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Reece tibet phe thee ab gf Bhercays AY Sug ais M eM MEME as Visa pea 4 vba aerate Wages Meee sy ps OR ewe ig abeeecatsnaae + eysAt ny “Onin saya bererenerr rt \ Pen | bhenthind A aig any Glee ate CEU buns Kayne alge Doe mec ent fev ‘ or H . iin at boty af ey rece nen 2 ek skits tease Uae ite ti} i iL oe step eas aH tH Eo seid {sites Gate hich alt eee LCR SUEDE 4 Li te wan! wey tebe Seen H tie be tphrhawelads « Hoban Rally ay avian dans ae oe) vs ayes omit . eae aoyeneds Ve 5g * a tip ‘ feet nes wighen hate eadsinaa aia reat ee yt bat Gusinevied ay eo) a Qc CCC ar CQ COE E & os « c « — Gat ak “a a ¢ a CCQU GC gy | Can Raca€ CE € Ce C.@€ CG CE « CCC C aCe KC a AAR ex < « a ae COE CCC ES AAARRARAARAAA AARAAAA AY OY \@lAAAT A gi PN ie ANS \ c x c c 4 4 _« & « a ~_ @ & « Ca (QCEG C cea CCE Ca < KC COCKE CCC CC Ge CE CEE CCC ryY Y} Aba AA CC « ( A AA ( s . . ‘ rt 1T, — yy AINA! ‘| (a Ni y \W a\ ARENA A} ¥ f y 7 | | ] ] / » - \i/ We i T > sa | iam). | Wh | | f A , PR, a aal.Y.¥ Vy ‘ | | | 7 =~ i's | / } - Nf ~\\ | | } | { i / yo oY } Ns Vaart fe\\ \ a ' i [ —_~ \ Vom! NY A 1) : ' ; j | } ! ; \ \| ain \ = NS } y j Ba Lait, \ | Y y an\ \/ \ W i aN ANZ ESN A VW \ YI \} } ‘a v Yan \ iT \ENPNS \ | wee" { NAM NANANANEN ENA jim, \\/- \ 1 i 7 \ | | f W ' yy f I st / f Vy if f \\i ™\t- fo e laa | f ' y a y Yl if 1 ! o | } AAAs / | j | } . i A AN; t hy | } Y ee Fy | | lf f at / ¥ / I \ f 1 Y F } \ | | <> if Lea I i | ay NY } | i or (oe . au ! (A f \F/ = Ail an aA Aa Y | AAA AAANARA CCC | « Se i] v i : \ \ f an sis aes VF" | v 's lIMNAAAALA ala\anraA Aim aaa \ \ ’ \ “ | | ] \ \ 7 : | WW p | an { 1/ } iW q | a - WNP NPN } (MW V H | .} ~) 1 - \I/ Tame \\ ' W/ (Z WY WE \ EN \y i VN \ Ga WANi/ \/ 1 i] y ARAAA A y\ i i y \/ | ‘ f f V \ a\!, if ‘i 1 i ' f \ A i ] / / ] | a! | Y \ | ’ ' AWA and RADHA, Miss Aut, SAtim; An Additions Tee K.S. ; Earth-Eating and Salt- of Birds from Hyderabad cune in India 544, 724 State ro & .. 497 | CarrRott, Capt. W.C.; Notes and ABDULALI, on Butterflies of the Shan Humayun: The Birds of States, Burma ... Sat fee) eROS7, Bombay and Salsette, Part V. COBB, MAToR EH. H.:°-An (With one plate) » 367 extension of the Range of the ten sees Western Horned Pheasant Part VI «.. meh ... 628 [ Zragopan melanocephalus BANERJI, I.; A note on the (Gray) ] 569 Embryology of the Ground CoMYN, COLONEL Kunin Nut, Avachis hypogaea, L. ... 539 Swifts in Swallows’ Nests 575 BARNES, Mrs. A. M.; Birds DE St. Crorx, C. H.; Breeding observed in and near Tam- of Pintail Snipe (?) in Bel- baram, Chingleput District, gaum District . 570 South India 467, 744 | Dickson, MRs. Hh Se P. > Mig- Basu, B. ; A Comment on the ration and methods of Bird name ‘ Blood-sucker ’ applied Snaring in North East to Calotes versicolor (Daud.). 577 Arabia. (With five text-fi- BATES, MAJOR, °:-R. Ss B. gures) 740 M.B.0.U. ; Bird Photography DICKSON, MRS. Vv. Plaats of inIndia. (With six plates). 666 Kuwait, North Bae Arabia. 528 4 WAR MAK HADES, K R., ch.Z.S.,.M Boru. The Distribution and Nidifi- cation of the Indian (Punjab) Raven (Corvus corax lau- vencet Hume) in Sind ————-——; A Note on the Resident Owls of Sind ; The Status and Nidification of the Persian Bee-eater (Merops persicus persicus Pall.) in Sind EpItors; Association of Deer and Monkeys ; ———— ; On the range Oe fe ie Horned Pheasant (Tragopan melanocephalus)... —-— ;Extension of range of the moth WNorraca longt- pennis Moore ; Note leptalina Koll. ————. ; The ree head be a Mishin Thakin ———— ; Banded Crake ae Mala - ar Woodpecker in Southern India ae -———— ; Letter from Mr. Stuart Baker on identification of eggs of Sterna fuscata infuscata from Laccadive Islands on Fterusia (@onar : — = } Pemaonine from pie ofa eaices (Tarantula) e FISCHER, C. E. C.; Where did the Sandalwood Tree (Santal- um album, Linn.) Evolve? .., Grimson, C.; Derivation of the name Seladang e GonzALEZ, J.; The Mating of Elephants . HarMan,A. C. Prete neon of the range of 7G moth Worraca longipennis Moore. ({Noto- dontide ) a ee sc. HASWELL, Mayor: F.. W.; Curious Behaviour of Ele- phants a are Hora, SUNDER LAL, D.Sc F.Z.S., FiRiA.S.B. 4 oe F.R.S.E., PAGE 747 750 569 763 | 763 77\ 578 560 LIST OF CONTRIBOCTORS The Game Fishes of India, Part. V..°CWith one wilate and four text-figures) Hora, SUNDER LAL, D.Sc. FUR .S3h., GELZ5S., | Or ReauseB. The Game Fishes of India Part VI. (With one plate and two teat-figures) cos Howson, Lrt.-Cor. C.; Otters and Crocodiles ae ae HuBBACK, T.; The Two- EIGEne ed Asiatic Rhinocaee (Dice- rorhinus sumatrensis). (With eight plates) Be AA - ; Why Elephants “visit .‘ Salt- RoKe Inppotson, J.; A baby Ele- phant (With a plate) JACOB; KtCy, © 1. (AeG {iF Se A Fasciated inflorescence in a Banana (With a plate) Jonres, A. E.; Nesting of the Booted Eagle (AHzeraétus pennatus Gm.) in the Simla Hills sn ae — Weseripion of the >. larva: ) of... 2ierusia (Soritia) Jleptalina Koll, (Zygenide) (With a plate).. JONES, 0S. ;> On’ the “nesting Habits of the Gourami Osph- ronemus goramy. [Lacépéde]. KHAN, DR. HAMID, M.SC., LL:B., Pipi ; Phe Food?.of Brown Trout (With a plate). —_-—__ — ; Notes on the Diseases of Trout at the Mahili Hatchery— Kulu (Punjab) (Witha plate) KOHL; PouN. ; "Occurrence ¥ot two plants new to Kashmir... Law, S.C. ; Haunt and Habitat of Pitta c. cucullata Hartl. in West Bengal (W7th a plate).. LISTER, Li.-CoL.-F. H.+'Oc- currence Yof the ‘Tiger in Northern Sikhim at 8,800 ft. LivESEY, T.R.; Egg stealing by Khasia Hills Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus bakert), Hart, uae a set PAGE 583 So 594 730 558 581 568 578 766 428 553 26] LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xi LIvESEY, T.R.; Call-notes of the Burmese Plaintive Cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus que- vulus) a ae -——_—— ; The Shan Brown Wood-OwL Strix indranee shanensts Baker —___—__--—_-__-; The Nidifica- tion of the Burmese Barred- back Pheasant (Syrmaticus humie CECT CHS) —__-——-—-—— ; Vultures feed ing at night nee aA LowTHER, E. H.N., M.B.O.U., F.z.S. ; Notes on some Indian Birds—iii. Birds in my garden (With six plates) i MAHENDRA, BENI CHARAN, F.Z.S.; The Taxonomic Des- cription of Ahinophis travan- coricus, Boul. (With a plate). MARSHALL, G. H. L.; Leopards from vicinity of Naga Hills ... > Mea- surements of. Tigers.shot in Naga Hills (A correction) MAVYURANATHAN, P. V.; The original Home of the Coconut (A correction) i McCann, CHARLES, F.L.S.; The Reptiles and Amphibia of Cutch State. (With two plates) es — MICHAEL, PETER; ‘Fish of Great Age’ (Reprinted from the ‘ Field’) ar MorRIs, R. C. ; F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. Measurements of Tiger, Pan- ther, Bison and Sambhur ——— Pee) (e¢ehe acy obj ales Grounds’ and _ ‘ sore-neck in Sambar ’ a Ss -; A. Natural History Tale —— --—— ——; On the occur- rence of the Banded Crake (Rallus e. amuroptera) and the Malabar Woodpecker (Macropicus 7. hodgsont) in the Billigirirangan Hills, S. India PAGE 564 567 568 755 409 388 739 740 776 425 765 599 560 581 763 PAGE MOSELEY, Martin, E.; The Indian Caddis Flies (Zvrichop- tera). Part V (With twelve pl ites) aes ie w. 486 Munns, F. A. C.; Cuckoos in Sugaon, Champaran District, Bengal ae mee ao) 070 MustTILL, F. J., 1.F.S.; Behavi- our of Gaur or Indian Bison (L160s gaurus) ee ote ll Parsons, R. E.; Migration routes of Geese Ba ae fF ——_——_-——_--—_ ; A case of poisoning from the bite of a spider See 2: sh LTS PHYTHIAN-ADAMS, MAJOR E. G.; Measurements -— of Tigers shot in the Nilgiris— 1975—-37> sas en JOS ; Measure- ments of Panthers ... ee oe PRATER, S. H., C.M.z.S. ; Addi- tional Notes on the: Asiatic Two-Horned Rhinoceros... 618 PRIMROSE, J. B. ; Supplemen- tary Observations on _ the Munnar Section of the Orni- thological Survey of Travan- core and Cochin ... eee 2s OUU RapHa, Miss K.S., m.sc. ; See GCATUS; Jib.3°S.J.,.F As Ss Rag, C. J.; Cotton Teal (WVetto- pus coromandelianus) at Nasik. 765 —--——-; On the occurrence of certain Butterflies at Nasik, 775 REVIEWS :— The Fight to Live ... ww. 049 The Valley of Flowers vw. 949 Lac Cultivationin India... 550 Supplement to the Flowering Plants of Madras City and its immediate neighbour- hood ice 550 Hints on Museum nddeation: 550 More difficulties of the Evolu- tion Theory ses ee JO Pageant of Wings ... ste 424 Trees and Men oat so fee Le petit peuple des ruisseaux. 728 The Annual Report and Balance Sheet of the Ceylon xii LIST OF CONTRIBO TORS PAGE Game and Fauna Protection Society for the Season 1937- 1938 ve oF ame L403 SETNA; DrR.::S. B.;° M.Sc., BR .M Atriplex Amorpnenicen ia 53a ——— meenene S ate 16455) —--- leucoladum ee eS Ardeola grayii 387, 476, 507, 647 —- parviflora SRI), SS Arenaria interpres interpres 385, 636 Aulocera saraswata 455 Argemone mexicana 518 | Avena barbata : 535 Argilops triunciatis 535. Bagarius bagarius : 584, “585, 586, 587, Argina argus 403, 588 Argya caudata 7 S763) == -— buchanam: 584. 585 ~caudata ... 468 —— nieuwenhuisii, 584, 586, 588 gularis 971 | *Bagrus yarrellii’ :.. 584, 585, 586 Argynnis hyperbuis 454 Baluchitherium 621 — - lathonia issaea 456 Barbarea vulgaris 696 Arhopalas dodonsea 456 Barbus arulius 773 ——— ganesa 456 | - sarana 773 ——___-—— rama 456 | -- sophore 773 a SPP: AAD Le she 773 Aristida ciliata 535 ~ ticto 773 ~- obtusa 535 Barilius bendelisis 73 —- plumosa 535 | Bassia eriopora 534 Arnebia cornuta one .- 332) Bellevalia flexuosa 535 -- decumbens a 532, 538 | 535 ———-- hispidissima an 532 Beta maritima 534 -- tinctoria 532 | Bibos frontalis 733 Artamus fuscus .. 470 | ——- gaurus 73h Artemisia monosperma 532, 536 | Blepharis edulis ... : 536 Arthrocnemum glaucum 533 | Botaurus stellaris aOliewals 649 Asio flammeus flammeus 367 | Brachmia xerophaga 737 Asota caricee alciphron .. 402 | Brachycentrus kozlovi ... . 49S Asphodelus tennifolius 5G0,62 008 subnubilus 494, 495 Astragalus annularis 530 ten benghalensis 473 —-- baeticus 530 Brachypteryx major al!biventris 502 ———_——. bombycinus 530 | Brasen‘a schreberi 513 ——--—----- brachyceras 530 | Brassica campestris 698. ——_--—__—— corrugatts 530 —-—— cernua ... 699 —-———— cruciatus 530 | ——-—— integrifolla 699 ———— dactylocarpus 030 napus 697 —— ——— forskahlei 530 nigra 699 —--——— gyzensis © 530 ————- oleracea 697 ——--—— peregrinus 530 | -——-——- tournefortii 528 —_———— schimperi 530 | —+—-— var. chinensis .. €98 —_-———— striatellus 530 5 —— rapa 698. —-———— tenuirugis 530 Bromus tectorum a: 535 —— tribuloides ... 530 | Bubo bubo bengalensis és. 308, 474, 7.58 Astur badius es 746 | ——-- coromandus coromandus 752 BR ere aceon 875 | Bubuleus ibis ... 574 Aitella ariachne 444) ——-———- —- coremantie: 646 ——-- phalanta nade, 445, 447°} Bufo endersonii ... m. 427. Bain. Stal INDEX: OF SPECIES PAGE | Bungarus ceeruleus eee AQT | Bupleurum semicompositum 931 | Burhinus cedicnemus ... mie Sik eee TS | ——_—_-- ———- SSP. G32) Butastur teesa 3/2, S/2 Butheolus melanurus ; 579 | Butorides striatus javanicus .. 387, 647 | Buzura (Biston) suppressaria ... ESD Byasa aidoneus 658 | aristolochiae O92 —— ——__ ---—_ eonnOnelae 658 | Crassipes <.. a 658 | philoxenus polyeuctes ... 658 zaleucus 658 | Cacomantis merulinus nlerdlas 564 | Caerostris sp. 478. Caladium 682 | Calamus easaneds 603 Calendula aegyptica Doe | ——--——_ persica 932 Calidris tenuirostris 386 | Callerebia hyagriva 454 | 454 — Calligonum comosum 534 -Calotes versicolor 426, 577 Calotrophis procera 534, 538 Capella gallinago gallinago er 1043 - nemoricola 507, 643 - - stenura 507, 643 Capparis galeata S30u) -——-—— spinosa ; 536 Caprimulgus asiaticus ened 474 Capsella Bursa-pastoris 701 Cardamine impatiens val ——-— pratensis 70] Carduus pycmocephalus war. ite 932 ‘Caretta caretta 425 Carpodacus erythrinus fosentak 504 Carrichtera annua z8 928 Carthamus oxyacantha... a viet OBZ —— HMICTONIUS ss. at ie aoe Casarca ferruginea 650 Cassia obovata 535 tomentosa a .. 040 Catopsilia catilla 444,445, 446, 447 -———- crocale 394, 442, 443, 444, 445, 447, 450, 661 ———- florella 444, 447, 450 —_—_ — - gnoma fa. O01 ——-—— pomona 450, 661 Ex! PAGE Catopsilia pyranthe ... 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 449, 450 —e —~ ——-—— minna ve 661 Celastrina (Cyaniris) huegelii... 456 —-- puspa ... ».442, 454, 455 Cenchrus ciliaris... ore ae ue O00 Centaurea mesopotamica ee, fOoe ——--—~— phyllocephala Bee Nee Co -- - solstitialis ... see Ay lok Centaurium . (Erythraea) ramosissi- mum... 534 Centropus bengalensis ... 419 —— ---——-- sinensis parroti 473, 505 Cephalaria syriaca Spe it Ceratorhinus blythit 618 - niger 618 Cerchneis tinnunculus tinnunculus ... 384 Ceryle rudis leucomelanura 474 Cheetornis locustelloides AQ7 Cheetura giganteus indicus 506 Chalcophaps. indica indica 377, 506 Chaptia znea malayensis 503 Chara vulgaris 534 Charadrius dubius 476 curonicus .. 636 ——— -— leschenaulti 637 ——-—— mongolus atrifrons 637 Chaulelasmus streperus 650 Cheirianthus cheiri 702 Chela clupeoides (ie Cheliobrachys sp. 774 Chenopodium album 534 - murale 534 Chettusia gregaria 638 Chilasa agestor agestor... tee OO —clytia clytia pdos008 ——--- —--- onpape ... 658 -slateri marginata 658 Chlidonias hybrida indica 634 Chloridea obsoleta 688 Chrysocolaptes festivus... 498 ——--—— guttacristatus cherso- nensis... 505 Ciconia ciconia ciconia 645 Cinnyris asiatica asiatica 471 -———— lotenia ... 471 ——_—— minima 504 471 Circaétus ferox ane 372 Circus ceruginosus zruginosus 375, 475 374, 385, 475, 746 macrceurus xxi PACE Circus melanoleucus ..d/79, 475, 498 ——— pygareus... 375, 385 Cirrepedesmus leschenaulti 386 -—- ——-- mongolus artifrons 386 Cirrhina reba LS Cirrhino cirrhosa 113 Cistanche tubulosa 533 Citrullus colocynthis Jol. 536 Clamator jacobinus jacobinus 473, 576 Clupea chapra 992 Cochlearia flava 703 Colias 662 - fieldi 442, 443, 450 —-—— edusina 442, 457 Colisa fasciata (Colisa vulgar is) 767 | labiosus : 771 Collocalia fuciphaga colon 506 Colotis amata 450 Coluber helena ... 427 Columba livia ae 506 — — mermedia VAT) Convolvulus lineatus a2 -——— oxyphyllus Doe oe pilosellaefolius J3o ——— scriceus 533 Copychus saularis saularis 469 Coracias benghalensis indica ... 473 Corchorus triocularis 536 Cornulaca monacantha 534 Corvus corax laurencei 747 - macrorhynchos culminatus. 467, 501 ~——- splendens x4 sit 418, 467 ——__- ——_--——- protegatus ... 501 - ——--—-- splendens 384 Corydalis govaniana 525 ——-——— ramosa ae an =e 2026 Cosmolyce boeticus ae 443, 451 ——-——- (Lampides) evita 399 Cosmophila. erosa 690 Coturnix coromandelica 380, 572 ——— -- coturnix coturnix 379 Crambe cordifolia 703 Crepis parviflora 532 Cressa cretica 533 Crocethia alba 386 Crocodilus palustris 425 Crocopus phcenicopterus chlorogaster 376 Crozophora obliqua 534 — —- oblongifolia 534 Crucianella membranacea nee on DOL INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Cryophyton (Mesembryanthemum) nodiflorum 531 Cryptoplectron coyemrennncnaes 507 Cuculus canorus bakeri aes sax 1-00 -- micropterus : 576 Culicicapa ceylonensis eorioncners eee O02 Cuminumcryminum ... ah ee SS Cursorius coromandelicus 633 Cuscata planifora 033 Cutandia memphitica ... 935 Cynodon dactylon 935 Cynomorum coccineum 534 Cyornis rubeculoides rubeculoides 469 Cyperus arenarius sat : 539 -- conglomeratus var. arenarius 535 -- rotundus 535 Cypsiurus parvus 474 Daemia cordata .. 536 Dafila acuta 650 Danais aglea dit ——- aglea Piclanoides) 5 OOZ - - chrysippus 396, 662 - gautama gautama 662 ——- limniace... 444, 445 ——- mutina 396, 662 ——- melaneus plateniston ... 662 —-——- melissa septentrionis 662 - plexippus .. 444, 445, 662 - septentrionalis 444 - tytia tytia 662 Danaus aglea 450 - ~ chrysippus x62 442, 443, 450 — genutia 442,443, 449,450,453, 454,455 — hamata septentrionis 449, 450, 453 —-—-—-— limniace 450 ——- plexippus - 439 ———- tytia 443, 450, 454, 455 Dasychira mendosa 404 Deilephila nerii ... 407 Delias aglaia se 661 belladonna burmana ... 7) BOON descombesi leucacantha see OO ——— eucharis ... ss 661 ——— hyparete hierte ... aie 2 J06H ————. sanaca . 442, 443, 450, 456 ——— singhapura agostina .. 661 - thysbe pyramus... 661 Delichon urbica urbica... wei Oe Demiegretta asha | aoe 387, 647 Dendrocalamus giganteus 602 Dendrocygna fulva as wt 574 INDEX OF SPECIES. Xxili PAGE PAGE Dendrocygna javanica ... ‘ .. 649 | Erysimum repandum ... ee ma) 0S Dendrophasa pompadora aan i 370! Leenyx Jone ee ane ti ne 426 Dercas verhuelli doubledayi ... ... 661 | Esacus recurvirostris ... one (pee 00e Descurainia sofia in oe res 703 Eterusia (Soritia) leptalina ... ee 70 Diczeum concolor concolor _... 46 505 | Buborelliastah ... — bs weet geal Dicerorhinus sumatrersis ne 594 Euchloe lucilla ... sae ...442, 443, 450 macrocercus peninsularis 470, 745 | Eudynamis scolopaceus scolopaceus 384, 746 Digera arvensis ... ae a =. 36 | EBugenia sp. ae ae na ss O08 Dipceadi erythraeum ... ne 535, 536: | Eumeces teeniolatus ... ce ww. 426 Diplotaxis acris ... a ne .. 528 | Eumyias albicaudata ... i Be Ue ——-—— harra ... ape oa .. 528 | Euphorbia cornuta wee or ee ok Dipsas trigonata .. ie Be auetey, —_——— -- hieroglyphica ee a 534 Discophora contcntats eoaginenans: 665 | Euplaoe alcathce doubledayi .. » 662 -————-—- tullia zal... aes sss 605 2 -— oesatia ae ... 662 Dissoura episcopa episcopa ... pre O45) ea SCA a. es ne Pe, aS oi ee ee episcopus — ae 573 == COLE eae 444, 445, 449, 450, 453 Draba muralis .., ie ay Pe O48 eee —— core vee ve - 397 Dromas ardeola ... ae ee 2804000 4b oa =a- 7 COLCta) Ge. is Cte wwe «= 453 Ducula badia cuprea ... nee 2 +906 -- deione deione ... ; a GOS ~Dyera spd. ee ae .. 607 | -——-- diocletiana digcieans or 002 Echinopsilon tauiricatand ae .. 534 | ———-- godarte ... ate ua sa, 003 Echis carinata ... aie ee .. 427 | —-—-- harrisi hopei .... ae ie 608 Egretta alba subsp. ss iss .. 646 | -——-- klugicrassa... Ace 1e) 008 - garzetta garzetta a 574, 646 | ——----——-macclellandi ... ore. Ob2 — ———-- intermedia ... fet O46 --midamus brahma ... . 663 Elanus coeruleus aN re .« 475 | Euryale ferox fs a ws o14 ha VOCKEIUS 9 tr. 3/3, 560, 499 , Buthalia caruda .. aes ne we "692 Elaunan bipartitus ae . 722: | ———-——- —-—_ - eecanocana ne ; 398 Elymnias hypermnestra enduiar “397, 664 | Everes argiades ... .. 442, 443, 451, 454 — —nesoea timandra .... .. 664 | Excalfactoria chinensis chinensis ... 498 Emberiza melanocephala sah .. 498 | Fagonia bruguieri ve oe ee (aoU —- striolata striolata ... w. 497 | - -- glutinosa 0 be ae OOO) Emex spinosus ... aa ae 534, 537 | Falco jugger aa ae ve 371, 499 Enispe enthymius ie si .. 665 | -——- peregrinus... es on ww. 384 Epeira diadema ... ins wh 478,485 | ——- ——-—-—— peregrinator eee. Eremopterix grisea grisea i we 471 | —- —— peregrinus ... Se Ouel Ergolis ariadne ... re e .. 450 | —-—-subbuteo subbuteo BAe toe OL Erites an ne “ a .. 664 | ——- tinnunculus ee oe mer | 05 Erodium ciconium i: a se) 00 | == = —-— objurgatus ... a. O06 ——— cicutarium ... ae .. o30 | ——- —— -—— tinnurculus ee oor ——— eglaucophyllum Se .. 9530 | Farsetia aegyptia fe tes Say 4!, —-——luciniatum ... ae: Jie OU — aegyptiaca ... ae w. 706 ——-——triangulare ... 530 | ———— hamiltonii oe me var. 206 — —-~var. nalvenulentan 530 | ———— jacquemontil ... see ome, 2a Erolia alpina alpina... a ... 642 | Faunis arcesilaus see Sh ww. 665 —-- minuta minuta ... oan .. 642 | Felis tigris ie ne ae i. JOG —-- temminckii tee ad ss. ©«=6.: 6 42 Fibigia longisiliqua mS oe, 2029 ——--testacea ... tee “pe hae 642 Filago spathulata var. Pst ee Oe Erophila vulgaris Ae ne .. 704 | Forficula auricularia ... ass sr paige Eruca sativa var. eriocarpa ... Ha) 528 Francolinus pictus pictus ne « 300 Erucaria allepica oo: ae see O80 --——- pondicerianus ... «as 476 XXIV Frankenia pulverulenta Fumaria indica .. --- parviflora Gagea reticulata var. rigida ... Galium decaisnei - sinaicum Gallicrex cinerea Gallinula chloropus -— indicus Galloperdix spadicea spadicea —— stewarti Gallus gallus murghi sonneratii Gandaca harina burmana Garcinia spp. Gastercantha sp. ; Roe Gastrocotyle hispidia vay. songarica.. Gelochelidon nilotica nilotica Geocichla citrina citrina Gladiolus segetum Glareola maldivarum ———— Glaucidium radiatum radiatum Glossogobius giuris Glottis nebularia Glycestha aurota Glyricidia maculata Glytothorax Goéra atra ——-- kalimpa ~—-—-- kursea ——--- mandana .. ——-- minor ——-- mishmia Gomalia elma NIbCRS at Gonepteryx rhamni nepalensis Gracula religiosa indica Gymnarchus niloticus Gymnodactylus kachensis Eacuenere vite Gymnorhis xanthocollis Gyps fulvus fulvescens ... ——- indicus Gypsophila porrigens Haematopus ostralegus fone ine: Heetornis cheela melanotis Halcyon smyrnensis fusca -—— smyrnensis Haliaétus leucogaster ... Haliastur indus ... —-— ——- indus Haloxylon salicornicum ear --— ——— ~——_--- maldivaruin .. PAGE 929 526 526, 534 300 “3 oo 972, 629 972 629 379 507 379 379, 507 661 608 478 932 635 746 539 | 573 633 369 713 641 450 aA) 585 489 489 489 489 489 490 779 661 503 768 426 471 369 370 529 636 506 505 474 543, 1980 373 386, 443, 475, 506 534, 538 | INDEX OF SPECIES Haloxylon schweinfurthii | Haplophyllum tuberculatum ... Hebomoia glaucippe =——— Helianthemum ellipticum — kahiricum ——— ——— ledifclium ——_—__————— lippii —--—— salicifolium Heliotropium undulatum Hemidactylus flaviviridis Hemipus picatus picatus erinaria cinerea ———- hemistemon ... Hestia lynceus hadeni ... Heterotis niloticus Hibiscus rosa sinensis ... Hieraétus fasciatus fasciatus ... —-- pennatus Hierococcyx varius Himantopus himantopus himantopus Hippasa pantherina Hippocrephis bicontorta ——--- unisiliquosa Hirundo daurica .. - — aie domicola Huphina lea ee ——— --- nerissa dapha ... evagete Hydrophasianus chirurgus Hyd -ophis spiralis Hymenocarpos mummularius Hyoscyanus pusillus Hypecoum pendulum —— procumbens Hypolimnas bolina -——-misippus ... Hypotaenidia striata striata ... Hystrix leucura ... Ibis leucocephala ieveare onan —— leucocepnalus Ichthyophaga ichthyaétus Ictinaetus malayensis perniger Ifloga spicata Impatiens sp. Iris milesii —- sisyrinchium Isatis tinctoria ; Ixias pyrene NE eine: Ixiolirion montanum — glaucippe = envio oyerel PAGE see NOOO 530, 537 444, 450 662 529 529 529 529 529 532, 536 we ~ 426: 503 533 533 662 sae 708 721 498, 506 372, 568 575 639 480 530 530 575 472 504 661 661 394 2/2;/631 427 531 533 521, 528 521 445, 450 444, 450 628 625 645 573 497 372 532 682 777 535 706 652 535 Sse INDEX OF SPECTES XXV PAGE PAGE {xobrychus cinnamomeus as 574, 648 | Lethe bhadra cin us a soe | OG4 =... sinensis sinensis ... .. 648 | ——-- chandica Aamo He « 663 Juncus acutus... Hh ca .. 535 | ——-- distans eee IM: whe rae | 003 Mononia hierta ..0°' +e. NOYES 445, 447 | ——-- europa niladana ake tes) 6038 Am -- lemonias aa ba 444, 445 | -———-- kansa a =e Ae dea O03 ——— -- orythya ... an ey. 444,445 | -——--latiaris ... i = «» 663 Kallima inachus ... ae te 443, 455 | ——--- mekara zuchara ... on wea oe OOS _ aa — heugelii oo 442,450 | -——-- muirheadi bhima ee at 663 -- philarchus horsfieldii .. 7795 | ——-- pulaha pulahoides ae oe 4609 Ketupa ceylonensis leschenaulti .. 906 | —-- rohria rohria re a i «+003 ___—-~ zeylonensis on .. 368 | ——-- sidonis a eo ee ties ar eo cneui .. 498 | ——-- ——— sidonis a sa eee O63 pe ——— semenowi ... = 6 JO | Vesa etetah ey wee i we 450 Koeleria phleoides are sot fos 539 ——-- sinorix Bd = ie Sc ate 663 Koelpinia linearis = om eg Oe) aa Sta me eis ss | 604 Labeo bogeut ... ce on .. 7/2 | ——--vaivarta ... or a6 442, 544 calbasu... sa sis = @/2\ ———--Vetmastenopa <.. ne or) an fO0S -_——. dussumieri -. sn ep a -- vindhya ... ue os .. 663 fimbriatus ae nt .. ¢72 | Leucage sp. ae a we ae 478 : potail i ae fi ... //2; Leucocirca aureola oP pe .. 469 Sp), pA Bes ae .. 773 | Leucopolius alexandrinus ae .. 386 Labidura riparia on se .. 721] Lilium giganteum van re ei Bi var. inermis .. 721 | Limicola falcinellus BUDS per ies i er 2 643 Lagerstraemia indica ... oe ... 685 | Limosa lapponica lapponica ces O10 Lalage sykesii ... Le on ae 70 ~limosa ssp. a, ea .. 640 Lampides boeticus fs v 442, 443 | Linaria chalepensis ies Seg OOS Lanius cristatus cristatus a 384, 503 | - micrantha — Se hee roao - schach caniceps 470, 503, 745 — simplex var. flaviflora .. 533 -vittatus ... a, os .. 470 | Linum usitatissimum ... = Ree sites Lappula spinocarpos ... ee .. 9532 | Lissemys punctata granosa ... we 425 Larus argentatus cachinnans . 634) Lithospermum callosum var. asper- ——--brunnicephalus ... ie . 634 TATU ee ee OP SO2 ——-- fuscus taimyrensis bes Le MOSS — incrassatuin ... Site a ——-- hemprichii es ae .. 634 | Lobipluvia malabarica re 476, 638 ——-- ichthyaétus tes sis .. 633 | Lobivanellus indicus ... tbe ce) ——-- ridibundus — oe oe 108%5) ---—— indicus ... yee elote: Launaea arabica noe Bet ... 932 | Loboda bifasciatus fe 36 we = 443 mucronata Me ies . O32 | ——--- ——-——-—- casyapa ... yet —-—— nudicaulis ee 5932 | Locustella naevia stramenea ... Ae, o AOL Leontodon hispidulum var. eemuitopan 932 | Loeflingia hispanica _... fee a oWO2O Lepidium aucheri se sa ye O20 4 Lolitim: rigidum. sn sis ia 20350 ——-— crassifolium ... fee ie. 707 | Lotus pusillus: ... Rs bag Jie OO ——-—— draba ... — ‘i .. 707 | Lybythea myrrha ash si oe 4500 —-—latifolium ... ats ... 708 | Lycaenopsis huegelii ... nad 443, 451 ——-——— perfoliatum ... ig eue 709 ——- puspa ar eas 443, 451 ——-—— ruderale me in 529, 708 | Lycosa annandalei any is 480, 485 ——-—— sativum ae ae 529, 706 | Lycium arabicum sen Pe Saal coo Leptaleum filiforme se oO cane eras) - barbarum a + Joowo50 Leptocircus curius as .. 660 | Lycodon striatus ee a sia gh A 27 -———. meges gamers .. 660] Lygia passerina ba 2 534)° 537 Leptosia nina nina ab ee .» 660 | ——-- pubescens sre ee sy eeO4 XXVI PaGE Lymnocryptes minima 644 | Mabuya macularia fx -- 426 Machlolophus xanthogenys Bar ane or ensis aces PPO UNE Macropicus j. hodgsoni 763 Macroplectra nararia 2085 Macropodus chinensis (M. anetenlan) 767 = — —— cupanus 767 ———- -——. opercularis 770 --—— viridiauratus 770 Malcolmia africana 929 —— assyriaca , 029 —_———— pulchella var. pygmaea 929 -—_——_—— torulosa var. leiscarpa 529 Malva parviflora 530, 537 | Mangifera indica 685 —-— Sp. 607 Mareca penelope ... ims 050 Mastacembelus armatus SOL ce = pancalus 772 Matthiola bicornis 529 —- incana 708 —- troida = = 529 Matricaria (Chamomilla) aurea 932 Meandrusa gyas aribbas 660 --— payeni amphis 660 Meconopsis aculeata 521 —— -—-——_ napaulensis sya Medicago ascher soniana 531 — laciniata 531 Melanitis leda ismene 664 -— zitenius zitenius 664 Melitotus indica ol -—- parviflora : 531 Mergus merganser merganser 651 Merogs oriental:s orientalis 473 ——-- persicus persicus mae 090 - superciliosus javanicus 473, 499 Metanastria hyrtaca 406 Metopidius indicus 630 Micrasema baitina 496 — -—— punjaubi 496 - —— tristellum tis sos -, 405 Micropus affnis 474, 576, 746 -— melba bakeri 498 Microscelis psaroides ganeesa 7 0) Milvus migrans govinda 373, 385, 475, 506 ~ -- lineatus 373 Mirafra assamica Se 9/2 Molpastes cafer cafer 468, 501, 744 —-- haemorrhous..,. Pore call’) INDEX OF SPECIES Monsonia nivea Monticola solitaria Penden Morcandia arversis tortuosa Mormonia vulpina Motacilla cinerea caspica —- flava leucocephala ——_—— - —— simillima ——--—— maderaspatensis Musa paradisiaca Muscadivera cenea pusilla Muscari comosum Fe Muscicapula tickellize pevene: Mycalesis francisca gotama charaka ——-—- mamerta mamerta ———- mineus mineus -——-—-——. nicotia ——-— perseus blaseus ——-— suavolens ——— -— visala neovisala Myiophoneus horsfieldii Myristica spp... cee Myrmarachne sp. Mystus cavasius Naia trupidans Nasturtium fontanum -—— indicum ——_ —_—-- MOntanwum - —— palustre Natada suffusa Nelumbium speciosum Nelumbo nucifera Neophron percnopterus ——- Neorina westwoodi Nephila maculata Neptis hylas - astola Neptunia oleacea eee Nerium odorum : Nettapus Cotamercenanne Nettion crecca crecca Neurada procumbens Nitraria tridentata Norraca longipennis Notidobia ciliaris - nigra Notoceras bicorna | Notopterus notopterus Numenius arquata lineatus PAGE 471, ee eeg 315, 370, ginginianus ... “442, 443, A454, 455) "574, 649, 387, 531 eee 530 502 536 709 493 504 561 504 504 581 376 535 502 663 663 663 663 663 663 663 663 502 608 481 773 427 709 709 710 709 685 514 514 497 475 6€4 478 450 456 040 691 765 650 OSs 530 578 487 487 529 772 633 INDEX OF SPECIES Numenius arquata orientalis - phaeopus vo —_--—— ——-— phaeopus... Nuphar lutium - Nycticorax nycticorax tone Nympheza alba ————-~ pubescens ——_——- rubra ——--—— stellata Nyroca ferina ferina ———- iuligula fuligula - marila marila - rufa rufa Ochradenus baccatus Ochromela nigrorufa Ocinara varians Odontospermum Py emenien CEnopopelia tranquebarica barica Oligomeris subulata Olios tiner ok Onobrychis ptolemaica Ononis reclinata : serrata : Ophicephalus penerearie: Ophioglossum vulgatum Ophiomorus tridactylus Ophiops ierdoni — microlepis Orgyia postica Orinoma damaris Oriolus oriolus kundoo Orobanche egyptiaca cernua var. acco riontinn Orsotrioena medus medus Orthotomus sutorius -—— sutorius guzurata Osphronemus goramy Osphromenus gouramy Otocompsa emeria —— jocosa emeria fuscicaudata Otus bakkamoena deserticolor —— brucei scops pulchellus Oxalis corniculata Pachypterus ——-- luridus Palaquium spp. ... Palystes flavidus ... Pandion haliaétus ——— ——s 368, 754 584, PAGE 386 386 640 sls 648 516 517 516 O17 651 476, 652 Pe O02 498, 651 529 502 407 532 tranque- 378 529 484 931 Sol Sol 773 535 | 426 426 | 426 405 664. 471 533 rohe 664 420 470 766 769 419 468, 744 501 753 368 536 584 585 608 484 369, 499 XRVil PAGE Pandion haliaetus haliaétus .. «=— 84 Pangasius buchanani 390, 309, 362 -—- djambal G00; 302 ——- ——- hypophthamus 307 -—— -——-- juaro ... 358 ——_ -——-- larnaudii 307 -——-—- macronema ... 358 ———-—- pangasius 3509002 -—-siamensis 358 Panicum turgidum a30 Papaver argemone 523 -— dubium... O25 ———---— hybridum 523 —~—-----— nudicaule JZo -— orientale D205 = -- rhoeas ... 522, 528 ——_ -- ——- var. Sapincetur 528 -— somniferum 524, 528 —-— -- —— -— -— - var. encase: lam. “528 Papilio agestor ae 442, 443, 450 - =—_—-- govindra 456 -arcturus arcturus 659 - aristolochize 450 - bianor gladiator 659 - - castor castor 659 - chaon chaon 659 - demoleus 444, 445, 450 —— ——-——_ demoleus 659 - erithonius 452 - hector * 444, 445, 450 - helenus elem 659 - machaon 443, 450, 455 —- -— verityi 659 ——-- mahadeva 659 ———- memnon agenor 658 - noblei 659 -—-——- pammon 452 - paris paris 659 - polyctor ganesa i 659 - polytes ; 442, 443, 445, 450, 452, 454, 455 ——-- —— romulus.. 659 ——-——- protenor euprotenor 658 - rhetenor 658 - xuthus ane ; 659 ee macareus Sade 660 ————- megarus similis... 660 -———-———-- xenocles kephisos 660 Parasa lepida i‘ 684 Parathyma opalina 442, 443, 450, 456 XXviii PAGE | Pareronia avatar avatar Jie) HOOZ -——— valeria hippia 395, 662 | Parnara mathias 446 Parnasa mathias 444 Paronychia arabica 33 ——- argentea 529 Parralelia (Ophiusa) algira 689 Passer doinesticus indicus 471 Pathysa agetes agetes 659 -- antiphates pompilius 659 -- aristeus hermocrates 659 -- glycerion 659 --- nomius swinhoei 653 | Pavo cristatus 378. Payena spp. 608 Peganum harmala 50,1080 + Pelecanus crispus me gore Pelopidas mathias 445, 451 Percnia ductaria 691 Perdicula argoondah 380 —_—- asiatica asiatica 380 Pericrocotus flammeus ... 503 peregrinus 470 Perina nuda - 405 | Pernis ptilorhynchus aipcon S 376 Peucitia elegans 482 -- virdiana 48? Phzethon indicus 386 Phalacrocorax niger as wr 004 Phalanta phalanta 443, 450, 455 Phaseolus vulgaris 539 Philomachus pugnax 642 Phoeniconaias minor ... sie 649 Phcenicopterus ruber BAnemogin 649 Phoenicurus ochrurus 469, 745 Photoscotosia miniosata 691 Phragmites communis Role) Phylloscopus griseolus 499 —_——-—— _ nitidus 503 ——- viridanus ... 503 Phytometra jessica ‘ 689 Picridium tingitanum var. sanenteomn 330 Picus xanthopygceus oe te ou Pieris brassicze 442, 443, 447, 450 660 ——- canidia indica 660 ——-napi montana 660 | - saharee 532 Pimelodus bagarius 985 --—-— pangasius 361, 362 Pimpinella puberula seul INDEX OF SPECIES Pithecolobium sf. wae Pitta brachyurs | Pitta brachyura —- c. cucullata Plantago albicans ee ———— amplexicaulis ... ——— ciliata coronopus ———— cylindrica lagopus ovata — psyllium Platalea leucorodia major Ploceus philippinus Pluvialis dominicus fulvus Podiceps ruficolls —._— + - ——--- capensis Polycarpaea repens Polycarpon tetraphyllum Polycnemon sf. Polygonum bellardi Polyommatus boeticus ———= —_—_—_— —=- ——___.. Polytela gloriosae Pomatorhinus horsefieldi travancorensis. Porphyrio poliocephalus poliocephalus. 972,630; 762 385, 47 6, 574 ah 442, 444, 445, 446, 455 686 501 499, Porthesia (Euproctis) scintillans 406 Porzana parva 628 —-——-— porzana 628 —— — pusilla pusilla 628 Pratapa deva lila 399 Precis hierta 449, 450 ——-- iphita 442, 443, 450, 454, 455 ——-- lemonias 450 ——-- orithya i 445, 450 Prinia flaviventris devieners Sie inornata sce, Fe socialis 420, 471 sylvatica 471 Prioneris clemanthe 661 —- thestylis 661 Prodenia littoralis 686 Prosopis stephaniana “eel Psamophis condanarus 427 —— leithii 427 Pseudecheneis eat + 00 Pseudcgyps bengalensis 370, 475 Psittacula columboides 505 ——-——- krameri manillensis 473 422 —-—— torquata INDEX OF SPECIES ici PAGE PAGE Pteranthus dichotomus a .. 533| Sapium baccatum a oe ... 608 Pterocles exustus ellioti Are J) 378 |) saponatia vaccaria ee Ae [Goce Ptyonopro gne rupestris ie pee 497 | Saprolesnia an APs et a OSS Puffinus pacificus hamiltoni ... ... 386 | Sarcogyps calvus ae si 369, 474 ———— persicus ae ie 386, 644 | Sarkidiornis melanotus ... ie as 649 Pulicaria crispa a he .. 36! Savignya oblonga a: se oe. ong Punica granatum ab ea ee fe.) -—— parviflora... ee ve O20 Pycnonotus luteolus luteolus 468, 744, 760 | Saxicola caprata Ss a i 469 Pyctorhis sinensis sinenis me we = 468 | ————-—— atrata... a a> O02 Querquedula querquedula tae w. 651 | ———-—— burmanica ... > O01 Rallus e. amuroptera ... Exe hae foo |) saxicoloides fulicata. ... ne we ~— 469 Rana cyanophlyctis uae ae ... 427 | Scabiosa olivieri ae a san oot —-tigrina bed iat i: 27) -—— palaestina ... es ce DOE Raphanus sativus ee oe or ro ~- var. calocephala. 531 Rathinda amor ... “e ... 399 | Schimpera arabica Res - ed Recurvirostra avocetta eect = 669 —— persica = oe ae) OO Reichardia tingitanta ... ees a. doe |) scolopax rusticola rusticola ... 507, 643 ’ Reseda arabica ... ae sae ... 929 \) SCOrpilirus muricatus ~... ae oe COON decursiva wae oss im 91029 |) SCOLZOnEeraA papposa | .., ¥ we Sy! - muricata a ae .. 029 | Scrophularia deserti ... on A ammests)s: Rhanterium epapposum 36% War oo2 |) Secizenia. orientalis ss Ar ee O00 Rhazya stricta... af Ge i, 936 |) Senecio coronopifolius ... ee ee Oe Rhinoceros an: oe ais tn O02 | silene conica ie a oe Pare loee -—— crossi aes 618 | ————conoidea ... ae va ia - O29 ——- lasiotis “a 618, 619, 620 | ~-——— leyseroides ae ie ee ——-——-- sondaicus ... 594, 596, 616, | villosa... Stray ae 2529 619, 621 | Sinapis (Brassica) arvensis ... eee eu ——_——-——. sumatranus ie .. 618, Siphia parva albicilla ... ae ra OUe eee UnICOMMs 2, us .. 619 | Sisymbrium altissium ... oe cm cet Puen Rhinophis travancoricus ae ...- 388 | ——-——— erucastroides a sen ed Rhopodytes viridirostris See eS -—— irio i ao ree: Rhyncholaba acteus_... Ei .. 682 | —-—~-—— loeselii a as snot v7 ae Rhynchops albicollis ... ee .. 636 | ——- sophia te ‘is wee fe Riparia concolor SF ee .. 504 Sitana ponticeriana ... oie wee £26 Robbairea prostrata ... ee ie 029 |, Sitta castaneiventris., ..: re a. 410 Roemaria hybrida Aa bie .. 028 | ——-c. castanea ... We ee ae ATE Roselia fola es : 55 .. 401 | —— frontalis trontalis ... x ioe Uk Rostratula pene nnlencis sist . 973 | Solanum nigrium eae i it. 000 —--—- — perc iniene 631 | Spatula clypeata os th ja» (Goll Ruimex pictus... set ia: .« 3/7 | Sphenopus divaricatus ... on io) oo -— var. bipinnatus ‘er Jo2| sophetta apicalis.., a a fet OS - vesicarius ae oes Moet oOd | Spilarctia obliqua oo: ae ot ADZ Rusa unicolor equinus | ide aise ee 785 | Spilornis cheela... im, A tesa me aie Salmo fario a “ie wee Sve ec AZO nipalicus ww. 442, 443, 451, 456 Salsola hispidula eae a ». 034 | —— zaffira ... re os se dO = - kali eat ast Pa ... 034 Spodoptera mauritia ... st | (OBZ - longifolia ae Pee .. 934} Squatarola squatarola ceantcnors 12 6» G36 - verrucosa bee us tule O94 |; Statice spicata .... Ive ae ea. 082 Salvia egyptiaca she aa Sei oas suffruticosa eo si no Oe —-—— spinosa ... i bee Age 088 thouini ... ee ae fis, COGE Santalum album site aps ». 458 | Stegodyphus ae ax oe poe Bers PAGE Stegodyphus sarasinorum 131 138 Sterna albifrons ... oe 385 ———_- — albifrons 635 ———- ——-——_ sinensis 574 - anaetheta antarctica ... 385 —— -——fuligula het enOoD - fuscata infuscata 15. 309, 030, 763 ——-—- - repressa... ” 385 Sternocera nitidicolus ... 579 Stictopthalma louisa louisa 665 ~ - —--— tytleri 665 Stipa tortilis ie O30 Streptopelia cambayensis 416 —-— — decaocto er SuZ -———.- ——- -- decacctor yee 7i3: — — chinensis suratensis 377, 4755 907, 746 ——_-——- orientalis meena ... PETE ~—_—— -——- senegalensis cambayensis 377, 475 Strix indranee indranee 384 ——- — shanensis 567 Strobilanthes 580 | Sturnopastor contra contra 412 Suaeda baccata ... 534 - verniculata 534 Suastus gemius gemius... 400 Sula dactylatra melanops 644 | —— fiber ... ane ee ue bs e386) —— sula rubripes 386 Sylepta derogata... fel OS Syntaruches plinius 442, 454 —+— telecanus nA 443 “+ -—-——-—- plinius... 451 Sypheotides indica Ae 632 Syrmaticus humix burmanicus 568 Tadorna tadorna 649 Tamarindus indicus 540 Tamarix articulata 530 ——_—~_ Macrocarpa 530 Tarsiger brunnea brunnea 502 Tchitrea paradisi .. 469, 503, 745 Teinopalpus imperialis imperatrix 660 Temenuchus pagodarum 471 p. pagodarum 745 Tephrodornis pondicerianus ... 410, 470 Teracolus amatus 449 Terias blanda silhetana 395, 662 hecabe 395, 442, 443, 449, 450, 454, 455,662 laeta .. 442, 443, 450, 454, 455, 662 INDEX OF SPECIES PaGE Terias libythea 442, 443, 450, 452, 455, 662 Terpsiphone viridis 576 Tetragnatha sp. 478 Teucrium oliverianum 30 - polium i Dor ar. lanuginosum 533 Thalasseus bengalensis bengalensis 385, 635 —— —— — bergii edwardsi 385 Thamnobia cambayensis 422 Thaumantis dicres 665 Thauria aliris pseudaliris 665 ———-- lathyi amplifascia 665 Thereiceryx viridis 905 ——- zeylanicus... 414 Theretra oldenlandiae 681 Thlaspi arvense ... 72 Thyatira batis 684 Tordylium persicum 531 Torularia torulosa 529 Tragopan melanocephalus 569 Trapa bispinosa ... se 630 Tribulus terrestris oa ae ee OOO Trichogaster labiosus TiAl. trichopterus 771 Trigonella anguina o3k oa hamosa 531 — maritima Sa aon ———Stellata SER Sts) Tringa erythropus 974 glareola aes el ep OLd — — hypoleucos 386, 476, 507, 641 —— ochropus ... 507, 640 stagnatilis 641 - totanus eurhinus 641 Trisetum pumilum 936 Trochalopteron jerdoni havea 501 Troides aeacus ote 658 — helena serena 658 Trypanophora semihyalina ~ 400 Turdoides striatus polioplocamus 468 Turdus bourdilloni bg 902 - simillimus aARrAteneIn 502 Turnix maculatus tanki 498 - suscitator taijoor .. 381 - sylvatica dussumieri 381 ' Tyto alba javanica 367 ——.- --— stertens 750 Udaspes folus .. 400 Upupa epops oe 474, 745 - — ceylonensis 505 Uroloncha malabarica ... ae 471, 745 INDEX OF SPECIES PAGE Uromastrix hardwickii ... 426 Urophyllum 608 Urospermum picroides ... 532 Utetheisa pulchella 402, 692 Valerianella leiocarpa ... 534 | Vandeluria oleracea 7: Die aw) || | Vanessa canace ... 442, 443, 450, 455 -- cardui ...439, 442, 443, 445 447, 450 | -- cashmirensis 442 Vararus molitoris 426 | Varmina indica ... 404 | | Vicia peregrina 531 | Wallago attu st OUI8i| Xantholeema eae e pre 414, 745 | - ——-- indica 472 _ Xenentodon cancila 773 _ Xenorhynchus asiaticus 973 | Xenus cinereus cinereus 640 Ypthima baldus baldus ... 664 | ———— hubneri hubneri 664 Ypthima sakra. austeni... --—--——. savara Zamenis diadema ---———— ventrimaculatus Zetides agamemnon bathycles chiron cloanthus doson axion oe eurypylus cheronus . — sarpedon sarpedon Zeuxidia amethytus masoni Zizyphus mummularia ——-- spina-christi —_—_—_—-- ——--—— —- var. inermis Zosterops palpeb rosa bs - egregia .. - nilghiriensis Zygophyllum coccineum Zypoetis scylax - againmemnon agammemnon.. XXX1 PAGE 530, 664 664 427 427 alee. 660 660 659 659 659 659 665 536 538 530 422 384 504 530 664 - i ro Lie ‘ 2 Ye es. nia Pye = 30 eae i as : 190 sis OE o> 292 : 4 so ef ‘ ‘ 22% Ly - > x > Nee , > 2 hi 3: 3 canny 4 } zt sie § e Pay P she z sae at a alae va, Sag Birk lee. Pate ie coe eo nee oat Be icin ieee BOMBAY NATURAL HiSTORY SOCIETY OFFICE BEARERS, 1939 Patron H. E. The Viceroy of India, G.M.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.M.I.E., G.B.E. Vice-Patrons H. The Nizam of Hyderabad, G.c.S.1., G.B.E. . The Maharaja of Baroda. . The Maharaja of Travancore, G.C.1.E. . The Maharao of Cutch, G.C.S.I. G.C.1.E. . The Maharaja of Jodhpur, G.C.1.E., K.C.S.1., KeC.V.0. .. The Maharajadhiraj of Patiala. . The Maharaja of Rewa, K.C.S.1. . The Maharaja of Bhavnagar, K.C.S.I. . The Nawab of Junagadh, G.C.1LE., K.C.s.I. Sir David Ezra, Ké., F.Z.S. F. V. Evans, Esq. A.S. Vernay, Esq. Lt.-Col. K. G. Gharpurey, I.M.s. (Retd.). W.S. Millard, Esq., F.z.S. yn Eh a Benefactor Mr. C. O. O’Donnell, U. S. A. President H. E. Sir Roger Lumley, G.c.1.u., D.L. Vice-Presidents H. H. The Maharao of Cutch, G.C.S.1., G.C.1.E. Revd. Father J. F. Caius, s.J. Rt. Revd. R. D. Acland, M.a. Executive Committee Mr. Farrokh E. Bharucha re oe .«« Bombay. Mr. A. Forrington aon ie sate - Mr. J. B. Greaves, M.L.A. aa eat ae i Mr. M. J. Hackney a. me, ae 7 Mr. R. E. Hawkins ie re eee ee MerDinG. Ell F.RIG.S.5,J.Py .s: iy ve + Lt.-Col. W. C. Spackman, I.M.S. ve ‘ae a4 Mr. F. Wadia ae se ae os . Lt.-Col. S. S. Sokhey, 1.M.s. ree ‘ip Mr. H. M. McGusty (Honorary Tene ke - Mr. P. M. D. Sanderson, F.z.s. (Honorary Scereiar yy; - 3 XXXIV OFFICE BEARERS Advisory Committee Dr. -C. F.C, Beeson; D:S¢., M:Az,a1-HiSs, eee .. Dehra Dun: Lt.-Col. R. W. Burton, 1.4. (Retd.) an ae) Coonoor: Mrac. f..Donaldr7.s. one sen ... Dharmsala. Dr. FE. H. Gravely, D7Sc. ee see i. Madras. Mr. C. M. Inol’s, .820.U.,; .F.Z:Se ae .... Warjeeline: Mr. R. C, Morris, F.2:S. °F RiG:s. ce ... Coimbatore: Major E. G. Phythian-Adams, F.Z.S. oe Boe aNpilkeaneis, Dr. Baini Prashad, D.Sc. are Pa yee eCalcucta. Mr... C..Smith Rangoon, Burma. Lt.-Col, C..G.. Toovood, CAE, D,S.0. ate ceo. Delhi: Mr. James LH. Wiliams <<. ee we, WNILSTrIS, LIST OF MEMBERS LIFE MEMBERS Aga Khan, H. H. Aga Sir Sultan Mahomed Shaha (G.C-Sis,.G.C.1.E:) ie mee ... Hurope. Aitken, C. E. a fe ne <. Poona, Ali, Hamid A.:(1.C.8;) eet a, ... Baroda. Armitage, Capt. A, H..(R.E.) <6. .. Bangalore. Armstrong, Dr. J. Scaife (M.B., Ch. B., D.T.M. & H. ).. New Zealand. Aylesford, The Right Hon’ble The Par of .. England. Bahawalpur, H. H. The Nawab Capt., Sir Sadiq Mohammad Khan Abassi (K.C.V.0., G.C.I.E.) .. Bahawalpur. Baini Prashad, Dr. (D.sc.) ue ae CHICA, Baker WeG.ovlatt (E.Z.8.)) ans he ... England. Balkrisha Vinayek Wassoodeo Bombay. Bansda, H. H. Maharaul Shri Indra Seni Path Singhji. Raja Saheb of 6 Bansda. Baria, Shriiant Maharaj Kumar Shree SHnekeintiy Sahib of Baria Devegad. baroda,. H,, Ei The Msharaja ‘Bratapsinn Gacy te ( Vice- Patron) ei ». Baroda, Bates, Major Kio. P. (1.A., M.B.O.0-) at England. Bhavnagar, H. H.. The Moneta an Shri Sir aun: Kumar Singhji (k.¢c.S.1.,) (Vice-Patron) ... Bhavnagar. Bhavnagar, Kumar Shri Dharmakumar Sinhji Bhopal, H. H. Col. Sir Mahommad Hamidullah Khan ») Bahadur (G.-C S:l.> C.S.1,,C-V.0.) — .. -bhopal. Bikaner, Lt.-General H. H. The Maharaja Shri sir Gunga Singhji Bahadur (G.C.S.1.. G.C.I.E., G.C.V,00, C;5,E.,/K,.C.8.,; AvD.C Any) Bikaner. Bikaner, Capt. H. H, MelHara; Keunier Shri Sade Singhji Bahadur (C.v.o.) a9 bilaspur, H. H. Raja Anandchand ans ... Bilaspur. Bodenham, Count K Lubiensk. on we Ondon, Bradshaw, J. P. aN ae .. England. Bridgeman, Lt.-Col. Hon’ble H. G. O74 D510.) :; Ibrook, Carlton Py... see 6 Burton, Brig.-Gen. R. G. — a oe . Burton, Lt.-Col. Richard W. (1.4. Ree «.« ' Coonoor. Bute, The Most Hon’ble The Marquis of ... i. London. @accia;, Major A. Mi (LF.s;) ... England. Cambay, H. H. Nawab Hussain Nayarihad Jafar Ali- khan Saheb Bahadur ose : «. Cambay. Carter, Lt.-Col. H. St. M: (D.s.o., M. aanl ... London Cassamali Jairajbhoy Peerbhoy ; se: -bombay. Chhota-Udepur, Maharawal Natwar Sinhii FB, ... Chhota-Udepur. Christopher, Sydney A. (Bar-at-Law) ... .... Kangoon. XXXVI LIST OF MEMBERS Clarke, L.. O2(C 1.8. 