” —s i SS ee a tes a és baritone Han ema or se Dera o harig aarg a Sa waner wr aaiergy oh ie hare Deh se You nati) eta att ts Aca Pan BE a aN LL aa A eh DN DL Ne EA PBS OP We lh ke Mp teat ope ym ke thew Oth et ne A ped otal eiied + 4 : . pel betys ashstndedbadakaimeeet ae al nee tee thly testi dy Bet Seine SAE A, : - . ° se if= port thw i the liiell ha dram tbo tt AL Din dnt phe em rtm fhe 7 eG Be a alba? AG rar jth be hl ein De rth fe et Cre teeth fed tect Pha Ope Dey Strath atl Pte te & ” : v DoH ER Me a i Pp ese ek S So WO ces JOURNAL (7% STRAITS BRANCH —- OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. 1887. ~ SINGAPORE: Printed at Toe GovERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. AGENTS OF THE SOCIETY: London and America, ... Triipner & Co. = 2 Paris, ... Ernest Leroux & Crx. Germany, ... K. I. Koruier’s Antiquantum, Leipzig. [No. 19. ] JOURNAL OF THE SoixAlls BRANCH OE aE E ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. 188%. SINGAPORE: PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. AGENTS OF THE SOCIETY: London and America, ... Tripner & Co. Paris, ... Ernest Leroux & Cis. Germany, ... K. F. Kornter’s Antiquanium, Leipzig. PAbLE OF CONTENTS. a eee Council for 1888, . List of Members for 1888, Proceedings of the General Meeting, Council’s Annual Report for 1887, Treasurer's Accounts for 1887, Report of a Journey from Tuaran to Kiau and Ascent of Kinabalu Mountain—by R. M. Little, Pulau Langkawi—by W. H. Maxwell, c.M.«., ee The NegriSembilan : Their Origin and laa. Hon. Martin Lister, Raja Ambong, a Malay ae: eect W. EE. Max- well, CM.G., .. Report on the Padi-Borer—by LZ. Wray, Jr., Summary of the Report on the Pomelow ee a L. Wray, Ir.,... Manangism in Borneo—by Revd. J. Perham, Exploring Expedition from Selama, Pérak, to Fone, Patani—by Arthur T. Dew, Birds from Pérak, Occasional N otes,... 105 125 143 co oa) ' mynende see be THE SrRAt hs BRANCGEH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. ———— (OUNCIL FOR 1888. The Hon’ble A. M. Sxinner, President. W. A. Proxrrine, Esquire, c.M.a., Vice-President, Singapore. D. Logan, Esquire, Vice-President, Penang. H. T. Haveuton, Esquire, Honorary Secretary. Epwin Korx, Esquire, Honorary Treasurer. W. Davison, Esquire, A. Knieur, Esquire, S. Lustiz THornton, Esquire, } Councillors. C. Stringer, Esquire, H. L. Noronwa, Esquire, Nos. co COST OD Or Wwe | LIST OF MEM BERS FOR if re} reper Names. ABRAHAMSON, H. E. Apamson, The Hon’ble W. ARMSTRONG, A. AsHwokrtH, Lieut. P., B.£. Ayre, A. F. BAaMPFYLDE, C. A. Brzston, Capt. R. D. BERNARD, F. G. BicKNELL, W. A. Brrcu, J. K. Briann, R. N. BonseEr, The Hon’ble J. W. Branopt, D. Brown, L. C. Bryant, A. T. Brown, Dr. W. C. Bucxtey, C. B. BurBIDGE, W. BurxKinsHaw, The Hon’ble J. CamERON, Capt. M. A., R.=. CavEenaGH, General Sir ORFEUR CERRUTI, G. B. CLIFFORD, H. C. CopLey, GEORGE CrEAGH, C. V. Crorx, J. E. DE LA SSS Addresses. British North Borneo. Singapore. Malacca. Singapore. Singapore. Sarawak. British North Borneo. Singapore. Penang. Province Wellesley. Province Wellesley. | Singapore. Singapore. Europe. Penang. Penang. Singapore. Malacea. Singapore. Singapore. London. Singapore. Perak. Malacca. British North Borneo. | Paris. See ee vil MEMBERS FoR 1888,—Continued. Names. Addresses. CurRziE, C. Singapore. Daimany, C. B. Europe. Lo VATity dD) Dei en Ue Davison, W. Singapore. Detoncte4, FRANCOIS Paris. | Denison, N. Perak. Dennys, Dr. N. B. Perak. Dent, ALFRED London. Dew, A. T. Perak. Dickson, Hon. Sir J. F., K.c.M.¢., Europe. DIETHELM, W. H. Europe. Down, St. V.-B. Singapore. Duntop, Colonel S., c.m.e. | Singapore. K@erton, WALTER Penang. Excum, J. B. | Malacca. | EvERETT, A. H. British North Borneo. Frreuson, A. M., Jr. Colombo. GENTLE, A. Singapore. GILFILLAN, S. London. Gosuine, T. L. Singapore. Gortiies, F. H. Penang. Gorriies, G. 8. H. Penang. GRaHAM, JAMES London. Gray, A. Sydney, N.S. W. GueEnritz, E. P. Jélébu. GULLAND, W. G. London. Hate, A. Perak. Haveuton, H. T. Singapore. Hetspineen, Dr. R. van Ben- NINGEN VAN . Deli. Hervey, The Hon’ble D. F. A. | Malacca. Hewett, R. D. Perak. vill Hirt, E. C. 2) Krom Mun DEwAWONGSE VARO- | MacPuer, Revd. A. S. MEMBERS FoR 1888,—Continued. Names. Hous, W. Hose, C. Hose, Right Revd. Bishop G. F. (Honorary Member) Houtwett, R. W. Iprauim BIN ABDULLAH, Inche Irvine, C. J., c.M.a. Joaquim, J. P. Jouor, H. H. The Sultan of the State and Territory of, G.c.M.G., G.c.8.1. (Honorary Member) Keupine, EF. KELLMANN, E. Ker, T. Rawson KNIGHT, ARTHUR Korx, EpDwIn PRAKAR, H. R. H. Prince KYNNERSLEY, C. W. S. Laneey, Van Laveuer, H. Lavino, G. Lawes, Revd. W. G. (Honorary Member) Lzrcu, H. W. C. Lempriire, E. T. Lirrze, R. M. | Loaan, D. Low, Sir Hvuen, «.c.m.4. Maxwet, R. W. Singapore. { f Addresses. eo eoetee Sarawak. Sarawak. ie A 4 Singapore. Johor. Europe. Singapore. Johor. Labuan, Deli. Europe. Johor. Singapore. Singapore. Bangkok. | Penang. Kota Raja, Acheen. Singapore Singapore. New Guinea. Perak. Labuan. British North Borneo. Penang. Perak. Singapore. Penang. 100 101 102 L103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 1X MEMBERS FOR 1888,—Continued. Names. Maxwett, The Hon’ble W. E., C.M.G. Merepiru, Ven. Archdeacon T. Merewetuier, EH. M. Mixtuno-Mactay, Baron (Honorary Member) Minter, JAMES Muury, O. Nanson, W. Noronua, H. L. O’Sutiivay, A. W.S. Patgrave, F. Girrorp (Hono- rary Member) Parsons, J. R. Patt, W. F. B. Pett, BENNETT PrrHaM, Revd. J. (Honorary Member) PicKEeRING, W. A., ¢c.M.G. Poouss, F'Rep. Reap, W.H. M., c.m.c. Rickert, C. B. Ritter, E. Ropeer, J. P. Rost, Dr. R. (Honorary Member) Rowett, Dr. T. Irvine . Sarawak, H. H. The Raja of (Honorary Member) Satow, H. M., c.m.a. ScHaaLse, M. Scott, Dr. Duncan Sean Liane Sean, The Hon'ble — ee | Addresses. a es er Penang. Singapore, The Dindings. | Sydney, N. S. W. | Singapore. | Europe. Singapore. Singapore. Penang. Europe. Sungei Ujon g. London. Sarawak. Singapore. Singapore. London. Penang. Europe. Selangor. London. Singapore. Sarawak. Bangkok, Rhio. Perak. Singapore. MEMBERS For 1888,—Coxtinued. Trentson-Woops, Revd. J. E. (Honorary Member) —— THompson, A. B. Deli. THornton, S. Lestiz Singapore. THOROLD, F. THOROLD Perak. TREACHER, W. H. Perak. Tripner & Co., Messrs. London. Names. Addresses. SERGEL, V. Europe. SHELFORD, The Hon’ble T. Singapore. SkrinnER, The Hon’ble A. M. Singapore. Surtu, H. H. Sir Cecrt C., x.c.M.a.| Singapore. Sousrt, T. Singapore. SourtnpRo Mouvun Tacors, Raja, Mus. D. Calcutta. Stringer, C. | Singapore. SWETTENHAM, F. A., C.M.G. Sélangor. SyeD ABUBAKAR BIN OMAR AL JUNIED Singapore. 'Syep MonaMEp BIN AHMED AL SAGOFF Singapore. Syers, H. C. Selangor. Tatzor, A. P. Singapore. Tan Kim Cuine Singapore. Vermont, The Hon'ble J. M. B. | Province Wellesley. WALKER, H. British North Borneo. Watxer, Major R. S. F. Perak. Watson, E. A. Johor. Wueattey, J.J. L. Johor. Wownnacor, Revd?-B: 2 eee Wray, L. Perak. Wray, L., Jr. Perak. Yue, Colonel, c.B. (Honorary Member) London. Xi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE SERAITS BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, HELD AT THE RAE Ss MUSEUM ON MONDAY, 24TH SEPTEMBER, 1888. PRESENT : The Hon’ble A. M. SKINNER, A. CURRIE, Esq., C. STRINGER, Esq., €.-B. BUCKLEY, Esq., W. DAVISON, Esq., S. L. THORN- TON, Esq., E. KOEK, Esq., A. KNIGHT, Esq., H. L. NORONHA, Bsqeand li: MAUGHTON, Esq: The Annual Report for the year 1887 was then read by the Honorary Secretary (H. T. HAUGHTON, Esq.) and adopted by the meeting. A ballot was then taken for the officers for the present year, with the following result :— COUNCIL FOR 1888. President,—The Hon’ble A. M. SKINNER. Vice-Presidents,—Singapore: W. A. PICKERING, Esq., — C.M.G. ; Penang: D. LOGAN, Esq. Xli PROCEEDINGS. Honorary Secretary,—H. T. HAUGHTON, Esq. flonorary Treasurer,—E. KOEK, Esq. Councillors, —W. DAVISON, Esq. A. KNIGHT, Esqeaeee: THORNTON, Esgq., C. STRINGER, Esqy fied: NORONHA, Esq. Some conversation then ensued on the large amount of subscriptions in arrear. The Honorary Treasurer, E. KOEK, Esq., explained the difficulty he experienced in collecting subscriptions from members who are not resident in the Colo- ny. The following resolution was finally moved by Mr. BUCKLEY and adopted unanimously :— “The meeting regrets that the Society is hampered by so large an amount. of arrears of subscription, and hopes that the Council will use its best efforts to collect them before the close of the year.” The Honorary Secretary mentioned to the meeting that some valuable papers relating to the life of Sir STAMFORD RAFFLES were being compiled by Dr. Rost, of the India Office, and that the Revd. R. B. RAFFLES was engaged on a Sketch of the Life of Sir STAMFORD RAFFLES. It was pro- posed to publish these papers in a popular form, and he had been for some time in correspondence with Dr. ROST and Mr. GULLAND on the subject, but the scheme had hardly yet assumed a definite shape. The meeting declared itself gene- rally in favour of the scheme, but it was resolved to await a further communication from Dr. RosT before pledging the Society to any particular form of support. The meeting then closed. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE SERAITS BRAN CH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, FOR THE YEAR 1887. The Council for the year 1887 on retiring have, they believe, a fairly satisfactory Report to lay before the Society. Since the last General Meeting, the following new members have beenelected by the Council, subject to confirmation, under Rule XI, by a General Meeting :—S. LESLIE THORNTON, Esq,., Singapore; CHARLES HOSE, Esq., Sarawak ; HENRY WALKER, Esq., Sandakan; E. M. MEREWETHER, Esq., The Dindings; Lieut. P. ASHWORTH, R.E., Singapore; R. M. LITTLE, Esq,, British North Borneo; the Rev. BRYAN WONNACOT, Hong- kong; Captain M. A. CAMERON, R.E., Singapore; A. T. BRYANT, Esq., Penang; the Hon’ble SEAH LIANG SEAH, Singapore; W. NANSON, Esq., Singapore; Dr. W. C. BROWN, Renae bs HOROLD DHOROLD, Esq., Perak; Dr. R. VAN BEUNINGEN VAN HELSDINGEN, Deli, Sumatra; and WM. DAVISON, Esq., Singapore. ' The Council announce with regret the deaths of the follow- ing members :—the Abbé FAVRE (Honorary Member), G. P. ‘TOLSON, Esq., H. BROOKE Low, Esq., C. BAUMGARTEN, Esq,., N. CANTLEY, Esq., and Ho AH Yip WHAMPOA, Esq. X1V ANNUAL REPORT. The following members withdrew their subscriptions at the end of the year:—Dr. BIEBER, the Rev. L. C. Biaes, G. R. LAMBERT, Esq., and PETER Nuy, Esq. The Abbé FAVRE died in France on the 17th March last year, in his 76th year, and the following minute was entered in the proceedings of a meeting of the Council of the Society held on the 3rd June, 1887:— ‘“ The Council desire to record their sense of the great loss sustained by the Society and all interested in Malayan litera- ture, inthe death of one who was so distinguished a Malay scholar and lexicographer.”’ The new edition of the Map of the Peninsula was completed and sent to Mr. E. STANFORD for publication in June last, with the further geographical information referred to in the Annual Report for 1886. At the suggestion of Mr. STANFORD, the names in Malay character, which appeared in the Map of 1879, were omitted, as being likely to interfere with the clearness of the map. No estimate has yet been received of the probable cost of publication by the Society, but it has been found possible to make use of some of the stones used in printing the old map, and thus a saving will be effected. Two hundred copies of the Second Series of ‘Essays re- lating to Indo-China,” published for the Society by Messrs. TRUBNER & Co., were received in December. The Council, with a view to speedily recovering a part of the cost of publi- cation, resolved to sell the work to Members at half the cost price—z.e., $3—and it is to be hoped that Members will avail themselves of the opportunity thus offered. The Library of the Society was moved into the new Raffles Museum at the end of the year, and, through the kindness of Government, room has been found both to accommodate its book-shelves and to serve Members for a reading-room. ANNUAL REPORT. XV The Council would take this opportunity of recording their sense of the valuable services rendered by Mr. COPLEY to the Society in arranging the Library previous to his departure for Malacca. An “‘Eastern Geography” by Professor A. H. KEANE, in pursuance of the recommendations of the Society in former Reports, was published in London during the year. The first part, which treats of the Malay Peninsula, is based on the elementary work of the Hon’ble A. M. SKINNER, published under the auspices of the Society in 1884, and the author acknowledges the assistance he has received from the mate- rials collected on the spot for the other sections also. The work is intended primarily for educational purposes in the Straits Settlements, but the feature of the book is that it em- bodies the information collected by the most recent explorers in these regions, such as FORBES and CHALMERS. The Council have again to acknowledge the liberality of the Straits Government in continuing the grant to the Society of $500, without which assistance it would hardly have been possible to publish the new edition of the map of the Penin- sula this year. No. 18 of the Journal was published since the last General Meeting. It contains the following papers :— Essay towards a Bibliography of Stam—Part Il, by E. M. SATOW, C.M.G. English, Sulu and Malay Vocabulary—by T. H. HAYNES (Malay portion by W. E. MAXWELL, C.M.G.). Raja Donan, A Fairy Tale, told by a Malay Rhapso- dist—Contributed by W. E. MAXWELL, C.M.G. The Survey Question in Cochin-China, translated from the “Bulletin de la Société des Etudes Indo- Chinoises de Saigon” with an intreduction—by W. E. MAXWELL, C.M.G. XV1 ANNUAL REPORT. Notes on Economic Plants, Straits Settlements—by N. CANTLEY. Index of Articles in the Fournal of Indian Archipe- lago—by N. B. DENNYS, PH.D. Occasional Notes. — The Council announce with regret that the Hon’ble W. E. MAXWELL, C.M.G., owing to his absence from Singapore, will be no longer able to lend his valuable services as Honorary Secretary to the Society. The Honorary Treasurer's statement ofthe financial position of the Society is appended, by which it will be seen that the accounts show a debit balance for the first. time since the Society was started. H. T. HAUGHTON, Flonorary Secretary. 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KIAU AND ASCENT OF KINABALU MOUNTAIN. \ N my return from a tour of inspection through the Ilanun districts, Pangeran SAHBUDIN, the Chief of Tuaran- Sulaman district, reported to me that the headmen of the several countries around Kinabalu Mountain had been visited by GAWANG, our Dusun Sub-Chief, and had signified their submission to this Government; but had made it a con- dition of their taking the oath of allegiance that I should personally visit them and witness the usual ceremonies conse- quent on the above step. - 2aeeASe i chad heard from Mr WHITEHEAD that his’ re= searches on North Bornean Ornithology would bring him to the vicinity of Kinabalu, I determined to start with him to the interior, but circumstances prevented him keeping his appoint- ment with me at Gaya Island, and later on when he did arrive, I was away in Putatan, so we did not go together. I left for Tuaran on the 16th of February, arriving at the Government Station the next day. 3. Mr. Resident DAVIES had arranged for one of his local Chiefs to meet me at Tampasuk ; but although I waited two weeks for him, the expected Chief did not turn up. We were to have prospected together for an edible bird’s-nest cave, reported to be near Kinabalu. 4. In the meantime, I took a walk to Madang village on the Sungei Damit, a tributary of the Tuaran River. Here is the site of a fair, which was revived by the Government in 2 REPORT ON A JOURNEY FROM TUARAN TO KIAU. 1885, and has ever since been well attended by Hill Dusuns in the vicinity of the Tampasuk River, and Bajaus from Tuaran, Sulaman and Mengkabong. 5. nroute | noticed quantities of the wild pine-apple srowing on old cleared hills. On Bukit Tegas there are several specimens of the kapas (cotton plant). The plant here appears as a low straggling tree having pointed berries three inches long. One bush averages a yield of 22lb of cotton. 6. Madang village is composed of two houses; one, the “ Government Hotel,’ intended for the accommodation of the hill natives; and the other AHMAT’S house. This AHMAT is a Bisaya from Padas, whose acquaintance I made some four years ago in Papar. He followed the late Hdji JAMALUDIN to Tuaran, and on the latter's death, bought his house and - took a Dusun wife. Being shghtly useful, he is now recog- nised as the local headman in the district ; which 1s thinly populated and in consequence easily governed. The tem- perature at Madang at 6 a.m. was 65°, height above sea level LO WEE 7- On my return to the Station, I found a flat-bottomed gobong or dug-out awaiting me, which I had previously ordered. Length 28 feet, breadth 34 feet. Dhisaeamremees to be used when the river is in flood or for shooting rapids. 8. I started for the interior on the 28th February, bringing up my baggage in the dug-out, and stopped at Telibong, sleeping in IBU’s house. [BU is a Bajau, married to a Dusun woman, and has settled down in her village. This village is situated on the left bank of the River Tuaran, just above the junction of the Telibong branch. g. Next morning found me at Buntai Fair, on the right bank of the Tuaran River and forty minutes’ walk from Teli- bong village. In ordinary weather, the ford across the river is only thigh deep. The fair is always well attended, and in spite of the recent floods, over five hundred natives had assembled who politely awaited my arrival to commence bar- tering their jungle produce, tobacco and cereals, for fish and dry goods, brought by the Coast tribes. LAMPAYAN, head- man of Kabong village near Kinabalu, delivered a message of greeting from Datoh KABONG of Kiau and was glad to hear REPORT ON A JOURNEY FROM TUARAN TO KIAU. 3 I was starting at last. We slept that night at DUMANKER’S house near the fair. Our host, although a Dusun, has four wives and seven children, each wife contributing her quota of the latter. Buntai Village at 6 a.m. thermometer 72°. ir. Onthe 2nd March at 10.55 a.m. left Buntai Village and followed up the Tuaran River to its junction with the Bawang stream; we then travelled along the ridges which form the watershed on the true left side of this stream. This was the route taken by Mr. ST. JOHN in 1858 on his way to Kinabalu, and he has. ably described the track to Sinilau village, as being steep, slippery and the climbing exceedingly warm work. We passed over Kamis and Tiwong Hills. On the latter, the stock of water brought up in bamboo joints was finished, but I was agreeably surprised to find out that bam- boos, even when growing on hills devoid of springs, secrete in their second or third joints from the ground, a quantity of pure cool water, a great boon to the thirsty traveller, We arrived at Sinilau village at 2 p.m. 12. This village possesses six very scattered houses and MAH TANGARIS and MAH SOLONGKOD— who have paid poll-tax to the Government. They were absent until night in their padi fields. 13. The houses here show me that I am at last in the interior and beyond coast civilization, for they are dirty, infested with bugs, and every moment the howl of a dog indicates a too close proximity with the owner of a cooking pot, and pigs grunt harmoniously under the houses. Sinilau village at 4.45 a.m. thermometer 71°, height 1,248 feet above sea level. 14. 1 numbered my coolies next morning, and found I had sixteen Dusuns, one Brunei Malay, and two Dyaks. The Government party consisted of myself, Pangeran SAHBUDIN, Clerk USMAN, GAWANG, the Dusun Sub-Chief, and two pri- vates of the British North Borneo Armed Constabulary. Each coolie had his sword or kris and we had besides six Snider carbines, one smooth bore No. 12 calibre, and one Spencer seven shot repeater. GAWANG carried the flag ona long spear, and an empty cartridge belt as a mark of distinction. I had engaged these coolies “at nominal w ages, 15 cents per 4 REPORT ON A JOURNEY FROM TUARAN TO KIAU. diem and rations while marching, and to cents per diem when resting, the Dyaks getting 25 cents and 10 cents, with rations as they represented the gun-bearers. 15. Our start was delayed by some bed-loving cooled who were punished by getting the heaviest loads to carry. We had to walk up a steep incline before arriving at the flat ridge representing the top of Nilau hill, 2,226 feet above sea level. Below, on the left of the path, the hills rising out of the mist resembled islands in a vast sea. [Further on, we passed a large pond, at the foot of Tingkahang hill, forty yards in diameter and from three to four feet deep. This, the natives say, is never dry in the longest droughts, owing to numerous springs. ‘The pond resembles an ole omen camp, filled up with water. Ingkahang hill is 1,929 feet high. Passed the junction of an old path used by head-hunters before the cession. Manjok Sirong hill, 2,411 feet. 16. The hill leading up to Kalawat village is not so steep as its predecessors, and we arrived at 9.30 a.m. finding most of the men absent. The son of the Bajau headman, how- ever, was there to welcome us, and presented me with the usual stirrup-cup before leaving—a small bamboo of cocoa-nut toddy mixed with the bitter and intoxicating bark of the vasak tree. To procure this bark, these natives have to buy it at Buntai Fair, from traders who obtain it et Papar. 17. We toiled up Kalawat hill, at the back of the village, and found it a toilsome task. Were it not for the holes made in the paths by buffaloes’ feet on some of these hills, the coolies would be overbalanced by their loads and to add to the task, the jungle has been cleared off, leaving ferns or grass only two or ine feet high and no protection against the sune: was told Kalawat hill was the large hill heewcon this and Kanes iound! thisscormnect: Passed a tuba garden. . This is an intoxicating weed which is mashed up in water, changing the latter to a milky coloured fluid, and then poured into a stream. All the fish within a half mile are quickly stupefied and easily caught. Despairing lovers sometimes use this weed to end their sorrows. 18. From Kalawat hill we descended at a rattling pace to Tinuman stream, a tributary of the Mantaranau river at im REPORT ON A JOURNEY FROM TUARAN TO KIAU. 9) Bungol. Here we had a bath, and cooked our rice. I had seen the men eating a semi-transparent fruit called hands, and followed suit. It had a pleasant acid taste at first, but afterwards my tongue and palate felt as if affected by a strong astringent. This unpleasant sensation lasted until night. 1g. After finishing the inevitable rice and tinned mutton, I went specimen hunting and succeeded in picking up conglo- merate mixed with crystals, hornblende and quartz. Amongst the rapids, some Dusun had placed a fish trap made of bam- boo, but it was empty. 20. One steep but small hill brought us to the banks of the Mantaranau river, we had to cross it and its tributaries several times. At 2.30 we arrived at Bungol. This village is built on the sides of a hollow which looks pretty, the grass having been grazed short. We took up our quarters in BANSAYAN’S house, it being large and the headman—Datoh BENAWA—being absent. But BANSAYAN said ‘you cannot enter here,’ of which we took no notice until GAWANG had arranged matters at Datoh BENAWa’S house where we shifted, the culprit following and asking for pardon. At the Datoh’s Imet twomen SI DAIN and SI GIBAN andtwo women KAMBING and KAUDEH who had just arrived from the Sindatun district bringing tobacco for barter. ‘Their village is one day’s jour- pey from Bungol and the headman pays one buffalo as poll- tax this year. 21. I append a sketch of the whereabouts of Sindatun as described by S1 DAIN. The women wore stained rattan and brass chainwork, a foot broad around their substantial waists and brasswire on their lower arm which they only take off on becoming matrons. Their dress was a short indigo dyed petticoat reaching to the knee and a similar cloth 14” by 4” across to the bosom sustained by a few coils of stained rattan. The men, as everywhere in the interior, wore only a dirty loin cloth. DaAIN stated that all the villages on both sides of the Sinalang river are disposed to join with Sindatun in tender- ing submission to Government, and I intended to have visited this district, but was unable to carry out the whole of my pro- — gramme. 6 REPORT ON A JOURNEY FROM TUARAN TO KIAU. 22. As we had several cases to settle, next day became Sunday. Dyak JEMAIN borrowed my casting-net and caught alot of fine fish, but Pangeran SAHBUDIN informed me that the large ones were garbage fish; in spite of this the men seemed to appreciate the rare treat of fresh fish. I walked up the Mantaranau, which passes through lawn like valleys, bor- dered by low hills, and I certainly thought I should like to spend a week here and amuse myself fishing, for the pools are full of the finny tribe who were jumping at the flies ina systematic manner. This river joins the Kamulau, at whose source 1s Kalansatan, the village of GANTOK, the Tegas Chief. I Tambatuan Village five hours’ (hill) (on the Tampasuk River). Tambatuan Village to Labong Labong Village five hours’ (flat) (on the Tampasuk River). Labong Labong Village to Kiau 2% hours (hill) (on the Tam- pasuk River). The first route 1s the quickest by a day and requires no crossing of rivers between the Tuaran and Tampasuk, where- as the latter abounds in it. 7 Reeves Dich Mitt: Rew sr ALU sk AaNeG Kea WL: as > HESE are bold islands, formed of and flanked by ee towering masses of limestone. I could find but “Sf = ~—few tracts of level ground upon these islands. ; See They are dependencies of the Siamese Govern- “HN ment of Kedah.’* This is all that Colonel Low, in 1849, found to write of this beautiful group of islands, and there is little other printed information about them. Situated 1 im Watss62 10:, to 6 27, North, and Wong: 99° 37. to g9° 50° East, about seventy miles due north of Penang, they are clearly visible on a fine day from the top of Penang Hill, and the curious configuration of their lime- stone peaks, so unlike the ordinary scenery of the Straits of Malacca, invite exploration. Some notes, which I made during a cruise round the Langkawi Islands in December, 1887, en- abled me to correct and supplement the geographical infor- mation contained in the latest Admiralty charts of this locality, as far as the native names of places are concerned, and | print them here, with a map, for the information of future travellers. H. H. the Raja of Kedah (whose capital we had been visiting), as soon as he learned that our tour was to include the Langkawi Islands, kindly proposed to accompany us (my brother, Mr. R. W. MAXWELL, and myself), and to show us all the places of interest there. He declined, however, a passage in the Sea Bird, and brought his own steamer, with WAN MAT SAMAN, his Chief Minister, and a few other followers in attend- ance. We left the mouth of the Kedah River on the morning of December 26th, and steered direct for the East entrance * Journ. Ind. Arch., III, 8. 28 PULAU LANGKAWI. of Bass’ Straits, and entering a land-locked harbour reached a shallow bay, on the shore of which is the principal village of the island—a place named Kwah. Here, we were informed, there is a considerable population of both Malays and Chinese, principally fishermen. There is a certain amount of cultiva- tion, and the paddy-fields inland are said to be extensive. . We did not land, but steamed on through the strait, having the main island on our right and the island of Dayang Bunting on our left. Just opposite the village of Kwah across the strait are the limestone cliffs of Tanjong Tirei (on Dayang Bun- ting), very precipitous, and immediately behind the village, but far inland, rises the conical peak of Gunong Raya, the highest point in the island, about 2,900 feet high. Fishing stakes here and there in the strait and an occasional kampong on the shores of the main island gave evidence of the presence of a Malay population, and now and then we passed a fishing boat, or a Chinese trading junk with picturesque brown sails. Presently a view was opened up to the northward of a long serrated ridge with fifteen or twenty peaks, which the Malays call Gunong Chinchang, or the “ chopped mountain,” from its supposed resemblance to a board in the edge of which deep indentations have been cut with a hatchet. On the South coast of Pulau Langkawi there are the fol- lowing places between Kwah and Tanjong Sawah, which we passed in the order in which their names are given :—Klébang, Tépah, Langkana, Témoyang (river and small kampong), and Teluk Baharu. On the coast of Dayang Bunting opposite, we passed Batu Uban, Tanjong Lilit, and the limestone cliffs of Goa Langsiah, where there is a cave. Here, we were told, grows in profusion a ground orchid with a yellow flower in great demand among collectors. The islanders had, it ap- peared, recently learned that it possesses a money value, owing to the visit of a collector, who paid a cent a-piece for specimens. I have since ascertained that the plant in question is the Cypripedium Nivium. The scenery hereabouts is very striking. The fantastic shapes of the limestone cliffs and peaks of Dayang Bunting, the islets dotted about in the strait, the smooth expanse of deep blue water, and the distant ranges of Gunong Raya and PULAU LANGKAWI. 29 Gunong Chinchang, make up a picture not to be equalled any- where in the Straits of Malacca. The islets in the strait are called Pulau Kédra, and the fol- lowing are some of the names of the numerous islands to the West of Pulau Dayang Bunting:—Pulau Chupak (very small), Pulau Gubang, Pulau Jong, Telam Banton, Pulau Singha, and Pulau Bras Basah. To the North nearer to the shores of the main island, are Pulau Lalang, Pulau Ular, and Pulau Hantu. Steaming out of the strait and leaving Pulau Hantu on the right, we sighted Pulau Adang in the distance, far out to sea, bearing about N. N. W. This island is famous for its turtle: Then, passing between Pulau Tépur and Tanjong Sawah (the S. W. point of the main island), we steamed on past two islands—Pulau Rébah—and headed for Tanjong Bongkok Pennyt, called on the chart ‘The Dolphin’s Nose.” . This is a bold headland, the end of the Gunong Chinchang range, with a hump on the top of it. There are fishing stakes in the straits between the islands above-mentioned and Pulau Lang- kawi, and small settlements on the coast of the latter. Round the fishing stakes, flocks of gulls (chéuchamar) were wheeling. Nearly opposite Pulau Rébah is Tanjong Padikik. Entering the bay on the South side of Tanjong Bongkok Penny, we dropped anchor in deep water not far from shore. This place is called by the Malays Burau, which is a corrup- tion of two Siamese words dor ran,‘ old well” ; a walk of about a mile and a half through the jungle, ending with a steep climb, brings one out on a face of precipitous rock, through which a mountain torrent has worn itself a channel. Here we see the “well,” or series of wells (the Malays say there are seven and call the place ¢é/aga tujoh), from which the Siamese name originated. No longer in the bed of the stream, which has probably shifted, as the rock has been worn down under the attrition of centu- ries, there are here and there deep circular holes which seem to have been cut out with sufficient accuracy to excuse the natives of these parts for supposing that they are the work of mankind. But the stream close by has doubtless been the 30 PULAU LANGKAWI. agency, in some former period, when the rocks were not quite as we now see them, and when the “old well” was at the foot of some small cascade and was gradually hollowed out with the accuracy with which a hole is made in a Stilton by a cheese-scoop. On the morning of the 27th, after another visit to the shore for a morning bath in the river, we continued our cruise round the island. The coast scenery hereabouts is very fine. Steep cliffs rise sheer from the water’s edge, the bare rocks below gradually merging into slopes, clothed with jungle above. There is not a sign of cultivation or of a human habitation, and the whole of the Gunong Chinchang range 1s, I fancy, unexplored and unvisited save when some of the more adventurous of the population climb for the wild bees’ nests in the crannies of the limestone cliffs. The wax is a royal perquisite, and the daring climbers get only a small proportion of their actual take. We passed Sungei Tama Kéchil, a gorge in the hills, and, further on, Tanjong Bésar. Here our course was nearly due north, with Pulau Térutau, a very large island, right ahead. A shoal of pomfret (zkax bawatl), one of the best fish that the Bay of Bengal produces, occasioned some excitement among our crew, but we were not equipped for a fishing expedition. The presence of a boat (sampan pukat) off Tanjong Chin-chin shewed that this is a well-known fishing ground. A cave near the water's edge called Lobang Chin-chin, “the cave of the ring,” was pointed out, but what the legend concerning it is, we did not learn. After passing Tukun Raja we altered our course and headed eastward, with Pulau Térutau on our port bow. A singular-looking island off Pulau Térutau, resembling a ruined castle, is called Pulau Bélétong, and the edible birds’ nests of Chinese commerce are said to be found there. Beyond it is Pulau Burong. With the mountains of Sétul in view on the mainland in front of us, we passed in turn the following places on the coast of Pulau Langkawi:—Tanjong Témbun, Teluk Téma, Sungei Gatal, Langgara (a river here), Tanjong Tem- burun, Tanjong Pembuta, Pulau Jemburong, Kuala Kubang Badak, Sungei Ewa, Pulau Dangli (small islets), Oo (where PULAU LANGKAWI. 