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JOURNAL

of the

Straits Branch

of the

Dye 1 Asiatic Society

-.- December, I9I1
ne SINGAPORE:
__-* PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE
| ' 1911. .
we A ,

Table of Contents.

Obituary.

Barretto de Resende’s Account of pialeces by W. Coe
Maxwell zis fess ne nae
Singapore old Straits and New Harbour, ee the Hon. Warren

D. Barnes :

An old Royal Cemetery at Pekan in Pahang, with three
plates, by the Hon. Warren D. Barnes

An old Tombstone in Pahang, with two NTE Be the Hon.
Warren D. Barnes

A Trip to a Source of the Sarawak River and pea one
Mountains, by C. J. Brooks --. : :

The Gymnosperms of the ee: Foun, bs H. N. Ridlet uh
COM.G., F.RS.

Head Pressing amongst the Milanos of Sarawak, with two
plates, by John Hewitt, B.A., and A. HE. Lawrence, ...

A List of the Butterflies of Borneo with Descriptions of New

Species, with one Elyie, Ere dle (Ge me GaSe
JED Geiser Aa se

Page.

69

73

Obituary.

The Society much regrets to have to record the death of one
- of their most valued and promiment members, the Hon’ble Warren
D. Barnes, Colonial Secretary of Hongkong, which took place in
Hongkong on October 28th of this year (1911).

Mr. Barnes, born in 1865, was educated at King’s College
School and Pembroke College Cambridge. He joined the S. S.
Government service in 1888, held various appointments, chiefly in
connection with the Chinese Protectorates in this Colony and the
F. M. S., became Secretary for Chinese Affairs for the S. 8. and
F. M.S. in 1904, Resident of Pahang in 1910, and then left here
early this year on his appointment as Colonial Secretary in
Hongkong.

Mr. Barnes was elected a member of the Society in 1893
when he was still in Penang, and his chief activity in connection
with it was during the years 1908 and 1909 when he was Vice-
President for Singapore, and in 1910, as Vice-President for the
F.M.S. It was due to his initiative and supervision that a
Catalogue of the Society’s Library was compiled and printed in
1909, and he also undertook the laborious task of compiling a most
useful index volume to the Society’s Journal Nos. 1-50.

His own contributions to former Nos. of the Journal are:

A Trip to Gunong Benom, Pahang, No. XXXIX, pp. 1-10
Schmidt’s Sakai and Semang Languages, No. XXXIX,

pp. 38-45
Kern’s Sanskrit Inscriptions, Malay Peninsula, No. XLIX,
pp. 95-101.

His three papers in the present Journal, viz.
‘Singapore Old Straits and New Harbour’”’
“An Old Royal Cemetery at Pekan in Pahang,” and
“ An Old Tombstone in Pahang”
were printed off some weeks before his death.

R. HANITSCH,

Actg. Hon. Secretary.

Barretto de Resende’s Account of Malacca.

By W. GEORGE MAXWELL.

Manuscript No. 197 of the Sloane collection of manuscripts in
the British Museum is Barretto de Resende’s © Livro do Estado da
India Oriental.’ The manuscript, which has not yet been published
or translated, is divided into three parts. The first contains port-
raits of all the Portuguese Viceroys from Franciso de Almeyda, the
first Viceroy, to Dom Miguel de Noronha, the 44th, in A.D. 1634,
with an account of the Government of each Viceroy.

The second part contains © the plans of the fortresses from the
“Cape of Good Hope to the fort Chaul, with a detailed
“description of all that is to be found in the said fortresses,
‘the receipts and expenses of each and everything that concerns
“them.” In this part are a plan and description of the fortress
of Sofala, a map and description of the rivers of Cuama, a
description of the Islands of Angoxa; plans and descriptions of
the fortresses of Mozambique, Mombassa, Curiate,“ Mascate,
Matara, Sibo,$ Borca,$ Soar, Quelba,$ Corfacam, Libidia, MadaS,
Dubo-doba and Mocomlim; a plan of the fortress of Ormus,“ a
‘description of the Congo; plans and descriptions of Bassora*, and
the Island of Baren ; descriptions of Sinde* and the “ Kingdom of
Cacha and Magana;” plans and descriptions of the fortress of Dio,
Suratte, Damas, Samgens, Danu, Trapor, Maim, Agassym, Manora,
Mount Aserim and Bassaym; descriptions of the Fort of Saybana,
the Fort of Corangangens, Tana and its bastions, Mombayon and
Caranya, and plans and descriptions of the mole of Chaul and of
Chaul.*

