J Neen ete OO rg chs nares eps onaare ne area EE re eae nner e rae arn ent tt a a pire Sat a Ce A IRE Degeneres 2 > abe poets CE rer: sa em a an 4 .... oe Boy _ Digitized by the Internet / in 2009 with funding t f oront ene iy 1. oy ay he eee 0, = Po) We, ea i) eee TIP) ull” ee iS be MOR as) 0) a et a) 1 .! : j - | t 7 i? : @ JOURNAL OF THE Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society VOLUME XXXIV 1918-1919 ISSUED QUARTERLY z\ 4° ub : ig Aa PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY Epwarps & BrouGcHToN PRINTING Co. RALEIGH 1919 To.¥ ie CONTENTS Tur Lacrarras or Nortu Carortrna. W. C. Coker......... 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTEENTH Annuat MEErINnG OF THE Nortu Carorina ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.:..........--- 65 LuMINESCENCE oF Zrrcons. F. P. Venable..........-.--- 73 Tue Sun’s Ecursz, June 8, 1918: Question. John F. OTE hc AS oot) O10 C00, AIC OP RCI 76 ALTERNATION AND PartTHENOGENESIS IN Papina. Jas. J. SIGE) OMe ls. s\-.<-- aber, ¢ oai0is/oahe eyesore Meraenean SeysLANS =e) 78 Tue Amertcan Prrcner-Piants. Roland M. Harper....... 110 Extension OF THE RANGE oF Prunus Umperrata Into Norte Wxronmpa. J. S. Holmesnsmerecereeece Sar tere 126 Apprrions To THE ARBoRESCENT Frora or NorrH Carona. TR IS 1 Sc m5 Cac er, Sn, oe ORCL ONCE 130 Report or An INVESTIGATION AS TO THE Cause OF DEATH OF Cuicks in SuHett iy Artrricran Incusation. H. B. AAG ae ern CC Ee RR eee its (6) a) a: ais eT 141 Brier Comparison oF THE HerpeToLoaicaL Faunas or Norte Carorina anp Vireinta. C.S. Brimley.........2.... 146 Eqmunation From anp Appitions To THE NortH CaRoLina List or Reptiies anpD Ampuipians. C. 8S. Brimley..... 148 AGVaASrrero om Isuanp. W..C. Cokenmaseeee. 2 oe a0 > 150 TET O7TDAT gee eonorel.6 0 00 Olatato aia Be ieilsie, steus aie Googie 154 Inpustriat Appiications or Zirconium AND Irs Compounps. it”, 12, VG ae coe oc Op Cop oeo OOS es atentexs 157 Tur Hypnums or Nortu Carorina. W. C. Coker......... 163 A New Species or Amanita. H.C. Beardslee............ ; 198 JS SyeY oe See T anna = OL9T “ON ‘IIGUYVITV SOIYVLOVI 1 ALVId 1918 | Tue Lacrartas or Norra CaroLina 13 A large, brittle, deeply infundibuliform plant with velvety cap and stem, distant, cream-colored gills, and white, acrid milk, which slowly changes to olive and then deeper. It is most like L. vellereus and L. subvellereus Pk., but is easily distinguished by its decided color, milk turning olive green then red-brown on exposure, veined gills, lavender pink tint of stem surface and cut flesh. The dried plants of all the collections are distinctive in appearance and are unlike specimens of any form of L. subvellereus or of L. vellereus, particu- larly in regard to the stem, which is whitish and not rich buff or cinnamon and lacks the smooth velvety appearance of the others. The dried gills are a dark reddish-brown with a dull olive tint and are often very glaucous from the spores. I take pleasure in naming this species for Mr. H. A. Allard, my first assistant in botany, who is now with the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1154. In hollow southeast of athletic field, July 16, 1914. Two photos. 1176. Near branch, about 200 yards west of Meeting of the Waters, July 21, 1914. Milk becoming a distinct olive green; spores pure white, ellip- tic or subspherical, usually smooth, 5.5-7 x 7-104. 1178. In hollow southeast of athletic field, July 21, 1914. 1670. In mixed woods not far from Meeting of the Waters Branch, July 28, 1915. Photo. Type. 1726. Sandy soil in woods by branch north of Meeting of the Waters, Septem- ber 10, 1915. ‘Spores subspherical to short-elliptic, mostly quite smooth, a few minutely or doubtfully roughened, 6-8 x 7-9 y. 1874. In mossy, shaded, low place by branch, one-quarter miles below Meeting of the Waters, September 24, 1915. Photo. Three plants exactly like No. 1670, except that the gills were only sub-distant. 2329. Woods near branch above Meeting of the Waters, June 30, 1916. Ten fine plants; spores sub-globose, doubtfully roughened under highest power, 6-7 x 78.54. 2345. Damp woods by road to Scott’s Hole, July 3, 1916. 2446. Deciduous woods north of Mr. M. F. Phillips’, Yadkin College, North Carolina, about August 15, 1916. 2748. Low woods, Battle’s Park, July 21, 1917. 6. Lactarius deceptivus Pk. Puates 8, 9, anp 40. Cap usually about 10-11 em. broad, deeply umbilicate, at first with the margin arched and strongly inrolled, later more expanded and 14 JOURNAL oF THE MircHELyt Society [June infundibuliform with the margin uplifted, still inrolled, outline rather regular, or lobed and unevenly developed on one side; surface quite glabrous except on the margin, which is typically covered with a soft, tomentose, cottony roll, appearance of white kid at first, with buff or brownish-ochraceous or cinnamon stains, then more or less cracking or roughish and more chalky looking. Flesh about 7 mm, thick at stem, pure white, elastic, not brittle, rather slowly but decidedly acrid, and with an unpleasant taste, thinning quickly on the inrolled portion; smell like sour bread, strong after maturity. Milk white, unchanging, acrid, sparce. Gills rather crowded, in age less so, appearing slightly decurrent, 3.5-4.5 mm. wide in center, narrow at each end, white at first, then pallid cream, with an olive tint as they begin to dry, turning ochra- ceous or dull brown when bruised, some forked. Margin regular and even, remarkable for the fine fibers which often stretch across from gill to gill and are made visible by the spores that stick to them. They may be seen both in half-grown and mature plants. Stem about 2-3 em. long and 1.5-2.5 em. thick at top, tapering downward and firmly attached at the blount base by fine mycelium ; surface beautifully and densely soft white tomentose all over, quite firm and solid all through, the flesh like that of the cap, but at times with ochraceous stains. Spores (of No. 1877) white, regularly elliptic, distinctly tubercu- late, 7.4-8 x 10.6-11.2n. The plants grow among leaves and are often covered by them. The white mycelium is conspicuous running from the base of the stem. This species is much like L. velereus, but the cap is not tomentose as in that species except for the marginal roll, the spores are strongly warted, and dried plants are much lighter. It is also shaped like L. piperatus, but is easily distinguished from that species by the tomentose stem and much deeper and less crowded gills. For an illustration in color see N. Y. St. Mu. Rep. 54: Pl. 70. 1902. 121. Chapel Hill, October 24, 1910. 558. Pine and oak woods near path south of campus, October 14, 1912. 883. In leaves, mixed woods south of cemetery, October. 5, 1913. Photo. Spores tuberculate, 6.5-9.2 x 7411 y. 5 PLATE 2749 No. LACTARIUS DECEPTIVUS. 88 ON ‘SNAILdHOHdC SNIUVLOVT 6 ALVId hy 1918] Tue Lacrarias or NortH CaroLina 15 1877. Sandy soil in path by branch north of Meeting of the Waters, Septem- ber 27, 1915. This is L. deceptivus, but is distinguished from the usual form by the entire absence of tomentum on the margin at all ages, by the closer and narrower gills. The smooth margin is proba- bly due to the very dry weather. 2831. Low, damp deciduous woods at foot of Lone Pine Hill, September 14, 1917. Photo. Nearly white, but soon with buffy stains, old wounds changing to buffy-cinnamon. Spores strongly warted, 6.6-7.8 x 9-11). Blowing Rock. Atkinson. N. C. mountains, 1,006 to 1,675 meters elevation. Burlingham. Asheville. Beardslee. 7. Lactarius rusticanus (Scop.) Burl. L. pyrogalus Fr. Prates 10, 11, anv 40. Cap 10 em. broad, nearly flat, the center depressed. Surface smooth except for a scurfy appearance from the collapse in places of the lighter superficial layer; color a peculiar earthy gray-brown (near light drab—Ridgway) with zones of deeper soaked brown. Flesh white, thick, firm, unchanging. Milk white, moderately acrid, chang- ing slowly to a light greenish-brown. Gills light creamy-white, becoming fleshly-cream and sordid when bruised, ochraceous-buff at maturity, moderately close, about 4 mm. deep in center, scarcely pruinose. Stem very smooth, even, brownish silvery-gray to ochraceous-buff, solid, 3-4.5 em. long, 1-1.5 em. thick. Spores (of No. 1166) cream color, spherical, tuberculate, one oil drop, 6.5-7.4u. Miss Burlingham gives the range of this species as south only to Maryland. 1166. In sand in bottom of dry-weather branch, below sphagnum moss bed, July 20, 1914. Photo. 1615. Damp sandy soil just below Emerson’s Pond, July 16, 1915. Photo. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. 16 JOURNAL OF THE MircHELL Socrery [June 8. Lactarius atroviridis Pk. Prates 12 anp 40. A firm heavy plant up to 10 em. in diameter, with very short stem. Cap covered with a deep green tomentose-fibrous superficial layer which is distributed in different degrees in expanding: where it is thinnest the color is less intense. Flesh about cartilage color, scarcely changing when eut. Milk white, changing after a good while to a light dull green, very peppery. Gills reaching stem, and in some cases slightly decurrent, only 3.5-5 mm. deep, not crowded, many short, but no forked ones, pallid flesh color changing to dull green then dirty earth color when bruised. Stem short, 2.5-4.6 em. long, 1.5-2.2 em. broad at top, tapering downward, very fragile, stuffed, but hollowed by grubs. Its surface is like that of the cap, and it is also blotched in the same way with deeper and lighter green. Spores light cream, spherical, distinctly tuberculate, 6.5-7.4 in diameter. Not before reported south of the District of Columbia. - For an illustration in color see Mycologia 8: Pl. 187. 1916. 790. Woods in Battle’s Park, September 19, 1913. 872. About twenty feet from the brook in Battle’s Park, behind Dr. Wheeler’s house, October 3, 1913. Photo. ‘Spores as above, 5.5-8.3,. 903. Woods, Battle’s Park, September, 1913. 1721. Growing in woods near branch west of Meeting of the Waters, Septem- ber 9, 1915. 2300. Mixed woods south of Dr. Pratt’s, June 28, 1916. 9. Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff.) Pers. Prates 13 anv 40. Cap large, usually 10-12.5 em. broad, strongly depreseed in center to nearly infundibuliform, the margin involute until full maturity, surface zonate, dull-ochraceous or lighter creamy-tan with tints of pink or lavender pink at times, and in our plants always more or less distinctly zonate, viscid, felted tomentose on the marginal third until maturity, the margin most felted and remaining visibly so until full maturity or old age. Flesh only 6-7 mm. thick at stem, white, un- (391) ST9T Due (}USI1) 99TT “SON “SQNVOILSOUY SNIYUVLOVT OF HLV Id , Z - 4 Cd ‘ = a aD sy ie Po = mH 99TT ON ‘SONVOILSNUY SQAIYUVLOVT ei ) Wy, = ~ ~~ ~ a ‘ ae Sa . a =a = TS = -- SS op ne = = ee It LV Td PLAGE 12 No. 872 LACTARIUS ATROVIRIDIS. 1918 | Tue Lacrartas or Norra Carorina iN7 changing or (in a Chapel Hill form) turning when cut (if not too old) to light pink with or without a light tint of lavender; odor very slight, pleasant. Milk abundant, light creamy white, not changing, very acrid, but not otherwise disagreeable. Gills crowded, narrow, only 3-4 mm. wide, nearly equal, the whole wavy, attached, some forking at the stem, nearly white, then creamy, then maize yellow with a distinct flesh tint, turning sordid brown when bruised. Stem short, stout, 2.5-3 em. long, and 1.6-2.2 em. thick, usually equal, minutely pruinose-felted or somewhat smoothish, nearly white with more or less distinct yellowish scrobiculate spots, and sometimes with lavender-pink tints, firm and brittle, becoming hollow, the flesh at times becoming pink when cut. Spores yellowish, elliptic, strongly tuberculate, 5.5-7.4 x 7.4-9.2h. Easily recognized by the large size, felted margin, and unchanging acrid milk. Distinguished from L. cilictoides by zoned cap with center smooth and less bright color of the gills when dry. It is poi- sonous, but the poison is said to disappear on cooking (Ford. Jour. Phar. and Exp. Ther. 2:296. 1911). The species is described as having unchanging flesh, and this was true of our No. 764. In Nos. 2361 and 2393, on the other hand, the flesh turned pinkish when cut, though in other respects the plants were just like the typical form. The colored figure, given in Mycologia 8: Pl. 87. 1916, would give a very misleading idea of our plant. Dried plants of this species at the New York Botanical Gardens appear exactly like ours. 764. Woods near Battle’s Brook, Chapel Hill, September 14, 1913. Milk white, unchanging, decidedly acrid; pock-marks on stem, small and faint; no forked gills; flesh and gills not turning lilac or pink when cut or bruished; spores warted and ridged, 6.6-7.5 X 7.5-8.5y- This is typical L. torminosus. 2361. Under cedars behind President’s house, July 5, 1916. Photo. 2393. Under cedars behind President’s house, July 18, 1916. In this and in No. 2361, representing numerous plants, the flesh turned light pink when cut. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. Asheville. Beardslee. Pisgah Forest. Burlingham. 2 18 JOURNAL oF THE MitcHEeLL Socrety [June 10. Lactarius subtorminosus n. sp. Prate 40. Cap 5-6 em. broad, irregular, coarsely tomentose, whitish with creamy or honey-colored zones, margin involute. Gills crowded, 2-3 mm. broad, a few forked, cream at maturity, turning pink then light smoky-brown when cut. Stem 1.5 em. long, tapering downward, 1.1-1.5 cm. thick above, white with a few creamy dots, densely but minutely tomentose all over, or with a few scrobiculate spots, hollow. Milk white, very sparce, quite mild. Taste of flesh like cypress wood. Spores moderately warted and ridged, subspherical, 5.8-6.5 x 6.5-Tp. This differs from L. torminosus (our pink-changing form) in the quite mild milk and much smaller spores. It differs from L. speci- osus in change to pink and smoky, not heliotrope, and in the much smaller spores. 2813. In weeds and shrubs by sidewalk near Mrs. Gore’s house, July 3, 1917- = Type. 11. Lactarius furcatus n. sp. Puates 14 anp 40. Cap 6-10 cm. broad, infundibuliform at maturity with the margin plane and narrowly revolute; surface with low, felted tomentum all over and remaining so, moderately viscid when wet, yellowish ochra- ceous, faintly many-zoned; margin not striate. Flesh white with distinct zones of dull ochraceous, up to 7 mm. thick near stem; no decided odor. Milk not abundant, white, then after many minutes a distinct glaucous green and remaining this color indefinitely ; mod- erately acrid. Gills quite crowded, very narrow, only 1.5-1.8 mm. wide, all fork- ing three or four times, color fleshy-ochraceous with a tint of salmon. Stem 2-3 em. long and about 1.3 em. thick, firm, solid, and tough, surface light yellowish with small ochraceous spots. 13 PLATE 2361 No. LACTARIUS TORMINOSUS. HdAL ‘3800 ON ‘SOLVOUNM SOIYVLOVT VE ULV Id 1918] Tue Lactartas or Norto Carorina 19 Spores fleshy-ochraceous, short-elliptic, faintly tuberculate, pointed and somewhat bent at one end, 3.5-4 x 3.7-6.6p. This large and very distinct species is decidedly marked by its crowded, much-forked gills, tomentose cap, and acrid milk which becomes green. It seems to be related most closely to L. torminosus, from which it is easily separated by its forked gills, green milk, and its nearly smooth and much smaller spores. 2232. Bank of New Hope Creek, near Durham bridge, June 24, 1916. Photo. Type. 12. Lactarius cilicioides Fr. Prats 15. Cap 4-9 em. broad, usually about 6-7 em., sharply depressed in center, usually irregular and lobed; the margin extending beyond the gills and strongly inrolled when young, becoming plane only at full maturity or remaining sharply bent down; surface quite viscid, and often cracked and roughened, azonate, covered with viscid fibers which are usually stuck together and collapsed on the surface. In some cases a superficial, thin, viscid, shiny pellicle seems to cover the fibers. On the incurved margin the tomentum appears as a dense roll of coarsely woven and partly fused fibers which collapse at ma- turity. Color rather uniform, being a rather light “orange buff” or “pale yellow-orange,” the central depression sometimes water soaked and deeper in color. Flesh about 8 mm. thick near stem, light and fleshy cream color, very spongy and dry like sponge cake; taste de- cidedly peppery; milk often entirely absent, even in young plants; when present very scant, white and remaining so, quite acrid. Gills rather crowded, very little branched, about 4-6 mm. deep in middle, narrowing toward the stem and reaching it with a slight depression, lightly decurrent by lines in most cases; color a light cream with a pinkish tint at first, becoming a light creamy pinkish buff when mature. . Stem very short, varying from 1-2 em. long, and from 8-15 mm. thick, tapering downward; surface about color of cap, or with a more 20 JOURNAL OF THE MircHELL Society [| June pinkish tint, sometimes marked with darker blotches below, nearly smooth or with a thin scurfy tomentum especially below. Flesh solid, colored like that of the cap, but much firmer. Spores pure white, warted, sperical to short elliptic, +.6-6.4 x 6.4- 9.2p. In spite of some peculiarities, this plant seems too close to L. silicio- ides Fr. to be separated, and I shall consider it a short-stemmed form of that species. In shape, texture of cap, and very short stem it re- sembles L. atroviridis. Distinguishing qualities are: absence of latex (or very scant) ; very short stem; surface of dense compacted fibers which are viscid when wet; inrolled margin covered when young with a roll of loose and not very long fibers which soon collapse; absence of zones, and yellowish orange color. This is the first record of this European plant in the Southern States, and it has been found only a few times in the North. Dis- tinctly a boreal species, occurring in cold weather in fall and spring, and always near pines on uplands. 972. Many plants in all stages, growing among pines in hillside pasture on west side of Glenn Burnie Farm, November 11, 1913. Two photos. These plants were found at the same time and place with a large number of plants of Boletus brevipes, and these two are remarkably” alike in size, shape, length of stem, and place and time of growth. There had been hard freezing the preceding two nights and many of the plants were frozen when found. Microscopic examination of the flesh of the cap shows very loosely woven fibers with open places between them and almost no vesicular cells, latex quite absent at all stages in this lot, none being visible even with a lens in young plants just collected. 1441. In pines northeast of Piney Prospect, October 28, 1914. Photo. 3015. In sedge among pines near Cobb’s Terrace, April 21, 1918. No visible milk, spores 5 Xx 6-7y- These plants were typical and showed a very little milk, which was quite peppery and white and unchanging. The milk was so scarce as not to be noticed unless carefully looked for. Spores white, subspherical to elliptic, warted, one large oil drop, 4.2-5.1 x 5.1-7.6 4. In these plants the fibrous nature of the cap was not noticeable except near the margin. The surface elsewhere was shiny and nearly smooth from the collapsed and fused, viscid fibers. 6146 ‘ON ‘SHCIOIOITIO SNIYVLOVI St ALV Id 1918 | Tue Lacrarras or Norra Carorra 21 13. Lactarius scrobiculatus (Scop.) Fr. Prates 16 anp 40. Cap up to 12 cm. broad, deeply depressed in center and finally in- fundibuliform, margin even, incurved, distinctly tomentose at first, glabrous or nearly so at maturity, surface rather light brownish- yellow or pale buffy-yellow, distinctly or scarcely zoned, the super- ficial layer a whitish, slightly shining material which seems collapsed in zones and areas, thus giving the surface a roughish appearance under a glass, viscid when moist; flesh rather thin, firm, white, turn- ing yellow when cut, odor noticeable and rather soapy. Milk quite acrid, white, then changing quickly to sulphur-yellow. Gills subdistant to rather close, pale creamy-flesh color, turning sulphur-yellow when cut, then brownish, slightly decurrent, none or few forked, 5-10 mm. wide in middle. Stem 3-4.5 em. long, tapering downward, 1-2.8 cm. thick in center, firm, hollow, surface glabrous, typically marked all over with more or less cireular or elliptic brownish yellow pits that are usually of very variable size, surface between them a light cream color or pure white. Rarely the spots are absent, as in our Coll: No. 1863. The stem is frequently furnished with a distinct elevated ridge near the top which represents the collapsed fibers which connected it with the gills in youth. Spores (of No. 2371) creamy white, distinctly warted, elliptic, 4.8-6.3 x 6.3-7.4p. Our Chapel Hill form of this species is a large squat plant that seems confined to pine or mixed pine and deciduous woods. The gills are not crowded and are slightly tinted with flesh-color. 1863. On rocky, wooded hillside, Rocky Ridge Farm, September 22, 1915. Photo. Spores 5-5.5 X 6.6-7.5y- Stem not spotted. 1957. In rather dry soil, pine woods between Strowd’s Spring and Howell's Branch, November 3, 1915. 1965. Under pines near old “Rock Quarry,’ November 7, 1915. Spores ellip- tic, tuberculate, 6.2-7.5 x 7-8.2 4. 2371. Pine woods (with oaks) southwest of athletic field, July 5, 1916. Spores creamy with a faint salmon tint, elliptic, tuberculate, 4.8-6.3 x 6.3-7.4 4. Gills subdistant, 10 cm. wide. Asheville. Beardslee. 22 JourNaL oF THE MircuEtnt Socrery [June 14. Lactarius insulsus Fr. Puatres 17 ann 40. Cap medium to large, usually about 7-10 em. and up to 15 em. wide, deepiy depressed in center, smooth all over, moderately viscid when wet, varying greatly in color, deep orange to pale buff or straw color, conspicuously and regularly zoned, or very obscurely so, especially when old and wet, and in pale-colored plants (as in No. 1637). Flesh white when young, becoming buff in age, up to 6 mm. thick near the stem, firm; odor somewhat acrid, but not nearly so strong or of the same character as in Lactarius coleopteris. Milk white, rather slowly but very acrid, unchanging, sparse. Gills ochraceous-buff, deeper in color than most other species, ap- pearing somewhat decurrent by the shape of the cap, nearly equal in width their whole length, and about 4-7 mm. deep, of unequal length, rarely forked, rather inconspicuously veined, varying from moder- ately close to quite distant. Stem 2.5-5 em. long, varying much in thickness, pointed at base, light creamy-buff or with a flesh tint, often vaguely spotted, but not with the conspicuous pock marks of L. scrobiculatus, smooth, stuffed, or becoming hollow. There is usually a lighter colored ring at the top of the stem which may remain noticeable in the dried plants. This is not so conspicuous as in L. coleopteris. Spores light cinnamon-buff, spherical to subspherical or short- elliptic, strongly warted and ridged, about 5.5 x 7. This species can be distinguished in the field from L. scrobiculatus by the milk not turning yellow, the entire absence of tomentum on the margin, and the faint or absent pock marks on the stem; from L. tor- minosus by the absence of the heavy marginal tomentum of that species; from L. chrysorheus and L. theiogalus by the milk not turn- ing yellow. 115. Battle’s Park, September, 1908. 492. Near Battle’s Branch, back of Dr. Pratt’s, October 4, 1912. Photo. 1637. Under leaves in an old road in woods, Battle’s Park, July 24, 1915. Photo. Spores light cinnamon-buff, nearly pale orange-yellow of Ridgway, subspherical, warted, 6.8-7.8y,. 1792. Mixed woods in pasture back of Pritchard’s, September 16, 1915. PLATE 16 WH) \\\ } \ LACTARIUS SCROBICULATUS. No. 1863 e 1 * : ‘ . | ' i f : j gel \ a> 2 a? tek p : “sk. —_ ; Ft . tng . r 4 2t e bs ‘ z 2 5 tee opt ae a “i ihe it aa LES ee Sine os N INSNI SONIYVLOVT A ALV Id 1918] Tue Lacrarias or Norra Carorina 23 1841. In woods east of cemetery, Rocky Ridge Farm, September 20, 1915. Milk white, unchanging, peppery, surface slightly viscid, smooth, orange-yellow, rather faintly zonate, odor faint. 1854. Deep woods near Battle’s Branch, near Stroud’s pasture, September 22, 1915. Cap cinnamon buff with lighter zones, not very viscid, stem long, not spotted. Milk white, unchanging, peppery, one plant just like the others, otherwise had distant gills from 2-5 mm. apart except on the margin. 2369. Deep woods near Meeting of the Waters Branch, July 5, 1916. Spores elliptic, warted, 4.8-5.9 x 5.9-7.4y. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. Asheville. Beardslee. 15. Lactarius trivialis Fr. Praters 18 ann 40. This is a very common, fairly large plant with cap up to 14 em. (often much smaller), strongly depressed in center, smooth, not zoned, viscid, the margin strongly inturned until half grown; color grayish-lead suffused with liver color (fawn color of Ridgway), very pale where covered with leaves, in old age becoming sordid earth color. Gills narrow, only 5 mm. deep, even in large plants, crowded, many short ones but none forked, color light creamy flesh, becoming yellow- ish-brown, turning smoky brown when bruised, and quite dark brown when old. Milk light creamy white, not changing, quite acrid or only moderately so, and often becoming so only after a quarter or a half minute, sparse or moderately plentiful, said to turn the gills glaucous green, but this is scarcely noticeable in our plants. Stem solid, smooth, nearly white or lightly tinted like the cap or gills, unpitted, in large plants up to § em. long and 3.5 em. thick. Spores (of No. 566) grayish brown (dust color), distinctly warted and ridged, short-elliptic, 7-8 x 8-10, not counting spines. Flesh white, tinted like cap near surface, not changing color when cut. 119. Battle’s Park, behind Dr. Wheeler’s, near branch, September 21, 1908. 120. Woods south of Dr. Battle’s yard, Battle’s Park, September 18, 1908. 517. Woods near branch south of campus, October 7, 1912. 24 JOURNAL OF THE MiTcHELL Society [June 566. Near small stream south of campus, October 16, 1912. 770. “Fern Banks” along Bowlin’s Creek, September 14, 1913. 772. Woods near Battle’s Branch. Spores light buff (Ridgway). 1560. In deep woods by path along Meeting of the Waters Branch, June 19, 1915. Spores light ochraceous-buff (Ridgway), spherical, tubercu- late, about 7.2X9n3 cap light liver color on marginal part, pallid earth color in center. 1573. On ground in hollow below Stroud’s Spring, June 25, 1915. 2141. Oak woods near northeast foot of Lone Pine Hill, June 18, 1916. 2531. Sandy mixed woods near branch below Meeting of the Waters, June 20, 1917. Photo. Asheville. Beardslee. 16. Lactarius coleopteris n. sp. Puates 19 anv 40. Cap up to 14 em. broad, depressed in center, margin rounded, irreg- ular, quite smooth, surface very slimy-viscid, deep reddish orange, no zones except a few faint ones near the margin, marked with low radial striae like a Russula stem. Flesh 5 mm. thick at stem, firm, brittle, white; cut surfaces, especially at the stem, after standing a good while, become more or less ochraceous and in places dull green. Milk white, unchanging, acrid, sparse. Gills moderately crowded, of equal width all the way, ending rather definitely at the stem and slightly decurrent by a short line (they are usually curved to one side just before reaching the stem so that the lines do not run straight down the stem, but at an angle), a few forked near the stem, 4-5 mm. wide, whitish when young, then creamy buff, when wounded becoming a dull reddish-brown ; fleshy-buff when dry. Stem 3-4 em. long, 2-3 em. thick, tapering downwards, smooth, whitish or straw colored with buffy red stains, a few faint streaks, or spots, a large cavity in center. There is a pinkish white collar at the top about 3 mm. wide, which is easily distinct from the rest and does not change color. Spores (of No. 1851) buffy-yellow, spherical, minutely warted, 5-6.3 x 6-7.5p¢. Tése ON ‘SITIVIAIUL SOIYUVLOVTI 8t ALV Id PLATE 19 iin, MU) . hs YY Nelly LACTARIUS CALEOPTERIS. No. 1851. TYPE w% 1918] Tue Lacrartas or Norra Carotrya 25 This plant has a strong acrid odor like that of some beetles, much stronger than in L. theiogalus or L. acris or L. insulsus. In drying, the gills become a pallid-buff, and there is a distinctly lighter zone at the top of the stem where the pinkish-white collar has faded. It also differs from L. insulsus in its slimy, zoneless cap, pink collar on stem, and acrid odor. Also in L. insulsus the color of the dry gills is very different—a deep brownish-red with a distinct overcolor of old gold. From L. hysgenus it differs in its color, pink-collared stem, and acrid odor. It resembles L. agglutinatus in its somewhat rugose cap, and strong odor, but it differs from it in much deeper color, pink ring on stem, and more acrid odor, different color of gills in the dried plant, and absence of the squamulose appearance of the dried cap. It is also near L. affinis Pk., but neither Peck nor Miss Burlingham mention the strong odor or pinkish collar on stem, and the spores are smaller and darker and the color of the cap deeper than they give for that species. 