31 there are said to be paddy-fields), Pulau Kasin (a distant islet to the North is called Pulau Kweh), and Tanjong Gamarau. Here there is a bay where there are said to be hot springs; the island in the bay is called Pulau Bélibis. Passing Tanjong Gamarau, with Gunong Raya in the dis- tance bearing nearly due South, and an island called Pulau Tanjong Dundang right ahead, we came to an anchor nearly opposite our destination—Goa Cherita. The coast scenery about here is very fine, an endless series of fantastic peaks furnishing perpetual variety. Goa Cherita is traditionally reputed to be the cave in which, according to the early history of Kedah, the shipwrecked Prince of Rim was hidden and tended by his future wife—the daughter of the Emperor of China. The story may be read in thechronicles of Kedah, called Marong Mahawangsa,an inferior English translation of which (by Colonel LOW) is to be found in the Fournal of the Indian Archipelago, Vol. Ill. The legend is briefly as follows :— The island of Langkapuri, after the war between RAMA and RAWANA, celebrated in the Ramayana, was little frequented, and in later ages became the home of the bird Garuda (pronounced by Malays Gerda)—the eagle of Vishnu. Gerdalearnt that a marriage was projected between the son of the Emperor of Rum and the daughter of the Emperor of China, and, in order to prevent the aggrandisement of the former empire, thought it desirable to prevent the match. So he presented himself before God’s prophet SULEIMAN, who then ruled the world and all created things, not only mankind, but all spirits (777, perz, dewa and mambang), and all animals on the face of the earth. He represented the necessity of preventing the young couple from meeting, but King SOLOMON declared that no power on earth could prevent it. On this, Gerda announced that he could and would prevent it, and vowed that, if unsuccessful, he would for ever abandon the haunts of men. The prophet bade him do his worst and come back and relate the story of his success when it should have been accomplished. Gerda then successfully swooped down upon the garden of the Emperor of China, and carried off in his talons the princess and two female attendants, whom he set down in safety on 32 PULAU LANGKAWI. his island—Langkapuri. Next he attacked and sunk the fleet in which the young Prince of Rum, under the guidance of a trusted minister named MARONG MAHAWANGSA, was Sailing for the capital of China to be united to his betrothed. The scene of the shipwreck was on the eastern side of the Bay of Ben- gal, and the prince, who clung to a plank, was cast on shore on the island of Langkapuri. Here, one day, he was found by the princess of China and her attendants, who hid him in a cave, and carefully concealed from the bird Gerda the fact of his presence. The dénouement is easily guessed. When Gerda appeared before King SOLOMON to boast that he had carried out his determination, the prophet despatched a jzz to Pulau Langkapuri, and had the prince, the princess and their attend- ants conveyed in a chest to his audience hall, where Gerda was put to shame, and the inutility of attempting to resist the course of pre-ordained fate was demonstrated. The chronicler of Kedah, which, by the way, wascolonised by the minister of the Emperor of Ram—MARONG MAHAWANG- sA—seems to have been sufficiently satisfied that Pulau Lang- kapuri, the scene of the wars of RAMA and RAWANA, was iden- tical with the island off the coast of Kedah which the Malays now call Langkawi, and which may have been called Langka- puri in former times. And successive generations of Kedah Malays have, no doubt, been ignorant of the identity of Lang- ka with Ceylon, and have contentedly localised their legend in an island of their own. So it is not surprising that the islanders are still able to point out the very cave in which the prince of Rum was hidden from his enemy—the bird Gerda, who in former times had taken part in the wars of the Rama- yana. We landed in a sandy bay between two rocky headlands, and viewed the cave, which is principally remarkable for an inscription in Malay carved in the rock at a height of some twelve feet from the ground. It has been much injured by ex- posure to the weather, but seems to record the visit of some Raja 240 years ago, if the date A. H. 1060, which occurs in the inscription, is to be taken as the date when it was written and not of some past event commemmorated at a later period. Perhaps, with some trouble, a better conjecture as to the PULAU LANGKAWI. 30 nature of the inscription than I was able to make may be arrived at. I give below the opening sentences as far as they are decipherable; of the remainder only a word here and there can be made out. pam yy) re 1a ame) Sraile) Nesey Syneyy stl didane lel] stay WWlours!! | She ob There is an upper chamber in the cave to which the Raja and I climbed by means of a boat’s mast and a rope, but there is little there to repay curiosity. Some enormous stalactites hang suspended at the entrance of the lower cave, but how the princess and her attendants managed to close the mouth of it with stones, as the Kedah chronicler represents them to have done, is not apparent to the modern visitor. We quitted this beautiful island with regret, wishing that it had been possible to learn something of the interior. We passed Teluk Udang and then Sungei Kilin, where there is a creek between two headlands of the usual limestone type. Not far from this there is a curious island—Pulau Petukang—which looks like a wall of masonry; next, beyond a rocky promontory, Tanjong Béluru, a point covered with mangrove, came in sight, and passing Sungei Kisap, where Chinese have estab- lished themselves and cut firewood for export to Penang, we emerged into open water at Tanjong Dagu opposite to Tan- jong Tumbus on Pulau Dundang. Leaving this at 4 P.M., we reached Penang inthe Sea Bird at midnight. W:-E) MAXWELL. yd in Pane hn oeee - taeee Ba wr en es "a mi oy ANN 12) rene fas) eur Pp Kuning al fp wore a0 P-Buntinkee) \ Ys le P Songsoniy ))) Key Naa Bidan *ttigex Fi ae PY as = ' we LAU PINANGS a oo aaa ee : Pi \F thy eS, = ‘ t od * ; \ , | Hie } a i 1 ert tore diy le esi ge Fs 5 liye iH = aa ¢ > [| The Society is indebted to His Excellency Governor Sir Ceci, C. Smiru, K.C.M.G., for permission to print the following paper in its Journal.—H. T. H. ] Lop NEGRI SEMBILAN Piet eOmiGuUN AND CONSTIPTULION. THE history of these States has been handed down by word of mouth from generation to generation of Origin ofthe the inhabitants. It is difficult to say how long ene? ago it was that a great number of Séhez* tra- velled from the mountains of Sktideif and arriv- ed in Johél. Their numbers amounted to as many grains as are contained in a gantang{ of paddy, as on their arrival in Johdél each individual planted a grain of paddy, and it was found that a gantang was exhausted. ‘They tied a rétan§ from tree to tree and hung up their dé/iungs (the small Malay axe) and the rvétan was completely filled. This latter statement, however, 1s one which conveys little idea of the numbers, as thewdistance between the trees is not given. There were foumereat Chieis, or Hdtzns, amongst these Saker. Three Were men and one a woman. The woman elected to remain in Johdél. The three men separated with their followers ; one went to Jélébu|], one to Klang, and one to Sungei Ujong. ‘These are the Suku yang ampat, and are the origin of the Undang yang ampat, the four law-givers, of which Klang * «S4kei’, a dog. But the term is not applied to the tribes described in this paper by the surrounding Malays. I have not heard it further South than Sélan- or : + The Séktdei stream takes its rise in the Pulei range. Hee ae measure. § z.e., ‘rattan,’ ‘rautan’ from ‘ raut’ to scrape. i Said to mean ‘ mist.’ IDE Ing yee Ile 36 THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. was the Chief or oldest and which will be referred to later as the development of the constitution is dealt with. It would now appear that these Chiefs assigned various districts either to their relations or to the lesser’ Origin ofthe Chiefs who had accompanied, them. The lesser eos sémbi- Chiefs again separated to Ndning,* Rémbau, ; Jéleit (Pahang), Ségdmat, and Pasir Bésar. These completed the nine States of the NégriSémbilan. This fact is generally known, though considerable incredulity has always been expressed with regard to Jélei in Pahang, detach- ed as it is from the remaining eight States. Thus these Saez were established in the nine States, and ee their power and numbers appear to have been ae ofthe considerable. A fact that has much struck me both here and in Pérak and Séldngor is the pronunciation of the final & by Sékez when talking Malay. This pronunciation is not within the memory of Malays in the Peninsula, and it is quite possible that this great number of Saket who arrived from Sktudei, came originally from Bor- neo, { and made Sktdei their Jast halting place before travel- ling on to Johol and separating throughout the Peninsula. The next chapter in this history, unconnected as it is by dates, is the arrival of Mahomedan settlers from Arrival of Ménangkdbau in Sumatra. There must have Mahomedan = been very free immigration, and that within a settlers from P : Sumatra. short period, and the policy pursued by these settlers was one of conciliation with the abori- gines, and not as in Pérak and Selangor, where the Sakez were driven back into the mountains, and their wives and children caught and enslaved by the Mahomedan settlers on * A stinging insect of the bee kind. + Name of a creeper. ¢ Primary origin in Java. DEAE THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. 37 the coasts. These Ménangkabau settlers brought their tribal laws with them—the illegality of intermarriage in a tribe, the election of the Lémbdéga,* or Chief of a tribe, etc. They fell in with the aboriginal views, and observed their rights to all waste lands, and their power in each State. The best instance of the lines pursued by these settlers, and their amalgamation with the Séfez, is that Sri Ménnti. of the first settlers at Sri Méndnti and Ulu Muar, then a part of Johdél. Four settlers arrived with their families, each belonging to a different tribe. Their names were PADUKA BESAR, ENGKEI + BONGSU, SE- NARA MUDA and St MAHARAJA. As they travelled to the Ulu of the Muar River, they came on a valley where they found the paddy in the ear, ripe, and they resolved to settle - there, and called the name of the place Sri Méndnti. S77 is the Ménangkdbau word for the ripe paddy,{t Méndntz “awaiting.” Svz Méndntc has been generally translated “The beautiful resting place.’ This is far more poetical, but not in accordance with Malay thought, which is always of the most practical, neither can this translation be recon- ciled with grammar. These four men settled at Sri Méndnti and conciliated brain ofahe the Sakez of Muar and Johél to a certain Pénghilu of extent. It is, however, probable that they Muar. found their position somewhat insecure; they, therefore, applied to the Dato’ of Johdl for a Péng- * ‘Lémbaga,’ condition, quality, system, and so applied to ‘manager ’ of latter. + ze. ‘éngkaya,’ for‘ drang kaya,’ lit: ‘rich man,’ but merely a title actually. { It is not the xame, but an epithet from the colour and flourishing condition of the padi, it is not confined to it in the ripe stage, but is used of it when green also. Diol A. El, 38 THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. hilu.* It is not clear whether the Dato’ of Johél had then been converted to Islam; in any case, he sent a Sakez Batin as Pénghilu. Some time after this, a family of Ménangkabau settlers of the tribe of Sri Lémak came from Pahang, hearing that their own countrymen had arrived in Ulu Muar. This family consisted of a man, his wife, two daughters and one son. The son married-the daughter of the Sékez Pénghilu, sent from Johdl, and his wife bore him ason. The Pénughilu died when this child was about six years old, and the son was elected as Pénghilu, but, being a minor, his father administered for him until he came of age, and hence the title of Pangkut Pénghilu (Deputy Pénghtlu) from the four original settlers and their families. It is thus that in all these States the Ménangkdbau settlers observed the Sékez, or, as they are termed, Waris{ rights, and intermarried with Saket, the women on their marriage adopting the religion of their husbands. In writing this sketch, my principal object is to make the constitution as clear as possible, and | will not enter into any elaborate stories or theories which created slight shades of difference in the individual States on ques- tions of origin, as the constitution is but slightly affected by these. Before proceeding further, I would lay special stress on the supremacy of the female Pénughilu of Johdl over the States of Sri Méndnti, including Muar, Jémpol § and Géméncheh. The Dato’ of Johdél to the present day wears his hair long, and the Pénghilu of these States must go to him if necessary, as he is not expected to travel, the first Johél Pénghtluship having been held by a female, and the same rules as applied to her then, apply to this day. The supre- macy of Johdl. * ‘Péng’ a personal prefix and ‘Hulu’ head, this officer was the head, while the ‘Pénglima’ was the hand, ‘lima’ was the hand, andso came from the number of the fingers to stand for five. + Bosom, lap, and to hold in the same so to support, in this case, temporarily. + ‘ Warith’ (Ar.) corrupted into ‘waris,’ heirs. § Name of a fish, which is handed on tothe river and so to the State. D. Fe A, He THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. 39 Another point that must be borne in mind is the succession by the female not only to property but also to Female suc- title and State revenues. The Sékez or Waris cession. adopted the tribal system introduced by the Ménangkdabau settlers, and are now termed Bédudnda* as atribe. They cannot intermarry. Thus the women of the Wars tribe must marry into the Ménangkabau tribes, but the children of the marriage are Waris. A Bédudn- da man again must marry into one of the Ménangkdabau tribes, the offspring in this case being of the tribe of the woman, and having no Warvs rights. I have already mentioned the first settlers in Sri Méndnti and I infer that they had considerable difficulty Purchase of in conciliating the Sdkez. The same, I| think, land. applied in Rémbau. Both in the Sri Ménanti | States, now subdivided into Ulu Muar, Jémpol, Térachi, and Gunong Pasir, and also in the State of Rémbau, land was purchased by the Lémédga or Chief of tribe, for his people, from the Sdkez. The purchase was a piece of cloth, a knife or a weapon, a cooking-pot. In the other States the Saker placed no obstacles in the way of the Ménangkdabau settlers, and lands were cultivated by the tribes without pur- chase from the Sékez, though only with their consent. Thus throughout the Négri Sémbilan, with the exception of Rém- bau and the Sri Méndnti States, the lands are still State lands and virtually the property of the Warzs. The tribes are most tenacious of their freehold rights ‘‘tanah bértébus.”’ The old saying in these two States is ‘“tékek (takokt) kayu Batint Fénang,§ putus tébus kapada Undang.’ That is, the blazing of the trees (defining of the boundaries) is performed by the Baten 7énang,|\| the purchase is decided by the Undang. Cf. ‘Biduan,’ a player, musician, (Sansk. ‘ vidwas’ skilled.) * Takok’ is deeper than ‘takek.’ Chief. Deputy, probably originally derived from ‘Jénang’ a post, brace, support.” || The Batin and his Jénang (Deputy). Artt—- x Di Ae Ei, 40 THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. In all these States, however, the Dato’ of Johdél, acting in concert with the other three Dato’s, z.2.,- the Undang yang ampat, made certain State reserves in order to provide for purposes of State and resting places for themselves when travelling from State to State. These lands are called tanah télapakkan,* and will be dealt with again later. Tanah té- lapakkan. The term used in describing the Séke¢ or Waris rights is “Gdung, Guntong, Bukit, Bikau, Herta Warts, Waris rights. 7.e., ravines and _ hill- aeleed Sains. hill and surrounding flats are the property of the Warzs. This is equivalent to all State lands. Although the tribes are so tenacious of their rights to land acquired by purchase, yet it is impossible to infer much from it, if taken from its origin. The purchase has developed on account of the rapacity of the various powerful Warzs families. The evil, however, has great advantages in administration, consequent on the great facility in dealing with all land matters with the Chiefs of tribes, who are most jealous of interference by others and who are anxious to thoroughly secure their rights. I have tried to keep the origin and the constitution of these | States separate, but although I have diverged Development. slightly and dealt with matters of constitution, it was necessary to do so when origin and con- stitution were so closely allied. These States prospered exceedingly, and the first arrivals were joined by many others, who, no doubt, heard of the success of their fellow-countrymen. All these settlers came from the inland districts of Ménang inte! kabau. In Ménangkdabau there are two “dédat,” “ Adat.” or customs, U1Z., the ddat téeménggung TF and * © Télapak,’ the sole of the foot, a variant of ‘tapak ; so ‘ telapakkan,’ place under the sole of the foot, resting-place. ft Or ‘katéméngtingan’, by some thought to bea person like Pérpatih Pi- nang Sdbatang. [See Undang-undang Moco-Moco (Muka-Muka West coast of THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. 4] the ddat pérpiteh.* The ddat téménggung prevails on the sea coast, and is the same as in all other Malay countries. The adat pérpateh, inland and very different. The ddat pérpateh prevails in these States; in Sungei Ujong the ddat pérpateh and the ddat téménggung are mixed. It is to be inferred that, after a time, it was found that the constitution of these States could not be tho- The Raja. roughly secured, unless a Aaja was placed over them to settle differences between States, and questions which the Péxghu/u were not competent to settle in each State. Itwas, therefore, decided that six men should be selected to travel to Johér and to Ménangkdbau, and apply for a Raja of the Ménangkabau royal family. It would appear that Johor and Ménangkabau were at that time closely allied, Johdr being the greatest power to the east of the Straits of Malacca, and Ménangkabau the greatest in Sumatra and on the west. These six Officers bore the titles of (1). Fohan, (2) Andétar, (3) Laksamana, (4) Laksamdana, (5) Pénglima Siutan, (6) Pénglima Raja. They travelled to Johér and thence to Ménangkabau and arrived at the /stana. They appear to have been ignorant men, and instead of taking the necessary precautions and going through the proper forms,. they were imposed upon by an Officer of the Court who repre- sented himself as a Raza and whose followers, no doubt, sup- ported in the deception. This man’s name was SI KHATIB, and he called himself Raja KABiIB. The six Officers then returned to the Négri Sémbilan with KHATIB as aza, but before he was proclaimed, a letter arrived from Ménangkabau giving the real facts of the case. It was then arranged that the six Officers should go back to Ménangkadbau and be more careful. This they did, and the Rajas of Ménangkdbau selected Raja Sumatra) Malayan Miscellanies, Vol. II.] It dates from before Islamism in Sumatra, but they are now mingled. * Sansk. ‘pati’ lord. In full ‘adat Pérpatih (or Pérpati) Pinang Sabdtang,’ z.e, ‘lord of the single areca-palm’. Dee Arey El 4.2 THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. MELEWAR to return tothe Négri Sémbilan and be proclaimed Sultan of those States. The Rajas of Ménangkabau gave Raja MELEWAR a following of 40 persons to take him to Siak ; from Siak the Raja of Siak sent 40 persons to convey him to Malacca; in Malacca 40 persons conveyed him to Naning ; and then again 40 persons conveyed him to Rémbau. It would appear that the installation took place at Péndjis in Rémbau, and after the téba/, the Yam Tuan proceeded to the Istana at Sri Méndnti, in the State of Ulu Muar. The terms given to the States of Johél, Sungei Ujong, Rém- bau, and Ulu Muar in connection with the elec- Technical tion of the Yam Tuan are :—Rémbau, Tanah namesofStates. Kardjaan* (Péndjist); Sungei UNens Balei Mé- lintang ;* Johdl, Balei Bértengkat ;* and Ulu Muar, Tanah Méngdandong.* Thus the first . Sultan of Négri Sémbilan was Yam Tuan Bésdr Raja MELEWAR. The Yam Tuan Mudaship of Rémbau was of later creation, and so was the Yam-Tuan-Mudaship of Jélébu. aPihe Wage In Rémbau the tribe of Sasez or Wares fade Tuan Muda. been added to by another tribe called Lédudnda Fawa. Rémbau origin has been thoroughly explained by Mr. DUDLEY HERVEy in his valuable pamphlet on that State. In Jélébu, the Dato’ of Jélébu had originally Raja powers vested in him; he later applied to the Yam Tuan of Sri Méndnti for a separate Yam Tuan, and this was granted. Jélébu is a considerable distance from the Istana of Sri Méndnti, and this, together with the probability that he was unable to hold his own with the Chiefs, was the cause. The Yam Tuan of Sri Méndnti retained suzerain rights as in * For an explanation of these names see Journal S.B., R.A.S., No. 13, for June 1884, paragraph 240. + Or ‘Péndjih,’ the Rémbau river as far as its junction with the ‘ Pénar’ at ‘Sempang,’ from which point it is called the ‘Linggi,’ but in a map in GODINKO DE GrepiA’s Account of Malacca (A.D. 1613) the Linggi at the mouth is called ‘Rio Panagim,’ which confirms the tradition that the name Linggi’ (a certain part of a boat or prahu) is of compa ae ca ee THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. 43 Rémbau. In Rémbau, the Yam Tuan of Sri Méndanti had the strongest voice in the election and succession of the Yam Tuan Muda together with the Dato’ of Rémbau, and the Dato’ of Rémbau had to go to the Istana at Sri Ménanti. In Jélébu, the Dato’ of Jélébu had to go to the Istana, and the Yam Tuan settled the succession. If there was any difficulty with the Yam Tuan, the Dato’ of Jélébu consulted with the Dato’ of Johol. The ceding of Klang to the Yam Tuanship of Sélangor was arranged in a friendly way. The To Engku Separation of Klang complained of the great distance to ee the Negri the Istana of Sri Méndnti, and it would appear émbilan. 3 2 that Klang at the time was but thinly populated by Mahomedan settlers. It was, therefore, decided that Klang should acknowledge the Yam Tuan of Sélangor as Raja—Séga- mat and Pasir Bésdr became separated from the Négri Sém- bilan on account of disturbances, and were brought under Muar administration. Jélei in Pahang would not appear to have ever mixed with the nine States. It is only on account of the fact that one of the nine Satzz took up that river as his district that Jélei has been numbered as one of the nine States. The origin of the Warvs of the tribes and of the Razas is, | trust, fairly clear. Several points in constitution combined with origin have also been dealt with, which will be of use towards understanding the constitution, and with which I will now deal. Constitution. The main lawis the following :— Orang Séménda* kapada Témpat Séménda. Anak Buah kapida Ibu Bapa. lbu Bapa kapada Lémbiga. Lémbaga kapada Undang. Undang kapada Ka’adilan. Ube * This expression is now used generally amongst the Ménangkabau folk, but perhaps it bears a reference to the custom of cousins marrying; ‘Sa-manda’ ‘satu manda,’ ‘manda’ = ‘émak,’ one mother, she from whom the parents of both took their origin, De Ia ale 4.4, THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. 1. The married man shall look to his wife’s male relatioms for assistance in any questions regarding his wife or her pro- © perty. : 2. The people of the tribe shall look to the heads of fami- lies (elders) in each tribe for assistance in all difficulties. 3. The heads of families (elders) shall look to the Lém- baga. 4. The Lémbaga shall look to the Undang (Pénghilu). 5. The Undang shall look to the Ka’ddilan (the Sultan). I will take these sayings one by one. As property all goes in the female line, it is necessary that the female Orang Sé- shall have every protection. Her husband can- ees kapada not mortgage or sell her property. He cannot Témpat Sémén- : . : a touch it. If he brings money or property into his wife’s house, it is necessary for him to call the 7émpat Séménda,* that is, the male relations of his wife to- gether, and declare the property that he brings, in order that, in cases of death or divorce, there may be no question with regard to such property. This is generally done with a feast a goat slaughtered, or in some cases a buffalo. If the husbana does not declare property (wang atau herta mémbawa’),t he cannot claim in case of contingencies, such as divorce or death, settlement on his children, &c., and such property lapses to the woman, his widow. The debt of a man cannot be claimed against the property of his wife, unless there is personal property as described, but can be claimed against his herta pésdka,t that is, the property of his mother, or, if dead, of her heirs. In all cases of debts, or in fines inflicted on a man and unpaid, and failing personal property, the her- ta pésdka can be seized not the herta séménda. It is the duty of the /du Bdpa and the Lémbiéga to give every as- sistance in this matter. Execution was very rare in these States; in all criminal cases, from murder downwards, fines Lit. place where he married. + Money or property brought, t Inherited property. (Sansk, ‘arta,’ goods; ‘push’, to divide.) D; F, Ae da. THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. 45 being inflicted, hence the term “‘sélah di timbang, utang di- bayér,’* 1.e., the value of the fault is weighed, and when weigh- ed the debt is paid. The property of a woman descends to the female children of the marriage. In the event of there being more than one female child, the house and kampong t is the property of the eldest, and the séwaht is divided equally. If the man has acquired landed property before marriage, it cannot leave his tribe, it must go to his ‘‘ anak biiah’’ § inthe tribe. Hence the term “herta pésika kapdda anak biah.” If the husband has personal property, he can leave it to whom he likes, unless the property is acquired during his marriage, when such property is shared equally between man and wife, even kampong and sawah. The tribes are divided into one, two, three and sometimes as many as six families, and it is from these Anak biah families .that the Lémbdga is elected. Hence ee ee the term with regard to the Chiefs of tribes “pésaka bérgéler.’'|| The order of succession by each family to the Lémbdagaship is fixed, and the election, thenelione, is made im the family mext m succession. The /bu Bapa, or representatives of these families, have to carry out the instructions of the Lémdd4ga and assist in all matters in the tribe; such as the collection of the “més manah,’4 which is a tribute to the Raja, vzz., “dras sa’gantang nior satali,”** 7.e., one gantang of rice and two coco-nuts. This will be explain- ed later. The /bu Lapa is again responsible to the Lémbaga for all faults committed or debts incurred in his section ot the tribe, ‘“katiérunan-nya,” tt 1.e., the descendants according * Fault is weighed and debt is paid. + 7.e., rising ground surrounding the house usually fenced in, as the name implies. For a discussion of the origin of this word, see YULE’s HoBSON-JOBSON S.V. ‘compound’. I believe it to be a Malay word, cf. allied word ‘képong’. + Padi field (wet.) § Relations, lit. children, fruit. | ‘ Gilir’ or ‘géler’ to turn, change, so ‘pésaka bérgéler’ the succession turns about, or, as we should say, is taken or enjoyed in turn. {| 7. e. gold of respect (Sansk. ‘mana’ to value, appreciate.) ** Lit. ‘ (of) rice a gallon (of) ‘coco-nuts a string.’ ++ ‘ Turun’ to descend. DE Agy Ele 46 THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. 5 to the female line from the original family or families of the tribe. In some cases these descendants number 50 families, about 200 souls. The people of each Katuérunan appeal to the /du Lapa; thus in questions of the property or other matters which the Orang Séménda and Lémpat Sémén- da cannot settle between them, the /du Bépa would be the appeal. If again the latter cannot settle the case, he would bring the matter before the Lémbdéga. Ibu Bépa is a curious name, meaning literally father and mother (elder).* The Lémbdéga’s powers are various. In the first place he has the power to fine “dua piloh sérépi,” + Tou Bépa ka- which amounts to $7.20 of the present currency. as Limba- te is the one who is present at all purchases ac and sales of land, by his tribe or to his tribe. He is the one who deals with the Warzs in purchasing waste lands forhis tribe. The purchase of waste lands from the Warts has been touched upon already. When the Bdtin Fénang has blazed the trees, showing the boundaries of the land, the Dato’, Pérddna,{ who in Muar is in charge of all waste lands, takes the Lémbdga who has purchased to the Undang, where the purchase is completed. “Pzatus tébus kapida undang” is what describes purchase from the Lémbéga’s point of view. It means the Dato Pérdana has decided the land ‘“‘jangka bérhéla.’$ ‘The Lémbaga has fixed his boundary posts “/antak bértukul’’ || at the places where the Batin Féenang has blazed the trees “tékek kayu.”’ The money has been paid for the land, “mas bértahil.’ The purchase is thus completed If an individual of a tribe gets into trouble and is fined by the Raja or Undang, the Lémbaga arranges for the * Mother and Father. + Twenty ‘sérépi,’ a ‘sérépi’ is 36 cents, not a coin, but for purposes of eotenntinre { First, Chief, Sansk, ‘ Pradana.’ ‘Jangka’ measure, ‘bérhéla’ drawing, 7.e., from point to point, by lengths, || ‘Lantak’ stuck in, ‘ bértikul’ and hammered them. {| Rather ‘ Batin’ and | Jénang’ have. DoF. ALE THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. 47 payment. He it is who enquires into the personal property of the individual, if there is none, he falls back upon the herta pésaka, which he sells or mortgages in order to cover the debt. He also settles debt cases. Mortgage of property tribe with tribe must be declared before both Lémbdiga. If in the same tribe, it is said not to be necessary. All sales must be carried out by the Lémddaga, and if sold into another tribe the boundary posts are again fixed by both Lémbdga “lantak bértiukul.’ The election of the /du Lapa is in the hands of the people of each descent in the tribe; that of the Lémbiga by the [bu Bapa. The /bu Bépa are in some tribes aS many as seven, in some as few as one; if more than one, each family takes it in turn for the Lémbagaship, and it only remains to select the man, which rule, if strictly adhered EO; makes the election very easy. The Lémbéiga and Warts “orang yang dua-blas* sérta waris’ elect the Undang. I now come to the Lémbaga kapada Undang. The number of Warzs descents in each State from Lémbéga ka- Which the Dato’ Pénghilu or Undang can be pada Undang. elected varies. In Muar there are three, v7z., the Zo’ Muar, the Pérdana, and the Pérbat descents. The present Undang is of the first, and will be suc- ceeded by the Pérddéna descents; then the Pérba descent ; and then again the Penghuluship will revert to Zo’ Muar. In Rembau, there are two descents, vzz., the Béduanda Fakunt or Warts Sédia§ Raja, and the Béduanda Fawa or Waris Léla Maharaja, and they take it turn and turn about for the Péng- hiluship. In Johél, there is only one descent from which the Undang can be elected, and the Latin of Johdl have a stronger voice in the election than the Lémbdaga. The other States are minor questions. In Térdchi, it is a curious fact that the Undang is not elected from the Warzs, but from the * 7.e., of the 12 ‘stki.’ + Sansk. ‘ Parva’ ancient. aa Ci. Ceylon ~ Yakko’. § Sansk, ‘Sadya’ ancient. Dik. AL Ee 48 THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. tribe of Sri Lémak,* Pahang. The Undang, however, must marry into the tribe of the Warzs. Thus, in Muar, the three descents are the three Képala Waris. In Térachi, there are two, in Jémpol there is one, in Gunong Pasir there is one, in Johél and Inas there is one, with a male and female repre- sentative. In Rémbau, the Waris are somewhat different. Besides the Undang, there are five Képala Warts, viz., Pérba (who is also the Lémbaga over both families of Béduanda), Bandar,} Mangku Buimi,t Méntri Léla Pérkasa, and Raja di Raja. There have been several somewhat complicated ques- tions in Rémbau, probably consequent on the unequal number of the Képala Warts. Formerly, according to the constitution, if the Undang was of the descent of Sédia Raza, the Bandar must be taken from the descent of Léla Maharaja. It was found, however, that if the rule was strictly enforced, it was possible that the Bandar would cease to exist, which did ac- tually occur. A reform, therefore, was made in the constitu- tion and this condition was repealed. Where the constitution is strictly enforced, all elections are comparatively easy, but the slightest departure from the constitution throws the whole procedure into a hopeless state of chaos. The Undang has in each State the power to fine “ Satu Bahra” which is equal to $14 of the present currency. The Undang (Dato Pénghilu) is virtually he who, as a com- moner, has the interests of the Waris and Lémbaga and the people of their tribes at heart and is the upholder of their rights and of the constitution. The appeal from the Lémbaga’s decision is to the Undang, and all cases in which the jurisdic- tion of the Lémbaga is insufficient, must be brought to the Pénghilu’s court. All waste lands are, as already described, vested in the War7s. The constitution, however, only provided for the purchase of lands for paddy fields and not for more intricate questions, such as lands for Chinese planters and miners, and it is in consequence of this, that so many jealou- * A local district in Ménangkabau, Sumatra. teOre, (gens) + Sustainer of the earth (in his lap.) DE. As Ge THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. 