The third part of the book contains “the plans of all the
“ fortresses from Goa to China with a similar description and
“contains also plans of other fortresses not belonging to the
“ State, they being included as being situated on these coasts and
“being of interest.” In this part are plans and descriptions
of “the lands and forts of Bardes’’,-Goa, Rachol, Salsete, Onor,
Cambolim, Barselor, Mangallor, Cananor, Cunhalle and Cranganor;
a description of Balliporto; plans and descriptions of Cochim,
Conlam, Negapatam, San Thome, © the Dutch town of Palleacate”’,
Pulikat and the Island and Fortress of Manar; a plan of the island
of Ceylon; plans and descriptions of the fortress of Jafnapatam,
Colombo, Calleture, Negumbo, Gualle, Batecalou and. Triquilimale ;

* The accounts of these places will be found (in Portuguese) in the
appendix to the fourth volume of the Hakluyt Society’s Commentaries of Afonso
Dalboquerque.

§ Notes on the plans of these fortresses state that they were demolished
and abandoned as being of no use after the book was written.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 60. I9II

2 BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

a plan of the Maldive Islands; a plan and description of the fortress
of Malacca: plans of the isle and fort of Achem, © the Dutch fortress
of Jacatra’’ (the site of the present city of Batavia ), the Malucco
Islands and the Banda Islands; plans and descriptions of the Solor
Islands and the town of Machao; and plans of the Island of
Formosa and the Island and Province of Manilla. It concludes
with notes on the size and extent of various islands.

The manuscript, which consists of 412 folios, sets forth on its
first page that it was written by “Captain Pedro Barretto de
Resende, Professed Knight of the Order of St. Benedict of Avis”,
native of Pavia, in the year 1646.”

Writing in Kedah, J regret to be unable to obtain any account
of de Resende’s life.

With two or three exceptions the plans are all coloured, and
in addition to them the manuscript contains eight pen and ink
charts signed :—

“Petrus Berthelot primum cosmographicum indicorum imper-
ium faciebat anno domini 1635.”

Berthelot was born in Honfleur in A.D. 1600. He was for
some time a pirate, and then became a barefocted Carmelite monk.
He went to Goa, and in 1629 was appointed first pilot to a Portu-
guese fleet sent to defend Malacca against the attack of the King
of Acheen.

He greatly distinguished himself and was given the appoint-
ment of Cosmographer Royal of the Indies. After this he made
a number of voyages and prepared charts of the coasts he yisited.s
He fell in a massacre, in which the Portuguese anbassador was
also killed, at Acheen on the 27th November 1638.*

It would appear that the date, A.D. 1646, given by de Resende
to his work is that of a year some years after the date of its having
been written. The list of viceroys only goes down to 1638.
Malacca is written of as a Portuguese possession, whereas it had
been surrendered to the Dutch on the 14th January, 1641. There
are notes on some of the plans ( referred to above ) to say that the
fortresses of which plans are given had been demolished and
abandoned “after the book was written.” Lastly Berthelot the
cosmographer was murdered in A.D. 1635, or 1638. The pro-
babilities would therefore appear to be that the account of Malacea
was written at least before 1638.

* A military order of Cistercians in Portugal instituted by King Alphonso I,

in the middle of the twelfth century, to commemorate the capture of Evora
from the Moors.

§ An account of Berthelot will be found in the Manuel de Bibliographie
Normande—Vol I p. 336. (Frére, Paris 1850—1860); cited in the commen-
taries of Afonso Dalboquerque ( Hakluyt Society ) Vol 2—Introduction page
CXXI.

* The date of this Massacre is given in Marsden’s History of Sumatra
(page 362) as 1635. 1638 is perhaps a misprint in the Hakluyt Society’s
yolume,

Jour. Straits Branch

BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 3

Of the plans, charts, and portraits with which Barretto de
Resende’s manuscript is embellished, six have been reproduced in
the Hakluyt Society’s edition of the Commentaries of Afonso
Dalboquerque. They are :—

The map of Arabia in Vol: ky p: 80
The plan of Ormus | 55 jee dll Ue
The portrait of D. Francisco

Dalmeida So HUME Ton aks)
The chart of Goa 55 p. 88
The plan of the fortress

of Malacca arene Loe
The portrait of Diogo Lopes

de Sequeira fe p. 254

Gohindo de Eredia’s account of Malaceca—the Declaracam de
Malaca e India Meridional dated A.D. 1613, and translated into
French by Janssen in A.D. 1882, is the best known Portuguese
work on Malacca, and as a comparison of his account and as
Resende’s account is interesting, give in an appendix a translation
of de Eredia’s first and fifteenth chapters entitled “ Regarding the
city of Malaca”’ and “ Regarding Gunoledam” respectively. I
have translated them from Janssen’s French, and not from the
original Portuguese.