1851. On ground in edge of woods south of South Building, September 21, 1915. Photo. Type. 1842. Mixed woods east of cemetery, September 20, 1915. This was exactly like 1851 in every particular except that there was no trace of zona- tion on the cap. The same light color at top of stem, and gills bent sideways on reaching stem. Spores buffy-yellow (about maize- yellow of Ridgway), spherical, minutely warted, 5.47.24. 1873. In damp shaded place below Meeting of the Waters. These two plants were exactly like collection 1851. Cap 7 cm. broad, very glutinous, deep reddish-bay color; milk white, unchanging, very acrid; taste and odor strong and pungent like that of some beetles; white collar on stem just below gills; stem cavernous; spores buffy-yellow. 17. Lactarius mucidus Burl. This species has so far been reported only from Vermont and from the mountains of North Carolina. As we have not found it in Chapel Hill, we take the following from Miss Burlingham (Mem. T. B. C. 14:56. 1908): “Pileus fleshy, rather thin, convex umbilicate, then plane, at length infundibuliform, warm-sepia (305 t. 2, 3) in the center, putty colored (311) to stone colored (312) on the extreme margin, azonate, very 26 JouRNAL oF THE MrrcHELti Socrery | June viscid and shining when wet, glabrous, 3-9 em. broad, margin even at first, shghtly wavy and striate in old plants; gills white, scarcely changing color with age, staining blue-greenish-gray where the milk dries (249 t. 1), sometimes forking near the stem, close, adnate to slightly decurrent, acute at the inner end, up to 7 mm. broad; stem of the same color as the pileus or paler, tapering upwards, slightly viscid when wet, glabrous, sometimes with faint striae, stuffed, then hollow, 4-7 em. long, 7-10 mm. thick at the top, 10-15 mm. at the base; flesh white, odor none; spores white, broadly elliptical, echinulate, 7-84 x 8-9.54; latex white, drying blue-greenish-gray on the gills and the broken flesh, acrid. “Hab.: Under hemlocks, in wet weather. Late August and Sep- tember. “DiIsTINGUISHING Fretp-Marxs: This species may be easily re- cognized by the contrasting dark-sepia color of the center, the whitish color of the margin of the pileus, and its slimy shining appearance, as well as by the blue-greenish-gray color of the dried latex. It closely resembles Lactaria cinerea Pk. in size and texture, but differs in the habitat, in the color of the pileus, and in the change in color of the more acrid latex. While L. cinerea is most abundant in August, L. mucida does not appear until late in August and is most plentiful in September. I have found it only under hemlock trees, while LL. cinera seems to grow only under beech trees. From L. trivialis it may be distinguished by the white spores, the more lax flesh, and the absence of lilac tints in the color of the pileus, which does not become yellowish in fading.” 18. Lactarius circellatus Fr. We have not found this in Chapel Hill, and the following descrip- tion is prepared by Mr. Beardslee. It has been reported heretofore in America only from Vermont: “Cap fleshy, convex, then depressed at the center and infundibuli- form, opaque and slightly tomentose, brownish-gray, with numerous narrow, darker lines which form eight to ten zones, margin even, in- eurved. Milk white, unchangeable, very acrid. 1918 | Tue Lacrartas or Norra Carorina 27 “Gills close, white, then dingy, forking and unequal. “Stem short, equal, pallid. “Spores subglobose, rough, 6-7» long. “The dull brown pileus and numerous zones mark it.” Asheville, in woods, not common. Beardslee. 19. Lactarius agglutinatus Burl. This species has so far been found only in the “Pink Beds” on Mount Pisgah, and I give below the original description by Miss Burlingham (Mem. T. B. C. 14:42, fig. 5. 1908) : “Pileus convex-umbilicate, then depressed in the center with the margin uplifted, at length infundibuliform, buff (309. t. 4) fading to buff (310) when mature, slightly zonate when young, scarcely so when older, slimy-viscid when wet, with subrugose elevations or papille showing through the gluten, appearing squamulose to squarru- lose when dry, 6-10 em. broad, margin involute and minutely pubes- cent at first, the pubescence becoming less noticeable as the margin unfolds; gills yellowish-buff (310 t. 1), some forking near the stem, close, slightly decurrent, 2-4 mm. broad; stem of the same color as the pileus or paler, sometimes spotted, equal or tapering downwards, viscid when wet, glabrous, firm as though solid, becoming spongy to hollow, 2.5-4 em. long, 1-1.5 em. thick; spores creamy-white in mass (10. t. 1, 2), subglobose, echinulate, 7-8; flesh white, odor somewhat ike raw pumpkin; latex white, unchanging, acrid. “Hab.: Among dead leaves, in rather sandy soil, oak-chestnut woods, frequently under the flowering dogwood. August and Sep- tember. “Distinevisnine Frerp-Marxs: The medium size, buff color, and the papilliform and rugose elevations showing through thick, glistening gluten when wet, and the squamulose appearance of the pileus when dry. One peculiarity of the pileus is that if it becomes wet again after having dried, the squamules swell up and the surface appears papilliform and rugulose as at first.” Pink Bed Valley. Burlingham. 28 JOURNAL OF THE MrrcHEtt Society [June 20. Lactarius lanuginosus Burl. Puate 20. Cap up to 7.5 em. wide, deeply depressed in center, the margin inrolled until maturity, then expanded or uplifted so as to become infundibuliform, surface viscid, sparingly and rather coarsely tomen- tose all over, margin not most so and the tomentum fading away there towards maturity. Zoned with soaked ochraceous and lighter honey- colored tints. Flesh 6 mm. thick at stem, thinning regularly to margin, firm, nearly white, not changing when cut. Milk white and remaining so, sparse, slightly bitterish-astringent, but scarcely at all acrid, sometimes quite mild. Gills narrow, scarcely 3 mm. deep, crowded, many short, none branched, a clear ochraceous buff at maturity, turning smoky-brown when bruised. Stem 1.5-3 em. long, 9-12 mm. thick at stem, tapering strongly downward, 4-5 mm. at base, surface pure white or stained with buff, densely soft tomentose all over or the central region becoming less tomentose in age. Flesh brittle, whitish, hollow. ; Spores ochraceous-buff, spherical or subspherical, warted, one oil drop, 5.4-6.54 in diameter. Distinguished from all our species by white, unchanging, nearly mild milk; deep ochraceous-buff and crowded gills; short, white- tomentose, pointed stem. It has been found only on Mount Pisgah and in Chapel Hill. 559. Low place by Meeting of Waters, October 14, 1912. 569. Low woods near Howell’s Branch, October 18, 1912. 1796. In low place in woods south of Peabody Building, September 15, 1915. Photo. 1839. Woods by branch south of Raleigh road, Rocky Ridge Farm, September 20, 1915. Pisgah Forest, North Carolina, under oak, maples, alder, and rhododen- dron. Burlingham. 21. Lactarius turpis (Weinm.) Fr. We have not seen this in Chapel Hill, but it is recorded from North Carolina by Schweinitz and has been found at Asheville by Beardslee. I SOIUVLOVI 06 WLV Id 1918} Tuer Lacrarras or Norra Caroria 29 The following description is from Miss Burlingham (Mem. T. B. C. 14:44. 1908): “Pileus fleshy firm, thick, convex-umbilicate, then plane to de- pressed in the center, yellowish-brown or umber, with olivaceous tinge, darker in the center, azonate, slimy-viscid in wet weather, glabrous or agglutinated-fibrous, 6-12 em. broad, margin involute at first and yellow-villose, then glabrous; gills cream-colored, then darker yellow, becoming nearly black where bruised, then ash-colored from the spores, many forking near the stem, close, somewhat decurrent, 3-4 mm. broad; stem of the same color as the pileus, equal or slightly smaller at the base, viscid when wet, glabrous, smooth or somewhat serobiculate, or sometimes merely spotted, spots becoming nearly black in dried specimens, firm, stuffed, occasionally becoming hollow when old, usually 3-4 em. long, 1.5-2.5 em. thick; flesh whitish, odor slight; spores white, globose to sub-globose, echinulate, 6.5-84; latex white, unchanging, acrid. Possibly edible. “Hab.: On the ground in mixed woods, often near fir or spruce trees. August and September. “DistincuisHine Frerp-Marxs: The yellowish-brown or oliva- ceous color of young plants and the blackish color of mature plants, the slimy condition of the whole mushroom in wet weather, the black- ening of the gills with injury or in drying, and in many eases the grayish color due to the presence of the spores. The pileus may be covered with villose fibers which are closely stuck to the surface, and are not easily distinguishable, or it may be practically glabrous. The yellow down or villosity on the margin disappears in the mature plant, and is at no time conspicuous.” Middle district (Schw.) woods. Curtis. Asheville. Beardslee. 22. Lactarius speciosus Burl. Pratzs 21 anp 40. Cap up to 7.6 cm. in diameter, depressed in center, the margin strongly inrolled when young and deeply clothed with long, coarse tomentum just as in L. torminosus, remainder of cap more thinly 30 JOURNAL OF THE MircHELt Sociery [June furnished with flattened fibers pinched up into scattered squamules which are somewhat concentrically arranged; color a soaked ochra- ceous or honey color with lighter zones and with faint heliotrope tints where bruised ; not viscid. In mature plants the marginal tomentum collapses and is not so conspicuous as in L. torminosus. Flesh firm, brittle, white, turning rather slowly to a pretty heliotrope color when eut. Milk white and remaining so; usually mildly astringent, but very slightly acrid, or not at all so. Gills narrow, broadest in center where they are 4 mm. deep, reach- ing the stem, but not decurrent except by a little tooth, many short, but no forking ones; cream color to maize yellow, turning heliotrope when wounded. Stem up to 4.5 em. long, firm, hollow, tapering slightly downward, faintly tomentose at very base, only obscurely spotted or more often marked by many large and small poeck marks, which are brownish yellow (egg yellow when young) like deeper parts of cap; areas be- tween pock marks are nearly white or light to strong heliotrope; flesh except the very dry inside turning heliotrope when cut. Spores (of No. 2199) pure white, short-elliptic, papillate, 8.5-9.5 x 10.5-11.5p. This species is like Z. torminosus in its white, unchanging milk and general appearance; it differs in nearly mild milk, strongly spot- ted stem, heliotrope change of color, less tomentose margin at matur- ity, and larger spores. It is like L. scrobiculatus in strongly spotted stem and not very fibrous margin, but differs in mild, unchanging milk and heliotrope change in flesh. This species is so far known only from North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee. 753. Woods east of Graded School, September 13, 1913. 1812. In moss by Howell’s Spring, September 17, 1915. Photo. 1855. In deep woods by Battle’s Branch, near Strowd’s pasture, September 22,1915. Stem strongly spotted, the surface between the ochraceous spots a bright strong heliotrope. 2199. Wooded pasture southwest of Mr. Pritchard’s, June 22, 1916. Spores cream color, subspherical to elliptic, distinctly papillate, T4-11y long. PLATE 21 LACTARIUS SPECIOSUS No. 753 (above) and No. 1812 (below) 1918] Tue Lacrartas or Norra Carona 31 2343. Woods near Meeting of the Waters, July 1, 1916. 2680. Mixed upland woods, Battle’s Park, July 16, 1917. 2685. Battle’s Grove (oaks), July 12, 1917. Pisgah Forest. Burlingham. Asheville. Beardslee. 23. Lactarius croceus Burl.* Prater 40. Cap 6.5 cm. broad, depressed in center, the margin rounded and revolute until full maturity, quite smooth all over and decidedly viscid, when wet faintly many zonate, the zones not conspicuously spotted ; color a rather light orange yellow. Flesh firm, rather brit- tle, about 6 mm. thick near stem and turning slowly to reddish yellow when wounded. Milk quite sparse, very acrid, most so after several minutes, white, its change of color not noticeable at once, but after a time the cut surfaces become a deep reddish yellow. Gills moderately distant, a few forked or anastomosing, about 5.5 mm. wide beyond the middle, rounded at stem and attached, color creamy on side view, deeper on edge view, turning deep reddish yellow when bruished. Stem 3.5 cm. long, 14 mm. thick at top, tapering downward, smooth, lighter than cap, a few scrobiculate spots which in this case were not deeper colored, surface becoming darker when handled; flesh firm, stuffed. Spores light ochraceous, short-elliptic, tuberculate, 5.5-6.2x7.5-8.2y. This species may be distinguished from L. chrysorheus by the dis- tant gills, darker and more viscid cap, and absence of fishy taste ; from L. theiogalus by the much more acrid taste, distant gills, ete. It was found by Miss Burlingham in the Pink Bed Valley, North Carolina (elevation about 1,000 meters). For an illustration of the species see Mem. T. B. C. 14: fig. 3. 1908. 2348. Woods near Scott’s Hole, July 3, 1916. *As Lactaria crocea. 32 JouRNAL oF THE MircHEty Socrery [June 24. Lactarius delicatus Burl. This species is known only from Mount Pisgah, North Carolina, and the following is taken from Miss Burlingham’s original descrip- tion (Mem. Torr. B. C. 14:40,. fig. 4. 1908): “Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, umbilicate, at length nearly infundi- bulitorm, maize-yellow (36 t. 3), tinted in the center with yellowish- salmon (65), faintly but decidedly zonate, viscid and covered with gluten when wet, glabrous, 8-12 cm. broad, margin involute at first and covered with coarse short tomentum, then merely deflexed and glabrous; gills whitish, becoming maize-yellow with age, some forking near the stem, close, slightly decurrent, 5-7 mm. broad; stem whitish to maize-yellow tinted with yellowish salmon, more or less scrobicu- late-spotted, spots of the same color as the rest of the stem or duller, equal or tapering downwards, glabrous, stuffed, becoming hollow, 4-5 em. long, 1.5-2.5 em. thick; flesh white, odor strong; spores tinted yellowish-salmon in mass, subglobose, echinulate, 7-8; latex white, becoming sulphur-yellow, acrid, scanty. “Hab.: In sandy loam and dense shade, oak and chestnut woods. July and August. “Distrncuisuine Frerp-Marxs: The large size, the delicate yel- lowish-salmon tint over nearly the whole pileus, the faint nearly con- colorous zones, the short tomentum on the margin of the immature pileus, the rather persistent viscidity, the lily shape of the mature pileus, and the change in the color of the latex.” Pisgah Forest, 1,000 meters elevation. Burlingham. 25. Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Fr. PratrEe 22. A good-sized plant that is not rare with us in pine woods in fall. It varies considerably in color, but is marked by such distinctive characters as to be easily recognized. Cap up to about 11 em. broad, deeply depressed in center at ma- turity and striate on the very margin, or not striate until old, surface slightly viscid, smooth, but showing inherent fibers, sometimes not PI AMEEY 22 LACTARIUS DELICIOSUS. No. 601 1918 | Tue Lacrarias or Norra Carona 33 zoned, again with obscure and distant zones. In color the cap may be yellowish or orange-clay or orange-gray and is nearly always marked with deep green zones and blotches towards and after maturity. Gills a light orange-clay color, soon becoming duller and dotted with green, then all green in drying, when wounded turning immedi- ately to the milk color, a deep orange and then green. Milk deep orange when fresh, then changing to green. Stem about 3-7.5 em. long and 1.5-2.5 em. thick, nearly equal or tapering downwards, smooth, hollow in age, orange colored with nearly white apex and base (in No. 601), or it may be violet-purple, shading to blue or green below (in No. 107). Flesh a light creamy orange color and often with greenish tint next the gills, quite mild or slightly peppery. Spores (of No. 601) yellowish-cream color, subspherical to short- elliptic, warted, 6.9 x 7.94. Our plants might as well be referred, perhaps, to L. Chelidonvum which seems poorly defined and doubtfully distinct from this. As the name implies, L. deliciosus is widely known as edible, and is considered one of the best. For an illustration in color see Gibson, Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, Pl. 18; also, N. Y. St. Mu. Ref. 48: Pl. 29.1897. 2nd ed. 107. Mixed woods, Battle’s Park, October 28, 1910. 601. Low place in woods back of athletic field, October 21, 1912. Photo. 777. ° By Howell’s Brook, September 16, 1913. 896. Woods, fall of 1913. Photo. 1284. On rocky hillside in pasture about one-quarter mile southwest of Graded School, September 29, 1914. Two photos. 1310. In pine woods along path south of athletic field, October 6, 1914. 1335. Scattered through Battle’s Park in rather dry woods, north of ceme- tery, October 13, 1914. 1370. In thick woods, hillside, northwest of Glen Burnie Farm, October 17, 1914. Photo. Spores light cinnamon-buff, subspherical to short- elliptic, tuberculate, a large oil drop; 51-6.8 X 6.8-8.9),. Low and middle districts, pine woods. Curtis. Asheville. Beardslee. 3 34 JOURNAL OF THE MrrcHELnt Society [June 26. Lactarius Chelidonium Pk. This species has so far been reported from North Carolina only by Atkinson. I am not sure that it is really distinct from L. deliciosus. The following description is by Miss Burlingham (Mem. Torr. B. C. 14: 59. 1908): “Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, then plane with the center more or less depressed, ‘grayish yellow or tawny,’ at length stained with bluish and greenish, usually with two or three narrow zones near the margin, slightly viscid when wet, glabrous, 5-8 cm. broad, margin involute at first and naked; gills saffron-yellow mixed with gray, sometimes forking, close, ‘anastomosing or wavy at the base,’ adnate, then slightly decurrent, narrow; stem of the same color as the pileus, nearly equal, glabrous, becoming hollow, 2.5-4 em. long, 10-12 mm. thick; flesh whitish, staining satfron-yellow from the latex, then be- coming bluish and at length greenish; spores yellowish, globular to broadly elliptical, echinulate, 7 x 84 (94 Peck) ; latex saffron-yellow, mild, scanty. Hdible. “Hab.: ‘Sandy soil under or near pine trees’ (Peck) ; also in dry spruce woods. “DistrnGuisHine Frerp-Marxs: It is a paler yellow and duller in color than Lactaria deliciosa, the flesh is firm, the pileus scarcely viscid, the zones marginal, the stem short, the gills narrow, and the latex saffron-yellow rather than orange. It is usually found in dry woods in the vicinity of pine trees, while Lactaria deliciosa is most abundant in mossy wet woods, especially near hemlocks.” For an illustration of this species see Atkinson, Stud. Am. Fungi, Pl. 35, fig. 2. 1900; also, see N. Y. St. Mu. Mem. 3: Pl. 53. 1900 (in Bale) Blue Ridge Mountains, North Carolina. Atkinson. Asheville. Beardslee. 27. Lactarius subpurpureus Pk. Prates 1 anp 40. be Cap 5.7 cm. broad, plane on margin, depressed in center, slightly viscid, light pinkish-buff (nearly white) with distinct zones of rather faint olive showing through; surface smooth and very much like PLATE 23 LACTARIUS INDIGO. No. 1345 mi - = = f= . . v i . co nr 1918 | Tue Lacrartas or Norrn Carorina L. deliciosus in appearance. Flesh firmly spongy, 4 mm. thick near stem, very light pinkish near the surface, deep wine color at gills, after several hours the cut surface becomes greenish. Gills close, hardly decurrent, many short ones, none branched, 3 mm. deep in center, grayish-pink (hydrangea pink—Ridgway), much deeper colored in face than surface view, when wounded becom- ing greenish after several hours. Milk sparse, scarcely peppery, watery, deep wine color (dark vinaceous of Ridgway). Stem very short and small, just as in L. virescens; 1.3 em. long, 8 mm. thick, colored very much like the cap, with greenish and red- dish stains and apparently solid normally, but hollowed by grubs. Spores creamy white, oval, warted and ridged, one large oil drop, 5.9-6.8 x 6.8-8.5p. For other illustrations see Mem. Tor. B. C. 14: fig. 8. 1908; also, N. Y. St. Mu. Rep. 54: Pl. 70. 1902 (in color). 1246. On burnt-over ground under pines, edge of Raleigh road by Judge Brockwell’s, September 23, 1914. Two photos and painting. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. Asheville. Beardslee. 28. Lactarius Indigo (Schw.) Fr. Prates 23 anv 40. A beautiful and conspicuous plant, easily recognized by the fine indigo color of the cap and flesh and milk. Cap up to 14.5 em. broad, depressed in center, the margin turned down or nearly plane, often crenate and irregular; surface viscid, smooth, covered with a thin white layer through which the deep indigo color of the flesh shows in distinct zones of indigo, often with deep green areas where bruised. Flesh firm, deep indigo. Milk deep indigo, turning dark-green on exposure. Gills close, attached, 3.5-4 mm. deep and nearly the same width throughout, distinctly indigo from the flesh showing through the whitish surface layer, turning deep indigo and then green when bruised. As the spores ripen a clay color is added to the gill surface. co oO JouRNAL oF THE Mrrcuett Society [June Stem about 5-8 em. long, usually, and 1.5-2 em. thick, firm, hollow, color of cap, smooth, equal. Not rarely the stem is lateral and very short. Spores warted and ridged, cream colored in mass, 5.6-6.7 x 7.8-8.2. This species is edible, but is so coarse and so lacking in savor as to be of little value. While not abundant, it is not rare in summer and autumn. 111. Battle’s Park, in woods just above Green Bench Spring, October 2, 1909. 112. Top of Lone Pine Hill, Glen Burnie Farm, September 19, 1908. 606. Near Meeting of the Waters, October 22, 1912. 742. Woods near branch east of Meeting of the Waters, September 13, 1913. Photo. 816. Woods above Howell’s Spring, September 16, 1913. 1172. By path along branches north and west of Meeting of the Waters, July 24, 1914. . 1345. In woods by branch 100 yards west of Meeting of the Waters, October 14, 1914. Photo. Spores subspherical to elliptic, tuberculate, a large oil drop, 5.1-6.4 x 6.4-8.5). 1365. Battle’s Park, woods northwest of Brockwell’s Spring, October 16, 1914. 1369. In thick woods, hillside northwest of barn, Glen Burnie Farm, October 17, 1914. Photo. ; Common in woods. Curtis. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. Asheville. Beardslee. 29. Lactarius theiogalus (Bull.) Fr. PuateE 24, Cap depressed in center, almost infundibuliform, up to 9.5 em. wide, in youth pruinose, quite smooth everywhere at maturity, or the center more or less pitted and roughened, viscid, pale creamy buff color with ochraceous and pinkish stains, very faintly or not at all zonate; margin nearly plane, often crenated and lobed. Flesh firm, then softer, white, turning a clear yellow with greenish tints when cut and after a time a deeper orange yellow, bitter and then mildly acrid ; order perfumed-pungent when broken. In age when the milk dis- appears the flesh becomes a light flesh color and does not change when cut. Milk white, then deep yellow, bitterish, then moderately acrid. PLATE 24 LACTARIUS THEIOGALUS. Nos. 1919 AND 1929 1918 | Tue Lacrartas or Norra Carorima 37 Gills slightly decurrent, rather crowded, only 3-4 mm. wide, creamy at first then much deeper pinkish-cinnamon on edge view, a lighter buff color at a strong angle. Stem about 2.5-4.5 em. long and 1.2-1.8 em. thick, sometimes en- larging downwards and tending to be fistulose, pruinose when young, smooth at maturity, but the base sometimes tomentose, whitish but stains of the cap color or color of cap all over, with small and usually inconspicuous scrobiculate marks, cavernous inside; flesh firm, brittle, turning yellow when cut. Spores distinctly cinnamon (about light pinkish cinnamon of Ridgway), subspherical, warted, 5.8-6.3 x 5.8-7.2e. A small plant of low, damp woods, usually about 4 em. broad and 5 em. high. The species differs from L. chrysorheus (see No. 1838) in zones being much less clear and not spotted, in pungent smell, in much deeper colored gills and less acrid milk, also in spores being cinnamon and not white (Miss Burlingham gives the spores of both L. chrysorheus and L. theiogalus as white, but in our plants the spores of the latter are distinctly colored). 92. In woods north of cemetery, November 7, 1911. ‘Spores creamy in bulk, subspherical, 4.6-5.511. 1188. Near branch southeast of Graded School building, July 22, 1914. 1196. In damp, cool hollow south of cemetery, July 238, 1914. 1800. On edge of pine woods near branch above Tenny’s Ravine, September 17, 1915. Zones not dotted, spores spherical to subspherical, warted, one oil drop, 5.47.24 in diameter. 1840. In damp woods by branch, north side of Rocky Ridge Farm, September 20, 1915. Photo. 1859. Woods north side of Rocky Ridge Farm, September 22,1915. Just like 1840. Cap straw-yellow with faint zones of maize-yellow that are not dotted. Spores cinnamon, spherical to subspherical, warted, 5.494. 1919. Under pines in pasture near Graded School, October 25, 1915. Spores light buff, spherical to subspherical, warted, 5-8. 1929. In mixed woods, Battle’s Park, October 25, 1915. Spores light buff, spherical, low warts, 5.1-7.2y. 1944. In pine woods, near Meeting of the Waters, October 29, 1915. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. North Carolina (Pisgah Forest?). Burlingham. Asheville. Beardslee. 38 JOURNAL OF THE MircHELL Society [June 30. Lactarius chrysorheus Fr. Prates 25 anv 40. Cap up to 8 cm. broad, deeply depressed in center, often quite irregular and aborted on one side, margin strongly incurved until maturity and then not at all incurved, faintly or hardly at all tomen- tose when young, smooth afterwards, or tomentose on very margin nearly to maturity; surface viscid, quite smooth, pale maize-yellow or even lighter with faint zones of a dotted appearance. Flesh about 5 mm. thick near stem, soft but rather rigid and brittle; milk sparse, white, then greenish-yellow (about sulphur-yellow), very acrid and with a very disagreeable fishy taste, which is entirely different from the taste of any of our other species. The odor is similar, but not so strong. Gills crowded, slightly decurrent, only 2-4 mm. wide, whitish when young, turning a rather light creamy buff, with a tint of pink in edge view. Stem about 2.5-5 em. long, 1.3-1.8 em. broad at cap, tapering down- ward, whitish or colored like the cap, smooth, pruinose at top, marked . by numerous, irregular, serobiculate spots that are scarcely or not at all darker than the rest, hollow in center. Spores (of No. 1838) white or faintly creamy, subspherical, warted, 5.8-6.3 x 5.8-7.2. The distinctions between this species and L. theiogalus are not con- spicuous. The gills in the former are lighter, and the zones on the cap are made up of dots, also the milk is more peppery and with a very bad fishy taste. The spores also afford a means of distinction; in L. chrysorheus they are essentially white, in L. theiogalus they are distinetly cinnamon. 1661. Cool rich woods in Tenny’s Ravine, July 27, 1915. Photo. Spores subspherical, warted, 6-7.3 x 7.5-8.2 4. 1838. In trash pile by road just east of cemetery, September 20, 1915. Photo. 2386. Thick brush, oak woods on Rocky Ridge Farm, July 18, 1916. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. Pisgah Forest. Burlingham. Common in swamps. Curtis. Asheville. Beardslee. PLATE 25 LACTARIUS CHRYSORHEUS. No. 1661 1918] Tue Lacrarias or Norra Carorma 39 30a. Lactarius chrysorheus. Form A, with unchanging milk. Pirate 40. In Chapel Hill we have met with a plant in which the milk does not change color when exposed, but which cannot otherwise be dis- tinguished from L. chrysorheus. Collection No. 774 was described as follows: Cap up to 6.5 em. broad, sharply depressed in center and some- times with a deep sinus on one side, surface quite glabrous, a light brownish cream color with superficial layer of white slightly shiny material. Rather faintly zoned with brownish-cream and nearly white lines, the darker zones apparently formed by collapse of the white stuff, the zones, spotted. Flesh chalk white and not changing when cut. Milk white, not changing, moderately peppery. Gills changing from white to a flesh-cream color, becoming brown- ish-yellow when bruised, narrow and close, many short ones and a few forking, slightly decurrent. Stem white above, about color of cap elsewhere, marked with dis- tinet pock-like pits which may or may not not be more deeply colored than the rest; hollow. Spores light cream, subspherical, warted, one large oil drop, 6-7.5 x 7.5-94 in diameter. The difference in size of the spores between this and the typical form as shown in Plate 40, figs. 20 and 21, is not significant, as the difference is not greater than normal in the species. The smooth, zonate cap, and persistently white, acrid milk would indicate a relationship to L. insulsus, but the gills in that species are much wider and less close and very different in color in both the fresh and dry state, and the species is larger than L. chrysorheus. Our dried plants of No. 774 look exactly like dried plants of the latter species. 774. Near Howell’s Brook, September 16, 1913. Photo. 31. Lactarius quietus Fr.? Prater 40. Our one collection that I refer doubtfully to this species is a thin, broad, low plant, with much more the aspect of a Tricholoma than of 40 JouRNAL oF THE MircuEtn Socrery [June a Lactarius. Cap up to about 8.5 em. broad, depressed in center, the margin bent down; surface smooth, dull, dry, and a uniform light buff. Flesh thin and transparent, white, the grub channels a creamy- yellow. Milk white, mild, not changing, not very abundant. Stem only 3.3 em. long, 1.3 em. broad at top, tapering downward, very fragile, stuffed, hollowed by grubs. Gills color of cap, 5 mm. deep, wavy, many short and few branched, reaching the stem but not decurrent. Spores a warm buff color (Ridgway), spherical, tuberculate and ridged, 5.5-9.2« in diameter. The principal difference between our plant and L. quietus is in the lighter color of the former. This, however, may not be of much con- sequence. The dried plant is like specimens of L. quietus from Miss Burlingham, except that the spores average a little smaller in ours. This plant seems to agree well with L. pallidus, but as there is doubt about the species being American and as I have no authentic specimens for comparison, the determination must be uncertain until further evidence. 789. Near Battle’s Brook, September 19, 1913. 32. Lactarius cyathulus Fr. L. paludinellus Peck. This has so far been found in this State only in our mountains. The following description is by Miss Burlingham (Mem. Torr. B. C. 14:66. 1908, as L. paludinellus) : “Pileus fleshy, thin, convex, then plane-umbilicate to depressed in the center, sometimes with a small umbo, brownish-drab (302 t. 2) to dark-fawn (307), expallent, slightly viscid when wet, glabrous, 12 mm. to 4 em. broad, margin at length slightly striate; gills white to cream colored, becoming darker with age, pruinose, many forking near the stem, close, adnate or slightly decurrent, thin, up to 4 mm. broad; stem of the same color as the pileus or paler, nearly equal, glabrous, except at the base, which is slightly villose when growing in moss, stuffed, sometimes hollow, 2-3 em. long, 3-4 mm. thick; flesh 1918 | Tue Lacrartas or Nortu Carorra 41 white or tinted with the color of the surface; spores white, subglobose, echinulate, 6.5-8.54; latex white, unchanging, mild. “Hab.: In marshy places in woods, in Sphagnum, or in decaying leaves. “DistincuisHine Frerp-Marxs: The sordid-brown color or the mixture of brownish-drab and yellow-brown, which gives the moist pileus a mottled, streaked, and subzonate appearance, and the striatu- late margin. The species is small and is rendered inconspicuous by its dusky coloring. It occurs only in densely shaded places.” Professor Beardslee has collected L. cyathula Fr. in Sweden, and writes me that he has no doubt that Peck’s L. paludinellus is the same. North Carolina (Pisgah Forest?). Burlingham. Asheville, common. Beardslee. 33. Lactarius Curtisii n. sp. PuatEs 26 anv 40. Cap 1.5-6 cm., usually about 3.5-5 em. wide, deeply depressed (umbilicate) in center, the margin inrolled until maturity or after, sometimes expanded in age, rounded or nearly plane, often irregular and with a deep sinus on one side; surface quite smooth, dry, and chalky looking, azonate, chalk-white except for the brownish-yellow stains, turning light or orange salmon when bruised. Flesh quite firm and solid, about 8 mm. thick near stem in large plants, turning a deep orange salmon near the gills when cut, light orange salmon elsewhere, in age not turning salmon; mildly peppery when young, hardly so when old. Milk scant, a beautiful deep orange salmon, mildly peppery, disappearing in age. Gills moderately close to somewhat distant, not forked, slightly de- current, only about 3 mm. deep in large plants; color when young a fine orange salmon, after some time turning a smoky olive when bruised, fading to pallid ochraceous-buff with a tint of organge in age, smoky-olive in drying. Stem very short, only 0.6-1.5 em. long, and 7-10 mm. thick at cap, tapering downward, quite smooth and even, light orange salmon with 42 JOURNAL oF THE MircHELnt Socrery [| June a whitish pellicle, hollow, often eccentric. Flesh like that of the cap, turning deep orange salmon near surface when cut. Spores (of No. 1845) cream color, subspherical to elliptic, dis- tinetly tuberculate, a large oil drop, 6-6.5 x 7.5-8.7p. This striking species grows on the ground in pine woods in the fall. It is probably nearest L. chelidonium Pk., from which it differs in the dry, white, zoneless cap and orange-salmon color of milk and flesh. It differs from L. salmoneus Pk. in the deep orange-salmon gills (salmon-orange to orange-cream of Ridgway), very short stem, ab- sence of tomentum on cap, and entirely different habitat. This adds one more to the very small number of species in which the milk is bright colored from the first. In looking over the copy, at the New York Botanical Garden, of Berkeley’s manuscript notes on North American Fungi (mostly tran- scribed from notes accompanying the collection of Curtis and of Ravenel) I have recently discovered that this species was collected by Dr. M. A. Curtis (for whom I have named it) in South Carolina in the same kind of habitat. For some reason the species was never published, but Curtis’ notes leave no doubt that he had our plant. These notes are as follows: “1364. (Lactarius near to 1293.) Cap clay-white, 1-11% in. broad, smooth, fleshy (flesh thick, salmon-colored), margin invo- lute when young, becoming depressed in center. Lam. unequal, attached, bright salmon-color, rather thick, straight, narrow, not crowded, occasionally forked, and in the older ones venosely connected. Sporidia white (?), stipe white or pale salmon col- ored, short (1% in.), 4 lines thick, hollow at the top, often excen- tric. Among grass in rather damp pine sandy woods. Sept.” We also find the following note in the same manuscript: “2883. (Lactarius deliciosus, var. ut videtur vel nova sp.) Cap ¥% in. broad, subviscid, with a thin white cuticle, not zoned, plano-convex, and umbilicate. Substance salmon colored, some- what pungent. Lam. rich salmon colored, subdistant, not lac- tescent. Stipe 1 in. long, % in. thick, solid, whitish, fragile. Spores white!—Aug. Earth in pine woods.” 1437. In grass among scattered pines in hollow exactly east of Piney Pros- pect, near Raleigh road, October 28, 1914. Photo. Spores 5.1-6.5 x 65.-9,. be 6 9 uz 4 PLATE TYPE Sp. No. 1845 N. LACTARIUS CURTISITI. 1918 | Tuer Lacrarras or Norru Carona 43 1845. On top of hill southwest of Sparrow’s Mill, in pasture, with small pines, September 19, 1915. Photo. Type. 1857. In a water run in pines east of Piney Prospect, same place as No. 1437, September 22, 1915. Hartsville, South Carolina: Under pines in low sandy woods near Prestwood’s Lake, July 10, 1916 (W. C. Coker). This is in Darling- ton County, in which is also Society Hill, the place where Dr. Curtis first found his plants. 34. Lactarius minusculus Burl. This is another species not reported in this State except from the mountains. The following is from Miss Burlingham (Mem. Torr. B. C. 15:65, figs. 9 and 10. 1908) : “Pileus fleshy, thin, broadly convex, with a small umbo, becoming plane then somewhat depressed in the center, fulvous in the center, cinnamon (323. t. 1) toward the still paler margin, azonate, viscid in wet weather, sometimes shining with viscidity, glabrous, 1-3 em. broad, margin minutely crenate sometimes suleate, often slightly wavy, pruinose at first; gills whitish, seldom forking, close, adnate or decurrent by a tooth, broad for the thickness of the pileus; stem ful- vous near the base but paler toward the pileus, equal, glabrous, some- times tomentose at the base when growing in moss, stuffed, becoming hollow, 2.5-4.5 em. long, 3-4 mm. thick; flesh isabelline-white; spores white, subglobose, slightly echinulate, 6-84; latex white, unchanging, acrid. “Hab.: In moist woods, in moss or on decayed wood, under yellow birches, black gum, and black oak. July and August. “Distineuisuine Frerp-Marxs: This species differs from all others in this group in its small size, crenate margin, and more acrid latex. It may be distinguished from L. subdulcis by its viscid pileus, and by being expallent. It is frequently solitary.” North Carolina, 1,000 meters. Burlingham. 35. Lactarius cinereus Pk. Prare 27 Cap up to 5.3 em. broad, umbilicate or infundibuliform, the margin plane, or bent down and distinctly striate ; surface viscid or scarcely 44 JOURNAL OF THE MitrcHELL Sociery [June so, azonate, smooth but with the fine irregularities of a Russula stem, and in some plants inherently fibro-squamulose near the margin ; color pale grayish buff (about tilleul buff of Ridgway) or a somewhat darker avellaneous color, often with a tint of lilac. Flesh white, toughish, about 3.5 mm. thick near center, thinning rapidly to 1 mm. or less. Milk watery white, scarcely peppery, bitterish, not abundant, searcely any odor. Gills moderately close, none forked, 5 mm. wide in middle, pointed at both ends, scarcely decurrent, nearly white when young, then pale fleshy buff, then slightly darker, pruinose with spores in age, dingy when wounded. Stem slender, up to 5.5 em. long, 8 mm. thick at cap, enlarging downwards or upwards, smooth above, somewhat fibrous below, color and texture of cap or paler. Flesh white, soft inside, and occasion- ally partly or decidedly hollow. Spores (of No. 1928) about straw color, subspherical to short ovate, warted, 5.9-6.6 x 7.4-8.2n. 311. Very low leafy place near Howell’s Branch, September 29, 1911. 327a. In leaf mold near branch below Howell’s Spring, October 4, 1911. Cap smooth, lead color with a tint of lilac, somewhat viscid. Spores sub- spherical, warted, about 4.5-5.4x5.5-6.5, in diameter. 576. On ground in low place near branch below Howell’s Spring, October 17, 1912. Photo. 773. Along Battle’s Branch and Howell’s Branch, September 16, 1913. Photo. This plant was just as above except cap was not viscid. Spores sub- spherical, one large oil drop, 5.5-7.4, in diameter. 1928. In thin woods across Battle’s Branch from Indian Spring, October 25, 1915. Photo. One cap had a smaller one growing on it. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. North Carolina (Pisgah Forest?). Burlingham. Asheville. Beardslee. 36. Lactarius helvus Fr. L. aquifluus Pk. We have not found in Chapel Hill any plant that we could confi- dently refer to this species, and take the following from Miss Bur- lingham (Mem. Tor. Bot. Club 14:74. 1908). For comparison of this and L. rimosella see under that species. 1918] Tue Lacrartas or Norru CaroLina 45 “Pileus fleshy, fragile, convex, then plane to depressed, subum- bonate, testaceous to isabelline, expallent, azonate, dry, the whole surface broken up into floccose-granulose squamules, sometimes rivu- lose, 5-15 em. broad, margin involute at first, then spreading; gills white, then tinted with incarnate, finally yellow, often forking, close, decurrent, 2-3 mm. broad; stem pale-testaceous, equal, pruinose, pubescent at the base, stuffed, then hollow, 5-8 cm. long, 1 em. or more thick ; spores globose, echinulate, hyaline, 6-7; flesh of the same color as the pileus but paler, odor faint, sweet, persistent in drying; latex white, scanty, subacrid, more often watery and mild or subacrid. Edible. - “Hab.: In mossy rather wet woods or marshes. ‘In pines, fre- quently degenerate in swampy places’ (Fries). “DistrneuisHine Fieip-Marxs: The rather large size, the tawny buff colored, dry floccose-squamulose pileus, the usually watery milk, and the aromatic odor, which persists in drying.” Middle district (Schw.) woods. Curtis. Asheville. Beardslee. 37. Lactarius Peckii Burlg. Prats 28. Cap up to 11 em. broad, depressed in center even when quite small, not umbonate, the margin strongly inrolled up to full growth and then mostly turned down, usually lobed and crimped at maturity. Sur- face rather roughly velvety, the margin distinctly tomentose when young. The color is very striking, a deep red brown (hazel, burnt sienna and chestnut brown), distinctly zoned or sometimes the zones searcely visible in young plants. Flesh very firm, a light flesh-brown color, turning darker when cut. Milk very peppery, watery white, unchanging, rather scant. Gills rather crowded, narrow, slightly decurrent, 2-3 mm. wide, color of cap and becoming a deep rich red-brown with age; pruinose at maturity, darker when bruised. Stem quite smooth, tapering downward, 3-6 em. long, about 1.2 em. thick in center, solid and hard, color of cap, but somewhat lighter, 46 JOURNAL oF THE MitcHELt Society [June white tomentose at very base (most noticeable on part under the ground). Flesh like that of cap. Spores white, spherical, tuberculate, a large oil drop, 5-64. See drawing. Gregarious and often cespitose in low, mossy woods; not common. 113. By sphagnum moss bed west of athletic field, September 25, 1908. 1165. Just below sphagnum moss bed, east of athletic field, July 20, 1914. Photo. 2347. Damp woods by Meeting of the Waters Branch, near Scott’s Hole, July 3, 1916. Photo. Blowing Rock (as L. rufescens Morgan). Atkinson. (Morgan does not seem to have ever published his L. rufescens.) Pisgah Forest. Burlingham. 38. Lactarius griseus Pk. Both Atkinson and Miss Burlingham have found this in the North Carolina mountains, but we have not met with the typical form in Chapel Hill. Miss Burlingham’s description follows (Mem. Torr. B. C. 14 :80, fig. 14. 1908) : “Pileus fleshy, rather thin, firm at first, then lax, broadly convex, papilate, then depressed in the center, or at length infundibuliform, with or without papilla, varying from slate-gray (362) to smoke-gray (363), becoming yellowish with age (putty-colored, 311), azonate, dry, minutely tomentose, becoming floceose-tomentose, sometimes ap- pearing squamulose to the naked eye, 1-5 em. broad, margin involute, then spreading, entire; gills white, becoming cream-colored to honey- yellow, and pruinose, seldom forking, close, adnate to slightly decur- rent, broader than the thickness of the pileus; stem of the same color as the pileus or paler, nearly equal, dry, glabrous except at the base, which is sometimes pubescent, stuffed, then hollow, 1.5-6 em. long, 3-6 mm. thick; flesh white, unchanging, not aromatic; spores white, broadly elliptical, echinulate, 6-7 x 8-9.54; latex white, unchanging, slowly acrid. “Hab.: In moist, mossy places in either coniferous or deciduous woods, on the ground or on decaying logs. July, August, and Sep- tember. L¥&S ON ‘IIMOGd SAIUVLOVI 8¢ HLV Id 7s ce bp ‘ J ; } i r 7 7 a - : ne a —— i. ate ‘ ; 2, ea Oe 8 ee a | aa rs Fay og ee a a ag ‘ he) Set x re Te Te ae ; res : : | ine a ] o ae 4 ! i er ty : o) t . n i ‘ aT at ay a | { v, va | ~ ki yd 1 ; : 4 1 t i \ ‘ ‘0986 “ON “WYO SNOMOVNIA SOUSIUN SOIUVLOVT 66 HLV Id 19185 } Tue Lacrartas or Norrm Carorrma 47 “DistrvevisHine Fierp-Marxs: The gray, tomentose, azonate, expallent pileus, the glabrous stem, and the lack of odor. While the plants may be dark-gray at first, they usually become dull-yellowish or putty-colored when mature. This species is closely related to L. mam- mosa Fr., a European plant which has not been found in the United States. As figured by Fries, L. mammosa is a larger stouter plant than L. grisea, it does not become yellowish with age, and it has a white pubescence on the margin of the young pileus, and the stem is pubescent. L. grisea is at first uniformly gray and covered with gray tomentum, which later becomes floccose and less evident.” Blowing Rock, on a rotting log. Atkinson. North Carolina (Pisgah Forest?), 1,000 meters. Burlingham. Asheville. Beardslee. 38a. Lactarius griseus. Form A, with vinaceous cap. Prates 29 ann 40. Cap up to 6.6 em. broad, moderately depressed and at times with a smali, sharp or bluntish papilla in the depression which does not dis- appear in age, shape irregular, wavy, the margin lobed and bent down, surface scarcely viscid, not zoned, very peculiar, squamulose-warted and roughened all over, the very center least so, the warts sharply pointed. Color grayish russet vinaceous (about light russet vinaceous or vinaceous drab of Ridgway), little changed in drying. Flesh dry, brittle, firm, about 5-6 mm. thick near stem, grayish-brown, with a tint of the cap color, not acrid, or decidedly acrid with a bitterish taste added, odor faint, sweet, and pleasant. Milk white and remain- ing so, sparse even in immature plants, mild or distinctly acrid. Gills ending abruptly and somewhat rounded at stem, not properly decurrent, distant, none branched, short ones of two lengths, narrowed at both ends, bent, veined at cap, 4-5 mm. mide in center, color a clear cinnamon with a tint of the cap color, on drying becoming a pale butfy-gray, edge quite smooth and regular. Stem about 2.5 em. long, 1 em. thick at cap, tapering downwards, pruinose above, color of cap or lighter, the base whitish. Flesh firm, brittle, color like that of cap, a large hollow in center. 48 JOURNAL OF THE MircHELyt Sociery [June Spores (of No. 1850) maize-yellow, subspherical, papillate and reticulated, one oil drop, 6.3-7.5 x 7.5-8.2u. Our Chapel Hill plant is exactly ie L. griseus from Miss Burling- ham, except for the vinaceous tint and larger size. The spores, also, are identical and differ from those of L. helvus. The color has re- mained constant for five years and may be said to characterize our form. The typical form is said to be slate-gray to smoke-gray, be- coming yellowish with age, and its maximum size is less. At matu- rity the cap of the Chapel Hill form is azonate as described, but when young it may be distinctly zoned. Plants collected from the same spot (apparently the same mycelium) may be quite mild at one time and distinetly acrid at another; all of one collection are either mild or acrid. The plants, which are single or cespitose, are frequently attacked by a white mold which may completely cover them and ruin the larger part of a colony. 1850. Low, damp, deeply-shaded spot at base of Lone Pine Hill, eee 20, 1915. Photo. 2305. Same place as No. 1850, June 29, 1916. 2350. By Meeting of the Waters Branch, near Scott’s Hole, July 3, 1916. 2560. Low damp place at foot of Lone Pine Hill, June 24,1917. Photo. Taste distinctly acrid and slightly bitter; growing in same place as plants of collection No. 1850, which were mild. Spores as in No. 1850, 6.6-7.5 x 7.5-8.5y). 3114. Same spot as collection No. 1850 and identical in all respects. 39. Lactarius plinthogalus (Otto) Burl. L. fuliginosus Fr. Prates 30 anv 40. Cap up to 5.2 em. broad, dull, dry, surface with texture of leather and with a bloom when young, no zones, flatly depressed in center, the margin strongly incurved in youth, rather light buffy-drab to much lighter straw-buff or white, tending to be somewhat rugose and pitted in center or all over. Flesh rather thin, nearly white, but usually turning quickly salmon or brick red when cut, sometimes scarcely changing. Milk white, unchanging or sometimes becoming best ON “SIVIVOOHLNITd SAIUVLOVI 06 ALVId 1918 | Tue Lacrartas or Norra Caroiina 49 salmon or brick red or pink when in contact with the flesh, mild when first tasted then after a moment becoming moderately or exceedingly peppery, sometimes remaining quite mild. Fries says that the milk is mild at first, soon becoming acrid, but after a time and in adult specimens sweet and pleasant. Gills crowded or in some forms moderately distant, about 3-4 mm. wide, pointed at stem and somewhat decurrent, none forked, many short ones of about three lengths, at first nearly white, then light cinnamon-buff. When bruised they become brick-red or salmon-red in color. Stem up to 3 em. long and 8 mm. thick, nearly smooth, color and texture of the cap or lighter, nearly equal or tapering downward, stuffed with much softer material and often becoming hollow (as in No. 1593). Spores (of No. 771) cinnamon-buff (Ridgway), spherical, strongly papillate and ridged, one large oil drop, 7.5-9 in diameter, including the spines, most about 8.3. 771. Woods near Howell’s Branch, September 16, 1913. Photo. 1593. Damp ground near Battle’s Branch, July 9, 1915. Photo. Spores cin- namon-buff, spherical, 6.3-7.5 in diameter. Milk white at first, then brick-red when touching flesh. 1628. Damp soil by Battle’s Branch, July 22, 1915. This plant is typical of L. plinthogalus, but the latex is absolutely mild. Cap texture of leather, snuff-brown, zoneless, dry, wounds on any part turning sal- mon-red. Gills creamy, adnate. Stem even, texture of cap, some- what lighter in color. 1772. Battle’s Park in woods west of Brockwell’s Spring, September 12, 1915. Milk mild. 1817. Damp soil, woods below Howell's Spring, September 20, 1915. 1834. In woods east of cemetery, September 20, 1915. Photo. Gills crowded, narrow; stem stuffed; spores cinnamon-buff, spherical, 6.6-10), in diameter, most about 7.5 5 covered with a strong, blunt papille. 2233. Bank of New Hope Creek, below Durham-Chapel Hill bridge, June 24, 1916. Spores 7.3-8.5 41. 2538. By path along branch above Meeting of the Waters, June 22, 1917. 2577. Mixed woods, Battle’s Park, July 2, 1917. Asheville. Beardslee. 4 50 JOURNAL OF THE MircHELL Sociery [June 40. Lactarius subplinthogalus n. sp. Prates 31 ann 40. Cap up to 10.5 em. broad, usually 3-5 em., moderately depressed in center, the margin rounded and somewhat irregular, or at times beautifully and regularly crimped; surface smooth, dull, minutely pruinose when young, scarcely so at maturity, marginal third with rather strong, radial, irregular pleats which extend in from the mar- ginal erimps; color snuff brown, buffy-drab (avellaneous, Ridgway) to pale ochraceous-buff or occasionally even lighter (light buff, Ridg- way). Flesh about 6 mm. thick near stem, tough, soft, whitish, turn- ing rosy-salmon when cut, odor pleasant. Milk white, acrid, turning a deep rosy-salmon in contact with flesh and gills. Gills very distant, somewhat decurrent, but ending abruptly and somewhat rounded at stem, none branching, not veined at cap, full length ones about 1-1.4 mm. apart at margin and 1-1.4 mm. deep. Between these are shorter ones of three lengths and three distinct widths, all bluntly rounded at the inner end. Color cinnamon-buff, turning rosy-salmon when cut. Stem usually 3-4 em. long, but at times up to 8 em. ; 7-15 mm. thick at cap, tapering slightly downward, smooth, about color of cap or lighter, flesh varying from solid and elastic and not noticeably stuffed in center (of the same firm consistency all through) to distinetly stuffed and sometimes covernous in age. Spores (of No. 1835) cinnamon, spherical, covered with strong, blunt spines of varying lengths on the same spore, some 1.5y long, others shorter, diameter with spines 10-12”, most about 11y. This species is distinguished from L. plinthogalus by the larger spores, the solid stem, the very distant and deep gills, and the usually larger size of the plant. It is also usually darker than L. plinthogalus. Miss Burlingham considers these plants as coming within the varia- tion range of L. plinthogalus, and there is no doubt that this species is a very variable one. However, after careful observation of these plants in Chapel Hill, it seems to me that we have two distinct forms. We do not find confusing intermediates, and all our collections can be easily referred to one or the other group. I consider it less confusing, Cee Ee PLATE 31 LACTARIUS SUBPLINTHOGALUS. No. 2349 1918] Tue Lacrarias or Norru Carorima 51 therefore, to treat them as distinct. On writing Mr. Beardslee in regard to this plant, he replied: “I have this the same exactly as you find it. I have noted the form you have as very different from the type of the species. I find one form taller than this with their crowded gills and your plant with the deep, distant gills, and I do not find intermediates. I find, however, forms larger than those you send with the same gills. J am inclined to think they should be separated. I do not find spores as small as Miss Burlingham’s lower limits for them.” 78. Low place east of athletic field, September 16, 1910. 1162. Swamp of New Hope Creek below Durham bridge, July, 1914. Spores spherical with blunt papille, average lly in diameter, including ; spines. 1835. In deep woods, north side Rocky Ridge Farm, September 20, 1915. Photo. 1862. Battle’s Park, near Strowd’s pasture, September 21, 1915. 2349. By Meeting of the Waters Branch, near Scott’s Hole, July 3, 1916. Photo. Type. 2394. Woods at top of Lone Pine Hill, July 18, 1916. Margin beautifully crenated. 2436. Clay soil, mixed woods, Battle’s Park, July 24, 1916. Gills and flesh slowly turn dull deep red when wounded; taste acrid. 2666. Low damp woods by branch below Howell’s Spring, July 14, 1917. Stem in this specimen quite lateral as in Pleurotus. Asheville. Beardslee. 41. Lactarius ligniotus Fr. PLATE 32. Cap 4.5-7 em. broad, excentrie and quite irregular, the margin broadly drooping, depressed in center or scarcely so, surface rugose all over, just as in L. rugosa, dresden brown all over, darkening to mum- my brown in age, not zoned, dry, pulverulent with minute granules. Flesh about 5-8 mm. thick in center, quickly thinning towards the margin, rather spongy and elastic, pale cream-color, mild. Milk moderately plentiful, light pink or quite distinctly a clear pink color and not changing for a long time, then becoming sordid ochrace- ous like the wounded gills. 52 JOURNAL oF THE MircHEeLt Socrery [June Gills distant, irregular, many short, some anastomosing near the margin and a few forked, about 3-4 mm. wide, slightly decurrent, pale creamy white, turning sordid ochraceous when wounded, and discolored in age. Stem eccentric, 2.5-3 em. long, 0.8-1.2 em. thick, nearly equal, firm, stuffed, or cavernously hollow, surface even, pulverulent above, vel- vety below, colored like the cap but darker. Spores yellowish, subspherical to elliptic, with a long mucro, very minutely papillate or papillate warted, 5.5-7.4 x 7.4-11z. A rare plant in Chapel Hill and represented so far by a single eol- lection, which is of a short-stemmed form. The stem is said to reach a length of 8 em. 2181. Damp soil by branch west of Meeting of the Waters, June 20, 1916. Photo. Pisgah Forest. Burlingham. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. 