objective and routine of the Army Veterinary Service. In connection with the views expressed and the demonstration offered of what can be achieved by assisting and encouraging scientific work it is pathetic to reflect that the chief and original source of veterinary service in this country, the Royal Veterinary College of London, is struggling barely to maintain its existence. The ar- rival of the modern motor vehicle naturally has caused a great falling off in students whence formerly the college derived the bulk of its income. Unassisted at the present time in any way by the state, its funds, such as they are, depreciated by the war, its benches depleted of students, the college has indeed fallen on evil days. The Royal Veterinary College of Ireland derives liberal finan- cial assistance from the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, and the Edinburgh Veterinary College is substantially helped by the Scottish Education Department, but the English parent college is left to its own resources. In comparison with the assistance that is given to medical education and all sorts of technical education it may, in view of the above facts, be fairly stated that the Royal Veterinary Col- lege has been sadly neglected. Veterinary surgeons are not wealthy men, they pursue an idealistic rather than a profitable profession and are not, therefore, in a position to enrich by endowments the source of their professional education, as so frequently occurs in the case of the Arts and other learned professions. The enormous amount of valuable national service ak by veterinary surgeons is for the most part overlooked or hidden away in the corner of some Departmental Blue-Book. Even if Armies pass away and there is no more war, the flocks and the herds of the Empire will always require the assistance of the vet- erinary profession. A Board of Agriculture or Colonial Adminis- tration would be handicapped indeed without its veterinary advisers and executive. Assistance cannot, therefore, be denied to the Royal Veterinary College on the grounds that the motor car has banished forever the national need for expert veterinary surgeons. To meet the argument that the present is no time for incurring further public expenditure it may be stated that the college could be kept 284 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE above water by appropriating to its needs the annual emoluments paid from the coffers of the State to any one of many dispensable people holding appointments of doubtful utility but indisputable dignity. pS NE —Captain Ernest W. Hogg, entering the Veterinary Reserve Corps June, 1917, has attained a captaincy and has been assigned as Division Veterinarian at Camp Meade, Md. —First Lieut. Charles M. Stull has been transferred from Fort Bliss, Texas, to the 1st Cavalry, Douglas, Arizona. —Dr. Curtice C. Bourland has been transferred from Fort Ogle- thorpe, Ga., to the 80th Field Artillery, Camp MacArthur, Waco, Texas. —Lieut. Ivan G. Howe, Camp Greene, Charloste, N. C., has re- ceived a commission as First Lieutenant. —First Lieut. J. L. Ruble, formerly at Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo., is now at 2d Brig. Headquarters, 15th Cavalry Div., Fort ae Texas. —Dr. Nelson N. Lefler, formerly of Batavia, N. Y., has canpined a commission as Lieutenant in the Veterinary aero Corps and has been ordered to report at Camp Greenleaf, Fort Ogetinee: Georgia. —Second Lieut. J. J. Martin, formerly at Fort Riley, has been transferred to Camp Funston, Kans. —First. Lieut. A. A. Leibold is with the American Expedition- ary Forces, France. | —First Lieut. Julius Stotchik, formerly at Leon Springs, Texas, is now with the 21st Field Artillery, Camp MacArthur, Waco, Texas. —Majors L. A. Klein and A. L. Mason, who went to France on a special mission last November, have completed their work and returned to Washington. 7 —hLieut. Charles C. Dobson, formerly of Muncie, Ind., is now at Headquarters 76th Infantry Brigade, Camp Shelby, Miss. —Lieut. Joseph F. Crosby has been transferred from Camp Se- vier, S. C., to Fort Sill, Okla., Ist Field Artillery. —Lieut. Henry H. Haigh, formerly of Philadelphia, Pa., is now with the American Expeditionary Forees in France, ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 285 —hlieut. C. W. Likely, formerly with the 341st Field Artillery, has been recently appointed First Lieutenant and transferred to the Command of the Mobile Veterinary Section, No. 314, at Camp Funston, Kans. —Dr. M. W. Scott has been transferred from East St. Louis, lll., to Front Royal, Va., on Influenza. Control, with temporary headquarters at Louisville, Ky. ) —Captain Ross A. Greenwood, formerly at Camp Meade, is with the American Expeditionary Forces. —Dr. Ralph B. Stewart has been recently promoted from Sec- ond Lieutenant to First Lieutenant and has been transferred from Camp Dodge, Ia., to the 310th Cavalry at Fort Ethan Allen, Vt. —Lieut. Raymond Lamb, of the British Machine Corps, after three years’ service, has won the Military Cross for gallantry at Beersheba, Palestine. Lieut. Lamb is the son of Dr. Perey Lamb, formerly of Colorado. —Lieut. R. O. Stott has been transferred from Douglas, Arizona, to the Auxiliary Remount Depot, Fort Bliss, Texas. —Lieut. Harve Frank has been transferred from Chicago, II1., to El Paso, Texas. —hLieut. H. E. Torgersen has been transferred from Fort Doug- las, Utah, to the Remount Depot at Deming, Texas. —Major D. H. Udall has been transferred from Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., to Camp Grant, Rockford, Ill., as Division Vetertnarian. —Major E. B. Ackerman and Lieutenants Muldoon and Claris have been transferred from Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., to Camp Lee, Va. —lLiserty LOANS STRENGTHEN THE Liperty LINE. —Dr. L. H. Wright, assistant professor of physiology and phar- macology in the School of Veterinary Medicine at College Station, Texas, has resigned to accept a position as research worker in the University of Nevada and State Experiment Station at Reno, Nevada. —Dr. F. Edward Isaacson, formerly Animal Pathologist at the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, has accepted a posi- tion with the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories at Pearl River, N. Y. —Maxkr Your Money Figur. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DR. HILTON ELECTED TO EXECUTIVE BOARD On Wednesday evening, April 10th, 1918, the post-card ballot which was recently made to select a member of the Executive Board for the First District was counted. The result of the count of the ballots shows that Dr. George Hilton of Ottawa, Ont., Canada, was elected to this position. Those acting as tellers were Drs. J. T. Hernsheim, S. E. Bennett and H. B. Raffensperger, Resident State Secretary for Illinois. L. Enos Day, Acting Secretary. THE PHILADELPHIA MEETING Active preparations for the 55th annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association are being made by the local committee of arrangements. The meeting will cover four days, August 19th to 22nd, and will be held in Philadelphia with headquarters and meetings at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel. T. E. Munece, General Chairman of the A. V. M. A. Commit- tees, has appointed sub-committees with the following chairmen: Pinance-+H. BicCoxec.. bce. cs cee eee. Philadelphia Hotel and Reservation—D. E. Hickman... .Philadelphia Program——-:-M. Hoskins ce, a. ees Philadelphia Kntertainment—Fred Stehle, Jr........... Philadelphia Ladies’ Auxiliary—Mrs. H. B. Cox......... Philadelphia Transportation—F. H. Schneider........... Philadelphia Registration—Thomas Kelly............... Philadelphia Clinte—Wm. J. Lente. t9503 Ai oe a Philadelphia Press and Publicity—W. 8S. Gimper.......... Harrisburg General Chairman—T. E. Munce............ Harrisburg Meetings of the several committees have been held at which defi- nite plans were formulated indicating that a comprehensive program including new features, in addition to the customary general and joint sessions and section work, will be presented. — Matters pertaining to the activities of the Army Veterinary Corps will be an especially interesting portion of the program. It is expected that the Army Veterinarians will be represented by leading members of the profession from the armies of the Entente Allies in addition to those from our own forces, AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 287 The veterinary phase of sanitary police work in the canton- ments at home and on the battle fields abroad has suddenly as- ‘sumed an importance never before accorded it; and it will be in- teresting to all members of the A. V. M. A. to learn from those di- recting this work, of the successful efforts made to meet the emer- gency of rapidly expanding armies. Every effort will be made to overcome any inconveniences of travel and entertainment that may arise from the war. situation and a record breaking attendance at the 55th convention is ex- pected. W. S. GroMpeEr. SUSE REDUCED FARES FROM PACIFIC COAST TERRITORY The question of authorizing special excursion fares from Pa- cific Coast territory to the East during the coming season was given consideration by the Trans-Continental Lines at a conference held in March and it was decided to refrain from authorizing such fares because the facilities of the railroads are being taxed to the utmost in moving troops, munitions, fuel, food and other essen- tials. The indications are that demands in that relation will in- erease rather than decrease. The action stated does not, however, deprive delegates from the Pacific Coast of reduced fares since they may take advantage of regular nine months excursion fares which are in effect daily from Pacific Coast Common Points—California and North Pacific Coast—to eastern terminals of Trans-Continental Lines. These tickets are sold at a substantial reduction from double the one way fares and are on sale daily. They are limited for return within nine months from date of sale. These excursion fares approximate two cents per mile in each direction and are about one fare and one- third. These excursion tickets are sold only from the States of California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. EXPANDING OUR JOURNAL For some time it has been quite apparent to the writer, at least, that our editor is handling a situation practically unsup- ported and unaided that is beyond what should be required or expected of any one individual, particularly in face of the fact that he has important duties to perform aside from the publica- tion of the J OURNAL. 288 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS It has, speaking in all frankness, been somewhat of a mystery just how our editor has managed under existing conditions to make such a good showing. In this connection it is suggested that the time is at hand or is fast approaching when our JOURNAL will have to be enlarged and contain a greater variety of matter to meet the requirements and fancies of men following the different specialties presented by veterinary science. | If this be true, it is manifestly obvious that if our. editor is at present performing a large task, his burden should not be in- creased but rather should be lightened. We have two suggestions to remedy the existing conditions and to prepare for the future: first, that all A. V. M. A. Resident State Secretaries be required to assume among other things the duties of associate editors and that the president, when selecting state secretaries, choose men who have an aptitude, and who are in a position to assist our editor in collecting news and literature that will enable us to make our JOURNAL more attractive and valu- able; second, that a business manager be secured whose duty it would be to look after the advertising, printing, subscriptions and other commercial details incidental to the successful publication of a JOURNAL such as ours. R. A. ARCHIBALD, ASSOCIATION MEETINGS CONFERENCE ON TICK ERADICATION The greatest gathering ever held in conference for the ad- vancement of the work of eradicating the cattle fever tick was held in New Orleans, January 15 to 18, at the St. Charles Hotel in their spacious convention hall, the session lasting four days with an attendance of approximately 300 workers and veterinarians from all southern states where the work is still in progress. The convention hall was profusely decorated with the Na- tional emblem. The meeting, being called to order, was opened with singing of the Star Spangled Banner by the assemblage, fol- lowed by an address of welcome by the Mayor of New Orleans, the Honorable Martin Behrmann. Dr. R. A. Ramsey, chief of the B. A. I. tick eradication. forces, addressed the conference on ‘‘Organization of the Bureau and the ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 289 Need of Cooperation Between Its Employees’’ in a manner which indelibly impressed its import on the minds of all fortunate enough to be present and obtain the benefits of the doctor’s wide range of experience. : The work of eradication of the cattle fever tick from the South has taken a wonderful impetus in its progress in. the last few years; Kentucky, California, Missouri, Tennessee and Mis- sissippi have made entering wedges clean through to the Gulf Coast, splitting the solid South from the federal and state quaran- tine bondage and a greater part of other states have been cleaned, leaving only 48 per cent of the square mileage originally quaran- tined that yet remains to be worked. All eyes are on Louisiana this year and Dr. E. I. Smith, In- spector in charge of the Louisiana forces, in a well worded and comforting address, gave the conference ‘‘impromptu’’ his field - experiences as applied to administrative duties as Inspector in Charge, and the assurance that Louisiana would make a drive this year that would put it Over the Top in eradication of the tick. The reception accorded Dr. W. H. Dalrymple of Louisiana was synonymous with his national reputation as a veterinarian and an address teeming with originality of thought and masterly in delivery was heard by the assemblage with enthusiastic applause. All of the southern states were represented by their respective state veterinarians. Dr. C. A. Cary of Alabama was attentively listened to, as the doctor always has something good to divulge. Dr. Peter F. Bahnsen of Georgia, ‘‘the man with the punch’’, in true characteristic style brought repeated applause. Compelling dipping when public sentiment will not mold to voluntary action was the theme of Dr. R. E. Jackson, Inspector in _ Charge of Alabama, and the doctor knows how to handle this mat- ter to perfection. There being no state-wide tick-eradication law in Alabama, the doctor has shown that he is a past master in the art of injunction, for by his regulation device, cattle can only be moved with his permission out of the counties in his state that are not eradicating the tick. Like Dewey at Manila he has them bot- tled up until they agree to eradicate. A missing personality was conspicuous by its absence in that of Dr. J. A. Kiernan, now chief of tuberculosis eradication, who, on former gatherings of the tick eradication forces, wielded the gavel with a vim and vigor that carried the business 290 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS along on schedule time. The anonymous question box idea, al- though introduced with the best of intentions to bring eut. knotted problems to be untangled by the conference, had a reacting anaes- thetizing effect on the assembly; restoratives were applied in the assignment of two old generals in tick eradication work to do picket duty and see that no one lapsed into coma. Doctors Charles Becker of Alabama (sweet under all circumstances) and J. B. Reidy, Inspector in Charge, of Texas, enlivened the dull siege through which we were passing with characteristic stimulations. The singing of the last stanza of the song ‘‘AMERICA’’, led by Dr. C. Becker, closed the conference ‘‘sine die’’. A general handshake and ‘‘adieus’’ were given all around, the meeting de- clared a huge impetus to the workers in tick eradication to renewed effort and greater confidence; all then left for their various fields of assignment in the new and greater South. Epwarp HorstTMAn, Veterinary Inspector. NORTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA VETERINARY CLUB Dr. T. E. Munce, Acting State Veterinarian for Pennsylvania, and Dr. A. E. Wight, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, addressed a joint meeting of the Northeastern Pennsylvania Veterinary Club, the Cattle Breeders and County Agents, with reference to the Accredited Herd Movement, at Hotel Sterling, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., on Thursday, March 21st. Dr. Howard C. Reynolds, of the International Correspondence Schools, Seranton, Pa., acted as chairman. Chas. F. Johnson, Su- perintendent of the Luzerne County Industrial Home at Kis Lyn, Pa., gave the opening address, setting forth in a brief way the ne- eessity of the breeders, county agents and veterinarians becoming more united in their efforts to fight a common enemy (tuwberculo- sis). Dr. Munce gave a paper on the ‘‘ Eradication of Bovine Tu- berculosis and Accredited Herds’’, referring to the work that is being done by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board of Pennsylva- nia in regard to controlling the disease. Dr. Wight outlined the work that the Federal Department is doing with reference to the Accredited Herd Movement. He stated that twenty-seven of the states had already taken up the Accredited Herd Movement and were working in conjunction with the federal authorities in an effort to eradicate the disease in thoroughbred herds. Dr. Henry ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 291 W. Turner of Pittsburgh opened the discussion of Dr. Munce’s and Dr. Wight’s paper, and also referred to his experiments in seven-day retesting. Dr. Weaver of State College, Dr. Brunner of Harrisburg, Dr. Ridge of Somerton, Dr. Church of Wilkes- Barre, Drs. Paget and Helmar of Scranton, and Mr. A. J. Ander- son, Editor of the Pennsylvania Farmer of Philadelphia, also took an active part in the discussion. _ Many of the most representative breeders of registered cattle were present and expressed their willingness to cooperate with the state and federal authorities in carrying out the Accredited Herd Movement. Mr. George Carpenter, one of the most prominent breeders cf Guernsey and Holstein cattle in Northeastern Pennsyl- vania, a man who has had wide experience in the dairy and cattle business, was present and gave a fine talk, bringing out that tuber- culosis was one of the most vital things with which the dairymen and breeders had to contend, and also showed his willingness to go along with the state and federal authorities in their effort to con- trol the disease. Mr. Conygham, of the Conyghams Farms at Dallas, Pa., and Mr. Benj. Covey of the Elmview Farms, Elm- hurst, Pa., gave very enthusiastic talks and showed a keen inter- est in the movement. Mr. Engle, County Agent of Susquehanna County, and Mr. Sloan, County Agent of Bradford County, both gave interesting talks. Mr. Sloan extended an urgent invitation, ‘requesting Dr. Munce and. Dr. Wight to attend the Bradford County Breeders Association meeting to be held sometime in August. Those in charge of the meeting were very much pleased with the enthusiasm with which the Accredited Herd Movement was received and feel that the work will progress rapidly as soon as the state and federal authorities have their working forces thor- oughly organized. H. C. REYNOLDs. —Liperty LOANS STRENGTHEN THE LIBERTY LINE. —KEducational and demonstrational work in connection with hog cholera has been inaugurated in the State of Mississippi; Dr. Hugh L. Fry in charge at Jackson, Miss. —The Tifton Packing Company of Tifton, Ga., has been granted inspection of its products with Dr. James I. Martin in charge. COMMUNICATION EMPYEMA OF THE CHEST Editor Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association: | Ithaca, N. Y. In the April number of the JouRNAL there appeared a very interesting and instructive case report by Dr. D. D. LeFevre of Newark, N. Y., entitled ‘‘Empyema of the chest and gangrenous necrosis of lungs’’, which was ‘‘read at the 10th Annual Confer- ence for Veterinarians, Ithaca, N. Y., January, 1918’’. Dr. LeFevre is to be congratulated upon his methods in hand- ling this case. It is evident that through the employment of he- roic measures—measures from which many practitioners would have shrunk—he secured really remarkable results. As intimated in his report, there is a paucity of literature on thoracie surgery in our veterinary text books, and the little that is described is not calculated to cause the practitioner to approach the subject shone enthusiasm. Dr. LeFevre states that ‘‘both sides of the chest seemed to be about two-thirds full of some kind of fluid * * * not wishing to run any chance of getting the other side of the chest infected, the canula was immediately withdrawn * * * by pereussion it was found that the liquid extended to nearly the same height on both sides of the chest, but it was at a much lower level than for- merly. Either the partition between the two halves of the lungs had become ruptured or the liquid from the left side had seeped through the partition into the right side’’. Although Dr. LeFevre does not make it quite clear, he no doubt meant, when he said that the fluid ‘‘had seeped through the partition’’, that it passed through the natural openings in the posterior mediastinum about to be mentioned in quoting from Chauveau, Sisson, and Strangeways. Therefore it would not have been necessary for the ‘‘partition between the two halves of the lungs’’ to have ‘‘become ruptured”’ to have brought about the bilateral affection described. Chauveau: ‘‘The posterior mediastinum * * * its inferior part, always deviated to the left, is extremely thin, and perforated by small openings, which give it the appearance of fine lace work.’’ Sisson, after noting that these apertures are ‘‘sometimes ab- sent’’, makes the following statement: ‘‘the character of the pleura here probably explains the clinical observation that in the horse, fluid exudate resulting from unilateral pleurisy is usually present in both pleural sacs in like amount.’’ Strangeways: ‘‘The posterior mediastinum is cribrated in- feriorly, several openings leading from one pleural sac to the other. This arrangement is peculiar to solipeds, and explains the fact that in these animals there cannot be pleural effusion confined to one side of the chest.’’ COMMUNICATIONS 293 My old ‘‘Courtenay’’, published years ago—which in reality is a compilation of notes on theory and practice delivered to his students for many years by the late Professor Andrew Smith—in discussing hydrothorax in the horse, states that ‘‘In cases where copious effusion has taken place, the fluid freely passes from one side of the cavity to the other, there being free communication be- tween the sides, except when closed by bands of lymph’’. My only excuse for this communication is that it seems worth while to draw particular attention to the peculiar anatomy of the posterior mediastinum of the horse, and the importance of keep- ing in mind this peculiarity from a clinical standpoint. J. P. Foster, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. —_—< Editor Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Assoctation: Ithaca, N. Y. I have been reading the JouRNAL of recent dates relative to the eating of horses and I have formulated for your JOURNAL the enclosed article which I trust you will feel disposed to print in your next issue, and I think you will unless you have to get Dr. Hoskins’ O.K. With kindest regards, I am Sincerely yours, Mark WHiIte. EATING OF HORSES NON-AMERICAN - I have noted the recent advocates of the eating of horses’ flesh in the JouRNAL of recent issues, but I, as a veterinarian, na- tive born American, am not in sympathy with this movement and I believe that I voice the sentiment of the majority of veterinarians and Americans. The eating of horses and dogs is a foreign custom and it will be hard for us Americans to get the consent of our minds to eat our horses, we are too humane and love the horse next to man. The veterinarian usually is a humanitarian at heart and the best friend of the humane societies, if not he has missed his calling and should not have studied veterinary medicine and is doomed for to fail at his vocation. We, as veterinarians, should be the last to advocate the killing of our horses for food and the publicity of such in our journals reflects seriously upon us as a profession and will certainly hurt us. Dr. W. H. Hoskins evidently has an appetite for the steak cut from his old grey mare, but you and I will gladly let him feast alone. We are all aware of the excessive development of Dr. Hos- kins’ political faculty, but now his stand for Americans eating horses would appear as if he was either boarding at a ‘* Foreign Boardinghouse’’ or else was seeking publicity at the expense of the veterinary profession. 394 REVIEW As evidence of Dr. Hoskins’ humanitarian faculty being some- what atrophied, may be shown by the fact that while I was a stu- dent at the University of Pennsylvania, I had occasion to visit Dr. Hoskins’ hospital and was shocked to see him advocate and open abscesses with the hot iron and he insisted that this was the most scientific method. This inhuman treatment would explain why he would enjoy horse steak for supper, but I for one will let him eat alone. In the countries where they eat horses and dogs they are very eruel to these animals. REVIEW VETERINARY POST MORTEM TECHNIC WALTER J. CROCKER, B.S., V.M.D. Professor of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, : University of Pennsylvania 8° Cloth, xiv+233 pp., 142 illustrations. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia and London. $4.00 net. This attractive volume is a welcome addition to American veterinary literature. It was written as a manual for the use of college students. If I am not mistaken it will prove to be of even greater value to those, no longer in college, who need to refresh their memory or to learn an orderly procedure for making an au- topsy. The titles of the chapters give an idea of the scope of the work. Chapter I, General Considerations; Chapter Il, Autopsy Room; Chapter III, Post Mortem Instruments; Chapter IV, Ex- ternal Examination; Chapter V, Internal Examination of the Horse; Chapter VI, Internal Examination of Ruminants; Chap- ter VII, Internal Examination of Swine; Chapter VIII, Internal Examination of the Dog and Cat; Chapter IX, Internal Examina- tion of the Mouse, Guinea Pig, Rabbit, Fowl and Elephant; Chap- ter X, Technic and Description of Organs; Chapter XI, Post Mor- tem Protocol and Report. In the third chapter nearly sixty different instruments are il- lustrated and their use described briefly. Everyone will not agree with the author’s statement that in autopsy work the tendency to use a butcher knife is to be avoided ‘‘since systematic post mortem work is not butchery’’. The instruments used by those whose business is commercial post mortem work are well adapted for the REVIEW ~ 295 purpose for which each is used and they are economical. The price of special post mortem instruments is excessive. In the chap- ter on the internal examination of the horse directions are given for performing the autopsy with the horse lying on the right side. Other authors give also the method of procedure when the cadaver is lying on its back and when lying on the left side. The statement is made that in eases of digestive disorders the autopsy should be performed with the horse lying on its back so that a possible twist of the intestines might be discovered. I must confess that I have never seen a case where having the horse lying on its back made the slightest difference. By the time an autopsy on a horse is made the intestines are under sufficient pressure to change their posi- tion when the abdominal cavity is opened. There might possibly tbe an occasion when it would be embarrassing not to be able to make an autopsy of a horse lying on the left side. The important thing is to be able to make a systematic autopsy. It is certainly better to know one method than to have a vague impression of two or more. Clear, detailed directions are given for each step in making an autopsy. The method to be followed in different stages of the autopsy and in opening the several organs after they have been removed from the cadaver is illustrated from photographs of fresh . specimens. The book is well illustrated. The paper and print are excellent. | This book is the only one on this subject available to those using the English language. It seems something bordering on the obvious to say it is the best book of its kind procurable. It is much needed and deserves a hearty welcome. Ss: H.'B: —MAaAkeE Your Money Ficur. —Dr. R. N. Shaw has removed from Boston to North Amherst, Mass. —Veterinary Inspector J. S. Oldham has been transferred from Ashland, Ala., to Falfurrias, Texas, for work in tick eradication under Dr. J. B. Reidy, Inspector in Charge. —Dr. W. A. Curtis, who has been at Lloilo, Philippine Islands, has returned to this country. His address is Chanute, Kans. —LIBERTY LOANS STRENGTHEN THE LiBertTy LINE, ee ER NECROLOGY ALEXANDRE FRANCOIS LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. Alexandre Francois Liautard died at his home, Bois Jerome, France, April 20th, 1918, in his eighty-fourth year. Born in Paris, February 15th, 1835, Dr. Liautard in his tate youth entered the famous veterinary school at Alfort, France, from which institution he graduated in 1856, and after serving three years in the French Army, came to America to practice his profession, and reorganized the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons in New York City, which had been chartered in 1857. At the same time he studied medicine at the University Medical College, in New York City, and received his degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1865. | He was one of the organizers of the United States Veterinary Medical Association, and recorded the first official report of that organization, having been selected to act as secretary at the ses- sions of that first meeting on June 9th and 10th, 1863, where seven states were represented. It was at this meeting, when this noblest of men and skilled. veterinarian, a graduate from a seven-year course veterinary school and at the time a student in medicine, surrounded by the forty men who with him were organizers of our national association, all earnest of purpose, mostly self-made men, and while -veterinary practitioners, but few regular graduates, that Dr. Liautard, with the generosity and breadth of character that were his attributes, suggested as the motto of the association, Non Nobis Solum—not for us alone—which he afterward adopted as the motto of the American Veterinary College, and which is still the motto of the consolidated schools in New York City today. Another example of his nobility of character and _ self-sacrifice, was when, in 1913, the American Veterinary Medical Association made him Honorary President on the occasion of its fiftieth anni- versary in New York—he being the only living charter member— he denied himself the pleasure of being present to remain at the side of his invalided wife in France. 3 Dr. Liautard served as president of the United States Veteri- nary Medical Association from 1875 to ’77 and again from 1886 to ’87, When the United States Veterinary Medical Association NECROLOGY 297 decided it needed an official organ, Dr. Liautard was selected as its editor; and after some years, when he had made of it an inter- esting and important organ of the veterinary profession, the asso- ciation decided to pass it over to him as his own periodical. This step in no way detracted from the value of the American Veteri- nary Review (which he named it) to the association, but on the contrary added to it, and at the same time increased its value to the American veterinary profession in general, which, under Dr. Liautard’s editorship, it guided and molded both in and out of the association ; and when the Review was again taken over by the American Veterinary Medical Association some forty years later, it still found Dr. Liautard the senior editor, and he never ceased to contribute richly to it up to the time of his death. Dr. Liautard’s entire life was devoted to veterinary educa- tion. In 1875 he severed his connection with the New York Col- lege of Veterinary Surgeons, where he had been Dean, Professor of Anatomy, Operative Surgery, Clinical Director, ete., since 1860, and organized the American Veterinary College, where he filled the same role until the amalgamation of the two schools as a de- partment of New York University in 1899 under the name of the New York-American Veterinary College, when the late Professor William J. Coates became his successor. In addition to his college work, Dr. Liautard was constantly working in the preparation of text books for the veterinary pro- fession and was the author of a long list of standard works. As an anatomist and teacher of anatomy he never had an equal. Holding various colored crayons in his left hand, he would Stand before a black board and lecture by the hour; at the same time, accurately drawing in colors the subject of his lecture, plac- ing in each part while deseribing it; and at the completion of his _ lecture a beautiful colored plate surrounded by the names in white chalk would remain behind him on the board for the students to study. Many of them who had had training in drawing, copied them in their note books. And-up to the time of his death, although in his eighty-fourth year, in addition to his activity and keen in- terest in veterinary education and veterinary matters generally, he followed with close interest the work of the school of which he was the founder. In 1884 Dr. Liautard was decorated by the French govern- ment as Chevalier du Merite Agricole, 298 NECROLOGY As founder of the first veterinary school in America and as one of the founders and first secretary of the United States Veteri- nary Medical Association, he justly merited the title of Father of Veterinary Medicine in America, accorded him by the American veterinary profession. The principles that he unconsciously instilled into all who came in contact with him, the memories of his nobility of charac- ter, the school which he founded, his museum of rare pathological specimens and his library of more than three thousand volumes which have formed the foundation of ‘a library that bears his name in the city of his activities, form a part of the priceless legacy that he has left to the American veterinary profession. Although at an age when his death might have been looked for at any time, the announcement of it comes as a shock from which it is difficult to recover. It is indeed difficult to realize that Alexandre Liautard is dead. His name has been associated with the American veteri- nary profession and the national organization from the very be- geinning and during their entire growth and development, and his loss to them will be as sad as it is inestimable; yet, at his age we must not wish to deny him his retirement from the turmoil of the world to the peaceful rest he so well deserves. Requwiescat in pace. Dr. Liautard is survived by a loving and devoted daughter, Mrs. Louise M. Boyer. Ropert W. Eis. bi se eas | To the editor the death of Dr. Liautard is a great personal loss. From the beginning of our acquaintance after a personal visit eleven years ago, there has been an irregular correspondence which became more intimate when the American Veterinary Re- view was taken over as the official JoURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MerpicAL AssociATION. His interest in the JOURNAL and its success was unlimited. His long life was devoted to un- selfish service for the profession he loved. Modest and unassum- ing, he gave of his best without thought of reward. It is doubtful if the younger generation of our profession realizes in full its pro- found obligation for the great work he initiated here and the in- terest he has always maintained in our advancement. The nobility of his character is evidenced by his active inter- est in the Franco-Belgian Relief Fund,of which he was one of the MISCELLANEOUS 299 Pe originators, which, with our own Allied Relief Fund, stands as a memorial to his great heart. The sufferings of others and the vic- . tims of injustice and oppression aroused in him a responsive thrill of sympathy which translated itself into active relief. He was one of the great world forces in the veterinary profes- sion. True‘and loyal to the best ideals with unselfish service, it may well be said of his career in unlimited measure: ‘‘ Well done, thou good and faithful servant.’ PUA. F. JOHN KING John King, V.S., Carlyle, Saskatchewan, a member of the American Veterinary Medical Association. ERNEST C. DINGLEY Dr. Ernest C. Dingley, Philadelphia, Pa., a member of the American Veterinary Medical Association, died November 26, 1917. a ee BLAIR W. TRUAX Dr. Blair W. Truax, Burr Oak, Kans., a member of the Amer- ican Veterinary Medical Association, was killed in an automobile accident. — MISCELLANEOUS —vVeterinary Inspector Robert Thumann has been transferred from Orangeburg, 8. C., to Kansas City, Mo. —The graduating exercises of the Kansas City Veterinary Col- lege took place April 23. —Dr. M. H. Leininger has left Vernon, Ala., and will supervise tick eradication work in three counties with headquarters at An- dalusia, Ala. —Dr. C. A. Klein has removed from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Omaha, Neb., S. 8. —Dr. A. M. Eichelberger will be located at Kipp, Alberta, until next November, where he is interested in a large wheat and live stock ranch. His practice at Shreveport will be conducted by Dr. G. A. Cunningham of New Orleans during his absence. Dr. Frank Collins of Monroe will fill Dr. Eichelberger’s place as Secretary of the Louisiana State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners. 300 MISCELLANEOUS —Dr. T. M. Bayler has removed from Waterloo, Ia., to Blooming- ton, Ill. —The next meeting of the Hudson Valley Veterinary Medical Society will be held at Hudson, N. Y., May 1, 1918. . —Dr. John T. Myers has removed to Aurora, IIl., in charge of the government supervision of the plant of the Aurora Serum Company, vice Dr. P. C. Hurley, resigned. —The work for the control and eradication of hog cholera in the State of Ohio has been placed under the supervision of Dr. Charles H. York, in cooperation with the State Veterinarian. The educa- tional and demonstrational work in Ohio still remains under the supervision of Dr. L. P. Beechy. —Dr. Joe H. Bux is in charge of educational and demonstra- tional hoe cholera work at Little Rock, Ark., vice Dr. V. W. Knowles, resigned. —Dr. Harry W. McMaster takes the place of E. B. Jansman, resigned, at the abattoir of the Fesenmeier Packing Company, Huntington, W. Va. —Dr. Ralph Graham has changed his headquarters from Sedalia, Mo., to Jefferson City, Mo. —Dr. Lyman B. Dunlop is inspeetor in charge of federal meat inspection at Salt Lake City, Utah, in place of Dr. Frederick H. Thompson, assigned to tuberculosis eradication with headquarters at St. Paul, Minn. —Dr. John W. Logan succeeds Dr. B. J. Cady as inspector in charge of educational and demonstrational hog cholera work in the State of California with headquarters at Berkeley, Calif. —Dr. E. D. Harris, formerly of Casseton, N. D., is now asso- ciated with the Florida Live Stock Sanitary Board at Tallahassee, Florida. | —Dr. George R. Teeple has removed from Fort } Morgan to Den- ver, Colo. —Dr. A. H. Davis has been transferred from Chicago, Ill., to Cheyenne, Wyo., for work upon scabies and dourine. —Dr. R. W. Gannett of Brooklyn, N. Y., has been appointed to the State Board of Veterinary Examiners, to fill the unexpired term of Dr. W. Reid Blair. —Dr. F. M. Kearns has sold his practice at Lebanon, Ky., to Dr. R. E. Taylor of Chilton, Ky. Dr. Kearns has removed to Hillsdale, Ind., to engage in farming and stock raising. —MAKE Your Money Ficur, JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. Executive Board GEORGE HILTON, 1st District; W. Horace Hoskins, 2d District; J. R. MOHLER, 3d District; C. H. STANGE, 4th District; R. A. ARCHIBALD, 5th District; A. T. KINSLEY, Member at large. Sub-Committee on Journal J. R. MoHLER R. A. ARCHIBALD The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JouRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be sent upon application. Vou. LIII., N. S. Von. VI. JUNE, 1918. No, 3. Communications relating to membership and matters pertaining to the American Vet- erinary Medical Association should be addressed to Acting Secretary L. Enos Day, 1827 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, ll. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to Ithaca, N. Y. COMMUNITY OF INTEREST The origin of clubs, societies and associations may doubtless be traced to those who felt they possessed aims, ideals and inter- ests in common exclusive of, or in addition to, individual interests. Efforts at reform, advancement of a cause, recognition and pro- mulgation of ideas are promoted: and attained when backed by the strength of massed effort rather than by weak individual effort. In professional lines there is also the element of unselfishness, in which there is willingness to give, from one’s experience, aid that will assist in the uplift of other members of the profession. In this day and age there is little or no argument over the advantages derived from organization. Educational benefit, solidarity and strength develop and the cause is advanced. Granting the desirability of such organizations in times of peace, it is equally evident that their benefits are quite as advan- tageous in time of war, although from the nature of conditions there may be more irregularity and variation in carrying through the procedure near the battle front. The organization of the Somme Veterinary Medical Association in the region of active warfare in France by the allied veterinarians indicates a realiza- 302 EDITORIAL tion not only of ordinary advantages but of special advantages which may accrue by meeting and discussing diseases and condi- tions which are more or less peculiar to the war and the area in- — volved. The VETERINARY JOURNAL has published in its April number a partial account of the proceedings of the first conference, held January'12; At this conference a number of British and French veterinary officers were in attendance and devoted their time to presenting and discussing papers on glanders, epizootic lymphan- gitis, ulcerative cellulitis, periodic ophthalmia and the control and treatment of mange and other contagious skin diseases. A spirit of friendship and comradeship already existent has been intensi- fied; generous cooperation strengthened and true community of interest realized. War-time friendships are strong and lasting and compensate to some extent for the horrors and realities of war. _ Ever ‘alert to the interests of American veterinarians, the late Dr. Liautard, upon hearing of the organization of the Somme As- sociation, took steps to inquire if American participation would be acceptable. In his Chronicles in our May issue he promised to inform us later of the result. Death has written Finis to his Chronicles, but the VETERINARY JOURNAL assures American veteri- narians of a hearty British welcome and it is to be hoped that some of our veterinarians may be stationed in localities where they may avail themselves of the benefits of the organization. A number of our veterinarians are already in France and doubt- less many more will be ‘there before the war is over. Conditions will be new to them and opportunities to benefit from the experi- ence of their colleagues, who have been so much longer in the field, should be of material advantage in mastering the problems they will encounter. A free interchange of ideas is of inestimable value and affords mutual encouragement. The experience gained will: serve for future use, for there will be a never-ending warfare against disease. 7 It is a matter of grateful recognition that one of the last acts of Dr. Liautard’s useful life was an effort to cement more firmly the bonds of friendship between the veterinarians of our country and those of his native land and of Great Britain and to put our profession upon a truly cosmopolitan basis. : af P. AL EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Bois Jerome. A DirrerentTIAL Diacgnosis.—Major Veterinarian Doctor J. Rogers has written a communication to the Societe Centrale upon the differential diagnosis of caleulus and coprostasis in horses; this differentiation is not only a simple clinical success but has great importance, as it permits the possessor of a calculus to be sent to the slaughter house and thus reduces the loss to the owner. The differentiation between ‘the ailments can be made almost immedi- ately or within a few hours. The article deals successively with the symptomatology of calculus obstruction and the elements of differentiation between this and stercoral obstructions. The evolution of the calculus has three stages. The last of which is its stoppage when inclosed in the intestine. In this stage three forms may be manifested: the convulsiwe, ‘the soporose and the flatulent. In the convulsive, essentially characterized by a crisis of con- vulsions, the animal, in the intervals, presents nothing to indicate the severity of his condition. When the crisis comes, there are spasms, contractions, tetanus, ete., more or less explicit in nature and affecting only one muscle or several and assuming the aspect of a regular epileptiform crisis. These last a few seconds, a few minutes or even a quarter of an hour. Sometimes it is only a spasm of the levator muscle of the upper lip or cloni of the inferior, trembling at the eyes, shaking of ‘tthe muscles of the neck, of the trunk or perhaps of the limbs; pleurothotonos, opisthotonos, spasms of the great oblique muscle of the head, nystagmus, ete. All are manifestations characteristic of this convulsive form. The tympany takes place later. | In the soporose form, the principal clinical uni festabiins is a semi-comatose condition. There is generally observed hyperten- sion of the facial artery and myosis. The horse lays down -care- fully and the decubitus is accompanied with moans. It occurs most frequently and for a long time, on the side of the lesion. There are also some slight convulsive motions. Tympany is late. In the third form, the flatulent, tympanitis appears after a “Doctor Liautard’s last contribution was sent under date of April 3 and was received April 26, eight days after his death, 304 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES few hours and the manifestations are those of intestinal indiges- tion. To establish the differential diagnosis, the doctor first de- scribes that of the intestinal obstruction. If the horse has not passed any fecal matter for a few hours, 6, 12, or 18, the obstruction is of course suspected and if rectal exploration is made, when the arm is withdrawn, it is found cov- ered with a coat of coagulated mucus. This is what he calls the ‘farm sign’’. It is a very important one. The presence of the mucus on the thermometer (thermometer sign) is also convincing. The arm sign is the proof of the presence at that part of the intes- tine of a cream-like intestinal secretion, which is also observed 1n intestinal obstruction. It is positive a few hours after the begin- ning of the stage of complete obstruction. Rectal exploration gives also other indications. Some are positive, the palpation of the calculus or of an egagropile situated in the floating colon; or again of aggregates of egagropiles, which are also decisive in the diagnosis. Stercoral masses may also be detected. These are more frequent with calculus than with co- prostasis. The finding of a collection of stercoral matter is not sufficient to eliminate the presence of a calculus as it may have taken place back of that obstacle and give rise to a pseudo coprostasis. It may also be borne in mind that a pseudo-relaxation may occur of the matter accumulated back of the calculus. All evacuations occurring after a few days of retention must be followed by lasting improve- ment to prove coprostasis. A summary of the elements of the differential diagnosis may be considered as follows: In calculus, the horse lies down, either exclusively or by pref- erence and for a long time, upon his side, even on the side where the calculus is situated. On the side he prefers, the animal seems to have less pain while when lying upon the other he seems to _ suffer greatly. In coprostasis the ‘horse lies indifferently and alternately on either side. At ‘the beginning of the evolution of the calculus there is generally a marked period of great agitation which does not eceur in coprostasis. The signs offered by auscultation differ also. If a calculus is situated in the zone that can be auscultated, one detects a great EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 305 hyperactivity in the intestines. There are murmurs, borborygmus and various sounds in one part of the zone and not existing in the other, an obstacle existing between them and forming a barrage. Besides these signs the practitioner may also perceive strong and energetic contractions of the intestines which push forcibly ‘the liquids collected in front of the obstacle. In coprostasis on the contrary the intestines are quiet, contract softly and with less energy than in calculus, except in cases where there is a condition of enteroplegia or enteroparesis. A very marked difference is sometimes observed in the intes- tinal activity on one side or the other of the abdomen. It is:thus that under ‘the influence of a calculus, the left side more often pre- sents a spasm or paresis, while on the right there is hyperactivity. The intestinal hemiparesis in cases of obstruction is more marked in caleulus. In calculus there is at times mydriasis, at others myosis, but a state of contraction or dilatation is very marked. In coprostasis the pupil is paranormal for a long period which precedes ‘the stercoremia, which is accompanied with mydriasis. In calculus the eonjunctiva is generally redder than yellow. It is the contrary in coprostasis. One of the best elements of differentiation is that furnished by the relation between the pulse and temperature. In calculus there is dissociation between them. In coprostasis they are both in perfect. accord. Finally as Dr. Rogers says: do not neglect the influence of the work ‘to which the animal has been submitted, his age, his hygienic condition and living. Calculus may be recognized without exclu- sion of the possibility of egagropile. ON GLANDERS.—The value of the oculo-reaction in the diagno- sis of glanders has been the subject of many writings, its advan- tages and its objections have been extensively discussed and yet it is interesting to add an opinion of any authoritative value. The record made in the Revue Generale of Panisset of the various contri- butions gathered from continental journals may be of some interest. Among the contributions there is one from Veterinary Major Schneider, who, having studied the different methods of clinical and experimental diagnosis, states as follows the preference he has for the conjunctivo-reaction, a new name which is presented in place of the one accepted before, the oculo-reaction. 306 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES ‘“‘The conjunctival ‘test is an exceptional method, simple, quick, sure and without danger. Any practitioner can resort to it without special material or instrument. A glass rod, a brush or a syringe is sufficient. It demands little time and is very economical. With it occult or latent glanders can be detected as surely as with any other method. ; It can be applied as well in isolated cases as in collective ex- aminations, when horses are imported, as well as in civil or mili- tary gatherings, ete. The presence of fever or any other diseases is no contraindica- tion, an important fact in importation. It can be invalidated only in cases of purulent catarrh of the conjunctiva. It will reveal prematurely a recent infection of glanders. In cases of doubtful reaction, the examination of the blood can be immediately resorted to, without being obliged to wait perhaps three months as with the subcutaneous injection method. The reaction is clearly specific when compared with other methods of malleination and as to the hematologic examination ; its record for error is the smallest of all. The conjunctivo-reaction has been used for several years and is said to be considered in Central Europe as the best method of malleination and also the surest and simplest of the auxiliary means of diagnosis of glanders. There are, of course, errors referred to this method as well as others, even if at a minimum. A Doctor Schnurer gives the sub- ject his consideration and states how and when the errors may be attributed in the two peculiar conditions of (1) a positive reac- tion with healthy horses and (2) a negative one in diseased cases. In the former, the following may be considered: (1) Premature appreciation. Immediately after the deposit of mallein upon the conjunctiva, there takes place a specific in- flammation of the mucosa, followed quite often, after 6 to 8 hours, with a secretion which simulates the positive reaction. (2) Traumatic conjunctwitis caused by the presence of sand, dust, lime or rubbing against the walls of the stable due to the itching following the application of the mallein. (3) Inflammatory condition already existing as in periodic ophthalmia, strangles, ete. (4) Insufficient careful post mortem which fails in bringing to evidence lesions often very small and difficult to discover, EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 307 For the latter, that of the negative reaction in glandered ani- mals, there are: (1) Insufficient contact of the mallein. The mucous membrane of the conjunctival sac of the lower eye lid must have been touched by the mallein and the application must be strong. (2) Erroneous appreciation of the nature of the lesions dis- covered, principally in the skin and walls of the nasal cavities. (3) Removal of the purulent conjunctival secretion by the horse’s rubbing or external agency. (4) Test applied during the period of incubation ; the reaction not being generally obtained until two or three weeks after the in- fection. (5) Presence of very advanced lesions. If all the above con- ditions are eliminated the proportion of errors becomes insignifi- cant. pate i Contagious VESICULAR Sromatitis.—Director Vallée of Al- fort has lately presented at the Societe Centrale a statement from Veterinary Major Jolly upon a small epizootic which he has ob. served in the army. In his remarks the Director stated that this was a new contri- bution to the study of an affection which appeared to be unknown in France before the war, but has been described as observed in Germany and Italy and has received an excellent description in the work of Hutyra and Marek. The origin of the cases, observed in France, was without doubt from North America brought by the importation of horses. According to the information published by the Bureau of Animal Industry of Washington, it was shown that the disease existed ex- tensively in 1915 in the stations where the French and English governments had gathered thousands of animals for exportation. The contagiousness of the disease is not to be discussed and the observations from American sources have proved the easy transmissibility of the infection to bovines. In these, the mani- festations are such that they might be considered as of foot and mouth disease. A marked differential fact is the non existence of digital and mammary localization, so regularly noticed in aphthous fever, and again the resisting power of swine and sheep to the in- fection. The communication of Major Jolly was then ordered for pub- 308 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES lication. It gave a.long description of the history of the outbreak, of various manifestations that were observed, of the progress and duration of the disease and of the treatment, which was followed by rapid recovery and consisted in repeated washing of the mouth with boric and bicarbonate solutions and with glycerinated collu- tories of chlorate of potassium and honey. Experiments made by Jolly on inoculation and contagiousness gave him only doubtful results. The report ends with the consideration of three principal and exceptional points noticed in this outbreak : (1) The pyretic value of the toxins as well as their toxicity was practically nil. The elevation in the temperature was very slight, the severe cases were very few and there was no mortality. (2) It was noticed that the appetite remained good, although in- half and often two-thirds of the cases the mucous membrane of the tongue had disappeared. (3) The very great rapidity of the reparative process on the tongue was also very important. In some cases it took place with truly astonishing rapidity. There were, however, exceptions and in some horses five or six weeks were necessary to complete the cicatrization. In other cases the proliferation of the cicatrical cells, instead of proceeding regularly from the periphery to the center of the wound, took place by spots of epithelial neoformations at the center of the wound. FILARIASIS OF THE WITHERS IN Horses.—Professor Law in his excellent work on Veterinary Medicine gives brief mention of the Filaria reticulata of the igamentum nuchae and Professor Wallis Hoare in his work speaks of Filaria cervicalis and consequently Captain John Robson, M.R.C.V.S. of the A.V.C. in France states that he cannot claim any originality in the discovery of the para- site. He has nevertheless published in the Veterinary Record of Feb. 23rd a very interesting and complete article, probably the first thorough record of the definitive pathological conditions pro- duced by the filaria which he has frequently discovered in the numerous cases he has had oceasion to treat in his practice in Western Australia. The article of Mr. Robson begins with a few preliminary re- marts relating to the history of the cases he had observed, then he eniers into the etiology of the disease and comes to his discovery, EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 309 bow he observed the parasite and gives the description of it. The symptomatology is then given in full. ‘‘Horses may contract filariasis of the withers at any age, old animals appear to be just as susceptible as the young. Generally the first noticeable sign of its presence is a slight swelling of one or both sides of the scapula and about three inches beneath the mane. The swelling is not painful on palpation, although the ani- mal is somewhat stiff and guarded in his head movements and avoids lowering the neck too much. This swelling may remain stationary but as a rule increases to a moderate extent during the following few weeks, gradually involving the region in front of and over the withers in a more or less uniform enlargement, which per- sists for months sometimes. In favorable cases this gradually begins to subside and a natural depression results. Atrophy and wastage of the tissues involved is a marked feature of this stage; its extent depending on the severity of the infestation. Very commonly a quite notice- able depression on the median line, and capable of holding two or three tablespoonfuls of water, is left between the antero superior angles of the scapula. After a time the most severe cases show a more or less pro- nounced pointing at some part, usually about the front or top of the withers and a sinus results which may remain discharging a small amount at intervals, often for some months, and then even- tually heals up. A few of the worst cases develop rapidly from the beginning, burst, discharge and become practically fistulous. Quite a number of horses infested with the filarial parasite recover naturally. It undergoes calcareous encystation. .But in some subjects me condition may become aggravated and a real fistula remains.’ The treatment is the conclusion of the article of Mr. Bitoon. It can ‘be summarized in free incisions, long ones in the median line or close along the sides of the mane, on one or both sides. All diseased tissue, fibrous, osseous or ligamentous must be removed. Caleareous deposits must be scraped off. Full drainage must also be resorted to. Hemorrhage is abundant and is controlled by packing, which is removed 24 hours after the surgical interference. It was proved by-experiments that it was better not to protect the 310 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES wound by outside dressing, but once the granulations were started to resort only to free exposure to the air with the use of astringents. BipLIOGRAPHY—MALADIES DU Porc (DISEASES OF SWINE)—by Doctor G. Moussu, Professor at the Veterinary School of Alfort, published by Asselin and Houzeau of Paris. In my last chronicle I announced this work; it is now my pleasure to present it to our readers, as a very interesting and well prepared ‘book likely to be of essential use to breeders and veterinarians, In this important treatise we are first introduced to the build- ings for pigs, kennels with drawings and a presentation of the ar- rangements necessary to the comfort of the animals. All the dis- positions necessary for the feeding of the occupants are also well considered. A special chapter follows this introduction on the choice and care of sows used for reproduction. The various conditions and care pertaining to gestation, accouchement, feeding in the early life of young, and the weaning, all of which will prove most inter- esting reading to breeders. Surgery forms the basis of the next chapter. Castration of the adults and younger subjects, and eryptorchidism are treated and accompanied with several plates. The accidents pertaining _ to castration are also fully considered. The balance of the work is of great importance, viz: the pa- thology, divided as it is in chapters most instructive and valuable: and ‘bringing before the readers all that pertains to the subject. First comes the diseases of the digestive apparatus which are manifested clinically by symptoms quite easily recognizéd. Con- stipation and diarrhea are followed by the ailments of the mouth, namely, the various forms of stomatitis, scorbutus. Then the dis- eases of the stomach, intestines and liver, with indigestion, jaun- dice, gastro-enteritis, infectious hepatitis, various forms of intoxi- cation, as carbonate of sodium, chloride of sodium, germinated po- tatoes, and phosphorus. The diseases due to parasites form the next important chapter: echinococcosis, distomatosis, intestinal helminthiasis. Then anal imperforation, prolapsus recti, ascites and mesenteric pneumatosis demand the attention of the reader. ; The diseases of the respiratory apparatus are considered: EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 311 acute contagious coryza, various forms of throat troubles, the anginas, pulmonary congestions, bronchitis, pneumonia and _ its varieties of enzootic and specific forms. | In the consideration of the diseases of the apparatus of loco- motion, osseous cachexia and osteomalacia form a beautifully illus- trated chapter with photographs and colored plates which are typi- cal and deserve attention. In the parasitic affections of the muscles, cysticercus and trichinae occupy most of the chapter. The diseases of the nervous system are treated briefly: ab- scess of the encephalon, chorea and epilepsy. The various forms of herniae, the many varieties of skin dis- eases, a description of the urinary and genital apparatus brings the work to its end with a consideration of infectious diseases. The work of Doctor Moussu embraces almost the entire field of porcine pathology, at least in its practical application. The book represents a great progress and.is a valuable addition to veteri- nary literature. _ | The publishers have kept the volume small in size. It is well gotten up with good illustrations, especially the colored ones, and if the contents have been gathered in the limited space of about 250 pages, it can be said that the quality has not been sacrificed for quantity and the motto Multwm in Parvo is fully and widely re- alized. | Veterinarians and swine breeders will surely read the work of Professor Moussu. A. L. —Dr. 8S. E. Springer has removed from New Orleans, La., to Durango, Colo. - —Dr. T. §. Rich has been transferred from Detroit to Lansing, Mich. —Dr. Peter A. Franzmann has removed from Chicago, IIl., and is in charge of federal meat inspection at Davenport, Iowa. —Dr. Frank G. Miller is in charge of the meat inspection sta- tion at Lewiston, Idaho. —Drs. Herbert K. Moore, Carlton R. Osborn and Carl H. Fauks have been added to the veterinarians employed in Oklahoma for the control of hog cholera. ANIMAL PARASITES AFFECTING EQUINES* C. P. FitcH The subject of parasitology is receiving more and more atten- tion in the curricula of the various veterinary colleges and by practitioners. The profession is gradually coming to realize the importance of animal parasites in the sanitary as well as the eco- nomic aspect of all our domestic animals. Infectious diseases cause a tremendous total loss in the country, a great deal of which could be prevented provided the proper preventive measures were applied. The same statement applies in a large measure to parasitic diseases which are usually less well understood by the profession at large than are the common infectious diseases of bacterial origin. At the present time considerable agitation is being made to dis- seminate knowledge on this very important subject and this sym- posium is a very decided step in the right direction. There is one phase of parasitology which should receive more attention by writers of text books for veterinarians. This is the nomenclature. Zoological terminology is constantly changing. The law which governs these changes is that of priority. The first name given to a parasite is the one to be finally adopted. Another feature which changes the names is the fact that further study of a group of parasites sometimes shows that instead of there being one species there are a number of different ones and this of course breaks the group up into several species each of which has its own particular name. This can no better be illustrated than by the Sclerostomes. When Miiller in 1784 described this group of worms he gave to them the name of Strongylus equinum. de Blainville in 1828 renamed the group Sclerostomum equinum. It was not, however, until the masterly study of Looss in 1900 that it was shown that there were a very large number of different species in- eluded in this group and from this time on several scientists have studied this group and verified his conclusions. Notable among these are Albrecht and more recently Boulenger. It is unfortunate that this condition in the terminology ex- ists but it is a natural sequence and must be met in the best possi- ble way. It is, however, very confusing to the student and to the *Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medi- cal Association, August 20-24, 1917, Kansas City, Mo. ANIMAL PARASITES AFFECTING EQUINES 313 practitioner as well to find several names relating to the same para- site. Teachers of parasitology and likewise of veterinary medi- cine should take great care to use the best accepted terminology and to point out the synonyms which may be used to designate the same species. | Furthermore, some of our best text books of veterinary medi- ' eine are translations from foreign languages and the parasites which are found in Europe may and often do vary considerably from those which are common here. This fact must be taken into consideration when using these books for beginners in the subject of medicine. The parasites affecting the horse can be divided into two main groups, those affecting primarily the skin, the (1) external para- sites and (2) internal parasites, those found within, as in the ab- dominal or thoracie cavity, affecting the various internal organs, ete. EXTERNAL ParasiTeEs. The flies, gnats, ticks, lice and mites are the more common parasites affecting the skin of the horse. In certain localities, especially in swampy places, mosquitoes become a pest to the equine family. The flies can be conveniently divided into three main groups (1) biting flies, (2) ‘bot flies, (3) those causing cutaneous myiasis. In the first group those belonging to the genus Tabarus are the largest and most voracious. The large black horse fly (7. atratus), which is often an inch in length, causes the animal severe irrita- tion and if it attacks in large numbers the loss of ‘blood due to the bites of these insects is considerable. The green headed horse fly, 7. lineola, (often called the lined horse fly) is a somewhat smaller species but nevertheless very predacious and seems to be widely disseminated throughout the country. Of the other species of Tabanidae which are less widely scattered, 7. costalis, T. stygius, T. punctifer and T. striatus which seems to be the common one found in the Philippines, should be mentioned. These insects cause not only great irritation due to their sucking the blood of the animal -.attacked but also they may transmit mechanically the causes of infectious diseases such as anthrax and also protozoa, for example, Trypanosoma evansi, the cause of surra. In this connéec- tion also should be mentioned Glossina morsitans or the tsetse fly which transmits Trypanosoma brucei or the cause of nagana. There are a number of species which are less common than the foregoing, 314 C. P. FITCH the most frequent of which are Haematopota pluvialis, the rain breeze fly and Chrysops calcutrens, the blinding breeze fly. The stable fly or Stomoxys calcitrans is probably the most widely scattered of the biting flies. This insect is slightly smaller than the common house fly and can be seen nearly always during the warm weather sucking blood from the horse preferably from the legs. This insect as well as the Tabanidae may transmit me-— chanically the causes of infectious diseases. A fly somewhat closely related to the foregoing and often found on the horse is Hematobia serrata or the so-called horn fly. This insect is still smaller than the stomoxys and is found most com- monly on cattle. The bot flies are widely distributed in this country. It is commonly supposed that Gastrophilus equi is the most common species but in New York State it would seem from the examina- tion of the larvae that Gastrophilus nasalis is quite as frequent. Gastrophilus hemorrhoidalis, the so-called ‘‘red tailed’’ bot fly, is not frequent here although it has been observed. The larvae of this insect attach themselves to the right as well as to the left sac of the stomach, to the mucosa of the duodenum and sometimes to that of the rectum. . Here it causes a very injurious pruritus. Gastrophilus pecorum is said by Herms to be rare or absent in the United States. It is usual to find the larvae of these insects on post mortem examination and they are generally considered not to cause any particular harm to the host. One cannot, however, observe the injuries caused by these parasites to the mucosa of the stomach and intestines, especially when they occur in rather large num- bers without considering what significance such extensive loss of the secretive and absorbtive mucosa must play in the digestive process. It is quite likely that certain of the colics that are ob- scure in origin can be traced to the destruction of the mucosa by these parasites. Death also may result from their presence. Two cases among others may be cited in this connection. In one the horse died from rupture of the stomach due to the occlusion of the pylorus by the larvae of the Gastrophilus. The other animal died of toxemia due to icterus. The larva of one of these para- sites had attached itself at the opening of the hepatie duet into the duodenum and prevented the outflow of bile. The Seyder- helms also claim that the larvae of these parasites are the cause of ANIMAL PARASITES AFFECTING EQUINES 315 swamp fever or infectious anemia. This, however, due to the re- searches in this country and abroad, does not seem probable. In the treatment of this group of parasites many agents have been used. Among the most efficient seem to be turpentine in rather large doses followed by an aloes ball and carbon bisulphide administered in capsules. Equines are not attacked so extensively by the ‘‘flesh flies’’ as are some other species of domestic animals notably sheep and cattle. Horses and mules are occasionally infested by the larva of these insects which get into wounds causing the most severe irri- tation. Among the insects which should be mentioned in this con- nection are Chrysomyia macellaria or the screw worm fly particu- larly common in the south and central west, Calliphora vomitoria, the blow fly, Lucilia caesar, the blue bottle fly, Sarcophaga carnaria, the flesh fly, and sometimes the ordinary house fly or Musca do- mestica. The larva of any of the above may be occasionally found in wounds. Careful cleansing of the wound with a disinfectant will not always remove these larvae and picking them out with forceps has often been resorted to. The gnats are especially troublesome in certain parts of the United States and by attacking the animal in swarms often lead to death. Their bites are especially painful, especially when the relatively small size (1-4 mm.) of the insect is taken into considera- tion. The economic losses are great as given by Washburn, the State of Tennessee lost $500,000 worth of stock in a single year. The more important species of this insect are Simulium pecuarium or the buffalo gnat, and Simulium venustum or the common black fly. Williston states that there are seventy-five described species of this group of parasites. Fly repellants such as oil of citronella, smudges, ete., serve to keep these insects away to some extent. There are but few ticks which are of any particular impor- tance among the parasites which attack equines. None of these as yet have been proven to transmit an infectious disease to the host as does the Texas fever tick to cattle. In the northeastern United States ticks are relatively uncommon on equines and are practi- cally ignored. In the southern and western parts, however, these parasites are quite common. The species which should be noted are: Ornithodorus megnini, the spinose ear tick often found in the ears of horses and mules; Dermacentor electus, the so-called ‘‘dog tick’, although commonly found on the dog occasionally gets on 316 Cc. P. FITCH equines and causes considerable irritation; Zxzodes ricinus, the cas- tor bean tick, also occasionally is found on horses. There are a number of other species of ticks which in certain localities are found on equines but these parasites are not widely disseminated. Phthiriasis or ‘‘lousiness’’ is a relatively common affection, — especially among those animals which are not kept under the proper sanitary conditions. There are two kinds or classes of lice which attack the horse. The sucking louse, which is the larger, has a long pointed head and belongs to the genus Hematopinus. This para- site, by means of its rostrum, pierces the skin of its host and sucks the blood. The other class belongs to the genus called the Tricho- dectes. They are the biting lice usually smaller than the above and live on scales and debris of the skin. These lice have a round, broad’ head and can readily be told from the sucking lice. There is but a single species of sucking lice which attacks equines, Hematopinus macrocephalus (asini). There are two spe- cies of the biting lice, T'richodectes pilosus and Trichodectes equa (parumpilosus). The name of this latter species is equt and not parumpilosus as given by Hall, according to the very extensive researches of Harrisen. Under ordinary conditions there is very little difficulty in diagnosing a case of lousiness in the horse. The animal usually shows itching and on parting the hair the parasites are readily found. ; The treatment advised varies widely according to the indi- vidual veterinarian. Clipping the animal should be the first pro- cedure. The insecticides, either in the form of dusting powder or dips or even ointments may be applied. Among the common dust- ing powders, those containing pyrethrum, sulphur, naphthalin and a variety of other products are the ones usually employed. Of the dips used those prepared from the coal tar products are in the most common use. Recently Hall has tried experiments showing that sodium fluoride is a very efficient dusting powder to destroy the biting lice but is of no value in destroying the sucking lice. The more important diseases of parasitic origin in equines are due to infestation by one or another form of mite producing what is commonly called mange. This disease is widely dissemi- nated in this country and probably exists more or less in all loeali- ties. The present world war has ealled particular attention to mange because it spreads so rapidly among a group of horses and ANIMAL PARASITES AFFECTING EQUINES 317 on account of the difficulty of affecting a cure. During the past year many articles have appeared in the English and French vet- erinary journals on this disease. The common form of mange in horses is the Sarcoptic. The mite causing the disease is technically known as Sarcoptes scabiet var. equi. It is quite small, about 225 » long by 170 » broad, and lives in burrows in the skin. There are two forms of mange. The sarcoptic and psoroptic (the common form in sheep), it is much more difficult to effect a cure in the former because the mite dwells so far beneath the outer layers of the skin. The different parasiti- cides do not penetrate to the place where the parasite is found. The symptoms produced by this mite are an intense itching fol- lowed by the loss of hair and scales in the infested areas. The part to be first attacked seems to be the withers. From here it may spread over the whole body. The hairs on the affected part at first stand erect and bristly. Due to constant rubbing and biting, open sores and vesicles may be found. It is not always easy to distinguish symptomatically between sarcoptic mange and different forms of eczema. The only positive method is to make scrapings from the affected areas and examine them microscopically for the presence of the mange mite or the ova. Several precautions should be taken when making an ex- amination for mange. First select a locality that has shown recent infestation from which to get the material. Second scrape deep. The mites live far below the surface in burrows. Third, if possi- ble, make the examination before treatment is begun. The scrap- ings should be placed in a test tube or other convenient glass con- tainer and 10% caustic potash added. This dissolves the scales and debris. Several drops of this material are placed on a glass slide and a cover glass placed over them. The specimen is then examined under the low power (16 mm.) objective of the micro- scope and care should be taken not to ignore the eggs which are often found in abundance. A quick method is to boil the scrap- ings and caustic for a minute, then centrifuge and examine the sediment. We have used this method at the college for many years with good results. It has recently been described by Sheather. All kinds of treatment have been suggested and used for mange. Recently, during the concentration of equines on account of war and the resulting frequency of mange, many new and novel 318 Cc. P. FITCH methods have been suggested. Among these should be mentioned the ‘‘air cure’’ of Berton, a French veterinarian in the army. This treatment simply consists of turning affected animals out to pasture and leaving them there day and night, at the same time providing plenty of good water, grain and hay. These are absolutely necessary to get the animal in good condition when the doctor says the mange disappears. This takes from two to three months and has proved effectual in a large number of cases. Tutt, an English veterinarian, recommends the following: Clip when necessary, including the tail. Singe also if possible. Wash the animal with a solution of liq. cresol, comp. 1-40 in water. Wash out all soap and dry thoroughly. The following day apply the following : Sulpburis: i3coc pice ede dey eae 5 iv Ol, BiGig oc. SS hive. es pe eee ee ees 45 1 Ol. CQtACGl os oak vw cae cies a ae ee Oi This should be well brushed in but too much friction must be avoided. If well applied the dressing need not be disturbed until the sixth day when it should be washed off. One dressing often effects a cure and the most severe cases are cured by three appli- cations. Champetier recommends the following to be applied to an animal affected with mange: Pentasulphide of potassium...... 40 ems. NIBOLING <5), cae ee ee 1 gm. podinm arsenate: 0) co 2 gms. Water. -ose5 oo eee es 1000 gms. The ingredients must be thoroughly powdered before attempting to dissolve them. Other agents commonly used are common sulphur ointment, sulphur dip, formalin 10%, creosote and Vienna tar liniment— 157 Picis liquidae Sulphuris SupiUmMsie, ce... .< . s aa 3 ili Sapo mollis Alcohols =. ss3%¢s6 a ees se aa aa 5 Vi M In order to prevent the occurrence of this disease Tutt recommends the following, applying particularly to the army: ‘(1) Attend to the grooming; (2) frequent inspection of all animals; (3) isolation of newly joined remounts for 21 days; (4) all cases of ‘skin irritation’ to be isolated until cured. This may ANIMAL PARASITES AFFECTING EQUINES 319 be due to: (a) neglected grooming; (b) lice; (c) mites from other sources, e. g., bedding, forage, buildings occupied by fowls. (5) Disinfection of all standings béfore putting animals into them. This is to be carried out as often as possible.”’ The principle to be observed in the treatment of mange is first to soften the scabs and scales by washing and then apply a parasiti- cide in such a manner that it will penetrate to the mites. The other forms of mange sometimes found on equines are the so-called Symbiotic or leg mange and the Psoroptic mange. The parasites causing these affections are known technically as Chori- optes bovis var. equi (Symbiotes) and Psoroptes communis var. equi. They are much less common than the sarcoptic variety. The chorioptic mite attacks the region of the pastern, the hollow of the heel and the fetlock. The psoroptic mite usually is found on the rump, poll, back or where there is the thickest hair. Law states that this is by far the most common form of mange. In our experi- ence in this locality it is much less common than the sarcoptie. The treatment of these forms of mange does not differ materi- | ally from that given for the sarcoptic. It is much easier usually to effect a cure as neither of these latter mites bore into the skin but live on the scales. INTERNAL PARAsiTEs. The important parasites which are found within the body of the horse belong to the phyla of Nemathelmin- thes or the round worms. There are a few flat worms which are occasionally found in equines and these, of course, belong to the Platyhelminthes. A worm which may be found in the epithelium of the oeso- phagus of the horse is known as Gongylonema scutatum. It ean be noted as a zigzag yellowish line from 1-2 inches in length, especially in the thoracic portion of this organ. Ransom and Hall .Showed that the intermediate hosts of this parasite were dung beetles of various species. They worked, however, with the varie- ties of this parasite found in cattle and sheep. The two true stomach worms of the horse are Habronema (Spiroptera) microstoma and Habronema (Spiroptera) megas- toma. The microstoma is the largest of the two, a cylindrical whitish worm from 4% to 11% inches in length, is usually found free in the stomach but also may be attached to the mucosa. The megastoma is a smaller, grayish white worm from 14 to 14 inch in length. This parasite burrows beneath the mucosa of the stomach 320 C. P. FITCH and forms small bunches or, as they are commonly ealled, ‘‘tu- mors’’. These vary in size from 44 to 2 inches in diameter. In the center of these growths galleries are noted which contain a cheesy, necrotic material and the worms are usually one to five in number. The galleries communicate with the inside of the stomach by means of very small openings through which the worms ean - sometimes be squeezed. The growths caused by these parasites may, if situated near the pylorus, hinder the outward passage of food. If they are very numerous they also undoubtedly interfere with the digestive process. They are generally considered, how- ever, of little pathogenic importance. Ascaris megalocephala, the large round worm affecting equines, is often referred to as the ‘‘common stomach worm’’. The normal habitat of this parasite is the intestine but by migration it is often found in the stomach. This is by far the largest parasite found in the digestive tract of equines. It is cylindrical in form, tapers at both ends and ranges in size from 3 to 4 inches in length up to 18 to 20 inches. The head of this worm is furnished with three lips which in the larger forms can be made out with the unaided eye. The ova are spherical, measuring from 90-100 ». They pass out with the feces and develop in water or moist earth. They are extremely resistant to heat or cold and will live for a year or even longer in the ground. This parasite does not seem to have an intermediate host but infestation takes place directly through the digestive tract by consuming food contaminated by the ova. An examination of the feces should show the ova if the animal is infested. Young animals which are unthrifty when kept under fair conditions are very apt to be infested by this parasite and a simple feces examination will make the diagnosis clear. The symptoms shown by an animal harboring these worms are varied. In most cases of a mild infestation no symptoms are noted. If large numbers of the worms are located in the intes- tinal tract the animal will show various symptoms of digestive disturbance as colic and diarrhea. The animal is unthrifty in appearance, anemic, pot bellied, rough coat, ete. Thum specifies the colics caused by this parasite as follows: ‘*(1) Ileus verminosus; (2) enterospasmus; (3) invagina- tion; (4) enteritis verminosa; (5) perforation of the intestine. ‘‘Thum records his observation on two fatal cases of illeus verminosus (obturation colic) due to ascarides. Anterior to the ANIMAL PARASITES AFFECTING EQUINES 321 obturation there was an enormous dilation of the bowel, with con- striction posterior, and gangrene at the point of obstruction. Young animals are more subject to this disturbance. ‘‘Enterospasmus was observed in a two-year-old foal attacked with severe colic characterized by marked tympany and constipa- tion, wihout visible cause. Death from peritonitis followed in five days. -On autopsy a long constricted portion contained nu- merous ascarides. It is reasonable to assume that a normal peris- talsis would have carried the worms beyond the constricted part, and that the spasms hindered peristalsis. Diagnosis here, as in human medicine, can be made positive during life only through laparotomy. ‘Intestinal invagination occurs when a piece of intestine is in a state of spastic contraction and is telescoped by the part im- mediately behind. ‘*Verminous enteritis originates from the areas to which the worms are attached. Defects in the mucosa are surrounded by an inflammatory zone that may lead to the formation of ulcers and finally necrosis with perforation. They may also perforate a bowel that is uleerated from some other cause.’’ In all cases which show these symptoms we wish to impress the importance of making a feces examination to determine whether intestinal parasites are the cause of the disturbance. Oftentimes animals which are infested pass these worms and they are so large they are easily noted. Treatment for this parasite is much more efficient than for. some others, to be described later. Many vermifuges are used. Among the more common are tartar emetic, sometimes employed as follows: R Antimonii et potassii tartratis......... lv 3 Sig. Dissolve in a pail of water. Give 1/3 at 6:00 a. m., at 7:00 a. m. and at 8:00 a. m. before feed- ing. Turpentine in linseed oil is a common and efficient drug to expel these worms. Areca nut, iron sulphate and arsenious acid are also often employed. Care must be taken to avoid reinfection. Clean water and clean food must be provided. The stalls and mangers should be cleaned and disinfected, and the animal, pro- vided it has the habit, should be prevented from eating its bedding. Pin worms are among the most common parasites found in the intestinal tract of equines. These parasites are known techni- 322 Cc. P. FITCH cally as Oxyurus curvula and Oxyurus mastigodes. The former is the smaller of the two, the latter being commonly called the ‘long tailed’’ oxyurus. It is quite probable that further study will show these worms belong to the same species. They vary in length from °4 to 2 inches. The female is thick at the anterior end and gradually comes to a fine point posteriorly. The worms are grayish white in color. The posterior part is made up almost entire- ly of ova. The ova are oval, asymmetrical, having at one end a eup- like projection known as an operculum. They are present in large numbers in the feces of animals infested by these parasites. - The normal habitat of these worms is the cecum, colon and rec- tum. An animal, if infested, usually passes large numbers of the worms and they can be recognized during the act of defecation. Sometimes they fail to pass out of the anus and are crushed in the sphineter ani. The whitish material thereby ‘liberated from the worm collect in crusts about the anus and is often observed par- ticularly in old horses. If one makes a microscopical examina- . tion of these crusts they are found to be composed almost entirely of ova. The symptomatology produced by this parasite does not differ markedly from that described under the ascaris. Certain features are rather distinctive, however. The pruritus ani is usually more intense, the presence of the grayish crusts around the anus and the presence of the worm in the feces, especially during the act of defe- cation, are usually distinctive. These points are as a rule suffi- cient upon which to base a diagnosis. In case of doubt a feces examination will usually give positive results. In the treatment of this parasite the same agents are used as for the ascaris. It should be remembered, however, that vermi- cides given per orem have to pass through nearly the entire intes- tinal tract before coming in contact with the parasite. In this way they become much diluted and are thereby less efficacious. High enemata of weak disinfectants, such as 1% ecreolin combined with the oral administration of vermifuges, is the most efficient treat- ment. This must be continued over a considerable period if all of the parasites are to be removed. 11 11 Eee eck tetsu hw eee alae 8 14 af Te Os ot, Ca eka see ek 1 z I i oe a 5: 4 1 Japanese spaniel.............0.6% 5 2 3 Se Ee saa ek Ss et 2 2 Pekingese spaniel................ 24 22 2 NEE MORIIOP So 6. ooo 5 146} 300!May 29) 0.5 — — |June 2) 0.2 | Little finger’s end 147| 315|May 29; 1 — — |June 2] 0.2 Thumb’s_ end 148] 410)May 29) 2 —_— — j|June 19} 0.2 Trace 149} 460)/May 29| 4 — — |June 19} 0.2 Bean 165} 420|June 22) 0.5 con — |jJuly 9) 0.2 Died in 24 hours 172| 715|July 11); 2 os — jAug. 5] 0.2 Thumb’s_ end 173) 685\July 11} 2 — — |July 29) 0.2 Trace 174} 600\July 11} 1 —_ — |Aug. 5] 0.2 Thumb’s end 175| 590|July 11| 1 — —-jAug. 5] 0.2 | Little finger’s end 176} 638|July 11} 0.5 |Aug. 5| 2.0 |Aug. 20) 0.2 No swelling 177| 495|July 11} 0.5 | — — |Aug. 5} 0.2 | Died in 36 hours 185| 465|Aug. 6, 2.5 | — — |Aug. 20} 0.2 | Little finger’s end 186} 455|/Aug. 6) 2.5 —_ — |Aug. 20} 0.2 Died in 24 hours 187| 615|Aug. 6) 2 —_ — jAug. 20| 0.2 Trace 188| 575|Ang. 6| 2 | — | — |Aug. 20] 0.2 No swelling No. 1.—Red and white calf weighing about 77 kilos. June 25, 1912. Morning 38.5°; Evening 38.7°. June 26, 1912. Morning 38.6°; Evening 39.6°. _ a. m. injected subeutaneously into the right side of the thorax 5 ¢.c. of the Itrate. June 27, 1912. Morning 39.4°; Evening 39.6°. A slight local swelling. June 28, 1912. Morning 38.5°; Evening 39.2°. A decrease in the swelling. June 29, 1912. Morning 39.1°; Evening 38.9°. June 30, 1912. Morning 38.6°; Evening 38.5°. No swelling remaining. July 15, 1912. Morning 38.7°; Evening—. July 16, 1912. Morning 38.7°; Evening 39.4°. 11 a. m. injected suwbeutaneously into the left side of the thorax 0.2 ce. of a strong preserved virus, July 17, 1912. Morning 39.3°; Evening 39.5°. A hen’s egg sized swelling at the point of injection, 478 PROF. NAOSHI NITTA July 18, 1912. Morning 39.5°; Evening 39.6°. The swelling same as on the previous day, appetite somewhat poor. July 19, 1912. Morning 39.2°; Evening 39.4°. The swelling disappeared. On July 29 this animal was again injected subcutaneously into the right side of the thorax with 0.5 ¢.c. of a strong preserved virus, showing a very slight local reaction only. No. 2.—White and black bull-calf. Weight, about 211 kilos. June 25, 1912. Morning 38.1°; Evening 38.1°. June 26, 1912. Morning 38.5°; Evening 39.1°. 11.a. m. injected subcutaneously into the right side of the thorax 10 ee. of the filtrate. June 27, 1912. Morning 39.7°; Evening 38.8°. A slight local swelling. June 28,1912. Morning 38.3°; Evening 38.8°. June 29, 1912. Morning 38.4°; Evening 39.4°. June 30, 1912. Morning 38.6°; Evening 38.4°. The swelling disappeared. This animal later suffered from acute pneumonia and died on July 22 before control-inoculation. No. 3.—Black and white bull-calf weighing about 77 kilos. August 19, 1912. Morning 39. ee Evening—. August 20, 1912. Morning 38.7°; Evening 39.0°. 2p. mM injected subcutaneously into ‘the right side of the thorax 10 «ec. of the filtrate. August 21, 1912. Morning 38.5°; Evening 40.0°. A goose’s egg ’sized swelling at the point of injection. August 22, 1912. Morning 38.9°; Evening 39.2°. August 23. 1912. Morning 38.4°: Evening 39.7°. August 24, 1912. Morning 39.3°; Evening 40.1°. August 25, 1912. Morning 38.7°; Evening 38.7° The swelling disappeared. September 18, 1912. Morning 38.4°; Evening 38.9°. 11 a. m. injected subcutaneously into the left side of the thorax 0.2 «ec. of a strong preserved virus. September 19, 1912. Morning 38.1°; Evening 38.8°. A fist-sized swelling at the point of injection. September 20, 1912. Morning 38.6°; Evening 38.7°. September 21, 1912. Morning 384°: Evening 38.6°. The swelling disappeared. October 2, 1912. Morning 39.1°; Evening 39.2°, 3p. m. injected subcutaneously into the right side of the thorax 0.1 ¢«. of a virulent liver-piece broth culture, 18 hours old. October 3, 1912. Morning 39.4°; Evening -39.5°. A hand-sized swelling at the point of injection, appetite somewhat poor. October 4, 1912. Morning 38.8°; Evening 39.3°. Appetite normal. October 5, 1912. Morning 38.6°; Evening 39.1°. Reduction of the swelling. October 6, 1912. Morning 38.5°; Evening 38.7°, October 7, 1912. Morning 38.9°; Evening 39.3°. Increase in the swelling to the size of a hen’s egg. On October 11 the local swelling nearly disappeared. No. 4.—Red cow. Weight, 318 kilos. October 13, 1912. Morning 38.2°; Evening—. October 14° 1°12, Morning 38.2° : Evening 38.5°. ee injectea supcutaneously into the right side of the thorax 10 ¢.c. of the ra INVESTIGATIONS OF BLACKLEG IMMUNIZATION 479 October 15, 1912. Morning 38.4°; Evening 38.6°. A swelling as large as two hands at the point of injection. ; October 16,.1912. Morning 38.3°; Evening 38.8°. Enlargement of the swelling. October 17, 1912. Morning 38.2°; Evening 38.2°. _ Deerease in the swelling. : October 18, 1912. Morning 38.5°; Evening 38.5°. The swelling nearly gone. October 30, 1912. Morning 38.5°; Evening 38.5°. 12 noon injected subcutaneously into the left'side of the thorax 0.2 ¢.c. of a strong preserved virus. October 31, 1912. Morning 38.3°; Evening 38.6°. A hand-sized swelling at the point of injection, appetite somewhat poor. November 1, 1912. Morning 38.5°; Evening 38.6°. Decrease in the swelling. November 2, 1912. Morning 38.6°; Evening 38.5°. November 3, 1912. Morning 38.1°; Evenirg 38.3°. The swelling nearly gone. In the summer of 1912 I had an opportunity to make a further inoculation experiment of the filtrate with nine cattle, the results proving satisfactory. Since that time this method of immuniza- tion of animals against blackleg alone has been practised in this country ; the statistics are as follows: 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 No. of cattle treated. . .1,226 1,514 2,041 1,119 1,145 In addition to the above the amounts of the filtrate used in Corea are: 1,000 c.c. in 1913, 2,000 ¢.c. in 1914, 33,000 ¢.c. in 1915, 46,000 ¢.c. in 1916, and 100,000 ¢.c. in 1917. While visiting the United States of America, on the way home from Europe the year before last, I gave Dr. A. Eichhorn, then Chief of the Patho- logical Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, .U. 8. Department of Agricul- ture, in Washington, an outline of my method and mentioned the good results obtained through it during a few years in this country. In the June, 1917, number of JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, Dr. Eichhorn, now of Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories, published an article on ‘*Blackleg Filtrate’’ in which the fact that my method of immunization against blackleg produced solid immunity and was totally unaccompanied by danger was well confirmed. In April last I was asked indirectly by Dr. Haslam, Purity Biological Laboratory, U. 8S. A., how to prepare the filtrate, so that some information relating to its preparation was made indirectly. Résumé. In conclusion I will here summarize the results of my investigations concerning immunization of animals against blackleg. 1. A virulent aérobie blackleg culture, rich in spores, can be readily obtained by using meat-piece or liver-piece broth as the cul- ture medium and it can be preserved for a year or more with the addition of glycerine. : 2. Efficacious blackleg vaccines can be made by heating the aérobie culture rich in spores, but uniform attenuation of the virus 480 PROF. NAOSHI NITTA is not always expected, so that the practical use of these vaccines should be abolished, owing to possible losses from injection. 3. A mixture of immune serum and virus in proper propor- tion confers an active immunity on animals treated. To determine its practical value, however, further experiments are necessary. 4. An injection of the germ-free filtrate of blackleg exudate also produces an active immunity in animals treated. To prepare the amount sufficient enough for its practical use it is very expen- sive, because it is necesary to use living calves in order to obtain ‘blackleg exudate. 5. The filtrate of a pure culture of the blackleg organism con- fers a solid immunity on animals treated and it has been already successfully used in thousands of cattle in infected districts. It is inexpensive, the material for the preparation being aérobic cultures of the organism in meat-piece broth, and its injection .is not accom- panied by the least danger, because the filtrate is quite germ-free. The filtrate can be preserved for several months with the addition of toluol. [Work done in the Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Nishigahara, the principal part of which was published, in 1914, in the Sixth Report of the In- stitute (Japanese). | BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. ARLOING, CORNEVIN et THOMAS. Méchanisme de 1’infection dans les dif- férents modes d’inoculation du charbon symptomatique. Application 4 l’interprétation des faits cliniques et 4 la méthode des inoculations préventives. Comptes rendus des séances de 1’ Académie des Sciences, Vol. XCII, p. 1246. 4 2. ARLOING, CORNEVIN et THOMAS. Moyen de conférer artificiellement 1’im- munité contre le charbon symptomatique ou bactérien avee du virus atténué, Ibid, Vol. XCV, p. 189. 3. ARLOING, CORNEVIN et THOMAS. Détermination des causes qui déterminent la réceptivité de certaines régions de l’organisme pour le virus du charbon bactérien ou symptomatique et transforment une inoculation mortelle en inoculation préventive. Ibid, Vol. XCVIII, p. 1071. 4. ArRLOING. Sérothérapie du Charbon symptomatique. Jbid, Vo. CXXX. 5. DUENSCHMANN. Etude experimentale sur le charbon symptomatique et ses relations avec l’oedeme malin. Annales de l’ Institut Pasteur, Vol. VIII (1894), p. 403. 6. Foru, H. Neue Rauschbrandimpfstoffe. Zeitschrift fiir Infektionskrank- heiten der Haustiere, Vol. X (1911), p. 1. 7. GRASSBERGER u. SCHATTENFROH. Ueber das Rauschbrandgift und ein anti- toxisches Serum. Monographie, 1904. 8. GRASSBERGER u. SCHATTENFROH. Das Rauschbrandgift. Kraus u. Leva- diti, Handbuch der Technik und Methodik der Immunitdtsforschung, Vol. I (1908), pp. 161-175. 9. GRASSBERGER u. SCHATTENFROH. Das Rauschbrand-Antitoxin. Jbid, Vol. II (1907), pp. 186-203. 10. Harrass, P. Zur Frage der aéroben Ziichtung sogenannter obligatanaéro- ber Bakterein. Méinchener Med. Wochenschrift, 1906, p. 2237, INVESTIGATIONS OF BLACKLEG IMMUNIZATION 481 11. 12. Hara, S. Ueber eine einfache Methode zur aérobischen Kultivierung der Anaéroben, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung ihrer Toxinproduction. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie 1, Abt., Orig., Vol. XLVI (1908), p. 539. : vy. Hister, E. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der durch anaérobe Spaltpilze erzeug- ten Infektionserkrankungen der Tiere und des Menschen, sowie zur Begriindung einer genauen bakteriologischen und pathologisch-anato- mischen Differentialdiagnose dieser Prozesse. Ibid, 1. Abt., Vol. XXV (1899), p. 603. Houtyra, F. Rauschbrand. Hutyra u. Marek, Spezielle Pathologie u. Therapie der Haustiere. 3. Edit., Vol. I (1910), pp. 39-58. Kitasato, 8. Ueber den Rauschbrandbacillus und sein Culturverfahren. Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene, Vol. VI (1889), p. 115. : Kirr, TH. Ueber Abschwichung des Rauschbrandvirus durch stromende Wasserdampfe. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie, 1. Abt., Vol. IIT (1888), p. 572. Kirt, Tu. Ueber Rauschbrandschutzimpfung mit Reinkulturen. Monat- shefte fiir prakt. Tierheilkunde, Vol. V (1894), p. 19. Kirt, TH. Die Ziichtung des Rauschbrandbacillus bei Luftzutritt. Cen- tralblatt fiir Bakteriologie, 1. Abt., Vol. XX VII (1895), p. 168. Kirt, Tu. Serumimpfung gegen Rauschbrand. Monatshefte fur: prakt. Tierheilkunde, Vol. XI (1900). Kirt, TH. Neues iiber Rausehbrand. Ibid, Vol. XIII (1892), p. 181. Kitt, TH. Immunitaét u. Schutzimpfungen bei Rauschbrand des Rindes. Kolle u. Wassermann, Handbuch der pathogenen Mikroorganismen, 2. Edit., Vol. IV (1912), pp. 819-836. LECLAINCHE-VALLEE. La pratique des vaccinations contre le charbon symp- tomatique. Revue générale de Médecine Vétérinaire, 1908, No. 131. LECLAINCHE-VALLEE. Sur la vaccination contre le charbon symptoma- tique. Comptes rendus des séances de 1’ Académie des Sciences, Vol. CLVI (1913), p. 989. Nirta, N. A Method of Aérobie Cultivation of Anaérobie Bacteria. Tokyo-Igakukai-Zasshi, Vol. XII (1899), p. 393. Nirra, N. Investigations on Tachi disease in Cattle in Japan. First Re- port of the Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases (Japanese), 1905, p. 84. Nitta, N., and Oxupa, K. Investigations on Blackleg Immunization. Siath Report of the Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases (Japan- ese), 1914, p. 43. NoOreaarD, V. A. Blackleg in the United States and the Distribution of Vaccine by the Bureau of Animal Industry. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. 8S. Dept. of Agric., 1898, p. 171. NoOrGAArD, V. A. Blackleg. Its Nature, Cause and Prevention. Circular No. 31. U.S. Bureau of Animal Industry, 1915. PruHL, E. Die Ziichtung anaérober Bakterien in Leberbouillon, sowie in Zuckerbonuillon und in gewodhnlicher Bouillon mit einem Zusatz von Plitinschwamm oder Hapin unter Luftzutritt. Centralblatt fiir Bak- teriologie, 1. Abt., Orig., Vol. XLIV (1907), p. 378. Roux. Immunité contre le charbon symptomatique conféré par des sub- stances solubles. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, Vol. II (1888), p. 49. Scuosi, O. Ueber Aggressinimmunisierung gegen Rauschbrand. Cen- tralblatt fiir Bakteriologie, 1. Abt., Orig., Bd. LVI (1910), p. 395. Scuosi, O. Weitere Versuche iiber Aggressinimmunisierung gegen Rausch. brand. Ibid, Vol. LXIT (1912), p. 296. SHIRAISHI, K. Rauschbrand in Yamaguchi Prefecture. Chuo-Juikai-Zas- shi, Vol. VI (1893), No. 3, p. 55. Situ, TH. Die Gahrungskélbechen in der Bakteriologie. Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie, 1. Abt., Vol. VII (1890), p. 502. SmitH, TH., Brown, H. R., WALKER, E. L. The fermentation tube in the study of anaérobie bacteria with special reference to gas production 482 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED BOPRNER, JR. and the use of milk as a culture medium. Journal of Medical Re- search, Vol. XV (1915), No. 1. 35. SmitH,.TH. Ueber einige Kulturmerkmale des Rauschbrandbacillus. Zeitschrift fir Infektionskrankheiten der Haustierc, Vol. I, No. 1. 36. ScHUTZ-ELLENBERGER. Jahresbericht uber die Veterinar- Medicin, as Taxrozz1, G. Ueber ein leicht in aérober Weise ausfiihrbares Kulturmittel von einigen bis jetzt fiir strenge Anaéroben gehaltenen Keimen. Cen- tralblatt fir Bakteriologie, 1. Abt., Orig., Vol. XXXVIIT (1905), p 619. 38.. THomMAS. La vaccination d.l. charbon symptomatique. Répertoire de po- lice sanitaire vétérinaire et d’hygiéne publique, 1900, No. 1, p. 31. 39. TOKISHIGE, H. Immunisierungsversuche gegen Bradsot. Monatshefte fiir prakt. Tierheilkunde, Vol. XII (1901), p. 6. 40. WrzoseK, A. Beobachtungen tiber die Bedingungen des Wachstums der obligatorischen Anaéroben in aérober Weise. Centralblatt fiir Bak- teriologie, 1. Abt., Orig., Vol. XLIII (1907), p. 17 41. WrzosEK, A. Weitere Untersuchungen iiber die Ziichtung von obligator- ischen Anaéroben in aérober Weise. Ibid, Vol. XLIV (1907), p. 607. HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA AND ITS CONTROL IN PENNSYLVANIA* J. B. HARDENBERGH and FRED. BOERNER, JR. Division of Laboratories, Pennsylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board In presenting data gathered during ‘our three years’ experi- mental work with vaccine in the control of hemorrhagic septicemia, we intend to dwell but briefly upon the occurrence, etiology, ana- tomical changes, symptoms, ete., of the disease. For these details the reader is referred to some of the recent works in veterinary medicine regarding pathology and therapeutics or pathology and diagnosis. It is our purpose to show from statisties gathered in vaccinating over 2,000 animals on various farms throughout the state, why we feel that this method of control is valuable, and that sanitarians can only lend all possible aid when it is employed. In 1895, in his annual report, Pearson mentioned sudden deaths of cattle due to some unknown cause, and concluded that while many were due to known diseases not recognized, others were no doubt due to diseases of which but little was known, or that certain poisons had operated to destroy the animals. In 1896 his report cited the occurrence of an outbreak in Lan- easter Ccunty in November. Twelve animals were found ill, eleven unable to stand; all had a low fever and a slightly accelerated *Read at the Pennsylvania Medical jeoreeanegais Harrisburg, Pa., Jan, 22nd, 1918, . HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA 483 pulse. The appetites were gone, and there were indications of ab- dominal pain, while weakness seemed to be more noticeable in the hind quarters than in the front. Some animals showed considerable excitement, and all but two were constipated. Necropsy on two that died revealed only slight changes in most of the parechyma- tous organs, but there were some changes of the digestive tract, also a yellowish serum around the kidneys, and congestion of the lungs. There was a history of their having been kept in a corn stalk field for five days prior to the time when it was noticed that they staggered in walking, rapidly Jost strength, became unable to stand, and exhibited the other symptoms already mentioned. In 1897 reference is made to an- outbreak in Huntingdon County, following the purchase of seven yearlings in Center County, which, shortly after reaching their destination developed a severe cough, lost condition, and became emaciated, four of the animals dying. Subsequently some other cattle on this farm de- veloped similar symptoms, leading to the belief that the infection was contagious. The owner, suspecting tuberculosis, had the ani- | mals tested with entirely negative results. A post-mortem examina- tion on one of the heifers showed that the anterior lobes of the lungs were solidified, dark red in color, upon cross examination re- vealing numerous small cavities, containing a yellowish cheesy pus. The bronchial tubes contained frothy mucus, and the lining mem- brane was thickened. The connective tissue septa between the lobules were infiltrated with serum and thickened; pleura and lymphatic glands normal, and other organs normal in appearance, although somewhat pale. In 1898 the same writer made quite a lengthy reference to ‘*Corn Stalk Disease’’, which had occasioned enormous losses in some of the principal corn growing states of the West, and re- ferred to the outbreak mentioned in the 1896 report as being of the same nature. This disease was not supposed to be contagious, al- though its cause had not been fully ascertained. On account of the length of this report, we cannot quote from it fully. Outbreaks were reported from several farms in different counties, and the symptoms and autopsy findings seemed to warrant a diagnosis of ‘*Corn Stalk Disease’’. © In this 1898 record a part of the report on investigation of an outbreak in Franklin County in December 9, 1898, reads as fol- lows: “‘All the animals that died recently had a history of having 484 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED BOERNER, JR. been fed from a few days to several weeks on corn fodder. How- ever, a number of animals had died on farms south of St. Thomas during the months of October and November of a disease having somewhat similar symptoms, were at pasture when they died, and had not recewed any corn fodder.’’ This report also mentioned that while under certain conditions of moldiness and- fermentation, corn stalks and corn fodder become exceedingly poisonous to many cattle, it was noted that all cattle exposed in the same way did not ‘become affected and that the symptoms varied. In 1900 he reported a disease, prevailing in the spring and summer, among cattle in wild mountainous regions, that failed of identification during the year, but which destroyed several hun- dred cattle annually, and was so prevalent as to make large areas of land useless for pasturing purposes. In 1902 investigations were conducted as to the etiology of the so-called ‘‘Mountain Disease’’ and as the result Pearson and Gilliland proved it to be identical with ‘‘Rinderseuche’’ of Ger- many, and with hemorrhagic septicemia that had been recognized among cattle in Minnesota and Wisconsin, stating that this dis- covery removed a cloud of doubt as to the cause of the loss of great numbers of cattle. In this same report, Pearson stated that ‘‘hem- orrhagic septicemia or spotted fever’’ of cattle has also been known in Pennsylvania as ‘‘Carbon County Disease’’ or ‘‘Mountain Dis- ease of Cattle’’, and that it was believed to have occurred during that year in the counties of Cameron, Carbon, Center, Clearfield, Franklin, Forrest, Huntingdon, Lackawanna, Lycoming, Perry, Potter, Somerset, Wayne, and Warren. Following is a description of the SE is and pathological changes noted by him: ‘‘Fever, loss of appetite, dullness, diminu- tion of milk flow, groaning, discharge of bloody mucus from the nose, staring coat, red mucous membranes, swelling about the throat; which is hot, rather tense and painful and is sometimes ac- companied by harsh or difficult breathing. There is usually a little discharge of blood from the anus. Sometimes there is a little leak- age of blood through the skin at various points as though the ani- mal had been stung by large flies or pricked with needles. In other cases the disease seems to affect the intestinal tract chiefly and in this case there is a diffuse hemorrhagic gastro-enteritis, causing much depression, accumulation of gas, evidence of pain in the ab- dominal cavity and the feces are covered with blood, shreds of HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA 485 fibrin or mucus. The course of the disease is usually short, vary- ing from twelve hours to a week, and it terminates in death in nearly all cases. On post mortem examination it is observed that the tissues be- neath the skin in the region of the throat are infiltrated with serum and that scattered through this infiltrated area there are many points of hemorrhage; sometimes the hemorrhage is extensive, causing the entire infiltrated area to be of a red color. This swell- ing about the throat usually involves the walls of the pharynx and larynx. The root of the tongue is often swollen and infiltrated with yellow serum. Points of hemorrhage may be observed be- neath the skin on any part of the body. Sometimes the lungs show evidence of hemorrhage into them and there is an accumulation of blood in the chest cavity. If the intestines are involved there is hemorrhage into large or small areas of the wall, causing it to be of dark red color and considerably thickened. The appearance of the blood is not materially altered; it coagulates in the usual way. The most characteristic alterations are the points of hemorrhage indicating an escape of blood from the vessels into the subcutaneous connective tissues, into the lining membranes of the abdominal and thoracic cavities and into the swollen areas about the throat and at the root of the tongue. Young or old cattle may be afflicted by this disease.”’ : In the foregoing reference to the various named diseases, it is not claimed that those outbreaks of ‘‘Corn Stalk Disease’’ and ¢a- tarrhal or broncho-pneumonia were what we now know as hemor- rhagic septicemia, nor that they were due to an organism belong- ing to the hemorrhagic septicemia group. There are distinct pneu- monias and certain distinct cases of forage poisoning, but from the fact that we do not have reports of these two diseases sent in from counties where they previously existed, and as we are and have been for several years receiving reports of hemorrhagic septicemia outbreaks in these same and additional counties, we are strongly inclined to the belief that many of the outbreaks previously reported under other names were in all probability due to organisms belong- ing to the hemorrhagic septicemia group. Investigations by Bill- ings, Gamgee, Mayo, Moore, and others, tend to confirm this belief. Hemorrhagic septicemia of cattle is usually an acute, less fre- quently a subacute, infectious disease, in the course of which the febrile symptoms are often accompanied by manifestations of an 486 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED BOERNER, JR. acute gastro-enteritis, inflammatory edema of the skin, or fre- quently a necrotic-pneumonia associated with edema of the inter- alveolar connective tissue. The causative agent is B. bovisepticus. OccurRENCE. The disease occurs practically everywhere, either sporadically or enzootically, especially during the late sum- mer and: fall months. In Pennsylvania, by far the greatest number (90%) of the outbreaks during the past three years, have been re- ported in August, September, and October. There is a mistaken idea held by some veterinarians that hemorrhagic septicemia does not occur in successive years on the same farm, but this has no foundation. We have repeatedly seen it recur in different herds. Since 1878, when described by Bollinger as occurring near Munich among deer and wild boars, it has been observed in cattle, sheep, hogs, and occasionally in horses and mules. Among the latter cases may be mentioned an outbreak in Lancaster County, Pa., August, 1916, in young mules, resulting in five deaths and the subsequent positive necropsy and bacteriological findings in the two cases seen. To date we have not diagnosed the disease in sheep in this state. The outbreaks are confined to the mountains or to those sections in which the land is wild, broken in contour, wooded, and covered with rank vegetation. Seldom has it occurred in the southeastern part of the state where the land is flat, rolling, and farmed extensively, except in steers (feeders) intended for fatten- ing for the spring markets and introduced on farms in the fali after passage through various stockyards. Our records show that animals of all ages are affected, cases having been reported in calves, young heifers, and aged cows up to and including twelve years of age during the year 1917. Symptoms. The period of incubation in natural infections is probably in the majority of cases from twelve to seventy-two hours, but this is variable, and, except in the chronic cases, may run from six hours to eight days. At first there is a rapid rise in ' the body temperature to over 40° C. (104° F.) accompanied by a quickened pulse, dullness, rough coat, and muscular tremblings. In some cases the surface of the body feels alternately hot and cold, while the muzzle is cold and dry. There is also cessation of the ap- petite, rumination and milk secretion. Peristalsis is often retarded ; constipation at this stage may be noticed. Later there are symp- toms of colic with much straining, when the animal passes, instead of the usual dry, dark brown feces, a mushy and finally a thin HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA 487 fetid fluid which is frequently mixed with fibrin and mucus flakes, as well as with blood. Often blood exudes from the nose, and some- times may be passed in the urine. Some animals show affections of the throat and are unable to swallow except with difficulty. Others show disinclination to move, exhibit stiffness, and in some instances actual lameness. Occasionally painfully edematous swell- ings are seen about the legs and shoulders as well as in the throat. Animals have been observed to drop to the ground and die in a ‘short time, apparently without pain. Others live for several hours in great pain, as indicated by groans and muscular spasms. Ani- mals sick for any length of time rapidly lose flesh. In the edema- tous (exanthemous) form the head and neck swell, especially in the region of the throat and develop, as a result of the rapidly in- creasing inflammatory edema of the subcutaneous connective tissue, causing a deformity of these parts. In such cases swelling of the legs or inflammatory enlargements of the different joints may be observed. The skin over the swollen parts of the body is very tense, warm, and sensitive. An acute conjunctivitis, and the yellowish colorization of this membrane, frequently develops with profuse lachrymation. The buccal mucous membrane is bright red, warm, dry, and swollen. Deglutition may be difficult or impossible, caus- ing saliva to accumulate in the mouth and drivel from the corners in long tenacious strings. The tongue may swell to such an extent that it entirely fills the mouth cavity, or it even may protrude, ap- pearing bluish red or dirty reddish brown in color. Respiration is difficult and the animal breathes heavily. Some die of asphyxiation, or asthenia, which is caused by a marked en- teritis. The ‘‘sweating of blood’’ mentioned by Pearson has been observed in a number of cases. The pectoral form is characterized by an acute pleuro-pneu- monia and the animal stands immovable with back arched, has a dry painful cough and a colorless or reddish foamy discharge from the nose. One or both sides of the thorax may show a dullness over different areas with bronchial breathing and vesicular rales, or there may be a total absence of respiratory sounds. Respiration is greatly accelerated and labored. Rumination ceases, peristalsis of the rumen and intestines is frequently suppressed. Constipation is followed by bloody diarrhea, after which the weakened animal rapidly succumbs. The pectoral and abdominal forms of the dis- ease are the ones seen in Pennsylvania and we can recall no instance 488 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED BOERNER, JR. of having observed the edematous (exanthemous) form reported by some writers. ANATOMICAL CHANGES. The characteristic lesions of the dis- ease are widely distributed areas of hemorrhage varying im size from a pin-point to several centimeters in diameter, in color from light red to almost black and frequently accompanied with a sero- fibrinous exudate, usually yellow but occasionally dark red in color. These serous hemorrhages, petechiae and ecchymoses, when exten- Sive, give the entire abdominal or pectoral viscera the appearance of having been splashed with blood. All cases show some hemor- rhagic areas in the subcutaneous connective tissue, the number and size of these varying in different individuals. Gas is not present in the subcutaneous connective tissue except as a post mortem change. The edematous cases show gelatinous infiltrations of the tissues. The abdominal and thoracic cavities may contain several liters of yellow or reddish colored serous fluid. Acute hemorrhagic inflammations of the intestinal tract are frequent—with thin fluid contents, gray in color or blood-stained, and having a very fetid odor. The blood is usually of a normal color and clots readily. The surface of the lungs is often petechi- ated or even ecchymotic. Pneumonia of the lobular type is a very constant complication. On section this organ often presents areas of red and gray hepatization having the marbled appearance seen in contagious pleuro-pneumonia and when squeezed, exudes a yel- low serum. The heart shows petechiae, eechymoses or more extensive hemorrhages of the pericardium, epicardium or endocardium. The spleen is usually normal in appearance or at most may be swollen in localized areas presenting a few spleen tumors or petechiae. The liver in a small number of cases shows hemorrhagic infarcts, and is rich in blood. The kidneys are slightly if at all affected, and sometimes show a few petechiae macroscopically. Reynolds reports an outbreak in which meningitis was invari- ably present. Wilson and Brimhall report an animal four months pregnant which. showed small hemorrhages in the placental mem- branes. DiaGnosis. Primarily this must depend upon the history and symptoms and can be verified by necropsy and bacteriological find- ings. Care should be taken not to mistake anthrax for hemorrhagic septicemia. A few of the most constant symptoms are repeated. Animals show marked dullness and depression, They segre- HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA 489 ——— gate themselves, stand with arched back, the coat is lusterless and staring. The feces are blood-stained and in some instances appear as almost pure blood. Some show bloody nasal discharge, others petechiae of nasal mucous membranes and conjunctiva. Tempera- tures run very high and ‘‘sweating of blood’’ is frequently ob- served. Edemas, particularly of the throat, are fairly constant. Hemorrhagic septicemia may be differentiated from blackleg and malignant edema by the absence of gas in the subcutaneous tis- sue—from anthrax by -the fact that on autopsy the spleen is not swollen and the blood is normal in appearance and clots readily. In anthrax the spleen is almost without exception uniformly swol- len, the blood is dark and tarry and does not coagulate. Decomposition changes on a carcass dead for some time, alter the lesions, and render diagnosis more difficult; therefore it is es- sential that carcasses should be examined shortly after death. The pectoral form may readily be mistaken for pleuro-pneu- monia, therefore in calves and shipped animals care should be taken not to confuse it with this disease. The history should be of help in such eases. ContTROL. Because most investigators believe that hemorrhagic septicemia is a disease of the soil, and the fact that the organism dies rapidly under adverse conditions, traffic restrictions have not been rigid. Originally it was thought best to separate the sick from the well animals, removing them to other pastures, dividing them into small lots, and paying strict attention to the burning of carcasses, cleaning and disinfection of stables, ete. Hutyra and Marek state that in India they aim to control the disease with the aid of protective vaccination, but give no results. Holmes found the simultaneous vaccination with serum (which he produced ‘through the subcutaneous inoculation of cattle and buffaloes) and with virulent cultures most effective, though it is claimed that such vaccination is not without danger for the animals. It is stated that the employment of cultures killed by heat, and also sterilized pleu- ritic exudate, has given good results. Baldrey employed a vaccine prepared with cultures sensitized to immune serum and _ subse- quently killed at 60° C., reducing his losses from 100% among non- vaccinated cattle to 22% to 28% in the vaccinated animals. In 1912 Mohler and Eichhorn reported on some work done in immunizing the buffalo herd in Yellowstone Park the previous year, and had no losses during the following twelve months, At 490 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED BOERNER, JR. this time they demonstrated by means of the complement fixation test that vaccinated animals responded with the production of im- mune bodies, and reactions were noted even three months following the vaccinations. Having experienced very unsatisfactory results with the isola-. tion methods and internal medication recommended, we decided to do a small amount of experimental work with vaccines. The method employed in the production of this vaccine, and the reasons for its use in preference to other preparations have already been set forth in two publications. During the year 1915, the laboratory of the State Livestock Sanitary Board prepared and sent out vaccine which was used on 434 animals in eight different herds. Three hundred and sixty-six . (366) sick and healthy animals in six herds were vaccinated. As a result of outbreaks in these herds 42 deaths had occurred prior to vaccination and six were sick when vaccinated. Three of the sick and two apparently healthy animals in one herd died within one week. In other words in 1915 the disease was immediately checked in five of the infected herds, and there was not a single loss in any of the herds after one week from the date of vaccination. In addi- tion to this we vaccinated 166 other animals, on pastures adjoining those showing infection, with not a single loss. In 1916, following the satisfactory results of the 1915 work, © vaccine was used on 366 animals in seventeen infected native herds. Fifty-three deaths had occurred prior to vaccination. Nineteen were sick when reported and were vaccinated along with the 347 remaining healthy animals. Ten of the sick and four apparently healthy animals died within one week and seven healthy after one week following the administration of the vaccine. These losses all occurred in six herds. In summarizing we find that during that year the disease was immediately checked in eleven of the seventeen herds, and that fifteen of the seventeen herds showed no losses one week after vaccination. In addition to these, eighty-eight animals on farms adjoining those having outbreaks were vaccinated pro- phylactically with no losses. The above figures for 1916 refer to outbreaks in native herds on pasture. Two hundred and fifty- eight (258) animals in herds exposed to the ‘‘Shipping Pneumonia’”’ or so-called “‘‘Stockyard’s Pneumonia’’ occurring in steers brought to the state as feeders were treated prophylactically and our records show a total of twenty-three sick steers distributed through eleven HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA 491 herds with twenty-two recoveries, and but one death following the vaccination, while none of the vaccinated cattle developed the dis- ease. Continuing in 1917, we vaccinated 895 animals in 38 herds on farms where the records showed 109 deaths prior to the receipt of the reports and administration of the vaccine. At the time of vac- cination 18 animals were sick. Nine of these and eleven appar- ently healthy animals died following the vaccination. Eleven of those twenty deaths, including the nine sick, occurred within one week. In twenty-five of the thirty-eight infected herds the disease was immediately checked without a single further loss and in thirty-four of the thirty-eight (38) herds not a single loss was re- ported after one week from the date of vaccination. In other words there were but nine deaths from a total of 895 animals after one week following the vaccination and these deaths include every- thing reported as being lost by the owner, between the time of vac- cination and the rendering of the report which was received from six weeks to four months later. One hundred and sixty-three (163) animals, on which the vaccine was used as a prophylactic, showed not a single outbreak. In summarizing our work of vaccination for the control of hemorrhagic septicemia during the three years 1915 to 1917 in- clusive, we find a total of sixty-one infected herds, containing 1831 animals, showing 204 deaths, or 11.1% prior to vaccination. Fif- teen hundred and eighty-four (1584) healthy animals and forty- six (46) sick animals received vaccine. Twenty-two of the sick animals or 51.1% died. Twenty-four apparently healthy animals among the 1584 vaccinated, or 1.5%, died following the vacecina- tion, eight of these within one week. Approximately one per cent (1.0%) of losses only was recorded in treated stock and as previ- ously mentioned this includes all deaths, some of which were no doubt not due to hemorrhagic septicemia. In forty-one of the total sixty-one herds, the disease was immediately checked without further losses, and in fifty-five of these sixty-one herds not a single loss was recorded after one week from the date of vaccination, dur- ing which time we have figured the animal should have developed some immunity. The mortality prior to vaccination, including the sick animals which died, has been 12.8%. The mortality following vaccination, including deaths within one week, has been 1.5%. The mortality following what we term the completion of the. vac- cination at the end of one week has been less than 1%. 492 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED BOERNER, JR. Furthermore, there has been but one reported case of hemor- rhagie septicemia in the twenty-three\ (23) vaccinated herds of 1915 and 1916. This herd was vaccinated in 1916, and showed a recurrence in August, 1917. Of the four unvaccinated control herds from 1915, two have shown the reappearance of the disease. Other strong evidence in favor of the vaccine may be added from the prophylactic vaccination of several hundred animals on pas- tures adjoining those having outbreaks, and on which not a single ease of the disease was reported. We have frequently heard the remark that even though not vaccinated the remaining animals in infected herds might have shown no further losses. This may have been true of a few herds but it is reasonable to presume that the disease would immediately stop in forty-one herds and not a single loss would be recorded in fifty-five out of sixty-one herds over a period of three years with merely a visit and diagnosis by the local veterinarian without the aid of some prophylactic. The method employed in the production of the vaccine used in the foregoing work and the reasons for its use in preference to other preparations have already been set forth in two publications. The only standard which we have been able to fix upon is that the cultures must be virulent for rabbits and that five (5) e.ems. in- jected intravenously shall be innoxious for young cattle. We have no knowledge as to the efficiency of bacterins or. other preparations. as the results following the work done by us were ob- tained with the exclusive use of this living vaccine, SUMMARY rae ge |e 2 2 is 1628] 8 eo q eS oles ee fee eae Z| Siwy [eS Seg| sv eiMe g 5) gels] S2|,8| Soe. 8% eae geeious aia SiS 9) S/S 8 Siae-nl\ aa sicos i ee SiSSiBE| 4 SISS eS RSS Ba [Bo slEseeizes o/o |S o| Self siss| San| Ss wo =e cokers FRA OS| Re Fe RelAt's ASAOn S| Masia 1916 oe: 6| 408] 42 6 350| 6 34 2 0) 5 6 1916 Gs 17| 419] 53 | 19 347| 19 10 11 7 11 15 EOE eo ees 38/1004/109 | 18 | 877 18 9 11 9 25 34 Totabec \ 61/1831|204 | 43 [1584 43 | 22 | 24 | 16 | 41 | 55 Percentage | [11.1/2.3+! | | 51—|1.5+]) 1% | 67+ | 904 LITERATURE 1895 Penna. Report of the Dept. of Agriculture, p. 57. 1896 Penna. Report of the Dept. of Agriculture, p. 117, PARASITES OF THE DOG IN NORTH AMERICA 493 1897 Penna. Report of the Dept. of Agriculture, p. 135. 1898 Penna. Report of the Dept. of Agriculture, pp. 162-165. 1900 Penna. Report of the Dept. of Agriculture, pp. 119-120. 1902 Penna. Report of the Dept. of Agriculture, p. 100. 1902 Penna. Report of the Dept. of Agriculture, p. 156. BILLINGS. The Corn Stalk Disease in Cattle. Bulletins Nos. 7, 8, 9 and 10, Neb. Agr. Exp. Station, 1886-88. Bimuuines. The Corn Fodder Disease in Cattle and other farm animals, with a special relation to contagious pleuro-pneumonia in American beeves in England. Bulletins Nos. 22 and 23, University of Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, 1892. GAMGEE. Diseases of Cattle in the United States. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1896. Mayo. Corn Stalk Diseases in Cattle. Bulletin Kansas Agricultural Experi. ment Station, 1896. Moore. Investigation into the nature, cause and means of preventing the Corn vanes Disease of Cattle. Bulletin No. 10, U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry, 896. NOTES ON THE ACANTHOCEPHALID AND ARTHROPOD PARASITES OF THE DOG IN NORTH AMERICA Maurice C. Hau, Ph.D., D.V.M., and MEYER Wiepor, M.A. Research Laboratory, Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. This paper is primarily intended to cover additional informa- tion regarding the rare thorny-headed worm of the dog, but in view of the fact that the writers are summarizing in other papers, pub- lished (Hall and Wigdor, 1918) and in manuscript, the available data as to the occurrence of protozoan, cestode, trematode and nematode parasites of the dog in North America, in connection with ‘some new findings, a summary of our knowledge of arthropod para- sites is included in this paper in order to complete a series cover- ing the parasites of dogs in North America. These summaries are intended to be comprehensive, but not exhaustive. Not all records of a given parasite are cited and by no means all the literature possibly involved has been examined. ACANTHOCEPHALA. EHchinorhynchus canis was described from this country by Kaupp (1909) on 4 specimens collected from a dog at San Antonio, Texas. No subsequent writers have reported this species. Dr. Clifford C. Whitney collected one specimen of what is evidently this species from a young, black and white, male, mongrel dog at College Station, Texas, on March 8, 1917, and sent 494 MAURICE C. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR it to one of us (Hall) at Detroit. It appears, therefore, that this rather rare parasite is established in Texas, at least. Through the courtesy of Dr. Whitney, we were allowed to re- tain his specimen for study. A brief description is as follows: The worm is a female, 14 mm. long. The proboscis is armed with 6 rows of hooks, the largest set anteriorly. 'The hooks in the 4 anterior rows have anterior and posterior roots resembling the handle and guard of the taenioid cestode hook; those in the 2 pos- terior rows are rosethorn-shaped (see figs). The proboscis shows 33 hooks, of which 18 are large and 15 small. It is likely that 3 of the small hooks have been lost and that the total number present should be 36. The proboscis is 2mm. long. The mounted specimen shows that the body is distinctly annulated. The body form and out- Sota. ky Gigantorhynchus canis Large hooks from first and second rows as numbered x180 line is substantially that figured by Kaupp (1909). There are eggs present, but apparently these have not been fertilized (this was the only specimen present in the host animal) and segmentation has not begun. The cuticular annulation, the proboscis structure and the hooks indicate that this worm belongs in the family Gigantorhyn- chidae. As regards its generic position, it is difficult to ascertain this accurately by an examination of the one immature female specimen in our possession, but it appears to have the essential characters and appearance of the genus Oncicola, Travassos, 1916, and it is accordingly designated Oncicola canis (Kaupp, 1909) Hall and Wigdor, 1918. PARASITES OF THE DOG IN NORTH AMERICA +495 In view of the fact that Acanthocephala forms have been re- ported from the dog in Europe, the question naturally comes up as to whether the European and American forms are identical. The European species is listed by Railliet (1893), Neveau-Lemaire (1912) and other recent writers as Echinorhynchus grassu Deftke, 1891. An examination of Deffke’s (1891) paper, shows that he has in his list of dog parasites ‘‘Echinorhynchus grassi, 1888’’. This is evidently not an attempt to name an Echinorhynchus species after Grassi, as the date after Grassi’s name shows, but is a refer- ence to Grassi’s paper of that date regarding this parasite. So far as we can ascertain, Grassi and Calandruccio (1888) listed an Echinorhynchus from the dog in Sicily; they state that Sicily is an exception to the rule that in general Echinorhynchus is rare in mammals other than swine, and that not infrequently they found Fie. 2. Gigantorhynchus canis Small hooks from fifth and sixth rows as numbered x240 an Echinorhynchus, probably a new species, in the small intestine of the dog. Travossos (1917) makes Echinorhynchus grassti a synonym of Moniliformis moniliformis, which eliminates the possi- bility that the European and American forms are identical. Grant- -ing the accuracy of the Brazilian authority’s synonomy, it follows that the dog is parasitized at times by at least 2 echinorhynchs, Moniliformis moniliformis and Oncicola canis. The latter is proba- bly a customary parasite of some Texan carnivore other than the dog. O. canis is very similar to O. oncicola (v. Ihering, 1892). Both species show asymmetrical hook bases in some hooks and re- curved projections on hook tips, but the hook measurements are - So dissimilar as to make it quite unlikely that the species are iden- tical. Travassos gives measurements for 4 types of hooks in O. oncicola, the first type being the hooks of the first and second (or anterior) rows, the second type the hooks of the third row, the 496 MAURICE C. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR third type the hooks of the fourth row, and the fourth type the hooks of the fifth and sixth (or posterior) rows. His measurements and ours are as follows: Distance, tip of blade Distance between Species Hook type to tip of apical root root extremities (microns ) (microns) O. oncicola Pires oe eee ee relies 348 177 O. canis Wi oe eee 200 148 to 160 O. oncicola BGQNNG 2 46604 in cores 268 149 O. canis TWOOOONG souks Geese 140 50 O. oncicola ING oo Shiu one Ces hee 227 130 O, canis ATs cx ciate aa wed 166 116 O. oncicola OUP Fens aes oa es 120 — O. canis POOH fore acy ' 130 — In the measurements of hooks of the third type, we have measured from the tip of the asymmetrical process on the root, as Travassos appears to have done. Without this projection, the dis- tance from the tip of the blade to the tip of the apical root is 130 p; that between the root extremities is 60 to 64 ». O. oncicola occurs in Felis (Leopardus) onca and Felis (Catopuma) jaguarundi, and it is quite likely that O. canis is normally parasitic in some of the Felidae. ARTHROPODA. Otobius megnini (Ornthodoros megnint) has been reported from dogs in the southern United States by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). Ixodes ricinus is reported from dogs in Canada by Hewitt (1915). Ixodes scapularis is reported from dogs in the southern United States by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). Ixodes cooket is reported from dogs in Canada by Hewitt (1915) and in the United States by Banks (1908). Ixodes kingi is reported from dogs in the western United States by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). Ixodes pratt: is reported from the dog in Canada by Hadwen. according to Hewitt (1915). Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick, has been col- lected from the dog in Texas and in Mexico, according to Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). Specimens of this tick from a dog on one of our battleships have been sent to this laboratory for identi- fication, with the statement that the dog apparently became os . in New Orleans. Margaropus annulatus, the cattle tick, has been reported from dogs in the southern United States by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood PARASITES OF THE DOG IN NORTH AMERICA 497 (1912) and other writers, but it is very rare on this host. Amblyomma maculatum has been reported from dogs in Texas and Louisiana by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). Amblyomma americanum has been reported from dogs in Texas by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). Amblyomma cajennense has been reported from the dog at Panama by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). Dermacentor andersom (D. venustus) has ‘been reported from dogs in the western United States by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912), by Stiles (1910) and by others. Fig. 3. Gigantorhynchus canis Hooks from different rows as numbered x75 Dermacentor occidentalis is reported from the dog in the Pa- cific coast region of the United States by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). Dermacentor variabilis is a common and widely distributed parasite in the United States, the dog being the usual host, and has been reported from the dog in Canada by Hadwen (1912). Sarcoptes scabieti canis is the cause of sarcoptic mange in the dog. It appears to be much less common in the United States than demodectie mange. Demodex folliculorum canis, the cause of demodectic mange in dogs, is common in the United States. We have had a number of cases here at Detroit. | Tae Linognathus piliferus, the sucking louse of the dog, appears 498 MAURICE C. HALL AND MEYER WjJGDOR to be more common on the west coast of the United States than in the Hast. We have found a few cases here at Detroit. Trichodectes latus, the biting louse of the dog, is fairly com- mon in the United States. In connection with tests of the efficacy of sodium fluoride against ‘biting lice, proposed by Bishopp and Wood (1917) for use against biting lice of poultry and reported by Hall (1917) as effective against biting lice of the horse, we have made some tests in this laboratory of its efficacy against the biting louse of the dog and find it effective. We have seen no bad results from it, but the possibility of trouble from poisons ingested through licking the hair and skin must be kept in mind in treating dogs. In a test to determine the toxicity of sodium fluoride, we gave a 9-kilo dog 1 gram of sodium fluoride in a gelatine capsule, followed by a small amount of water. The dog seemed in fairly good health for 3 days, but was found dead on the fourth day; there was a severe gastro-enteritis, with some hemorrhage, and an acute ne- phritis. | Ctenocephalus canis, the dog flea, is common on dogs in the United States. — Pulex writans, the human flea, is not an uncommon parasite of dogs, especially on the west coast of the United States. . Echidnophaga gallinacea, the stick-tight flea, is often found on the ears of dogs in the southern and southwestern part of the United States, according to Bishopp (1915). Gastrophilus intestinalis (G. equi), G. nasalis and G. hemor- hoidalis have been reported from the dog in experimental infesta- tions in the United States by Hall (1917). G. intestinalis functions readily as an incidental parasite of the dog; G. nasalis did not adapt itself to the dog so readily; G. hemorrhoidalis apparently had little or no capacity for parasitism in the digestive tract of the dog. Cochliomyia macellaria (Chrysomyia macellaria), the serew- worm, is a common parasite of domesticated animals in the south- ern United States. Dunn (1918) has recently recorded a case of infestation in the dog at Ancon, Panama. Cuterebra emasculator, the rabbit bot, has been collected from the scrotum of the dog, apparently in North America, according to Gedoelst (1911). Dermatobia cyanwentris (D. hominis) is reported as para- PARASITES OF THE DOG IN NORTH AMERICA 499 ‘sitic in dogs in tropical America by Verrill, according to Osborn (1896), and others. Myjiasis, due to infestation with various dipterous larvae, is not uncommon among dogs in the United States. We have several times seen eases of rectal myiasis in the dog, especially dogs that were sick and weak, and more particularly those that had diarrhea or blood in the feces. Fish (1910) records an interesting case of cutaneous myiasis, where a collie pup was found to have hundreds of maggots in the dense hairs along the spine from the neck to the scrotum, many of the maggots being imbedded in the skin. The species of fly responsible for these infestations is commonly not ascertained. Simulium molestum is reported by Packard, according to Os- born (1896), as attacking the Newfoundland dogs of Labrador and driving them to take to the river for protection. ¢ Simulium pecuarum is recorded in reports of the U. 8. Depart- ment of Agriculture, according to Osborn (1896), as attacking dogs in the United States. Stomoxys calcitrans is reported by Hewitt (1917) as attack- ing dogs in Canada. Tabanus lineola and T.trijunctus are reported by Snyder (1917) as annoying dogs in southern Florida. There are numerous other biting flies that attack dogs on occa- sions, but the records are frequently indefinite and uncertain. BIBLIOGRAPHY BANKS, NATHAN. 1908. A revision of the Ixodoidea, or ticks, of the United States. U.S. Bu. Entom., Tech. ser., (15), June 6, 61 pp., 10 pls. BisHopp, F. C. 1917. Fleas and their control. U. 8. Farm Bull. (897), 15 pp., 5 figs. CoLE, Leon J., and Puiniip B. Haptey. 1910. Blackhead in turkeys: A study in avian coccidiosis. R. I. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. (141), pp. 137-271, 11 pls. DEFFKE, O. 1891. Die Entozoen des Hundes. Arch. f. wissensch. u. prakt. Thierh, Berl., v. 17 (1-2), pp. 1-60; (4-5), pp. 253-289, pls. 1-2, figs. 1-11. Dunn, L. H. 1918. Studies on the screw worm fly, Chrysomyia macellaria Fabricius, in Panama. J. Parasitol., v. 4 (3), March, pp. 111-121. FisH, P. A. 1910. A fly-blown and distempered dog. Rept. N. Y. St. Vet. Coll. for yr. 1908-1909, pp. 48-49. GEDOELST, L, 1911. Synopsis de parasitologie de l’homme et des animaux domestiques. Lierre et Bruxelles. xx+332 pp., 327 figs. GRASSI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA and SALVATORE CALANDRUCCIO. 1888. Ueber einen Echinorhynchus, welcher auch in Menschen parasitirt und dessen Zwischen- wirth ein Blaps ist. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., J ena, 2. J., Vv. 3 (17), pp. 521-525, figs. 1-7. 500 MAURICE C. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR HA, Maurice C. 1917. Parasites of the dog in Michigan. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., v. 4 (3), June, pp. 383-396. 1917. Notes in regard to horse lice, Trichodectes and Haematopinus. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., v. 4 (4), July, pp. 494-504. 1917. Notes in regard to bots, Gastrophilus spp. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., v. 5 (2), Nov., pp. 177-184. HAuL, Maurice C., and Meyer Wiepor. 1918. Canine coccidiosis, with a note regarding other protozoan parasites from the dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., v. 6 (1), Apr., pp. 64-76, 1 fig. 1918. of the fur is lost. The coat becomes ruffled and has an unthrifty appearance. The animal ‘‘rounds itself up’’ and stands in a cor- ner of the cage with half-closed eyes for intervals of time. A sight lacrymation is observed. The animal would perform masti- catory actions, it would go to its food, take up a few kernels of maize, throw away half of the masticated amount and then it would drink with apparent thirst. In the feeding experiments, a majority of the pigs developed a submaxillary abscess which in some cases broke through the skin. Caseated pus could then be squeezed out. The cervical lymph glands become swollen and some undergo caseation. The animal sometimes elicits a cough and frequently a spasmodic trembling of the body has been observed. It soon loses its appetite, runs down in condition rapidly and becomes emaciated. The eyes are then sunken, the protuberances of the back and pelvis become salient, the animal when taken in the hand feels light and the bones of the skeleton can be easily traced with the fingers. AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS 515 The two appended cases illustrate the clinical picture of the _ disease. Case 17. Marxkines. Male, adult, white pig. Jan. 15th, 1918. About 5 mils of a 24 hours’ bouillon culture of the organism were mixed with the food and left in the cage so - that the animal had free access to it. Jan. 18th. A swelling the size of a hazel nut was noticed in the submaxillary region. The pig is dull and has a ruffled coat. It stands in a corner of the cage with half-closed eyes. Slight amount of lacrymation is observed. Every now and then it would mop its mouth with its two front feet. Jan. 21st. Animal is very dull; ‘‘rounded up’’ in a corner of the cage. A small ulcer covered with dried pus is present at the left commissure of the lips. The submaxillary swelling is still hard. The respiration is labored and the temperature is 100.2° F. The leucocyte count is 44,000 per c. mm. Differential count revealed 34% of polymorphonuclears and 41.9% of lymphocytes. Jan. 22nd. The animal is dull, with half-closed sunken eyes. It is losing flesh rapidly, has ruffled coat, would not eat and has a difficult respiration. The pellets of feces are hard and dry. Jan. 23rd. It les down flat on the abdomen practically all the time. A strong audible rattling sound is heard from its diffi- cult respiration. Very weak. Is unable to stand up and when forced to move it slowly raises itself up, trembles in the act and walks for only a short distance with a wabbling motion. The thorax is ‘‘rounded’’. Jan. 30th. Found dead and lying on its abdomen. Autopsy. Typical nodules were present in the lungs, liver and spleen. Case 19. Marxines. White and tan, adult pig. Jan. 15th, 1918. About 4 mils of a 24 hours’ bouillon eulture of the organism were mixed with the food, and left in the cage. Jan. 16th. Ruffled coat; ‘‘rounds itself up’’ in a corner of the cage. Jan. 22nd. Weak; dull; eyes are sunken and half closed. Stands isolated in a corner. The voice is weak and harsh; the respiration is difficult; shakes the body every now and then; emaciated. The leucocyte count is 35,000 per ec. mm. Differential count shows 57% polymorphonuclears and 36% es iste Lies down on its abdomen most of the time. 516 A. K. GOMEZ Jan. 23rd. Found dead and lying on its abdomen. Autopsy. Typical nodules were found in the lungs, liver and spleen. In the course of the experiments, it was found that the leuco- cytes were increased to an average of 41,000 per c. mm. The red count was not materially increased. Differential counts revealed an average increase to 45% for the polymorphonuclears and to 43% for the lymphocytes. The temperature rises to 102° -F. at the height of the disease and falls to 95° F’. just before death occurs. The average duration of the disease in feeding experiments is 10 days. Morpi ANATOMY. The characteristic lesions consist of minute pearl-like nodules ranging from a pin-point to a large pin-head. Some may be conglomerate while others may be confluent, forming a large necrotic area, encapsulated by connective tissue. These nodules appear very similar to those of tuberculosis often produced in guinea pigs for diagnostic purposes. These characteristic nod- ules are found in the lungs, liver, and spleen. In one case (No. 11) the pancreas presented similar nodules grouped like clusters of grapes throughout the organ. Lunes. Multiple pearl-like nodules may be present in all the lobes. The majority of these nodules are raised while some appear only as white minute spots on the surface. They are not easily crushed with the knife, being quite resistant to pressure. On sec- tion through one of them, it is found to contain a yellowish-white, semi-dry pus. Calcification is never present. Several of these nod- ules may be fused to form a large necrotic area having a diameter of 5 mm. or more. In ease No. 15, the whole mediastinal lobe be- came necrotic and a large white necrotic area of about 2 em. in diameter was present in the right diaphragmatic lobe. The bron- chial lymph glands are often enlarged and some are transformed into encapsulated abscesses containing semi-dry, thick, yellowish- white pus. Microscopically, these nodules show a deeply stained necrotic center which is surrounded by a zone of leucocytes undergoing different stages of necrobiosis. Many large endothelial cells are also present which, with the leucocytes, fill up the lumina of the neighboring alveoli. A zone of connective tissue separates this necrotic area from the adjacent apparently healthy tissue. Many such areas may be confluent, forming a large one. In this instance, - AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS 517 the zone of connective tissue is not very distinct. The microscopi- . cal picture is very much like that of a miliary tubercle with the exception that giant cells are not observed. Calcification is not present. The neighboring blood vessels are distended with blood. Their walls are thickened and a zone of emigrating leucocytes is observed around them. In some cases in which a severe infection was produced, a fibrinous exudate was found in the thoracic cavity; the pleura was reddened and nodules 2 mm. in diameter were observed attached to the thoracic wall. Liver. This organ is enlarged to twice its normal size and presents multiple pearl-like nodules the size of a pin-point to that of a large pin-head. In some eases a fibrino-purulent exudate is present in the peritoneal cavity, causing the liver, stomach, spleen and the anterior coils of the intestines to become adherent to each other. The color of the liver is dark-brown and its edges are thick. On section, the lobules are indistinct and the surface of the incision is covered with blood. The cut surfaces are convex. Histological sections through these nodules show them to consist of a necrotic center in which the cells have disappeared, the area being deeply stained throughout. Surrounding this necrotic center is a relatively wide zone of leucocytes, the ones toward the center undergoing necrobiosis. Some of the young endothelial cells show vesicular nuclei. Surrounding the zone of leucocytes is a zone of connective tissue, forming a distinct capsule. Giant cells are not present and calcification was not noticed. The surrounding liver cells show distinct cell-wall, granular cytoplasm and evidences of fatty degen- eration. The central veins are engorged with blood and show a surrounding zone of emigrating leucocytes. SPLEEN. This organ is swollen and is of a dark-brown color. The edges are rounded and on section the pulp can be easily scraped off with the knife.. On its surface, it presents multiple pearl-like nodules varying in size from that of a pin-point to that of a large pin-head. Some are raised while others, especially the small ones, are not. On section they are seen to contain caseated pus. Some of the nodules are conglomerate while others are confluent. Micro- scopically, they show the same picture as that described for those of the liver. PaNncrEAS. Only in ease No. 11 in which the infection was yery severe, were numerous nodules present, 518 ( A. K. GOMEZ Heart. The epicardial blood vessels are injected, otherwise no morbid changes are discernible. ‘Kipneys. These are reddened and swollen; the renal capsule peels off easily. On section the cortex is lighter in color than the medulla. The incision is bloody, the blood vessels are prominent and the cut surfaces are convex. ADRENALS. These are yellowish in color; are enlarged to twice their normal size and on section the cortex is light yellow while the medulla is brown. The cut surfaces are convex. : BRAIN AND MENINGES. The blood vessels of the meninges. show arborization. The brain shows no discernible morbid changes. Kpicrisis. The disease is easily reproduced by feeding ecul- tures of the organism with the food. In one experiment, Case No. 13*, a culture of the organism was rubbed on the nose and the dis- ease was not produced. Others at the same time were fed with the material from the same culture and they all died showing typical lesions. This seems to show that the most effective channel of in- fection is by means of the food. A submaxillary abscess frequently develops as a result of the organisms being filtered into this gland. The gland undergoes inflammatory reaction by the irritation sub- sequently set up by the organisms; the lymphoid cells are destroyed by the toxin produced; leucocytie infiltration oceurs and the ab- © scess may break through the skin or become encapsulated. The organisms may also be carried through the lymph channels into the succeeding cervical glands which subsequently become swollen. From here they may be carried into the thoracic duct from which they gain entrance into the circulation. They are then cireulated throughout the body. They finally localize in the minute ecapillar-— ies of the lungs, liver, and spleen. The neighboring cells undergo necrobiosis and the product of the degenerative changes act as an irritant which brings about an inflammatory reaction. The sur- rounding blood vessels become engorged with blood; the leucocytes marginate, after blood stasis has taken place; they pass through the blood vessel wall and invade the necrotic area in immense num- bers. They are subsequently destroyed by the toxins produced and the necrotic area enlarges. Soon the endothelial cells of the blood vessels proliferate and give rise to the large phagocytie cells with vesicular nuclei often seen in histological sections. The sur- *See appended tables, AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS 519 rounding connective tissue also proliferates and forms a capsule around this necrotic spot, forming the characteristic nodules seen in the gross specimens. The functions of the lungs, liver, and spleen are greatly impaired. The nutrition becomes very poor, the animal becomes weak and dies of inanition. The organisms when taken in large numbers may survive the action of the digestive juices. They then may pass through the mucous membrane of the intestines and gain access into the lac- teals from where they may either be taken into the mesenteric glands or directly into the blood stream. Once in the circulation they are then distributed throughout the body and finally localize in the lungs, liver, and spleen. : TREATMENT. Thorough disinfection of the premises should - be immediately instituted. Proper disposal of the dead and the killing of the affected are indicated. The ease with which the or- ganism is killed by disinfectants and the institution of proper sani- tary measures should promptly control any great loss to the breeder. ‘ Concuusions. 1. A new infectious disease of guinea pigs the lesions of which are very similar to those of tuberculosis has been described. 2. The causative agent of this disease is given the proposed name of Bacterium pickenst. | ACKNOWLEDGMENT. Acknowledgment and thanks are due Dr. Pickens for his invaluable help and suggestions and also for the culture of the organism. To Dr. V. A. Moore my gratitude is also expressed for his wise advice and the use of the laboratory. REFERENCES Kroeber, M. A. 1917.. Guinea Pigs for Profit. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., 2, ; pp. 381-382. - Tyzzer, E. E. 1917, A Fatal Disease of the Japanese Waltzing Mouse Caused by a Spore-bearing Bacillus. HouMAN, W. L. 1916. Spontaneous Infection in the Guinea Pig. Jour. of Med. Research, N. 8. 30, pp. 151-182. BoxMEyeER, CHAS. H. 1907. Epizootic Lymphadenitis. A New Disease of Guinea Pigs. Jour. Infect. Dis., 4, pp. 657-664. GiILRUTH, J. A. 1903. Pseudo-tubereulosis in Sheep. New Zealand Dept. Agri. Bul. No. 1. ee Pseudo-tuberculosis in Sheep. Jour. Comp. Path. and Therap., 10, p- m_ te GeLsTON, 8. M. 1901. The Study of an Epidemic Among Guinea Pigs. Rep. Mich. Academy Sc., Abt., pp. 86-87. NorGaarp and MOHLER. 1899. The Nature, Cause and Economie Importance peta Caseous Lymphadenitis, B. A. I. 10th Annual Report, pp- 520 A. K. GOMEZ Figure I. Photomicrograph of a nodule in the spleen. This lesion is typical of those observed in this as well as the other organs. The necrotic centre and the contiguous zone of round cells may be distinguished. The reac- tionary zone is not well marked here, Mag. 55 diam, Fig. II. Photomicrograph of the causative agent of this disease, Bact. pickensi. The preparation was made from a 24-hour bouillon culture of the organism and was stained with a 1 to 10 aqueous dilution of carbo] fuchsin, slightly decolorized with 95% alcohol. 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Certain sections in the northwest have for years been seriously hampered in their efforts at livestock production by the fact that a large percentage of the new-born domestic animals every year were goitered and otherwise so defective that they died. Pigs were hairless, showed extreme myxedema, and were born dead or Fic. 1. Hairless Pig (Berkshire) (Bull. 119, Agl. Exp. Sta., Bozeman, Mont.) died in a few hours. Lambs and calves were similarly affected, though to a less degree. Foals, while seldom hairless, were weak, unable to stand, and soon died. It was not recognized that all these losses were due to the same cause until investigation at about the same time, by the Washington Experiment Station at Pullman and the Montana Station at Bozeman, showed that goiter and its allied conditions were responsible for the trouble. Since we could easily demonstrate a deficiency of iodine in the defective young, we began feeding iodine to the pregnant fe- males as an attempt at correcting the condition. We attempted to demonstrate a shortage of iodine in the agricultural products of 524 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS the affected areas, but failed to-do so. Nevertheless, the iodine feeding was a huge success from the first. Our first experimental feeding was with sows and ewes, and the results, with less than a thousand females fed iodine, were so striking that we published a bulletin in the fall of 1917. At the same time we inaugurated a campaign for a wider use of iodine in the affected areas, and by midwinter we distributed iodine to about 1600 sows, 1200 ewes, and a hundred mares and cows. These were located in Washington, Montana, North and South Dakota, Wyoming, and Canada, and were all on ranches where had occurred goiter for several years previous. The iodine was administered as potassium iodide in widely differing doses. Fic. 2. Typical litter of hairless pigs (Bull. 119, Agl. Exp. Sta., Bozeman, Mont.) Some animals were fed 2 grains daily, some 1, and some 4% grain daily. Some received 2 grains twice a week, some 2 grains once a week. The females fed have all produced vigorous, normal young, and in no case has any tendency toward goiter been observed. There were no check experiments run, aS we were reasonably cer- tain of results, and the present great need for livestock production was greater than the need for additional proof of the efficacy of the iodine. Though beyond a doubt a small amount of iodine will prevent the occurrence of goiter in the new-born, the cause of the trouble is still hazy. In Montana we have two distinct types of the malady ; one in definite districts which we eall ‘‘affected areas’’, where hair- less pigs and goitered lambs and calves occur every year; and the CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 525 other, or sporadic type, which occurs irregularly here and there, and is without doubt due to a poorly balanced ration. . Dr. E. B. Hart, in the February number of the Journal of Biological Chemistry, throws light on this phase of the trouble. He has produced the identical condition in pigs by feeding a ration with a high protein content, with insufficient roughage. Curiously enough, iodine fed to a sow on this ration served to produce normal pigs, which apparently indicates that this type of ration in some Fie. 3. New-born Lamb showing goiter and very little wool (Bull. 119, Agl. Exp. Sta., Bozeman, Mont.) manner interferes with thyroid metabolism and proper iodine as- similation. But a faulty system of feeding cannot be the cause in the so- called affected areas. It is inconceivable that in an area like the Yellowstone Valley, about 400 miles long and from 5 to 50 miles wide, the ranchers every year should so mismanage their feeding that nearly one-half of the new-born animals would be defective. More than that, several feeding experiments in this valley, using carefully balanced rations, failed to correct the trouble. Further investigation will be necessary to definitely establish the cause of the endemie goiters. 526 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS Meanwhile, the method of control should be developed. With- out doubt we have been feeding more iodine than was necessary. The cost of the treatment we estimated at about 50 cents per head, feeding 2 grains of potassium iodide daily for 90 to 100 days. This included a sugar of milk vehicle, 1 dram daily, and packing and mailing to the stockman. This cost can doubtless be much re- duced, though the present figure seems low enough when compared with the results obtained. We do not know what the lowest advisa- ble dose of iodine may be, though we have shown that anything over two grains daily is wasted. We have proved that the iodine must be supplied to the female during the early part of the gestation period, for in several instances even large doses of iodine failed to produce results when fed for the last 25 to 30 days of the period. We believe that potassium iodide, with some sort of dry diluent, is;* the most satisfactory way to feed iodine. A solution of the iodige? : was. the most obvious method, but breakage of bottles in transit,” hy freezing, ete., made it inadvisable to use this method. It may be possible to find a cheaper iodine bearing feed than the rather — expensive potassium iodide, or better yet, a system of feeding, even in the affected areas, that will render unnecessary the use of iodine in any form. LAMENESS J. E. NANcE, Stillwater, Okla. Some months ago, a brown mare weighing about 900 pounds was brought to the veterinary hospital of the Agricultural and Mechanical College at Stillwater. The owner stated that this ani- mal had been found lame in the right hind leg one morning and he had supposed that she had been kicked by a mule, but no swelling or injured place was noticed by him. No positive diagnosis was made at the time the mare was brought. Being very lame and the case a chronic one (at least of two years’ standing) the owner was advised that treatment was use- less. He consented to leave the animal to be used as a dissecting subject. The writer first saw this case in August of last year. At that time the following symptoms were noted: no swelling or external CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 527 lesion visible. No difficulty in extending the leg but marked lame- ness when weight was thrown on that limb. At times the leg was carried and when standing was always rested. Some adduction. Ficure II Femur from Fig. 1 No noticeable soreness on palpation but when the leg was flexed, as in the spavin test, pain was evidenced. Some atrophy of the glu- 528 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS teal and crural muscles. Mare in very good flesh. This subject was destroyed about January first of this year and used as a dis- secting subject. On examination of the right stifle joint after cutting away the tissues, a diseased condition of the lateral condyle of the femur was found to exist. With the exception of the inferior surface of this structure, the affected bone had a spongy, rough, uneven ap- pearance and was studded in places with small exostoses. The striking features of this case, to me, were the marked lameness shown, and the absence of any lesions or symptoms upon which a positive diagnosis could be made-ante mortem. _——— PERVERSE DIGESTION IN YOUNG RUMINANTS* GrEoRGE B. JONES, Sidell, Hl. The incentive by which we were prompted in the attempt to write a paper on this subject was the lack of any knowledge except that obtained by our own observations, but we hope by bringing the subject before this association to get the opinion and the expe- riences of those present and from this information form a nucleus for further investigations. In searching veterinary literature from Genesis to Revelations we have as yet been unable to find a word of enlightenment on the subject, therefore, what we shall attempt to say will be mainly a record of our personal observations. The title of this subject may be a misnomer, but it was given because of the lack of knowledge for a better name,. but we hope to be able to describe the ailment so that you then can give it any name that may suit your individual idea. This trouble is observed in young calyes and lambs ranging in ages from three to twelve weeks, or at the time these young animals cease to depend wholly upon a milk diet but are beginning to par- take of a solid diet such as grass, hay, straw, ete. , The time the trouble may oceur depends upon the opportuni- ties these animals may have had for obtaining solid food. Some calves are restrained in a dry lot with nothing but a milk diet until they are two or three months of age, while others may have access *Read at the Ohio Valley Veterinary Medical Association, Terre Haute, Ind., Feb. 26, 1918. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 529 to all kinds of food from birth. As a result of these different en- vironments we can attribute the great range of time or age at which this trouble may occur. | It might be further stated that the tender green grass is not so liable to bring about the trouble as matured grass, hay or straw. My observations have been that over-ripened blue-grass tops is a very potent factor in producing the trouble and more especially in lambs. In calves that are confined for the first few weeks in dry lots, with only a liquid diet, and are afterwards turned out to pasture it seems that most any kind of forage will produce the trouble. In one instance we recall where five calves had been confined in a dry lot for six weeks then turned to grass and shortly afterwards all became afflicted, although not all on the same day. As a general rule in calves we see this ailment only in solitary cases while in lambs we may find several afflicted at the same time. This difference no doubt can be accounted for by the greater num- ber of lambs of the same age compared to the number of calves of one age. It might also be stated that more of this trouble is seen in dry seasons, and this, no doubt, is caused by the tough and woody con- dition of the grass. : While there are only a small percentage of the. calves born during the winter months, a greater percentage of them become afflicted than those born during the spring and summer months. | In the breeding districts this trouble is far more prevalent than is supposed, but on account of it not being contagious and there usually being only an isolated case now and then the average _ farmer takes but little cognizance of the trouble. We have never tried to get exact data on the cases but it is my belief that at least five per cent of the calf crop become afflicted, and without treatment nearly all afflicted ones die. In order to get a better understanding of the cause of this trouble we will consider a few theoretical ideas, on digestion and rumination. Physiologically speaking the rumen is very small and poorly developed in the young animal while living wholly upon a liquid diet; in fact, it might be said that the rumen is dormant and inconsequential as far as the welfare of the animal is concerned for the first few days of its life. If true, as claimed, that there are no alkaline secretions while 530 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS the young animal is living on a milk diet, these alkaline glands are also dormant until the animal begins to partake of solid food. The act of rumination is wholly unknown while the animal is living only on a liquid diet, and in no wise aids digestion. When the time comes and the animal is permitted to partake of solid food three radical changes are brought about. First, the small and inactive rumen must expand and begin its peristaltic action; second, the dormant alkaline glands must begin secreting their juices in order to assist the digestion of these new solid foods; third, the act of regurgitation and remasticating of these solid foods must begin. These three things are all now of vital importance to the well being of the young animal, and if any one of them should fail in its function a derangement of digestion would follow. That we have a derangement of some of these functions is cer- tain and as a result we have grassy or woody concretions resembling hair balls in the stomachs and bowels. ‘These concretions are not egagropiles but balls formed from whatever solid foods the animal may have partaken. These balls may range in size from that of a small marble up to that of a hen’s egg. Symptoms. As stated before, the ailment is usually seen in the animal that is from three to twelve weeks of age. The animal is gaunt, weak, eyes staring, grinds its teeth, and is more or less delirious. These symptoms are usually preceded by constipation, although some cases may show a slight or profuse diarrhoea. As a typical case we will consider one where the calf is nurs- ing its mother each night and morning. He may nurse all right this morning, but tonight when he is turned to his mother he walks up to her, gives the udder two or three hunches, grinds his teeth, but refuses to nurse. Later he will muss around the udder as though unable to nurse, saliva may drip from his mouth, looks wild out of his eyes, staggers away from his mother, falls down appar- ently in a fit, gets up and walks or runs into the fence only to fall again, then have a few more fits when death closes the scene. In prolonged cases the animal may stand in a secluded corner and bellow as though it were actually starving. A very. peculiar thing, in the more severe and protracted’ cases that recover, is that they will absolutely refuse again to nurse the mother. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 531 In lambs we notice similar symptoms although they succumb more quickly than the calf. TREATMENT. Oil and stimulants given in small doses three or four times a day and continued until the bowels are thoroughly cleared. In severe cases it may require this treatment for three or four days in order to obtain the desired effect. My experience has been that it is beneficial to follow up with a few doses of lime water during convalescence. _ In those cases where recovery is slow the calf should be given a quart of fresh milk three times a day as a drench because they sometimes die of sheer starvation on account of the deranged brain being slow to return to a normal condition. AMAUROSIS AND AMBLYOPIA IN DOG AND CAT Oscar ScHRECK, New Haven, Conn. There is so little written in our veterinary journals or text - books, about this very important, but fairly uncommon, ailment, that it prompts me to report my success with the treatment of the disease. By amaurosis we understand blindness, occurring without apparent lesion of the eye, and its inability is dependent upon certain material changes. After considerable study and ob- servation I have come to believe the condition, seen in the dog and cat is more of an atony or paresis of the optic nerve. Keeping this in mind the following treatment was given in five cases with the best results, but I wish to impress upon the minds of those who have a case of this kind not to expect to work wonders over night, as it generally takes a few weeks of treatment, and I believe this treat- _ ment will cure nearly all curable cases. It has proved in my hands the most satisfactory prescription in the above disease. The dose may seem large to some, but I claim we must give large doses in this disease to get results, and results are what count. The two prescriptions given below were given to a full grown English set- ter, in smaller animals you must reduce the dose to suit the animal in hand, and watch the action of your drugs. I always begin my treatment by freeing the bowels well at the start with the following: Henin Podonis. 5.6 ose cc ce sk yee Grains X Alin OCG, cis is as isi inked. Grains X i co bo ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE Tpecie POwd a Grains V Fel Bovis Insp... sy esi ee a Grains L Misce. et. Fiat. Capsules No. X Sig. One capsule T. I. D. after feeding After the bowels have acted good and strong the following is used : RK Strychnine Sulph. AviIG Arsenogl, AGO. 2.5. ye Grain SS Het SUMDU 6 es oa ek ee Grains XXX POMPE BUDCALDONSUS. 6 ici ck ks Grains L Quinine Valeriate ASHBTOUGS. BRO rs oie ee) dr. 4 Misce. et. Fiat. Caps. No. XXIV Sig. One Capsule T. I. D. The food should be nutritious, generous, and easy of digestion, as constipation often depends on the first stage of digestion being imperfect. becca ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE SWINE PLAGUE IN Man. M. Thomsen. Abstracted from ‘‘Hos- pitalstidende’’, Copenhagen, February 13, 1918. Copied from The Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume 70, No. 17, April 27, 1918.—Thomsen has encountered three cases of a lesion on the hand, resembling erysipelas, with lymphangitis running up the arm, nausea and fever. The first patient was a veterinarian and the diagnosis of swine plague was followed by injection of 10 ¢.c. of the antiserum. In less than an hour the malaise had subsided and in four days recoy- ery was complete except for a little stiffness in the arm. The man had been giving the antiserum to a sick hog four days before his own sickness. . The farmer’s wife who had helped to hold the hog during the injection got some blood on her hand and a small lesion developed. After failure of other measures, an injection of 10 ¢.c. of the anti- serum cured the lesion in three days. In another family a hog taken suddenly sick was slaughtered, and the farmer’s wife developed the same clinical picture as in the first two cases. It dragged along untreated for two months and — ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 533 then subsided. One meal was made from the pork but all eating it were taken with severe diarrhea and the rest of the carcass was buried. M. J. HARKINS. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE VIRULENCE OF CERTAIN Bopy OrGANS IN RinpERPEstT. William Hutchins Boynton. The Philip- pine Agricultural Review. Volume X, No. 4.—The tissues used in the experimental work were liver, spleen, lymph glands, heart, in- testines, thymus, skeletal muscle, larynx, pharynx and back of tongue. They came from animals dead from rinderpest either hav- ing been bled to death for virulent blood or having died in the regular course of the disease. The tissues were extracted with a 0.5%, 0.75%, 1% and 2% phenol solution. The extraction was made under sterile conditions. The animals into which the extracts were injected: to test their virulence were chosen for their high degree of susceptibility. They were closely watched in order to be sure that the disease did not develop from any source other than the injection of the extracted material. The extracts worked as readily on animals outside of the lab- oratory as they did in the author’s research work. It is most ad- visable to use a 0.75% phenol extract not over 15 days old. From the results obtained in working with rinderpest the author suggests that similar or even better results may be obtained with the virus of hog cholera along similar lines. The liver, spleen, lymph glands, heart, fourth stomach, cecum and colon were found to be the organs best adapted to the work. HAYDEN. Peano 2 | GLANDERS IN Fevines. M. Carpano. Abstracted from ‘‘An- nali d’Igiene’’, Rome. Copied from The Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume 70, No. 17, April 27, 1918—Carpano found signs of acute glanders in the lungs of a tiger dying in cap- tivity at Rome, and others have reported similar findings in lions and cats. The zoological gardens at Rome recently had an epizootic of acute glanders among the lions and tigers but the other animals escaped. Twelve of the large felines were affected and a number died. Cats inoculated from them developed the same set of symp- toms in from three to five days, while other cats infected naturally from these cats showed an incubation period of six or seven days. The temperature, however, ran up the end of the fourth day. M. J. Harkins. 534 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE Axportion DisHAse In Carris. L. Van Es. Circular 18, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.—Abortion due to dis- ease of the uterine mucous membrane and of the fetal mem- branes is much more common than other forms. The organism is found in the udder, vaginal discharges and in the infected uterus from which abortion has taken place. Animals may be infected through the genital organs, the digestive tract, and by means of the infective material carried by unclean attend- ants. The infected cow as well as the bull may serve as carriers of the disease. There is a possibility of reinfection. A calf that sur- vives when born of an infected dam may be a carrier of the dis- ease. The lesions produced by abortion infection are quite con- stant and aid greatly in the diagnosis of the disease. A certain degree of immunity is developed. The symptoms of an approach- ing abortion are very much like those of normal parturition. The complement fixation and agglutination tests are used to determine the disease. There is no notable degree of mortality in aborting animals. There is often a serious loss in production. There are no remedies that can be depended upon to eradicate the infection from the body. Isolation, comfortable quarters, removal of the afterbirth if necessary, and thorough disinfection of the parts are attentions that should be given the aborting animal. A frequent cleansing and disinfection of animals and premises will help to keep down the disease. HAYDEN. Seemann si THE CULTURE OF THE PARASITE OF Epizootic LYMPHANGITIS AND THE EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF THE DISEASE IN THE HORSE IN FrANcE. Boquet, A., and Negre, L. Comptes rendus des Sé- ances de l’Academie des Sciences, Year CLXVI, No. 7, pp. 308- 311. (Abstract in Internat. Rev. Scr. and Pract. of Agriculture, April, 1918.) —Epizootic lymphangitis, ‘‘ African farcy’’, is caused by a specific parasite discovered by Rivolta and placed by him in the Blastomyces—cryptococcus farciniosus. In spite of the re- searches of Tokishige, Marcone and Sanfelice the nature of the parasite was still doubted as, of late, certain authors considered it to be a protozoon. The authors have shown, by their researches, te. nature of Rivolta’s eryptococcus by the growth of the parasite as mycelium in cultures which could be propagated and by the experimental production of the disease by inoculating these cultures into the ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 535 horse. The experiments are fully described. Further work on vaccination and bacteriotherapy by means of heated cultures is in progress. : > WISH, a a A Nore on JHoouine In CAmets. H. E. Cross. Bulletin No. 72,1917. Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, India.—Jhooling is a contagious disease of camels. It is manifested by the formation of local tumors which are hot and painful and terminate in sup- puration and raw patches. The cause is probably a fungus. In the main it is a cold weather disease. Lesions occur as a rule on the neck, hindquarters or testicle. Several lesions appear and the camel loses condition. As the wounds heal small white patches per- sist for several months. In the treatment of the lesions a red iodide of mereury blister left on for three days is recommended. This is washed off with soap and water and then the diseased area is ex- cised. Three dressings of permanganate of potash, well rubbed in, are applied at intervals of four days. Prevention is brought about by the isolation of the diseased camels. HAYDEN. See eee PYOTHERAPY IN Epizootic LYMPHANGITIS: RESEARCHES IN Irauy. Lanfranchi, A., and Bardelli, P. Jl Moderno Zoouatro, Series V, Year VI, No. 12, pp. 261-275. (Abstract in Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. of Agriculture, March, 1918.)—After sum- marizing the work carried out by Mangan, Belin and Velu on pyo- therapy, the authors give a detailed description of their treatment of epizootic lymphangitis by means of pyotherapy, which has given completely negative results. ‘‘In all the animals treated, whether the lesions were slight, of moderate severity, or severe, the two se- _Yies of six injections (each of 2 ¢.c. of pyovaccine) with an interval of eight days, caused no diminution of the progress of the disease,’’ even with subjects used as controls, during the experiment, it was found that the injections of pyovaccine ‘‘have accelerated and ag- gravated the disease’’. Therefore, according to the authors, at the present state of our knowledge, autotherapy and pyotherapy are not methods of treatment the use of which could be advised in epizootic lymphangitis. 3 FisH. —Dr. J. H. Bux has been transferred from Topeka, Kans., to Little Rock, Ark, ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE TRANSPORT SERVICE* (The Innocent Abroad) D. A. McAUSLIN, Brooklyn, N. Y. Of all the component parts of the armies in this, the greatest of wars, no part is, to my mind, so absolutely innocent of having in any way played a part in bringing it about; none so essential in anything other than the actual fighting; none which has had so little voice as to whether he goes or stays and none so willing in the performance of his work, no matter how hazardous, as that of our equine friends, the army horse and’ mule. They are called upon to do the work when power machines fail, and it is due to the fact that they perform this work so creditably that they are retained in the face of all statistics compiled by the alert efficiency expert and salesman. It is not this work that I wish to bring to your at- tention but the lack of appreciation shown them for performances done or to be done. In seven voyages to Italy I have often wondered if it would be possible to destroy some horses that have gone through the ministrations of some of the so-called ocean-going veterinarians. My first departure from New York was on the Italian Steam- ship Taormina—a large passenger-carrying ship before the war. The upper portions, reserved for horses, were fairly good, being the third-class. passenger sections, but the lower decks could have been greatly improved so far as ventilation and drainage were concerned.. The consignment consisted of 1076 horses and 150 mules, the latter rejects from former consignments. For four days previous to sailing these mules had been under my charge and treatment at the railway stockyards, and I was able to get a good line as to what was in store for me. They certainly were a sorry collection and were well styled ‘‘rejects’’; but as they were a source of expense it was decided that I should endeavor to make the best of things and they were placed in a well ventilated part of the ship before the horses came alongside. The horses were trans- ferred from the railway to the ship in the regulation double-decked cattle barge and loaded directly from its upper deck to the main deck of the ship and taken to the spaces allotted them in the holds, *Read at the December, 1917, Meeting of the Veterinary Medical Associa- tion of New York City. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE } 537 E; which on this vessel, numbered six, each three decks dows. They were led singly from the barge by the crew who were t¢ go over with them. They were given the halter-shank by the barge man and inasmuch as some of these men had never handled a horse be- fore, it took considerable watching to prevent their being injured. We were fortunate in not having anyone injured. About 40% of the horsemen came on board intoxicated. It has been my experi- ence since that it is these men who invariably make the best work- ers, as others, in a great many cases, are out for a joy ride, and when compelled to do their share have to be watched carefully or they would neglect to feed and water properly; while the ‘‘rum- my’’, when sobered up, will invariably attend to his charges with- out being told and in the majority of cases is willing to do little things outside of his duties, and he is more easily handled. Espec- ially is this true if you expend a little money on smoking tobacco and cigarette papers. In this way you can satisfy his desire for smoking which seems to be greatest, and curb the desire for alcohol by cutting off the tobacco. I have found that I only required to do . this once, and within three days they were willing to do anything for a sack of tobacco and papers. In reference to ailments, the first three shipments were as choice a collection of sick animals as could be found—pulmonary infections with their various sequelae, were the principal source of ‘rouble. With the limited space allowed (2 ft. 4 inches wide by 8 ft. long and a head-room at the most 8 ft. high, making a total air- space of 150 eu. ft. for each animal, with aisles 3 ft. wide and both rows of animals’ heads projecting into it), it was no easy matter to treat them. An ugly animal made matters worse. On leaving port I found it much to my advantage on Italian ships to get in touch at once with the commissary officer who had ‘charge of the food, and ascertain from him the food rations allowed by the ship. In the meanwhile the foreman, under instructions, arranged the men in messes of not more than six and gave each man a berth supplied with a straw mattress, blankets and a pillow, for which they. were held responsible. When this was finished, they lined up at the cook’s galley, and the ship’s commissary is- sued the mess gear to each man individually, and to two in each gang, selected by themselves, the large pans for their food, ete. These two men obtained the rations for the six in that mess, and in this way much confusion was avoided. Also, if the food was not 538 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE what was desired, or what it should be, one could check back very easily. Wine [ always issued myself with the assistance of the foreman, only on holidays and Sundays, and at night after feed- ing and watering. I found this little personal touch was very much appreciated. In reference to the feeding and watering of the stock I found that, if the animals were fed a fair ration of good quality hay— about 6 to 8 lbs. in the morning and 10 lbs. at night—I did not get the same number of cases of azoturia which are so troublesome to handle aboard ship. A bran mash was given every third day and a generous portion of salt mixed in, and twice a week a handful of salt was given each animal—the same being placed on the iron deck immediately in front of each stall. The day before arriving at Gibraltar, where we had to put in for inspection, as all ships are compelled to do, a count of all feed and hay was made and the animals got their first feed of oats in the ratio of bran four, oats one. This quantity of oats was in- creased each day for the next 3 days, when the bran was ex- hausted as per schedule, and the last two midday meals were usu- ally oats straight. In this way the animals usually went off in fine fettle. For sick horses which would not eat oats or other fodder, I carried a few sacks of corn-on-the-cob,; and as a great many of these horses were corn-fed before starting on their journey, I found it very helpful in restoring jaded appetites. : In reference to water, I was guided a great deal by the tem- perature of the holds, which was taken at midday, and in this way I could obtain a line of the requirements of the animals almost individually. In the winter months, or when the weather was cold, watering morning and night was sufficient, and they were not stinted in any way. If, however, the weather became warm, they were watered three times a day, and in the very hot weather four times a day—each horse, from an individaul round-bottomed bucket of galvanized iron suspended from the breast-board, which was also used for feeding the grain ration. It was the duty of the foreman and his assistants to take full charge of the feeding and watering. I always found the time to be on my rounds when this was being done, as in this way I was able to spot many an animal which was coming down with some ailment and be in a better posi- tion to combat it. It was the ventilation upon which I laid the most stress. On the 8, S. Taormina I utilized the thermo-tank system of ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 539 forced air wherever it was possible and 16 canvas ventilators or wind-sails. On the S. S. Stampalia, in addition to the thermo- tanks, 12 canvas ventilators, and on the Caserta I had to depend on the canvas ventilators only. It required constant vigilance and supervision to see that these were properly trimmed at each change of wind. In bad weather a man was stationed at each hold to watch the port-holes, which were open whenever possible. On these ships I was most ably supported in this work by the captains and their officers, who were untiring in their efforts to land as many animals as possible. They made things as easy for me as possible, and my association with these gentlemen will always be a source of pleasant recollection. The cleaning out of the manure is a much-discussed question. Personally I do not favor the daily cleaning of the stalls. First: if it is rough weather you have the animals deprived of footing, and as the racks are wet and slimp, they will go down and in many cases injure themselves most severely. This could be avoided if a fair and reasonable amount of droppings were allowed to remain underfoot, which would give a good secure foothold whether the animal be shod or not. Second: to clean the stalls you have to take the animals out and crowd them into a space already as full as possible consistent with safety. Some of the men or some of the animals are usually hurt, either by kicks or getting down. The only objection to not cleaning is the decomposition of the manure and the urine, with the resultant ammoniacal vapors. This I counteracted as much as possible by daily spraying with a good strong disinfectant solution which I had put in a portable tank and forced out by air pressure in the form of a jet instead of a _ Spray. In the form of a spray it would strike the legs of the animal already irritated by the splashing of the urine and produce nasty sores. This condition was obviated by the straight jet. The tank was placed in as competent hands as possible and the work was done at night, usually by one of the night watchmen. In reference to the treatment of sick animals, as has been noted before, it was usually impossible to move them once they were placed in the holds. It was my custom to make as close and careful an inspection of the animals as possible when they came off the barge, and have any sick animals placed on deck or some other well ventilated portion of the ship where they could be under better observation and were convenient to get at. I always included any 540 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE animal that lagged back upon the rope even if he showed no other symptom, as invariably these laggards were taken down with a serious trouble in a short time if not taken in hand at once. Taking temperatures was out of the question, the principal dependence being placed upon the pulse, respiration and mucous membranes of the eye. Wherever a sick animal was placed, the diagnosis was marked on the headboard in black crayon and in- structions to assistant and foreman were included from time to time. If animals were shifted in the cleaning of the stalls, great care had to be taken to see that the animals were returned to their proper stalls, for if changed great harm was apt to be done in that sick animals would be neglected. In such cases death is very often a result, and is another objection to daily cleaning. As far as treatment is concerned, supportive measures in my opinion are always indicated. In the pneumonia cases, phylacogens — were used with very excellent results. On one voyage a record — was kept of each case and it showed that out of 150 odd cases of pneumonia, the loss was but 8, and post mortem showed well-de- veloped cases of pleurisy with adhesions. It also showed extreme dilation of the heart which, in one instance, when put upon the scales, weighed 11 Ibs. 14 oz. The walls of the ventricles were ‘thickened out of all proportion and of a very inferior consistency. This condition was produced, in my opinion, in conjunction with other conditions present, by the injudicious use of strychnine, which seems to be the sovereign agent of those not competent to judge of its action. Purpura was quite prevalent, but of all the cases treated only one died, and that one lived less than 12 hours after being detected. The treatment consisted of ammonium chloride and potassium dichromate, in solution, internally and ap- plications of tinet. iodine externally applied with friction. When the symptoms showed signs of subsiding dilute chloride of iron solution was administered. This treatment was never changed; the results obtained, as noted, being in my opinion satisfactory. On the last three voyages considerable annoyance and hard work was caused by infectious stomatitis. I had been aware that it was ' quite prevalent at the yards, and had been fortunate in having only a few isolated cases. The three voyages referred to saw it well established on board—so much so that I was enabled to detect some of these cases by the odor. These cases which at one time numbered over 350, treated on one trip, were first treated by a ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 541 solution of potassium permanganate, alum and boric acid, but owing to the effect of the continued use of this mixture upon my hands and arms, I discontinued it for a solution of potassium chlorate and hot sea water. This I think gave me much better re- sults upon a very severe case and required more than four wash- ings of this. This was done by means of a force pump and an 8 ft. enema hose. The latter was passed into the mouth between the teeth and cheek as far back as the angle of the jaw and about 2 qts. . of the solution slowly pumped from a pail by an assistant. Very little trouble was experienced if done quietly. Care was taken that the animals affected did not drink or feed from any other than their own pails, and to this end the sides of the stall were slatted to prevent them reaching to either side. The only instance in which this infection caused real damage was when it attacked an animal suffering from some serious depleting disease, such as pneumonia, and prevented his eating; the animal being weakened _ by lack of nourishment. As a direct and sole cause of mortality I -never saw a case although a number were reported. Abortion was quite common, a half dozen or more occurring every voyage, but in every case still-born; although we had a num- ber that had almost reached maturity. To my mind, it is a crime against the shippers to ever put mares in advanced pregnancy aboard a horse transport, as invariably if there is heavy weather they will abort. It is running an unnecessary risk which could be easily avoided. Records have been shown me of deaths of mares after they had aborted. As far as surgery goes, very little could be done—owing to surroundings—outside of opening abscesses from strangles and on the buttocks. In reference to abscesses on the buttocks, this is caused by continued chafing on the end boards and is apt to prove very serious if not remedied. The animals, when unloaded in Italy, were taken in hand by soldiers at the land end of the gangway and loaded direct into box ears and taken inland to the various concentration and remount camps. . It was here that I first saw the treatment that suggested the title of this paper. These box cars are about a third the length of our box cars which carry from 21-22 horses or 24-26 mules, ac- cording to size; but they packed 11 horses or 14-15 mules. To get them to enter, moral suasion plays no part. Anything that will administer a blow is used, be it a piece of 2x4, a halter shank with 542 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE — bale wire to reinforce it, or a 5-ft. length of Italian locust, which, when dried, I have never seen broken no matter how much one hammers with it. The horses are led singly up to the door, the shank thrown over his neck and every one who can reach him safely starts to beat him into the car. If the car is empty or half full the first blow is enough, but when there are 9 or 10 horses in, of course they block the door-way, and it is the work of the animal to force his way in by shoving aside those already in. If he is not strong enough he is almost beaten into a pulp until he, in agony, will plunge into the car. If there are others already weakened by the voyage, they are apt to go down, and once down, in the crowded condition of the cars, I have never seen an animal get up and be worth anything after a 30 or 40 mile railroad ride. I trust that our government will not make this error in transporting these humble, willing, and, in the majority of cases, efficient co-workers, but give them a chance to stretch their stiffened legs, together with a night’s rest and pure air and water, before continuing their journey. However, there are times when animals do not submit meekly to brutal beatings. I witnessed the death of a soldier and a broken ~ leg of another by a horse of which I had warned a soldier, and my thanks was a blow from a locust stick across the horse’s nose. The horse, a big black ridgling, which had given us considerable trouble until we found that we could do much more by kindness than by any other means, instantly reared and lashed out with his front feet, which were shod, and struck his tormentor full in the chest which you could see collapse. The man fell unconscious to be re- moved to the hospital where, I was informed, he died later in the day, the majority of his ribs being broken. When other soldiers attempted to catch him the same horse stampeded over 200 already landed and broke a man’s leg with a kick for striking him with a stick while within reach of his hind legs. After a half-hour’s fu- tile work the animal was placed in a car by two horsemen from the ship in a few minutes. The mules are loaded in the same way with this exception, that instead of being led singly, they are herded in gangs of six and the soldiers, usually about 100 to 150, form a half circle with the ends resting-on the two sides of the car door. They gradually close in, and the beatings the stubborn animals received made me see red the first time I witnessed it. As in the black ridgling ease, there were mules that asserted themselves, and when they did, ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 543 things were lively. In one instance, I had a loop around the neck of a big brown mule of about 1200 lbs., which had been boss of his section all the way over and was in good physical trim. Sixteen soldiers tried to drag him into a car after he had burst things up several times. It was certainly a funny sight to see this mule, by a sudden plunge forward, catch the men off their balance and by a quick turn to one side every man was dragged off his feet. The officers in charge shouted to hold on and they obeyed orders and that mule, I think, took a malicious delight in picking the dirtiest and muddiest part of that corral where the overflow from the water- ing trough collected and dragging these men through it. Their uniforms were a sight. Of course the cattlemen offered their re- grets which the soldiers returned in kind; and I was more than glad that neither understood the other. I made it a hard and fast rule that under no consideration was a soldier to touch an animal while he was yet upon the ship. I think in this way many weak animals, which would have been killed by the brutal handling of the soldiers, were landed. However, I always made it a point to eall the attention of the officer in command to these animals, and after the first voyage they heeded my warnings. A number of times I was called upon to assist in the unloading of other ships; and it was on these that I made the acquaintance of the ocean-going Horse Doctor and the ocean Cowboy, one in particu- lar had as choice a collection of remedies as I have seen. I had to check up his drug.list and found a gallon of tincture aconite, a pint tinct. nux vomica, a pint tinct. gentian, 5 gals. linseed oil, 2 gals. white liniment P. D. & Co., half-gallon aqua ammonia, 1 gal. turpentine. I noted a number of animals go off with a weak strad- dling gait and with the sheath much swollen, and in one instance with the penis extended fully and marked discharge and great swelling of the glans. On asking the cause I was given a very wise wink and the answer: ‘‘I know de treek’’, and nothing more. Later inquiries revealed the fact that nearly all of these animals died from cystitis and kindred urinary troubles; and one day when this veterinarian’s assistant was badly in need of the price of a drink, I had revealed to me the secret of the ‘‘Treek’’. Nearly all of these animals were down; and as it would make a material differ- ence in his bonus, he had given each horse a grain of strychnine sulphate hypodermically, and filled a two-ounce dose syringe with equal parts of white liniment, aqua ammonia and turpentine, and 544 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE had injected it into the urethra. What with the injection and the agony caused by the ammonia and turpentine, the animal had managed to get to his feet, and if he showed signs of weakening, another grain of strychnine was given. This same man, by the way,” a Frenchman, has had mules whose hoofs have dropped off through neglect, in my opinion. I had charge of loading them and remarked at the time about the good condition of the animals; and when an- other veterinarian—this one a graduate—had the remainder of the consignment, 1180 odd, while the Frenchman had but 442, the losses were: for the graduate veterinarian, 5; for the French- man, 11, with the latter’s stock all on the main and upper decks, while the former was handling three decks down. In another instance, while assisting in the unloading of 490 horses, 14 were unable to come up the brow. I was sent for to see what should be done and found all of these animals suffering more or less from aconite poisoning, all the symptoms being present. Upon my asking what treatment had been given, I was told they had been given exhaustion mixture, the contents of which I found were equal parts of aconite, nitrous ether, belladonna and nux vomieca, the dose being one ounce, to be repeated in 15 minutes, and then a grain of strychnine hypodermically. It is needless to say that they received no more exhaustion mixture. The animals were placed under my care for a week, when they were turned over to the goy- ernment in fairly good shape. Again, a mule was reported as having gone crazy and had been destroyed as being too dangerous to keep on board, but fairly good information indicated a case of spasmodic colic. At any rate the veterinarian hit the animal with a hatchet, and as the animal dropped, ordered the carcass thrown overboard. When it came to the surface, lo! the animal supposed to be dead’ started to swim after the ship. When I was asked to make up a list ‘of drugs far a ship, of which the veterinarian in charge said, upon looking it over, he thought it would do but that it lacked whiskey. When asked how much, he replied: ‘‘5 gallons.’’ When asked what kind, he re- plied: ‘‘O! I like Green River.’’ When crossing either way I was always given the best accom- modations possible and always tried to be a gentleman. It was hard to have to associate with some of these men who did not know how to conduct themselves in any way except to drink excessive ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 545 quantities of wine. Those of us who desired to be judged by our actions suffered more or less by the comparison. It was not only to Italy that these men were put in charge of animals. I have witnessed the unloading of several shipments in Bordeaux. On one occasion a consignment of very fine Canadian medium-draft horses was landed. I never saw such a sight—proper drainage had not been maintained, and as the animals were all housed on deck, but arranged in two tiers with a wooden floor, the urine seepage had removed the better part of the hair from the back and sides and great sores had resulted, so that it would be weeks before these animals would be in a condition to work. It cannot be said that this condition would redound to the credit of the veterinarian. I do know that if given healthy horses and good feed one can be reasonably sure of landing a consignment that will be a credit to veterinary science, if one will only use properly trained men. An assistant I had with me for four voyages went as foreman under a veterinarian for the British, but-on sailing the veterinarian was removed for intoxication and another could not be obtained in time so my assistant was intrusted with the entire charge. By using stimulants and paying attention to ventilation, feed, watering, etc., he landed a complete cargo of 870 head, every one in good physical condition. He had no serious trouble as the - animals were shipped in good condition and the voyage short. In conclusion I would urge everyone present to use his influ- ence with anyone and everyone connected with the transport of horses—whether for war purposes now or peace pursuits after the war—to have competent men in charge of their cargoes; to pay them a respectable sum as a salary and award them a fair bonus _ ‘based upon results obtained. While it may cost a little more, it will be compensated for by the results obtained. It is only the just due of the animals over which they have been placed. These ani- mals are called upon to do the most hazardous work and constitute one of the great supply trunks which the British term the ‘‘Silent Service’’. They go where the mechanical transport cannot go. They are called upon to assist the same mechanical transport when it has gone beyond its depth: i. e., the made road; and I call your attention to the fact that this War of Wars is not being fought on macadamized roads. Wherever there is an advance these ani- mals are the sole source of supply for the immediate needs, for with- out their aid exhausted supplies could not be replenished in time 546 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE to be of any service. When this war is won (and win we must and will) we will find that after we have had all our say about Liberty Motors and Standardized Army Trucks, we will have to take our hats off to the Liberty Army Horse and Mule. —hLieut. J. E. Behney has been transferred from Kansas City, Mo., to Camp Hancock, Augusta, Ga. —Dr. Frederick Low, formerly of Hankinson, N. D., is now ries the Mobile Veterinary section at Camp Dodge, Ia. —Major Olaf Schwarzkopf, formerly at St. Louis, Mo., is now sta- tioned at Fort Snelling, Minn. —Major Wm. Lusk is now with the American Expeditionary Forees in France. —hLieut. H. K. Moore, formerly of Chicago, IIl., is stationed at Camp Logan, Houston, Texas. —Lieut. C. W. Likely, formerly at Camp Funston, is with the American Expeditionary Forces. —lLieut. W. H. Lynch of Portland, Me., is with the American Expeditionary Forces in France. —Lieut. H. C. Nichols, formerly of Chicago, is stationed at Camp MacArthur, Waco, Texas. . —Dr. A. F. Malcom, formerly of Kansas City, Mo., is stationed at the Auxiliary Depot, Camp McClellan, Anniston, Ala. —Dr. H. L. Shorten, formerly of Chicago, Ill., is now stationed at Camp Cody, Deming, N. M. —Captain A. G. Fraser is stationed at Camp Logan as Camp Veterinarian. . —hLieuts. Jean Underwood, V. R. C., Spencer K. Nelson, V. R. C., and Guy M. Parrish, V. R. C., of the 88th Division, at Camp Dodge, Iowa, have made applications for membership to the A. V. M. A. This makes a total of eighteen applications for membership to the A. V. M. A. received from Camp Dodge, Iowa. The veterinarians of that cantonment are a very progressive lot of young men. They have formed a Veterinary Medical Society which holds regular weekly meetings for the purpose of discussing scientific and professional subjects. ‘They have further shown their interest in the welfare and advancement of their chosen pro- fession by becoming members of its national association. May ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 547 many more emulate their spirit of cooperation and enthusiasm and step forward and assist in keeping the A. V. M. A. a strong, well or- ganized, efficient and progressive organization. —Ilst Lieut. Ralph A. Moye, V. C., N. A., has been relieved from duty with the 88th Division and made Camp Veterinarian at Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio. —l1st Lieut. Lawrence A. Mosher, V. C., N. A., has received his promotion to Captain, V. C., N. A. Captain Mosher has been transferred from Camp Dodge, Iowa, to Camp: Dix, Wrightstown, N. J., as Camp Veterinarian. —Lieut. Clifford C. Whitney, formerly of College Station, Texas, is now stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. —Dr. Bernard Johnson, formerly of Spokane, Wash., has been ealled to active duty in the Veterinary Reserve Corps and is now at Colville, Wash. —Lieut. F. A. Drown, formerly of Kellogg, Iowa, is now sta- tioned at Camp Greenleaf, Fort Ogelthorpe. —Lieut. Edward Lapple, formerly at Camp Mills, L. I., is with the American Expeditionary Forces. —Captain H. 8. Eakins has been transferred from Camp Kear- ney, Calif., to Camp Funston, Kansas. —Captain W. B. Maxson, formerly at Camp Lee, Va., is now with the American Expeditionary Forces in France. —The summer meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Asso- ciation will be held at Omaha, Neb., July 15, 16, 17. —Dr. M. F. Barnes has removed from Franklin to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. —Dr. H. V. Cardona has removed from New Orleans, La., to Mobile, Ala. —The marriage of Miss E. Mildred St. John, Ithaca, N. Y., and Dr. Fred W. Cruickshanks, Fernsdale, Calif., occurred June 8, at the home of the bride. Dr. Cruickshanks reports for service in the Reserve Officers Medical Corps July 1. —Dr. J. W. Joss has removed from Lincoln, Neb., to East St. Louis, Ill. | | —Dr. 0. C. Newgent has removed from Terre Haute, Ind., to Hume, Ill. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION ATTEND THE PHILADELPHIA MEETING To the Members of the A. V. M. A.: Undoubtedly you are already aware that the next meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association will be held at Phila- delphia from August 19th to August 23rd, inclusive. If you have attended any of the previous association meetings I am sure that you are convinced of the great benefits resulting to the profession as a whole as well as to the individual veterinarian — from such convocations of the members of the association. On the other hand, were you not so fortunate as to be able to attend on previous occasions, suffice it for me to refer you to anyone of those who did attend. . 3 | As we peruse the history of the veterinary profession in this ‘country, we are not a bit surprised to find that the American Vet- -erinary Medical Association has been the greatest factor in build- ing up the profession to its present lofty state, and still is the pillar upon which further advancement is relied upon. But how did the association accomplish its glorious work? How was it in a posi- tion to know the needs, opinions, suggestions and advice of the in- dividual members? ‘The answer to these questions is, by and through the annual meetings of the association. This fact cannot be too greatly emphasized. The existence alone of the association could afford but limited aid to the profession were it not for its yearly gatherings, at which, in addition to the demonstrations of points of special interest to the practitioner, the voices of the in- dividual members are heard, and suggestions and advice offered for the elevation of the profession and resulting betterment of the conditions of the individual members. Yes, the meetings have shaped the destinies of the veterinary profession in this country. — In these trying times, when history .is being written before our very eyes, when hundreds of thousands of our boys are engaged in the blood struggle on the other side, the veterinary profession has not been found wanting. Thousands of our veterinarians are serving with the colors here, and’ ‘‘over there’’. They do every- thing in their power to make the world, in the words of our presi- dent, a decent place to live in. For this and other reasons it is even more imperative for each and everyone of us to attend the next meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 549 Those that are across and many of those in the camps and other military establishments in this country will not be able to attend, owing to pressing duties devolved upon them. We must therefore fill their- places with those of us who ean spare their time for this purpose. We must show those of our members who are in the mili- tary service that we shall not permit the decline of the interest in the association during their absence. Therefore make it your duty to attend the next meeting of the A. V. M. A. at Philadelphia. Don’t let trifling matters stay in the way of this great duty on your part. The Committee on Arrangements promises the next meeting to be one of the most interesting we ever had. I am certain that you will not regret the little inconvenience you may have to undergo to be present at this meeting. L. Enos Day, Acting Secretary. THE A. V. M. A. MEETING, AUGUST 19 TO 23, 1918, AT PHILADELPHIA In this epochal year of 1918, Pennsylvania is to be accorded the coveted privilege of entertaining the 55th annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association. | In many respects this meeting will be the most important in the history of the association. In fact, the future welfare of the veterinary profession may be largely influenced by the spirit of cooperation and policies to be developed at the meeting. War has wrought changes with us as with every other line of work concerned with the best interests of our communities and the nation at large. Our profession has assumed an importance, and is being accorded such recognition that we are now occupying a more prominent position, not only in army matters, but also in the im- portant movements to conserve and increase the supply of food ani- mals and those used in transportation by the armies and commer- cial industries. | If we are to meet these increased obligations successfully, it is essential that we keep abreast of the changes that are occurring and be prepared with fullest information on subjects that are in- timately connected with our work. There is no better way of keeping in touch with the progres- sive changes that are being brought about by the leaders of our pro- 4 550 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS fession, than a great international meeting of thinkers and work- ers. At a meeting of this kind there are many valuable thoughts expressed and policies promulgated which will never reach the great body of general practitioners through any other source than by being in attendance and coming in personal contact with fellow workers who labor in environments that differ in many respects. At the Philadelphia meeting we will ‘have with us a number of men who are intimately and actively concerned: with matters that are of the utmost importance to the veterinary profession. There will also be in attendance, representatives from the great Allied . Nations, who have seen war and experienced war, they will tell us of the requirements demanded of our profession by war conditions. Although this meeting will be of serious importance it will not — be all work. Extensive plans are being made for entertaining the members and guests, particularly the ladies, with instructive and interesting sight seeing trips in and about the city. Philadelphia and its environments are rich in historical association with the founding, growth and developments of the United States. The great war has made it the center of industrial activity in the pro- duction of munitions and ships. A ride along the Delaware River with its banks lined for miles with great ship yards in which many hundreds of vessels are being constructed, will be a rare and inter- esting sight. The close proximity of Philadelphia to Atlantic City. and the Ocean, with excellent train service and beautiful roads, afford unusual opportunities for short outings. Taken in all, this approaching meeting in August bids fair to mark an epoch in the history of the A. V. M. A. from which future association events will be reckoned. W.'S. GIMpPEr. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS MICHIGAN-OHIO VETERINARY ASSOCIATION At a meeting of veterinarians from Monroe, Lenawee, Hills- dale, Jackson and Washtenaw Counties, Michigan, and Fulton County, Ohio, April 24th, the Michigan-Ohio Veterinary Associa- tion was organized. Dr. A. L. Tiffany of Monroe, Mich., was elected president; Dr. G. D. Gibson of Adrian, Mich., vice presi- dent; and Dr, A. J, Kline of Wauseon, Ohio, secretary and treas- urer, ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 551 The meeting was largely given over to the subject of sterility in cows. Dr. R. I. Bernath presented an excellent paper on ster- ility. The paper was thoroughly discussed by Drs. Hallman, Kline and Dunphy. Dr. Hallman dwelt upon the uterine pathology and emphasized the importance of keeping in mind the funda- mentals of treatment for sterility, i. e., drainage, disinfection and irrigation. Dr. Kline told of the necessity of educating the farmer along the lines of sterility treatment. Dr. Dunphy related some of his experiences in uterine irrigation and expressed a desire to see’ quince mucilage, containing one per cent of the iodide of silver, used after the uterus had been thoroughly cleansed. Dr. Hallman of the Michigan Agriculture College demon- strated methods of diagnosing early pregnancy, and treatment for sterility, on subjects procured for the occasion. A short evening session was given over to perfecting the or- ganization and a discussion of prices. It was arranged to hold an outdoor meeting, which is to include the families of the veteri- narians, early in August, at Wamplers Lake. A. J. Kune, Secretary. LOUISIANA CONFERENCE Louisiana’s tick eradication forces of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry on a call issued by Dr. E. I. Smith, Inspector in Charge, assembled in conference at Shreveport, La., on May 18th. The City Hall, Shreveport’s stately municipal structure, was do- nated for the purpose to the B. A. I. visitors, accompanied by a cordial welcome from the Honorable Mayor, John MeW. Ford, and warmly responded to on behalf of the Bureau by the Inspector in - Charge, Dr. E. I. Smith. Nothing so inspires tick eradicators than a get-together meet- ing, as a conference is classed to be, and Dr. E. P. Flower, Execu- tive Officer of the Louisiana State Live Stock Sanitary Board, en- thused all present by his address on ‘‘Our State Livestock Possi- bilities’’. No one is better qualified to know what Louisiana holds forth as a livestock center, and the doctor stated the livestock cat- tle census on recent figures gave Louisiana a total of 1,250,000 head of beef and dairy eattle. The state-wide tick eradication laws of Louisiana, Dr. Flower declared, were the best laws enacted for constructive legislation, 552 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS and all research by legal lights to test the drasticity of this measure failed to find a weak link in the chain, and consequent action of cattle owners by dipping will hasten the raise in standards and importations of males that will undoubtedly put the State of Louis- iana in the front rank as a cattle producer, with its splendid grasses ‘and climatic favors. In the 14 parishes already in the free area the improvement in the cattle is 75 per cent over the conditions when the same par- -ishes were tick infested. The conference was unexpectedly honored by the appearance of Dr. W. B. Ellenberger of Washington, D. C., in the Tick Eradi- cation Division of the Bureau, who regaled the assembly with reminiscences of the older days when the doctor was working in the field and tick eradication was in its infancy and had not at- tained its present broad scope; that was before the dipping vat came into existence and ticks were eradicated by the laborious lu- bricating method. A distinctive point brought out by the doctor indicated that a tick eradicator of necessity must dip the farmer’s cattle whether the farmer was in favor of it or not, while in demonstration work all suggestions are optional with the farmer, showing conclusively the harder task of eradication of ticks as compared to farm demon- stration, that he realized long ago that the tick eradication was not a sick man’s job, but required vim and vigor, and plenty of back- bone to succeed, so he came to listen to the discussions as he knew the conference was of the right sort to give out valuable informa- tion along the line of handling tick eradication propaganda on a state-wide basis. Dr. H. L. Darby, Inspector in Charge in West Texas, in a spirited address won the conference by his suggestions that tick eradication is a war measure, a conservation of meat and milk, de- serving the consideration that is accorded other foodstuffs and the state food administrators and Council of Defense attention to be brought to this fact; thereby materially increasing our meat and milk supply, improving our cattle industries and aiding the early completion of tick eradication, resulting in the saving of millions of dollars. Dr. Darby is nothing if not original, always weaving out something good and new that is food for thought. A deviation from the regular grind of a business conference was an address in French on tick eradication, delivered by Mr. J. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 553 G. Richard, ‘‘A La Paroisse Evangeline’’, which was highly en- tertaining and instructive. Doctors H. L. Darby of West Texas, Marvin Gregory of Arkan- sas, J. A. Barger of Mississippi, and W. B. Ellenberger of Wash- ington, D. C., were visiting inspectors in charge, who clearly gave to the conference enlightenment on many intricate questions of im- portance in addresses generously applauded. _ Louisiana is in the midst of a drive on the cattle fever tick and it is expected that over one million head of cattle will pass through the dipping vats twice each month for the balance of the 1918 sea- son, and if the confidence displayed by the Bureau men in the field attending this conference is any criterion, it can be confidently ‘stated that the day of the tick in Louisiana will in a short period be a thing of the past, and the State take its rank in the forecolumn of livestock centers. - EK. HorstMan. PENNSYLVANIA DIVISION OF THE B. A. I. VETERINARY INSPECTORS’ ASSOCIATION At a meeting of the B. A. I. veterinarians of Philadelphia, held at the Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsyl- vania, June 5, 1918, there was organized ‘‘The Pennsylvania Di-' vision of the B. A. I. Veterinary Inspectors’ Association’’. Ad- dresses were made by Dr. W. Horace Hoskins of New York City, and Dr. Thomas Kean, travelling inspector for the B. A. I. All the veterinarians on the Philadelphia force joined the association. An effort is being made to have every veterinarian in Pennsylvania employed by the B. A. I. enrolled as a member. The object of the association is to have every member belong to the American Veteri- hary Medical Association and have that association, through its Legislative Committee, look after the interests of the veterinarians. The following officers were elected: President, C. 8. Rockwell; secretary, M. J. Maloney. NEBRASKA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The following resolutions were passed by the Nebraska Veteri- nary Medical Association, May 9, 1918: Resolved, That the Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association in special session recommend : 1, That the University of Nebraska give only such instruc- 554 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS tion in veterinary medicine which is given so thoroughly that it may be accredited towards a degree in veterinary science given. by any reputable veterinary college. That the veterinarians employed in the University of Nebraska presenting such courses that tend to lower the standard of the profession and not meeting the above. high standard, by creating empinics, be denied membership. in the State Association. 2. That the resolution adopted by the M. V. V. A., Feb. 20, 1918 (a copy of which is hereto attached), relating to the activi- ties of county agents be endorsed by this association and a copy of same be sent to Secretary of Agriculture Houston. Also inform Hon. Mr. Houston that no cooperation exists at this time between the county agents and the licensed graduate veterinarians of this State. 3. That the Secretary of Rove tee direct that control and educational work in veterinary science be conducted by the B. A. I. and the State Live Stock Sanitary Boards and not by the State’s Relation Service and the extension departments. 4. That a uniform high standard of entrance requirements of at least a four-year high school course or equivalent for all vet- erinary colleges, State or private, be adopted. That State Board of Examiners adopt such requirements for examination for licenses beginning 1922 so that present students may not be excluded. 5. That the Committee on Intelligence and Education of the A. V. M. A. submit at the next regular meeting in Philadelphia the above reaommendations in regard to veterinary instruetion in agricultural colleges and the above entrance requirements in all veterinary colleges. | The above to be considered in the interests of the livestock pro- ducers so that the most competent veterinary service available may be secured. ———o>_—_- RESOLUTIONS PASSED BY THE M. V. V. A., FEB. 20, 1918 Wuereas, Public necessity demands a high standard of quali- fications in the learned professions, viz.: Law, the Ministry, Human Medicine, Agriculture, Dentistry, Veterinary Medicine; and WHEREAS, It is impossible as a general rule and practice for any set of men to become proficient in more than one of these learned professions; and WueEREAS, The County Agent, unless he be at least a graduate ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 555 veterinarian, cannot efficiently and intelligently engage in the prac- tice, teaching or demonstration of any branch of veterinary science ; and — WHEREAS, The attempt on the part of County Agents who are not graduate veterinarians to so engage in the practice, teaching or demonstration of any branch of veterinary science is in violation of the principle of a high standard of qualifications in the learned professions; and Wuereas, The violation of this principle opens the way and leads to a lowering of the standard of veterinary science, incompe- tent veterinary service to livestock producers, and promotes em- piricism and supplants those properly trained to deal with veteri- nary problems; and Wuereas, The livestock industry of America and the people of this Nation demand the most competent veterinary service avail- able; and WuHerEAS, The lowering of the professional standard will in the end prove disastrous to the livestock industry; and Wuereas, The duties of the County Agent pertaining strictly to agriculture and horticulture require all his ability and energy without such agent engaging in veterinary activities; and WuHerEas, The veterinarians, members of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, do heartily affirm the County Agent plan, provided County Agents will not violate the essential principles governing and regulating the learned professions by engaging in veterinary work; and WuHereEas, The members of this association, realizing the im- mense responsibility to the nation in this time of national peril, do hereby pledge all their skill and energy and their lives to the service of our great country and do indorse a higher educational standard for the veterinary profession ; be it Resolved, That the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, one of the largest bodies of practicing veterinarians in the world, hereby requests the Honorable David Houston, the United States Secretary of Agriculture, to issue a national order forbidding County Agents engaging in any veterinary activity whatsoever, either advisory or regulatory, and to refer all veterinary problems to competent graduate veterinarians; and be it Resolved, That the secretary of this association make this reso- lution a part of the minutes of this meeting and that he send a copy to the Honorable David Houston, COMMUNICATIONS DIBOTHRIOCEPHALUS LATUS Editor Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Ithaca, N. Y.: Dear Sir: In an article by Hall and Wigdor which appears on page 355 of your June issue, there occurs the following statement: ‘‘The first record of which we are aware is one by Van Es and Schalk (1917) who report what they call Dibothriocephalus latus from a dog at Agricultural College, N. D. Their specific determination is — apparently casual, being only incidental to work on anaphylaxis, and is presumably based on the fact that the worm was a bothrioce- phalid tapeworm and that D. latus is one of the commonest and best known of these worms from the dog.’’ May we not use a little of your space for a word or two of pro- test with regard to the manner in which attention is called to the occurrence of the parasite mentioned? While the finding of this tapeworm was of no primary importance to us, we object to having our published statement about it questioned without a stated rea- son. The terms ‘‘what they eall’’; ‘‘is-apparently casual’’; and ‘‘presumably based’’ certainly would indicate that Hall and Wig- dor deem us capable to use in a scientific publication a specific name, merely because the tapeworm happened to belong to the bothriocephalids, and that ‘‘D. latus is one of the commonest and best known of these worms of the dog’’. We feel compelled to deny that we are guilty of such carelessness and lack of sense of nePP Ole sibility. _ Likewise we must deny that our publication contains anything which would in the least justify Hall and Wigdor to conclude that ‘their specific determination is apparently casual’’. In our pub- lication -we refer to the finding of the parasite as follows: ‘The autopsy disclosed the presence of two specimens of Belascaris mar- gimata and one of Dibothriocephalus latus’’. (Page 184.) At one other place a similar statement was made. We believe that those sentences contain nothing ‘‘apparent’’ of a casual determination, nor anything else suggestive of the slip-shod manner of dealing with facts as Hall and Wigdor attribute to us. It is true that we determined the D. latus as such but the very consciousness of the fact that we are not parasitologic specialists compelled us to caution, and hence we sought the counsel and as- sistance of Dr. B. H. Ransom of Washington, D. C., who was kind enough to confirm our determination. Only after those precautions did we undertake to name the parasite as we did. : Hoping, Mr. Editor, that this explanation in a measure clears away the result of the imputation of the carelessness on our part, and thanking you for your kind consideration, we beg to remain Very truly yours, L, VAN Es anp A. F, ScHaLk, COMMUNICATIONS 557 STATEMENT CONCERNING PROPOSED AGREEMENT BE- TWEEN THE KANSAS STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND THE KANSAS CITY VETERINARY COLLEGE For sufficient reasons, largely growing out of the war, the offi- cers of the Kansas City Veterinary College have decided to abandon the field of education in veterinary medicine, and in order to con- serve as much as possible the interests of the alumni, former stu- dents and students of the Kansas City Veterinary College, they have decided to transfer to the Kansas State Agricultural College all of the good will and the academic records of the Kansas City Veterinary College. The Kansas State Agricultural College, in accepting the rec- ords of students of the Kansas City Veterinary College and the good will of that institution, engages: (1) To preserve the aca- demic records of the Kansas City Veterinary College and to re- spond to all inquiries for information concerning the educational history and scholarship of graduates and former students of the veterinary college; (2) whenever it prints lists of its own alumni to print lists of the alumni of the Kansas City Veterinary College, accompanied by a suitable statement concerning the relations of the two institutions; (3) to receive as junior students all high school graduates who have taken the full freshman and sophomore work of the Kansas City Veterinary College from 1916 to 1918, and give evidence of sufficient training in the branches studied; (4) to ac- cord sophomore standing to all high school graduates who as stu- dents of the Kansas City Veterinary College have taken within the period of 1916 to 1918, the full work required of a freshman stu- dent, and give evidence of sufficient training in the branches stud- ‘ied; (5) to receive on recommendation of the officers of the Kansas City Veterinary College students of that institution who are not high school graduates, and to allow them opportunity to make up deficiencies in the regular entrance requirements of the agricul- tural college; (6) to facilitate in all ways consistent with the stand- ard requirements for graduation at the agricultural college, com- pletion of the curriculum of that institution, and graduation with the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine of any student of the Kansas City Veterinary College. —Dr. E. M. Pickens has resigned from the N. Y. State Veterinary College at Cornell University to accept a position at the Experi- ment Station, College Park, Md. —Dr. C. E. Mootz, formerly at Chicago, Ill., was recently trans- ferred by the Bureau of Animal Industry to Wheeling, W. Va. REVIEWS MASTITIS OF THE COW Sven WALL Assistant in the Veterinary High School at Stockholm. Authorized translation with annotations by Walter J. Crocker, B.S., V.M.D., Professor of Veterinary Pathology, University of Pennsylvania. pp. XI-166 with 29 illustrations. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London. 1918, — The author of this book is known to students of comparative pathology, especially for his work in connection with infectious ‘abortion. This volume on ‘‘Mastitis of the Cow’’ is based on the investigation of milk from diseased udders and subsequent autopsy of the udders. A large part of the material was of a tuberculous nature but there were about 50 cases of other infections. The bacterial content was determined from not less than 70 bacterial isolations and the histological changes were determined from a study of 30 different preparations. The clinical descriptions ac- companying various forms of mastitis was determined by the au- thor from his own veterinary practice and upon the cows in which he produced artificial infection, together with the data on uncom- mon forms of mastitis contributed by other veterinarians. The contents of the book is divided into 18 chapters in which the following subjects are discussed: I, udder of the cow; II, mastitis in general; III, mastitis caused by external forees; IV, infectious mastitis in general; V, types of infection; VI, udder streptomycosis; VII, udder staphylomycosis; VIII, udder eoli- bacillosis; [X, udder pyobacillosis; X, udder tuberculosis; XI, ud- der actinomyeosis; XII, necrobacillosis; XIII, clinical diagnosis of mastitis; XIV, autopsy, post mortem technique; XV, importance of mastitis to milk control; XVI, importance of mastitis to meat - inspection; XVII, post mortem report; XVIII, a few reports of contagious udder infections. The translator has placed in brack- ets a few annotations for the purpose of including valuable infor- mation on conditions prevailing in this country and in a few in- stances including new data on the subject. The discussion of the various subjects is in most cases brief and to the point. In classifying mastitis the author refers to the parenchymatous tissue and the connective tissue or stroma. Bac- terial invasion of the interstitial connective tissue is termed stroma REVIEWS 559 infection or interstitial mastitis. Bacterial invasion of the tubulo- alveolar system or parenchymatous passages, and necessarily the milk which is contained in them, he calls parenchyma infection or milk infection, the presence of which is manifested by reaction on the part of the body to a bacterial irritation called parenchyma- tous mastitis. This may be primary or secondary, depending upon ‘the manner of inception, acute or chronic, depending upon its -duration, and, based on the character of its inflammatory exu- date, it is elassified as catarrhal, sero-hemorrhagic, croupous, puru- lent, or croupo-purulent mastitis. He also recognizes interstitial mastitis and gangrenous mastitis, which complete his classification. In discussing the subject of milk invasion, the author states that in spite of the ‘‘before mentioned obstacles to infection, one or more bacteria may gain entrance but these may be taken up and destroyed by the ever present leucocytes which are more or less numerous. The leucocytes play a very important part inasmuch as they inhibit the invasion of the milk by the bacteria’’. The in- vestigation of bacteria in milk in the normal, healthy udder of cows that have been made not only in this country but also in Europe indicate that milk as it leaves the udder is not as free from these organisms as the author’s investigations indicate. The early work of Leopold Schultz and Gernhardt and later that of Bolley and Hall, Ward, Moore, Conn and others, indicate that milk in the normal udder contains a considerable number of bacteria. The fact should not be overlooked that Sven Wall has worked in a country farther north than any of the others and it is possible that the conditions there are different than in more southern lati- tudes. It will be noted from the title of the chapters that in discuss- ing the different types of infection, he has used the term strepto- mycosis, staphylomycosis, ete., to describe the lesions brought about by these organisms following the practice introduced by Ligniéres many years ago in connection with the pastewrella in which he used pasteurelloses to designate the disease produced by the septi- cemia hemorrhagica group of bacteria designated pasteurella by Trevasan. A good deal of space is given to the description of the invading organisms, methods for their cultivation and pathogene- sis. Under eolibacillosis he includes Bacterium lactis aérogenes with the colon bacillus. He has given a quite full description of Bacillus pyogenes and its presence in udder lesions. —_ 560 | REVIEWS In udder tuberculosis he has described two types (1) primary udder tuberculosis, including infection through the teat canal and infection through wounds, and (2) secondary or embolic tubercu- losis. He estimates that about 10% of all cases of udder tubereculo- sis are primary and caused by infection through the teat canal but primary infection through wounds is very rare. Secondary or embolic udder tuberculosis is the most common and constitutes ap- proximately 90% of all cases. In this connection he has given. valuable information from his own experience. The last chapters deal with the clinical diagnosis of mastitis and the technique of making the examination and a series of post mortem descriptions of udders affected with the different forms of mastitis as determined by their etiology such as streptomycosis, pyobacillosis, ete. In dealing with the treatment of various udder troubles, he has not discussed the use of bacterins which are extensively used in this country and have been found to be beneficial in some cases ‘but apparently useless in others. An authoritative opinion on this subject would have been helpful. The more recent practice of using formalin, which has been reported to be very beneficial when administered internally, is not discussed. The volume contains the results of the author’s investigations and the methods which he has employed. The illustrations are largely diagramatic but their reproduction is not of the best. Most of them, however, are helpful in illuminating the points at issue. The publishers have done their part in making this an attractive volume. It should be carefully read by veterinarians who have an extensive cattle practice. V. A. Mz WOUNDS OF ANIMALS AND THEIR TREATMENT HARRISON SMYTHE, M.R.C.V.S., Civil Veterinary Surgeon, Attached A. V. C. Alex Eger, Chicago, Ill. This book of 194 pages, including a fairly complete index, is of convenient size and contains a considerable amount of informa- tion. ‘The author has kept abreast of the times and refers to special articles pertinent to his subject, which have appeared in recent veterinary literature. The first five chapters are of an introductory and somewhat elementary character and deal with the pathology of wounds, in- NECROLOGY 561 fection, the general and surgical treatment and complications and sequelae. The author is not especially partial to antiseptics and doubts if the results gained by their use justify the great faith placed in them by a confiding public. He emphasizes drainage and summarizes as a routine treatment for ordinary wounds: (1) the provision of drainage; (2) maintenance of blood supply; (3) admission of air; (4) removal of pus and cleansing of the wound by the use of harmless fluids such as normal saline solution; (5) removal of necrotic and diseased tissues, when present. Other chapters deal with the wounds of the head and neck, trunk, open joint, wounds of the bursae, and tendon sheaths, limbs, feet, fistulae and sinuses, castration wounds, uterine and vaginal wounds and wounds involving bone tissue. The discussions are brief but interesting and practical. There is no claim of fresh and original theories nor the presentation of matter startlingly new, but he describes in a clear and concise way the methods which in his experience have given good results. The final chapters on war wounds, use of vaccines and die- tetics and hygiene could have been expanded with benefit to the reader. Because of its conciseness and up-to-dateness it should be of especial interest to veterinarians. Po A; BR: NECROLOGY THOMAS E. HUGHES Dr. Thomas E. Hughes, a member of the American Veterinary Medical Association, died June 3. —The officers of the Mississippi State Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation for the present year are: President, Dr. W. R. Edwards, Vicksburg ; vice president, Dr. E. S. Norton, Greenville; secretary- treasurer, Dr. J. A. Beavers, Canton. —Veterinary Inspector F. Kickbusch has been transferred from Grand Rapids, Wis., to Milwaukee. —The Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association will meet at Monroe, July 16, 17, 18. MISCELLANEOUS —HicHer Stanparps. In the interest. of higher education the War Department has recommended, and this recommendation has received the concurrence of the Civil Service Commission, the Sec- retary of Agriculture and the Committee on Intelligence and Edu- cation of the American Veterinary Medical Association, that Regu- lation I of the Regulations Governing Entrance to the Veterinary Inspector Examination (Circular A-16) of the Bureau of Animal Industry be amended. In accordance therewith it has been ordered that Regulation I of the above circular be amended to read as fol- lows, to become effective at the beginning of the 1918-19 session of veterinary colleges: ReeuLaTion I—Marricunation. The matriculation require- ment which shall be adopted by each accredited veterinary college shall be at least two years of high school education of at least seven credits (units) or their equivalent as certified by the commissioner on education or a similar official of the State where the student resides. : —Dr. H. W. Witmer, with the State Department of Florida in cholera work, has been transferred from Fort Pierce to Braden- town, Fla. —Dr. E. A. Cahill has resigned as Resident State Secretary of the A. V. M. A. for Massachusetts and has accepted the position of Manager of the Biological Farm of the Pitman-Moore Co. of In- dianapolis, Ind. —Dr. T. J. Eagle is representing the Government in the States of Kansas and Missouri where the Department of Agriculture is endeavoring to formulate plans whereby there may be cooperation in the eradication of tuberculosis. —Dr. B. E. Cheney has removed from Corpus Christi, Texas, to Plaquemine, La. oo ee —Dr. J. H. Knox has removed from Great Falls, Montana, to Warner, Alberta, Canada. —The Municipal Civil Service Commission will receive applica- tions for examination for veterinarian at the Municipal Building, Manhattan, Room 1400, until July 1, 4 p. m. —The next meeting of the Maine Veterinary Medical Associa- tion will be held at Portland, July 10. —Dr. H. L. Darby has removed from Fort Worth, Texas, to Cleveland, Ohio. F. TORRANCE President of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1917-1918 JOURNAL OF THE a aetican Veterinary Medical Association Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. Executive Board GEORGE HILTON, 1st District; W. Horace Hoskins, 2d District; J. R. MOHLER, 3d District; C. H. Stance, 4th District; R. A. ARCHIBALD, 5th District; A. T. KINSLEY, Member at large. Sub-Committee on Journal J. R. MOHLER R. A. ARCHIBALD The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JouRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be sent upon application. VOR. IN, Se Von. VI. Avucust, 1918. No. 5. Communications relating to membership and matters pertaining to the American Vet- erinary Medical Association should be addressed to Acting Secretary L. Enos Day, 1827S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. Matters pertaining to the Journal should te sent to Ithaca, N. Y. A MATTER OF DUTY The President of the United. States has recommended that, even in time of war, educational facilities should be maintained ; that scientific and professional organizations sliould continue and perhaps increase their activities. The basis of this is doubtless the view that actual assistance is rendered the government, either di- rectly in connection with the war or in the discussion and mastery of problems that will inure to the benefit of our country and thus indirectly assist in the war. One of the important features of war is elasticity. Many are called from their usual activities for combatant purposes. From producers they are converted into consumers, with the result that more supplies are demanded with a diminished number left to produce them. This is the test of elasticity. Our productive power must be stretched to greater and greater limits as the war goes on. All of the fighting is not done at the front. We ean all fight in one branch or another of patriotic service and to that every real American has dedicated himself. Seventeen hundred veterinarians have been commissioned as officers and more will be commissioned as their services are needed. 564 EDITORIAL . Those remaining in practice have the opportunity of stretching their capacity to care for the practices of their colleagues who have gone. 3 There are veterinary problems concerned with the war and the welfare of our country which can be handled satisfactorily in an association meeting—which serves as a clearing house for ideas. Particularly is this true of a national meeting where representa- tives from all parts of the country are gathered together. This year, more than ever, and because of war conditions, especial effort should be made to attend the meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at Philadelphia. There will be an earnest ef- fort to deal with problems that will benefit our country and help it to win the war. Philadelphia is the ‘‘cradle of liberty’’. Its his- toric associations of one hundred and forty-two years ago have a peculiarly intimate relation with the principles involved in the present struggle, and make it a fitting environment for the annual meeting, The American Veterinary ‘Medical Association is clearly in- cluded in the President’s recommendation. Its meetings are edu- cational and its purpose is helpful and progressive. It is repre- sented at the front, and three thousand miles behind the front it puts forth its loyal effort for the welfare and success of the great work in which our country is engaged. The association expects every member. to do his duty. PAS F: VETERINARY RELIEF If we visualize the struggle abroad as we should we shall be- come more and more determined and self-sacrificing for an allied victory. While our brothers and sons are giving their lives, we shall give our luxuries, our necessities, our money, our food, our comfort, our all, if need be, in order that those who have given more shall not have died in vain. We shall learn new lessons in the lay- ishness of our giving for the cause of humanity and civilization, and new lessons in self sacrifice in order that we may have the wherewithal to give. : Impossible things have happened -and unbelievable crimes have been committed in the effort to torture civilization. The in- human is differentiated from the human in that the former in- EDITORIAL 565 flicts suffering while the latter alleviates it. The desire to extend relief is natural but the appeal strikes a little deeper, when mem- bers of our own professional brotherhood are affected. We have known that the invasion of Belgium and northern France has separated and pauperized the families of veterinarians in common with others. We know that Americans have been and are assisting in the reconstruction of devastated towns and in the rehabilitation of the people. Aside from this general relief there should be special relief to the unfortunate but unconquered veteri- narians. Special equipment is needed by them in the way of in- struments, medicines and sundries essential for practice after their homes have been recovered, and special assistance may be needed even now to keep them alive until the invader can be driven back. | The first to appreciate the situation and to take active steps in assuaging the pitiable condition of our Belgian and French con- fréres was Alexander Liautard. At first there was established the Franco-Belgian fund. After the cooperation of the British in this work of mercy the title was lengthened to the Anglo-Franco-Bel- gian fund. Last year our American veterinarians quickly raised a fund of $3000 at the annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, and the fund has now grown until it amounts to about $4600. The title of the fund will not bear much further lengthening. In our tribute in the May issue relative to the death of Dr. Liautard, we stated that these funds stand as ‘‘a memorial to his great heart’’. As Dr. Liautard was, in reality, the originator of the fund in America, as well as in Europe, the thought was in our mind that it would be eminently proper to link his name with this great humanitarian work under the name of the Liautard Memorial or the Liautard Fund. To us it seems there is no better way to perpetuate the memory of this great and good man than to associate it with such a worthy cause. There need be no lapse in such a memorial. When peace arrives and we have done our duty toward our war stricken brothers, there may be worthy but unfor- tunate members of our profession at home to whom it might be ap- plied. Dr. Liautard’s life was a life of service for his fellow man. Such a memorial would perpetuate his service and although gone from our midst his spirit would remain a living force in the ranks of our professicn. 566 EDITORIAL The suggestion of the use of Dr. Liautard’s name in connee- tion with the fund has been made independently of our own. At a meeting of the executive committee, of the European fund, held at Paris, May 8, Monsieur Rossignol spoke of the growing length of the title and suggested that it be abbreviated by the use of Dr. Liautard’s name. Efforts toward increasing the fund should not be relinquished. As the war goes on more and probably greater demands will be made upon it. Since our last annual meeting the northern por- tion of Italy has been invaded and doubtless a number of Italian veterinarians find themselves in the same situation as do the veteri- narians of Belgium and northern France. As in France there may be some veterinarians in the uninvaded portion of Italy who may be in a position to assist those less fortunate than themselves and the scope of the fund thereby increased. As the sending of only a portion of the American Army to the shores of France has brought cheer and renewed vigor to the allies, so might we expect that a portion of our fund placed at the disposal of the administrative officers of the European fund will bring re- newed confidence and appreciation of our purpose to bear a share of the burden of rehabilitation and demonstrate that American veterinarians are second to none in responding to humanitarian appeals for aid to members of their profession. PoASe: GAS MASKS FOR HORSES Poisonous gas, one of the horrors of the war, introduced by the Central Powers, has taken its toll from hhorses as well as men. A factory in this country is now finishing 5,000 masks a day especially designed for the American horses and mules on the battle front and it is expected that soon all the transport and artillery animals will be equipped with this life-saving device. Although much of the hauling of supplies and ordnance is effected by motors, it has been found that the horse cannot be dispensed with and that the motors do not supplant but supplement his work. 'The dogs used in the service of the Belgian Army are also supplied with masks. It is a matter of profound.satisfaction that these useful friends of man can be protected from one of the atrocities of the war. RECIPROCITY AND EQUALITY IN VETERINARY INSTRUCTION* H. E. Bemis, Ames, Iowa Since having opportunity to make a few first hand observations during the last few years in connection with the classification of students in veterinary medicine and the examination of graduates of various veterinary colleges for the Veterinary Reserve Corps, it has seemed to me there were at least three great needs in our edu- cational system which are necessary to uniformity of product. The first as we are all agreed is uniformly high entrance requirements which should be not lower than graduation from a four-year high school which requires that at least a large proportion of time be devoted to the languages and sciences to the exclusion of agriculture taught from a text book by some lady who probably was raised in the town or city. We all recognize the value of agriculture in con- nection with veterinary medicine but not as a foundation for veter- inary medicine when other subjects more important must be saeri- ficed. To my mind, the value of a high school education is not wholly in the accumulation of so many facts, but in part is due to the test which is put upon a young man to finish his high school education. Many who take a short cut to college often do not do so from neces- sity but from lack of application and vision necessary to complete the course. Such a person can never have the vision of a profes- sional man even though he may graduate from a veterinary college. The second important step is to have sufficient uniformity in methods of teaching, in length of time devoted to each subject, and in sequence of subjects within the course so that students who vol- untarily or of necessity change from one school to another, might be able to continue their course without loss of time or instruction. Veterinary faculties should agree upon what shall constitute a course in veterinary medicine which is worthy of the degree of D.V.M. and should agree approximately upon the length of time to be devoted to each subject and the sequence of subjects within the course. Time should be allowed for electives so that students, or *Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the A. V. M. A., Section on College Faculties and Examining Boards, Kansas City, Mo., August, 1917, 568 H. E. BEMIS colleges, who wish to emphasize certain branches may be free to do so. This would give individuality to colleges but would still provide the essentials in all and make reciprocity possible. The third refers to greater uniformity of teaching talent and of methods of teaching within each college. Dean White of Ohio has made the statement, or at least quotes it, that there are scarcely enough good teachers in the country to man one veterinary college — and we realize the force of the statement. A teacher should have teaching ability plus a broad general foundation acquired either by college training or natural inclination to study the foundation subjects. The final essential is a thorough veterinary education. The dean of a veterinary college should make an effort to develop all departments as equally as possible and to see that the teaching methods in each are as near alike as the nature of the work will permit. Examining students from various schools show that some schools are uniformly strong in some branches and weak in others. I believe there is too great a tendency to slight the foundation sub- jects and emphasize the more practical or more interesting sub- jects. A man nowadays should not be called a veterinarian who cannot analyze his cases from the foundation up if necessary. For instance, how can men practice successfully who, as shown by re- cent reserve corps examinations, never heard of the pododerm, who state that the superficial and deep flexor tendons are lateral liga- ments of the shoulder joint, that the biceps brachii is the. “‘motor engine’’ for the shoulder joint, and are unable to say anything more about it; who know nothing about the bicipital bursa and its diseases and cannot name the divisions of the intestinal tract? On the other hand, what are we to think of the veterinarian who may © have a working knowledge of anatomy but knows nothing of the lymph system or the functions of the liver, except that it secretes bile, who never heard of malignant edema and always advises strychnine as a stimulant in eases of pneumonia? These statements have been taken from answers given in examinations and indicate either lack of capacity on the part of the student or lack of ade- quate, systematic teaching of both foundation and advanced sub- jects on the part of the faculty. To summarize, the three needs are: 1, thorough preparation; 2, uniformity or standardization of courses; 3, better balance of teaching ability, and teaching methods within each college. EDUCATION OF A VETERINARIAN* E, L. QuiTMAN, Chicago, Ill. My position as a member of the Board of Examiners of the Veterinary Officers’ Reserve Corps taught me much, and has made me ponder much, and has caused me to wonder how some veteri- narians could learn so little in three years at college, and how others could ‘‘learn so little and forget so much’’ within a year or two after graduation. I have examined men from nearly all colleges and find the same average condition prevails among the various graduates. This caused me to attempt an analysis of the cause of the deficiences, and brought to my mind the question—is it the fault of the veteri- nary college, or of the individual? Aye, there’s the rub—yes and - no—it is. ; The result of my analysis of the deficients are as follows: Poor or improper teaching methods....... 