Description of the Fortress of Malacca.

The fortress of Malacca is situated on the east coast of Jun-
tana ~ between the River Panagim * and Muar 2° 20' N. lat.

It was conquered and founded by the great Alfonso de
Albuquerque on the 15th of August 1511. At the present day it
is a city, containing a fortress, and surrounded by a stone and
mortar wall twenty feet high, twelve palms thick at the foot and
seven at the top. |

It contains six bastions, including the breastwork (couraca ),
each one called by the name written on it. All the walls have
parapets, and each bastion occupies a space of twenty paces and
the one named Madre de Deos double that space, so that it can
scarcely be defended and covered by the other bastions. The
circumference of the whole wall is five hundred and twelve paces,
including the space occupied by the bastions. From the _ bastion
de Ospital to that of St. Dominic there is a counterscarp, as also
from that of Sanctiago to Madre de Deos, with a ditch in the
centre, the whole being fourteen palms wide. The bastions contain
forty-one pieces of artillery of twelve to forty-four pounds iron
shot. All are of bronze, with the exception of nine iron pieces, and
there is sufficient powder and ammunition in His Majesty’s
magazines for their supply. Twelve of the big pieces lie unmounted
on the plain, destined for the fort in process of building on the
Ilha das Naos, and some ‘of the remainder are broken.

R. A, Soc., No. 60, I911

folio 383.

folio 383d.

4 BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA,

There are in the town two hundred and fifty married whites *
who would possess two thousand black captives of different races,
all competent to carry arms, of which there is a sufficient supply ;
as rarely is a married man without his supply of lances, and six,
eight or ten muskets or flintlocks, with their aramunition. How-
ever of these two hundred and fifty married white men, one hundred
live on the other side of the river which gives its name to the land
of Malacca.

With regard to the small space within the walls it is almost
entirely covered by three convents, that of St. Paul, St. Dominic
and St. Augustin; and the aforesaid married couples live in straw
huts, ‘ so that there is a great risk of fire. There are in this place
a number of fruit gardens and orchards of varied fruits. A number
of married native Christians live outside Malacca, they are all very
good soldiers, and use all kinds of arms, especially muskets, in the
use.of which they are very skilful. In times of war they are very

ready and active: the majority of them seek a means of livelihood.

They are so hasty, for very little they will run a man through the
belly with a cris, and there is little, if any, cure for the | wound,
since these weapons, apart from being generally poisoned, ° are so
fashioned, in an undulating shape, as to cause great injury: if the
weapon is poisoned, it is only necessary to draw blood to cause
death.

The fort within this town where the Captain resides is five
stories high; the captain lives on the second storey, which is square
like the tower, each wall being twenty paces wide. The other

apartments are set apart for the Captain’s guests, and for storing

ammunition. On the first floor four thousand candys” of rice were
stored, but are no longer there. It is surrounded by a wall of the
same height and thickness as that of the town. The Captain’s
family lives in houses on a level with the second storey of the
tower. The only artillery is that of the bastions already referred
to. The town receives a duty of one per cent applicable to the
works of fortification, of which those of the wall are now being
completed.

The king of the interior of that country where the fortress of
Malacea is situated is the King of Jor’ and Pam, a great friend
of the Portuguese. He is lord of more than one hundred leagues
of coast, but his lands do not extend far inland: at sea he also
possesses a chain of islands situated in this vicinity, the majority
being inhabited. The people are Malays, and profess the creed
of the Moors. They can put twelve thousand men cf arms into the
field; they fight with artillery, muskets, assegays,’ saligas,° or
darts of fire-hardened wood, swords, shields, bows and arrows,
crises beforementioned, and sumpitans’ or very small poisoned
arrows, which they blow through tubes, and if they draw blood
death will ensue. There is no Christain Settlement in their lands.
Up the river beyond Malacca, the married men own many very
fertile orchards, with a great variety of fruit, as the land produces