49 sies and difficulties have arisen in these States in reference to participation in revenues. It is a mistake to suppose that waste lands are vested in the Dato’ Pénghiulu only. They are vested in the Waris, and the participation should be rated throughout the tribe. The rule, however, 1s ‘‘ Gédang sama gédang, kéchil sama kéchil” ; meaning that the Chiefs get the principal share and the lesser people only a little—literally, big with big small with small. In Sungei Ujong, the Dato’ Bandar is a very important man. Not so in the other States. The Dato’ Bandar in Rémbau has no greater rights to revenues than the other Aépéla Waris. In Muar, the Dato’ Bandar is really a mere title, and he does not participate with the Aépa/a Warts in waste lands, nor does he in Jémpol or Géméncheh. The Undang should participate as such in general revenues on account of the office to which he has been elected, vzz., the highest office held by a com- moner in each State. As a Waris he shares with the other Képila Waris. Vhe Lémbaga participate only to a small extent as heads of tribes, and they can only claim where taxa- tion is introduced which affects their tribes. All cases nearly are settled by custom—ddat—as already explained. With reference to property, Mahomedan law is only brought in as a last resource, if @dat is insufficient for the case at issue. Mahomedan law is exercised only by the Ka adilan (Sultan). Intermarriage in a tribe is looked upon asa very grave offence in Rémbau, and used to be visited by death. In Jémpol, the people are very strict observers of the Mahomedan religion, and they found that this law was so little in accordance with Mahomedan law that the law was repealed, and it only re- quired a slight alteration in the property laws to make this. The Dato’ of Johél is the principal Uxdang, and the States of Ulu Muar, Jémpol, Géméncheh, Térachi and Ginong Pasir are “ bértali déngan Fohdl,’* t.e., they are bound to consult Johol on matters of importance. Dato’ Baginda Tan Améas of Johol besides being the Aépéla War's, is also, so to speak, * Lit, ‘Strung to’, ‘in one string with,’ Dike Anda 50 THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. Minister of Foreign Affairs. He is also the person to be first consulted before any commoner can reach the Dato’ of Johél— “haluan sémbah’’* is the Malay term given. He cannot suc- ceed to the Pénghuluship. Laginda Maharaja the Lémbaga of the tribe of Sri Lémak Pahang and Pangku Pénghilu isthe “hdluan sémbah’ to the Dato’ of Muar. Zo’ Mentrz to the Dato: ob i erachi. On the election of the Undang, he is taken by the Lémbaga and Waris to the /stana; the Yam Tuan when satisfied that he is the right man according to the constitution, accepts him, and the ceremony of sémbah, or doing homage, is gone through. The Ka’ddilan calls the Undang in -speaking to him Orang Kaya. Every Undang has a number of Court Officers, the number of which varies in the different States. The Lémbdaga is allowed one Officer by the Undang. Undang kapida Ka adilan is the last law to be dealt with. In all cases that the Undang cannot de- Undang kapé- cide, he mustrefertothe Yam Tuan Ka addilan. da Kaeavan The Yam Tuan has the power to fine “anam puloh anam Kiupang,” amounting to $24.80 of the present currency. In cases foreign to the constitution, he is, as the title of Ka’édilan implies, all powerful to administer justice. The Kaddilan alone ‘Can tiy eases in which /aj7as are concerned, even though married to com- moners. ‘The term is ‘‘minyak ka’ minyak jua ayér ka ayér”’ —oil to oil, water to water. He is the supporter of the Mahomedan religion, Defender of the Faith. The Court of Yam Tuan Bésdr consists of :-— The orang ampat asténa, vtz.:— 1. Dato’ St Maharaja. 2. Dato Raja To Téwangsa. t 3. Dato’ Akhir Zéméan. 4. Péng-hilu Dagang. * The front or first point of respect, + For “Déwa Angsa,” D, Eo AWE THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. 5] Then come the pégdwet yang anam already mentioned V1Z.:— Fohan. Andatar. Laksamana. Laksaména. Pénglima Stan. Pénglima Raja. Our ~ vo bd Then follow the pégawer yang sémbilan piloh sémbilan, (99) whose titles need not be given, and then, Béntara Kirt. Béntéara Kanan. The duties of the oramg ampat are as Court Chamberlains. They receive the Undang of the varions States when they come to the /stana. St Maharaja and Raja Téwangsa sit before the Yam Tuan until he is ready to receive the Undang ; when the Yam Tuan has given the order (¢itah) for the Undang to be brought before him, Akhir Zéman* and Pénghilu Dag- ang bring him into the presence, the other two do not move. Fohant is the officer who receives Razas arriving from other countries; for instance, if the Yam Tuan of Sélangor were to visit the Yam Tuan of Sri Méndanti, ¥$éhau would go to meet him and bring him to the /staua, where he would be received by the orang ampat first. Anddtar’s office is to receive the Undang of other States, such as the A/anaf{ of Sungei Ujong, or the Dato’ of Jélébu, or the Zo’ Engku of Klang. He brings them to the /stéza where he hands them over to the orang ampat. Laksamdna and Laksamdna are the princi- pal sword and spear bearers. Pénglima Sutan and Péngli- ma Raja are the messengers, who are sent in connection * End of time. if Corrupted from ‘Jauhan,’ perhaps from the Persian ‘ Jihan,’ an intensi- tive, used in combination with ‘ Pahlawan,’ title of Dato’ of Johol, corrupted from Persian ‘Pahluwan’ a bold man, warrior. ¢ i.e. wandering. D. F. A. H. 52 THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. with the decease of the Yam Tuan. lf there was no Aaja in the country fit to succeed the deceased, it might be necessary to go to the Yam Tuan of Ménangkdabau, or to the Yam Tuan of Johér in the old days. The Pégawet yang sémbilan puloh sémbilan (99) have to obey the orders given by the Pégiwet yang anam, and cannot fail to come to the /staza on all State occasions. They are so to speak the Police of the [stana. ; The Béntéra* Kananand Béntara Kirt both of the tribe of Bédudnda, stand one on each side of the dais at the election of the Yam Tuan. The Béntéra Kanan calls the Undang to sémbah. ‘The order is “titah panggil daulat” and the title of the Undang is given, thus in the case of the Dato’ of Johdl *‘O+” Dato’ Fo 5 éhan Pahlawan Léla Pérkasa Sétia- “want yang mém>rentah didalam négri Fohdl titah panggil “daulat.” The Undang then answers daulat and comes for- ward to do homage. In dealing with the election of the Yam Tuan Bésar of Sri Méndanti, it is now only necessary that the Dato’s of Johdl, Muar, Jémpol, ‘Térachi and Guinong Pasir should be d’accord. The Dato’ of [nas is a branch of the Johél Wards of the oldest descent, but the State is so small that it has never been taken into account. If, strictly in accordance with the con- stitution, the Dato’ of Johdl or Dato’ Baginda Tan Amés as his proxy proceeds to one of the State reserves “‘ Tanah Lélapakkan” in Ulu Muar. As soon as the new Yam Tuan is agreed upon, the Dato of Muar, who is Sétia Maharaja Léla Pahlawan, sends for Pénglima Sitan and Pénglima Raja, who convey the news to the Orang ampat Astana, who then make arrangements for the ZYédal or installation of the Yam Tuan. With re- gard to other forms and ceremonies for the installation of the Yam Tuan and the forms observed in the /stama and by the people to the Yam Tuan, they are similiar to those * Modern form of ‘ Abantara,’ sword-bearer. t ‘Léla’ fencing; Skr. ‘Prakaca’ mighty valiant; Skr. ‘satya’ faith, loyalty. DE te THE NEGRI SEMBILAN. 53 in Pérak and Sélangor. The Yam Tuan Bésdr of Sri Mé- nantihas 32 guns fired on State occasions. The Yam Tuan Muda (Jélébu and Rémbau) 16 guns. The eldest son of the Yam Tuan Bésdr is Téngku Bésdr. The eldest son of the Yam Tuan Muda is Téngku Midda. On the death of a Yam Tuan, the old custom is, that all the people in the country shall pay ‘‘mds madnah.” This consists of one gan- tang of rice, two coco-nuts, one fowl, and duzt s pérak which amounts to six cents of the present currency. In populous countries like these this amounts to a great deal. I have already mentioned the Tanah Telipakkan or State reserves, Télapakkan Undang yang ampat. If the To Engku of Klang, the Dato’ of Jélébu, the Klana of Sungei Ujong, or the Dato’ of Johdl travelled, they always stayed at one of these reserves, and the people occupying the reserves had to pay a tribute of one gantang of rice, two coco-nuts, one fowl, chillies and saffron, for their sustenance. The /du Bapa of tribes collect the mas mdnah for the Raja. They then take it to the Lémbaga, who takes it to the Un- dang. The Undang then takes it to the /stana on the day appomeued by the oiticers of the Yam Luan’s court. It is necessary that every Undang should go to the /sténua on every Hari Raya, or if not Hart Raya on Raya Hazz, to do homage to the Yam Tuan. This is the same in Pérak and Sélangor. The people of these countries are exceedingly tenacious of their individual rights, wz., the rights of the Témpat Séménda, the rights of the /du Bapa, of the Lém- baga of the Undang, of the Waris and of the Raja; and if their laws are adhered to and strictly supported, it is very easy to administer a large Malay population. MARTIN LISTER. 6/ RAJA AMBONG Sri pllSd Ppt Soy JR he etl Chee dhe Bay Iden estes glo Son] al ak galle AIS, 5 das Und S gene wld Sale dele cope cs pre) so erbboe Sh acls &) OS lyesdy exney ld qoliges Caw JS L8S y:515 Sy _00 oy PS go 93 sls pbb Dy! 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Tyo PylKass dS JP sy ghetl pow Iyley gals alle den oi go> dem gi Stu Alphas cont} chive olglndt guddy! YSSyi ASF Sle Cad slam aul gil gayle olan Saee| eb cs Slee alas ys 5 ghey) oe ky Lyd sh \S Ae BS ld datyS Goby dadye ght na F s98l Sly ys “es sakes \ RAJA AMBONG. co Kad “gil Wyo “yXtre “glans ISldne “pile bpd Sere AH Si: ghd <> ve pol An lt Ghd SS yo cy gPel ot pe gi lS he alse "Ste Kans wh yXS ys eld Lets 93 IS si ye wld las a8 he dy) abi dane g’ SAAD Snithy gf yogi S egy LSS leg Sonat 6c ys Egtlae | es: og phe) T8 ES 93 She sty daly dneesi oy phat gi |S as 5s yd S 5! IS 33 as las ae Aye Jo és Pl aS ay) gil Inlay gay Sh,6 pie de 93 so > dm 93 cgtens 59989 Gud pro eas: wld ead) Mey Kes Les) wedges bh Nes phe] ibe SS ghee Shes Ae oe LSoaS oy Vs Syed oy at Bs is él gy Lom) Cas po Salis gee & Sls plese ol a ens yw 9! "4SS 93 aS cehie coil ke } on Some lel a5 Sle Lserd Sones os yi ce VAS ahi y 95 oy kee! ols Wes SKwo eal aie es ges Vy lay bl y rere y PS cries ASAD dj) dls dAS Sido Guam Ge old awed &ab yy! SUF ele bed aly Sls SS) Kt gil 3) cath dle Srghe Iky Say id shd csled phd d yuo BSy BRET gaSeMty Sooel ely aly] jOSS dlawe gab lS dsyd S) 95° sy oe ss D yore 9 4 | jee Jekhwe a) Rus 9! eens) Ply beacons Sy! KAS oil aes sl g9| de 93 Eo) pao Beni 9) S49] ls ad Sails da | geile Edghe ly Iyleg gdlyd Siygre Sad) alge 593 AS cchtas ds) =" Syke | \sey ly lanes oe we maces ee oo Je 4 F S gh wld § Stas s\KS y9) 2h. cofites 583 | Som 9! ABS pe! dn& ) jw orPyS ys adel 3b? RAJA AMBONG. \P Eye] > he di) Shad ys So doi Nonme SAAD lw] 5S asst pla ysSo Nhe ons | ol g et nF) “4S o3 Ess a) Bde S de Ae di} dle JUle dydrs 88) CAS oe, Syeolkd aaj! JX all (sy solas dy) * 9S& 53 Ee gy S an Sy Pp} ey9) SMPs SK Sonns Gt Sahel yO SS oe oe Si Cad pro rnd 9S oS sls old fe... owe Bas he! &Sa3 Zhe ds a sty bly 8 ed \s ex) reams ues css aS 3 Soe ca! gps 5938 92! She as) g3ls old oS SynaKive oy pha! "4X89 ass ho Sno oS hal Sons Sets oy eft! GT etre dhreeyd oy 3 glad ld oe 3 Gtnetee wed E65) din 9S only! ded ys PITS 5 Aes ja so CAD 2) 9 See) s)3 cas | dS 95 pS hg 55 93 cg) Syd she eamni| gosas Ne re) 5S al ay! onl ap~e! sth Kan Dd Sl grad yi SWS) CSOs EA oF yee vhs} owls Se) ay oye es So eh. av ONS) SID Carre se ssi on! yee aie ES ghes She ans | Shins oS ol cep) she nde 3 9! —S gem ld Soh yd Gli deE slo hd Glo Golayy Gls Sook) sCrwgle S93 CS Seco s cuss | okie Ans 9) yi Skwo dhe Ane 9S ass a bls dd dtl g 5b & 985 yl Mae bd bs deh SO web yd ghd dand ys Se gs Abe dy | ty JSBaS dheS 5 pha aS he ds | lS bers old 9774S Gloss & 92) 96 yd cele shyte ld 1x8 . S ee A . ‘ lise cuetes 9! SNe cient gS nies Seo 9! o's D3 eS ones j28 ep \\ RAJA AMBONG. woe) due (8) GIRS can yhoo op ey 9] Zhis dy) NBs 93 cs} Nye, cy) his Gl rs! ee) Aad Soleo 4d gad yd ye Sle prerSysl Ro ay] Slaps Swe ad sales CS Shwe Sly ya dhs) hile d.ar | yegS iprelo 3 YS aha | 33 Shao lhi 9! Sidws oe cals Ve \ 43 Sho ds og jlale Syne > dn) coh SSA ATs pia 1 Silyi ost lagys “ln CAD oslyS oe! \,3 ES yi “la Sine KAD ool cele —S 9c os os Sos cso es IS desea rn 9S goles ae) 9} Sls Ayes steal os es = 9Sloi has | i) Pan ay Bandrnd Shwe dant) Shwo Sf — 3 7 ae ee a Ails ane le opt! a ge an Sane! aly ee Puss |S ys SA esas opt S55 ralaSl 9 PesslS 93 os! ee) cons | 3? 9 eS), ola Sel av a3 S\ks os SD9S oy ysl ail aS si Blane. Rab gere gh] ooh g bes nk 9) “9S 53 aS yi che | asx silins BS glo aye Wlane ols es). ohetS old ie ols By) E95 ob aot! Boon: Pott orale syle Lewtd gi le digs 5 SUS hs y ls cst yo yas Ss oy iS deg) 9S ol den’ ys RAJA AMBONG. f “se Sal She pyrG Snore corked bby opti! Ae cole DY ypbeal “yKbs ASy5 Eke 83 cle as dil oad Byryarss al ll PenslSy) Sdao crslye Sizer (8) cleo opts Wd gel Led ays Sed 95 pslye jue ES Shear sd yeh “ghyS Syl Pusey ald Persad old OS! glo Sopel Je Qos syalS JR Slyeme aly SUS shden Wy y'yS Vel gered SAS Syle qoySd bes ead ass loge & sta! slug 9S) ORL yt) Persns Fe eNO 5 ys hele yy! Ail oa) aly! ssa S184 Paw BS NSye Sygine II) goss She glee SWSyeme 5 Sct] BSG Lee AI “ce erydle GL Gil Gls ae Bl ais eres gb yq8d lel deal Sod gare Sea! so woes a ESL hee Bane lag! Sona csyNid tts lales Eymel oly ab asi DES gd) d Some Sly) “ere Ly Easel EES Iyls dyno line pha! She palS 5) sd as var oes “9Xaie ph] he Bdne AT pyr S yaa Sle apBatgS Adsl “pyto lade JI shye 2 a EL. eal oye oS col Byes Heat BI coe gSdew Al ASF elo be pple gle opel Bl toe Sle gil All ce BSBnO glue lal Gaas cal day 5do OI Lap ali lee dyed oS aye dle eo oy Ss op?) oly tt p-type boa) by} KS Sly ES Bars day Lgl pub GS aay! SP Ey ESI Myler eye Shree SST pile Zyrrd. Sdn Al orhie yea dynel oly SSlke lent Syed (so RS aXe m2) RAJA AMBONG. wood Di erg! gbly dy g,Xts Pls Sd Gols olay Sad Syl Jl Ge ole gall Symbyee ahd A) danas yy) cg ylb al easy gluay Bdes éSAS Sal Sal Iya CBlaAgS aXale go8s anh yy shal gi) éS AS axa) | oS es Eps << aS oan Nes) lars dKa es ables yhtl ele al ai leat Syed GSS Sdby Ios al” al cased Eyes ES oe Ds) aud op] 2h. op Sy ds | sie e299) él “SB a 35) ys} he ely Sania ass ea) eS olghe ys oes She gel Py oe Ve gy Kus ora) ie ws 9 93 KAS ots oe a cs eS oy oddl dad 48s col yiladeyd Gopla Gl d) “XS, pe eS) Sa \\e de 93 52 ds 5) cies pe) Faby ona cs! 4S! JAS oS csyl> AS we 23 os | Sd be GS Shab - DAS Neel aes 55 cs) eS Rang) 3d2n Idy0 Eyal ra Oe S ys? Shkno soe Eaiys ys eS cay bS I, \ com? \aiges se Lanes bde5 Sea yeah és) Oe) a Seog al cont I ges oi! d ySvs Se dl ali wou s ols cole Roney alge Rye so] ad «| OF LB) gre mo hBS cs yas a3) See) Ey) al” “s® | ole Ss che I ges si cad yas Swe ce ce Sus She all cnt} op) te \\ . “ Fm “ co & . oe w és! gules MF ged 92! Syne Et so SNe otal loner yf RAJA AMBONG. A IP QlhS HEB ld QUIS Gls Ql o&r9l Glas ,Plys ays! Ggdlo he seale cs) Cols Gule Le GI glo ned Spee csyS3 ogy éils § Xai “silo gals alu! al yal su ne Bee cs bS als ott oleh Ese > dtd loline Bg JIS Feary yd port Sgr SIS Sed Soy) Sl Ce ate NUS SY papdy soft) Sle ea) puts Ai,5 Sy} SS apd Slo Gl pels Jl Keeps deo Al “Cs “coh enter crt gible syeel thy qu! Wal QSeaddo be VI Kas py yhtl She QaSeds Al “sil aly) yOas ali Qyls csv be Siw A pantiley dap |X. Bann ol ier y! ESS Sails ayes 40s! cele Gul J AS co DS! Oe SD cS - cal ote OT y)yd3 cea § Sas "BIS ceagebee (oS yd Gey : 5 gm ° Zs . A % x aby 993) alpeslSy gh! ESRF ele al ali geo) Lene silS dad cla nBl gn 93 9S 9} BS 93 Seo] Syped dye Cue pase b 00 de. \ cp aS 53 Iola, ays cna ls ass oe § ge = sy F carp Symmed SM yr Fh dg Elo Sil SeSyel Bays gba i Bene oy 98 SpE Qld GNlay GP day gydssl Kad opi! és alpeles ch. cel gS eon as wd Pal ens 5 9s v RAJA AMBONG. EM sy Sguane She bys gly SyS Gene ahs) OUT dees 3) SSLS Speed oly dred he Kins éile ahs 2S Gls ol oss owt! wee DAS gBU Copper GRD Cane) slog S dake di} srl ys oy SSP de! & SiS N 5} des gi asx Se boy) ee oes Vol 2 lta ies elle je Sb as ol ee 3 ‘je oS es SS he GI AE Py nndts ab aS 33 BINS GBs il dy aS 33 td ee SSS ques dire dltee ly Sy SS Pymndy | js ad | by ye s9KRaSIAS J gb cee) ys orc shes ele Synel ch eb alas, By 9d grad ch gre MSS ere Sad Syyh ce eats ali Sys gee gal yas hb nae 6 gScu! s {pKa eh. a) 3d 93 oy ght! § 9S 2h. Sul &! CONES old Gees gts BBS Sao le pile day coylm dad el dy GW ly bil > Kae SSIS dhabans 5 9s! SyKbal Ele so SOS 21 syle eat! Sad g S34) ale iS eh. Joly up lr D5 So dy3 Swole 6X5 Lee cart! Gurl &a& 4 bl ys Shee PS csyd yhS oe dy | ool op lee da SoS ys gel. ah. ol» Rees & ool gteod Sy) 51 Soy) Pod lee ai 3 eo ce? gas geal hey dona ply dae eS: Byer gel eS 539) \aKdae I Xs iy gdt! cole BILD lS GATS Glad Gls Gers) Poole Spe Gl Silay Ne odpaie BI sy lbS BS qoleds Gl Gd gadsd lS * bd ° : Kae ates dads st! Sy) des 92S Syn eb coh. ve sh gilS ole Eye yl yas coh! less GB SES le Sys &Ssi dpmle eS ENS 335! Sroee yg othe plain cent} BS gi Band Ke ES eS 55 copdetl Sy he Gul En&yg) arede gl SIS Sash ste 53 syle Sb d dels Gl. ot) Boy She 963 lo Kad JRe Syl SyryPs Nye Se on tet labaey tle sdes lye 6XO gs ASS isthe dg.) sy oy gested by ali ote SS) Gel sls yh Kes tle Syl SES SAL pospdy SIKo 5 9de! ESS 8 S39) he el yearn Eaeel ab cb Slee hb JI 5,5 S los (shaw A SSS C3 oypheel Pack ph gSilgd oy gdel dnnes alo»: yd sls ities ashedns cole Skee Gh le ah asl OIF Kyrelrar ESy3 coyde ala 3) KS th gt ye lS seas MSe5 ol Gl Cae pen gd yl S33 ai lye ail Wily ile Sy 9) dae od gh S48 ls 5 yates NN Kno ig ght) he Gt) geet ete olan Eye eb ld Pymr&y ol Jee She NaXdad Ble Syed SS GELS 5511 Gly DUS Gams dad qodady AMBIIS yy JS daoy Alte 9 yt lS Sop) gld Qh Speed Ele cate gles Syn <> l yaS cipal RP > oy gh) Pgoty! Sle oy ghee) deans aloo: } RAJA AMBONG Ome 8 LyXeo had yd Lenygt old Lae pili: Gam oly che le AS eal Ses syrnints Nyd dpa ails: pte S33 eh. Sh PS tl Grol der geS By Sls Das ils do gare yi endld gli aly! lke wy bol yd SS stl Lytguoyt den gi ELIL ofa aS33 he Shad A ypdaw Coyle poy) Gibb syyne Bly} dS hd ghSBS rid JS She Gilg: pe gilS JSR Dd Adare oy press SS lie D\5~ 9! wy Wy! SN és aot Ald) 2 oe ae (x0 yon pes oes a ee ols = a alle Sale Sn spy 2h. dy) lente oe oe jpedne op le als ad pai oy dy aS eh. cos | Bnd Cnn SI Sno ~ who) é Jd! cs cole 5S ertisie wy? Wecaai ogo y éa~ sa & | a oe S58 et ces! gps & Sy ols oly Sas pend owe oN\0 SS PENDS SCF ws eh. oxen dQas emma col yee SI Syha JS Soy) adel ls Emer Gaile EU’ soot KS ils wes oy 5 9m dy | Eh Kus oes Sh. Bertrand 9b gar ghd MKB S ASE» yyd Uy Che SIs Sh ~ ee RAJA AMBONG c BY SntaS Br ole i) NSog ar ole dls gil spy dt Slo By gy) Shays Sgroge bead Ar ole SKE! Spd Er gle cas Mle daly! a9 Egrelely he tl Sli (oS lao Lt he I pile SO 5d eS aU coi al HAD Sy SIS C5) dro ges Kam Jol asd Gl yada Shred I She ohne Cab Bp She nlp) alken GAS yaetl ater Sd gh SyS yet gS yh al yl SaaS andly share MAS Sayers yet SIS oul Sael ab cgi Ne Soar Peale cnnile oh Kas “ass S yKiad SAS Grady) yohtl She Gul dha sanSly Spm Slot yd “Lean lags cone csySi PS Stalys dem 93 &Sy3 lhe 3) 90 ad) Rvs pha! § Seas c2he eile ES ghee Vyas ply ctl leat Spas SSS HS peloy Iyh eal aSyi Semel 2855 Ges dha Aare 9h] SST ys de gi aS ae old 3} 53 Ibs] othe hale Eso! ab gb dl Codes geole SI ai! lant Eyal Soy) JX aly) soles yrce SS atlas y! Stee dl Chand os NK 2 65 yrs Sy dhs Gum dad Sad dao) Mite WS) eed Sales yp del dnene als eet) Sidhe dey BS! She s4 Vy Squoy} der gS é Ile dar ee Spey or Pood y! ors Je dl! ol gS ly5 aly) Syreiads posl Sygageu Vy Sano cy Leal yd dd ogtl (sy glyDd Cais degy ddd Clie dye GA mild elaBoe gSiled LS 5 gdel SI lS ye Sih oS! gh oles Eye| av dar) aN ~~ é AXa) eats s rm) a RAJA_AMBONG oils ds | “ploy aS y3 Die Gee es ghey \h Wes Earl roe) aly me SNe SSai yi) SUT Gal seh y s BMAD aD Jie adla| Shin ols on! aes Sos sy yrd Siete 515193 dx 9S aS Sp9q 9S) sane Se Gl Srshy ds yi a3 ay) sels brah ca shee! es) al iss esa! by Syne é! owls pe KS a) gy! aes j aS. hal ass aS yi WU mee Gass oy! gy RS Phy! . & Goes a EreS tly Ely es Gio»! Aes siesta eo ve Abe ctien ane plaslys Ko 55 ahass! yi 5932! he GI gdly Bad oO ad il Sse ys Gls Sy Syrare yd MUS yylS all Ko gyi! Sle cecal pete SI dn) ties ol ities je 2h. a > Cae aA aie BST res 2 ~ ey a soe 5 Oper)! dls oe gaake (5 yea 3 gre S95 SS ope) LEGS sls)! ay See Ae al lyst acy Gol pane ops! Ass duro col ).S aiprele SED oy hel Porty gly oh) lan! Sees psy pilus aly cotlare Stu oe) lyn) 9Sl,i oe yd ah Earns oy SILT So leer bl dy} Stns 3 mS SI gh'Sy—S Gea os) She \Kaad gle gyhs S48 ¢ RAJA AMBONG r By Ne eS) aS 5} ols oe Pa Gy Easy tetany eee sé PhS pS als} Som ab cs a) EES Coe ae fe ese SSI dy: & ANS ols EE BV ed ype 5 yao las a! SS G3 yd Sed poy ols sa Mes Sols exes SoS pod le Ste) end “gX8J yo S95 pe ois DpPld EhalS PIS pet ld sSGaly ged sylis per Gls asyS Siem dgqle sl sla E49 Sy Leet prey ee dl eryale shi als} Syol Sy hyd e953 Creal Sle GIs |S Js ax gSEN pales SMoiad gral okey Cole we aisle pals é |e Esl Syme rs! sr shy) pS AK Sy 28 cel eng! cw apne os 3 Kis Kis Ks Sy cols Chl ais ols Fai gS palS yy dah 1,3 Syl Sous as 3D) os 5 aus Soe > deals Hae OS phy GRE are 5b, Me dll Eye] = oly el. GIS he canS Qld Sled ghlye Qls JAS oho aa yk. ols KE) aS yd S55) gel eb. Gl. Syqel eb s® atl 1,3 Ey (Sin goles < ye gi ls St ast Lad Spas has & las Ply KAAy VEO NG: A MALAY FAIRY WAGE © [el c| ) Sey KG ee eet ons ees is BI\y ¢. Betthaeed Ks East sy alles day die phy syed ole Qld gyre] oe eed aSe) 8S ye See Gs yw SIF HIS oth lag del SI AngSdiys tl Gy bdse syed obo old Soe! eb aol Slenlds Sidhe Igo col ENCES 1 - gl chads colds MlIstyneb sos dye seyg! Qld gud glo gyXsa5 [Rs wh yay She Loli: pels tt old QhS eu! lus Sgn cs yi da 9S site A KED coal Pyameny | Je a) 4) oo ySahd od old gol cs) pe wns] yao ds als) eb oye 3 ares gel eeu CENS 73) Esl aexS Slay JI ae eke aul og RAT A AM BONG. A MALAY FAIRY TALE. [ This is the third of M1R HAssAN’s Cheritras. The other two—“ SRI RAMA” and “ RAJA DONAN”—havye been printed in the two preceding numbers of this Journal. | RUPA were brother and sister and lived together at Tanjong Bima, over which country the former reigned. They had been left orphans at an early age, and had been brought up by the Chiefs of the State, who had put Raja AMBONG on the throne, there being no other heir of the royal stock. When Raja AMBONG had reigned for seven years and nine months, he had a dream one night, and in his dream he travelled into the interior of the country of Bima until he arrived at a plain ever so many yojanas in extent. Advancing to the centre of it, he saw there a large ant-hill (dusu¢ detina) and on it another ant-hill (dusu¢ gantan) on which stood on one leg (tang tunggal) an old man dressed in yellow, who held in his hand a Malacca cane (samambu bunting) ornamented with gold and having a diamond on the top of it. As he drew near to the old man, the latter addressed him saying :—‘‘Raja AMBONG, what is the good of going on like this? What are you learn- ing here under the Chiefs and under the care of the women of the palace?” and a great deal more to the same effect. Raja AMBONG said in reply that he had no means of travel- ling about the world to gather experience, for he had no _ship. The old man then told him to go to a certain place where a magic merdau tree was growing, and instructed him to cut it down and make of it a ship, which he was to call “Batara Saludang Mayang.’”’ Raja AMBONG mentioned the want of workmen, when the old man at once told him to give 56 RAJA AMBONG. directions to the Chiefs to fetch down seven ship-builders, all brothers, who lived up the country. “If,” added the old man, “the seven ship-builders cannot do the work, you must direct the Tumonggong to fetch your Cousin CHE ALANG, a native of Linggi, who lives at the mouth of the River Limau Purut. He is your cousin on your mother’s side, and you can require him to fetch the workman called Tukang BONGKOK BONGSU BANGSAWAN Pandak kaki dert tangan LTukang ter-pechat di negri Fawa Bukan pechat sebab ta’tukang, Lukang terlampau deripada tukang yang baniak, Itu-lah sebab di-buang Raza ka-sabérang laut tawar, lya-lah yang bultk ber-bahan kayu merbau itu. (““whyse legs are shorter than his arms; banished formerly from tie kingdom of Java, not because he was wanting in skill, but because he exceeded all other craftsmen in his handiwork. This was why the Raja banished him to the other side of the lake. He it is who can fell the merbau been} At the end of this speech, Raja AMBONG awoke with a start, and, remembering distinctly all that had passed in his dream, went out into the da/ez and sounded the alarm gong, which soon brought the Chiefs and people to him. Hé then related his dream, and his audience bowed their heads till they touch- ed the floor, so great was their satisfaction at the recital. The Tumonggong was then directed to summon the seven brother shipbuilders, and to direct them to build a prahu to becalled Batara Saludang Mayang, and in course of time they duly arrived. On being brought before the Raja, they said that the omens which they had consulted before leaving home were unpropitious, and they asked for leave to return once more and make a fresh start. This the Raja would not hear of, and the seven brothers set out, prophesying that harm would happen to them; they travelled inland till they - found the merdau tree, and they built themselves a little hut near it. Evening closed in :— Maka hari-pun sudah-lah merimbang petang, Bota pun ber-suara mengakak di-panggil-nia. RAJA AMBONG. 57 flujan panas pun turun memenchar-menchar Palang?t pun turun minum di pangkal dahan tua-nia, Dan dt puchuk-nia langsuvar mengarak mengilat. all kinds of evil beings sat in the branches of the merdau tree, and made unearthly noises, but as night advanced they grew quieter, and in the morning the seven carpenters got up and proceeded to work. A stage was soon erected round the tree, and three men mounted on it to commence chopping, while four remained below to take their places in turn. Then all at once the howling of the evil spirits recommenced, hujan panas descended like water poured out from a bucket, the dota chattered, the jzz prayed, the /angsuyar shrieked, the falangi came down to drink, and amid a chorus of un- earthly noises, the unfortunate carpenters fell dead at their work, three on the staging and four below. When three days and nights had passed, and no sound of axes chopping or tree falling had been heard, the Raja despatched an attendant to see how the work was getting on. The latter discovered the seven corpses covered with flies, and ran back to the palace in alarm. ‘Then the Raja, having given orders for the proper burial of the dead men, ordered the Tumunggong to fetch CHE ALANG of Linggi, who lived at Kuala Sungei Limau Purut. For seven days did the Tumonggong journey before he reached his destination and delivered his message. CHE ALANG received him politely and prepared at once to obey the Raja’s commands and to procure the services of the famous Tukang BONGKOK BONG- SU BANGSAWAN. Leaving the Tumonggong to return alone by sea, CHE ALANG of Linggi set out for Raja AMBONG’S capital overland, after having been careful to observe the proper omens (/angkah) to secure a fortunate journey, he crossed the great lake (/aut tawar) after quitting Tanjong Bima, and in due time arrived at the house of the crooked carpenter BONGSU BANGSAWAN, whose legs were shorter than his arms. In front of the house was the carpenter’s wife, busy winnowing rice. ‘Where is Tukang BONGKOK (Cem crooked earpenter:,))c) said) CHE ALONG, “He is asleep in bed,” said the woman, ‘and he left word that he intended to sleep for seven days and nights, and so far he has 58 RAJA AMBONG. only slept for three days andthree nights. If you really must speak to him you must get a furnace and heat a bar of iron red-hot and insert it in his ear as he lies asleep. This is the only way to wake him.” CHE ALANG did as he was told, and uncovering the sleeper’s head (he was enveloped in a thick patched quilt, gebar gandan saratus tampal) poked the red-hot iron into his ear. The sleeping man rolled over rub- bing the place a little, and CHE ALANG thrust the iron into the other ear. Then the crooked carpenter sat up, without opening his eyes (mata lagi jertkat) and said ‘curse those ‘mosquitoes! A man can’t geta quiet sleep (me-radam) ‘without being bothered by all kinds of insects.’ Then he went on to storm against his wife for not keeping the insects off while he slept, declaring that he would take a younger wife, and so on. This was too much for CHE ALANG, who burst out laughing, on which the crooked carpenter opened his eyes, and saw a young man, a stranger, before him. CHE ALANG quickly explained the object of his visit, and proposed that they should start together at once for Tanjong Bima. To this, however, the hunchback would not agree, and he sent CHE ALANG on ahead, promising to follow. Then with three terrific yells (der-tamptk telun temelun ber-turut-turut) he set out with the speed of the swiftest lightning, a stage at least ahead of the fastest breeze! In an incredibly short space of time he was at Tanjong Bima, and presented him- self at the Raja’s dalez, asking what he was wanted for. Raja AMBONG explained that his duty would be to build a boat, to be called Batara Saludang Mayang, out of the wood of the merdau tree, and was still conversing with the old man when CHE ALANG arrived and was not a little astonished to find the hunchback at the Court before him. Then the crooked carpenter demanded all the instruments of magic— sandal-wood, eagle-wood, and incense, a candle of a cubit’s length with a wick of the thickness of a man’s thumb, tepong tawar (holy water), parched rice, yellow rice, a mat and a carpet, an altar, andeight cubits of white cloth. All these things were provided by the female attendants in the palace - by the Raja’s orders, and taken out to the merdau tree on the enchanted plain, to which place the old man was duly —— RAJA AMBONG. 59 escorted. By the evening, he had built himself a little hut, and there he spread his mat and hung up his mosquito-curtain, prepared his holy water, set up his altar, lit his candle, and scattered his rice-grains, and then covering himself up with his white cloth went to sleep. So effectually did these cere- monies scare the evil spirits, that in the morning, when he went out, he saw that of the merbau tree only the heart was left, a straight stem of hard wood not thicker than a man’s forearm, all the evil spirits having fled. What on earth the Raja could do with a boat made out of such a log as this he could not make out, but he sat to work to carry out his orders. He fumigated with incense all his tools, and then went to the foot of the tree, using certain charms and ceremonies which were knowntohim. Then he delivered,three strokes—two on one side and one on the other (mendada sa-chatuk, menengku’ dua chatuk). Atthethirdthe merdautreecreaked (mérengkoh), and for a day and a night it fell before its branches reached the ground. Laksana bumt gérak gémpa dan meranchang kayu di rimba dan ber-géegaran pinggan mangkuk didalain negri Tanjong Bima terkena bahana kayu ranting handak tumbang. (The noise it made was like that of an earthquake, and the trees in the forest shook, and all the plates and dishes in the country clattered with the rush of air caused by the falling mass of branches.) The hunchback cut the stem in two just below the branches (4adong) and then split it open (chub belah bujang), and hollowed out one of the halves. It mea- sured twenty-five fathoms in length when on the ground. In seven days the hunchback had made a ship of it, and had equip- ped her with masts, stays, sails, rigging and anchor; he then went to the town and informed the Raja that the vessel was lying on the stocks (ampayan) ready for sea, but that before she could be moved, seven, or five, or three (an uneven num- ber) of young married women, pregnant forthe first time, must be procured to be used as rollers. The Tumonggong, Lak- BOO samana and other Chiefs sought far and wide for young women answering the required ‘conditions, but failed fo find any except their own daughters. Each of the three principal Chiefs—the Laksamana, Tumonggong, and Orang Kaya Besar—had a recently married daughter, each of them with 60 RAJA AMBONG. child for the first time, so the husbands having been seized and bound to prevent disturbance, the unfortunate ladies were taken to the scene of the launch and made to lie down in front of the vessel. Then amid the imcantations jorsthes hunchback and the shouts of the populace, the Batara Salu- dang Mayang glided swiftly down to the sea and shot out into mid-ocean (laut yang lepas ombak yang gahari), where it was lost to view. The ladies got up none the worse for their adventure, and returned home.* Seven days and seven nights passed without the reappear- ance of the boat, and then the hunchback, with the permission of the Raja, performed some incantations at the landing-place, at the end of which he waved and beckoned with a yellow cloth, and presently the surface of the sea was disturbed and then the Batara Saludang Mayang came in sight gliding swiftly towards the land like a bird on the wing. When she arrived, the hunchback went on board and performed various precautionary ceremonies, and then the Raja and CHE ALANG and all the Chiefs went on board and examined her. They found her fully armed and equipped—mariam dua sa-haluan dt timba ruang dua sa-sunting pada ekor tahan turut dan rantaka sambilang tujyuh snapang pemuras sa-bilang lantei dan bota ber -hubang at haluan, pelangt minum di timba ruang, gin sambahyang diatas hurong, dan langsuyar arak mengilat di puchuk trang. Ordering CHE ALANG to have everything ready for a start on the following day, Raja AMBONG went home, but though everything was ready next day, he did not leave, for his sis- ter, Princess BONGSU CHANDRA RUPA, whom he proposed to leave in charge of the country in his absence, loudly objected to being left behind, and cried and sobbed and demanded to be taken with her brother. Night came and when the Princess had gone to bed and the household was fast asleep (Lérélap tidor), Raja AMBONG unlocked a box in which he kept cer- tain garments possessing magic properties and arms of super- natural origin. ‘These he put on, and then, after due observ- ———_—_——— * Compare the Menangkabau legend told by Newsotp, II, 221. RAJA AMBONG. 