42. Lactarius Gerardii Peck. The following is from Miss Burlingham (Mem. Torr. B. C., 14: 87, 1908) : “Pileus fleshy, firm, convex at first, often with a small umbo, then plane or depressed, dark seal-brown, becoming golden-brown or umber, or sometimes paler, azonate, dry, surface velvety rugose radiately from the center, sometimes becoming cracked near the margin, margin even or wavy and irregular, often paler in color, thin, becoming ex- tended; gills white then cream-colored, more or less interveined, dis- tant, appearing more so in older specimens with somewhat irregular spaces, decurrent, not very thin, broad; stem the same color as the pileus, velvety to the touch, equal or ventricose, stuffed, then hollow, 2.5-5 cm. long, 4-20 mm. thick; flesh white, unchanging; spores white, globular, echinulate, 6.5-9”; latex white, unchanging, mild, then slightly acrid. Edible. “Hab.: On the ground in woods or in open groves. July to September. PLATE 32 LACTARIUS LIGNIOTUS. No. 2181 or co 1918] Tue Lacrarias or Norru Caroira “DistrnevisHine Frerp-Marxs: This species is closely related to Lactaria ligniota Fr., but can be distinguished from it by the white spores, the unchanging color of the broken flesh or gills, and the more distant gills.” For an illustration in color see N. Y. St. Mu. Mem. 3: Pl. 53. 1900. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. Pisgah Forest. Burlingham. 43. Lactarius volemus Fr. L. lactifiua (L.) Burl. PuateEs 33 anv 40. Cap generally more or less infundibuliform with various irregu- larities of the edges, surface smooth, not velvety, often with decided corrugations, particularly near the edge, and not rarely with cracks on the margin, color brownish-orange, or a much deeper brownish-red (Sanford’s brown or cinnamon-rufous, Ridgway), sometimes very much lighter, not darker than light cream color. Flesh firm, white at first, changing when cut to a brownish-red. Milk very abundant, sticky, mild, white, and remaining white. Gills at first creamy-white, turning a pretty creamy-yellow, and when bruised a dark, sordid brown, about 4-5 mm. wide, pointed at the stem, more or less decurrent, varying greatly in number, and so quite crowded or decidedly distant. Stem 1.5-5 em., usually 3-4 em., long and about 1 em. thick, very irregular, stuffed, surface pruinose except at base, where it is finely white velvety, colored about like the cap and lightest at the top. Spores (of No. 104) white, globular, warted, 7.4-8.2» in diameter. This plant is nearest L. corrugis, but has not the fine tomentum of that species or the deeply colored gills when young. It is a good- sized, attractive, and rather common plant that is recorded among the best to eat. For an illustration in color see N. Y. St. Mu. Rep. 48: Pl. 30. 1897. 2nd. ed. 95. Mixed woods south of Dr. Battle’s in a rather low place with Smilar rotundifolia, September 25, 1911. No milk could be gotten from this individual, although at its perfection. Spores warted, 7.48 y. 102. Low woods east of the athletic field, September 25, 1908. 54 JOURNAL OF THE MiTcHELL Society [June 104. Battle’s Park, September 14, 16, and 23, 1910. 327. Battle’s Park, September 26, 1911. 802. Dr. Pratt’s lawn, south side, September 21, 1913. Photo. Spores 74-11). 1007. Low woods west of athletic field, September 26, 1911. 1148. In sphagnum moss bed east of athletic field, July 10, 1914. 1192. Damp woods south of cemetery, July 22, 1914. A very light, pale-cream form. Spores 8.5-10.2),. 1201. Hollow in woods south of the athletic field, July 23, 1914. Photo. 2205. Woods, Chapel Hill, June 23, 1916. Gills much more distant in one than in others. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. Common in woods. Curtis. Mount Pisgah. Burlingham. Asheville. Beardslee. 44. Lactarius hygrophoroides B. & C. Prats 34. Cap about 5.5-8 em. broad, deeply depressed in center, the margin arched and irregular, and sometimes prettily crenated ; surface smooth or decidedly rugose, dull and distinctly pruinose, not viscid, about . pinkish cinnamon to cinnamon (Ridgway). Flesh white, elastie, about 3 mm. thick near the stem, mild and odorless. Milk white, mild, not abundant. Gills distant, 6-7 mm. wide beyond the middle, pointed and decur- rent at the stem, light yellowish-cream, thick and irregular, short ones near the margin, not changing when wounded. Stem about 2.5-4 em. long, 11-14 mm. thick at top, tapering down- ward, smooth, about color of cap, solid. Spores distinctly roughened with low warts, elliptic, 5.5-7.4 x 7.4 lin. They are exactly like the spores of the plant of this species in Miss Burlingham’s exsiccati. In drying the plant, especially the gills, has a strong tendency to become watery and moldy, contrasting in this way will the related L. volemus and L. corrugis, which dry readily. For an illustration in color see Mycologia 8: Pl. 187. 1916; also, N. Y. St. Mu. Mem. 3: Pl. 53. 1900 (as DL. distans). 2344. Battle’s Park, near branch, July 3, 1916. Photo. 2365. Damp soil along Meeting of the Waters Branch, July 5, 1916. Photo. PLATE 33 nO No. 8 LACTARIUS VOLEMUS. —_— -, oe 7) _ : y ‘ “ : - - S9EC ON ‘“SUCIOUOHdMOUDAH SOIUVLOV'! PG OLW Id 56 JouRNAL oF THE MircuHELyt Socrery | June a decided fungoid odor as in L. volemus. Milk abundant, mild, white and remaining so except when in close contact with the flesh, then undergoing the same changes. Gills moderately close, adnate, simple or some forked near the stem, narrow, only 2 mm. wide, pruinose, pale cream at maturity, when bruised becoming quickly pinkish-brown then slowly deepening to blackish scorched brown. ; Stem 2.5-5.5 em. long, 1-1.5 em. thick in middle, flaring at the top, tapering downward, color and tomentum exactly like that of the cap all over, brown where bruised; flesh solid, tough, and firm, changing like the cap flesh. Spores white, subspherical to elliptic, distinctly papillate, 4.8-5.5 x 5-T.4h. This is new to North Carolina, having been reported in the South only from Tennessee and Mississippi. The cap is deseribed as not viscid, but is certainly viscid when quite fresh in our plant. The abundant mild milk and quick change to brown show the kinship of the plant to L. corrugis and L. volemus. 1715. In sandy soil in woods near branch north of Meeting of the Waters, September 9, 1915. Two photos. Spores 5.4-6.8 X 5.8-7.27. 2817. By rock wall in sidewalk west of Professor Howell’s yard, under white oak, July 30, 1917. Photo. 2820. In grass under oak in Professor Howell’s lawn, August 3, 1917. Seven plants, 3.5-5.5 em. broad, old ones with the margin elevated. Charac- ters as in No. 2817. 47. Lactarius lentus n. sp. Puates 37 anv 40. One plant. Cap 5.5 cm. broad, regular, flatly rounded, soaked looking in center where it is nearly glabrous but dull, and buffy och- raceous, the marginal half or third strongly rugose, the broad cracks showing the fibrous looking and lighter flesh, not at all viscid and not zoned. Flesh pure white, about 5 mm. deep at stem, rapidly thin- ning towards margin, very tough and firm; tasteless. Milk white, unchanging, mild, not discoloring the gills. 66IT ON ‘“SIDNYUOD SNIUV.LOVWI $8 ALV Id . : o ; eae 4 | i ; eae Se " we F at ae LT8¢ ON SOTOHLNT SAIYVLOVI 96 ALVId 6666 ON ‘dS N ‘SNLNAT SOIYV.LOVI 48 ALVId 1918 | Tue Lacrartas or Norra Caroirya 57 Gills very distant, some short marginal ones and a few branched near the stem, about 4-5 mm. wide, very thick, firm and tough, nar- rowly attached, not decurrent, not brown when bruised. Stem 3 em. long, 11 mm. thick at top, tapering downward, light and smooth above, somewhat scurfy cracked like the cap margin below and of the same color, texture quite firm, tough and solid. Spores pure white, broad elliptic, minutely warted under high power, 3.7-4.8 x 5.5-7.4p. This is evidently in the Lactifluz group, but differs from related species in the very tough and tenacious texture of all parts, the quite different spores, which are much smaller and smoother than in L. hy- grophoroides B. & C. as it is represented in Chapel Hill and in Miss Burlingham’s exsiccati. 2323. Woods near branch above Meeting of the Waters, June 30, 1916. Two photos. Type. 48. Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.) Fr. We have not recognized this species at Chapel Hill, but it has been reported from North Carolina, and we include the following descrip- tion, adapted from Miss Burlingham (Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 14:98. 1908): “Pileus fleshy, firm, rather thin, convex, often umbonate, at length expanded, depressed in the center, but the margin still arching, ful- yous (308) to madder-brown (334), azonate, dry, glabrous, 1-4 cm. broad, margin inrolled and pruinose at first, not striate; gills whitish or flesh-colored (67), becoming reddish-brown, sometimes a few fork- ing next the stem, close, adnate to slightly decurrent, rather narrow; stem of the same color as the pileus or paler, nearly equal, sometimes flexuous, glabrous, pruinose, smooth, firm to spongy, 1-3 em. long, 3-8 mm. thick; flesh of about the color of the gills, unchanging, odor aromatic, becoming more pronounced in drying; spores white, glo- bose, echinulate, 6-7#; latex white, unchanging, mild, abundant. Edible. “Tn woods, more abundant in moist mixed woods. July to October. “This species is of about the size of Lactaria subdulcis and some- 58 JOURNAL oF THE MrrcuEtyt Socrery [June times of nearly the same color, but usually it is a darker-fulvous or more red-brown, and the flesh is firmer. The odor is usually faint at first, but becomes strong as it dries. To me the odor is like that of slippery-elm bark. The pileus is polished in appearance and does not fade with age nor become rimulose. “The European writers describe the pileus as zonate, but no zonate specimens have been reported in the United States.” Blowing Rock. Atkinson. Mount Pisgah. Burlingham. Low districts, woods, and thickets. Curtis. 49. Lactarius rimosellus Pk. Prats 38. Cap up to 5 em. broad, averaging much smaller (about 1.5-3 em.), sharply umbonate usually, but in age depressed around the umbo; surface minutely subtomentose or plush-like, usually cracked into small areas and appressed scales, deep brick-brown (onion-skin pink to pecan-brown of Ridgway). Flesh firm, color of cap but lighter, thin, 1 mm. thick halfway to margin; odor aromatic, not lke cam- phor, becoming more pronounced in drying. Milk watery-white, mild, unchanging. Gills rather distant, attached, broadest at stem where they are about 2 mm. wide, slightly decurrent, tough and elastic, a deep rich red- brown and pruinose at maturity. Stem smooth, cartilaginous, slightly tapering upward, about color of cap, but usually paler, lightest below, about 3.5 em. long and 2-3.5 mm. thick in center, hollow. Spores (of No. 1173) light creamy-brown, subspherical to elliptic, tuberculate to papillate, 5.5-7 x 6.6-8.2@ in diameter. A pretty little plant, quite common in late June and July and less plentiful later. It is found in woods and groves among grass and moss, generally on the ground, but sometimes on rotting wood. It is plentiful in my yard under oaks. Miss Burlingham has seen my two collections of plants and consid- ers them L. helvus, but I cannot agree with this determination unless a > Ti 1918] Tue Lacrarts or Norru Carotra 59 LT. helvus and L. rimosellus are the same. Compared with four good plants from the type collection of L. rimosellus that Dr. House has been so kind as to send me, the plants appear identical in every respect, as much so as if they had been gathered from the same colony. The spores, also, are exactly alike, being subspherical, most about 6.6-7 x 7.2-7.5u, and with more spine-like papille than in those of L. helvus from Miss Burlingham, in which the spores are more elliptic and the warts more blunt and low. Lactarius helvus is, moreover, a larger plant than ours, and the gill color is different in the dry state. Peck’s plants are decidedly odorous in the dried state, and so are ours (in this respect not differing from L. helvus, unless the odor be somewhat different). Plate 28 shows the largest plant of this species we have found in Chapel Hill. 76. Low places east of athletic field, September 25, 1908. 547. On mossy ground near Battle’s Brook, October 10, 1912. 1164. Just below sphagnum moss bed, low woods, July 20, 1914. Spores 5.6-6.4,1. Photo. 1173. Near sphagnum bed east of athletic field, July 21, 1914. Photo. 1203. In several places along Battle’s Branch, wet sandy places, just above water, July 24, 1914. 1594. By path along Meeting of the Waters Branch, near one-quarter mile west of Meeting of the Waters, July 9, 1915. Spores spherical, papil- late (some less so), 6:3-7.24, in diameter. 1753. Low, damp, shaded spot at base of Lone Pine Hill, September 12, 1915. 2357. On a rotting deciduous log, woods, July 3, 1916. Cap surface broken up into small squamulose-looking areas. 50. Lactarius subdulcis (Pers.) Fr.* Puate 39. Cap 1.5-5.3 em. broad, at times irregular, soon depressed in center, not papillate or umbonate, the margin elevated or nearly plane, in- *Lactarius sp.? We have one collection of a tall slender plant growing on wood that we have not yet been able to determine. We have found no other Lactarius growing on wood except L. rimosellus (rarely), and that is easily different with its rimose and velvety cap and different color of gills, particularly when dry. Lactarius subdulcis has less spherical spores and different color (very different when dry), and L. camphoratus has a strong odor. Lactarius ligni- otus var. tenuipes has been found on wood in spruce woods in Vermont, but 60 JOURNAL oF THE MrrcHery Sociery [ June rolled at first, not striate or crenate, surface smooth, dull, slightly viscid when damp; color pinkish-tan or avellaneous to wood-brown all over or the center darker or mottled with brick-color. Flesh 2-3 mm. thick, tinted like the cap, rather brittle, not changing when bruised ; odor faint but usually distinct, rather like dried apples, not stronger on drying. Milk white or watery-white, not abundant, mild on first tasting, then moderately and slowly acrid. Said to be mild or bitter- ish at times. Gills crowded or scarcely crowded, adnate or slightly decurrent, none or a few forked, veined, 3-5 mm. wide, color of the cap or paler in youth, darker with age, on drying becoming very white-glaucous. Stem 1-4 em. long, 3-7 mm. thick, nearly equal, often compressed, color of cap, smooth, the base coarsely tomentose when in leaves, dis- tinctly hollow except when young. Spores (of No. 3019) white, tuberculate, 6-6.8 x 7.5-9.3z. By the glabrous cap, brownish color of all parts, tardily acrid milk and hollow stem this species may be distinguished. The milk is said to be mild at times. From Miss Burlingham’s description our plants differ only in the slightly but distinctly viscid and non-papillate cap. The spores are exactly those of plants from Miss Burlingham, and the dried plants look alike. This is true, however, of L. camphoratus also, plants of which from Miss Burlingham having spores just like those of her L. subdulcis. In fact, no difference appears in the dried plants of the two species, the odor being the same so far as I can detect. From descriptions practically no difference appears except that is very different. Lactarius griseus may also grow on decaying logs, but we have found it only on earth in Chapel Hill. The description of our plant follows: Cap only 2-3 cm. wide, glabrous, not viscid, depressed in center, light ochra- ceous-buff to ochraceous-tawny. Flesh thin, firm, fragile, with a light tint of the cap color; odor none. Milk mild, sometimes so sparse as to be scarcely discernible even in very young plants. Gills close, slightly decurrent, white then tan, with a tint of flesh color. Stem very long and slender, 3-7 cm. long and about 5 mm. thick, ochraceous- tawny, lightly stuffed, base distinctly white villous, the hairs turning ochra- ceous-tawny in drying like the stem. Spores white, spherical, a few short-elliptic, warted, 5.9-8.5 x 5.9-10.2 4. Dis- tinctly more spherical than in L. swbdulcis, Nos. 3019 and 3040. 3019. No. =i 6) | ms Q 77) wm “a = FS = : 4 1918 | Tue Lacrartas or Norra Carorrna 61 that L. camphorata is said to develop a strong odor in drying, while L. subdulcis does not, and to be darker usually in color than the latter. All parts of L. subdulcis tend to become a darker brick color on old bruises and the old gills are often spotted with this color. For an illustration in color see Mycologia 3:168, Pl. 49. 1911. 3019. Pine woods by pond in front of cemetery, May 1, 1918. Photo. Small plants, cap 1.5-4.2 em. broad, irregular; stem 1-2.5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. thick; hollow. 3040. Strowd’s lowgrounds in moss, May 18, 1918. Plants larger, cap up to 5.3 em. broad, wood brown to avellaneous. Milk white, slowly acrid, in age flesh barely acrid. Spores pure white, tuberculate, elliptic, 6.2-8 x 7.7-10y. 3065. Strowd’s lowgrounds, deciduous woods, May 22, 1918. Small plants; cap up to 2.5 cm. broad, stem 3 cm. long, center and one cap rugulose. All quite glabrous and depressed in center; no papilla and scarcely any odor. Spores pure white, tuberculate, elliptic, 6.5-7.6 X 7.6-9.7 1. 3094. Mixed woods back of athletic field, May 28, 1918. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. Mount Pisgah. Burlingham. Asheville. Beardslee. Common, damp grounds. Curtis. CHAPEL Hitt, N. C. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 40. (All figures x 2160.) . Lactarius . Lactarius . Lactarius . Lactarius . Lactarius . Lactarius . Lactarius . Lactarius . Lactarius . Lactarius . Lactarius . Lactarius 13. Lactarius 14. Lactarius 15. Lactarius 16. Lactarius 17. Lactarius 18. Lactarius 19. Lactarius 20. Lactarius 21. Lactarius 22. Lactarius 23. Lactarius 24. Lactarius 25. Lactarius 26. Lactarius 27. Lactarius 28. Lactarius 29. Lactarius ow MD OP OD Fe He Ne pergamenus vellereus subvellereus. Form A Allardii deceptivus rusticanus atroviridis torminosus subtorminosus furcatus scrobiculatus scrobiculatus insulsus trivialis coleopteris speciosus croceus subpurpureus Indigo chrysorheus echrysorheus. Form A quietus? Curtisii Peckii griseus. Form A* plinthogalus subplinthogalus volemus lentus *The drawing of this spore should be more clearly reticulated to majority. 904 . 1585 - 1218 . 2029 . 883 - 1166 . 790 . 2361 . 2813 . 2232 . 2371 . 1863 . 2369 566 - 1851 . 2199 . 2348 . 1246 - 1345 - 1838 774 789 . 1845 - 2347 . 1850 . 2233 . 2394 - 104 . 2323 accurately represent the PLATE 40 ne ae JOURNAL Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society Volume X XXXIV SEPTEMBER, 1918 No. 3 PROCEEDINGS OF SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NORTH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE HELD AT THE STATE NORMAL COLLEGE, GREENS- BORO, APRIL 26 AND 27, 1918. In the absence of President W. A. Withers (detained at home on account of sickness) and Vice-President J. H. Pratt (in France engaged in the great war), the Secretary, E. W. Gudger, called to- gether the Executive Committee composed of himself ex officio, H. C. Beardslee, and Bert Cunningham. It was noted that another member of the committee, H. R. Totten, was also absent engaged in war service. On motion, H. C. Beardslee was elected President pro tem. for the meeting. The Secretary reported that the membership list on Janu- ary 1, 1917, contained 88 names; that 13 members were lost during the year due to removal from the State, resignation, or nonpayment of dues, and that 10 new members were elected; the membership on January 1, 1918, being 85. The following new members were elected: H. B. Arsvcxie, Professor of Chemistry, Davidson College. F. F. Bannson, Ventilating Engineer, Winston-Salem. Mrs. F. C. Brviys, Instructor in Science, Durham High Sehool. J. H. Cowan, Instructor in Electrical Engineering, Trinity Col- lege. C. C. Logan, Extension Agronomist, State Agricultural and Engi- neering’ College. 66 JouRNAL oF THE MrrcHEty Socrery | September The Seeretary-Treasurer next presented his financial report, found elsewhere, and it was afterwards referred to the Auditing Committe for report. The invitation of Trinity College for the Academy to be the guest of the College at the next annual meeting was unanimously accepted. Immediately after adjournment of the Executive Committee, Presi- dent pro tem. Beardslee called the Academy to order at 2:45 p. m., and appointed the following committees: Auditing, F. A. Wolf, E. E. Randolph, and J. S. Holmes; Resolutions, E. Oscar Randolph, Bert Cunningham, and A. S. Wheeler; Nominations, J. J. Wolfe, W. C. Coker, and J. F. Lanneau. The reading of papers was then begun and carried steadily forward until the Academy adjourned at 5 p. m. At 8:15 p. m. the Academy reconvened in the physics lecture- room of McIver Building. Owing to the absence of President W. A. Withers, the presidential address, “Gossypol,’ had to be omitted. However, Professor W. C. Coker gave two papers with lantern-slide illustrations, “Azalea atlantica and variety” and “‘A Visit to Smith’s Island.” This island is of interest, since, situated at the mouth of - the Cape Fear River, it is the northern limit of a number of interest- ing biological forms, the palmetto palm, for example. The Academy then adjourned to the first floor of the Student’s Building, where an informal reception was tendered the members of the Academy by the Faculty and the members of the Senior Class belonging to the Science and Home Economic Courses. The Academy was called to order at 9:10 Saturday morning, and immediately went into annual business session. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The Secretary-Treasurer then gave his report on membership, elsewhere noted. He next read his report of the financial condition of the Academy. This the auditing committee found correct, and it was ordered printed. ee 1918] Procerpryes, 1918 67 Report of E. W. Gudger, Treasurer, 1917-1918 RECEIPTS EXPENDITURES Balance last audit ......... $ 179.86 Proceedings, 1917 .......... $ 75.00 Dues since last audit....... 94.11 Printing cane eee ree 4.75 Interest savings bank acct.. 5.31 Postage and telephone ..... 4.19 . Clerical services ........... 1.00 Secretary's dues 23 ..2..22-. 1.00 Secretary’s expenses to Chapel Hill meeting ..... 3.30 Total receipts ...... Zong) 279228 Total expenditures ..... $ 89.24 Less expenses ......... 89.24 i $ 190.04 RESOURCES OUTSTANDING DEBTS ngs bank balance...... $ 136.63 Proceedings, 1917 .......... $ 75.00 king bank balance .... 53.41 Printing 5.255 << 2S aR eSnO S| eaeean enone DSS E SSeS mac am ana NE Se Se rena ae area aaa] C0 OFT) pero |00a1 ON | ZI-S2-6 ps £ 9 GI-S2-6 o€ Cis Oli ceneces| ZI-Se-6 qs | 9 16 GI-S2-6 BE ®t GI-62-L | GI-6I-L sinoy FT GI-8-2 “Wd ¢ Ce ae Tt sotodg soystc] -[0 a.mg[n pojued paxa]]99 Joquiny [nyaqnod | at40IS ® i) e aoa cnn ot eraon pain undog puoUodx gy tae [Bog BW saliog u u GIGI ‘SAUMALIAYD o1nodsvuLa TON ATAVL [September JouRNAL oF THE MitcuErt Society 96 SI-So-6 GI-96-6 GI-Se-6 GI-$2-6 23 eel 9 GI-Se-6 | ét put YT | ZI-6-8 ét pus oT | zI-¢-8 8,3 | | pue 8,0 [wtoaog | ZI-1-8 GI-82-L GI-86-L oI-S6-L sino f CI-8t-L “Wd Z sunoy Z GI-8t-L “Wd @ SInoy 6 | GI-S¢-2 “WW "VW IT aati Teng. ¢ Hg eam enol) Mikel F, fietecnmremeE LULU wisn eceeennen y inyaqnod:| e[1404g GI-S4-6 ZI-Se-6 GI-Se-6 GI-86-6 =199, oye amy [nO (BORE OT om pue oT | e1-62-2 so1odg jo 9o1n0g poyunytd ange 6°ON WTAVL GI-6I-L unsog JUSUIIOdxoT ZIGI ‘SHNVIG 6 GNV © WOUd amAINaAqg sauaLIAD sinoy #E | @I-8I-2 “Wd 3 | | feist, | poroontog ut 4doyf [PLOye ToT 5" 8] B40 is | gaquanyy Solag 97 ALTERNATION AND ParrHENOGENESIS IN Papina 1918] 08 Tee Sip cea ate Seeacvascil iescae sas | GI-86-6 Bo See feces ZI-86-6 8 T aI-S2-6 C2 aa aI-80-6 | fae pcre aa ie SUMED ege Gs LL ones a nea eee enn cmmce HATE) OF puBip oe ae Sy Te ee pe Sora =>" 8]830.,, oT | 8-6-8 SI-80-2 “WW “df IT sinoy 2 GI-80-2 “WW ‘d 2 eae aa 27) [|__| poate al a po Ree cea ea i a GI-90-6 pL pea ie | BP araae -Fc| eek | Poa se sl eee od ZI-82-6 OL : = qh | CL OT | S88 | @I-8t-2 “Wd IT simoy J I-S2-2 “Wd 3 aamaacneaa= JIA | ----------|---------- I e ate ee ig | es Sao ween pe oo ae hac ences Soe eae a Sea aoe a eee roa emmy PF OF = qF : et Sa Bee = A 2 8.6 [e19aeg | ZI-I-8 | GI-Se-L"W'd 08:01 | sanoy 6 BI-St-2 “INV IT PERE RSE i ge ia alah aaa CO SEESEE SED iOS a3 | 7 i: [B19AGS | GI-62-2 | GI-6I-L “WV OF SINOM FT WGI=SI=Le sci) lle wan wean anes I MOMCS amano sarodg paqwuerg soystq paqatjop ROUEN ny3qnod | aMa1g ® ro) Be) js renprarpuy| 4, ee amyn5 unzog yuoultodx | ae [eLaqByy saliag GIGI ‘SAMALINAD POT aqzi1wAAIN() £ ‘ON WIAVL [September JOURNAL OF THE MircHEett Society 98 (a | ae POE L93|---~ ¥I-61-6 pg ¥I-SI-6 og PI-LI-01 ag ¥I-LI-01 ug “s]0}09 puway a a Tom n ene neseceeeeressee==-1(048 JUMAAOD 91N4[ND ee aie ae sae ie ae, oe ee ges (ae aR OU DOO ES i Rg pr pa ae “MONA OU TO OFA Sa eet ene ar ae “][0Y8 AULL9A09 oanypNo poory SywuIay FI-I-8 PI-18-2 jun =o- "sal ® Id ®T | PI-9-8 “WV OL I 0G “WV OF A ime ese eal he prs | eae | Peseta | amen ca | Ln | ee (ier | pb 200) ira ial | RS = “8[VIOL, oF fs folate] es] e |e bole fer] e | 9 | oe] sr | er | r-02-6 Die Ween [1948 JO OAPe puv pus ouo 04 Ayoryo pouguos syanjg | — [ = oS | aommog | amyng | somag 9[1949 ® fe) e FIGI ‘SauxnLIAD TouLNOD 2°ON WIAVL 105 ALTERNATION AND ParriuENOGENESIS IN Papina 1918] FI-LL-0l FI-81-6 ears pateAodad 40OU [[IYS eoste parleAodad Jou [[IYS pa a qIMOIZ ON ~--YMOIT ONT sul Bur | #1-F2-8 |" -- ~punorng SyIvUlay — LS SS ~ : vo a bo | z | JourRNAL OF THE MircHELt Socrery 106 Fae eeiliecalh eee ODA lier eee aves Ul aes | Lee (papa | ne cl Me eee een lites ae eee aes ees a TP30.L Es B 4 td ST-€2-01 | PF “ON 1184S yMoud urroyrtun—quoerpooxgy |B 09 9 | |—T |}4 )% |S | 88) | Se) gE | or | oz | St-€2-01 | 9F ‘ON TleUg WO JTUN—YyMOIZ SNOIOBIA a GL a ba cal aes Piece fe ee | ia | ees || ea eee |e Meet) eT TE ll ete ee 918q Ieu109 sU0O—syuB]d as1E'T 99 € |e Wl Ns Nae VERS ae ircadaets age ere Cheectsctaye Ich gO Si 9 2 (2f Sosa ae SaaS oS syed of.1n[—peieaoo [jam [Jays squid ® SI-LI-8 EMG flocs Fa ‘, poroaag | SEFEB fw ez op | FTE lew -y or AI | [ sie pee Al lek eens [be eS tae, aT ier ee eee = aif Med fe meals om fel IN | Fee a a | Cee Pale X4 P| ae ieee eal [ine cae Sa | Bram S| Se [ley cee = bo Come" (eg (aT | 2 OF Fs POS 08 08 a 0b Te Ee 6: |) Si=2e-6 || PT-oN Teds 5 Of Py | £8 | Se] SE) & || & | 9) 6 | Go| g2) St | 09 | st-22-6 | Ol -oN TI9q9 5 OF | 8S | 0% | S |---| BO | ZT | Sh} 86 | 82] OZ | SI-z2-6 | qT ‘ON TleUS a 09 Fe ie | OF | SS) SE 2 |--1 2 | 98} BL | 29 | 86 | $2 | Oz | SI-z2-6 | Bron [TeUg ro sle@/olola/sle/slsle/s|sle/s|s|els BSl2(S leis ls lelSiFleiSitisisit sist SMSO orerice: |e smarter e ; 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HARPER The American pitcher-plants (family Sarraceniaceae), which are totally unlike any other plants in the Western Hemisphere, though distantly related to the Old World family Nepenthaceae, have long attracted popular attention on aecount of their carnivorous habits and striking appearance. The family comprises three genera, with nine known species, a few subspecies, varieties, or abnormal forms, and several hybrids; all perennial herbs, growing in damp sandy soils and boggy places in temperate climates. They have nearly all been culti- vated for ornament in Europe, especially in Great Britain and Ive- land, where several horticultural varieties and artificial hybrids have originated. The leaves of all the species arise from subterranean rootstocks, and are normally tubular, with a longitudinal wing on the anterior side. This tube corresponds with the petiole of ordinary leaves, and is usually surmounted by an appendage known as the hood, vary- ing greatly in shape in different species, which corresponds to the leaf-blade. So odd are the shapes of the leaves of some species that it is impossible to describe them adequately in words, and for this reason it has been difficult to interpret correctly some of the early descriptions that were unaccompanied by figures, and some confusion in nomenclature has resulted. In some of the species the leaf-tubes are wide open to the sky, and in others the hood is curved over the mouth of the tube in such a way that no sunshine or rain can enter directly. In the latter case the convexity of the hood is always provided with numerous white trans- lucent spots which serve to illuminate the interior, the advantage of which will appear presently. A red pigment (anthocyan) is quite characteristic of the family, appearing in varying degree in both leaves and flowers. It is generally best developed in plants growing in sunny places. The leaves contain more or less liquid, which in the speci ~*th open tubes is mostly rain-water, but in the others is a secretion trom 110 Tue Amertcan Prrcener-PLants ala tat the plant. Late in the summer the tubes are usually half