Jour. Straits Branch

BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA, 5

very good fruit of many kinds, besides all those to be found in
Tndia, and it is remarkable that the town, though nearly below the
line, has a salubrious climate’ and excellent water, the soil being
fertile for any seed that is sown: it rains nearly every day and
night. The married men of Malacca possess many leagues of land,
extending on one side as far as Cape Rachado and on the other to
River Fermozo”™ and also many leagues in the interior, but all
uninhabited with none to cultivate the land, though it is fertile and
would yield much rice. Inland the land borders on that of the
Manameabos, ” Moors of a land called Rindo, ® vassals of the King
of Pam, and, close by live five or six thousand of the same
Manameabo Moors, vassals of His Majesty, under the Government
of a Portuguese married man of Malacca called Tamungam,”™ an
office conferred by the Viceroy. To him they owe obedience and
should one of these Moors die without heirs, the said Tamungam
inherits his property, and if there are heirs he makes an agreement
with them and receives ten per cent upon such goods as he thinks
fit. At the present day a Portuguese holds the office for life.
These Moors cultivate extensive lands by which they maintain
themselves. They especially cultivate the betre.*" They purchase
tin’ from the inhabitants of the interior and bring it to Malacca.
The river of this city, and the port of Malacca is of fresh water and
is a stone’s throw in width. At low tide the bar has a palm and
a half of water, and in conjunction with the fresh water there is
four fingers of water only, which barely covers the mud which
forms the bottom. At high water there is one fathom four palms
of fresh water and five or six palms of salt. At a little distance
from its mouth the river becomes narrower, and is three or four
fathoms deep; and in some parts there is always one fathom
whether at high or low tide. There are many large carnivorous
alligators, for which reason, and because of the mud, it cannot be
forded. Along the river and inland there are many orchards
belonging both to the married Portuguese and the natives: the men
live here with their families cultivating the land to great profit.
There are many tigers” which before they were exorcised by a
bishop were very fierce, but are now less so. All these married
men have their weapons. Half a league up the river a log of wood
is thrown across the water at night, the chain being padlocked to
a sentry-box where stands a Portuguese provided by the city, which
pays him six cruzados” a month. This is to prevent any forbidden
merchandise being smuggled out or in from the large vessels lying
at anchor beyond the Ilha das Naos. For the same reason, order
has been given to build a fort on the said-island, which does not
actually face the city, but lies a little lower down at a distance of
one thousand five hundred paces from it. The channel in between
is small and not navigable to large ships at low tide: the
water is very shallow, and the bottom is of mud. Further out to
sea, lies another sand-bank, and, between it and the island, is a
channel six fathoms deep. The island is nearly the shape of a

RwA; Soc., No. 60, £911.

folio 384.

folio 384).

6 BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

horseshoe, and is sixty bracas in circumference, its length is one
and a half times greater than its width. It contains a mountain
four or five bracas in height.

The fort which is being built here, for the foundations are
already laid, is small, being thirty paces square. It is to be square,
to allow space for the artillery to be separated. Its purpose is to
defend the large vessels which cannot lie under the artillery of the
fortress. As yet only the foundations are laid; the materials are
being gathered together at Malacca so that the whole building may
be finished at once, because if it were built gradually it might fall
into the hands of the enemy and, once occupied by them, it would
be a great danger to Malacca.

The bridge shown in the plan has two abutments, each one
being two and a half bracas in height, and the same in length and
very narrow, so that there is no danger, as has been suggested, of
them affording the means of an attack upon Malacca. The bridge
above them is composed of large strong planks, which can be cut
down when necessary.

Fifty to sixty soldiers are drawn from the garrison every year
to equip a fleet of three, four or five jaleas” to cruise along the
coast. They set sail in May for Pulopinam™ or whatever place is
decided on, to await the ships from Goa, to inform them of the
position of the enemy and to assist in discharging the cargo. In
September they go to Junsalam™ to await those from Negapatam,
St. Thome and also from Goa; and in December they go to the
Straits of Singapore to await those from China and Manila for the
same purpose.

The Captain Major receives an allowance of one hundred
cruzados, but the soldiers and the captains of the jaleas receive
nothing whatever beyond their food; but are quite satisfied. The
captainship of these jaleas is a much sought after and coveted post,
because in the many losses caused to our ships, from all parts,
by the Dutch, the jaleas get the best of the booty: but the worst
is that they do not return it to the owners. This applies especially
to the ships from China, because of the great value of the salvage,
being gold, silks and musk. Neither can it be denied that these
jaleas save many vessels, and much merchandise; but it is very ~
necessary that they should be in the hands of persons very disinter-
ested and conscientious, a virtue rare among soldiers. The sailors
are the chief expense of these jaleas, as they carry over fifty, about
twenty-three being required to take the oars on either side, besides
the two at the helm and stern, the extra men being required to
replace those who may fall sick or become fatigued. Hach sailor
receives one para” of rice, a little over an alqueric,”® per month,
and a cruzado of four hundred and sixty reis the whole time that
they are on board. A jalea is the swiftest vessel at sea, being
about fifty palms long, and four palms deep, and rowed by forty-six
oars. They are of great use in carrying news and relief, and can
evade the enemy; so that the more there are the better service

Jour. Straits Branch

BARRETYTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. a7

they may render. Other vessels are sent out from Malacca with
advices such as bantims,”’ very much smaller than jaleas the only |
expense being, as aforesaid, the sailors, and the provisions for the
soldiers. The latter, who receive their pay on shore at rare
intervals, embark with much good will; because, at times, when
they put in at a certain place such as Pera, and other ports, they
can earn a quartel” from the merchants. They are not discharged
from the fortress when they thus go to sea, neither do they lose
their pay; but, while away from the fortress, they are masters.
But for this no soldier would remain in the fortress for the King’s
pay is very small and the country very dear. Even as it is, it is a
source of wonder that any soldiers are found who will remain
there.