61 ance of the omens (/angkah) he quitted the palace and went down to the vessel with CHE ALANG of Linggi and Tukang BONGKOK BONGSU BANGSAWAN. Going on board he clapped his hands and sat down (ber-tenggong); he then caused water to be poured over the bows, and cut the rope which made fast to the shore. The Batara Saludang Mayang then glided down into the water, looking like a peacock just spreading its wings for a flight. Raja AMBONG addressed his boat in verse and in prose and prayed to the Dewatas demanding a fair wind. Thereupon a breeze sprung up which carried along the prahu with astonishing swiftness. She fled past islands in less time than it takes to draw a breath, the bird on the wing was overtaken and passed, and the fly which attempted to settle on the boat found it slip from under him! The spirits which had haunted the merdau tree still kept their places on board, and the vessel sped on away, never stopping day or night. The Princess CHANDRA RupaA, on the morning after the Raja’s flight, was terribly upset at finding that her brother and the Batara Saludang Mayang had disappeared. But she was not to be outdone, and taking a couple of mirrors, her betel-box and her work she got on board an old boat cal- led the Lanchang Kuning, which had formerly belonged to her father. She prayed to the Dewatas and invoked the aid of the boat itself in such moving terms that it started off at once with the speed of a flash of lightning (sapertz kilat yang amat tangkis), a good length in front of the fastest breeze (dahulu sa’tapak deripada angin yang déras). For two days and nights the Princess sailed by herself, chasing her brother’s vessel, and on the morning of the third day, she came in sight of it. CHE ALANG was steering when he became aware of a craft astern of him, which was advancing at a tremendous pace, and he at once awakened the Raja, who dressed himself carefully and examined the stranger through a telescope. When he recognised the Lanchang Kuning and its occupant, he went back to bed again with fraternal indifference, and left CHE ALANG to receive the Princess, who soon ran alongside and came on board full of reproaches at having been deserted. She dismissed her boat, which turned round and sped away in the direction of Tanjong Bima. JXaja AMBONG then came on 62 RAJA AMBONG. deck very angry. ‘Who summoned you hither?” said he to the Princess, ‘Begone at once, for I have no wish to see your face. Your presence brings shame and disgrace on me in the eyes of respectable people.” The Princess burst imtomteans, and devoting herself, in her anger, as a prey to all the sharks of the sea she jumped overboard and disappeared. CHE ALANG dashed in after her, but his search was ineffectual and after a day and a night he returned to Raja AMBONG. Then both of them started together on a fresh search of the unfor- tunate Princess, the vessel following them as they went from bay to islet and from islet to reef. At last, after aweek, they found the body of the unfortunate Princess, quite dead, caught in a cleft between two rocks. CHE ALANG bore it tenderly to the vessel, where her brother spread mats and car- pets and laid it out. Then Raja AMBONG burned incense and sandalwood, and taking a metal tray which had been made at the time of the Princess’ birth, he passed it through the smoke. Then placing on it a letter and his own turban, he directed the tray to fly through the air to the Princess CHAHYA INTAN, a great friend of the dead Princess, and to ask her to send down from her residence in the skies, one bottle of rose-water. The Princess CHAHYA INTAN was sitting at her window, when she saw a tray flying towards her. She at once beckoned it in and found on it a handkerchief, an empty flask and a letter. She quickly read the letter, filled the flask with rose- water and despatched the tray on its return errand. As soon as the first drops fell on the dead Princess, she gave signs of life by the twitching of the great toe, at the second sprinkle she moved her hands, and on being sprinkled the third time, she sat up and sneezed and looked round her. The men of the party were quite exhausted by this time, and took some rest, leaving the navigation of the boat to the Princess, who put on male attire and took charge for the next seven days and nights. On the eighth day, she sighted a fleet of a hundred sail, of which one was a very large vessel. She immediately awakened the Raja and CHE ALANG, and the lat- ter, not being satisfied with the aspect of things, went to call the crooked carpenter, who was asleep in the forecastle. He RAJA AMBONG. | 63 pulled the big toe of each foot in turn, and the old man got up muttering. After a good look at the fleet, he announced that the large vessel was owned by the son of a King of the Jins— “Payar di laut’’— that her anchor was caught in the roof of the palace-of the Raja NAGA (King of the Dragons) at the bottom of the sea, and that the Prince and his sister, the Princess RENEK JINTAN, had already been detained there by this acci- dent for twelve years. ‘Inthe days of your Highness’ father,” added the old man, ‘‘ when I was still young, if we came across anything of this sort, blood was sure to be spilt.’* Then he wrapped himself upon his patched quilt and went to sleep again. The Raja and CHE ALANG, too, lay down, and the Princess, who had heard the carpenter’s story, felt her courage rise with excitement, and she ground her teeth (mengertip- ngertip gigi-nia) while the blood rose to her cheeks. The son of the King of the Jins was called S1 DEWA MAMBANG. He was sitting on the deck of his vessel when he caught sight of the Batara Saludang Mayang, and present- ly, through his telescope, made out that the occupants were three men lying asleep and a Princess of surpassing loveli- ness. He at once despatched his Tumonggong with presents to demand the lady in marriage, and the Princess received him politely and entertained him with betel-nut. But in reply to his proposals, she declared that on board the Batara Salu- dang Mayang they were all men and that they had no woman amongthem. The Tumonggong went away in some confusion and carried this answer to his Lord. The latter again made a searching inspection through his glass and vowed that the fourth person on board the Batara Saludang Mayang could be no other than a Princess, and again he depatched the Tu- monggong with his message. This time the Princess admit- ted her sex, but she vowed that she was already betrothed (sudah menjadi tunang lanang orang), and that her promis-. ed husband was even then on board the vessel with her * Lit. tuntu di-dalam ayer sirih patek apa, “we should certainly all bein betel juice.” 64 RAJA AMBONG. This message, carried back to S1 DEWA MAMBANG by the Tumonggong, put the former in a furious rage, and he ordered his men to be assembled, guns to be run out, and an attack to be made on the Batara Saludang Mayang. The usual sea-fight followed when, of course, the whole fleet of SI DewA MAMBANG was sunk. Then came a single combat on board the vessel of the Demon Chief in which, equally of course, Raja AMBONG was triumphant and cut off the head of his adversary. The Princess RENEK JINTAN, daughter of the slain Chief, was on board, and Raja AMBONG demanded her in marriage. But she dutifully insisted on hay- ing her father restored to life before she would accept the hand of the victor, and this was accordingly done. Then the marriage duly took place. It has been related how S1 DEWA MAMBANG’S vessel had been in the same spot for twelve years, her anchor having caught in the roof of the house of the King of the Dragons. Raja AMBONG now undertook to settle this difficulty, and fastening an iron chain round his waist he proceeded to climb down the cable under water until he reached the bottom of the sea. Reaching the palace of the King of the Dragons, he speedily made himself so much at home that he forgot about all those on the surface of the ocean above, and took as his wife the Princess CHAHYA INTAN, the daughter of the Dragon King. After he had been married for three months his thoughts turned one day on his ship the Batara Saludang Mayang and his wife, Princess RENEK JINTAN, whom he had left in the other vessel up above. So he presented himself before his father-in-law the King of the Dragons, and asked for per- mission to revisit the earth and also to release the anchor which had got hooked in the palace roof. No sooner was his wish expressed than the order was given, and after taking leave of his second wife he climbed up the cable and rejoined his companions on board S1 DEWA MAMBANG’S ship. The anchor was now hove up, but Raja AMBONG preferred his own vessel, and with the permission of his father- in-law removed, with his wife, Princess RENEK JINTAN, and his companions, on board the Batara Saludang Mayang Then they sailed away, visiting all sorts of strange countries, RAJA AMBONG. 65 among which were the seven following, :—Champa,!) Chala, @) Tanjong Jambu Lipa,‘3) Teluk Jambu Ayer, Dong Sip, Tan- jong Chamara Bunga, and Pulau Mayang Manggi. It was not until he reached the last named place that Raja AMBONG saw a kingdom which really attracted him. Pulau Mayang Manggi was a great country, ruled by one Raja AMBONG AWAN UNGU, to whom news was quickly brought of the arrival of the strangers. He despatched the Laksamana to obtain particulars, and, on the return of the latter with a description of the newly arrived vessel and her freight, Raja AMBONG was invited on shore and was received on landing with great state and honour. His love adventures had not come to an end, though he had already two wives, for as he was on his way up to the palace the Princess MAYANG MANGGI, sister of Raja AMBONG AWAN UNGU, saw him and straight- way fellin love with him. To drop into his hands as he passed beneath her lattice a little ivory casket containing three pastilles of betel-nut was the affair of amoment. Raja AMBONG opened the packet, and improvised the following Stanza -—— Masok geronggong ber-palita Anak tekukur di tébing tinggt Besar-nia untong kapada kita Sirth ber-kapur datang sendiri.* To which the Princess over-head replied :— Beringin tumboh dt sekam Kaparat lalu ka ma’arifat-nia Fikalau ingin sirth di-genggam Choba-lah turut pada tampat-nia.t (1) Champa. A Malay Kingdom in the south west corner of Cochin- China. See Yure’s Glossary, tit. Champa; CRAwFuRD’s Malay Grammar, Dis- sertation, CX XIX. (2) Chala—Chola ? (3) Jambu Dwipa, one of the seven divisions of the earth in Hindu Mytho- logy. “ One enters acave with the aid ofalamp: a young pigeon on a high bank: great indeed is my good fortune: betelnut comes of its own accord. + The deringin tree springs from a heap of ch:ff: from infide‘ity one passes to perfect knowledge: if you have a desire to possess this sivih, try and reach the place whence it came, 66 RAJA AMBONG. Raja AMBONG responded with another verse :— Kaparat lalu ka ma arifat-nia Patah tunjang si-mali-malt Ku-turut lalu pada tampat-nia Antah-kan apa hali dan bali.* Then he strode on to the Raja’s audience hall, where Raja AMBONG AWAN UNGU received him with the greatest cor- diality, stepping down to meet him and seating him on the right hand of the throne. Then a feast of the most delicious dishes was served, and the two Rajas dined together, beguiling the repast with all sorts of pleasant histories. As evening closed in, Raja AMBONG took his leave, but on his way back to his ship he halted under a déringin tree and sat on a swing, chatting with his companions (ber-buet-buet di-atas papan dundang tuan putri) within view of the window of the,Prin- cess. Presently she looked out and saw him and smiled and repeated this verse :— Anak sawa sa-besar lengan Handak meniti batang padi flandak ter-tawa tidak ber-téman Sinnyum sadtkit dt-dalam hati.t She had hardly finished when Raja AMBONG replied with the following :— Sélasth dulang bulth di-rapat Pandak ruas kaki babt Kakasth orang bulth ku-rébut Baharu-lah puas at hati kam. * From infidelity one passes to perfect knowledge: broken are the stumps of the plant si-mali-mali: assuredly will I reach the place whence it came, caring not what tumult may follow. + A young python as thick as one’s forearm would cross a stream with a rice straw fora bridge; I cannot laugh aloud for I have no companion, but I smile to myself as thoughts cross my mind. t{ The wood of the selasih dulang may be fashioned with the adze: short in the joint is the wild-boar’s leg : let me carry off the beloved of another, for not till then will my heart know contentment, RAJA AMBONG. 67 Then the Princess resumed again :— Apa guna kain at-béntang Kalau tidak guntin-kan baju Apa guna sarong handak di-sandang Kalau tidak di-bunoh-kan madu.* It was now night, and Raja AMBONG, with the faithful CHE ALANG of Linggi, went on board his vessel. Not to remain there however. He only exchanged his rich garments for those of an ordinary bachelor (orang per-bujang-an) and land- ing again made his way to the palace of the Princess. All the doors were locked with twelve padlocks, but a wave of his magic turban caused them to drop off, and the Princess found herself confronted on the threshold of her own chamber by the Prince, with whom she had been exchanging verses in the afternoon. She retired abashed, but the enterprising Prince followed her into her apartment, and attempted with winning and persuasive words to gain a place in her affection (der-apa pujuk gérindam dengan per-kata-an yang manis-manis akan mem-bért bélas dan sayu dt hati tuan pitri). Presently, she invited him to take refreshments, and after these had been served she enquired plainly what his business was. Raja AMBONG replied with a declaration of love, upon which the Princess, who was a magician of no mean order, disappeared from his sight. She had become a grain of sand upon the cushion upon which she had just been sitting. Raja AMBONG, finding himself alone, made a fruitless search for a while, and then returned to his ship in despair and covered with shame and confusion. Arrivedin his cabin, he threw himself down on his couch and slept for seven days and nights. On the seventh night he was visited in a dream by an old man dressed in yellow robe and carrying a Malacca cane (samambu bun- ting) in his hands, who stood by the head of his bed, and told him all the particulars of Princess MAYANG MANGGI’s enchant- ments and the way to meet them. When he woke, Raja * What is the good of spreading out your cloth if you are not going to cut out a jacket? What is the use of girding on a sword-sheath unless you first put away your present wife ? 68 RAJA AMBONG. AMBONG bathed and dressed and spent the day cheerfully, waiting for nightfall to make a fresh attempt at the palace. That night he gained across to the apartments of the Princess as before, and she received him graciously, seating him on a mat embroidered with gold (angkat yang ka-amas- an) and entertaining him at a feast where dishes succeeded _ dishes (angkat hidang sorong hidang) with great profusion. Supper over, the Princess vanished as before. But this time’ Raja AMBONG profited by the information imparted to him in his dream. Blowing away the dust in the centre of the apartment, he found a speck of white sand, and seized it, upon which the Princess resumed her own form, saying “ In truth thy love is not all counterfeit.” In another moment she had again disappeared and Raja DONAN took the form of a jungle-cock, and searched in the neighbouring wood, where he found her in the form of a hen and brought her back to the palace, where they took their own shapes again. Seven times altogether did the Princess undergo metamorphosis, taking successively, after this, the shapes of a quail, a wood-pigeon, an elephant, a dragon and a pea-fowl. Each time Raja DONAN similarly transformed himself, found her and brought her back. Then she gave up further attempts to escape and for the next three days and nights Raja AMBONG abode in her palace and a short time afterwards their marriage took place with the consent of Raja AMBONG AWAN UNGU and his chiefs. But all this time the Princess MAYANG MANGGI was already betrothed to MAMBANG BONGSU, the son of Raja PINANG LUMUT, who dwelt up in the sky. One night this youthful Prince hada dream which disturbed him not alittle. Ha dreamt that he was walking along in a spacious plain, when a kite swooped down and carried off his turban, and while he was chasing the bird to recover it, he himself fell headlong into a lake. Forthwith he presented himself before his — parents and begged his father to interpret (¢a’adbtr-kan) the dream for him. ‘‘ My son,” said the old man, “I remem- ber an old warning, handed downto meby my ancestors, that no one should fix his affections or contract an engagement in a foreign country. If you should have done this, this dream of RAJA AMBONG. 69 your’s no doubt betokens that some one else has taken your betrothed wife, and that your strength will not avail against his in any struggle to regain her’. MAMBANG BONGSU left his father’s presence feeling as if sentence of death had been pronounced on him, but he started at once alone for the kingdom of MAYANG MANGGI, which he reached on the eighth day after setting out. Then the first thing that he saw was the Batara Saludang Mayang \ying moored at the Raja’s private landing-place, with her anchor cable secured to one of the posts of the palace of the Princess. Feeling sure that this was the vessel of his rival, he went on board, and walked to the bow, so alarmingly huge in bulk that CHE ALANG ran hastily to the stern to balance him. In a few words CHE ALANG scornfully referred him to Raja AMBONG, who, he said, was even then waiting for him in the Princess’ palace, and quite ready to try conclusions with him. The enraged giant jumped on shore, and it seemed as if the whole country was tipped upon one side as he alighted (seper- ti-kan ter-singit negri itu). Making his way to the Raja’s palace, he remained on the plain outside, while he sent a mes- sage to Raja AMBONG to say that he awaited him there. The Princess and her maidens went out to him, carrying refresh- ments of all kinds, but he haughtily declined everything in the following characteristic speech :— elict, tuan putri MAYANG MANGGI, ada-pun aku kamari ini bukan-nia karana rindu dan dendam akan rupa paras ang- kau dan bukan-nia karana ka-lapar-an nasi dan bukan-nia karana lapar penganan dan bukan-nia karana dahaga ayer, aku kamari ini handak menudong ka-malu-an dan menyapu arang di muka aku dan serta handak mengadu ka-sakti-an aku ‘dengan laki-laki yang ada di-dalam mahligei angkau itu, jikalau sunggoh iya anak laki-laki yang lebih ka-sakti-an angkau suroh-kan turun deri-pada mahligei itu kamari di- tengah padang ini me-makan jamu-an yang telah aku sedia- kan ini dan aku pun sedia menanti handak ménérima jamu-an laki-]laki yang tiada ber-budi itu.” So the Princess returned to the palace and wakened Raja AMBONG, who was asleep. He immediately got ready and went out to the plain where his adversary was awaiting him. 70 RAJA AMBONG. A tremendous fight now took place. At first Raja AMBONG stood on the defensive only, and hours passed before either of the combatants was touched. ‘They stopped for a time, ate betel-nut together and shook hands. Then the fight com-. menced. This time Raja AMBONG took the offensive. So fierce was the combat, and so tremendous the leaps of the combatant that a dust arose from the plain which obscured the face of the sun. . Still for a long time no one was injured. At last MAMBANG BONGSU failed to parry a blow and received a © wound in the forehead. ‘Stop now, MAMBANG BONGSU,” said Raja AMBONG, “for you have got a keepsake from me in the shape of an ornament®* for your forehead!” (karana anghau sudah dapat satu amanat deripada kamt memaket kilat daht) “ Nay,” said MAMBANG BONSU bravely, “no one who calls him- self a man can yield on the field of battle. It were better to die where I stand’—jantang anak lakt-laki undur di médan biar-lah ber-ubah nama dit padang ini juga). Then the fight continued. Raja AMBONG'S skill with the sword was truly marvellous. Each cut carried three minor cuts with it, and with every downward blow the sword fell seven times without being raised again! He had acquired the art from Si Raja NANDONG, who inherited it from SANG BARMA DEWA in the land of Menangkabau.t Again MAMBANG BONSU was wounded, this time in the ear, and again Raja AMBONG jeered at him asking him why he wore a blossom of the red Azdzscus in his: ear. MAMBANG BONGSU replied in the same tone, and Raja AMBONG, furious, delivered a blow with his sword with such lightning velocity that it went clean through the neck of his rival without the latter knowing it. “Try and look at the sun and moon,” said the victor: MAMBANG BONGSU did so and at once his head fell off and rolled on the ground. The fight being over, Raja AMBONG returned to the palace, and the giant was buried by the people. Soon after this * Kilat dahi, an ornament cut out of tinscl gummed on the forehead of a bride. } Sakali chinchang tiga anak-nia ber-turut, sakali kérat tujoh anak ber-kan- dong di-dalam-nia, ber-kena per-main-an kipas Si Raja Nandong ka-turun-an deri Sang Barma Dewa di negri Menangkabau. ————— RAJA AMBONG. Hi Raja AMBONG thought that it was time to return to Tanjong Bima, from which he had now been absent for three years three months and ten days. He obtained the permission of his father-in-law to go, and again embarked in the Badara Sauludang Mayang Soh iis wives, the Princesses RENEK JINTAN and MAYANG MANGGI and vhs sister Princess CHAN- DRA Rupa. At Tanjong Bima they met with a most affec- tionate welcome from the chiefs and people. Shortly after- wards the faithful CHE ALANG of Linggi was married with great rejoicings to the Princess BONGSU CHANDRA RUPA. CHE ALANG alter his marriage returned to his native land, Linggi, at the mouth of the river Limau Purut, taking his wife with him and there they settled down and lived happily. Raja AMBONG and his two Queens lived in harmony and happiness, and, under his just rule, his subjects increased and his country prospered. We MAXWELL: REPORT ON THE PADI-BORER. SS ee a Y attention was called to this subject, by a letter pepisg) 4 dated the rst of January, 1887, that was forwarded wes to me by H. M.’s Assistant Resident of Pérak from Dr. LEECH, the Collector and Magistrate of the Krian District, in which he says :— “With this letter I have the honour to forward you a bottle “containing some specimens of a maggot which is at present “playing havoc with the padi crop here. This is the third “season I have heard of its attacks, and each year has been “worse than the preceding one. The time, it appears, is just “as the ear is beginning to form. ‘“Many (maggots) are found in one stalk, the whole inside “of which becomes brown and rotten. I have seen acres of “padi attacked in the way, with the stalks and ears complete, ‘but without a single grain of riceinthem. It appears that it “makes no difference, whether the land is dry or wet. I have “not been able to ascertain what sort of insect produces “these maggots. “If any method of destroying them could be got, it would “be a great blessing to the people of this district, as the “ravages committed by this maggot, far exceed those of the “rats or pigs—the other enemies of the padi crop. “Perhaps the Curator of the Museum or H. M.’s Resident ‘““may know something of the habits of this pest, and suggest “some means of destroying it.” On the 12th January, I suggested the burning of the straw after the harvest, and Dr. LEECH sent out a Malay notice recommending this course to the cultivators in his district. Since January, I have visited the padi-fields and have pro- 74. REPORT ON THE PADI-BORER. cured specimens of the caterpillars, which I have kept, and have bred from them the perfect insects. The results of these observations | will now proceed to detail, beginning with the description of the various stages of the Padi-Borer Moth. ~« Description. Chilo species affin. C. Oryzeellus of Riley. The egg is oval shaped and white, faintly tinted with green- It has a finely pitted surface with some irregular, longitudinal creases. They are laid in masses of thirty or more together, in a slanting, overlapping, double, treble, or more extended series, and are firmly cemented together, and to the leaves on which they are laid. The egg is about 7¢ th inch long by repoth inch wide. Larva.—Head dark brown, polished, furnished with a few stiff brownish hairs, a median yellowish line. Cervical shield varies from light to dark brown, with a median yellowish line. Colour of body pale yellowish white, slightly transparent, marked with five rather indistinct, pale purplish stripes, of which those bordering the stigmata are scarcely half as broad as the other three. The piliferous spots are oval, yel- lowish coloured and polished, stigmata small, transversely oval, brown, the last pair twice as large as ene others, these latter are sometimes pale centred. Anal plate yellowish, polished, furnished with a row of three hairs upon each side and two near middle, it is marked with a few pe lt spots. Length {th to 1,,th inch. Diameter ~;th to =4,th inch. Pupa. —Colour pale yellowish brown, with five ‘bron longi- tudinal stripes. As it nears maturity it assumes a dark brown colour, wing cases paler and with a pearly lustre. Head bent forward, its front somewhat pointed. ‘Thorax with very fine transverse striz. Abdominal joints, armed dorsally, near their anterior margin, with numerous very minute brown thorns. Stigmata projecting. Tip of last joint conical, with a longitudinal lateral impression ; expanding dorsally into two flattened projections, each being divided into two broad teeth. There are also two projections from the lower surface of the REPORT ON THE PADI-BORER. 75 last joint, one on each side of the longitudinal impression. Length 53th to ;4,th inch, and diameter {th to ;4th inch. - Imago.—Male, above, general colour pale ochraceous. An- terior wings, with an irregular oblique fuscous fascia, from about the middle of inner margin to near the apex of wing. Costal and posterior margins ochraceous, fringe golden. A marginal line of seven small brown spots and a submarginal line of shining golden brown spots, along the posterior mar- gin, but curving away from the apex. Some of these shining spots are also scattered over the oblique fuscous fascia, more thickly near the end of the cell. Hind wings paler and unmarked. Beneath, anterior wings dull yellowish, sometimes sullied with dirty brown. Hind wings the same, but only slightly tinged with brown on the costal region. Body and legs same colour as palest part of wings. ipa palpi bushy and slightly broadened at tip, horizontal, nearly as long as head and thorax together, a few dark scales and hairs intermixed with the paler ones. Maxillary palpi prominent, with only a few dark scales. Eyes black. Antennz more than half the length of the costal margin of the anterior wings, filiform, clothed with pale ochraceous scales. Expanse 5th to 58th inch, and body ;%th to #,th inch long. The female differs in being duller in colour and in the fas- cia on anterior wings being very indistinct. Beneath dull pale ochraceous. Labial palpi more bushy and larger than in the male. Expanse $$th of an inch, and body 3 inch long. This insect evidently belongs to the genus Chz/o of ZINCKEN- SOMMER, and may not be specifically distinct from C. Oryzeel- Jus of RILEY, as the differences noticeable in it may be only of a variatal character. A comparison with the type specimen would be necessary to determine this point. C. Oryzeellus is an insect of much the same habits as ours, and found in North America. Natural History and Habits. The eggs are laid in white irregular shaped masses, which may measure as much as } inch in length, by nearly +, inch 76 REPORT ON THE PADI-BORER. in width, on the leaves of the padi plant. The eggs after a few days become greyish, from the formation of the young caterpillars inside them. In the case of one female that I reared, eleven such masses were deposited in one night, and seven the next. One mass that I counted under the miscros- cope, contained 39 eggs, so that it would be safe to say, that one female will lay as many as 600 eggs. As there was not much choice possible in this case, nothing could be gleaned as to the part of the plant which would be selected, in a state of nature, by the female to deposit her eggs on, except that no eggs are deposited on the stem of the plant. Judging from the position of the young caterpillars, the part selected is at the junction of a young leaf with the stalk. From this point, as soon as the eggs are hatched, the young caterpillars eat their way into the tender shoot or into the midrib of the leaf in the case of the first brood, as will be mentioned further on. On exhausting the supply of food in the growing shoot, they bore out and re-enter the stalk lower down. The caterpillar makes a nearly circular hole where it enters a stalk, which it closes up from the inside, with fecal pellets and some fine white silk, and sometimes with the latter substance alone. When a caterpillar has eaten all the inner lining of one joint, or as much of it as it fancies, it either bores out again, and enters another joint, usually lower down the stalk, or it bores through the substance of the joint itself. This latter method of seeking for a fresh supply of food I have seen adopted on several occasions, both in the straws picked in the field and also in those I have kept for purposes of obser- vation. Sometimes it is the bottom of a joint, and sometimes the top which is thus perforated. The stalks are usually more eaten near the joints than elsewhere, and often the film remaining is so thin, that the stalk breaks short off. When the caterpillar is short of food, it will feed on the inner lining of the leafstalks. This has hap- pened in my breeding experiments, and I have also noticed it in the fields. REPORT ON THE PADI-BORER. T In the first brood of the season, the food of the caterpillar is principally supplied by the growing shoot, and the interior of the midrib of the leaves and leafstalks. This first brood reaches maturity before any appreciable amount of hollow stalk is formed by the padi, and hence this change, in what may be considered its normal habits, is necessary, to adapt itself to its environment. The pupz of this first brood are near- ly always found in the leafstalks. In subsequent broods they are generally found in the inside of the stalk, sometimes above the hole of entrance and sometimes beneath it. The pupz are usually more or less enclosed in a fine white web, and the head is, in all cases that have come under my observation, uppermost. The larve are able to progress with nearly equal facility either backwards or forwards, but they are not active at any time, and when disturbed generally remain quiescent. In a single stool of young padi, I found no less than 20 caterpillars. “his plant was found growing by itself in Tai- ping and not near any padi fields, probably the nearest being more than two or three miles away. This seems to show, either that the moths take long flights, or that some wild plant serves as food for the caterpillar as well as padi. When kept in confinement, the moths sit quite still all day, and by preference on the earth at the bottom of the breeding cage. It seems, therefore, probable that they sit usually on the dead leaves of the padi during the day time, and as their colour so nearly assimilates to it, this would be a position of great security. I have hunted over a field of padi for them, but without success, though the straw was full of full grown caterpillars and also of minute ones, and there must have been many of the moths about. In the day time it is difficult to get them to fly even when touched, but at night they are fairly active and seem to be able to fly well. The female begins laying her eggs on the second night after coming out of the chrysalis, and they hatch out on the fifth day, the female dying in about seven days. The eggs seem to be all laid on the second and third night. The males in a state of captivity, only live from three to four days. 78 KEPORT ON THE PADI-BORER. The antennz of the moth are carried, laid back on the wings, and have to be looked closely for, or they will pass unnoticed. Usually only one caterpillar is formed in a stalk of padi, but I have found as many as five on one or two occasions. Judging from the breeding experiments, several stalks may be required to afford sufficient food for the support ofa single carterpillar. Number of Broods. On the 29th April, or more than six weeks after the harvest in this district, I found in the padi stalks several minute caterpillars as well as many more advanced, in fact they ranged from one-eighth of an inch to full grown ones. I also examined a young stool of padi and found in it four or five chrysalides. This clearly shows that a brood has time to ma- ture before the padi has begun to throw up stalks, and taken with the presence of the caterpillars in all stages in the straw after the harvest, it is probable that three broods arive at ma- turity before the harvest, and that there are three more be- tween then and the next planting, making about six in the year. That would be two months for each generation. Natural Enemies. Out of one lot of four grubs raised by me, three were des- troyed by the larva of some other insect, and on an examina- tion of a padi field one day, I found no less than five live pupz and three empty cases of the same parasite, and not one single live pupa of the rice-borer, and only two or three empty cases. This parasitic larva is, therefore, one of the most powerful aids in ckecking the increase of these destruc- tive pests, and it would seem that, without its help, the culti- vation of padi in the Malay fashion would be quite impossi- ble. The parasitic insect, to which we are so much indebted, is a fly, in appearance much like a common house-fly; and its REPORT ON THE PADI-BORER. 79 larva is a small white maggot, which is either laid in or on the body of the rice-borer, and which lives inside its body and soon destroys it. Description. Order, Diptera. Family, Muscidee. Tachinarice. Genus and Species, (?) Larva.—Milk white and semi-transparent. Skin shiny, the anterior and posterior quarter of each segment armed with minute brown thorns. Cylindrical, with the head not distinct from body; which is abruptly terminated posteriorly and conically anteriorly. On last segment a pair of warm brown stigmata. Mouth furnished with two black hook-lke organs. Length of a full grown one, that I extracted from a dead padi- borer, 4 inch, and diameter $th inch. The thorns on the body of the maggot are evidently the means of locomotion inside the body of its host. In two padi- borers that I opened, the head of the maggot was towards the tail of its host. The larva is very difficult to kill; withstand- ing immersion in spirits for a period of two and a half hours. Pupa.—Cylindrical, with rounded ends, of a warm brown colour. Length ,%th inch, and ,°,th inch in diameter. The insect continues inthe pupa state from twelve to thirteen days. Imago.—Head silvery grey with red brown eyes and black bristles. Antennze with three joints, of which the last is the largest, a single long hair projecting from near base of third joint. Palpi consist of a single joint. Above, thorax black with grey stripe on each side and two others on the dorsal aspect. Scutellum grey except central portion, which is black. Abdomen black, with three silvery transverse stripes, partly interrupted on the median line. Hairs on abdomen black, conspicuous on the two last segments. Wings hyaline, irides- cent, unmarked; halteres covered by large milk white scales. Beneath wholly black, except three faint grey transverse stripes on abdomen. Legs black. Length 4th inchand ;§th inch across wings; the female is a little larger. 