0% Deficient education of student............ 25% Deficient intellect (though educated)...... 25% ENR es eg os ke 100% So you see the fault lies half with the college and half with the stu- dent body. THE RemeEpy: First, closer lines on the entrance examination, a few less dollars each session spells a longer life to the private school; attention paid to the fitness of an intending student regard- less of education. Second, the teacher should be taught how to teach—I found -in many cases that the graduates of a certain college were deficient in some certain branch or branches, while the graduates of another college were poor in other branches; this condition in the 50% of the cases put the deficiencies clearly up to the college—the teachers of certain subjects either did not command the respect of his stu- dents or he did not know how to sow his seed; how to drive his points home; how to make his subject impressive or how to make the more important parts of his subject remembered. The really good teacher can make the least important subject appear as important and impressive as any subject in the ecurricu- *Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the A. V. M. A., Section on College Faculties and Examining Boards, Kansas City, Mo., August, 1917, 570 E. L. QUITMAN lum and make his students remember the salient features—if he has the proper soil. I would suggest that just at the opening of college sessions a meeting of the entire faculty be called and some member of the faculty or directorate, preferably the dean, if he is properly quali- fied for this function, deliver a lecture to the faculty wherein he will call a spade a spade, and call the attention of the individual members of the faculty to their short comings, then tell how certain subjects should be taught; how to make them impressive; how to lessen cheating in quizzes and examinations and finally inviting a free discussion of the subject. I believe that frequent quizzes are of the greatest help in fore- ing neglectful students to keep up in their work and I suggest, in order to prevent students being helped or prompted by neigh- boring students, that the teacher leave his rostrum and walk down among the students, always Bevline as close as possible to the one being quizzed. Those who have not tried this method can have no idea how much it helps the student and how much it will correspondingly add to the reputation of the teacher as a teacher. And of almost greater necessity is the fact that freshmen should be taught how to study; they should be taught that memor- ization alone is not sufficient, but that correct study means a full comprehension of the subject. No words should ‘be used that are not explained or understood by the student. I frequently ask stu- dents to tell me the meaning of certain terms they may be using in answering questions in my quizzes, and at the beginning of a ses- sion I find that commonly they do not know the meaning, then a nicely put ‘‘roast’’ and an explanation as to the futileness of Poll- parroting follows, and in the future this rarely occurs. The writer also wishes to emphasize the great necessity of more practical instruction and that the teachers at all times eall the student’s attention to the practical importance of the subject under discussion, remembering that the student is not in a posi- tion to always see this for himself. More clinics should be given, and I am a firm advocate that a veterinary college should and is justified in advertising free clinic days for all animals, or better, a certain day for free horse clinics; a certain day for free dog clinics and a certain day for free pe and other farm animals’ clinic, THE VETERINARY CURRICULUM 571 This method, of course, always brings out a storm of protest from the local veterinarians, as some unworthy people take ad- vantage of these free clinics, which of course, should be for the benefit of the poor and care should be used to prevent the unworthy . or able-to-pay people from taking such advantage. With this discrimination always in mind, I would say that in- asmuch as said free clinics would be ‘‘for the greatest good, for the greatest number’’ that no attention should be paid to such protests. I would suggest that teachers frequently impress students, especially those of the graduating class, as to the necessity of read- ing and studying after their graduation, so as to keep up with the times, to impress them with the fact that a month’s neglect in reading veterinary and medical journals and new or standard pub- lications, may put them years behind. Eneourage them to form community associations with fre- quent meetings; for ’tis competition that spurs to best efforts. The most potent and frequent excuse of the veterinarian for being ‘‘behind the times’’ and for ‘‘forgetting’’, is ‘‘isolation’’, alone in a country practice—and I know of no better remedy to re- move this condition than community associations with frequent meetings. THE VETERINARY CURRICULUM AND ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE* JOHN P. TURNER, Washington, D. C. A year ago, the consideration of this subject would have been considered by this body as rather superfluous, owing to the well- known attitude of many veterinary schools relative to their gradu- ates entering the army veterinary service. As far as the writer knows, only one school has given this mat- ter any consideration whatever, and that was given in a short course of lectures, and was made possible by the proximity of a cavalry post, where army veterinarians were always stationed. Without rank, promotion or organization of any kind, the army did not appeal very strongly to young veterinary graduates. Now that the results of our 25-year campaign for recognition in the mili- *Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the A. V. M. A., Section on College Faculties and Examining Boards, Kansas City, Mo., August, 1917. 572 JOHN P. TURNER tary service, a fight started by the brilliant Huidekoper, has > brought forth good results, it is high time that the profession and more especially the schools, should prepare their young men to meet the high requirements of this service. ‘The question is frequently suggested that there is no difference in the practice of veterinary medicine and surgery in the army and in civil life. The cause,symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis and pathology of disease is exactly the same for the same disease whether it affects the lowly mule of the poor negro cotton worker or the flashy charger of the General. The treatment and handling of the disease in either case by the civilian practitioner and the military veterinarian call for far different methods. In the former case, severe criticism would be meted out to the civilian practitioner who fails to roll up his sleeves and get into his jumpers and hustle. For some reason or another, probably mili- tary, the same procedure would be somewhat criticized in military practice, where in many cases it seems to be the rule to make the other fellow do the work. : The writer remembers very distinctly a severe reprimand given by a very strict old colonel of cavalry, who entered the post veteri- nary hospital and found the regimental veterinarian drenching a horse, instead of ordering a somewhat stupid farrier to > partere, this work. Then again, there is quite a large amount of work such as the handling of contagious disease, which is handled somewhat differ- ently in the army than in civil practice. In civil practice, these horses belong to an owner or firm who may or may not follow your advice as to the handling, treatment and isolation of horses with infectious disease, and disinfect their barns according to their own primitive ideas and methods, in spite of the efforts of the attending veterinarian. The only satisfaction received by the attending civilian veteri- narian is in receiving more fees for another outbreak in the near future, due to faulty methods of handling and disinfecting. This condition does not apply to the army man, where absolute efficiency is expected and required. It is expected of an army veterinarian that he can teach hippology and be a horse master. Where does, or where can, the veterinary student get instruction in the colleges to prepare him for this work ? The writer found shortly after his entrance into the service THE VETERINARY CURRICULUM 573 that he must prepare for work far different from that expected of the civilian veterinarian, and along many lines that were new and unfamiliar to him. As early as 1884, the late Dr. Rush Shipper Huidekoper real- ized the necessity of a trained army veterinary service, and began his effort in its behalf and never ceased as long as this brilliant man and prodigious worker lived. Having been trained in the great Al- fort school of France, it was only natural that he should look on the military aspect of veterinary training. Horsemanship, zoology, zoo- technics, especially as related to the horse as a military animal, all appealed to this wonderful man, and in turn he did his utmost to im- part his knowledge to those fortunate students of the classes of 87- 88-89-90 at the Veterinary Department of the University of Penna. It is doubtful if many of them realized the ideals of this man or the reasons that caused him to devote so much time and drill us in the subject of zootechnics. Those of us who for shorter or longer periods entered military life, realized at once the importance of this great teacher’s work. Taking us back into the dawn of animal life, he gradually brought the development of the horse into his present usefulness. ‘Then he lectured on horse breeding, equitation (both theoretical and practical in the ring) ; the importance of physiology, and hygiene in veterinary practice were continually rung into our ears, and later the control of contagious and infectious disease among animals. Quarantine—shipping by rail. and sea—all of these were comprehen- sively covered by this teacher. Those of us who have wrought with what he taught many years ago hold this great man in the highest veneration, and realize that his untimely death was a great blow to - the development of the military side of our profession. If our colleges are to meet the requirements of the army, what must they do? First: the matriculation examination must be so high that only men of broad education and brains big enough to absorb knowledge should be entered. Army officers, either from the military academy or in the staff department, are educated men and there is no place officially or socially in the service for the uneducated or narrowly educated veterinarian. , Second: after the first two years of study in the veterinary col- leges, the specialization work should commence. The sooner our profession realizes and acknowledges that this is the day of special- 574 JOHN P. TURNER ties, the sooner we can properly train the young man for his life’s work. The man who is preparing to enter food inspection work in the Bureau of Animal Industry or dairy farm inspection work for municipalities needs all the instruction he can get in pathology, hy- giene and animal husbandry. The student who is specializing for bacteriologie work should have his special work mapped out for him. Likewise the general practitioner and surgeon. The student preparing for army service should primarily be a horseman and horse master, and in the line of such work, he should receive lessons in equitation in either the veterinary or riding school. Then should begin his special training. Hygiene and then some more hygiene as laid down by the illustrious English teacher, Gen. Fred Smith, himself a distinguished army veterinarian. Feeding, watering, ventilation and construction of stables and veterinary hospitals should be given special consideration. The examination of feeds for quality and molds; the study of water supply and its origin. Students should be instructed in the general rules of construc- tion work and the proper shapes and locations for stables. Ventila- tion should be thoroughly given and special training as to ventila- tion on shipboard. The feeding, watering and care o animals on board ship should receive consideration. Instruction in horse shoeing, now given in many schools by lee. tures only, should be given by practical instruction at the forge with the actual making of shoes and shoeing of horses, such training as was given in one of our schools 30 years ago. The recognition and control of contagious diseases among horses, mules and food animals should be thoroughly taught by both lectures and practical field work. The instruction in the control of contagious diseases should be very broad and comprehensive, and should begin with the transportation of animals from the farm to the markets. The control and disinfection of horse markets, railroad cars and dealers’ stables should be given close and thorough study and atten- tion. Veterinarians should be instructed in the proper classification of sick animals for isolation and treatment; such work could be given in the form of military problems and ‘nap to students as other military problems are taught to military students, ig a ri, - THE VETERINARY CURRICULUM 575 Some may object and say that these subjects are more properly the work of post graduate or army service schools, and very proba- bly they are, but in the absence of such institutions, and in the pres- ent great need for veterinarians with some military knowledge, the schools must do their best to give the students the best they have with the limited facilities on hand for such instruction. Army veterinarians act as instructors of hippology to the young eavalry and artillery officers. Such a position requires that a man be broadly educated and at home in the lecture room. The word hippology is very broad in its meaning, and doubtless every veterinarian has his special ideas as to the subjects that should be taught. The writer suggests a course somewhat as follows: (1) The origin of the horse and mule. (2) Genus, species, families of the Equidae. (3) Gross anatomy of the horse. This should be given along broad lines, such as showing the actions of different groups of mus- cles. The bones, especially of the leg and foot. The special anatomy of the horny box of the foot. The anatomy of the mouth, in order that the physiology of bitting may be understood. The anatomy of the shoulder in its relation to draft and the anatomy of the withers and loins, in order that the physiology of saddling may be under- stood. (4) The mechanical principles involved in bitting a horse and the measurement of horses’ mouths. (5) The construction and fitting of military saddles and packs, showing the relation of saddle pressure to the muscles, and the relation of the bearing points of the saddle to the ribs. (6) Watering, feeding, ventilating, drainage, lighting and general construction of military stables. | (7) Judging feeds. 7 (8) A short course on digestive troubles of the horse, showing the relation of the anatomy of the eqttidae as a predisposing cause of colies. ‘ (9) Contagious diseases. How recognized, and the general rules of sanitation and quarantine. (10) The treatment of wounds, sore backs, and shoulder, and the prevention of the latter by properly fitting saddles and collars. (11) Instruction in plain horse shoeing to both officers and enlisted men. _— 576 DISCUSSION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION (12) Writing proper descriptive lists of horses. Text books recommended: Smith’s Veterinary Hygiene (Gen. Fred Smith). Gen. Fred Smith’s ‘‘A Manual of Saddles and Sore Backs’’. Henry’s Feeds and Feeding. Fitzwygram’s ‘‘ Horses and Stables’’. Smith’s (Gen. Fred Smith) Veterinary Physiology. DiIscussION Dr. QuirMAN: When I was examining these fellows who were anywhere from a few months to fifteen years beyond their gradua- tion, I thought I could see them from the view point of the State board examiners, and I have said and heard said ‘‘how did so and so ever come out of that school’’? I don’t blame some of these State board examiners for some of the ideas they have on the subject. I have to say that in my paper—Dr. Bemis’ paper was very much along the same line—it seems we advocated a well-rounded faculty resulting in a well-rounded graduate. I want to say this in view of some of the things that were said in Dr. Turner’s paper. I do not believe, however, it lies within the effort of any veterinary college to turn every man out a specialist in every different branch. Dr. Turner evidently sees the veterinarian only through the army eye, while Dr. Bailey, in his paper, sees the veterinarian only through the eyes of a milk hygienist. It certainly would mean about a seventeen-year course to follow out the ideas of these two gentle- men, if every specialist had the same idea. In human medicine they do not turn out specialists. If aman wants to specialize in human medicine he has to eontinue his studies after he graduates. If he takes an engineering course he cannot always specialize from the general course in engineering, but after having completed that gen- eral course he becomes an electrical engineer or a civil engineer, as the case may be. I think it is asking too much of a veterinary col- lege whether it be a State university or a private school, to turn out men who are specialists in every different branch. ae Dr. Hoskins: [| was impressed, in listening to Dr. Bemis’ and Dr. Quitman’s papers, with their several points; one was in regard to what the high school represents in the entrance examination. I have had considerable experience upon State boards, and for the last six months I have had experience in dealing with a body of stu dents in a State college that holds the highest entrance requirement of our country. You know in New York State we have nothing to say about the requirements of men entering veterinary schools there. The Board of Regents establish the requirements for us. They re- quire that they shall be graduates of four years of high school work and shall have seventy-two counts; and I am not yet convinced that high school requirements will solve the difficulty that we have been contending about for a good many years. In all large cities like the City of New York, the high school there does give a very wide lati- DISCUSSION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION 517 —_—_o tude of instruction; but I have been disappointed considerably by the fact that many of these men that come to us with high school entrance requirements are still very lacking in the proper knowl- edge of the fundamentals. I have marked a good many papers in my time, as a member of the State board, of men who came to the college without the need of any entrance examination, but with the qualifications of high school men. I have‘been quite disappointed in a reasonable per cent of those men that they did not write either an intelligent paper nor were they able to write correctly or to ex- press themselves in their papers grammatically. In large cities the whole trend of high schools is to fit men for commercial pursuits. I glory in the address of the president which we listened to this morn- ing, because I always admire the man who preaches the gospel of discontent, since he is sure to get somewhere; while the man who preaches to those who listen to him that they should be contented with their lot does not get’ very far and in fact has commenced to retrograde. “When men come to us in our veterinary schools in great states like that of New York, or a great city like New York City, they come to us lacking, to my mind, a very essential thing to make a well rounded veterinarian. They come to us from back of counters or from desks in counting houses; they come to us from the great commercial industries of the cities, from the stores and other places, without a particle of knowledge of animal industry, with no know]l- edge of farm life, with no particular love for animals, but too many of them come to us with purely a commercial thought in mind. It is one of the difficult problems to eliminate that from these men’s minds, and I have decided that this year, in opening the four years’ course at the New York City Veterinary College, from the 5th day of September to the 26th day, we will devote that entire period with the four classes, teaching them and getting into their minds the thought that the field of veterinary medicine is not a commercial one, but is one of service—of service to humanity, of service that will bring them a rich reward in a feeling when they have closed their career that they have been helpful to mankind, that they have done something to lift the burdens off the shoulders of the great masses of people, and done something for what our president has spoken of, a world-wide democracy based upon a world-wide christ- ianity. And so I feel today that we are not going to solve all of the problems by demanding just a high school entrance to our veteri- nary schools, nor are we going to make the well rounded veterinarian that Doctor Quitman has so practically pointed out. Another point that we might take notice of from our president’s address is that we must realize the importance of maintaining our courses in keeping with the courses of engineering and with the course of human medicine. We cannot hope, understand, that the future of any of our men can have the possibilities of engineering that oftentimes brings great fortunes over night, nor the possibilities 578 DISCUSSION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION of human medicine in the great cities where men command as much as $500.00 to wait upon the birth of a child on Fifth Avenue, or perhaps on Walnut Street of Philadelphia. Our men are going into a field that only promises perhaps with care and frugality and thrift a competence in old age—not riches or affluence; and we, who are engaged in the teaching of veterinary medicine, we who are trying to lift up veterinary medicine and build it up as we should must take into consideration, in dealing with student bodies, this phase of it. While I am desirous of moving just as fast as we possibly can I am not unmindful that there are barriers to veterinary education, that locality and geography have to be considered. There are ad- vantages enjoyed by the State schools in the agricultural districts over those in the large cities, and so it is a great subject that we ought to approach and deal with in the most thoughtful manner, lifting up every department of veterinary medicine and learning that it is possible to do; being careful not to destroy anything that has served us well in the past though perhaps not as fully as we would like, in the field of veterinary medicine in North America. Dr. S. Stewart: In some of the states, as you have heard to- day, a graduate of the veterinary college is granted a license to practice upon presentation of his graduation certificate or diploma, which is recognized by the State board. However, in the State ot Minnesota they do not recognize anybody’s diploma other than to the extent that it makes the holder eligible to enter the examination for a license to practice. The peculiar state of affairs as developed in Minnesota, in that particular, differs from any other State board of which I have knowledge, in that they believe it their duty to ex- amine the candidate’s basic educational qualifications as well as his scientific qualifications. The fact appears to be that about eighty per cent of the men who have appeared before that State board in the last two years have failed to pass, largely because of their failure to meet the basic educational requirements as set forth by that board. If the proposals in part as set forth in tthe secretary’s report as coming out from the Detroit meeting, that State boards should per- mit reports of their examinations to be made from which might be collated data to be sent to the various colleges so that they might be informed as to what the State boards demand from graduates of these colleges could have been carried out we would have reached a — little farther along the road of progress. However, when I come to the examination of the Minnesota State board, the best they will do is to give the names of the men and the subject in which they failed. I sought through different channels to get a set of questions sub- “mitted to these men so as to ascertain upon what probable basis they failed and was told by the secretary of the board that it was con- trary to the rulings of that board to send out any of the questions used by that board. Thus it is a closed corporation so far as general information is concerned, DISCUSSION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION 579 My feeling is that colleges have stepped along pretty rapidly, but they have not realized nor felt the force of their own defects, and that the State examination boards have the opportunity, when _ they shall all correlate their efforts as a body in veterinary educa- tion to lead the veterinary colleges to a better comprehension of their short comings and in a measure make a potent source of in- formation to those colleges that must necessarily make for better things for their graduates who are asking to be granted licenses in the respective states. If the State of Texas holds an examination that you would say was primitive and the State of Massachusetts holds an examination that you would call super-technical, you will see the great difficul- ties that the colleges labor under when they feel that ‘they must in some way prepare students to meet the varied demands of these State examination boards. . State boards have been guilty in some instances of some pecu- liar, eccentric catch question and they have been guilty of asking or propounding questions on theories that have long ago been exploded. They are not aware of that fact and are not up to where they ought tobe. They ought not to complain of the veterinary colleges as fail- ing to prepare students to answer questions of that sort in this day of advanced veterinary progress. One professor in a State college remarked to me one day that he considered it his business to give the graduating class under his care a series of instructions as to how to answer catch questions propounded by State examining boards, including in that a vocabulary which some State boards now use but which is antiquated and which the student did not get in the regular course. © All that sort of thing can be eliminated if the State examining boards will get together actually and discuss the features of the ex- amination which it is possible for them to give under the laws of the State under which they are operating. If they will prepare and edit a series of questions as samples or guides for boards from which State boards may prepare their examinations, it would be of great service. Some of these State boards have very little experience— the State board of Texas has had possibly two years’ experience and it is made up of men who never did any teaching, and who have no ideas concerning the work of instruction. They may never have prepared a set of questions and may not know the difficulty of mak- ing questions perfectly plain; may know nothing of how to equalize the value of various questions in the various departments, which is a very serious trouble indeed. I believe if it were the province of this body to prepare such sets of questions and offer them as suggestions of what kind of questions would be proper questions and such as would be fair to the student preparing to apply for a license, and which would be just as fair really in the State of Texas as in the State of Pennsylvania, it would be of very great advantage. We 580 DISCUSSION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION find at times such peculiar questions propounded by these State examining boards as to describe the hearts, lungs and liver of a horse, for one of ten questions in anatomy, the others of the ten being about equally as broad. You can readily see how a man might spend a great deal of time trying to write out an answer to a question of that kind. Just one more matter, and that is, whether State examining boards might not develop the student’s knowledge by a practical ex- amination as, for instance, if they should require him to pick up a horse’s foot and examine the bottom of it and show that he knows how to go about his business; so that they could ascertain whether he could really, put a bridle on a horse or whether he knows about ~ harness and how a double-team harness was put on for instance, so that he would show the examiner by his methods that he knew what auscultation and percussion really means and what might be learned by them. In that way the examiner gets a definite notion of whether the student knows anything about the theory practically applied. Here is a great field which has been left uncovered. There is good ground for complaint because of our failure to publish our proceed- ings promptly and distribute them to the various State board mem- bers and various college faculty members. Some of these proceed- ings relating to State examining boards might be in a measure res- urrected yet and properly edited and serve a very good purpose. They ought to be printed in convenient form and in a sufficient num- ber of copies to supply the new incoming boards of examiners, be- cause there are fifteen or twenty every year entering upon their duties without any personal understanding of the obligations they assume. When we do that the State examining boards will begin to comply with their duty and then the veterinary college will begin to do things it has not yet done to prepare men to be practical veteri- narians. Dr. Donaupson: Dr. Stewart had something to say about the Minnesota State Board, and its refusal to grant him copies of the questions. I wish to say that at the meeting of the Minnesota Veteri- nary Association Dr. Kinsley was present at one time and I myself instructed the secretary at that time that he vould hand to Dr. Kins- ley, or any other representative of any college there, a copy of those papers to see whether there was a catch question or an unfair ques- tion in the whole thing. Dr. Kinsley, I think, had an opportunity to look at some of the papers and admitted that there was not a ques- tion in those papers that a young man coming out of a college ought not to be able to answer. We claim that we never allow catch ques- tions in the Minnesota board examinations. We follow closely the rules of the civil service examination. We examine by number only. No member of the examiners, until the papers are all in and gone over, has any way of knowing whose papers he is examining. Those numbers are not opened until after that time. We have no reason DISCUSSION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION ‘581 one way or another to hide our questions; but we certainly did not want to hand out a whole batch of questions extending over a num. ber of years. That would certainly be a foolish thing to do. Then the prospective candidates could go to work and post up along that very line with very little knowledge of anything else behind it. In regard to the Minnesota examination board’s putting up an examination in preliminary education, I assure you some of the an- swers we get and some of the papers show that it is very necessary. I do not want to be very specific in this, but it is plainly evident thar something is needed along that line. Not very long ago I had the 1917 prospectuses that were sent out to me from the different col- leges, which tell what their entrance requirements are. One thing want to say is, that judging from what we get in Minnesota, some of those colleges are not coming up to what they say in their catalogues. They could not be, or we would not get men like that coming out of those colleges. I am not here to criticize or tell what ought to be done. That has been spoken of enough already. There are insti- tutions that are not examining their men properly before they go in. I am not advocating a high school education. As far as I am concerned I do not think it is necessary. Dr. Hoskins covered that beautifully. I think, however, there ought to be a line drawn as to where a man ought to have education enough any way to understand the language that is being used in the college; and I think he ought to have enough education so as not to come up to the Minnesota State board and spell such words as stomach ‘‘s-t-u-m-i-k’’. I haven’t a full copy of a set of questions in my pocket, but I have a few of them that I am willing to hand over to Dr. Stewart or any other college man, and let them look them over; and if there is an unfair question or a catch question or anything of that kind I would like to find it and we will have such things eliminated. Dr. S. Stewart: I am very glad indeed I said some of the things I did, because it brought the remarks we have heard from Dr. Donaldson. It also brings to mind several other little things. Personally I did not wish to intimate that the State of Minnesota asked catch questions, and I did not have that State in mind when [ made the statement. It was an eastern State. I have no way of knowing whether Minnesota has catch questions or not, because | never saw their questions; but what I most desired was a set of questions on the basic subjects and to get an inkling of what exam- ination they give, not in criticism of the board, but for enlighten- ment to myself and our faculty. That is why I wanted them. In relation to this matter, I met a man on the street in Minnea- polis in July who was a graduate holding a-.degree of veterinary medicine from the Kansas City Veterinary College, two years agu last spring. I met him and inquired how he happened to be in Minneapolis. He said, ‘‘I have just been here to take the State ex- amination again”’, and I said to him, ‘*‘ How many times have you taken that State examination’’? He said ‘“*This is the fourth time’’ 582 DISCUSSION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION I got a record that he took the examination and failed and he told me that he failed every ‘time on the basic examination, but that he hoped this fourth time he would get by. I looked up his record and found he entered the Kansas City Veterinary College with a high school diploma credit and never was examined here. Looking up that same record I found another man who said he had never had any high school training at all but who took the examination and passed with a good grade on every subject with the State of Minne- sota board, where the other man had failed. 3 Dr. DonaLtpson: Was he a graduate of a Minnesota high school ? Dr. 8. Stewart: No. That brings out the point that Dr. Hos- kins made that a high school course—particularly two years, or even three years in the high school—is not all the basic education that a man needs to prepare him to pass a first grade civil service examina- tion or the examination given by some of the veterinary colleges. A man who can pass an entrance examination such as the Minne- sota State board possibly gives today, but who has taken a course of veterinary medicine and has undertaken to jot down by rapid nota- tion what the instructors say is very likely at the end of the course to be a poor speller. They do not write any word hardly in full. They do not have time, but must abbreviate and find short ways to spell the words, right or wrong; and that is possibly some explana- tion of the condition we find. I am not offering that as an excuse for it, but as an explanation. In my own practice I tell the student never to take a note. Listen and digest what is being said and then go to the text book and read and he will read it more intelligently and don’t spend ‘time writing out what I am saying because they are not good enough short-hand reporters to take it down rapidly, and I think the results are less satisfactory. All men do not view that work as I do. However, it is my experience that men do take short cuts in their spelling and the tendency of rapid note taking is to make them defective spellers, even if before they were reasonably good. There is another point of course that in taking an entrance ex- amination a man may pass 50 on spelling and 90 on arithmetic and the average gets him over, and he never does become a good speller; or he may spell 90 or 95 but his writing is almost illegible, and he never does become a good writer during the course of the instrue- tion. We have many difficulties, as Dr. Hoskins has said. Dr. S. L. Stewart: I was very much interested in Dr. Hos- kins’ talk about the qualifications of men who make application to a college for entrance. We have had thigh school men who were the very poorest students you could attempt to teach; and I have in mind one in particular. Not so very long ago this man could not pass the final examinations in one year. On the other hand in the same class was a fellow that really had trouble to pass the entrance DISCUSSION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION 583 examination to get into the school. The fellow that had the trouble in passing the entrance examination came out at the end of the year with good grades, while the other fellow who came in without any examination because he was a high school graduate did not pass. Of course, you understand, these are exceptions; but they are the facts. I hope to see the day when all the States in this country will have the same rules for their examining boards or give practically the same examinations that Minnesota does, because in doing that it is going to make the colleges compete on their entrance requirements. I have said, and I still maintain, that I do not see any possible chance of the State examining boards ever getting anywhere near each other or giving examinations which are any where near equal unless some reciprocity be brought about. Wherever the B. A. I. examination could be substituted for the State board examinations, it would be a good thing. That would give the man in Missouri and Connecticut and Minnesota a chance to practice without taking an examination. As it is now if a man moves from one State to an- other it is up to ‘him to take the State board examination in the State to which he goes, and you gentlemen know that when a man is out of school fifteen or twenty years, even though he is a good practi- tioner and even though his grades may have been in the nineties, when in school, it will ‘hustle that man to take the State board ex- amination in any State, although he may be one of the best veteri- narians. I would not want to go to Minnesota to take an examina- tion, because I have been too long away from these studies; and that is why a good many fellows would like to see reciprocity and an ef- fort toward uniformity and standardization if there is any way of bringing it about. Again bringing up the subject of passing examinations, if you will go to the records of the students in the public schools and in the high schools you will find very few good spellers. They are ex- ceedingly poor in spelling and in clear handwriting. I don’t know how a veterinary college is going to turn out men who are good ‘spellers and good copywriters unless they have attained these ac- complishments in the public and high schools. It is a surprise to see the words that a high school graduate will mis-spell, and it is sur- prising to know that few people can really write a clear copy hand and make a correct copy. I think those things ought to be corrected in our public schools and in our high schools. I cannot see, for my- self, why State boards require men to pass a certain high basic edu- cational examination when these things never were taught them. Dr. Donatpson: Dr. Stewart said something about a young man from the Kansas City Veterinary College being up for exami- nation the fourth time. I think the fact is that every student who fell down in the preliminary examination also fell down on the other requirements, Nobody has been flunked in Minnesota for failure on 584 DISCUSSION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION basic education alone. The scoring is very easy on copying and on spelling. I still stick to it that I think some of them must have slid through awfully easy. I had at one time a young man in the exam- ination whose first excuse was that he could not take a written exam- ination because he had forgotten his glasses and could not see to write. It was agreed that we would give him an oral examination and ask him the same questions. Well, we asked him the same ques- tions as were on the paper. I strung him along until I asked thim if there was any particular difference between the ‘liver of a horse and that of an ox, and he said the gall bladder of a horse was a good deal larger than it was in an ox. In talking the matter over with Dr. Hay I said, ‘‘I cannot, for the life of me, see how that man escaped from college’’. Hay said, ‘‘I’ll go you one stronger.. I don’t know how he managed to break in’’. I said, ‘‘I will try to find out’’, and I went and asked the gentleman just what kind of entrance exami- nation he took. ‘‘Oh,’’ he said, ‘‘T didn’t even take that.’’ ‘‘He said, ‘‘Why, I had a high school certificate’. That is all there was of it—just what Dr. Hoskins said in his remarks. I don’t believe for a moment that any college can make a veteri- narian out of every student. The man must have it in him to go after it himself, to make him a winner. If you are any judge of hu- manity at all you can see whether the possibility is there. | Dr. W. E. Stone: I heartily agree with the gentleman who has just spoken. I remember distinctly one student with quite a little preliminary education and there were many boys in my class with no education, but were just as good students as he: was and mastered the subject as well as he did and I believe much more easily. I remember last winter having a young man in my class © who came into the college by examination but did not have the finances sufficient to buy himself any textbooks, and who had to work during the time that he possibly could spare from his classes, and who never took a note in one of my classes; and let me ask thar man a question and it would come back to me just exactly as I put it out to him. That man occupied a back seat in the class room, and he would sit there with his head down and did not seem to be paying very much attention to what I was saying in my lectures; but when it came to quizz time he was there with the goods. That man, I learned, on inquiring into his early life, had been raised in an agricultural district and had a natural love for animals and was there in the school to make good; and I want to say to you gentle- men that he did make good in his work. In drawing the line on entrance requirements in our veterinary schools it is certainly a very difficult problem to eliminate the un- promising material. If we were to take only high school graduates, we would take away the opportunity of many boys who have not been able to afford to go into the high schools, and yet many of whom will become our best practitioners. It would be placing it in the DISCUSSION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION 585 hands of the more fortunate boys financially and otherwise. I have no remedy to offer to you gentlemen for this problem, but I believe it is the great problem that confronts the veterinary schools today. Another thing to which I wish to refer is honesty in examina- tions in veterinary colleges. This is true not only in veterinary schools, but in other colleges as well. I remember when I was in veterinary college we used to call it rutting. I have been a student of a couple of the largest veterinary colleges in the country. I found in these two schools, and I might say in the school with which I am connected, a great amount of ‘‘ponying’’ which takes place in examinations where the students depend upon help other than what they have within themselves. In other words, the men in the facul- ties of our colleges are too lenient with those students and do not hold them to the “line sufficiently. I think the schools are derelict in this line. I believe if the faculty would come right down and refuse to grade a paper where they have a suspicion of its not being origi- nal it would tend to ‘help eliminate ‘‘ ponying’’ out of our schools. Again, I do not believe that the majority of our veterinary faculties grade in the subjects of spelling and writing when they are correcting examination papers. Dr. 8. Stewart has referred to the fact that the rapid taking of notes ‘had a tendency to overcome good spelling and writing. I heartily agree with him, because I know that oftentimes in writing examinations I would abbreviate my word or write it regardless of the correct way of spelling, just so that the instructor could make out what I meant. If I had been cor- rected and a demerit put after such a word, the next time I would not have done that. That may be due to the fact that our examina- tions are hurried, that we give too long examinations, that the time required to take them is not sufficient. If that be the fact, then it is up to the veterinary faculty to give examinations more in accord with the time available and give the student ample time to write out in full the answers he writes without using a single abbreviation in the spelling of a word. There are a number of things I would like to speak of and an- other thing is reciprocity. I would hail the day with much delight when we could ‘have a government board examination. All veteri- narians would be glad of one universal board before which all veteri- nary students could go and take an examination and do away with the State boards entirely; or else have uniform State questions so that if a man is registered in the State of Missouri he could pass into the State of Minnesota and practice. If I am capable of practicing in the State of Missouri surely | am capable to practice in the State of Minnesota and I believe reciprocity is one of the great things. If it could be put into practice throughout this country it would-be wel- comed by all veterinarians and veterinary schools. Dr. HOSKINS : I feel I would be forgetful of what I believe personally today if I did not refer to Dr, Turner’s paper and what 586 DISCUSSION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION he said as emanating from our lamented Rush Shippen Huidekoper concerning some of the essentials of a thorough veterinary educa- tion. He had conceived the idea back in the early eighties that men who were going to enter the veterinary profession should have cer. tain preliminary training or education and even then he hoped to live to see the day when there would be established a veterinary school at the University of Pennsylvania where the first year of every entering student would be devoted entirely to determining his aptitude for the profession. He considered, in the way of aptitude, that that student ought to know a great deal about animal life; he ought to know all about taking care of horses; and ‘his thought was that he would put him into the stable and he would teach him how to use a fork for cleaning out the stall and teach him how to use the brush and curry comb and he would compel him to take a set of har- ness apart and put it together again and be prepared before going on with the more theoretical studies to know how to harness every kind of a horse and for every purpose and how to saddle a horse and how to ride one. After the expiration of that year, if he had shown that aptitude that he deemed necessary to fit him for the pro- fession, he might then go into the other three years in order to ob- tain the technical education. We may still hope, or I sincerely do, that some such plan may yet emanate from some of our schools. For I consider it of far greater importance in qualifying a man to go out and perform the service he will be called upon for the people and for the State than a mere high school education. I cannot help but take advantage of what has been said by Dr. Stewart and Dr. Stone on the subject of reciprocity. I have no doubt that neither of these men are aware of the fact that we have wrestled with that problem for twenty-four long years; but I am glad to see that we are getting nearer to the only possible solution of it under our form of government. We are geiting to the time when we are going to ask and demand, as far as possible, of our federal government that she should raise continuously the standard for those who are going into federal service; and I am hopeful that she will establish very soon some standard of requirements for the vet- erinarians who are acting under the B. A. I., for the men who are | going into the army, and into veterinary service, or any other posi- tion under our government. I am also hopeful—and I do not believe that it is a dream any longer—that when we are asked to give a cer- tificate it will be a certificate based upon an examination and that examination planned by a committee of this association and when they give that certificate it will represent the standard of veterinary medicine in the United States and will tell every nation of the earth what our standard is. Then we may well go into the State legisla- tures and ask them to modify their laws and accept this certificate in lieu of an examination. Then we will see men rushing first to get this examination, and then we will see the schools preparing them- PALPEBRAL MALLEINIZATION 587 selves to fit men to pass this examination. Then the man who has been ten or fifteen years out of school will have no fear that if ill health or some other misfortune comes ten or fifteen years after he has been in practice in a certain state and makes it desirable for him to go to another, that he may not be able to take some State ex- amination, but will find that State has passed an amendment to its laws recognizing that the certificate he obtained when he was best able to obtain it entitles him to go into the State he desires without any of the barriers that exist today, and there practice and enjoy whatever features that State may offer to him, or which he seeks to enjoy. PALPEBRAL MALLEINIZATION* Pror. DouvitLe, Veterinaire Aide-Major, mobilized with the armies It will soon be two years since hostilities caused the mobiliza- tion of the equine effectives of France, and, as had been foreseen, their sanitary condition, although perfect at the beginning, was soon disturbed by the two diseases incident to all wars, glanders and mange. Although the latter affection did not tend to spread until after the winter of 1914-15, glanders broke out in certain corps in Octo- ber, 1914, transmitted to them perhaps by German horses which were abandoned, or captured in battle; or perhaps it resulted from the dissemination of latent infection in some of the requisitioned animals. The great problem of applying mallein to the contami- nated effectives was considered and, to be frank, it was seen from the beginning that it could not be solved: insurmountable difficul- ties were encountered because of the conditions which must pre- vail for the proper execution of the subcutaneous mallein test. The intradermal mallein test was to save the situation. The different duties which have been confided to us since the beginning of the war have permitted us to assist from the beginning with ex- periments on a very large scale to test it parallel with the subcu- taneous method and, at the same time, to verify every positive re- sult by autopsy. 7 Now that it has been tested for 15 months and has displaced the previously recognized test we have acceded to the request of *Translation from Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire, V. 92, p. 257, May 15, 1916. By. M. Dorset. 588 PROF, DOUVILLE the Editor of the Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire to describe it to his readers. We make absolutely no claim for original work: the technique, the judgment of the results, the classification of the sub- jects and the measures to be taken, are set forth in the Ministerial Circular of December 23, 1914, which only ecodifies the publica- tions of MM. Drouin and Naudinat. We review these, adding thereto a typical case, some details, certain personal observations, some exact experimental data which may guide or instruct colleagues who have little familiarity with this method, and which, finally, may convince the skeptics if they — still exist. 3 The method of intradermal malleinization is merely a combina- tion of the procedures employed by Prof. Lanfranchi’ for glanders and by’ Prof. Moussu for tuberculosis. Early in 1914, the former published the excellent ee which he obtained in the diagnosis of glanders by the subcutaneous: injection of the classical dose of diluted mallein at the border of the lower eye-lid. 7 ; Similarly, on the same date, M. Moussu, whose name will re- main associated with the intradermal tubereulin test, recommended the injection of 0.1 cubic centimeter of diluted tuberculin, not into the sub-caudal fold but into the dermis of the lower lid. The results were distinct and much more striking than at the o!d point of election. | : The extreme rarity of glanders in France at that time did not give to experimenters the opportunity to apply either one or the other of these methods. Nevertheless the French veterinary missions in Greece (Mili- tary Mission: Veterinary Major Laumarque; Civil Mission: MM. Drouin and Naudinat) found a field for experimentation in the Grecian cavalry infected with glanders as a result of the Balkan war. The results of their experiments, which confirm those ob- tained by Professors Lanfranchi and Moussu, were published by MM. Drouin and Naudinat.? The ‘mobilization having placed us by the side of M. Lau- marque, we are, in truth, compelled to say that he was the intro- 1—Lanfranchi—A new method for the diagnosis of glanders—Intrapalpe- bral Reaction to Mallein (Il Moderno Zooiatro, January 31, 1914), Review in Recueil d’Alfort. 2-—Bulletin de la Societe Centrale de Medicine Veterinaire, Decembre, “ 1914; Revue Generale de Medicine Veterinaire, Aout, 1914, PALPEBRAL MALLEINIZATION 589 ducer of the intradermal test in France and in the Army. From | October, 1914, he demonstrated the technique and the results upon the glandered horses of C. A., of which principal Veterinarian Schelemeur had the veterinary control. With remarkable diligence M. Schelemeur applied the process to all his effectives and the epi- demie was checked when the Ministerial Circular: of December 23, 1914, appeared. At the same time we applied the test systematically to the horses evacuated from the front to the depots for sick horses and an assignment to apply the palpebral mallein test in the latter, permitted us to apply it on a large scale and, accordingly, to judge of its value. The staff of a quarantine hospital for suspected animals (groups C and B) permitted us to test it and to compare it with subcutaneous malleinization. We have taken care to autopsy all of the slaughtered subjects in order to determine in each ease the nature and the extent of the lesions, and we do not hesitate to pro- claim that our faith*in the palpebral malleinization has only in- creased with added experience. In July, 1915, we had the honor to be sent on a mission by the G. Q. G. to Brigadier General Moore, Director of the Veterinary Services of the British Army, for the purpose of having a confer- ence with him and his veterinary officers and of making a practical demonstration of the palpebral method. The results were con- elusive and upon our departure the Brigadier-General gave us the assurance that the procedure would be immediately applied in his services. This spirit of initiative and prompt decision are an ‘honor to such a chief and it is one of the happy consequences of the autonomy of the British Veterinary Service. | TECHNIQUE.—Ist. The necessary material comprises: a one eubie centimeter syringe with a set screw, graduated in tenths, ‘and provided with fine and short needles (length: 10 to 15 milli- meters).; 2nd, mallein diluted to % (crude mallein—1; 0.5% solu- tion of phenol=3), as prescribed by MM. Drouin and Stkuiinat is employed generally in the Army. The Pasteur Institute delivers it in tubes labeled specially ‘‘mallein 14 for intradermal reaction’’. ‘In default of this we-have used mallein diluted to 1/10; the re- ‘sults are practically the same provided the dose is doubled so as ‘to be 1/5 of a cubic centimeter. The application of the twitch to the upper lip or to the ear is . 590 PROF, DOUVILLE indispensable in order to operate quickly and conveniently; a staff of three assistants enables the somewhat experienced operator to apply the mallein to at least 100 horses an hour. Kither eye may be used for the injection. It is as easy on the right as on the left. Nevertheless it is contraindicated to operate upon lachrymating eyes or those affected with keratitis, aenie esn- junctivitis, or epiphora. On the contrary, old lesions (leicoma, cataract, dislocations of the crystalline lens) interfere in no way with the result. When operating upon a great number of horses it is prudent to note the side selected and, if there is occasion, the animals in which the opposite lid is selected and the reasons there- for. One thus avoids embarrassment the next day and faulty in- terpretations which may result therefrom. The injection is made into the dermis of the lower lid about one centimeter from the free edge. Disinfection of the point of injection is not absolutely necessary ; we practiced it at the begin- ning and little by little we dispensed with it without ever obsery- ing local infections. In the case of certain dirty or greasy lids, wiping with a cotton tampon wet with alcohol or ether is adyvan- tageous. The dose to be injected is 1/10 of a cubic centimeter. The syringe, filled, with needle attached and with set screw regulated to 0.1 cubic centimeter, is held in the right hand between the thumb and middle finger, while the index finger rests upon the milled head of the stem of the piston. The left thumb, and index finger make a horizontal.fold on the lower lid into which the needle is introduced for a distance of three millimeters, and as near as pos- sible to the surface of the skin; ‘‘the injection should be made into the dermis.’’ This requirement, which has disturbed numerous beginning operators and has caused the technique to be regarded as delicate, is by no means a sine qua non. MM. Drouin and Nau- dinat have obtained the same results’ by injection into the deep layers of the skin. When the injection is well made it produces a small lenticular pwalling; it seems to us that this is easier to obtain and to verify when instead of making a fold in the skin, the index finger is passed into the lower conjunctival cul-de-sac in such a way as to stretch the lid, the thumb immobilizing it and rendering it more easily perforated. However that may be, the technique remains extremely simple and available to every practitioner. Fe — PALPEBRAL MALLEINIZATION 591 PHENOMENA FOLLOWING THE INJECTION: In the majority of horses, in the first hours following the injection, a circumscribed edema appears on the lower lid; it is of an irritative nature, non- toxic, only slightly painful and of quite short duration. When the mallein is applied in the morning it disappears during the night. or it is found in the process of distinct retrogression the next day. No significance should be attached to it. It suffices to know of its existence or the possibility of it. In healthy animals the eye pre- serves its normal appearance. In glandered animals the reaction becomes defined about the 10th or 12th hours, attaining its maxi- mum from the 24th to the 36th hour. It lasts two or three days on the average, subsides, and disappears without leaving any trace, except for a certain amount of local thickening of the connective tissue. The typical reaction is distinctly striking. A voluminous edema involves not alone the lower lid but also the tissues surrounding the eye, almost closing it and reducing the size of the palpebral opening. This edema is always hot, sometimes burning and extremely sensitive: the patient flinches at the slight- est attempt to touch it. The conjunctiva is markedly congested and from the internal angle of the eye there flows a muco-pus more or less abundant, which becomes transformed into a sulphur-colored exudate, at the border of the eyelashes. : There are occasions where the reaction seems to localize itself in the lower lid. The conjunctivitis and the exudate are as distinct as in the complete reaction, but the edema, although quite volumi- nous, is circumscribed in the angular space above the zygoma; of characteristic importance, and to which we attach great value, is - the fact that this region exhibits to the touch the same characters as in the complete reaction (heat and marked hyperesthesia). The edema is as persistent as in the typical reaction; often it extends below the zygoma and is accompanied by fine sinuous lymphatic lines converging toward the sub-lingual glands. Palpation of the surface of the masseter is painful and the gland is sensitive. Such a reaction, although exclusively of the lower lid, should cause the horse to be regarded as affected with glanders and we be- lieve that it should be classed in the group of positive reactions. Its establishment is easy by comparison with the opposite eye; by taking care to administer the mallein in the morning and to make 592 PROF, DOUVILLE the judgment of the test the afternoon of the next day, it cannot be missed. 3 In the bulletin of the Central Society of Veterinary Medicine (80th December, 1915) M. Fayet reported delayed reactions which appeared only toward the 3d, 4th and 5th days following the injec- tion ; he considered them as very rare and we freely agree with his opinion; among 12,000 mallein tests which we have applied our- selves, including 104 horses (affected with clinical or latent glan- ders) we have not been able to record a single one. DoustruL REAcTIONS. By considering the edema of the lower lid, having the characters which we have described, as a positive reaction, the number of doubtful reactions and the size of group B of the Ministerial Instructions are considerably reduced*. Does that mean that they do not occur? No, but they are very rare. Between the reaction previously described and the swelling without diagnostic value, which persists at times in some healthy animals, one may observe some intermediate grades with regard to which the operator must exercise his common sense and. his clinical knowledge. Conjunctivitis is generally absent or is very slight. The pal- pebral edema affects only the lower lid, it is diffuse, or at times is circumscribed about the point of injection in the form of a crescent - with a tendency to extend over the zygoma. In doubtful cases we test the other eye after 5 or 6 days, ‘nae ing the intradermal injection into both lids, the upper and lower. We have stated that during the period of incubation of glan- ders the infected subject may present atypical reactions although it will react clearly some days later, its body having had time to become sensitized to the reacting toxin. | In addition, the examination and control of a lot of horses classed in group B, evacuated from the front, has shown us that as a result of the edema of the lower lid the connective tissue becomes thickened, the skin adherent, to a certain degree, to the zygoma and 3—TRANSLATOR’S Note. The author here refers to French Ministerial In- structions, dated December 23, 1914, in which the horses subjected to test are placed in three groups, as follows: ‘*Group A.—Subjects which either do not present any edema, or else only an insignificant reaction. Group B.—Subjects in which the reaction affects only the lower lid and may be considered as doubtful. Group C,—Subjects which present a typical reaction (edema of both lids, and a purulent conjunctivitis) .’’ PALPEBRAL MALLEINIZATION 593 for some time the region is unsuitable for good reactions. If one attempts a second test, the edema remains diffuse, the conjunctivi- tis is slight, and one is justified in having doubts as to their signifi- eance. These doubts have always been relieved by testing the upper lid simultaneously. In infected cases this becomes swollen, the supra-orbital fossa fills up, and there is a ptosis of the lid. We be- lieve that it is advantageous to utilize this additional source of in- formation for doubtful or suspected cases; personally it has given very much more satisfaction than the hypodermic control. *K * % * * * & Bs VALUE AND ADVANTAGES. With the object of determining the relative value of the two methods, we have submitted all of our horses successively to palpebral malleinization and to the subcuta- neous test; each positive reaction has ‘been checked by autopsy. The first conclusion which forces itself upon one is that the glandered horse or the horse in the incubative stages of glanders, reacts marvelously to infinitely small doses of mallein. The toxin indicates the presence of lesions without relation to their location, their extent or their age. In horses with latent glanders the in- tensity of the reaction has not seemed to us to be always ‘‘in in- verse ratio to their extent or their chronic character’’. We have produced superb palpebral reactions as well in horses with two or three recent nodules as in animals whose pulmonary substance was filled with glanders nodules of the size of a hazel nut and whose tracheo-bronchial glands revealed numerous miliary ab- scesses. All of our clinical cases of glanders (40) have reacted to the intrapalpebral test, although five of them gave atypical subcu- taneous reactions, insufficient in themselves to establish the diag- nosis if that had not already been established by the clinical exami- ‘nation. It is possible that in rare cases of undoubted glanders the intradermal test has sometimes failed: the organism, saturated with ‘toxin by the natural disease, remains insensitive to the introduc- tion of a small supplementary dose of mallein. In such a ease, where the palpebral method remains negative, one cannot expect anything from the classical procedure, but the clinical diagnosis is almost always forced upon the experienced practitioner. In the ease of latent glanders, positive palpebral reactions have not always been confirmed by subcutaneous test, although we have taken all precautions to avoid chances of error. In 120 eye reactions we have had 104 confirmations by the sub- cutaneous test. 594 PROF, DOUVILLE In subjects with fever which have responded poorly to the classical procedure (old method), we have had no exceptions to the intradermal test. Notwithstanding the inereasing importance, which for ten years has been attached to the local reaction in the subcutaneous test, doubts have arisen in the minds of numerous observers when the tri-fold reaction was incomplete. We know, nevertheless, how uncertain the general organic reaction is, and what limited signifi- cance should be attributed to a rise in temperature. The intrader- mal method has considerably simplified the problem if it has not entirely solved it. Its superiority les in basing the diagnosis ex- clusively upon the local reaction and in having this develop in striking form in a region where its presence can hardly be mistaken. With it, doubtful reactions are much less frequent. All of our colleagues who have made numerous subcutaneous mallein tests have been able to establish that in certain horses mal- lein may cause a more or less considerable rise in temperature, at- taining at times 40° C., oscillating for. the most part about 39.5° C. for some hours. Notwithstanding the absence of local and general reactions, this rise of temperature is lable to influence some ob- servers. All subjects with fever of this kind that we have tested by the intrapalpebral method have always given clearly negative reac- tions, and after some weeks of observation with repeated tests, we have not hesitated to sign their discharge. It is well to remember that this hyperthermia is generally provoked by affections quite distinct from glanders. Melanosis (Comeny, Nocard, Mauri) chronic broncho-pneumonia (Trasbot) pulmonary emphysema (Schindelka) strangles particularly (Cagny) are among the num- ber. We consider that, from all points of view the intradermal mal- lein test constitutes a distinct improvement over the classical pro- cedure. Its diagnostic value, although based exclusively upon the local reaction, is certainly equal to that of the test formerly used; personally, we have found it superior and when employed exclu- sively, with system and at the right time, it has always enabled us rapidly to eliminate infected animals. From a practical point of view, its advantages are even more numerous and frequent. They are those which M. Moussu has pointed out for the palpebral tuberculinization: no necessity for taking temperatures ; no chances of error through abortive tempera- ture reactions or through erroneous reading of the thermometer ; no PALPEBRAL MALLEINIZATION 595 obligation to work at fixed hours; the veterinarian chooses the hour for injection and for the interpretation of the test; the possibility of immediate application to febrile animals; the possibility of mak- ing a great number of successive tests (several hundred a day) with economy of personnel, the possibility of application to all horses under all conditions of surroundings, of quarters (stable or bivouac) and of exterior temperature; the possibility of repeating the tests periodically ; almost complete elimination of injuries to as- sistants from kicks, always to be feared with the classical method ; economy of thermometers, of mallein and of time. These multiple advantages have quickly appealed to our British allies. Our distinguished colleague, Prof. Hobday, commanding officer of a veterinary hospital, wrote us recently: ‘‘Since your conference thousands of horses have been tested by this method; as to the results and our opinion, I believe I am justified in saying that we all think that it is the most excellent and the most accurate. ‘“We employ it now as the regular method of.testing and I am certain that the Brigadier-General Director of the Veterinary Serv- ice will send you a reply confirming all that I have written you.’’ General Moore had in truth the kindness to advise us that ‘‘accord- ing to the reports of all his officers they had no objection to make’’. Is not all of that sufficient to permit the statement that at the present time the intradermal malieinization is ‘‘the most simple, the most expeditious, the surest, and the most practical’’ in order to check glanders under all conditions? TOLERANCE TO MALLEIN—ASSOCIATION OF THE Two MeEruHops: —Our numerous mallein tests combined and reversed have per- mitted us to study under all conditions the question of tolerance to mallein. Here are the different problems which we have considered and the solutions obtained: 1. Is there a tolerance to the palpebral mallein test? The horse infected by glanders reacts to the palpebral test as many times as one applies it, whatever be the period which elapses be- tween the successive tests. Let us remember, however, that if one uses a lid which has been recently tested the second reaction may be diffuse and doubtful on account of the thickening of the connective tissue. The intradermal reaction applied to the upper lids or to the shaved surface of the neck or shoulders has always confirmed the 596 PROF, DOUVILLE reactions on the lower lid. They take place within the same time and are easily interpreted. We have established many times that the weak dose of mallein used. in the intradermal test is sufficient to produce an appreciable and lasting rise of temperature in horses with virulent lesions. SS * *. * % * * * 2. Does tolerance exist in the case of the subcutaneous test? Although it is prescribed and is the custom to allow an interval of three to four weeks between two mallein tests intended to check each other, we have reduced this time little by little to a ten-day and sometimes to an eight-day period. Our conclusions confirm those already expressed by Nocard, Drouin and Galtier: there is no tolerance to mallein. Two injections made several days apart give identical results. Before determining upon this reduction in the time between tests, and, we must admit, a little influenced by what we knew about tuberculin, we applied to glanders the method of the double dose recommended by Vallée for tuberculosis. Animals which we knew to be atfected with latent glanders as a result of one palpebral and one original subcutaneous test, have reacted in the ‘same time and in the same way with a double dose of mallein ; the reaction was in no case earlier. Tolerance to mallein does not exist. It therefore follows: 1, That a palpebral mallein test may be followed without de- lay by a subcutaneous injection. — 2. That after a subcutaneous test, even though positive, the ‘subject remains sensitive to the intradermal. The facts which we record herewith are absolutely genuine and are in conformity with these conclusions. Among contaminated effectives in the case of doubtful or suspected subjects when one de- ‘sires to repeat the palpebral tests or to associate the two tests with the object of control, it is indispensable to allow a lapse of time of at least 12 to 15 days between them. This delay corresponds to the period of incubation and to the sensitization of the subject to mal- lein. It is extremely probable that the supposed failures of the palpebral test, revealed by a subcutaneous test some days later, are due to failure to observe this delay. * * * * * Bese * : [The article by M. Douville has been translated in full, there ‘being omitted merely a chart and table, together with the records of several illustrative cases. | A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE INTRAPAL- - PEBRAL MALLEIN TEST* L. Price, D.V.M. Department of Health, New York City In recent veterinary literature the intradermal palpebral or in- trapalpebral mallein test has occasionally been mentioned as useful in the diagnosis of glanders. This method seems to have been first reported in 1914 by Lan- franchi in Italy.* The French Commission in Greece under Drouin carried on extensive experiments with this method.** Finally in France after the preparation of intradermal mallein was modified, the method was considered as second only to the subcutaneous test. Captain Goodall in Africa found the intrapalpebral test a valu- able method for the diagnosis of glanders under severe campaign difficulties.*** Some cases of glanders gave no reactions and some doubtful reactions to the subcutaneous test. These cases gave posi- tive reactions to the intrapalpebral method. M’Fadyean reports on the value of the palpebral method on two million cases, after it was adopted by the British Army. He considers this method at the present time, superior to any other.* Captain Holmes found this method to be very valuable in his. experiments.* In a preliminary note upon the intradermal palpebral test, the Veterinary Journal for August, 1915, states that this method never failed in 5-6000 tests. In almost every instance the palpebral and subcutaneous methods agreed. However, in a few cases of glanders, the palpebral method gave oe reactions while the subcutaneous test was indecisive. Having had an opportunity to observe the veterinarians of the French Army apply this test to horses purchased in this country and having had an exceptional opportunity to give this method a trial on horses presented to be slaughtered for food purposes, I note my observations and findings. This method has been applied to over 500 healthy and 27 glan- dered horses. The complement fixation, agglutination and ophthal- *Vet. Journal, 1915-1917. **Amer. Vet. Rev., 1914. ***Jour. Comp. Path. & Ther., 1916. “Prepared for the New York State Veterinary Medical Society meeting at Ithaca, N. Y., July, 1918, 598 L, PRICE mic mallein test were also applied as a routine procedure. ‘The sub- cutaneous method was applied in a number of instances. Careful and detailed post mortem examinations were performed on the non- reacting as well as the reacting animals. Laboratory diagnosis was frequently made of typical as well as questionable material. Only that data is considered where there remains no question as to the facts of the case. There were some doubtful reactions to the palpebral test among the healthy horses. In most of these cases the other tests were either negative or suspicious. On post mortem examination if there were any lesions, they were found not to be glanders. Of 24 cases of glanders considered with the one exception noted later in the paper, 23 gave positive intrapalpebral local reactions. One case noted in the paragraph on temperatures gave a typical thermic reaction but not a satisfactory local reaction. | MAuLEIN. The mallein employed was the same as that pre- pared for the veterinarians of the French Army, according to their directions. One volume of ophthalmic mallein diluted to three vol- umes of a 0.5 per cent carbolic acid solution. The dosage used was 2 minims or 1/10 ee. _ TsecHunic. A metal hypodermic syringe with a glass barrel of 1 ¢.c. capacity, fitted with a stop on the piston rod and graduated im tenths of a c.c. was found most convenient in performing the test. A fine bore needle of steel, 54 of an inch in length and strengthened by being soldered in deeply at the cup, was found to be the most desirable. | The test may be applied to either eye. The lower eyelid was the usual site of injection, though some have applied the test to the upper eyelid. - In most eases the holding of the horse’s head by an assistant is sufficient means of restraint; however, in restless animals a twitch may be applied. A fold of thin skin of the lower lid of the eye is grasped by the fore finger and the thumb, as near to the margin as possible. The needle is inserted into the dermis, parallel to the margin of the eye- lid and midway between the inner and outer canthus. The syringe is inserted into the head of the needle and 1/10 c.c. of mallein in- jected. , A little practice soon develops the necessary skill in the technic of the operation. The possibility of injecting the mallein under the. THE INTRAPALPEBRAL MALLEIN TEST 599 skin, while likely to obscure and delay the reaction, does not mate- rially interfere with the test. In such instances the temperatures assist in the interpretation, and limit the danger of error. With ordinary precautions of cleanliness and antisepsis no danger of in- jury or infection is likely to occur. The intrapalpebral mallein test produces a thermal and a local reaction, and occasionally a general reaction. Locau Reaction. The positive local reaction is obviously the most striking and important. In glandered animals it commences a few hours after injection. Sometimes an inflammation is observed as early as the second or third hour. The height of the local inflam- mation is reached at different times in the course of the reaction. At times it is most marked at the eighth to the tenth hour after injec- tion, at other times it may be most marked as late as the forty- eighth to the fifty-sixth hour. The reaction has been observed to last seven days after injection, but usually evidence of the reaction may be noticed up to the fourth or fifth day. A positive reaction comprises a hot painful diffuse swelling of the lower lid and may involve a considerable area about the eye. The conjunctival mucous membrane is usually congested and a pu- rulent conjunctivitis occurs as a rule, with a dirty purulent or muco-purulent discharge from the inner canthus. ‘The free edge of the eyelid is swollen and tends to protrude upward at the inner eanthus. The inflammation often extends to the upper lids, some- times it extends as far as the zygomatic ridge appearing to involve the whole side of that portion of the face. The eye seems to be sunk deep in the orbit due to the swelling which tends to make its fellow appear much smaller. Occasionally, corded lymphatics may be noted radiating from the local swelling. The untested eye at times may show some discharge at the height of the reaction. The corre- sponding submaxillary lymph gland is usually swollen and painful on palpation. The local reaction in cases of glanders may vary in extent, in- tensity and degree. The inflammation may be so severe and exten- sive as to involve the side of the face completely closing the eye and producing a copious purulent discharge. On the other hand the inflammation may be but slight and affect just the area about the point of injection, and in some cases the discharge may be barely noticeable or entirely absent, 600 L. PRICE In animals not infected with glanders an inflammatory edema appears at the point of injection, which reaches its height at the eighth to the tenth hour and then subsides. This edema seldom per- sists for more than 24 to 36 hours. This swelling is not painful or diffuse and takes on a crescentric shape. Frequently a slight mu- cous or serous discharge, different in character from a reactor’s dis- Fig. 1. Positive reaction at 20th hour. charge is also present. The conjunctival mucous membrane is not injected or congested. This non-specific swelling is easily recognized if present at the time of reading the test. In the majority of cases there is practi- cally no obvious change at the point of injection. THE INTRAPALPEBRAL MALLEIN TEST 601 TEMPERATURE. In positive cases the temperature has been ob- served to rise as high as 105.7° F. and usually takes on a definite eurve. The temperature may rise as early as the sixth hour after in- jection and, as a rule, follows the appearance of the local reaction. The height of curve seems to be reached from the 12th to the 18th hour. A fever temperature is frequently observed as late as the % Fig. 2. Positive reaction at 20th hour. Note corded lymphaties. 24th to 36th hour and sometimes even later. In some cases where the local reactions were marked and continued, the high tempera- ture lasted as long as the third day. The temperature curve has oc- casionally been observed to make a sharp drop after it has remained high for a period. intestine of mammals, birds and reptiles, rarely in fish and amphi- bia; the intermediate hosts are mammals, birds, amphibia, fish and mollusks. 618 MAURICE C, HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR Type genus.—Holostomum Nitzsch, 1819. Subfamily ALARMNAE Hall and Wigdor, 1918. Subfamily diagnosis —Holostomidae: Forms with flattened anterior body portion, of which the lamellar lateral edges ‘are strongly bent ventrally, forming a sort of sac with a long ventral aperture between these lamellar edges. The ventral sucker is often covered by the attaching apparatus and is usually not larger than the oral sucker or the pharynx. (The ventral sucker is lacking in at least one species). The attaching apparatus is in the form of a compact mass, often covering the greater part of the anterior body. The apertures of some glands are at the sides of the oral sucker. The genital cone and bursa copulatrix are notably de- veloped only in exceptional cases. The opening of the bursa is con- stantly dorsal. Parasitic in birds and mammals. Type genus.—Alaria Schranck, 1788. Tribe ALARIEAE Hall and Wigdor, 1918. Tribe diagnosis.—Alariinae: With the characters of the sub- family. Type genus.—Alaria Schranck, 1788. Genus Alaria Schranck, 1788. Generic diagnosis——Alarieae: Posterior portion of the body approximately cylindrical; anterior portion flattened and with its lateral borders curving toward the ventral surface. The ventral sucker is usually larger than the oral sucker. The attaching ap- paratus is a compact structure which often covers the greater por- tion of the ventral surface of the anterior part of the body, and may entirely or partly cover the ventral sucker. Type species.—Alaria vulpis Schranck, 1788 (—Planaria alata Goeze, 1782, renamed, —Alaria alata (Goeze, 1782). he fluke which we found in 4 dogs (1.33 per cent) of the series of 300 dogs is the larger of our two species and is most closely related to Alaria alata, the intestinal fluke from dogs and other carnivores in Europe. We propose for this species the name Alaria americana. The smaller of our two flukes, which we found in 3 of our 300 dogs (1.0 per cent), we propose to call Alaria michigan- ensis. The three species may be differentiated as follows: KEY TO SPECIES OF ALARIA FROM THE DOG 1. No projecting structures at each side of the oral sucker; right testis bilobed, left testis irregular in outline ‘but integral. .Alaria michiganensis. Projecting structures at each side of oral sucker; both testes bilobed........2 TWO NEW FLUKES FROM THE DOG 619 2. Attaching apparatus covers the posterior portion of the ventral sucker ; the field of the vitellaria extends to the ventral sucker; the ventral sucker slightly larger than the oral sucker...........-. Alaria americana Attaching apparatus distinctly posterior to, and not touching or covering, the ventral sucker; the field of the vitellaria in the median line all posterior to the anterior end of the attaching apparatus and to the oral sucker; the oral sucker larger than ‘the ventral sucker. ...Alaria alata. Part of the above key is based on Brandes’ (1890) figures and depends for its accuracy on the accuracy of those figures and of our interpretation of them. Ficure 1. Alaria alata. Ventral view. ms, oral sucker; da, site of gland aper- ture; ph, pharynx; i, intestine; bs, ventral sucker; e, excretory system; 2, vitellaria; ov, ovary; td, transverse vitelline duct; ud, unpaired vitelline duct; t, testes. Magnified. After Brandes (1890). More extended descriptions of these species are as follows: Species Alaria alata (Goeze, 1782) Hall and Wigdor, 1918. Specific diagnosis —Alaria: Flukes 3 to 6 mm. long (Fig. 1). The posterior body much shorter than the anterior. The oral sucker and pharynx quite distinct and each of them larger than the ventral sucker. Some distance posterior of the ventral sucker is the attaching apparatus, a high structure, notched anteriorly, according to Brandes’ figures, and with prominent lateral mar- gins. The greater part of the vitellaria are contained in the at- taching apparatus. In the median line there is a row of apparent 620 MAURICE CG. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR cavities, which are actually interruptions in the vitellaria and which are bounded by the dorso-ventral anastomoses of the exere- tory system. (The cut for Fig. 1 has been tooled in a way that has effaced the representation of these somewhat.) On each side of the oral sucker is a erescentic projection and in these are located the apertures of glands. There is a large bilobed testis on each side of the posterior body. The ovary gives the appearance of be- ing in the anterior body portion, owing to the fact that the lateral lamellae of the flattened anterior portion unite on the ventral sur- face far back over the cylindrical posterior portion of the body, Pig. 2, Alaria americana. Ventral view. a. p., anterior projection; 0. s., oral sucker; ph., pharynx; int., intestine; v. s., ventral sucker; a. a., attaching apparatus; vit., vitellaria; ov., ovary; t., testes; b. c., bursa copulatrix. with the entire ovary anterior of the line of union, according to the figure given by Brandes. The uterus and vas deferens open in the middle of a small genital cone. The bursa copulatrix opens dorsally, as in other species of this genus, and is relatively insigni- ficant. . Hosts.—Canis familiaris, Canis vulpes, Canis lupus, Canis lagopus, Thoas cancrivorus, and Megalotis cerdo. Locarion.—Intestines and, occasionally, stomach. Locauiry.—Europe. (Natterer is said to have collected it from Thoas cancrivorus, which suggests that the fluke was collected in South America). TWO NEW FLUKES FROM THE DOG 621 Species Alaria americana Hall and Wigdor, 1918. SPECIFIC DIAGNOsIS.—Alaria: Mounted specimens less than 3 mm. long (Figs. 2 and 5); live specimens appear to be between 4 and 5 mm. long. The posterior portion of the body appears to be shcrter than the anterior, but owing to the contractility of the animal, the two parts may appear to be of practically the same length in some specimens. A transverse wrinkling of the cuticle of the equatorial region of the posterior body seems to be common. The oral sucker and pharynx are quite distinct, but their trans- verse diameters are less than that of the ventral sucker, contrary to the condition in Alaria alata. The ventral sucker is relatively fig 3 Fie. 3. Alaria americana. Dorsal view. Lettering as in Fig, 2. well forward, less than its own diameter from the angle formed by the intestinal ceca, whereas the sucker in A. alata appears to be placed a distance distinctly greater than its own diameter behind this angle. The attaching apparatus is similar to that in A. alata, but the anterior end is smoothly rounded and does not show the notch which is figured for A. alata by Brandes (1890). In the median line of the vitellaria in the attaching apparatus, there are - a series of apparent cavities, not presenting sharply defined, occa- sionally rectangular outlines as in A. alata, and usually 3 to 5 in number and not 9 in number as figured for A. alata by Brandes. 622 MAURICE C. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR In the median line the vitellaria in flattened specimens extend forward to the same transverse plane as the ventral sucker, the at- taching apparatus extending slightly forward of the vitellaria and partly covering the ventral sucker. In A. alata, the ventral sucker is well forward of the anterior end of the attaching appara- tus of the vitellaria in the median line. Specimens which have curled up, apparently in response to some irritant stimulus, show the attaching apparatus shoved forward till its anterior end is in the vicinity of the oral sucker, the lateral lamellae of the anterior body being folded over toward the mid-ventral line, and the pos- terior body being bent back in a way that tends to bring its dorsal fig? Fic. 4. Alaria americana. Outline view from side. a. p., anterior projection ; b. c., bursa copulatrix. portion in contact with the dorsal portion of the anterior body. On each side of the oral sucker are crescentic projections as in A. alata, presumably bearing the ducts of glands as the similar strue- tures in A. alata are said to do. There is a large bilobed testis on each side of the posterior body.) The ovary appears to lie partly anterior to and partly posterior to the line of union of the lateral lamellar margins of the anterior body. The ‘bursa copulatrix is less than twice the diameter of the ventral sucker, whereas in A. alata it is about three times the diameter of the ventral sucker, according to Brandes’ figures. The eggs in the uterus are 90 » to - 120 uw by 80 » to 86 w in diameter. Eggs from the feces measured 106 » to 134 » by 64 » to 80 w (Fig. 5). Other details of the repro- ductive system and other systems were not determined, as this study was only incidental to other investigations which would not permit of taking time for the work of making and mounting see- tions. | . TWO NEW FLUKES FROM THE DOG 623 Host.—Canis familraris. LocatTion.—Small intestine. Locauity.—Detroit, Michigan. , The largest number of A. americana found in one animal was 91 (in dog No. 281). Species Alaria michiganensis Hall and Wigdor, 1918. SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS.—Alaria: Flukes 1.8 to 1.91 mm. long when mounted (Figs. 6 and 7). Posterior portion of body longer or shorter than the anterior portion, according to the state of con- traction. The anterior portion of the body appears to*be covered with minute, posteriorly-directed spines, Well developed oral sucker and pharynx. Oral and ventral suckers of approximately ihe same size, sometimes one and sometimes the other the larger. The attaching apparatus is usually immediately posterior of the ventral sucker in flattened specimens and has no notch anteriorly. Fie. 5. Alaria americana. Egg from feces. Occasionally it is considerably posterior of the ventral sucker and in a number of mounted specimens we are unable to detect an at- taching apparatus. In the median line the vitellaria extend an- terior of the ventral sucker to a point between the ventral sucker and the posterior end of the pharynx. There are no such apparent cavities in the median field of the vitellaria as there are in A. alata and A. americana. There are no crescentic projections on the sides of the oral sucker. The right testis is bilobed and lies trans- versely across the posterior body, extending across the median line in such a way that one lobe lies on the right side and one lobe lies on the left side of the worm posterior to the left testis. What appears to be the cirrus can be distinguished on the left side, con- necting with the bursa copulatrix. The ovary lies somewhat to the left, instead of median, and is entirely posterior of the line of union of the lateral lamellar margins of the anterior part of the body. The transverse vitelline duct crosses to the right side near the 624 MAURICE C. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR union of the anterior and posterior body and the main vitelline duct extends along the right side of the posterior portion of the body and apparently crosses ventrad of the right testis to the left side, forming a dilation in the median line. The bursa copulatrix is more than twice the diameter of the suckers. The eggs in the uterus are 80 » to 104 w by 76 » to 80 » in diameter. Host.—Canis famiraris. Location.—Small intestine. Locauity.—Detroit, Mich. The largest number of A. michiganensis found in one animal was 80 (in dog No. 195). fog. © Fig. 6. Alaria michiganensis. Dorsal view. Fic. 7. Alaria michiganensis. Ventral view. Lettering as in Fig. 2. The resemblance between Alaria alata, the form described from Kurope, and the species we have designated as A. americana is very considerable and the possibility of their being the same spe- cies should be given consideration. We find certain differences on comparison: Although the measurements overlap, A. alata appears to be larger as regards average size and maximum size. In A. americana the vitellaria in the median line and the anterior border of the attaching apparatus both lie in the transverse field deter- mined by the antero-posterior diameter of the ventral sucker, whereas in A. alata the ventral sucker lies anterior of the forward end of the attaching apparatus, which in turn seems to extend well forward of the anterior limits of the vitellaria in the median line. This difference, the absence of a notch in the anterior margin of TWO NEW FLUKES FROM THE DOG 625 the attaching apparatus, and a few other differences in relative sizes of suckers, ete., make it unwise to claim the identity of the European and American form. In this matter we follow the ad- vice of Dr. Ch. Wardell Stiles, who considers it better to take a chance on making a new species for an old one, where there is a doubt, and assuming that an error will be pointed out and the new name assigned its proper status as a synonym, than to record such a doubtful finding under the name of an old species with which it may easily be long confused and from which it will be very diffi- cult to separate it if there is an error. The measurements of mounted specimens of the two American species of flukes are given in the following table, nothing of the sort, except the body length of 3 to 6 mm., being known to us for A. alata: : latent Ventral sucker 0.070 mm. Bursa copulatrix 0.114 mm. to 0.245 mm. diam. 0.088 mm. to 0.235 mm. diam. Structure A, americana A. michiganensis Entire body 1.16 mm. to 2.32 mm. long 1.89 mm. to 1.91 mm. long Anterior body 0.69 mm. to 1.07 mm. long 0.80 mm. to 1.17 mm. long 0.71 mm. to 195 mm. wide 0.85 mm. to 0.94 mm. wide Posterior body 0.48 mm. to 1.25 mm. long 0.72 mm. to 1.11 mm. long 0.65 mm. to 0.95 mm. wide 0.85 mm. to 0.92 mm. wide Oral sucker 0.090 mm. to 0.137 mm. diam. 0.086 mm. to 0.157 mm. diam. Pharynx 0.120 mm. to 0.196 mm. long _0.142 mm. to 0.152 mm. long 0.080 mm. to 0.137 mm. wide 0.118 mm. to 0.127 mm. wide to 0.176 mm. diam. 0.090 mm. to 0.176 mm. diam The fiukes reported from the dog outside of North America include the following: Opisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis caninus, Clonorchis endemicus, Metorchis albidus (?), Pseudamphistomum truncatum, Ascocotyle minuta, Ascocotyle italica, Loossia romanica, Heterophyes heterophyes, Heterophyes aequalis, Heterophyes dis- par, Isthmiophora melis (2), Echinochasmus perfoliatus, Dicro- coelium dendriticum, Schistosomum japonicum, Yokagawa yoka- gawa and Hemistomum alatum. In passing it is of interest to note that Stiles and Hassal! (1894) report the presence of Hemistomum alatum in the collec- tion of the U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, D. C., but the material is European, not American. The specimens are from Rudolphi’s collection and probably have an historical interest far greater than their scientific value for study after preservation for a century; no effort was made to examine this material for comparison. 626 R. W. SHUFELDT BIBLIOGRAPHY BRANDES, Gustav. 1890. Die Familie der Holostomiden. Zool. Jahrhb., Abt. f. Syst., v. 5 (4), 24, Dee., pp. 549-604, pls. 39-41. RAILLIET, ALCIDE. 1896. Quelques rectifications 4 la nomenclature des para- sites. Rec. de Méd. Vét., v. 73, 8 s., v. 3 (5), 15 mars, pp. 157-161. STILES, CH. WARDELL, and ALBERT HAssALL. 1894, A preliminary catalogue of the parasites contained in the collections of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Army Medical Museum, Biological De- partment of the University of Pennsylvania (Coll. Leidy) and in Coll. Stiles and Coll. Hassall. Vet. Mag., Phila., v. 1, (4), Apr., pp. 245-253; (5), May, pp. 331-354, 1908. Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology. Subjects: Trematoda and trematode diseases. Hyg. Lab. Bull. (37), 401 pp. Warp, Henry B., and Hirscu, Epwin F. 1915. The species of Paragonimus and their differentiation. Ann. Trop. Med. §& Parasitol., v. 9 (1), Mar., pp. 109-162, pls. 7-11. A NEW CENTER FOR VETERINARY RESEARCH R. W. SHuFELDT, M.D. Major, Med. Corps, U. 8. Army; Membr. Anthropological Society of Pisrence, Corr. Membr. Zool. Soc. Lond., ete., Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC, It will be of interest to veterinarians to learn that very recently steps have been taken at the Army Medical Museum, of the Sur- geon General’s Office at Washington, to improve the status and further the interests of veterinary science in that institution. As in the case of so many activities, the present war is largely respon- sible for giving greater prominence to this important department of science. Our armies are using a great number of horses and mules, not only in the cavalry service, but as draught animals and for other purposes. It also becomes a matter of great importance that the veterinary department of the Government should bestow the strictest attention to the meats that are issued to our men and officers in France as well as in this country—a precautionary measure that is too obvious to require any debate in this place. Finally, we have come to use the dog in many capacities at the front, and dogs require that just as much care is bestowed upon them as do men, in that they may be kept fit for service and ready for duty at all times. With these activities and necessities before the Government, it will be a surprise to no one to learn that, with the means so con- veniently at hand, the required action was promptly taken to meet VETERINARY RESEARCH 627 what was so obviously demanded in the premises, in that efficiency and the requirements of hygiene might be realized to the fullest extent. To deal with the problems of practice and therapeutics, in so far as they apply to the care of any one of our domestic animals, it is clear that such an institution as an army medical museum can undertake but certain steps in the matters of teaching and the ex- hibition of material, in that officers and men of the veterinary serv- ice may profit by what is placed within their reach. Fie. 1. Life-size manikin or model of a horse, manufactured by Auzoux of Paris; muscles, organs, ete., all detachable. Circulatory system, ete.., perfect. This applies, however, with equal truth in the case of our own species, be they civil or military subjects. By this is meant that a medical museum fully serves its end when it has properly placed on exhibition all the material that it can accumulate, and all that its space will accommodate, which brings before the student and the practitioner the morphology and physiology of the forms they strive to maintain in as thoroughly healthy a condition as possible, and render of the greatest service to their kind: these elements of structure and function are likewise fully illustrated with respect to their pathological condition. When these ends are met to the fullest extent, there is but little left for a medical museum to do, 628 R. W. SHUFELDT beyond thoroughly keeping abreast of the profession’s advance, ‘and offering all possible facilities for educational extension, through employing, for teaching purposes, all the material the institution contains. This last statement is as true of veterinary science and its demonstrational material as it is of the corresponding collections as they relate to our own or any other species, when we come to apply it to the teaching of the professional branches of that de- partment of learning. We may now pass to a brief consideration of such specimens Fie. 2. A very ingenious contrivance to show the age of a horse by the teeth. Anterior parts of the actual maxille (upper and lower jaws) of five - horses, so hinged that they can be shut together. Anterior teeth all perfect, ‘the characters showing the ages of this animal at 11, 12, 16, 18 and 20 years. (Nos. 749-753.) Dr. Brailey, Vet. Surg., U. 8. A., contributor. as are to be found in the Army Medical Museum, and the facilities it offers for study and research work. In the first place, there are. to be found in the library of this institution several hundred standard works, devoted to the various branches of veterinary sci- ence, while the reading room receives many of the leading journals on such subjects. These works are regularly loaned to veterinarians under the same rules and restrictions as are medical works to phy- siclans and surgeons on our own species. Later on, when the pro- posed new Army Medical Museum becomes an accomplished fact, there will be dissecting rooms for veterinary students and practi- VETERINARY RESEARCH 629 tioners, as well as facilities for microscopical and pathological re-- search and case examinations; but it is a little too early to look for such advantages as these. When we turn to the collections, how- ever, it will at once be appreciated that the museum has taken a long step in the direction of laying the foundation upon which to build up this part of the requirement for investigations in veteri- nary science. — One of the most expensive as well as one of the most useful specimens in the museum is that of a model of a horse, here shown oe Sea Fic. 3. Right innominate bone of a horse exhibiting a case of comminuted fracture, involving the acetabulum. Result of a fall. Animal was at once killed. (No. 9663.) -in Fig. 1. This is an Auzoux of Paris, and was purchased a long time ago. It occupies an entire special glass case all to itself, and — is of the size of life. Nearly all of its anatomical parts are de- tachable, thus affording students and demonstrators opportunity to handle them separately. This does not apply to the superficial muscles and other parts exclusively, for the model is so constructed that it opens up entirely along the horizontal plane shown in the — cut. When thus opened, all of the internal organs and viscera may be taken out, piece by piece, allowing the form and relations of 630 R. W. SHUFELDT each organ to. be studied separately. A model of this sort is of some value when studied through the four sides of its big glass case ; but it would be of far greater value were it used in a room where veterinary lectures on equine anatomy were being delivered regu- larly, and the class of students had the opportunity to take. it apart. Such a lecture-hall will doubtless form a part of the proposed new Fig. 4. Right carpal bones and proximal end of metatarsus, showing large exostotic growths. From a mare, age 15 years, which fell, injuring the joint. Synovitis ensued. (No. 10657.) Contributor C. B. Robinson, V.S., Washing- ton, D. C. building, and it should be a modern room with respect to acoustics, lighting, and size. It goes without the saying that such an audi- torium or lecture-hall could be used for all lectures pertaining to the various activities that the institution exploits; in fact, no mu- seum worthy of the name would in any way be complete without it. We further find in the collections of the museum now being VETERINARY RESEARCH 631 considered many fine Auzoux models of separate organs of many different species of animals other than those of the horse. Not a few cf these are several times their normal size and very perfect in their way. The inerease of size is often of advantage; for, in the case of large audiences, those far from the lecturer’s desk may be able to see the model and its smaller parts. Such a series of models should be sufficiently extensive to make necessary comparisons. For example, the stomach of a horse, a cow, a pig, and several car- nivores, should all be thus compared and intercompared. Anatomy attains its full teaching value only when every structure is con- trasted with the same structure of all animals in any way related to the one being described. Without this, philosophy gives way before the incomprehensive single-species method, which is now gradually being abandoned in centers of such instruction at all worthy of the name. ; The teeth of horses have always held an important place in the study of the animal, particularly as they materially assist in deter- mining the age of the species, which is an important factor in the marketing of horses, or the buying of a large number of them by the government for use in the Army. In Fig. 2 is given a device that fills a useful purpose in this matter, and one that is a good dem- onstration model for class work. There are many specimens in the eases of a teratological na- ture, and these refer not only to the horse but to the majority of our domestic animals; they are wonderfully varied in character, and of great interest, especially those of the skull and the feet (polydactylism). Osteologically they are of value when compared with similar departures from the normal, as we find them to occur in our own species and among the lower types of mankind. —Dr. Richard Ebbitt has removed from Grand Island to Papil- lion, Nebraska. —Dr. G. H. Grapp has removed from Port Deposit to Balti- more, Md. —Dr. T. E. Wilke has removed from West Plains, Mo., to Chi- eago, Ill. —Dr. A. J. Dinse has been transferred from Warrenton to Ham- ilton, Ga, SOME BLOOD-SUCKING FLIES OF SASKATCHEWAN A. E. CAMERON, M.A., D.Sc. Technical Assistant, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture INTropuctTION. Last summer (1917) the author in cooperation with Dr. 8. Hadwen of the Health of Animals Branch, Department of Agriculture, made a preliminary survey of the blood-sucking flies affecting stock and man in the vicinity of Saskatoon. Because of other important investigations occupying their attention, includ- ing the study of bot-flies, and so-called ‘‘swamp fever’’ which causes serious losses among horses, the time allotted to the survey was nec- essarily limited. It is therefore proposed to discuss tentatively only a few of the more frequently occurring forms that were encountered within a radius of 50 miles of the city of Saskatoon, Sask. Inas- much as the environmental conditions existing in this area are fairly representative of those throughout the southern half of the province, the remarks that follow will be found to be more or less applicable to the whole of this region, where wooded bluffs are relatively few and far between. In the northern territory, as yet unexplored by the author, it is not unlikely that in the more sheltered wooded dis- tricts, more favorable environmental conditions will prove such as ‘to have an important bearing on the constitution of the fauna of blood-sucking flies, with a probable consequent greater fertility in species numbers. It could not but be remarked that the area studied yielded a surprising paucity of form especially of horse-flies, al- though in actual numbers their dominance could not be denied. Attention was principally paid to the three families known as - the Culicidae or Mosquitoes, the Simuliidae or Black-flies and the Tabanidae or Horse-flies, all of which have aquatic larvae. Mosquitors.* Until Knab published his paper ‘‘Observations on the Mosquitoes of Saskatchewan’’, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 50, Pt. 4, 1903, pp. 540-547, very little was known about the prairie species or their habits. There still remains much to be learned. The great majority of the species of the prairie re- gion of the northwest belong to the genus Aedes. These typically northern forms develop in the melting snow-water of early spring. To some, the great abundance of the prairie mosquitoes has pre- *The author desires to express his thanks to Dr. H. G. Dyar of the Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D. C., for kindly identifying the species of mosquitoes, BLOOD-SUCKING FLIES OF SASKATCHEWAN 633 sented a puzzling question because of the comparative scarcity of water—essential to mosquito breeding—on the prairies during the summer months. There is only a single annual brood of prairie mosquitoes, and the adults are apparently long lived. The eggs are laid in the late summer on the ground where they remain until the following spring, when they readily hatch into ‘‘wrigglers’’ in the water produced from the melting snow. Many sloughs persist well into the summer, but frequent investigation during July and Au- - gust failed to reveal the presence of larvae in these stagnant waters, the first and only generation having departed earlier. Knab, how- ever, found the larvae in large numbers in alkali swamps and ditches in May and June (1907). In one or two instances Aedes canadensis Theob. and Aedes sansoni D. and K., were particularly prevalent in the immediate vicinity of these sloughs during July. Peculiar to swampy creeks and ravines opening into the Saskatchewan River one finds Aedes mimesis Dyar, Aedes vexans Meig., and Aedes aesti- vali Dyar, all of which are more or less persistent in their attacks on man. A. canadensis and A. sansoni were occasionally encountered in large swarms when disturbed from their shaded resting places among the grasses in these ravines. The most widely distributed species on the prairies are Aedes spenceri Theob., Aedes fletcheri Coq. and Aedes curriei Coq. The first two are very prevalent around Saskatoon, and it is principally due to their vicious habits that the existence of the prairie inhabi- tants is rendered almost intolerable at times. They are rarely to be encountered in the towns, although they enter the porches of houses on the outskirts and attack the occupants. Their attacks on stock are equally troublesome, and the provision of protective fly-nets on horses is a wise precaution now generally adopted. | From the nature of the life-history facts here outlined, it will be readily imagined how difficult is the problem of mosquito control on the prairies. None of the species appear to undertake long migra- tory flights so that the problem is more or less a local one, but a local one of immense size. Undoubtedly, much could be accomplished in the vicinity of townships by oiling the temporary pools of the early spring wherever larvae are found. The judicious application of kerosene, crude oils of paraffin or asphaltum base will provide a sur- face film which will readily kill the larvae by suffocation as well as by their toxic properties. An alternative method, which has been employed in anti-mosquito work with great effect, is the application 634 _ A. E, CAMERON of a preparation known as ‘‘larvacide’’ manufactured according to Resin... iia ey ces oo ee 150 to 200 pounds Soda (caustic)........ ata LRT aS ed oe 30 pounds Carbolie aeid e435 54 sees S abe 150 gallons The product readily emulsifies in water, but unfortunately brackish or alkali waters render it inert. Combined with its marked toxicity, it has the advantage of cheapness, a fact which makes it preferable to the more expensive kerosene oil. Sloughs near towns should be readily filled up with refuse wherever possible, the work to be accomplished during the summer and fall in preparation for the thawing of the following spring. Buack-F ies. The virulence of the bite which the species of this family are capable of inflicting is in inverse ratio to their size. In different parts of the continent they are known variously as ‘‘buf- falo-gnats’’, ‘‘turkey-gnats’’ and ‘‘sand-flies’’, but the designation of black-flies is by far the most suitable in that it is not so narrow in its content as the others, each of which emphasises one particular habit of a single or limited number of species. In the early stages of their life-histories black-flies are aquatic and their gregarious, greenish-gray larvae may be found attached to stones in the rapids of streams and rivers. They maintain their position in spite of the current by means of a suctorial disk at the posterior end of their body, and by means of the peculiarly adapted head-fans they contrive to sweep minute vegetable. organisms such as diatoms and desmids into their mouths. Should they, by any chance, become dislodged from the security of their position, they have the power of secreting a silk-thread. By fixing it to a station- ary object, the chances of their being washed downstream before they encounter another suitable anchorage are considerably de- creased. | Before pupating the larva spins a closely-woven, slipper-shaped cocoon, open anteriorly. It is securely fixed to the stones, and the thread-like breathing filaments are exposed. The velvety black-flies lay their eggs on the exposed surfaces of stones or weeds, and some penetrate beneath the surface to deposit their eggs on the water-washed surface of stones. The whole life- history occupies a period of about six weeks. *Le Prince, J. A., and Orensteen, A. J., Mosquito Control in Panama, New York, 1916, p. 174, BLOOD-SUCKING FLIES OF SASKATCHEWAN 635 We were able to witness how intense is the annoyance and in- jury inflicted on cattle by the persistent and tenacious attacks by myriads of these black-flies. At the beginning of July, the species most abundant was Simulium similis Mall. On the evening of July 4 some cows staked out on the prairie in close proximity to the Sas- katchewan River and not more than two miles from Saskatoon, were observed to be straining on their tethers and lowing pitiably. A closer view revealed the presence of dense swarms of this species, which extended all round the animals for at least eight to ten yards. The animals were very restless, and a close examination revealed the fact that on their forequarters, abdomen, and udders, the flies were congregated in dense masses and were distended with blood. On these regions the skin was broken, and blood oozed from innumer- able punctures. The flies were also entering the nostrils, ears and eyes. The damage caused by black-flies results from their painful bites and the loss of blood which ensues. They have frequently been ‘guilty of inflicting extensive losses among livestock, but so far have not been incriminated as vectors of disease-causing organisms. At Duck Lake in Saskatchewan it was stated on good authority that in 1913 about 100 head of cattle died from the attacks of black-flies. The first swarms are generally in evidence about the beginning of June, and the infestations may recur at intervals as late as Septem- ber and October. One witness testified to the pungent, mustard-like taste of the flies. | The Saskatchewan River, the only apparently suitable water for the breeding of black-flies, is six miles distant from Duck Lake and there is little doubt but that the flies either voluntarily or com- pulsorily undertake migratory flights which carry them long dis- tances from their places of breeding. Probably they are assisted in this by mild, favoring breezes. At the present time the only measure of control that commends itself is either to burn ‘‘smudges’’—which many farmers do—and thus ward off the flies from the animals by the resulting dense smoke, around which they congregate for protection, or to dress their coats with some disagreeable preparation of oil or grease. Fish oil alone or in combination with other strong-smelling substances is one of the best repellants. A mixture* consisting of three parts of fish oil *Washburn, F. L., Diptera of Minnesota, Bulletin N. 93, Agr. Exper. Sta., Univ, Minn., 1905, pp. 75-76. 636 A. E. CAMERON and 1 part kerosene spread over sores gives excellent results. In smearing animals with the various strong-smelling oils care should be taken not to use machine oil or other powerful oils, the repeated application of which tends to remove the hair. The dressing should be renewed once a day in the fly season. : The most satisfactory means of control would be to kill the lar- vae in the streams, but in large rivers the practicability of making any extensive application of toxic subsiances is out of the question. Further, the danger to stock and human beings, who may use the, treated water, must be duly emphasized. In some experiments re- cently carried out with Phinotas oil** in streams, it was found that a film of oil may be found upon stones 48 hours after application, and the black-fly larvae may be killed one-eighth of a mile below the point of application. A small stream which drains a swampy area and debouches into the Saskatchewan River, about 3 miles south of Saskatoon, was found to contain the larvae of three different kinds of black-fly and; in this particular instance, treatment with Phinotas oil would have supplied the necessary remedy. HorssE-Fuies. The fiies belonging to this family are also vari- ously known as breeze-flies, clegs and deer-flies. The name, how- ever, by which the larger horse-fiies of the prairies are most gener- ally known is ‘‘bull-dogs’’, which conveys some idea of their perti- nacious biting habits. The adults frequent marshy places and are commonly encountered in the vicinity of sloughs in large numbers. Here they lay their eggs on the leaves of aquatic plants, and the larvae inhabit the muddy bottoms and margins of these ponds. The larvae are carnivorous, preying upon slugs, worms and the larvae of other insects, whilst in captivity they do not hesitate to devour their own kind. The most prevalently occurring species in the environment of Saskatoon is Tabanus septentrionalis Loew., which is extremely va- riable in its coloration and size. It was our experience that this species displayed a marked tendency to seek shade. When an auto- mobile was stationed near a slough with the cover up, they swarmed around it in large numbers, circling it in rapid flight and finally entering and resting on the roof or on the mud-guards and sides **Phinotas oil is a preparation made by the Phinotas Chemical Company of New York and is a powerful larvacide. The great objection to its use is that fish also succumb to its poisonous properties. It costs about 40 cents per gallon (Smith, J. B., Mesquitoes of New Jersey, Trenton, N. J., 1904, pp. 128, 129). BLOOD-SUCKING FLIES OF SASKATCHEWAN 637 outside. By the same token, they were often found at rest on the outside walls of dwelling-houses and inside on the windows, asso- ciated with Tabanus illotus O. 8., and Tabanus hirtulus Bigot. In lesser numbers Tabanus phaenops O. 8., Tabanus rhombicus O.8., Tabanus cantonis Marten, and Tabanus epistatus also occurred. _ None of these species were found to be aggressive in their atti- tude to human beings, but they were persistent in their attacks on horses and cattle grazing on the prairies. The provision of fly-nets for horses at work is ample protection against these flies. _ Of the genus Chrysops, all of which have pictured wings, Chrysops moerens Walk. and Chrysops fulvaster O. S. were the only two species found during the summer. Around the sloughs near Dundurn the former was very common. In the grass at the mar- gins of these sloughs, they were readily disturbed as one walked along and they were not slow to attack human beings. The latter was only encountered in low, swampy ground and was taken in large numbers. It does not hesitate to attack those who intrude in its preserves. The delicate, grayish-black breeze-fly Haematopota americana O. S., with grayish pictured wings, is occasionally found around horses and readily settles on people in the vicinity. In its flight it makes very little noise and it is very quiet and unobtrusive as it settles to bite. : For those horse flies which attack the ears of horses nets will be found useful as a protection. In case where the eyes are also attacked, the ears and skin about the eyes may be smeared with the following repellant solution as recommended in Bull. No. 93, Agr. Exper. Station, Univ. Minn., 1905: Pine tar one gallon; kerosene or fish oil, or crude carbolic acid one quart; _ powdered sulphur two pounds. This mixture, also, applied to wounds made by barbed wire or otherwise, will ward off those flies which might be disposed to lay their eggs therein. In Russia, Portchinsky* has taken advantage of the habits of *Portchinsky, L. Tabanidae and the Simplest Methods of Destroying Them. Memoirs of the Bureau of Entomology of the Scientifie Committee of the Central Board of Land Administration and Agriculture, Petrograd, Vol. II, No. 8, 1915, Abstract in Rev. App. Entom., Ser. B., Vol. III, 1915, pp. 195-196, 1916. Dr. L. O. Howard, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C., was the first to attract attention to Portchinsky’s discovery in ‘‘A Remedy for Gadflies: Portchinsky’s Recent Discovery in Russia, with Some American Observations’ ’. This was published in Bulletin No. 20, Division of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, 1899. The Russian author had previously published an account of his findings this same year. 638 A. E. CAMERON horse-flies of concentrating in damp places and near pools at which they drink. He found that during the heat of the day the flies rap- idly skim the surface of the water in order to drink, only the under- side of their bodies touching the water. Very good results were ob- tained by pouring kerosene on the surface of these pools of stagnant water, and it was found that these ‘‘pools of death’’, as he called them, soon became covered with the dead bodies of horse-flies which frequented them. Contact with the kerosene, which adhered to their bodies, rapidly poisoned or suffocated the flies. The author advocates the use of ‘‘ pools of death’’ in pastures where cattle graze, but they should always be securely fenced off. In Canada, Mr. Norman Criddle of the Entomological Branch, Manitoba, made independent observations and experiments in 1914 and 1916 in Manitoba similar to those of Portchinsky in Russia. In 1914 he noticed the habits which horse-flies display of making rapid, skimming flights along the surface of exposed water. Like the Rus- - sian author, too, he found that the great majority of the flies that thus behaved were males, only a small percentage of females coming to drink at open water. In experiments covering a period of 5 days in a pool but one square metre in surface area, Portchinsky counted in all 1967 horse-flies, of which only 14 per cent were females. My thanks are due to Professor J. S. Hine, Ohio State Univer- sity, who kindly confirmed the identification of some of the speci- mens of horse-flies and also named others about which there was some uncertainty. —Veterinary Inspector D. B. Pellette has been transferred from Oxford, Ala., to Colfax, La. —MAKING THE CATTLE TicK HoovErIzE. While civilians are de- priving themselves of meat, so that our soldiers and our allies may have sufficient meat rations, the cattle tick is also compelled to give up his continuous meal of cow blood in counties doing Tick Kradiea- tion work. During the past month 698 vats were used and 275,000 cattle dipped for ticks in South Texas. Every tick gotten rid of by the dipping means that much blood saved for beef production. —The marriage of Miss Lois Mary Smith of Columbus, Ohio, to Dr. J. P. Scott of Manhattan, Kansas, is announced. Dr. Scott is on the staff of the Veterinary College at Manhattan. ORGANIZING AND CONDUCTING STATE-WIDE TICK ERADICATION IN LOUISIANA ErNEsT I. SmituH, D.V.M. Inspector in Charge, B. A. I. Baton Rouge, Louisiana On July 25, 1917, Hon. Ruffin G. Pleasant, the distinguished Governor of the State of Louisiana, signed and approved one of the greatest constructive measures ever passed by any legislative body. It is known as Act No. 25, Senate Bill No. 10, by Senator See C. Williamson, under the caption as follows: AN ACT To provide for the eradication of the Texas fever carrying tick, commonly known as the cattle tick, (Margaropus an- nulatus) ; to provide for the expenses of conducting and carrying out said work in the State of Louisiana; to pro- vide process to compel compliance by Police Juries and the members thereof with the provisions of this Act; and pre- seribing the manner in which Live Stock Sanitary Inspec- tors shall be appointed and compensated; defining their duties and fixing the authority of the Louisiana State Live Stock Sanitary Board relative to cattle fever tick eradica- tion in the State of Louisiana, and to provide penalties for the violation of this Act; and to repeal Act 127 of the Gen- eral Assembly of Louisiana for the year of 1916; and all laws or parts of laws in conflict with this Act. During the time the bill was on trial before the agricultural ee cea tel # ed noses committees of the Senate and the House, planters, cattlemen and - others in the State hastily sent to their various law-makers a flood of telegrams urging them to make a favorable report, which proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the majority were desirous that such an indictment be drawn against the tick sufficient to insure that no competent jury could ever succeed in returning a verdict of ac- quittal. The language in the Act had been carefully phrased to af- feet every parish in the State, in the event those already released should become reinfested. However, it directly affected forty-two new parishes which, heretofore, had never taken any official action along the lines of tick eradication. The proper legislation was finally enacted, and it specifically stated that all parishes must be equipped with sufficient number of 640 ERNEST I. SMITH vats and chemicals to commence systematic tick eradication by April 1, 1918. The gigantic wheels of progress began to revolve, and in order to smoothly pave the highway of success in advance, it became immediately imperative for Dr. E. P. Flower, Secretary and Execu- tive Officer of the Louisiana Live Stock Sanitary Board and the Bureau forces to make a survey of every one of the forty-two new parishes, meet their governing bodies on scheduled dates and ex- plain to them the fundamental principles of the law. Notably, their part in the undertaking; what the State would do, and what would be the attitude of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. This procedure was-a campaign within itself which forced many fat mileage books to swiftly fall away into two thin pasteboard covers. Fig. 1. A misecreant dynamites a dipping vat ; Photographed by C. F. Lipp In the meantime, executive bodies summoned our assistance, and in. a number of instances, special sessions were called for the purpose of conserving time. We were extended a cordial reception by each local executive board and, as a result of the conference, they imme- diately made arrangements for a liberal appropriation to build vats, purchase chemicals and provide for local inspectors to work under the direction of the federal supervising inspector. In the early winter, many of the parishes began to eall for a leader to aid them in locating the vats and explain the details of construction. Then an efficient Bureau organization had to be as- TICK ERADICATION IN LOUISIANA 641 sembled and systematized to meet the requirements in order. that every parish might have close individual supervision including fif- teen other parishes which had carried on the work in 1917 under a local ordinance with not the highest degree of efficiency. | In November, 1917, vat building made a small but healthy start and so continued until it reached the climax, when during the month of April, 1918, alone, the various parishes over the State, both by cooperative labor and the contract system constructed, complete, ready for instant operation, eight hundred and twenty-seven dip- ping vats. Adding this number to those which had been previously constructed and to those which have been built since May 1st, makes the splendid total of about five thousand for the entire State. Fig. 2. Along the dusty road to the dipping vat . In consequence of this great number of vats, chemicals have been purchased by all the parishes equivalent to about one hundred and fifty tons of white arsenic. The machinery has now speeded up to the point where the Bu- reau has sixty-five employees in Louisiana consecrated to the service of tick eradication, and the State and parish furnish between six and seven hundred more. The State-wide law did not become effective until April Ist, 1918, but notwithstanding that fact, our records show 250,000 dippings under supervision during the month of March and in April the figures leaped to 1,700,000 with the machinery running smoothly and capable of trebling the load. As horses and mules harbor the tick, they were not overlooked and many of them 642 ERNEST I. SMITH took their regular swim through the vats with the usual joy of satis- faction. . In one parish a few miscreants from the piney woods resorted to dynamite to help the cause along, but their un-American, cow- ardly tactics precipitated a reaction which resulted in the Chief Ex- ecutive of the State informing the local officials to prosecute to the Fic. 3. Ready to plunge in Fic. 4. Thoroughly cleansed to the skin limit any individuals who exhibited an ugly face toward tick eradi- cation by cooperating with dynamite. Act No. 68 passed by the 65th Congress played an important part, in that it forbade any in- dividual from having in his possession explosives, except he be licensed accordingly by the federal government. The busy season has arrived and soon after sunrise if one were in the proper place, large herds of cattle could be observed hurry- TICK ERADICATION IN LOUISIANA 643 ing along the dusty road to their semi-monthly bath, and when they arrive there is little left to do but head them toward the chute lead- ing to the dip where they will plunge in safely, one after another with accurate precision and finally come out of the dripping pen at the other end of the vat thoroughly cleansed to the skin and the tick a. 3. oe : 5 Sa ; £ : mae = a < 2s ee Fig. 5. Free rangers from the piney woods Fic. 6. With horns too broad to dip administered a powerful toxie dose, sufficient to kill it within the next forty-eight hours. The vast areas of cutover pine lands in Louisiana furnish excel- lent grazing for thousands of cattle and to the student and lover of nature it is interesting to hear the first faint tinkle of bells some- 644 ERNEST I. SMITH where in the dense woodland. Finally,*the medley becomes louder, sounding like a thousand bells of all dimensions attached to so many wild beasts of the jungle. Suddenly the free rangers break out into the open and, with the horseback riders in the rear, leisurely wend their way to the vat pens for the ultimate purpose of breaking the long, uninterrupted game of extortion played by the tick in its annual toll of death. In a State-wide campaign of cattle dipping it would, indeed, be very exceptional if we were unable to find a steer with natural instruments of defense too broad to permit him to pass through the vat without his horns becoming locked between the walls. He is a Fic. 7. Two native gladiators descendant of the early bovine settlers of Texas when the cattlemen bred largely to horns and head. Nevertheless his generous equip- ment of horns does not permit him to escape the treatment; he is placed in the dripping pen, given a good shower bath and, as a re- sult, he apparently craves to be normal so he could follow the regu- lar procession through the vat. : In the common cause to eliminate the dreaded cattle tick the regular herding of cattle for each dip day has its perplexities and amusements. The man who rides all day through thick bushes, shrubs, and sharp briars, in and out of the almost impenetrable jungles and finally lands his cattle at the vat by nightfall, deserves much credit and consideration. It is an undertaking that will, tem- porarily, ruffle the most gentle disposition. However, after dipping TICK ERADICATION IN LOUISIANA 645 and the day’s work is completed, the humorous side may present it- self, as it is not an infrequent sight to see two native gladiators from the piney woods, with their referee, striving to decide who shall be master of the open range for the next two weeks. Tick eradication this year in Louisiana is, undoubtedly, the most gigantic undertaking ever inaugurated by the Bureau in any one state. Previously, the opportunity to do any preliminary work had not presented itself and, as mentioned above, forty-two new parishes had never spent a single dollar from their treasury to build vats for the purpose of educating the people to the advantages of dipping. After all, the people throughout the entire state had ab- sorbed considerable knowledge about the tick, either from the press, or listening to others discuss the situation. In this connection it may appear that Louisiana has exploded the theory that years of preliminary effort is necessary before systematic work can com- mence, but the fact must be remembered, and ever kept vividly be- fore the eye, that the Pelican State has a distinguished leader in veterinary science who has never lost an opportunity to show the great commonwealth how they could better their sanitary condi- tions. Dr. W. H. Dalrymple has contributed his full share toward preparing the way for state-wide tick eradication and to him the people owe much, much more than they can ever repay. The only practical solution of tick eradication is a State-wide act, and after its passage, it is amusing to note how quickly some of the most backward parishes will meekly fall in line and be the strongest cooperators. If the existence of the tick is left to local option, scattering territory can only be cleaned up, which leaves annoying border lines to contend with, and a mass of obstinate peo- _ ple no stronger for the work than in the beginning. When the tick is a menace to all the country, no class of ignorant and prejudiced citi- zens should be delegated the power at the ballot box to decide the destiny of the cattle industry. —Dr. V. W. Knowles, formerly of Little Rock, Ark., has taken up veterinary practice at Livingston, Mont. —Veterinary Inspector H. T. Juen has been transferred from Chicago, Ill., to El Paso, Texas. —Dr. V. H. Knutzen has removed from Cleveland, Miss., to Chi- cot, Ark, DIPLOMACY IN THE FIELD* KpwarkbD HorstMAN, Veterinary Inspector Diplomacy in the field, or diplomacy in any branch of industriai life, is characterized by special tact in the management of affairs. We cannot all hope to excel in this quality, because we may not be sufficiently skilled in the art of handling men and affairs, but an inspector in the field has a wonderful range for using good judg- ment or tact if he will stop to study the man he is attempting to persuade to dip his cattle. ; There are two sides to tick eradication work. The mechanical side consists of building vats, making solutions and dipping eattle, and if there is no opposition to the dipping everything goes along smoothly and satisfactorily. However, where opposition arises, there is need of action of some sort. The first impulse is to resort to the law and make the objector dip. Some inspectors have a motto of ‘dip or affidavit’’, but that is not the wisest- plan to follow in any instance. An inspector who cannot differentiate between the ob- stinate anti-dipper and the one who merely lacks knowledge of the benefits and necessity of dipping will not prove a success as an in- spector. We must not forget the fact that none of us are infallible, and that the cattle owner has his own ideas, sometimes peculiar, no doubt, but he is entitled to an opinion, and it is up to the inspector to dislodge him from his false notions about not dipping. His opin- ion should be respected, but he should be told that in justice to him- self he should first recognize the facts as regards the ultimate aims of tick eradication and so leave his mind open to conviction before he comes to a final conclusion. It must be remembered that not so very long ago the Southern plantation owner was practically a king on his own plantation, and that feeling in a measure is still present, consequently nothing is so obnoxious to the Southerner as to be told or made to feel that he must do certain things which he considers unnecessary. Compulsion grates on his nerves, so, as an inspector, it is wise diplomacy to get away from force as far as possible and to picture by alluring words the benefits of eradication of ticks, the upbuilding of the cattle in- dustries, increased prices and the cessation of dipping when the last “Address delivered at the meeting of Inspectors on Tick Eradication at Shreveport, La., May 18, 1918. DIPLOMACY IN THE FIELD 647 ’ tick is gone. Boil down the facts and present them in a simple, un- biased way. Gain the man’s confidence, friendship and respect, but — do not fight him. If there is no hope of converting the objector to your way, then proceed in a businesslike manner to apply the forces of the law at your command without unnecessary fuss. Have your evidence clear: and clean-cut; don’t go off half-cocked and wonder why you didn’t get a verdict. You must bear in mind you are a stranger in a strange land, that the man on trial is among his boyhood friends and that you, yourself, must stand well in the community before you can hope for success. The inspector’s personal deportment in the community often has a great deal to do with the outcome of cases brought be- fore a jury. Inspectors sometimes unthinkingly make indiscreet remarks in conversations which are carried to all parts of the country like a wireless message. I know of a case where an inspector inadvert- ently made a remark in a certain county where everything was go- ing well up to that time, but after that it was Sherman’s applica- tion to war. Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. A sue- cessful inspector must be enthusiastic, he must be level-headed, he must be energetic. ‘The things that usually hold back tick eradica- tion are the indifferent local inspector (the lazy man), the incompe- tent local inspecor (too old for any use), and the skeptical owner (the *‘personal liberty,’ man). What is this personal liberty? It is the benighted idea of some anti-dippers who have a total disregard for law and order and con- sider that their ‘‘ personal rights’’ should be the law of the land and not what the statutes provide. Such a person is commonly termed a knocker, who always imagines himself a crowd, and is usually found at meetings to ask such questions as ‘‘ What’s good for hollow horn ?’’ The answer to the personal rights man is that he has not only rights but plain duties to perform as well, and that the right sort of a man will pay more attention to his duties than he does to his rights. [ remember while making a trip in Marion County, Miss., I laid special stress on cooperation and copartnership in tick eradication. One very old gray-haired citizen opposed to dipping got up and said: “‘That reminds me of the story of two men who went into ¢eo- 648 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS partnership on a day’s hunt. They were to divide what they got that day. Well, all they killed was a!turkey and a buzzard. So, when the dividing time came, they argued about who should have the turkey, but you know, in the end, someone got that buzzard, and that’s the way this tick eradication is going to turn out.’’ It was up to me to say something, so I said: ‘‘You didn’t say who got the buzzard in your story, but I’ll tell you in my story that the tick has been getting the turkey for years, and there’s plenty of evidence that the buzzard is always hovering around the house of the cattle owner that harbors ticks.”’ Every inspector is a necessary cog in the wheel to the success of tick eradication—he may do much to mar the work, and he may be a powerful help in its prosecution. The greatest success of an in- spector depends largely on the ability he shows in prosecuting the work and ‘‘handling the people’’. If he knows his business, there need be no fear of his gaining the confidence of the cattle owners, and thus his work will be considerably lightened. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS REPORTS OF CASES OF HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA* W. S. FERRAND I have been asked to report two or three experiences with hemor- rhagic septicemia which I have had in the last year and a half. Case No. 1. A bunch of:steers a year and a half to twe years old were shipped from Kansas City, and on arrival two of them were noted to have a bloody diarrhea with quite a high temperature. No positive diagnosis being made the owner did nothing for a few days until one or two of his cows showed symptoms, and one cow - suddenly died. I called Dr. L. E. Willey from Ames in consultation. Dr. Willey came that evening, we made a post mortem examination, and upon microscopic examination found the hemorrhagic septice- mia organism. Vaccination was advised and serum secured from Iowa State College. We took the temperatures of all the cattle and found four or five running quite high. Serum was used for those *Presented at the 30th Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, Iowa State College, Ames, lowa, January, 1918. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 649 running a high temperature, and vaccine for those which were ap- parently healthy. None were lost after treatment. Three animals had been lost before treatment. | Case No. 2. Sixty head of steers were shipped from St. Paul, originating somewhere in Canada. They were on the road quite a number of days before arrival here and whether they were infected through the stockyards at St. Paul or elsewhere I do not know. Upon arrival three showed a lagging gait and a little diarrhea. These three cases were running quite a high temperature, with la- bored breathing. Two of them had quite a diarrhea, one showed no diarrhea, but had.a bloody discharge in the feces. I telephoned for serum and used serum on the three thatiwere running a high tem- perature. The rest of the herd was treated with vaccine, with no further losses. Case No. 3. A herd consisting of 60 calves was shipped from Kansas City. They were unloaded, one was sick, and another had to be hauled home. The owner let them go about two days. Upon be- ing called I made a diagnosis of hemorrhagic septicemia and imme- diately secured serum and vaccine from the college. When I took the temperature four or five of them were running a temperature, but showed no other clinical symptoms. These were given serum and the remainder the vaccine. They all came through in nice shape. DiIscussION Dr. W. A. Heck: I have not had a great deal of experience with hemorrhagic septicemia, ‘but have had a few cases in cattle com- ing out of Omaha and Kansas City stock yards and shipped to our section of the country. I have had excellent results in the treatment of hemorrhagic septicemia with the bacterins furnished by the bio- logical manufacturers. I have never used any of the serum. I have also had good results from the use of bacterins in cases in which the disease was considerably advanced. In these cases I administered the bacterins several days apart, say once a week, and the animals recovered. I do not know whether or not I would have had better results with the serum. I have had some eases in horses which I thought were septice- mia, and I had some correspondence with and sent some specimens to Dr. Chas. Murray of Ames and he verified the diagnosis. He was not sure it was the primary cause of the disease, but thought it was probably secondary. The lesions found on post mortem examina- tion were characteristic, and the microscope verified the diagnosis. In one case an insurance company had insisted, before paying the loss, that a post mortem examination be made to ascertain the 650 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS cause of death. Post mortem examination disclosed hemorrhagic septicemia. I sent a specimen to Dr. Chas. Murray for examination, and the diagnosis was confirmed. Dr. W. 8S. FerRAND: I would like to ask any of the members whether they have seen hemorrhagie¢ septicemia in-hogs. This fall I was called to see some hogs which were shipped in vaccinated. Thirty days after vaccination two hogs in one herd died suddenly, and I was called to make a post mortem examination. These hogs had been eating regularly and were apparently in good health but on going out to look at them in the afternoon two were found dead. On post mortem examination I found hemorrhages all through the intestines and in practically all the organs. I would like to know whether any of the members have found hemorrhagie septicemia in hogs. Dr. F. A. Hines: I would like to ask Dr. Ferrand if he found any lesions in the lungs. Dr. W.S. FERRAND: We did not find any marked lesions of the lunes. Dr. H. B. TReman: I would like to hear from Dr. Chas. Mur- ray or from any other member in regard to the length of immunity that is conferred by the use of bacterins in hemorrhagic septicemia. Dr. Cuas. Murray: The immunity is of short duration. We — have had cases of recurrence of the disease twelve to fifteen days after treatment where we had no reason to believe that infection existed in these animals at the time of treatment. In experimental animals immunity will hold as long as seven months. We have im- munized rabbits with the simultaneous treatment, giving a live eul- ture and protecting this with serum at the same time, and conferred immunity for seven months, and then used them in the ordinary course of work in the laboratory; in cattle the immunity is appar- ently of short duration. Dr. W. P. BossENBERGER: In speaking of hemorrhagie septi- cemia in hogs, we have had considerable to deal with in our neigh- | borhood, and I have tried various methods of treatment. I have tried hog cholera anti-serum upon them and it did not give any re- sults: I tried various antiseptic medicines, and they did not give any result. A bunch of hogs, immunized in the summer, came down with severe hemorrhagic enteritis. I gave these hogs a dose of serum and rectal injections of normal salt solution, with two drams of iodine to the quart. They seemed to improve for two or three weeks, then began to get worse. I had some literature on the subject of bacterins in hemorrhagic septicemia in hogs, and thought I would try them out. I sent for some of these bacterins and tried them. Most of the hogs recovered. I may say also that in hogs, among the various lesions found was an ulcerated condition of the bowels, sometimes just a necrotic sort of pus lesion, and scrapings from these ulcers when examined CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ~ 651 sd were found to contain many bacteria. They can be demonstrated in the blood in acute cases. In most of these cases where they died suddenly I found myocarditis. I have used serum in horses and bacterins in cattle and in hogs and have had good results in the number of animals I have treated. “Dr. G. P. Starrer: Will some one discuss the possibility o? transmitting infection to hogs devouring cattle that have died from hemorrhagic septicemia? Dr. H. B. TrREMAN: I might cite an experience I was unfortu- nate enough to have with hemorrhagic septicemia. The client had lost several head of cattle before a diagnosis was made. The symp- toms were so unusual that we were very slow in making a diagnosis. Four or five dead cattle were eaten by the hogs, with no bad results whatever. I know of several other cases where the first animal that died was eaten by hogs. I have knowledge of no case where there was transmission of the infection. In order to make a positive diagnosis in this outbreak, after consulting several veterinarians, we called Dr. L. E. Willey from Iowa State College. He made a microscopic examination and con- firmed our diagnosis. I ordered bacterins which were given; the man had lost about 12 head, but did not lose any more following the use of the bacterins. Since that time I have had 14 or 15 different cases of hemorrhagic septicemia, and in most cases have used the bacterins with very good results. There have been some cases where there has been the loss of one or two or three animals after the ad- ministration of the bacterin. I recall one case in which one animal died a week or ten days afterwards. During the period of two years of observation of this number of cases the disease has not recurred on the same farm except in one ease, and that was just a week agu Friday. I was called back to the place where they had the disease last summer and had shipped in some cattle from Sioux City re- cently, or sometime during the winter, and have had a recurrence of the disease at that place. The first animal that died was one of those that were shipped in, and the next two were from those that had had the vaccine about six months before, so that it is apparent that the immunity was not carried longer than six months in that case. Outside of that, immunity has either been carried or they have not been reinfected. But in most cases young calves have come into the place since then without any trouble at all. There is another point to which I desire to call attention. It seems rather curious to me and interesting in a way, and that is the fact in some eases the infection is quite virulent, and is transmitted rapidly from one animal to another in the same herd, but I have had no evidence of the disease apparently traveling from one farm to an- other. I have known one or two other cases, where the disease ap- parently was so well marked as to leave no doubt about the diagno- sis, and of three animals sick in the herd one died. Yet nothing was done whatever, and no additional deaths occurred. 652 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS A Memser: When you give the bacterins, do you give more than one dose? Dr. H. B. TREMAN: I never have. I would say, however, I be- lieve that if sick animals could have repeated doses of the bacterins at two to five day intervals, they would have a marked curative ef- fect. I have treated a few cases medicinally which have recovered either from the treatment or in spite of it, | don’t know which. I really believe that repeated doses of bacterins are indicated where it is convenient to give them. Dr. W. P. BossENBERGER: I find that to be the case in hogs. Hogs do not respond to less than two treatments, and often it is necessary to give the treatments from three to five days apart. In cattle I have given but one dose and they seemed to do very well. In hogs I find it necessary to give three or four doses. Dr. F. J. Nerwan: I would like to ask Dr. Treman how long these cattle with hemorrhagic septicemia lived. Dr. H. B.'TREMAN: Some of them lived 30 minutes, and others lived four or five days. Some of them apparently were sick for a week or ten days and got well. Dr. F. J. Nerman: I have not had any die in less than 30 to 46 hours. Dr. H. B. TremMAN: In 14 or 15 different herds I have seen hemorrhagic septicemia, and I believe that many different clinical symptoms are manifested. Sometimes there will be two or three symptoms shown in different animals in the same herd, but I do not hesitate to say that I have seen at least a dozen different clinical symptoms manifested in animals with this disease. There was one case that was especially interesting to me. I was called to see a young steer in a fair condition. He had been running on clover and the owner found him down about 6 o’clock in the evening. He had not been down very long. He showed evidence of brain lesions, be- ing partially comatose at times, and again excitable, although para- lyzed and unable to get up. He soon died. I had made a diagnosis of hemorrhagic septicemia before he died. On post mortem after careful observation I found absolutely nothing abnormal except the kidneys. They were normal in size and appearance, but showed blotches the size of the finger nail. There were no small petechial hemorrhages, but those brownish spots, hardly black, but a little bit darker than the normal appearance of the kidney. I simply did not know what it was. I didn’t feel after we posted this animal that the condition looked like hemorrhagic septicemia, so I didn’t advise the vaccination of the other animals. I sent a specimen to the labo- — ratory for examination and bipolar staining organisms were found, and while the specimen was not in good condition the lesions were reported those of septicemia. There were a few evidences of putre- faction, but there were quite a number of bipolar staining organisms CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 653 of the septicemic type found. The client did not lose any more and there was nothing done. Dr. J. D. Cure: I quite agree with Dr. Treman when he says that hemorrhagic septicemia is a very peculiar disease, and I believe we are just beginning to learn a little about it. I have had eases this year which I have diagnosed as hemor- rhagic septicemia in cattle, and I believe we have hemorrhagic sep- ticemia in horses. Before this time I have had some cases that died without any diagnosis. As to vaccination and the results from it in cattle, I am still at a loss to know how much benefit is derived from vaccines. I have treated herds of cattle with the vaccine and also with the serum, and have had apparently good results. I remember one case where a man had lost a steer and a diagnosis of hemorrhagic septicemia was made. I advised vaccination. However, this man waited and no more of the animals became sick. Some animals recover without any treatment at all, with no more loss in the herd and when we eompare those that have not been treated with the cases we had treated, I would like to know why we have a right to say the vac- eines have been beneficial. We have apparently the same results with or without treatment. However, I want to say that after vac- eination I have never had a loss in a herd. I have had the acute and chronic types of hemorrhagic septicemia to deal with. I believe this disease comes in very many different forms, and I also feel that it is a disease secondary in its nature. I do not believe that hemorrhagic septicemia in itself is a very deadly or fatal disease in the primary form, but I believe the disease comes on in secondary form. For in- stance, in most of my cases the cattle were shipped in, and I take it, were weakened by being in a different climate. In some eases, it is possibly due to the feed they are getting. In the cases I have had where a diagnosis of hemorrhagic septicemia was made there was gastro-enteritis as a symptom of the disease. I differ with the gentleman who states that there is no benefit from the use of serum in hogs. I have never had a ease in hogs that did not apparently show better results after serum was given. I am a little doubtful in my mind if in these cases there was not hog cholera mixed up with hemorrhagic septicemia. Hog cholera is be- coming a more complex problem all the time. I am at a loss to know whether bacterins are beneficial or not, but with the results I have had I feel that they are beneficial, and I have only given one treat- ment. I have never had any loss after treatment, and have had re- covery in herds without any treatment at all. I am in the dark about hemorrhagic septicemia and the use of vaccines. Dr. Cuas. Murray: I would like to ask Dr. Cline what he means by hemorrhagic septicemia not being a primary infection, when speaking of the predisposing causes of bad housing, change of climate, ete. 654 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS Dr. J. D. Cumve: I believe the shipping, change of climate, ete., weaken the animals so that infection sets in. It may really be the cause of the disease. At any rate, there is that weakened condi- tion of the animals. We all know that we carry the pneumonia or- ganism in our lungs, but we are not infected with pneumonia until we become devitalized. That is what I had in mind. In all cases I have had there seems to have been some cause back of the disease. As to hogs shipped in, I do not know. I have had no case where hogs infected with this disease were raised in the locality. I have had it in both cattle and hogs that were shipped in. In native animals I do not think I have had cases except in one or two animals which were probably first affected with some gastroenteritis or some con- dition where the tissues were devitalized, and that is why I speak of ‘it as a secondary infection more than a primary cause. I may be ‘wrong. I am bringing that point out for discussion. Dr. W. P. BossENBERGER: In the last three years I could cite a dozen outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle fed low, and in them the disease may have been secondary rather than primary. Dr. J. D. CuInE: Any animal that is fed low is out of the ordi- nary condition. : Dr. W. E. Mackin: In most of the cases I have seen, the out- breaks of the disease were in cattle that were shipped in. I re- ceived the report of an outbreak in October. In an hour’s time one cow was dead. The owner looked over his herd and found another one that was isolated from the herd. Within the course of two hours this animal went down, struggled and died. An autopsy was made and we sent to Ames for vaccine, and vaccinated the rest the next day. The next day a neighbor lost two animals as suddenly with the same symptoms. ‘The following day, three miles east, there were two deaths in another herd. No cattle had been shipped into ~ that community. They were right out on the blue grass pasture. Post mortem examination disclosed no evidence of any other infee- tion than hemorrhagic septicemia. We could find no other condi- tion in the animals that would be predisposing to the disease. Ten days after the first herd was vaccinated a pure bred bull about three years old died. Dr. L. A. WurrE: About two years ago I had an outbreak of hemorrhagic septicemia. The owner had lost one calf, and after a second one died he decided it was time to find out what was wrong. I made a post mortem examination on this animal and found typical lesions of hemorrhagic septicemia. I secured vaccine from Ames to treat the herd. Two in the herd were sick at the time, but there were no further fatalities. Since then I have had experience with twelve or fifteen different outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia, with no more than one loss on the place. I have advised vaccinating in each case, but for various reasons, financial being the principal one, vaccination was not resorted to, and no further losses occurred. CLINICAL AND GASE REPORTS 655 The carcasses of these animals in 50 per cent of the cases were fed to the hogs. This fall I had an interesting case. The client called me out on Monday, after having lost two calves, and had one more sick. When I arrived at the place I found that he had dragged the carcasses of the dead animals into the hog lot, and they were frozen. All the organs I was able to tell anything about were the lungs and heart. The lesions in the lungs and heart were not sufficient to pronounce the disease hemorrhagic septicemia, although I told him my suspic- ions. In the meantime, I do not know whether he had lost confidence ' in my ability or not, however, he called in another veterinarian. We went out the next day and found that the calf sick the day previous had died. We posted the calf and found the typical lesions of hem- orrhagic septicemia. I at once sent to Kansas City for vaccine. It was delayed in arriving. I think it arrived on Friday. I went out to the place to vaccinate and by that time the man had changed his mind. The two that were sick had recovered. He thought there was little or no virtue in vaccination. We did not vaccinate, and he has had no further fatalities. The hogs did not get sick, and the two animals that were sick recovered. A Memeper: I would like to ask Dr. Murray if he finds tne same organism in cattle, hogs and sheep, and whether the lesions are the same. Dr. Cuas. Murray: Experimentally we have never been able to have the disease transmitted from one species of animal to an- other. We do have reports of septicemia, chicken cholera, hemor- rhagic septicemia in cattle and maybe of sheep on the same farm, but there is no connection between the causative organism in one class of animals and another. I hesitate to say what I am about to say because I always recommend that carcasses of animals be dis- posed of otherwise than by feeding; but last fall there were 37 head of cattle that died from hemorrhagic septicemia in one herd. All of these were fed to hogs and no bad results from feeding ensued. We never have succeeded in producing hemorrhagic septicemia in pigs experimentally by feeding the carcasses of cattle that died of hem- orrhagic septicemia. I am strongly of the belief that the disease is not readily transmissible. A Memper: If animals are exposed and have been weakened in any way previously I can readily see how that may have something to do with susceptibility to infection. Most of these herds before being exposed may have been weakened physically. As to being a secondary infection, hemorrhagic septicemia may be a secondary infection, but it may be a primary infection as well. Dr. J. W. Grirrira: I have seen hemorrhagie septicemia in all forms, last summer in particular. I have often wondered if we are justified in using serums and vaccines in this disease. In some cases where I have telegraphed for it and have not gotten it in time, the 656 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS animals have apparently got along without it. I am of the opinion that we are imposing an unnecessary expense on the farmer. I have seen deaths after the use of the serum, and I have seen them live where it was not used. So I raise the question, are we war- ranted in using serum and vaccine in these cases ? Dr. D. H. Minuer: I have noticed this disease for many years. We used to call it cornstalk disease. I have found more of it in cattle that were shipped in. A client near Council Bluffs called me last fall stating that he had lost a steer out of a herd of 40 or 50 two-year-olds that he had shipped in the week before. I made a di- agnosis of hemorrhagic septicemia and advised vaccination, but he didn’t think he would have it done. The following morning he had two or three more dead. He said that I had better get some vaccine. I sent to Kansas City for vaccines and the next morning was ready to do the work. I went out and found three more dead and another one ready to die. The evening before we had looked at the cattle quite late and everything seemed to be favorable. The animals ap- peared to be in perfect health. I used the vaccines and he did not have any more deaths. I have wondered since whether the vaccines did the business or whether the animals recovered in spite of their use. I have had that occur many a time before. Dr. K. W. StouperR: I had an outbreak the past fall, the man having lost seven head. These cattle were all in the same field. In a half dozen acres or so there were about 40 cattle, 90 head of hogs and 15 or 20 horses. They were fed one hayrack load of green fod- der a day. They changed the feed and surroundings and there was no more loss. The cattle were eaten by the hogs, with no deaths of the hogs, and nothing more was heard from them until this winter. They telephoned me the other day saying they had lost one more and wanted advice. I told them to change them around the same as they did the other time. This was done, and there has been no fur- ther loss. Dr. 8. K. Hazuerr: I have come to the conclusion that it is not an easy matter to differentiate between hog cholera and hemor- rhagic septicemia. My experience has not been as extensive as that of many others. I wish to relate one case I had where a man that owned a farm in Minnesota shipped cattle into St. Paul, sold a num- ber of them, the others being tested for tuberculosis and shipped to a farm in Iowa. Two animals had died when I was called and there were four more sick. I made a diagnosis of hemorrhagic septicemia, procured serum as quick as I could and treated them. There were six deaths altogether. The treatment given the sick ones was eumen- thol with sulphocarbolate internally. Some of the very sick ones recovered, and some of them did not. This treatment was very sat- isfactory to me and to the owner. If there are any other outbreaks in his immediate vicinity, I am quite satisfied they will call for vac- cination. Here was another peculiar thing in this case: the cow that CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 657 first died was one that was shipped in, and the other five that died were those on the farm. None of the others that were shipped in died. That is rather peculiar. We have been talking about feeding these carcasses to hogs. I do not advise feeding these carcasses to hogs, but the point was men- tioned in regard to whether the carcass could be cooked. I can see no objections to the farmer cooking this meat and feeding it to his hogs. This was done with the last one that died. Some of the ani- mals were buried. The two first ones that died were buried, and the rest were cooked and fed to hogs. I think we should discuss the question whether or not these car- easses should be fed to hogs as this question the veterinarian must decide. As a rule, I do not advise it. However, I can see no objec- tion if the carcasses are cooked. I have heard no one say whether or not hides from these animais are given any treatment before being shipped. It seems to me, it is a proper thing to disinfect the hides before they are shipped. Dr. Orr: I have noticed that some outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia are quite virulent and believe there is some predisposing factor as a rule. I do not believe the disease is contagious in the same sense that hog cholera is. We do find in some of these cases a mixed infection. I think shipped in cattle are more predisposed to the disease than cattle under. normal conditions. Cattle under nor- mal conditions do not usually contract the disease. Dr. L. E. Wittey: I would like to ask an explanation of this fact. Assuming cattle have been shipped in and are placed on a farm with cattle or calves that are perfectly normal as far as one is able to tell and running in pasture, and you have the appearance of the disease in the shipped in cattle, why then do you so often have loss in the domestic cattle which have not been weakened or predis- posed through shipment ? Dr. F. J. Nemman: One thing seems extraordinary to me re- garding hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle that are shipped in. My experience has not been similar to that of some of the preceding speakers. I have never seen hemorrhagic septicemia develop in cat- tle recently shipped in. It has happened with us among the cattle raised in the locality, that have been there for a long time. We get cattle from Kansas City and Sioux City, but I have yet to see the first case of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle that have been shipped in. : ~Dr. W. 8S. Ferranp: In the first case I cited, the man had a herd of 40 head of steers shipped in. One was sick when the herd arrived, and the second case that developed was one of his own best milch cows, and both died. The steer that was sick on arrival died several days afterward. Another point I want to bring out is this: I would like to ask any of the veterinarians present if they have ever used serum on the 658 CLINICAL AND GASE REPORTS sick ones and vaccine on the well ones. I attribute my success to this practice. In every case where I find animals showing infection or clinical symptoms I have used serum, and vaccines on the well ones. Dr. J. D. Curing: I would like to ask some one who is engaged in research work whether these organisms are found in the system of animals that have died of some other disease. It may become pathogenic from some cause. Is it normally found in the tissue? May not a great many cases we call hemorrhagic septicemia be some other disease? I believe we call many cases hemorrhagic septicemia when they are something else. I believe on microscopic examination the organism that causes hemorrhagic septicemia might possibly be found in the tissue of an animal dead of some other disease, and if anybody doing research work can answer that question, I would like to have them do so. Dr. Cuas. Murray: It is a common thing for the hemorrhagic septicemia organism to be a secondary invader. There are predis- ' posing factors to disease, and there are primary and real causes of disease. Predisposing factors are important in putting the animal into a physical condition where the microorganisms are sufficiently virulent to produce disease. As to the question of finding organisms in healthy animals, it is commonly known that they are found in healthy aimals, particu- larly in the nasal discharge. They are commonly found in the intes- tinal tract. : Dr. S. A. Demina: I wish to relate a little experience I hae sometime ago. I believe I have learned to be guarded in my prog- nosis and my advice to my clients. About a year ago a client called and said one of his steers was crazy and wanted to know what the trouble was. The steer was dead when I arrived. I found in the dead steer what I thought were unmistakable evidences of hemor- rhagie septicemia, and I told him what I considered the condition to be. He said his steers were ready for the market and he intended to ship them out Saturday. I agreed with him that this was the thing to do as my experience had been up to that time that when one died several would die. I said -he was liable in a few days to lose a dozen or more of his steers. He said he was going to ship them Saturday, but failed to get his cars. The steers stayed in the yard two weeks, and there was no more septicemia, and he closed the incident by informing me that he thought I was a poor one from whom to seek advice. Perhaps some of the younger veterinarians will be a little more careful in offering a prognosis in hemorrhagic septicemia. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 659 TEAT OPERATIONS* THos. H. Ferguson, Lake Geneva, Wis. The teat operations I am going to describe are a few sim- ple operations that I have used for a long time in my prac- tice with satisfactory results. My clients are satisfied with them, as indicated by their repeated calls for these operations. I will first take obstructions of the end of the teat, caused by injur- ies, frost bite, infection, ete., most commonly found in cows kept in the old fashioned wooden stanchion which favors injuries by treads, ete., from the adjacent cows much more than does the modern stan- chion with pipe partitions. The history of these cases are much alike. The owner or herds- man informs you that they were all right at the last milking, but milked with difficulty or not at all from the affected teat the next milking. Upon examination we find a hard swollen condition of the teat end with or without a wound or wounds. The quarter may be relieved of its milk by using a teat tube but these cases will ter- minate unfavorably if the use of the teat tube is persisted in. I have never yet found anyone able to lay down a rule whereby the layman could use a teat tube twice daily, for any length of time, without disastrous results to the quarter. The ordinary man con- siders a teat or tube clean if he is unable to see any dirt on them. I formerly used hard rubber teat bougies, or metal teat plugs, to di- late the affected duct, with unfavorable results ; in fact, I have tried every apparently sane way of handling this condition, with very poor success until I began doing the operation I am about to de- scribe. It is absolutely essential in doing teat and udder operations to have the animal well restrained. First the teat is well cleaned, especially at the orifice, it is then dipped in etherized iodine. I carefully introduce a sterile teat bistoury, with the blade guarded into the orifice and up past the obstruction which is the inflamed swollen circular muscle that forms the valve. I then engage the cutting point of the blade to the superior or upper side of the mus- cle and put on enough pressure to divide the muscle, being careful not to punch through the skin or cut the mucous membrane at the *Fifty-fourth Annual Meeting of the A. V. M. A. Clinic, Kansas City, Mo., - August, 1917. 