1:C.S3) Clutterbuck, Major J. E. (R.E.) Clutterbuck, Sir Peter Cooch Behar, H. H. The Manareis Jagaddiper a Narayan Bhup Bahadur 2 Coode, John M. , Corkill, Dr. Norman L. (M.B. = oie B.) Craw, H.H (1-C.8.) Crawford, W. M. (8.E.s., I.C. S. ) (Retd. 1 Cron, Herman Culbertson, J. M.S. a MaIACuEs . Cutch, H. H. The Maharao Sir Shri Reneunl ral Bahadur (G.C.S.1., G.C.1.E.,) (Vz¢e-Patron and Vice-President) Cutch, Kumar Shri Godji Cutting, C. Suydam Dalal, Miss Meherbai P. M. Dalal, Miss Perin P. M. Dalal, R. D. PD’ Almeida, J. i. R: aca See Dharampur, H. H. The Metiaeane shinee: cyiiaweden Rana, Maharaja Saheb of Dhrangadhra, H. H. Maharana Sri Sir Chansnuaes mimhji CK. C250. )..<. : Drake-Brockman, Lt.-Col. H. E. (B:Z3S.., Pes Dungarpur, H. H. Rai Rayan Maharajadhiraj Mahara- wa! Shri Sir Lakshman Singhji Bahadur (K.C.S.1.) Duxbury, Brigadier C. D. Elgee, Colonel J. W. L. Ellison, Bernard C. (C.M.Z.S., F.R.G.S.) English, E. E. Erb, E. nee Evans, F. V. (Vice-Patron) Ezra, Altred’(0.8.E., 2-Z.S.). 9. Ezra, Sir David, At. (Vice-Putron) Frey, Max Gauripur, Raja Prapnacnaddra Barua Gharpurey, Lt.-Col. K. G. (1.mM.s.) (lice- Patron) Gonsalves, A. F et aie as Gregory Smith, Cap. H. G. Harris, Jr., William P. Hill; Major k. D2 0. Holkar, H. H. The Maharaja Sin Tukoji Rae Hopwood, 8. F. (1.F.s.) Hotson, Sir Ernest (K.C.S.1., O.B.E., LLCS.) Hoyas, Count E. ; sae ee si Hwisbands, Major H. W. .S. (M.C., A.MA.C.&,, S.M.R.E.) Hyderabad, H. E. H, “The Nizam Sir Wane Aliichan Bahadur (G.C.S.1., G.B.E.) (Vice- Patron) ae Ichhalkaranji, The marae Meberban Narayanrao Govind alias Babasahab Ghourpade London. Bombay. Srinagar, Cooch Behar. England. Khartoum. Rangoon. Ireland. New York. Englaxd. Bhuj-Cutch. Cutch. New York. Bombay. England. Bandra. Dharamptr. Dhrangadhra. England. Dungarpur. England. London. England. Bombay. Liverpool. : London. Calcutta. Switzerland. Gauripur. Pcona. Bandra. Nairobi. U.S.A. London. Indore. London. England. Austria. London. Hyderabod, Dn. Ichhalkaranji. Idar, H. H. Maharaja Shri Himmat Singhji Saheb Bahadur Indore, H H Holkar (G.C.1.E.) Inglis, Chas. M. ee B.E. MeHIOLU.) Ivens, J... Jaipur State, H. H. singhji, (G.C.1.E.) Jamkhandi, alias Appasaheb Patwardhan at Janjira State, H. H. Nawab Sidi Manammannian Nawabsaheb eo Maharaja Sir RAED Singh (KsCiS.1s, Jind, H. H. G.C.I.E.) Jodhpur, Lt.-Col. Sing Bahadur Patron) Junagadh, His Haonness RES of (K.C.S.1. (Vice- Patron) Kaiser Shumsher Jung Banaaue Rana, S, M., com manding-Gen. ost se ws Kerr, Dr. A. F: G. Khetri, Raja Sirdar Singh anacen Khilchipur, H. H. Durjansal Singh Kirk-Greene, Mrs. Leslie. Kolhapur, H. H. The Maharaja Lt.-Col. Sh Rejavatn Chhatrapati (G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E.) aS Kotah, H. H. The Maharajadhiraj Lt. Out Sir Umed Scie Saheb Bahadur (G.C.1.E., G.C.S.1., Laurie, M. V. (1.F.S.) Ses bee Lewis, J. Spedan Lloyd-Smith, Wilton Long, G. R. Lorimer, Lt.-Col. D. i, R, (en 1.E., Lowndes, Major Donald, G. a Ludlow, F. (M.A., M.B.0O.U., I.E.S., Sane) Lynes, Rear Admiral Morbert (ae C.M.G.) Mackenzie, J. M. D. aa Mahmudabad, Raja Mohammad Amir Amneakien oe Mandlik, Sir Narayan V. ia Manerol: The Shaikh Saheb Mayurbhanj, H. H. Bhanj Deo McConaghy, Lt.-Col. C. B. (1.M. ae é Mess Secretary, 3/17th Dogra Regiment ... Mess Secretary, 1/10th Gurkha Rifles Millard, A. W. P. Millard, W.S. (F.Z.S.) (accep atom z Miraj, Shrimant Sir Gangadhar Rao Garesh Bee Babasaheb Patwardhan (K.C.1I.E.) Montagnon, D. J. ... Monteath G, (I.C.S.) (Retd.) LIST OF WEMBERS The Maharaja Sir Yeshawantrao The Maharaja Sir Sawai Man- Shankarrao Parashuramrao ie H. The Maher Sir wea The pare Pracapenendys Himatnagar. Indore. Darjeeling, England. Jaipur. Jamkhandi. Janjira-Murud. Jind. Jodhpur. Junagadh. Nepal. Eng-and. Khetri. Khilchipur, London. Kolhapur, Kotah. Dehra Dun. London. New York. England. London. Lansdowne. Srinagar. London. scotland. Mahmudabad. Bombay. Mangrol. Baripada. England. Lahore, Quetta. England. Miraj. Dibrugarh. England. XXXVil XXXViil LIST .OF MEMBERS Morvi, H. H. The Maharajah Sir cid acta eee) (G.B.E.,; K.C.S8.1,) Mosse, Lt. Gol, yea cs be (en Murland, Lt.-Col. H. F. ass Mysore, H.W. The Maharaja Sir rennin Wiosdaurar Bahadur (G.C:sa., 68.8). Namjoshi, V. K, Naraenji Dwarkadas Narayanlal Bansilal, Raja se Narsingarh, H. H. Raja Vikram Sena Sahib Bahadur : oe aus fe Nawanagar, H. H.. The Maharaja Jamsaheb Sit Disvijiaysinhyji (C.6.S.1.,-K.Cal.B.) AED Nepal, Lt. General Shankar Shumshers Jung Bahadur Rara a eee Nepal, Supradipta Manyaber Gene "Sit Mohun Shumshere Jung Bahadur Rana (K.C.1.E.) Newman, T. H. (F.z.S., M.B.O.U.) Noyce, Sir Prank (IUC;S.5K7C.S.1., 0. B.H.) Oberholser, Harry C. . O’Donnell, C. O. (Benefactor) .. Ogilvie, G. H. (1.F.s.) Pace sacs. (nC oy Palitana, H. H. The Paton Benen shri a Bavarie Sinhji (K.C,S.1.,.K.C-1.B.) Parlakimedi, Shri Shri Shri raicnnaenende Garena Neen Deo, Maharajah of Parlett, 7 Mo CS )-Cretd.).., Patiala, H. H. Shri 108 Naneeenacnirey onendin Bahadur (Vice-Patron) F Pat.ala, Capt. Rao Raja Birindra Singhji... Paiiala, Maharaj. Kumar Capt. Brijindra Singhiji Paincke Ps S741.C.S.) (Retd) ay, Peacock, E.. H.-(Be.s.) (Retd.) Pestonji Jivanji (N.G.S.) Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji Petit, Jehangir Bomanji F Porpundar, a. HH. he Manenaga Shri Natran Sinan Bhavsinghji : Rae, Lt.-Col. M. E. (1.4.) (Retd.) ie Rajpipla, H. H. Maharaja Shri Sir Vijaysinhji (K.C.S.1,) Rewa, H. H. The Manarete Sir Gilapaings Baneean (KC.S.1., G:Ci1.E.).(V2ce-1-arvon) ee Roosevelt, Kermit Roosevelt, Col. Theodore Ross, Major Tyrell .. : ee Roumania, H. M. The King Ae ate Sanders, Col. C. W. Sanderson, Henry... oe Sangli, Meherban Sir Ssh’ chiatemenneo eee saheb Patwardhan (K.C.S.1.) eee Morvi. England. Coorg. Mysore. Bombay. Narsingarh. Jamnagar. Nepal. London. Le Washington, D.C. U.S. A. Rangoon. London. Palitana. Parlakimedi. England. Patiala. 9 England. AITiCa; Hyderabad, Dn. Bombay. 9’) Porbundar. Edinburgh. Rajpipla Rewa. USA: England. Roumania. Delhi. Uss: A; Sangli. LIST OF MEMBERS Savile, Sir Leopold (K.c.B., M.1.C.E.) Schmid, W. Scott, R. L. Sewal, Dr. Ram Narain (M.B., eee M.R.C.P.E., Gich) Seymour-Sewell, Lt. Col. Re B. ‘(LM.8.) wa Sirmoor, H. H. Maharaja Rajendra Prakash Banaue Smith, Major G. De Heriez Smith, H. C. Spence, Dr. heinar (M.B., Ch.B.) ame Spence, Sir Reginald (Az., F.z.S.) ; Standen, siti. (K.C.1.Hy.1.C,5,) (Retd.) Stanton, W. C. ptewart, ©. G. (1.P.S., M.A., Oe) Studd, E. muket State, H. H. Rae Daesnenan Sen Surguia, Maharaja Ramanuj (C.B.E:) Swaine, J. K. a Swithinbank, Mrs. B. W. Tehri-Garhwal, H. H. 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London. England. Tehri. England. Travancore. Udaipur. Canada. England England and U.S.A. Simla. Rawalpindi. London, Wankaner, England. 29 Africa. Andheri. Peshawar. Ahmedabad. Bombay. Peshawar. Ajmer. Akkalkot. Bombay, x! LIST OF MEMBERS Ali, Salim A. (M.B.O.U.) oe EE ie .. Dehra Dun. Ali, Sayed Mohammad (M.N.S.T., U.S.A.)... ... Cawnpore. Alington, Major N.S. (M.c.) ... aes -0 Lmdore, Ali Rajpur, Maharaj Kumar Capt. Fattehsinghji ... Ali Rajpur. Alleyne, Lt. H. Massy a a .. Hngland. Allsop; 4Eie(2-F S38 ese aA 3 =. Rangoon. | Ambalal Sarabhai... Ahmedabad. American Museum of Natural History, The apres rian... bits we. New York; U.S. A: Amir Sheikh Manone Khan (on I. E.) Shs oe Ajatraie | Anderson, John 8. se .. Bombay. | Ardermonelorsnent scant R. y. or: ... England. | Andrews, E. A. eRe Loe ohn a. ondon. | Arathoon, J.) da. a Rae ‘a, alndore: | Ash, H. D. ae S; ... England. | Ashby, Capt. R. T. ie A.) ae st3 a... Peshawar. | Atkinson, D. J. (1.F.S.) ace gah, ~. 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Daultara, Khan Bahadur Mian Ahmadyar (M.L.C.) .... Multan. Daver, Framroze, A. .... Bombay. Daver, The Hon’ble Mr. J. D. (paren Law : Davies, 1. G. B: (A: R.S.M.,.ST.M.1,P.7.) . .. England. Davies, Major V. K.N. Gay oe ar ... Bombay. Davis, D. (1.F.S.) “— bat sc a Davis, G.(L.C25.) sos sa 1 Bneland, Davis, P. W. (1.F.S.) a J ... Coimbatore. Davis, Dr. W. St. J. ied ae ,. Cachar: LIST OF MEMBERS Dean-Drummond, Lt.-Col. J.D. Dee, Lionel De Haas, C.P.J. Delacour, Mons. Jean de Mello, Prof. Col. I. F. Deo, Raja Sri Balavadra Narayan Baan DeRhe Philipe, G. W. V. (F.E.S.) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, affungsamt Deutsches Entomologisches Wilhelm Dewas Sr., H. H. Maharaja Vikram Sens Dewas Junior, H. H. the Maharaja Saheb of The Institut der Besch- Kaiser Dewas Junior, Shreemant Capt. Y.B. Pawar, vaieare:: Dewas Junior Branch Dickins, M. J. oie Dickson, Lt.-Col.-H.R. P. (ona Din, The Hon’ble Lt.-Ccl. Sir S. ereeedns Wd ae ne, CT.E.) ats Dinajpur, Maharaja feed ish Nath Ray Dinshaw, Kaikobad Cowasjee (C.1.E., J.P.) D'rector of Museums, 8. S. & F. M. States D:xie, Major W. J. ee ee Dods, W. K. ioe rs ie Donald, ©; EH. (F:Z.8.) Donald, Capt. J.O. 8S. Donovan, Lt.-Col. C. (I.M.s.) . Drake-Brockman, Major R. F. is (R. hae Dubash, J. K. Duke, A. H. ee Duke, Lt.-Col. C. L. ‘'B. (M.C., R.E.) Dunbar-Brander, A. A. (0.B.0. I.F.S.) Dunbar, U. B. H. Duncan, Major D. L. Duncan, John E. (P.w.D.) Duncan, P:R. (1-F.S:) é Duncan, Brigadier W. E. (D.S.0., M.C., R.A.) Duasdon, A. C. Durand, C. H. S.. Dyson, R. A. - Hates, Kk. R..(1.P., F.Z.S., mano) oe) Edwards, M. Vincent (I.F.s.) Eliot, John N. Eliot-Lockhart, Capt. Wm. Ellis, Ralph Emerson, C. A. se Emerson, Gerald H. (1.C.8.) Emerson, Capt. J. Etaiyapuram, The Rajah of Evans, E. J. 3 Evans, Col..G. H. (¢.1.z., F.L.S.) hs Evans, Brigadier W. H. (C.S.1., C.1.E., D.S.O. ) xlv Nilgiris. Coimbatore. Java. France. Nova Goa. Keonjhargarh. London. Berlin. >”) Dewas Sr. Dewas Ir. Bombay. Persia. Peshawar. Dinajpur. Bombay. Kuala Lumpur. Karachi. Calcutta. Dharmsala. Hangu. England. Pyzabad. Bombay. Bangkok. Roorkee. Scotland. England. Wana. Rangoon. Chakrata. London. Calcutta. Bombay. London. Karachi. Rangoon. Singapore. London. California. Bombay. England. Bombay, Etaiyapuram. Calcutta. London. England. xlvi Ezra, Sir Alwyn (F.R.G.S., Pawcus,.b.- RG. Csss Featherstone, Gordon B. Ferrar, Lt--Col. M2L.\(iA., 6.8.0.) Pield, Major:l. D: S242) (0:82 ar) Finnis, N50; Fischer, C. E., (8.5. Fletcher, Thos. Sate (yREETS 3). Robes. > Florence, James lynn, Ae A. (CMS) Fooks, H. A. a Foot, A. E. Forrington, Arthur... Ae Fountaine, Miss Margaret (F.E.S.) Fraser, A. Ga (1.M.D.) Fraser, Duncan Fraser, K. H. Praset, dc J.D; French Indo-China, His Majesty Emperor of Atnam rend, Ge Vax. Gardiner, J. E. Gartbwaites i. (less) Garbett. 'C: C. 1C,Sii., Geddis, A. Gee, E. P. ma Ghosh, S. K. (1.C.S.) Gemmell, G. W. George, Hugh S. (1.F.S.) HeZ:S:) CAE. Giy Griane, S. F.R.G.S., Gherardesca, Conte Georgeo, U. della Herbert.. M. BL Gibbon, Gibbons, J. Gibson, Hon, Mr EC. (ci., LCS.) Gill Ee Nazis.) Gil, HA: ©. (1.C.S:) Gimson, C. (1/C.S.) Gladstone, Capt. H. 5. Goodwin, F. W. Gordon, Major J. W. Gore, C. Gough, Lt.-Col. W. Gould; B. J. (C.1.E4, Gouldsbury, C. P. Gove, Capt R. V. oe GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS— Director of Agriculture, Bombay Director, Bureau of Science .. Director of Agricuiture, Bhar Director of Agriculture, Punjab EC. S26¢.M.G 5) Director of Agriculture, Baghdad Gow, Cedric J. (F.Z:5. FURS.B. Glennie, Lt.-Col. 1). A: (0-S:0.,R. 8.) M. LIST OF MEMBERS Bao-Dai, Cis) Bombay. Calcutta. Assam. England. Aurangabad Dn. Quetta. Fatehgarh. England. Coonoor. England. Calcutta. Dehra Dun. Bombay. London. Nilgiris. London. Tellicherry. Peshawar. FB esChina: Kadur. Nasirabad. Maymyo. Lahore. Bombay. Badlipar. Shillong. Calcutta. Nagpur. Italy. Vandiperiyar Bombay. Rajkot, Sitapur. Delhi. Imphal. Scotland. Dehra Dun. 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Inwinget.. ‘i TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION OF RHINOPHIS TRAVANCORICUS 389 the distance between it and the hinder part of the frontal; frontal as long as the parietals; eye one-third the length of the ocular shield; scales in 17 rows; V. 132-146, one and a half times as broad as the adjacent scales; C. 5-7; caudal disc as long as the shielded part of the head; almost flat, covered with spicules. ‘Dark purplish brown, the scales on the sides and belly edged with whitish; on the throat and fore part of the belly almost com- pletely whitish; anal region black; lower surface of tail yellow. ‘Total length eee diameter 7 mms. ‘Range. Travancore (Trivandrum, Pirmed, Ernakulum). Found at sea-level and in the hills to about 4,o00 ft.’ With regard to the rostral, Smith (unpublished MS.) says, ‘the portion visible as long as the distance between it and the hinder part of the frontal.’ In all the four specimens examined by me, the portion visible is distinctly less than this distance, being nearly two-thirds of the latter. The diameter of the eye varies from one- third to two-fifths the length of the ocular shield. The number of ventrals in one specimen (viz., Prof. John’s) is 151, and that exceeds the limit mentioned by previous authors by 5. Scale rows behind the head are 17, not 19 as recorded by Boulenger (1893). The type specimen described by Boulenger measured 170 mm. Smith (unpubl. MS.) gives 180 mm. as the total length, and 7 mm. as the diameter of the body. Of the specimens examined by me, two, viz., no. 16482 of Ind. Mus., and Prof. Aiyar’s specimen, measure 220 mm. in length, and that considerably exceeds the previous record. However, Prof. John’s specimen is a_ veritable @iant in this respect, being 320 mm. long. That beats the. old records by 140 mm. ! Boulenger (1893), in the synopsis of the genus Rhinophis given by him, lays stress on the ratio between the diameter of the body and the total length, and says in connection with I. travancoricus, ‘the diameter of body 34 times in the total length.’ The present examination does not bear him out in this respect, as the following measurements show: Specimen Total Length Diameter Ratio 16481 (Ind, Mus.) ay 160 mm. 63 mm. 24 _ Aiyar’s Ses 220° ,, (= yy 295 16482 (Ind. Mus. i ae 220) 5; fi if 313 John’s ee 340) ae 9 an 358 Prof. Aiyar’s specimen differs in colouration both from the other specimens and from the published description. It is markedly melanistic, being dark slate-coloured. The throat and the anterior part of the belly are also dark, and the white edgings on the scales on the sides and the belly are inconspicuous. The anal region is black, but as the region of the belly anterior to it (as a matter of ele the whole sonnel region) is darkish, it does not stand out as a definite patch as in other specimens. The lower surface of the 390 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL” HIST, SOCIETY, Volr Xi tail is pinkish, and there is a dark patch just behind the subcaudal scute. As a result of the present study, the following description for the species may be proposed : Snout acutely pointed; rostral smooth above, not keeled, about x the length of the shielded part of the head, separating the pre- frontals for half their length, the portion visible less than the distance between it and the hinder part of the frontal; frontal longer than broad, as long as the parietals; diameter of the eye 4 to ? the length of the ocular shield; scales in 17 rows; ventvals 132-151, about 14 times as broad as the adjacent scales; caudals 5-7; caudal disc as long as the shielded part of the head, almost flat, covered with spicules. Yellowish-brown to shining dark slate-coloured, the scales on the sides and belly edged with whitish (edgings less conspicuous in melanistic specimens); on the throat and fore part of the belly almost completely whitish (even this region dark in melanistic specimens); anal region marked out by a dark patch in specimens in which the ground colour is not dark slate; lower surfaces of the tail yellow or pinkish. Maximum length 320 mm., diameter varying from 6$ to 9 mm. Range. Travancore (Trivandrum, Mahendragiri, Pirmed, Ernakulum, Chenganacherry). Found at sea-level and in the hills to about 4,000 ft. In the end, it is my pleasant duty to thank Dr. Baini Prashad, Prof. Padmanabha Atiyar and Prof. C. John for the specimens examined; Dr. Baini Prashad for the loan of two volumes from the Indian Museum library; and Dr. Malcolm Smith not only for sending me his unpublished description of the species, but also for many acts of friendship and kindness during the past years. Me weARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. BY D. G. SEVASTOPULO, F.R.E.S. SUPPLEMENTARY INTRODUCTION. These descriptions were originally prepared for the Entomolo- gist’s Record, but lack of space entailed considerable delays in publication, and it was eventually decided that the series could be handled more advantageously in India. The following had, how- ever, already appeared :— Introduction—1933, xlv, p. 136. Byasa aristolochiae F., aristolochiae—1933, xlv, p. 137. Chilasa clytia L., clytia—1933, xlv, p. 137. Huphina nerissa F., evagete Cr.—1933, xlv, p. 138. Catopsilia crocale Cr.—1933, xlv, p. 148. Terias hecabe L., hecabe—1933, xlv, p. 148. ~*~ Pareronia valeria Cr., hippia F.—1933, xlv, p. 1409. Danais chrysippus L.—1933, xlv, p. 140. Euploea core Cr., core—1935, xlvii, p. 18. Elymnias hypermnestra L., undularis Drury—1935, xlvii, p. 18. Euthalia garuda Moore, suddhodana Fruhs.—1935, xlvii, p. 40. Rathinda amor F.—1935, xlvui, p. 49. Suastus gremius F., gremius—1936, Sivitige ea: Udaspes folus Ch 1006, KAVA ae Le. Dasychira mendosa Hbn.—1936, xlviil, p. 58. Orgyia postica Wlik.—1936, xlviii, p. 59. Porthesia (Euproctis) scintillans Wik. —1936, xlvill, p. 90. Rhyncholaba acteus Cr.—1937, xlix, p. 80. Natada suffusa Moore—1937, ites Parco le Polytela gloriosae F.—1937, xlix, p. 124. Ophiusa coronata F.—1937, xlix, p. 125. Buzura suppressaria Guen.—1938, 1, p. 76. Agathia laetata F.—1938, 1, p. 77. Sylepta derogata F.—1938, 1, p. 77. and I am much obliged to the Editors of the Entomologist’s Record for permission to republish them here. In some of these I have added further references and also names of food-plants; such additions are enclosed in brackets. Since writing the original introduction, a considerable advance in our knowledge of the early stages has been made by the publication of Vol. v in the Fauna of British India, Moths—Sphingidae by Bell and Scott; this contains descriptions and, in many cases coloured figures or photographs, of all the then known Indian Sphingid larvae. » Calcutta, 4-vii-38. 392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY Vol. xe INTRODUCTION. The more easily obtained books, on Indian Lepidoptera are, I have found, of very little help in the identification of the early stages; a large number of the few descriptions appearing in Sir George Hampson’s Moths in the Fauna of British India and in the Indo-Australian section of Seitz’s Macrolepidoptera of the World are vague, incomplete and even inaccurate, whilst Evans, in his Identification of Indian Butterflies, ignores the early stages altogether. I have, therefore, made a point of recording brief descriptions of the various larvae that have passed through my hands in the hope that they may prove of use to other entomologists working in India. | When numbering the somites I have in all cases ignored the head, the 1st somite 1s, therefore, the one immediately behind the head, i.e. the first thoracic somite. Further, in spite of the fact that most of the descriptions are noted as being made from single larvae, they have all been checked with other examples so that there is no danger of an aberration masquerading as the usual form. There is, however, always the possibility of some of these descrip- tions applying to local forms only. In cases where the description given in the four volumes of Moths by Sir George Hampson in the Fauna of British India or in the English Edition of the Indo-Australian section of Seitz’s Macrolepidoptera of the World is particularly incomplete or mis- leading, I have added it to mine with the reference ‘Hampson’ or ‘Seitz’ as the case may be. London, 7-vil-33. RHOPALOCERA. PAPILIONIDA. Byasa aristolochiae F., aristolochiae. Moore, Lep. Ind., v, 178, pl. 442, figs. 1, 1a-Ic., 1901-02: (Moore, Lep. Ceyl., i, 151, pl. 57, figs. 2a, 2b: 1880-3%,) Head and legs black. Body velvety black, the 6th somite with a white transverse band. The skin between the somites dark purplish crimson. 1st to 3rd somites each with eight coral red fleshy tubercles, the dorsal four on the 1st somite being very much smaller than the others. 4th te roth somites each bearing six of these tubercles, those on the 6th being white, except the lowest one which is red. i1th and 12th somites with four tubercles. Osmeterium yellow. Pupa fawn, very like a curled dead leaf. Thorax keeled with five white lines anteriorly and two posteriorly diverging from the keel. Wing cases darker brown and. developing into a lobe anteriorly. The first three abdominal somites each with a white lateral U-shaped line. 4th to 7th abdominal somites each bearing a pair of conspicuous rounded lobes. Suspended by a girdle and tail pad of dark brown silk. e Food-plant—Aristolochia sp. Wins HAREY “STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 393 Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 8-x-31, pupated 12-x-31 and a female emerged 26-x-31. Seitz does not mention the number of the tubercles nor the intersegmental colour of the larva and omits the colour of the pupa. Chilasa:clytia L., clytia. (Moore, Lep. Ceyl., i,.153, pl. 57, ig. 1b. 1880-81.) (Moore, Lep. Ceyl., i, 154, pl. 56, fig. 2b. 1880-81.) (Moore, Lep. Ind., vi, 84, pl. 502, figs. 1, 1a-1b. 1903.) Moore, Lep. Ind., vi, 89, pl. 506, figs. 1, 1a-1d. 1903. Head and legs black. Ground colour black. A wide cream dorsal stripe from the 1st to the gth somite, a cream lateral stripe from the rst somite joining the dorsal stripe on the 7th and forming a trident, and a cream lateral stripe extending backwards from the roth somite. A subdorsal series of fleshy black tubercles with a rose pink spot at the base of each. A double lateral series of rose pink spots, the upper complete and the lower with spots on the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th and oth somites only. The osmeterium blue. Pupa like a broken piece of stick, mottled with various shades of brown. Cylindrical, the last four abdominal somites hollowed out below. Thorax not keeled but projecting forward over the head which is truncate. Supported by a girdle and tail pad of dark brown silk. There is no difference between the type and v. dissimilis in the early stages. (Food-plant—Alseodaphne semicarpifolia Nees (Laurineae).) Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 20-iv-31, pupated 23-iv-31 and a female emerged 4-v-31. Seitz does not mention the cream-coloured markings and states that the ‘fork on the neck’ (osmeterium?) is pale-coloured. (In my original description I omitted to mention that the first three tubercles of the subdorsal series are double, the additional ones being slightly smaller.) Zetides agamemnon L., agamemnon. Moore, Cat. Leb. Mus. E.I.C.,1,:114, pl. 3, figs: 9,.9a. 1857. Moore, Lep. Ceyl., i, 145, pl. 63, fig. 2a. 1880-81. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., v, 363. 1890. Moone, ep. Ind. vi, 7, pl. 470, figs. 1, Ta-1c. 1903. Jordan Seitz, Indo-Austr. Rhop., tot. Head green. Body green with darker indistinct oblique stripes. Spiracles black. Shape thickened from head to 3rd somite then tapering. The 1st and 2nd somites each with a small black sub- dorsal spine, the 3rd with a similar but slightly larger spine with an orange ring round the base. Anal plate with a pair of spines. Osmeterium pale green and, when once protruded, not withdrawn for some time. It is directed forward in a horizontal plane rather than above the head as in most Papilionid larvae. When at rest the larva bears a strong resemblance to a large green Pentatomid bug and this is increased when it is alarmed as the protruded osmeterium then mimics the bug’s antennae. | 394 ' JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL (HIST. “SOCIETY, Wolsexk Pupa pale green. Thorax with a white dorsal line, which divides on the first abdominal somite and joins again at the base of the cremaster. Thorax produced in front into a blunt hom tipped with brown and this colour continues as a margin along the outer edge of the wing cases. Head obtuse. Moore, in Lep. Ceyl., gives Magnoliaceae and Anonaceae as food-plants. Described from a full fed Jarva found at Peshoke (2,500)i@ Darjeeling District) 30-xii-36, pupated 4-1-37 and a male emerged 2-11-37. Bingham, quoting Davidson and Aitken, describes the larva as having four pairs of spines. This is a little misleading as the spines on the anal somite:are green and quite different to the black spines on the thoracic somites. PIERIDZA. Huphina nerissa F., evagete Cr. Moore, Lep, Ceyl.,.1, 136;-pl. 53, fie: 1b: 1386-Sa- Bell, Journ. Bomb.) Nat’ Hist. Soc. x.0574... 1897. Typical Pierid larva of a dark velvety green. Very like Pieris rapae. Pupa very like that of Pieris rapae in shape. Two colour forms, one green with head, thoracic keel and a triangular patch on each side of the metathorax pale brown. The other with the ground colour darker and similar markings in paler brown. Food-plant—Capparis sp. Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 22-x1-30, pupated 24-xi-30 and a male emerged 5-xi1-30. Catopsilia crocale Cr. Moore, “Lep. Ceyl. 1, 122, pl. 48, fie. 1b... “1éS0-Sa. Bell, fourn. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., x, 570. 1807. (De Nicéville and Kuhn, J.A.S.B., p. 271, pl. 1, figs. 5a, 5b. 1808. ) Typical Pierid larva. Head green with minute black dots. Skin of the body very rough, green with minute black dots. A white spiracular line above which is a black dotted one and below an olive green stripe. Ventral surface whitish green. Pupa boat-shaped with the thorax slightly keeled and the head produced to a point. Two colour forms. The one apple green with a yellow line on the thoracic keel and another lateral one running from the head along the dorsal edge of the wing case to the tail. The other form grey green, a dark brown dorsal line and a pale lateral line. The wing cases and the sides of the abdomen suffused with dark brown striae. Suspended by a girdle and tail pad. Food-plant—Cassia_ sp. | Described from two full fed larvae found in Calcutta 7-1x-31, pupated o9-ix-31 and two females emerged 14-1x-31. Seitz describes the pupa as having black tubercles, hie. BARELY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 395 Terias hecabe L., hecabe. Mieonre. ep. Ceyl., 1, 518, pl. 45,.fig..1c. 1880-8r. Belin ejourn. Bomb. Nat, Mist. Soc., x, 570, pl. 6, figs. 5, 5a. 1897. Typical Pierid larva, green with a white spiracular line. The skin rough. | Pupa with thorax slightly keeled. Very variable in colour. Some grass green with a dark dorsal line and a black spot at the base of the wing cases, others have in addition a square black subdorsal spot on the 2nd abdominal somite and others again have the wing cases more or less suffused with black and black lateral suffusion. Food-plant—Cassia_ spp. Described from a batch of nine full fed larvae found in Calcutta 17-x-31, pupated 19-x-31 and five males and four females emerged 24-x-31. Seitz states that the larva has a large black head, this .was not the case with my specimens. Terias blanda Bsd., silhetana Wall. ipellk lotr. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., x; 571, pl. 6, figs. 6, 6a: 1897. Fruhstorfer Seitz, Indo-Austr. Rhop., ix, 169. Head large and black. Body yellow green, the anterior portion usually rather darker owing to the contents of the crop. A barely distinguishable pale lateral stripe. The appearance is very different to that of IT. hecabe, whose larva is of a far. bluer green with a distinct white lateral line and a green head. Gregarious. Pupa with the thorax compressed and the wing cases forming a deep keel. Ground colour yellowish, almost obscured by black suffusion, and a black dorsal line. Suspended by the tail and a longish girdle. A point of interest is that while all my T. hecabe larvae have suspended themselves for pupation from the lid of their tin, the great majority of the blanda larvae pupated on the stems of their food-plant. Food-plant—Cassia spp. Described from a batch of full fed larvae found at Peshoke (2,500 ft. Darjeeling District) 1-i-37, one of which pupated 13-i-37 and a female emerged 26-1-37. Pareronia valeria Cr., hippia F. Belle jour. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., x; 573.° 1897. . Typical Pierid larva, bright green with a pale dorsal line. Legs pinkish. A lateral fawn coloured blotch of granular appearance on the 4th and 1rth somites. A series of oblique dark lateral lines from the 5th to the roth somite. Anal plate projecting and slightly forked. Pupa compressed laterally. Wing cases very large. The head produced into a beak forming an almost unbroken curve with the dorsum. Colour whitish green with a dark dorsal and a pale lateral line. 2nd abdominal somite with a pair of small bleck dots. Wing cases with a red central and a series of white submarginal spots. 396 f[OURNAL, BOMBAY (NATURALOHISE.SOCIEEY; Vol, Xi Food-plant—Capparis sp. Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 1o-i-31, pupated 12-1-31 and a female emerged 22-1-31. Seitz describes the larva as being green but mentions no mark- ings. He compares the shape of the dorsal distal margin of the pupa to that of an enormous sun helmet. DANAID 2. Danais limniace Cr., mutina Fruh. Moore, Lep. Ceyl., 1, 4. 1880-81. Moore, Leps dnd, a, 930, (pl. 76, fia Ai 300-02: Head very pale green with two black rings. Ground colour very pale green, each somite with four transverse black lines, the second being considerably broader than the others and dividing into two laterally. A yellow sublateral band edged above with black. A pair of long fleshy filaments on the 2nd and a pair of short on the r2th somite, coloured pale green with black tips and with a black line along the anterior and posterior edges. Legs and prolegs pale green ringed with black. Ventral surface with indistinct transverse black lines. Pupa green with the following brillant golden markings. A beaded dorsal band along the posterior edge of the 4th abdominal somite. A dorsal and a lateral spot on the 3rd and a dorsal spot on the 2nd abdominal somite. A subdorsal and a lateral spot on the metathorax and a dorsal and lateral spot on the mesothorax. A double spot on the eye. A spot at the base of the wing case, a subbasal spot and a post median series of two to four spots placed in a curve. A spot on the edge of the wing case in con- tinuation of the dorsal band. A very short line at each end of the transverse dorsal stripe, the cremaster and a U-shaped mark on the ventrum black. Suspended by the cremaster under a leaf. Bingham gives Asclepias and Calotropis as food-plants. Described from a full fed larva and pupa found in Calcutta 25-vill-35, from which a male emerged 26-viii-35. Danais chrysippus L. (Moore, Lep. “Ceyl., 1,7, spl. 35she. 1b... 1860-81) Moore, ep. Ind., 1, 36, pl. 8, tie, a= aSq0-92: (Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butterflies, i, 11. 1905.) Head grey with two black rings. Ground colour grey, 1st to t1th somites each with a black transverse central stripe and a black line on each side. The 2nd to 11th somites each with a pair of subdorsal elongate yellow spots. 12th somite with a transverse yellow stripe edged with black. end, 5th and 11th somites with a pair of subdorsal black filaments, those on the 2nd longest and pointing forward, the base of the pair on the sth somite reddish. A yellow lateral stripe. Legs black. Claspers black banded with grey. Anal plate black.; Ventral surface blackish with a few grey dots. Two pupal forms, the one blue green, the other pinkish buff. Both with a golden spot on the eye, one in the middle of the wing (ites BAKEY STAGES. OF INDIAN - LEPIDOPTERA 397 case, one at its origin and two near the lateral edge of the meta- thorax. The abdomen with a dentate ridge on the 4th somite, black anteriorly and gold posteriorly. Cremaster black. Suspended by the tail from any suitable support. The green form is usually found among leaves, the buff form in other situations. Food-plant—‘Ak’ (Calotropis procera R. Br.). Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 27-x-31, pupated 29-x-3r and a male emerged 6-x1-31. Seitz mentions a wax yellow pupal form but I have never seen it. Muploew cove Cr., core. (Moone, dhep. aIind.1, 81, pl. 23, fies. 1, Ta. 1890-92.) Head shining black edged with white, a white mark above the jaws and a white line running from the side of the mandibles to the median suture forming a triangle. Body chocolate brown ringed with white, a brick red line edged below with white along the spiracles, which are black. Paired black subdorsal fleshy filaments em the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 11th somites, those on the 2nd being longest. A transverse black line on the 2nd and 3rd somites joining the bases of the filaments. Ventral surface dark brown. Anal plate black. There is another form of the larva in which the chocolate and white markings are replaced by a dark and light shade of purplish grey. Pupa brilliantly gilded with fawn coloured markings. Cremaster and last abdominal somite black. Suspended from the underside of a leaf and somewhat resembling a drop of water shining in the sun. The fawn markings are more pronounced in those pupae that develop in shady places. Food-plant—Oleander and Peepul (Ficus religiosa Linn.), vide Entomologist, Ixvi, p. 118. Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 30-ix-30, pupated 5-x-30 and a male emerged 12-x-30. Seitz mentions an emerald green Poca of pupa with a brilliant metallic gloss on the head, but I have never come across it. SATYRIDA. Elymnias hypermnestra L., undularis Drury. (Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butterflies, i, 171. 1905.) Head square, pinkish brown outlined with yellow, and divided above into a pair of horns. Skin rough and pubescent. Body bright apple green with a fine double yellow dorsal line, a subdorsal yellow line bearing a red spot on the 8th, 9th and 1toth somites and a blue dot on the 8th and oth. A thin yellow line running along just above the spiracles with another below it. The last somite produced into a pair of processes about + inch long, yellow at the base and shading into reddish at the apex. In some examples the red dorsal spots are obsolete. Pupa apple green. The head divided into two short horns marked at the base with pink. The upper edge of the wing cases marked with pink and with a pink spot in the cell. Thorax keeled, 398 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIERVS Vol. wel the keel yellow outlined in pink, with two subdorsal pink spots. The abdomen with a subdorsal line broken up into yellow and pink spots. Trace of a similar lateral line. The last abdominal somites strongly curved so that the pupa, instead of hanging, lies parallel to the leaf to which it is attached. Fixed to the underside of a leaf of the food-plant by the cremaster. Food-plant—Palms of various species. Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 14-x-30, pupated 18-x-30 and a female emerged 26-x-30. Seitz does not mention the long anal processes. NYMPHALIDZ. Euthalia garuda Moore, suddhodana Fruhs. (Moore, Cai. Lep. Mus. E.I.C., 1, 186, pl. "6, figs. 2, 2a, 1857) (Moore, Lep. Ind., iii, 115, pl. 234, figs. 1, 1a-1d. 1896-99.) Head green, body green with a pale dorsal stripe and a pale mauve transverse line on each somite. o eS on ~ ° 3 a, iS Bl oS O° 53) ° x | = = Sul ae a | oO lee 13 24 Ga Sat 14g Boy 4| 102 397 | 1439) 67 | 135 | I38in168 10 | 2289 43 38 2 2 780 4 | 126 tf hs Lilt, ovale 1 : oe ao i ~ 39 10| 49 se, 2 a e : 2 Bis 4 1 2 ie Oe: * Jalan 6 ee 3 ae os 4 or 7 8 264°" 2 2 7 1)| 36 2 2 it | 4 5 | ae 1 1 | 2 Delian 4 , 38 | S 38 i a | at 1 1 2 1 A as 1 2 | eal 174), 23, SS eames 66 ae il mn 2 ey 3 ae - Tae 1 i . ' - a 1 ise ee La\are. 3 4 7 ie 1 1 13 Be 1 1Oni pee I 4 17 4 . — i ] 1 1 1 eral 3 a 3 3 ae | i if 1 1 ; 2 2 1 1 5 19 8 1 4 Oey ee 39 3 1 7 ee 7 i 13 i aon * it ey 2 ee 1 e ak 2 : 1 1 ¥ 1 1 - 2 2 i i O O O O G O O | | ee on ee 435 Lemma dma 149) mort Or 1 Mm ot rt *The Fresh Water Fishes of British Isles.” London (19m): Rushton, W.—‘Biological Notes.’ Salmon -and Trout .Mag.,; 63 (1931). Southern, R.—‘The Food and Growth of Brown Trout from Lough Derg and the River Shannon.” Proc. Roy.-Insh Acad-, -xlii, B. 6- (1935): Tillyard, R. J.—Neuropteroid Insects of the Hot Springs Region, New Zealand, in relation to the’ problem of Trout Food.”’ “Nv Z. Journ. Science Technol, 11,75. 36 (102) THE MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES IN INDIA. BY C. B. WILLIAMS, SC.D., Chief Entomologist, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, England. (IVith one coloured plate and 4 diagrams). INTRODUCTORY. The migrations of birds and mammals have been known _ for many centuries, and similar movements of fishes are now being studied with results of great practical importance. Among the insects great swarms of locusts have always attracted attention, but the fact that extensive movements take place in other groups is still but little known to the general public, and even in some cases to the naturalist himself. It is now however a well established fact that many species of butterflles and moths make regular movements in the adult stage, over distances which frequently exceed a thousand miles. Thus in North America, the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) flies in great numbers each Autumn from Southern Canada to Florida, the Gulf States or Mexico, and then returns to repopulate the northern area in the Spring. | In Western Europe and North Africa the Painted Lady (Vanessa cardut) flies regularly in large numbers from the borders of the North African desert, across the Mediterranean, northwards through Europe, and may in extreme cases reach Iceland and almost to the Arctic Circle in Russia. a That the phenomenon is not a rare and unusual occurrence may be seen from the fact that of the sixty-eight species of butterflies known to occur in the British Isles, fourteen are partially or completely dependent on immigration from the Continent for their continued existence in Britain. The known movements of the migrant butterflies have been slowly established by the collection of individual records of directional flights, and also by discovery (often very difhcult to verify) that certain insects are only to be found over large areas at one, particular time of the year. MIGRATIONS IN INDIA. In India the latter form of evidence is not generally available, owing to insufficient study, but it has been used in support of the supposed migrations of the moth Agrotis ypsilon from the ‘tal’ lands of Mokamek in Bihar. Directional flights of butterflies have however been known to occur here for many years. The first record that I have been able to trace is in an English newspaper The Liverpool Mercury and Lancashire General 440 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST.“ SOCIRIN: 3) ole Advertiser of just a hundred years ago. In the issue for 21st December 1838 there is a paragraph which states ‘Mr. Moore records © a flight in India of butterflies which extended 500 miles, and Mr. Barrie describes one in Africa which occupied an area of 2,000 miles’. Ina later issue of the same newspaper (4th January 1839) the Editor comments that stories about locusts can apparently be believed, but he considers stories of great flights of butterflies as merely ‘flights of fancy’! Several records and discussions of butterfly flights in Ceylon appeared about the middle of last century, but interest in India did not seem to be aroused till about the end of the century, when several short papers and notes appeared in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society and elsewhere. Since then observers of strikingly large flights have occasionally sent in their records for publication, but no one has made any continuous study of the subject except Mr. J. Evershed, F.R.S. who was for many years Director of the Observatory at Kodaikanal, in the Pulni Hills, South India at an altitude of about 7,700 feet. Mr. Evershed observed directional moveme:uts of butterflies at Kodaikanal on numerous occasions between 1907 and 1914, and also in 1921. In 1926 he kindly placed the whole of his notes at my disposal anda full report on them has already been published (Williams 1927). Summaries of his observations will be given below. Directional flights of butterflies are also known to occur in most of the countries bordering on India. In Ceylon they are particularly frequent and the available evidence was summarised by the present ywriterimage27. In Burma and Malaya movements seem to have been less frequently observed, but they are not uncommon in Siam and the East Indies, and probably only need a close watch to be found almost everywhere. For the area to the North of India no information is forthcoming. INFORMATION AT PRESENT AVAILABLE IN INDIA. In 1930 (Williams 1930) I made a general survey of the problem of migration of butterflies throughout the world, and included in it notes on the Indian butterflies that had been known to migrate. It appeared from the evidence then available that the species concerned in the migrations in the foothills of the Himalayas were very different from those of Central and South India. In this present review therefore the records along the mountains in —— the north will be kept distinct from those of the rest of India. In order to summarise as briefly as possible the records that . I have so far traced, thev are condensed into three tables. Table I shows the records for North India and the Himalayas; Table II Evershed’s records for Kodaikanal; and Table III shows the records for the rest of the country. Finally Table IV gives a list of all the species which have been recorded as migrating anywhere in India with the names of the observers of their movements. All the flights in Tables I-III are shown in diagrammatic form im Wie. 2, 2 WeId ‘a109 vajdnz "Ty 2 “UUTT ‘aoissp4ig Stuaig “J Pf Weid ‘w#ynuas snvouvgq “YY 2 “uUI'T ‘snoyag sapidwyeT “Fy 6 “[aNg ‘stuorjuajdas Dippy snvUuvq. *5) £ ‘uur ‘ayzuvidd vipisdowoy “Gq Salina Lio “INVaDIn NVIGNi “UOPUOT py] ‘MOUND *Y SUOS Beg uYyor £ ‘UUI'T *INpAVI Vssauvy “OD & “WIRID ‘2/09049 DyisdoJoy Gg P “TVUITAL ‘“Ipjay svyog “VY THE MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES IN INDIA 441 JAN. | FEB. | MAR. | APR. | MAY |JUNE | JULY | AUG. | SEPT.| OCT. bg e| ec | wal YV|vt < vy Neti aoe VV] dV YW YAdy |KODAIKANAL et tay. % <4] % [REST OF INDIA s Miyeesia- auvota. 1-C. Phalanta phalantha. 1.C. Appias lalage. Catopsilia crocale. I.C. Catopsilia pyranthe. I.C. Terias libythea., Terias laeta. Terias hecabe. I.C. Colias fieldt. LYCAENIDA. Syntaruchus telecanus, Everes argiades. Lycaenopsis puspa. C. Lycaenopsis huegelit, Cosmolyce boeticus. I.C. Spindasts nipalicus. DANAIDE. : HESPERIDZ. Danaus tytia. Danaus genutia. I.C, Danaus chrysippus. Lobocla bifasciatus. It will be seen that of the thirty-three species recorded, only ten have been seen migrating further south in India or Ceylon. The most regular migrant of all in this area is undoubtedly iE boeltcus, the long-tailed Blue (Plate, Big. E) which has been recorded as migrating by no fewer than nine different observers in India, and by Ormiston in Ceylon (Williams 1927, p. 24). The same species is also known as a migrant in Europe and North Africa and is found in many of the oceanic Islands of the Pacific. The records in the Himalayas are all to the North or N.