80 REPORT ON THE PADI-BORER. In confinement these flies live from four to five days. I have not been able to observe the method in which the fly gets at the padi-borer to lay its egg, or young, as the case may be; but it is probably when the latter leaves one joint of the stalk in search of more food that the fly effects its purpose. Effects on the Crop. As I have already stated, the first brood of caterpillars matures before the rice has made any stalk, and that its food consists of the midribs of the leaves and the growing shoot. This leads to the death of those young shoots which are infested by the borer. The next brood which pass their lives inside the stalk are those which cause the abortive ears of rice, and are, therefore, the most destructive to the crop. Though the first brood by killing the growing shoots of course do very_considerable damage. In the letter I have already quoted, Dr. LEECH has given his experience in the Krian district, and from what I have seen in Larut, nearly as much loss has been inflicted on the crops here. Preventive Measures. By the Malay way of harvesting, only the ears of the padi plant are cut, and the straw is left standing in the fields until the next planting season comes round. Hence all the cater- pillars and chrysalides have an opportunity of maturing and continuing the species to the next season's crop. The perpetuation of the race from one season to another is undoubtedly carried on through the self-sown rice and the lateral shoots of the old plants, though it is possible that some large stemmed grass may play a minor part in the matter. I found, six weeks after the harvest, in this district, that the straw was swarming with caterpillars of all ages; and I was informed by the Malays, that the shoots of the old plants and the self-sown rice, would continue alive until the land was broken up again for the next planting; so that food is avail- 3 REPORT ON THE PADI-BORER. 81 able throughout the year for the sustenance of the successive broods of caterpillars. A consideration of these facts, as well as of the life history of the borer, leads to the conclusion that the method which is most likely to keep down its numbers, is to destroy the straw by fire as soon after the harvest as possible, and to take any measures that will tend to kill or prevent the growth of the self-sown rice, between the harvest and the next year’s sowing. With the efficient help which is given by the parasitic fly | have already mentioned, there should not be much difficulty in comparatively freeing the padi fields of this very destruc- tive scourge, if the cultivators could only be induced to take a little united action. : * ee WERANS JR, Curator, Pérak Museum. ADDENDA. Since the above was written, further research has brought to light another insect associated with the one I have already described, and of almost the same habits and general appear- ance. In fact so close is the resemblance that it was not until the change from the larva state took place, that I noticed any difference ; except that the caterpillar was nearly uniform pale brownish pink and without the five-purplish longitudinal stripes. This was unfortunate, as I did not make a close examination or take down a description of this stage of the borer. : The other stages of its life were, however, recorded, and are as follows :— Pupa.—Colour pale brown, darker at head, tail and margins of joints, with a white bloom oyer the whole. Head only slightly bent forward, its front somewhat rounded. Eyes pro- jecting, black. Thorax minutely pitted. Abdominal joints also minutely pitted and with dark brown depressed spots scattered irregularly over them, more thickly on their anterior halves. Stigmata projecting. Tip of last joint rounded with 82 REPORT ON THE PADI-BORER. a small projection which is produced into four sharp teeth, the two lower ones pointing dow nwards and the upper ones back- wards. Length 8th inch, and diameter nearly =4,th inch. Lmago.— Above, anterior wings pale yellowish-brown, with a violet-brown stripe from insertion of wing to about the mid- dle of the posterior margin, along the median nervure. This stripe broadens towards the posterior margin, which is shaded with the same colour. A distant series of five small brown sub-marginal spots along the posterior margin, and a spot near median nervure opposite end of cell. Tinge shining pale golden brown. Posterior wings silvery white slightly tinted with yellow. | Beneath, pale silvery yellowish brown: hind wings paler than the anterior ones. Head much depressed, eyes dark brown, invisible from above, thorax clothed with long hairs, ochraceous towards neck and paler towards abdomen. ‘Thorax beneath densely clothed with long hair, as are also the two upper joints of the legs. Antenne one quarter the length of costal margin, fili- form, yellowish-brown, clothed with a few short hairs. Labial palpi short, scarcely projecting beyond face. Last joint short and clothed with close, short scales. The scales on the re- mainder of palpi bushy, some dark ones mixed with the paler. Expanse of wings 12th inch, length ;&th inch. This moth appears to have the same habits as the other species ; but itis not nearly so numerous in the Larut padi fields. I have only met with two examples out of the many borers I have raised, though possibly in other parts of the country it may be the more plentiful and destructive of the two. It does not seem to remain in the chrysalis longer than the other, nor is its life in the perfect state any more extended, so that any measures that would be efficacious in preventing the spread of the one would be equally applicable to the other. L. Wee SUMMARY OF THEIREPORT ON THE POMELOE MOTH. == + AV@ST the request of the British Resident of Pérak, I made 2 ( es an enquiry into the cause of the destruction of all the pomeloe fruit grown in the Residency gardens at Kwala Kangsa, and have ascertained, from actual observations and breeding experiments, that it is primarily to the attacks of the caterpillars of a small moth, that the loss is due. « The life history of this insect is, as far as I have been able to observe it, as follows :— The eggs are laid singly and in small irregular patches on the lower side of the fruit, and when they hatch out, the young caterpillars eat their way into the fruit making a number of minute holes through the rind, generally over an area of about the size of a shilling. The pith under this patch is riddled with holes, and gum is often subsequently found, both in the cavities of the rind, and also on the outside of the fruit. As the caterpillars increase in size, they eat their way through and through the fruit, and make holes through the rind to eject refuse, and also possibly to obtain air. To these holes uneatable portions of the fruit and fecal pellets are carried by the caterpillars and ejected. The caterpillars, which are active, quick-moving insects, jump and twist when touched, and, for caterpillars, can pro- gress with considerable speed. On arriving at maturity, they leave the fruit, and descending to the ground bury themselves in the earth to undergo the change into the pupa state; the caterpillars make in the earth cells of agglutinated earth, lined with white silk; they measure 0.7 inch in length, 0.4 inch in breadth, and 0.3 inch in depth. On the twelfth day after quitting the fruit, the transform- 84. SUMMARY OF THE REPORT ON THE POMELOE MOTH. ation is complete, and the moth forces its way through the cell and up out of the earth. The perfect insect is about an inch across the wings and of a warm brown colour with shadings of silvery grey. In the day time it is very quiet and sits usually on the earth of the breeding cages, the head and forepart of the body being much raised, and the antennz laid back on the wings, which are closed and folded closely over the body. When in this posi- tion, it is a very inconspicuous object, both as regards colour and form. At night it seems to be lively and is possessed of fairly good powers of flight. The first four moths I raised all died in a little over two days, and though they consisted of two of each sex, no eggs were laid. On dissection of the females I found the eggs to be immature and few in number, and deduced from their state, that the insect does not deposit its eggs until some days after leaving the chrysalis and that during that time it needs food to enable it to perpetuate its species. With the next brood of moths I put various fruits, but none of these seemed to their taste, for though they lived for five or six days, and laid a few eggs, none of these proved fertile. In all I raised over thirty of these insects without getting one egg that would hatch. It seems quite possible that as the fruit on which they feed during the caterpillar stage is seasonal and that there are periods of months at a time during which no food is available that the moths are long-lived, and until their natural food during the imago portion of their lives is discovered, attempts at artificial breeding will be unsuccessful. DESCRIPTION. Egg. —Oval, dirty white, translucent with fine raised, irregu- lar network covering surface. Length .o4 inch, and breadth .025 inch. When laid they take the form of flattened ovals with the lower side following the shape of the object on which they are laid, and the upper surface convex. Larva.—General colour bluish-green, tinted above with SUMMARY OF THE REPORT ON THE POMEL&9E MOTH. 885 pinkish bronze. The four anterior segments being less tinted than the remainder, the young are almost whelly of a rather dull pink. Length of adult .86 inch, breadth .!5 inch. Pupa.—General colour warm brown, darkening towards the tail, wing sheaths dull green for the first tiew days, after which they become dark brown. A dark mivlian line from tail to thorax on the dorsal aspect. Length .§ inch breadth Sly ime. : EFFECT ON THE FRUIT: The caterpillar of the pomeloe moth is able to pierce un- injured the natural defences of the fruit, disregarding both the pungent oil of the rind, and the thick layer of pith be- neath it, it reaches the cellular portion of the fruit, which it tunnels through and through in all directions passing through and through in all directions, passing through the seeds if they happen to be in its line, but apparently not seeking them out. Fecal matter is deposited in the burrows, and decomposition as a consequence quickly sets in on its walls. Under the microscope, the fluid contents of any cell which has had its containing sac broken by the passage of the cater- pillar is seen to be teeming with bacterial life of many kinds. Carefully detaching a sac adjoining one that had been broken by a caterpillar, but which was in itself quite perfect, and microscopically examining its contained fluid, there appeared many bacteria. The most frequent form being masses of cocci; many other forms were present, but in smaller numbers. An oval saccharomyces was very plentiful in the injured cells, and is the probable cause of the acid fermentation which takes place in them. It was not present in the adjoining un- broken ones. Presumably the smaller forms only can pass from cell to cell through the connecting vessels. It is probably to this secondary attack of micro-organisms that the premature ripening and falling of the fruit may be ascribed, more than to the actual injury done by the cater- pillars themselves; other insects taking advantage of the holes made by the caterpillars through the rind can enter the fruit 86 SUMMARY OF THE REPORT ON THE POMELOE MOTH. and lay their eggs in the pith and pulp, with the result that large rotten patches spread from the entrance and exit holes. These insects are two or three species of flies, and a small brown beetle, all of which are attracted by any decaying fruit. PREVENTIVE MEASURES. The life history of the pomeloe moth shows that there is - only a period of its existence when there is any hope of destroy- ing it in useful numbers, and that is when it is in the cater- pillar stage inside the fruit. The eggs are small and so like ‘the oil cells on which they are laid, that without a lens it is’ difficult to see them; inthe pupa state, which is passed be- neath the ground, they-are well out of reach, and in the per- fect stage, being strictly nocturnal and very inconspicuous, there would be little chance of doing any good. The only suggestion that I can make is to destroy all fruit that is seen to be inhabited by the caterpillars, or which falls from the trees. The destruction of the fruit which falls is of "importance not only as a means of killing the insects contain- ed in it, but also as preventing its serving for the rearing of -another brood. - As the eggs seem to be laid only on the fruit itself, it would appear that if the young fruits are put into bags, that they would have a chance of arriving at maturity. I am inclined to think that the wild species of citrus, known by the native name of dzmau kerbau, and which is apparently nearly allied to the pomeloe, c7trus decumana, is the natural food of these caterpillars, as it is a fairly common tree in the jungles of some parts of Pérak. L. WRAY, Jr. Curator, Pévak Museum. MANANGISM IN BORNEO. —- HERE all rational conception of the causes of fo} disease and of medicine is entirely absent, magi- Qe cal ceremonies, incantations, pretensions to su- pernatural powers in the cure of the sick have the whole field before them; whilst fear and anxiety in cases of illness lead to aneager credulity which clutches at any projected means of cure, however absurd in themselves : hence among the lower races of mankind, the medicine man is an important personage and as indispensable to the well- being of Society. The Dyaks of Borneo are no excep- tion ; they have their “‘ Manangs.” And as these are not reluctant to communicate their medical beliefs, and as their belief is also the belief of the Dyaks generally, it is not diffi- cult to set down a general view of their theories, as well as their practices. The peculiar attribute of the Manang is the possession of mysterious powers rather than special know- ledge. “But though the Manang function is procured for all serious ailments, yet the treatment of the sick ig not confined to it. Dyaks use a few simples as outward applications, things composed for the most part of leaves of plants. The betel- nut and pepper leaf mixture is also used as an outward ap- plication for almost any malady. Some man, supposed to be lucky, is called in; he chews a quantity of this hot and stimulant mixture in his mouth, leans over the body, and squirts the saliva over the affected part, and gently rubs it in with his fingers. Dyaks in a burning fever with acute headache will be seen with their foreheads smeared over with it. And this dirty mess is supposed to possess great virtue in promoting the growth of newly born children, whose bodies, up to acertain age, are half covered with daily applica- tions of it by their mothers. Other unprofessional modes of 85 MANANGISM IN BORNEO. cure are practised by certain Dyaks, to whom, through the medium of dreams, benevolent spirits have made known me- dicinal charms for special diseases, such as pebbles, roots and leaves of various plants, bits of wood, and even feathers and scraps of matting, etc. The pebbles are rubbed in water which is applied externally; the woods, feathers and matting are burnt, and the ashes applied. But these are of very minor importance compared with the functions of the Manangs, who alone are believed to wield power over the malignant spirits which cause sickness. All internal maladies are supposed to be inflicted by the passing, or the touch of demons inimical to mankind. What is the matter with so and so? you ask. He is “pansa utel,”’ ‘‘some- thing passed him;” he is struck by a demon who desires to carry off his soul to the other world. Consistent with this idea, somebody is required who can cope with the evil spirit and prevent the soul from being hurried away. And the Ma- nang comes forth as the man, ready to charm, cajole or kill the spirit, and rescue the departing soul from his clutches by a per- formance which 1s called ‘“ Belian.’”” Some years ago a Dyak lad was sleeping in my house, and in the early morning was seized with epileptic fits. The friends came and took him away, and soon the Manangs were walking round and chant- ing over him. After the function was over, the chief Manan gave out that a party of spirits returning from a hunting expedition, caught sight of the lad, and thrush a spear at him; but that had they recognised the house as mine, they would have spared him. Nearly all diseases then are believed to arise from ghostly causes, or at least to be accompanied by sneaking evil spirits ; and the sorcerer must deal with these intangible and demonia- cal influences. But some maladies are too terrible for even his mystical powers. Nothing is more thoroughly believed to be the direct personal influence of evil spirits than the epide- mic scourges of cholera and small-pox ; but seldom will Ma- nangs go nearacase of either; probably a consciousness of the cee futility of their efforts, combined with fear of infec- tion, have induced them to assert that such cases do not come within the reach of their powers. Other means must be MANANGISM IN BORNEO. 89 resorted to, among which propitiatory sacrifices and offerings predominate. The stock in trade of a Manang is a “lupong,” a medicine box, generally made of bark-skin, which is filled with “ obat,” medicinal charms, consisting of scraps of wood and bark, bits of curiously twisted roots, and odd knotty sticks, pebbles, fragments of quartz, and possibly a coloured glass marble, cum multis alits. These charms are either inherited, or revealed by the spirits in dreams as possessed of medicinal virtue. The coloured glass marble, where not previously known, is an “ obat’”’ of great power. On one occasion in my neighbourhood years ago, a travelling Manang belauded the efficacy of one of these toys of civilisation, saying, I think, that it was the ‘egg of a star,’ and that he had given the whitemen’s doctor two dollars forit. Among the audience was a Dyak to whose son I had given a similar marble, and he said: ‘‘may we see this great medicine ?”’ The Manang produced it. ‘‘ Oh,” said the other, “the Tuan Padri yonder has got plenty of these. He gave my boy one.” The Ma- nang speedily replaced the marble, and changed the con- versation to a more unsuspicious direction. If an unscrupu- lous trader were to take into the interior of Borneo a cargo of these marbles with holes bored through them to enable them to be worn round the neck, he would make enormous profits. One which | had given to a child was afterwards sold for a brass gong worth three dollars. Another and a principal “‘ obat”’ contained in the “ lupong”’ is “ Batu Ilau,” ‘“ Stone of Light,” a bit of quartz chrystal, by virtue of whose mysterious power the Manang is enabled to perceive the character of different diseases, and to see the soul, and catch it after it has wandered away from the body : for it is an article of Manang faith that in all sicknesses the soul leaves the body, and wanders about at greater or less dis- tance from its mortal tenement ; if it can be caught within a re- turnable point, and recovered before having proceeded too far on the journey to Hades, well and good; if not, the patient dies. The Manang never carries his own “lupong,”’ but the people who fetch him must carry it for him. He comes to the house in the evening; for he never performs in daylight 90 MANANGISM IN BORNEO. unless the case is very bad, and the people pay him well for it; to ‘‘belian’’ during the day, he says, is difficult and dan- gerous work. Sitting down by the patient, after some in- quiries, he takes out of his ‘‘lupong” a boar’s tusk, or a smooth pebble, or some other “obat’’ of magical virtue, and gently strokes the body with it; then he gravely looks into his ‘‘ Batu Ilau”’ to diagnose the character of the disease and the condition of the soul, and to discover the proper ‘‘ pelian”’ needed for its restoration and then tells them what sort of function he would prescribe. If there be several Manangs called in, the leader undertakes the preliminary examination, the rest giving their assent. This done they retire to the outside public verandah of the house, where has been prepared a ‘‘Pagar Api,” which is a long handled spear fixed blade up- wards in the middle of the verandah with a few leaves of some sort tied round it, and having at its base the ‘“‘lupongs” of each Manang. Why it is called ‘“ Pagar Api,” “ Fence of Fire,’ no one has been able to tell me. Then the leader begins a long monotonous drawl at the rate of about two words a minute, which, however, increases in velocity as the performance proceeds; the rest either chanting with him, or joining in at choruses, or may be singing antiphonally with him, all squatting on the floor. After a tiresome period of this dull drawling, they stand up, and march with slow and solemn step round the ‘ Pagar Api,’’ the monotonous chant slackening or quickening as they march the whole night through with only one interval for a feed in the middle of the night. The patient simply lies on his mats and listens. Most of the matter _chanted in these Manang performance is unmeaning rubbish. They begin by describing in prolix and grandiose language all the parts of a Dyak house; but how such an irrelevant descant can effect the cure of a fever or a diamhzamieea mystery to all but themselves. Then they “bark at the sickness,’’ in other words, call upon it tu be off to the ends of the earth, and to return tothe regions of the unseen world: they invoke the aid of spirits, and of ancient worthies and unworthies down to their own immediate ancestors, and spin the invocations out to a sufficient length to bring them to the daylight hours. Here the grand climax is reached—the tru- MANANGISM IN BORNEO. 91 ant soul has to be caught. If the patient is apparently in a dangerous state, they pretend the soul has escaped far away, perhaps to the river; and they will wave about a garment, or a piece of woven cloth, to imitate the action of throwing a cast net to inclose it as a fish is caught ; perhaps they give out that it has escaped into the jungle, and they will rush out of the house to circumvent and secure it there; perhaps they will say it has been carried away over seas to unknown lands, and will all set to and play at paddling a boat to follow it. But more generally the operation is made a more simple one. The Manangs rush round the “ Pagar Api” as hard as they can, singing a not unpleasing chant, until one of them falls on the floor and remains motionless; the others sit down. The bystanders cover the motionless Manang with a blanket, and wait whilst his spirit is supposed to hie away to Hades, or wherever the erring soul has been carried, and to bring it back. Presently he revives, looks vacantly about like a man just waking out of sleep, then he rises with his right hand clenched as if holding something. That hand contains the soul; and the Manang proceeds ‘to the patient, and returns it to the body through the crown of the head, muttering at the same time a few words of incantation. This “ nangkap semengat,”’ ‘catching the soul,’ is the great end, to which all that has preceded is only preliminary, and which only a fully equipped Manang is competent to perform. As the devouring demon is supposed to be driven away by the magical arts and charms of the Manang, so the soul is allured into submission to him by his persuasive invitations and melodious cadences. And as he approaches the point of accomplishing this grand feat of spiritual power, he sings thus : — Trebat puna nepan di lamba kitap, Semengat lari nengah lengkap, Antu ngagat jaya jayap. Trebat puna nepan di lamba midong, Semengat lari nengah darong, Antu ngagai nengah darong. 92 MANANGISM IN BORNEO Trebat puna nepan di lamba pulu, Semengat lari nengah mungu, Antu ngagai amois teransu. Trebat puna nepan at lamba jita, Semengat lari niki tangga, Antu ngagai nyau nda meda. Nyau dialu [nt Bettk enggo rarik pulong temiang. Nyau dialu [ni ‘Furet enggo lukat redak tenchang. Nyau dialu [nt Menyatia enggo tuba bau sinang. Nyau dialu [nt Mampu enggo resu garu tulang. Dikurong [ni [mpong di benong tajau bujang. Ditutup enggo Keliling gong selang. Drkungkong enggo Kawat panjat Kelingkang. Litambit enggo sabit bekait punggang. Niki ka tuchong Rabong rarengang. The dove flies and lights on the £zfap (*) sapling, The soul escapes along the hollow valley, The demon pursues in dishevelled haste. The dove flies and lights on the medong (*) sapling, The soul escapes through the ravine, The demon pursues through the ravine. The dove flies and lights on the pu/u ( ) sapling, The soul escapes along the hill, As the demon pursues, let him stumble. The dove flies and lights on the jz¢a (') sapling, The soul runs to climb the ladder (of house) The pursuing demon sees it no more. i} (1) Dyak names for jungle trees. n “* MANANGISM IN BORNEO. 93 It is met by Grandmother Betik, (') With a long stick of big knotted bambu, It is met by Grandmother Jurei, (*) With finely powdered /ukaz (?) bark, It is met by Grandmother Menyaia, (*) With the acrid smelling tuba. (?) It is met by Grandmother Mampu, (‘) With the gum of the bone like gharu, It is inclosed by Grandmother Impong, (*) In a brightly shining jar. It is covered with a round brass gong It is tied with wire of many circles. It is secured with a chain fastened at the ends. It ascends to the top Rabong (%) looming grand in the distance. One function remains tocomplete the cure; the sacrificial fowl does must be waved over the patient. And as the Manang this, he sings a special invocation, which I give asa sample of the Manang traditional lore, and of Dyak belief on the subject of sacrifice :-— (1) (2) The speckled fowl for sacrificial waving and cleansing. For doctoring for resisting, For sweeping for atoning, For exchanging for buying, A substitute for the feet, substitute for the hands, A substitute for the face, substitute for the life. Ye fowls enable us to escape the curse muttered unheard: To neutralize the spittle (of the enemy) ; To correct the speech of the angry despiser ; To make nought the visions of half waking moments ; To scare away evil dreams for ever; To make harmless one’s ghost (*) passing the farm ; Names of ancient Manangs, or of Manang tutelary deities. The “lukai” bark when burnt emits a very pungent smell, and the root of the ‘“‘tuba”’ (Dervis eliptica) possesses well known poisonous properties, and evil spirits are thought to have a wholesome dread of both. (3) Rabong and Sintong, two adjoining mountains on the upper Kapuas in Dutch Borneo may be said to be. (4) The “‘ Jeda” is the ghost of a living man seen by ancther person. 94 MANANGISM IN BORNEO. To neutralize the ill omen bird flying across the path ; To cut off the katupong’s flight coming from the left ; To cover its screeching ;—a bird of dread effect ; To make harmless the pangkas, a hot tempered bird; To counteract the omen of the low voiced deer. Hence ye fowls are for waving and for offering. But will not bodies of birds suffice ? The bodies of the top knot jungle fowl which fills the lowland with long and gentle whistling, The hodies of long necked cranes covering the hill, The bodies of argus pheasants upon the hillocks of the plain, The bodies of fire back pheasants filling the lowland jungle, The bodies of blue kingfishers a pool full just coming from pecking on the big spreading rock, The bodies of one kneed moorhens filling the gully, The bodies of red beaked hornbills filling the ravine, The bodies of adjutant birds in the swamp, like kings with covered feet, The bodies of owls, a flock, sitting withovt doffing their hats ; Many may be the birds, and many the minas, Bodies of hornbills, and bodies of green parrots ; But all are ineffectual for waving, for offering: They are not worth a fowl as big as the fingers. That is the thing for waving and for offering. Ye fowls were ever the race ever the seed (for sacrifice), From our grandfathers and grandmothers, From ancient times, from chiefs of old, Down to your fathers and mothers : Because we give you rice, we breed you, We give you food, give you nourishment, We hang for you nests, we make for you roosts; We make you coops, we make you baskets: Hence ye fowls are used for substituting for buying, Substitutes for the face, substitutes for the life. MANANGISM IN BORNEO. 95 Ye fowls are possessed with much foolishness and mis- chiet: Ye have many sins, many uncleannesses, Many evils and much viciousness, Ye are in debt for sugar-cane as long as a pole; In debt for plantains a long bunch; In debt for potatoes got by planting ; In debt for melons with flattened ends ; In debt for pumpkins one man’s load ; In debt for kladi growing to perfection ; In debt for maize a handful or two ; In debt for shoots of the moon cucumber ; In debt for paddy a deep big bin ; In debt for rice in the earthenware jar; Hence ye fowls are for waving and for offering. The wdah tree falls upon the kumpang sapling. Ye fowls have many crimes and many debts ; Ye bear the spirits of sickness, spirits of illness ; The spirits of fever and ague, spirits of cold and headache; The spirits of cold, the spirits of the forest ; Ye bear them, ye are filled with them ; Ye pile them up, ye put them in a basket ; Ye carry them, ye take them clear away ; Ye conduct them oft, ye gather them ; Ye drag them along, ye lift them up; Ye embrace them, ye carry them in your bosom ; Ye fowls have beaks as sharp as augers ; Your feathers are like fringes of red thread ; | Your ear feathers like sharpened stakes of bambu : : Your wings flap like folds of red of cloth ; Your tails are bent downwards like dragging ropes ; Your crops weigh heavily like many iron hawkbills ; Your nails are like sharp iron knives. Ye fowls scare away sickness, and make it run To the opening dawn of the morning, To the end of the further heavens, 96 MANANGISM IN BORNEO. To where kingfishers ever screech, To the end of the muntjac’s run, To the place of the setting sun, To the birds fanned by fre, To Jawa the settled country, To the pebbly shallows of inland waters, To the hill of burning flre, To the end of Zalang hill of Hades. (') So now we have nothing to hurt us, nothing wrong ; We are in health, we are in comfort ; We are long-lived and strong-lived, Hard as stone, hard of head; Long as the waters, long of lite. Like the waters of Ini Inda,(?) Like the stones of the Dewata,(?) Like a pool five (fathoms) deep ; Like a stretch of river beyond eyeshot, Like the land turtle’s burrowed bed, Like the waterfall of Telanjing Dara,(3) Like the land of Pulang Gana(*) Like the cave bed of Raja Sua(°) Like hills fixed by the gods. Like the moon at its full, Like the cluster of threerstars - As high as heaven, as high as the firmament. There is nothing wrong, nothing to hurt ; When sleeping have dreams of strings of fish ; Lying down, dream of bathing in the shallow pebbly streams ; (1) There are added here the names of many supposed places in Hades to which the evil spirits of disease are called upon to retreat with all speed ; but they are untranslateable. (2) Names or titles used of deities in general. (3) Telanjing Dara is said to be a female mythical spirit who lives at a waterfall, and who is ever on to watch to take people away to the land of death. (4) Pulang Gana is the spirit who presides over the land and cultivation, (5) Raja Sua is the spirit who presides over rivers. MANANGISM IN BORNEO. OF When dosing, dream of a branch of rambutans ; Dream of /angsats, squeezed in the hand ; Dream of Ini Impong inclosing you in a pelawan jar ; Dream of Ini Sayoh keeping you safe for ever ; Dream of living in the heart of the moon ; Dream of gazing up into the heights above ; Dream of the summit of the eternal Rabong. This invocation of good dreams ends the ceremony, and is supposed to complete the cure. The foregoing is a general account of all ‘‘pelian,’’ or Ma- nang performances; but they distinguish different kinds ac- cording to the fancy of the Manang, the violence of the di- sease, and the ability of the patient to pay. ‘These are mark- ed by special ceremonies over and above the general course of invocations song and enchantment which are common to all. The “pelian’’ then is divided into the following :— is betepas,- “Sweeping... Nt the time of the birth of each individual on earth, a flower is supposed to grow up in Hades, and to live a life parallel to that of the man. If the flower continues to grow well, the man enjoys good robust health ; if it droops, the man droops; so whenever the man has unpleasant dreams, or feels unwell two or three consecu- tive days, the flower in Hades is said to be ina_ bad condi- tion, the Manang is called in to weed, cleanse and sweep round it; and so set the compound earthly and unearthly life on its right course again. This 1s the first, the lowest and the cheapest function of the Manang. In this he does not “catch the soul,” as is done in all others. 2. “Berua,”’ “Swinging.” The Manang sits in a swing, and rocks himself with the idea of knocking and driving away the disease. gee becenchan)~. Makme a tush.” Phe door betweeh the private room and the open verandah of the house is thrown open, and the Manangs march backwards and for- wards from room and verandah beating together a pair of swords, which is interpreted as making a grand charge into the midst of the evil spirits, and scattering them right to left. _ fee iscranamai-entik, | Planting a Pentik.” “A“‘Pentik,’ * ys) 98 MANANGISM IN BORNEO. is a piece of wood very roughly carved into the figure of a man, a sort of rude doll, which is stuck into the ground at the foot of the ladder of the house with the object of divining the fate of the sick man. It is inserted into the ground in the even- ing ; and if it remains till the morning in a straight position, well and good, recovery is certain ; but if it be inclined either to the right or left, it is an omen of death. 5. ‘Bepancha,” “ Making a Pancha.” with a net; the Manangs walk in procession up and down the whole length of the house, chanting their incantations to entice the demon within the charmed circle of their magical influence. This occupies some time, for the spirit may be far away on a journey, or fishing, or hunting; and at intervals one of them peeps in at the door to see if he has arrived. In due time the demon is there, and then the Manangs them- selves enter the room, which is quite dark. Presently sounds of scuffling, of clashing of weapons, and of shouting, are heard by the Dyaks outside, and soon after the door is opened, and the demon said to be dead. He was cheated into coming to plague his victim as usual, and lo, instead of the sick and helpless patient, he encounters the crafty and mighty Manangs, who have killed him ; and as proof of the reality of the deed, lights are brought, and the Manangs point out spots of blood about the floor, and occasionally the corpse itself is shewn in the shape of a dead monkey, or mayas. ‘The trick is a very shallow one, and is managed thus: some time in the day, the Manangs procure blood from a towl, or other animal, or may be from their own bodies, mix it with water in a bambu to prevent congealing, smuggle it into the room, and scatter it on the floor in the dark, which they can safely do in the absence of all witnesses of the proceeding. Neither lights nor out- siders are permitted in the room, on the plea that, under such circumstances, the demon would not be enticed to enter. The trick has often been detected, and the performer openly accused of imposture, and the result is that it is not now practised so often as in former times. When this feat of ghostly war- fare is over, the ‘‘pelian’”’ is proceeded with in the usual way till the morning hours. ) 11. ‘‘ Beburong Raya,’ “ Making, or doing the Adjutant - Bird.” ‘The distinctive mark of this is the procession round and round the house, the Manangs being covered with native cloths like cloaks, in which, I suppose, they profess to per- sonate the bird. i bebandons: Api, “ Displayime fire,’ The patient is laid on the verandah, and several small fires made round him. The Manangs pretend to dissect his body, and fan the flames towards him to drive away the sickness. 