One thing may be said of the married women of this land
which is greatly to their credit; and that is that there is not one
who would ask for any help from her husband towards the expenses
of the home, which really is their support; for they themselves
supply the household money by making eatables which are usually
sold in the streets by their slaves, and their houses take the place
of inns in the town. Their daughters are brought up from child-
hood to the same custom, so that there is no girl who has not her
own fortune put aside in this way in her father’s house; and thus,
as in India, girls are not afraid of their husbands not being able to
support them; for this reason too persons of much merit are
satisfied with a small dowry. This custom has greater effect in
this country than in India.

As regards the merchandise in the fortress of Malacca very
little is of the country, and the greater part is imported. The chief
products of the country are tin, some bezoar stones,” porcupine
quills” and wild agallochium.” <A certain quantity of Japam,®” or
red wood, for dyes, of somewhat less value than that of Brazil,
is brought from the interior. All the southern commodities and
merchandise from China and cloths from Cambay and the Coro-
mandel coast are imported. All the southern tribes were wont to
come here to buy in exchange for other merchandise so that the
commerce was very extensive, and profits no less; but now it is
almost entirely extinct, for never or rarely do any natives come to
Malacca to seek anything: having all they require from the Dutch.
But nevertheless voyages are still undertaken from Malacca to
many parts, China, Manila, and Cochin-China being the principal
points of destination and the less important voyages being to
Patane. As Siam is now at war, communication with Camboja,
Champa and those parts, which would otherwise be very frequent,
is interrupted. The ships bear to the South to avoid the windy
season which in Malacea is from April to end of August.

The merchandise carried to these places is as follows :—
To Patane, **’ stuffs from Cambay and all the Coromandel coast,
according to the stuffs in use, as every southern tribe follows a
different fashion. From Patane, patacas, * some gold, good bezoar

R, A, Soc., No. 60, I91I.

folio 385b.

8 BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

stones, rice, meats, vegetables, black cane sugar, oils, all kinds of
provisions and the best fowls and capons of all the southern lands.

This kingdom of Patane is governed solely by a woman in
accordance with a very ancient custom.” It is “one hundred and
fifty leagues from Malacca along the coast and can be reached
without encountering the northern monsoon, more especially if the
voyage is made in baloons*’ (which resemble ships of war being
wider but not so long, having oars, two masts and two helms called
camudes ) or in Malay galleys (which are smaller than our
panchelois, * and which are really neither galleys nor baloons, but
more closely resemble the latter than the former) and in bantims
of the size of a manchua,*’ which are very swift vessels with oars
and masts. The last are the vessels most in use along the coast of
Malacca; they are manned by Christian Malays of Malacca, who
carry their guns and powder flasks.

The King of Camboja, where there is a church and fathers of
the Society, is very friendly to the Portuguese. There is here a
quantity of very thick angely wood; *’ and very good benzoin ** and
almond milk *? and excellent lac** are brought in, and a quantity
of rice better and cheaper than that of Bengal. The majority of
the inhabitants are Japanese and Chinese Christians of bad
character who have been expelled from Manila by the Spaniards ;
and therefore they are the bitterest of our foes. In this kingdom
there is an abundance of calambac ** and agallochium.” There are
two or three ports on the coast of Champa where the Portuguese
go to trade taking black cattle from China and some gold thread,
which they exchange for black wood much bigger and better than
that of Mozambique. There is here a church and Christian Settle-
ment with a father of the Society.

Beyond lies the kingdom of Cochin China and at the entrance
to its port is situated an island where the fathers of the Society
have a Christian Settlement. It is called Pullo Cambim. Within

the said port, too, the same fathers have a church and a Christian

Settlement.

Besides this island there are two ports in this kingdom
frequented by the Portuguese for commerce. In one resides the
King, and the other is called Turan. The Portuguese had a better
welcome here than anyone else and quantities of stuffs are brought
here. The contract is however now broken through the violence
of the Captain of Malacca and only ships from China go there.
Some calambac, ** an abundance of agallochium,® and a quantity
of copper is obtained from the said kingdom, it is carried there by
Malays and Japanese.