660 CLINICAL AND GASE REPORTS orifice of the teat. Repeat the procedure until the muscle has been divided three or four times at equal distances. The milk usually runs out in a stream until the quarter is one-fourth relieved when it is then necessary to empty the gland by milking. The after treat- ment consists of dipping the teat before and after milking in a 1/1000 solution of mercuric chloride and the milker’s hands should be clean and dipped in the same solution before milking or handling the teat. : The next operation is for the fibrous growths that obstruct the duct of the teat, anywhere from the upper part of the lower third to the gland usually found at the upper part of the middle third. Ifa teat bistoury or curette is used on these cases the immediate results are good but in from three to ten days the trouble recurs. I find the best way to handle obstructions of this kind is to prepare the teat by washing with soap and water, rinsing with 1/1000 solution of mercuric chloride, dip in etherized iodine, inject a few drops of a 5% solution of cocaine into the field of incision; roll a rubber band up to the base of the teat to prevent bleeding, tense the teat by stretching, then with a sterile sharp scalpel make an incision down on to the fibrous growth, dilate the wound and dissect the erowth out with a blunt pointed pair of scissors, apply etherized iodine to the wound. Leave the rubber band on two hours, then re- move by cutting with scissors so as to not molest the wound. ~ AFTER TREATMENT. Apply etherized iodine and antiseptic pow- der twice daily for three days, then once daily. The milk will leak out sufficient to relieve the gland: the first few days, then it will be necessary to strip it out by hand, with precautions against infect- ing the wound. If the wound does not become seriously infected this operation gives satisfactory results and will save a good many teat quarters that would be lost to other treatment. Complete stenosis of the milk duct may occasionally be cured by slitting it completely from the base to and through the muscular valve at the apex of the teat, being careful not to cut through the mucous membrane at the orifice. Four incisions, equal distance apart, through its entire length are necessary. Atresia of first calf heifers may be relieved in the same way after perforating the entire length of the teat with a large sterile probe. This condition is usually caused by being sucked by other calves while a calf. In cases of severe wounds or other injuries to the teat ends, CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 661 when the parts are beyond repair, complete ablation of the affected part is indicated and it is surprising how well some of these cases will terminate, providing the cow is on a good flow of milk when the operation is performed. Blocking of the teat duct, with casein or blood clots, is best re- lieved by manipulation with the fingers. Every country practi- tioner should practice such manipulation until they become expert at it and by so doing save a good many teats and quarters. _ Fistula of the teat is best operated when the cow is dry, prefer- ably a month or more preceding parturition. Some object to casting a cow heavy with calf, but I have had no bad results from doing so. The field of operation must be thoroughly cleansed with soap and water, thoroughly soaked in a 1/500 solution of mercuric chlo- ride and the whole teat painted with tr. of iodine. The instruments, scalpel, tissue forceps, artery forceps, teat tube, scissors, needles, suturing material, sterilized by thorough boiling. Inject a few drops of 5% solution of cocaine into the field of incision and around the fistulous tract; introduce a long sterile, self-retaining teat tube into the teat, leaving it there for a guide, apply a clean rubber band to the base of the teat to prevent bleeding, grasp the fistulous tract with a pair of forceps and completely isolate it by an elliptical in- cision on each side of it down to the duct, make a clean dissection, re- moving all the skin leading down to the duct, then suture, using the mattress stitch, do all the operating and handling of the teat with sterile instruments, apply etherized iodine and collodion. If the operation has been done surgically clean the wound will heal by first intention and the teat will be o. k. when the cow freshens. Removing supernumerary teats to improve the appearance of the udder is best done in heifers or when the cow is dry. Use the same restraint, remove the teat or teats close to the udder with a pair of sterile sharp scissors and cauterize the duct and wound with the small point of a thermo cautery at cherry red heat. No after treat- ment is necessary. —Dr. J. EK. Shillinger has removed to Little Rock, Ark., and will have charge of tick eradication in Miller County, Ark. —Dr. James W. Murdoch has removed from Bismarck, N. D., to Omaha, Neb. —Dr. Stephen L. Blount, Fort Worth, Rexas, has been assigned to duty at National Stock Yards, II. 662 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS THE RELIEF OF LAMENESS*’ L. G. W. Hart, Chippewa Falls, Wis. This paper is relative to the operation for relief of lameness in case of side-bones only. HistorY OF THE OPERATION. This operation was first brought to my notice in 1886 or 1887 when I was a student with James Hart, M.R.C.V.S., at that time in practice at Oldham, England. Since my agreement to write this paper, I have endeavored to obtain all available information, relative to this operation, which I find rather limited. I have, through the kindness of Professor Joseph Hughes, been able to ascertain that this or a similar operation first came to his notice some twenty-five years or so ago. A description at that time appeared in some of the London veterinary magazines, recom- mended by Fred Smith of Bombay. The description of the operation as given by Dr. Hughes is as follows: the quarter showing the side-bones is grooved from the coronary to the plantar border. The cutting through the horny wall extends through the dark crust lying over the layer, care being taken not to produce bleeding. The deeper part of the groove is then incised by a scalpel, so as to insure a separation of the area of horn, which it is intended to loosen. Having done this the grooves made through the wall are connected by cutting through the white line between the sole and the wall, a portion of the lower border of the detached portion is cut away, so that it may not reach the ground. The foot is now encased in a cotton pack, which is kept steadily saturated for several days. Following this, if any lameness is present, it is advised that a blister be applied at the seat of the side-bone. The operation seems to have been lost sight of in America, at least, as near as I can find out, it has not been practiced to any ex- tent in this country. I will now describe the operation as performed by myself: First clean the foot and surrounding area thoroughly and saturate the parts with a 1/500 solution of bichloride solution. Now, cocaine with a 4 or 5% solution of cocaine over the metacarpal *Fifty-fourth Annual Meeting of the A. V. M. A. Clinic, Kansas City, Mo., August, 1917, . CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 663 nerves. There are three important factors to take into consideration in doing this operation. : First. Do not cut or injure the coronary band. Seconp. Always make your cuts or incisions transverse to the fibres of the horny wall or crust, extending from the coronary to plantar border. : Tuirp. Be sure to cut completely through the horny wall, leaving the section free. I take the ordinary foot knife or gauge, and first groove out the horny wall at the superior part just inferior to the coronary band. These grooves are 34 of an inch wide and % to %4 of an inch in length, and extend through the horny wall to the sensitive lamina. ‘Beginning at a point where the side-bone is most prominent exteri- orly or where the greatest tension is manifested on the coronary band, make two such grooves, the second midway between this part and the termination of the quarter of the hoof. I now take an ordi- nary stiff bladed saw, which has previously been rounded off in front, being sure there is plenty of set in the saw to allow free cut- ting. I now start my cuts at the plantar surface of the wall, make a few strokes with the saw to give same a foothold at this point; gradually raise the heel of the saw, to allow the rounded front end to cut its way down into the grooves. I have never exercised any particular precaution in not wound: ing the sensitive lamina. It looks to me as though it would be almost an impossibility to do this operation without bleed- ing. When the cutting is completed I insert some blunt instru- ment into the incisions, rotate same, to satisfy myself the sec- tions are free. I now insert two small wedges in each cut; a method adopted by myself, which may or may not be exercised. I leave same in for 24 hours to further insure complete separation of the sections. I have performed this operation during the past 20 years or so, whenever opportunity presented itself, with the very best of — results, almost always putting the horse to work the following day. I have not made a practice of bandaging the foot but ean see where same would be good treatment in some localities or under some con- ditions. Until the last few years I have not even used anti-tetanic serum, An operating table is indispensable. 664 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS AZOTURIA* E. E, Doo.ine, Syracuse, N. Y. The reason I take Azoturia as a subject for my paper is be- cause I have always been more or less of a crank on the subject; especially in regard to the drawing of the urine. During the month of April I had seven cases in six days so I was busy for a time. The first one was a gray horse, weight about 1550 pounds, that went down on the pavement. It was raining and he rolled around for - about an hour before the ambulance came. From his general ap- pearance I did not think he had any chance to live, so I thought I would experiment with him. I gave him two doses of sedatives but they did not do much good. I gave him 114 pints of raw oil with 63 of turpentine and after we got him home | left another 144 pints of oil and 635 of turpentine to be given every three hours, making 8 doses out of the one bottle. I continued the same treatment and nothing else for four days. He had 11% pints of turpentine and 3 quarts of oil. I tried, after 48 hours, with the slings to see if he would stand but he could not. After 90 hours down he was able to stand with the help of the slings and the following day was able to get up and down alone. From his general appearance when I first saw him, I surely thought this horse would die. I did not draw his urine then, nor did I draw it at any time. Is it necessary that we should draw the urine in azoturia, unless it is done for the effect on our client, not the patient? After 4 days I used soda bicarbonate in tablespoonful doses, 3 doses in 24 hours. I fully realized that the doses of the turpentine were large. I had the experiment in mind for some time and when the opportunity presented itself I tried’ it and it was successful. I treated the six other cases in the same way and did not draw the urine in any case but one and that was for ef- fect on the client. *Presented at the meeting of the Central New York Veterinary Medical _ Association, Syracuse, N. Y., June, 1917. —Dr. A. J. Dinse has removed from Hamilton to Moultrie, Ga. —Dr. T. S. Hickman has removed from Kansas City, Mo., to N.: - Charleston, 8. C. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE THE PROPERTIES OF THE SERUM OF ANIMALS HYPERIMMUNIZED AGAINST GLANDERS, AND THE CHOICE OF ANIMALS FOR THE PREPARA- TION OF SuCH SERUM RICH IN SUITABLE ANTIBODIES. Bertetti, E., and Fuizi, G. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Rendiconti, Classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali, Series 5, Vol. XXV, Part 5, pp. 131-135, Rome, September, 1917. Abstract in Internat. Rev. of the Science and Practice of Agriculture-—The writers have attempted to prepare anti-glanders sera rich in antibodies by using the following animals: the ass, which is very susceptible to glanders, and when infected naturally or experimentally, usually suffers from the acute form of the disease; the mule, in which the disease is usually very acute (though acute cases are fairly common in that animal and chronic eases are not rare) ; the horse, in which the dis- ease is usually chronic; the ox, which is naturally quite immune. The experiments were as follows: Immunizing by using bacilli killed by chemical means. On Au- gust 30, 1916, a horse received an intravenous injection of a 7- to 8- day, half-culture on agar of glanders bacilli killed with a solution of bichloride of mercury. The following injections were made in de- creasing doses: at the 12th injection 5 agar cultures were inoculated. The first injections were given close together; afterwards they were given every 5 days up to the end of January, 1917, when they were given every 12 or 18 days. Immunity obtained by using bacilli killed by heat. On August 28, 1916, a horse, mule and an ass were treated like the horse men- tioned above, with the difference that the bacilli were killed by heat. Immunity obtained by means of bacilli killed by heat and by a -malleimc toxin. Two horses and an ass were treated with bacilli killed by heat and by malleinic toxin obtained by a special process. Immunity conferred on cattle by means of bacilli killed by heat and virulent bacilli. Two oxen were immunized subcutaneously ; the first received injections of very virulent bacilli grown on agar; the second received cultures from the same stock, but killed by heat (1 to 6 abundant cultures in Petri dishes). The injections were made regularly every 5 days for about 8 months. The oxen supported the immunizing treatment very well. Resuuts. In August, 1917, the subjects under treatment yielded serum having the following specific qualities: very energetic 666 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE precipitating power; agglutinizing power very manifest, even at considerable dilutions, e. g., of 1:10,000 to 1:20,000 (the heat test showed the specific nature of the agglutinins of these sera, in show- ing that they were such as would confer immunity) ; this serum has abundance of a specific sensitizing agent, easily recognizable either in presence of Bacillus mallet, or in presence of different bacillary — extracts. The animals under treatment did not all yield a serum of equal activity. Those inoculated with broth or agar cultures of Bacillus maller and with mallein gave quite inactive serum. If the precipitating, agglutinizing and sensitizing powers of the various sera obtained are classed by means of numbers from one to ten, the following scale is obtained: serum from oxen, 10; serum from horses, 8; serum from mules, 4; serum from asses, 1 to 2. The power of fixing alexins, precipitating malleinic poisons and agglu- tinizing the various races of B. mallei is perfectly proportional for all the sera. . Concuusions. 1. It is possible to obtain from the different ani- mals (ox, horse, mule, ass) anti-glanders sera with strong precipitat- ing powers in regard to various malleins and cultures of the bacillus obtained by filtration, of high agelutinizing power and containing specific sensitizing agents, easily recognizable in presence of the causal organism or its various extracts. 2. The existence of a more or less great individual disposition to glanders has an inversely pro- | portional effect in the production of anti-glanders antibodies, In fact, these antibodies, which show the work performed by the or- ganism in order to acquire immunity, are more abundant in ox- serum and diminish progressively through the horse, mule and ass. 3. According to the writers, the fact that oxen are immune to the disease should not be considered as being related to the lack of af- finity between B. mallei and the cellular units of the organism, as these latter are certainly and actively affected by B. mallei. 4. It is inadvisable to treat the animals with agar or broth cultures of the glanders virus together with mallein, with the intention of produc- ing a complete serum, for the soluble products of B. mallet con- tained in suspension in the broth cultures, or the crude mailein in- jected, possibly being modified only slowly, finally neutralize in viva the antibodies produced by the bodies of the organisms, or else the haptophorie group of the precipitin absorbs and fixes the precipitin. 2. The precipitins contained in the anti-glanders sera prepared by ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 667 the writers are thermolabile: temperatures between 55° and 60° C. destroy the functional, precipitogenous, and acting group of the precipitins, which are changed into precipitoids. The work was carried out in the ‘‘Glanders Research Labora- tory’’ of the 3rd Italian Army. The writers place their anti-glan- ders sera at the disposal of other workers. FIsH. Mae Fern Extract ror Distomisis. In the Spanish Veteri- nary Review for April, 1916, Dr. Maximilien Gonzales of Leon, Spain, reports excellent results from the use of five grams of ethereal extract of male fern mixed with 25 grams oil of almonds in the treatment of distomiasis in sheep. This dose was given in the morn- ing on an empty stomach and repeated daily for four days. In some eases the medicine was administered through a stomach tube, but it was found more satisfactory to give it from a bottle with the usual precautions. The mixture should be thoroughly agitated before giving. We believe this treatment was first introduced by Prof. Perron- cito who demonstrated that male fern extract would kill most of the flukes, but he reported that there was serious tympanitis and anes- thesia. Dr. Gonzales does not mention these conditions, but says that a number of sheep died during the treatment, but attributes death to the advanced state of the disease, as the sheep were not strong enough to stand the treatment. In one flock of ninety sheep, seventeen died by the time the third dose had been given. The treat- ment was discontinued and the remainder of the animals made a fine recovery. Dr. Gonzales concludes: first, that the cachexia in sheep, due to distomata, can be combated with male fern extract at all stages ; second, the loss from treatment is directly in proportion to the advanced stages of the disease. N.S. M. eStore Shalt PYOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF HARNESS WoUNDS; SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EFFICACY AND ABSOLUTE NoON-SPECIFICITY or ANTICRYPTOCOCCAL PYOTHERAPY ON THE Horse. H. Velu. Bul- letin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, I, Vol. X, No. 10, pp. 901-993, Paris, December, 1917; II, Vol. XI, No. 1, pp. 12-17, Paris, January, 1918. Abstract in Internat. Rev. Science and Practice of Agriculture——I. In the course of researches on the pyotherapy of epizootic lymphangitis the author has repeatedly found how effica- cious is treatment with polyvalent vaccines (either anticryptococecal 668 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE vaccine, or vaccine prepared from ordinary suppurations) for cur- ing non-specific lesions, caused by harness. During the negative phases, the periperal inflammatory reac- tion becomes intense; the separation furrow forms more quickly; the necrosis tissue is eliminated more easily, on account of the in- creased suppuration ; surgical intervention becomes more easy, and the wound clears up without useless decay. During the positive phases, the wound cicatrizes almost without suppuration, with sur- prising regularity and quickness. The author states that he has, by means of pyotherapy, rapidly cured arthritis and a severe traumatic synovitis, as well as obsti- nate bony fistulae. Ligniéres (Bacteriotherapy in the treatment of wounds, Bulletin de la Société Centrale de Médecine Veterinaire, 1915, pp. 544-548) has already pointed out that specific organisms are not the only ones that give good results when injected into sick subjects. An anti-anthrax vaccination may stay the spread, in a herd, of a disease in no way connected with anthrax; wounds that won’t heal may do so after injection of an organism unconnected with the disease, such as B. coli. On the other hand it is well known the injection of any antigen is followed by a hyperleucocytosis. In conclusion, pyovaccine provides a very efficacious, simple and economic method within the reach of all practitioners, for re- ducing, in considerable proportions, the time lost in laying up for harness wounds. II. The polyvalent anticryptococcal pyovaccine prepared at the Casablanca Laboratory has been used for treating pyogenous lesions of the horse due to pathogenic agents other than the erypto- eoccus. The results clearly showed the definite action of the pyo- vaccine. In every case, the injections brought about decreased local in- flammations, less pain, the diminution, then disappearance, of sup- puration, and in certain cases, sterilization of the lesions. Their non-specific effect is undoubted, even when they do not bring about complete recovery. The author quotes work of other experimenters on other vac- cines, showing their non-specific action, and he concludes, speaking generally, that polyvalent, para-specific pyotherapy is a very sim- ple and economical method which, whether by results already ob- tained, or those rightly expected, should take a prominent place in the practice of veterinary therapeutics. FIsH. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 669 Oak Porsontne oF Livestock. C. Dwight Marsh, A. B. Clawson and Hadleigh Marsh. Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture—The species Quercus gambellu in Utah and the shinnery oak or Quercus havardi in Texas and New Mexico are said to be the cause of oak poisoning in cattle. Sheep poisoning is unconfirmed. Horses are not reported to have been poisoned. The trouble occurs when cattle are driven to the summer range and there is little grass for them to eat. They do not eat the oak by preference. The annual loss in the shinnery country is estimated at three per cent. Few of the cattle seem to suffer from their oak diet. If a small quantity of hay is fed daily no harm results from the oak. Under such conditions oak may be considered good forage. There is extreme constipation. Feces are passed infrequently, are dark and hard, sometimes largely mucus, sometimes bloody. Constipation may be followed by diarrhea. External symptoms are gauntness, rough coat, nose dry and cracked, and head extended forward. There is extreme weakness with loss of appetite. Tem- perature and respiration are normal. The symptoms are noticed after feeding on the oak for about a week. Death may occur in two weeks or after an indefinite period. Treatment consists of overcoming the constipation, keeping the cattle away from the ranges until the grass has a start, or see- ing that the diet is not entirely oak. Three pounds of alfalfa hay daily with the oak will furnish a maintenance diet for a 2-year-old steer. HAYDEN. TUBERCULOSIS IN CAMELS, IN Eaypt. F. E. Mason. The Agri- cultural Journal of Egypt, Vol. VII, pp. 6-11, Plates, Cairo, 1917. Abstract in Internat. Rev. Science and Practice of Agriculture— Tuberculosis appears rarely to affect camels outside Egypt, but in that country it has long been known. In 1911, 1.63% of the camels slaughtered at the Cairo abattoir were found to be tuberculous, while for 1915 the percentage was 5.4. These figures are certainly higher than those for the entire infection in Egypt. The author ascertained the cause of the disease by identifying the causal bacillus, controlled by inoculations in guinea pigs. The bacillus appears to be of the bovine type. The author thinks that infection takes place primarily from cattle, the method being by inhalation. About 60% of the tubereu- 670 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE lous camels are only affected in the lungs, bronchial and mediastinal glands. The disease is never found in camels from countries where they do not come in contact with cattle. The subcutaneous test with ordinary tuberculin can be successfully employed on sus- pected camels. FsH. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE VETERINARY FORCE SUFFICIENT TO MEET ALL ARMY NEEDS NOW The War Department has authorized the following statement from the office of the Surgeon General: Examinations for commissions in the Veterinary Corps have been closed. There is available a force sufficient to meet all require- ments of the Army for some time to come. In addition to the 1,700 officers and 10,000 enlisted men on active duty there is a waiting list of men who have passed the examinations and who will receive com- missions when vacancies occur. As soon as the waiting list is ex- hausted a new examination will be held. Due notice will be pub- lished. Veterinary graduates called under the selective service act will be taken into the service as privates. After a few months of service they will be allowed to take the examinations for veterinary officers. Should they pass, they will be given commissions as soon as practi- cable. Men over the draft age and under 40 years may enlist as pri- vates and will have an equal chance with the selected men for com- missions. A training school for commissioned veterinary officers on active duty has been established at Camp Greenleaf, Chickamauga Park, Ga. One hundred men are graduated every month after having re- ceived a special two months’ course.—O fficial Bulletin, June 27. The meat inspection service of the Veterinary Corps has ex- panded with the growth of the Army since the outbreak of the war. All meats and meat products purchased by the Depot Quartermaster in Chicago and the subsidiary depots in other large cities are care- fully inspected for compliance with specifications. This covers practically all the refrigerated beef, canned meats, ham and bacon, which are sent to the overseas forces or issued to troops in this coun- ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 671 try. Veterinary meat inspectors remain in the packing houses and observe the processing from the selection of the meat to the sealing of the cans in which it is packed. Every step in the process receives a critical scrutiny in order that the Government may secure only meat from sound animals which has been properly prepared and pre- served for transportation and issue. The service in Chicago is supervised by Major George A. Lytle, V. C., N. A., assisted by 48 veterinary officers who are trained meat _ Inspectors and 25 enlisted men. Meat inspectors who have been properly trained under the regulations of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry are the only ones engaged in this work and some difficulty is encountered in securing enough men for the enlisted force in par- ticular. These enlisted men are not veterinary graduates but must have had at least one year’s experience with packing house methods. Men of this class who are subject to the selective draft or who wish to enlist should communicate with the Surgeon General of the Army stating their qualifications. A veterinary officer is attached to each division as meat inspec- tor and to each cantonment is allowed a division or camp meat in- spector with two enlisted assistants. Officers and men selected for this work are sent to Chicago for the course of instruction before as- signment to stations. ee —Majors D. S. White and R. J. Stanclift have received the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. These gentlemen have been engaged in im- portant administrative work since last autumn. Their many friends in the profession congratulate them on their promotion. —Captain T. 8. Hickman has removed from Kansas City, Mo., to the Animal Embarkation Depot, North Charleston, S. C. —Lieut. G. L. Richards has been transferred from Camp Doni- phan, Okla., to the American Expeditionary Forces, France. —Lieut. L. J. Anderson has removed from Placerville, Calif., to 115th Field Signal Battalion, Camp Kearney, Calif. —Lieut. L. N. Peterson has been transferred from Tallahassee, Fla., to the Animal Embarkation Depot, North Charleston, S. C. —Lieut. Jesse L. Shabram of Hartford, S. D., is now stationed at Camp Greenleaf, Chicamauga Park, Ga. —Captain G. A. Jarman has been transferred from the Remount Service, Kansas City, Mo., to the Medical Officers’ Training Camp, Camp Greenleaf, Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. 672 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE —Lieut. A. A. Goodman, formerly at Falfurrias, Texas, has been transferred to Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas. —Lieut. S. K. Andreassen, formerly at Barnesville, Minn., is now stationed at Camp Lewis, American Lake, Wash. —Lieut. Frederick Low has been transferred from Camp Dodge, Ta., to Camp Lee, Va. —Dr. J. Hanrahan, formerly at Highwood, Mont., is now sta- tioned at Camp Lewis, Wash. —Dr. J. J. Kelly, formerly at Marshall, Minn., is now stationed at Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. —Dr. H. E. Torgersen, formerly at Camp Cody, N. M., is now stationed at Camp Greenleaf, Chickamaugua Park, Ga. —Dr. Maurice C. Hall of the Research Laboratories of Parke, Davis & Co. of Detroit, Mich., has received a commission as Second Lieutenant in the Veterinary Corps, and has been ordered to Fort Oglethorpe for duty. : —hLieut. Harve Frank, formerly at El Paso, Texas, is now sta- tioned at Camp Funston, Kans. —The marriage of Miss Edna Keeler and First Lieut. J. F. Jansen occurred at Ithaca, June 29. Lieut. Jansen has been sta- tioned at Camp Beauregard, La., but has now been transferred to Chicago. —Dr. W. R. McCall, formerly of Oklahoma City, Okla., is now with the 144th Field Artillery, Camp Kearney, Calif. —Dr. R. T. Renwald, formerly at So. Omaha, Neb., is now sta- tioned at Camp Lee, Va. —lLieut. W. C. McConnell, formerly at Holdenville, Okla., is now stationed at Camp Greenleaf, Chickamauga Park, Ga. —lLieut. C. J. Cook has been transferred from Camp Cody, N. M., to Chicago, Ill. —Lieut. H. C. Pugh, formerly at Camp Devens, Mass., is with the American Expeditionary Forces. —Major F. T. G. Hobday, formerly on the Flanders front, is now with the British Expeditionary Forces in Italy. —Lieut. T. E. Wilke, formerly of Chicago, Ill., is with the De- troit Refrigerating Co., Detroit, Mich. —Lieut. F. J. Reamsnyder, formerly of Elmhurst, N. Y., is sta- tioned at Chicago, Ill. —HLieut. R. O. Stott has been transferred from Fort Bliss, Texas, to 12th Cavalry, Columbus, N. M. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION THE A. V. M. A. MEETING, PHILADELPHIA, AUGUST 19 TO 22, 1918 Arrangements have been practically completed for the 55th convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association which will be held at Philadelphia, August 19 to 22. The local committees and officers of the association are much pleased with the interest manifested by members in all parts of the United States and Canada. dormant for a long time, certainly for several months. Their ex- istence outside the body is still an obscure chapter. In Switzerland, several cases of red dysentery have been observed, the disease be- ing caused by feeding contaminated hay in winter. In other cases it appeared among young stock in summer on pastures which were _ frozen and covered with snow during several months. It goes without saying, that the disease can and is further dis- tributed by animals that are shipped from one part of the country to another. Especially would this be important if it is demon- strated beyond a doubt that coccidia are only facultative para- sites; that is, that they can multiply and exist in waterholes or on carcasses of dead animals or on miscellaneous matter, such as de- eaying fruit or roots, manure or slime in ditches. A carrier would drop them on a pasture, the weather being favorable (hot) and the ground moist, the protozoa would multiply and dry up. Some weeks afterward young stock is driven into the same field and after a few days animals begin to die, others have diarrhea and become thin and weak. Not very mysterious, after all! A severe outbreak among young cattle running on the range, near Alder, Pierce County, Washington, a town on the Tacoma and 720 Cc. H. SCHULTZ Eastern Railroad, and one in a large dairy herd near Seattle, were traceable to such causes. In regard to the cause of death, we again find it difficult to arrive at definite conclusions. In some cases where animals have been afflicted for several days with fever and constipation, fol- lowed by diarrhea and gradual loss of flesh and increasing weak- ness, the lesions in the intestines were insignificant, certainly not severe enough to cause death. We ascribe death in such cases to the absorption of poisonous substances and the inability of the body to get rid of them. In severely acute cases, the escape of blood through the intestinal mucosa and intense diarrhea cause death. In peracute cases, die suddenly or in severe cases lasting but a few days, showing great distress, dyspnea and high tempera- tures, the blood will be found to be very dark, coagulating poorly or not at all, evidently unable to carry oxygen; hemolysis may be more or less pronounced, all characteristic of a septicemia. Whenever the disease has appeared in chronic form, many un- thrifty, poorly developed, cachectic animals will be observed. Young animals fail to grow, show great weakness and emaciation, although they eat, chew their cud, and appear hungry. These often develop progressive anemia and pronounced cachexia. On post mortem, but slight lesions can be found. The condition is due to inability to digest and faulty absorption. Others are chronic cases; they improve but have frequent recurrent attacks of severe diarrhea; systematic examinations will demonstrate that they distribute peri- odically great numbers of zygotes; hence they are carriers of the protozoa—never very sick, resistant against the mild infection, they scatter the protozoa wherever they go. The difficult part, therefore, is to recognize the trouble early. We cannot eradicate it, but we should be able to guard against the | sudden destructive outbreaks, where the mortality has at times reached 60%. The severe outbreaks among young stock, where ani- mals die very suddenly, must be controlled by preventive measures, sanitation, and as far as possible by protective serum or vaccines. These can only be developed along rational, satisfactory lines if we understand the ways and means of attack of the hidden, myste- rious enemy. The losses caused by red dysentery among all classes of domestic animals have often been very serious. In some parts of Africa (Tunis and Cape Colony), in Asia and many European countries, thousands of cattle have perished. The economic losses MYSTERIOUS LOSSES AMONG CATTLE 721 in the western part of our state are considerable, among pure bred as well as grades. Three years ago, after the identity of the disease was established, I began to make trips to localities where animals died from mysterious causes. Wherever cattle died suddenly, the owners were convinced that their stock had been poisoned. Mr. Albert Jacobson, our city chemist, has carefully analyzed stomach contents from many such cases, without being able to dem- onstrate poisons. Professor Johnson of the University of Wash- ington has had similar experiences. Examinations of tissues and blood for bacteria, especially Bacterium bovisepticus, anthrax symptomatic anthrax, malignant oedema, and other pathogenic organisms, have been carefully carried out in the laboratories of the Public Health Service, the State Board of Health and the De- partment of Health and Sanitation. Dr. A. U. Simpson, M.D., our city bacteriologist, an exceedingly conscientious investigator, took great interest in these problems—but has seldom been able to demonstrate pathogenic bacteria. A few miles south of Seattle, near Allentown, is a large wet pasture. It is not fenced and eattle of all kinds use it for a com- mon feeding ground. Several open ditches meander through it and furnish contaminated surface water. The land is usually cov- ered with water during the rainy season and is therefore washed off. As soon as the weather is warm, mild cases of red dysentery can be observed. In calves, attacks often assume a severe and fatal form; owners claim that the animals arespoisoned, because they do well as long as they are fed in their yards. It is my supply field for infested material which can be found in one form or another throughout the year. On September 22, 1915, Mr. A. W., who owns a small dairy on the hill near Bryn Mawr, three miles from Renton, brought to Mr. Jacobson’s laboratory the omasum and abomasum of two young cows that died in the morning without having shown symptoms of disease. He requested careful chemical analysis of stomach con- tents for a series of poisons. The mucosa of the fourth stomach of one animal was rather pale, no evidence of corrosive poisons could be detected ; a great number of minute, pearly gray, translu- cent nodules, arranged in groups, were readily seen upon careful examination. They protruded slightly above the mucosa and ap- peared to extend to the fundus of the crypts; they corresponded nicely to the description of coccidia as found in Hutyra and Marek. 722 0. H. SCHULTZ The other stomach showed but few of these, but many very small, deep ulcers, where blood escaped, were found. Evidently the fine pellicle which covered them had broken open and the parasites es- caped, leaving a minute but deep defect reaching at least to the basement membrane of the crypts. Careful analysis for several poisons which might have been used gave negative results. An investigation of the premises showed that six other cows were afflicted with offensive slimy diarrhea. The owner stated that a nice Guernsey grade which appeared lan- guid and thin, had not been doing well all summer. The calves were kept in a small pen, they were unthrifty, languid, sunken eyed; had diarrhea, two showing slight whitish secretion in the lid sacks and marked slimy discharge from the nose. The microscope demonstrated masses of schizonts in the mucous from cows and calves. Mr. W. F. B., near Clifton, Washington, whose ranch is lo- cated at the head of Hood’s Canal, lost several valuable Guernsey grade heifers during the year 1915. The losses were attributed to poison—six animals were found to have died suddenly at one time in one pasture. Stomach contents were analyzed by Professor Johnson in the laboratories of the University of Washington in Seattle, with negative results. The case was tried in the courts in Shelton, and is therefore of record; accused party was discharged. Several trips were made to this ranch and owner stated that cattle began to die the year after alfalfa hay from the irrigated districts in Eastern Washington had been fed, during the winter months. On July 9th, 1916, several animals on the place were afflicted with - quite severe chronic diarrhea; one heifer showed marked slimy discharge from the nose and was certainly not doing well. Micro- scope showed schizonts and epithelial cells in great numbers in slimy mucous. On December 9th, 1916, a nice heifer was found dead, appar- ently from the same cause which killed the animals on other oceca- sions. Careful post mortem examination and study of collected specimens left no doubt—an acute attack of red dysentery. On ranches located nearby, calves and colts begin to suffer from severe diarrhea and dysentery late in the summer when pas- tured in low bottoms, but usually recover when driven into the hills. Several die every year; others are stunted ‘because they are MYSTERIOUS LOSSES AMONG CATTLE ‘723 chronic cases. On this place rational prophylactic measures have - stopped the losses, no further outbreaks have been reported. An interesting outbreak occurred on upland pastures a few miles southwest of Redmond, Washington, during May, 1917. Mr. C. drove 23 large healthy grade Holstein heifers from Kent to his pasture about the middle of May. The animals were turned loose in the south forty acres, where a small stream and springs pro- vided good drinking water; a clearing, an old orchard and some old buildings surrounded by alder and small timber made it an ideal place; grass was abundant, so that the animals prospered. When pasture became short, the herd was driven across the road into the north forty acres. The land had been cleared with stump pullers, the logs burnt and the ground seeded to clover. The soil was clay, impervious to water. A small stream in one corner sup- plied running water. The weather was dry and quite hot, the whole herd had to go to the creek to drink, no other supply being available. The heifers were doing well. A week later rains set in; the large stump holes acted as catch-basins for surface water. After a few rainy days, the weather became hot and sultry; the animals remained on the hill and drank water from the stump holes. In a very few days the caretaker reported to Dr. J. P. Johnson, at the time veterinarian in general practice in Redmond, _ that some of the heifers were very sick, acted as if they had pneu- monia and suffered from severe offensive diarrhea. Several ap- peared drowsy, thermometers registered temperatures of 105° to 107.4° ; respiration was labored and: rapid; marked discharge from nose was slightly streaked with blood; some were frothing at the mouth and grinding their teeth; abdomen was drawn up and they appeared to be in great pain and distress. Pulse weak and rapid, often almost imperceptible. Scanty defecation was followed by severe, offensive diarrhea. Most animals were sick 6 to 8 days; 13 died out of the 23. Post mortem examinations were made by sev- eral veterinarians, wihout definite results, however. Dr. Johnson found all the organs in a state of severe conges- tion. In the abdominal cavity, the serous layers were dry and rough ; peritoneum was severely inflamed; the liver was brownish, very friable; stomach empty; in several places the intestinal mu- cosa was separated from its basement membrane, permitting the dark, tarry blood to escape into the lumen of the bowel. The rec- tum and part of the colon were filled with a mass of dark, poorly 724 C. H. SCHULTZ clotted ‘blood. Tinged slimy mucous escaped from the nose. In some cases dark blood escaped into the subcutaneous tissues and caused deeply tinged blotches. The bladder was filled with darkly tinged urine. Most remarkable conditions, when we consider that the animal was destroyed and the post mortem held at once. Blood when kept in a bottle remained dark, it did not coagulate. Liver and spleen were sent to laboratories in Seattle. No cultures of pathogenic bacteria could be demonstrated. Cultures resembling Bacterium anthracis were obtained from one specimen, they proved to be non-pathogenic to laboratory animals. In this connection it is well to remember that Dr. V. A. Moore described in his Micro- biology twenty organisms which resemble Bact. anthracis. After remaining several days on the infected pastures, the herd was driven into another corral where good water was avail- able, several afflicted heifers improved rapidly and made good re- coveries. Some of the animals that ate eagerly of baled alfalfa hay about 8 o’clock one evening were found dead next morning. If the history had been unknown, such cases would surely have been designated as poisoning, especially in range countries. After the herd) was removed to the corral, animals which showed no symptoms registered temperatures around 105°, proving that high temperatures are to be expected in the early stages. Treatment. consisted in stimulants and as good care as circumstances would permit. : On June 16th, I made a trip to the infected pasture and water- holes. From slime and sediment oocytes showing spore formation were obtained by washing and sedimentation methods. The re- maining ten heifers were again running in the north pasture; do- ing well. Two weak animals were still afflicted with slimy diarrhea. In mucous which they passed, a great number of epithelial cells, a number of schizonts and well developed macrogametes could readily be demonstrated. In this instance it has been demonstrated beyond a doubt, that the outbreak was due to a common source of in- fection, the infected water-holes, that the disease was not only occa- sionally directly transmittable, and that a period of dry hot weather, followed by warm rains and hot sultry summer days permitted rapid multiplication of the destructive organisms. It was unfor- tunate that it was not possible to leave the pasture with the in- fected water-holes and turn a number of susceptible Whidby Island yearlings loose in the same field, so as to observe the earliest symp- MYSTERIOUS LOSSES AMONG CATTLE 725 toms and undertake a comprehensive study of the protozoan and its development in the drinking water or on the grass. The dan- gerous but interesting conditions can be reproduced artificially in hothouses or on favorably located fields in summer time. It would be quite worth while and I hope to find such an opportunity sooner _ or later. When in July, 1917, a notice in our daily papers stated that range animals valued at $150,000 had perished in a few days near Klamath Falls, Oregon, I decided to make a trip to that locality. Arriving in the Oregon city on August 2nd, it was found impracti- cable to go to Malin, where the losses were so numerous and sudden, the animals having been removed to other pastures. I am greatly indebted to Mr. J. F. Kimball of the Weyerhauser Timber Company, and Dr. G. C. Mitchell for rapid transportation and a great deal of really useful information. Although several diseased animals were located, observed and studied, nothing even approaching poisoning could be identified. On the other hand, cattle observed on dairy farms, as well as on the range, showed infection identical in every way to the cases found near Seattle. Evidently losses in the State of Oregon are due to the same cause as those in Washing- ton. We can readily see what occurs around watering places where cattle congregate as soon as the dry season has set in. The holes become contaminated from droppings, which remain moist and warm so that protozoan or bacteria can develop and multiply. Drying out for weeks has no deleterious effect on encysted coccidia, it represents simply a suitable resting period. This phase of the coccidian life cycle has not yet been investigated as it should be, and presents a most interesting subject for systematic investiga- tion. When warm showers dissolve the miscellaneous matter in which the parasites are, they begin to float around the waterholes. Whenever susceptible animals take them up on feed or in the drink- ing water, outbreaks occur. This assertion is borne out by numer- ous observations—contaminated material, a period of dry hot weather, warm rains to liberate the contagion and then susceptible animals make an ideal combination for an outbreak. This was well illustrated in the outbreak near Redmond and on LaConner Flats. Cattle run on alfalfa pastures which become contaminated from the manure; when moisture and warmth are supplied the or- 726 Cc. H. SCHULTZ gvanisms multiply and are carried on to the stems of the plants where they encapsulate and dry out during hot summer weather or when the hay is cured. Fed to our dairy cattle in Seattle, it has not infrequently caused severe outbreaks of diarrhea, affecting a great number of animals in some herds. Three such instances are deseribed in my notebook. Dairymen in Seattle know that cattle bought on Whidby Island—mostly Guernsey grades—often become sick when first fed alfalfa hay. One well known firm lost eight animals from this cause during the late summer and fall of 1916. Having obtained assignment to slaughterhouse inspection last summer, cattle from many parts of the country could be observed soon after arrival. Stomachs and intestines could be examined and studied soon after slaughter in a systematic manner. During the dry hot season, it was not unusual to find steers afflicted with inter- mittent diarrhea. Cattle from Toppenish Flats, Washington, steers from Myrtle Point, Oregon, others from the vicinity of Rose- burg, were all quite heavily infected. About three weeks after the heavy rains flushed out the water-holes and stagnant creeks, these chronic carriers cleared up. No doubt can therefore exist as to the dissemination of this group of parasites and the enormous losses which red dysentery causes to our livestock industry. Investiga- tions along this line have not received the attention which they de- serve and special efforts should be made definitely to establish the identity of the causes of the many mysterious outbreaks which have ravaged: the stock raising districts in Oklahoma, Texas (Ward County), California, Oregon, Montana, Idaho and Washington. In July, 1916, Dr. C. E. Richards, M.D., from Des Moines, Wash., brought specimen of tissues to the city laboratories and stated that cattle near Des Moines died from acute attack of cocci- diosis. The doctor had studied the disease in lowa and was proba- bly one of the first to recognize and diagnose it in cattle in our state. Losses around: that settlement were quite severe during the summer of 1916. Dr. Julian Howard, veterinarian, located in Stanwood, Wash- ington, has also recognized the disease and found the coccidia in feces of afflicted cattle and sheep. In the fall of 1915, Dr. H. Welch, veterinarian at the experi- ment station in Bozeman, Montana, reported that he had identified acute coccidiosis and demonstrated the parasites in the intestines of pure bred Holstein calves which died from rather obscure causes. MYSTERIOUS LOSSES AMONG CATTLE 727 While the technique of examinations for coccidia is not diffi- cult, it is not given in our text books. No satisfactory method of making permanent mounts for future reference and comparative studies is taught in our laboratory courses, and even text books on microscopic methods do not give us much help. We are taught that it is necessary to section tissues to demonstrate the parasites. When I made the statement in Oakland, California, before the A. V. M. Association, that examination of feces gave us a safe and quick method to diagnose this disease in its early stages, I was- challenged at once and severely criticized. In Dr. Law’s text book of veterinary medicine, II edition, 1905, Vol. 2, page 265, we find the terse statement that ‘‘ Diagnosis can always be made by micro- scopic examination of fresh warm feces’’! . In ‘‘Bacteriankunde und pathologische Mikroskopic’’ by Dr. Med th. Kitt, IV edition, 1903, the suggestion is given, to examine feces, fragments of mucosa, mucous or croupous membranes be- cause coccidia in great numbers would be found. The author states that 50 to 100 parasites may be found in one field under the microscope. 3 Illustrations in the numerous short articles published and accessible cannot be considered satisfactory. They leave the im- pression that coccidium oviforme is an obligatory cell parasite and lay great stress on the presence of the encapsulated forms of the zygote and spore-formation. These forms occur only in animals where the rapidly destructive asexual division (schizogony) of the parasites has reached its limit. In all severe cases, especially in those that end fatally in a few days, the schizont alone may be found in immense numbers—in masses, and this rapidly multiply- ing asexual (agamic) division form should be studied, so that it ean be recognized. The position of the parasite in the cell is fre- quently very useful to identify it. This is what pathologists look for. Since it would be very useful to be able to stain and mount in a simple but permanent manner mucous containing these parasites, a practical method which has been found to be acceptable and which ‘has given satisfactory results will be described in detail. Dr. Ph. B. Hadley of the Rhode Island Experiment Station has devoted a great deal of time to the study of this group of diseases, especially among fowls and birds. He found it difficult to distin- guish and identify coecidia among intestinal contents but over- came the difficulty by bringing out a differential staining method. 728 C. H. SCHULTZ The article, ‘‘Regarding the value of the Van Giesen and Roman- owsky malarial stains for the detection of coccidia’’ is found on page 147; No. 1, Vol. 52, originale Abth. I, Centralblatt fur Bacte- rien kunde. The article is written in English and contains very useful information. My efforts along this line did not produce satisfactory results and it was only when Rosanilin violet, which Dr. Hadley kindly sent me, was used that marked differentiation was obtained. These stains are not permanent, however. The greatest stumbling block apparently has been the attempts to subject such material to ‘bacteriological methods, especially that of dehydration with heat or alcohol. The parasites are of appreciable dimensions, although schizonts in early stages of rapid development may only be 3 » and appear round or oval, somewhat resembling small lymphocytes or baso- phile leucocytes. Unstained or when flooded with weak Loeffer’s meth. blue sol., they show a delicate fine outline and a denser faintly variegated nucleus. Schizonts stain with difficulty and al- ways unevenly. Merozoites are mobile, and can be distinguished by the peculiar grouping and method of division as seen in the fully developed trophozoite. Epithelial cells of certain types may be mistaken for merozoites. All these forms are soft, jelly-like masses and may become markedly distorted by the manipulations on the slide or undue pressure of the coverglass. In ‘‘Principles of Microbiology’’, by Dr. V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y., 1912 Edition, chapter on protozoa, page 429, the author states that: ‘‘The coccidia in the liver show themselves in two principal forms. The free coccidia, schizonts, merozoites or young macro- gametes are most frequently spherical or elongated, 12 to 14 mi- erons ‘broad and 17 to 22 microns long. Some are almost homo- geneous and very refrangent, with darker central point; they re- semble cells undergoing fatty degeneration. Their volume varies from 6 to 8 to 30 microns. They are often included in epithelial cells and solitary or grouped in small masses in the same cell. The encysted coccidia (oocyst) may also exist in the interior of a cell and like the preceding, they are sometimes lodged in large giant cells. It is not rare to find white particles floating in the bile, similar to the contents of tumors and almost exclusively formed of coc- cidia. MYSTERIOUS LOSSES AMONG CATTLE 729 - Rivolta once found numerous encysted coccidia in the epithe- lium of a dilated gall bladder.’’ Many hundreds of examinations have been made and prove that as a result of the irritation caused by these parasites an un- usual amount of mucous is secreted by the goblet cells. During the early diarrheatic period, mucous is produced copiously, form- ing casts or false membranes; later on, in flake or shreds, finally, when the intestinal mucosa has been severely attacked and became exhausted, in minute particles only. Coecidia are usually found in these mucous masses and flakes. They may be present in immense numbers without cells or tissue fragments. Feces containing mucous are washed in large amounts of cold water until the water runs off clear. Large particles can then ‘be fished out, small ones aspirated with suitable pipette: large amounts are best washed over fine sieves or on a double layer of gauze. In case of very offensive diarrhea, decomposition must be arrested by adding to the collected material as soon as possible an equal amount of Kaiserling No. 1 solution; slimy discharges are easier to manipulate when this is done. The rinsed mucous and tissue shreds when collected are kept in equal parts of water and Kaiserling solution No. 1, which leaves the mucous nicely transparent, inhibits growth of all but few mis- cellaneous bacteria and fungi and is easily obtained. Certain re- sistant fungi, however, have produced marked mycelia and even gonidia in specimen bottles containing 50% Kaiserling solution No. 1. Tissues fragments and especially epithelial cells show good fixation, so that cell inclusions and nuclei remain well preserved. If Kaiserling’s solution No. 1 cannot be obtained, preserve washed specimens in 10 to 20% formalin solution ; specimen kept preserved - for years stain welli. When ready to examine for parasites, fish out a reasonable amount and wash carefully in several changes of water to remove preservatives. Place selected particles on a slide, cover with cover glass and examine while wet under the microscope with low power lens. Once familiar with the parasites, they will be recognized without difficulty. A drop of Loefflers’ blue (dilute) should be added and produces a transparent specimen. It may be necessary to tease the mucous particles apart to form a thin layer. For permanent slides, the best results are obtained when the water in the mucous and tissue fragments is gradually replaced by 730 C. H. SCHULTZ elycerine. This process toughens the mucous flakes, does not in- jure cells or parasites and makes the specimen beautifully trans- parent. Mucous does not always give the same reaction. A large mass, the size of an egg, produced in a competent, well nourished intes- tine, free from blood, is quite different from the minute particles found in diarrheatic evacuations of an animal which will die in twelve hours. The latter is rather difficult to wash, stain and ex- amine. Stains must therefore often be selected by trial. Usually it is best to fix material, rinse well and then stain it. Sometimes. it was found of advantage to stain before fixing because penetra- tion was better. Large and firm mucous masses, such as cylindrical casts or ribbon-like false membranes for example, must be cut up into thin pieces to permit the stains to penetrate. - When characteristic forms have been found in mucous that is reasonably free from miscellaneous detritus, so as to be suitable for permanent slides, the mucous is carefully carried through suitable staining processes, rinsed in water and dehydrated and clarified by being gradually carried through 30% to 60%, and then into pure glycerine. The last steps must be carried out slowly, requiring two or three days to obtain the best results. Only stains which contain but little aleohol and which are not soluble in gly- cerine will ‘be found satisfactory. Mayer’s hemalum or Mayer’s acid hemalum, which will show a reddish tinge, produced very satisfactory results. Length of time and degree of dilution required to obtain good nuclear differentia- tion varies and must be ascertained when staining. It is best to use the stain diluted 1 to 3 of water and stain 24 to 36 hours. Rinse thoroughly and wash in tap water for twelve hours. Old Delafields hematoxylin penetrates well, but does not give so neat a nuclear differentiation. Alum-Carmine is one of the best stains, usually it gives well marked differentiations of nuclear structures and clarifies nicely in glycerin. As counterstain, Bismark brown (vesuvin) has proven to be acceptable, especially when followed by picric acid solutien, which acts as a mordant and intensifies it. 1 gram Bismark brown dissolved in 300 ccm. of 3% carbolic acid solution by heat, then filtered makes a serviceable, penetrating _ MYSTERIOUS LOSSES AMONG CATTLE 731 stain which brings out bacteria as well as miscellaneous vegetable structures. Dilute as required and stain 12 to 36 hours. To dem- onstrate bacteria the stronger solutions are best; for cells and other material, weaker solutions are to be preferred. Trials are neces- sary. Rinse stained mass lightly and place into aqueous solution of Picric acid, 1 gram in 300 cem. of water. This bath will intensify the stain and give better definition. After mucous has been stained and rinsed, it is finally mounted in. glycerin as stated above. Changes should not be made too rapidly to avoid shrinking and distortion of the protozoa. It is of advantage to carry material stained in Bismark brown solution through glycerin slightly acidulated with Picric acid. Eosin soluble in water will also give satisfactory contrasts for hematoxylin stains. A good quality of cement should be used to paint over the edges of the coverglasses. Oxide of zine well rubbed up in good fishrod (marine) varnish, which is easily obtained, makes tough dense rings, insoluble in alcohol, but soluble in xylol. A collection of slides prepared in this manner will keep well and permit a demonstration of these dangerous parasites at any time. The zygotes and fully developed cysts are protected by dense capsule—which forms soon after fertilization of the macro- gamete—are easily recognized when found, but they occur usually (there are exceptions) only in animals that recover. Whenever the microscope demonstrates the presence of macrogametes and zygotes, forms which are constant in their appearance and can therefore be identified beyond all doubt, and schizonts become less numerous, a favorable prognosis can be given, because the danger- ous agamonous multiplication of the parasites, which is so injuri- ~ ous to the host has reached its limits. The improvement of the animals at this stage of the disease in twenty-four hours is most remarkable and unless toxemia is very severe or injury to the in- testinal mucosa has caused serious defects, recovery will be quite rapid. In severe lengthy cases the search for agamonous division forms of the coccidia is tedious and difficult, because the parasites are small, multiplying rapidly, are poorly developed, probably only immature trophozoites or schizonts being present, which are very difficult to stain and identify. In such cases several animals should be examined and better developed forms will surely be found. Diseases of this class require careful observations and consid- 732 C. H. SCHULTZ eration of the clinical symptoms during their entire course, as well as numerous microscopic examinations of blood, excreta, nasal dis- charges, discharge from sores, urine, ete., before a definite diagnosis can be established. It is also necessary that clinical findings shall be compared—checked up—with examinations of organs and tis- sues from animals that died. Specimens must be secured during | the early as well as during the late stages of the disease, so as to permit a comparative study of the injuries to the tissues and enable us. to find the point of attack, study the progress and demonstrate the cause of death. Our present knowledge of the distribution and importance of this parasitic disease of cattle and other animals is entirely inadequate. A careful, systematic survey of the sain situation should be made, so as to identify and study the different diseases which cause these severe losses among cattle. When the identity of a disease has been established, an outline for a campaign against it can be laid down and measures to prevent its spread can be adopted. Sometimes successful treatment can be inaugurated. The success of such an investigation often depends upon the cooperation and support which the stock owners extend to those that are entrusted with the study and solution of the problem. (The different stages of development of coccidium* oviforme were demonstrated on a series of slides prepared from material — collected during the outbreaks near Redmond, Washington, from dairy cattle near Seattle and from Big Soda Springs on Keane Creek, near Pinehurst, Oregon. Zygotes and oocysts showing spore formation, macrogametes in different stages of development on some slides, while the schiz- ogonous cycle: rapidly dividing schizonts, trophozoites and mero- zoites were to be seen on others.) — —Dr. L. A. Maze, formerly with Parke, Davis & Co. at Roches- ter, Mich., has purchased the practice formerly conducted by Dr. - 0. Pasi at Pontiac, Mich. Dr. Parker is now at Fort Ogle- thorpe, Ga. —Dr. A. W. Swedberg of the B. A. I., who has been at Omaha, Neb., since January, 1917, on Tubereulin Testing, has been trans- ferred to Denyer, Colo. A PHYSALOPTERA FROM THE DOG, WITH A NOTE ON THE NEMATODE PARASITES OF THE DOG IN NORTH AMERICA Maurice C. Hatt, Pu.D., D.V.M., AND Meyer Wiepor, M.A. Reseach Laboratory, Parke, Davis & Company, Detroit, Mich. In a series of over 300 dogs examined post mortem at Detroit, we found a single female specimen of Physaloptera in one dog, No. 300, an incidence of about 0.3 per cent. The head of the worm was so deeply and firmly imbedded in the duodenum about an inch below the pylorus, that we were unable to remove the parasite by what we regarded as a reasonable amount of traction without - danger of breaking it. The worm and the tissue to which it was attached were, therefore, placed in normal saline solution for a time, and in the course of an hour the worm relinquished its hold and separated from the intestinal wall. The description of a new species of nematode on a single fe- male specimen is not a wholly satisfactory proceeding from the standpoint of those who describe such species or those who must consider their descriptions later. On the other hand, if it is de- sirable to describe the rare parasites of dogs, which parasites have considerable bearing on the subject of the dog as a carrier of para- sites usually occurring in other hosts, then it is desirable that we have some name by which these parasites may be discussed. It simplifies discussion, and it is no serious matter that a parasite may be found to bear more than one name and that all but one of its names must be rated as synonyms. | On these grounds we are describing the nematode found by us in the dog as a new species. It is entirely improbable that this is a customary or even common parasite of the dog. It is probable, though not certain, that it is a parasite of some wild mammal, but it might even be a parasite of a bird or reptile, temporarily present in the dog after the dog had eaten the infested animal. In any ease it is quite apt to be a species heretofore undescribed, as there has been but little study of the genus Physaloptera on this con- tinent. Species Physaloptera rara Hall and Wigdor, 1918. Speciric Diagnosis.—Physaloptera: Anterior extremity of the body somewhat attenuated. Cuticle strongly annulated (in the 734 MAURICE C. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR female at intervals of 50 to 200 »), the first annulation behind the head forming a sort of collar, with the head somewhat sunk in the depression formed by this collar. Mouth with 2 large lateral lips (Figs. 1 and 2), each of which is prolonged anteriorly by 3 promi- nent teeth in a row, a somewhat smaller tooth being external to the middle tooth of the three. Each lip bears a pair of conspicuous papillae, one of the pair being situated near each end of the lip and toward its base, and a third papilla near the middle of the lip base. The esophagus length is 4.8 per cent of the total body length. Mae unknown. : FEMALE 24 mm. long, with a maximum diameter of 1.34 mm. The head is 90 » long and 200 » wide at the base. The collar in which the head is set is 324 » wide. The teeth on the lips are about 12 » long and about 10 » wide at the base. The collar-like depres- Figure 1. Physaloptera rara. Head. Lateral view. sion about the head is formed by the cuticle delimited by the first transverse striation. The third pseudo-annulus thus formed breaks on one side and runs obliquely back; this may be accidental (Fig. 3). The esophagus is 1.16 mm. long, the muscular portion being 526 » long; the maximum width of the esophagus is 102 ». The nerve ring surrounds the muscular esophagus at a point near its union with the glandular portion. The inconspicuous vulva is in the anterior portion of the body, 3.63 mm. from the anterior end. The vestibule of the ovejector (Fig. 4) proceeds inward a short dis- tance and then turns toward the anterior end of the worm for a distance of about 0.6 mm., when it turns back past the vulva, the remainder of the genitalia lying in the posterior body between the vulva and the anus. The vestibule is 880 » long. The succeeding portion, the unpaired portion of what Seurat calls the ‘‘trompe’’, which is the distal portion of the ovejector, is 2.16 mm. long and is _ directed posteriorly throughout. This bifurcates and the 2 branches form a loop and: meet. the corresponding portions of the uterus: A PHYSALOPTERA FROM THE DOG 735 The most posterior ovarian loops (Fig 5) are in the vicinity of the anal region. The anal aperture appears to be set deep in a de- pression formed by a fold of cuticle (Fig. 6). The external aper- ture of this cuticular depression is 420 » from the posterior ex- tremity of the body. The posterior extremity is comparatively blunt. This was the only specimen present, so there were no fer- | tilized eggs in the worm. Host.—Canis familiaris. Location.—Duodenum. Locauiry.—Detroit, Michigan. -Seurat (1917) divides the species of Physaloptera from mam- mals into 2 groups; in one group, such worms as Ph. clausa, the Figure 2. Physaloptera rara. Head. Dorso-ventral view. external tooth of the lip is approximately as large as the internal teeth, the latter forming a 3-pronged fork; in the other group, such worms as Ph. abbreviata, the external tooth is very large and the internal teeth are small and set at intervals. Ph. rara evidently belongs in the first group. The surprisingly short glandular eso- phagus distinguishes this species from the other species with which we have compared it wherever this feature is described for other species. It is unfortunate that we have for study only a single specimen of the worm, as this feature is rather widely different from the corresponding condition in other species. We take this occasion to summarize what is known in a general way of the nematode parasites of dogs in North America, thereby completing a series of papers on the parasites of dogs in North America. The other papers, published in recent issues of this journal, dealt with protozoan, cestode, trematode, acanthocephalid 736: MAURICE ©. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR and arthropod parasites. While these records are not exhaustive, they are the first comprehensive summary of our knowledge of the parasites of dogs on this continent. ; NeMaAropa. Filaria osleri was described from dogs in Canada by Osler (1877). It has since been found in Europe and has re- cently been reported again from this continent, after an interval of almost 40 years, by Milks (1916) at Ithaca, N. Y. The worm occurs in nodules in the trachea, bronchi and lungs. : Dirofilaria immitis was described from the heart blood of the dog in this country by Leidy (1856). The worm was subsequently Figure 3. Physaloptera rara. Anterior extremity. found to be widely distributed over the world. It has been reported a number of times from the United States, being collected by Cur- tice, Hassall, Wheeler and others. It does not appear to be uncom- mon in the South, but it is evidently uncommon in the northern United States. We have not found it in the post mortem examina- tion of over 300 dogs at Detroit. : Spirocerca sanguinolenta (Spiroptera sanguinolenta) has been reported from a tumor of the esophagus in a dog at Washington by Sommer (1896). More recently, Haythorn and Ryan (1917) have reported 6 cases of the occurrence of this parasite in dogs at Mobile, Ala., and note that the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry has specimens from one case at Atlanta, Ga., and from 2 cases at A PHYSALOPTERA FROM THE DOG 737 Washington, one host said to be a lynx from the Zoological Park. (The other specimens at Washington are probably Sommer’s.) Trichuris depressiuscula, the whipworm, is a common para- site of dogs in the United States. We found it in 39.7 per cent of the first 300 dogs examined here by us, with an average of 21.4 worms per dog. The largest number present in a dog in this series was 677 and the next largest 299. Trichinella spiralis has been experimentally developed by us in the dog here at Detroit. Dioctophyme renale occurs in the kidney and abdominal cavity of the dog in the United States. The records of its occurrence in this country have been summarized by Riley (1916) and Hall (1916; 1917). Since the publication of these summaries, this para- (rand ay a, Fieurr 4. Physaloptera rara. Vulva region, showing loop of ovejector. site has been reported from the dog at Tama, Iowa, by Maxfield (1917), and in a paper by MacNider (1917) on nephropathy of the dog, we find the following: ‘‘At autopsy the kidneys of 4 of the animals were found to be the seat of infections by a parasitic worm, with surrounding areas of lymphocytic infiltration and con- nective tissue hyperplasia.’’ These last cases are from North Carolina, and we regard them as probably cases of D. renale. The occurrence of D. renale was reported by Hall (1917) in 2 dogs out of 67 dogs examined post mortem at Detroit. In a con- tinuation of that series of examinations, this parasite was subse- quently found by us in Dog No. 242, a mongrel male with some characteristics of the rough-coated terriers, so that our percentage for the series of 300 is only 1 per cent. The worm found was a male and was located in a tough cyst in the pelvic cavity to the 738 MAURICE CG. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR right of the urinary bladder. This appears to be an unusual loca- tion, as the worm is usually free, rather than encysted, when it oceurs in the abdominal cavity. Maxfield’s case, MacNider’s 4 cases and our case make a total of 6 cases that should be added to the totals for the United States. In addition, we note the following from a letter to one of us (Hall) from Dr. Ralph W. Nauss of the California State Board of Health: ‘‘T note what you say regarding the prevalence of Dioctophyme renale among dogs in Chicago. This parasite was frequently found in dogs during my student days—1902-5—at the Northwestern University Medical College. On a later occasion, in 1911, when Fieure 5. Physaloptera rara. Posterior extremity, showing ovarian loops. doing experimental surgery on dogs at this same institution, one case I remember distinctly of finding a female in the right kidney and a male (quite small in comparison with the one contained in the kidney) in the abdominal cavity beneath the liver.’’ The new cases listed here make it reasonably certain that this parasite has been found in the United States in at least 50 cases and probably in more than 50 eases. In a general way the distribution of the cases follows the Atlantic sea-board and the Great Lakes region, a distribution which is in accord with the supposition that the parasite has an intermediate stage in fish. Ancylostoma caninum, the common dog hookworm, is generally distributed over the United States, though the available evidence eR ry aes ee ne ee A PHYSALOPTERA FROM THE DOG 739 indicates that it is more common in the South, as might be expected. However, it might be noted in passing that very little has ever been published regarding the parasites of southern dogs. We found hookworms in 33.3 per cent of our series of 300 dogs, with an aver- age of 15.2 worms per dog. The largest number present was 282, and the next largest number was 165. Uncinaria stenocephala has only been reported once, by Mul- doon (1916), from the dog in the United States. Muldoon re- ported it from Ithaca, N. Y.; from correspondence it appears that no specimens of the worm were preserved. This is unfortunate, 2¥ 6. Fieurs 6. Physaloptera rara. Posterior extremity. as the record was published without corroborative data and there is a possibility of misidentification. _ Belascaris marginata is the roundworm which appears to be most common in dogs in the United States. We found ascarids (the majority of them B. marginata) in 53.3 per cent of our 300 dogs, over half of them, with an average of 25.2 worms per dog. The largest number present was 2054, and the next largest was 204. Without this extremely large number, 2054, the average per dog was 12.3. Toxascaris limbata appears to be much less common in this country than the foregoing species. Ransom (1913) reports Tox- ascaris from the dog, apparently at Chicago. We recently found 740 MAURICE ©, HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR specimens of this species fairly common in our ascarid material from dogs. Agamonematodum gaylordi was described from tubercles in the hyperplastic thyroids of experiment dogs at Craig Brook, Maine, by Ransom (1914). Heavy Inrestations. Dog No. 170 had 2054 ascarids (B. mar- ginata), most of them very small immature worms. Following an- thelmintic treatment, 5 of these worms had been collected from the feces and 64 had been collected post mortem from the large intestine and cecum and credited to the efficacy of the anthelmintic. Of the remainder, 89 were found in the stomach and 1,896 in the small in- testine. Some of the very small larvae might have ‘been passed in the feces and escaped detection, so that there is a possibility that there were even more ascarids present than the large number ac- counted for. This dog was much emaciated and had prominently enlarged thyroids. The animal received 2 anthelmintic treatments, the sec- ond 5 days after the first, and died the evening after the second treatment. Death was probably due to the cachectic condition of the animal, which in turn was apparently due to the gross infesta- tion with ascarids, though the anthelmintic treatment in such a weakened animal may have hastened the end. Post mortem exam- ination showed the following: The margin of the left lobes of the lung were congested; the external vessels of the heart seemed con- gested; the liver was cirrhotic; the spleen was dry and tough; the peripheral portion of the medulla of the kidneys was hyperemic; the bladder was distended; the gastric mucosa was gelatinous and showed some dark areas that apparently had been hemorrhagic; the jejunum showed locally inflamed areas and the ileum was in- flamed and had some local hemorrhages; the colon was inflamed, the rectum hemorrhagic, and the glands of the rectum and cecum were very prominent. - Some of the young ascarids collected from this dog were put in Kronecker’s solution (a slightly alkaline physiologic saline solu- tion), where they lived for 64 hours with a room temperature of about 26° C.. The adults of this dog ascarid were found by Hall (1917) to survive for 14 days in Kronecker’s solution. To get some information in regard to the developmental period of these ascarids, 30 young worms, none of them more than 1 em. long, were put in gelatine capsules and fed to Dog. No. 173. The A PHYSALOPTERA FROM THE DOG 741 feces of this dog had been examined for the five-day period previous to the feeding and once 3 days before and no worm eggs of any sort had been found. Ascarid eggs first appeared in the feces 11 days after the feeding the worms to the dog, indicating that the female ascarid of the dog attains maturity and begins egg produc- tion within 11 days after reaching a length of about 1 cm. This dog was killed 48 days after these ascarids were fed to it. During that time the dog had vomited 3 ascarids on one occasion and 7 on an- other occasion. On post mortem examination the dog had 83 as- earids, which with the 10 worms vomited makes a total of 93 as- — earids following the feeding of only 30 ascarids. We may assume that immature worms were present during the period when fecal examination showed the absence of eggs, or that the dog acquired the additional worms from eggs in the feces as a result of the ex-. perimental infestation, or that the dog acquired the additional worms from eggs present in the cage from previously infested dogs. Experiments noted below indicate that the second assump- tion is a possibility. The experiment in infecting this dog with ascarids is of in- terest in connection with the work of Stewart (1916; 1917) and of Ransom and Foster (1917), on the life history of ascarids. Stewart demonstrated experimentally that when infective eggs from ascar- ids of man or of swine were fed to rats or mice, the embryos would escape from the eggs in the digestive tract and subsequently ap- pear in the liver, spleen and lungs, later stages apparently migrat- ing from the lungs up the trachea to the mouth and ultimately being swallowed in saliva and attaining the intestines, where they did not develop, but passed out in the feces. In view of the general failure which had followed most of the attempts to infect animals directly with infective eggs of suitable ascarids, Stewart con- cluded that rats and mice acted as intermediate hosts of ascarids, the infective larvae escaping in the saliva or feces of the rat and presumably attaining their definitive host in contaminated food or water. Ransom and Foster have stated that Stewart’s conclusions do not necessarily follow from his findings, and we suspect that most helminthologists at present would agree with Ransom and Foster in this, even though inclined to give all due credit to Stewart for what is evidently a very interesting and valuable piece of work. Ransom and Foster have confirmed Stewart’s work experi- mentally and have obtained similar results with guinea pigs. They 742 MAURICE C. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR —_ further note one case where a young pig was fed ascarid eggs and died a week later ; numerous ascarid larvae were found in the lungs, trachea and pharynx. They correlate this finding with Epstein’s (1892) suecess in developing Ascaris lumbricoides of man by feed- ing eggs to young subjects, and state that age is an important fac- tor in determining susceptibility to ascarid infestation. In the case of Dog. No. 173, the animal was in a wire cage with a solid metal bottom and the cage was placed on top of some similar, but larger, cages which usually contained dogs. We con- sider this a location that would not be much disturbed by rats or mice which might infect the food or water of the dog in the cage, especially as the building is a concrete rat-proof structure with practically no place for rats or mice to hide except in the dog cages. The only food that might have come in contact with rodents is the stale bread, but this is furnished in entire loaves, free from rodent feces and, so far as we have noticed, apparently free from tooth marks that might indicate the presence of rodent saliva. The in- dications are that this dog acquired his infestation with worms in excess of the 30 originally fed to it, by contamination of food or water with eggs from the original worms. In this connection it might be noted that Ransom and Foster call attention to the fact that heavy infestations of the lungs in rats and mice produce a serious pneumonia which is frequently fatal, and conclude that it is not improbable that ascarids are fre- quently responsible for lung troubles in children, pigs and other young animals. In the case of Dog No. 170, there was a conges- tion of the margins of one lung found post mortem, as noted, but - it is difficult to correlate this with the ascariasis. The recent in- vasion of the lungs by about 2000 ascarids should theoretically give rise toa generalized pneumonic condition, if anything, rather than a congestion confined to the margin of the left lobes; still, in- flammation might have occurred and subsided. We do not dis- agree with their conclusions and we regard the ascarid as a danger- ous parasite, but in this case the presence of so many young as- carids in the intestine with a lack of the lung condition which might be expected suggests to us that the injury to the lung in the case of the rat and mouse fed with human or pig ascarids is partly due to the fact that these worms were in an unusual host, a condi- tion which often leads to added injury. Thus in our experience trichinae in rats do not give the thermal and other clinical condi- A PHYSALOPTERA FROM THE DOG 743 tions found in man, the reaction in man, the unusual host, being much more severe. It is also true that the large clinical experi- ence of the world in dealing with so common a parasite as the as- earid has eredited it with the production of a wide range of symp- toms in connection with the gastro-intestinal tract and the nervous system, but pneumonic conditions, except from the invasion of the lung by the wandering adult worm, do not seem to have been as- sociated with it. Of course, clinical experience may be at fault here, as it has been in other instances. In connection with the well-known wandering habits of the adult ascarid, it may ‘be noted that this habit of entering the ducts of the pancreas and the liver and of traveling up the esophagus and leaving the pharynx by way of the nares, the trachea or the Eusta- chian tubes is apparently much more common in the case of the ascarids of man and swine than in the case of the ascarids of the dog. We have only seen one such case in the dog. This animal, a six-months-old pup, was found dead one morning with an ascarid projecting from one of the anterior nares. Behind it was another worm. On removing the head, another ascarid was found in the pharynx and posterior nares. Another worm was found in one bronchus. There were 19 worms in the intestine. Apparently death was due to these ascarids. The possibility of post mortem wandering cannot, of course, be absolutely excluded, but in our experience post mortem wandering of parasites in the dog must be a very rare thing, as we have almost no evidence of it. We had one case of severe infestation with whipworms, a rough count showing approximately 677 worms, of which 421 were in the cecum and 253 in the colon and rectum to within 3 inches of the anus. In the cecum there was a mild hyperemia associated with the attachment of the worms. MuutreLe Inresrations. Of our 300 dogs, 156 had only one kind of nematode worms, 91 had 2 kinds, 21 had 3 kinds, and none had more than 3 kinds. CuLtuRE MrtrHops ror Eeas. The culture method recom- mended for coccidia by Cole and Hadley (1910), the use of a 10 per cent potassium bichromate solution, gave us very good results in culturing ascarid and hookworm eggs. At room temperatures of 20° to 29° C. ascarid eggs would form the two-celled stage over- night. In 4 days embryos could be seen moving about in the eggs. Ascarid eggs kept under the same conditions, but in a solution of 744 MAURICE C. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR tap water, showed the two-celled stage in about half the eggs in 18 days, the other half being still in the one-celled stage. Hookworm eggs in the potassium bichromate solution at room temperatures of 20° to 23° C. showed actively motile embryos within 36 hours. | Be BIBLIOGRAPHY Epstein, ALors. 1892. Ueber die Uebertragung des menschlichen Spulwurms (Ascaris lumbricoides). Verhandl. Versamml. Gesell. Kinderh. Deut. Naturf. u. Aerzte, v. 9, pp. 1-16. Haut, Maurice ©. 1916. American records of Dioctophyme renale. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., v. 3 (3), Dee., pp. 370-371. HaytHorn, 8. R., anp A. H. Ryan. 1917. Aortie aneurisms in dogs with the report of six cases. J. Med. Research, v. 35 (3), Jan., pp. 411-423, pls. 28-29. Lewy, JosEPH. 1850. Descriptions of three filariae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., v. 5 (6), Nov.-Dec., pp. 117-118. roe MacNiper,.WM. DEB. 1916. A pathological study of the naturally acquired chronic nephropathy of the dog. Part 1. J. Med. Research, vy. 34 (2), May; pp. 177-197, pls. 7-9. MAXFIELD, FRED M. 1917. Common parasites of the digestive tract. Am. J. Vet. Med., v. 12 (5), May, pp. 295-297; discussion on pp. 298-300, 314, Minxs, H.'3: 1916. - 4 preliminary Sepork on verminous bronchitis in dogs. Rept. N. Y. St. Vet. Coll. for yr. 1914-1915, pp. 129-135, 2 pls. Mu.poon, W. E. 1916. Uncinariasis in dogs. Rept. N. Y. St. Vet. Coll. for yr. 1914-1915, pp. 136-141. OsLER, WILLIAM. 1877. Verminous bronchitis in dogs. Veterinarian, Lond., (594), v. 50, 4 s., (270), v. 28, June, pp. 387-397, 2 figs. RANSOM, Brayton H. 1913. Cysticercus ovis, the cause of tapeworm eysts in mutton. J. Agric. Research, v. 1 (1), Oct. 10, pp. 15-58, pls. 2-4, 13 text figs. 1914. (Agamonematodum gaylordi). In Bull. Bu. Fisheries, Wash., Doc. 790, v. 32, Apr. 22, pp. 500-501, fig. 123. RaNsoM, Brayton H., and WintrHRop D. Foster. 1917. Life history of Ascaris lumbricoides. J. Agric. Research, V. 11 (8), Nov. 19, pp. 395-398. RitEy, WitniAM A. 1916. The occurrence of the giant nematode, Diocto- phyme renale (Eustrongylus) in the United States and Canada. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., v. 2 (6), Sept., pp. 801-809. Seurat, L. G. 1917. Physaloptéres des mammiféres du Nord-Africain. Compt. Rend. Soc. d. Biol., Paris, v. 80 (4), pp. 210-218. Sommsr, H. O. 1896. Results of an examination of fifty dogs, at Washing- ton, D. C., for animal parasites. Vet. Mag., v. 3 (8), Aug., pp. 483-487. Stewart, F. H. 1916. On the life history of Ascaris lwmbricoides. Brit. Med. J., (2896), v. 2, pp. 5-7, 3 figs. 1916. The life history of Ascaris lumbricoides. Brit. Med. J., (2809), v. 2, p. 474. 1916. Further experiments on Ascaris infection. Brit. Med. J., (2910), v. 2, pp. 486-488. 