100 MANANGISM IN BORNEO. 13. ‘“Ninting Lanjan.” Two swings are: constructed along the whole length of the house, and the swinging farce is gone through in another form. 11. ‘Begiling Lantai,” “Wrapping with Lanta? sen floor laths. One of the Manangs personates a dead man. — He is vested with every article of Dyak dress and ornament, and lays himself down as dead, is then bound up in mats, and wrapped up with slender bambu laths tied together with rotans, and taken out of the house, and laid on the ground. He is supposed to be dead. After about an hour, the other Manangs loose him, and bring him to life; and as he recovers,. so the sick person is supposed to recover. These comprise the range of Dyak medical magic. The Betepas, the Berua, Berenchah, Betanam Pentik, are the forms most commonly used: the Bepancha, Betiang Garong and Munoh Antu are rarely resorted to; and the others hardly ever heard of now; but altogether they form an ascending scale of ‘‘pelian’’ functions rising in pretended medicinal virtue from the Betepas to Begiling Lantai; and they de- mand a corresponding scale of increasing fees, which are paid over to the Manang on the spot as soon as the perform- ance is Over. To qualify the practitioner to work this system of mixed symbolism and deceit, an act of public initiation is necessary. The aspirant for the office must first commit to memory a sufficient amount of traditional lore to take a share in the in- cantations in company with older Manangs; but before he can accomplish the more important parts, or catch the soul, in other words, do the more audacious tricks, he must be initiated by one or more of the following ceremonies :— The first is ‘‘ Besudi,’’ which seems to mean feeling, touch- ing. The neophyte sits in the verandah as a sick man would, and the other Manangs “belian’’ over him the whole night. By this he is supposed to become endowed with the power of touch to enable him to feel where and what are the maladies of the body, and so apply the requisite charms. It is the lowest grade of Manang, and obtainable by the cheapest fees. MANANGISM IN BORNEO. 101 The second is “ Bekliti,” or “ Opening.’ A whole night’s incantation is gone through, as in all ‘‘ pelians,”’ and in the morning the great function of initiation is carried out. The Manangs lead the neophyte into a private apartment curtained off from public gaze by long pieces of native woven cloth ; and there, as they assert, they cut his head open, take out his brains, wash and restore them, to give him a clear mind to penetrate into the mysteries of evil spirits, and the intrica- cies of disease; they insert gold dust into his eyes to give him keenness and strength of sight powerful enough to see the soul wherever it may have wandered; they plant barbed hooks on the tips of his fingers to enable him to seize the soul and hold it fast; and lastly they pierce his heart with an arrow to make him tender-hearted, and full of sym- pathy with the sick and suffering. In reality, a few symbolic actions representing these operations are all that is done. A coco-nut shell, for instance, is laid upon the head and split open instead of the head itself, &c. The man is now a fully qualified practitioner, competent to practice all parts of his deceitful craft. He is now no longer an ‘‘ Iban,” a name by which all Dyaks speak of themselves, he is a ‘“‘ Manang.” He is lifted into a different rank of being. And when engaged in their functions, they make a point of emphasizing this dis- tinction by constant use of the two words in contrast to each other. A third grade of Manang rank is obtainable by the ambi- tious who have the will and means to make the outlay: they may become “ Manang bangun, Manang enjun,” “ Manangs, “waved upon, Manangs trampled on.’’ Asin other cases, this involves a night’s ‘‘ pelian,” but the specialities conferring this M. D. of Dyak quackery and imposture are three. At the beginning of the performance, the Manangs march round and round the aspirant for the higher honour, and wave about and over him bunches of the pzzang flower, an action which, all over Borneo I believe, is considered of great medicinal and benedictional value in this and many other similar connections. This is the “ Bangun.” Then in the middle of the verandah _atall jar is placed having a short ladder fastened on either side of it, and connected at the top. At various intervals 102 MANANGISM IN BORNEO. during the night the Manangs, leading the new candidate, march him up one ladder and down the other; but what that action is supposed to symbolize, or what special virtue to confer, | have not been able to discover. To wind up this play at mysteries, the man lays himself flat on the floor, and the Manangs walk over him, and trample upon him, to knock into him, perhaps, all the Manang power which is to be ob- tained. Thisis the “Enjun.” It is regarded as aieenimmesee of medical superiority, and the Manang who has passed the ordeal will on occasions boast that he is no ordinary spirit- controller and soul-catcher, but a “ Manang bangun, Manang enjun. Women as well as men may become Manangs. In former times, I believe, all Manangs on their initiation assumed female attire for the rest of their lives; but it 1s Tanelysadeprea now, at least on the coast districts ; and Ihave only met with one such. If you ask the reason of this strange custom, the only answer forthcoming is, that the spirits or deities who first taught Dyaks the knowledge of the powers of Manangism, gave them an injunction toassume the woman's garb. It will be observed that most of the beings mentioned or invoked by Manangs are addressed as ‘Ini,’ ‘‘ Grandmother,” which perhaps implies that all the special deities of the Manang world are supposed to be of the female sex, and, to be con- sistent with this belief, it might have been deemed necessary for the Manang to assume the outward figure and the dress of his goddess. The Malays also have their Manangs, who are called ‘ Ba- yoh,’ while the ceremony is “ Berasik;” but I believe the better instructed Mahometans consider the practice of it alto- gether inconsistent with the true religion of Islam. It has been said that the Pawang and the Poyang of the Malay Peninsula, and the Datus and Sz Lassos of the Battaks of Sumatra, and the medicinemen of Borneo, are all offsprings and ramifications of the Shaman priests, the wizard physician of Central Asia. The Manang of the Dyaks certainly contri- butes his share to the proof of the assertion. A main point MANANGISM IN BORNEO. 103 of the Shamanistic creed appears to have been that every ob- ject and force in nature has its ‘spirit,’ which could be in- voked by the worshipper to confer things either good or bad. This entirely corresponds with Dyak religion ; the Manang, in certain of his functions, calls upon the spirits of the sun and moon, the spirits in heaven and earth, spirits in trees, hills, forests, lowlands, and rivers, to come to his aid; and if they are not equal to the “ 300 spirits of heaven, and 600 spirits of the earth” of Shamanism, they are a goodly company which the Manang professes to bring from all quarters to the house of his patient. Again, the Shaman priest on particular occa- sions worked himself into an ecstasy ; the Manang runs round and round, and pretends to fall in a faint, at which time his greatest power is exercised. And then the seat of the Shaman deities was placed on ‘the summit of the mountains of the moon,’ the central pivot of the earth; the special deities of the Manangs, as before mentioned, dwell on Rabong and Sin- tong, Mountains in Central Borneo; and when waving the sacrificial fowl, the last and best wish the Manang expresses for his patient is that he may have ‘dreams of Rabong and dreams of Sintong.” But in these days, in practice, the Manang answers to the idea of the Doctor, rather than to that of the Priest; for his presence is not necessarily required for any purposes except that of treating the sick. At certain great religious functions of the Dyaks, such as the sacrifice of propitiation to the earth deities for a good harvest, or the greatest of all Dyak celebrations, the sacrificial festival to Singalang Burong, or at marriages, he is not of necessity the officiant. He may possibly be; but not because he is a Manang, but because he -has given his attention to that part of ancient Dyak customs, or because he has the credit of being a lucky man. Generally, other Dyaks are the ministers of the office on these occasions ; the one requisite qualification being ability to chant the tra- ditional story and invocations which accompany the offering and ceremonies. On the other hand, the fact that at his ini- tiation he obtains a new generic name, and is believed to enter into a new rank of being, looks like the idea of succes- sion to an ancient priesthood. J. PEREAM, EXPLORING EXPEDITION FROM SELAMA, PERAK, OVER THE MOUNTAINS TO PONG, PATANI, IN NOVEMBER, 1883. a yIR HuGH Low, K.c.M.G., the Resident of Pérak, having Q\y\_srequested me (then Magistrate and Collector in charge St of Selama) to try and discover if a route could be found from Sélama to Pong, Patani, with a view of making a road, if feasible, to tap this disputed territory should the pending negotiations with Siam lead to its resto- ration to Pérak, I got together about thirty Patani Malays, settlers in Hulu Selama, under their Pénghtlu MAHOMED DAHARI,* and some semi-civilised Semangs (a wild tribe of the Peninsula), and started on a journey through the jungle, pathless but for wild elephant and rhinoceros tracks, and quite unknown to all but BUNGA, the Semang, who had but a vague recollection of coming through from Pong thirteen years before! The following—my official journal of the ex- pedition—may not perhaps be without interest. ENR BLURS, ity IDO * The man of that name mentioned in Mr. MAXWELL’S Journal in 1876. See Journal, Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society, No. 9, p. 11. 106 JOURNAL. 13th November.—Took bearings from front garden of . Magistrate’s quarters, Selama :— Bukit Tengas (Kedah), ry as SA5 gee Gunong Inas (highest point), . . een Eastern highest peak on chain of Gunong Inas, 95° BS. 14th November.—Left at gS a M. on foot for Hulu Selama, 10 miles. Arrived at Hulu Selama1i.30 A.M. Gave out advances to men engaged for expedition to Pong. 15th November.—Started from the dalez at 10 A.M., wading through paddy fields. Crossed the Selama River, and arrived at TALIB’S house on Sungei Anak Tapa at 11.30 A.M. Bearings :—Kampong Lubok Buaya, 2 10Gg Hot springs close by, Loe Some of the men behind getting rice. Were joined here by two Semangs. Started at 1 P.M. along path leading to Bukit Bintang. Crossed the Sungei Rambutan several times—the path is often in its bed—water running right to left. Stopped at 3 P.M. in very heavy rain on banks of Sungei Rambutan, and com- menced building camp, all hands shivering with cold and wet; leeches abundant; streams very much swollen by the rain; at one time it looked as if our camping ground would be flooded. 16th November.—lIt rained all night; started at 8.30 A.M. and went up a spur of the chain of Gunong Inas, called Hulu Rambutan, as the stream of that name rises here. Went up to a height of about 400 feet; stopped at a point where three animal paths meet. Remains of old hut, tree marked with cross. We have steered about West so far. One path bearing East leads to Bukit Bintang, about a day’s march distant, to where Pénghtlu MAHOMED DAHARI’s old abandoned tin mine is. The other path, bearing away to the North, is the one we are about to take. Can hear Krian River roaring below to westward. Crossed the Krian River four times; big boulders, depth up to armpits; most uncomfortably swift. After ascending and descending a very steep spur, crossed the Sungei Bintang at 12.15 just above its confluence with the Krian River. SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. 107 Crossed the Krian River three times again, and _ halted at 2 P.M. beside it, and set to building camp. Joined here by two other Semangs who should have started with us. One of them—named BUNGA—is a Pong Semang and came to Sela- ma this way thirteen years ago, but has never been along it since. He is the only man to be found who has ever been at Pong, and he says he is sure he will be able to guide us there. He says we follow the Krian River, crossing and re- crossing as to-day up to its source in Gunong Inas. We then go over the hill and eventually get to Sungei Rui, which we follow down to Pong, of course, cutting off corners. After to-night, he says, it will take us three more nights to reach Pong. Gunong Inas is said to bear from here, Camp No. 2, about N.N.E., Gunong Bintang E.S.E. 17th November.—Broke camp at 8 A.M.; crossed the Krian River fourteen times ; water much shallower to-day, and the stream much narrower. Our path is now a rhino- ceros track ; marks of these animals quite fresh. After halting at midday, crossed Krian River eight times. Lost the path two or three times at a hot spring; a rhinoceros had evidently been just scared away from it, as the water was muddy. The water as it comes out from the rock (a sort of cave) is white and thick ; tasted it, but it seemed quite taste- less. Remains of an old hut here, on top of a rock, where some Hulu Selama men once came to shoot rhinoceros. Halted at 2 P.M. at foot of a spur of Gunong Inas, on Krian River, which is a mere mountain torrent here, a series of cascades, about 6 feet wide, big rocks. Built camp. We are encamped at the foot of a spur of Titi Wangsa, which we shall ascend to-morrow in a northerly direction. We have travelled, so far, in an easterly direction, passing to eastward of Gunong Inas. Gunong Inas bears from here due South. 18th November.—It rained for three or four hours last night; hut pretty leaky. Very cold here all night. Started at 8 A.M. and went up the steep side of a spur of Titi Wangsa; on reaching the ridge followed the ridge line, steering about North; this ridge at one narrow point, 6 feet broad, had a precipice of 100 feet on each side. 9.30 A.M. 108 SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. —Took bearings :— Bukit Tengas (Kedah), S. W. Gunong Inas (highest point), 105° 10 A.M.—Titi Wangsa, highest point N.N.E., quite close; rocky cliffs and precipices ; patches of grass. | 10.30 A.M.—Came in view of a gap between Gunong Inas and Titi Wangsa bearing N.N.E. about 6 or 8 miles distant. The Semang, BUNGA, says we pass through that gap. We steer for it accordingly. 11 A.M.—Crossed a small stream, feeder of Krian River; water running left to right. . 12.—Stopped beside Krian River. It is only a little brook here, 6 feet wide; water running left to right. On starting again followed main wild elephant track, which leads through the pass, but, avoiding a large number of fallen trees, lost it; went up a steep hill, along its ridge, a good way, and down the other side. Stopped at 3 P.M. in heavy rain at a small stream at bottom of hill; water running left to right. Built camp. Elephant tracks abundant to-day. Had a great deal of unnecessary hard work, ascending and descending steep hills, through losing the way. rgth November.—Started at 8.30 A.M., about due East up a very steep hill, a spur of Titi Wangsa. No track; cutting our way; went on till we reached the ridge at about 1,500 feet elevation, and there struck the main wild-elephant track, which we lost yesterday afternoon, running N. and S. Followed along the ridge, down hill North for two hours ; fresh elephant tracks all the way. 1 think one of the elephants was going on in front of us. At noon reached the foot of the ridge, where we crossed the Sungei Krong, running right to left. Followed the main elephant track, down this river, crossing and re-crossing it eight times. This stream is very swift and rocky, about twenty feet wide, but not very deep; there are numerous waterfalls ; one crossing-place was just above a fall, and a slip would have been dangerous. This stream runs into the Rui. We follow it down all the way, and hope, with luck, to reach Sungei Rui to-morrow. During the after- noon, the Semang, BUNGA, being behind, we thought we could pilot ourselves, at least the Pénghulu did, with the result SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. 109 that quite unnecessarily we went upa very steep hill; lost all tracks ; wandered about and finally fetched the bottom again, and the river. We lost about two hours by this manceuvre. It rained hard all day from 10 A.M. until 5 P.M. Stopped to camp at 3.15 P.M. beside Sungei Krong, in heavy rain. Some of the men have run out of provisions. It willbe danyan day with them till we reach Pong, which we shall not do until the day after to-morrow. About 8 P.M. two big bamboos fell right on my hut, coming down with great force; although a most fragile “lean to,” strange to say, no damage was done. 20th November.—Started at 8.30 A.M. and followed down stream (Sungei Krong) steering a little East of North, the path crossing and re-crossing it. At 10 A.M. came toan old abandoned Malay camp beside the river. First sign of human beings for some days. At 11 A.M. arrived at Sungei Rui where the Krong runs into it, having crossed the Krong this morning 11 times ; shot a snake in a bush, about 6 feet long and as big round as my wrist; the Semangs were afraid to pass it as they said it was dangerous. The Rui here is about 60 feet wide and not deep; swift current; roundstones at bottom, big rocks hardly any. Crossed it, and soon after, the Semangs discovering some wild fruit trees, and the track being here very well defined, I left them and most of the men behind to feast on fruit (none of them having had more than a mouthful or two of rice to-day), and pushed on with the Pénghulu for the hot spring, Sira Tye, which is on our track, in hopes of getting a shot at a rhinoceros or elephant before the men came up. Arrived at Sira Tye at 1.15 P.M., but no animals were to be seen, unfortunately, though marks were plentiful. This spot is all rock; the Rui has a fall here of about 15 feet; Sira Tye bubbles up out of the rock close to the mouth of a small stream running into the Rui. It is tolerably hot where the water bubbles up; the stone is worn quite smooth, from animals continually licking at it. I tasted the water, but failed to see what the animals can like about it; it has a strong sulphureous taste. The hot spring I tasted at Hulu Krian the other day was (to me) quite taste- less and was not nearly so warm. There are the remains 110 SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. of a little hut up in a tree here, made lon agommag one of the men of our party, who wanted to shoot a rhinoce- ros from it. He came from Kupang, Kedah. From here a good elephant and buffalo track leads off to the N. E. to Kenering, Hulu Pérak. This is one of the main Kedah- Pérak jungle roads. Started again at 1.45 P.M.; our path a little East of North. Crossed the Rui 12 times altogether to-day. Stopped to camp beside Sungei Rui at 2.30 P.M. It was along this road (the Pénghtlu says) that Sultan ISMAIL escaped in- to Kedah territory in 1875, going to Kupang.* Leeches very bad to-day. Got our camp built before the rain came on. 21st November.—The Semang, BUNGA, says we are sure to reach Pong by midday to-day. Started at 8 A.M. and follow- ed the buffalo track (Pérak-Kedah) for about half-an-hour. Then we crossed a small stream, water running left to right. Here we left the big path which trends away a little to the West of North, and goes to Siah, Kedah. We went about N. by E. along animal tracks, following close to Sungei Rui. 10 A.M.—Passed the sulphur spring, Sira Buluh, on side of Sungei Rui, there was too much water to distinguish the sulphur spring, but the smell of sulphur was _ plain. Went up the steep side of a hill and on to its ridge; then the Semang, BUNGA, found we were going wrong. Struck off again keeping near Sungei Rui, crossing and re-crossing it four or five times. This river is now getting uncomfortably deep for fording and is very swift ; passed an old abandoned Siamese hut on the bank; afterwards lost all track; kept on finding one, losing itagain. Followed the river; men had been along there at some time, judging by cuts on trees, probably after fish. Cametoa track cut at right-angles to the river up a steep and slippery hill; went up it; when on top rain came down in torrents; followed track and lost it; tried several directions, and at last got on a well-defined one; followed it nearly an hour, when we found we had come back to a spot we were at inthe morning. We must have gone round nearly a circle. The Semang seems to have got bewildered when we * After the murder of the first British Resident of Pérak, Mr. Brrcu, and during the war which followed. SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. Pit lost the sun, and I had neglected to look at my compass. Stopped at 3.30 P.M. in pouring rain by a small stream, a feeder of Sungei Rui, (Sungei Rui quite close), and set to building camp; men much dispirited. We were sure to reach Pong at midday to-day according to BUNGA; the men have had hardly anything at all to eat for the last two days ; rice has been doled out to them half a handful each; they finished the last grain this morning; my own rice all finished ; shall finish my last bit of fowl to-night ; nothing else left ; my things all wet, the rain has found its way into my water-proof bun- dle; my two Klings look rather unhappy at having to try starvation for a bit, I fancy they have helped themselves pretty freely to my provisions hitherto. Leeches very thick to-day, reminding one of Ceylon. ; 22nd November.—The men were anxious to turn back to the road leading to Siah, Kedah, which we left yesterday morning, and make for that place. By doing this we should have made a certainty of getting food within about two more days, whilst by going on in this manner in an unknown jungle, food might remain an uncertainty for some days longer. However, BUNGA stuck to the truth of his statement of yes- terday morning that we were then within half a day of Pong, and, as I was sure that yesterday we had gone a good distance in the right direction before we went round in a circle, I determined to push on, and the Pénghtlu seemed to think it was the wisest thing to do. Should we get too weak to walk any further, we must make rafts and chance being smashed by waterfalls in the Sungei Rui. 23rd November.—Started at 8 A.M. due North up a small stream, feeder of Sungei Rui, up a steep bit of hill, and got on the ridge where we lost our way yesterday ; followed it along North, descended at the end of it, and at 9.30 A.M. crossed the Sungei Sam-Sam, which BUNGA at once recognised; water run- ning left to right; it is a feeder of Sungei Rui; remains of loose stones built up for fish-trap ; ascended the opposite ridge, fresh- ly cut marks on trees all along; this was encouraging. At 11 A.M. found we had evidently lost the right track; guessed we had gone astray where several big trees had fallen across the path; went back there about 1} miles up hill, and pick- 112 SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. ed up track again. It now leads off to the eastward; fol- lowed it along and descended the steep end of the ridge; at — bottom found jungle was secondary growth and had previously been cultivated, and we now knew we were near Pong and food. A little further on, at 1 P.M., reached Sungei Rui again. Three of the men who were quite done up, set to work to make a bamboo raft to descend the river on, the remainder of us followed the stream through secondary growth; past several fallen houses and abandoned gardens. In one of these there were a few sticks of sugar-cane and some green unripe plantains, we all went at these like a pack of wolves in asheep-fold. Some had not eaten anything for three days and were nearly exhausted. This revived every one con- siderably, and we went on, following the river down, crossed it, and arrived at Pong at 2.30 P.M. Found rice plentiful here, twelve cents per gantang,; fowls half-grown three cents, large ones nine cents each. This is a small kampong of six houses, Siamese; there were formerly twenty, but the Raja of Patani took all the people away to work for him for nothing, in a distant place, and many never came back again; Klian Pong, a tin mine on the Sungei Pong, is a short distance from here, but itis not worked now. There were formerly five hundred Chinese there, but the Raja wanted all the profit for himself, so it was abandoned. The nearest mine at work is Klian Intan; Klian Kladie is on the Sungei Krong not far below Sira Tye. I am informed there used to be an elephant track from here to it. It has long been abandoned. It drew supplies from Baling. There is a high perpendicular rock here called Batu Chigar about 300 feet high, lime-stone, it looks as if half the hill had been split from it, it faces the river. We put up at the Siamese Temple; sandflies in’ myriads at night, and drove me to bed at 7 P.M. I should have liked to have taken a day’s rest, as the men had had rather a rough time of it, and we should have likeda day to get our clothes dry, having got no sun in the jungle for eight days, but I thought that ourlong absence might cause anxiety, so resolved to push on. Going back over the SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. 113 same ground was not to be thought of as we had had quite enough of it. There was formerly a path from Pong to Siah, Kedah, one day’s march, but it has been long disused, and we could get no one who could show us the w ay with-certainty. We should have gone from here to Siah about N.W., thence to Kupang, Bakar, Sedin and Mahang, and not going to Baling at all, thus saving a day. he only w ell known route is v7@ Klian Intan, Baling, Kupang, Bakar, Sedin and Mahang; this I resolved to take. Started at 9.30 A.M. with Siamese cuide. Crossed the Sungei Pong twice. Steered about North keeping alongside of Sungei Rui, following it down; crossed it twice. ‘the first time it being rather deep, the Pénghilu, another man and myself tried going over on a r@kit (raft) that was moored to a tree, but when in mid-stream it capsized, and we all had a refreshing trip to the bottom. At about 10.30 A.M. four men came up with us having been despatched from Hulu Selama with a letter from Mr. BREWSTER asking me to try and be down at Parit Buntar, Krian, on the 22nd. They had followed our track the whole w ay, and had done the journey in four nights ; very fair work. We steered between N. and E., our path chiefly along streams and ridges; only two or three bits of hill; these streams are simply a mass of tin, and all the stone is a fine, black, slaty-looking substance that I should think was full of it. The path was a pleasant contrast to what we have been accustomed to for the last week, and we went along at a great pace. At 2.20P.M.struckthe main Pérak-Kedah- Patani buffalo track : followed it along and at 2.50 P.M. arrived at Klian Kalik.* Rested here awhile, while a heavy storm of rain came on. This is a fogs? of about thirty or forty Hokkien Chinese, who have only been here a short time. They were very civil, There are a great number of old abandoned tin w orkings here, chiefly the work of Mal ays, and the jungle is full of “magnificent great durian trees ; there must have been a large settlement here once. At 4 P.M. the *Klian Kalik and Klian Jntan were visited by Mr. MAXWELL in 1876. See Journal, Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 9, p. 55. 114 SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. rain being over, started for Klian Intan; went up a steep little bit of hill, down the other side, and we arrived at Klian Intan at 5 P.M., and were well received by the towkay. There are about one hundred Chinese here, Macaos and Hylams, all under one fowkay, and the mines here have been worked along time. The towkay was very hospitable, and made me very comfortable, and was very anxious to know when the country was coming under the Pérak Government. 24th November.—Started at 9 A.M. for Baling along the path by which the tin is carried to Baling. Men get fifty cents per half pzku/ for carrying it. Path bears about N. W.; crossed two steep hills, and arrived at a lake in the jungle at 11.45; the part visible being about two hundred acres in extent. A very pretty spot, this is about half way between Klian Intan and Baling and there is a hut here which serves asa resting place for the tin carriers. There is no stream running into this lake, and it is said that in the wet weather the water in it is comparatively low, while in the dry weather the water comes up to where the hut stands, a rise of about four or five feet. This sounds like a traveller’s yarn, but some of my men declared they have seen it. There is also said to be an enormous water-snake, ular deradaz or deraday, inhabiting this lake; this reptile is said to he in wait for animals coming down to drink, and would take a man as soon as anything else. [have heard such wonderful stories of this species of reptile, of its capabilities, &c., that I cannot help thinking that like the zaga, it exists only in the fertile imagination of the Malays, especially as no one seems to know of any one who has seen one. There isa Siamese village near this, situated some distance from the lake, of about twenty houses. The village is called Bichah Deradah and the inhabitants plant padz; they have built their kampong away from the lake, which would be an excellent site, for fear of this rival of the snake. ‘This is in Patani terri- tory.* Lotsof fishin the lake. Saw some wild-ducks. Men showing signs of having had about enough of this marching. * See Journal, Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 9, p. 31, where this lake and village are mentioned. SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. 115 Waited a long time for them to come up, most of them have bad feet. Passed some of the plantations of the Siamese vil- lagers on the right ; road going up and down; small but steep hills. Began to get into low jungle about 3 P.M.; crossed Baling River five or six times. Heavy rain came on at 3 P.M. drench- ing us thoroughly. Stopped a few minutes for shelter ata Siamese temple on the banks of Baling River. Went on and were joined by a Chinaman named AH SOOT, who offered to put us up at his house at Baling; he said the Resident had stopped there on his recent tour; gladly accepted his hospi- table offer. Arrived at Baling* at 4.30 P.M. and took up our quarters in AH SooT’s house, one of a row of ten or twelve brick buildings. This house is not occupied yet; so we have it all to ourselves, and thoroughly appreciate the luxury of a house once more. AH SOOT says the Resident when here told him to go and search for copper near the lake just mentioned, and to let him know the result ; when I met him on the path he was just returning from there and showed me a piece of ore that looked very much like copper. He says a little distance from the lake there is a stream that flows through a cavern right underneath the hill. It was up this stream that he got the ore. Hesays he is going to work there for a few days longer until he is certain that he has come across plenty of it, and then he is going to take some to the Resident. He is very much afraid that the Patani people will find out what he is about, and is keeping it as dark as he can. In front of the village here towers an almost perpendicular hill, Bukit Wang, all rocks, thickly wooded, with the rock showing out quite plainly, about 1,000 feet high, I should think. It is all limestone, and is easy of ascent along the ridge, and there are many large caves in it full of bats and therefore of guano [| presume. They are a bad lot here, I have been warned by AH SOOT to be careful about opening the street door, and to have some one always watching it when open, as there are always people ready to help them- selves to anything they can lay hands on. * For a description of this place in 1876, see Journal, Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 9, p. 62. 116 SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. The river is only navigable here for native boats; can get down it to Kwala Muda in three days. The Semangs much astonished at the brick houses; none of them have ever seen one before. | The whole place has been burnt down and looted over and over again by gang-robbers. A cart-rcad should be made between Klian Intan and Baling, the latter place being the outlet for the tin produced at the former. 25th Not MARASAT, one of the Pénghtlu of Ba- ling’s underlings, paid me a visit this morning, the Pénghtlu being away; I confide to his care one of my Klings, who has a bad foot and is quite unable to go any further. As our next halting place, Kupang, was only about 4 hours’ march, and the next, Bakar, too far to reach in one day, we did not leave our comfortable quarters until 10 A.M., and thus were able to get our clothes dried for the first time since leaving Selama. Our course was about S.S.W., the first hour trudging through fadi fields, following the course of Baling River at foot of Bukit Wang, on east side of the hill. The curious conformation of this huge rock was very striking to-day, with ‘its numerous cavities and indentations, the southern end over- hanging in avery threatening looking manner. There are two perpendicular masses of rock at top that look like old ruined castles, and at one angle there is a rock poised on a square block that looks very much like a heavy gun. At I1 A.M. crossed Sungei Pulai, feeder of Sungei Baling; water up to our armpits; very swift and muddy, and full of holes and snags over which I[ nearly broke my already much lacerated shins. Waited here nearly an hour for the men to come up. They arrived at 12, and it appears that after I had gone on ahead, the sick Kling insisted on coming on too, and the others had accommodated their pace to his; sent him back again. The rain came on in torrents. Crossed several small streams; rainlastedtwo hours. Stopped a few minutes beside a stream for refreshment; went on, and at 2.40 P. M. crossed the Sungei Chiah, very swift indeed and up to our necks, but for a friendly stump, I should have been carried off my legs. Sungei Chiah is a tributary of the Sungei ee SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. 