The shortest voyages Taken from Malacca are those to Pam,
a port eighty leagues from Malacca. It belongs to the aforesaid.
king, who is very friendly to the Portuguese and is lord also of
Jor and the maritime islands. Any ships may come to this port
from Malacca without hindrance. They bring stuffs and opium in
exchange for gold dust” of the country and gold coin, bezoar

Jour. Straits Branch

BARRETTO DE RESENDE'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 9

stones, porcupine quills, a quantity of rice, agallochium from the
coast, and also some wares which have been brought here by the
southern natives who will not go to Malacca. In the same land
there are two rivers *° belonging to the same king, where the
Portuguese go to trade in the same merchandise. Facing this
place to the sea lies the small mountainous island of Pulo Timo”
thickly populated by Malays. Pigeons are plentiful, and there is a
certain kind of animal called palandos,* which resembles a deer
and is very good and fat. There are very fine fresh water fish,
rivers of excellent water, and an abundance of figs* and tar.”
The anchorage close in to land is in 25 fathoms.

Port Jor lies inland from Point Romania. It is once again
becoming inhabited,” and many galleys and other vessels are being
built there. There is an abundance of provisions, agallochium
and tar.

On the other side, in the chain of islands called Bintang, lies
the town of Bintang, which is once again inhabited. It is thickly
populated, and has many fortifications for fear of Achem. This
King of Jor and Pam has other inhabited but unimportant islands
in this vicinity.

Here close to the Straits of Singapore, is the port of Bulla,
thickly populated with Malays and frequented to excess by numbers
of merchants from all the southern tribes, who come here to sell
their wares, from which the King of Pam receives great profit.
They come here rather than go to Malacca because of the great
abuses committed by the captains of that fortress, who buy their
merchandise at a price much lower than the current price of the
country and also compel them to accept their money: a thing
which is very usual in all the towns and fortresses of the Portu:
guese State; and which causes as much misery as the Dutch
themselves. To such an extent is the abuse carried that even when
Christians come to these ports of Malacca to trade in certain kinds
of merchandise the captain seizes their wares, assessing them at a
price below their real value and using much abuse: and for this
reason some merckants bring their wares to the customs house at
night time in order to pay duty to the customs official in secret.
All this is the cause of great losses to Malacca.

On the other side of the island on the coast of Sumatra lies
the port of Jambi, on a deep and rapid river, which contains a large
body of water. The Dutch are much welcomed here and have a
factory and a large trade in pepper. Further on, a little distance
from this port, towards Malacca, is the large river Andregy,” where
the Dutch also procure a quantity of pepper. There are other
rivers from which pepper and agallochium are exported, of which
no special mention is made because they are unimportant. The
port of Siaca,” also inhabited by Malays, is close to the Island of
Sabam, which is nearer to Malacca. Here at every new and full
moon great fairs are held where all the merchandise of the south is
sold, gold, precious stones, bezoar stones, agallochium, calambac,

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911.

{0 BARRETYO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

provisions and many other things. From this port up a river which
empties itself opposite Malacca is the Bay of Bencalis,” in Sumatra
on the other side of Malacca where a similar fair is held eyery full
moon, where, besides the aforesaid wares, a Quantity of fresh and
salt. pork is sold, and the roe of shad fish, which they call trubo,
great quantities of which are exported from Malacca to all ports.
Here in the Bay of Benealis is the river das Galles,”’ all of which
is under the dominion of the King of Pam, who has always been
Emperor of the South. The Straits of Singapore, before referred
to, is the place where the Dutch lie in wait for the Portuguese
ships coming from China, Manila, Macassar, and all the Malueco
Archipelago. It has many channels so narrow that in places the
branches of the trees on shore touch the ships; and the currents
are very strong. The water, though deep, is so clear that the fishes
can be seen swimming about in it. Fish is brought by the mer-
chants of the ships from the Saletes, ”” or inhabitants of the Straits,
who live in very swift baloons”*® with their families. They catch
the fish by spearing them in the water, and then sell them. These
Saletes are a wicked people and especially so to the Portuguese.
They are evil-hearted and treacherous, and the best spies the Dutch
possess. Wherever, of the many places in this vicinity, our ships
may be, they immediately inform the Dutch and lead them there;
so that most of our losses are due to them. This is because the
Dutch give a great share of all thus seized. And thus it is very
necessary that our fleets of jaleas** and ships that go to these
straits to wait for the said fleets should make war as much as
possible on these Salletes, and drive them from these parts.