1916. On the life history of Ascaris lumbricoides. Brit. Med. J., (2918), v. 2, pp. 753-754, 1917. On the development of Ascaris lwmbricoides Lin. and Ascaris suilla Duj. in the rat and mouse. Parasitology, v. 9 (2), pp. 213-227, 9 figs., 1 pl. - HISTORICAL FACTS CONCERNING THE PATH- OLOGY OF SPAVIN* S. A. GOLDBERG Department of Comparative Pathology and Bacteriology, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. The term spavin apparently had its origin from the Latin spavenius used by Jordanus Ruffus in the middle of the 13th cen- tury. Originally it indicated various pathological processes in the neighborhood of the tarsal joint. Later the term became confined to disease processes occurring on the median side of the tarsus. Due to the different externally noticeable changes in the hock joint there are modifying terms used as prefixes to the term spavin, such as bog, blood, moist, dry or bone, occult spavin, ete. There was at one time considerable confusion in the classifica- tion of spavin. DeSolleysel used the term dry spavin for lameness resembling spavin lameness but which. did not originate from spavin. True spavin he named ox spavin. Saunier introduced the term muddy spavin, a form of spavin usually occurring in horses raised in damp, marshy localities. Gibson selected the term -bone spavin because the swelling is of a hard consistency and also to distinguish it from a soft blood spavin. Bourgelat (1789) acknowl- edged only one form of spavin which he named callous spavin. By the term dry spavin he understood a form of lameness originat- ing in the muscles and their nerves. He considered ox spavin as a swelling on the median side of the hock joint arising from stagnated lymph which is at first soft, later becoming hard as gypsum and -very commonly occurring in oxen. At the present time spavin is considered to begin by a rarefy- ing ostitis in the subchondral bone, spreading to the joint to form erosions and ankylosis, and to the periosteum to form exostoses. The knowledge of the pathology of spavin was, up to the be- ginning of the 19th century, very meagre. There were a large number of theories concerning the development of the thickening on the median surface of the hock joint. The basis of most of these theories is in harmony with the medical view of humoral pathology at that time. _ *The publication of these notes was prompted by the fact that most of this literature is not available to the English speaking veterinarians, 746 8S. A. GOLDBERG Thomas de Gray in 1639 wrote ‘‘A splint is, in the beginning, a very gristle. However, if it be long left alone, it will come to be a hard bone or excression. A ring bone begins first with a slimy humour which in time groweth to a hard gristle. sf : 7 A dry or bone spavin is a great hard crust as hard as a bone if it is let run, sticking or indeed growing to the bone.’’ Gibson (1754) places the origin of spavin in a soaking of the ligaments with moisture which condenses, forming a swelling com- posed of hardened glue which later grows like the callous of a frac- tured bone resembling a piece of flint without any visible pores, except the foramina for the passage of nerves and blood vessels such as are found in other bones that compose the skeleton. According to vonSind (1770), strong muscular exertion pro- duces an irritation in the vessels allowing the escape of the juices. These juices accumulate in the joint ligaments and on account of their corrosive nature act upon these parts producing a gradually hardening callous known as spavin. Laffosse (1772), who places the cause and development of spavin in the same class as coronary ringbone, gives the changes as follows: ‘‘Following excessive work on heavily strained fibres, they lose their power of speed and cease to require the circulation of lymph. The latter stops, hardens, and causes a stiffness or ten- sion which is at first of an inflammatory sins but soon becomes separated and a sort of horny growth results.’ | DeSolleysel (1775) thought that the bony swelling arises on the inner and lower part of the hock joint through a confluence of cold humours that gradually becomes bone hard by ore and dissolution of its delicate substances. VonBusch (1788) wrote, ‘‘Spavin is indisputably no other than this lymph becoming thickened in many ways, and finally hardened. The ligaments, cartilage and tendons of the hind knee joint contain especially numerous circulatory vessels for the pur- pose of nourishment. The lymph contained in these vessels be- comes tenacious by lengthy inactivity, sudden chilling, ete. It thickens and gradually accumulates. Thus, the spavin begins.’’ In 1800, Taplin wrote, ‘‘A splint is either an enlargement of the periosteum by an original rupture of small vessels, and the ex- travasated fluid collected and indurated by time or, it is a callosity originally formed upon the bone and becoming ossified, consti- tutes a bony substance, seeming a deformed part of the bone itself. THE PATHOLOGY OF SPAYVIN 747 * * . A bone spavin is exactly in . greater degree behind what a splint is acknowledged to be before.’ Von Rohlwes (1801) treats spavin as follows: ‘‘ Violent stretching of the binding tendons of the hock joint excites an in- flammation at the points of attachment. An inflammation invaria- bly causes an afflux of juices which bring about a thickening of the bone itself. Every bone is covered by a strong membrane. Should this membrane become injured, the bone becomes free to enlarge. Hence, whenever the membrane is injured by an inflammation brought about by an afflux of juices, the bone becomes thickened.”’ Havemann in 1805 was the first to show that in spavin the ar- ticular surfaces themselves are diseased. He says, ‘‘The cause of the lameness lies always in the diseased articular surfaces. The lameness begins as soon as the articular surfaces of the flat bones become denuded of cartilage. This is followed by a sort of grow- ing together of the bones.’’ He distinguishes between the hard or bone spavin, the soft or moist spavin, and the occult or invisible spavin. : Von Arnim (1806) considers the cause of spavin similar to that of rheumatism, and a cure very difficult or impossible. Von Hochstetter (1824) combines under the term spavin all harmful influences diminishing the strength or the flexibility of the hock joint. He considers forceful injury and swelling of the tibial flexor as the cause of bone spavin. Dietrichs (1829) supports Havemann’s view. He says that Spavin is a local disease of the hock joint affecting the articular surfaces. He is of the opinion that the primary lesion is in one or more of the articular cartilages of the hock joint. Regarding occult spavin he says, ‘‘The swelling is, in many cases, unimportant. It is hardly visible, and yet the animal shows marked lameness. This is usually the case when the spavin is ob- served in the process of development, at the stage when the articu- lar cartilages mainly, are affected and before the bones are grown together.’’ According to E. F. Gurlt (1831) spavin is a disease of the horse characterized by exostoses on the median side of the hock joint associated by ankylosis of the articular surfaces and ossifica- tion of the ligaments. Like von Rohlwes, he considers that the bony outgrowth comes out of the bone itself following a disease of the periosteum, He says that too little is known about the changes 748° S. A. GOLDBERG in the cartilage to form an opinion. He asserts also that the grow- ing together of the central with the third tarsus and the latter with the metatarsus usually occurs first. Hering (1834) supports, in general, Havemann’s ideas about spavin. He asserts, however, that not very seldom diseased articu- lar cartilages are found which are not associated with lameness of the horse. Also that in visible spavin the articular surfaces are usually found unchanged. Havemann’s spavin theory is further supported by G. W. Schrader (1839). In his numerous investigations of diseased hock joints he found that, as a rule, the articular surfaces between the central and third tarsus are the first to suffer. This chondritis is followed by suppuration of the articular cartilages resulting in caries of the bones that are sooner or later united. According to his view the exostoses appear cnly after the articular surfaces are markedly diseased and the external border of the third tarsus has been affected by caries. He also points out the fact that many horses without exostcses show marked lameness, while others with exostoses show slight or no lameness. Bartels (1843) claims that spavin originated with an inflamma- tion of the tendinous attachment of the hock joint. In place of visible and occult spavin he uses the terms tarsal and navicular spavin. He used the former where the spavin is located in the up- per part of the hock joint accompanied ‘by long standing lameness. The latter, where the spavin is situated in the central and third tarsus not accompanied by lameness of the animal. Bouley (1850) expressed his opinion that the affection of the articular surfaces is of marked importance in spavin. He says, ‘“Spavin is not an external swelling situated at the articular mar- gin of the flat tarsal bones alone. It is more than that. It is a constant expression of an internal lesion of the articulations of these bones as well.’’ According to Hertwig (1850).every bony outgrowth on the inner side of the hock joint should be considered as spavin. In very few cases this outgrowth begins as an acute inflammation of the liga- ments and the bone, brought about by external injuries to the hock joint. It begins more often as a chronic inflammation, principally of the bone. In such a hock joint the bone is found redder, more vascular, and more porous than normal. The periosteum is slightly thickened and between the bone and periosteum there is found THE PATHOLOGY OF SPAVIN 749 some coagulable liquid. Then the spavin outgrowth arises. In spavin without exostosis, the process begins in the articular surfaces or in the tissue of the bone itself. He holds that, besides strong exertions and kicks, rheumatism may be the cause of this affection. Later Hertwig said that the changes arising in the joint always follow a chronic arthritis. According to Lawrence (1850) stiff joint or anchylosis arises from some accidental wound in the joint, in which case the synovia escapes outwards. This escape of the synovia occasions great irri- tation and inflammation, and if the orifice of the wound is not soon closed, the membranes begin to thicken, bony matter is thrown out - from the heads of the bones, thereby uniting them in one mass, and the use of the joint is gone. 2g * . The inflammation from a wounded joint is very different from that which takes place in any muscular part. For as ligaments are not so vascular as muscles, they are consequently much slower in forming granula- tions, or, in other words, they possess not so perfectly the powers of regeneration. E. Gurlt (1853) considers spavin a chronic arthritis affecting first the articulation between the central and third tarsus and later the ligaments that bind these bones and the periosteum. He re- marks that the swelling and the ankylosing exostosis take place exclusively on the median side of the tarsus. The calcaneo-astra-. galar articulation as well as that ‘between the astragalus and the central tarsus remain free when they are surrounded by bony out- growths. } 0. F. W. Schrader, Jr. (1860) examined many hock joints of horses that he treated for spavin during life. He considers spavin to be a chronic arthritis with the following possibilities: The pro- cess may begin in the cartilage due to strong and continued injuri- ous influences such as pressure which causes a weakening and de- struction of the cartilage followed by an affection of the bones. The synovial membrane may be primarily diseased. This causes a diminished amount of synovia or a diseased synovia which in turn affects the cartilage. Finally the subchondral bone may become primarily diseased by repeated jarring, pressure, etc. This causes a disturbed nutrition followed by necrosis of the cartilage. « Anacker (1864) claims that spavin is a chronic deforming and proliferating arthritis. He considers the changes in the cartilage as an amyloid process, - 750 S. A. GOLDBERG According to the researches of Stockfleth (1869) the inflamma- tory process in spavin may originate in the ligaments, or in the ar- ticular surfaces. In the former the symptom complex arises as a chronic inflammation of the capsular ligament. In the latter the seat of origin is in the median part of the articular surfaces whence it spreads slowly. The articular cartilage gradually disappears and the denuded ends of the bones may grow together. According to Dieckerhoff (1875) spavin is a complicated chronic inflammatory process originating in the inner leaf of the bursa of the fanshaped muscular attachment of the tendon of the tibial flexor. From here it spreads to the capsular ligament and to the periosum of the lower part of the hock joint producing a chroni¢ synovitis, a softening and dissolution of the articular car- tilage, and an inflammation of the bone marrow. Among the etiological factors he mentions a faulty histological setting in the structure of the hock joint as well as defective body structure, a peculiar temperament, and external influences, such as excessive exertions of the horse, especially excessive burdening of the posterior extremities. In 1880, Gotti, after examining a large number of ne joints mostly from horses showing spavin symptoms during life, concluded that spavin originates in the bones of the hock joint. He found that the process usually begins with a very slow ostitis of the een- tral and third tarsus and of the metatarsus. In the course of this ostitis there is a widening of the Haversian vessels causing a nutri- tive disturbance of the bony connective tissue. The latter is finally transformed into plastic marrow tissue which produces a deealci- fication of the bone. The ostitis later leads to a chondritis charac- | terized by a slow and continued inflammation of the articular ecar- tilage accompanied by active proliferation and destruction of the ground substance. In the inflammatory process of the bone, Gotti recognized two stages. A destructive period, during which the newly formed marrow tends to spread slowly, and a regenerative period during which the newly formed marrow tends to be transformed into compact connective or bony tissue. Should the proliferating pro- cess reach the articular surfaces, it is possible for the marrow ele- ments to be transformed into osseous tissue and lead to a true ankylosis. He considered the formation of osteophytes as secondary, usu- THE PATHOLOGY OF SPAVIN 76. ally following the disorder of the joint, and developing at the time when the changes have reached the margin of the articular sur- faces. According to von Klemm (1887) the Siciowe of spavin is as follows: ‘‘In all cases where the heel is trimmed low the hock joint is excessively extended through the forward pressure on the joint by the tendon of the flexor pedis. This is the case when the thigh is loaded. In connection with this extension there is un- doubtedly an excessive tension of both tibial flexors which, with their five tendinous heads must, in their turn, have an injurious effect on the points of insertion around the hock joint. Should the horse be cow hocked or the median side wall trimmed low, the in- jury occurs only on the median tendons thus bring about a spavin.”’ He stated that in fifteen military horses whose heels were trimmed particularly low, nine showed spavin in from one to two months. Bayer (1890) supported the views of Gotti. Miller considers spavin as a chronic deforming arthritis. According to Pflug (1892) the exostoses are the primary le- sions of spavin. He considers them as arising from an inflammatory process, an ossifying periarthritis which is often complicated by an arthritis. : Hoffman (1892) at first supported Dieckerhoff’s views of spavin. Later he declared that spavin is an inflammation of the bone, a hyperemia leading to a rarefying ostitis and finally to formation of lacunae. Hohne considers spavin not as a primary disease of the hock joint but as a complication of gonitis. Smith (1893) differentiates between an articular and a non- articular form of spavin. He considers spavin to be a chronic de- forming arthritis. An interesting treatise of spavin appeared in 1893 by Aron- sohn. He summarizes as follows: 1. Spavin begins with a periostitis brought about by an in- jury to the median terminal tendons of the tibialis anticus and by overstretching the long and short lateral ligaments. This periosti- tis leads to exostoses on the median surface of the hock joint. 2. The arthritis is mostly secondary and occurs only on both lower articulations of the hock joint. 3. The capsular ligament and the synovial Ratbikhe of this joint show only slight changes. An enlargement of the synovial villi is, macroscopically, not shown. “752 Ss. A. GOLDBERG 4. There is very little proliferation of the articular cartilage before degeneration takes place. Peripheral proliferation of the articular surfaces followed by ossification is never found. Eburna- tion of the denuded bone is likewise not seen. 3 5. Free bodies are never found in this joint. 6. Eventually, the disease process leads to a partial, rarely to a complete, osseous ankylosis of the articular ends. The latter is never found in the tarso-metatarsal articulation. 7. Atrophy of the tarsal bones is rare. When it occurs, it is hidden by the articular ends and by the ossifying periostitis. The endosteal changes consist of an osteoporosis and an osteosclerosis. They do not influence the periosteal formation of bone. 8. The affection of the tibio-astragalar joint consisting of a fibrous thickening of the capsular ligament and a proliferating in- flammation of the synovial villi is a secondary complication of spavin. | ‘He admits that an arthritis may cause a periarthritis and all the above described changes; but he claims never to have noticed, in spavin, diseased articular surfaces without any changes in the periosteum. He holds that those cases where there are erosions on the edge of the articular surface without any periarthritic changes, ‘indicate nutritive or functional disturbances without any im- portant significance. He thinks it unlikely that the small joints of the tarsus, on account of their rigid structure and naturally limited movement, should be primarily diseased. ; According to Eberlein (1898) the process begins by a redden- ing and softening of the subchondral bone of the central and the third tarsus, at the anterior and median part of the joint and 2 or 3 mm. from the margin. This spreads towards the articular carti- lages to form erosions, and towards the periosteum to form exos- toses. : The synovia is diminished to but a few drops. It is alkaline in reaction and of normal appearance. In cases of ankylosis, it thickens and gradually disappears. He did not find any bacteria in the synovia, in the bone, or in the cartilage. The cartilage is at first changed in color. It is bluish red in- stead of whitish, and dull instead of shiny. Later there begins a superficial fibrillation followed by deeper destruction of the car- tilage. This becomes noticeable as punctiform erosions which later become confluent resulting in elongated erosions. THE PATHOLOGY OF SPAVIN 153 Microscopically the earliest change is an increased number of : lymphoid marrow cells in the Haversian canals. These are at first lined along the walls of the canals. Later they are gradually in- creased in number until the canals are completely filled, and they appear as proliferating granulation tissue. At the same time there is a disappearance of the bony tissue, indicated by a widening of the canals. This widening takes place in various directions so that the Haversian canals become irregular in shape. The dissolution of the bone is accomplished by numerous giant cells, osteoclasts, that originate, according to Kolliker, from the osteoblasts. This process is known as rarefying ostitis or inflammatory osteoporosis. Soon after this resorptive process there appears a regenerative process in which there is-a new formation of bone, known as osteo- sclerosis or condensing ostitis. This process tends to counterbalance the damage done by the previous process so that finally the bone becomes even denser than the original bone. The osteo-porosis spreads to the neighboring parts and causes therein a destructive process. In this manner it reaches the arti- cular surfaces. Here, however, it is checked by the articular car- tilage. The granulation tissue then spreads out beneath the ecarti- lagenous surface causing a disturbed nutrition of the articular car- tilage. This is followed by a fibrillation of the upper and a soften- ing of the deeper layers of the cartilage. Together, they produce a splitting and a sinking of the articular cartilage. Usually, how- ever, there occurs a true chondritis in the form of progressive and retrograde inflammatory processes. In this case the inflammation of the bone affects the cartilage directly producing a proliferation of the cartilage cells. The number of cells is increased and they lie together in groups. Between these groups of cells there are round or oblong, large multinucleated giant cells which produce a degen- eration and resorption of the newly formed cells. This results in a loosening and: fibrillation of the cartilage and in a destruction of the ground substance, and is eventually followed by a splitting -of the cartilage. The proliferating granulation tissue very often simply penetrates the cartilage, i. e., it grows into the cartilage and dissolves it until it reaches the articular surface. Should the os- teosclerosis now quickly follow, the chondritis may cease, and there may remain on the articular surface white punctiform elevations, the so-called lime points. In other cases the chondritis spreads rapidly and leads to a destruction of the articular cartilage. 754. $. A. GOLDBERG There is often found ankylosis between individual bones, par- ticularly ‘between the central and the third tarsus. This growing together of the bones may be in the form of a pseudo-ankylosis pro- duced by fingershaped hyperostoses gripping one another, or it may be in the form of osseous ankylosis arising from the articular sur- faces. The latter does not take place over the entire articular sur- face but in parts of it, so that on section of the joint there are seen elongated. fissures in ankylosed parts of the joint. There is, there- fore, only partial ankylosis as a rule and rarely only complete anky- losis. Eberlein claims never to have seen a fibrous or cartilagenous ~ ankylosis, so that he regards ankylosis in spavin as being exclu- sively of an osseous nature. Etiologically, he holds that spavin is due to pressure on the smaller bones of the hock joint. The extrinsic causes for this pres- sure are overstraining of the hock joint due to too quick move- ments, jumping, heavy loads, improper shoeing, etc. The intrinsic cause consists of an internal anlage due to faulty conformation of the hock, to temperament, and to the age of the animal. Heavy musculature in the pelvie region predisposes to spavin, particularly when the hock joint is not built correspondingly strong. A long dorsum is also a predisposing factor. Horses with violent tempera- ments are more susceptible to spavin than phlegmatic horses. This is so because they attempt their work with greater exertion. Young horses are affected more often than older ones. In affected joints the erosion is at first noticed 2 or 3 mm. from the margin. The reason for this lies, according to Eberlein, in the form of the articular surface. He claims that if pressure is exerted on a joint after it has been freed from its ligaments, it will be seen that the closing border is not at the margin of the joint, but a few mm. from it. On account of this fact, every me- chanical lesion will exert itself more heavily on this closing bor- der, so that the first inflammatory changes must occur on this part — of the bone and cartilage. This view of Eberlein that spavin begins in the subchondral bone is accepted today by most veterinarians. Hertwig (1850) was the first to point out this possibility and Gotti was the first to assert that it always begins in the subchondral bone. ‘Williams claims that spavin is a local manifestation of a general disease. Some French authors (Kitt) claim that diseases through which young animals pass predispose them to this condition. THE PATHOLOGY OF SPAVIN 755 BIBLIOGRAPHY ABRAHAM, P. 8. Arthritis Deformans in the horse. Dublin, 1884, ARONSOHN. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der pathologischen Anatomie des Spates beim Pferde. Inaug. Diss., Giessen, 1893. Barteits. Der Spat und die Heilung desselben ohne brennen. Viehzucht u. Thierheilk, I Jahrg. Helmstedt, 1843 (cited by Aronsohn). BucHE, Karu. Uber die Histologie u. Pathologie der periarticularen Kronge- lenkschals. Inaug. Diss., Hanover, 1912. DIECKERHOFF. Die Pathologie und Therapie des Spates der Pferde. Berlin, 1875. EBERLEIN. Der Spat der Pferde. Monatsh. f. prakt. Tierheilk, [IX Bd. (1898), 49, ENGEL, HaNs. Uber Kongenitale Ankylosen an den Gelenken der Hande und Fiisse. Inaug. Diss., Berlin, 1902. Fiscuer, C. W., and Upatu, D. H. Etiology and Pathology of the Spavin group of lameness. Thesis, 1901. FROHNER. Compendium der spezielle Chirurgie fiir Tierarzte. 1905, p. 256. Gipson, WM. A. A new treatise on the Diseases of Horses. Vol. II, London, 1754, p. 252. GoupBEerG, 8S. A. A Case of Erosive Osteo-Arthritis in a calf. Cornell Veteri- narian, Vol. V, No. 2 (July, 1915), p. 90; Am. Vet. Rev., Vol. XLVII, No. - 6 (Sept., 1915), p. 735. GoLpBEerG, 8. A. The Structural Changes that Occur in Certain Non-Specifie Inflammation of Joints. Report of the N. Y. State Vet. College at Cornell University for the Year 1914-15, p. 142. Abstracted in the Cornell Veteri- narian, Vol. VI, No. 1 (1916), p. 57. Gotti. Ricerche Sopra un lento Processo arthritis al Tarso del Cavalo. Bo- logna, 1880. GRAY DE THOMAS. The complete Horseman and expert Farrier. London, 1639, p. 324. Hamitton, J. W. Synovitis. A clinical lecture. Ohio Med. and Surg. Jour. Columbus, 1860. Harcer, 8. J. J. Anatomo-pathologic study of ringbone and spavin as indi- - cated by examination of pathological specimens. Am. Vet. Rev., Vol. XXV (1901), p. 992. ‘ Hertwic, F. Practisches Handbuch der Chirurgie fiir Thierarzte. Berlin, 1850 (cited by Eberlein). Hocustetter, V. Theoretisch-praktisches Handbuch der Pferdekenntniss und Pferdewartung. Bern, 1824 (cited by Eberlein). KARNBACH. Die Omarthritis chronica deformans des Pferdes. Monatsh. f. prakt. Tierheilk. Bd XIV, p. 97. KARNBACH. Die Hufgelenkschale des Pferdes. Monatshefte f. prakt. Tier- heilk. XI Bd. (1900), p. 516. Kirt, TH. Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie der Haustiere. 4 Aufl. I Bd. Stuttgart. 1910. Krvuecer. Die chronische Arthritis u. Periarthritis Carpi des Pferdes. Archiv. f. Tierheilk. (1905), p. 295. y LAWRENCE, RicHarD. The Complete Farrier. London, 1850, p. 77. Nicos, E. H., and RicHarpson, F. L. Arthritis Deformans. Jour. Med. Res., Vol. XXI (1909), p. 149. PriuGc. Spat. Encyklop. der gesammt. Thierheilk. u. Viehz. IX Bd. Wien u. Leipzig (1892), (cited by Eberlein). : Rvrin1, Canto. Delle Infirmitadi De’cavalli. Venetia. 1602, p. 314. Scuraper, G. W. Verzeichniss menier Sammlung krankhafter Knoschen vom Splunggelenk des Pferdes. Bemerkungen in Bezug anf spat. Mag. f. d. gesammte, Tierheitlk. V. Jahrg. Berlin (1839), p. 95. Scuraver, Jr., O. F. W. Ueber dis chronischen Gelenkkrankheiten des Pferdes. Magaz. f. d. gesammte Thierheilk, XXVI Jahrg. Berlin (1860), p. 1, 756 MAJOR ©. A. BENTON SmitH, F. Some Joint Diseases of the Horse. Jour. Comp. Path. and Therap., Vol. VI. Edinburg (1893), pp. 1, 149, 195. SroKFLeTH. Ueber Spatbehandlung. Tidsskr. f. Veterin. 1868, nach. Report | a. Thierheilk. XXX Jahr. (1869), (cited by Eberlein). TAPLIN, WM. Modern System of Farriery. London, 1789, p. 55; Philadelphia, 1794, p. 32. PRAEGER. of eee zu den Ansichten uber den Spat. Magaz. f. d. gesammte Thierheilk, V. Jahrgang. Berlin (1839), p. 205. UrpISKIE. Die Pathologische Anatomie der Krongelenkschale des Pferdes Monatshefte f. prakt. Tierheilk. XI Bd. (1900), p. 337. WiuuiAMs, W. L., Fiscuer, C. W., and UDALL, D. H. Spavin Group of Lame- ness. _ Proc. Am. Vet. Med. Asso. 42 (1905), p. 283. ZALEWSKY. Die Gonitis chronica deformans des Pferdes. Monatshefte f. prakt. Thierheilk. XII Bd, (1901), p. 481. JUSTIN MORGAN—THE MAN AND THE HORSE* Magsor C, A. BENtON, New York, N. Y. The Morgan Horse was at his top notch when Hale’s Green Mountain Morgan, in 1851, swept the country from Vermont to Massachusetts, as perhaps the most sensational animal that had ever appeared in America. For twenty years the Morgans held their popularity. It was only after the Civil War that their decadence began, when the craze for speed, started by the wonderful career of Dexter, caused everyone to turn this attention to the long striding trotters, repre- sented by the descendants of Rysdyk’s Hambletonian. Those were the years when Hambletonian stallions began to be taken to Vermont and bred on Morgan mares, hoping to produce fast trotters. The result was disastrous. Environment was against the violent cross. The breeders failed to get what they expected, and spoiled what they had. Not until about 1890 did the supreme folly of the experiment thoroughly impress those who had known the excellence of the ori- ginal Morgan stock, either from personal experience or the Roe ments of those who had owned and driven them. At about that period classes began to be made for ‘‘ Morgans conforming most nearly to the original type’’. It was discovered that very few were left, and they were to be found only in those parts of Vermont, such as Caledonia County, in the neighborhood of St. Johnsbury, where the hills were so steep, and the roads so “Presented at the February meeting of the Massachusetts Veterinary Medical Association, JUSTIN MORGAN—THE MAN AND THE HORSE 757 ill adapted to extreme speed, that none but the old fashioned type, with their short sharp trotting gait, with no sign of straddle be- hind, no inclination to pace, built low to the ground and substantial in form, could live. Ethan Allen 3rd, a much inbred descendant of Hale’s Green Mountain Morgan, was one of the first to command recognition as the true type of Morgan horse. He was bought and taken west the second year after he showed up a winner. Fortunately, after 16 or 17 years’ absence, when 24 years old, his limited offspring at- _. tracted attention and he was brought back to Caledonia County, where he lived his last 3 or 4 years, leaving possibly about 100 de- scendants in Vermont and adjoining states. Ethan Allen 3rd was a son of Ethan Allen 2nd, and strongly inbred to Peter’s Vermont, and other blood which had been kept untainted by the men of the Peter’s family, the Orcutts, and the Ides, who stand as sponsors for sound Morgan breeding just as the Booths and the Bates families have in the history of English Short Horn eattle. - Other sons of Ethan Allen 3rd were Meginnis’ Comet and Ethan Allen 4th (both dead); Bob Morgan, Rob Roy, Croydon Prince, Morgan Falcon, Delvyn. These are the horses that have helped to uphold the lines of Hale’s Green Mountain Morgan in the home state. Many excellent mares, bred in these lines, were taken West, some to western New York, Ohio, Illinois, others to Virginia, and some even as far west as the State of Washington. Their names and location were made a study by Mr. Henry 8. Wardner, the first president of the Morgan Horse Club, in which work he was aided by the cooperation of Dr. A. H. Hinman of Dundee, Il. Another branch of the Morgan family, one of the very best, is that starting with Billy Root, an impressive sire, whose prepotency carries to our own day. Billy Roberts, of late years, was the most typical scion of that branch of the Morgan family, Lyndon, and Reynard, own brothers, in two of the most conspicuous Morgan breeding studs of Vermont, still hold up the Billy Root end. Some of the best Morgan brood mares are recognized as from the Billy Root. blood. A combination of these strains has been brought back to Ver- mont, in Jerome, an aged stallion; thus, it appears that there still exists a few representatives of the original Morgan strain. 758 MAJOR C. A. BENTON Justin Morgan, the horse, was foaled in 1789 and died in 1821; Sherman Morgan foaled in 1808, died 1835. From that time up to 1848 Bulrush Morgan, Woodbury Morgan, Royal Morgan, Gifford Morgan and Vermont Morgan were the prominent descendants. After that Billie Root, Black Hawk, Hale’s Green Mountain Mor- gan, Morrill, Flying Morgan, the Streeter Horse, and Stockbridge Chief were recognized as the best examples of Morgan blood. Just subsequent to this, Ethan Allen, Peter’s Vermont Morgan, Goldust, and Gen. Knox were quite famous. Later on, the breeding of Morgan stallions are susceptible of verification, in which connection comes the thought that it is to be regretted that equine history is not written when it is made. Reverting to Justin Morgan, there ‘thas been and exists today, a well definited uncertainty as to his true breeding. On conforma- tion and type, anyone who has been a keen and interested observer, would be inclined to think that the theory that he was a Dutch horse correct. There must be something in the old saying that ‘‘like begets like’’ while on the other hand such authorities as Linsley and Joseph Battell published pedigrees of Justin Morgan that clearly indicate his descent from Byerly Turk and Godolphin Arabian, and his dam by Diamond son of Wildair. Take your choice. | Whatever the truth may be, nothing is more certain than that the Morgan horse was, and is a good one and that it is difficult to indicate any service for which he is not useful. The records made by the breed on the track, in cavalry service during the Civil War, and his nature in rugged New England country are an open book. He is without question one of the most useful horses known and the preservation of the breed, as a breed, is to my mind of paramount importance. The breeding should be perpetuated under conditions that will not include what some people call, an improved type. Hale’s Green Mountain, son of Gifford, has been wisely adopted by the Morgan Horse Club as the model type. Is it not good enough? Man developed ‘civilization, but not alone; side by side, pros- pering and suffering together has been his best ally, the horse. As the Pony Express, at the plough, or hitched to the crude stone boat he nas drawn sap through the New England sugar bush, and carried the country doctors and circuit riders on their errands of mercy ; why shouldn’t we talk about him? Nowadays our lives, yes, even our thoughts, have become so artificial that it is far ery — JUSTIN MORGAN—THE MAN AND THE HORSE 759 from early New England days when the ties that bound our fore- fathers to their horses were closely interwoven. In 1837 the Ist Dragoon Guards from England were mounted on Morgans from Vermont and pronounced by their officers as fully the equal of the best English troop horses. Twenty-four years later the Ist Vermont Cavalry went to southern battlefields mounted on Morgan horses and records prove them to be the best and most efficient es regiment in the Fed- eral Army. It makes but little difference as to a verified ancestry. Justin Morgan must have been well bred to accomplish what he did, en- dowing his offspring with the power of perpetuating his good qualities through generations from his to the present one. As the Morgan Horse Club say, ‘‘for all practical purposes of the Morgan horse breeder of today, Justin Morgan may be regarded as ‘‘ Adam’’, With this introduction let us go somewhat in detail as to both Justin Morgan, the man, and Justin Morgan, the horse, in which connection I desire to thank Mr. Wm. H. Gocher of Hartford, Conn., for most of the valuable information upon which it is based. Mr. Gocher, as secretary of the National Trotting Association, has given the subject most careful investigation and his opinion is recognized as worthy of most serious consideration. Within a radius of fifty miles of the grounds of the Ge State Agricultural Society, there was laid between 1795 and 1821, _the foundation of a breed of horses which have carried the name of Vermont over the world. It established a type which became the trademark of the first great American family of horses and it is so distinct and different from all others that when an Australian, _a South American or an Englishman refers to a horse as a ‘‘Ver- mont Morgan’’ an idea of his general appearance is conveyed as lueidly to the residents of these countries as it would be if addressed to a New Englander. As is well known, Ethan Allen won his honors as a trotter. He was the champion four-year-old stallion of his time, and when Magna Charta, Fearnaught and Lady Maud acquired champion- ship honors, those who were breeding utility Morgans made an effort to produce trotters. This was an error which the Morgan Horse Club, has done more than any other organization to point out, as the compact form of Morgan is not what can be looked for in the champion trotter of today, although a dash of the blood adds 760 MAJOR ©. A. BENTON finish to many of the plainer families, as is well illustrated in Uhlan, the fastest trotter that the world has seen. This blending with other lines, however, has in a measure shown good results as on account of it, strains of Morgan blood can be found in the pedi- gree of many of the greatest trotters, and show ring winners both in harness and saddle classes. For the first few generations, the Morgan was a male line fam- ily. The breeding of the dams of all the early stallions of note is either unknown or when known traces to horses that did not pos- sess in a marked degree any of the qualities which made their de- scendants famous. The germ of merit came from the sire, and notwithstanding this method of breeding, the original type for a time increased in size and was reproduced so — that it be- came fixed in New England. The breed which passed into history as the Morgan horse bears the name of the man who brought the tap root to Vermont in 1795, and. while he was always in humble circumstances, and died in debt under the roof of a friend who had adopted two of his chil- dren, his fame will endure beyond the advent of the much heralded, but evidently remote, horseless age. Justin Morgan, the man, was born in 1747, in or near Spring- field, Mass. Upon arriving at the age of twenty, he developed tu- bercular symptoms and as he was unfitted for heavy work on a farm, he took up school teaching, giving singing lessons, standing other people’s stallions for. public service and finally keeping a — tavern for a living. Up to 1788 he was located at West Spring- field, Mass., and at that time owned two-thirds of an acre of land on which there was a house and barn. While there among other horses, he had in 1784, one from East Hartford, Conn., named True Briton. He was also known as Beautiful Bay and later as Traveller, and had been standing for service at several places in Massachusetts for a number of years. At the beginning of his stud career, so far as public announcements show, True Briton was simply a stallion, ‘‘to fame unknown,’’ but later in life, he was represented as an English horse, or what would not be termed a thoroughbred, and finally he had a story tacked on to him in which it was set forth with great particularity that prior to the Revolu- tion, he was one of Colonel DeLiancey’s race horses, and was stolen from him during the war, ridden into the American lines at White Plains, New York, and ultimately sold by one Smith to Joseph | JUSTIN MORGAN-——THE MAN AND THE HORSE 761 Ward of Hartford, Conn., and he in turn sold him to Selah Horton, who lived on-the other side of the Connecticut River in East Hart- ford. He was the owner of the horse when Justin Morgan stood him at West Springfield. In 1788, Justin Morgan, possibly on account of his health, sold his home in West Springfield for thirty-three pounds, seven shillings and sixpence and removed to Randolph, Vermont, with his wife and daughter Emily, born in 1784, and son Justin, born in 1786. After his departure, John Morgan, a distant relative, se- eured True Briton and stood him during the seasons of 1788 and 1789. He removed to Lima, New York, his departure from West Springfield dating from 1790, and he never returned. While travelling about Vermont teaching, Justin Morgan saw that there was an opportunity to make a little money with a good stock horse, so he communicated with some one in Hartford, possi- bly Selah Horton, the owner of True Briton, and procured a horse named Figure which he advertised for service in the Windsor, Vermont, Journal in 1793 as the ‘‘famous horse Figure, from Hartford’’. Justin Morgan also stood Figure in 1794, and in 1795, he again advised his patrons by an advertisement in the Rut- land Herald that ‘‘Figure sprang from a curious horse owned by Colonel DeLancey of New York’’ and by that announcement -an effort has been made to show that Figure was the horse afterwards known as Justin Morgan and that Justin Morgan bred him while he lived in West Springfield, notwithstanding the fact that Lins- ley and others, including Justin Morgan’s son, fixed the date of this horse’s birth at 1793, beyond a shadow of doubt. But three years of life remained for Justin Morgan. As yet he had done nothing to carry his name beyond the boundaries of Randolph. He had no home ties and his health bad. In the sum- mer of 1795, after making a season with Figure, he told his friends that he was going down the Connecticut River to Springfield to collect money that was due him, possibly on the house and lot which he had sold in 1788. He rode away and nothing more was heard of him until he returned to Randolph in the early fall, lead- ing a three-year-old gelding and followed ‘by a little nubbin of a two-year-old colt. At a later date, he told his friends that he took the pair in payment of the debt, and that the colt was a Dutch horse. This was the horse that made Vermont famous, and those who today discuss the merits of the family should stop for a moment 762 MAJOR C. A. BENTON to recall that dusty, travel worn figure coming back to Randolph with a three-year-old gelding and a two-year-old colt, neither of which could at that age bring him in any revenue. For the time being, fame and fortune passed him by, Sal his home coming in 1795 meant much to Vermont as he was followed by a horse that made the Green Mountain State and those border- ing on it, the headquarters of a famous type of horses, and now, after a lapse of over a century, would not the citizens of Vermont be honoring themselves if they erected in Randolph or some appro- priate place, a monument in memory of this man and his horse? As for the horse, no one knows who bred him and the only sugges- tion that can be made is that it was the man who was in Justin Morgan’s debt. That man, in all probability, was Abner Morgan. No one has ever taken the trouble to learn who he was, what he did for a living, what he owned, or what became of him. He is the missing link in the story of the horse Justin Morgan. The only statement in existence in regard to this horse from anyone who knew Justin Morgan appeared in a letter written by his son to the Albany Cultivator in 1842. It was also the first statement, and at the time it was written he was not guided by the memories or suggestions of others. He said the colt was a two- year-old when his father brought him to Randolph in 1795, and that his father called him a Dutch horse. That is all. The writer of this letter was twelve years old when his father died, and the only accurate knowledge in connection with the origin of the horse Justin. Morgan begins and ends with it. At a later date, John Morgan, still living at that date at Lima, New York, introduced the True Briton story and ultimately supplied Justin Morgan with a dam, while the facts are that John Morgan never saw the man Justin Morgan after he left West Springfield in 1788, and it is self evident that he never had any correspondence with him in regard ~ to this horse or he would have mentioned it when he wrote the Albany Cultivator. Half a century later, John H. Wallace loomed up with his iconoclastic hammer and knocked every peg from under the True Briton end of the pedigree by showing that the horse did not stand for service at West Springfield the year Justin Morgan was got, even if he was bred there, which is a point that has never been determined. But before going any further with the Morgan family, it might be well to stop and look up the Dutch horse. It was intro- JUSTIN MORGAN—THE MAN AND THE HORSE 763 duced in America by the founders of New Amsterdam, the New York of today. Some of them were brought from Holland as early as 1625. By 1650 they were very numerous and used for all kinds of work. In 1665, after New Amsterdam was surrendered by the Dutch to the English, Governor Nicholls established a race course at Hempstead Plains on Long Island, and offered prizes for races. These events were no doubt contested under saddle as there were no vehicles suitable for harness races in existence then. It was probably the former as the racing was continued for many years and trotting under saddle did not come into vogue on Long Island until early in the nineteenth century, when the descendants of Im- | ported Messenger began to appear on the road in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. It will therefore be seen that racing was established among the Dutch in New York before the English race horse was consid- ered a separate breed, in fact, it was only being started under the patronage of Charles II, who, after the Restoration in 1660, re- vived all kinds of sports in England, and especially horse racing. He also kept a number of running horses and frequently rode them in their races at Newmarket. It is therefore safe to presume that the horses which raced on Hempstead Plains in 1665 and for many subsequent years, were Dutch horses, tracing direct to those which were imported from Holland. ‘Dutch horses were also sent to other ports than New Amsterdam, as there has been found at Salem, Mass., an entry in 1635, setting forth the fact that in that year two Dutch sloops landéd twenty-seven mares and three stal- lions. The mares were valued at thirty-four pounds, while the English horse of that period cost six pounds, and ten for freight. The difference in value can in all probability be attributed to the size of the English horse, between thirteen and fourteen hands, while the Dutch horses were between fourteen and fifteen hands, and by the date of the Revolution, this had been increased so that the average horse was fifteen hands. Dutch horses were plentiful in New York State and especially in the valley of the Hudson River, where the wealthy burghers had large estates and that they were also bred in New England is evi- denced by the fact that one of them named Young Bulrock stood for service at Springfield, Mass., in 1792, the year that Justin Mor- gan was got. He was described in an advertisement as a ‘‘horse 764 MAJOR C. A. BENTON of Dutch breed, of large size and a bright bay color’’. Was this the sire of Justin Morgan? Certainly there are better grounds for claiming it than that he was by True Briton, a horse that is not known to have been there that year, and which was advertised in the Connecticut Courant to stand in East Hartford, Conn., al- though the announcement was afterwards withdrawn. At this point, it would also be well to stop and compare the gait, form and style of the Dutch horse, with Linsley’s description of Justin Morgan, which is as follows: ‘“The original, or Justin Morgan, was about fourteen hands high, and weighed about nine hundred and fifty pounds. His color was dark bay with black legs, mane and tail. He had no white hairs on him. His mane and tail were coarse and heavy, but not so massive as has been sometimes described; the hair of both was straight, and not inclined to curl. His head was good, not ex- tremely small, but lean and bony, the face straight, forehead broad, ears small and very fine, but set rather wide apart. His eyes were _ medium size, very dark and prominent, with a spirited but pleasant expression, and showed no white round the edge of the lid. His nostrils were very large, the muzzle small, and the lips close and firm. His back and legs were perhaps his most noticeable points. The former was very short; the shoulder blades and hip being very long and oblique and the loins exceedingly broad and muscular. His body was rather long, round and deep, close ribbed up, chest deep and wide, with the breast bone projecting a good deal in front. His legs were short, close jointed, thin, but very wide, hard and free from meat, with muscles that were remarkably large for a horse of this size, and this superabundance of muscle exhibited itself at every step. His hair was short, and at almost all seasons soft and glossy. He had a little long hair about the fetlocks and for two or three inches above the fetlocks on the back side of the legs; the rest of the limbs were entirely free from it. His feet were small but well shaped, and he was in every respect perfectly sound and free from any sort of blemish. He was a very fast walker.”’ When the above and the accepted picture of the horse is com- pared with the type of English thoroughbred of that period, they will be found as far apart as it is possible to be among horses of about the same weight. On the other hand, an English writer de- scribes the Dutch Hartdraver, that is, a fast trotter, as follows: ‘These horses run from fourteen to sixteen hands; the head JUSTIN MORGAN—THE MAN AND THE HORSE 765 small, the shoulders well laid back; the haunches prominent, the croup short and broad, and the limbs muscular and clean, but often fringed with longish hair up the sinew above pastern joints.’’ This is taken from a book that was published in London in 1845 and would almost fit the Morgan of today. Also, in order to show that the trotting speed of the Dutch horse is not of the mythical kind that was attributed to the Narra- gansett pacer, it is only necessary to refer to the history of the Or- loff trotter. This breed was originated by Count Alexis Orloff. He began with an Arabian horse named Smetanka which he bred to a Danish mare. She produced Bolkan. He was larger than his sire and was in turn bred to a Dutch mare which breed at that . time had a reputation for its trotting qualities. This Dutch mare, in 1784, nine years before Justin Morgan was foaled, produced Barss, to whom all of the Orloff trotters trace, and there are now over 18,000 of them with records of 2:30 or better, through his sons Dobry, Lebed, and Lubezny. In Russia, the Dutch mare gave the Orloff horse the trotting step. Did young Bulrock do the same thing in America for the Morgans? He came from a family that was noted for that quality and the results in Russia show that he had the power to transmit it. True Briton, if any of the stories told about him can be be-. lieved, came from a family noted for its running qualities, and the ability to transmit it and the turf test in America, proves conclu- sively that thoroughbred sires have never succeeded in siring trot- ters in either the first, second or any other generation, except in the line through Messenger, to which all of the Hambletonians and Mambrinos trace. There is, therefore, nothing left but to add that Justin Morgan, so far as an established pedigree is concerned, is a ‘‘Topsy’’. He simply grew. That he had a sire and dam, we must admit, but their breeding, if they had any of merit, is unknown. The name of his breeder is unknown, and the chances are that it always will be. The only clue is supplied by Justin Morgan’s son, who, as before stated, said that his father called the colt a Dutch horse. It is the only testimony that should be accepted. It was the first impression on the subject placed on the memory of a boy and all of us know that they are lasting. It is also unfortunate that Linsley and other early writers on the Morgan horse did not look up the Dutch horse. The fact that Linsley ignored it entirely shows that he never gave — it a thought. SERUM OR INULA AND ECHINACEA IN THE TREATMENT OF CANINE DISTEMPER* A. Stawson, New York City The purpose of this paper is to discuss briefly the relative merits of two kinds of biologics used in the treatment of canine dis- temper. A few similar products will be mentioned to bring out more clearly the meaning of what I am endeavoring to place before you. The etiology and symptomatology of canine distemper are so well known that no attention will be given them in this article. It is my aim rather to deal with two points only, viz., the method of treatment and the action of the therapeutic agents in question which in this case are anti-canine distemper serum and inula and echinacea, also to compare these with similar biologics. MetHop OF TREATMENT. Anti-canine distemper serum is in- jected subcutaneously, three injections of 4 to 7 ¢.c. being the rule. This article referring to canines only. It may be stated that sub- cutaneous injections of this serum cause little pain, no edema and no lameness. This is also true of normal serum, leucocyte extract or nuclein. Inula and echinacea, a proprietary compound composed of echinacea augustifolia and inula helenium, is injected intramus- cularly, six injections of from 2 to 5 ¢.c. being the usual number. _This injection causes considerable pain, lameness for a day or two, and often a transitory cellulitis or serous infiltration with its con- sequent pain and swelling at the point of the injected material. Viewing the method of injection of these substances from the standpoint of the comfort of the patient and the impression on its ‘owner, not forgetting the satisfaction we derive as a profession in being able to administer our treatment humanely, the balance in favor of either a subcutaneous or intramuscular injection inclines strongly toward the subcutaneous method. ACTION OF THERAPEUTIC AGENT. Anti-canine distemper serum acts as an anti-toxin and sets free in the system specific anti-bodies. These act quickly upon B. bronchisepticus, especially in the early stages of the disease, besides increasing the leucocytosis already present, thus giving the serum additional bactericidal power. *Presented at the April, 1918, meeting of the New York City Veterinary Medical Society. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 767 Inula and echinacea causes leucocytosis with a rise in opsonic index but with no specific action upon B. bronchisepticus. Plain serum, leucocyte extract, and nuclein possess similar properties to inula and echinacea, the two former products being of animal, the latter of plant origin. Inula and echinacea has been spoken of as a curative agent in distemper but in eases treated by me it has been necessary to resort to anti-canine distemper serum to effect a final cure. I have found the action of inula and echinacea in repeated injections no differ- ent from the action of nuclein, leucocyte extract or plain serum, all of which I used before the advent of the specific serum. I have had three cases treated repeatedly with inula and echinacea by others, and pronounced cured, which two weeks later were brought to me for further treatment. To me the inula and echinacea treatment in dogs is not satisfactory because it is given via the intramuscular route, and because it is not specific. It is not my desire to go more deeply into the serum treatment of canine distemper because this was gone into fully in my paper on this subject entitled ‘‘Serum Treatment of Canine Distemper’’ read at Kansas City last summer. This paper was published in the JOURNAL OF THE A. V. M. A. in the July, 1918, number. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS TREATMENT OF SUPPURATING CORNS IN HORSES, WITH A CASE R. W. SHUFELDT, M.D. Major, Medical Corps, U. 8. A. Army Medical Museum. The patient here referred to and described is a gray gelding, about ten years of age, that was treated at the veterinary hospital of Dr. Harry Bosley of Washington, D. C. Mr. Roy Reeve, Pho- tographer of the Army Medical Museum of the Surgeon General’s Office, made the two photographs, from which the cuts illustrating the article were made—the former having been taken direct from the patient, and each shows the conditions described below. It will be noted that the disease is in the right fore-foot (Fig. 1), and it resulted from the animal having worked on the asphalt streets 768 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS of Washington for a period extending over four years. Both the whole of the sole of the hoof and the wall from heel 16 quaErer have been removed. This condition is quite common, as we would naturally suppose, for the reason that it arises from the horse having been used on cobbled or asphalted streets for too long a time; or, as sometimes happens, from having been quartered in stalls with concreted floors, or other material of an equally hard nature. Shoes that have remained on too long will also give rise to these suppurating corns, for the heel of the shoe becomes imbedded FiegurE 1—Gray gelding about ten years old exhibiting a suppurating corn on sole of right fore-foot. in the sole of the hoof at its heel, and this, in time, causes suffi- cient irritation to start the inflammation at the point of greatest pressure. Flat-footed horses are more subject to this disease than those with more shapely hoofs, and this is especially true should the vic- tims be heavily built animals. Generally, the corn makes its appear- ance on the inside of the hoof of a fore-foot, while the one in the present instance is on the outside. The premonitory symptom consists in a slight lameness, and CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 769 this gradually increases from day to day, particularly should the cause of it be persisted in, or kept up. Local fever soon makes its appearance on the hoof-wall where the corn or suppuration will eventually appear. Should one tap on the hoof at this point the patient will flinch and exhibit other evidences of local tenderness ~ accompanied with pain. We should now promptly remove the shoe and pare away the sole of the hoof at the heel, and this when skilfully done will soon FicurE 2—The same animal showing feet with whole of sole removed and the disease shown in Figure 1 cured, Dr, Harry Bosley, operator, Washington, D.C. expose the cause of the trouble. First, a red spot or area is ex- posed, and by continued paring the center will be arrived at, and we may look for the escape of a small quantity of pus. This is all due to the usual tissue and capillary changes that take place at the seat of an acute, or later, a chronic inflammation. Eventually, this 770 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS inflammation will extend up the hoof wall and the discharges make their appearance at the coronary band. At this stage, the horse is quite unable to walk, or even put the foot to the ground, and evidently is at no time free from more or less severe pain. Doctor Bosley, who kindly furnished the notes for this case, informs me that the condition here described lasted about a fort- — night, that is, prior to the taking of the photographs—while at the stage shown in the pictures the animal was regaining the flesh that it had lost, and was improving in other respects. As resolu- tion became established, both pain and) suppuration subsided, flesh and appetite were regained, and the case gradually passed into recovery. At the time the photographs were made, here reproduced in Figures 1 and 2, this horse had a slight limp, and it will be fully seven or eight months before the hoof will assume, through growth, its normal size and appearance again. This growth is already inaugurated as will be noted by ob-- serving in the figure the ridge at the coronary band. It is more extensive than the original, for an effort is being made on the part of the new hoof tissue to accommodate itself to the enlarged and changed conditions. TREATMENT. Doctor Bosley informs me that he has treated many of these cases and is usually successful along the following line, which can also be uSed in the case of vicious nail punctures. First of all, the diseased foot should at once be kept in a tub of cold antiseptic solution—night and day—until the acute inflam- mation subsides or entirely disappears. Usually this is done in a soak stall, using a small tub, and changing the solution frequently. As soon as indications are favorable the hoof wall should be pune- tured in order to release the accumulated pus. This, if satisfac- tory, should immediately be followed by the removal of all dead hoof tissues in the diseased parts of the sole and hoof wall, which procedure should promptly relieve the pressure. When pain and sloughing have both sufficiently subsided, the new hoof growth should be stimulated by the use of mild applica- tions at the coronary band, in the hair above it. In connection with this, mild antiseptic astringents may be applied to the ex- posed soft tissues, to promote healing and to maintain their healthy state. The animal here shown passed on to complete recovery under CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 771 this mode of treatment, and I am informed by Doctor Bosley that horses, even in these days, are only too often shot when suffering from this condition, the malady being considered incurable by most veterinarians, whereas many animals might be entirely cured were the above treatment carefully followed. ‘SOME FACTS ABOUT THE TUBERCULIN TEST* Water M. PENDERGAST, Syracuse, N. Y. In this paper I am not going to give you a history of the tu- berculin test as that part is familiar to most of us, but to give you ° a few of the experiences which I have met with in tuberculin test- ing. I have had occasion to do considerable tuberculin testing un- der State supervision and have had many opportunities to perform post mortems on the reactors, thus checking up the results of the tests as to the reliability of the tuberculin test. I will say from my experience that when an animal gives a typical reaction you can be almost absolutely sure that it has tuberculosis in some form. In the past four years I have injected 1420 animals with tuberculin. Some of the animals have been testing yearly. Out of these tests we had one hundred twenty reactions or about 814%. Of these one hundred twenty reactors I have made sixty-seven post mor- tems, sixty-five of which showed positive lesions of tuberculosis. One of the two not showing lesions gave a very uncertain reaction, she being the only reactor in a herd of over forty animals. I was very doubtful of her being tuberculous before her slaughter. I think oftentimes, when we fail to find a lesion in a typical reactor, that we have overlooked a small lesion in a gland, or other organ, which may easily occur. The past winter I had occasion to perform post mortems on 12 reactors in a herd of eight- een animals. In one animal that had given a low reaction, I had not found any lesion but after the carcass had been split and hung on the hook I discovered a very small infected lymph gland near the brisket that had been incised when the butcher split the carcass and in the center of this gland was a perfect tubercle. Now as to the unreliability of the test, I will cite the case of a cow tested by me on May 15-16, 1916, and on July 20-21, 1917, and *Presented at the meeting of the Central New York Veterinary Medical Association, Syracuse, N. Y., June, 1917. 772 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS showing no reaction. Previous to May, 1916, I had tested this cow twice with no reaction, but have not a record of those two tests. This cow was originally in a very badly infected herd about 70% tubercular. This cow was always in fine physical condition until the early fall of 1917 when she injured one of her hind feet. This injury developed into a fistula of the heel and was about three months in healing. She, being very lame, lost a great deal of ‘flesh but we did not suspect anything at this time. On the annual test of this herd the past winter we found four reacting cows, one heifer, and five young bulls. We had not had a reaction in this large herd for nearly three years and was unable to discover the source of in- ~ fection. This cow about this time was observed to be coughing some and in quite poor flesh. I took it upon myself to examine her physi- cally and discovered her lungs to be in bad condition. She being a very valuable cow and about seven months pregnant the owner wished to save the calf if possible. She was segregated but died about one month later. Post mor- tem showed a very bad generalized case of tuberculosis of both lungs and pleura. We then discovered that two of the reactors had been in a small pasture with her last fall, the reacting heifer had been in an adjoining ‘box stall for about a month, and the five reacting bulls had been watered in the same pail that she drank from. This evidence cleared up the source of infection. On her test of May 16, 1916, you will notice that she gave a temperature of 102 at 6 p. m. and it is possible if the test had been carried fur- ther that she might have shown a reaction. Below are her two tests: JULY 20-21, 1917 9am. 2pm. 4pm. | 12am. 2am. 4am. 6a.m. 8a.m.10a.m. 12m. 100.8 101.7 101.8 | 101.3 101.3 101.5 101.3 101.6 101.3 101.7 May 15-16, 1916 llam. 4p.m.10pm. | 6am. 8a.m.10am. 12m. 2pm. 4p.m. 6p.m. 101.1. 101.38 101.9 | 101.1 100.9 101.6 100.9 101.3 101.8 102. Here is a case of a cow 13 years old that passed the test Jan. 18-19, 1918. She was in a herd of ten animals, five of which re- acted, two being generalized on post mortem. Retested, this cow May 13-14, 1918, injecting 7 ¢.c. tubereulin. She gave a typical reaction, and at post mortem showed two ¢alci- fied lesions in one lung that seemed to me to be of quite long stand- ing. I think the extra 2 ¢.c. tuberculin caused this cow to react. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 773 We ought to be very careful in regard to passing cows that give suspicious elevations of temperature, especially in herds with a considerable number of positive reactors. Below are tempera- tures of two reactors. In this herd we had twelve reactors in a herd of eighteen animals. Age 9am. 11:30 a.m. 3:30 p.m. 21% yrs. 102. 101.5 - 101.8 > -yras 1019 102.1 102.6 Age 12 a.m. 2 a.m. 4 a.m. 6 a.m. 8 a.m. 10 a.m. 12 p.m. 2 p.m. 2% yrs. 101.8 102. 102. 103.1 103.7 103.4 102. 102.6 a -yre. 1013 «101.9 101.9. 102.7 103.3 102.9 103.2 102.6 These two animals proved tubercular on post mortem, but le- sions were slight. Many cows have been passed as free from tuber- culosis on just such temperatures as these and it behooves us to be more careful. In regard to testing pregnant animals that are very near par- turition, it has been my experience that if an animal is free from tuberculosis, the tuberculin does not have any effect on the animal, although I do not advise testing an animal with a high preliminary temperature. oe Below is the temperature of a cow due to calf four days from date of test: MarcH 2, 1917 Age 1 p.m. 3 p.m. 8 p.m. 614 yrs. 103.2 1022 103. Marcu 3, 1917 Age 4a.m 6a.m 8a.m. 10 a.m 12m. 2p.m. 4 p.m. 6% yrs. 102.7 103. 104.4 104.2 104.8 103.4 103.6 The owner insisted on testing her as she was consigned to a sale. Under the circumstances I maiked her suspicious and held her for retest. About two months later owner called me up and told me this cow had suffered from tympany several times and wanted advise in the matter. I advised him to have her slaugh- tered as I suspected enlarged tubercular glands between lungs. Held post mortem on her on May 23, 1917, and found an enlarged mediastinal gland about seven inches in diameter. This enlarged gland pressing on the oesophagus caused her to bloat. In regard to the examination of the lymph glands on post mor- tem, I wish to call attention to the prescapular lymph gland in front of the shoulder. I remember one reactor in which the only lesion was located in one of the prescapular lymph glands. These glands are not very often infected, but should be always examined for lesions may be found there. 774 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS In conclusion I would urge the need of more careful observa- tion during tubereulin tests. Be sure and give dosage enough, especially in old animals. Also be careful in passing animals that give low suspicious temperatures. I consider the physical exami- nation very important, especially in herds that show a considerable number of reactors. Mistakes will occur in tuberculin testing, even when the greatest care is taken, but that is all the more reason why we should be as thorough as possible in our tuberculin testing. THE VIOLET RAY IN VETERINARY MEDICINE W. L. Cuark, Seneca Falls, N. Y. Electricity is a force in nature which scientists have, as yet, been unable to define. Some have said that electricity is life. We know that our bodies are charged with it and in the con- tinuous struggle of the body against disease, electricity is always fighting on the side of health. It always operates toward the nor- mal and against the abnormal and thus supernormal as well as subnormal conditions excite its antagonism. It is the great equi- librator. Undefinable as is this force, it is unquestionably the most ra- tional and logical therapeutic agent that man has at his command. One of our quaint humorists has said: ‘‘If I were a doctor, I’d treat the patient and fergit the disease.’’ This states the ex- treme metaphysician’s view, but the physicist is also liable to go to extremes by dealing only with inanimate things and ignoring the patient’s mental attitude. Electricity is the one remedy that both can use because it treats both the patient and the disease. That electricity by the high frequency violet ray method does in- voke favorable mental forces is natural because its application is pleasant to the patient and quick in its manifestations. But that it will accomplish results independent of this is shown by the fact that the long list of its successes in the treatment of many ills and diseases has been established largely by results incidental to a re- sult sought for, as, for instance, in the discovery that it has re- stored gray hair to its natural color, when it was being applied for another purpose and when no such outcome was anticipated. , Nothing in the science of therapeutics has proven so valuable to the physician and suffering humanity as the development of CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 775 high frequency electricity. As this marvelous force is so efficient and convenient and economical [ believe more veterinarians will use it in their practice. The tendency of electricity to restore and maintain the natural equilibrium has long been understood, but to apply the treatment in an agreeable form and without injurious effects has been the problem, but it has now been solved by the use of the Violet Ray High Frequency Generator. In this we mean the voltage in elec- tricity which means force. Amperage means the volume, and fre- quency means the vibrations per second. Scientific research has determined that the body does not re- quire a large volume of electricity to yield up its ills, but a strong force which will seek out and rescue every cell from the ailment with which it is struggling. This must be done in such a way as to prevent pain or muscular contraction. These objects have been perfectly accomplished by the violet ray high frequency generator through the following processes: 1st. Beginning with the ordinary illuminating voltage (110) the generator intensifies it until it mounts into hundreds of thous- ands while at the same time consuming only about one-quarter of the current required in a 16 candle power lamp. This gives the desired force. 2nd. The amperage (volume) is reduced from one-half to an infinitesimal fraction. This reduces the quantity to the proper de- gree. : 3rd. ‘The frequency is increased from 120 oscillations in alter- nating current (no oscillations in direct current) to hundreds of thousands per second from either direct or alternating current. ‘This eliminates pain and muscular contraction. The reason that the sensory nerves do not comprehend the elec- tric current under the high frequency principle is the same that makes it impossible for the eye to see very rapid motion, or the ear to distinguish high sound vibrations. I will now quote from the work of one of the foremost electro therapeutists in the country the following statements of effects re- sulting from the application of high frequency currents: 1. Increase of blood supply to the objective point. 2. General increase in ovidation and local nutrition. 3. Increase oxygen in blood. 4. Increase absorption of oxygen. 776 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 5. Increase in expulsion of carbon dioxide. 6. Increase secretions. 7. Increase elimination of waste products. 8. Injection of ozone through lungs and tissues. 9. Locally germicidal. 10. Increase in bodily heat without increase in temperature. 11. Soothing or ene according to character and length of treatment. 12. Caustic when strong sparks are applied. 13. Arterial tension increased by spinal spark application. 14. Absorption of plastic exudates promoted. These effects are mainly local, yet apply to a lesser degree to the entire system as the current traverses the whole body. It may be seen from the above what a wide range of uses high frequency has. In fact it still remains for its limits to be established. It may be briefly stated as a cellular massage. The study of high fre- quency is endless as each day brings new revelations, but simple tests will quickly establish its merits. Pain: can be promptly relieved or greatly alleviated. The air is quickly purified and the ozone is very perceptible. Water may be purified by a moment’s contact. Warts, moles, etc., — may be promptly and effectively removed. It can be stated with assurance that high frequency is abso- lutely indispensable to the veterinarians, for which no eure-all claims are asserted to excite prejudice. It may be safely declared that this modality is a help-all and cure-much. It may be applied independently or in connection with medicinal dosage because it prepares the body to receive the help which the medicine offers, and it may be applied to force surface applications. In my general practice I have used it on all animals, large and small, and have had very good success. My first case was that of a dog which was a case of paralysis following distemper. When he entered the hospital he could not use any of his limbs at all. I applied the violet ray after exhausting the pharmacopea and in two weeks had the animal moving all four limbs. Two weeks more showed improvement to such a marked degree that I was very agreeably surprised as now he would sit on his hind limbs like a kangaroo. I used the surface electrode and applied it about fif- teen minutes, in all three times daily, then as symptoms improved applied it twice daily until he began to place weight on the front legs, then treated only once daily. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 777 In all the treatment was of eight weeks’ duration, until the patient was able to go about. I kept the patient two weeks longer as I wished to see if the results were permanent, which they were, and animal now is in fine condition. Case No. 2. Pustulus skin eruptions on arm was treated by surface electrode 15 minutes three times daily and in ten days the patches began to heal and in a month they were all healed. Ap- plications of sannax oil was used then for the restoration of hair. Case No. 3. Sow with paresis of hind parts occurring after farrowing. In one week patient was able to walk about and treat- ment was discontinued. Treatment consisted of surface electrode 3 times daily. CasE No. 4. Sow with paresis of hind parts same as above. Treatment same. Duration two weeks. Cases Nos. 5, 6 and 7. Azoturia in horses. Surface electrode 15 minutes’ duration, 6 hour intervals. First patient able to stand alone in 24 hours. Second case, patient able to stand alone in 48 hours. Third case, patient showed symptoms in one limb. In 24 hours improvement noticed and in 3 days discharged. INGUINAL HYSTEROCELE W. J. CROCKER Laboratories of Pathology and Bacteriology, University of Pennsylvania, Veterinary School A five-year-old bull bitch presented a firm swelling the size of a human fist, which had existed for a period of several months in the right posterior mammary gland. The condition was diagnosed as a neoplasm of the mammary gland and the owner sent the animal in to be destroyed. At autopsy the cadaver was placed in the dor- sal position, an incision made through the skin from the chin to _ the pubis and the skin together with the mammary gland separated from the abdominal wall and laid back. Opposite and anterior to the external ring of the right inguinal canal the greater portion of the right horn and round ligament of the uterus and part of the omentum protruded from the canal and flattened, thinned and bulged the mammary gland outward producing an enlargement _the size of a fist. When opened the right inguinal canal disclosed the remainder of the right uterine horn together with the mam- mary vessels and nerves, 778 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE The bitch is more predisposed to inguinal hysterocele than the females.of other domesticated animals because the round ligament of the uterus of the bitch is well developed (unstriated muscle and fat) and extends from the extremity of the uterine horn through the distinct inguinal canal to the ramus of the os pubis and tends to direct the uterine horn into the canal. In the females of other domesticated animals the internal inguinal ring tends to close at an early age, contains spermatic vessels and nerves but does not contain the round ligament of the uterus. On external examina- tion inguinal hysterocele may be confused with tumors of the mam- mary gland of the bitch. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE Marasmus oF ArMy Horses. M. Urbain, Vétérinaire, Infirm- ary, C.V. Belgian Army. Revue Generale de Médecin Vétérmaire, June, 1918.—On our arrival at the Central Veterinary Infirmary of Belgium we were struck with the increasing number of horses evacuated for ‘‘marasmus’’. The autopsies of these marasmatic horses reveal two worms: a cylicostome and the Strongylus equinus (caecum, colon). These parasites were constant in the cases of marasmus in those of our observations that were followed by autopsies. We frequently noted the co-existence of gastrophilis (stomach), ascaris (duodenum), Anoplocephala mamillana (fecal matter) and the Filaria equina (peritoneal cavity). _ This is not the first time that the cylicostome has made its ap- pearance in veterinary pathology. Cuillé, Marotel and Roquet observed them in horses appearing to be in good health, eating ravenously and still growing thinner and thinner until they died of marasmus. The mucous membranes were pale and the pulse and tempera- ture normal. In Brazil we contributed largely to the proof that osteomalacia of the horse is due to a cylicostome. (1. A osteomalacia ou a cara inchada. O. Dia Ma 1914—Contribwicao para o estudo da cara inchada. A. Estancia juillet 1915.) ; With us there is no doubt that horses affected with a state of marasmus should be suspected of having a large number of para- ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 779 sites in the intestines. They exert a triply pathogenic action by despoiling the animal through the number of parasites, the irri- tation of the mucous membrane by their presence or by the trau- matisms they produce or by diverting extremely active toxins into the organism as has been shown is the case with other nematodes, especially the Ascaris megalocephala. It will not be denied that the various intestinal parasites found alone or concurrently in horses occur in all conditions of health or in deaths in no way associated with a state of marasmus. The objection is not without value. However, one must not lose sight of the very great part played, as much with external as in- ternal parasitic diseases, by the soil, while seeming at least equal but otherwise preponderating to that of the parasite itself. In the one of which we speak, advanced age, cold, acclimation, more or less bad alimentation, concomittant diseases such as mange has truthfully exercised this preparing influence on the ‘‘soil’’. Fur- ther, we can see no other causes that can explain the chain of symptoms and lesions observed, no fever, persistance of the appe- tite, deficient nutrition and no infectious lesions. SympromMatTotocy. 1. Healthy appearance. 2. Progressive loss of flesh. 3. Nore ON THE Use oF ORGAN Extracts IN PLACE OF VIRULENT BuLoop IN IMMUNIZATION AND HYPERIMMUNIZATION AGAINST RIN- pDERPEST. W. H. Boynton. Philippine Journal of Science, Vol. XIII, See. B, No. 3, May, 1918.—The virulent blood and the organ extracts from a Batanes bull furnished 20 liters of virulent mate- rial. Since the virulent blood produced was 9000 ¢.c. the whole amount of virulent material was over twice that produced by the ordinary methods. The amount might have been tripled if the animal had been handled by the ‘‘ Martoglio’’ method. Both simul- taneous immunization and hyperimmunization were accomplished 786 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE with tissue extracts in the provinces and at the laboratory. The extracts were just as potent as virulent blood when used in simul- taneous immunization work. Kept at 15° C. 2000 c.c. doses were used with safety for hyperimmunization. Such a dose should not be given after having been exposed for a’period of eighteen hours to the climatic conditions of the tropics. The extracts are easily produced and could be used at any immunization station. The method should be applicable to hog cholera, reducing the enormous cost of the virus. HAYDEN. a THe INSUFFICIENCY OF MAIZE AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN AND AsH For Growing ANIMALS. Hogan, Albert G. (Dept. of Chem., Kas. State Agri. Exp. Station, Manhattan, Kas.) in the Journal of Biol. Chem., Vol. X XIX, No. 3, pp. 485-493, 3 diag., Baltimore, April, 1917. Abstract in Internat. Rev. of the Science and Prac- tice of Agri.—dAgriculturists have known for a long time that maize kernel does not suffice as a diet for growing animals. Ex- periments on young rats have shown the first limiting factor for growth to be a lack of certain inorganic constituents. When the mineral deficiencies were corrected, normal growth was not ob- tained, even after the addition of considerable quantities of puri- fied protein, thus proving a lack of suitable growth accessories. According to McCollum, and his collaborators, maize kernel is lacking an accessory called by them ‘‘fat-soluble A’’. The author’s previous experiments show that mineral deficiencies in maize are tolerated much better by swine, and protein deficiencies are tolerated better by rats. Assuming that maize is poor in one or more of the growth accessories, swine are much less affected by it than are rats. The author has continued his earlier work in order to deter- mine specifically what inorganic elements in the ash, and what amino-acids in the proteins are deficient in quantity, thus consti- tuting limiting factors. It was first shown that the addition of tryptophane and lysin improved the proteins of maize, and later, that tryptophane is the first limiting factor in the proteins of the maize kernel, and that lysine is the second. The most important mineral deficiency of maize is calcium. FIsH. WHITE SNAKEROOT OR RICHWEED (Euparortum URtTIcAEFO- LIUM) AS A STOCK-PoIsoNING Puant. C. Dwight Marsh and A. B. Clawson. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 787 Animal Industry, Circular 26, Feb. 28, 1918.—White Snakeroot is among the suggested causes of the disease milk sickness, trembles, slous, tires, ete. Whether or not it is the cause of the disease its importance as a stock-poisoning plant has received little recogni- tion. Trembling is one of the most noticeable symptoms of its poisonous nature. Marked depression and inactivity may be the first symptom noticed. Constipation is the rule and sometimes the feces are bloody. Nausea and vomiting are not.uncommon. Res- -piration is normal except on exertion when it may become labored and qui¢kened. On the average there is no significant change in temperature. Weakness is very pronounced. Animals may live several days after the first symptoms. Symptoms in general are typical of milk sickness. No animals seem to be immune to the toxie principle of the plant. There seems to be very little difference between toxic and lethal doses. The toxic substance is eliminated slowly and thus there is a distinct cumulative effect. The plant is most poisonous in a fresh state. Poisoning is produced by a poisonous principle in the plant. Most cases of so-called milk sickness occur in localities where the plant grows. Many if not most cases of the disease are caused by the plant. Some cases may be bacterial in origin. Trembling seems to be characteristic of eupatorium poisoning while a subnor- mal temperature is distinctive of the bacterial disease. Most cases of poisoning by the plant occur when there is a shortage of other foods. Purgatives, such as epsom salts and laxa- tive foods are well indicated. Since the toxic substance is elimi- nated slowly recovery is slow and rather prolonged attention should _ be given the animal. Clearing the land will act as a preventive measure. Animals should not graze where eupatorium is abundant. Losses should be avoided by prevention rather than by reliance on remedies. HAYDEN. —Dr. Wm. C. Woodward has resigned as Health Officer of the District of Columbia and is now Commissioner of Health, Boston, Mass. Dr. Wm. C. Fowler has succeeded him in Washington. —Dr. R. H. Fessler has removed from Elmhurst, Long Island, to 225 N. High Street, Harrisonburg, Va. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE INFORMATION RELATING TO APPOINTMENTS IN THE VETERINARY RESERVE CORPS OF THE ARMY Examinations for commission in the veterinary section of the Officers’ Reserve Corps are open for veterinarians in civil life. All appointments will be in the grade of second lieutenant and fu- ture promotions based entirely on the qualifications of the officer. The officers of the Veterinary Reserve Corps are appointed and commissioned by the President, after having been found upon examination prescribed by him, physically, mentally and morally qualified to hold such commissions. Commissions are issued for periods of five years, at the end of which time the officers may be recommissioned subject to such further examinations and qualifi- cations as the President may prescribe. They are subject to call for duty in time of actual or threatened hostilities only. While on active duty under such call they are entitled to the pay and al- lowances (including quarters, fuel and light) of their grade. They are entitled also to pension for disability incurred in the line of duty and while in active service. They are not entitled to pay or allowances except when in active service, nor to retirement or re- tired pay. Appointees must be citizens of the United States, between 22 and 55 years of age, must be graduates of recognized veterinary colleges or universities, and must at the time of appointment be in the active practice of their profession in the States in which they reside. The examination is physical and professional. It is conducted by boards consisting in each case of one medical and two veterinary officers of the army, designated by the War Department. The examination as to physical qualifications conforms to the standard required of recruits for the United States Army. De- fects of vision resulting from errors of refraction which are not excessive, and which may be entirely corrected by glasses, do not disqualify unless they are due to or are accompanied by organic disease. Minor physical deficiencies may be waived. The professional examination may be oral. If the applicant fails therein, he may if he desires have a written examination. An average of 75 per cent is required to qualify in the examina- tion, The examination comprises the following subjects: ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 789 General anatomy. General pathology, therapeutics and surgery. General bacteriology and parasitology. 