-W. in February, March and April. At Kodaikanal, Evershed observed four flights in January, February and March, but all to the south or south-east. In Ceylon no exact dates are available. Another most interesting migrant is Pieris brassicae, the Large Cabbage White Butterfly (Plate, Fig. F), which migrates not only in India, but also on a large scale in Europe (see Williams 1930, pp. 112-21). Lefroy (1909) says that in India this butterfly migrates from the hills in the cold weather and early hot weather. It spends this period in the submontane districts of the Himalayas, breeding on cultivated Crucifers, and returns to the hills for the summer. Fletcher (1925) says that it first appears at Pusa about the first week in February, and two or three generations are passed threugh rapidly before the end of April. At the beginning of May all disappear, and do not reappear till the following February. The only observed case of actual migration is that of Hingston (1928) feterred to in Table I, 444 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XL APR. May \JUNE n : Oo i 2) o a o < i) m ee Mar. OPECiES AN. | FEB f PAPILIONIDA +t wn - ~~ Fapilo derroleus ee reo PIERIDA. + ~ — —: te ms Catopsilia pylantrre| | ) crocale [catia _| eo Prreta a Applas (Usual alb/ ra y) ee Eo ts < Ss =e Ded “a Hebormora (glau c/ppe) | DANAIDA. | Danas aghae t ~~ Pes wee ee et aa <_— DRS —_— — = wH ~~, ~ — oe <_ plexippus , //II1AC CC : > septentriorals ae rie aa | = Hypolimnas bolina is I721S DUS | Junonia wrerta } ? RRAESRERE Seer ~- — _— — — i a “a + aX ) _— Dos — lemon/as i SP Ate//a phalanta n~ = — ~ Se +-_— + Gg a ~ val oa | ariaane _| ed ener a ae ES Bans Ee are We wa [ fwnmaturecine [|X [1 ae: | HESPERIDAL ee ie eee poem , Parnasa mathias Le Ce ee Ben [omscon Fuss | | 11 ee Fig. 3.—Diagram showing the directions and months of all flights of butterflies recorded at Kodaikanal, S. India by Mr. J. Evershed, F.R.s. (Reproduced from the Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1927, p.8 by kind permission of the Society.) DHE MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES IN INDIA 445 Wanessa: cavdut, the Painted Lady (Plate, Fig. C), 1s one of the most widespread of all butterflies and is a regular migrant in both Europe and North America. It occurs throughout India and Ceylon and has been found far out at sea in the Indian Ocean. In Ceylon, Ormiston (1924) says that on occasions it appears suddenly in great numbers but he has no other evidence of migration. Aitken (1897) states that ‘At different times of the year, but most often I think in June, large numbers of this species appear about the rocks on the seashore and in other barren situations and I am inclined to think that they are new arrivals from some other country. ... A certain number remain _per- manently with us and breed on a common species of Blumea.’ The only record of an actual flight is the one recorded by Evans in the Shandur Pass, Chitral. (See Table I.) At Kodaikanal (Table II and Fig. 3) Mr. Evershed observed numerous migrations between 1907 and 1914, and one flight in 1921. About twenty-three species were noted, and the flight seasons fell definitely into three periods. The main flights were towards the south in October and November and included nearly all the observed species (but not P. boeticus). In February and March a return flight to the north occurred, but consisted only of Catopsilia spp. and Appias spp. Then after a blank period in April there was renewed activity in May and June in the same two genera, with some Papilio polytes, but the direction of flight was less definite. Of about 22 species observed by Evershed only 5 have been recorded as migrating in the Himalayan area; but all but two species (Precis ovithya and Pelopidas mathias) are known migrants in Ceylon. TABEE. El Obeservations made by J. Evershed at Kodaikanal, S. India. DATE SPECIES DIRECTION — Rae se Pe nan ee ee a De eS 1907 | | February—March _... Catopsilia pyranthe to ENOTeh: 1908 | May 16 to begin. pal \Catopsilia crocale ... .| North and N. by E. October 7-21 .. Dragonflies, Papzlio demoleus | (enormous rumbers), /7 bolina, P. hector, Catopsilia crocale, C.? catilla, D. plex- ippus, limniace and septen- ' trionis, Junonia hierta, J orithya, J. lemonias, Atella _ phalantha ae He POULIN 1909 | March 28 ...|\Auploea core, C. crocale, C.| pyranthe |'To South-East. June 13-15 wwiG.erocale,.C. pyranthe, ie demo- Jeus and others... .| East, East by South and North-East. 446 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, Observations made by J. Evershed at Kodaikanal, SOCIETY, Violwe 2G S, India—(Contd.) | | SPECIES | ..|P. demoleus, E. ariadne, A. phalantha, J. orithya,J/. hierta, J. lemonias, H. bolina, C. | pyranthe, afew P. hector and October 3-25 Parnara mathias (great | many) ss | 1910 ... | No records Tou | Jane4—26 and Feb. 19:.. January 28-30 February i2 and 19 March 12 March 19 Polyommatus boeticus ... | Apptas albina ... | Catopsilias .. | Appias sp. 2: ... | P. doeticus (many) | Appias, males (several) _Catopsilias (a few) 1912 Mar. 23, 24, 25, and 28. | Catopsilia pyranthe only, in | numbers be May 19 (about) vo | Catopsilia catilla | Appias anda few Catopsilias - Catopsilia catilla (pale form) ; May 20-29 on 28th all crocale July 31 Large Catopsilias September 11 C. pyranthe eVeTeD: P. hector (only one) a wD. limntace (5 or 6) ...| Hf. bolina (several each day) . September 21 September 15-29 October 6 - | AZ. bolina (large numbers of both sexes) October 9 _C. pyranthe (large numbers) October 13 oe Do do. .. | C. pyranthe (snow-storm) P. demoleus (large numbers), 4. phalantha, H. missipus (con- | siderable number of females, a few males), A’. dolina, D October 16 ie) plexippus (1), D. limniace Q), J. Mmeria (a few), J.) lemonias (1), C. florella? (a) few) | P. demoleus (large numbers), Gi pyranthe (snow-storm), bolina (afew). | C. py canthe, P. demoleus, Atella (great many of all) ... C. pyranthe (small number) ... C, catilla (considerable num- | bers) sts see P. demoleus (a few), AH. bolina (a few), Junonia sp. (several) |'Hebomoias (many), aaa (catilla chiefly) es P. demoleus and Catopsilias .,. October 30 October 31 November 3-4 November 5-6 November 10 November 14-22 ee SSS H. DIRECTION South, South by W., 5.S.-W and S.W. ..; south-East. South-East by South. West and N.-West. North-East. i To South-East. North-East. North. North by East. ., E.S.E. and S.-E. N.and N. by E. Mostly E.. to S.-E also some North to North-East. ..| Various, but mostly North to East, South, South or South by E. Towards S.-W. 7 to S.-East. ...| South and S.S-W. ..| South and S.-W. More or less S. S. (more or less), S. (more or less). S. (more or less). | North-East. S.-W. and W.S.-W. S.-W. (more or less). South. South. Rap MiTGRALTON--OF BUTTERFLIES IN INDIA 447 Observations made by J. Evershed at Kodaikanal, S, India—(Contd.) ‘DATE SPECIES DIRECTION 1913 March 2-9 ..., Catopsilias and pees (a few | only) ee IOTule May 18-31 and June 1. | Catopsilia ci ocale, catilla or florella (not pyranthe) ..|N.-E. and E.N.-E. 1914 | November 11 ... Catopsilia catilla (considerable rumbers), also &. ariadne, | Junonias, Atella ee West ard W. bys. 1915-20 | No records he 1921 | August 21] [| C. pyvanihe (many), also C. | erocale, P. demoltleus (many), vale phalantha (many), D. aglea (a few), /. hierta (a few ) whe De | Sionb gel aly The October-November season at Kodaikanal corresponds to the change of the S.-W. to the N.-E. monsoon and is the period of maximum rainfall. ere ling the remainder of India (Vable III, p. 449) there are:-only nineteen recorded flights, of which at least 12 refer to butterflies of the family Danaidae, and chiefly to Euploea core. The flights of this “species Seem to occur fairly regularly in the Bombay area in June and July and are chiefly towards the north. It has never been recorded in the Himalayan area, and only once at Kodaikanal, but it regularly joins in the flights in Ceylon in November and December, and_ again to a smaller extent in March and April. All the localities at which butterfly migrations have been recorded in India are shown in Fig. 4 together with the direction of flight. They are well scattered over the country, but there are still very large areas from which no information is available. A general survey of the evidence available for India thus shows that we have about eighty records of unidirectional flights over the whole country, of which about half are due to Mr. Evershed at MKodaikanal. These records include 52 species (see table IV, p. 450) of which 27 are also known to migrate in Ceylon. When it is realised fea 1om the Cabbage White Butterfly, Pieris brassicae, we have a hundred records of flights for E ayes tre alone, and another hundred for the Continent of Europe, and ‘th at for the Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui) we have about 400 records in different parts of its range, it will be seen that the problem in India is in a very early stage of investigation. cat \ 448 jfOURNAL,' BOMBAY NATURAL ‘HIST. “SOCIETY, Volo XE | Sy SHAN OUR lee Pao. ee ee KRYBER PASS. € Rawat wiNDI R.DHARMSALA | > Kancra © 2 f V Mussoorie pac MARI | | Y Kour BANCALORE << = NILGIRIS Koirar , RY KODAI KAM}, eS Tt & Uae TT aie on tn ga an C ee DHARNS Me i Fig. 4.—Map of India showing localities and directions of the recorded flights of butterflies. | 449 IN INDIA ES BUTE RE ET nk MIGRATION OI E GR ) ‘[xipusddy seg] ssoyy |" "8 3409 vaojdny ; Y10 NT OT, “(Gg6I SurerTIM ) Asyoutzy |’ 1seqq- TINO 0 Mean ‘a Solpseyng yLecy |**" Tpoysiureyq '""" es wis oa: 310 | ‘agv22y a) “AU uDind "J ‘ajDI0AP *7D \*AOIg *yueg ‘weUMyoeg “\G0E6L SUIRTTTIM) Yoon, | ‘op oe a4oo “P= Nequiog ‘ITejoaq "1Z6{ TUM |" ISVY OT, |"* Sapvuw ‘snzOIDAIL, ‘PLYIOJOJSLAD ‘| iol ‘suggisiut Fy ‘Djtaly SIDIAY | ‘wiynuas °C ‘aso i ‘snajomap ‘| IQVIIY BIAIT, ‘DULjuasIu ‘PF \*° Ind vypeyy | yo soy SAY BIS 17 ‘[xtpueddy a9c] y0]1eq |" ySBVq-YINOS oO], ine ae SULBUEC, |°°* STITS[IN Tel oF “(SZ6T SWIBITIIM) satydopy |* ‘op ; “ sulvued pues serisdojyeg | “(Q/Z6L SMIBITIIM ) Woe, |*** UWION OL : seitisdoyeg Alsop 7° “(SE6T SMIBITIIM) WJOUUNY |" ‘op ie ca SiUOIAJUIIGIS suDUDT *** SBIDE “OL6L S9Meupuy (°° SOMA OF, oe a svoooidny °° SLITSTIN |"" “CO6I OSINNT (°° ISOAA-UIION OF, ZUgMEE Ag v1718¢0qw 7 ee Avqtuog ‘essaq “0061 WexITy |" YON OL “op = “ "So8L UayITY |" (uoT} -dd1Ip St} UI Ud_aS out} Ajuo) g of; |" ‘op Aequiog “S68T I1eld a FS me ‘op keqmog * wl edges | Apo “L681 Beaty |- “Op i aa ae “op “ Avquiog ‘Titseu}ey *Q68T UsyITY [°° YWON oO, | is ""* 2409 va0jgny Aequiog ‘[xtpusddy 909] se1]umoy |°*° IS0M Oy, |°@ ea es SUIBUB@ |*** d1OSATA | | ) SPIShA POD = 1BjO ‘(Q6Z61 SWIM) UeUuULy 1uyNy | HINO OF," selpisdojeg ‘secojdng ‘sureurq | e10] eeu S681 l1eld oh lee ie mae sulvue”g |‘eivuey *N ‘indeppts HONDUAATY AGNV AHAUASAO NOILOAUIG SHIOadS | ALIIVIOT Aequiog '""* eT eunf /E6T OF £2°40}90O ZE6L Iaqutaidas ZZ61 AIDE 226i E 7° 8% 49q039Q LZ6L “"* ounL In0ge OZEL SI6L “Ee 19Q UISAO AY CI6L yz AINE 6OGL ST 4940190 g06I "* 12-GZ “ONY IO6L ia ze AINE O06 | loce 42-96 AINL S68T “" 1é 4990390 L681 Oe L68T ** OUR SULUISOq jnoqe ‘sivod Aueyt t¢ eer SIBOA [BIBARS ‘VIGNI AO LSHY— WI WIGVL 450 jOURNAL,. BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XL TABLE IV.—INDIAN BUTTERFLIES RECORDED AS MIGRANTS. PAPILIONID&. “Papilio hector L. :—lvershed. “Papilio aristolochie abr. :—Wall. Papilio agestor Gray :—Peile. *Papilio polytes Linn. :—Peile. *Papilio demoleus Linn. :—Wall, Evershed. Papilio machaon Linn. :—Peile. PIERIDA. Euchloe lucilla Butler :—Evans. Pieris brassice:-Linn. :—Hingston, Lefroy, Fletcher (Plate, fig: F). Delias sanaca Moore :—Peile. *Glycestha aurota Fab. (mesentina Cr.) :—Dudgeon, Wall. Appias lalage Dbdy. :—Roberts. *Appias albina Bdv. :—Evershed. “Catopsilia crocale Cr.:—Dudgeon, Ollenbach, Evershed (Plate, fig. B). *Catopsilia pomona ft. catilla Cr. :—IEvershed. *Catopsilia pyranthe Linn. :—Dudgeon, Ollenbach, Nurse, Evershed. (Plate, fig. D). *Catopsilia florella Fabr. :—Evershed. Terias libythea Fab. :—Peile. ~ Terias leta Bdv. :—Peile. *Terias hecabe Linn. :—Peile, Wall. Colias fieldi Men.:—Hingston; Broughton, Peile (Plate, fig. imm: coe (N. C. Macleod). ‘Rare -straggler?: Kinnear calls--it--‘an--uneommon cold weather. visitor’, but ‘as will-be* seen,-the -records are Sees to that season..- Single birds-have ~beerr-observed “from time to time, the records for-our area -and -the-- adjacent “maimland~ being’ as’ follows: a iii adc At daa 2 en 7 Monae aces Bombay and~Salsette : : a Bierce Mahaluxmi, ca. 1889 (H. S. es ].B.N.H.S., RIX Ol. Between Andhéri and Malad, December 1912 (M. E, Suter, 2bid.,. xxii, 163m) g. Catholic Gymkhana Grounds, ome Sea ace +o" 18 WN. Marryat, ibid., “xxvi, 674). 7 - ~.- Near: ‘Churchgate’ “Railway. station, 8-6. 13 (Times i se! ae 10-613). Maintand : ~ Panweél- 17-1-09 (H.-S. Sirick 1 HUNIELS oemeoeea -- ~-- O-~Between- Mandwa~-and ~Alibag, 16-r2-12--(C.-- D. - Baker,--ibid:,- xxii, 202). -@: Karjat (foot: of Bhor- Ghat) 20-1-35- (J- Stokoe,- ibid., -xxxviii; -191). Q Chinchavli near ‘Neral; Nov: -1908.-(M:- F.- Suter; bid.,--xxii, 63%)~- Kalyan, December 1ro912 (H. A.-W. Brent, Times of India of. .11-6-13). H.- A. --Saw- a Ae we le bird-near--Choéndi (Alibag Taiuka) .on---30-5-38.. — -- -- The Grant Stone Plover: -Esacus recurvirostris (Cuvier). _ Field identification : Size about that of the domestic hen with long bare yellowish- -green legs. Pale greyish-sandy aboye, white below. Some black in wings and a conspicuous black streak through eye. Largish head, thick, pointed somewhat - upturned bill and rourid greenish- yellow goggle eyes. Singly or pairs, near rivers and ELS eee aiteg Sees 7 Specimen: B.N.H.S.: Q 22-11-21 Panwél, Kolaba Dist. (E. L: Barton). Status? Rare. | We have only come across a ‘solitary’ example on_ the mangrove marsh bordering Dharamtar Creek, near Rewas Pier (12-3-30). "J. Bi, Inverarity » (J. B.N.H.S., ii, 45, 1887) shot a specimén at Paniweél,.this being the only occasion on which he saw one. Not recorded in SEUSS a The Indian Stone Ployer : Burhinus oedicnemus ssp. Field identification ; Size slightly larger than the Partridge,.and much more leggy. Singly or in small flocks essentially in dry, open. scrub country. Status? We have few definite. records. from Salsette. An enthusiastic ‘shikari’? once claimed to have shot some ‘wood-cock’ near Powai and_ his description «fitted this species beautifully! Mr. McCann caught one of these birds in Bombay City some years ago, and recently saw one at Marol (December). THE BIRDS OF BOMBAY AND SALSETTE 633 Breeding: Brother Navarro toolk several nests at Khandala (W. Ghats Gate 2,000 it.) in April and May.. The usual clutch is of 2 eggs, laid on the bare stony ground. The Indias Courser: 9 Cursorius coromandelicus (Gmelin). Field identification: Size about that of the Partridge. General appearance somewhat like the Red-wattled Lapwing. Long, bare china-wnite legs. Upper plumage sandy brown with some black in the wings. Crown rich rufous. A black pand through eye running down neck. A broad white stripe paratiel to this band above the eye continuing down neck. These black and white bands are a conspicuous feature. Chin and throat white, breast chestnut, abdomen black. Singly, pairs or small parties, on open dry fallow land or ploughed fields. Running along at speed, stopping abruptly and erect and then resuming the run. Specimens: Sin, An Ce 29 yy, 8 2 juva 3-6-33. Andheri (ii. (A.). Resident? Not common. H. A. observed a flock ot some 4o birds about the base of Gilbert Hill, Andheri (23-4-30). The next day there was only a single pair at that spot. Whe birds may be seen occasionally at the ‘Kutcherpatti’ on Trombay Island. Breeding: Vhat they breed in Salsette, occasionally at least, is evidenced by the juvenile specimens obtained on 3 June. The young birds are buff- coloured, barred on the upper parts with black presenting a mottled appearance. Iris dark grey. They had fed on small coleoptera and green caterpillars. We have no other record for Salsette. Brother Navarro has taken nests at Khandala and Lonavla in June. The Large Indian Pratincole or Swallow=Piover: Glareola maidivarum maldi- varum (lorster). Sinclair (J.B.N.H.S., iii, 69) records shooting this species at Rewdadanda. At Kihim (also in Kolaba Dist.) H. A. observed a flock of pratincoles, presumably this species, flying South over the sea along the coast at sunset (29-12-31). He’ noted the birds again on 30 December and 1 January (1932). [The Crab Plover: Dromas ardeola Paykull. Field identification: A lonely black and white bird, about the size of a domestic hen, with heavy crow-like beak, on seashore or tidal mudflats. H. A. shot an example on the seashore near the fishing village . of Thal, Kolaba Dist., on 26-10-30. He observed another near Rewas Pier (Dharamtar Creek) on the same date 5 years later. | The Great Black-headed Gull; Larus ichthyaétus Pallas. Field identification: A large sea bird, in size between a duck and a goose, Pale grey above with black head and neck, white underparts and short orange- yellow legs. The toes are webbed like a duck’s. In winter plumage which is mostly while the birds are with us, the head and neck are white, much streaked with black. Large size distinguishes it unmistakably from other gulls. Usually singly, about the Harbour and sea-coast, flying majestically or perched on the buoys. ~ Specimen: B.N.H.S.: ¢ 12-3-99 Trombay Island, Bombay Harbour (H. J. Walton). Noted: About the docks, and Pir Pao (Salsette); Wol. XL Distinguishable from the foregoing by absence of white wing-bar, by its olive green instead of red legs and by its long slender bill being slightly upcurved. Its call tew-tew-tew is very like that of the Redshank. Usually singly in the same surroundings as last. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: 3 2-11-08 Bhyandar (N. B. Kinnear). Noted: Andhéri, Malad, Mahutl, Trombay, Gorégaon, Gédhbunder; Kihim, Alibag, Dharamtar. Winter visitor, Fairly common, but not abundant. Earliest date 8 August ; latest 18 June. At 6-30 p.m. on 2 May (1930) a flock of about 100 Greenshanks was observed at Sakar Creek (Alibag) hugging the coast and flying strongly due North in ribbon formation—all abreast—at a height of about 500-600 feet. Almost all sandpipers and allied waders, big and small, pass locally under the name of Timbla. The Ruff and Reeve: Philomachus pugnax (Linn.). Field identification: Male slightly larger than the Redshank: female appreciably smaller. A wader with noticeably short sandpiper-like bill. Upper plumage in’ winter, while with us, brown mottled with black and buff; white below, the breast suffused with brown or buff. Small flocks, mixed with other waders on tidal mudflats and paddy stubble by creeks, ete. Specimens: B.N.H.S.: 9 23-90-18 Bhyandar (Lt. Vebbut); (St. Xe 1G. ae 19-10-33 Alibag (H. A.). Noted: Bassein (Thana Dist.): Naugaon (Kolaba Dist.). Winter visitor. Uncommon but possibly often overlooked or confused with other species. The Little Stint: Hvolia minuta minuta (Leisler). Field identification: A diminutive wader slightly bigger than the Sparrow. Mottled greyish-brown above, white below. Outer tail-feathers brownish. Flocks on mudflats and the sea beach in association with other stints and shore birds. When disturbed the flock flies off swiftly in orderly mass form- ation turning and wheeling in unison and uttering a musical wit-wit-wit or low tr-rr. The black legs distinguish this bird from Temminck’s Stint, the legs of which are olive green, Specimens: B.N.H.S.: @Q 21-11-08 Bhyandar (N. B. Kinnear); 00 6-4-24 Sion Causeway (S. A.); 0? 26-11-25 Kurla (D. B. Baretto). Noted: Andhéri, Mandwa, Rewas, Alibag (Kolaba Dist.). Winter visitor. Common. Earliest date 25 Sept. latest 6 April. Temminck’s Stint: Erolia temminckii (Leisler). Field identification difficult. Size-and general effect same as of the Little Stint, but with the outer tail-feathers white. In the hand distinguishable by the shaft of the first primary being white, the others brown. In minuta all shafts of primaries are more or less white. Habits same as last, though in smaller flocks and perhaps more often by fresh water tanks, etc. Specimens: B.N.77.S.% 9 23-32-85, (0? 25-3-86 Bombay (EHAjnn Ste Xae@e ri2- 9 ‘Salsette, 207 © Dec. 44. Andheri (GH As): Winter visitor. Less common than the Little Stint. Often in association with it and with mixed flocks of other waders. The Curlew-Stint or Pigmy Sandpiper: LErolia testacea (Pallas). Field identification: Size about that of the Common Sandpiper. Upper parts grey-brown with a good deal of white streaks and mottling. Upper tail: coverts mostly white. Lower parts white with brownish wash on breast. Its diagnostic feature is the slender curlew-like bill decurved towards the tip. Parties amongst mixed flocks of small shore birds on tidal mudflats, ete. Snecimen: St. X. :C.: 216 0? 7-10-35 Bassein, (‘Uhana Dist. (iin A) Winter visitor. Common, but overlooked as a ‘ktich-nai’. The Dunlin ; Evolia alpina alpina (Linn.). Field identification: Size about that of the Common Sandpiper. Colouration and general effect as the last but with upper tail coverts blackish brown, clearly noticeable in flight. The bill is decurved but to a lesser extent than in the Curlew-Stint. The proportionately longer bill is a characteristic feature THE BIRDS OF BOMBAY AND SALSETTE G43 of the Dunlin as is also the rounded ‘hunch back’ profile when at rest. Small flocks in company with other waders on _ tidal mudttats and the seashore. Specimens: oo Decr. 1932 Trombay (Rev. Palacios): 137 Q 20-10-33 Rewas Kolaba Dist. (H. A.). Noted: Andheri. Winter visitor. Uncommon. The Broad-billed Sandpiper : Limecola falcinellus subspecies ? : Field identification: Size about that of the Common Sandpiper. General effect as ot the Dunlin. Upper parts ashy-brown, lower white. breast finely streaked with brown. Its diagnostic feature is the biil which is depressed and broad. Singly or small parties, by puddles, etc. on tidal mudflats and seashore, frequently in mixed flocks of waders. Speciinenss b:N.i.9.: 0? 23-09-18 Bhyandar (Lt. -Vebbut); St. X. €.7 [195 ©, 136 .¢d RKewas, Kolaba Dist. (H. A.)]. Noted about Rewadanda Creek—r1st week of November 1933 (Rev. Palacios). Winter visitor. Not common. The races cannot be differentiated in winter plumage. The Woodcock: Scolopax rusticola vusticola Linn. Field identification: Size about that of the Pigeon. General effect that of an overgrown Snipe. In Stray Feathers (vol. vii, p. 525) J. D. Inyerarity records one shot by R. D. Cairns of the Oriental Bank 2 miles from Thana on Christmas Day, 1878. It was flushed in bushes at the foot of some low hills near marshy ground, This individual was obviously an exhausted passenger. Some Woodcock regularly winter in the Nilgiris and adjacent hills, but if this is their usual route they must pass over without stopping for there is no-other record of their occurring in our area. The Wood Snipe : Capella nemoricola (Hodgs.). Field identification: This and the two following, namely the Common and the Pintail Snipe are difficult to differentiate in the field except with constant practice. Size slightly larger than the Quail. Dark brown above streaked with black, rufous and buff. Very obliterative colouration, blending admirably with the surroundings. Paler or whitish below. Long, straight slender bill about 24 inches. Singly or wisps on grass-covered marshes, squelchy paddy stubble and also on tidal mudflats along creeks with rank grass cover, mangroves or other bushes. Rising with a harsh note pench or scape like the squelching of a sodden shoe, and flying off swiftly in zig-zags. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: @Q 18-1-17 near Thana (Major M. L. Ferrar). One was shot near Bombay by T. H. Moore in January 1896 (J.B.N.H.S., xXV, 140). Winter visitor. Rare, but perhaps not always identified even in sportsmen’s bags. The Common or Fantail Snipe: Capella gallinago gallinago (Linn.) Field identification: See supra, Specimens: B.N.H.S.: 0? 13-1-95 Thana (W. J. Pringle); Q 20-1-09 Thana (N. B. Kinnear); Q 6-2-19 ‘Near Bombay’ (H. A. W. Brent); @ 7-3-21 Thana (B.C. Ellison); O 3712-23 Thana (R. A. Spence); Si..X%. €.: [126 92 15-10-33 Kihim, Kolaba Dist. (H. A.)]. Noted and/ or shot: Godhbunder, Tulsi Lake, Irla, Vilé Parlé. Winter visitor. Common. Earliest date 18 September; latest 4 May. EHA (C.B.B., 167) mentions that snipe were shot on the Flats (meaning chiefly about Mahaluxmi and Tardeo) every year. Conditions have altered greatly since that time and suitable marshes no longer exist within town limits. The snipe have gone the way of the malarial mosquito. The Pintail Snipe : Capella stenura (Bonaparte). Field identification: See supra. In the hand it may readily be distinguished from the Fantail by the 26 or 28 attenuated pin feathers in the tail as against 12 to t4 normal ones in the Fantail. 644 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL Specimens: B.N.H.S.:. o?)) December “1390. Bombay UE: = Barton) pase 27-12-10 Bhandup (J. L. Symons); ¢ 25-1-13 Santa Cruz (N. B. Kinnear). Noted and/ or shot: Godhbunder, Vilé Parlé, Powai Lake. Winter visitor. Earliest date 24 Septethber; latest 3 April. We agree. with Inverarity who wrote in 1879 (S.F., vii, 526) that about Thana and on the snipe grounds across the Bombay Harbour the Pintail forms the majority in bags. The Jack Snipe: Lymnocryptes minima Brunnich. Irield identification: Smaller than the Quail. Like the Common Snipe but with a metallic green and purple sheen on the back visible in the hand. Bill shorter than the Common Snipe’s. Singly or wisps on marshy ground. Requires heavier cover in the nature of reeds and bulrushes than the Fantail or Pintail Snipe. Rises silently. Zig-zag flight less swift. Specimens: B.N.H.S.: 6-Q. 25-31-05 Thana (W. S., Mullard); G7 283-80 Thana (N. B. Kinnear); ¢ 3-12-23 Panvél, Kolaba Dist. (P. M. D. Sanderson). Noted and/or shot; Godnbunder, Vilé Parle. Winter visitor. Common. The Little Cormorant : Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot). Mahratti: Pan-kaula. Field identification: Size about that of the Jungle Crow. All black. Long neck, stiff tail, slender bill sharply hooked at end. A water bird usually seen swimming, perched on a tree near water or sunning itself with open wings on some rock or stake. Singly or gregariously on tanks and lakes. Specimen: St. X. C.: [132 9 20210-33. Rewas,, Kolaba: Dist. (it A.)] Noted: Tulsi and Tansa Lakes. Resident. Not common. ; Breeding: On 1 September (1935) H. A. found several pairs nesting on large trees in company with Night Herons in the midst of Thana _ town. Most of the nests contained half fledged young. The nests are made of twigs and resemble those of the Crow. A normal clutch consists of 3 to 5 eggs, dirty chalky white, narrow. and pointed at both ends. eo The Indian Shag (Phalacrocorax fuscicollis) may also occur in our area. H. A. has doubtfully observed it at Kihim across the Harbour. The Indian Darter or Snake Bird : Anhinga melanogaster Pennant. : Field identification: Size that of a small duck. A black bird with silver- grey streaks on the back, and brown head and neck. Chin and throat white, speckled with brown. Tail long and _ stiff. The long slender S-shaped neck, narrow head and pointed dagger-lile bill are characteristic features of the Darter. When on the water only the snake-like neck and head are visible. In flight—attained by rapid wing beats as in the Cormorant—the thin neck is held outstretched. Perches in branches above water whence it tumbles down into it on alarm, diving and swimming away swiftly below the surface. Singly or small loose parties at tanks and lakes, Resident? Not common. We have only observed occasional examples at Tulsi and Powai Lakes in Salsette. Also at Tansa. Its food consists of fish which are chased and captured below the surface. The Red Sea Masked Booby or Gannet: Sula dactylatra melanops Heuglin. Field identification: Size that of a large duck. White all over except wings and tail which are chocolate brown. Naked skin of face dark slaty blue. Heavy pointed bill greenish yellow. Specimens: B.N.H.S.: 0? 25-7-02 Bombay Coast; 0? 28-7-27 Parel, Bombay (C. Wood). Straggler. Blown in periodically by gales of the South-west Monsoon. Other records from Bombay are: 2 specimens captured by E. R. H. Jackson of the Bombay Port Trust in 1909 and 1912. respectively (J.B.N..S., xxi, 1334). 1 Uran_ 10-8-1914. The Persian Shearwater: Puffinus persicus Hume. In the B.N.H.S. Collection there is a specimen (0?) obtained at Alibag in July 1885 by W. I’. Sinclair, presumably blown in by monsoon gales. THE BIRDS OF BOMBAY AND SALSETTE 64:5 The Indian Spoonbill : Platalea leucorodia major (Temm, & Schlegel). Field identification: A large snow-white egret-like bird with a_ distinctive flat spatula-shaped bill. Singly or flocks, by tanks, jheels and marshes. Local visitor? Rare. H. A. observed it on the tidal mudflats near Avas (ISolaba Dist.) across the Harbour, on 21-10-32. It is not uncommon in Nasik District. The White Stora : Ciconia ciconia ciconta (Linn.). Field identification: A large long-necked, long-legged egret-like bird stand- ing about 4 feet to the top of its head. White—with black wing-quills. Legs and the heavy pointed bill red. Singly, pairs or small parties on and about marshes. Specimen: B.N.H.S.; of? ai-11-25 Kurla (D: 8B. Baretto). Noted: Sion mudflats (a solitary example 10-11-27). One seen from the train at Bassein (on mudflats). Winter visitor. Rare. The White-necked Stork : Dissoura episcopa episcopa (Bodd.). Field identification: Similar to but smaller than the White Stork—standing about 3 ft. to top of head. Black except neck, abdomen and undertail which are white. The crown is black and looks like a padre’s skull cap. Singly, by water or marsh. S. A. observed a solitary example on the edge of Vihar Lake 16-3-24 and a pair on Sakar Creek, near Alibag, in April 1930. Local migrant. (Straggler?) Rare. Taz Paiated Stork: Jbis leucocephala leucocephalu (Pennant). Field identification: Size about. that of the White Stork. White, closely -barred and = marked with metallic black above, and a black band across breast. Striking rose-pink about the shoulders. Long, pointed, heavy yellow bill slightly decurved near tip. Unfeathered yellow face. Pairs or parties, by tanks and marshes. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: 0?—Bombay Harbour (W. S. Millard). Straggler. There are no other records and we have not come across this stork in our neighbourhood. [The Open-billed Stork : Anastomus oscitans (Bodd.). _Field identification: Size small for stork. Greyish-white with black in wings. | Distinctive reddish-black bill with the mandibles not fitting closely but leaving a narrow. gap between them. Pairs or flocks, about tanks and marshes. . . ..5. A. noted.a couple at Vaishwi Tank near Alibag town on 19 May 1930, and H. A. observed a large flock at Wassin (opposite Rewas) in Dharamtar Creek. _ on 23-11-32. The "ards were on a soft. squelechy tidal mudflat in association. with numerous ducks and waders. Local migrant. Rare. | The Eastern Purple Heron: Ardea purpurea manillensis Meyen. Field identification: A large slender egret-like bird about the size of the Open-bill, with long thin S-shaped neck and pointed dagger bill. Bluish-grey and slaty with neck and head chiefly rufous. Breast and abdomen black and chestnut. A long black crest. Typical heron fight with neck drawn in and legs trailing behind, unlike storks and cranes which fiy with neck extended. Solitary, usually standing in water at edge of reed-covered tank or on mudbank in creek, etc. Stalks along the edge of reed-beds in knee-deep water, peering intently into it with poised bill, ‘freezes’ suddenly and jabs its bill to snap up some fish or frog with lightning rapidity. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: [Q 2-12-12 Bassein, Thana Dist. (R. dos Remedios) ]. Noted: Powai and Tulsi Lakes. Resident? Not common. No breeding record from our area. - The Common Grey Heron: Area cinerea cinerea (Linn.). Field identification: Size and general effect as above but ashy-grey with whitish crown, neck and abdomen. Long black crest. A conspicuous black 646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL and white line down middle of foreneck. Habits, etc. same as of the Purple Tieron. Noted: Powai Lake (on reedy shallow margin); Godhbunder Creek (in mangroves and tidal mud along banks); Kihim (on rocky seashore). . Resident? Not common. No breeding record from our .area. Tie Large Egret : Egretta alba subspecies? Field identification: Size about that of the Heron. Pure white, with black bill, legs and ieet. Solitary, at edge of tanks and creeks. Noted: Powai Lake: Rewas ( Kolaba Dist.). Status? Rare. The note, usually uttered in flight, is a-harsh Kraa-krr. Navarro found this bird breeding with EK. intermedia, A. graytt and E. garzetta at Karjat in July. The Indian Smaller Egret: Egretta intermedia intermedia (Wagler). Field identification: Like the Large Egret but smaller. Usually gregar- 1ously in same biotope as last. Noted: Powai and Tulsi Lakes. Rewas (Dharamtar Creek) Kolaba Dist. Resident. [Fairly common. Breeding: By the middle of May the birds have commenced putting on their dainty ornamental breeding plumes on the head, breast and back. We have no breeding record in our area, but Barnes (J.B.N.H.S., vi, .142) tound nests on a tree near ‘Wassind’ (Vasind) Station on the G.I.P. Railway, about 50 miles from Bombay, in July. The birds nest in colonies, building crow-like twig nests in trees, either by themselves or in association with herons and storks. The normal clutch consists of 4 pale bluish-green eggs. The Little Egret: Egvetta garzetta garzetta (Linn.). Field identification: Smaliest of the three. Size that of the more familiar Cattle Egret. Pure white in colour. and a small replica of the preceding two in all respects. Usually flocks in same biotope and often in association with the Smaller Egret. Specimen: BiNieS.: [¢. 12-5-16° Kihin(S. HH. Prater). Noted: Powai and Tulsi Lakes, Godhbunder; Rewas. Resident. Fairly common. Breeding: Barnes (J.B.N.H.S., vi, 144) records a large colony nesting in a tree near Vasind village (G.I.P. Railway—ca 50 miles from Bombay) in July. In the same tree were also nesting -Cattle Egrets and Paddy Birds. The nests are similar to those of the foregoing species, the eggs differing only in being smaller. There are several mixed egret colonies round Bombay, e.g. Wajrabai Hot Spring, Karjat; and further observation might produce interesting information. Some years ago these egrets used to be extensively and lucratively farmed in Sind for the sake of their ornamental breeding plumes. With the change in women’s fashions, egret feathers no longer carry the same demand, and prices have also dwindled accordingly. But some small farms exist even to this day. Egret farming could still become a_ profitable cottage industry if export of farm produced feathers to foreign countries were licensed and their production properly organised and controlled. A good account of Egret Farming in Sind will be found on pages 748-749 of vol. xxviii of this Journal. The Cattle Egret: Bubulcus ibis coroimandus (Bodd.). Mahratti: Gochandi-khao; Hind.: Gdi-bagla. Field identification: A familiar lanky bird about the size of a country hen with longish, pointed yellow bill. In young birds the bills are black aiid they are then easily confused with the Little Egret. Pure white and very like the Little Egret except in the breeding season when it acquires golden buff plumes on head, neck and back. Gregarious; usually in attendance on grazing cattle, snapping up grasshoppers, etc. disturbed in the animals’ progress. Often far from water. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: o? 8-g-18 Bhyandar (A.. P. Kinloch). Noted: City: Bhuleshwar, Khétwadi (1912), Chowpati, Malabar Hill, Mahaluxmi; Suburbs and Salsette: Bandra, Khar, Chembur, Powai Lake, Godhbunder, ete. THE BIRDS OF BOMBAY AND SALSETTE G47 Resident. Common. S. A. has observed an individual for days at Bhileshwar, in the heart of the bustling bazaar, on a tree partly overhanging a half dry temple tank and partly a halwai’s shop. The bird spent its time picking off the flies disturbed oft the sweetmeats in the stall beneath from time to time and alighting on the tree for respite! Flies appear to be greatly relished. We have noted another individual at Chowpati who was in the regular habit of eating flies off a toddy pot hung on a tapped cocoanut palm tor collecting the juice. Breeding: By the first week in May, many birds have already donned their golden breeding dress, and by the end of that month this is general. Building operations commence by about the middle of May and nesting continues till August. The birds nest in colonies selecting some large tamarind or other tree, in or near a village, for the purpose. This tree is usually shared by Paddy Birds and Little Egrets. We have noted such nest colonies opposite Bandra railway station, in Andhéri bazaar, in Borivli village, and at Mahaluxmi. The same trees are used for several years in succession. 15 to 25 nests is not an unusual number for a colony. The nests are untidy twig structures like those of the Crow. Three to five eggs form a normal clutch. They are a pale skim milk blue in colour. The stomach of a fledgling examined was packed with grasshopper remains, a small crab and about 200 Blue-bottle flies (Musca vomitoria). Barnes (J.B.N.H.S., vi, 142) found the Cattle Egret nesting at Vasind (G.I.P. Railway) in July. The Indian Reef Heron: Demiegretia asha (Sykes). Field identification: Size about the same as, or slightly larger than the Cattle Egret. Very similar in general effect to the Small Egret but found in 2 colour “phases : (1) White, (2) Slaty-grey. Occasional birds are intermediate being partly white and partly grey. Singly or pairs about rocky seashore, mangrove-lined creeks and tidal mudflats. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: [21-11-10 Panvél, Kolaba Dist. (N. B. Kinnear) j Noted: Mahim, Andheri, Bhyandar, Mahi, Kihim, Rewas, Hornby Vellard. Status? Our records are only between 18 October and 20 May. Not un- common but sparingly. The Indiaa Pond Heron or Paddy-Bird : Ardeola grayii (Sykes). Field identification: Size about the same as or slightly less than the Cutt. Egret. Most of the plumage white, concealed by an earth-brown mantle so that when at rest on the edge of a tank the bird is almost invisible. As soon as it rises, however,—usually with a croak—the white wings, back and underparts flash into prominence. Singly or gregariously at every piece of water-pool, puddle or tank, inundated paddy-field, creek or on the seashore. Especially fond of village tanks in the process of drying up. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: ¢ juv. 14-7-13 Colaba, Bombay (S. H. Prater). Resident. Very common. Its food consists for the most part of frogs. Its normal method of hunting is to wade into water or stand poised on the edge as still as a dummy and dart at any prey coming within striking range. Breeding: By about the middle of April the birds commence to don _ their nuptial plumage. The back becomes rich maroon. A long white occipital crest is developed and the legs and feet—normally greenish-yellow—assume a beautiful salmon-pink tint. By the middle of June the majority of birds are in full breeding dress. Most nests are found between July and September. Paddy- birds breed in colonies in association with other egrets and Night-Herons. Their nests are untidy platforms of twigs like those of the Crow, built in large trees such as tamarind or mango. We have observed nest colonies at Bandra (opposite railway station), Victoria Gardens (Byculla), and in the midst of Thana town. Barnes (J.B.N.H.S., vi, 142) found nests at Vasind (about 50 miles from Bombay) in July. A normal clutch consists of 3 or 4—rarely 5— pale greenish-blue eggs. The Indian Little Green Heron: Butorides striatus javanicus (Horsf.). _ Field identification: Slightly smaller than the Paddy-bird. Above slaty or blackish-grey glossed with bronze green; below paler grey. Singly by rocky 648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY. NATURAL ‘HIST. SOCIETY, -Vol. XL or mangrove-lined tidal creeks, ae -etc. Occasionally found at rocky hill streams. . .: i a2 Specimens: B.N.H.S.: ¢ 3-11-20 Kennery Island, Bombay Harbour (V. S. La: Personne) ; .3 aia 30-5-37 Godhbunder- (C. "McCann). Noted: Mahul, Andheri, Powai and Tulsi Lakes. _ Resident. Fairly common, but unobtrusive. The stomach of a_ specimen contained shrimps and mudfish (newtas). Breeding: On 30 May Mr. C. McCann found a nest in a mangrove bush near Godhbunder Creek. In structure it was like that of the Paddy-bird. It contained 3 young in down—with the wing quills sprouting—which were able to clamber about the branches. The Night Heron: Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax Linn. Mahratti: Raat-baggal or Raat-koku. _ Field identification: Larger than the Paddy-bird. Of the same general effect, but with an appreciably stouter bill. An ashy-grey bird with black crown, nape and long crest at back of head, the last with some white feathers in it. Lower parts chiefly whitish. Young birds are brown, streaked with rufous. Their re tae are white broadly streaked with. dark brown. Colonies, roosting in favourite large trees during the day and flying out in parties at sunset with loud raugous kwaaks to feed. at tanks and creeks. Specimens: B,N.H.S.: ¢ 28-7-14 Carnac Bunder, Bombay (Counsell) ; 2 -11-99 Hog Island, Poms Harbour (E. Comber). Hume (Ss F., iv, 415) disturbed a large colony on Elephanta Island and shot a few in ‘January 1875. --Resident.. Common. - Considered: finest- ‘game bird’ in Salsette and much persecuted by -local ‘sportsmen’! Breeding: - The Night Heron nests in colonies-- which often extend over several adjacent trees, between June and September. They build the usual twig nests of the Crow pattern often sparsely lined with leaves. _We have records of large colonies on Pithecolobium- trees in Victoria Gardens, Bombay, and in Thana town where almost every available Banyan and Peepal tree is utilised. The eggs—usually- 3 or 4—are pale greenish-blue in colour. _The young birds soon leave the nest and clamber about the neighbouring branches keeping up an incessant click, click, click, etc. The din which a nesting colony at this stage produces can be heard fully half a mile away.. Stomachs of fledgling Night Herons examined by us contained among other things a fresh unbroken Night Heron egg, a leg of embryo of same, remains— of Gerardia praevestiana and shrimps, ete. Barnes (J.B.N.H.S., vi, 415) found the Night Heron breeding on islets in the Vihar Lake, and at Elephanta, in August. The Yellow Bittern : Ixobrychus sinensis sinensis (Gmelin). Field. identification: Somewhat smaller and slenderer than the Paddy-bird but of the same general effect. Yellow, brown, rufous and chestnut predominating in plumage. Black crest. Singly, by edge or reedy swamps and _ occasionally mangrove-lined creeks. | Unobtrusive, creeping away surreptitiously when suspicious. Seat A hl rage AeG Specimens: B.N.H.S.: @ 25-1-09 Thana (N.:B: Kinnear); ‘Si-X. \C..; 263 GO juv: 21-11-36 Powai Lake (H. A.). . Resident. Not common. - The Chestnut Bittern: Jxobrychus cinnamomeus (Gmelin). Field identification : Similar to above, but with upper parts chestiut- -cinfanion, lower pale chestnut. Habits, etc. same as of the Yellow Bittern. Noted: Powai Lake ; Kihim (Kolaba Dist.). Fairly common among the reeds at Powai Lake. Inverarity (J.B.N.H.S., il, 45) shot them at Goddhbunder and also one near Penn (Kolaba Dist.) on 28-11-1886. Breeding: H. A. observed a bird carrying twigs on two consecutive days in August, near Powai but failed to find the nest. Navarro has found several nests at Khandala and Karjat during May, June and July. THE BIRDS OF BOMBAY AND SALSETTE G49 The Bittern: Botaurus stellaris stellaris (Linn.). Field identification: Considerably larger than the Paddy-bird. Short, stout, pointed bill and large feet. A buif coloured bird of the general effect of the Paddy-bird with black back and blackish streaks and barring on rump and in the lower plumage. Singly, in reed beds and shrubbery on marshes. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: @ 4-12-16 near Thana (A. F. Forbes). Winter visitor. Rare. We have not come across the Bittern in our area, but J. D. Inverarity (S.F., vii, 526, 1879) believed it to be not uncommon, though seldom seen. In 8 years he had only seen three. One he shot on 22-10-1877 on the ‘Flats’ half a mile from Byculla Club, close to the railway and ‘within 200 yards of the Foras Road which crosses the flat from Bombay to Worlee’. The second he saw on 12-1-1878 on Bhiwandi Tank and the third he shot on 24-2-1878 at Panvel. He also saw several others subsequently (J.B.N.H.S., ii, 44). Mr. Kotwal shot a specimen at Parle on the 3rd January 1939. The Flamingo; Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum Temm., Marathi: Roht. EHA (C.B.B., 167) records seeing an example not far from Hog Island in Bombay Harbour. In April and May 1930 two flocks (or the same flock?) of about 12 birds were observed at Alibag and Kihim (Kolaba Dist.), respectively flying along the seashore in a northerly direction. There are several other records fer May and this bird is probably a common passage migrant. The Lesser Flamingo : Phoeniconaias minor (Geottr.). In the old card catalogue of birds in the B.N.H.S, Collection, prepared by Mr. N. B. Kinnear, there is listed a specimen Q 2-1-1898 Thana (J. Mason), We have not seen the specimen and have no further details. The Nukta or Comb Duck : Sarkidiornis melanotus (Pennant). Field identification: Larger than the domestic duck. Black above glossed with green and blue; white below. Head and neck white speckled with black. A comb or knob at forehead near base of bill in the male. ~ Inverarity (J-B.N.H.S., ii, 45) records the shooting of a solitary young of the year at Penn (Kolaba Dist.) on 28-11-1887. We know of one other shot at Kihim (Kolaba Dist.) in May a few years ago. Local straggler. The Cotton Teal : Nettapus coromandelianus (Gmelin). Field identification: The smallest of our ducks. Size between the Pigeon and the Jungle Crow. Rather similar in colouration to the Nukta. Bill goose- like, not as flat as the duck’s. In flight whitish edge of wing conspicuous in male. Specimens: [¢ 2 7-12-09 Daman Road, B.B. & C.I. Rly. (R. L. Sinclair) ]. Noted: A pair on Powai Lake 30-11-34 (H. A.). Inverarity (J.B.N.H.S., ii, 46—1887) saw large flocks at Neral below Matheran. One shot near Karjat. Status? Probably local straggler. Rare. The Lesser or Common Whistling Teal: Dendrocygna javanica (Horstf.). Field identification: Smaller than the domestic duck. A chestnut coloured duck confusable with no other of the same size. Small flocks. Shrill whistling notes constantly uttered on the wing distinctive. Flight rather feeble and un- ducklike, reminiscent of the Jacanas. Specimens: B.N.H.S.: 0? 22-5-26 Mahadalla Tank, Malad (E. Henricks) ; [dG 29-11-15. Kalyan (W. S. Millard)]. Noted: Powai Lake, Irla; Kihim (Kolaba Dist.) on rocks on seashore! A flight of about 4o birds was seen at Hornby Vellard on 6-11-38. They settled out in the bay well out of range, but passing the same way a couple of hours later, we saw a swimmer trying to retrieve two winged birds, and a man with a gun watching the proceedings. It may be an achievemeni to shoot wild duck in Bombay City, but unless some sanctuary is allowed to game birds (especially a resident species) we shall soon be exterminating theny 650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi, XL Resident? Uncommon and in small numbers. Possibly breeds around Powai Lake. The Sheldrake : Jadorna tadorna (Linn.). Mr. C. McCann observed a small party on Tulsi Lake some years ago. Other records from the Deccan show that this bird occasionally straggles further south. The Ruddy Sheldrake or Brahminy Duck : Casarca ferruginea (Voeg.). Hindustani: Chakwa. Field identification: Larger than the domestic duck. Orange brown with a shiny green patch on the predominatingly black and white wings. Head and neck buff. Pairs or small parties. W. F. Sinclair (J.B.N.H.S., i, 166) observed a pair in Bombay Harbour (ca. 1886). H. A. noted a party of 4 at a brackish pool on a tidal mudflat near Rewas (ISolaba Dist.) on 22-11-32. Winter visitor. Straggier? It is common round Nasik and in the Deccan. The Mallard : Anas platyrhyncha Linn. Field identification» The ancestor of our domestic duck, equal to it in size “und same in colouration as the green-headed plumage often seen. The female is dark brown with buff streaks producing a game bird pattern. The only records of its occurrence we have are (1) that of E. H. Aitken (].B.N.H.S., xiii, 398) who says that owing to the severe drought in Gujerat and the Deccan a few were seen about Bombay in the winter of 1900 (2) Sinclair (J-B.N.H.S., iii, 71) has recorded one from Nagotna in Dharamtar Creek (3) One was shot near Panvéel on 17 November (J.B.N.H.S., xxix, 1052). The Spot-bill or Grey Duck : Anas poecilorhyncha poecilorhyncha Forster. Field identification: Size that of the domestic duck. Rather like the female Mallard in colouration with some white in the wings and two orange-red spots at base of bill on either side of forehead. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: [0? 7-12-09 Daman Road, B.B. & C.I. Rly. (R. o> sinclain):|. Straggler. Aitken (J.B.N.H.S., xiii, 398) mentions the Spotbill occurring in or near Bombay in the winter of 1900 due to the drought in Gujerat and the Deccan. S. A. observed a party of 4 birds flying over Kihim (Kolaba Dist.) on 1-10-30. Tbe Gadwall: Chaulelasmus streperus (Linn.). Field identification: Smaller than the domestic duck. General aspect of plumage pale brownish-grey with rufous head and neck. A black-and-white Wing-bar particularly conspicuous in flight, and a chestnut patch on wing. Underside white. Female: mottled dark and light brown with whitish under- parts and wing-bar as in male. Specimens: B.N.H.S.: [¢ Q@ 26-12-09 Panvél, Kolaba Dist. (N. B. Kinnear) ; Q 15-6-90 Alibag (W. F. Sinclair). ] Noted and/ or shot: Andhéri, Chembir (‘kutchra-patti’), Trombay; Kihim Winter visitor, in small numbers. Not uncommon. Of bags of 14 and » ducks made near Chembur, two and three respectively were Gadwall. The Wigeon: Mareca penelope (Linn.). Field identification: Smaller than the domestic duck. General aspect pencilled grey. Chestnut head with cream coloured patch on its forepart, combined with the brownish-pink breast and the blue-grey bill suffices to identify the male. Female rather like the female Gadwall but Jacks the wing-bar. The blue-grey bill is a diagnostic character in both sexes. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: [¢ 26-12-09 Panvél, Kolaba Dist. (N. B. Kinnear). ] Noted and/ or shot: Santa Cruz; Kihim. Winter visitor. Uncommon. The Common Teal: Nettion crecca crecca (Linn.). Field identification: Our second smallest duck, only slightly bigger than the Cotton Teal. Male: pencilled greyish colour. Chestnut head with a broad THE BIRDS OF BOMBAY .AND: SALSETTE B54 metallic green band running through the eye, lined on either side with whitish. A tri-coloured wing-bar—black, green and buff—especially conspicuous in flight. Female rather like female Gadwall with a metallic green and black wing-bar. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: 92 7-10-24 Lamzai, near Kirla (D. B. Baretto). Noted and/ or shot; Andhéri, Santa Cruz, Bassein, Thana, Gddhbunder, Tulsi Lake; Naugaon (Kolaba Dist.). Winter visitor, in small numbers. Not uncommon. The Pintail : Dafila acuta (Linn.). Field identification: Slightly smaller than the domestic duck. Male; upper plumage pencilled greyish. Head brown with a white band on either side running down into the white neck and underparts. Its chief characteristic is the long, pointed pin-like central tail feathers which extend beyond the tail. The elongated body, the long slender neck and pointed tail usually help to recognise the drake. Female: mottled brown and buff. In general rather like the females of the Gadwall and Wigeon but slenderer in build. Specimens: B.N.H.S.: [Q 26-12-09 Panvél, Kolaba Dist. (N. B. Kinnear). ] Noted and/ or shot: Bassein (Thana Dist.), Chembur, Trombay (‘Kutchra- patti’), Kihim. Winter visitor in small numbers. H. A. has observed a small flock among the rocks on the seashore at Kihim (Kolaba Dist.). The Garganey or Blue-winged Teal: Querquedula querquedula (Linn.). Field identification: Slightly larger than the Common Teal. Male recognisable by his pink-brown white-speckled head with the broad conspicuous white eyebrow and by the bluish-grey on his wing shoulders. The female resembles the females of so many ducks of the same size that without some practice it is difficult to recognise her by herself. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: 3 7-12-09 Daman Road, B.B. & C.I. Railway. (R. L. Sinclair). Noted and/ or shot: Naugaon and Rewas (Kolaba Dist.). Winter visitor. Not common. The Shoveller: Spatula clypeata (Linn.). Field identification: Somewhat smaller than the domestic duck. More characteristic than its plumage and unfailing as a recognition mark is its peculiar flat shovel-shaped bill, considerably broader at tip than at base. This is possessed by both sexes though they differ considerably in colouration. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: ¢ 5-12-99 ‘Thana’ (purchased). Noted and/ or shot: Trombay (‘Kutchra-patti’), Rewas (Dharamtar Creek), Waklan (near Mumbra), Alibag (Vaishwi Tank). Winter visitor in small numbers. Not uncommon. Latest date 19 May. The Red-headed Pochard or Dun Bird: Nyvoca ferina ferina (Linn.). Field identification: A squat duck, somewhat smaller than the domestic bird, recognisable by its rotund shape and the conspicuous tri-coloured plumage of. the male—head chestnut; breast, rump and hind parts black; body pencilled grey. The female is predominantly dirty grey-brown. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: Q 8-10-93 Bombay Harbour (W. S. Millard). Noted and/ or shot: Bassein, Chembtr, Powai Lake. Winter visitor in small numbers. Not uncommon. Out of 2 bags of 7 and ta duck, one and 2 respectively were of this species. The White-eyed Pochard : Nvroca rufa rufa Linn. Field identification: Smaller than the domestic ‘duck. General aspect of plumage rufous-brown and blackish-brown with a whitish wing-bar. Abdomen white. Female duller coloured. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: Q 17-11-08 Andhéri (N. B. Kinnear). Noted and/ or shot: Kihim and Alibag (Kolaba Dist.). Winter visitor. Not uncommon as wildfowl go in our area. In the cold weather of 1931 we observed fairly large flocks floating on the sea not far from the shore (at Kihim) but always well out of gunshot. At dusk—often 652 JOURNAL,. BOMBAY NATURAL \AIST. «~SOCKETY: 2 Vol. Xi after if was quite dark—the birds regularly flighted inland in parties and in twos and threes taking the same route every evening. Similarly, W. F. Sinclair (J.B.N.H.S., xiii, 191) writes: ‘This is the sea duck of Alibag Coast, where flocks not exceeding 50 were constantly to be observed in winter. They generally rode just outside the surf where they were safe from disturbance from passing boats. It is likely that they used the, sea as refuge during the day and fed inland at night.’ | The Scaup: Nyroca marila marila (Linn.). Aberrant straggler. J. D. Inverarity (J.B.N.H.S., ii, 45) shot a female on a small tank near Panvél on 13-1-1884. No other record. The Tufted Pochard: Nyroca fuligula fuligula (Linn.). Field identification: Size and rotund shape of the Red-headed Pochard. Male black and white with a conspicuous black tuft at back of head of same colour. Female like male but brown where he is black and lacking the crest. Specimen: B.N.H.S.: OG 5-12-99 Thana. Noted: Alibag (Vaishwi Tank). Inverarity (J.B.N.H.S., ii, 45) records it near Penn, Kolaba Dist., on 28-11-1887. ; Winter visitor. Scarce. Latest date 14 March. Most duck visiting or passing over Bombay and the surrounding neighbourhood, take refuge on the sea during day time, and flight in to feed in the evening. Even the essentially fresh water duck like Wigeon and Pintail are often seen beyond the surf during the day. The Goosander : Mergus merganser merganser Linn. Aberrant straggler. E. H. Aitken (J.B.N.H.S., ii, 56) shot one (either Q or immature <) on 2-12-1886 at Shewa on the east side of, and across Bomhay Harbour. It was playing along in a shallow sheet of water forming a reservoir of the salt works. No other record. The Little Grebe or Dabchick : Podiceps ruficollis capensis Salvadori. Mahratti: Pdan-barki. Field identification: Size about that of the Pigeon. A drab coloured water bird with short pointed bill and practically no tail. Gregariously, on village tanks, etc. swimming about in open water or among the floating weeds, and diving at the least suspicion. Specimens: B.N.H.S.: 9 12-3-93 Thana (J. M. Mason); 9 19-11-17 Kurla (S. H. Prater); ¢ 6-12-18 Colaba Cove, Bombay Harbour (J. A. D. McBain). Noted: Dhobi Talao, Gwalia Tank and Babulla Tank (Mazagon) before they were filled up; Mahaluxm!, Parél, Andhéri, Chembur, Powai Lake, etc. Resident. Common. Present on practically every village tank and congre- gating on larger sheets of water as the former gradually dry up in the hot weather. Thus on Vaishwi Tank, which provides the water supply to Alibag town, ‘S. A. counted 132 individuals on 19 May (1930) when most of the smaller tanks in the neighbourhood were quite or almost dry. A couple of months previously the number of Dabchicks on this tank had been considerably smaller. The call is a sharp tittering often heard when the birds are disporting themselves of an evening. They can seldom be induced to fly. On taking alarm they either dive below or patter along the surface for some distance vibrating their diminutive wings rapidly. When once started on the wing, however, they fly well and often for considerable distances. Their food consists of water insects and their larvae, tadpoles and small crustaceans. Breeding: The season is not sharply defined. H. A. found a nest in a mill pond at Mahaluxmi in September, and another on the village tank at Kihim (Kolaba Dist.) im October. Fry (J/.B:N.H.S.. xxi, (275) toolk 4 clutches fon eggs from the ‘Mahaluxmi Pond’ between 16 November and 31 March. On 22-11-34 H. A. observed a juvenile in downy striped plumage with red beak on Konkan Tank, not far from Mumbra (Thana Dist.). The nest is a rough pad of sodden weeds placed on floating vegetation. A normal clutch consists of 3 to 5 eggs. These are white at first but soon get discoloured to dirty brownish by the constant soaking and contact wih the sodden weeds. THe END, Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Fig. 1.—Rainbow Trout showing Fin-rot on the caudal and anal fins. Stumpy 7 caudal fin (cf) and frayed anal fin (af) are noteworthy. Fig. 2.—Rainbow Trout with Carcinoma of Thyroid. Atrophied gill filaments | (f) are seen attached to the tumours (c). | Fig. 3.—Brown Trout with Carcinoma of Thyroid (c). NOTES ON THE DISEASES OF TROUT AT THE: MAHILI HATCHERY—KULU (PUNJAB). BY Dr. Hamip Kuan, M.Sc., LL.B. (Punjab), Ph.D. (Cantab). Fisheries Research Officer, Punjab, Lyallpur. (With a plate). Little attention has so far been given to the diseases of trout in its Indian habitats. The control of parasitic and other diseases is a problem of considerable importance. Under domestication, i.e. when herded together and fed on artificial food, trout, like all other animals, fall victims to parasites and contract diseases. Gaschott (1931) has given an account of the various diseases, to which trout are susceptible, and has dealt with their diagnosis and treatment. Davis (1936) has dealt with internal and external parasites of trout and such other diseases as Fungus, Pop-eye, Thyroid tumour, Intestinal inflammation, White spot disease, Blue sac disease and Soft egg disease. Moore (1923, 1924) has made a study of diseases of fish in State Hatcheries in New York. Carcinoma of Thyroid in the Salmonoid Fish has received an exhaustive treatment in the well illustrated paper by Gaylord and Marsh (1914). Several other investigators, both in Europe and America, have made a_ study of the various parasites and diseases of trout and other fish and dealt with their. control and treatment. - - A systematic study of the diseases of trout, it is regretted, has not. been made -on account of lack of ‘facilities, and in the present paper an account of such diseases as have come to our notice at the Punjab Government Trout Hatchery at Mahili (Kulu) is presented. : The diseased trout were obtained from the Hatchery and most of this material was received preserved in 5 per cent formalin. In a few cases alive sick fish were also examined. Of the two species, Rainbow Trout and Brown Trout cultivated at the Mahili Hatchery, the former has sutfered far more acutely from parasites and other diseases than the latter. The commoner diseases at the Mahili Hatchery have been Fin-rot, Carcinoma of Thyroid, Inflammation of Intestine, and Fungus. Fin-rot or Tail-rot or Fin-disease was first noticed at the Hatchery in August 1929 among Rainbow Trout, and it appeared in an epidemic form. The diseased fish had grown sluggish and dark in colour. The dying fish came to the surface, gasped for air, turned upside down and after a few hours died. Both in the adult and in the fingerlings the caudal fin had lost its rays and had been reduced to a stump (Fig. 1). In most of the cases dorsal. 654 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. xan pectoral and anal fins had also been affected and showed naked fin rays without any covering of epidermis. Fin-rot is caused by a rod-shaped bacterium which can usually be found in large numbers in the infected fins (Davis 1936). The infection usually starts from the outer margin of the fin, where the epidermis becomes thickened and forms a white line, visible externally across the fin. The fin rays are also attacked and soon become frayed and broken. Sometimes only a portion of the fin is destroyed, and in other cases the outer half or two-thirds is destroyed. The young fingerlings usually die before the infection has spread to the underlying tissues; while in the adults the tissues at the base of the fins are also affected. The disease varies greatly in its intensity. Among the fry the mortality is always heavy. Among adults recovery is possible though the fins retain their stumpy appearance. According to Davis (1936) ‘the fins regenerate more or less completely’. No such regeneration of the fins, however, has so far been noticed among the fish which have recovered at the Mahili Hatchery. According to Davis (1936) ‘little information has been obtained regarding the factors that tend to bring an outbreak of the disease’. At the Mahili Hatchery, however, it has been definitely observed that fish and fry reared in clear spring water remain unaffected ; while those reared in ponds fed by river water, which brings in silt during the floods, always suffer from an attack of Fin-rot soon after the monsoon rains. At Madhopur Farm, too, flood water in July was directly responsible for the outbreak of this disease among Rainbow Trout fry. Control.—A salt bath instead of producing any healing effect, seemed to hasten the death of the sick fish at the hatchery. Davis (1936) recommends baths of a solution of copper sulphate, 1 : 2,000, for one or two minutes. But it is too strong a solution to be administered by unskilled hands either to adult fish or to finger- lings. A bath of 1 : 20,000 solution of copper sulphate for 10 to 15 minutes however, proved efficacious in early stages of the disease. The bath was repeated daily and healed the fins within a fortnight. The fish in which the disease had advanced did not survive. The warm water bath, recommended by Taplin (1932), proved beneficial during winter. The fish from the hatchery pond, where the range of temperature was 38°F. to 48°F., were trans- ferred to a spring fed pond with a temperature ranging from 55°F. to 58°F. and were cured of the disease completely. Carcinoma, Thyroid tumour or Goitre in trout is said to be analogous to goitre in man (Davis 1936). It is, therefore, inter- esting to note that in the Kangra District, where Mahili Trout Hatchery is located, human beings, too, suffer from goitre. 1 Dr. W. Rushton (Fishmongers Hall, London), to whom the diseased Rainbow Trout were sent for examination, reported that ‘No external. lesions cotld be found or anv features, which point to, or suggest, that the fish had died from ‘‘furunculosis” .. .’ Note.—Furunculosis is another bacterial disease, the most characteristic symptom of which is the presence of open sores on the body (Davis 1936). NOTES ON THE DISEASES OF TROUT 655 The disease has not so far been noticed in an epidemic form at the Hatchery. Only occasionally one or two fish have suffered. The tumours of thyroid, in the diseased fish examined (Figs. 2 and 3), were located at the junction of the first and second pair of gill arches, on either side, and also between the third and the fourth gill arches. The former pair of tumours were visible internally too, on the floor of the mouth. Atrophied gill filaments were seen attached to the tumours. The primary cause of thyroid tumour is now generally considered to be a deficiency of iodine, which is essential to the proper function- ing of the thyroid gland (Davis 1936). Overcrowding, a limited supply of water, and insanitary condition in the ponds also appear to be important contributing factors. The diseased fish linger on for months and months, and it is only when the tumour has enlarged to such an extent that it has spread into the gill arches, that the blood vessels cease to function and in portions the circulation is stopped and the fish dies. Control.—At the Mahili Hatchery the fish in which the disease was noticed in an advanced stage were always killed. In the early stages of the disease a weak bath of iodine (potassium iodide) in I : 1,000,000 strength has given satisfactory results, and the fish recovered. Gaylord and Marsh (1914) recommend the administration of the following chemical baths: iodine (potassium iodide) 1 : 1,000,000; arsenic (arsenic oxide) I : 3,000,000, and mercury (mercuric chloride) 1 : 5,000,000. Davis recommends (1936) addition of iodine directly to the food: a table-spoonful of I per cent iodine dissolved in 1 per cent solution of potassium iodide ‘thoroughly mixed with about 50 pounds of ground food is sufficient to keep the fish from showing any trace of thyroid tumour’. Intestinal Inflammation: Most of the Rainbow Trout attacked by Fin-rot at the Hatchery suffered from inflammation of the intestine as well. In 1929 when the epidemic of Fin-rot appeared, the fish, as an economical measure, were being fed on 75 per cent oat flour and 25 per cent dried fish. It was rather expecting too much from these carnivorous fish to maintain their vitality on such a poor diet. The diseased fish had grown dark in colour, refused to take any food and sought the corners of the pond. The intestine was inflamed and contained only mucus. One Brown Trout that died in February 1930 had a large tumour in the intestine which filled up the entire lumen. The disease is apparently caused by unsuitable food. Change of diet, recourse to natural food, such as aquatic insect larvae, worms, snails, slugs and a large proportion of meat in their diet improves the condition of the fish. Fungus or Saprolegnia has so far not caused any serious damage at the Hatchery. Saprolegnia readily attacks dead eggs, dead fry or any dead organic matter lying in the rearing or hatching boxes. Adults are attacked by the fungus when they have been handled roughly, especially after the stripping season. It appears as tuft of white threads—mycelial filaments—on any part of the fish after 656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL some physical injury, and its filaments soon spread into the underlying tissues. ; Control.—A 3 per cent soiution of common salt for 5 to 10 minutes or until fish show signs of distress, has so far proved very. efficacious. Patches of skin overgrown with fungus, when rubbed gently with cotton soaked in a 1 : 2,000 copper sulphate solution or solution of common salt in vinegar or iodine, have effected speedy recovery. The most effective remedy to prevent an attack of fungus is to remove the root cause of the disease. Daily picking of dead eggs, cleaning all the troughs and hatching trays, regular salt baths for the fish, after they have been handled, have always proved effective against an attack of fungus. The writer had an experience of a very striking example of Saprolegnia growth on Carp. In a Carp Farm in the Punjab the fish were confined to a portion of tank with a wire netting screen as a partition. Whenever fresh water was let into the tank, the fish rubbed their heads against the wire netting attempting to escape towards the inflowing current. They consequently received injuries on their lips, mouth and head, where fungus appeared in profusion and the fish began to die in large numbers. The wire netting screen was at once removed, the diseased fish were given salt baths and in a very short time recovered. LITERATURE. Davis, H. S.—Care and Diseases of Trout.’ Invest. Rept. 22. U.S.Bur. Fish, 1 Wash. (1936). 3 Gaschott, Otto.—'Some Diseases of Trout.” Salmon and Trout Mag. 63, pp. 171-188; and No. 64, pp. 273-282 (1931). Gaylord, H. R. and Marsh, M. C.—‘Carcinoma of the Thyroid in the Salmonoid. Fishes.’ Bull. U.S. Buy. Wish, »xxxii. 191 o(1914): Moore, Emeline.—Diseases of Fish in State Hatcheries.’ Twelfth Annual Report. N.Y. Conser. Comm. 1922 (1923). Moore, Emeline.—‘A Report of Progress on the Study of Trout Diseases.’ Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. liii. 1923 (1923a). Moore, Emeline.—‘Diseases of Fish.’ Fourteenth Annual Report: N.Y. Cons. Com. 1924, (1925). : Taplin, H. J.—‘Cure of Fungus Diseases.’ Fishing Gazette, 15th. October (1932). NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES OF THE SHAN STATES, BURMA. BY Cap. VW. CGC, CARROMT, I have recently been reading through the back numbers of the Journal from vol. x, 1895, and to my surprise I have not noticed any account or list of the butterflies of this very interesting part of Burma. While I have not covered all of the Shan States during my fifteen years of collecting I think I may claim to have a fairly good representative collection of butterflies from this area. The Shan States covers a large amount of the hilly country in Upper Burma. The highest elevation reaches about 6,000 feet above sea level. Both the Southern and Northern sections are reached either by rail or road. The railway terminates at Lashio in the North and Shwenyaung in the South. Beyond these railheads are fairly good second class roads up to the Chinese border. It is not advisable, however, to travel by car far beyond the railheads in the rainy season. In the dry season the roads are in good con- dition in so far as second class roads can be made good and one can motor through what I consider to be one of the most interesting countries in the world. The scenery is beautiful beyond description and the different tribes vary as does the scenery. The motorist passes through rolling downs, dense jungle and lovely pine woods with a lake dotted here and there in the course of one morning’s drive. In the Identification of Indian Butterflies the author, referring to Burma, says that ‘in many ways the Thandaung ghat is one of the best collecting places in the Indian Empire; it is the meeting place of the Chinese and the Malayan elements and possesses a number of species or well defined races that do not appear to be found elsewhere.’ This section referred to is on the same range of hills as the Shan States but geographically not in the Shan States. I might go farther than the above-mentioned author and say that the whole of the Shan States is one of the best collecting grounds in the Indian Empire. I feel sure readers will agree when they notice the long list of butterflies to be found therein, many of which are very rare and not found elsewhere. Maymyo, the writer’s headquarters, while not in the Shan States proper is on the plateau at the beginning of the Northern section and is an excellent locality for many rare and interesting varieties. During my twelve years of residence here and eight at Kalaw in the Southern section, I have built-up a good collection of butterflies from important places. In addition to Maymyo and Kaiaw I have toured the States extensively and collected butterflies wherever I travelled, 658 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL Before giving the list of butterflies to be found in the Shan States I would mention I should be very glad to exchange with any collectors in India and Ceylon. I have many hundreds of duplicates and would be glad to get into touch with fellow collectors all over India especially Southern India and Ceylon. The names given in the following list are taken from the 1st edition of the Identification of Indian Butterflies by Brigadier Evans, which I believe in some cases differ a little from the names given in the 2nd edition. As I am not an expert there may be mistakes in the names especially in the Lycaenidae. This family together with the Hesperidae I find most difficult to name as there are so very many varieties. PAPILIONID 2. TROIDES aeacus, Fairly common in all parts of the Shan States. Very fond of feeding on flowers of lantana. helena cerberus. Common and as above. The variety eumages is very rare and [ have only seen one male during the many years I have been collecting. BYASA aidoneus. Rare but if one knows the time of flight which is during September one can collect a few specimens in and around Maymyo. This year I caught four males and two females. The colour of the female given by Col. Evans is brown. Those caught by me are not in any way brown but a distinct slaty black. zaleucus. Very rare in the Shan States. I have only seen two males during my 15 years of collecting, one in Kalaw in the South and the other at Maymyo in the North. aristolochiae gouiopeltis. Very common all over the country. philoxenus polyeuctes. Fairly plentiful during May and September. Evidently it is double brooded as they are not seen between the above two months. crassipes. Very rare indeed. I have only seen one from Kalaw in the South during my many years of collecting. CHILASA agestor agestor. I generally get half a dozen of these each summer during April. Evidently feeds on the camphor tree as I have caught a number round this tree in my garden. It is a good mimic of Danais tytia tytia and can easily be taken for it. slateri marginata. I have not found this butterfly in the Shan States proper but it is found at the foot of the Thandaung ghat adjoining the Shan States. clytia clytia. Common all over the country. | clytia onpape. Also fairly common especially in the North beyond Lashio and up to the Chinese border. PAPILIO memnon agenor. Males of this variety are to be found eight months of the year. Females, however of all three forms are scarce. rhetenor. Rare: I have only one in my collection; a female caught on 11-5-35 at Maymyo. protenor euprotenor. Very rare in the Shan States but common in other parts of Upper Burma. NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES OF THE SHAN STATES 659 bianor gladiator, Found at Kalaw in the South only this year. During my eight years’ residence there I did not see a single specimen. In September -of this year a friend caught several in his garden. It may be I had taken it for paris as it flies with it and looks very much like it on the wing. SUS polyctor ganesa. Fairly plentiful at Kalaw in the South but I have not -found it in the North. This flies also with paris paris and is difficult to tell from it on the wing. paris paris. zy ery common all over the country. I noticed the specimens taken from the Shan States are much larger than those I have seen in other parts of Burma and those from India. LAW 5 arcturus arcturus, Rare in the Shan States. mahadeva. Rae does not appear to fly about 2,o00 feet and is found at Nan-Pan-Det at the foot of the Kalaw Hills and at low altitudes round about Taungoo towards the Karen Hills. Yi. ) f castor castor” Rare. Also does not appear to fly above 2,000 feet. I have caught it at Lebin in the South Shan States. Males are filth eaters and can be found feeding on excreta of animals. a) yt nT VU ’ = helenus neces Common all over the Shan _ States. a coee) chaon chaons” “Also very common especially at Maymyo. noblei. I have heard that this is found in the Shan States but have not come across it. I understand it is more common in the North of Burma around Myitkyina. ‘polytes romulus. One ‘of our commonest butterflies. I have not come across the 3rd form of female, the one like hector. The other two female forms are fairly common. 3 ‘ ITTY _demoleus demoleus. Very. common everywhere. ’ machaon verityi, Fairly plentiful in the Southern Shan States ie rare ‘In the North. It appears to fly at 5,000 feet and above. I have caught them at Kalaw and Taunggyi and I understand they are fairly common at a place called eee: 4 wv. _xuthus.~ a have not heard of this being found in the Shan States but it may be found in the South towards the Chinese and Siamese borders. PATHYSA Beit (ee ee “ glycerion. | have only caught one male of this in the Shan States although it is. fairly common on the plains of Upper Burma. agetes agetes. ~ “Rare at altitudes of above 2,000. More common at the foot of the hills. oe LUO ¥ nomius swinhoei.. Common at between two and three thousand feet. Males can be found by the hundreds taking moisture from the beds of streams. Females are fairly difficult to get. aristeus hermocrates, Flies with the above and not distinguishable from swinhoei until one has it in the net. Fairly common. antiphates pompilius. Common at low altitudes. Very rarely seen above 3,000 feet. ZETIDES cloanthus. “Rare in the Shan States. Caught one in Kalaw some year's igo but seen none since. sarpedon sarpedon Very common all over the country and most parts of the year. “a doson axion. Fairly plentiful all over the country. Flies along with s. sarpedon. eurypylus cheronus. Plentiful, especially during April and May in the hills. 660 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XL bathycles chiron Common and flies with the former three varieties. agammemnon agammemnoa. Common but not so plentiful as the above four. PARANTICOPSIS macareus gyades. Males are fairly common during April and May. Feed on moisture in stream beds and easily caught. Females appear to be rare. xenocles kephisos. Not at ail common. Fly during April and May and like agestor appear to feed on camphor trees. I generally collect about two pairs ot this each year. Evidently single brooded. megarus Similis. 1 have caught males of this at 2,000 feet on the hills to Maymyo. No itemales caught as yet, but no doubt they could be found by getting into the jungle ott the roadside where the males are found. Like others of this family the males are fond of moisture on roads and stream beds. MEANDRUSA gyas aribbas. A very rare butterfly. I secured a male in Kalaw at 4,500 feet during the summer of 1923. Commoner at 6,000 feet near Mogok. 5 Ee ; payeni amphis. I have not seen this butterfly in the Shan States but believe it is to. be found at Mogok 6,000 feet along with the above gyas. TEINOPALPUS imperialis imperatrix. There is-one place only in Burma where this beautiful buttertily is to be found and that is at Thandaung, Karen Hills, adjoining the Southern Shan States. Evans says in his Jdentification, N. Burma to Ataran. The late Mr. Cooper said he saw a wing of one in the Ataran but I don’t think this is sufficient proof to say they are to be found there. I have not heard of any of these butterflies being .caught .outside of Thandaung, on the hill there known as Thandaunggyi. The butterflies are very difficult to catch. and fly very early in the morning between 7 and 10 o’clock. After that time they seem to disappear down in the valleys. Perhaps if one followed them down to the valleys they could be beaten up. Mr. Sparks of the Burma Railways informed me he has caught as many as half a dozen in one morning. I doubt if this number could be seen now apart from caught in one morning. They — fly during April. I propose going up there next April to try my luck and _ if possible shall follow them down to the valleys when they disappear at about 10 a.m. LEPTOCIRCUS, curlus. Common at low altitudes but I have not seen them at above 3,000 feet. meges indistincta. Common and as above. PIERIDZ. LEPTOSIA nina nina. Not at all common in the Shan States. One sees an occasional one during April and May. PIERIS _ api montatia, Not too plentiful. I have not seen any in the Northern Shan States but have seen. odd ones at Kalaw in the South. canidia indica. Very common all over the country. brassicae, Common in Maymyo in the summer months. I noticed. this is not listed as being found in Burma. APORIA agathon agathon. Rare. I have only seen this in the South Shan States. ee ed "0, NOLES OND BUTRERELIES +On LHE SHAN. STATES 661 DELIAS ld oJ singhapura agostina. Fairly plentiful all over the country. eucharis. ‘Common both South and North. hyparete hierte. i Fairly plentiful at different times of the year. v eee: o belladonna burmina. Rare. I only collected one of this from the South, Kalaw, many years ago. Seen none in the North, Vv descombesi leucacantha. Not rare and can be found most all over the country. aglaia. Common .during summer months. ; LTO thysbe pyramus, Very common around Maymyo in the North and not scarce in the South. PRIONERIS thestylis. Rare. Only found one male at Kalaw many years ago. Vclemanthe. Rare. Not seen in the North, odd specimens found at Kalaw in the South. h ‘Soh HUPHINA | lea, Not at all common in the Shan States. Can be found more plentifully at low elevations. nerissa dapha. Rare at high altitudes. More plentiful at foot of hills. APPIAS lalassis. Rare in the South but not found in the North by me. lalage lalage. “Not too plentiful in any part of the country. - libythea olferna. Rare and I have not found this fly at higher than 3,000 feet. | ~ lyncida hippoides, (Common at low altitudes. albina darada. Common at. low altitudes, rare higher up. paulina adamsoni. Very seldom seen it in the Shan States. nero galba. ai caught a couple of these in the Katha District not far from the Shan States but evidently it prefers the plains and does not fly to higher altitudes. CATOPSILIA, crocale. Common all over the country and most of the year. pomona. Common. _pyranthe minna.. Common. florella gnoma. © Common. GANDACA ~ farina burmana. Rather scarce, an occasional one can be seen in the summer months. DERCAS (\ verhuelli doubledayi. Maymyo seems to be the headquarters of this butterfly as it is exceedingly common about six months of the year. GONEPTERYX thamni nepalensis While Maymyo is the headquarters of the above, Taunggyi in the S.S.S. would appear to be the home of this butterfly. Hundreds of males are to be seen on the hills feeding on duranta flowers. Females however are very scarce. 662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL TERIAS libythea. Common. laeta, Ditto. | blanda silhetana. Common but not so numerous as the above two. hecabe hecabe. Very common. COLIAS None of this family in the Shan States; but I understand croceus fieldii is to be found in N. Burma. However, I have not come across it during my various tours in Upper burma so | should think it either very local or rare. IXIAS pyrene latifasciata. Common at below 3,000 feet but very seldom seen at ‘above this altitude. HEBOMOIA un glaucippe glaucippe. Common at low altitudes but rather scarce at 4,000 and above. PARERONIA avatar avatar Not too plentiful in the Shan States. valeria hippia. Fairly common in the South but not too common in the North. The variety philomela is very rare and I have not seen it in the Shan States but have caught it on the plains of Lower Burma. Ey Pe ie . DANAIDZ. HESTIA lynceus hadeni. While this is not found in the Shan States I would mention that it is fairly common in the Myaungmya District in Lower Burma. Bassein is given in the Identification by Evans but I think this is misleading. During my trips to Bassein especially for this butterfly I never came across a single one. On the other hand a friend living in the Myaungmya District sent me several good specimens and said it was plentiful there. I should think it flies only within a radius of 50 miles, and so is very local. aglea melanoides. Common all over the Shan States. melaneus plateniston., Fairly plentiful but not so common as the above. tytia tytia. Quite a number can be caught during six months of the year. April to September. limniace mutina, Very common all over the country. melissa septentrionis. Common and flies with the above. gautama gautama. I have not come across this in the Shan States. plexippus... Very common indeed. chrysippus. Ditto. EUPLOEA Yo tt mulciber mulcioer. Very common. alcathoe doubledayi.. Rare in the Shan States. I have only caught one male during a long period of collecting. alcathoe oesatia. Rare, One female only in my _ collection. diocletiana diocletiana. Common at the foot of the hills but very seldom seen at above 2,000 feet. klugii macclellandi. Rare in the Shan States. NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES OF THE SHAN STATES | 663 oe | klugi crassa. Rare im) the Shan States. AILAZAA 4 : ie midamus splendens. Very seldom seen in the Shan States. -midamus brahma. | have not come across this as yet not even in the Karens. It is probably very local. / godarte. Very common all over the country and at all altitudes. deione deione. Rare in the Shan States proper but not so at the foot of the Karen Hills, | harrisi hopei. Very se!dom seen; but I understand it is to be found up towards Lashio in the North. SATYRIDA. This is a family that I have not been able to do much with. In my early days as a collector I was not interested in the common browns. When I did get an interest I found my cabinets were too full to allow room for Mycalesis. However I have a few noted which I give below but which is nothing like a complete list of this butterfly found in the Shan States. At a later date I hope to be able to compile a more representative list. MYCALESIS francisca, 2.0 ~ gotama charaka. perseus blasius.<.o mineus mineus. = 07?) -visala neovisala, /- Suavolens, ~NMicotia, Ao, «» mMamerta mamerta. 005 LETHE ew Sidonis Sidonis. Not at all comnion in the Shan States. One male only in my collection, }\ Lf sufa, “Not common in the Shan States but more plentiful in Northern Burma towards the Chinese frontier. europa miladana, Quite common all over the country. rohria rohria. Common. a r : confusa gambara. Very common indeed all over the country and at all altitudes. ~ verma stenopa. Common in and around Maymyo. I have not noticed it in the South. latiaris.’ Rare. One male only in my collection. “mekara zuchara. Not common at high altitudes. -chandica flamona. Rare. Only one male caught by me, distans. Not too rare. A few specimens caught by me. The few specimens I have caught have been in my garden in Maymyo in the middle of Cantonments. vindhya. Rare, only one male caught by me, tp kansa. Common, especially in the North. Sinorixs’ Rare. One female only in my collection. pulaha pulahoides. Rare. One male only secured by me. 6 } 664 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL bhadra. Very rare. I have only seen one of these in the Shan States and that was at Kalaw in company with Dr. Haynes when we both did a scramble for this prize which luckily fell to me. muirheadi ohima., Rare and only at lower altitudes. ORINOMA x damaris. - It used to be fairly common at Kalaw in the South and I had not noticed it in the North before this year during September when I caught six males. I had been over the same ground every year end the same month for the last twelve years but never saw it before this year. I did not come across any females. YPTHIMA hubneri hubneri. Common. baldus baldus. Very common. savara. Not common in the Shan States. sakra austeni, Common at foot of Karen Hills. ZIPOETIS scylax. I have only found one male during my many years cif collecting and I should call it rare in this part of Burma. ORSOTRIOENA medus medus. Very common indeed. ERITES I have not come across any of these although I notice they are listed as found in the Shan States. NEORiNA westwoodi. One specimen, male, only from the foot of the Shan States near Mogok. ANADEBIS himachala. 