filled with dead insects of many species, which have been lured thither by the bright colors of the hoods, or a sugary secretion on the outside of the tubes, or both. Just within the mouth of the tube the surface is so smooth that it affords a very insecure foothold, and a little farther down is a close array of stiff hairs pointing downward, which make descent very easy and ascent by crawling almost impossible. And the tube is usually too narrow for an insect of any size to fly out after it once gets inside. The function of the “windows” in the over- arching hoods is now evident, for flying insects as a rule do not like to enter dark places. Once within the zone of downward-pointing The author of the article on pitcher-plants failed to receive proof, and consequently several typographical errors were over- looked, and a few references in the text to illustrations that were not used were inadvertantly allowed to stand. The cut of Sarra- cenia purpurea (Plate 2) is from a photograph by Dr, George E. Nichols of Yale University, and should have been so credited. = ne erreur cau Suc UIipiily Speciaiizea contrivances must be of some advantage to the plant, and when the leaves finally decay the insect remains in them must contribute in no smal] degree to the nutrition of the plants through their roots, if nothing else. The flowers of all the species are rather showy and more or less odorous, but last only two or three weeks, and only a minority of the plart> ig a given area seem to bloom in any one year. In the South American species there are several flowers on one stalk, but in the THE AMERICAN PITCHER-PLANTS By Rotanb M. HARPER The American pitcher-plants (family Sarraceniaceae), which are totally unlike any other plants in the Western Hemisphere, though distantly related to the Old World family Nepenthaceae, have long attracted popular attention on aecount of their carnivorous habits and striking appearance. The family comprises three genera, with nine known species, a few subspecies, varieties, or abnormal forms, and several hybrids; all perennial herbs, growing in damp sandy soils and boggy places in temperate climates. They have nearly all been culti- vated for ornament in Enrone—esnarially im (Gwo-+ D+" ed land, where s originated. The leaves and are norn side. This ti is usually su ing greatly i leaf-blade. S it is Impossib reason it has descriptions th in nomenclatw In some of t in others the hc that no sunshi convexity of the uvvu 1s arways provided with numerous white trans- lucent spots which serve to illuminate the interior, the advantage of which will appear presently. A red pigment (anthocyan) is quite characteristic of the family, appearing in varying degree in both leaves and flowers. It is generally best developed in plants growing in sunny places. The leaves contain more or less liquid, which in the speci: ~*th open tubes is mostly rain-water, but in the others is a secretion trom 110 Tue American Pircnuer-PLANTs ala al the plant. Late in the summer the tubes are usually half filled with dead insects of many species, which have been lured thither by the bright colors of the hoods, or a sugary secretion on the outside of the tubes, or both. Just within the mouth of the tube the surface is so smooth that it affords a very insecure foothold, and a little farther down is a close array of stiff hairs pointing downward, which make descent very easy and ascent by crawling almost impossible. And ~ the tube is usually too narrow for an insect of any size to fly out after it once gets inside. The function of the “windows” in the over- arching hoods is now evident, for flying insects as a rule do not like to enter dark places. Once within the zone of downward-pointing hairs, death by drowning is almost inevitable; and human ingenuity could hardly devise a better fly-trap than a pitcher-plant leaf. There are, however, a few species of insects which in the course of ages have learned to circumvent these elaborate pitfalls and even to profit by the misfortune of their less wary fellow-creatures. In many of the leaves can be found one or more larve feeding on the -easses, and these when the proper stage in their development arrives escape by gnawing their way out, or perhaps in some cases by flying. )ecasionally a spider spins its web across the tube and robs the plant of some of its prey. Or when there is more water than insects ey é “BId.100r) ‘dUeMS aaHOl 10 UOHLOAV GHL HLIM ‘YONIN VINHOVUUVS | (7/07) “BIs.10ay) ‘dwueVMg veyouyeyO “YONTIW VINGAQVUUVS (7UOr7) LV Id 1918 | Tue Amertcan Pircurr-PLants Way through middle and west Florida to southeastern Louisiana; and in almost every county within its range it is common enough so that one can find it almost any day by looking in favorable places. Sarracenia minor (Pl. 3) has leaves erect or nearly so, with the hood curved over the mouth of the tube in such a way as to keep out rain falling vertically, though in heavy showers some rain may splash into it. The back of the hood has numerous white translucent spots which serve to light up the interior of the pitcher, and the wing has minute nectar glands scattered along it, which lead ants and other erawling insects up to the mouth of the tube and to destruction within. The leaves are usually less than a foot tall, but in Okefinokee Swamp, Georgia, a height of three feet is often reached, and I have measured one leaf forty-four inches long. (See illustration.) They last pretty well through the winter, but apparently do not function a second season. The flowers are yellow. This was figured by some of the old European herbalists over two hundred years ago, but was first properly described by Walter in 1788. Michaux, overlooking Walter’s description or not recognizing it as belonging to his own plant, redescribed it in 1803 as 8. variolaris, and this name prevailed for one hundred years, until the older name was resuscitated by the writer.* ; This is a common, though not very abundant, plant, chiefly in damp flat pine-barrens, from southern North Carolina to southwest Georgia and southward to the vicinity of Kissimmee, Florida, which is about one hundred miles farther south than any other species of Sarracenia extends. It is not known in Alabama, but Professor J. M. Mac- farlane found it once near Ponce de Leon in west Florida. It can often be recognized from a moving train, especially when it is in bloom. Sarracema rubra is a slender dull-colored plant with leaves and flower stalks about a foot tall, or sometimes more, but usually less. *Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30:331-332. 1903. t+In an article on the Everglades by Dix and MacGonigle in the Century Magazine for February, 1905, there is a sketch purporting to show some of the characteristic plants on the islands, in which a Sarracenia (species unrecognizable) appears growing on the trunk of a tree with some orchids and ferns! ‘The artist, however, carried his ‘‘poetic license’ too far, not only in making Sarracenia an epiphyte, but also in attributing it to that part of Florida at all, for no member of the genus is known within one hundred miles of the Everglades. 118 JOURNAL OF THE MirecuELyt Socrery September L The leaves are erect or nearly so, with tubes an inch or less in diame- ter at the top, and roundish ascending hoods with dark red veins. The flowers are red, as the name implies. A double-flowered form has been found by Dr. W. C. Coker near Hartsville, S. C.* Like the preceding, this was first described by Walter in 1788. It is probably the least abundant member of the genus, and a person unacquainted with it might look for it for several days without find- ing it. It is so inconspicuous that it never figures in car-window notes. But it has a fairly wide distribution, from North Carolina to west Fliroda and southeastern Mississippi. It is not confined to the pine-barrens,+ but grows equally well in the region of mixed pine and hardwood forests a little farther inland, also among the fall-line sandhills, and even in a few places among the mountains of North Carolina, over 2,000 feet above sea-level.{ Apparently no one has yet photographed it in its natural surroundings. Sarracenia Sledget is intermediate in many respects between the preceding species and the next, and might be regarded as a hybrid between them, but for the fact that it grows in many places far re- moved from either. (Of course it is conceivable that a plant of hybrid origin might perpetuate itself and extend its range over a considerable tertitory, and it has been suggested that many if not most species have originated in that way; but no authentic case of a self-perpetuating hybrid growing under perfectly natural conditions seems to be known. ) The oldest known specimens of this plant were collected by Thomas Drummond in southeastern Louisiana in 1832; but it was quite gen- erally confused with S. flava until separated by Professor J. M. Mac- farlane of the University of Pennsylvania, our greatest authority on this family of plants, in 1904. At that time, however, he erroneously identified it with Ellitt’s S. Catesbaet (of which more anon). Dis- covering his error a couple of years later, the plant was left without *See Plant World 12:253-254. 1909; Plant Life of Hartsville, p. 80. 1912. +For a map showing the approximate location of ihe southeastern pine-barrens see Journal of Geography 15:42. Oct. 1916. tAn amateur botanist in middle Georgia told me several years ago that he had seen a Sarra- cenia in the northern part of Newton County; which is the only record of the occurrence of that genus in Georgia outside of the coastal plain. I never had an opportientt to visit the locality, but would not be much surprised to find S. rubra there. PLATE 4 (Above) SARRACENIA FLAVA var. OREOPHILA. Cherokee County, Alabama. (Below) SARRACENIA FLAVA. Colquitt County, Georgia. 1918 | Tuer Amertcan Pircurer-Piants 119 a name, and early in 1907* he named it after Dr. W. H. Sledge, of Mobile, who first sent him specimens of it. It is fairly common in wet pine-barrens from the west side of Mobile Bay to eastern Louisiana, and has been collected in Smith, Henderson, and Hardin counties, Texas; being the only southern pitcher-plant known west of the Mississippi River. East of Mobile Bay I have seen a few specimens in the southern part of Baldwin County, Alabama, and what appears to be the same thing (though it may be a variety of the next) in boggy places among the long-leaf pine hills in Chilton and Autauga counties, near the center of the State. Sarracenia flava (Pl. 4) is a showy plant with straight erect trump- et-shaped leaves averaging about a foot and a half tall, and two inches or so in diameter at the mouth of the tube. They are bright lemon yellow (or green in shady places), with an irridescent purple spot, or a cluster of purple veins, on the throat or neck, which doubtless serves to lure insects to their destruction. Unlike most of the species previously enumerated, this regularly bears two very different kinds of leaves. The conspicuous insect-catching ones die down in the fall, and are immediately succeeded by green sword-like ones somewhat shorter, which last through the winter. (See illustration.) The flowers are yellow, on stalks usually shorter than the leaves; and there are few flowering plants so nearly yellow throughout as this one. This striking plant was probably first collected at least three hun- dred years ago by some of the early botannical explorers of Virginia and North Carolina, and it was in cultivation in Europe soon after- ward. The present name dates from the time of Linnaeus. It is doubtless the most abundant plant of its family, though not the most widely distributed. In some parts of its range, particularly in Georgia, there may be as many as ten thousand plants to the acre, making a mass of bright color that can be seen from afar. Its favor- ite habitat is sandy gentle slopes perpetually moistened by seeping water; it is rarely found in flat pine woods, in ponds, or in peat bogs. Tt extends from a few miles south of Petersburg, Virginia,} southward *Journal of Botany 45:4. Jan. 1907. +See Torreya 4:123. Aug. 1904; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 34:371. 1907. 120 JouRNAL oF THE Mivenetn Socrery | September to middle Florida (Wakulla County), and westward to Baldwin County, Alabama, where it is rather scarce. Its range does not seem.to quite meet that of its near relative, S. Sledgei. In North Carolina it is common among the fall-line sandhills (where a traveler on the main line of the Seaboard Air Line can see it any day in summer), as well as nearer the coast, and it is known also in the Piedmont region ; but in Georgia it seems to be confined to the pine- barrens. Several minor horticultural varieties of this species, based on color differences, have been described, and there is a wild variety that deserves special mention. In northeastern Alabama, particularly on the Cumberland Plateau in Marshall, Jackson, and DeKalb counties, and in the Coosa Valley in Cherokee County, in moist sandy places near streams, is a plant similar to S. flava, but not typical of that species. It was found by two or three collectors in the last decade of the nineteenth century, and was referred by Dr. Charles Mohr in his magnum opus, the plant life of Alabama,* to the long-lost 8. Catesbaei of Elliott, which was described from South Carolina three-quarters of a century before. Almost contemporaneously Mr. T. H. Kearney, in a discussion of the distribution of certain coastal-plain plants rep- resented by identical or closely related forms in the Southern moun- tains,t applied the name Sarracenia flava var. oreophila to it, but gave no description. Besides the slight differences pointed out by Dr. Mohr, who saw the plant only in summer, there is another that may be important. The sword-like winter leaves, instead of being nearly straight as in the pine-barren form illustrated herewith, are strongly recurved, and considerably shorter than the summer leayes. But this plant should be studied a little more before it is formally named. What appears to be the same thing was collected, probably in the third quarter of the last century, by Dr. Hugh M. Neisler, who lived at Butler, Georgia, among the fall-line sandhills, and presuma- bly got his specimens somewhere in that neighborhood. *Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 6: 79, 581. 1901. See, also, Mohr. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 23. 1897; Harbison, Biltmore Bot. Stud. 1: 155, 156. 1902; Harper, Torryea 6: 114. 1906, tScience II. 12:833, 837. Nov. 30, 1900. (Above) SARRACENIA DRUMMONDII. Walton County, Florida. \ (Below) SARRACENIA DRUMMONDII. Mobile County, Alabama. 1918 | Tur Amertcan Prrcewrr-PLants 121 Sarracenia Drummondii (Pl. 5) has leaves of about the same size and shape as those of S. flava, except for being a trifle slenderer; but the upper parts are white with a network of reddish veins, and the lower parts green; the hoods are covered with stiff hairs on the inner surface, and the flowers are red. It produces some sword-like leaves in the fall, but not so regularly or abundantly as does S. flava. This handsome plant was apparently first noticed near Pensacola, Florida, early in August, 1775 (or 17777*) by William Bartram, a noted naturalist of that time, who attempted to describe it in his Travels (1791) under the name of S. lacunosa; but he seems to have gotten S. minor, which does not grow so far west (or possibly S. Sledge, which does not grow so far east) mixed with it in his mem- ory, for his description fits S. minor better. C. C. Robin, a French explorer who was not a botanist, traveled through the South from 1802 to 1806, saw the same plant near the same place, and published a recognizable description of it in his narrative (1807), although he mistook the leaves for flowers, as many other non-botanists have done since. The erratic naturalist Rafinesque ten years later dug out this description and applied the name Sarracenia leucophylla to it, but that has never been taken seriously on account of Rafinesque’s well- known eccentricity and his rather unwarranted procedure in giving a name to a plant he had never seen, on the strength of an imperfect description. The species was first properly described in 1836 by H. B. Croom, who did not refer to Bertram or Robin, but had seen specimens collected near Appalachicola by Drummond in 1835 and by Chapman in 1836. (These same old specimens are now in the Torrey Herbarium at the New York Botannical Garden.) Tt is known in a few places in southwest Georgia, and inland in Alabama as far as Crenshaw County, is abundant in west Florida and southwestern Alabama, but stops rather abruptly near the Ala- bama-Mississippi line. It grows in sandy bogs, and especially in the wet gently sloping savannas which are very characteristic of the coun- “The dates in different chapters of Bartram’s Travels are inconsistent, and no one seems ‘0 have determined which ones are correct. There is a little contemporary evidence in Darling- ton’s “Letters of Bartram and Marshall,” and more may yet turn up 122 JouRNAL oF THE MirenEen. Sociery [September try within fifty miles of Mobile Bay. In some places it is just as abundant and conspicuous as S. flava is farther east. The known natural hybrids will now be discussed briefly. It is not necessary to describe them, as each is almost exactly intermediate in appearance between the parent species. They bloom less frequently than the true species, and the flowers of one or two have never been seen at all. They are nearly always found in the immediate vicinity of their parents. Sarracenia purpurea is the parent of two of the known hybrids, 8. psittacina of one, S. minor of two, S. flava of three, and S. Drummondii of two. No natural hybrids of S. rubra are certainly known, though Asa Gray in the first volume of his Synoptical Flora of North America (published in 1895, several years after his death) mentions the existence of plants which appear to be hybrids between this and S. purpurea, but without giving any local- ity. No hybrids of S. Sledgei, the most recently described species, have yet been reported, but their existence is not at all unlikely, for there are three other species that associate with it. Sarracenia purpurea x flava has quite a long history. One of the colored figures in Catesby’s ‘Natural History of Carolina,” first pub- lished in 1743, has been thought to represent it, but the figure is a poor one, and is probably intended for S. flava, which Catesby could hardly have helped seeing on his travels, and does not mention other- wise. Early in the nineteenth century Dr. James Macbride col- lected in Chesterfield County, South Carolina, a pitcher-plant with- out flowers, which was described by Elhott in 1821 in his “‘Botany of South Carolina and Georgia” as S. Catesbaei, on account of its sup- posed resemblance to Catesby’s figure. The other Sarracenias known to Elhott were purpurea, rubra, flava, and minor, and of these he said the new plant was most closely related to fava. Croom, examining the same specimen a few years later, asserted that it did not differ materially from 8. flava; but Professor Macfarlane, who saw it about 1906, recognized it as this hybrid, which he had already known for some years. f In the Gardeners’ Chronicle (London) for July 9, 1881, there is a brief notice of a plant called by British horticulturists Sarracenia Williamsti, which had been received in a shipment of plants from PLATE 6 (Above) SARRACENIA FLAVA x MINOR. Coffee County, Georgia. (Below) SARRACENIA FLAVA x DRUMMONDII. Geneva County, Alabama. 1918] Tue American Pircurr-PLants 12: eM) America (locality not specified), and was thought to be a natural hybrid between purpurea and flava. In June, 1893, Professor Mac- farlane found two specimens, in company with the parent species, near Wilmington, N. C., where their hybrid origin was practically certain. In 1905 he found 117 specimens of the same thing in one day in Holmes County, Florida, and a few in Baldwin County, Ala- bama. The same two species were crossed to make one of the first artificial hybrids in the genus, in 1874. S. purpurea x Drummondii was discovered in company with its parents in Baldwin County, Alabama, by Professor Macfarlane in 1905, and in the northern part of Walton County, Florida, by the writer in 1911. Artificial hybrids with this parentage were described in England in 1887. S. psittacina x minor was tound by the writer in Colquitt County, Georgia, in 1902, and in Coffee, Irwin (now Ben Hill), and Wilcox counties in 1904.* All these localities are in the Altamaha Grit region or rolling wire-grass country. This hybrid produces. flowers and fruit more freely than most of the others. Artificial hybrids were known in England as long ago as 1881, under the name of S. formosa. S. flava x minor (Pl. 6). No artificial hybrid between these two yellow-flowered species is certainly known, but in 1901 I found a sin- gle specimen of the natural hybrid in Bulloch County, Georgia, and the following year several others in Coffee County.+ Of the photo- graphs taken at the latter place in 1902 and 1904 two have been published already, and another appears here. Professor Macfarlane found the same thing near Summerville, S. C., in 1903. S. flava x Drummondii (Pl. 6). These two species were probably the first to be crossed artificially, this having been done by Dr. David Moore at Glasnevin, Ireland, in 1873, or thereabouts. The first inti- mation of a natural hybrid between them seems to be in the 1893 cata- logue of Pitcher & Manda, florists, of Short Hills, N. J., where there is a full-page halftone of a plant called Sarracenia Mandaiana, said to “have been collected growing in company with S. flava and S. Drum- mondit, of which it is no doubt a natural hybrid.” In 1895 and 1901, *Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 236, 237. 1906. 7Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 22. 1904; 32: 463. 1905. 124 JourNaL or tue Mirenern Socitery [September at two places about a mile apart near Americus, Georgia, I found a few specimens corresponding very well with that illustration (which happened to come into my possession in the former year). SS. rubra and S. Drummondw were growing close by in both places, but the nearest known station for S. flava was (and is) over twenty-five miles away, which made me doubt the possibility of that’s being one of the parents, or of my plant being a hybrid at all. The flowers were un- known to me, as they were to Pitcher & Manda. In 1903* I reterred it to the problematical (and likewise flowerless) S. Catesbaet, but Professor Macfarlane’s investigations of that plant, published in 1907, showed that I was mistaken. In June, 1906, I found some very similar plants (illustrated herewith) about three miles east of Geneva, Alabama, in company with S. Drummondii, though here again there was no S. flava (nor S. rubra) insight. But in the meanwhile Profes- sor Macfarlane in 1905 had found plants whose hybrid origin was evi- dent near Bay Minette, Alabama. The occurrence of this plant remote from one of its supposed parents is somewhat of a puzzle. Whether S. flava had once grown nearer by and its hybrid progeny had maintained itself independently for a long period, or the pollen can be carried by insects much farther than we realize, or the supposed hybrid is really a mutation or a valid species, remains to be proved. One compound natural hybrid has been reperted by Professor Mae- farlane, who has found near Ponce de Leon, Florida, what appears to be S. purpurea x flava crossed again with S. flava. The artificial hybrids that have no known wild counterparts need not be discussed here, as they are known only in European greenhouses and have no status as American plants. The known distribution of the species of Sarracenia in the United States may be summed up by States as follows: East of the Great Plains and north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers S. purpurea is found in every State, with no other species of the genus. In West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee apparently no pitcher-plant has been seen by any botanist now living, though S. purpurea has been *Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 333-335. 1903. 