4. Hygiene, including feeding and watering, stabling, heat and light, and ventilation. Applications for appointment in the Veterinary Reserve Corps must be made in writing, upon the prescribed blank form, to the Surgeon General of the Army, Washington, D. C., who will supply the blank upon request. This blank may also be obtained from the examining board. The correctness of the statements made in the application must be sworn to by the applicant before a notary public or other official authorized by law to administer oaths. It must be accompanied by testimonials based upon personal ac- quaintance, from at least two reputable persons, as to the appli- eant’s citizenship, character, and habits, and by his personal history given in full upon the blank form furnished him for the purpose. A veterinary examining board has been appointed at the fol- lowing places: She i ALABAMA Anniston, The Camp Veterinarian, Camp McClellan. ARKANSAS Little Rock The Camp Veterinarian, Camp Pike. CALIFORNIA Linda Vista, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Camp Kearney. San Francisco, The Veterinarian, The Presidio of. District oF CoLUMBIA Major Joseph N. Hornbaker, V.C.N.A., S.G.0O., Unit F, 7th and B Streets, N. W. Forma Saakennville, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Camp Joseph K. Johnston. GEORGIA Atlanta, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Camp Gordon. Chickamaugua Park, The Senior Veterinary Instructor, Medical Officers’ Training Camp, Camp Greenleaf. | ILLINOIS = eet Major Geo. A. Lytle, V. C., N. A., 3615 Iron Street. Towa Des Moines, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Camp Dodge. 790 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE KANSAS Fort Leavenworth, The Post Veterinarian. Fort, Riley, The Senior Veterinary Instructor, Mounted Service School. KENTUCKY Louisville, The Camp Veterinarian, Camp Zachary Taylor. | LOUISIANA Alexandria, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Camp Beau- regard. MASSACHUSETTS Ayer, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Camp Devens. MICHIGAN Battle Creek, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, er Custer. MINNESOTA Fort Snelling, The Post Veterinarian. Missourt St. Louis, Major C. W. Greenlee, V. C., N. A., Medical Supply Depot. MonrTAaNAa Fort Keogh, The Purchasing Zone Veterinarian. New Mexico Deming, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Camp Cody. New YorK Fort Jay, The Veterinarian. OHIO Chillicothe, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Canty Sher- man. OKLAHOMA Fort Sill, The Veterinarian. PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia, Major Samuel H. Gilliland, V. C., N. A., Veterinary Laboratory, 39th and Woodland Avenue. SoutH CAROLINA Columbia, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Camp Jackson. TEXAS Fort Worth, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Camp Bowie. Houston, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Camp Logan. Fort Sam Houston, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Camp Travis. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 791 VIRGINIA oa ' Newport News, The Supervising Veterinarian, Port of Embarka- tion. : ee Petersburg, The Senior Veterinary Instructor, Veterinary Train- ing School, Camp Lee. ‘WASHINGTON American Lake, The Veterinarian, Aux. Remount Depot, Camp Lewis. WYOMING Fort D. A. Russell, The Veterinarian. The applicant should proceed to the most accessible point in - the foregoing list and report to the board. He will be required to defray all travel or other expenses incurred in going to the point of examination, while there, and in returning to his home. The applicant should take with him to be submitted to the board (a) the application blank, completely filled out and sworn to before a notary public, (b) testimonials based upon personal acquaintance from at least two reputable persons and (c) a cer- tificate from the proper official that the applicant is duly registered to practice veterinary medicine in the State in which he resides. The application (a) can be filled out after arrival at the place of examination but time will be saved if it is prepared at home before- hand. Successful applicants who are commissioned in the Veterinary Reserve Corps are placed on a waiting list and called to active duty as their services may be required. No assurance can be given any person as to when he may be called, but the present chances for active duty at an early date are good. Officers receiving com- missions should, therefore, continue their civil occupations until such time as they receive instructions from the War Department. —Major H. E. Bemis of Ames, Iowa, is now with the American Expeditionary Forces in France. | —Major John H. Gould, Captain Joseph F. Derivan, Lieut. Geo. W. Moon, Lieut. Lester L. Jones, Lieut. Roy H. Tesdell, Lieut. Jean R. Underwood, Lieut. Spencer K. Nelson, Lieut. Guy M. Parrish, Lieut. Orrin H. Crossland, Lieut. Ralph A. Parsons and Lieut. James B. McNamara, who have been stationed at Camp Dodge, ‘Des Moines, Iowa, have all been transferred to the 88th 792 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE Division and are with the American Expeditionary Forces, over- seas. —Major John H. Gould and Captain Joseph F. Derivan spent a few days at Camp Upton, L. I., and Hoboken, N. J., on their way overseas. —Capt. Lawrence A. Mosher, V. C., N. A., was married to Miss Arlye Fuller of Hillsdale, Mich., at the First Episcopal Church, Jersey City, N. J., July 31, 1918. Capt. Russell E. Elson, V. C., N. A., Camp Upton, L. I., attended him as best man. —Captain Ross A. Greenwood, V. C., N. A., has been transferred from Hdgqs. Army Artillery to Hdqs. 77th Division, American Ex- peditionary Forces, as Division Veterinarian. —Captain Jos. F. Crosby, formerly at Fort Sill, Okla., is now Camp Veterinarian at Camp Dodge, Des Moines, Iowa. —2nd Lieut. Harrold L. Campbell, V. R. C., reported for duty with Depot Brigade No. 152, Camp Upton, L. I, Aug. 9. Lieut. Campbell has been at the Veterinary Officers’ Training School at Camp Greenleaf, Ga. —2nd Lieut. Spencer K. Nelson, V. C., U. S. A., received his pro- motion to Ist Lieutenant August 3, 1918. —Lieut. R. O. Stott has been transferred from the 12th Cavalry. Columbus, N. M., to the Remount Depot, Fort Bliss, Texas. —Dr. R. S. Whitney of Jersey City, N. J., has entered the service and is stationed at Camp Sevier, Greenville, 8. C. —Dr. H. P. Bonnikson, formerly of Berkeley, Calif., is now in the service as Lieutenant in the Veterinary Reserve Corps. He is located at 4130 Drexel Blvd., Chicago, Ill. —Dr. M. V. Wilmot has transferred from Fort Riley, Kas., to Veterinary Reserve Corps No. 1, Camp Greenleaf, Chickamauga Park, Ga. —Lieut. J. G. Nash, who has been stationed at Fort Riley, Kas., is now with the American Expeditionary Forces, overseas. —Dr. Chas. M. Stull, formerly Lieutenant with the 1st Cavalry, Douglas, Ariz., has been promoted to a Captaincy and is now Camp Veterinarian at Camp Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas. —Lieut. 8. C. Dildine has been transferred from Louisville, Ky., to 557 N. 13th Street, St. Louis, Mo, ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 793 —tLieut. L. J. Anderson, who has been located with the 115th Field Signal Battalion at Camp Kearney, is now with that Battal- ion with the American Expeditionary Forces, overseas. —Dr. Ray Gaskill, formerly at the Remount Depot at Camp Kearney, Calif., is now a Lieutenant in the Veterinary Corps, Na- tional Army, and is stationed at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas. —Dr. Simeon Yetter of Far Rockaway, N. J., is now a Lieuten- ant in the Army Veterinary Service and is stationed at Camp McClellan, Ala. —Lieut. Samuel M. Langford has been transferred from Camp Sevier, S. C., to the 14th F. A., Fort Sill, Okla. —Lieut. John J. Martien, Camp Funston, Kas., is now with the American Expeditionary Forces, overseas. —Dr. Walter G. White of Lansdowne, Pa., is now a Ist Lieuten- ant with Major McKillip’s Sie osaals Hospital, No. 6, Somewhere in France. —Dr. H. M. Cameron, who has been stationed with the 24th En- gineers, Newport News, Va., is now with the American Expedi- tionary Forces. —Dr. N. L. Nelson of the 55th Field Artillery Brigade, formerly at Camp Sevier, S. C., is now with the American Expeditionary Forces. | —Dr. G. W. Rawson of Norfolk, Va., is now a Lieutenant in the Veterinary Officers’ Reserve Corps siiened at Camp Wadsworth, Spartanburg, S. C. —Lieut. John J. Handley, odes at Camp Hill, Va., is now with the First Division, American Expeditionary Forces, Brave, _ —Dr. M. L. Walter of Napoleonville, La., is now in the service as Lieutenant with the 7th Battalion, Camp Greenleaf, Ga. —Dr. W. E. Simonson, Cherokee, lowa; Dr. Roy E. Onderkirk, Reynolds, Ill.; Dr. W. M. Lynn, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Dr. Will D. James, Martinsville, Ill., and Dr. D. E. Reece, Rossville, Ill., have entered the Medical Officers’ Training Camp at Camp Greenleaf, Chickamauga Park, Ga. | —Dr. R. C. Dunn has removed from College Station, Texas, to 263 West Market Street, Tiffin, Ohio. —Dr. A. Berdan has removed from Miles City to Great Falls, Montana. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS F. TorRANCE, Ottawa, Can. It has been customary, on occasions of this kind, for your president to indulge in some remarks, laudatory of the veterinary profession, and also at times to criticize its short comings, and fre- quently to give it the benefit of his advice. These are tasks for which I am but little fitted by ability or inclination, and I must ask your indulgence for a few remarks of a more or less rambling nature. First, I would say a word as to the war, and on our part in it as a profession. Both American and Canadian veterinarians take a just pride in the prompt alacrity with which the profession re- sponded to the call to arms. The veterinary corps of our countries were rapidly recruited, not merely with the young and inexperi- enced, desirous of the excitement and change of army life, but with many of the best men in the profession, men who gave up important positions in our colleges, responsible posts in the Government sery- ice, and sacrificed lucrative practices to serve their country. We honor them for what they are doing, and experience a lively satis- faction when one and another are singled out for promotion or the award of some honor or distinction. It was fortunate that previous to the entry of the United States into the war, the army veterinarian, through the efforts of this association, had received the rank to which he was entitled, and equally fortunate that the work of a past president of this as- sociation, C. J. Marshall, now Lieut.-Col. Marshall, and others had gathered information respecting the organization of Army Veteri- nary Service. The war found our profession in America unprepared. There were extremely few veterinarians experienced in military work, and these few had gained their experience in the Spanish Ameri- can War, on the Mexican frontier, or, in the case of Canada, in the Boer campaign. These were but small affairs in comparison with the present war, and the experience gained from them extremely limited. Our civil veterinarians had to learn the business of war from the foundation up, learning and building at the same time— learning to obey the discipline of the army and building on the AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 795 foundation of a knowledge of veterinary science the substantial edifice of army veterinary service. : The many phases of army veterinary work have called for ex- tensive and varied accomplishments; the selection and purchase of remounts, the care of these in transit and in depots, their transport over seas, their maintenance in health while in active service, and lastly, their protection from disease, and the treatment of the wounded. These varied activities of the army veterinarian require the exercise of his professional knowledge to a high degree and often put to the test his courage and powers of endurance. | We may well be proud that the veterinary corps of our armies have done their work more efficiently than ever before. They are indispensable to the success of an army in the field. The motor transport ends with the end of the road, and from the end of the road to the guns and to the men in the trenches, supplies must be taken by horses or by human earriers. Horses, mules or donkeys are used for this work as much as possible, and are exposed not only to the casualties of shell fire, but must undergo the hardships inseparable from war, exposure to all kinds of weather, often with- out shelter, and while doing the hardest kind of work in most un- favorable conditions. Under these circumstances, it is surprising to learn that the mortality of horses in the British Army is less than 10% and compares favorably with the average losses of horses engaged in industrial work in our cities. War has demonstrated the value of the veterinary profession to the nation and increased its importance as a necessary cog in the machinery of modern life. This leads to improvement in the pro- fession itself. The demand for well educated veterinarians, not _only for war, but to care for the enormously valuable livestock of the country, now and hereafter, will increase the attendance at our veterinary colleges, will render it easier for these to obtain the finan- cial support necessary to their success, and render possible a high ‘standard of education and efficiency. An indication of how the importance of veterinary knowledge has been impressed upon the British is found in the recent estab- lishment of a Veterinary Research Laboratory for the Army. This is at Aldershot, England, and is called ‘‘The Research Laboratory, Army Veterinary Services’’. The director is Colonel Watkins- Pitchford, who worked with Theiler in South Africa for many years, and the staff consists of a bacteriologist, a chemist, an entomologist, 796 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION and a pathologist. The investigation of the newer diseases, brought to light during the war, is to be its chief function. Those in au- thority must appreciate the value of scientific research. One cannot leave the subject of the veterinarian and the war without referring to another aspect of the situation, the veteri- narian at home in war time. The privilege and honor of serving our countries in the army is enjoyed by many, but denied to others whose age, infirmities or circumstances keep them at home. To them have come increased responsibilities. The man who has joined the army -and left his practice to his fellow practitioner should not find on his return that his trust was misplaced, and his business taken from him in his absence. The home fires must be kept burning, a welcome ready for ‘these men when they return, and every opportunity afforded for them to resume their former life. Should any fail to come back, and there will be some who have given their lives for freedom just as much as though they fought, their families and dependents must not suffer. It should be our sacred duty to look after them, and that this may be done systematically and carefully, I commend to you that we all continue and increase our contributions to the Veterinary Relief Fund of this association. | There is still another duty of the veterinarian at home. That is, the conservation of our livestock not only to prevent and cure the diseases from which they may suffer but also to encourage and advise our breeders so that they may increase their flocks and herds. The losses of livestock from preventable diseases amount to millions of dollars annually. It is our duty to reduce this loss to aminimum. It can be done by the methods now in use and through the education of the farmer by the broad dissemination of knowl- edge of livestock sanitation. The country practitioner has a great opportunity to help his country if he will advise his clients not only as to the treatment of diseases, but will interest himself in the farmers’ problems regarding feeding, breeding and rearing live- stock. There is too much careless and happy-go-lucky breeding of mongrel livestock, too much loss of young animals from ignorance how to care for them, too much waste of feed through ill-balanced rations. These are all matters where a word in time from a well informed practitioner will do a world of good. The veterinarian and especially the country practitioner should be a good stockman as well, and, in my opinion, our veterinary colleges should give their AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 797 students instruction in livestock judging, breeding, and manage- ment. This naturally brings me to the subject of veterinary educa- tion, a topic of perennial interest and of great importance to this association. The committee on intelligence and education will re- port on the condition of the colleges and I have no desire to fore- stall their work. I might, however, refer to one or two features of the present situation. , War has made unforseen demands upon the profession. Men _ who received a training at college to fit them for general practice were suddenly called upon to perform duties for which they had no previous experience and about which their college teaching had said little or nothing. The future should find the profession better pre- pared for such emergencies and our veterinary colleges might in- clude in their curricula courses on the management and sanitation of horses, ete., in remount depots, on transport by land or sea, pro- tection against contagious diseases, and the treatment of large numbers of animals affected by such diseases as mange, ringworm, etc. When the war is over, there will be available many men well qualified to teach these subjects from personal experience. Veterinary education has made great progress, and this asso- ciation can take credit to itself as one of the most important fac- tors in causing the improvement. Stricter matriculation examina- tion has raised the student to a higher plane, longer terms have in- creased and broadened his course of study, and laboratory facili- ties have given him the opportunity to become skillful in handling the test tube and the microscope. In a word, our colleges are now turning out scientific veterinarians, but are they also turning out practical veterinary surgeons ? As the profession rises in the educational scale it attracts men from higher walks in life. The recruits which formerly joined the profession from the blacksmith’s forge, and the livery stable, are kept out by the matriculation examination. The farm and the city are now the chief sources of the raw material of the veterinary. surgeon. An increasing proportion of the students reach college without previous knowledge of the practical handling of animals. That intimate acquaintance with the habits and customs of horses, for instance, which is common knowledge to the boy on the farm, or to the man who works in livery stable or blacksmith shop, is quite unknown to the city youth. If the college does not give him 798 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION the opportunity of acquiring this practical knowledge of animals, he will find himself badly handicapped when he begins to practice. There is an art, as well as a science of veterinary medicine. To be a good practitioner one must be trained in both the art and — the science, and to my mind there is danger at the present time of developing the scientific side of veterinary education to the neglect of that training of hand and eye which lies at the foundation of — the veterinary art. The passing of the Kansas City Veterinary College, which has transfered its students and its records to a State institution, is a sign of the times. This was one of the most successful of the pri- vate schools and its closing indicates the growing difficulty of com- petition with the State colleges. The increasing curriculum, length- ening terms, and expensive laboratories incidental to modern vet- erinary education, have rendered it more and more expensive to provide, and lessened the profits of private institutions. We may expect in future that veterinary education will become more and more a function of the State, accepting it as a public duty to pro- vide efficient veterinarians to safeguard the health of the immensely valuable livestock of the country. It may be appropriate on this occasion to refer to the more important discoveries of the year in veterinary science or in other fields which influence our own. In surgery the increasing use of Dakin’s solution is reducing the time required for the healing of wounds, and probably, if we may argue from its effects on humans, is greatly lessening the pain suffered by the wounded animal. Fis- tula and quittor have received much attention and their surgical treatment has been improved. Our secretary, Dr. Merillat, has published a book on this subject of much interest and value to the practitioner. : In medicine, an important aid to the diagnosis of diseases of the viscera has been contributed by a French veterinarian, Dr. J. A. Roger, in an article entitled ‘‘Le clavier équin’’. He advances the theory that pain or disease in a definite part of the abdominal organs has its effect upon some corresponding area on the surface of the body. Pain in the colon, for instance, strikes a sympathetic cord in a limited area on the side of the body, and renders it hy- persensitive. The surface of the body becomes a sort of key board, on which one can experiment until the sensitive area is detected. By patient observation and experience, these areas can be mapped AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 799 out, and a very definite diagnosis of the seat of the trouble reached. Dr. Roger himself has located many of these areas in reference to the corresponding internal organs and claims to be able to locate with accuracy such lesions as intestinal calculi, ruptures, volvulus, and intussusception. The anatomy of the nervous system, and the connection be- tween the sympathetic and the spinal nerves in the dorsal and lumbar regions, makes it quite probable that this close relationship between the internal organs and the surface of the body is a fact which has hitherto been overlooked. In control work, the application of modern methods of diagno- sis and sanitation are producing gratifying results in diminish- ing the annual losses from glanders, hog cholera and other dis- eases. Through the extensive use of mallein, the horses in the field have suffered little from glanders. It is interesting to note, how- ever, that mange has given more trouble in the field than anything else. In ordinary peace times, horse mange is of little importance; in the present campaign in France it has been a veritable plague. The usual remedies, such as dipping, have given only a partial suc- cess in its treatment, and now the horses are being ‘‘gassed’’ in air tight chambers filled with the hot fumes of burning sulphur. Much success is claimed for this method. Some years ago Dr. Leonard Pearson pointed out the clinical similarity between meat poisoning in man and forage poisoning in animals. This suggestion received the attention of Mohler, Buck- ley and Shippers of the B. A. I., who found that B. botulinus is eapable of producing fatal results in horses and mules. A very interesting study of botulism was made by Robert Graham, A. L. Bruckner and R. 8S. Pontius, who have demonstrated the relation- ship of an organism resembling B. botulinus in actual cases of for- age poisoning in Kentucky. Toxicology has received important contributions. One of the most interesting is the discovery of the cause of the disease popu- larly known as ‘‘milk sickness’’. At one time this was supposed to be due to a bacterium, the B. lactimorbi. Investigators in the Bu- reau of Animal Industry have established the fact that it is the re- sult of plant poisoning by white snake root (Hupatorium urticae- folium). Cattle and sheep are affected by this plant, which causes what is commonly known as ‘‘trembles’’, while the milk of affected cows produces in human beings ‘‘milk sickness’’, 800 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Bracken poisoning in horses has been proved by the officers of ‘ my department to cause ‘‘staggers’’, and in England, Sir Stewart — Stockman shows that it may cause a fatal disease of cattle. Bovine haematuria is probably a result of a kind of plant poi- soning. Hadwen has shown it in British Columbia to be closely related to oxaluria and in all likelihood caused by eating plants containing oxalic acid. Moussu, the great French authority, is © favorably inclined to this theory, and Kalkus in Washington has lately written a bulletin in its support. The shortage of fodder in Western Europe has led to the eat- ing of plants not generally considered good forage, hence Stock- man reports poisoning from rag-wort (senecio jacobaea). This disease was known in Nova Scotia for many years as Pictou cattle disease, from the locality in which it was prevalent. The weed had been introduced from Scotland and spread over a considerable area. Now that the cause of Pictou cattle disease is understood, there is little heard of it. There is one feature in connection with plant poisoning that it not often emphasized. That is, that in many cases, no effects are ‘seen until considerable quantities of the poisonous plant have ‘been consumed and the animal has been under its influence for some time. During periods of drought, when ordinary forage plants are scarce, animals are driven by hunger to eat plants they usually refuse. Under such circumstances are observed cases of plant poi- soning not seen at all in times of plenty. Bracken, snake root and ragwort are good examples of these slow poisons. | Parasitology is assuming greater importance to our profession than ever and some recent discoveries indicate an attractive and promising field for the explorer. The life history of that common parasite, ascaris lumbricoides, has recently been worked out by Ransom and Foster in America and Stewart in India. They prove that after the mature eggs are swallowed, the larvae do not remain in the intestinal tract during their development into the adult worm, but migrate through the tissues until they reach the lung. Here they may cause such an amount of irritation as to bring on pneumonia resulting in the death of an animal. The large mortality of young pigs is partly caused by this and has heretofore been wrongly ascribed to other causes, such as swine plague. After un- dergoing a certain amount of development in the lung, the young — worms are coughed up, swallowed and complete their career in the — site where they are usually seen. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 801 Important contributions in parasitology have come from Prof. Railliet on the life history of the oxyuris, from Van Es and Schalk on parasitic anaphylaxis, from W. E. Dove in the United States on bots, and by Hadwen and Cameron in Canada, and by Rouband in France on the same subject. Rouband has exploded an old idea concerning the manner in which the bot larvae reach the stomach of the horse. Formerly it was thought that when the horse licked them off his legs, he swal- lowed them with his saliva. It is now proved that the young larva sticks to the tongue and burrows beneath its mucous membrane, whence it journeys beneath the surface of the pharynx and oesopha- gus till it emerges and attaches itself to the wall of the stomach. The migration of these larvae may produce serious lesions in the region of the throat. Strongyli in horses have been receiving attention and I note with some regret that two parasites well known to me under the familiar names, S. armatus and S. tetracanthum, have disappeared, and can only be recognized with some difficulty among a crowd of worms rejoicing in brand new names such as Cylicostomum, Oeso- phagodontus, Triodontophorus and Gyalocephalus. The new no- menclature is doubtless scientific and probably necessary, but the modern parasitologist is adding much to the white man’s burden, especially of those veterinarians not freshly graduated. The life history of animal parasites is most interesting and strange facts are frequently brought to light. A recent discovery shows that one of the bot flies of South America (Dermatobia) catches blood sucking flies and lays its eggs upon them, so that they may be carried on to the host they wish to infect. Recently much good work has been done on parasites, not only of horses and cattle, but also of swine, sheep and dogs. Hall of Detroit deserves men- tion for excellent progress on dog parasites. The observers I have mentioned and other workers in this field have lifted a corner of the veil with which nature has.so long concealed the mysteries of parasitic life. The prospect thus open to our view is offering a tempting field for the investigator and promises a rich reward to the diligent and patient worker, and val- uable results in the protection of our livestock. Parasites exact a heavy toll every year, the damage running into millions of dollars, so that the value of these efforts to control their ravages can hardly be overestimated. 802 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The past year has cost us the lives of several distinguished men, and it is fitting that we should here refer to some of them and offer a tribute to their memory. Dr. Melvin, the Chief of the Bu- reau of Animal Industry, was taken from us last December, after a long and plucky fight against a slow and relentless disease. As a public man and the head of a large and important department of the public service, Melvin showed himself capable of dealing sue- cessfully with the immense work of the Bureau, a work which grew and developed enormously under his care. During his administra- tion, the present system of federal meat inspection was begun, and has grown tremendously in size and importance. He had also to deal with more than one outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, the last, occurring in 1914, the most serious in the history of the coun- try. Not a little of the success of the Bureau in dealing with this was due to his wisdom. The efficiency of the Bureau service today is a tribute to his skill as an administrator, as well as to that of his able successor, Dr. Mohler. While the country, as a whole, may well mourn the loss of this able and efficient public officer, his personal friends, and they are many, well remember him affectionately for his sincere friendli- ness, and the unfailing courtesy and interest that characterized his intercourse with others. Melvin was a man to be both admired and loved. Admired for his work and loved for his genial personality. May his memory be kept green. The death of Liautard marks an epoch in the history of the veterinary profession in America. Liautard was one of the makers of that history, and by his teaching, by his example, and by his un- tiring industry has done more than any other American to place our profession where it is today. As one of the organizers of the United States Veterinary Medical Association he helped to lay the foundation of this great organization, which is now the largest vet- erinary society in the world. As editor of the American Veterinary Review he exercised an influence over the whole profession in America, and always used that influence for progress and im- provement. As an author, his contributions to our literature placed many useful text books in the hands of the student. These were a few of his activities, and in all of them he attained pre-emi- nence. But it is on his reputation as an educationist that his fame chiefly rests. For many years Liautard was the moving spirit in veterinary education in New York, and as Dean of the New York AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 803 College of Veterinary Surgeons, and later as Principal of the American Veterinary College, he set the pace in veterinary educa- tion. His standing as a graduate of that great veterinary school at Alfort, France, his unique personality and his great skill as a teacher, combined to give him great influence over his students. There are doubtless many in this audience who could give testimony to the great affection with which he was regarded by his students, and to the value his influence and example have been to them in their lives. Their loss is a personal one. A great teacher and friend has been taken from them. But from the rest of us, the vet- erinary profession as a whole, there has gone one of our great men, full of years and of honors. One of those gifted few who, rising above the common level, see clearly the distant goal, and point our steps in the right direction. The profession owes much to Liautard and in recognition of that debt we should, I think, take steps to honor his memory in some more tangible way than by a resolution. I would suggest that a committee be appointed to formulate a plan for this purpose, and to report before the close of this meeting. I cannot let this occasion pass without also referring to the death of Sesco Stewart. He was president of this association many years ago, when I first joined it, and has always taken a most ac- tive interest in it. Those who attended the meeting in Kansas City last year will remember his untiring efforts to ensure the success of the meeting, and to make us feel at home in the fine building his industry and success had provided for the Kansas City Veterinary College. He was a skillful and persistent pleader of the cause of the private schools whenever he felt that the association was going too fast in raising the standard of veterinary education. But when a standard was once adopted, he was loyal to the association in ear- rying it out. His college was marvellously successful, and the fa- cilities it afforded for teaching, and for the well being of the stu- dents were a surprise to those that saw it for the first time. It was a monument to his energy, sagacity and industry. His place in this association will be hard to fill, and we will long miss his regu- lar attendance, his interest in every important question, and espe- cially in the welfare and progress of the profession. The work of the association during the year has felt the influ- ence of the great war. Several of our officials, including our secre- tary, Dr. Merillat, are actively engaged in military affairs, and it 804 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS became necessary to appoint others in their places to carry on. Through the kindness of Dr. Mohler, Dr. Day was permitted to un- dertake the duties of secretary, with the assistance of Dr. Kroner, Dr. Merillat’s assistant. I trust you will find that in spite of these changes, the work of the association. has not suffered. But I have already detained you too long. You must be eager to attack the excellent program which has been provided for you, and I gladly give the signal to go ‘‘over the top’’. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS REPORT OF THE 25TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION HELD AT OMAHA, NEBRASKA The 25th annual meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary As- sociation, held at Omaha, Nebraska, July 15, 16 and 17, was marked by a good attendance, and a very keen interest in the various prob- lems under consideration. The program was opened by an exhaustive report on a few of the common drugs, by the committee on therapeutics, presented by Dr. W. E. Stone, chairman of the committee. Reports of other standing committees were not as complete as might be desired, due to their recent appointment and detention from attendance by other pressing duties. | | Among the highly commendable papers rendered, were the following: ‘‘Some Complications Following Influenza’’ by Dr. W. P. Bossenberger, Williams, Iowa; ‘‘Hog Cholera, Its Control and Eradication’’ by Dr. C. F. Harrington, Denver, Colorado; ‘“Tnteresting Cases in Connection with Hog Cholera Control Work in Iowa’’ by Dr. J. S. Koen, Des Moines, Iowa; ‘‘The Control of Some Important Infectious Diseases in the Conservation of our Livestock’’ by Dr. A. Eichhorn, Pearl River, New York; ‘‘The Conservation of Edible and Inedible Fats’’ by Dr. J. I. Gibson, Des Moines, Lowa. The author of the latter paper pointed out the enormous waste in animal by-products resulting from lack of suitable methods and regulations for collecting and extracting these products from dead animals. A special resolution covering this problem was adopted ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 805 by the association, which it is hoped may serve as a stimulus to the entire country to take up this important and timely work. Dr. Eichhorn discussed the pressing need of conserving the animal food supply by the application of sanitary rules and biolo- gic therapy for reducing the enormous losses brought on by the spread of our great animal scourges. Among the points empha- sized, should be mentioned the dissemination of anthrax infection — through the innundation of land by streams polluted with the re- mains of carcasses of dead animals, and by tanneries handling hides of diseased animals. He recommended the active cooperation of veterinarians with the sanitary authorities, to suppress those dan- gerous diseases which constitute so great a menace to the present welfare of our country. Dr. Bossenberger’s paper showed evidence of careful and painstaking study of the many complications following attacks of influenza in horses. Among these complications he mentioned pneu- monia, pleurisy, myocarditis, arthritis, conjunctivitis, in various forms and combinations, recommending rational means of treat- ment and prevention. Dr. Harrington discussed the plan practiced by the B. A. I. in the control of hog cholera and related infections. An interest- ing discussion was elicited, tending toward careful differentiation of porcine diseases, satisfactory treatment depending so largely upon a proper comprehension of the disease or combination of dis- eases present in a herd. Considerable progress seems to have been made in the control of hemorrhagic septicemia or swine plague by the use of killed cultures, either alone, or in conjunction with hog cholera serum, where protection from both diseases must be sought. Necrotie enteritis and stomatitis of pigs were generally conceded to be the most troublesome of the complicating diseases. Treat- ment by the employment of copper sulphate or permanganate of potash in the drinking water, has met with success in the hands of many. Dr. J. S. Koen gave a number of interesting observations made during several years’ control work in the State of Iowa. Generally speaking, the hog cholera situation in the Missouri Valley is highly satisfactory. Serum producers, however, are finding their labora- tory facilities insufficient to take care of the calls made upon them for anti-hog cholera serum. A paper of unusual merit and interest by Dr. L. Van Es, who 806 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS has recently taken the chair of Veterinary Pathology at the Uni- versity of Nebraska, dealt with the possibilities and: limitations of the State diagnostic laboratory in conducting laboratory investi- gations to assist the practitioner. He placed especial emphasis upon the necessity for both the practitioner and upon the laboratory men acquiring a comprehension of the nature of each other’s work, in order that their cooperation may prove of greatest value. The practitioner in need of laboratory assistance was given specific di- rections as to preparing material for shipment, and was impressed with the necessity of supplying all available data relative to the case in hand in order that the laboratory might work more intelli- gently. Dr.,A. W. French, Cheyenne, Wyoming, related his experience with the intradermal tuberculin test. During the past year his — department has applied the test to approximately 12,000 cattle, all reactors being later tested and in all cases confirmed by the thermal test given from four to seven days later. He prefers the intrader- mal test, particularly on range animals, on account of the conven- ience in handling, and the possibilities for doing a large amount of work with a small expenditure of time and labor. To date, the in- tradermal test seems to have proved fully as satisfactory as the thermal. He recommends the two tests in conjunction, for begin- ners, until a knowledge of the character of the reaction from the intradermal test is acquired by experience with those reacting. Dr. G. H. Glover handled, in a very sane and commendable manner, the problem of ‘‘The county agent in relation to the vet- erinary practitioner’’. He pointed out that the field of each is dis- tinct; that it is possible for them to aid each other materially, by getting together and discussing their problems in a thoroughly friendly manner, and the futility of creating ill feeling by injudi- cious statements and actions. He made a strong plea for the settle- ment of any differences which may arise, first through personal and friendly contact with the agent himself; failing in this, that the matter ‘be taken up through the director of. the veterinary de- partment at the State college, who has authority to pass upon all projects dealing with veterinary matters, which are undertaken by. such agents. The complaint may be carried to the director of extension, the president of the college, and still higher, when nec- essary. Other papers of note were read by Dr. C. E. Salsbery, Kansas ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 807 City, Missouri, on ‘‘Observations on the Use of Biological Prod- ucts’’?; Dr. D. M. Campbell, on “‘The Duties of Veterinarians dur- _ ing the War Period’’; and ‘‘Sunstroke in Horses’’ by Dr. W. S. Nichols. The social program was somewhat modified to conform to war conditions, a patriotic program consisting of an illustrated talk by I. C. Brenner, vocal solos by Dr. J. I. Gibson, and a community singing of patriotic airs, being substituted for a banquet. Dr. W. H. Hoskins gave an inspiring address. The officers for the ensuing year are as follows: President, C. C. Hall, Omaha, Neb.; vice president, J. W. Chenoweth, Albany, Mo.; secretary-treasurer, R. F. Bourne, Ft. Collins, Colo. ; directors, L. U. Shipley, Sheldon, Iowa; A. T. Kins- ley, Kansas City, Mo.; B. W. Murphy, Topeka, Kans.; P. L. Cady, Arlington, Neb.; G. H. Glover, Ft. Collins, Colo. In each ease, the officer elected was the only nominee presented. Twenty-eight additional members were added to the rolls, and as a mark of appreciation for conspicuous service rendered to the vet- erinary profession, Drs. W. Horace Hoskins and A. Eichhorn were elected honorary members. A motion to remit the dues of all members in active service with the army was passed by unanimous vote. Two veteran mem- bers, Drs. James Vincent of Shenandoah, lowa, and J. T. Burns, Walnut, Kansas, were reported as having died during the past year, and appropriate resolutions extending the sympathy of the association to their families were adopted. Approval of a higher salary standard for employees of the Bureau of Animal Industry, as a means of securing adequate and competent veterinary service - in this Bureau was covered in a special resolution. About forty ladies were in attendance, and a program of en- tertainment for which they are most grateful and appreciative, was arranged by the wives of the local members. All in attendance felt that the meeting was highly satisfactory, and at no time were meetings of its character more necessary to the profession, the live- stock interests of the nation, and the concerted action of the pro- fession toward the assistance of the Government than at the pres- ent time. The following resolutions of general interest were adopted: ANIMAL By-PrRopucts Wuereas, The present method of disposal of the carcasses of 808 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS dead animals by burial is not only unsanitary but wasteful of val- uable animal products ; therefore, be it : Resolved, By the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association that — the various States take such action as will provide for the disposi- tion of animal carcasses in a manner that will conform to modern sanitary requirements and make available various valuable animal products so essential to agricultural interests and the successful prosecution of the war; and be it further Resolved, That copies of this resolution be sent to the Secretary of War, the Secretary of Agriculture and iis livestock sanitary authorities of the various States. THE Use or HorserLesH | Wuereas, Horseflesh is a nutritious and wholesome food and not objectionable to many people in this and other countries ; there- fore, be it Resolved, By the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association that the Federal Government and the various States make available this valuable meat, and that they promulgate such rules and regula- tions as will safeguard its use; and we further Resolve, That copies of these resolutions be sent to the Secre- tary of Agriculture and the livestock and pure food autherities of the various States. INSPECTION OF IMpoRTED HIDES WHEREAS, The war demand has caused a great increase in the importation of hides and other animal products from countries without adequate livestock sanitary service; and WHEREAS, Such importations are a constant and serious men- ace to the livestock industry and the public health of the United States because of the danger of transmitting serious diseases ; ——. fore, be it Resolved, By the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association that the federal authorities provide that proper veterinary supervision — shall be maintained at ports from which such shipments originate, and that copies of this resolution ‘be sent to the Recrem of the Treasury and the Secretary of Agriculture. Pay oF BuREAU VETERINARIANS WHEREAS, There is an immediate and growing need for compe- tent and thoroughly trained veterinarians for the federal service ; and WuHERAS, The recent increase by the Secretary of Agriculture ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 809 is appreciated, yet such important service has not advanced in pro- portion to the educational requirements and the increased cost of living; therefore, be it 3 Resolved, By the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association that we recommend that such changes be made in the laws that will pro- vide for the proper remuneration of the veterinarians in the federal service and to this end we pledge our support. | 3 PLEDGE OF LOYALTY Wuereas, The exigencies of war demand the best efforts of all patriotic citizens, individually and collectively ; and Wuereas, We as official and practising veterinarians are the direct conservers of the health of food-producing animals of the nation ; be it Resolved, That we pledge our best efforts and personal service to the President of the United States and to all persons responsible for the successful prosecution of the war. APPRECIATION TO LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS Resolved, By the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association that we extend our sincere thanks to the local committee on arrange- ment, the Chamber of Commerce, the Ak-Sar-Ben and the manage- ment of the Hotel Rome for their many and splendid endeavors that have made this meeting so successful and enjoyable. R. F. Bourne, Secretary. THE SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The midsummer meeting of the Southwestern Michigan Veteri- nary Medical Association was held at Lake of the Woods, Decatur, Mich., Thursday, Aug. 1. Except for a few minor changes the fol- lowing program was carried out to the letter: The meeting was called to order by President Hosbein at 10:00 A. M. After the president’s address and routine business, two un- usual and interesting case reports were presented by Dr. J. W. Randall and Dr. James M. Miller. A paper on ‘‘Death by As- phyxia in Horses from Auto Gas’’ was presented by Dr. E. C. Goodrich, St. Joseph, Mich. At the afternoon session the following papers were presented : ‘“The Accredited Herd and Its Importance to Livestock Breeders,’’ W. R. Harper, Secretary State Livestock Sanitary Commission. 810 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS ‘‘Many veterinarians have gone to get the ‘Huns’; large dis- tricts are left:without veterinary service while other territories are overcrowded with veterinarians. How can we overcome the situa- tion for the period of the war?’’ Answer by Dr. Geo. Dunphy, Lansing, Mich., State Veterinarian. ‘‘Cholera Immune Herds,’’ County Agricultural Agent Wickard of Van Buren County. | aed Get Together and Keep Together and = Win the War,’’ Harry Lurkins, County Agent. After the presentation of papers the free clinic was held, in charge of Dr. John Neville, assisted by Drs. Howard, Japink, Krieger, Magrane, Clemo, Graham, Bowman, McMichael and Winter. The ladies were entertained with a boat ride and musie¢ while the members held the afternoon session. This was the best attended meeting ever held. Seven new members were taken into the association. : The next meeting will be held in January, date and place to be decided at a later date. KE. C. Goopricn, Secretary and Treasurer. NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY The twenty-eighth annual meeting of the society was to have been held in Brooklyn in the summer of 1917. Due to the uneer- tain status of affairs it was voted by the members to dispense with the usual meeting in order that the veterinarians would be in a better’ condition to meet the demands of the country upon them. As time progressed and it was better known just what our profes- sion could do it was deemed unwise not to hold a meeting this sum- mer. The executive committee accordingly at a meeting held in January decided to submit the proposition to a vote of the mem- bers. A canvass was made and a large majority of those voting chose Ithaca as the place for the meeting. Later the committee fixed on July 24, 25 and 26 as the time. The meeting convened at 10:00 A. M., July 24, at the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University. In place of President J. G. Schurman, who is absent on leave for Y. M. C. A. work abroad, Prof. D. S. Kimball welcomed the society to the Uni- versity. Prof. Kimball is acting president while Dr. Schurman is Te er ee ee ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 811 absent. Attorney Fitch Stephens gave an address of welcome on behalf of the City of Ithaca. Dr. W. B. Switzer did great credit to the society in his response to these two excellent speakers. The most of the first morning was taken up by the addresses of wel- come and the usual order of business of the association. The paper on ‘‘Calf Scours’’ by Dr. W. A. Hagan and Dr. C. M. Carpenter was given at this session. _ The afternoon was taken up with the literary program. Dr. John McCartney gave a paper on ‘‘Some Present Day Problems in Milk Sanitation’’; Dr. W. L. Williams on ‘‘ Abortion and Steril- ity’’, and Dr. Leo Price on ‘‘A Preliminary Report on the Intra- palpebral Mallein Test’’. These papers were all excellent and elicited a great deal of valuable discussion. _ In the evening the members and visitors enjoyed a good dinner at the Clinton House. The after dinner speakers were S. Bruce Wilson, Y. M. C. A. representative with the U. S. Aviation and Vocational schools at Ithaca, and Captain W. E. Muldoon of the V. T. S., Camp Lee, Va. Mr. Wilson was formerly at Camp Dix and was well able to talk on his subject ‘‘How Our Army Is Made’’. Captain Muldoon said that he didn’t know what he was going to talk about when he started and didn’t know what he had said when he was through. With all this handicap he gave a most interesting and instructive talk on the men in the V. T. S. Dr. Way, who was our impromptu toast-master, called on Dr. Wills, Dr. V. A. Moore, and Dr. W. H. Hoskins for short talks. The program for the second day of the meeting was varied and highly instructive. Dr. Cassius Way and Dr. A. G. Hall gave a paper on ‘“*The Tuberculin Test and the Seven-Day Re-Test’’, Dr. A. Slawson on ‘‘Serum Treatment of Canine Distemper—Re- sults During the Present Year’’, Dr. H. S. Beebe on ‘‘A Few Re- marks in Reference to Recent Veterinary Legislation’’, Dr. G. A. Knapp on ‘‘Some Recent Experiences with Hemorrhagic Septice- mia in Cattle’’, Dr. R. W. Gannett on ‘‘Clinical Observations on Foot Diseases of the Horse’’, Dr. H. B. Leonard on ‘‘ Accredited - Herds’’, Dr. 8. A. Goldberg on ‘‘Microscopic Foreign Bodies in ° the Tissues’’, and Dr. E. Sunderville read the paper prepared by Dr. G. 8. Hopkins on ‘‘Facial Sinuses of the Sheep’’. Clinic was held throughout the morning of the third day in the operating rooms of the college. On the evening of the second day Dr. and Mrs. V. A. Moore 812 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS entertained the society at a Lawn Party at their home at 914 East State Street. Refreshments were served. Music and readings helped to entertain their guests throughout the evening. This evening was one of the best parts of the program. For the visit- ing ladies a lunch at the University Club, a motor ride about the city, ‘‘Retreat’’ at the field of the Aviation School, a boat ride on— Lake Cayuga, lunch at the Cafeteria of the Home Economics Build- ing of the University, an organ recital by Prof. J. T. Quarles, a theatre party and the evening entertainments furnished a very pleasant ime. : Dr. Geo. A. Knapp of Millbrook was elected president for the ensuing year, Dr. H. S. Beebe of Albion vice president, Dr. C. E. Hayden of Ithaca secretary-treasurer, and Dr. H. J. Milks of Ithaca librarian. Sixteen new members were recommended by the board of censors and were duly elected to membership. The seventeenth application was received on the last day of the meet- ing and since the applicant is one of the profession most highly eligible he will be elected at the next annual meeting. Dr. James Law and Dr. Wilson Huff were elected to be honorary members of the society. There has never been held a better meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society than the twenty-eighth annual meeting. Attendance, excellency of scientific papers and enter- tainment were all above par. However, the meeting at Brooklyn next year is to be better than the one just closed. C. E. Haypen, Secretary-Treasurer. OREGON AND WASHINGTON VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATIONS The Oregon and Washington Veterinary Medical Associations held a joint meeting at the Imperial Hotel, Portland, Oregon, June 13, 14 and 15, 1918. More than seventy veterinarians were present. This is a much larger number of veterinarians than has ever be-— fore been assembled for any meeting in the Northwest. The two state presidents, Doctor L. C. Pelton of Washington and Doctor S. M. Reagan of Oregon had Doctor 8. B. Nelson, Dean of Veterinary College of Washington State College, preside at the meeting. With Doctor Nelson in the chair, the meeting was called to or-— der Thursday morning June 13 and an address of welcome was ASSOCIATION MEETINGS : 813 given by Mr. C. C. Colt, President of the Union Meat Company of Portland. Doctor Pelton responded. The first paper was by Doc- tor C. W. Lassen of Pendleton on ‘‘The Intrapalpebral Mallein Test’’. Lieut. E. B. Osborne of Camp Lewis led in a discussion of this paper. Lieut. Osborne has tested some 3000 horses with this test in the past three years during which time he has acted as As- sistant State Veterinarian of Oregon or as Veterinarian in the Army. All veterinarians present who have used this test were en- thusiastic in its praise. The next paper was by Doctor W. H. Lytle, State Veterinarian of Oregon, on ‘‘The So-Called Walking Disease of Horses’’. Dis- cussion was led by Doctors Nelson and Simms. This peculiar and baffling disease has appeared in the wheat belt of Oregon and Washington from time to time during the last ten or fifteen years. Losses have been very heavy at some periods. Doctor Lytle seemed to believe that the trouble is quite possibly of parasitic origin- Doctor J. W. Cook of Brownsville read a paper on ‘‘ Diarrhea in Horses’’. He reported that this trouble was very common in his section of Oregon during the past winter. Some seventy-five to eighty cases occurred in a very small area. It was recalled that the past winter had been a very mild one with a great deal of moisture. The possibility of a mold that grew on the hay as being the causative agent was suggested. Doctor Cook reported that practically all cases yielded to treatment very nicely. Several other veterinarians practicing in the Willamette Valley reported that this disturbance was more or less common in their neighbor- hood during the winter months. Doctor E. C. Joss, Federal Inspector in charge of Western Di- vision, read a paper on ‘‘New Zealand and Australian Meat In- spection System and the Possible Adoption of this System in the Pacific Northwestern States’’. The discussion of this paper was led by Doctor E. E. Chase, Chief City Meat Inspector of Portland, Oregon. Two papers on tuberculosis were read, one by Doctor Sam B. Foster, veterinarian in charge of tuberculosis eradication in Oregon and Washington, and the other on Avian tuberculosis by Doctor Peter Hanson, Veterinary Inspector of the City of Port- land. Doctor Foster reported some very interesting results ob- tained in eradicating tuberculosis in the pure-bred herds of the Northwest. Doctor Hanson exhibited a tubercular fowl, showing the disease in the advanced stage. He reported that Avian tuber- 814 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS culosis is very common in the Pacific Northwest and that large numbers of tubercular fowls are slaughtered at Portland. There were three papers on hog cholera. The first was by Mr. W. F. Richter of Portland, Oregon, a representative of the Cutter Laboratories of Berkeley, California. The second was by Doctor Beattie of the Union Stock Yards of Portland, Oregon. The third was by Doctor W. W. Sullivan of Twin Falls, Idaho. Doctor Sulli- van is the Federal Inspector in charge of hog cholera control in the Twin Falls district. It seemed to be the opinion of the veteri- narians present that the serum alone method of vaccination is ad- visable in the major portion of the Northwest. Practicing veteri- narians reported that hog cholera is not at all prevalent in the Northwest at the present time. The State Veterinarians of both Oregon and Washington advise that very few outbreaks of this disease are being reported and that they are being controlled quite nicely through the use of serum alone. Doctor Sullivan emphasized the fact that vaccinating to prevent hog cholera is not a hit or miss method but that it is a scientific procedure requiring the careful work of a scientific man if the proper results are to be obtained. A paper on anthrax was read by Doctor C. A. Jones of Sedro Woolley, Washington. Doctor Jones gave some of his apiece in recent outbreaks of this disease. A paper entitled ‘“‘Diagnosis of Diseases of Sheep’’, nici by Doctor E. T. Baker of Moscow, Idaho, was read by the secretary of the Washington association. This was followed by very inter- esting discussions. A case report by Doctor H. Nunn of Corvallis regarding tetanus in a mare with a suckling foal was read by the secretary of the Oregon association. Doctor C. H. Schultz of the Department of Health and Sanita- tion of Seattle, Washington, read a paper entitled ‘‘Mysterious Losses Among Cattle in the Pacific Northwest’’. This paper re- ported the results of several years’ investigations of diseases of cattle in this section of the country. Doctor Schultz brought out the fact-that coccidia are found in many outbreaks of a so-called mysterious disease among cattle. He exhibited slides showing beautiful specimens of coccidia in all of their various stages. These organisms were obtained upon the feces of animals suffering from the disease. Nearly every veterinarian present reported that ecat- tle losses in his district had been quite common in the past and that symptoms had been very similar to those described by Doctor Schultz. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 815 A portion of Friday, June 14, was spent at the packing plant of the Union Meat Company, Portland, Oregon. A most delightful luncheon was served to the veterinarians by the Meat Company. During the afternoon of the same day the veterinarians visited the slaughter house at which horses are killed for the Portland market. Doctor E. E. Chase, Meat Inspector of the city, slaughtered a tu- bercular cow and demonstrated the method of examining slaugh- tered animals for tuberculosis. On the night of Friday, June 14, a most delightful banquet was served at the Imperial Hotel. Election of officers for the two associations resulted as follows: For the Washington association—Doctor L. C. Pelton of Seattle, president ; Doctor W. Ferguson of Spokane, vice president ; Doctor Carl Cozier of Bellingham, treasurer. For Oregon—Doctor F. E. Eames of The Dalles, president; Doctor Roy Smith of Eugene, first vice president; Doctor B. E. Nevel of Prineville, second vice president ; Doctor Peter Hanson of Portland, fourth vice president ; Doctor B. T. Simms of Corvallis, secretary and treasurer. It was voted to hold another joint meeting in 1920, electing Portland as the meeting place two years hence. On Saturday morning, a polyclinice was held at the hospital of Doctor G. H. Huthman. On Saturday afternoon the veterinarians made an automobile trip up the famous Columbia River Highway. This is considered one of the most scenic highways in America. Even Doctor C. H. Schultz of Seattle admitted that this was the equal of the famous scenery of Switzerland, saying that the trip made him homesick for his Swiss mountains. Thanks are especially due to Doctor E. E. Chase of Portland who, as chairman on the committee of local arrangements, made the joint meeting a most successful one. B. T. Sts. eatiecieee calli som eaicaininh s VIRGINIA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION A‘ter the business transactions of the association and the President’s address the following program was carried through: Some Phases of the Work of the Bureau of Animal Industry in Its Relation to the War—J. R. Mohler, Chief of the B. A. L., Washington, D. C. Antibodies (tissue reacting products) in Their Fight Against Infeetion—G. A. Roberts, Raleigh, N. C. 816 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Thoracic Choke Due to Abnormal Trachea—L. O. Price, Blacksburg, Va. Parturient Apoplexy—W. G. Chrisman, Blacksburg, Va. Lieut.-Colonel C. J. Marshall, Assistant Director of Veteri- nary Service, Washington, D. C., was unable to be present to give his paper on Some Phases of Army Veterinary Activities. On July 12, at 1 o’clock, luncheon was served to sixty mem- bers and guests. The guests of honor were Governor Westmore- — land Davis; President J. D. Eggleston of the Virginia Agricultural College; Hon. J. Thompson Brown, Chairman of the Virginia Livestock Sanitary Board; Dr. G. A. Roberts, Professor of Veteri- nary Science of the A. & M. College, Raleigh, N. C.; Major Gill, Veterinarian in Charge of the U. 8. Embarkation Station at New- port News, Va.; Captain Gregg, in charge of the British Remount Station, Newport News, Va., and Lieut. Glover, his assistant; Cap- tain Dunn, Lieuts. White, Mickle, Kelsey and Naylor. After adjournment many of the veterinarians visited Camp Hill to see the largest veterinary hospital in the world. The next meeting of the association will be at Richmond, Va., Jan. 16 and 17, 1919. W. G. CHRISMAN, Secretary. COLORADO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION By far the most interesting meeting which the Colorado Vet- erinary Medical Association has ever held was their semi-annual gathering at Ft. Collins on June 27 and 28. The attendance was large considering the small size of the association and the interest was very intense. The most important items of business were amendments to the by-laws providing for raising the dues from $2 to $3 per year and striking out the requirement that applicants for membership should hold a license to practice within the State. This latter change resulted immediately in veterinarians from both Wyoming and New Mexico joining the association, there be- ing no organization in either one of these states. Six new members were elected. Entertainment consisted in an automobile ride for the ladies some thirty miles up the Poudre Canon, followed by a pienie lunch near the river for all members and their ladies. The noon luncheon was taken at the mess hall with the two hundred and six soldiers who are located at the college for special training in the Mechanic Arts. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 817 Drs. A. T. Kinsley and H. Jensen of Kansas City were present to add to the interest taken in the program. The president’s address dealt largely with our duties and obligations as veterinarians in the present war. Some cases of probable mistaken diagnosis were detailed by D. C. Patterson, one of them particularly being a ‘question as to diagnosis where hogs were dying of what was vari- ously diagnosed as cholera and necrobacillosis. Hemorrhagic septicemia in sheep was considered more formally by A. A. Hermann and I. E. Newsom, the former giving his expe- rience in treating large numbers of these animals by means of bac- terins and the latter offering a detailed account of some experi- ments which seem to show that the disease is quite prevalent in the State. Later the discussion. became general and nearly every one took part. | Dr. A. W. French, State Veterinarian of Wyoming, read a paper on the ‘‘Intradermal Test for Bovine Tuberculosis’’, giving his experience on many thousands of animals in the State where the testing was conducted from the State Veterinarian’s office. He had no hesitancy in saying that for the conditions as they exist in Wyoming the intradermal test is much to be preferred over the subcutaneous. The high point of the meeting, however, came in the discussion of hog cholera. Dr. E. E. Tobin discussed what constituted a proper fee for the use of biologics. This resulted in the appoint- ment of a committee to report on the question. Dr. A. G. Wad- leigh, who is veterinarian to the Monte Vista Hog Growers’ Asso- ciation, gave some suggestions on vaccinating hogs as the result of his experience. Dr. C. F. Harrington, B. A. I. hog cholera special- ist, working in the State Veterinarian’s office, gave a paper on **Cholera, Its Control and Eradication’’. Dr. A. T. Kinsley dis- cussed very clearly and concisely the differential features of the various diseases which may be confused with hog cholera. His address brought out a great deal of discussion regarding the indi- cation of the various symptoms and lesions which have formerly been considered as being associated with this disease. On the fol- lowing day, Drs. Kinsley, Harrington and Thrower conducted a post mortem examination on two pigs that were affected with a dis- ease that simulated hog cholera. On these animals they exempli- fied what had been brought out in the discussion the day previously. 818 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS In fact, it was the concensus of opinion that this demonstration was the most helpful single event that occurred during the meeting. A round table discussion on ‘‘The Relation of the Veterinarian to the County Agent’’ was led by Dr. G. H. Glover and partici- pated in by Drs. E. H. Lehnert of the University of Wyoming, G. W. Dickey of Colorado Springs and H. T. French, Director of the Extension Department in Colorado. The clinic lasted all day Friday and was replete with interest- ing operations and cases. A demonstration of hog cholera vaccina- tion was given by Dr. H. E. Kingman of the Colorado Agricultural College and Dr. J. D. Thrower of the Denver Hog Ranch Company. Each demonstrated his own technique. After the members had gone many clinic cases remained untouched for want of time. I. E. Newsom, Secretary. ee NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUREAU OF ANIMAL | INDUSTRY VETERINARIANS At the annual meeting of the association the as tempo- rary officers were elected : President, Dr. J..S. Koen, Des Moines, Iowa; eceronee Dr. S. J. Walkley, Milwaukee, Wis.; treasurer, Dr. L. Enos Day, Chi- cago, Ill.; vice presen iatins ie Dr. F. P. St. Clair, Omaha, Neb.; vice president eastern zone, Dr. Leland D. Ives, New York City ; vice president central zone, Dr. M. Guillaume, Chicago, II1.; vice president southern zone, Dr. J. 8S. Grove, Oklahoma City, Okla.; vice president western zone, Dr. B. W. Murphy, Topeka, Kansas. S. J. WaLKLEy, Temporary Secretary. SOUTHERN TIER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION _ The fourth annual meeting of the Southern Tier Veterinary Medical Association was held at Binghamton, N. Y., on July 5, 1918. Thirty-four veterinarians were present. During the morning a clinic was held at the hospital of Dr. x W. Baker, who had provided ample material. The following cases were handled ; Roarer, examined by Dr. P. J. Axtell and pro- nounced inoperable; repulsion of lower molar, Dr. R. R. Bolton and Dr. D. W. Clark; sterile cow, Dr. R. R. Birch; eryptorechid, Dr. P. J. Axtell; tumor, dog, Dr. H. J. Milks. Following luncheon at Hotel Bennett the meeting was called to order ‘by President Battin, and a short business session was held, ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 819 during which nine new applicants were admitted to membership. Dr. H. J. Milks was elected president; Dr. P. J. Axtell, vice presi- dent, and Dr. R. R. Birch was reelected secretary-treasurer. Dr. Leonard of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Tuberculosis Eradication Division, read a very concise and interesting paper entitled ‘‘ Accredited Herds’’ in which he explained the aims and methods of the system followed by the Bureau, with respect to placing herds on the accredited list. This paper was discussed by Dr. V. A. Moore and Dr. J. G. Wills. Dr. Moore directed special attention to the dangers inci- - dent to accrediting herds without the most searching methods of establishing clean bills of health, and to the consequent discredit which might fall on an otherwise excellent system. He stated fur- ther that in districts where herds are badly infected, it is especially dangerous to place too much confidence in the health of animals that fail to react to tuberculin. Dr. Wills brought out the point that in cleaning up herds pre- paratory to placing them on the accredited list, the practicing vet- erinarian has an important part to play, and that it is only through intelligent and sympathetic understanding between herd owner and veterinarian that any progress worth while can be expected. Dr. R. R. Bolton read a carefully prepared and well received paper on “‘The Examination of the Eye’’. This is a phase of vet- erinary medicine that receives too little attention, and Dr. Bolton’s paper covered the subject thoroughly. In the enforced absence of Dr. E. F. Vorhis, who was to read a paper entitled ‘‘The Business Side of a Country Practice’’, Dr. P. J. Axtell discussed the subject extemporaneously, calling atten- tion to the ‘business and professional aspects of veterinary prac- tice. He regarded professional ability as most important. but as- serted that it should be supplemented by business ability and busi- ness methods, as people have no confidence in one who is unbusi- nesslike. Dr. J. W. Ardell discussed the subject from the standpoint of the young practitioner, just establishing a practice. His remarks might be summed up thus: ‘‘Be at your place of business and do not permit that place of business to be a livery stable, unless you are manager,”’ After voting fifty dollars to the relief fund for Belgian and French veterinarians the meeting adjourned. R. R. Bircu, Secretary. REVIEW THE CORNELL VETERINARIAN—SHEEP NUMBER 3 _ Vol. VIII, No. 3, July, 1918 From time to time and as conditions have warranted, it has been the policy of the Cornell Veterinarian to publish special num- bers or to use single issues for opportune subjects. The regular July issue is devoted to sheep. The editor, Dr. E. M. Pickens, and Dr. V. A. Moore each have editorials that are succinct. The part that the veterinarian may and should play in giving aid in the re- vival of the sheep industry as an important national industry is very aptly shown in the editorial by Dean Moore. : Following the editorial pages there are nine leading articles. ‘Farm Flock Husbandry’’ is presented by M. J. Smith, Depart- ment of Animal Husbandry, Cornell University. Dr. G. S. Hop- kins has an illustrated and instructive article on ‘‘The Paranasal or Facial Sinuses of Sheep’’. The knowledge of these sinuses is essential to the veterinarian should it become necessary to remove the larvae of oestrus ovis from them. Dr. E. Sunderville has writ- ten on the ‘‘ Anatomy of the Digestive Tract of Sheep’’. and C. E. Hayden on ‘‘Digestion in the Sheep’’. ‘‘The Veterinarian and Sheep Practice: Especially as It Relates to Intestinal Parasites’’, delivered before the students of the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University by Dr. Cooper Curtice of the Bureau of Animal Industry, is extremely practical and helpful. Dr. James Law has written a thorough discussion on ‘‘ Digestive Disorders (colic) in Sheep’’. This article is followed by one from the pen of Dr. V. A. Moore on ‘‘Infectious Diseases of Sheep’’. The discussion is the usual clear, scientific presentation for which the author is noted. ‘‘Obstetrics of Sheep’’ should and does receive considera- tion at the hands of Dr. W. L. Williams. The readers of the number are fortunate to have these three articles from the men of all the profession most competent to write them. Dr. J. N. Frost and Dr. FE. B. Hopper have a short but helpful paper on ‘‘Docking and Castration of the Young Lamb’’. There are six case reports, ali of which are written from sheep practice. The extraneous matter in the number is very little. Practically all of it is given over to the sheep industry. As one reads the issue it cannot but be felt that its purpose to stimulate the interest and knowledge of both breeders and veterinarians in the revival of the sheep industry will be fulfilled. | C. E. Haypen. MISCELLANEOUS EDITOR DALRYMPLE As the last form is closing, word has reached us that Dr. W. H. Dalrymple of the Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge, La., has accepted the editorship of the JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VET- ERINARY MepicaL Association. Doctor. Dalrymple is too well known in the American veterinary profession to require an eulogy from us. His broad experience, his high-mindedness upon all ethi- eal questions, his staunch patriotism and his cosmopolitanism, are guarantees of the future success of the JouRNAL. We ask for him complete and loyal cooperation. With the publication of this number, which completes the sixth volume of the New Series, we retire in favor of Doctor Dal- rymple, to whom all JouRNAL communications should be addressed in the future. PAS. —Dr. E. P. Caldwell, formerly at Caldwell, Idaho, is now at 323 Federal Bldg., Salt Lake, Utah. —Dr. L. B. Fox has removed from Bartlesville to 215 Exchange Bldg., Oklahoma City, Okla. —Dr. B. L. Cook has removed from Farmington, Minn., to Red Wing, Minn. —The annual meeting of the Eastern Iowa Veterinary Associa- tion will be held Oct. 16 and 17, 1918, at Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The meeting will probably be held at the Montrose Hotel, which will be the headquarters for the committee for registration of members. —-366,392 War ANmmats PurcHAsep FoR THE ArMy. The War Department authorizes the following: The number of animals purchased by the Remount Jivision of the Quartermaster Corps from the beginning of the war. Aprii 6, 1917, to July 15, 1918, is as follows: United States: — Horses Mules Total ey ps oe ta ci eee dag tg tae 174,676 123,640 298,316 pea 5 os sions tw ekl ne oe ee 4,238 EO Fo eh i onl soi ehh edie hs CaaS LAR e ES 58,093 5,745 63,838 NNT Soe oe 4 pdb cee wes EE Coe Een Bak 237,007 129,385 366,392 —Horse Meat In FRANCE. The people of France are eating two thousand donkeys and mules and three hundred horses a day. The average weight of those slaughtered for meat is 500 pounds. Last year about 70,000 horses were utilized as meat. The British Army furnishes 200 horses a day. The best cuts sell at about 36 cents a 822 MISCELLANEOUS pound. By utilizing horse meat as human food, France has re- lieved the meat shortage to a great extent. Wounded horses which are not fit for war service are sold at prices ranging, in our money, from about $14 to $128. There is said to be an abundant supply. —A mysterious cattle disease resembling paralysis is causing large losses to Transvaal farmers. The disease is believed to be connected in some way with an outbreak of infantile paralysis or poliomyelitis among human beings in the same districts. -. —Denmark’s stock of swine, which amounted to about 2,500,000 head at the outbreak of the war, has now dropped to 400,000, ac- cording to latest estimates. Further serious inroads on this stock are being compelled by the impossibility of importing fodder, principally corn. In 1913 Denmark’s total exports of pork were nearly 250,000 tons, of which just under one-half went to England. All exports have now been stopped, and the outlook for supplying the domestic consumption’s requirements will be dark if the war continues much longer. —TRIBUTE TO THE Horse. Says a writer: ‘‘God bless the noble animal, he is everywhere when wanted, doing everything required of him. Charging in the face of fire and like a perfectly drilled battalion, carrying cavalry riders across plas, down deep ra- vines or up rugged steeps, failing only when.either nature becomes exhausted or the bullet from a foeman’s gun lays him low. There is no load too heavy for him to draw, no surface so dangerous as to cause him to refuse to strain every ounce of strength, no quag- mire too deep or broad but what he bends nobly, resolutely to the task which has been given him. Ever and always he is at his mas- ter’s call. —The 11th annual meeting of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Chemists was held at Cedar Point, Ohio, June 17- 20. It is reported to be the most successful meeting in the history of the association. Professor Kremers described his work as head of the Wisconsin Pharmaceutical Experiment Station, the only in- stitution of its kind in the country. He asked for cooperation and — assistance in arousing Congress to the need for appropriating the — necessary funds for the experimental culture of medicinal plants on a large scale. Their cultivation is of national importance in the promotion of the self reliance of the United States in the eis tion of medicines. MISCELLANEOUS ; 823 —Carrie Dippinc Breaks Recorps. Reports to the Bureau of Animal Industry disclose that May set a new record in the work of eradicating the cattle-fever tick. In that month the number of cattle dipped was 5,468,600, the largest number reported in any one month since the campaign began actively in 1906. The big fig- ures are believed to indicate the unanimity with which southern livestock raisers have joined in the fight to free the South from the tick by 1921. The number of dipping vats available in May was 25,911 and 338 Federal inspectors, 284 State inspectors, and 1,426 county inspectors supervised the work. _ —Prompr VETERINARY TREATMENT. Not long ago a farmer of the old school experimented for a couple of weeks on his sick hogs. He fed a hog tonic and various concoctions the knowledge of which he inherited from ancestral swine breeders, but a few more hogs got sick each day and they began to die faster and faster. He winced under the strain as hog after hog went under the sod. He thought it might be cholera, but he did not know. Finally his wife persuaded him to eall a graduate veterinarian and to agree to fol- low his suggestions. She thus virtually secured a promise that her husband would vaccinate his remaining hogs and stop the loss. A post mortem revealed unmistakable cholera lesions and all the hogs on the place, big and little, were given the serum and virus, with the exception of a few very young litters. Over 150 head were treated and thirty of them were noticeably sick. Only seventeen of these died and all of the others were saved. He paid $137 for the treatment—the value of four of the fifteen hogs that he had buried during his trial of home doctoring. _ After recounting this experience and the outcome, this gray- haired man declared that the burial of $450 worth of hogs had taught him that prompt veterinary advice and treatment is the best investment a farmer can make when an animal is seriously sick and he does not know what will cure it. He regretted that he had not: called the veterinarian sooner, but he thanked his lucky stars—and his wife—that he called the doctor when he did. _ The high value on livestock will doubtless serve to teach many others that the money paid for needed veterinary services is well invested. The moment an owner admits to himself that he does not quite know what is wrong or what will cure an ailing animal, it is time for him to call the veterinarian. A few dollars spent for such 824 MISCELLANEOUS service during the year will save a few hogs or calves, a cow or a horse. It is a better interest-paying investment than Liberty Bonds and just as necessary for the feeding of the national army.— Breeders’ Gazette. —Arps IN FurnisHing ArMy Remounts. The United States De- partment of Agriculture is cooperating with the War Department in producing horses for the Army. G. A. Bell of the Department of Agriculture has recently returned from Virginia, Vermont, and New Hampshire, where, with a representative from the War De- partment, 135 horses were purchased. These horses were 3-year- olds and were purchased from farmers who bred their mares to stallions owned by the Department of Agriculture. Through an agreement made by farmers and the Government, the Government agrees to pay $150 for each colt sired by Government-owned stal- lions, provided it passes the requirements of the War Department, or the farmer, by paying the service fee, can keep the colt for his own use. WOMEN’S AUXILIARY TO THE A. V. M. A. At a meeting held at Philadelphia, Aug. 19, 1918, the follow- ing officers were elected : Mrs. W. H. Hoskins, president; Mrs. H. Jensen, Kansas City, Mo., vice president; Mrs. Chas. E. Cotton, Minneapolis, Minn., recording secretary ; Mrs. Lockhart, Kansas City, Mo., correspond- ing secretary. The following Constitution and By-Laws were adopted: WOMEN’S AUXILIARY ARTICLE I SECTION 1. This organization shall be known as WOMEN’S AUXILIARY TO TH AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. : ARTICLE IT SEcTION 1. The object of this association is to give necessary financial assistance to the family of any veterinarian engaged in war work if his life has been forfeited in pursuance of such work, or if he has been temporarily or permanently disabled. ARTICLE IIT Section 1. The sisters or sister, wife, daughter or daughters and mother of a veterinarian who is eligible to A. V. M. A. membership shall be eligible to membership. Contributing members may be carried from year to year when contributions are made by others than those eligible to regular membership. ARTICLE IV Section 1. Meetings shall be regular and special. Sec. 2. Regular meetings shall be held annually at the time of the meet- — hes ae Lee . ai PP aE OR ee MISCELLANEOUS 825 ing of the A. V. M. A. The exact date to be chosen by the hostesses and presi- dent. waite Sec. 3. Special meetings may be called by the president or on written re-_ quest signed by fifty members. No other business shall be transacted except what is stated in the call for the same. ARTICLE V Secrion 1. The officers of the association shall consist of a president, 1st, 2nd, 3rd vice presidents, secretary, corresponding secretary, treasurer, and an auditing committee of three appointed by the president. See. .2. The officers and chairmen of permanent committees shall consti- tute an executive board. : See. 3. The officers shall be elected at a regular annual meeting and hold office for two years from the date of their election. Vacancies in the office of the secretary or treasurer shall be filled by appointment for the unexpired term by the president. ; Sec. 4. The chairman of the permanent committee shall be appointed by the president. Sec. 5. The treasurer shall pay out money on vouchers countersigned by the president and secretary. See. 6. The treasurer shall account to the association for all moneys re- ceived. She shalt give bond to the association in the sum of $1000.00, accepta- ble to the executive board. At the expiration of her term of office she shall account for and turn over to her successor in office all moneys, vouchers and account books belonging to the association. By-Laws ARTICLE I Section 1. Twenty-five per cent of the women registered at any meeting shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. ARTICLE II Secrion 1. There shall be an initiation fee of fifty cents. The annual dues shall be fifty cents payable in advance on or before date of annual meet- ing. Any member two years in arrears for dues shall be automatically .dropped from the roll of membership. Reinstatement on payment of arrearages and approval of the committee on membership or éxecutive committee. ARTICLE IIT Section 1. Nominations for office shall be made orally, not more than three nominees for each office. A majority of all the votes cast shall be neces- sary to elect. See. 2. The officers shall assume their duties at the close of the annual meeting at which they are elected. THe Horse tro His MAstTer I am a Horse! You are a Man: I’ve been your slave since I began. And though I’m strong enough to shake My shackles off and make a break For freedom that would lift the lid, You’ve noticed that I never did. By day and night I’ve worked for you 826 MISCELLANEOUS And done the best that I could do; And though I may not always like ‘Your methods, yet I never strike ; In heat or cold, in wet or dry I’m always ready—Glad to try To do the very most I can To satisfy my master, man. Therefore, my master, if you please, Considering such facts as these, Say, don’t you think it ought to be Your pleasure to look out for me, If for no other reason than My greater usefulness to man? Of course, you might be worse, I know You sometimes treat your own kind so, but I’m a Horse, And truer than the man-slave to his master, man, And furthermore, my nature is Much more dependent than is his. © And as I trust you, Sir, you should Do all you can to make it good. Nor do I ask a lot, I guess, To be a fairly fair suecess—Good food, good shelter and anes care, I think it just about my share, no other pay I ask— No touch I make, but this.—Is that too much? ; —W. J. Lampron. —The use of horsefiesh for human consumption in France has greatly increased. Last year more than 70,000 horses were killed for food in Paris. oe rat ae i ene fee Ms Fos ee TQ Ke ed re ES ty gia: at BF es iP? ae ae al Peake eee SSN Sader ee ai Vf Sm grt. | SF American Veterinary 601 Medical Association A5 Journal v.53 cop.2 Biological & Medical Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY STORAGE