1 found plenty of this at the bottom of the Goteik Bridge in the North. It was quite common there. Not. seen elsewhere. Perhaps very local. : diademoides. One male caught only at the foot of the Karen Hills near Taungoo. MELANITIS leda ismene. Very common all over the Shan States. Very variable on the underside. zitenius zitenius. Not rare in and around Maymyo. Flies with the above. ELYMNIAS { hypermnestra undularis. Common in the North. ¥\ JOY Ps = F = nesoea timandra.. One specimen only from Kalaw in the South. AMATHUSIIDA. AEMONA lena, Caught a few in Kalaw. Appeared to be very lacal. lena haynei. Common near Maymyo and very variable. I don’t find any difference in the sexes except that the female is much larger than the male. It js double brooded and flies during April and September. NOTES VON BULTERPLIES OF PHh SHAN STATES 665 FAUNIS |, \). arcesilaus Not found at high altitudes. Very common at foot of hills. STICOPTHALMA ’ louisa tytleri. This large butterfly is also found at the foot of the hills. Rare in the Shan States. ¥ louisa louisa. Fairiy common at the foot of the Karen Hills. I have not noticed it higher up in the Shan States proper. THAUMANTIS diores. “Rare in the Shan States. One male only sent me from Momeilk State near Mogok. THAURIA eg lathyi amplifascia. Fairly common in Maymyo but very local. Double brooded May and September. Unless one is on the spot when this emerges it is difficult to get perfect specimens. They fly so low and slow that they are the prey of birds and reptiles. -—~ alicis pseudaliris. Common at the foot of the Karen Hills. Very rare in other parts. AMATHUSIA -~ phidippus friderici, Very rare and only found at the foot of the Karen Hills. One damaged male only in my collection. AMATHUXIDIA amythaon. I have found this also at the foot of the Karen Hills and in no other part of the Shan States. Very difficult to get perfect specimens no doubt owing to its great size. ZEUXIDIA —~amethytus masoni, This is another butterfly of this large family that is found only at the foot of the Ikaren Hills. It would appear that Pathichaung where these butterflies are caught is the home of the Amathusiidae. DISCOPHORA tullia zal. Very common all over the Shan States. The variety spiloptera is very rare and I have not been fortunate in getting this. The other variety indica is not so rare. continentalis continentalis Nothing near so common as the ebove. Only one male in my collection. ENISPE euthymius; Rare in the Shan States but common at the foot of the hills. A number of these were sent me from the Upper Chindwin District and are apparently very common there. (To be continued), BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY JIN} UND PAS BY Major R:-S.° PP. BATES, MeB Olu, (With 6 plates). It has been suggested that I should write an article for the Journal on how I get my photographs of Indian Birds, giving all reievant details of cameras, lenses, exposures, distances from the subject, hides, and apparatus and methods generally. This I will endeavour to do, but be it remembered that in India there are as yet tar too few bird photographers, and in a country of this size our paths seldom seem to cross. My methods therefore are methods evoived largely from my own experience and may consequently be in a number of respects as antiquated as parts of my apparatus. With the rapid evolution of miniature and small cameras, the continual speeding up of emulsions, the introduction of fine-grain developers, and the increasing popularity of colour photography, methods in all branches of photography are bound to undergo almost perpetual modification if not indeed considerable alteration. I do however venture to assert that the methods of the bird photographer have not altered appreciably but that these modern improvements have merely rendered their application easier. In other words, once you get your bird where you want it, nowadays, with any luck at all, you should be able to take a successful picture of it under almost any conditions of terrain and climate. To generalize, bird photographs can be obtained in four ways: (1) From the hide. | (2) By concealing the camera and releasing its shutter from a distance by electrical or other means. (3) By stalking. (4) By flashiight. Of flashight photography I am quite ignorant, and have never even attempted it, so on that subject I have exactly nothing to say. Stalking is generally, to put it vulgarly, a mug’s game. By that I do not mean to imply that it should not be attempted at all. I have seen some excellent photographs achieved by stalking, but to walk about the countryside with a reflex camera at the ready and an eye on every bird you see sitting on a bush is a complete waste of both time and energy. But, and it is a big but, there is one division of the breeding birds of this country to the obtaining of whose photographs the stalking method can be most successfully applied. Practically every negative I possess of Herons, Egrets, Storks, Cormorants, Spoon- bills, and Ibises, and I have a few hundred, were taken paddling myself about their breeding grounds in a boat with a reflex between my knees, gradually on successive visits accustoming the birds to my presence until I was able to work up the boat, or let it ydaite ] ~ 4 = PLATE Soc. ‘ouRN. BomBay Nar. His. Ihe Hide, uncamouflaged and with one side raised to show its construction. It is pitched on a sloping bank. BERD = PHOTOGRAPHY IN IN:DIA 667 on a favourable breeze, close up to the subject I wanted. These birds have a habit of breeding in colonies; colonies sometimes of great size and complexity, containing every one of the species enumerated. When the trees they use stand in a village or on dry land, the nests for safety’s sake will be confined to the summits of the tallest, but where they stand in water, nests may be quite low down from a few inches above its surface up to the crests of the half-submerged trees. Two points of great importance emerge above all others in this work: the boat must be easy to manceuvre but stable so that noisy or jerky movements can be avoided; and the camera, preferably a reflex, should be capable of accommodating a lens of com- paratively long focus. For years I have used a 12 inch focus Dallmeyer Tele-anastigmat. I have heard of longer focus lenses being used on birds and animals, such as those of 17 inch focal length, but the danger of getting blurred images through camera shake and movement is much increased, and very large images from which direct prints can be made are by no means a necessity. I have not laid down the reflex as being the one and only type of camera for this purpose as the rangefinder- coupled small camera obviously has great possibilities but I have as yet had no chance of trying one out in a Heronry. The first boat I used, a light canoe, was definitely unsuitable, and after very nearly precipitating myself and my camera into the water I had to abandon all thoughts of climbing from it into the trees or taking photographs standing up to obtain a higher viewpoint. The rather broad collapsible punt evolved later proved much more useful. The illustration of the Openbills was taken from it. Big enlargements from _ this negative show no signs of camera shake or movement whatsoever and although stalked these birds very definitely are not in the least afraid. On the contrary, they are entirely engrossed in their own ae I cannot remember how far distant I was from these-Openbills but not more than 25 feet and probably less. The images on the negative are approximateiy half an inch in height. I remember on one occasion in this same Heronry a kindly breeze wafting me imperceptibly towards a Spoonbill until I was so close to the old gentleman that I could have prodded him with the end of the paddle. It was impossible to include all of him on the plate and eventually I found his head and neck taking up the whole of the focussing screen. As for stalking what might be termed land birds, I have always found it extremely difficult, except on occasions in the case of nesting birds which rely for protection on immobility and obliterative colour pattern,—such for instance as Nightjars and Sandgrouse. Most birds seem to have an uncanny intuition and take to flight in that split second in which the photographer decides it is time to expose his plate. Actually what happens is that you stop or slow up for a fraction of time to press the release and the already suspicious bird is off the mark quicker than you are. And with that profound statement I think we will leave stalking to look after itself, 668 JOURNAL, “BOMBAY NATURAL GUST eS OCI acl aus The other two methods have of course a great deal in common, but to my mind you miss more than half the fun by merely camou- flaging the camera close to a bird’s nest when you might just as well conceal yourself along with the camera. One of the greatest joys of bird photography from the hide is that you have the chance of studying a bird and its habits at the closest range. When it is most surprising how very different a bird looks really near engaged in its normal day’s work. The texture of every feather, the intricacies of its colour pattern, its little idiosyncrasies and habits, become apparent; whereas at the distances you normally look at birds in your daily rambles, only their general ways and appearance are discernible. Another great disadvantage in concealing the camera only is the necessity of approaching it and so disturbing the bird after every exposure. And a bird which is continually interrupted during incubation or in its visits to the nest with food and material is not likely to act in a normal manner for long. No, all things con- sidered, photographs taken from the hide are bound to be the most satisfying both to the taker and the viewer, and also the least upsetting to the bird if due care be exercised. I wonder if I might digress for a moment to get a grouse off my chest. If there is one type of photograph which I abhor, it is the type not infrequently seen in the daily press of some half- fledged terrified young bird with its useless toes at all angles obviously on the point of falling off the perch to which it has been made to adhere through sheer fright. Such photographs are in reality nothing but unnatural fakes. Yet apparently there are people who see something in such misleading pictures. By no stretch of the imagination can they be termed nature pictures anyway. In fact I cannot i.szagine anyone taking up bird photo- graphy seriously ever producing such worthless stuff. True bird photography is the art of portraying birds and their lives as they live them, so young birds incapable of leaving their nests should not be taken out of them to produce improbable photographs. The less the contents of a nest are interfered with the better. Young ones I never touch, and eggs only when I am taking a nest and egg photograph. Then in deep nests I push the eggs towards the back of the cup inserting a pebble or short twig to keep them there. To tilt a nest to show its contents is a great mistake and straightway introduces an unnatural look into the picture. It is the camera which should be tilted, never the nest. Besides, pulling the nest about may lead to desertion. And if a bird deserts a nest upon which I am working, I consider a very black mark has been chalked up against me. As an instance of where a distant release would have proved useful, here is an amusing incident which happened to me this year when photographing a Brooks’ Nuthatch. With the hide scarcely 7 feet from the old Woodpecker’s hole which they had cemented up until its entrance might just have accommodated a halfpenny, I had obtained half a dozen negatives with very little trouble. On development I was dissatisfied with the lot, so the following day I went back to try my luck again. The birds were ——— ee Se ae BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY IN INDIA 669 now so tame that they actually visited the nest while I stood motionless on the very spot on which I intended to erect the tent. I therefore put up the camera as close to the hole as I could and retreated some thirty yards to see results. Both birds made dis- agreeable noises from the next pine tree so after a short time I decorated the camera with hazel twigs. This move immediately had the desired effect, and the huge lens was ignored. But I had no distant release so took up my position just behind the camera. This cbviously met with disapproval so my wife proceeded to stuff leafy twigs into my hat, down my neck, into my pockets, the tops of my stockings; in short she made me thoroughly uncomfortable. Every time I moved I rustled like a rattlesnake and shed bits of foliage. Nevertheless by the time I gave up trying to balance most of a bush on a large prominence accentuated by my _ stooping posture, I had obtained the pictures I required. It was an interest- ing experiment, but the day’s work would have been accomplished more comfortably and just as quickly from my tent. And _ this at last brings us to photography from the hide. In the first place what is meant by a hide? Every bird photo- grapher probably has his own ideas on the subject. Some seem to consider a wigwam affair of a drab-coloured sheet thrown over a few sticks tied together at the top to be sufficient. In England where the photographer is most likely to be his own porter, such a sketchy affair may be indicated, but personally I put down comfort in the hide to be one of the first essentials. Nothing can be more tiring and disheartening, and consequently conducive of bad work, than sitting hunched up in a cramped position unable to move without fear of bumping into the sides of the tent, particularly on a sticky day in the monsoon. Remember that birds resent movement much more than they do noise so the tent must be roomy enough to permit a certain amount of freedom. This does not mean that it must be large, but it should be so constructed that it retains its symmetrical shape when erected on the most sloping and uneven ground, or anchored in a tree.. Not only will such construction be conducive to comfort but the possibility of frightening away the bird through inadvertently sticking a knee or an elbow into a portion of the tent wall which you had not realized to be so close, will be greatly minimized. I described my original tent in Bird Life in India. My present one 1S a great improvement upon it and is constructed as follows. I bought four lengths of ? inch iron piping (as used for encasing electric wiring) each four feet long and had 2 inch spikes fixed into one end of each. The bore of this piping is such that 4 inch diameter brass covered curtain rod slides into it very comfortably. These tubular curtain rods can be bought in any bazaar at about 2 annas a foot and are extremely light. On to these are fitted collars provided with a wing nut by which the amount of rod protruding from the iron piping may be easily adjusted. So much for the legs of the framework. The top consists of three more lengths of the iron niping, two being side pieces 2 ft. 9 in. long, and the third, one of the ends, 2 ft, 2 in, in length. These rods are threaded at both ends ta 670. JOURNAL, BOMBAY (NATURAL AMSi= SOCIETY Wola screw into three-way angle pieces, the down-pointing socket of the three being to accommodate the top of a leg. The fourth rod, to complete the rectangle, is a wooden unthreaded one which fits easily into place in its sockets by slightly forcing the side bars apart. When complete the roof frame measures 3 ft. by 2 ft. 6 in. The tent therefore is 3 ft. long by 2 ft. 6 in. wide and adjustable in height from 4 ft. up to more than 7 ft. Not that I have ever had occasion to use it so attenuated, as firstly six or eight inches of the legs will probably be embedded in the earth, in marshy or sandy ground perhaps a good 2 ft. Secondly the excessive permissible length of each leg is to allow of the roof remaining level when the tent is pitched on an abrupt slope, where the outer legs of course have to be considerably longer than the upper ones. If the roof is not kept level with the tent walls vertical then you are in for trouble with the drill cover which will not ‘hang’ but ruckles up and cannot be clipped together without gaps forming at the upper corners of the tent. I once threw away a good chance of photographing a Chukar through neglecting to check up on this point. I had waited patiently for nearly two hours while both the birds cackled in- cessantly from amongst some rocks fifty yards above the hide. At length complete silence reigned as a pair of hawks responsible for the disturbance betook themselves further afield. A few minutes later I turned to look through a peep-hole in the side of the tent at the same time raising my hand. With a startling whirr of wings and much abusive language a Chukar hurtled down the hill side. It had been within a few feet of the back of the tent paddling along the goat track which led straight past the nest and had obviously seen my hand through the gap a few inches wide which I had failed to notice. I consider it necessary to have the cover rather tight fitting so that it cannot flap about in a high wind. The last time I was at home I saw a photographer working upon a Golden Plover’s nest on a Yorkshire moor. His tent was almost white, or appeared so against the dark heather; its sides were so loose that in the blustery wind then blowing they were flapping in and out with considerable force, and lastly there had been no attempt at camou- flaging this tent so alien in its sombre surroundings. Some distance away I picked out the disconsolate Plover making no attempt whatsoever to go near its nest. An added disadvantage of loose tent walls comes to light in this question of camouflage. If the cloth can blow about in a wind, not only may the bird be frightened away but grass, leafy branches, and other materials used for concealment, are apt to be dislodged. The fabric of my tent consists of khaki drill, a rectangular strip 3 ft. by 23 ft. forming the top on to which the sides and ends each 44 ft. in length are stitched. Inside the top are 8 tabs which clip round the bars of the roof frame with large press studs to keep the roof taught. At one time I had a flap in this roof which I could turn back for ventilation. The first time it rained I got a stream of water on my head and into the focussing hood of the reflex. I now depend on the fresh air which gets in at the edges. BIRD . PHOTOGRAPHY IN INDIA 671 Each of the sides has an overlap of 2 inches and on this overlap are large press studs at 8 inch intervals. Across the roof and on all four sides about a foot apart are thin ropes caught to the drill at intervals. Into the loops thus formed the camouflaging material can be stuffed with a good chance of its remaining in place. For peep-holes I am afraid I mutilate the walls with a pen-knife. Specially prepared holes always seem to be in the wrong place, but after a few short slits have been made here and there, one or other will turn out to be right and the mutilation may cease. Some photographers, I believe, use a periscope, but I have never availed myself of this device, perhaps to my loss. For the lens apertures I have found Zipp fasteners most useful. In the front panel I have two, each a foot long opening up and down from the centre. I have now added long ones in each of the side panels since finding myself incapable of dealing with a Himalayan Pied Kingfisher which contented itself with sitting on Suard 8 teet to the left of the tent, never once flying up to the nest-hole upon which I had trained the lens. I always carry four short iron pegs and a length of rope wrapped up in the tent in case the ground should prove too hard to drive in the legs and for use when the tent has to be raised from the ground in a tree or on a platform. For local use I also substitute § inch curtain rods for the iron ones as the latter are so much heavier. I prefer however to take the stronger legs when out on trek to avoid any possibility of a breakdown. Unfortunately birds seem to have an absolute flair for putting their nests in awkward situations. On occasion the only possible advice is ‘find another nest’, but if time permits and the necessary materials are procurable, the majority of nests can be dealt with. Ground-breeding birds of course prove the easiest victims, although in reed-beds and even on marshy ground it may be necessary to sink four posts into the mud and lash on to them just above water-level a plank platform on which to erect the tent. I have used a boat on occasion in deep water but the slightest movement is apt to make a boat sway; so a fixed platform is definitely preferable. It is when we come up against birds which nest in tall trees and on ledges on cliff faces that real difficulties crop up. A nest in a pine tree for instance is likely to be particularly difficult to cope with, as a thousand to one no position for the tent exists at the requisite distance. In dealing with a Blue Magpie’s nest, which was approximately 30 feet from the ground in an attenuated maple, I once had to transport five 35 ft. pines from where they were lying two miles away in the debris of an avalanche and sink each one well into the ground in order to form a scaffolding for the tent 15 ft. from the maple. Incidentally I also moved my camp back three miles to be on the scene of action. The priceless part about this effort was that by far the best negatives I now possess of the birds in question were obtained by concealing the tent in a nearby clump of viburnum bushes when the scaffolding was in process of erection, as I noticed that both birds in their agitated comings and goings frequently alighted on a particular perch not 6 feet from the ground 672 JOURNAL, BOMBAY, NATURAL ALIS fo SOCIETY ago] =x. about thirty yards from the site of our labours, Still, I was not sorry that I had gone to so much trouble as I procured a further series of the bird at and on the nest. As I discovered eventually that this perch was at all times a great favourite with both birds, the tale certainly points a moral, and that is, study the actions of the birds you want to photograph. If you can, it pays every time to spy on your intended subjects from afar, to study their lines of approach to the nest, and to take a good look round to see what alternative routes they may use or where they may stand or perch in the vicinity of the nest. It may be with certain birds that the discovery of a nest is not essential. Some birds which feed round the margins of ponds, on the banks of rivers, or on the sea-shore, such for instance as members of the Sandpiper family, can be photographed by putting the tent close to a favoured mud spit or inlet. But whatever your intended approach to the bird may be, your study of its habits will enable you to form in your mind’s eye an idea of the composition of your picture and so to select the position of the tent accordingly. Birds are often very set in their ways so that the rather sudden appear- ance of the tent in most cases will not cause them to alter their routes. The actual position for the tent of course depends on a number of other conditions as well. You have to take into consideration the size of the bifd and the focal length of the lens in use; on these depend the size of the image on the plate. Other factors are the conformation of the ground or tree in which it has to be anchored, the background, the immediate surroundings of the nest, the direction of the sun, and the object you are out to attain, by which I mean whether you are after a close-up of the hird only or wish to show its habitat as well. Depth of focus is naturally bound up with the size of the bird. It is no use getting so close to a large bird that if it happens to sit facing the camera its tail is going to be out of focus. Make sure that the entire bird and all its surroundings you want shown up will be within the field of focus at the largest stop you may have to use, as any defects in focus will naturally be exaggerated in subsequent enlargements. It is really impossible to lay down hard and fast rules as to the distance of the hide from the subject so I have included a couple of illustrations from direct ‘contact prints to show the actual size of the image obtained. In point of fact, with the 12 inch tele-anastigmat lens most of my photographs of birds varying in size from the tiny Warblers up to the size of a domestic hen have been taken at distances between 6 and 15 feet. The conformation of the ground is naturally of importance. It may be auite impossible to put the tent just where you would most like it. Or again for purposes of concealment, it may be advisable to put it a couple of feet further away, say to conform with the line of some ‘bushes (on..either side of) it; sUhis “may sentaili a somewhat smaller image, but better a small image than a nervous bird loath to approach its nest. This of course introduces the subject of .camouflage. I sometimes think I err on the side of overcaution in this respect, but I am sure a few extra minutes f + ‘ TH NM iv 7 VF IMNVYLC 19/Q T t ie su i } uMOIg V BLED) PHOTOGRAPHY IN “INDIA 673 spent on making the tent blend in with its surroundings will never be wasted. As a general rule the smaller the bird, the less its fear of the tent and consequently the lesser the need of elaborate concealment. Nevertheless, I always contrive to make the tent tone in with its background as much as [I can. To hide the lens is decidedly important. The hood of my large lens, which incidentally is four inches in diameter, is black. I have had a small bird refuse absolutely to face this uncovered and yet that same bird has come quite happily as soon as the black rim has disappeared under a ring of green leaves. I have now had it painted green but I still take the precaution of twisting some grass or large leaves around it. The question of representing the lens when the camera is not in position is also a matter of concern. As far as possible, even with a bird I expect to be far from timid, I put up and camouflage the tent at least the evening before I intend to use it, as near dusk as possible. I have found that a bird will more readily return to its nest in a failing light and by the following day be quite used to the hide’s proximity, consequently saving one a tiring wait as well as being more natural in its behaviour. So far I have never once had my tent tampered with except on occasion by ravenous goats and cattle out for an easy meal provided by the camouflaging material. But it is obviously unwise to leave the camera and lens out all night if it can be avoided, so I hang a black disc over the lens aperture to represent the absent lens. A couple of years ago now I tried my luck on a Dabchick in front of whose nest a shikari I thought I had trained in my ways, had put up my hide two days previously. When I arrived I at once had occasion to find fault with him for forgetting the disc. His reply was that the bird was quite tame and had been sitting all morning. Once the camera was in place that bird did everything conceivable except venture in front of the lens. For an hour I could -have stretched out my hand and have touched it as it lay on the water in the shelter of the tent wall. Time and time again it swam round the nest under water but only on one occasion did it come to the surface for a fraction of a second to give the water a terrific slap nearly frightening the life out of a Reed-Warbler which had unwisely landed on the nest. As I have only the one tent but may at times wish to work on two or even more birds on the same day, I often put up dummy hides of leafy branches or grass and then substitute the real tent for these when occasion arises. In each case I invariably add something, the lid of a tin, a piece of paper, the end of a bottle, to represent the lens. I have now mentioned all the essential points I can think of in connection with the erection of the hide’ so we can proceed to get inside it so to speak. In many ways birds seem to be rather ' It may at times be necessary, when dealing with very shy birds, to put up the tent or dummy hide some distance away, moving it up gradually to its final position, 674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY, (NATURAL GIST... SOCIETY, “Vol. XE unintelligent creatures but it does not do to imagine that they are altogether void of intellect. Any bird is certainly capable of deducing the fact that you must be in the hide if you walk up to it quite alone and suddenly disappear from view. But fortunately for us most of them seem quite incapable of distinguish- ing between one and two persons. It is therefore essential to have a helper to see you into the hide. “Not only is" hist presence necessary in deceiving the birds, but he can assist in the final closing up of the hide, see that no foliage is likely to droop over the lens as it withers, and stay in the immediate vicinity until you have finished making disturbing’ noises moving sitdes and accessories into more handy positions, testing and setting the shutter, and settling in generally. Another of his duties in a populated area is to keep other people and animals at a respectful distance. It is more than annoying to have to leave the tent without photographs orly to find the cause to have been due to an admiring audience sitting far to close and in full view of the nest. On one occasion this year the undesirable audience was a Cuckoo. It was really very silly of the birds to be so suspicious of it, especially as they were already feeding a large young Cuckoo, no doubt the intruder’s: offspring, in their own nest. But there it was; until I had signalled up the shikari to shoo the Cuckoo away from its observation post, those Redstarts were not going to visit their home. As it is quite on the cards that a bird jon its, arrival at the nest will do the unexpected, it may be necessary to call up the helper to cope with the situation to save getting out of the hide yourself and thereby giving the show away that you are concealed there. J arrange with him to return at stated intervals to a distant viewpoint from which he can see my S.O.S. I wait till I think the bird is out of the way or at any rate in such:a position that it cannot see the movement and then push a corner of a handkerchief out of “‘the-back ‘of the ent: Nearly all my work in the hide for the last twelve years has been carried out with the aforementioned Dallmeyer Tele-Anastig- mat lens on a series of reflex cameras. I believe that this particular lens of 12 inch focal length working at an aperture of F3.5 is no longer made. It is certainly responsible for the rather ‘soft’ character of most of my photographs. Whether this softness is an advantage or a disadvantage in nature photography I leave to others to judge, but I do know that I hope to use that Jens for many more years. Certainly when I see some of the very beautiful and amazingly sharp photographs in Country Life and The Field I occasionally have misgivings: they are obviously so capable of enlargement to any degree. But whatever the lens used, I consider its focal length should lie between 8 and 12 inches, preferably nearer the latter. Lenses of the combinable type, which by using the separate components give a choice of focal lengths, are most useful but seem to be somewhat out of favour these days. I have possessed a number of reflex cameras, partly because they get treated rather roughly and partly through searching for the ideal. These have’ varied* from 5 by 4 ins:) (o4by 12 icmento BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY IN INDIA 675 1 plate, the best size probably being the last. I would however like to experiment with a 34 by 24. which in these days of small cameras and fine grain would probably be just as effective and certainly cheaper in operational costs. Plates, tanks, and all other accessories too would be less buiky and more convenient in all ways. The ideal does not exist, but the points to look for when purchasing a reflex camera for bird or nature work generally are a not too noisy shutter which can also be reset speedily with a minimum of noise—some make an appalling prolonged series of clicks. It must be possible to alter the shutter speed with the shutter wound, and the figures should be easily readable at an angle and in a dim light. The focussing hood should be detachable. It should have a reasonably long extension and a firm lens panel not given to sagging when fully extended. The tent is generally quite dark enough for the image to show up quite clearly on the screen without the hood, and headroom in the hide is often a problem. Without it too, it is possible to fix a mirror at such an angle just above the screen that you can sit at ease and without strain behind the camera and yet see at a glance what is in the field of view. I have fixed up the discarded mirror of my old car on my present reflex so that I can adjust its angle to suit my position behind the camera. I believe there is a special naturalist’s reflex which has a monocular finder set for the purpose of viewing the screen from behind. To my mind there is one great objection to this: you cannot keep your eye glued to a small eye- piece without strain, whereas to glance every few seconds without leaning forward into a comparatively large mirror is no strain whatsoever. A periscope is perhaps the real answer to the problem. At one time I had difficulty in altering the stops, but by fitting a long lever to the iris diaphragm’s edge and screwing a notched wooden strip to the side of the camera as a guide I can now readjust the aperture of the lens in a moment with quite sufficient accuracy for all practical purposes. In the hide the camera may often have to be quite low down, within eighteen inches or so of the ground, so a short tripod is a necessity. I have never seen a really suitable one on the market so far, but it is not difficult to adapt any of the wooden ones. It is however essential that the camera tripod and turntable should be sufficiently strong to prevent vibration. When the camera front is fully extended with a heavy lens on it, vibration set up by the movement of the mirror or focal plane shutter can be serious. The turn and tilt tops sold for small cine cameras are no good for this purpose. Something of robust construction is required, both the movements of which can be worked smoothly and quickly with one hand. As a rule it is very unwise to chase a bird about with the lens. If it notices the movement, which ten to one it will, it is quite on the cards that you will have to pack up and go home. On the other hand it may be really worth while to take the risk. Possess- ing already a number of photographs of Stone Plover on the nest, I thought the risk quite worth while when I saw both birds standing close together a few feet to one side of their eggs. As it happened 676 JOURNAL, “BOMBAY NATURAL HIST) “SOCIED VY. sviclmeus they spotted the lens as soon as I started” to move i 1 mever got another photograph of either of, that pair but I still think the attempt was justifiable. On occasions two hands seem quite insufficient to cope with all there is to do. A fairly long antinous release is a help on these occasions which can be kept in the hand while working other gadgets. Most reflexes can be fitted with this type of release. It may sound rather idiotic but I seriously contemplated making use of wan electric release in the hide, intending to work if by means of a beil-push under my foot so as to leave my hands free. I still think it would be well worth a trial. The ‘Electrolease’, as the one I contemplated buying is called, unfortunately had not come into production when I went to Kashmir last year so I have not followed up the idea. As. regards the question of exposure, 1’ do not tind 1t easy to proffer advice. I have been rather lax in keeping records, as I consider a bald statement of exposures and stops is of little use since there are so many varying factors to consider. Naturally there is a great tendency to cut exposure to Stop) movementera tendency which must be resisted. If you are uncertain of the correct exposure, it is better to overdo it. Modern emulsions can stand great over-exposure but under-exposure cannot satisfactorily be compensated for. It is surprising what long exposures are often given in bird photography. It is a matter of choosing, or hitting upon, the right moment to release the shutter. You cannot expect every exposure to be successful. You must often work on the idea of making a number of exposures on a restless bird in the hopes that one or two of them will not show movement. I reckon that round about 80 per cent of my negatives have been obtained with exposures in the neighbourhood of 1/20th second; a number with exposures far longer than that. Two excellent plates of the Turtle Dove which illustrated my article in the Journal last September were each exposed for 10 seconds. I strongly advise the purchase of a good photo-electric exposure meter. It will of course be necessary to allow somewhat for different types of subject, but within those limits, which you can only learn by experience, stick to what the meter says and you will not go far wrong. As a second string I kept my optical meter —a Biwi—which has definitely proved its worth, as twice, thanks to India’s climate, my electric meter has ceased to function..7On the whole exposures in bird photography need to be rather longer than for other subjects, as more often than not you will require to bring out considerable detail in the deeper shade and you are working at very close quarters. There are two other articles of furniture which I now always take into the hide with me; one a strong folding stool which I bought at Boots’ for a shilling, and the other an acquisition which I invested in two years ago and now wonder how on earth I ever did without, namely a changing bag. It is infuriating to find you have used up your last plate just as the birds are affording opportunities for better photographs than any you have obtained. Just after I had taken the photograph of the Paddy-field Warbler JOURN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE V | The Yellow-billed Blue Magpie of the North-West Himalayas: a picture obtained through observing that the birds when disturbed at the nest often made use of this perch within 6 feet of the ground. BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY IN INDIA 677 which also appeared in the September number of the fournal, the other bird arrived and sat a couple of inches below the nest for some considerable time. The two birds together would have made a delothul: picture: A large number of double plate-holders—I much prefer plates to films—take up space, besides being expensive to buy, but it ts quite simple to slip a spare box of plates and the changing bag into your pocket for use in emergency. I have used the bag in the hide a number of times now. Besides, it simplifies filling the plate-holders and transferring the plates to the developing tank at any time of day when you are out in camp. For this purpose a large bag is convenient. I find the whole-plate size the most useful for my 9 by 12 cm. plates. Every bird photographer should do his own developing and do it on the spot. It does not mean a tremendous increase in the gear to be transported. Ali you need in camp is the changing bag, a reliable developing tank, a thermometer, a small set of scales, an ounce measure, two or three bottles, and a limited supply of chemicals. Actually I carry a second tank for washing purposes into which the developing tank slips for packing, so that if necessary I can develop two batches of plates one after the other and so economize in solutions and time. There are numerous advantages in doing your own developing immediately. It gives you a chance of revisiting the scene of your labours if your first efforts turn out to have been failures, and secondly you can develop for the type of negative you require. Most D. & VP. firms are inclined to send out strong contrasty negatives which look lovely but are difficult or even impossible to enlarge from. It is not necessarily their fault. They mostly have to work on mass production principles, treating all plates and films alike as they have no idea of the subjects with which they are dealing. In the rains exposed plates are apt to deteriorate rather quickly, so the sooner they are dealt with the better. While yet another advantage lies in the fact that you learn of any faults in exposure at once and can apply the knowledge gained the next time you enter the hide. Ever since they came into being I have used Iford Hyper- sensitive Panchromatic plates—for the small camera for views the fine-grain version of the same films. A panchromatic emulsion is undoubtedly necessary for bird-photography. It is almost un- believable how many brightly coloured birds can be faithfully portrayed on these materials without the use of a filter. I once hurriedly snapped a Black and Yellow Grosbeak when it was cracking pine seeds a few feet behind our tents. This however was by no means a success so the correct filter—a ‘beta’ is generally sufficient—is on occasion very necessary. I am afraid I still remain faithful to the well-tried pyro developer, the formula for which is given on every box of Ilford plates. It has few ingredients and is so delightfully simple to compound. Into the bargain it produces an exceedingly good printing image. A great deal is heard these days about fine grain developers, and quite rightly so. Few direct prints are ever seen in nature 678 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL photography so a negative free from objectional grain is a necessity as eniargements will greatly emphasize the mealy appearance of a coarse-grained image. For bird photography, for which the real miniature Cameras are not suitable, the [.D. II or D. 76 developers are quite capable of producing a_ sufficiently fine-grained image without increase in exposure, but with due care the pyro developer will not unduly emphasize grain. See that both the developing and fixing solutions are at the same temperature, not too warm, do not over-develop, and all should be well. I have spoilt a number of negatives through insuffcient attention to these points, and reproduce the Rubythroat photograph to show how an otherwise good negative can be reduced to mediocrity by careless processing. in this case I grossly over-developed a whole batch of 6 plates. In development as in exposure you must resist that tendency to carry it too far in a misguided effort to bring up shadow detail. Stick to the time and temperature chart for the particular plates and developer you are using and do not develop for excessive contrast which in India usually already exists to add to your aifficulties. ‘this year I took to Kashmir all the ingredients for making up a metol-hydroquinone borax fine grain developer (I.D. II). The formula for this is as follows :— Metol cet aus oe (ong 20 a2iGSs Sodium sulphite (anhydrous) es w-» O80" Pir, Hydroquinone ae wee Antes Goce: Borax a a m pers ON eas Water to oe ve se tej) 20 (OZ: It has good keeping qualities, is not laborious to make up, is economical, and to develop about 250 4 plates—the number I used last leave—in a tank requiring 20 ozs. of solution approximately the following quantities of chemicals will suffice :— Metol oe ee ts i Tae OZ: Sodium sulphite (anhydrous) ot ovat emily se Hydroquinone ae Be 24 0ZS. Borax Be, He cat Bhi OT EAOZ: These you will admit do not take up a great deal of room and compared with what you would have to pay a firm for process- ing this number of plates, not to mention the outlay on postage and packing, the cost of these materials, working out at under Rs. g is ludicrously small. If you choose to employ the pyro developer, both the bulk and cost of the chemicals. will be considerably less. Having developed your negatives it follows that you might just as well go a stage further and make your own enlargements and slides from them. Except when I amon leave, I take very few photographs of birds. I find that all my spare time in between is fully employed with the enlarging and slide making from the negatives I have accumulated. Enlarging can be very interesting as well as very simple. The greatest advantage accruing from joing your own work is that you can produce just the result you MUDIIYIP 9yI Jo Jin ej dud oY OF UOtlU ules SNOIAYO IY], “AMUYSeS]E UE JOXT COO aR nel c YUMLOTNSuUl pure U.K ye pedopaop pueviu WUdOPIA a APAIAO OF ONP SeM PUR dANIDId 9YyI WOAE SIVA pP OYP} OANVROU B LUOIy posivpuo JroruIAGny UvArpRUP, = ny - BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY IN INDIA 679 desire. In ninety-nine negatives out of a hundred only a com- paratively small portion makes the picture and after all you should be the best judge of what those limits are and how the photograph should be reproduced. No amount of correspondence with a distant firm is going to produce quite the same result, besides which if special enlargements are to be made from every negative you send away it 1s going to come in very expensive. All my enlarging is done with a vertical enlarger which | constructed from two derelict $-plate ‘Triple-Victos’ which you can. buy for a few shillings each, and a 6) inch condenser mounted complete with carrier stage which I obtained from Messrs. J. J. Lancaster & Sons of Birmingham. For the lens I was lucky enough to be already in possession of a Ross Xpres salvaged from a former Reflex. The firm just mentioned sell all the parts separately for making up enlargers as well as complete instruments. I keep a stock of [ford glossy bromide paper, whole-plate size in soft, normal, and contrasty grades, so that employing an amidol developer I can turn out good black and white enlargements from any of my negatives eminently suitable for reproduction. [£nlarge- ments of various sizes on other grades and surfaces of paper I also turn out when the fit takes me. I believe I also mentioned that I am in the habit of making lantern slides. They are a tremendous asset and are very easy to make with a little practice. I seldom make these slides by contact but use the enlarger to project the image the most suitable size on to the slide, sometimes slightly enlarging from the original, more often reducing it. I find it is easier to produce a good slide from a mediocre negative than it is to produce a_ satisfacotry enlargement from it. If amidol is used no additional chemicals are required, but I prefer a hydroquinone caustic-soda developer to the amidol as I like the blacker tones it produces. For the sake of convenience I append the formulae of the amidol and hydroquinone caustic-soda developers which are as follows :— Amidol for Bromide Papers (I.D. 22) Sodium sulphite (anhydrous) As Pee oeOne ES: Amidol . ae — at L000 ot, Potassium Bromide a us ae 2 O OFS: Water to we cae is a 2ONO75- This developer does not keep for more than two or three days, j Hydroquinone Developer (I.D. 16) No. t. Hydroquinone Solution. Hydroquinone = 4 TOO OS Sodium sulphite (anhyd rous) sa as ot Of Water to 2 rae ae iu 2002S: | » No. 2. Alkali Solution. Sodium hydrate (caustic-soda_ stick) sus, (OOr SES, ' Potassium bromide ad a en. 65 Ses: Water to a, on ae ... 