The most important voyages undertaken from Malacea are, as
beforementioned, those to China, all the southern merchandise
being exported there from Malacca, but now nothing but a little
pepper is exported and little, if any, cloves; our trade and the rest
is in the hands of the Dutch, who are lords of the Ilhas de Banda,
from whence they drove out the natives; who wander homeless
throughout the southern lands, waiting some opportunity of revenge
and of regaining their lands. The other exports to China are the
same as those which come from India, and as regards Manila what
is brought from there has also been already stated. It is a law of
Malacca that no boat coming from the region of the said straits,
shall pass without putting in at Malacca and paying duties on all
the cargo, the rate being ten per cent and further two per cent to
the town for the fortification and artillery. And it has happened
that some vessels which have passed without putting in at the
fortress have been supposed to be lost.

There is communivation also between Malacca and Macassar,
au island three hundred leagues west of Malacca, belonging to a
Moorish King who knows the Portuguese tongue very well, and
has many Portuguese in his lands and is very friendly to them.
Stuffs only are taken there in exchange for the merchandise
brought to the place by the southern tribes. The land yields an

Jour. Straits Branch

BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA, 11

abundance of provisions of tortoise shell, and Malacca receives its
chief supplies from. it. All parts of the state are in communication
with this island. It has churches and fathers who administer the
sacraments to the Portuguese residents and visitors. This King
has promised not to receive the Dutch in his lands, but he has
Danish and English residents. When this king and all his people
were heathens, he sent to Malacca for a priest to instruct him in
the Christian creed, which he intended to adopt if it pleased him.
It is said that there was more delay than there should have been
in such an important matter, and that a sailor, a Moor called Lucar,
arrived at the country in the meantime and taught his creed to the
King, who considered it so good that he immediately adopted it.

From Malacca to Pera is a distance of forty leagues of coast
to the east. The King of this place was for many years a vassal of
His Majesty and paid in tribute a large quantity of tin. Three
years ago he refused the tribute saying that only if His Majesty
would deliver him from the King of Achem he would be His
Majesty’s vassal and pay tribute. He said that the numerous fleets
from Achem, which throng these seas, frequently attacked his lands
devastating them and taking the people captive. He well knew,
he said, how much more important it was to be His Mayjesty’s
vassal than to be vassal of the King of Achem. He said that he
had no power however to resist the tyrant and his great forces, and
that if His Majesty did not supply the means, he himself must seek
a remedy in his own kingdom by becoming a vassal of the King of
Achem, and paying to him the tribute he formerly paid to His
Majesty. In spite of this, he was abie to resist our fleet when it
was sent chastise him.

There are great tin mines in his kingdom, the metal of which
we hhave already spoken, and thus five or six quintals”’ of tin are
yearly extracted from them. The greater part of it formerly came
to Malacea, but now not a third part is sent there. The rest is
taken by the Dutch to Achem, and thence they carry it to India
with great profit.

The factory possessed by the Captain of Malacca at Pera was
one which at one time yielded greater profit than any other. But
now it yields nothing, and for this and other reasons the. fortress
has become so ruined that in the year 1633 no one could be found
willing to fill the post of captain; and a captain was appointed and
sent by the viceroy.

a)

NOTES.

A corruption of the Malay words wong, end, and tanah, land—
literally ““land’s end’: it is the name applied to the lower part
of the Malay Peninsula. Ujontana or Ujantana are the more
common forms in the Portuguese accounts: thus de Barros (in
A. D. 1552) writes, ““ you must know that Ujantana is the most

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911.

folio 3860.

iL, Juntana.

2. Panagim,.

3. ‘* Married
Whites. ”’

6. Candy.

(pond Krone

i2 BARREtTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OR MALACCA.

southerly, and the most easterly point of the main land of the
Malacca coast which from this point turns North in the diree-
tion of the Kingdon of Siam.”’

Godinho de Eredia in his Declaracam de Matnees e India Meri-
dional invariably wrote it Ujontana, thus VJONTANA—-which
Janssen, in his French translation has rendered throughout as
Viontana. Pinto (A. D. 1614) has Jantana.

Marsden in his ‘‘ History of Sumatra” (p. 345) writes of the “ King
of Oojong Tana (formerly of Bintang)”’ and is obviously refer-
ring to the ruler of Johore.

The map in the M. S. shows this to be the Linggi River—Godinho

- de Eredia also gives the northern and southern boundaries of
Malacca as the Panagim and the Muar Rivers.