1918 | Tur American Prreuer-PLANnts 125 reported more or less indefinitely from the last two. In Virginia only S. flava is certainly known (and that is scarce), but there are vague references to S. purpurea in the literature. (In the remaining States the species will be listed as nearly as possible in order of abundance. ) ; North Carolina has four species: flava, purpurea, minor, and rubra; and one hybrid, 8S. purpurea x flava. South Carolina has the same, probably in the same order of abund- ance, with S. minor x flava added. Georgia has six good species, flava, minor, psittacina, Drummondii, rubra, and purpurea, possibly also the subspecies S. flava oreophila, two unmistakable hybrids, psittacina x minor and minor x flava, and what appears to be S. flava x Drwmmondic. Florida has the same true species as Georgia, but in a different order, about as follows: minor, psittacina, Drummond, flava, pur- purea, rubra. Also two simple hybrids, purpurea x flava and pur- purea x Drummondii, and what appears to be a compound hybrid. Alabama has six species, Drummondii, purpurea, Sledget, flava, psittacina, and rubra, one subspecies, flava oreophila, and three hybrids, purpurea x flava, purpurea x Drummondii, and flava x Drummondii. Mississippi has Sledget and psittacina, and possibly also purpurea, rubra, and Drummondii at the extreme eastern edge of the State. In Louisiana only Sledgei and psittacina are certainly known, and in Texas only S. Sledge. Naturally a great deal has been written about this interesting fam- ily of plants, but the short notes, other than a few already cited in the foregoing pages, are too numerous, and the longer papers mostly too inaccessible, to be mentioned in a popular article like this. It must be acknowledged here, however, that most of the facts above set forth that are not based on personal experience are taken from Professor Macefarlane’s writings, particularly his 39-page monograph of the family in Engler’s Pflanzenreich, published in 1908. - That contains references to the most important previous literature, some of which T have also used. COLLEGE POINT, Lone ISLAND. EXTENSION OF THE RANGE OF PRUNUS UMBELLATA INTO NORTH CAROLINA By J. S. Hotes During a study of the forest conditions of Stanly and other south- eastern Piedmont counties last summer (1917) I came across a species of plum tree which I had not before seen. Having no books with me, I sent a specimen to Dr. W. C. Coker of the State University and he immediately identified it as Prunus umbellata. The two species of plum common to North Carolina are Prunus americana, the hog plum, and Prunus augustifolia, the chickasaw plun. These two are generally distributed throughout the State, though the former is more abundant in the upper districts and the latter in the middle and lower districts. The fruit of Prunus umbellata, known frequently as the sloe or bullace plum, is much smaller than that of either of the above species. It can hardly be classed as edible, being very sour and bitter ; however, it is used to some extent in making jelly, probably mixed with the larger and more palatable fruit of the other two species. The tree is small, the largest one seen not exceeding six inches in diameter and twenty-five feet in height; the twigs are slenderer and less stiff than the chickasaw plum and the tree is hardly as tall or as large as the hog plum, which it more nearly resembles. It occurs in old-field pine stands and on the borders of fields and roadsides, usually in rather dry situations in sandy or gravelly soil. Its distribution in North Carolina as established by me during last summer’s field season is confined to the Pee Dee River region, in the counties of Anson, Stanly, Montgomery, and Richmond. It was most common within a few miles of the river, though in Stanly County it was seen twelve miles west of that river and in Montgomery County sixteen to eighteen miles east of it. The locality where it seemed to be most abundant was on the east side of Stone Mountain in Stanly County, a short distance below the mouth of the Uharie River and only a few miles south of its northern limit at Badin in the same 126 Exrrnston or Rance or Prunus UmMBeniata 12 county. As far as I could learn, it is not distinguished from the other plums locally, all of them together being known as wild plums. So far as I am aware, Prunus umbellata has not been known to occur nearer to us than the coast of South Carolina, and Dr. Charles S. Sargent of the Arnold Arboretum, probably our leading authority on the distribution of trees in the United States, so records it in his manual of the Trees of North America, published in 1905. In this work he gives the distribution as follows: Sandy bottom lands and along the borders of the forest of longleaf pine; South Carolina to Mosquito Inlet, Florida, usually in the neighborhood of the coast, and from Tampa Bay to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas. In a letter recently received from Dr. Sargent he says: “IT do not find in this herbarium any specimen from South Carolina, but it is so common in the coast region of Georgia that I feel quite sure that it grows in South Carolina. I have collected it near Augusta and we have Georgia specimens from McIntosh County, Milam, Thomasville, Bainbridge, and Albany.” Dr. Small, in his Flora of the Southeastern United States, gives its distribution as “about river swamps and hammocks, South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.” Dr. Small distinguishes between this species and Pruns injucunda, which oceurs in the granite-districts of Georgia and Alabama, while Dr. Sargent makes the latter a variety of the former. The difference seems to be largely in the amount of pubescence; wmbellata having little or none, while injucunda has pubescent twigs and the under side of the leaves are likewise pube- seent. Trees with smooth thin leaves and others with quite pubescent leaves were found growing fairly close together in the Pee Dee region, and Dr. Sargent says in his letter to me that the species varies very much in pubescence, there being many specimens in the herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum which are more pubescent than those I sent him. 128 JouRNAL oF THE Mircuery Society | September Miss Alice Lounsberry, in her charming popular work on “South- ern Wild Flowers and Trees” says of Prunus injucunda: “Hardly is there a tree or shrub of more delicate and chaste beauty than this wild plum when in full bloom and the tiny young leaves are just begin- ning to show themselves.” Of Prunus umbellata she says: “It has a similar look to Prunus injucunda.” Perhaps, then, this may prove to be a valuable addition to our orna- mental trees, if not to our economie assets. Certainly in July when the reddish purple fruit is hanging in abundance from the slender twigs it is a very pretty sight. The fruit hangs on a long while and the leaves remain on in the fall considerably longer than they do on the chickasaw plum. The photo given in Plate 7 shows a tree 51% inches in diameter (414 feet from the ground) and 20 feet in height. This tree was in an old-field pine stand one mile west of Gibson’s Mill, Richmond County, North Carolina. The picture was taken by the author November 17, 1917. In Dr. M. A. Curtis’ “Woody Plants of North Carolina,” pub- lished in 1860, he gives, in addition to our two common plums, the Sloe (P. spinosa Linn.?). He says: “I have seen this only in Lincoln County, where it was pointed out to me by Dr. Hunter, and called by the above name. As I have no notes upon this small tree, I am now in uncertainty whether it be identical with the English Sloe or Blackthorn, which is naturalized in some parts of the country, and is considered by the best botanists to be the parent of the common cultivated plum (P. domestica, Linn.).” It is possible that this was an isolated specimen of P. wmbellata, as the Lincoln County line is only about forty miles west of its known range in Stanly County, but neither this nor the Blackthorn, so far as I know, has been otherwise reported from North Carolina. The two trees are not much alike—the European Sloe or Blackthorn hay- ing sharp stiff thorns and the twigs themselves are stiff and un- yielding. It spreads by shoots from underground rootstocks, these sprouts being used largely for making walking stick. The fruit is black with a bloom and is “intensely austere and astringent.” PLATE a “* Penal « UM). L P to by J. S. Holmes. JOE OR BULLACE (SI LATA PRUNUS UMBEI ‘ 3 al ~ a } « mn - >. S j @ a PLATE 8 —— Ee ' OCKINGHAM om “ANCE Y VIL eal WENT WORT a CASWELL She i pea | pices alee GUILE ORD (a we py Ogpeenspon| °° pa IREDELL TATA SYILLD PITTSBORG® CHATHAM ' 1 Vrows O ASHEBORO! ROWAN O SONCORD f ns] CABMRRAUS /, aos. \ OTRor . STANLE MbnTConenh CARTHA€R) INA OORE H OCHARLETTE MECKLENBURG >~ ang OR = -——_ _-—- DY She LTA ON OF one PRUNUS UMBELLATA V NORTH CAROLINA 1917 1918] Extension oF Rance or Prunus UmMBetiata 129 The accompanying map shows by black rectangles the different locations where Prunus umbellata was seen. These occurrences (Pl. 8) may be deseribed brifly as follows: Anson CouUNTY. Morven Township, one mile south of Cairo. Sranty Country. Big Lick Township, three miles east of Oakboro. Albemarle Township, one mile north of Jacobs Creek on River Road. W. M. Kirk’s place east of Stone Mountain; and near Stony Mountain School. Harris Township, one-half mile south of Badin. MontTGoMERY CoUNTY. Rock Springs Township, near Harrisville. RicHMOND COUNTY. Steeles Township, Concord Church. Rockingham Township, Zion Church and one mile south of Dockery’s Store. Beaver Dam Township, one mile west of Gibson’s Mill, and near Beaver Dam Church. CHAPEL Hitt, N. C. ADDITIONS TO THE ARBORESCENT FLORA OF NORTH CAROLINA By W. W. ASHE It was not intended by the authors* of the “Trees of North Caro- lina” to include all the trees in the State, since it is stated in the in- troduction that a number of others might be added. It might be well, however, to add to this already very full enumeration such others as are known to occur that the list may be as complete as possible. The addenda, omitting any hawthorns or semi-shrubs and allowing for the elimination of two from the original list by treating them as varieties, increases the number of species to 180 in place of 166. If to these are added the large number of smaller trees and semi-shrubs, includ- ing the arborescent hawthorns, the number nearly reaches 240, and with the inclusion of some of the best marked varieties exceeds 260. It is believed that even this total is incomplete, and that fuller investi- gations will further augment it, for many portions of the State have never yet been carefully explored. Satrx piscoror Muehl. ae 15 PLATE NDRIUM BUXTIFOLIUM. Brunswick County, N. . Cc. rs \ PLATE 16 DENDRIUM BUXIFOLIUM (reduced). Photo by W. C. @. Brunswick County, N. C. 1918] A Visir to Smita Istanp 1153 The larger fungi were hardly appearing as yet, but Mavolus arcu- larius was abundant on wood, and in the pure sand of an exposed dune we found a good plant of the mushroom Volvaria speciosa. As was to be expected, the Volvaria differed from the inland form in some respects, particularly in the larger spores. Although we found no species of the apple group, a few typical galls of the apple-cedar rust (Gymnosporangium macropus) were found on the cedar. The spores were probably blown from the mainland several miles away. JT shall not refer here at any length to our observations on the flora of the mainland during this trip, but must include photographs of the very interesting and beautiful little shrub, Dendrium buxifolium, which is closely related to the heathers of Europe. This little plant is very local in its distribution and is one of three species of the east- ern United States, one of the other two occurring only on the tops of the highest mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, the other, a species recently (1901) recognized by Dr. Small, is from Table Mountains and a few similar heights in North Carolina and South Carolina. The coastal plant has been reported from the coastal plain of New Jersey to Florida, but seems to have been rarely collected south of New Jersey, as Dr. Small, who has recently monographed the Hricaceae, says (N. Am. Flora 29: 39. 1914) that he has seen no specimens from south of New Jersey.* Along the railroad and the highway from Wilmington to Southport the Dendrium is very abund- ant and grows in close-set colonies over large areas, sometimes as much as an acre in extent. In Plate 15 is shown such a colony in full bloom, and in Plate 16 a single plant. The soil where it grows is sandy and poor and intermediate in elevation and water content between the lower flats (where grow Azalea atlanticat and Venus’ fly-trap) and the more dry and elevated areas. While on Smith Island as well as on the return trip to Wilmington by earth road we secured living specimens of many shrubs and a few vines and trees for planting in the University Arboretum. CHAPEL Hirt, N. C. *We also have good specimens from Springville, Darlington County, South Carolina. 7An illustrated account of this newly described species will be given in a future number of this Journal. REVIEW Professor E. W. Gudger has recently published A Primer of House- hold Biology* of decided merit. The book has been reviewed by Dr. James J. Wolfe, of Trinity College—this review having appeared in a folder from the State Normal College. To give this review a wider circulation I take pleasure in reprinting it below. I can heartily recommend the book for use as a text in biology in high schools, and believe it is particularly suitable for girls as a preparation for more intelligent conduct of the home. As indicating still further the cor- dial reception Dr. Gudger’s Primer has received, I quote from a letter to Dr. Gudger from Dr. W. T. Sedgwick, of the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology, who is a biologist of the highest reputation. WG. Gz Dr. Sedgwick says: “At last I have got around to looking over rather carefully your Primer of Household Biology, upon the appearance of which I hasten to congratulate you. “You have undoubtedly done a good thing—in the first place in drawing attention to the subject and the need of household biology. We have long had. household economics, household sanitation, and household bacteriology, and it was high time that we had a household biology. “Your choice of forms and your treatment in each case seems to me thor- oughly scientific and yet practical, and you have made the book a real Biology.” The review by Dr. Wolfe follows: “A book now issued as a bulletin and modestly styled primer by its author, represents a new departure in the teaching of Biology in this country. Here for the first time so far as the writer knows, have the facts of this science with a bearing on household efficiency been mar- shaled with a view to welding them into an organized body of knowl- edge. Twelve years spent in teaching this subject to young women has peculiarly well fitted Dr. Gudger to choose wisely the materials best adapted to this purpose. “The laboratory work embraces the study of only five types of liv- ing things, viz., a green alga, yeast, amoeba, bacteria, and molds. The *A Primer of Household Biology by E. W. Gudger, Ph.D. Bull. N. C. State Norm. and Ind. Col., Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 3-103, Sept. 1917. For sale by the College, price 55 cents. 154 Review 155 study of types is thus reduced to its lowest terms. Nevertheless, so skillfully and thoroughly are the details derived from these several sourees interwoven and tied together that aside from problems of evolution and classification most of the great principles of Biology are well presented. For example, upon the study of a simple, single- celled plant, including experimentation and microscopic examination, is based the fundamental biological concept that in the last analysis the world’s supply is dependent absolutely and completely upon the green material of plants. Likewise a single simple animal is used to establish the equally important generality that animals are primarily transformers and liberators of the energy stored by green plants. The limits of this review would hardly permit an epitome of the treat- ment devoted severally to the yeasts, bacteria, and molds. Suffice it to say that they are handled adequately, clearly, and forcefully, both as to their beneficial and their baneful activities. No person, especially a woman, who puts into practice the information contained in this book can fail to live a healthier, happier, and more efficient life her- self, and to contribute immeasurably to the well-being of those depend- ent upon her ability to make a well-ordered home. “Tt is difficult better to express briefly the contribution of the book than to quote its purpose as stated by the author—‘to do two things for the students who use it: to give them a sound scientific conception of some of the great fundamental principles of Biology and to drive home to them such a practical knowledge of certain most important living things as will enable them to live healthier and happier lives,’ and then to say that in the judgment -of the reviewer, and in the slang of the day, he has made good. “Tt is a real pleasure to chronicle the appearance of a practical book of such excellence from a neighbor institution, and to say that, in the opinion of the writer, the inclusion of a course in Biology such as is here worked out would contribute strength and depth to any serious study of domestic economy.” ‘ PLATE 1 HYDNELLUM CAROLINIANUM No. 1243 (Above) HYDNELLUM ZONATUM. No. 1238 (Below) JOURNAL OF THE Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society Volume XXXIV No. 4 MARCH, 1919 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ZIRCONIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS By F. P. VENABLE SHETIGUS The earliest use made of a compound of zirconium STONES was that of the natural silicate as a precious stone. It was known under the names zircon, jargon, and hyacinth, and in early times was also supposed to have medicinal value. The use of the name hyacinth among the ancients was con- fusing as, besides the zircon, it sometimes meant the carbuncle and also a dark amethyst. The zircon, known by lapidaries commonly as the Ceylon zircon or jargon, was regarded as distinct from the hya- einth and was usually colored fire-red, yellow, yellowish-green or gray. The hyacinth was distinguished as oriental hyacinth. Its color was deep red with a touch of brown or sometimes of orange red. Zir- cons show a great variety of colors from colorless to red, brown, yel- low, green, gray, white, pink, and blue, besides intermediate tints. They may be translucent, but ordinarily are opaque. On account of its hardness (7.5) the zircon is cut with diamond powder or emery. It is cut in the rose, table, or brilliant form. The value depends chiefly upon the purity of the color. On account of its lustre and hardness it has been substituted for the diamond. Indeed, at one time it was supposed to be an inferior variety of diamond. It has been used in jeweling watches and as supports for the knife edges ft Or (oa) JourNAL OF THE MircuE ty. Socrery [March of fine balances. There is little demand for it at present in jewelry except in the case of fine crystals of pure color. At one time it was supposed to be peculiarly appropriate and was much used in mourn- ing jewelry. Artificial zircons have been more or less successfully produced. axynioRceen The brillancy of the light given off by zirconia LIGHT in the oxv-hydrogen flame was first observed by Hare in 1820 in his effort to fuse it. After the development of the Drummond or lime light it was suggested that zirconia be used as a substitute for the lime, offering the advantages of slight absorbing power for carbon dioxide or water. In 1868 du Motay used it in one of the lamps lighting the Tuileries. Napoleon III was so pleased with the result that he ordered its installation in all of the lamps illuminating the court and gardens. The zirconia light attracted much attention on the part of inventors and others. On account of the purity of the light and the high emissive power of the zirconia it was recommended for scientific use, as in polariscopes, spectroscopes, ete., but this more especially refers to the next form. With the introduction of the Welsbach mantles interest in the Drummond light diminished. The first incandescent mantles made by Welsbach in 1880 consisted essen- tially of zirconia. Later this was largely substituted by the oxides GAS MANTLES of thorium and cerium which have a higher emissive power. Zirconia is used in admixture with these and other rare earths. INGANDESE GHEE A number of attempts have been made to use LIGHT metallic zirconium in the form of filaments in in- candescent electric lamps. Its electrical condue- tivity and high fusing point should render it quite suitable for this purpose. Korolkow has made an examination of the electrical resist- ance, emissive power, and expansion coefficient of zirconium filaments, but such determinations are considerably affected by the presence of even small amounts of impurities. One difficulty which has to be met is the preparation of pure zirconium on a commercial scale and at a reasonable cost. Most of the experiments with zirconium filaments have been carried out with the more or less impure metal, sometimes associated with the carbide which itself has been said to be unsuitable 1919 | InpustriaLt AppLications or Zirconium 159 for the purpose. The properties of zirconium seem to favor its use as a substitute for tungsten should the difficulties in the way of its commercial production be overcome, and its abundance and wide dis- tribution would speedily make it replace the more costly metal. A number of patents have been taken out bearing on the manufacture of the filaments. . The use of zirconium hydroxide has been patented for the lining of shells, presumably as containers for gas-forming liquids or solids which might be affected by contact with steel. Ac- cording to Meyer, investigators who have succeeded in producing malleable zirconium state that it has remarkable properties which fit it for use in the chemical laboratory as a substitute for platinum. So far nothing has been published on this subject. ee ion A patent has been granted for the use of ores con- OF GOLD taining zirconium in extracting gold, platinum, and other noble metals from their ores. The suppo- sition is that zirconium in the metallic state is the active agent. HON There is another patent for the use of zirconium, OF METALS its alloys with magnesium or aluminum, its carbide or phosphide as a means of reducing other metals or forming alloys with them. The reaction is said to be exothermic, and hence proceeds from its own heat after starting. . aciors Various alloys of zirconium have been formed. The ferro and nickel alloys promise the greater usefulness. Bronzes have also been made. Cobalt, aluminum and magnesium alloys have been placed on the market. Ferro-zirconium has been recommended in steel manufacture for removing oxygen and nitrogen. It has been offered commercially, containing 40 tu 90 per cent of zirconium. Small percentages of titanium have also been introduced. Tt is claimed that these alloys are not subject to oxidation and are very resistant to chemical reagents. The alloys have a metallic lustre, and some of them take a silvery steel-like polish. They are readily malleable and may find a use as filaments for incandescent lamps. Such filaments are claimed to have the power of selective radiations; in other words, emit more light than corresponds to the temperature at which they are heated by the electric current. This implies a con- 160 JOURNAL OF THE MircHELt Society [March siderably lower wattage per candle-power than is now required by the average metal filament lamp. Analysis of one such alloy shows zir- conium, 65 per cent; iron, 26 per cent; titanium, 0.12 per cent; and aluminum, 7.7 per cent. These alloys are produced by reduction with finely divided aluminum together with the mixed oxides of iron, titanium, or whatever metal it is desired to, introduce with the alloy. Or they may be produced by heating the mixed oxides in a graphite crucible in an electric furnace using either zircon or zirkelite as a source of zirconium. For use as a scavenger in casting steel a 20 per cent ferro-zirconium is recommended in an amount equal to 1 per cent of the weight of steel treated. i eee Mixed with good conductors zirconia is said to ELECTRODES improve furnace electrodes. On account of its low conductivity for both heat and electricity it can also serve as an insulating material. It is further used to replace thorium nitrate for coating the iridium bar and preventing the loss of iridium in the Heraeus furnace. The oxide, zirconia, possesses physical and chemical properties which make it available for a variety of industrial uses. Among these properties are its high melting point and its low heat conductivity. On account of its low coefficient of expansion it withstands sudden changes of temperature. Its porosity is low so that it is practically impervious to liquids. It is inactive toward most chemicals and scarcely attacked by strong acids or alkaline fusion mixtures. It does not, however, resist the action of hydrofluoric acid and fluorides. Fused bisulphates also act upon it to some extent. It is therefore quite stable in the presence of most fluxes and slags. As binding material various organic substances, as starch, organic acids, glycerin, tar, ete., have been recommended; also magnesia, phosphates, and borates. Since the native zirconia from Brazil is reasonably pure, it may be used direct with no other than mechanical treatment. Native zirconia begins to fuse at 1,800° C. For use in laboratories and chemical manufacture it is first purified. The chief impurities to be removed are iron, titanium, and silicon. 1919 | Inpustrran Appiicatrrions oF ZirconiuM 161 Working tests show that it has much greater life duration as a lining for furnaces than other refractories. In Germany, experiments were carried out in a closed-hearth steel furnace, and it was found that the zirconia lining was good for eight months use without re- newal. This is several times longer than the usual life. Because of the low thermal conductivity the thickness of the lining could be re- duced one-half, a two-inch lining being equal to four inches of cha- motte. Furthermore, there was a saving of one-half in maintenance costs. In casting molds it shows a high resistance to steel, copper, brass, and bronzes. It may be used as a protective coating for ordinary fire brick ex- posed to the action of acids or slags. In such cases sodium silicate serves as a binding material, also air-slaked lime may be added. If it is desirable to increase the porosity and decrease the density, organic substances or volatile salts may be added and burned out in the firing. It is, of course, detrimental to use a binder which may cause softening at comparatively low temperatures. As a refractory it has also been used in making crucibles, mufiles, pyrometer tubes, and for a variety of chemical ware. Combustion tubes made of it are said to be gas-tight up to 1,000° C. Crucibles and combustion tubes of zirconia have been used in the research lab- oratory of the Royal Berlin Porcelain factory, as they possess great strength and also conduct electricity. They withstand high tempera- tures and sudden changes. Zireonia crucibles have been used for determining the melting points of pure iron, tungsten alloys, and platinum. Such ware can be plunged in water while red hot without injury. ees Zirconia is also used as an opacifying agent in enamels and a clouding agent in glass as a sub- stitute for the costly stannic oxide and the poisonous compounds of antimony and arsenic. For this purpose it should be quite free from iron, and a number of processes have been worked out and patented. The increasing demand for tin for other purposes and the limited supply may render this substitution necessary. According to some authorities the zirconia has less covering power than stannic oxide. For cheaper ware native zirconia may be used, or ground zireon which 162 JoURNAL OF THE MitcHEett Socrety [ March has been treated with hydrochloric acid, then caustic soda, and lastly leached with acidulated water. This would only partially remove the iron present. ease The use of zirconia as a clouding agent for glass has been mentioned above. A thorough compari- son with stannic oxide in this application apparently has not been worked out. The addition of a small amount of zirconia to vitreosil or silica glass is said to increase the tensile strength and resistance to bending or breaking, and to diminish the tendency to devitrification. The temperature at which the ware softens is practically unchanged. The appearance is not improved. wet Zirconium salts, as the hydrated sulphate or the INDUSTRY acetate, have been used as a weighting filler for silk. The weight may be increased up to 50 per cent. Stannic salts are ordinarily employed for this purpose. Various zirconium compounds are also used as mordants in dyeing and in the preparation of lac dyes. Zircon white is used as a pig- ment, having good covering powers and being unaffected by chemical agents. A patent has also been issued for the preparation of a zir- conyl tannate. Sevens The colloidal properties of the hydroxide have HYDROXIDE been compared with those of other hydroxides and its use suggested in the purification of water. Also it may find a use as a substitute for sodium tungstate or stannate in rendering cloth non-inflammable. As “Kontrastin” it may be substituted for bis- muthyl nitrate as a lining substance for the stom- ach, ete., in X-ray observations and radiographs. It has the ad- vantage of being non-poisonous. MEDICINAL The carbide has been recommended as a polish- ABRASIVE ! ; i a ing agent, abrasive, and for glass cutting. CHLORINATING Willgerodt has suggested the use of the tetra- AGENT chloride as a chlorinating agent. CHAPEL Hit, N. C. 1919] Tue Hypnums or Nortu Caroiiya 163 THE HYDNUMS OF NORTH CAROLINA By W. C. CoKER Fungi with the hymenium borne on distinct spine-like teeth which are typically terete and pointed, and hang vertically. Plant body upright with a distinct stem and cap, or laterally sessile, or the teeth attached to a resupinate stratum; texture varying from fleshy and brittle to tough and pliable. Spores white to brown, smooth or tuber- eulate or papillate or echinulate. Growing on earth, leaf mold, de- eaying wood, or injured living trees. Many are edible and none are known to be poisonous. With one exception, the plants here treated include only such as belong to the genera Hydnum and Phaeodon in the sense of Hennings (Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien. Leip- zich. 1900). The family Hydnaceae is now broken up into a large number of genera, including many inconspicuous resupinate plants. In some the teeth are mere knobs or papillz in others they are more or less flattened or fused and vary towards the Polyporaceae. With the exception of Hydnochaete, all such are here omitted. For special studies of the genera here treated as well as of other smaller and less conspicuous genera of the family, see the following papers by Dr. H. J. Banker :* A Preliminary Contribution to a Knowledge of the Hydnaceae. Bull. Torr. B. C. 28:199. 1901. A Contribution to a Revision of the North American Hydnaceae. Memoirs Torr. B. C. 12: No. 2. 1906. Type Studies of the Hydnaceae: I. The Genus Manina. Mycologia 4:271. 1912. Il. The Genus Steccherinum. Mycologia 4:309. 1912. Ill. The Genus Sarcodon. Mycologia §:12. 1913. IV. The Genus Phellodon. Mycologia 5:62. 1913. V. The Genus Hydnellum. Mycologia 5:194. 1913. VI. The Genera Creolophus, Echinodontium, Gloiodon, Hydnodon. Mycologia 5:293. 1913. VII. The Genera Asterodon and Hydnochaete. Mycologia 6:231. 1914. Also see The Genus Radulum, by C. G. Lloyd. Cincinnati. May, 1917. *Dr. Banker has with great kindness and patience looked over a considerable number of my collections, and I take pleasure in acknowledging his very helpful advice. As I have not always followed his opinion, he must not be thought responsible for any of the errors. The two plates in color are from paintings by my niece, Gladys Coker; the photographs are all by me except that of Phellodon alboniger which is by Beardslee. All are natural size unless otherwise indicated. The spore drawings are all by me,*with a magnification of 2160. They have been inked in by several members of the laboratory staff. 