20 OZS. ’ For use take equal parts of each. é 7 680 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL Although [ have allowed myself to wander off into formulae, may I hasten to add that I have no intention of turning this article into a discourse on photography in general, about which in any case [ am incompetent to write, so for any of the actual processes of developing, enlarging, printing, slide making, and general tittivat- ing of faulty negatives, may I commend you to any of the excellent manuals on these subjects produced by the makers of the plates and papers you will be using. C naiinel =o ADDENDUM AND CORRIGENDUM. THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. Part II, (Journ. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xl, pp. 681-92). Agathia laetata F. Page 691 after line 5, insert ‘Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 6-xii-31, pupated g-xil-31, and a female emerged 23-xti-31.’ P. 686, 16th line from bottom for Prodenia littoralis Boisd. F. read Prodenia litura F. THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. BY D. G. SEVASTOPULO, F.R.E.S. Pari lie (Continued from page 408 of this volume), SPHINGID® (continued). Theretru oldenlandiae Ff. Moore, ep. Ceyl., u, 17, pl. $5, Ng. Ta. 1682-52: Hamps., Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, i, 37. 1892. Seitz Seitz, Indo-Austr. Bombyces, x, 567. Bell and Scott, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, v, 448, pl. 6, figs. 4 AMG eS5.5, LOR7, Ovum—Usual Sphingid type, pale green in colour. Deposited evening 22-vii-36. Hatched morning 25-vi1-36. ist instar—Head round, pale green. When newly hatched the ground colour is pale green and the larva is unmarked. Later the ground colour darkens and a series of seven subdorsal spots appears, from the 4th to roth somite. Under a lens these spots have the upper half red and the lower yellow. Horn black. Moulted 27-Vil-36. 2nd instar—Head and body black. . fOURNAL,, BOMBAY \ NATURAL VHIST. (SOCIETY (Vol. Scr In Bogota the herb, and more particularly the inflorescence, 1s considered a cure for blennorrhagia. In Tongking the seeds are given in troubles of the chest; the whole herb when fresh is used as an hemostatic. Extracts of Shepherd’s Purse have been used as substitutes for ergot. They have been asserted to contain acetylcholine, choline, and possibly tyramine, as well as fumaric acid and inositol; but, according to Wasicky (Ber. deutsch. Pharm. Ges. 1922, 32, 142); plants free from fungoid infection are devoid of active constituents. Baluchistan: Halaku—; Catalan: Bossas de pastor, Bosses de_ pastor, Sarronets de pastor— ; Chinese : Ch’i—; Colombia: Calzoncitos, Pan y quesito— ; Dutch: Herderstaschje—; English: Bad Man’s Oatmeal, Blind-weed, Case-weed, Clapper Pouch, Cocowort, Fat Hen, Lady’s Purse, Mother’s Heart, Naughty Man’s Plaything, Pepper-and-Salt, Pepper-and-Shot, Pick Pocket, Pick Purse, Pick-your-mother’s-heart-out, Poor Man’s Permacety, Poor Man’s Pharmacetty, Purse, Rattle Pouch, Sanguinary, St. James’s Wort, Shepherd’s Bag, Shepherd’s Pouch, Shepherd’s Purse, Shepherd’s Scrip, Shepherd’s Sprout, Tooth-wort, Toywort, Ward-seed, Witches’ Pouchers—; French: Bourse a berger, Bourse a curé, Bourse de capucin, Bourse & Judas, Bourse a pasteur, Bourserette, Boursette, Capselle, Fleur de Saint Jacques, Houlette, Malette, Malette a berger, Millefleur, Molette, Molette de berger, Molette des pasteurs, Moufette, Moutarde de Mithridate, Moutarde sauvage, Tabouret, Thlaspi—; German: Bauensent, Beutelschneiderkraut, Blutkraut, Brillenkraut, Daxenkraut, Gaensekresse, Geld- beutel, Grischel, Groeschelkraut, Herzelkraut, Hirtentaeschel, Huirtentaeschlein, Hirtentasche, Klaffer, Klapperkraut, Kleep, Kuespelkraut, Lapatekrokt, Muen- selkraut, Nadeldieb, Saeckelkraut, Schaeferkraut, Schedelkraut, Schinken, Taes- chelkraut, Taschenblume, Taschendieb, Taschenkraut, Voegelikraut—; Harboi Hills: Chambraka—; Indo-China: Te, Te thai—; Irish: Clappedepouch— ; Italian: Borsacchina, Borsa di pastore, Borsapastore, Erba raperina, Millefiori— ; Malta: Shepherd’s Purse, Borsacchina, Borsa di pastore, Gargir il gemel—; Menomini: Wisakipiko’sa—; Roumanian: Buruiana de figuri, Buruiana vierm- elui, Iraba rosie, Pungulita, Tascuta ciobanului, Tascutita, Traista ciobanului— ; Russian: Pastushiya sumka—; Spanish: Bolsa de pastor, Botella, Hierba del cangrejo, Hierba del carbonero, Mastuerzo macho, Paniquesillo, Pan y quesillo, Zurron de pastor— ; Tongking : Dinh lich, Dinh luc—. CHEIRANTHUS. The genus includes 20 species, natives of the Mediterranean region, Central Europe, the Himalayan region, and North America. C. Cheiri Linn. is the only therapeutically active species. Its flowers are officinal in Portugal. Cheirianthus Cheiri Linn. is cultivated in Indian gardens. The seeds are tonic, diuretic, expectorant, stomachic, aphrodisiac ; good in dry bronchitis, fevers, and injuries to the eye (Yunani). The flowers, said to be cardiac and emmenagogue, are used in paralysis and impotence. They are boiled in olive oil; and this prepared oil is much used for enemata. The dried petals are much used in Upper India as an aromatic stimulant. The seeds are also used as an aphrodisiac. An alkaloid, cheirinine, has been isolated from the leaves and seeds. The seeds contain cheiroline, which appears to exist in the plant as a glucoside. Quercetin has been isolated from the colouring matters of the flowers. Bengal: Khueri—; Catalan: Violer groch—; Dutch: Muurbloem—; Egypt: Manthur—; English: Banwort, Bee Flower, Bleeding Heart, Blood Wall, THE. MEDICINAL & POISONOUS CRUCIFERS OF INDIA _ 703 Bloody Warrior, Cherisaunce, Chevisaunce, Churl, Geraflour, Gilly-flower, Handflower, Heartsease, Jacks, Jeroffleris, Jilliver, July Flower, Keyry, Sweet William, Wallflower, Wallstock-gillofer—; French: Baton d’or, Carafée, Casse col, Coquardeau, Giroflée, Giroflée jaune, Girofiée des murailles, Giroflée des murs, Giroflée suissard, Murayer, Murer, Rameau d’or, Ravenelle jaune, Violette girofiée, Violier jaune—; German: Gelbveiglein, Goldlack, Handblume, Lack, Lackviole, Gelbe Levkoje, Gelbe Viole—; Hindi: WLahurishubu, Todri- surkh—; Iraq: Shabbo asfar—; Italian: Violaciocca gialla, Viola gialle—; Languedoc: Girouflado fero, Granié—; Malta: Wallflower, Violaciocca gialla, Gizi safra—; Portuguese: Goivo amarelho, Violeta amarelha—; Punjab: Todrisrafarmani, Todrisiyah, Todrisurukh— ; Roumanian: Micsunea—; Russian : Jeltofiol, Levkoi— ; Sind: Todrisiyah, Todrisurkh— ; Spanish: Alhelf amarillo— ; Urdu: Todrisurkha—. COCHLEARIA. The genus consists of 20 species, natives of Northern temperate and Asiatic regions. Acrid, bitter, antiscorbutic herbs. The following species are used medicinally in Europe—C. armor- acia Linn., C. officinalis Linn.—; in Brazil—C. armoracia Linn.—}; North America—C. officinalis Linn. Cochlearia flava Ham. is found in the Gangetic valleys from the Punjab to Bengal. The plant is used as a febrifuge in Bihar. CRAMBE. The genus includes 20 European and temperate Asiatic species; some of them distributed to Polynesia and Patagonia. In Europe C. hispanica Linn. and C. maritima Linn. are con- sidered specifics against scrofula. Crambe cordifolia Stev. is found in Kashmir and Baluchistan, whence it spreads to Afghanistan, Persia, and the Caucasus. At Hindubagh, in Baluchistan, the plant is used as a cure for nielel. Baluchi: Pilgosch—; Harnai: Nawarra—; Hindubagh: Pashai, Skharyae, Skhrai—; Khwas: Naghour-—; Kila Saifulla: Pursail—; Nushki: Pilgosch— ; Wazirt: Navgra—. DESCURAINIA. The genus numbers 43 species; most of them inhabit the cold and temperate regions of the whole of America; some are found in Asia, Europe and Macronesia. D. sophia (Linn.) Webb. is used medicinally in Europe and in the United States of America. Descurainia sophia (Linn.) Webb. (=Sisymbrium Sophia Linn.) occurs in India from Kashmir to Kumaon up to 14,000 feet, in the Eastern Himalaya, the Salt Range, Peshawar and Baluchistan. It is distributed to Afghanistan, Persia, Mesopotamia, the Mediter- ranean region, Central Europe, arctic and subarctic Europe, China, Japan, Central Asia. The plant has run wild in South Africa, North and South America, and New Zealand. 104" JOURNAL, BOMBAY (NATURAL HIST: SOCIETY,” Vole The flowers and leaves are astringent and antiscorbutic. An infusion of them is a popular remedy in Spain. In China and Malaya the drug is regarded as demulcent. laxative, and febrifuge. In Baluchistan the seeds mixed in syrup are swallowed as a cure for fever. On the Pab Hills in Jhalawan the plant is used as a febrifuge. In the United States of America the herb is used externally in indolent ulcers, and the seeds are given internally in worms, calculus complaints, etc. The juice, mixed with an equal quantity of honey or vinegar, has been recommended for chronic coughs and hoarseness, and ulcerated sore-throats. A strong infusion of the herb has proved excellent in asthma, and the seeds formed a special remedy for sciatica. Arabic: Khubah, Robesetti—; Catalan: Herba de la sabiduria, Herba de Santa Sofia—; Chinese: T’ing Li—; English: Flixweed, Fluxweed—; French: Argentine rouge, Herbe des chirurgiens, Herbe de la sagesse, Herbe de sainte Sophie, Mort aux vers, Moutarde de chien, Rhubarbe des paysans, Sagesse des chirurgiens, Sisymbre sophie, Sophie des chirurgiens, Thalictre des marchands, Thalictron, Thalictron des boutiques—; German: Besenkraut, Feinblaetrige, Rauke, Schuttrauke, Sophienkraut, Sophienrauke, Wurmkraut—; Harboi Hills : Rush—; Hindi: WKhubkallana—; Indo-China: Bo nuong cao—; Jhalawan: Rush—; Kalat: Rush—; Kivani: Khashir—; Malaya: Tien theng yan, T’ing li yen—; Mastung: Rush—; Pab Hills: Rush—,; Persian: Khakshi—,; Pishin: Khakshir— ; Quetta: Khakshir, Khashir—; Spanish: Ajenjo de Serifo, Hierba de los cirujanos, Hierba de la sabiduria, Serifio absintio, Sofia de los cirujanos— ; Teheran: Yowdri—; United States: Flax weed—; Urdu: Khakshir—. DRABA. This genus includes 150 species; natives of the northern tem- perate, arctic, and alpine regions, and of the Andes of South America. Draba muralis Linn. is found in Kashmir up to 6,000 feet. It extends to Asia Minor, Europe, and North Africa. The plant is used in Spain as an antiscorbutic. English: Small Whitlow Grass—. EROPHILA. The genus includes 4 species, natives of the Mediterranean region and spread over Europe. Erophila vulgaris DC. is found in Kashmir at 5,000-6,000 feet. It is distributed to Afghanistan, Western Asia, and Europe. The plant is considered in Spain as an astringent and vulnerary ; it is a popular remedy for the whitlow. English: Spring Whitlow-grass—; French: Drave—. ERUCA. The genus consists of 5 species, natives of the Mediterranean region. FE, sativa Gars, is used medicinally in Europe. THE MEDICINAL & POISONOUS CRUCIFERS OF INDIA 705 Eruca sativa Gars. is indigenous in the Mediterranean; but is cultivated in many parts of India. The seeds are vesicant, and the whole plant is considered aphrodisiac. In Europe the young ae are used as stimulant, stomachic, diuretic, and antiscorbutic. A strong dose will cause vomiting, and may be taken in the place of ipecacuanha. Powdered, the effect is less strong than that of mustard. Afghanistan : AL vneleNes Arabic: Buckl—; Bengal: Shwetsursha, Suffed- shershi, Swetsarish—; Catalan: Ruca—; Egypt: ’Afin, Gergir, Gery, Shiltam— ; English : Dame’s Rocket, Dame’s Violet, Jamba, Purple Rocket, Rocket, Vesper- Flower, White Rocket—; French : Roquette, Roquette cultivée, Roquette des jardins— ; German: Senfkohl—; Hadramaut: Buckl—; Hindi: Dian, Taramira, Taranuri, Tira—; Italian: Ruchetta, Rucola—; Kumaon: Chara, Dua—: Loralai: Mulai—; Malta: Rocket, Ruchetta. Rucola, Aruca, Eruca—; North- Western Provinces: Duan, Lalu, Sahwan, Tara, Taramira, Tira—; Persian: Jambeh—; Punjab: i0.) soluble ek _— ws. 10°030 - Phosphorus (P,O,) ae = BS weOeZs oO - Ferric oxide (Fe,O3;) See ee feo OO0 ‘§ Moisture and organic matter “5 «. 9°984 ) Remarks: 1. The soil contains traces of magnesium, sulphur, chlorine, mangatrese and carbon dioxide, 0°060 per cent. water-soluble inorganic matter, and 0:105 per cent. water-soluble organic matter. 2. The earth was collected from a spot about 200 yards away from Salt-lick No. 107. L. Soil from Salt-Lick Serial No. 109. Locality—Begur Reserve, about 15 miles from Manantoddy, Wytiaad. Collected and sent by—D. Mc D. Currie, Esq., District Forest Officer, Wynaad. Hard lumps of greyish earth; fracture mottled white and brown. Many rootlets. Powder buffy, soft. Minerals vee oe ste ... 11°49 per cent. Clay ae ‘af oes res sod ies) " Sand oe Be re .. 46°61 3 Organic debris sat re rs: pes. OF 56 Moisture a abe se .. 405 5 Fine Earth (20 mesh sieve) ... are ree he Insoluble in nitric acid ae ae ee ok ee Soda (Na,O) ve as ie ie, ae 0 082i » Magnesia (MgO) ses oo ee EUIG ie Oe Lime (CaO) om one re Be SOTU2ME tee Alumina (Al,O,) ee oe ue “0 1955- ay Silica (SiO,) soluble an Be fae BPSK ee - 58 Ferric oxide (Fe,O,) is ve M0 SOU ean Moisture and organic matter = oe 4-189 oD) Remarks; 1. Thesoil contains traces of potassium, phosphorus, chlorire and carbon dioxide. 2. The lick is situated on the bank of a little stream, which always contains water, about two miles distant from Salt-lick No. 107. 3, The lick is much frequented by sambhur and chital]. 726 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL (ISD. VSOCIET Yi ola LI. Common Earth Serial No. 110. Locality—Begur Reserve, about 15 miles from Manantoddy, Wynaad. Collected and sent by—D. Mc D. Currie, Esq., District Forest Officer, Wynaad. Friable lumps of black soil, wlth many rootlets. Powder soft. Minerals se a: ae fa SO Lauper ceme Clay 203 saa a sar? 6205 i Sand te a Ee sac) +0074 fe Organic debris sie i ane Sa ni : Humus dice ca ie ae, 0278 * Moisture eo a ea i OS ha Fine Earth (2) mesh sieve) fee se yoo Z00sper cent: Insoluble in nitric acid a ws 45°160 *, Lime (CaO) Ae yee me 20LSZ6 e Alumina (A1,0O.,) aaa ig ide 4) 209 - Silica (SiO,) soluble on ay ot teas | RODD is Ferric oxide (Fe,QO,) oe oe Ee Patel Rs Moisture and organic matter sea tee EO. - Remarks: 1. The soil contains traces of sodium and phosphorus. 2. The earth was collected from a spot about 200 yards away from Salt-lick No. 109. ~~ REVIEWS. I.—PAGEANT OF WINGS, by Douglas Gordon. Pp. 304. London: John Murray; 1938. Price $s. 6d. This book consists of seventeen chapters describing the marvels of animal life and behaviour; and though dealing mainly with birds, it has also many references to the denizens of the sea and coast-line, of the field, wood and moor. It makes no claim to strict scientific treatment, and its best portions are those farthest from the systematic method of professional studies. The author abandons himself to those aspects of animal life that have been a .Most constant source of interest and pleasure, and have come most frequently under his observation. His standpoint is one of experience and common sense, and his watchful eye is always open to the seeming eccentricities and drolleries of animal behaviour rather than to those proper responses to environment and evolution duly catalogued by the science of the schools. Mr. Gordon tells many good stories of personal encounters, the humour of which is enhanced by gay little drawings. The reader will find here much that he may wish to know about the aeronautic artistry of birds, the mysteries of night and dawn, vocal expression, colour scheme, comedy and tragedy at home and abroad, domestic life in the open and behind the green curtain, perils at sea and on land, the charm of the seal, the land of pigs and poetry, etc. The author may lay claim to be a writer of singularly charming narrative. J. F.C. IIl.—TREES AND MEN, by E. Hughes-Gibb. Pp. 172. London: Alexander Moring, Ltd; 1938.' Price 8s. 6d. Mrs. Hughes-Gibb always impresses one as knowing what she is writing about, and her books hold the attention of the specialist and of the general reader alike. This volume, which aims at describing the true relationship of men with trees, is intensely interesting and full of curious details about the characters, habitats and provenance of trees; it contains plenty of solid observed fact, and this is never allowed to slide into hypothesis. Right from the dawn of history, records reveal that the trees have nursed us, watched over and sheltered us, fed and warmed us. We have io thank them for the production of soil and the fertilisation of the earth; for the control of climatic conditions by regulating temperature and dryness; for the check they exert on jungle life, and for their value as purifiers and oxygen manufacturers in great towns and cities. And ever as our powers and needs grew and the complexity of our life developed, the trees have been ready for us and supplied us with paper and artificial silk, the greens and blues and purples of aniline dyes, cordite and lyddite, turpentine and rosin, rubber and cork, and sugar. Science has shown the way to many profitable by-products and, impelled by their greed for money, men have wantonly destroyed the friends on whom they depend so much. The trees that have been sacrificed wholesale by man must by man be replaced. And it is gratifying to note that at present there are everywhere in the civilised world signs that man is awakening to the great value of trees and to their real place in the economy of Nature. He no longer thinks of them merely as producers of useful or necessary commodities; he realises that they have a larger réle. The need of Afforestation is no longer a disputed question, and already the work has begun in many countries. However good the other chapters of the book may be, those on afforestation and forest fires are the best of ali and the most interesting. eG, 10 728 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XL III.—LE PETIT PEUPLE DES ™RUISSEAUX. Par Marcell) Piponnier, Pp. 130. Paris: Bourrelier: 10938. 13° francs. The author writes of the lower animals which people small streams, a fauna which is largely cosmopolitan and, on this score, ought to arrest the attention of naturalists the world over, India not excepted. The book is attractively got up, well printed, generously illustrated, and inexpensive. It opens with a chapter on aquatic plants, by way of an introduc- tion to the habitat, a factor of paramount importance in the everyday life of the occupants: their likes and dislikes, their tempers and humours, their modes of getting a living, and their relation to man. Here are the surface gliders and the divers: beetles, bugs, and the larvae of drone-flies and mosquitoes ; lower down, all manners of crustaceans, such as Cyclops and carp-lice; still further down, the larvae of caddis-, crane-, dragon-, and May-flies; and at the bottom, shrimps and molluscs in plenty. Dipping almost at random into these chapters, the reader may be sure of coming upon curious and out-of-the-way happenings, quite unlike the commonplaces of many natural history books. Especially engaging are the accounts of the mosquitoes and the shrimps. Another good chapter is that about worms and _ leeches. M. Piponnier has done his work admirably, and the whole book bears the authentic stamp of the nature lover. jG: IV.—_THE ANNUAL REPORT AND BALANCE SHEET OF THE CEYLON GAME AND FAUNA PROTECTION SOCIETY FOR: THE SEASON 1937-1938 has been recently issued (November 1938). This Society was first formed over forty-four years ago ‘To prevent the elimina- tion of Game in Ceylon, by destruction of animals for trading purposes, to further the interests of legitimate sports, and to conserve one of the food supplies of the inhabitants.’ The objects of the Society were revised in 1928, the Rules being also revised, and the scope of the Society extended so as to embrace the general Fauna of the Island. In these the reference to ‘one of the food supplies of the inhabitants was rightly omitted for the great reduction in the number of animals and birds which has taken place no longer permits of such supply, apart from the fact that in these modern days domestic animals and birds can furnish all the meat that is needed by the people, and there is no justification for slaughter of wild creatures for food. A comprehensive History of the Society was published in 1931 by Mr. A. C. Tutein-Nolthenius, a most enthusiastic and hard-working member of the Society for the past twenty-two years, and reviewed in our Journal (vol. xxxv, No. 3 page 665). The many difficulties up to then encountered by the Society were fully set out, these including the failure to enforce the Laws, and Rules thereunder, enacted by the Ceylon Government which, if memory serves correctly, stated on one occasion that ‘Our Game Laws are quite efficient but we regret we have not the power to enforce them’! That regrettable state of affairs appears to continue, for at the present time the new Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (No. 2 of 1937) which was proclaimed and came into force on the 1st March 1938 has (page 3 of the Report), ‘been considerably better honoured in the breach than the observance. It has already, in fact, become another dead-letter Ordinance, outside certain of the Reserved Areas that are watched by Forest Department Guards and Watchers, and the small areas watched by our own Watchers.’ Such a regrettable state of affairs is not peculiar to Ceylon. Madras goes one better! (or worse) as the South of India Wild Life Protection Society launched in 1933 with a flourish of trumpets from Ootacamund and Madras was moribund within a very few months of its inception, and has not since been heard of. It appears to be’as dead as the Dodo. The Ceylon Society however, its work carried on by a strong Executive Committee aided by a very able Honorary Secretary, does all that is possible: so there is much hope for the future. The membership of the Society is now 280: 2 Life Members, 251 Ordinary Members, 23 Overseas and 4 Honorary Members. REVIEWS 729 The Society’s Journal Loris continues to appear with increasing popularity ; and the Wild Life Calendar for 1939 with 24 full plate photographs of Wild Life of Ceylon jungles (Rs. 2:50, post free) is a very excellent idea which might be copied by our own Society. Reports on Reserves by the five Honorary Wardens are interesting to read. In 1929, there were 66,936 licensed firearms in Ceylon and about 836 game licenses. _-The Game Licenses issued in 1937-38—1st November to 3oth April— were 526. We are not informed if the 66,000 have increased or decreasd: but judging by what has been happening in India it is likely that they have very largely increased and that many of them are used for the slaughter of all kinds of small animals and birds to satisfy the meat-hunger of the people— the something-for-nothing demand. The appointment of a whole-time Game Warden has been urged by Dr. R. L. Spittel as vitally necessary to the proper enforcement of the new Ordinance and the Rules. In this he will, as he says, no doubt have the support of every member of the Society and of all who have real knowledge of the realities of wild life preservation. It is likely, indeed, that the Ordinance will continue to be a dead-letter unless such an appointment is made. A cash balance of Rs. 1,971 is carried over to 1938-39. Mr. A. C. Tutein-Nolthenius has been elected President of the Society and Mr. W. W. A. Phillips, Honorary Secretary for the past ten years, continues his good work. The Report for 1938-39 Season will be looked forward to with much interest. a VW eB MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. I.—WHY ELEPHANTS VISIT SALT-LICKS. I obtained the answer to a phenomenon that has puzzled me for years when photographing elephants, and incidentally am able to record something to the credit of the salt-licks. I have often noticed that at salt-licks frequented by elephants there are enormous accumulations of droppings more or less in the same place and all looking as if they had been placed there at the same time. But as, in some cases there was so much, even what appeared to me to be far beyond the capacity of an elephant, I often wondered how they managed to do it. I know now. Here is the solution. When I went into the lick I carefully examined the edge of the lick with my glasses and saw that although the elephants or an elephant had been there about two days before, the rim ofthe pool was practically free from droppings. The big elephant came in about a quarter to five and after I had exhausted all my available films I left him to it. The following morning I went to the lick but the elephants had moved off. But, along the edge of the lick there was an accumulation of droppings which would have been a credit to. an entire herd of elephants. No doubt the smaller one had been there too but he evidently did not go to exactly the same place as the big bull. I did not make any examination then because I expected to be there for some days and did not want to disturb the lick. But at the end of my last day there—the elephants never came in again—I made a thorough examination of the place and found that this enormous accumulation of dung— about half a bullock cart load !—had obviously been made by the big elephant; partly on account of its’ size and partly on account of its coarseness. The dung of the smaller one was much smoother. I had a good look round the game tracks leading into the lick and I have no hesitation in saying that the night those two elephants had been in the vicinity they must, or at any rate the big one must, have gone in and out of the lick very many times. I therefore deduce that the sulphur, which from the length of time the elephant sucks up the water must amount to a considerable quantity, acts as a pretty quick aperient and the ‘walk round’ is done between times to get it to work properly! Finally I suppose when he feels he wants a little more of the lick, ‘that salt-lick feeling’ he goes down again and has a good drink. While there his tummy works and he adds to the mound. Of course there is a good deal of speculation about these deductions of mine, but I think it is more or less a fair conclusion to arrive at. The salt- lick is their chemist’s shop, and in the case of a sulphur-lick it works very quickly. I am sure this will interest you. SUNLAWS, Bukit BETONG, T. HUBBACK. Kuata Lipis, PAHANG, F.M.S. November 12, 1938. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 731 II.—THE MATING OF ELEPHANTS. While out shooting wild elephants in 1919 on the west of Payagale, about 20 miles north-west of Pegu, Burma, I chanced to witness a unique sight, and was sorry to be without a camera at the time. It was the mating of a wild bull-elephant and cow- elephant. I was searching for a tusker that morning and came upon a herd of wild elephants which were scattered grazing. Entering stealthily in their midst followed by two Burman guides, I saw from a hill streamlet, after an hour’s stalking, two wild elephants—a bull tusker and a cow—far removed from the herd just at the foot of a hillock. The bull had its trunk round the left hind leg of the cow-elephant, at the same time pressing his right tusk on her left rump, using this as a lever to inflict pain so that the cow would be obliged to submit to his wishes. No resistance was shown, apparently because the bull had a thorough hold on her. From my place of vantage, say within 50 feet away, I saw the bull forcing the cow, held in the above manner, to walk up the rising ground for about the space of 20 or 30 yards; they turned and the bull loosening his hold, rose on the cow in the act of service. They gradually descended in this manner to the foot of the hill, On reaching level ground the bull got off, laid hold of the cow again as described above and made her repeat the ascent. This movement was carried out three or four times in succession till the service apparently came to an end. The wild bull then released the cow which ran away to join the herd once more. The bull stood for sometime before he moved off. The scene was so impressive and unique that I was loath to shoot the tusker, and allowed him to go his way. I don’t think such a sight has been witnessed by many shikaries, and I therefore record this note. No. 10. 3RD STREET, PEGU. ft. GONZALEZ. November 27, 1938. III.—BEHAVIOUR OF GAUR OR INDIAN BISON (BIBOS GAURUS). Major Rossel in his article on page 325 of your September 1938 issue, comments on the apparent inability of bison to recognize men moving in thé open at over 50 yards; I have had many experiences of the same kind and at much shorter ranges, when trying to obtain photos. Twice recently I have stalked up to solitary bull bison in fairly open country. In one case I managed to conceal myself behind a bush while I prepared my camera for action. When all was ready I found that the bison was walking 782 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTE*SOCIETY, Vol, XE slowly straight for my bush and when he had reached a distance of about 20 yards I stepped out into the open. As he had his head down when I first stepped out from behind the bush I gave a shout in order to make him look up. This he did at once and remained staring at me for some considerable time. He did not appear unduly alarmed and eventually turned round and trotted off slowly, pausing several times to look back. Personally I think the eyesight of the gaur is poor. When first observing a strange object, his curiosity overcomes all other inclinations. The sense of hearing is quite good, but as bison themselves generally make a lot of noise, either feeding or beating off flies, most ordinary sounds are inaudible to them. Their ability to scent human beings at a distance is distinctly good and I have known a herd wind me at a distance of a quarter of a mile in open country. When compared with the Burma saing or banteng, the gaur seems a rather stupid animal or at any rate he exhibits a much greater indifference to danger. The saing has much better powers of vision and a far greater sense of smell. Twice recently I] saw very definite -proof~ of (this:,.p-On =the frst occasion I arrived at a big salt-lick to find a herd of bison and a solitary bull saing with the bison. The wind was not really favourable for the animals to get my scent, but in a couple of minutes the bull saing had galloped off whilst the bison appeared quite unconcerned. On another occasion I came on a herd of about 50 bison resting in open country with a pair of bull saing lying down with bison. On this occasion a fairly strong wind was blowing from the herd towards me and I was able to approach to within about 30 vards of the nearest bison. I then sat down chiefly with the object of seeing whether any of the animals would become suspicious. Within a few minutes the two sainge began to show uneasiness and after walking towards me for a short distance, they charged off. The bison on the other hand, after the first alarm caused by the saing running away, did not appear worried. Another characteristic of bison is the manner in which they will fraternise with elephant. I have often seen wild elephant and bison feedine peacefully toyether; and last. rains I obtained rather striking proof of this characteristic of bison. I was touring in the Pidaung Sanctuary (where incidentally the animals are just as wild as elsewhere) and spent a few days riding round on a tame elephant. One morning I came on a huge herd of bison, numbering more than too animals resting in open scrub forest and I was able to approach within a few feet of the bison which showed not the slightest suspicion. It was indeed a rather remarkable sensation when I ‘looked an old bull in the eye’ at a range of 15 feet. I should mention however that it was necessary to keep the wind in the right direction and when eventually I began to wander into the herd the bison knew that something was wrong. The effect of more than a too huge black bodies rising simultaneously from every bush in the locality was indeed striking. All attempts to approach saing on the elephant proved futile and I could’ never approach nearer than 50 yards, Hog deer were also thoroughly MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 733 frightened by the elephant, but I passed several sambhur at very close range without causing them any alarm. Maymyo, Burma. Ee} MUSTIVE. November 5, 1938. IV.—DERIVATION OF THE NAME SELADANG In the very interesting article by Mr. Hubback on the Malayan Gaur or Seladang a derivation of the name seladang is suggested on page 10. It seems possible that the name was imported into Malaya with the animal, as it is suggested that the animal came in from the North. The Manipuri word for the mithun (Bzibos frontalis) is sandang and the Kuki word for the same animal is sel. Further research might revel that the word is similar in other languages. IMPHAL, MANIPUR STATE, C. GIMSON. ASSAM. December 27, 1028. V.—SORE NECK IN SAMBAR. The Theory of ‘Atavistic Degeneracy’. In my article on the Malayan or Burmese Sambar (Rusa unicolor equinus) which was published in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, vol. xxxix, No. 2, dated 15th April 1937, I touched at considerable length on the subject of the ‘Sore Neck in Sambar’. Subsequently Mr. S. R. Daver of Jagdalpur, Bastar State, India in an interesting article entitled ‘Cause of Sore Neck in Sambar’ (Journal, vol. xl., pp. 118 to 122) gave his views on the subject. He stated that he had the good luck to read a passage in a small book The Story of Animal Life by Mr. B. Lindsay which explains the cause of ‘Sore Neck’ in Sambar in such a manner that it leaves no room for any doubt. Mr. Daver states that the fact of the matter is that the Sambar, although sometimes described as the ‘Monarch of the Dale’, does not carry any blue blood in his veins. He has a much humbler origin than people think. The ‘Sore Neck', Mr. Daver says, is nothing but a badge of an inferiority complex which sambar and other higher forms. of animals carry round their necks to remind them for all time that they were once marine animals. When the Himalayas were under water these animals including the ancestors of the Sambar perhaps, were swimming in the shallow sea. Mr. Daver says that he has 734 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL seen several sambar at close quarters during the course of 20 years of his roaming in the jungle but has never seen a single specimen of a sambar with a ‘sore neck’. In biological languaye ‘sore neck’ according to Mr. Daver, is an instance of ‘atavistic degeneracy’. Mr. Daver quotes Mr. Lindsay : ‘What we see as a bare patch and a sore on the necks of the animals used to be a place where gills were attached when these animals were leading a marine life. The disease is called ‘‘cervical fistula’’.’ Mr. Daver goes on to quote another extract from Mr. B. Lindsay’s book as follows: ‘Nor do we need to go into the nursery to find links with our inferiors. Much, indeed far too much, has been written of late years about ‘‘atavistic degeneracy”’, that is to say, degeneracy which imitates the characteristics of our forefathers. Many things which are classed as diseases, whether of the body, mind, or moral nature may be explained in this way. Take the gills which as we have stated exist in all the vertebrates but not in the adult of the highest groups. In a sickly individual even amongst the highest vertebrates, traces of this are sometimes seen existing in the adult as a gap or open space in the neck called by the medical man ‘‘cervical fistula’’: this is an instance of degeneracy in the body. Take, for another instance, the kleptomaniac who snatches up everything he takes—a degeneracy of the mind, a relic of savage nature out of place in civilized man. Yet the gill space is an ancestral feature which has its right time to appear though it is out of place in the adult: and the ‘‘want to snatch’’ stage, as we have already seen is quite natural in the young child.’ To understand clearly the development, position, and modification of gills in the modern animal Mr. Daver quotes another passage from Mr. B. Lindsay’s book, as follows: ‘The classes of the vertebrata are fishes, amphibia, reptiles, birds, and mammals. We used to learn that these fishes had gills, and amphibia gills for a time; but to be strictly accurate, we must say that fishes have gills and all the rest of the vertebrates have gills for a time. There is no exception to this rule not even among the highest vertebrates. But in these vertebrates which stand higher in the scale of life than amphibia, viz. reptiles, birds, and mammals. these gills are never brought into use. Thev only exist in the early embryo and afterwards disappear, giving rise by their modification to other structures. Strange to say one of these structures is the ear. This takes its origin from one of the gill clefts or spaces. The Eustachian tube which communicates between ear and nose is part of this cleft; and the little bones which are inside in the ear represent the bones of the ‘‘gill cleft’’. For in fishes, bones support each gill and are conected together to form a complex arrangement. In the higher vertebrates, which possess gills only in the embryo, this gill skeleton is much modified and persists as a bone, its hyoid bone supporting the tongue. The gills of vertebrates arranged in successive pairs along the throat, are ‘‘performing gills, that is to say they consist essentially of holes or spaces which pass right through the wall of the throat.’ Since reading Mr. Daver’s theories in the Journal regarding the cause of ‘sore neck in sambar’ I have tried but failed to obtain a copy of Mr. Lindsay’s book. However, I also had the luck to come upon an article entitled ‘The Concept of Atavism’, which it appears to me does not quite uphold Mr. B. Lindsay’s theory or Mr. Daver’s explanation that the sore in question is a gill. The salient portions of the article in question are herewith reproduced. ‘During the days when biologists were sedulously engaged in supplying the finishing touches to the house that Darwin built, it was the usual practice MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 735 to regard every possible arrest in development or unusual character of an organism as the persistence or recurrence of an erstwhile normal feature of the particular organisms, ancestor, or ancestors. Such a_ reversion to the presumed ancestral condition was termed an ‘‘atavism’’ from the Latin ‘‘atavus’’, an ancestor. This concept and the term expressing it, abounds in the writings of nineteenth century biologists. Haeckel’s ‘*Biogenetic Law”’ really represents a generalized synoptic version of this concept applied to a particular case, and calculated to resume a certain supposed routine of phenomena under a particular law. Today few biologists believe that in its ontogenetic development any animal actually repeats the developmental stages of its phylogenetic history. In development the organism apparently passes only through those stages of development which are akin to similar stages passed through in the ontogenetic development of its ancestors; and this is essentially what Van Baer said in his ‘‘Hypothesis of Recapitulation’’, which is not to be confused with the so-called Biogenetic Law. In development the organism does not repeat the adult stages of its ancestors, but only those stages of development through which its ancestors as a whole have more or less in common passed. This, as Van Baer originally pointed out, is why the early stages of related animals resemble one another more closely than do the differentiated adults. Modern recognition of these facts has brought the Biogenetic Law into disrepute. The conception of Atavism however, persists. Reference to many modern texts on embryology, general biology, and the writings of a fair number of morphologists, will supply examples of the uncritical usage of this term. One recent work by a notable worker has a section entitled ‘‘Reappearance of Lost Ancestral Structures in Man’? and as the example of such structures we are given the gill pouches . . . (of) the early embryo . . . (which) may . . . persist and form an open fistula on the side of the neck’’. Surely it is clear that such a fistula.is due to the mal-development or arrest in development of an embryonic character of the individual and not to the reappearance of a character which the species and class has lost but which may have been present in some remote phyletic ancestor. In this connection it is worth drawing attention to the fact that the conventionally accepted homology between the gill pouches or arches of fishes and the branchial arches of mammals is open to serious question. The occasional occurrence of a tail in man or of an azygos lobe of the risht lung, microcenhaly, large canine teeth, the fourth molar. the divided molar bone, the ‘‘third trochanter’? of the femur, the entepicondylar foramen of the humerus, suner numerary mammae, and many other characters have been and still are cited as examples of atavism. Yet in every case it can he conclusively shown that such characters are not upon any view to be regarded as reversions to an ancestral condition. Changes in development and_ in development rates resulting in persistence, suppression, reduction, hypertrophy, duplication, multiplication of structures and normal variability are processes quite adequate to account for the so called ‘‘atavisms’? which are commonly cited. In short it is more than doubtful whether the concent of atavism has anv counterpart in reality: and I think it will be agreed that unless the concept can be applied to some demonstrable tvpe of phenomenon it were better that the term were altogether dropped from the vocabulary of the biologist.’ It seems to me therefore that we can hardly accept as correct Mr. B. Lindsay’s theories which Mr. Daver has supported in his article about the sambar sore being a gill and its appearance being due to atavistic degeneracy. There is nothing degenerate about the Malayan Sambar as we hunters know full well. It really is not a bare patch at all but an area oozing out. . . . something, a scent, a perfume gland. Black buck, elephants, and camels have them; whilst serow have them between the toes. It seems strange never- theless that although there must be quite a large number of experienced scientists and naturalists in the country apart from experienced sportsmen none of them have as vet succeeded in dis- covering why that circular sore on the sambar’s neck is there, 786 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST/\ SOCIETY, Vol, XL always in the same spot. Can it be a secretory gland? No doubt we will get to the bottom of this matter in the near future. KaLaw, SHAN STATES, W. S. THOM: BURMA, October 1938. VI—THE RECORD THAKIN HEAD. (With a photo). I enclose herewith a photo of a thakin head which has recently come into my possession. The head was brought down by a Mishmi tribesman several years ago and came into my possession through the courtesy of Mr. F. P. O’Connor of Itakhooli Tea Estate. The frontal part of the horns are extremely gnarled and ridged and this point combined with close proximity of the two tips indicates the great age of the beast. The measurements—very carefully taken and checked by a friend—are as undernoted :— Length. Girth. 71p to tip. Widest spread. 254 Rt. 15 25° Lit. \ 15 \ ° uy) Unless Rowland Ward’s Records contain measurements which can beat it this head would appear to be the record, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 737 There is one head given in Burke’s Indian Field Shikar Book which has horn lengths of 25 and 243 but the spread is no more than 13+. The measurements, when compared with those given in this book of records, are remarkable for the ‘tip to tip’ measurement, and the ‘widest spread’. HooGrRIJAN TEA ESTATE, Upper ASSAM. Ee WOOLEY SMITH. Dr. c, November 18, 1938. [The largest head of a Mishmi Thakin recorded in Rowland Ward (9th Edition) is one belonging to the late J. F. Needham. The owner’s measurements are as follows :— Length on Front curve Circumference Tip to Tip —Eds.| 25” 13” na VII.—A TREE MOUSE (VANDELURIA OLERACEA) IN THE NES TIO SPIDER: Dr. Gravely, in his notes on ‘Indian Insects, Myriapods and Arachnids’ (Rec. Ind. Mus., xi, 1935, p. 535), while discussing at length the habits of the spider Stegodyphus (Fam. EREsIDAe), observes as follows: ‘Associations of other animals with African species of Stegodyvphus have been recorded by Marshall and Pocock. Marshall describes a doormouse which lives in Stegodyphus webs and ultimately drives away the spiders, and both authors refer to a Microlepidoptera which lives with the spiders in their nests.’ To add to this his own experience in India, Gravely cites the case of the Moth (Brachmia xerophaga), living with Stegodyphus sarasinorum: also that of a Uloboid spider making use of the webs of Stegodyphus and concludes that ‘other associations, probably of a more casual nature, may also occur.’ To illustrate this remark, he narrates how, once in Orissa ‘when pulling STEGODYPHUS nests to pieces in order to obtain lepidopterous larvae,’ he found ‘in addition, the following animals alive within them: one Cribellate spider (? DictTynipak), one Centipede (? GEOPHILIDAE), one large LrpismMaTID and two minute Beetles (ANTHICIDAE and CLAVICORNIA).’ In support of the foregoing, may I venture to place before your readers further evidence which I have recently come across. Whether the association is casual or of a permanent nature cannot be said without further evidence but the case is quite unique as no similar incident has been, to my knowledge, ever recorded from India. On 11-8-1938, I went for a whole day cross-country tramp with my friend, Mr. R. G. Kharadi, sB.sc. We intended to collect insects for the museum of the Gujarat Natural History Society. 738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL After going for about ten miles, we entered a grove of mango trees, where I saw a spider’s nest at the end of a branch. The height of the nest was about 8 feet and I had to take a couple of jumps before I was able to take hold of it. While trying to locate the entrance to the nest which appeared to be blocked by some dark object in the interior, I was startled to find a pointed nose and.beady eyes Starine at me! Hastily 1 let oor the branch and up it went to its original position. We now determined to collect both the nest and its occupant (which we realised was a mouse) and again after some fancy jumping, I succeeded in breaking off the portion which supported the nest. The mouse had disappeared inside the nest; to prevent its escape, I placed the nest in a cloth bag and tied its mouth. On the way home we came across several spider nests in cactus hedges, which we collected with their occupants but nowhere did we find any other animal occupying them nor did we again see another tree with a spider’s nest in it. On inspection in the laboratory the nest was found to contain not only several spiders and a mouse, but also a litter of six young mice! Mr. Kharadi was able to identify the mouse as Vandeluria oleracea, the Long-tailed Tree Mouse, which was later verified by Mr. Prater. The spiders were dark brown or blackish in colour with markings on the top of the abdomen. I think they are Stegodyphus sarasinorum. AHMEDABAD, H. G. ACHARYA, NorTH Gujarat, F.Z.S. October 9, 1938. [One of the spiders taken in the nest forwarded to the Society for identification by Mr. Acharya has been identified by Dr. Gravely as an Epeirid (near FE. nauticus), but not actually that species. FE. nauticus is nocturnal in its habits, resting by day in a small silk-lined retreat and going to the centre of its orb-web for the night. The retreat of this particular species is ordinarily not large enough to hold anything bigger than the owner and could certainly not contain a tree mouse and its family. ‘The actual nest which was subsequently forwarded to us by Mr. Acharya proved to be that of the Common Social Spider, Stegodyphus sarasinorum. These spiders live in colonies and their nests take the form of a dense untidy mass of cobwebs, spun amongst leaves and branches, and usually contain the dry remains of various insects devoured by the owners of the nest. As indicated in the note, the nests of these spiders provide a lodging for a variety of creatures which live in association with them. In the instance under comment, the Epeirid Spider, discovered in the nest was, like the tree mouse, an intruder. The tree mouse not finding the nest quite to his liking proceeded to refurnish it with pieces of dry grass, the remains of which were found in the nest. The Long-tailed Tree Mouse lives in trees and shrubs and usually builds a nest. of grass or grass and leaves in the branches. It occasionally places its nest in the thatch of MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 739 houses or in beams; but, like the African Doormouse, it may occasionally take up its quarters and rear its family in the nests of other creatures. McCann found one of these mice occupying the deserted mud nest of a swallow.—Ebs. | | VIHI.—NUMBER OF YOUNG OF LONG-TAILED TREE-MOUSE VANDELURIA OLERACEA. Blanford (F.B.I. Mammalia, p. 403) says that he found ‘3 young on one occasion and 4 on another’. I recently came across a nest of social spiders (vide—Misc. note no. VII in this Issue) inhabited by a 2 Long-tailed Tree-Mouse (Vandeluria oleracea) with 6 young which had not opened their eyes yet. The measurements of the young were as follows: Head, body 12% in., tail 1 in. Adult female: head, body 3 in., tail 44 in. (Blanford’s measurements for a full-grown adult die. #icaG@ bodys 2.201. £0371. tail’ 295, to, 4.5 in.) AHMEDABAD, H. G. ACHARYA, NorTH GUJRAT. F.Z.S. October 9, 1938. IX.—LEOPARDS FROM VICINITY OF NAGA HILLS. These are the particulars of some adult leopards shot in this vicinity. Length. Weight Length. Weight. a= lei" 1123) ibs: je oar 130) <5 Loe en 3, BS" &, 6’— 1% — 82 Ibs. Vs 3 — I[ze7 6’- 3% — 79 (Black) Males 6’— 7” — 89 ,, Female 67 — 2” = 72 Hie = — 5’—10” _ 1h — — 6’— 8” — 100 ,, 6’ - 6” ia ma It would appear that unlike the tigers of this district the Leopards compare in length and weight with those recorded from other parts of India. TOwWKOK TEA ESTATE, G. H. L. MARSHALL. SONARI P.O. 740 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL X.—MEASUREMENTS OF TIGERS SHOT IN THE NAGA-HILIES A Correction In the proceedings and account. Section of» Vola"xX Ul] Nowy I notice you state Mr. Marshall publishes records of tigers shot ‘by him’ in the Naga hills, Assam. I would like to point out that this is incorrect. The total of 59 animals comprises the bag of many fellow sportsmen to whom I am greatly indebted as well as my own. I am responsible for the game register of this district and have personally measured many of these tigers and can vouch for the accuracy of the figures. Towkok TEA ESTATE, : G> Hk: MARSHALE: SONARI P.O. December 15, 1938. XI—MIGRATION AND METHODS OF BIRD SNARING IN NORTH: BAST ARABEA. (Five text figures). From a bird life point of view, Kuwait, and the promontory on which the town lies, would appear to be one of the most interesting spots in the Middle East for the study of migratory birds. I do not profess to be able to explain why this is so, but to my mind Kuwait can be likened to the Northern end of a long narrow corridor or tunnel, through which migratory birds, moving up from South East Arabia and India, along the Western shore of the Persian Gulf, and conversely moving south again (though to a lesser degree), have to pass. Thousands of migratory birds seem to pass over Kuwait town and the strip of coast about twenty miles wide, which stretches south along the Arabian shore. The phenomenon may have to do with the fact that birds flighting to and from Northern climes and the Tropics, and who happen to choose the Western shore of the Persian Gulf for their route, are inclined to hug the sea coast, as being cooler and having more watering places where they can assuage thirst than in the interior. Certain it is that every variety of migratory bird is so common during the Spring, and to a lesser extent during the Autumn migration, that almost the entire youth population of Kuwait town, and the tribes lying on the coast’ to the south: of if; so. ineor catching and trapping these birds as a regular pastime. The birds so caught are sold in the bazaars as playthings to amuse other children, or are eaten, or again are sold to those owning Falcons with the object of providing a change of diet for MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 741 these birds in the non-hunting season. The market price is about nine pence for just over tour pounds of small dead birds. On almost every house roof in Kuwait and the villages to the south of it, as well as on the ground in the vicinity of Badawin encampments, one can see small artificial trees, made of clumps of bushes tied toge- ther and placed in prominent positions to attract birds in flight. Each of these bushes contains several traps of the “type — called Sulaba, .and it is astonishing how many birds are caught and brought down from the house tops by the youth of the city. Though it is all very heartless and cruel from a West- erner’s point of view, ieee ema — ee ee oe eee sport affords great happiness and joy to thousands of youths, and young boys, who have little else in the world to brighten their drab lives. The skill with which these young Esaus set their traps and entice birds to come and be caught, has only to be seen to be believed. It is little short of marvellous. There are three main types of traps used for snaring small birds. They are known as:— (1) ‘Fakh’ (2) ‘Sulaba’ A (3) ‘Salia’ (1) The ‘Fakh’ is mostly used for catching the Lesser Kestrel Hawk which appear some years literally in tens of thousands over the town during the end of March and April. These birds are caught with a decoy. A Kestrel is obtained, and tied by both legs to a heavy stone with a strong piece of cord about 2 ft. long, in a place near some trees where the birds are known to roost. All round this bird are placed ‘Fakhs’, carefully covered with light sand and pegged to the ground, with only a wriggling grub visible. The Hawks seeing the one on the ground circle round tall ’42- JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL and round above it, and eventually settle round about and are caught as they peck at the grub on the trap. The boys, who lie hidden behind a wall or in some shallow pit, then rush out and F i= ‘decoy’ Kestrel, tied by the leg and surrounded by carefully covered . traps of the Fakh type. capture the flapping bird. The traps are carefully adjusted so that the bird’s legs are never broken, but the trap is just too heavy to enable them to fly away with it, although they very often drag the pes out of the’ sround. Tre (> sel. Trap sprung Fig. 3.—Fakh. These lesser Kestrels are a great joy to the boys of Kuwait who walk about with them on their wrists imitating the Sheikh’s falconers. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 743 The Oil Company’s rig, which has been put up this year some 35 miles South of Kuwait town has attracted these birds to roost on it in thousands. Shrikes and many other small birds are caught in this trap, when it is placed near a small tree where birds come to settle. The same grub, known locally as a ‘ghubbie’ is used, but the trap is not pegged down. | (2) The ‘Sulaba’ is usually placed sticking out above the arti- ficial bushes on the house tops of Kuwait. As many as 6 can as z (ost Hon o} shrings rs sel- {yajs, G Trap aprung Trap sef B Fig. 4.—Sulaba. be put into one bush. In the small gardens outside the town these traps may be seen placed against the low mud walls, or perhaps in a bush of flowers or other prominent place. They are not baited, but attract merely as a perch in a land where trees and bushes are scarce. The bird alights on the peg, along which the fine string is carefully arranged, and its feet are caught in the string as the peg falls, and the two sticks spring open. The bird so caught, if it be a Shrike, has. one of its wing feathers removed and passed through its nostril and round its beak twice; this prevents it from opening its mouth. It also has one of its wings twisted, which prevents it flying away. Other varieties of birds have, when caught, one wing only twisted, and then are put into small palm frond baskets and sold in the streets or bazaar. (3) The ‘Salia’, or net trap, is the third kind, and is used on trees in the ‘Hautas’ or gardens of Kuwait. It is composed of a fine fishing net fastened to a curved bamboo frame. This is thrown over a small tree such as a ‘Sidr’ or Tamarix, and slopes Je #44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL down to the ground at the back where heavy stones are placed on it. The small birds goto roost in the tree, and in. the early Fig. 5.—The Salia trap. morning are driven down into the net on the ground and: picked out. Kuwalt, (MRS) cH. K.2P. DICKSON: PERSIAN GULF. Seprember 20, 21020: XII.—BIRDS OBSERVED IN AND NEAR TAMBARAM, SOUT ANDTA, (Supplementary observations made between April and October i issued as an addendum to the paper published in No. 3, p. 467. of this Volume), -. The Red-vented Bulbul: Molpastes cafer caufer (Linn.). August 11th 1938—nest and 3 eggs in a bauhinia tree, about 7 It. above the ground. August 14th—egegss stolen. 8. The Red-whiskered Bulbul: Otocompsa jocosa emeria (Linn.). July 24th 1938 and several following days—a small and newly fledged bulbul was about the garden; its red ‘whiskers’ seemed absent, and the red of the vent was .a pale. yellowish scarlet. A parent bird was observed feeding this young one. ; 9. The White- prowed ulna ~Pycnonotus luteolus -luteolus (Lesson). August 15th 1938—hest in eee bush. in garden; two- very newly hatched chicks.- August 23rd——one of these chicks’ observed MISCELLANEOUS NOTES #45 apparently dead in the nest at 12-30 p.m.; by 5-30 p.m. it had been removed from the nest. August 28th—the other chick almost fully fledged. August 29th—the nest empty. 11. The Black Redstart: Phoenicurus ochrurus (Gmelin). A hen redstart in the garden on October 23rd 1938. 16. The Paradise Fiycatcher : Vchitrea paradisi (L.). October roth 1938—a male in full white plumage in the garden. A bird in chestnut plumage, with short tail, was about the garden for about ten days from October 1st onwards. Neither bird has been seen since October toth. Two birds in chestnut plumage, with short tails, observed catching insects from a pond in Vandalur Forest on October 3rd 1938. 19. The Grey backed Shrike: Lanius schach caniceps (Blyth). August 7th 1938—nest in a terminalia tree in the garden, about 15 ft. from the ground, in a very exposed position. Nest very untidy, with a long bit of rag hanging from the side. Four eggs, bluish-speckled. The parent bird was seen on the nest every day for over a week. August 19th—the nest empty. 24. The Black Drongo: Dicrurus macrocercus peninsuluris (Ticehurst). July 24th 1938 and several following days-——two very young drongos, with very short tails and red mouths, in the garden with adult birds. Parent birds seen feeding the young. 30. The Bratminy Mynah: Temenuchus p. pagodarum (Gmel.). June 26th 1938—two birds seen in the garden. August 5th 1938—a small flock first seen in the neighbourhood. This is earlier than we have ever seen a flock appear before. 33. The White-throated Munia: Uroloncha malabarica (Linn.) July 19th 1938 and several following days—several munias observed in the college jungle. 43. The Pitta: Pitta brachyura (Linn.). October 8th 1938—the pitta heard for the first time this season in the jungle about a mite north of the college. October 18th 1938—pittas established in the garden again. 45. Lhe Coppersmith : Xantholaema haemacephala. July 1938 to October 1938—coppersmiths now very common in the gardens of the college estate. 56. The Hoopoe: Upupa epops (Linn.). ; 5 July and October 1938—two hoopoes observed for several days ata time im the garden: -~ | “46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XL 58. The Common Indian Swift: Micropus affinis (Gray). Two of these swifts spent the afternoon of August roth 1938 Aying through and round our house. They have not been seen since then. 67. The Pale Harrier: Circus macrourus (S. G. Gmelin). A female, presumably of this species, first seen this season over the college qunele, on ‘October sooth 1938. 72. The Spotted Dove: Streptopelia chinensis suratensis (Gmel.). August 28th 1938—a nest, with brooding bird, in a duranta bush, about 12 ft. above the ground, immediately outside a window of our house. Eggs not seen. The bird was still sitting when we. went away from home on September 3rd, but the nest was empty and deserted when we returned on September roth. In addition to these further observations on birds already in our original list, the following have been noticed within the last few months :-— The Orange-headed Ground-thrush;: Geocichla citrina citrina (Lath.), October 24th 1938—an orange-headed ground-thrush in the garden for about half an hour this evening. It settled in a bauhinia tree, watching us and waiting for our departure, and therefore gave us an excellent opportunity to observe it with the field-glasses at quite short range. There was no doubt about its identity. The Indian Koel: Eudynamis scolopaceus scolopaceus Linn. Koels were heard for the first time since December 1932 in this neighbourhood on August roth 1938, in Vandalur Forest, when the characteristic call was quite unmistakable, and was heard at frequent intervals for about an hour. Koels are very common in the gardens of Madras City, and it is surprising that they are so rarely heard in and round Tambaram. The Indian Shikra: Astur baditus Gmel. October oth 1938—a shikra bathing in one of our bird baths just outside my window, and then sitting for some time in the tree above the bath, affording excellent opportunity for close observation. The Asiatic Sparrow-hawk : Accipiter nisus nisosimilis (Tickell), October 21st 1938—a sparrow-hawk, probably a female, being distinctly brownish above, bathing in one of our small bird baths for several minutes. Birds of this type have been frequently seen MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 747 here before, but have never given the same facilities for close observation and identification. MapDRAS CHRISTIAN COLLEGE, A. M. BARNES. ‘TAMBARAM, CHINGLEPUT DISTRICT. October 23,. 1938. XIIJ.—THE DISTRIBUTION AND NIDIFICATION OF THE INDIAN (PUNJAB) RAVEN (CORVUS CORAX LAURENCEI UME) IN SIND: The distribution of the Punjab Raven in Sind, as Ticehurst records; is rather curious. Parts of the’ Province, particularly Upper and Middle Sind possess physical features and a climate similar to the southern districts of the Punjab, where this Raven is common and a permanent resident, yet its range and distribution in Sind, even in districts which are like the Punjab, are peculiar and of great ornithological interest. So far as I am aware it is a permanent resident only in the Khirthar Range and in the Thar Parkar district, where also, it is not met with, except as a straggler, outside the southern and eastern talukas of the Thar desert, which is bordered by the Rann of Cutch on the South and Rajputana on the East. I am reliably informed that this Raven is resident in the west of Jodhpur and Jaisalmir States and birds met with in the eastern rejistan tracts of Khairpur State and Sukkur district probably enter Sind from Jaisalmir State which borders these localities. Ghotaru, where Blanford found it late in the breeding season is only about 25 miles from the Sind border. Elsewhere in Sind this bird is purely a winter visitant, though quite a few remain to breed in suitable localities. In Upper Sind, though a regular winter migrant, it is, strange to say, very localised. It is as abundant in Jacobabad now, as it was in Hume’s time, 66 years ago. At Shikarpur it is common, yet at Sukkur only about 20 miles south-east, it is rarely seen. I saw only two birds during’ five winters. At Ghari Yasin 10 miles south-west of Shikarpur, it is again common and extends further south, another 1o miles to Gaheja. It is again met with in Khairpur State and the northern talukas of Nawabshah district extending as far south as Darbelo and Kot Laloo, about 60 and 75 miles respectively, south of Sukkur. To Lower Sind it is but a rare winter straggler. In 1872 Hume found it at Hyderabad and Ticehurst met with it below the Baran gorge near Soorjana, in Karachi district. In Thar Parkar where Blanford found it ‘everywhere’, this Raven is known to the Tharis as Rodh Kang. As already mentioned it is resident in the desert tracts bordering the Rann of Cutch and 748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. GUST @SSOCLEIN savior oxae Rajputana and breeds on lone Kandi or Babur trees in the vicinity of desert towns, villages and hamlets. A clutch of 4 eggs which incidentally reached me in an omelette, was sent to me from Ranahu in Khipro taluka, and 2 nestlings, there were 5 in the nest, from Diplo. “Thar coatherds also told me that they had come across nests near Gadro, Chachro, Sami Vari and Mithi. I failed to find any birds at Mirpurkhas, Jamesabad, Samaro, Digri, Chhor or Umarkot during January and February 1936 and Tharis told me that these places were only occasionally visited by these Ravens. At Char about 8 miles south of Samaro I came across a few birds, but failed to find any nests. Tharis at Char told me that it was common around desert villages and hamlets further north, east and south. In Middle Sind I came across it in Khairpur State and Nawabshah district during ae winter of 1935 and found them around town and village refuse heaps or near cultivation, at Gambat, Kot Laloo, Meheabfun Kandiaro and Darbelo. At Kandiaro a pair were viciously attacked by a horde of House Crows and literally driven out and away from the Canal Bungalow Compound. As I left Nawabshah district in December 1935 I am unable to say if any birds breed there. In Upper Sind, where this Raven is a regular coid weather visitant, it is Common in some places and yet conspicuous by its absense in others. In January 1930 I met: with it in Sukkur district at Gaheja, Ghari Yasin, Jagon, ot Sultan and Shikarpur, where it was very common and able to hold its own with the House Crows which swarmed there. It was partial to town and village refuse dumps, but was also met with in sprouting cultivation, particularly if freshly watered, and ploughed fields lying fallow. On the 19th January 1930 I found a nest ready for eggs in a lone andi tree in open forest near some cultivation between Jagon and Kot Sultan. A few days later I took a nest with 5 eggs between Kot Sultan and Zarkhel. The nest’ was in a stunted Kandi tree in thin forest. Here again the tree chosen was well away from any others. During my stay in Sukkur district from 1930 to 1934, though I came across this Raven yearly on both sides of the river I found it very localised. On the left bank of the Indus it was fairly common in parts of Ubauro taluka and I found it at Khambra, Reti and Kobar. I was fortunate enough to find almost yearly, a nest or two, with eggs or young, near Janwar Belo, between Kobar and Daharki. In each case the nest was placed on a long Kandi or Babur tree in thin forest interspersed with patchy cultivation. I never found more than 5 young or eggs in a nest. In Sukkur itself, on the right bank of the river, I met with this Raven but twice, seeing a single bird on the 14th August 1931 and another, probably the same bird, as the locality was ihe « same, on the 25th of the month. I did not come across it on the left bank of the Indus south of a line roughly linking Khambra and Daharki. In the Khirthar Range, Day met with it in January. In MISCELLANEOUS NOTES bale | tbe Gao February 1933 I was brought a highly decomposed bird and four cracked, frothing eggs, taken from a rock ledge, near Khenji Nat, in the Northern Khirthar. The Rind Baluch who brought the evil smelling mess told me that quite a few birds bred annually, mostly on inaccessible rock ledges, in the Khenji and Sita Nai gorges. Ticehurst saw eggs taken ‘from near Jacobabad’, and Culbertson also had eggs sent him from this locality. I was in Jacobabad in 1934, but unfortunately left the district in late November, too early for nests. Nevertheless I found several old nests on rock ledges in the hills near the Uch oasis, in Bugti territory, about 8 miles from the Sind Border and About 24 from Jacobabad. Mrs. C. J. Rae told me that she had seen many Ravens and had also noticed some nests on the cliffs there, in December or January the year previous. At Jacobabad itself the birds were common, and were also met with along the Desert and Begari canals and at Mauladad 7 miles south of “Jacobabad. Birds were first seen at Jacobabad rte anv numbers on the 11th October and by the 25th of November thev were abundant. At one of the Regulators on the Begari Canal I once saw quite a dozen Ravens, three Small Cormorants and a House Crow or two gorging on dead and dying fish left behind in shallow pools formed by the receding waters of the canal, and Ticehurst records that Hume was informed that great tumbers die because of the heat and the diet of putrid fish. In Upper Sind this Raven is known by the name of Takrut Kang, takar meaning ‘hill’; while on the Bahawalpur State Border (Punjab), the Seraikis know it by its Punjabi name, Dodar Kang. A shikari zamindar of Daharki told me that he often came across this Raven when shooting chink between Reti and Khenju in Ubauro taluka, and once found a nest on an isolated Kandi tree in the desert near Khenju, about 15 miles south-east of Janwar Below, where I have taken nests myself. In late August and early September 1930 I came across quite a few birds in the sand bhits of Rohri taluka, near Mamro. and Sauhara, in the desert tracts of Sukkur district, drained then, during the abkalani season, by the Eastern Nara and the Karo Naro. These birds, though, were probably early arrivals from Jaisalmir State, due to the abnormal conditions that year, a year of floods and wide spread inundation, as the same year I saw a pair at Shikarpur as early as the 30th July The majority of birds visiting Upper Sind arrive early in October and begin to leave early in March. I have come across birds how- ever as early as the 30th July and as late as the 9th May, but these being either single birds or lone pairs, were cbviously stragglers. It can safely ie said however, that the migration of this Raven to Upper Sind begins in late September and lasts till late March, and that quite a number of birds remain to breed in selected localities beyond their permanent habitat, to which they return for the hot weather after rearing their young. Why birds which remain to breed and even those which are purely winter visitants fail to make a permanent abode in parts of Sind, which afford a habitat similar in many respects to the 150 WOURNAL, BOMBAY “NATURAL BIST. “SOCIETY. Vol. See lower Punjab, where this Raven is a permanent resident, is .a puzzle. The intense heat of Upper Sind and lack of rainfall may be reasons, but on the other hand the southern Punjab can be just as hot, though the rainfall I think is better, as is definitely, the irrigation system, factors which make conditions very different to what they are at present in parts of Upper Sind not affected by the Sukkur Barrage: Since I met this Raven so frequently in the northern talukas of Nawabshah district in 1935, it may in time extend to suitable tracts along the whole of the Sukkur Barrage Canals system and perhaps the favourable conditions created by perennial canals, between Sukkur and Hyderabad, will result in this Raven being less localised in Sind than it is at present. May this be so, as the Punjab Raven is a useful, handsome and interesting bird. IC ARACHI, KR, BATES, Qelover 27, 1923, F.Z.S., M.B,.O.U. Indian Police. XTY,—A NOTE-ON THE RESIDENT OWES OF SIND; 1. Tyto alba stertens (Hartert). The Indian Barn Owl. The Indian Barn Owl is rare in Sind. Hume met with it at Larkana, Scrope Doig and Butler at Hyderabad, and Ticehurst at Karachi, while Culbertson obtained a clutch of eggs from the river banks at Malir in Karachi district. I first came across this owl in January 1923, in Karachi, where a pair had their home in the dome of the D.J. Sind College, and till 1928 frequently met either one or both of them in Burns Garden or in the vicinity of the college itself. They moved about freely after dark and rent the stillness of the night with their unearthly screeches. During the summer of 1925 a pair took possession of a corner turret of the old Chartered Bank building, one of the oldest buildings of modern Karachi, but something disturbed the birds, probably my prying into their private affairs, and they deserted the place in October the same year. On the 25th April 1928 I came face to face with a full grown bird in perfect plumage hopping sedately up the main stairway of the City Police Quarters, a four storied block with a tower, in the heart of the city. On seeing me, the bird flew up on to a cross- beam at the top of the stair-tower and gave me a look as much as to say, ‘What the devil are you doing here’. I stared at him till I got a crick in the neck, and that night left the tower window open. The next morning he had gone, but had left behind, as a souvenir perhaps, a solitary pellet consisting of the bones of what appeared to be a small rat and some bird, possibly a sparrow. On the 20th December 1929 I came across a pair in.an old Kubh, on a spur of the Makli Hills at Pir Patho, Karachi district. This pair evidently had eggs or young in a recess, about 30 feet systemacie hunt for this Scops Owl in suitable localities during ihe breeding season would prove that it is more elusive than rare, and that it breeds in Sind. 7. Athene brama indica (Frankl.). The Sind Spotted Owlet. This Owlet is by far the commonest owl in Sind and is met with everywhere, throughout the Province. It breeds in February, March and April, laying as a rule in holes in trees and buildings. In the hills around Khadeji, Rehri and Bram Hyderi in Karachi district, ; Aa MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 755 it breeds in holes in cliffs and the precipitous sides of gorges and water courses. | have also found eggs or young on_ several occasions in deserted crows’ nests, and once in a hole in the side of a small quarry; while in Sukkur district several pairs had their homes in natural holes in solid stone, great masses of rock, in the old bed of the Indus near the ruins of Aror. The nest lining which is generally very meagre, consists of a few feathers, grass stems dry leaves. Three to five eggs are laid, in most cases four and these as a rule are found, like most owls’ eggs, in all stages of incubation, due presumably to the irregular intervals at which they are laid and the habit this owl in particular has of holing up during the day, with the result that incubation begins, intentionally or otherwise, trom the time the first egg is deposited. It is not unusal to find beth female and male in a nest containing eggs. On one occasion I rooted out three full grown birds and their parents, five in all, from a hole in a mango tree. In the U.P. this bird is most appropriately named, WKhus-kut- euttia, and in Upper Sind I have heard Seraikis call it, also appro- priately, Chugal-chirt. It is surely needless for me to explain why. In Sind, the name Chibiru is applied indiscriminately to it and all other small owls. KARACHI, Ke R. BATES, October 26, 1938. EZ.S.,, M.B.O.U: Indian Police. XV.—VULTURES FEEDING AT NIGHT. I have heard it said that vultures will occasionally feed on a carcase at night, if there is a moon; but I cannot remember having actually observed this myself, so the other night out of curiosity I went out after dinner at about 9 o’clock to visit the remains of a cow that lay on the hill side below my cottage. The moon was about three-quarters full, but misty clouds reduced visibility. The carcase of the cow at which the vultures had been feeding on during the day time lay on the open hillside, but round it on two sides was fairly thick cover-bushes and long grass, and the ground fell away below it to pass into a bushy ravine. As there had been a leopard about recently I took a shot- gun and electric torch. Coming to the carcase I passed within twenty yards of it screened by bushes, and as I did so, I heard the vultures on the remains. They were apparently actively feeding on it as they were hissing and apparently squabbling over it. I took a half turn round it and suddenly appeared some ten yards from the carcase and flashed my torch on it—though it was hardly necessary to do so in the moonlight. There were about fifteen vultures gathered all round the body and they stretched up their heads and necks to view the intruder. They consisted of White-backed Vultures and the Northern Long-billed Vultures in about equal numbers. There 488 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL: HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL was one Black Vulture among them though three had been at the carcase during the daytime. They then began to leave the carease flying off downhill to- wards the ravine—one by one—some pitching again on the hill side nearby. But one of them a White-backed Vulture crouched— drawing his neck in and depressing his head as if trying to hide himself and refused to go. I went right up to him and poked him with the muzzle of my gun! He then made a short flop of a few yards: down the hill where I left. him in the grass.. It is, possible that he was injured in a fight with the cthers or with a piedog during the daytime. What would a leopard have done had he come to this ‘kill’? Do leopards and tigers ever kill vultures in order to eat them? I have seen a tiger in the daytime spring up from his ‘kill’ and jump. up at the wultures but he -did’ not -cetone. 7 That “was apparently only to drive the vultures off. On the other hand I shot a leopard who was in the habit of climbing the big Banyan trees to eat the young vultures in the nests! Was that an exceptional depravity—or is it not unusual? I am now of the opinion that vultures will feed by moonlight if they are not afraid to come to ground at the carcase. That we never see them do so when waiting up for tigers and leopards is no doubt from their fear of the big cats and other night prowlers. Many interesting questions arise from this observation. What species of vultures are given to feeding by moonlight? How much moon. must..there be to tempt them down? Do they feed’ ever when there is no moon? It should be possible to test their sight by night at any Zoo where they are held captive . . . and also their sense of smell . . . has that ever been investigated? TAUNGGYI, 5.0.0: i RV EIV ESE: BURMA. October 4, 1938. AVIL—THE STATUS AND NIDIFICATION OF THE PERSIAN. BEE-EAVTER«*(MEROPS PERSIOCUS? PERSICUOS PAE EN aol: The Persian, or rather Iranian Bee-eater is an early summer migrant to Sind, where it breeds in suitable localities, freely in some places, sparingly in others. Thousands of birds enter the Province yearly, numbers remain to breed, others pass on into Rajputana, which so far as I am aware is the limit of its extension east. The route through Sind embraces the whole Province, from Kashmor in the north, to Karachi in the south. The general direction of migrating birds is always towards the east and birds any distance away from their’ regular breeding’ haunts fly very high, exeept when feeding. on eters € ee os --: Birds--as’-a-rule begin: to arrive in Sind m-itate April or early MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ria] May, the movement continuing till the end of the month and at times extending into early June. Early arrivals may be met with in middle April. Butler records it on the 16th April. I have not met with it in any numters earlier than the 27th April. The majority of birds however are seen during the first half of May. Birds forming the eastern fringe of the movement are often carried out to sea and these on returning to the coast line, take a north-easterly route over the creeks and mangrove swamps via Bram Hyderi, Jari, Petiani and Keti Bunder towards Thar Parkar, where I am told they breed in the sand bhits in the desert tracts of the district, which extend into Rajputana. Birds in flight attract attention by the habit they have of chirping to each other, and the peculiar call notes when heard during the silent hours of the night, just before dawn, are most pleasing to the ear. From my yearly Rough Notes I find that migrating birds have been heard or seen from 4-30 a.m. to G-30 a.m. and from dusk to 11-40 p.m., so it’s fairly evident that they rest or feed during the heat of the day, which is intense in Sind during May and June, yet this Bee-eater builds as a rule in most hot, arid tracts, where there 15 no water except that in canals, the full flow of which is somewhat later than the arrival of the birds. Butler found it at Hyderabad in July, and Scrope Doig thought that it bred in July and August in the Eastern Nara district. Ticehurst received a breeding bird from Draklan near Kashmor in May, and Gordon came across it around Jacobabad and at Kubo on the Desert Canal in June, where it was plentiful. During my stay in Sind, now 18 years, I have met. with this Bee-eater, at suitable times of the year from Karachi to Kashmor. In JSarachi district, where there are no_ suitable breeding grounds, it is met with only as a bird of passage. On its arrival in early summer it tarries but to rest and feed, and passes on, flying high, to its breeding haunts on the eastern borders of the Province and Rajputana. Numbers of birds however remain in suitable places in Middle and Upper Sind to breed, the majority continuing east to their regular breeding grounds. It arrives again in Karachi district in late August and September and numbers, more young birds than adults, may be met with in the vicinity of dhands, where they perch on pan, sar and lai and delight in hawking the numerous winged insects which infest the lai thickets and reed beds, which are to be found in the majority of Sind dhands. Around Karachi itself they are seldom met with on their return, and when seen or heard, are flying high, towards the Persian Gulf or Baluchistan. Personally I believe that these flights, which pass over Karachi in October and early November, are on their return passage to Iran and Irak, and that this Bee-eater returns to these countries by the end of November, as, to the best of my knowledge, none have been met with anywhere in Sind from December to mid-April. The reason why more of these autumnal or return. flights are not seen is due probably to the great height at which the birds. fly. My attention has invariably been attracted by the call notes and 758 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL even with these as a guide I have often found it dificult to spot the birds and have often failed altogether to do so. Even when located, few, comparatively to the numbers heard, are actually caught sight of. In Sukkur district in 1930 I came across great numbers of this Bee-eater en route to their breeding grounds in late April, May and June and on the 28th August the same year found hundreds of adults and young hawking over Ghari dhand, then an immense sheet of water with great reed beeds and thickets of lai and sar. The birds which were scattered over an area of several square miles permitted an easy approach and I was able to watch them gracefully hawking insects at very close quarters. The next year I was able to follow up my observations and on the 12th June was rewarded by discovering a small colony digging nest holes in a high bank of the Kalandar Shak, Mirpur Mathelo taluka. I also came across in the same taluka, many birds in small parties of a dozen orn‘so around Yaro lund, Sahib) Khan Lund and the Raini Wah. The majority of birds however appeared to be making their way to some sand bhits, which I could just see in the dim distance further east. On the 25th June I found a small scattered colony near Detha Bhaya, breeding in low sand bhits and mounds near the Mahie Wah. I dug out several nests, some quite 4 feet deep, but was too early for eggs. On the 6th July I came across a few pairs, which were obviously breeding in some sand bhits at Nur Shah-jo-Bhit in the Rohri taluka but did not have the time to look for nests. The 11th of the same month found me at Khenju, in Ubauro taluka, near the Rajputana border, where I found quite a large but scattered colony breeding in the banks of a Kario and in sand bhits in the vicinity. I dug out a number of nests and collected 23 fresh eggs, some ‘of -which-l sent Mr. Stuart Baker. No nest had more than five eoss= or young. In one nest we found only three callow young, in another the largest Saw-scaled Viper it has been my lot to see, and I] have seen scores. This particular specimen measured a trifle over 26 inches in length and almost 44 inches in girth. It had dined on five callow young... Incidentally it was its last meal. Men with me, who live in tracts where this Viper abounds said that they had never before seen such a large lundi, a name by which this viper is known in Upper Sind, meaning ‘bob-tailed’. The nests- dug out varied in length from 3 to 6 feet, the ese chamber being quite large enough for a bird to turn round in when seated. In one case we caught a sitting female by placing an ajrak (sheet) over the nest entrance and thumping the ground above. The bird, a female with a well marked incubation patch was given to W. H. Cole, who had not a specimen in his collection. On my return, | was able to revisit the small colony at Kalandar Shak on the rath July. [ dug out two nests, one containing: five, and the other four eggs. The year following I saw many birds flying over Sukkur and met with them at Duber, in Rohri taluka and in talukas further north where I had met them the year previous. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 759 In July and August 1934 I came across this Bee-eater from Ghari Khairo to Kashmor in the Upper Sind Frontier (Jacobabad district), and on the 2zoth July found a scattered colony of about two score birds breeding in the banks of an old Kario and in mounds in semi desert between Thull and Tangwani. In September birds were still to be seen along the Desert and Begari canals but were fewer in numbers. At the end of November I failed to meet with it anywhere. In Nawabshah district 1 saw many birds in flight in May and June 1935. On the goth May a single bird passed over Nawabshah, shortly after a terrific dust storm. It was calling loudly and evidently had been separated from the flock during the storm. It was cbviously in distress but struggled on manfully in a north-easterly direction, calling pitifully at short intervals. Near Tharushah on the r4th July I came across about a score of birds in pairs or single in suitable breeding ground alongside a canal, but did not have the time to look for nests. I also found a smail scattered colony in a similar situation along the Rohri canal, near Saurie about 35 miles from Sakrand, but here also I did not have the time to look round for nests, the predominance of single birds however told a plain tale. When at Umarkot in Thar Parkar district in February 1936, a Meghwar shikari informed me that numbers of this Bee-eater arrived in the district in May and bred in the sand bhits throughout the desert portions of the district. This bird is well known in Sind as ‘Wado Tracalo’, and the smaller species, the Sind Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis beludschicus Neum) as ‘Nando Tracalo’. KARACHI, LR ES, October to, 1938. E:Z.S:juM. 38.0.0) Indian Police. KV SAUNT AND HABITAT OF PITTA C. CUCULLATA. HARTL. IN WEST BENGAL. (With a plate). During an excursion in quest of breeding birds to Satgachia (District Burdwan), which lies 20 miles east of Burdwan town, on 23rd June, 1935 I came across a pair of Pitta c. cucullata Hartl., one of which was captured with the aid of a bird-catcher who happened to be with me. The occurrence of this species is un- known in Western Bengal, and it is therefore of interest to record the circumstances connected with my excursion. The location of Satgachia is attractive In many ways, but apart from. its physical peculiarities which are described below, and. its accessibility by motor road, the fact that an acquaintance lives there, 12 760 JOURNAL, BOMBAY. NATURAL. HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL whose repeated invitation for my visit to his country bore pointed reference to the prospect of an almost untrodden field from a bird-collector’s pomt of view, was enough inducement for this excursion. An exceptionally protracted summer, however, with its attendant discomforts made an earlier trip impossible. A few showers having occurred preliminary to the breaking of the monsoon which helped to bring down the temperature I tound my _ oppor- tunity. and at once decided to come out. The trip was made on June g23,- 1935..1n my. motor car’. The drive via the -Grand- Trunk Road was at once enjoyable and instructive, as I had a chance of looking at the countryside, which embraces long stretches of -the contiguous. districts. of Howrah, Hooghly and Burdwan. The approach to my destination lay through a feeder road, which -takes off from the main road at mile 56. As _I reached the. outskirts of Satgachia I perceived a difference in the outlook, specially- in vegetation and in the upward trend-of the level of the land. The thickets and scrub-jungle on the bed and along the banks of the river. Banka arrested special attention and -I-- obtained .a few interesting species. from this locality, e.g.-.Pycnonotus luteolus Less. (reported in.j.B.N.H.S., .xxxvill, 620-21, 1936). .The neigh- bourhood, to the north, alongside the Kalna Road reveals other interesting spots overgrown with scrub jungle, where I was busy collecting in the afternoon. My prospect was about to be marred, however, by the gathering clouds which so overcast the sky that I felt inclined to return, when I heard from a short. distance some loud notes, very like those of the Indian Pitta, which is not un- common in Bengal. Following these sounds, I reached an orchard at the far end of a low-lying and grass-covered field bordered with bamboos. It seemed less frequented and was overgrown with fruit trees interspersed with patches of scrub and prickly thickets. Here as I ‘anticipated, I came upon, a pair of Pittas..-In the approaching gloom of the evening made darker by the thickening clouds, I could hardly discern them clearly, but what little I saw of them left me in no doubt as to their behaviour, which was evidently of courtship,—erect posture with characteristically Pitta- like movements of the body and tail, and loud impetuous calls, uttered almost alternately by the couple. As I came closer I saw clearly on the ground two moving figures, hopping about and almost challenging each other by gesture and voice. On my approach they flew up to a mango tree. I set my catcher on to them and, in a minute one was caught. To my utter surprise I found it te bé-a- Pitta c. cucullata Hartl)- The aain hadenony, burst with terrific force, making me retreat for shelter, and when it. stopped, full thirty minutes later, my search for the second bird proved in vain. For it was too late then, and no clue was found as to any possible nest of the Pitta in the neighbourhood. The exquisite condition of plumage of the captured specimen, its time of occurrence and incidental behaviour bespeaking courtship display, suggests that it is obviously a breeding species of the locality. It has since been thriving in my aviary. : Measurements: Wing 114 mm., tail 42 mm., tarsus 43 mm., culmen.-23° mm. -’ re 16s 87 eh ify Th nies & Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Fig. 1.—Swamp and marsh fed by overflow water of the river Banka. ee Fig. 2.—Aspect of the ‘transition belt’ along the course of the Banka. Stretches of waste land overgrown with scrub- and bush-jungle. ve 8 BU ee 7: MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 761 It is remarkable that there is no record of this species from any part of Central and Western Bengal, although it is found to occur in. Eastern Bengal, e.g. in Chittagong, Noakhali, Tipperah and Mymensingh. It is common in the hills of Jalpaiguri, but in North Bengal generally it appears to be a breeding species both in the hills and plains. It is also known to breed in some places in the- plains of the United Provinces. The species does not seem to be exclusive in its choice of habitat, occurring as it does in different haunts and situations, both in the hills and plains. .Mr. Stuart Baker writes, ‘it frequents forest of all kinds, the deepest and wettest as well as the driest and thinnest, while it may also be met with in bamboo-jungle, scrub-jungle, and in crops, such as mustard.and rice, or in cultivation outside forest.’ In its habitat in the plains it appears to affect cover, tree- and bush- -jungle, orchard and overgrown waste land. Shy and always alert, it rarely shows itself in the open. The orchard and tree-grove in Satgachia in the district- of..Burdwan-where. I found the Pittas offer cover,: shelter and seclusion sufficient for their mode of life, while the neighbouring bamboo-clumps, prickly thickets - and undergrowth apparently provided additional attraction to the breeding pair. Mention is necessary of the fact that Burdwan, due to its peculiar physical. features, naturally resolves itself into two distinct areas, entirely different from each other. The whole of the western.-part and “an inconsiderable area to its east have a marked affinity -to the rocky, non-alluvial plain of Chota Nagpur, while the remaining eastern portion, in which Satgachia lies, presents. many features. of homogeneity with. the districts in the neighbourhood of- Calcutta, e.g. Hooghly and 24-Parganas. Ecologically this- tract, which forms a rather narrow belt of alluvial land, may be regarded as a continuation of the Gangetic delta with patterns of vegetation characterising Central Bengal. The climate is moist and equable. The mean maximum temperature in the dry season (December to April) varies from about 80° to ro1°, and remains- steady at about go° in the monsoon months. The total average of rainfall between May and November amounts to 53 inches. While these physical conditions are to a great extent reflected in the topography of Satgachia, its proximity to the more open, undulating, rocky and arid- zone cannot altogether leave it impervious to its influences. Nor is it difficult to detect in or around this area evidences of a process of transition whereby the rocky soil merges into the alluvial tract. An impetus to such merging may be looked for in the action of the river Banka, which traverses the whole of this tract, it being originally ‘a spill channel of the Damodar which is pre-eminently a hilt-fed stream, bringing down vast quantities of silt from the Chota Nagpur plateau. How far this reacts'on the flora and fauna of the locality requires careful investigation, but it is apparent that while the characteristics which it shares in common with the rest of the Gangetic delta remain more or less constant, minor modifications have- crept’ in under stress of circumstances and environmental factors, which tend to invest it with features peculiarly its. own. These are manifestly of interest and importance, for, ornithologi- cally, they appear to induce an influx of species not ordinarily 763 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Yol. XL attached to a habitat in the deltaic region of Central Bengal. The salient features of the locality are noted below : 1. Mainly alluvial country typical of the rice plain of the Gangetic delta, featuring low water-logged areas as well as high lands; the latter harbouring hamlets and villages while the former give rise to swamps and jhils covered with tall grass, marsh weeds and sedges characteristic of the Gangetic plain. Extensive marshes lying near the banks of the Banka are sustained by the overflow of that river. Absence of genuine forest, though a certain amount of jungle including genuine forest trees, e.g. Sal (Shorea robusta) has grown up through depopulation of villages or abandonment of sites formerly inhabited. Orchards and tree-groves mixed with shrub- beries of semi-spontaneous and sub-economic trees and shrubs are found in abundance, while trees grown to a gigantic height line as a rule the roads and highways. 2. What may be called the ‘transition belt’ les some distance off to the north and northwest, along the course of the river Banka, and in a marked degree on its northern bank, where the peculiar soil deposits bear evidence of transfusion of rocky decomposition with deltaic alluvium. A rugged and rather open tract, devoid of tree-groves in striking contrast to the rest of the locality, where vegetation is unimportant and mostly uneconomic and of stunted growth. Scrub- and bush-jungle abounds in this belt, pre-eminently featuring the flanks of the river Banka and the stretches of waste land around, the tangled hedges and prickly thickets lying buried in overhanging creepers and various milk weeds. so, KaiLAs BOSE STREET, S, Cla AW CALCUTTA. September 8, 1938. XVIII.—ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE INDIAN PURPLE MOORHEN (PORPHYRIO P. POLIOCEPHALUS) IN CHITRAL. I enclose the skin of a Purple Moorhen (P. p. poliocephalus) shot today in Mastuj. As apparently no one has previously seen a bird of this species in Chitral, I thought it might possibly be of interest to you. H. S. STANSFELD, Capt., Chitral Scouts. CHITRAL SCOUTS, CHITRAL, NVI ote November 17, 1938. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 763 XIX.—ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE BANDED CRAKE (RALLUS E. AMUROPTERA) AND THE MALABAR WOOD- PECKER (MACROPICUS J. HODGSONI) IN THE BILLIGIRIRANGAN HILLS, S. INDIA. It may be of interest to record that a young specimen of the Banded Crake (Rallus eurizonoides amuroptera) was killed here in the middle of August. I should like to know whether the Banded Crake has previously been recorded at this altitude (Billigirirangans, Central South India—s5,700 ft.). The Malabar Woodpecker (Macropicus javensis hodgsont) is now fairly common here, although I am sure it did not occur on the Billigirirangans some years ago. I think records todate place this bird on the Western Coast, from Travancore to Belgaum. HONNAMETTI ESTATE, ATTIKAN—MysoreE, P.O., Ry ©. MORRIS. S. [ENDIA. September 20, 1938. {[Mr. Morris’ note adds to the few records of the occurrence of the Banded Crake in Southern India. No examples of this bird were obtained by the Society’s Surveys in this region. The bird occurs in the Sub-Himalayas and from east to west and ranges southwards in smaller numbers in the Western and mcre wooded parts of Peninsula India. The extension of the range of the Malabar Woodpecker to the central hills of South India is interesting. Previous records are confined to western ranges of the Presidency.—Ebs. | XX.—THE BREEDING OF THE INDIAN SOOTY TERN (STERNA FUSCATA INFUSCATA) IN THE LACCADIVE ISLANDS. I send herewith 4 eggs and would be very grateful if you could help me in identifying them. They are the eggs of Oceanic Terns of apparently two species and were collected in May on Putti Sandbank in the Laccadive Group. As breeding had not begun when I visited the Islands last February, I left word asking for specimens of eggs from the tern colony to be taken when obtainable and if possible skins also of the breeding birds. Unfortunately the latter have not been forthcoming, so that I am afraid certain identification is impossible. (CCOOVERCOLLY, SOMWARPET, EF. N, BETTS. COORG. October 10, 1938. «64. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL (IST. SOCIELY. Vole Xtc [Mr.. Stuart Baker to whom the eggs were sent for ientihcation writes as follows :— ‘The eggs taken during May in the Laccadives by Mr. i N. Betts are undoubtedly those of the Indian Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata infuscata) and are all of the same species; the largest and smallest of the 4 eggs sent come well within my maxima and minima measurements. The eggs of this bird vary in the most extraordinary way in colouration and very greatly in size. -Hume found Sooty Terns breeding in the Laccadives in February when there were well grown chicks as well as hardset eggs and from this we could infer that one egg laying season lasted from December to February. Now it is interesting to have a second laying season recorded for May.. Although we have no doubt ourselves that the eggs: belong to our Indian form, it w one be desirable to get some specimens of the birds to confirm this’, S.| XXI.—MIGRATION ROUTES OF GEESE... Perhaps the following information may be worth while placing on; @ecord.« "Over ‘the village of Dambuk in the Sadiya Frontier Tract lies what must be in Assam one of the chief migration routes of Geese on their wav to and from their breeding grounds. I was twice lucky enough to see this migration flight, in 1934 and again in 1936. It appears to start as arly as the middle of January, and goes on until the end of March. The beginning and middle of March seem to he the peak periods for the northward migration. Dambuk lies right at the foot of the Hymalayan foothills which rise to between 5,000 ft. and 6,000 ft. immediately behind the village, gradually rising still higher as one goes further north; nothing but a jumbled mass of mountains. The valley of the Dibang river is some little distance to the east, whilst that of the Dihang (Brahmaputra) is roughly thirty miles to the west. In 1934-1 was at the village for the first week of March, and from about 4 o’clock in the afternoon every day until late at nicht gaggle after gaggle of geese appeared at intervals of about fifteen minutes from the south and south-west, flying at an altitude of about 4,000 ft. to disappear over the saddles in the hills towards the. north behind the village. Their ‘honking’ sounded very melancholy as if they did not relish the thought of the inhospitable country over which they had to fly for there is nowhere en route where they could possibly alight. Thousands of birds must have passed over each day 1? was there and when one woke up during the night the birds could still, be heard going over. Apparently there must be at the sources of the Dibang on the Great Snow Range some very convenient passes which the birds make regular use of. By far the bigger valley is that of the Dihang where my headquarters were at that time; but not a sinole goose ever went north by this route. I toured along the foot hills for a hundred miles during several migrating seasons;. but ‘never MISCELLANEOUS . NOTES 765 any where. else did I see even one per cent of the number of birds going north that I saw at Dambuk. In. 1936 i wasuthere from the 11th to the: 13th of January; but the migration had evidently only just started and very few gaggles were seen. On the average only two or three gaggles of 25 to 30 birds each were passing northwards each day I was there. The birds were at too great a height for even a guess at their species. Dambuk is, I should mention, some 25 miles or more from the nearest point where geese are usually found and there is dense jungle between. This migration route appears to be a very old and well established one, for the Abors have a legend that on their northward flight the birds are advancing with war cries to make war on the Musk Deer, whilst when they return they come with shouts of victory after sucessful combat! Unfortunately I have never heen able to see the southward migration. GAUHATI, tena kh SONS. KamRup DISTRICT, Indian Police. ASSAM. October 16, 1938. XXII-—COTTON TEAL (NETTOPUS COROMANDELIANUS). AT NASIK This bird was a single female -(no others were seen) and was shot on Lake Beale, near Ghoti, about 20 miles South West of Nasik, on January 2nd. I regret the skin was not preserved, but a careful examination was made, in comparison with the description and illustration found in Game Birds of India by Stuart-Baker, and there 1s no doubt whatsoever as to the identification. NASIK. GC. GREATS, January 3, 19309. SX —— FISH OR GREATZAGE. (Reprinted from the ‘Field’). Sir;—-With reference to the above article by Mr. T. C. Bridges, in the Field of October 22nd, it is worthy of interest that the majority of modern ichthyologists appear to be of the opinion that ‘centenarian’ carp are non-existent; that, in fact, they never have existed. According to the Fishing Gazette of May 25th, 1935, a German scientist, Professor Rochner, who has studied carp for many years, states that they ‘live twenty-five to thirty years only. The ancient carp of Fontainebleau are a legend . for the ponds there were emptied in 1789, in 1825, and again during the Commune. The monster carp there, 9c centimetres long and 60 in girth, Is only twenty-five years old. In his History of Fishes (pages 425-6), Mr.-J. ie Norman quotes Dr. Regan’s comment that the statements concerning most of the 166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY INATURAL HiSa: SOCIETY ~ Vol. exh. very old carp ‘rest on very unreliable evidence,’ and adds that, ‘although there is good reason for believing that under artificial conditions this fish may attain to a good old age, it is doubtful whether it exceeds fifteen years in a wild state.’ This, I think, aptly sums up the position in the case of carp, since these placid fish take very easily to a domestic life. Both authors are equally sceptical about the alleged great age of certain pike, though Dr. Regan concedes ‘it is probable that fish of sixty or seventy pounds weight are at least as many years old.’ Mr. E. G. Boulenger (Angling, October-December, 1936, page, 7) states that ‘no pike of over fifteen years is definitely recorded’ (my italics). Ireland, as is well known, produces some superb- pike; yet, so far as I am aware, scale readings, where practicable, have not revealed any evidence of notably long-lived individuals. One of the heaviest Scottish pike netted in recent years—a female fish weighing 35 lb., and measuring 4 ft. in length (Loch Ken, 1935), was estimated, from examination of scales, to be eighteen to twenty years old (Fishing Gazette, June 29th, 1935). Unfortunately, numerous discrepancies are to be found between various authors’ accounts of ‘long-lived’ carp and pike. In some cases even the metal of which the marking ring was composed differs in different stories, some writers having that it was brass, others copper, and yet others insisting on gold! Gesner’s marked pike, taken (circa?) 1497, was supposed to have been placed in a lake by the Emperor Frederick II in the year 1230, but, (as) Mia. Norman has pointed out, ‘ they (t.e., other authors) cannot agree as to which of the Fredericks was responsible for marking the fish, or as to the exact locality at which it was finally captured. Its length has been stated to be 19 ft., and its weight five hundred and fifty pounds’ (my italics). Incidentally, it would appear that the Teutonic sense of humour was more pronounced in those times than now; for we read ( I really must apologise to Mr. Norman for quoting him so exten- sively !) that the actual skeleton of this monster pike is said to be preserved in the cathedral at Mannheim, but ‘a celebrated German anatomist’ who studied it during the last century ‘found that the vertebrae in the backbone were too numerous to belong to a single individual—in other words, that the skeleton had been lengthened to fit the story!’ ‘DAVENA,’ PETER MICHAEL, 56, CRANMORE LANE, ALDERSHOT, HAntTs. XXIV.—ON THE NESTING HABITS OF THE GOURAMI. (OSPHRONEMUS GORAMY [LACEPEDE)). The nesting habits of Anabantoids are interesting in that the male constructs a floating nest of air bubbles to the under side of which are attached the eggs deposited by the female. The paternal parental care lasts till the absorption of the yolk in the MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 767 young larvae which after this are capable of leading an independent existence. The spawning habits of Colisa fasciata (Colisa vulgaris) and Osphronemus goramy which are essentially alike have been given by Carbonnier (1876 and 1877). The breeding habits of Macropodus chinensis (M. opercularis) are also apparently the same in view of the reference made by Carbonnier in his paper (Carbonnier, 1876). Waite (1904) has given an account of the breeding habits of the Siamese fighting fish, Betta pugnax Cantor. There is a short note on the breeding habits of B. splendens by Chute (1935). The nesting habit of a South Indian form, Macro- podus cupanus (Polyacanthus cupanus) has been worked out by the present writer (Jones, 1939) and this has been found to be just as in the other Anabantoids. While engaged in going through the literature connected with the breeding habits of the Anabantoids, the author was surprised to find divergent nesting habits attributed to the Gourami by different workers. The observations of Carbonnier (1877) on the nesting habits of this form is in general agreement with that of other Anabantoids. A few extracts from his account are given below. ‘He’ (referring to the male fish) ‘soon commenced in one of the angles of the aquarium the formation of a nest of froth, which in a few hours attained a considerable size—6 to 74 inches in diameter and 4 to 4$ inches in height.’ The life of the bubbles depends on the quantity of mucus contained in them and the fish appears to make a selection of the good bubbles. ‘For this purpose he kept at the surface of the water, turning his back to the nest, and drawing in the outer air, expelled it by degrees in front of him in the form of gaseous bubbles. The badly preserved bubbles burst, and there only remained those the envelop of which possessed suitable consistency; these he then collected and carried into his nest.’ ‘At times the buccal secretion seemed to slacken, and the male could no longer elaborate his globules. He then descended to the bottom of the water to seek for some confervae, which he sucked and chewed for a few moments as if to excite and re- awaken the activity of the mucous membrane.’ With reoard to the behaviour of the male after the egos have been deposited by the female he says ‘A Macropodus or Colisa would not have been embarrassed about collecting the eggs and arranging them in his mouth; and in order to raise them to the surface he made use of a most curious stratagem. He rose to take in an abhundant provision of air; then, descending, he placed himself well below the eggs, and suddenly, by a violent contraction of the muscles of the interior of the mouth and pharynx, he compelled the air - collected there to escape by the gill apertures. This air, infinitely divided by the branchial lamellae and fringes, was, so to speak, pulverized; and the violence of the expulsion was such that it escaped in the form of a regular gaseous powder, which enveloped the eggs and conveyed them to the surface.’ It takes three days for the eggs to hatch out (Temp. 25°C.=77°F.) and the paternal care lasts for about another ten days. About 2,000 to 3,000 eggs are laid at a time, and the fish has the faculty to spawn several times a year, 768 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL “HIST... SOCIETY, Vol. XL The nesting habit of the Gourami as given by other workers is quite different from the one given above. No reference is made of a floating nest consisting of air bubbles. Weber and de Beaufort (1922), say: ‘The eggs are attacHed to water plants or received in a nest, composed of plants.’ Deraniyagala (1929), dealing with the Labyrinthici of Ceylon, says ‘This fish is reported to breed when six months old and builds a bird-like nest of mud and weed, to which the ova are attached. The young according to Indian workers, hatch out after a month and are guarded by the parents.’ Sundara Raj (1931) in a pamphlet issued by the Madras Fisheries Department says, ‘During the breeding season nests are constructed by the fish in the weedy margins of the pond with stems and blades. of grass and aquatic plants (Elodea, Ceratophyllum, Hydrilla, etc.) and in these ‘the eggs are deposited by the female. The male generally guards the nests. The young fry emerge from the eggs in about a fortnight but if the weather is warm, in shorter times.’ In the Fisheries Depart- ment Aquarium at the Madras Beach (Marina) the nest of a Gourami resembling very much the nest of a bird can be found exhibited in a show case. In no other Indian fresh water fish so far as I know a definite nest made of water weeds or grasses is recorded. Apart from the Anabantoids eggs attached to floating mass of air bubbles are not known in any other Indian Fish. In the Ophiocephalids, where we get floating eggs, bubbles of air are absent and the eggs are self-buoyant due to the presence of a large oil globule. Budgett (1901) when dealing with breeding habits of some West African fishes refers to frothy floating egg masses in the case of the Characinid, Sarcodaces odoe. In Gymnarchus niloticus and Heter- otis niloticus, two other West African fresh water fishes, nests made out of water weeds are recorded (Budgett 1gor1). It is evident from the extracts given already that the nesting habits of the Gourami are different according to different workers. It is rather strange that the same species should exhibit such varied habits. We find that the observation of Carbonnier does not differ from the typical nestine habits of the Anahbantoids and therefore one is disposed to consider it as more probable. However this is an interesting problem that requires further investigation. Since writing the above account a few more references con- cerning the nesting habits of the Gourami have come to the notice of the writer and the relevent portions in them are given below. It has not however been possible to consult the works of Dabry de Thiersant! and of General Hardwicke.’ Gilbert has given in this Journal (1894, vol. viii, Part 2, Ppp: 435-8) the following notes on the breeding habits of this form that he observed in an aquarium of about 15 gallon capacity with some ornamental rock work at the bottom consisting of a central curved stone: ‘One morning when I came as usual to look at ‘ La pisciculture et la péche en Chine," 1872, * Zool. Journ., iv, p. 309. a . MISCELLANEOUS NOTES |. 769 my. fish I noticed that some thing unusual had happened; all the fish but one had hidden themselves amongst the weeds and the only. visible fish was truly terrifying spectacle. He had turned a. jet black and his red eyes by contrast, shone like live coals; his fins were all erect, and he was making furious charges at any of the other fish which ventured to show their noses. Presently I espied another black-looking fish quite motionless underneath the rock-work bridge, and then I understood what was taking place. After chasing away all intruders the male came down to the female under the bridge.’ Immediately after they separated the female emitted a stream of 15 or 20 eggs, and to my disgust the pair immediately set to_ work (apparently) to gobble them up. One or two eggs which were caught in the eddies and carried down amongst the rocks were immediately snapped up by the other fish which were hanging around for this purpose. This took place several times and at last I noticed that the pair had frequent mysterious visits to the undersides of the hollow stone, but there was nothing there that I could see.’ The next morning these visits were explained and I then noticed the female frequently rising to the surface and bringine down with her a mouthful of air which she let go against the underside of the bridge until there was a large silvery globule accumulated. The eggs had, it appeared, been plastered to the underside of the rock and she was now supplying them with air.’ Every now and then the globule would overflow and a large bubble would rise to the top; she however kept on brineine down more air with the idea, I suppose, of keepine the supply fresh.’ I have already mentioned that these fish seem capable of actually breathing atmospheric air, but what the eggs should want with air, and compressed air at that, I leave others better versed in fishlore to explain. The eggs could hardly have been less safe had the parents put them on the top of a floating leaf, as one or other had to remain constantly on guard to keep away the other fish.’ Another point struck me, which was the great self-denial exhibited by the pair, and more especially by the male; these eves seemed to be regarded by the other fish as great delicacies, and I could quite imagine a bad husband (and I suppose there are such things amongst fish as amongst other animals) bolting his mouthful “of eggs and explainine the contretemps and excusing himself on the grounds of a sudden inclination to cough.’ Jordan in 1905 in his Guide to the study of Fishes referring to the work of Hardwicke says (p. 166) ‘General Hardwicke tells how the Gouramy (Osphromenus gouramy) in the Mauritius, forms a nest amongst the herbage growing in the shallow water in the sides of tanks’. Here one cannot say for certain what kind of a nest he refers to. ~Sundararaj (1916, Rec. Ind. Mus., xii, p. 281) while dealing with the fresh water fish of Madras after referring to the works of the previous authors on the subject says ‘the nest is of .a nearly spherical form composed of plants, preferably tuft of 4 17 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL “HIST: SOCTETY “Wol. XL peculiar grass (Panicum jumentorum) which grows on the surface of the water, and considerably resembles a bird’s nest in form. It is usually attached to plants or weeds growing at the edge of the pond and the bottom selected is muddy while the depth varies,’ According to Darby de Thiersant in natural surroundings the eggs are attached to water plants. J; Aw Thomson: in his The* New: Natural History, vol. in, sp: 533 says ‘At the breeding season it makes a nearly spherical nest of water grass and the like, and usually fastens it to plants growing at the margin of the Pond. At this time the fish assumes a jet black colour and flashing red eyes, and becomes very pugnacious in defence of the nest. The Gourami 1s one of those fishes that can use dry air gulped in at the surface and a very interesting fact is that every now and then the mother brings down a mouthful of air and discharges it upon the eggs, thus securing their thorough aeration. Here we have a fish puffing air on its eggs! Surely that is experimental.’ On page 536 of the same work, under the photograph of a Gourami he says ‘This malayan fresh water fish, acclimitised in India, the Guianas and Mauritius, is famous for the bubble nest that the male con- structs and guards. It is made of air bubbles entangled in a mucous secretion from the mouth. The fish itself may grow to be two feet long, and is very palatable.’ The two statements are contradictory. Boulenger (Zoo and Aquarium Book, 1932) gives the figure of a bubble nest of Macropodus opercularis (=M. viridiauratus) with the parent guarding the nest and producing fresh bubbles in the place of those lost. It has not been possible for the present writer to observe the nesting habits of the Gourami. Gilbert’s observations tally with those of Carbonnier in that the male makes a bubble nest as all other Anabantoids whose breeding habits are known. It is however difficult to conceive the same species exhibiting two quite different nesting habits even granting conditions are different. Habits like these are derived by instinct and as such it is impossible for them to get changed under different conditions. In the author’s opinion one should consider a bubble nest as the natural and probable one in the Gourami till it is definitely proved to be otherwise. I am. indebted to Mr. S.-H.” Prater and Drs.) ocaaton clearing my doubts, regarding the nomenclature of certain Anabantoids and to Mr. L. de Fonseka of the Colombo Museum Library for sending me certain extracts dealing with the breeding habits of the Gourami. REFERENCES TO LITERATURE. Budgett, J. S.—On the Breeding Habits of West African Fishes, with an Account of the External features in the Development of Protopterus annectans and a Description of the larva of Polypterus lapradei.’ Trans. Zool. Soc. London, xvi, 2 (1901). Carbonnier, M.—‘Nidification of the Indian Rainbow-Fish.’ Ann. Mag. Nat. fHist., vol.. xvii, p. 172 (1876). Idem.—‘The Gourami and its nest.’ Ibid, vol. xix (1877). MISCELLANEOUS NOTES “fess Chute, Walter H.—‘Guide to John G. Shedd Aquarium’ (p. 174) 1935— Michigan. Deraniyagala, P.E.P.—‘The Labyrinthici of Ceylon.’ Cey. Journ. Sci. (Spol. Zeyl.), vol. xv (1929). Jones, S.—On the Breeding Habits and Early Development of Macropodus cupanus (Cuv. et Val., 1939. (Jn course of publication.) Sundara Raj, B.—Osphronemus gouramy. (Madras Fisheries Department— Pamphlet (1931). Waite, E. R.—'The Breeding Habits of the Fighting Fish (Betta pugnax Cantor.).. Rec. Aust; Mus., vols v (1904). Weber & de Beaufort.—‘Fishes of the Indo-Malayan Archipelago’, vol. iv (1922). TRIVANDRUM. S. JONES. [A mistake in the identity of the species concerned probably accounts for the extraordinary divergence in the nesting habits of the Gourami as described by various authors. It is possible that the species whose nesting habits were described by M. Carbonnier (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xix, p. 274, 1877) was aot the true Gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lacépede) but one of the other Anabantoid fishes which habitually constructs a ‘bubble’ nest. Many fishes of this group bear a general resemblance in form and have the same distinctive prolongation of the ventral fin rays into long thread-like appendages, and require for their correct identi- fication a little more than the cursory examination possible through the glass of an aquarium. Further, it should be indicated that the popular name of Gourami has been generally applied not only to tne true Gourami (O. goradmy) but to various Anabantoid fishes of different genera such as Trichogaster, Colisa, Helostoma and Tvrichopsis; some of which, such as Trichogaster trichopterus, and Trichopsis vittatus, were formerly included, with the true Gourami, under the genus Osphronemus. Dr. Kyle (Biology of Fishes) gives the name Gourami to fishes of the genus Tvichoguster and illustrates the bubble nest of Tvichogaster labiosus (=Colisa labiosus Day) which he calls the Thick-lipped Gourami. Colisa labiosa, like the true Gourami, is marked with irregular bands across its sides; only these markings are more vividly coloured —light, blue-green bands alternating with darker bars of orange brown. Another distinctive feature in this species is that the lips of the male are thickened and more prominent than in the female. The true Gourami on the other hand is a sombre coloured fish, its general colour is dark brown with a few irregular whitish bands across the body. Also in this species there is no marked and prominent thickening of the lips in the male. Carbonnier, in his description of the nesting habits, gives no clue to the colouration of the nest builder, he refers however to the ‘brilliant’ colours of the male—a character by no means strikingly apparent in the true Gourami. Further his description of the lips of the male which he says were ‘tumefied in an abnormal fashion’ seem to indicate that the species he was dealing with was not the true Gourami (O. gordémy) but Colisa labiosa Day, formerly known as Trichogaster labiosa, the thick-lipped Gourami, which habitually builds a bubble nest. Gilbert’s description of the nesting habits of the ‘Gourami’ which appeared in the Society’s Journal is probably again a case of mistaken identity. He describes his 772, JOURNAL, BOMBAY. NATURAL... HIST. -SOCIETY, Vol. XL Gourami as ‘jet black with red eyes’ a description which hardly fits the colouring of the true Gourami. Further he expresses surprise that his ‘Gourami’ weighing not more than three or four penny weights should breed. The average weight of the breeding Gouram1 would run into as many pounds and more. The necessity for careful identification of the species in recording breeding habits is made clear. Writers who have subsequently referred to the ‘bubble nest’ of the true Gourami have. probably accepted Carbonnier’s original description. The most recent of these is Innes (Exotic Aquarium Fishes, 1935) who writing of the Gourami (O. gourami) refers to them as ‘bubble nest’ builders and qualifies his. account. by stating that they do not usually breed in aquaria. Which is probably. correct. as the usual, type of aquaria do not provide these fishes with the conditions or the facilities for con- structing the ‘nest’ of reeds which they build for the reception. of the. egss. —Eps. | . ee FRESH WATER FISHES OF NORTH GUJRAT. © This is a list of fishes collected in one season in 1936 from the Sabarmati River and one or two tanks neighbouring Ahmeda- bad. These specimens were originally to form part of an extensive collection from all sources around this city, but owing to unavoidable circumstances, the work was indefinitely postponed. “The fishes collected by the author, together with some other from. Prof. J, J. Asana of the Gujrat College, were submitted to Dr. eo. le ee who very kindly identified ee named them. Each due - @ ences nomenclature prevaleat here) it 1s thought advisable not to include the vernacular synonyms in the present note.- In a future note, it is intended to give these, together with new material; also an attempt will be made to give a short de- scription of the several fishing places which provide for the Ahmeda- bad. market" and information on the economic side of the: Fishing Industry in this part of the Presidency. _ The present collection has been handed over to the Gujrat Natural oy Society for their museum. Wc cemeriee Pe ee ot ee -1.° Mastacembelus pancalus (Ham.). | ti Woe, ae 2. Mastacembelus armatus (Lacep.). NOTOPTERID&. 3. _Notopterus notopterus (Pallas). CyYPRINIDZ. > 4. -Labeo. fimbriatus (Bloch). 5. Labeo-calbasu (Ham.). 6. Labeo dussumieri.(C. & V.). 7. Labeo. potail (Sykes). 8. Labeo boggut (Sykes). MISCELLANEOUS -NOTES — 778 _g. Labeo sp. young specimens. 10. Cirrhino cirrhosa (Bloch). ji. Cirrhina reba (Ham.). 12, Amblypharyngodon mola (Ham.). 13. Barbus sophore (Ham.). 14. Barbus sarana (Ham.). 15. Barbus arulius (Jerdon). 16. Barbus ticto (Ham.). 17. Barbus sp. (Large-scaled Barbell). 18. Barilius bendelisis (Ham.). —19.. Chela clupeoides (Bloch). Wo ao ee ec... 3 BAG. 20. -Mystus cavasius (Ham.).. ea 2iT 5 Wallago a attw- (Bloch). XENENT TODONTID &. 22; Xenentodon cancila (Ham.). _ - QOPHICEPHALIDA. ore Ophicephalus punctatus Bloch. AMBASSIDZ:. 24. Ambassis ranga (Ham.). . GOBIIDA:. 25.. Glossogobius giuris (Ham.). AHMEDABAD, .. .. . . w........ ..- H..G. ACHARYA, - NortH GujRaT,) = oo Saar FZ. September 6, 1938. — aa rs | . XXVI.—A CASE OF POISONING FROM THE BITE OF A SPIDER. In the accompanying parcel I am sending you a large black Tarantula-like Spider. I think it is dead but please be careful when. opening the tin. I did not know one got these creatures in India. My mali was. cutting some low jungle in. the garden yesterday when it. ran up his arm and bit him near the elbow. His arm began to swell immediately and became very painful. The swelling had the appearance of a lump with small blisters beneath the skin, covering an area of some four square inches. -He found it difficult to bend the elbow. after about two hours. After treatment the symptoms subsided-within 24 hours except fora slight stiffness and. soreness. There was ‘no fever. The bite drew 774 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XL blood in one place. Could you very kindly name the spider for me and be so good as to let me know if its occurrence is at all rare. GAUHATI, KamRUP DISTRICT, Re“ E: PARSONS: ASSAM. October: 20, 1988: |The spider referred to by Mr. Parsons is one of the large Mygalomorph spiders, commonly known as ‘Tarantulas’. It has been identified by Dr. Gravely as Cheliobrachys sp. The name Tarantula is derived from Tarentum a town in Italy, and originally was applied to a species of Lycosid or Wolf Spider which is cem- mon in the Mediterranean countries. The term is now generally extended to the large Mygalomorph spiders so widely distributed in the tropics of which a number of genera and species occur in India. The most remarkable of the iden forms are the spiders of the genus Poeicilotheria; great hairy creatures some large enough to cover the span of a man’s hand. Despite their forbidding appear- ance, these spiders do not usually bite except under extreme provo- cation. | \ A\\% A i | v | \> | Ww) q I i } | Hh I f\ ee { Ht \\ | Ai. ay | GSiIGGAGAMIS SGI SUS) v rw | < , Hi\ Z , . r a4 s 4A\ A (| i ) | f NF] } ; is { j | { | viv lt f | i { || { NN | ty IS we J 4 wwe J | 1 aoa) / } / ji i UI \ \ By , > yD yD ) 2) »» '\ \ | ) \ / }\ ] \ N\A ell /i\\ } Si | | A | ) | }\\ AN i | {\ | wd | : f / } ) \ KA Nery NAA J Ly ~ | ] j 14) } \ =f h\ ' Za ) , y \ \ ZI \ \ had | { | ee | i | ih, j= : 7 | | ; f { i KA J Res =] i J} = | | | / | hed ZS ' | ! | 2 | ! | he } { | i\ ] y A 4 w/e S | ey y | }i ] AL Td | IF : } } | Wise Vw \y\ w | Vd \a ed edad ee a = — | I I | = \ | | , ~ : } | h J | | j LA } If | } eae | \ | \ J Ned Nc aA | |\ NGING Nr y) MII : WN) Ms hs ; | wit Nw NN MU | I ) 7 \ Ned Nad Nd Ne 4 Ne INIANZ, INAS WY MA\ | "| | : KAMA JW WAY J Nad Nad Ned Ned JN NM ISGSGSSGYE Ss} | i, | (\ AN fi \_Al\ \ AN | = ‘ | | | fl ? | 7 i yi | z \ A ws ~ A\N | f “ = S s | | | | | | / NF wd} \ ww \e) | | | ] A J} | | : : \ | \ : j / bal | i| o vy y| | 5 tt 7: oe H vy SIS pI AG SN = We Ue ereue WWW GES. 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