117 Kupang, and the latter of the Sungei Baling. Arrived at Kupang at 3 P.M. One of Pénghilu MAHOMET DAHARI’S brothers lives here, and he placed a room of his house at our disposal. The men show signs of being nearly played out, lagging behind very much; most of them have got bad feet. This is not the weather for exploring trips, the rain has a most depressing effect on every one, and wet clothes and slushy paths make the marching tiring work. We encountered no hills to-day. There are three paths from Baling to Kupang, the one we took is the most direct and easiest. This is a kampong of about 100 houses, all the people are Patanis and they have the reputation of being a thoroughly bad lot like the Baling people. Robbery with violence is what they are most partial to. There is a farm here—opium and gambling— 6 or 7 Chinamen. The ¢owkay told me there were formerl several Chinese shops here, but one night the Malays of the kampong looted and burnt them all out. Some were killed, and Chinese enterprise is not likely to venture here again until this miserable country becomes one of the Protected States. The men mostly have a sullen, suspicious, crafty look about them. I fully expected an attempt at robbery at night through the floor, and once felt a shaking and heard a slight noise just under my head. I had my pistol ready to salute either head or hand that should appear through the floor, but it turned out to be a cow that had got under the house. One has need though to sleep with one’s ears open in this country. It rained all night ; house very leaky. 26th November.—Did not get under way until 9 A.M.; men very tired and no go in them; wading through swamps. 9.30 A.M. crossed the Kupang River, our course is about S.W. This is one of the most tiring days we have had, the road is a buffalo-path, and owing to the heavy rains these animals have churned it into slush often above the knee, and nearly always over one’s boots. Crossed innumerable small streams, the path often being in their bed. Halted for re- freshment at 12 beside Sungei Tawar, a feeder of the Baling, _ ina hut where some one had lately camped. Waited for men to come up, and went on at too’clock. At 2 P.M. crossed the Sungei Dara; remains of old hut here. Two years ago, two 118 SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. men camped in this hut ; they were searching for gutta. When they were out one day a tiger killed one of them, the other man went for help, and three others came, and they brought the remains back to the hut; they all stopped there that night. That night the tiger came again and seized the other gutta searcher. The other men wounded it several times with their krisses, but did not kill it; it got away after severely wound- ing the man. Heavy rain came on at 2 P.M. and lasted till 3.30 P.M. Crossed a deep stream, the Si Puteh, and arrived at Bakar at 4 P.M. Men far behind ; some did not come up until dark, and two men came to grief inthe stream here, soaking my cartridge bag with note-book, &c. in it and nearly losing a rifle. There are about 40 houses here. Put upin the house of the son of an old white-haired man who is slightly crazy and is Péng- hilu MAHOMED DAHARI’S grandfather. He says he opened this place originally, and that he was the first man to settle in Hulu Selama, and that his son came afterwards and opened up the place. They are all Patanis here ; went to sleep in the atmosphere of a cattle-shed ; there were buffaloes stabled beneath me. 27th November.—Started at 8 A.M., wading through padi fields; crossed Sungei Bakar twice; it runs into the Si Puteh and that into the Sedin. Some Chinese were going down with rafts of timber of three logs each. The Sedin takes them down to Kwala Muda. Went through a J/alang field called Padang Malow, and crossed a stream of the same name; water up to armpits. Passed some fine padz land all abandoned, called Padang Blam, and a stream of that name; path under water for about half a mile; this was a lively half-mile for all of us, as the water in this field was teeming with enormous horse-leeches, the first I have ever met with; they were about 6 inches long. Fine groves of durian and other fruit trees all abandoned. They say that hantu killed all the cattle and other animals, and a lot of people died too. At 1 P.M. arrived at Kampong Badan, and stopped for refreshment beside Sungei Tawar. ‘There are fine padi fields here; eighteen houses. Went onat 2 P.M.; crossed the Sungei Badan, and arrived at Sungei Sedin at SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. 119 4 P.M. Water up to our armpits. Lucky we had no rain to- day, or we should have had to swim this river, baggage and all, as there are no boats here, and everything would have been soaked. Put up at the house of another of Pénghulu MAHOMED DAHARI’S brothers, at Kampong Sedin; he left Hulu Selama about two years ago. ‘The first hour’s march to-day was very bad, but afterwards the path, though a buffalo one, was much better than yesterday, and for once we got no rain. Course to-day between S. and W. There are ten houses here and few more further down the river. This river debouches at Kwala Muda; can get down in three days. Met people on the path to-day for the first time since leaving Selama. 28th November.—Started at 7.30 A.M. en route for Hulu Selama. Had no sooner started than a drenching shower came on. This did not much matter as regards clothes, as we always put on wet ones in the morning, keeping the dry ones for camp; but it made walking heavy work. Crossed Sungei Teruna several times, a small rocky stream. Got to top of Bukit Teruna at 9.30 A.M., a steep and slippery hill. Rain now stopped. The path the other side very bad ; plain mud up to the middle, often buffalo path; crossed Sungei Dingin, a small stream, four or five times; there is an old tin mine here, Klian Dingin; the Malays came and looted the kongst house, and it has been abandoned ever since. Crossed the Sungei Mahang three times, and stopped at noon onits bank for refreshment and for the men tocome up. Went on at I P.M.; crossed the Krian River at 2.30 P.M.; glad to get on Selama soil again; arrived at the Hulu Krian Kampong at 3P.M. Stopped a short time and then pushed on; met a big python in the path. For the first time during the cruise, | had let another man carry my rifle, and when I got it the snake had gone. ‘The only time I ever went out unarmed on the Kurau Sapatang road I meta rhinoceros face to face. I made for camp, and he followed me quite half a mile; it does not do to go inthe jungle unarmed. The path now got worse and worse as we got near Sungei Rambutan and past the kampong, it was terribly churned up by buffaloes and other cattle ; crossed the Selama River and arrived at 120 SELAMA TO PONG, PATANI. the dalez, Hulu Selama, at 5.30 P.M., just as it was getting dark, a good day’s work considering the road and that we had been on the steady march without a spell off for 15 days. 29th November.—7.30 A.M. started in boat for Kwala Sela- ma. Delayed a good deal by fallen trees in three places ; arrived about 3 P.M. ARTHUR @ Bry [ In connection with Mr. DEw’s paper, the following brief account of a jour- ney on foot from Province Wellesley to Selama on the 9th and 10th October, 1874, may be of interest. Selama was then in its infancy asa mining settle- ment and the paths leading to it were entirely unexplored by Europeans.— W.E. M. ] I went to Sempang Ampat on Thursday, the 8th instant, and passed the night at the police station there in order to effect an early start on the following morning. On Friday morning I was met by five Pénghulus* and about fifteen ra’ iyats, who were to accompany me to Selama, and started with them and four Hindu coolies as baggage-carriers at am. The Kedah boundary is reached immediately on leaving Tasek Estate, which extends up to the frontier ; from thence there are paths which have been made at different times by Chinese wood-cutters, by one of which I reached the foot of the range of hills which les between Tasek and Serdang. The first two or three hours were occupied in crossing the range by a difficult path, which, in most places, was nothing but a mere track in the jungle. A succession of small hills had to be crossed (the Malays declare that there are thirty- three of them) the last and highest of which is called -Bélakang * IsMAIL, Pénghtlu of Chero Tukun; Mar Puten, Pénghulu of Junjong; Daup, Pénghtlu of Pijangan; JAMAL, Pénghtlu of Chempadak; and LananG, Pénghtlu of Tasek. 121 Parang. About half way over the range I crossed a stream called Prenggan Junjong, just above a small waterfall. This stream runs into the Tasek River. The descent after crossing the last hill is very steep, but the country on the other side is level for a long distance. After leaving the hills, the path runs through lofty forest with patches of /a/ang grass here and there, shewing where former clearings have been made, up to the Sungei Punti, a small and very winding river. The route then lay along the sandy bed of the stream which we repeatedly crossed to avoid going round all the turnings, and finally bore off towards the left to a deserted kampong formerly occupied by one HADI, who, with five others, was hanged at Bukit Tengah some years ago for a gang robbery and murder at Tasek village. A few fruit trees remain, but the place is rapidly relapsing into jungle. A little further on I came to the Serdang River, which runs into the Krian, a day’s journey (according to my guides) from the place where I crossed it. I noticed two Malay graves on the bank of the river at this spot. A little beyond the river, the track which we had been following joins a much broader path, which runs from the village of Sungei Serdang to some tin-mines on Sun- gei Trap, which had lately been established by a number of Su- matra Malays (orang rawah), refugees from Larut. Avoiding the village of Sungei Serdang (thirty houses), which was, I was told, a considerable distance off on our right and would have been out of our way though it would have afforded shelter for the night, we followed the road to the left for some dis- tance, and then turned off (again to the left) along a path leading to Dingin. Finding that it was impossible to reach Dingin, much less Selama, on that evening, I halted at about 3.30 p.m. on a piece of rising ground called Serdang Kudong, and camped out for the night in the jungle. On Saturday, October 1oth, we startedagain soon after 6 a.m., and reached Sungei Trap in about half an hour. It is a larger river than the Serdang, and, like it, runs into the Krian. We followed the course of the Sungei Trap for some distance, crossing it four times to avoid making circuits. The path was a tolerably well beaten track, and the walking was easy enough, except where swamps had to be crossed. At Sungei Krising, a com- 122 © bination of swamp and river, I heard at 7.45 a.m. three volleys of musketry fired some distance off. I learnt afterwards at Selama that they had been fired by the Police there under the Colonial Secretary (Mr. J. W. W. BircH) as a salute on hoist- ing the British flag. The next stream which I crossed was Sungei Kasai, near which (at Sungei Buluh) there was a de- serted house formerly occupied by some Pérak Malays who had opened a tin mine here without success. Near this place we met two Malays proceeding from Dingin to Sungei Kechil, who were induced to return and guide us to Selama, as my own guides did not profess to know anything of the route beyond Dingin. After passing another swamp (Sungei Ten- gas River) we crossed the lower part of Bukit Tengas, the only hill on the way after leaving HADI’s kampong. After descending the hill, we soon struck the Sungei Tengas, the stream of which we followed until its junction with the Sungei Dingin, which runs into the Krian. At this place there is a large clearing. Paddy was growing on recently cleared ground, and there were several houses surrounded by small plantations of Indian corn and plantains. At the junc- tion of the two rivers, the stream was almost choked by large logs of timber ready to be made up into rafts and floated down the Dingin River to the Krian and thence to the Penang market. At ashort distance beyond the Dingin River we reached the house of the Chinese wood-cutters, twelve in all, to whom the timber belonged. They had a shed full of rat- tans as well. Two creeks of the Krian River were next suc- cessively crossed, and at 1 p.m. we reached the Krian River it- self. At this point the Malay facilities for crossing the river, which is very rapid, are some sunken logs to serve as footing and a slack rattan line fastened to trees on either side with which to steady oneself. My party were spared the necessity of testing the value of this apparatus by the timely appear- ance of two boats bound for Mahang (further up the river) by which we were ferried across. The place where we crossed the river was considerably above Kwala Selama (CHE KAR- IM’S settlement), and we had a long walk through the forest, passing several houses of wood-cutters and boat-builders, to the Selama River, which we reached about 3 p.m. 123 I was hospitably received at Salema by CHE KARIM, and met there the Colonial Secretary and the officers who had accompanied him. They had reached Selama on the pre- vious (Friday) evening. As I ascertained from Mr. BIRCH that there was no prospect of any occurrence in which my services or those of my Malays were likely to be called for, I left Selama on the following morning by boat, and returned to Butterworth. The route which I followed to Selama is not the best one. Instead of starting from Tasek, I ought to have started from Sungei Kechil near the boundary pillar on the right bank of the Krian, and so have avoided the route over the thirty- three hills. I am told that there is a good path from Sungei Kechil to Sungei Serdang; thence the route is as I have described it, but Selama would have been sooner reached if, instead of proceeding on foot from Dingin, I had gone by boat down that river to the point of its debouchure into the Krian, which is close to the Kwala Selama. The swamps and rivers are the principal obstacles to be encountered in making a good bridle-road from Sungei Kechil to Dingin, and the difficulties which they present are not serious, for I passed nothing except the Krian River which was not forda- ble. I saw no signs of stone suitable for road-making except in one place. After passing Sungei Trap, the present path is well defined in most places, but muddy and slippery in gene- ral and often blocked up by fallen logs. Leeches abound. I met only two parties of natives on the road in the whole distance, and I noticed fresh tracks of elephants and a tiger, showing that the road is not very much used. BUTTERWORTH, PROVINCE WELLESLEY, October, 1874. Mr. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM PERAK. (From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, May 3rd, 1887.) ON a second collection of birds formed by Mr. L. WRAY in the mountains of Pérak, Malay Peninsula. By R. BOWDLER SHARPE, F.L.S, F.Z.S., &c., Zoological Department, British Museum. (PLATES XXXVII & XXXVIII.) Mr. L. WRay, the Curator of the Pérak Museum, has for- warded me another interesting collection of birds, amongst which are several novelties. The circumstances under which the collection was made are best explained by the following letter from Mr. WRAY himself :— PERAK MUSEUM. Pérak, Straits, Settlements, November 15th, 1886. “My Dear Sir, “Tn accordance with the promise contained in my last letter, I now send you a collection of 51 bird-skins, which I made during a six weeks’ stay on the hills in the months of September and October. Although it is not to be considered a complete collection, still, from the difficulty experienced in getting fresh species during the latter part of the time, I fancy it is a fairly representative one. ‘The house in which | have been staying, and near which the collection was made, is about 4,400 feet above the sea- level, and there is only one other peak near which is higher, and that reaches to 4,700 feet. No other hills in the range, at least for many miles, rise higher than 5,600 feet. This 126 BIRDS FROM PERAK. range, which is known as the Larut Range, is more or less connected on the North at the watershed of the Pérak River with the main range of the peninsula. It is covered with dense unbroken forest from base to peaks, without any elevated open or grass lands. | | ‘Besides the birds mentioned in the list, [repeatedly heard. the cry of the Argus Pheasant (A. giganteus), and I found their dancing-places at about 3,000 to 3,500 feet. I saw also examples of three or four species of hornbills and a green- headed bee-eater, but was not able to get specimens of them. ~“ Below 3,000 feet the hill forms become scarce, and the ‘low-country ones begin to appear. The temperature at 3,300 feet on the hills ranges from about 56° to 76° in the shade, and at the higher stations from 50° to 72°. Judging from the records of the past six years, there are no regular seasons in Pérak. The rainfall on the Larut hills is from 200 to 250 ‘inches per annum. “Tam, yours truly, L.. WRAY »-Faiawee Mr. WRAY’S collection is divided into two parts, the first consisting of some low-country forms, a list of which I give for the sake of the notes appended by the collector. The latter are placed in inverted commas. | 1.—Ortolus xanthonotus, Horst. “No. 77.—Larut. Irides and bill red.” 2.—Lalage culminata. “No. 74.— 92.Larut. Irides dark brown.” 3.—Trichixus pyrrhopyga. “No. 76.— ? Blanja. Irides-brown.’’ 4.—Pitta granatina. “No. 72.— 6.Blanja. Irides brown; bill and legs black.” 5.—Calyptomena viridis. “No. 73.—6é.-Larut. Irides dark brown; bill yellowish.” 6.—Eurylemus ochromelas. “No. 75.— ?.Larut. Irides pale yellow; bill cobalt-blue, with yellow markings on the upper mandible,” BIRDS FROM PERAK. | 127 7.—Harpactes kasumba. E “No. 68.—¢.Larut. Irides crimson; bill and skin of face cobalt-blue. Fairly common in big jungle.” 8.—Halcyon concreta. “No. 70.— d Bill black above, bright yellow beneath; irides brown.” 9.—Ptilopus jambu. : “No. 69—6 ¢. Irides white; bill yellow; feet and legs red. Very rare in Pérak. These specimens were collected in Kinta in July.” 10.—Osmotreron fulvicollis. “No. 71.—6¢. Kinta. Irides white; feet and legs red. I have only seen two or three of these pigeons.” I have quoted the following papers, which relate to the Ornithology of the Malayan Peninsula, though most of them treat of the lower country on the western side :— Hume, A.O. A First Tentative List of the Birds of the Western Half of the Malay Peninsula, Sir. 1 1679, ees See ‘The Birds of the Western Half of the Malay Peninsu- las om. cit. pp.) 151-103. KELHAM, H.R. Ornithological Notes made in the Straits Settlements and in the Western State of the Malay Peninsula. Ibis, 1881, pp. 362-395, 501-532. . The same. Ibis, 1882, pp. 1—15, 185-204. SALVADOR], T. Catalogo di una collezione di Uccelli fatta nella parte occidentale di Sumatra dal Prof. Odoardo Beccari. Ann. Mus. Civic Genov. XIV, pp. 169-253 1879). fhe cere is alist of the second collection made by Mr. WRAy in the mountains, examples of some species not being sent to the British Museum :-— Neopus malayensis (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. B. 1. p. 257; HUME, Str. F. 1979, p.-44. “No. 18 6 ¢. This eagle is the only large species that Ihave seen on the hills. It is fairly common, and usually flies about in small parties of four or five.” (Not sent.) Spisaetus limnaetus, (Raffl.); Sharpe, Cat. B.1., p. 272. 128 BIRDS FROM PERAK. Limnaetus caligatus, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 44; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 366; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv, 172—(1879). ‘No. 19. On opening my window early one morning I| saw. one of these hawk-eagles sitting with crest erected on a stump of a tree, only about thirty yards from the house, and brought it down with a shot from my revolver. A second specimen was shot by my collector while perched on a branch of a tree quite near the ground, but was never found, as in searching for it the man got bitten on the leg by a snake (7rimeresurus gramineus), and gave up the search. These were the only two birds seen of this species.”” (Not sent.) Spilornis bacha, Sharpe, Cat. B.1i., p. 290; Hume; seme to79, p- 44> Salyadst. com: te ‘No. 64. @. Irides bright yellow. I only saw one pair of these birds, one of which I was fortunate enough to be able to shoot.” The specimen sent is very dark and almost as deeply coloured as typical Javan birds, certainly exceeding that of Malaccan specimens. The feathers on the hind neck and mantle are edged with sandy rufous. Wing 14.5 inches. Glaucidium brodiet, (Burt.); Sharpe, Cat. B. 1, p. 212 (1875). “No. 57. 6. Irides yellow. Only one specimen of this pygmy owlet was seen.” Syrnium newarense (Hodgs.); Sharpe, Cat. B. i, p. 281 (1875). ‘No. 65. 9. Irides yellow. I found this owl seated on a branch of a small tree in a very dark ravine, and it was some time before I could decide whether it was a bird or some dead leaves.” This specimen is rather small, but there can scarcely be any question about its being identical with S. xewarense and not with S.. Maingayz, which is the yellow-faced form found in the Malay Peninsula (cf. Hume, Str. F. vi, p: 27)> “Aseaeme S. Maingayt and S. indranee have perfectly uniform faces of a deep ochreous colour, but one specimen (?) from Coonoor has the face dusky and barred with blackish, exactly as in S. newarense, and therefore it shows either that the S. xewa- BIRDS FROM PERAK. 129 rense occurs in the Nilghiris, or else that the latter range con- tains an intermediate form between S. xewarense and S. tn- adranee. The specimen sent by Mr. Wray has the wing 4 inches. It is evidently a very old bird, being very dark above and very coarsely barred below, with a dark band across the chest, where the cross-bars are not so distinct. The face is deep rufous-ochre, with a few indistinct blackish cross-bars. Alto- gether the specimen may be said to belong to the eastern race of Syrnium newarense, witha tolerably uniform ochreous face. Such specimens are found in Formosa, Assam, Manipur and Sikkim, where a perfect gradation takes place between Syr- nium newarense, leaving it absolutely impossible to draw any line between eastern and western examples. Oriolus consanguineus, Wardlaw Ramsay. “No. 59.— 6. Irides crimson; bill pale blue-grey. The female is black, without the red breast- and wing-spots. It is notacommon bird. The range seems to be from 3,000 to 4,000 feet, but I have a specimen shot in Kinta at not more than 100 or 200 feet above the sea-level, at the foot of the central range of the peninsula.” The specimen sent is identical with one of the typical specimens collected by Mr. CARL BOCK, and now in the Brit- ish Museum. Bhringa remifer (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. B. iii, p. 257 (1877). “No. 46.—¢ ¢@. Irides red-brown. The long tail-feathers of most of the males have no webs on their shafts, excepting on the racket-ends, the portion covered by the ordinary tail being quite naked. I obtained two males with webs on the shafts, under the shorter tail-feathers, and was at first uncer- tain whether these might not be two species; but as no dif- ference was observable in the tails of the females (the upper portion of the long tail-feathers being webbed in every speci- men), it seems more probable that the bird with the webbed upper parts of the long feathers are young males.’’ This is interesting, as continning the range of the species southward from Tenasserim, but it is also known from Java. Artamides larutensis, sp. n. 130 BIRDS FROM PERAK: “No. 3¢.—¢. Irides brown. The female has a lighter head than the male. Fly usually in pairs or small parties.” A large representative of A. /arvatus, from which it differs in its purer grey colouration, blacker chin and cheeks, and by the colour of the under tail-coverts, which are white wash- ed with ashy grey. The under wing-coverts are also for the most part white, but in both these cases the plumage may not be fully mature. Adult male. General colour above uniform dark pearly grey, lesser wing-coverts like the back; median and greater coverts dark cindery grey, edged with pearly grey; bastard- wing, primary- coverts and quills black, fringed with ashy grey, margined with broader and paler grey on the seconda- ries, the innermost narrowly fringed with whitish at the ends; upper tail-coverts like the back; centre tail-feathers ashy grey, blackish towards the ends, the remainder black tipped with an ashy-grey spot, increasing in extent towards the outer- most, which is also pale ashy along the outer web; crown of head like the back; a line across the base of the forehead, lores, feathers round the eye, end fore part of cheeks black; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat blackish, with an ashy shade, shading off paler on the lower throat and fore neck; remainder of under-surface of body deep pearly grey, a little lighter than the back; thighs dark slaty grey; under tail-coverts white, grey near the vent, the rest of the coverts marked with ashy grey; under wing-coverts grey, or grey varied with white bars; axillaries grey; quills below dusky, ashy white along the inner edge. ‘Total length 11 inches, culmen 1.05, wing 6.45, tail 4.4, tarsus 0.95. Pericrocotus igneus, Blyth; Sharpe, Cat. B. iv., p. 78; HUME Sie 879) P57 “No. 53.—6. Irides brown. Not common. Only one specimen of this minivet was obtained.” Cryptolopha trivigata (Strickl.); Sharpe, Cat. B. iv., p. 398 Salvad. t. c., p. 204. “No. 44.— 9. Irides dark brown.” Compared with specimens from West Java and Sumatra. Rhipidura albicollis (V.); Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 317. : “No. 31.—¢. Irides brown. These fantails are. restless BIRDS FROM PERAK. ail and active in their habits, flitting about with their tails spread out and hardly ever for a moment still. This species and the one found in the low country (2. javanica) are said to be mad by the Malays, from the absurd and restless way in which they are always hopping and turning about. The pre- sent species I always found in small flocks, and almost inva- riably with quaker thrushes (A/czppe), Racket-tailed dron- gos (Rhinocichla mitata) and other birds. It frequents dense jungle, and has a sweet clear little song.” The only difference between the specimen sent and others from various parts of India seems to be that the white tips to the tail-feathers are rather larger and not ashy white, but pure white. Tenasserim specimens, however, seem to be ‘intermediate. Niltava grandis, Hodgs.; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 351. “No. 38.—¢. Irides brown. Only one specimen seen in this stage of plumage.” The specimen is a young bird in spotted dress. Muscicapula maculata (Ticks); Sharpe, Cat. B. iv., p. 207; Salvad. t. c., p. 203 (1884). “No. 36.—. Irides brown. Quite common about 3,500 _ -feet.” Copsychus musicus (Raffl.); Sharpe, Cat. B. vi.,. p.63; ‘Hume, Str. F.1870, p.-64; Kelham,t.c., p..515; Salvad: t. c., - 236. 3 “No. 52.—Only. found on clearings of the hills.’’ (Not sent.) Mytophoneus, sp. inc. “No. 54.—¢ 2. It is found in the rocky ravines and river- beds of the hills from 1,000 feet or so to nearly 4,000 feet, but is a rare and shy bird.’’ (Not sent.) Mr. WRAY supposes this bird to be 47. Temminck?, and says that it agrees with Jerdons description of that species. I think it will probably be A/. eugeniz. Tole tickelli (Blyth ) Sharpe, Cat. B. vi., p. 60. Hypsipetes tickelli, Hume and Davison, Str. F. vi., P. 296. “No. 39. 6 ©. Irides red-brown. Has an erectile crest. -It is common above 3,500 feet, either solitary or in pairs. It ‘hawks for insects, and also eats vegetable matter,” 132 BIRDS FROM PERAK. There is a slight difference between the birds of Pérak and typical /. tzckel/z from Tenasserim. The Pérak birds are rather darker, more ashy below, and decidedly more dingy olive on the flanks. These dull colours may, however, be due in great part to worn nesting-plumage, of which Mr. WrRay’s speci- mens bear evidence. Trochalopterum peninsulz, sp. n. (Plate xxxvii.) ‘No. 25. 6 2. Irides brown. Usually seen in the under- growth, but sometimes on the higher trees. One pair that I shot on a fair sized tree had been feeding on some large green seeds. There were also partly digested remains of insects in both of their stomachs. This bird has a pretty clear song, and roosts low down in the under-growth.”’ This species finds its nearest ally in 7. melanostigma of Tenasserim, resembling that speceies in the black wing-spot formed by the primary-coverts, but it differs in many import- ant points, which may be summarized as follows :— 1. BIRDS FROM PERAK. 137 “No. 50. g. Irides light brown. Only seen in dense jungle.” Identical with Javan specimens. Sutoria macultcollis (Moore); Sharpe, Cat. B. vii., p. 218 1883). e M. 51. 9. Irides light brown. Shot ina clearing at 3,300 feet.2 Pteruthius zeralatus, Tickell; Hume and Davison, Str. Leavis pe 30S (1370). “No. 34. g¢. Irides brown. This bird is fairly common on the higher parts of the hills.” Slightly smaller than the typical P. xralatus (wing 3.1), but not specifically separable. P. cameranot , of Salvadori (t. c., p. 232) is undoubtedly the same. LEthopyga Wray?, sp. n. (Plate xxxvii, fig. 2). “No. 41. g@. Irides dark brown. This honey-sucker is very plentiful in the jungle, on the tops of the hills, and in the clearings. I have not observed it lower than 3,000 feet. There is another species of honey-sucker, but I was not able to get a specimen of it.” This species is the Malayan representative of “thopyga sanguinipectus, from which it may be diistinguished by its black, non-metallic throat and fore-neck. Adult male——General colour above dark crimson on the mantle and back; scapulars black; on the rump a patch of sulphur-yellow; bastard-wing, primary-coverts and quills black- ish, a little browner on the edge of the latter; upper tail-cov- erts metallic violet-blue ; tail-feathers black, the long centre ones externally metallic violet-blue ; crown of head metallic violet-blue, with a purple reflection ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts black; cheeks metallic blue, forming a mousta- chial streak ; throat, fore neck and chest velvety black, the sides of the latter dark crimson enclosed by black; breast abdomen, sides of body and flanks pale olive-greenish, yellower on the centre of the breast, which is also streaked with black, and just below the velvety black of the upper breast are some tiny longitudinal streaks of scarlet; on the sides of the body and flanks a tuft of pale yellow; thighs and under tail-coverts like the breast ; under wing coverts and axillaries yellow, with 138 BIRDS FROM PERAK. white bases ; quills below dusky blackish, white along the inner edge. Total length 5 inches, culmeno.7, wing 2.0, tail 198 oy middle feathers 2.6, tarsus 0.5. Arachnothera magna, Hodgs.; Shelley, Monogr. Nect. pl. 1 a “No. 26. Irides brown. Feet and legs bright orange ; bill black. Female much larger than the male. A very active bird, with a loud harsh note.” Arachnothera longirostris (Lath.); Shelley, t. c., pl.-rma: Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 55; Kelham, t.c.,p. 501; Salyageueues Pp. 204: “No. 25 —Irides brown. I only saw these spider-hunters once, when a large party of them were fluttering on the tops , of some small trees, making a continual chirping.” Dicxum ignipectus (Hodgs.); Sharpe, Cat. B. x, p. 41. “No. 49.—._ Irides brown.” A specimen in bad condition, but apparently identical with others from the Himalayas. Deudrophila azurea (Less.); Salvad. t. c. p. 211. “No. 55.—-?. Irides white; skin round eyes white; legs and bill blue-grey. Sexes alike. This pretty little nuthatch frequents the densest parts of the jungle, usually in the ravi- nes, and seems to prefer the trunks of the largest trees to - hunt for insects, &c. Is seen singly or in small parties of three or four.’ Count Salvadori finds fault with Gray’s figure of this spe- cies, and says that the feet in the dried skins from Sumatra were greenish, not yellow; but it 1s probable that they became yellow in time, and certainly our Java skins have yellow legs; but a Timor specimen has them dark, like the Pérak bird. Both the last-named specimens are duller blue on the back than the Java specimens. Zosterops auriventer, Hume; Sharpe, Cat. B. ix. p., 163. “No. 43.— 2. Irides yellow-brown.” Motacilla melanope, Pall.; Sharpe, Cat. B. x. p. 497 (1885). Calobates melanope, Hume, Str. F., 1879, pp. 65, 161; Salvad., t: ¢., p. 236. BIRDS FROM PERAK. 139 “No, 40.— @. Irides dark brown. Males and females alike.” Flirundo gutturalis (Scop.); Sharpe, Cat. B. x., p. 134 (7885); Hunie, Str. F., 1879, p. 47; Kelham, 4. ¢., p. 372. “No. 62.—6. Irides dark brown. Very plentiful on the summits of the hills. Apparently an adult male before the winter moult. Nyctiornis amictus (Temm.); Dresser, Monogr. Merop., ot 2 . “No. 29.—@. This bird is partial to the lower trees and bushes in the forest, and extends from the plains up to the very top of the hills. The nest is made ina hole excavated in a bank of earth, in the same way as with the Me€Tops. ‘It makes a sort of laughing noise, something like ‘ Kar-ka- ka-ka-ka-ka-kar.’ It was some time before I was able to identify this bird as the caller, until I shot one in the act. The amount of red on the head and throat varies very much, and in one the plumage was wholly green, excepting the tail, which was the same as in the normally coloured bird.’’ Fhierococcyx fugax, Horsi.; Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 53; ielham tc) p. 301; Salvadi, t. ¢, ps 185). “No. 61.—¢. Irides brownish yellow. This was the only member of the family Cunalide that I met with.” Cyanops Ramsay. Megalema Ramsayt, Wald.; Hume and Davison, Str. F. 7 Vile pi 152. @Nio. 20:6 2... Inides: brown: This barbet is common above 3,500 feet.” This is a Tenasserim species, not previously known to occur to the south of that province. Megalema oott. Cyanops oott, Salvad., t. c., p. 180. ‘No. 21.— 2. Irides red-brown. I did not meet with this species higher than 3,500 feet, nor lower than 3,000 feet. It is plentiful, but, from its frequenting the tops of tall trees, is difficult to shoot. Both of these barbets are very noisy birds.” Psilopogon pyrolophus, S. Mill.; Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1886, p. 352, salvad.,-t. G., p.