164 JOURNAL OF THE MircuE ti Socrery [ March Kery To THE GENERA Plants with a distinct cap and more or less central stem; texture fleshy, brittle; growing on the EVO UT Mie hirayara canara’. le Sexi, a) Se repeveliem ie skal atotmtapee rs Hydnum (p. 166) Plants without a distinct cap and stem; soft, fleshy; growing on wood; tubereculate or _ intricately TAN CHE) A's, Siero ca eee e cera eats etn ee erate aie Manina (p. 176) Plants with a distinct cap which is laterally sessile or stalked; texture tough, fibrous and dry; growing OT) WOOT re ee ates esatcl Siteelle Ue, eR eRe Steccherinum (p. 178) Plants with a stalk and cap; texture spongy or tough (often spongy above and hard below); growing on the ground. Sporesiwartedeand vaneular..:<... ..< ee ca envelsaw els Hydnellum (p. 181) Spores echinulate or papillate.................. Phellodon (p. 192) Plants entirely resupinate, the teeth simple or branched, usually flattened; color rusty-cinnamon; texture Girm. and! tough... 20. 62 age. oe 0. Shoko eee Hydnochaete (p. 197) Plant toughish-gelatinous, watery, translucent, broad- ened and bent over at the top, the very small teeth hanging fromthe UNGer jSides4). seers siesta Tremellodon* In addition to the keys for species under each genus we give below a general key for all the species that are here treated: Key To att THE Specres Here Sruprept Growing on wood. Without a distinct cap, plants large, laterally at- tached. Solid and nearly simple, covered nearly all over Wilt lame Ca SPLNOS:.-.. «ca \-isjoicve wietshansisistelateletelsianereas Manina cordiformis (1) Repeatedly and delicately branched, covered all OVeLaWith SHOLE SPINES ).... Hydnum roseolus (9) Cap smooth, smoky olive when dry..... Hydnum fumosus (10) Texture nearly homogeneous, tough, fibrous, flexible when fresh; plants small, cinnamon or chestnut brown when dry. Margin pink or white when growing; dis- tinetly zonate. Margin usually pinkish when fresh, spores brown, roughly tuberculate..Hydnellum zonatum (4) Margin whitish when fresh, spores white; ‘echinulate) :...).accmemetocteierne Phellodon tomen- tosus (3) Margin not pink or white, scarcely zo- nate, center with rough asperities, sur- face felted-tomentose ...........:.... Hydnellum scrobicu- latum (3) Texture homogeneous, half-fleshy, toughish; plants rather large, color not as above....Hydnellum humi- dum (T) Texture distinctly duplex, a soft, spongy outer layer and a firm, tough inner layer. Hard core of stem and cap black; spores 1210 AAP ARE D css O56 Goloecine Phellodon alboniger (2) Hard core of stem and cap not black; spores brown. Cap cinnamon brown or umber. Cap) convex or planesae seer eae. Hydnellum veluti- num (2) Cap depressed to infuadibuliform.Hydnellum Nuttallii* Cap buff or tan. Plant heavy and compact......... Hydnellum ferru- gipes (6) Plant light and slender........... Hydnellum carolin- ianum (7) *See foot-note, page 183. 166 JOURNAL OF THE MireHEtt Society [ March Genus Hypnem Plants with a cap and stem; fleshy; smooth, or sealy; growing on the ground. This includes also the genus Sareodon, as treated by Banker. Ky To THE SPEC=ES. Cap scaly, stem tapering to a small root. Base? Of “stem sWiiteRee osc-50.c cide csc ee Me ee H. Underwoodii. (6) and H. Murrillii (8) Base .of stemereenisnts cara sieve o.csveiertiels dale CREE H. fuligineo-viola- : ceum (7) Cap Sealy =jstem| nomasiapove.....a+ July 27, 1914. Photos. On rotting wood by branch above Meeting of the Waters, September 21, 1914. : On rotting wood in three clumps, two below Strowd’s Spring, the other above Durham bridge, June 23, 1915. On stump by street near Dr. Herty’s, November, 1915. On a deciduous log, swamp of New Hope Creek, below Durham bridge, June 24, 1916. On rotting wood near mouth of Tenny’s Ravine, June 29, 1916. Middle and upper districts, on sticks. Curtis. Genus HypNeLuumM. ate. Growing on the ground. The genus cannot be distinguished Phellodon, except by the spores, and this is by no means easy ev on for experienced students. Key To THE SPECIES. . thin, homogeneous, tough and flexible when 1; plants small to medium. ip strongly zonate, thin, margin pale and often j CURGEALD 2.2.66 ea RRR eICtCnEeeeie cetonences ....H. zonatum (4) Cap scarcely zonate, less thin, margin not TINUE 2. once ROS DOD COB SR DEES Abo Aare enans H. scrobiculatum (3) rather thin, homogeneous, fleshy-tough and Mrecepiants usually large.....0....00-+002-5 0s H. humidum (8) ick and of two textures, soft and spongy above, l below. olor a deep orange-salmon, at least on younger Tee y avo la onc a) «(ci oj ci'a)'s) (cle 0/siajalsis «, 0) ssoisie H. floriforme (5) Taste peppery, odor of fenugreek............. HA. diabolus (1) Taste not peppery. Cap creamy buff, the center becoming brown. Plant compact and heavy................. H. ferrugipes (6) Seeeianilieht and slender...............- . .H. carolinianum (7) ‘Cap cinnamon brown, plane or convex, the Margin pale when growing............... H. velutinum (2) _ Cap grayish umber, depressed or infundibuli- ODUTE >>cood06 pose ep COO DOSER DODOo a operes H. Nuttallii* 182 JourNAL OF THE MircHEertt Soctery [March 1. Hydnellum diabolus Banker Prares 14, 15, anp 28. Plants short and stout, gregarious and often confluent. Rather common on ground in pine woods, particularly in autumn. Caps up to 15 em. broad, flat, sometimes nearly smooth, but usually with low waves and protuberances, and irregular on the margin; soft and minutely tomentose-felted all over. Color a pretty, light salmon- flesh tint when young and fresh, or often nearly pure white on mar- gin, changing from center outward to a vinaceous-rust éolor (almost sorghum brown of Ridgway) with blackish stains where rubbed, particularly on the margin, in age becoming a deep sordid brown from center outwards. Flesh thick in center, distinctly zonate, blunt on margin, about color of cap but when quite fresh turning blackish instantly when cut; quite soft near the upper surface, and gradually getting firmer towards the spines. The watery juice of our plants is not reddish but colorless, but Underwood found plants of H. diabolus. in Alabama with very red juice, and the species is deseribed by Banker as having a red juice, but Banker now considers the juice color as of little or no taxonomic importance (see Mycologia 5:197. 1913). The odor is pleasant and aromatic (fenugreek) when fresh, but this often disappears in drying. Taste quite peppery. All parts of the plant tend to become blackish when bruised. Spines very short near the margin, 4.5 mm. long near the stem, somewhat decurrent, color of cap on margin, turning through light vinaceous salmon to russet vinaceous then sorghum brown and finally to a deep chestnut brown. Stem short, stout, irregular and dropsical in appearance, deep russet brown even when young, 1.5-2.5 em. long and often as thick as long, flesh at upper end like that of cap, becoming harder and darker at bottom. No distinet superficial layer, but the surface is soft, the flesh gradually hardening inwards. The texture of the plant is much like that of P. amicus, except that the soft surface layer is not so dis- tinct from the firmer inner part as in that species. = 5 Z. Ss PLATE 15 HYDNELLUM DIABOLUS. No. 1951 a% hoe ™ 1919 | Tur Hypnums or Norra Caroriya 183 Spores (of No. 1341) light vinaceous brown; roughly spherical to elliptic, strongly angular, a large oil drop, 3.7-4.3x 4-5. For the original description of this species see Mycologia 6:194. 1915. 1341. In pine woods by path leading to Meeting of the Waters from road east of cemetery, October 14, 1914. : 1869. Growing in Battle’s Park, near branch, in pine woods, September 22, 1915. 1951. Under Pinus inops on hillside north of King’s milldam, October 31, 1915. Photo. Exactly like 1341. Odor of fenugreek, taste strongly peppery. One plant 15 cm. in diameter. 1968. Growing in pines by a woods road near Mason farm, November 7, 1915. 2. Hydnellum velutinum Fr.* Hydnum spongiosipes Pk. Prarus 16 anv 28. Cap about 3-7.5 em. broad, often confluent with others, convex or plane, or often slightly depressed in center, usually irregular in shape with the surface more or less grooved, pitted and complicated by eruptions, but without the rough and harshly complicated centers of H. scrobiculatum, without zones or with a few faint zones of shades; surface finely tomentose, plush-like when young and also in age unless too much wet or handled; color after maturity cinnamon brown all over with a lighter sheen from the surface tomentum when quite fresh, blackish-brown when bruised, the margin not lighter except when wet; when quite young the cap tomentum is nearly white, and the margin remains whitish (very light fleshy-brown) as long as it is growing, the older central part soon becoming dark. Flesh of two textures, a soft spongy upper layer about 1-6 mm. thick, colored like the surface, and a thin, darker, tough, and much harder lower layer ; when fresh the flesh is full of a clear watery juice which in our plants is not at all pink; taste and odor not strong, hardly disagreeable, somewhat like rotting wood, when young and fresh faintly like ripe cucumbers, no fenugreek or pig-pen odor. *HYDNELLUM NuTTALuir Banker. A plant collected by Atkinson in the mountains of North Carolina is referred to this species by Banker, who says that it “differs in some respects from the type but in characters that seem to be accounted for by the fact that the plant was old and dead when collected.’ We have not seen the plant, but the species is said to differ from H. velutinum “in the form of the pileus, in the subrugose not tomentose surface, and in the long capillary teeth.” For the full description, see Memoirs Torr. Bot. Club 12, No. 2:155. 1906. 184 JouRNAL OF THE MitcHett Society [ March Spines sharp, slender, rather crowded, about 3 mm. long, shorter at stem and fading away towards the sterile margin, slightly decur- rent, light brown on the margin, deep cinnamon brown elsewhere, darker when bruised; when still growing the marginal ones are the color of the cap margin. Stem central, short or of moderate length, 1.43.5 em. long, 8-13 mm. thick at cap, much thickened below by an irregular surface mass of spongy tissue which surrounds and binds surrounding trash, and is often confluent with adjoining plants ; surface colored like the cap and of the same plush-like tomentum; flesh hard inside, soft and spongy towards the surface. Spores (of No. 2401) brown, roughly globose and tuberculate, 4-64. See drawing. These are thought by Banker to be the same as H. velutinum Fr., and after careful examination of a plant from Italy (Bresadola) in the New York Botanical Garden I quite agree with him. The ap- pearance is the same, and the spores are identical. See drawings. 1367. Mixed woods on hillside near branch, about 30 yards below Judge’s Spring, October 14, 1914. Odor slight, woody. 1606. On ground among leaves under a hickory tree just north of Piney Pros- pect. Spores subspherical, coarsely tuberculate, about 5-9-5 uy ex- actly like the spores of 2401. This is much like H. diabolis except that the taste is not peppery but slightly acid with a woody flavor, juice watery. 2401. Low place in mixed pine and deciduous woods, near Meeting of the Waters, July 20, 1916. Photo. 2412. Pine and deciduous woods near Battle’s Branch, July 22, 1916. 2424. Under pines mixed with oaks near the top of Lone Pine Hill, July 26, 1916. Spores subspherical, coarsely tuberculate, about Bu in diameter, just like those of No. 2401. Blowing Rock. Atkinson. Middle district, woods. Curtis. 3. Hydnellum scrobiculatum Fr. Puate 28. Plants growing on soil in woods, gregarious and often compound by fusion, individuals about 3-8 em. wide, compound individuals HYDNELLUM VELUT 1919] Tue Hypnums or Norru Canora 185 1etimes larger. Cap rather flat but irregular with pits, prolifera- ns and asperities, at times with more or less distinct radiating the center very rough like scoria with sharp points and pits, ly velvety, tomentose or smoothish in places, with faint struc- zones; color a uniform cinnamon brown, deeper brown when _ Flesh usually thin, very tough and firm except for a very iperficial felty layer, which tends to disappear in places; brittle es sharp, slender and crowded, about 3-5 mm. long, short and if away towards the sterile margin, at first ae and then a deep color; somewhat decurrent. m usually slender and short, up to 3 em. Faently about 2 cm., ; surface about color of cap, covered svithn a thin layer of soft tissue which surrounds and binds adjoining particles; center d tough. roughly globose, unevenly tuberculate, about 4-4.8 x 5¢ in ies is most like H. zonatum, from which it is distinguished icker and more rigid substance, by the nonzonate and ugher cap, the center usually with sharp pits and prolifera- e scoria. Our plants look just like Fries’ figs. (Plate 5) and ral collections under this name at the New York Botanical ‘place in deciduous woods with scattered pines southeast of athletic d, September 25, 1908. lum zonatum (Batsch) Karst. Prares 1, 17, 18, anv 28. rrestrial, thin, pliable and toughish, gregarious and often ¢ in groups, what appears to be one cap from the surface several stems. Cap up to 7.3 cm. wide, usually 3.5-6 plane, commonly somewhat depressed in center, some- 1 No. 1323, extremely rugged and complicated with the led with deep pits and pointed projections; margin a, pretty, 186 JOURNAL OF THE MitcHELL Society [March clear flesh-pink or onion-skin pink, darkening by distinct zones through pinkish-cinnamon brown to deep Vandyke brown or pecan brown in center; radiating ridges are usually rather distinct. Flesh thin, firm, tough, homogeneous, but zoned, color of surface, about 3 mm. thick near center, very thin towards margin; taste and odor woocly, or, in No. 1849, faintly like that of Mutinus. - Stem usually short, 0.5-2 em. long, 4-6 mm. thick at top, much stouter below, pinkish when young and then darkening like cap. Flesh solid and same texture throughout, somewhat harder than the cap, darker than the surface when young, of the same color when old. Spines small, rather blunt, not fimbriated. From 1-2.5 em. long, pinkish on the very edge, but soon becoming a deep rich brown like the darkest parts of the cap. Spores (of No. 1238) light smoky-purple, subspherical, coarsely tubereulate, one large oil drop, 3.4-5 in diameter. While our plants show the pink margin in most eases it is well to note that this color may not be observable when the plants are col- lected. These plants would seem to be as easily referred to H. vespertilio . as to 1. zonatum, except for the absence of the scabrous yellow dots that Banker says are characteristic of that species (Mycologia 5:199. 1913). Perhaps the two species are not distinct. H. concrescens is also very near if not the same. 297. Battle’s Park, by path near Dr. Battle’s house, September 21, 1908. 297a. On a bank near Howell’s Spring, October 23, 1911. Spores 3.5-4.5x 4-5.5 4. : 827. Mixed woods, Battle’s Park, September 238, 1913. 1238. Growing in rather sandy soil by branch 100 yards above the Meeting of the Waters, September 21, 1914. Photo and painting. 1323. On ground near branch due east of Dr. Battle’s, deciduous woods with a few scattered cedars, October 9, 1914. Photo. 1346. Woods east of graded school, October 15, 1914. Spores a smoky-purple color, very irregular in shape with tubercles and angles, one oil drop, 4.2-5y in diameter. 1849. By path along branch north of Meeting of Waters, September 15, 1915. Odor distinct, not of fenugreek, but faintly like that of Mutinus although not very disagreeable. Plants extremely thin, pliant, flesh 1 mm. thick, spines 1 mm. long. 67F8T ON “NOLVNOZ NWOTTANGAH dT WLW Id ‘WOLYNOZ WOTIHANGAH ULV Id as An 1919] _ Tue Hypnums or Nortu Carorina 187 5. Hydnellum floriforme (Schaeff.) Banker Hydnum aurantiacum (Batsch) A. & S. : 4 Prates 19, 20, anp 28. Plants terrestrial, solid, firm and stocky, mostly very irregular, _ with protuberances, cavities, channels and proliferations, often con- fluent. Caps thick, passing gradually or rather abruptly downward into the stout stems; 3-7 cm. wide, usually about 45 em.; surface 4 finely tomentose on unweathered parts; color a rich orange salmon younger parts, deepening towards the center to a strong, deep rust (ferruginous and cinnamon rufus—Ridgway). As the plant the bright colors fade to a deep rusty brown, and then to almost k as decay sets in. In drying, the lively colors of fresh plants e well retained. Flesh of the cap duplex, the upper layer soft, y (very friable when dry), rather thin, about 0.3-1 mm. thick, lored like the surface; on exposure to rain becoming collapsed, and scarcely obvious; lower layer also rather thin usually, firm and elastic, a deep reddish brown with zones of yellowish or the zones blackish; odor in drying faint, but distinct and at. It is not at all like fenugreek, and remains undiminished r years. pines small and slender, only about 1.5 mm. long, greyish tan ar the margin deepening to a rich reddish brown, and in age to a ep brown. : thick, short, very firm, subequal, about 0.7-1.3 em. thick, somewhat enlarged below; surface undergoing the same of color as the cap; no spongy outer layer; the firm, solid s (of No. 1241) purplish brown, roughly spherical and tubereulate, 3.8-4.2 x 4-5y. ‘plant is rather frequent in both pine and deciduous woods, - ns to prefer pines. According to Fries it grows in pines and odor. In general appearance this species is much like H. latum except for the lively colors. For other figures of this s see Gillet, Champ. d. Fr., Pl. 313 (78), and Schaeffer, Fung. L 146. , fig. 4. 188 JoURNAL OF THE MircHELL Society [March 1241. Among pine needles by path along Battle’s Brook, September 19, 1914. Painting and photo. 1244. Among oak leaves in wooded pasture about one-half mile west of graded school, September 22, 1914. 1847. Under pines, Battle’s Park, near second bridge above Indian Spring, September 20, 1915. Middle and upper districts, hillsides. Curtis. 6. Hydnellum ferrugipes n. sp. Prates 21 snp 29. Plant solid and heavy, of medium size, our specimens about 4.5-5.5 em. broad, the cap rather regular and only slightly lobed or compli- cated, slightly to distinctly depressed in the center, the blunt margin sterile and pale below; surface finely felted tomentose or on expan- sion mostly smooth, even or more or less pitted, not zonate, color pale buff or dull tan or mottled with deep brown on exposure, the growing parts becoming blackish when rubbed. Flesh zonate towards the margin, duplex but not so sharply contrasted as in H. velutinum, P. amicus, ete., a rather thick, buffy upper layer of a firmly corky tex-. ture, passing more or less abruptly into a hard and darker brown layer below. Odor very faint, slightly musty, as is also the taste. Spines up to 4 mm. long, not very slender, rather bluntly pointed when fresh, sharper when dry; pale grayish at the margin, passing through light to dark gray-brown, with a tint of salmon at times, and then to deep brown, the tips pallid until age. Stem short, about 2-3 em. long and 1-1.5 em. thick, rusty red, the context consisting of a very hard and rather slender core of dark, dis- tinctly longitudinal fibers, surrounded by a rather thick woody-corky layer of more radiating fibers of a reddish brown or rust color, only the surface of which is distinctly soft. Spores (of No. 3201) subspherieal, smoky brown, papilliate- warted, 4.6-5.64, some more elongated as 4.5 x 6.54. _ Differs from H. floriforme in pale color, in thicker and more com- pact flesh, in longer and stouter spines, in absence of a fragrance and in the distinctly larger spores. Hydnellum complicatum Banker differs in color and in the thinner cap and smaller spores. Shaeffer’s ee ee PLATE 19 HYDNELLUM FLORIFORME. No. 1241 ue PEEL ON ‘HNUOMITHOTH WO TTANGAH 06 HLVW Id PLATE 21 (right) lat No. + o I No. Ss. RUGIPE RI PHELLODON FE 4 nae 1919] Tue Hypnums or Nortu Carorrya 189 figures (Plate 146, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6) which Persoon refers to his H. compactum look much like our plants and I have seen no other figures that do. Fries’ conception of H. compactum is not so different from our plant it would seem, except that in the latter there has not been noted any olivaceous tint to the cap or bluish mottling in the flesh. Banker thinks that the H. compactum of Persoon is probably the same as H. floriforme and not the plant now referred to the former species by European botanists today. 3201. In sticks and leaves of deciduous woods, low place east of athletic field, October 7, 1918. Photo. Type. 3211. Deciduous woods by Battle’s Branch, October 3, 1918. Photo with No. 3201. 7. Hydnellum carolinianum n. sp. Prates 1, 22, anv 29. Individual plants 1.5-5 em. broad, the stems (in No. 1243) quite distinet and not confluent, but often branching at top into two or sey- eral crowded and more or less fused caps, or (in No. 1847) several short-stalked caps may arise from a fused basal stratum which is deeply rooted. Surface smooth, not ridged or scrobiculate, usually convex, or the margin later becoming uplifted, closely felted-tomentose in unweathered parts, the margin undulate and lobed. Color of fresh, unweathered plants and growing margins of weathered ones a pale creamy buff (between pale yellow orange and white—Ridgway), which fades and deepens on exposure to rain to a sordid rusty brown with a tint of chocolate, and then in age to nearly black. Flesh duplex, the outer layer soft and spongy, buffy yellow and about 1-3 mm. thick; the much harder lower layer usually thinner and a lighter grayish brown color; odor almost none; no decided taste (not sour or peppery). After exposure to rain the soft flesh collapses and hardens like horn either in whole or in part, the horny, black layers being separated by lighter zones. Spines slender, short, reaching a length of about 2 mm., when young whitish (nearly color of young cap at very margin), the main length below the tips soon turning a dark rusty brown (natal-brown— 3 190 JOURNAL OF THE MircHELL Society [March Ridgway). The brown can be seen showing through the white surface view and gives the effect of grayish-brown to the spine surface. In age the brown encroaches still more on the white tips, but for a long time there is the effect of gray over brown. Finally the white fades entirely away and the whole becomes a deep natal-brown (almost chocolate brown). Stem distinct, 3-4 em, long, 0.8-2 em. thick, irregular and dropsical in appearance; surface colored like the deeper brown shades of the old cap and spines, becoming blackish. Flesh composed of two dis- tinct layers, a soft, spongy, water-soaked outer layer about 2-3 mm. thick which grows around and catches the trash and leaves that touch it, and a much firmer, sordid yellow-brown interior part which is zoned with darker lines. Spores purplish-brown, subspherical, roughly and irregularly warted and angled, one large oil drop, 3.7-4.64 in diameter. This plant seems to be the southern representative of H. suaveolens. Dried plants of the two species are very similar except for the longer stems and absence of bluish or lavender zones in the flesh of our plants. However, I notice that dried plants of H. suaveolens often fail to show any obvious blue or violet tint to the darker zones, and I find a plant from Finland at the New York Botanical Garden (from Karsten) that has as long a stem as ours and could scarcely be distinguished from them, except for the dark purplish color of the stem surface and flesh. I have no notes on the color of the mycelium of our plants, but it could hardly be purple as that would have attracted my attention. As H. suaveolens is considered as distinctly a northern plant, appears to affect coniferous woods and is often quite large, it does not seem possible to refer our plant to it. Absence of peppery taste and habitat in oak woods easily distinguish this species from H. diabolus. The plants are also smaller than that species and have longer stems in proportion to size. It cannot be P. alboniger as the black core is entirely lacking. It differs from H. amicus in the absence of a fetid odor and in the warty and not spinu- lose spores, which are also of a different color. From H. velutinum it differs in the lighter color, different odor, smaller spores, and in the fact that dried plants if put in a tumbler with enough water to cover 243 1 No a 7. << — Zz 5 ~ of? JOURNAL Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society Volume XXXV OCTOBER, 1919 ; ( Nag os: Land 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTEENTH MEETING OF THE NORTH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE HELD AT TRINITY COLLEGE, DURHAM, N. C., MAY 2 AND 3, 1919. The executive committee met at 12:00 M. on Friday with the following members present: President E. W. Gudger, Secretary Bert Cunningham, and Dr. J. J. Wolfe. Prof. Z. P. Metealf was made a member pro tem. The Secretary made a report on the finances which appears at its proper place in the records. The report on membership showed that at present there are 91 members, 8 of whom are in the army. Four members have resigned. Fourteen new members were elected, and these are included in the above total. New members elected are as follows: Awnprews, W. H., Assistant in Geology, University of North Caro- ‘lina. Bryrorp, Raymonp, President of Guilford College. Bynum, J. C., Instructor in Geology, University of North Caro- lina. Davis, H. T., Assistant in Geology, University of North Carolina. Eneerton, F. N., Jr., Assistant Professor of Engineering, Trinity College. Hartey, C. C., Instructor in Physics, Trinity College. Krausz, H. B., Farm Forestry Specialist, Raleigh, N. C. Marxuam, Brackwerr, Medical Student, University of North Carolina. 2 JouRNAL oF THE MrrcHeEtyi Sociery [ October Perry, Miss Mary, Professor of Chemistry, State College for Women. Ruopes, L. B., Chemist, Raleigh. SavitLe, THornpiKE, Associate Professor of Sanitary Engineer- ing, University of North Carolina. Suarrer, Miss BLancue E., Department Home Economies, State College for Women. SuerriLt, Miss Mary L., Associate in Chemistry, State College for Women. Vann, Miss Fannie E., Instructor Mathematics, Durham City High School. An invitation was extended and accepted to hold the next meeting of the Academy at Wake Forest. The executive committee then adjourned. At 2:30 p. m. President Gudger called the Academy to order and appointed the following committees: Auditing, Z. P. Metcalf, J. M. Bell, R. N. Wilson; Resolutions, Collier Cobb, Miss Mary Sherrill, R. W. Leiby; Nominating, H. V. Wilson, W. H. Pegram, C.°S. Brimley. The reading of papers was then begun and carried on until 5: 30 p.m. The Academy reconvened at 8:00 p. m. and were welcomed to the college by President Few. This welcome was responded to by President Gudger on behalf of the Academy. The Presidential address was then given (see abstract below). At 9:30 p. m. the Academy adjourned to the Faculty Club Room and became the guests of the Faculty of Trinity College at a “get acquainted gathering” called a Reception. The Academy was called to order by the President at 9:00 a. m. Saturday for the business session. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The Treasurer made his report which is appended hereto. This had been audited and ordered printed. The nominating committee reported and the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President—A. H. Patterson, Professor of Physics, University of North Carolina. — he elles caren a oo 1919] PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 3 Vice-President—R. N. Wilson, Professor of Chemistry, Trinity College. Secretary-Treasurer—R. W. Leiby, Entomologist, Raleigh. Executive Committee (additional members)—Z. P. Metcalf, H. B. Arbuckle, Miss Mary Sherrill. The Resolutions Committee reported, as follows: ” Resolved, That we, the members of the North Carolina Academy of Science, express to the President and Faculty of Trinity College our hearty apprecia- tion of their hospitality, extended to us on the occasion of the eighteenth annual meeting of the Academy. Nothing could have been more delightful than their arrangement for our social intercourse which has been stressed here even more than at former meetings. The Committee on High School Science reported that no meeting had been held. This committee was reconstituted, by action of the Academy, with Dr. E. W. Gudger as chairman, the other members being the same, and continued. There was considerable discussion over the question. It was moved and carried that all members in the army should be continued without the payment of dues for this year. At 10:30 the joint meeting of the Chemists and Academy was held. At 11:30 the Chemists withdrew for their special meeting, and the Academy proceeded with the papers. Adjournment for dinner was had at 1:00 p. m. and the Academy reconvened at 2:00 and proceeded with papers until 4:30. After this Mr. G. A. Rhea demonstrated a motion picture machine, using a nitrogen lamp and a noncombustible film. The Academy then adjourned sine die. 4 JouURNAL OF THE MirrcHEty Society [| October Report or Berr CunnineHam, Treasurer, 1918-1919 RECEIPTS EXPENDITURES Dr. E. W. Gudger, Treas....$ 188.97 Sees ae ee SS Sir $ DUOR Avs Caetiece wucseletaretererereveiore 68.00 Notices Re PS SS ee one Savings acct. interest...... 1190 Sbetlenes ee apse cena Clerical services ........... Total) recelptse -errmicicre $ 208.27 EXPTess .. +--+ sees eee eee Less expenditures ..... 13.10 $ Balance eis cetera Seo Deky, Barr) Corse sn aiNe VOUTNAL fas... cies sec os stone $ RESOURCES IPROLTAMS © (skein eieierhete eet Saving -acets ..ncsaeseeeee $ 131.30 Secretary’s fee ...........- Checking @acctaar cece ates 63.22 Cashion) shard Seceericieiss creer -65 $ $ 195.17 OTHER RESoURCES ESTIMATED Due from chemists........ $ 2.50 Stamps on hand (about)... 50 Dues unpaid (about)....... 28.00 Estimated resources....$ 226.17 Less outstanding bills.. 82.00 Estimated balance ..... $ 144.17 5.00 2.00 4.75 1.00 35 13.10 75.00 6.00 1.00 82.00 Following is the present membership. Those present at the meet- ing are starred, those in the army are marked (a): Arbuckle Ei arya latete rele veleere etelercieleteleias tiateteletel teistur el artete Davidson PATIAME Wag Wis, Eds crereievolavstarcteks sfercieforerstexeter 68 Ae pee ne Ene eponeUaccocood Chapel Hill Chjgih Vike sean 9a Bureau of Soils, Washington, D. C. TINE AWA Chg 155 55555 Se Daas aaa ieae cis Chapel Hill ONG, ERS MW Aas454 55655005 Jed Soe Do Bp poner pea sore onc Raleigh *Cunningham, Bert............ Care Dept. Zool, Madison, Wis. MNT OP ee ee awa eae a 0 4.v anid od ealsins asm Chapel Hill DUSHIDD. Ibe iS) hea scae cocccuUT DC SOOO RCO S po auoroE West Raleigh Doren ge WS 6 one Gc eer OC OO Cone Elsmere, Delaware PAP RA AgNO OH oral nroyalntsyanotaselelekeievesatoisis)o1e\e\e\e\se!e}0i0/;050) = 6) ses —__—_——. (7 nip (Gb 245.5 5445 JSP S Se ae a oeooion ae — “SDUWTEERTITS (CE Wea eign sqnd0 dod ODDO DO DUOOUDn Urac i. Durham *Wgerton, F. N., JT.... 22. e cece c cece eee e cece ee eeees Durham hoard, (Ch NE -6s S55 5eess Ses OnO IA on Sore rene Lynchburg, Va. J UPSUG), SS SEES See Ree ceo Ponce Coc cCoe cen cone aces - J tridkee SAEs ocapscueS Seno ODOUnOe DoODOOoomonogs Greensboro VIEL EWA (GS (CRB BAR aR ASS ce aD OCU DOO OOOO ICOn orci mOacia Durham EU EWIGiE, (C2 \|-R Acs Spo ecceu en Spo U Donon DOr aonesoos Greensboro EATRREROT cE Me © o.5:5 as ns, oin) «opel aval sietels, oie sis/e/eie/ale.e,o.= 3 Chapel Hill (USITINTDDTL ASS Wes e Rn encup oo doUU De oOU DO Tomo Sooners ——— > cE UiGs, davis coispepop oe po noocic Ge conc coo douiancan Chapel Hill 7 STRATOS, IDE IDEgs Sa 5n6opa app Oo DS OU a0 Co COnDCD ono door ————_- Tibbing, Bb WA Been SsSpseseonbacccpescdocooc cD onavadE Raleigh DOLD Tn MEL ESS SppoonadboooeooUor Rete ae ee cine a's Raleigh PMNS SP hays bre GA aucim cw aislass s\sinaieia(@ wie cies emin eee) sie os Wake Forest MARIO Day Plo a cinioini wm, nie) cie.wie vole lw) nleleisie)® ole 01s a0 55:0 Wake Forest SUMIERVARVER MAW ccis|ataisiniolsios n'oie oo ciel slonie nile eleicins s%e sce sacs Raleigh aa ES ET eo -vate Aicic cs ricis vine cine o's eis icielclelalec.cieaisas sos as Raleigh MPEMEOTIONS | ile ciste cia aie siaie\sias eielsielelcelviciclele e'ele vc wes sscss es Raleigh Pilaniknam: BIACK WELL < aj- 22. ccc elec cwrcceecsccs Chapel Hill Mendenhall, Miss Gertrude W..........--+++e+++-- Greensboro Uv averiit VAL EA Baap onioop DO ROU OTOdUr Booosomorn West Raleigh Lidl Gh WhbbsaSe sdscc0es0dn Co CSD DaDccOonmeGE Wake Forest a HET. TEL een ae apes oppo coomboo omc Chapel Hill EDT, Ve LE ESScogoscuen abu Jone co Onno Sn OOD omarrs Durham aE aes IMME IVIT ESS) IAT Vier, 310-0) cjelare ia wlclaisiciein ole cee ss sia sisie. Greensboro aR ow lrscleraieen ciclolate, niciaiciwie sie[eieisisie o.0s 0s e's 0 elec Wake Forest Ein. 4, Tk gsece sécbcesiec aban SOO ODOC OOS D AOA EOrES Chapel Hill Se SramAECL TES MM WISHES Heo holcl cietat einis (clnia-o.n\o.e'o.cle jo oie 0 0.0.e\s oleieie' bieleie ole Raleigh *Rhodes, L. B....... jooohyetcdone HB aAGsOO Oooo opOnUOE Raleigh EMGAGE Cec ie ciate slciclslsteieistale nie oe een ee aise sles West Raleigh Robinson, Miss Mary............-.cscecsnsesecees Greensboro PSMA Me EP HOTTOY KO, fi. cc ccc clecc ccc ce case terececeres Chapel Hill Shermar oTaNkliN, DT cc nw ccc cede cee ce sseseccesens Raleigh Seymore, Miss Mary F.............2-2ceeseeeeceeeees Raleigh *Shaffer, Miss Blanche H............-+2eeseeeeeee: Greensboro SDtrh, th LDS 66 560055 S00e COs On oD DI DOS Dae Sr RDOrcninrin Raleigh Lb) § 6 JouRNAL oF THE MitrcHeEty Socrery | October *Sherrill: Miss, Maryn ricer ietelaicisyoietetevetaluicselstelulelstaietere Greensboro Strong SMIsSi Corainvtetereictetersheterseletsieret pe ae 1920] Tue Lower Bastpiomycetes oF NortH CAROLINA 173 not as the variety, in both Syn. Car. (No. 1147) and Syn. Am. Bor. (No. 1121). We have this little plant in plenty at Chapel Hill and find it in no way related to this group of fungi, the only resemblance being the sub- gelatinous texture and external form. The plants are very small, deep red, searcely as large as a clover seed, scattered or approximated. Dacrymyces macrosporus B. & Br. is apparently the same. No one seems to know what the original T. fragiformis of Persoon is. The following are translations of Schweinitz’s original descriptions of species of Dacrymyces: Dacrymyces pellucidus Schw. (No. 1129. Syn. Fung. Amer. Bor. p, 186: 1832): “‘Large, extending 3 inches in length and breadth, white, subpellucid, in the growing state, resembling the early stage of a gelatinous Hydnum; the form is also gyrose like a Tremella, variously lobed, with thick blunt lobes. The internal structure is entirely that of a Dacrymyces. In the dry state it presents a hard thick membrane, plicate-veined, pellucid. Large, rather rare on wood at Salem; also seen near Philadelphia.’’ A good plant in the Sch- weinitz Herbarium shows this to be a Tremella or Exidia with 4-celled basidia about 9.5 thick. It is probably T. fuciformis. Dacrymyces capitatus Schw. No. 1130. Syn. Fung. Amer. Bor. p, 186): ‘‘Stipi- tate, penetrating the stem (of Brassica) with its stalk, base tomentose, thick, seurfy (resembling a Ditiola), ending in a globose head, often compressed, sometimes plicate, reddish golden in color. It grows scatteringly. Internal structure exactly that of this genus. Seen on the stem of Brassica, Bethle- hem.’’ Possibly a true Dacrymyces, but a slide shows no spores nor developed basidia. Dacrymyces difformis Schw. (No. 1130. Syn. Fung. Amer. Bor. p, 186): ‘‘ Multi- form, variously contorted, bursting from the epidermis almost like a Myxo- trichus, reddish golden, subexpanded. Internal structure as in the others. Rare on the twigs of rose clusters, Bethlehem.’’ A collection from Philadel- phia by Schweinitz shows a few small plants on a rose branch about one centimeter thick. A slide shows nothing decisive. Dacrymyces epiphyllus Schw. (1132. Syn. Fung. Amer. Bor. p. 186): ‘‘It immediately recalls a Sclerotium, but afterward slowly shows the internal Daerymyces structure. Gregarious, subrotund or oblong, yellowish, minute, one-half line broad, sub-pulvinate, as if inherent, often subconfluent. Seen on the leaves of Galium at Salem.’’ A good collection in Philadelphia shows no evidence of being a Dacrymyces. It scarcely swells when wet, and the internal structure is unlike this genus. Dacrymyces viticola Schw. (No. 1133. Syn. Fung. Amer. Bor. p. 186): ‘‘Two- formed. Bursting forth from the cortex or epidermis, provided with a thick stalk, base obscured or covered with tomentum, expanded above into a reddish- orange gyrose head. Also on decorticated wood, effused, gyrose-plicate, thin, of the same color. Each form preserves the internal structure of a Dacry- myces. Rare, bursting forth from the epidermis of dead grape, Bethlehem.’’ In Philadelphia both forms are represented. A slide of the second form 174 JOURNAL OF THE MitcHELL Society [June shows basidia and spores of the Dacrymyces type, the latter, few in number, about 4.4.x 1lu, apparently 4-celled. (Lloyd says there is a specimen of this at Kew.) Dacrymyces azaleae Schw. (No. 1134. Syn. Fung. Amer. Bor. p, 186): ‘‘Scat- tered, minute, bursting from the bark as a Myxosporium, yellowish-golden, pellucid, expanded into a subpalmately-lobed head, — short. Internal structure as above. Rare on dead branches of Azalea nudiflora. Bethlehem.’’ The type in Philadelphia shows minute globules, barely visible without a lens, reddish, scattered, pale and toughly gelatinous when wet and seen to be com- pounded. Probably a true species. A preparation has the general appearance ot Dacrymyces, but no spores nor good basidia were found. Dacrymyces cinnabarinus Schw. (No. 1127. Syn. Fung. Amer. Bor. p: 186): “*Small, erumpent, attached closely to the epidermis, at first convex, at length coneave and subpezizoid, color brilliant cinnamon, often confluent, and covering the branches with large colonies, longitudinally effused. It is easily shaken off, separating from the substratum. When soaked in water the interior appears distinctly floccose. Frequent on Willow branches, Bethlehem.’’ We have examined the type and find it to be a typical Aveomyeets, with plentiful asci containing eight spores. DACRYOMITRA Plant stalked, the stalk smooth, gelatinous, enlarged above into a . more or less flattened, convoluted, viscid head, which is more or less bent over and is covered by the gelatinous hymenium. Spores elon- | gated, orange, divided into four cells before sprouting, Basidia as | in Dacrymyees. Distinguished from Ditiola by the larger size, dif- | ferent shape and the larger, four-celled spores; from Dacryopsis by the large size, more convoluted head, more gelatinous texture and larger spores. We have but one species. Dacryomitra dubia Lloyd 2Dacryomytra glossoides (Pers.) Bref. 2Dacrymyces flabellus Ellis PuatTes 23 AND 64 Plant 12 mm. high, the stalk 9 mm. long and 3.5 mm. thick, orange- yellow, smooth, gelatinous; the cap irregular, flattened, and bent over, 6.5 mm. broad, 3 mm. thick, convoluted, orange, gelatinous. Spores large, orange, resembling those of Dacrymyces, 6.3-8.1x 13.3-17, rarely up to 20u, average 7 x 16n, divided into four cells before sprouting. Basidia slender and two-forked, about 4.4, thick. DACRYOPSIS CERACEA,. No. 4121. DITIOLA RADICATA, No. 4183. 4. DACRYMYCES ELLISII. No. 4170. 3s. | & 6 DACRYMYCES INVOLUTUS. No. 397% 1920 | Tue Lower Basipiomycetes or NortH CAROLINA 175 The plant is distinctly viscid when wet. The stalk sits flat on the wood to which it is attached by a flat, tough, whitish plate which en- ters the wood vertically. Quite young plants are filiform at first, the head not apparent. This agrees perfectly with D. dubia as figured and described by Lloyd (Mye. Notes 52 :742, fig. 1114. 1917). Lloyd does not state on what kind of wood his plant grows, but the European D. glossoides is said to grow on beech. This is apparently the only serious discrep- ancy in the habit or structure of that species and ours. Our plant is much more gelatinous than Dacryopsis nuda. 3969. On a pine log, woods back of athletic field, January 17, 1920. Painting. DACRYOPSIS Plant stalked and rooted, the stalk short, smooth or granular, sub- cartilaginous, capped above by a rounded or horizontally flattened, smooth or only slightly convoluted, viscid, toughly gelatinous head. Often compounded by branching of the root or stalk. Spores elon- gated, divided into two or four cells before sprouting. Basidia as in Daecrymyces. We have but one species (but see note under Ditiola radicata). For D. gyrocephala (B. & C.) Massee, from South Caro- lina, and for other species of Dacryopsis see Jour. Mye. 6:181. 1890. Dacryopsis ceracea n. sp. Puates 50 AND 65 Plant 4-6mm. high, mostly compound from a flattened, tough, whitish rooting base, branched at once into a few stout stems which expand and crimp above where they are capped and covered by a glabrous, shining hymenium, which is deep wax-yellow and descends irregularly from the tip only about 2 mm. at most. Stem finely granu- lar, dull, distinctly demarked from the hymenium and a little paler. Spread of the largest clump in our collection 1.3 x 1.9 em.; a few simple plants stand alone with the unbranched stems capped with the smooth hymenium. Tips thick, bluntly rounded, about 1.5 mm. thick. Tex- ture gelatinous, elastic, subtranslucent, the rooting base tougher. The base penetrates cracks in the bark and flattens out on the wood below. The hymenium is scarcely more convoluted than is neces- sary to follow the wavy apex it is situated on. In a few of the broader tips the hymenium is depressed and a little convoluted in the center. The plant has the habit of Sparassis Herbstii on a minute scale. 176 JOURNAL OF THE MiTcHELL Society [June Spores (of No. 4121, print) smooth, wax-colored, slightly bent- elliptic, divided into two cells before sprouting, 3.7-44 x 7.4-10p. The spores sprout by short sterigmata which bear single subspherical sporidia. Basidia divided into two prongs, slender, 3.4-4» thick. This seems certainly Dacryopsis, and of the described species only D. Ulicis (Plowr.) Sace. is at all near in color, but that has spores 4-celled, 5 x 15-18 and is otherwise different (Trans. Brit. Mye. Soce., 1:55, Pl. 2, figs. 2-6. 1898). Dacryopsis Ellisiana Mass. (Coryne Ellisii Berk.) was described from New York on decaying basswood log. * s 1920 | Tue Lower Basmpiomycrtes oF NorTH CAROLINA 179 which is about 1.5-3 mm. broad, often depressed by a central wrinkle with the margin a little lobed or at times deeply constricted to form a compound head or two separate heads, or further compounded and crowded by branching of the stem below; the exposed stalk short, only up to 1mm. long and 1-1.5 mm. thick, unless compounded, not visible plainly except in youth, usually flattened, descending through the bark by a flattened, whitish root about 2-3 mm. long, tough and hardly subgelatinous. Texture of cap firm and toughly gelatinous, softer on exposure in age. Spores (of No. 4183) bent-elliptie, 4-celled before sprouting, 5-6.6 x 11-16.6; basidia slender, two-forked. The head is distinetly viscid when wet, and when young is covered with an inconspicuous, subhyaline, outer coat which softens in water and seems to be washed off in particles. After disappearing from the top a remnant of it may be seen when soaked as a little area of fringe around the margin of the head. The stalk penetrates holes and cracks in the bark as a root and disappears into more or less obvious plates of mycelium. The root is often branched from the base or further up to form a compound row or group. It is usually glabrous on exposed part, and where protected by bark it is whitened and somewhat fibrous with mycelium. The smaller or younger plants have very little, if any, free stem above the bark. As parts of the bark are easily removed in handling, one might be misled as to what part of the stem-root was exposed. On drying the plant shrinks, but retains its form unless old and softened; the color of the cap becomes a translucent red, with the exposed stalk about the same color or more brown, while the root- ing part remains whitish. Old plants exposed to rain lose much of their color and dry pale and membranous. Our plant is most like Dacrymyces aurantius, but differs from it in the less ample and less plate-like root, viscid head, and shorter spores with only four cells. Large and mature plants cannot be dis- tinguished with certainty from it without reference to the spore characters. Lloyd has seen my plants, and I am following him in calling this Ditiola radicata, as he has collected that species in Sweden and should know it. There are discrepancies between our plants and the deserip- tions of this species. For example, Fries says it is covered with a floceulent white coat when young, and the spores are given by Hen- nings as two-ceiled, 3.8-4x8-10n. Plants in the Curtis Herbarium 180 JOURNAL OF THE MircHELL Society [June from Fries labelled D. radicata are not like my plants, but more like small specimens of my Dacryopsis ceracea. Spores, if present, are collapsed and shapeless. Plants in the same herbarium from Society Hill, 8. C., on pine labelled Ditiola gambosa B. & C. looks just like our collections, but no spores could be found. It is also to be noted that collections from Europe in New York Botanical Garden Herba- rium are on old, decorticated, weathered wood, and seem different from ours. This agrees well with Massee’s description of Dacryopsis nuda (Jour. Myc. 6:182. 1891), and looks exactly like the figures of a plant collected by Beardslee at Asheville and referred by Lloyd to D. nuda (Mye. Notes 57 :841, figs. 1406-1408. 1919). According to Hennings’s description also our plant agrees better with D. nuda. He gives spores of the latter as 4-celled, 5 x 14p. 3968. On corticated pine wood, back of Athletic Field, January 17, 1920. Spores not septate when shed, 6.3-7.4 x 16.3-20u. 4025. On decayed cedar limb, January 24, 1920. Spores curved-elliptic, some 4-celled, 6-7.4 x 12.9-16.6y. 4109. On a fallen corticated pine branch, February 13, 1920. Photo. 4155. On corticated pine branch, February 21, 1920. Spores orange, curved-- elliptic, 4-celled, 6-7.5 x 12.2-17u. 4175. On corticated pine branch, February 21, 1920, Spores 5.5-6. 4180. On corticated pine limb, February 26, 1920. Spores 5.5- celled. 4183. On corticated pine, February 25, 1920. 4192. On corticated pine limb. February 26, 1920. 5 x 11.3-18.5p. 7x11-1%, 4 2. Ditiola albizziae n. sp. Puate 64 Very small, centrally attached by a point, scarcely stalked, spread- ing out like a Peziza with the top flat, pale dull yellow (about clay color), hardly 1.5 mm. broad at top and less than 1 mm. high. Texture of cup waxy, toughish, the hymenium gelatinous; not reviving well when moistened. Spores elliptic, two-celled, 4.5 x 8.5-9.5n. Basidia slender, two- forked. See drawing. This cannot be D. sulcata Schw., as a specimen from his herbarium (New England, Torrey) now in Curtis Herbarium has long, allantoid spores, 7.5 x 34p long. 3996. On a dead branch of Albizzia Julibrissin (Mimosa) in Arboretum, Janu- ary 21, 1920. Type. 1920) Tue Lower BasiploMyceTes OF NORTH CAROLINA 181 CALOCERA Plants growing on wood, upright, more or less terete throughout, simple or often branched, small, rarely up to 6 em. high, often in rows from cracks; firm, tough, pliable, viscid, subgelatinous when very wet, orange or yellow, the hymenium covering all the plant except the whitish base (amphigenous). Basidia terete, elongated, forked into two long prongs each of which bears a spore; spores smooth, yellowish, sausage-shaped, divided into two cells before sprouting. The hymenium is much denser than the inner flesh and is com- posed of densely fascicled groups of horizontal basidia which do not mature simultaneously. The plants resemble the Clavarias in form and are separated from them by their tough and more gelatinous structure, viscid surface and long-forked basidia. Key TO THE SPECIES Growing on pine, gold or orange color, up to 6 em. high..C. viscosa (1) Growing on pine, yellow, minute, only up to 2 mm. high... cornea var. minima (3) Growing on deciduous WOOAS.............:cceeescececeeeesceeceeceetsceee C. cornea (2) 1. Calocera viscosa (Pers.) Fr. This plant has the form of a Clavaria, about 2-6 em. high, slender, stalked, several times branched, the tips acute; color deep golden yellow or orange yellow, orange when dry, surface very viscid ; texture tough and pliable, the base extending into a slender whitish root. Spores oblong, curved, smooth, probably light yellow, about 4.5 x 9-11, divided into two eelis before sprouting. Not rare on pine stumps and usually in rows from cracks. We have seen it at Chapel Hill, but failed to make notes. The above de- scription is therefore compiled from others. Distinguished from C. cornea by growth on pine, larger size and deeper color. For good illustrations in color see Gillet, Pl. 85 (118), fig. 1; and Massee: British Fungi and Lichens. Pl. 27, fig. 8. 2. Calocera cornea (Batsch.) Fr. PLATE 65 Cespitose and often fused at base, forming clumps or extended rows from eracks in the bark, about 5-15 mm, high, cylindrical, pointed at the tips, simple or a few times branched or pronged like an antler 182 JOURNAL OF THE MITCHELL SOCIETY [June above; viscid; color ochraceous yellow, or when very wet and swollen a paler soaked yellow; texture tough, subgelatinous when very wet. Spores (of No. 3834) creamy yellow, smooth, bent, 3.8-4.8x 9.3-11.1p. ; The plants are horny and reddish when dry or blackish when old. The base is subtomentose from the mycelium. The color of the fresh plants is removable by soaking in water overnight. The water be- comes yellow and the plants when taken out dry whitish. With us the species is not rare on deciduous wood. See Gillet, Pl. 85 (118), fig. 2. Calocera palmata is probably the same. See Myce. Notes 62: figs. 1656 and 1657 (as C. palmata) and fig. 1658 (as C. cornea). 1920. A very delicate plant on pines and cedar that we find here may be a different species, but the spores and basidia are the same as in the above. Lloyd thinks it only a form. As extensive colonies run all about the same size and never cespitose, I have decided to treat it as a variety of C. cornea, as below. 3824. On fallen branches of Liriodendron, December 5, 1919. Spores creamy- yellow, smooth, mostly bent-elliptic, 3.7-4.8 x 7.4-10y. 3834. On rotting oak limb, woods east of cemetery, December 7, 1919.° 3. Calocera cornea var. minima n. var. PLATE 65 Minute, 1.5-2 mm. high, slender, densely gregarious, but not cespi- tose, simple or a few forked near apex or at any point, very rarely one branched into several prongs; stalk pale yellow or whitish, flatly and broadly attached, round, smooth, several times longer than the yel- low, slightly enlarged, pointed, hymenium-bearing apex which looks not unlike that of Mutinus caninus in shape. This head may be a little rough or even knobbed or forked. Texture tough, subeartilagin- ~ ous; surface viscid. Base pentrating the wood by a distinct root. Spores (of No. 4088) elliptic, a little bent, yellowish under the microscope, two-celled a few days after falling, 3.8-5.5 x 7.4-l]u. Ba- sidia forked, about 3, thick. 4088. On a decorticated pine branch, February 4, 1920. Drawings. CHAPEL Hi, N. C. PLATE 52 GYMNOSPORANGIUM GERMINALE. No. 2786a. Figs. 1-3, teliospores and basidia. G. JUNIPERI-VIRGINIANAE. No. 2307a.+ Figs. 4, 5, teliospores and basidia. G. NIDUS-AVIS. No. 2772a. Figs. 6-8, teliospores and basidia. All x 715. PLATE 53 SACCOBLASTIA OVISPORA VAR. CAROLINIANA. No. 4078. Figs, 1, 2, 4, 5, basidia showing spores and sacs; fig. 3, sprouting spores. AURICULARIA AURICULA-JUDAE. No. 3835. Fig. 6, spores; fig. 7, basidia. Fig. 6 x 2160, others x 1080 PLATE 54 PLATYGLOEA CAROLINIANA. No. 4044. Figs. 1, 3, 4, 6, basidia; fig. 2, sporidia ; fig. 5, sprouting spores; fig. 7, spores. PLATYGLOEA LAGERSTROEMIAE No. 4062. Fig. 8, spores; figs. 9-12, basidia; fig. 13, threads among basidia; fig. 14, sprouting spores. j Figs. 7, 8 x 2160, others x 1080. PLATE 55 » STROBASIDIUM BREFELDIANUM. No. 4104. Figs. 1-3, basidia in chains; fig. 4, spores and sporidia. EXIDIA GLANDULOSA. No. 3878. Fig. 5, sprouting EXIDIA GELATINOSA. No. 3854. le spores; fig. 6, spores; fig basidium; fig Pig. r. 8, spores. Figs 6 and 8 x 2160, others x 1080 . 9, basidia, EXIDIA BEARDSLEEI. No. NAEMATELIA NUCLEATA. Fig. 5, spores. TREMELLA FUCIFORMIS. TREMELLA ASPERA. No. 3 TREMELLA FRONDOSA. No. 4173 TREMELLA RETICULATA. Mos Figs. 2, PLATE 56 3930, Fig. 1, basidium; fig. 2, spores. No. 3956. Fig. 3, basidia; fig. 4, sprouting spore. No. No. 1408. Fig. 6, basidia; fig. 7, spores 950. Fig. 8, spores; fig. 9, basidia. Fig. 10, spores; No. 2456. Fig. 11, basidia No. 2690. Fig. 12, spores. 2. 5, 8, 10, 12 x 2160, others x 1080. 3959, PLATE 57 TREMELLA LUTESCENS. Fig. 1, spores; fig. 2, conidiophore (of No. 4069) ; fig. 4, basidia. No. 3916. ‘ basidium, TREMELLA VIRENS. No. 3070. Fig. 5, basidia; fig. 6, spores. Figs. 1 and 6 x 2160, others x 1080. PLATE 58 NAEMATELIA QUERCINA. No. 3935. Fig. 1, basidia; fi TREMELLA SUBANOMALA. No, 4005. Fig TREMELLA PINICOLA. No. 4050. Fig. 4, basidia. Figs. 2, 5 x 2160, others x 1080. oO basidia; fig. 5, spores. PLATE 59 > TREMELLA CARNEOALBA. No. 3877. Fig. 1, sprouting spores; figs. 2, 3, basidia. TREMELLODON GELATINOSUM. No. 912. Fig. 4, basidia and spores. TREMELLODENDRON CANDIDUM. No. 1385. Fig. 5, spores. EBICHLERIELLA LEVEILLIANA. No. 3829. Fig. 6, section of hymenial surface, fig. spores. Figs. 5 7 x 2160, others x 1080. PLATE 60 SEBACINA CALCEA. No. 3963. Fig. 1, section of hymenial surface. SEBACINA SP. No. 4119. Fig. 2, section of hymenial surface; fig. 4, spores. SEBACINA SP. No. 4118. Fig. 3, section of hymenial surface; fig. 5, spores. Figs. 4, 5, x 2160, others x 1080. PLATE 61 SEBACINA SP. No. 4116. Figs. 1, 2, basidia; fig. 3, section of hymenial surface, showing the large crystals; fig. 4, sprouting spores; fig. 5, spores. DACRYMYCES PALLIDUS. No. 4072. Fig. 6, basidium; fig. 7, spores. Fig. 3 x 370, figs. 5, 7 x 2160, others x 1080. PLATE 62 | | \ \ TREMELLA AURICULARIA. No. 4159. Fig. 1, sporidia with remains of old spore; fig. 2, spores; fig. 3, basidia. DACRYMYCES PEDUNCULATUS. No. 4158. Fig. 4, basidia; fig. 5, spores bearing sporidia. lnvease, aly ayes 2160, others x 1080. PLATE 63 DACRYMYCES FUSCOMINUS N. SP. No. 4075. DACRYMYCES ABIETINUS. No. 383: Z Fig. 1, spores; fig. 2, basidium. 3832. Fig. 3, basidium; fig. 4, spores. DACRYMYCES AURANTIUS. No. 3500. Fig. 6, basidium and spore; fig. 7, spore. DACRYMYCES ELLISII. No. 3861. Fig. 8, spores and sporidia. DACRYMYCES INVOLUTUS. No. 3972. Fig. 9, DITIOLA RADICATA. No. 4183. Fig. 5, spores Figs. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 x 2160, others x 2080. basidium; No. 4179. Fig. 10, spore. PLATE 64 DACRYMYCES MINOR. No. DACRYOMITRA DUBIA. GUEPINIA SPATHULARIA. fabsidia. DITIOLA ALBIZZIAE. No. 3996. Figs. 2, 4, 5, 3926. Wig. 1 No. 3969. Fis ; basidium; No. 4200. Fig. 2, spores 3, basidium; fig. 4, spores. No. 3892. Fig. 5, spores; No. 3852. Fig. 6, spores; fig. Fig. 7, spores; fig. 8, basidia. 6 x 2160, others x 1080. + PLATE 65 CALOCERA CORNEA var. MINIMA. No. 4088. Fig. 1, spores; fig. 2, basidium. DACRYOPSIS CERACEA. No. 4121. Fig. 3, spores; fig. 4, basidium. CALOCERA CORNEA. No. 3834. Fig. 5, basidium; fig. 6, spores. SEPTOBASIDIUM RETIFORME. No. 4279. Fig. 7, cross section of hymenial surface. Figs. 1, 3, 6 x 2160, others x R080. PLATE 66 SEPTOBASIDIUM RETIFORME. No. 4279. Fig. 1, spores. SEPTOBASIDIUM PSEUDOPEDICELLATUM. No. 4286. Fig. 2, cross section of hymenial surface; fig. 3, spores. Figs. 1, 3, x 2160, fig. 2 x 1080. PLATE 67 SEPTOBASIDIUM PSEUDOPEDICELLATUM. No. 4293. Fig. 1, spores and sporidia. SEPTOBASIDIUM RETIFORME. No. 4294. Fig. 2, section of surface showing origin of basidia; figs. 3-7, basidia forming spores. Fig. 1 x 2160, others x 1080. - ‘i Povey Hen ae ‘ : nat iY, ee am ait at 1; yt et mi Un) ; y “ - ‘A Elisha Mitchell Scientific Ey Society, Chapel Hill, N.C. ; Journal Vv. 34-35 Physica] & Applied Sci, Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY STOR, GE loceans rey Settee = or Saat atatitrorenr ea tare Snee “za : : erences Speers on str bemrcten ream nae ham nn anime ieee an etalon! Conteh ne tie eta Oa ne eae hg oti de oe te fh aetene tele, Aare teens pe tune ee Peete