-F78. 140 BIRDS FROM PERAK. ‘“‘No. 14.—I observed one male of this species with the under tail-coverts scarlet; and another with them green, with the extreme tips of the feathers tinged with scarlet. It isa very silent bird, and only occasionally utters a harsh note, something like that of a wood-pecker.” Chrysophlegma malaccense (Lath.); Hargitt, Ibis, 1886, p. 27, Or Callolophus malaccensis, Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 52; Sal- Wadet Cy aoze “No. 23.—?. Irides brown. A low-country form. The specimen sent was shot at nearly 4,600 feet.” Gecinus chlorolophus. “No. 22.— 6. Irides crimson. The only wood-pecker seen in the higher parts of the hills. Lepocestes porphyromelas. Blythipicus porphyromelas, Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 52. “No. 58.—6._ Irides brown.” Miglyptes grammithorax, Malh.; Hargitt, Ibis, 1884, p. 1QI. Metglyptes tristts, Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 52; Wwelhamy tC), pe soo.) Salvadeit Gc. spstede “No. 63.—¢._ Irides brown.” Vivia tnnominata (Burt.); Salvad., t. c., p. 184. “No. 48.—g¢. Irides brown. This pretty little piculet seems to be rare, as 1 only met with it once. I saw a small bird on the almost vertical branch of a shrub, pecking at it in the same way as a wood-pecker, and took it to be a nuthatch until I shot it.” I showed Mr. WRAY’S specimen to my friend Mr. HARGITT, who pronounced it identical with Himalayan examples. By the discovery of the species in the Larut mountains its range to the southward is much extended, though it occurred to Dr. BECCARI in Sumatra. Carpophaga badia (Raffl.); Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 67. ‘No. 45.—Irides greyish white; feet and eyes crimson-red. I have also collected this pigeon on the plains near the man- grove-swamps, in May and June, though it is not by any means common, and does not seem to have been noticed by collectors in the Straits. Like C. zusignis of Hodgson, it BIRDS FROM PERAK. 141 appears to descend from the hills to the plains during the month of April, May and June.” Macropygia, sp. “No. 60.—¢. Irides pale brown, with an inner ring of white; legs dull lake-red. Only one specimen of this hand- some tree-dove was procured, so it is probably rare. I shot it at upwards of 4,000 feet. “Some three years ago I shot a small reddish-brown dove, about 9g or 10 inches in length, near the top of the Larut hills, but unfortunately the skin was not preserved. I also found a nest belonging to the same species, which was built of twigs and contained white eggs. It was on the top of a small palm tree, about 5 feet from the ground. These two species and Carpophaga badia are the only representatives of the Columbz which I have seen in the upper parts of the moun- tains.” So far as I can see, this dove is MY. tusalia of Hodgson; but I must confess that the variations of plumage in this genus require more time to work out than I have at present at my disposal. OCCASIONAL NOTES. BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF CAPT. T. J. NEWBOLD, 23RD MADRAS LIGHT INFANTRY. IN No. 3 of Notes and Queries issued with No. 16 of this Journal, information was asked for as to the life of Capt. NEWBOLD, tie euthorof a “ Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca” (Murray, 1839). Notice was obligingly taken of this by the writer of ‘Excerpta Orientalia” in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for January, 1887 (Vol. xix, N.S., Part I, p. 171), and profiting by the reference there given, | communicated with the Editor of the Zimes of India published at Bombay, with the result that I have been courteously furnished with a copy of a biographical notice of the deceased officer, which ap- peared in the Bombay Times and Fournal of Commerce on June 5th, 1850. This will not be without interest to those who have admired and profited by the industry and accuracy exhibited in NEWBOLD’S work on the Straits Settlements, ‘which, though published- nearly half a century ago, and neces- sarily out of date in many particulars, is still a valuable work of reference.—W. E. The late Captain Newbold, Madras Army. It is with much regret that we have learnt of the death of Captain T. J. NEWBOLD, of the 23rd Madras N.L.I., Assist- ant to General FRASER, Resident at the Nizam’s Court, Hyderabad. The melancholy event took place at Mahabu- leshwar, whither the deceased had gone for change of air, on the forenoon of the 2nd instant. Captain NEWBOLD enter- 144 OCCASIONAL NOTES. ed the Army in 1827, and was promoted to Captain on the toth April, 1842. He was known as an enthusiastic and indefatigable student, languages and history at this period of his career forming his favourite pursuits. In 1835 a short but promising paper, subsequently published in their Transac- tions, was laid by him before the Literary Society of Madras, entitled ““A Brief Notice of some of the Persian Poets.” The next paper from his pen, to be found in the /adras Fournal, is on the Genealogy of the Kings of the Mahomedan Dynasty in Achin, extracted from a Malayan manuscript—it is print- ed in the 2nd and 3rd volumes; and this was followed by a short but learned notice, printed in the latter of these, on the language of the Batins of Sumatra, with remarks on its Hindu affinities. These papers were quite sufficient to bring our young linguist into notice, and he at this time became member both of the Bengal and Madras Societies, and was shortly after appointed A.D.C. to Brigadier-General WILSON, then Commanding at Kurnool. In 1838 an elabo- rate paper on the Malayan Peninsula was prepared by him for the information of General WILSON, and presented by that Officer to the Madras Society—it appears in the 7th volume of their Transactions. Along with this was pre- sented a large collection of Malayan MSS. and_ books, accompanied with a valuable note on their contents. In the same year he prepared for the press, and despatched to Eng- land for publication, his work on the Straits of Malacca—the largest of the productions of his pen. It contains a full and elaborate account of the British Settlements in the Straits— their geography, political and physical, and their civil and natural history, together with a vast variety of miscella- neous information, such as required the utmost patience, labour and care to have collected. He about this time pre- pared a Zoological and Botanical Catalogue for the Straits ; it was printed and circulated for correction and enlargement, but was considered too incomplete for publication. In the same year Lieutenant NEWBOLD first appears before the world as a geologist—though it is quite obvious, from his papers, that the subject had long been familiar to him, and that he had attained a high degree of proficiency in the study OCCASIONAL NOTES. 145 of the science. A paper by him on the reguzr, or black cot- ton soil of India, was in the spring of that year read by Mr. CHRISTIE before the Royal Society of London; while a very excellent account of the geology ofa portion of the Deccan is to be found in “A Description of the Valley of Sondur,”’ in the heart of the Balaghat Territories, ceded to the British by the Nizam in 1800. The paper isa very elaborate one, abounding in agricultural, statistical, and commercial, as well as scientific information. This was followed in 1839 by a geographical, historical, and statistical account of the ceded districts, distinguished by the same valuable characteristics as the paper preceding it. In 1840 Captain NEWBOLD visit- ed Europe, and was about two years absent from India. His time wherever he went was as usual devoted to those studies which from the date of his arrival in India until the hour of isedemise were mever for a moment interrupted. The _Egyptian Desert was on this occasion minutely surveyed by him: the survey afterwards became the subject of a paper, and the travertine around Rome, and conglomerate and recent calcareous formations along the shores of the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, became subjects of his special attention. Captain NEWBOLD was about this time advanced imomMeamcey post | Ol AL.C. to General WILSON to that of Assistant Resident at Kurnool; and in 1844—we are unable to trace his various contributions to the press for the five years preceding this—appeared a very able article in the Bengal Transactions—those already noticed having been published in the Madras Fournal—on a recent fresh water deposit in Southern India, with a few remarks on the origin and age of Kunkur. The origin of the vast masses of curious variety of limestone, so far as is known peculiar to India, he ascribed to the agency of thermal springs charged with lime, such as seen to have produced the travertine of Italy: that now coming into existence he considered due to the action of the rains. The matter was afterwards enlarged on by him, and he came ultimately to lean towards the [at- ter theory as sufficient to explain the formation of Kunkur without the aid of other agency, and this view of the case seems to have been fully made out by Captain James 146 OCCASIONAL NOTES. ABBOTT of the Bengal Artillery, so that there no longer appears any mystery in connection with the origin and characteristics of this most curious formation. In 1845 three papers on the same general class of subjects were presented by him to the Bengal Asiatic Society, and printed in their Transactions—entitled ‘‘Notes, chiefly Geological, across the Peninsula of India from Madras to Goa, &c.’’—while the sub- ject was continued in four very valuable papers published the following year in the Bengal Fournal, containing notes on the geology of both the eastern and western coasts; one on the formations around Hyderabad having been drawn up by him in 1847. In 1845 a series of very valuable papers by him appeared in the Fournal of the Royal Asiatic Society of London, entitled ‘‘A Summary of the Geology of Southern India’; and in this was comprised an outline of nearly the whole of his previous researches. The article on the Geolo- gy of India published in the Calcutta Review for 1848, is little more than an abstract of these papers, so far as the East is particularly concerned. In these papers our other peculiarly Indian formation—laterite—had occupied a large share of attention, as Kunkur had done before; and though much information both new and valuable was furnished by him on the subject, his arguments regarding it are less con- vincing, and his conclusions less clear and definite, than those attained in reference to the fresh-water limestone. To him we owe the first account that has been published of the lig- nite found, or said to be found, in laterite near Cochin, for we candidly confess ourselves still unsatisfied on the subject ; as well as of the corundum pits in Southern India, the mineral itself having been known for nearly half a cen- tury. In 1848 he was, on the appointment of Captain MALCOLM tothe agency at Joudpore, nominated Assistant to General FRASER, Resident at the Court of the Nizam—a situation he was unhappily not long destined to enjoy. His health now began rapidly to fail him, the symptoms being supposed pulmonary—and he was recommended to try the sea coast for the benefit of air: he proceeded accordingly to Madras, and afterwards to Bombay, where he for some months resided. He visited Scinde, and made a short sojourn at OCCASIONAL NOTES. 147 Kutrachee, and afterwards proceeded to the Persian Gulf, having spent nearly a year travelling in Arabia and Meso- potamia. He returned to Bombay in February last, consi- derably improved in appearance, but with no signs of the eradication of the malady which to all but himself had long appeared irremediable. He had in March forwarded his papers and collection of specimens, and other heavy baggage to Hyderabad, whither he himself proposed to follow, when he was induced to visit the Mahabuleshwar Hills. Here he spent ‘six weeks, not apparently either gaining or losing greatly in health or strength; when he was suddenly cut off, without a pang or moment’s warning, in the midst of his studies. (Captain NEWBOLD was not one of those whom sickness prostrated, or who abandoned mental exertion the moment bodily weakness or languor were induced by failing health. On the contrary, his efforts seemed only to have become more assiduous, and his mind more active, as the material frame-work which held his spirit decayed; and we question if, during any two years of his enterpris- ing life, he performed more intellectual labour than dur- ing those with which it closed. Under a severe regimen and the most rigid medical treatment—so weak as to be unable to ascend or descend twenty feet of an ordinary stair—while at Kurrachee, he literally crept along the sea- shore, explored Minora Point with a care never before bestowed on it, and in the midst of oyster-beds, beautiful- ly coloured clays, schists, gravels, and conglomerate, he found a fine fresh water deposit which had escaped the notice of VICARY and all other geologists. Just before leav- ing for the Persian Gulf, he drew up a voluminous, learned, and elaborate paper on the subject of the sites of the Cities of Ai or Hai. The paper is full of biblical research and general learning, and admirably illustrates the accuracy and minuteness of the topography of the Old Testament. During his wanderings, he contributed some valuable papers to the London Societies on ancient geography; and on his return in February, forwarded a large, valuable, and varied col- lection of specimens to the Bombay Asiatic Society, with an able paper on the geology of this part of Arabia, and the 148 OCCASIONAL NOTES. general character of the Nummulite formation which occu- pies so vast a space betwixt the 21st and 3oth parallels— from Cutch to Gibraltar. le continued to the lastiidanky, engaged in studies which were his delight and solace, and when summoned hence, was found with his harness on. Captain NEWBOLD was remarkable for the patience and industry with which all his researches were conducted, and the extreme care and caution evinced by him before pro- nouncing any conclusion. He nevertooka fact for granted when it might be ascertained by enquiry, nor ever was con- tent to say ‘‘I do not know” in cases where ignorance could be dispelled by exertion, and never professed knowledge he did not possess. He was not only an able and accom- plished, but a singularly amiable and excellent man—of great mental purity and personal worth; and no more dis- tinguished enquirer has been removed from amongst us since the name of the illustrious JAMES PRINSEP was erased from the list of living philosophers.’—Zhe Bombay Times and Fournal of Commerce, Wednesday, Fune 5, 1850. Extract from “Men whom India Has Known” by Higginbotham, p. 328. NEWBOLD, Captain, rath M. N. [.—A distinguished geo- logist and most accomplished orientalist and schoiar. As- sistant to the Resident at Hyderabad. Ob. 1850; Beryl Mine in Cotmbatore, Account of, Edin. New Piilaaie Vol. XX, 241; Valley of Sondar, Mad. Lit. Wranssanses Vol. VIII, part 1, 128; Temperature of the Springs Wells and Rivers in India and Egypt, Phil. Trans.; republished Edin. Phil. Jl., 1845-46, Vol. XL, 99; Geological Notes on the South Mahrattah Country, Bl. As. Trans., 1845, Vol. XIV, part I, 268; Osseous Breccia and Deposit in the Caves of Billa Soorgum, Southern India, Ibid, 1844, Vol. XIII, part 2610; Visit to the Psilla Lakes, Isthmus of Suez, Lond. As. Trans., 1845, Vol. VIII, 355; Geological Notes from Masulipa- tam toGoa. Onthe Alpine Glacier, iceberg, diluvial and wave OCCASIONAL NOTES. 149 translation theories with reference to the Deposits in Southern india, Dl Ns: rans. Vol OXI; part 217. Geological Notes across the Peninsula of Southern India from Kistapatam, Ibid, 200) istory of the Persian Poets, Mad) Lit) Prans:, Vol. Il, 245; Summary of the Geology of Southern India, Lond. As. Trans., 1845, Vol. VIII, 128, 213. Essays on the Metrical Com- positions of the Persian Poets with a Notice of their Poetry, Medmbite wirans, Vol Ml 113259232)" On the Code and: Flisto- rical Manuscripts of the Siamese; On the Progress of Bhud- hism to the Eastward, Ibid, Vol. VI,117. Present Fresh Water Deposits near Kurnoul; Bl As. Vrans., 1844, Vol. XIll, 312. Account of the Mahomedan Kings of Acheen, Ibid, Vol. IV, 117. Notice of Malayan Code, Ibid, 390. Site of Hai or Ai, Royal City of the Canaanites, Bom. Geo. Trans., Vol. VIII, 335.—Biographical Notice of Bombay Times, May, 1850. CHE DURCH EAST INDIES: IN an early number of last year’s “Literary Record” (New Series, vol. vii, p. 28) we drew attention to the valuable work done by the Netherlands Institute* for the investigation of the languages, literature, geography, and ethnology of the Dutch ‘colonies, especially those in the East. In continuation of that notice, we proceed to give a brief account of the more prominent papers contained in the seven quarterly parts that have been published since with unfailing punctuality. In Biography, there is a deservedly appreciative notice, by Prof. VREEDE, of the late J. J. MEINSMA, who, like his uncle, TAco RoorDA, did so much for the study of Javanese literature. There is, further, a valuable account, by CH. M. Dozy, of ABEL JANSZOON TASMAN ( Xx 1659), the discoverer of Australia. Lastly, Dr. C. SNOUCK HURGONJE treats of SAYYID AHMAD IBN ZENI DAHLAN, Mufti of the Shafites at Mecca, and of his historical works. In this essay a flood of light is thrown on literary life at Mecca at the present day, and on the views at * Bijdragen voor de taal-, land- en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indié. 150 OCCASIONAL NOTES. present entertained concerning the or a Mahdi (see also an article by the same scholar in the “Revue Coloniale Inter- nationale” for January, 1886). In Azstory, Mr. P. A. TIELE continues his account of the Europeans in the Indian Archi- pelago, dealing with the period between 1611 and 1623. There are also two interesting contributions, from the pen of Mr. E. B. KIELSTRA, to our knowledge of W. Sumatra, the one treating of its history in the middle of last century, the other confining itself to the brief period of 1819-26, when he wars of the Padris began, and the island gradually passed from the hands of the English into those of the Dutch. L£¢thnologists will have welcomed with special interest the various elaborate treatises by Prof. G. A. WILKEN, viz., on the customs con- cerning betrothal and marriage among the people of the Indian Archipelago—a subject on which J. B. NEUMANN has lately given interesting details concerning the Battaks in Sumatra; on the custom of reckoning time by nights; on ithyophallic figures and kindred subjects; on traces of Shamanism as practised in the Indian Archipelago; and on the Papuas of the Geelvink Bay of New Guinea. Prof. PLEYTE, of Leiden, has supplied two papers, one on mnemonic and other marks, and another on prehistoric stone weapons and implements, while Mr. S. W. TRomp treats of the Bugi inhabitants of Kuteiin Borneo. There is one paper dealing with a practical commercial question, which no one would have sought for in the ‘“Bijdragen,’”’ on coffee culture in the Brazils, by Mr. K. F. VAN DELDEN-LAERNE. Lastly, we have to note a number of important articles on topics connected with /anguage and literature. And here, in a field in which he is thoroughly at home, Dr. SNOUCK HURGRONJE has a valuable collection of Meccan proverbs and proverbial sayings, while in another paper he corrects some current miscon- ceptions concerning the meaning of the term Hijra and the veiling of Muhammadan women. Prof. KERN, of Leiden, who combines with a scholarly knowledge of Sanskrit an acquaintance with Old-Javanese or Kavi in its extensive literature, and is one of the leading authorities on the inter- comparison of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, has con- tributed an article on the phonology of that class, and another OCCASIONAL NOTES. 151 on the Old-Javanese poem ‘‘Jantu) Panggeharan,”’ which gives an account of the creation of the world. Prof. VREEDE’S criticism of Kern’s work on the Fiji language contains a large number of acute observations which testify to their author’s competency to enter the lists in literary ccntroversies on this subject. Lastly, an article, by C. A. VON OPHUYZEN, on the popular poetry of the Battaks, deserves favourable mention. As the Institute is engaged ina field of research, but a small portion of which has as yet been cultivated, and as the results of its work as deposited in the “ Bijdragen” do the utmost credit to the learning of its working members, we may confidently look forward to the instructive contents of its further publications.—77ribuer’s Record. The Koninklik Institudt voor de taal-, land- en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indié have elected Mr. W. E. MAXWELL, C.M.G. (Member of the Royal Asiatic Society and late Honorary Secretary of the Straits Branch R. A. S.) as a corresponding member, in recognition of his philological studies. “INDIAN NOTES AND QUERIES.” NOTICE.—OwInG to pressure of official business, the Editor of ‘‘/ndian Notes and Queries’ is compelled reluctantly to discontinue the publication of that journal. Subscriptions already paid in advance will be refunded by the PUBLISHERS, the “ Pioneer” Press, Allahabad. ees Pe TREATY WITH JAVA. Mr. NOEL TROTTER writing to a friend from Auckland, New Zealand, states :—‘‘ The original treaty dated the 23rd of De- 152 OCCASIONAL NOTES: cember, 1811, between the Javanese authorities and Mr. ADAM on behalf of Mr. RAFFLES (as he was then), whereby the sover- eignty of Java was made over tothe British, is inthe Museum here. Sir GEORGE GREY got possession of the Treaty at the Cape, and lately presented it to the Museum. He told me about it and said its existence is not generally known.” . Mr. TROTTER writes that he also saw some Arabic or Malay documents in the Museum which probably belong to the same period. It would be interesting to know what these other documents are? He Peo a, a) Ene ms - a ¢ Mis at i Nr ' , ; ; 7 i = + = 4) thong Ripa dare ee So ; es JOURNAL Or PEs STRAITS BRANCH BOYAL ASIAJIC SOCIETY. isso. SINGAPORE: PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. AGENTS OF THE SOCIETY: Loudon and America, Trupner & Co. 4, : Qa Paris, Eenest Leroux & Cis. \9, ~) a5 Germany, K. F. Koruier’s Antiquanium, Leipzig. oR Journal of a Trip to Pahang, &c. Pe eee EGON TENTS . — Council for 1890, List of Members for 1890, Proceedings of the General Meeting, Council’s Annual Report for 1889. Treasurer’s Accounts for 1889, Report on the Destruction of Coco-nut Palms by Beetles—by H. N. Ridley, a a British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan and North Borneo—by W. H. Treacher, - Notes on Names of Places in the Island of Singapore and its Vicinity—by H. 7. Haughton, A List of the Birds of the Bornean ee of Islands, —by A. H. Hverett, 0.M.z.8., V v1 Xi X1V XVil = = i 7 ' — . ‘ re *. THE > hati Ss. BEAN @ rt OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. PATRON: | His Excellency Sir CECIL CLEMENTI SMITH, K.C.M.G. fOUNCIL FOR 1890. The Hon’ble Sir J. Freperrox DicKson, K.c.M.c¢., President. The Right Revd. Bishop G. F. Hosz, Vice-President, Singapore. D. Logan, Esquire, Vice-President, Penang. H. N. Rivury, Esquire, Honorary Secretary. E. Korx, Esquire, Honorary Teasurer. The Hon’ble J. W. Bonszr, W. Nanson, Esquire, W. Davison, Esquire, Councillors. H. L. Noronna, Esquire, A, Kyiaut, Esquire, Nos. SO NDNO ete fet fet pt H> GO ND On i bt ID 18 ND DW bw bho NmwNe OD Ore co Lo ee) LN) “TI List OF MEM BES FOR ice), (0) (Oe Names. ABRAHAMSON, E. E. Apamson, The Hon’ble W. ANTHONISZ, J. O. AsHwortH, Lieut. P., R.E. AY RE A By BAaMPFYLDE, C. A. Becuer, H. M. Beeston, Capt. R. D. Brtuamy, G. C. BERNARD, F. G. BicKNELL, W. A. Brreu, J. K. Briann, R. N. Buagpen, C. O. Bonser, The Hon’ble J. W. Branpt, D. Brown, L. C. Brown, Dr. W. C. Bryant, A. T. Bucxtey, C. B. Burpiper, W. BurxinsHaw, The Hon'ble J. Camus, M. DE CERRUTI, G. B. CLIFFORD, H. C. }| CoPLEY, GEORGE CREAGH, C. VANDELEUR Addresses. British North Borneo. Singapore. Singapore. Singapore. Europe. Sarawak. Europe. British North Borneo. Selangor. | Singapore. Penang. Europe. Penang. Singapore. Singapore. Singapore. Penang. Penang. Penang. Singapore. Singapore. Singapore. Singapore. Singapore. Pahang. Malacca. British North Borneo. Currie, A. Vat MEMBERS FOR 1890,—Continued. Names. CameEron, Capt. M. A., R.£. Davison, W. Denison, N. | Dent, ALFRED Dew, A. T. Dicxson, The Hon’ble Sir J. FREDERICK, K.C.M.G. DIETHELM, W. H. Downy, St. V. B. Dunuop, Colonel S., c.M.a. Duntop, C. EGERTON, WALTER Excum, J. B. Everett, A. H. | Fereuson, A. M., Jr. FRASER, J. Gaynor, Lieut. H. F., p.z. GENTLE, A. GILFILLAN, S. Gosuine, T. L. GortTiies, F. H. GorTiLies, G. S. H. GRAHAM, JAMES GULLAND, W. G. Hate, A. Haveuton, H. T. Hervey, The Hon’ble D. F. A. Hit, BE. C. H. Hoss, Right Revd. Bishop G. F. (Honorary Member) Addresses. a es ee Europe. Penang. Singapore. Perak. Europe. Europe. Singapore. Hurope. ; Singapore. | Singapore. Singapore. Penang. Penang. British North Borneo. Colombo. Europe. Singapore. Singapore. Europe. Singapore. | Penang. Penang. Europe Europe. Perak. Europe. Malacca. Singapore. Sarawak. Vill MEMBERS FOR 1890,—Continued. Names. Hoss, C. Hutrert, R. W. TprauiImM BIN ABDULLAH, Inche Irvine, C. J., c.M.G. | Joaquim, J. P. Joror, H. H. the Sultan of the State and Territory of, G.c.M.@., @.c.s.1. (Honorary Member) Keupine, F. KELLMANN, E. KENNEDY ARCHIRALD | Kennepy, EH. Ker, T. Rawson Kyicut, ARTHUR Korx, EDwIn | Krom Mun DewAwonGsE VARO- PRAKAR, H. R. H. Prince KynnerstEy, The Hon’ble C. AV ous: Lancen, VAN LavuGcuer, H. Lavino, G. Lawes, W. G. (Honorary Mem- ber) Leercu, H. W. C. LeMpPRIERE, EH. T. Logan, D. Low, Sir Huadu, K.c.M.4. Littiz, R. M._ | MaxweELu, R. W. | Addresses. Sarawak. Singapore. Johor. Europe. Singapore. Johor. Labuan, Deli. Europe. Perak. | Penang. Johor. Singapore. Singapore. Bangkok. Penang. Kota Raja, Acheen. Perak. RIO ‘ _ Singapore. New Guinea. Perak. Labuan. Penang. 1X MEMBERS FOR 1890,—Continued. Nos. Names. Addresses. 82; Maxwett, W. E., 0.M.a. Selangor. 83; MILLER, JAMES _ Singapore. 84| Muury, O. | Singapore. 85| Merewertuer, H. M. | Europe. 86} Noronuwa, H. L. | Singapore. 87| Nanson, W. _ Singapore. 88} O’Sutiivan, A. W.S. Singapore. 89) Patarave, F. Girrorp (Hono- rary Member) Europe. 90) Pav, W. F. B. EKurope. 91) PerHam, Revd. J. (Honorary Member) Singapore. 92| PrckeRiIne, W. A., o.M.G. Europe. 93) Reap, W.H. M., o.m.a. Europe. 94] Rickert, C. B. Penang. 95) Riptey, H. N. Singapore. 96) Ropverr, J. P. Pahang. 97| Rost, Dr. R. (Honorary Member)| London. 98} Rowe, Dr. T. Irvine London. 99| Sarawak, H. H. The Raja of, (Honorary Member) | London. 100) Satow, E. M., c.m.e. (Honorary Member) Monte Video. 101| Scuaatsn, M. Europe. 102) Scorr, Dr. Duncan Perak. 103) Sean Liane Sean, The Hon’ble. | Singapore. 104) SERGEL, V. Singapore. 105) SHELFORD, The Hon’ble T. Singapore. 106) Skinner, The Hon’ble A. M. Penang. 107) Surru, H. E. Sir Cucrz C., x.c.m.¢.| Singapore. 108' Soust, T. Singapore. MEMBERS FoR 1890,—Continued. Names. ee ee ee _Sovrinpro Monvn Tacorg, Raja, Mus. D. STRINGER, C. St. Cuarr, W. G. SWETTENHAM, EF. A., C.M.G. Sy—ep ABUBAKAR BIN AL JUNIED Sy—ep MonaMED BIN AHMED AL SAGOFE Syrrs, H. C. | TauzBor, A. P. Tan Kim CuHiIne THompson, A. B. |THornton, S. Leste | TREACHER, W. H. | Tripner & Co. _THoroup, F. THoroLp | Vermont, The Hon’ble J. M. B. Van BENNINGEN VAN HELSDIN- GEN, Dr. R. Waker, Major R. S. F. Waker, H. Watson, E. A. Wauaeatieny, J. J. L. Wray, L. | Wray, L., Jr. YuueE, Colonel, c. B. Member) OMAR (Honorary Addresses. India. Singapore. Singapore. Perak. 2 Singapore. Singapore. Pahang. Singapore. Singapore. Deli. Malacea. Perak. London. Perak. Penang. Deli. Perak. Sandakan. Pahang. Johor. Perak. Perak. London. Xl PROCEEDINGS. OF THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE SERAmsS BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, HELD AT THE RAE Pee Ss MUSE UM ON FRIDAY, 147n FEBRUARY, 1890. PRESENT: The Hon’ble Sir J. FREDERICK DICKSON, K.C.M.G., Presz- dent, Vhe Right*Rev. Bishop G. F. HOSE, D.D., The Hon’ble D. F. A. HERvEy, The Hon ble J. W. BONSER, Colonel S. DUNEOP, e-m.G:, . KoErK, Esq. H. N. Riptey, Esq., W. DAVISON, Esq., H. L. NORONHA, Esq., W. NANSON, Esq., PGENTIE, Esq., and A.W. S. O'SULLIVAN, Esq:, Honorary Secretary. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The Report of the Council for 1890 was read by the Hono- rary Secretary. ‘The President addressed the meeting, passing in review the work of the Society during the past year, and suggesting cer- tain improvements for the consideration of the Society. Xi PROCEEDINGS. The election of members recommended by the Council was approved. The Report, with some alterations, and the Honorary Trea- surer’s Statements of Account were adopted. The Honorary Secretary tendered his resignation, which was accepted, the President expressing regret. A ballot was then taken for the officers for the present year, with the following result :— COUNCIL FOR 1890. Prestdent,—The Hon’ble Sir J. FREDERICK DICKSON, K.C.M.G. Vice-Presidents,—Singapore: The Right Rev. Bishop G, F. HOSE, D.D.; Penang: D. LOGAN, Esq. Honorary Secretary, H. N. RIDLEY, Esq. Honorary Treasurer,—E. KOEK, Esq. Councillors,—W. DAVISON, Esq., H. L. NORONHBA, Esq., W. NANSON, Esq., The Hon’ble J. W. BONSER, A. KNIGHT, SG: : The following resolution was proposed by the Right Rev. Bishop HOSE :— “That gentlemen residing outside Singapore and Penang be invited by the Council to be corresponding members for the several districts in which they reside, and that such cor- responding members be invited to attend any meeting of the Council which may take place while they are present in Singapore.” The resolution was seconded by Mr. BONSER, and, after some discussion, was adopted. The following resolution, proposed by the President and seconded by Mr. KOEK, was adopted :— “That the Honorary Secretary compile for publication annually in the Journal a Bibliography of Works or Selections from Works or Journals relating to matters of scientific and PROCEEDINGS. Xill general interest in the Malay countries of the Far East, and endeavour to make or obtain for publication in a similar manner translations of: such works or selections in foreign languages as may be approved of by the Council.” The Society’s Journal for 1889 (No. 20) was laid on the table. The President expressed regret for the delay which has taken place in the publication of that Journal. It is decided to send home the new edition of the Map, which is now all but complete, for publication without delay. The meeting then closed. X1V ANNU A Rh EPO Re COUNCIL STRAITS BRAN eT OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, FOR THE YEAR 1889. THE Council, in laying their Annual Report for 1889 before the Geenral Meeting, are happy to be able to report a satis- factory financial state of the affairs of the Society, but desire to appeal to all its members to make renewed efforts in its behalf, both by contributing the results of their individual research for publication in the Journal, and communicating suggestions in regard to fresh fields of enquiry on subjects of local, as well as of general scientific interest. Since the last General Meeting, the following members have been elected by the Council, subject to confirmation under Rule XI by a General | Meeting :—H. N. RIDLEY, Esq,, Singapore; J. O. ANTHONISZ, Esq., Singapore ; ARCHIBALD. KENNEDY, Esq., Perak ; C.O. BLAGDEN, Esq., Singapore; and ieut: GAYNoR, Rene , Singapore. H. FRANK, Esq., withdrew his subscription at the end of — the year. ANNUAL REPORT. XV It is recommended by the Council that the following gentlemen should be considered to have retired from the Sociewy,:——\iessrs., F: POOLES, 5S. E. DALRYMPLE, FE. P. Giu@rRinzZ |. IX. PARSONS, F- DELONCLE, and Dr. N. B. DENNYS, Ph. D. During the year, one hundred and fifteen copies of the latest edition of the Map of the Malay Peninsula have been disposed of, whereby a sum of $295.49 has been placed to the credit of the Society. The Council have much pleasure in announcing that they are now almost in a position to publish a fresh edition of the Map, embodying all the most recent surveys in Pahang, Perak, Kelantan, Jelebu, and the Negri Sembilan. A survey of a portion of the East Coast was also supplied by Capt. H. Carr, of H. M. S. Orzon, which will form a valuable addition to the Map. All these surveys have now been worked up by a draughtsman, whose services for this purpose were kindly lent by the Survey Department, and the work of compilation may be expected to be complete before the end of February. It is hoped that any members who are in a position to supply further information will do so at once, so that it may be embodied in the Map before it is sent home for publication. The Council desire to express their best thanks to all those who have contributed the results of their valuable labours towards this most useful work, thereby rendering it possible, after a lapse of only two and-a-half years since the last edition was published, to bring out a new edition of the Map, con- taining a large. amount of fresh information in regard to localities which have hitherto remained practically unexplored. No. 1g of the Journal was published last year, and No. 20 has just been produced. The Council much regret that, owing to unfortunate circumstances, the publication of the Journal has somewhat fallen behind. The Journal published last year (No. 19) bears the date 1887, but as. it was not brought out till 1889, it will thus be seen that we are two years in arrears. The Council have thought it best, therefore, XVI ANNUAL REPORT. to omit the year 1888 altogether, and to let the present Journal (No. 20) bear the date 1889. The Honorary Treasurer's Statement of the financial posi- tion of the Society is appended, and shows a state in this respect more satisfactory than in any previous year. ‘There is a balance to credit of $787.95, and all habilities have been cleared off, with the exception of the cost of the publication of the present Journal. Mr. STANFORD’S account for lithographing the Map has been settled in full, and a balance of 25 copies still remains in his hands for sale, which may be expected to realize about £10 6s. 7d. Through the liberality of the Straits Government, a sum of $500 has again been placed on the Estimates to assist in defraying the expenses of the new edition of the Map of the Malay Peninsula. A, W.. 5S. O’SULEIVARE Flonorary Secretary, Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic Society. Singapore, r1th february, 189o. XV11 "LIINSDILT, KbvLouory ‘MHOM NIMGH TS 88s'T |$ G6 £84 GP 68 00 OL 06 IL 00 OcI 00 &96 00 88¢ V6 86 ‘9 ‘£JO1IN0G OY} JO ANOAVT UL ooUL[Lg ‘sosuodxsy SnoouURT[OOSsT IAT pue