The Portuguese “married man” formed a distinct class in
Portuguese. There was the governing class, whose duty it
was to administer the settlement, the military class whose duty
it was to defend it, and the “ married man” whose duty—like
that of the colonists of early Greece, it was to populate it. The
Malacca Portuguese of the present day are the descendents of
the married men. Godinho de Eredia says © in the interior of
this fortress there are, exclusive of the garrison, three hundred
married men with their families. ”’

Straw huts: in other words, atap houses.

Poisoned weapons were used with considerable success in the
defence of Malacca against Albuquerque. The Commentaries
after referring to the © blowing tubes with poisoned arrows ’”’
(which nowadays are used only by the aborigines) say :—

‘Of the men struck by the poisoned arrows on the first
day, none escaped but one Fernao Gomez de Lemso, who was
burned with a red hot iron directly he was struck so that
ultimately God spared his life.”

Poisoned chevaux de frise—the Malay ranjaus, sharpened
stakes stuck point upwards in the ground, are referred to in
Albuquerque’s account of the fighting on the second day of
the defence of Malacca.

A weight used in South India: it varies (as do all weights and

-measures) in different places, but may be put at 500 pounds.

Yule and Burnell’s Glossary coutains the following :—

_ “The word is Mahratta Khandi, written in Tamil and
Malayalam Kandi. The Portuguese write it Candil.”

Among the passages quoted in the Glossary is this one
from van Linschoten (A.D. 1598) : “ candil is little more or less
than 14 bushels wherewith they measure Rice, Corn, and all
grain.’

Whitaker's Almanack gives among the Indian weights :—1 candy
= 500 lb.

Johore. (Although the “papers upon Malay subjects” published
by direction of the Federated Malay States Government have
adopted the spelling—-Johor, I venture to take this opportunity

Jour. Straits Branch

BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S. ACCOUNT OF MALACUA. RS

of recording that instructions for the adoption of the spelling—
Johore—were issued by the Government of the Straits Settle-
ments in Government Gazette Notification No 377 of 1899.)

Pahang. Pam is the form in which the name is most commonly
found. Purchas in His Pilgrimes has variations Paam and Pan.

A throwing spear. It would appear that the Portuguese found this
word in use in South Africa, and applied it generally through-
out the east. (Yule gives its derivation as the Berber word
zaghaya with the Arabic article prefixed, and adds an interest-
ing list of quotations of its use by early travellers). Godinho
de Eredia in his account of the “army” of Malacca also writes
of the assegay.

The author’s equivalent © darts of fire-hardened wood ”’ is correct.

The word is Malay—seligz. Malay boys generally make the head of
a seligz of bamboo, out to a razor-edge in the shape of a _ spear-
head, and use it for spearing pelandok and napu. In the days
when the Malacca Malays used poisoned weapons, a_ seligi
was of course as dangerous as any spear.

Both in Malay and in Javanese, the bow is called panah, and the
arrow the bow’s child”. The use of these weapons, which
is unknown to the Malays of the Southern end of the Peninsula,
would appear to have been borrowed from the people who
thronged there in the days, immediately before its capture by
Albuquerque, when it was the meeting place of the trade of
the Indian and the Pacific Oceans.

The sumpitan (sumpit—to blow) is the tube, and not the dart which
is known as the “anak sumpitan.”” It is still the principal
weapon of the aborigines.

Godinho de Eredia writes thus of the climate of Malacca:

* The air in this region of Malacca is very fresh and very
healthy ; the opposite of what had been thought by the ancients,
notably Aristotle and Ptolemeus who affirm that the part of the
world between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn is very hot
and burning, and that the atmosphere there is torrid. This land
of Ujontana is truly the freshest and the most agreeable in the
world. The air there is healthy and vivifying; well suited for
keeping the human body in good health, being at the same
time hot and moist. Neither the heat nor the humidity are
however excessive: for the heat is tempered by, and counter-
acts the humidity which results from the rains which in this
region are frequent throughout the year, especially at the
changes of the monsoon.”

This description, doubtless, savours of hyperbole, but as
the early Chinese travellers condemned the climate of Malacca
as unwholesome,’ and as this condemnation is repeated in
Whiteway’s © Rise of the Portuguese Power in India ”’ (page’ 5)
it is well to record a more favourable opinion.

The Batu Pahat river was known to the Portuguese as Rio Fermozo.
(Crawfurd’s Descriptive Dictionary: Article Malacca). Captain

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911,

8. Pam.

9. Assegay,

10. Saligas.

11. Bows and
Arrows

12. Sumpitan

13. Climate
of Malacca.

14. River
Fermozo.

15. Bounda-
ries of
Malacca.

16. Rindo.

17. Tamung-
am.

18. Betre.

19. Tin,

20. Tigers.

21. Cruzado.

92. Jalea.

14 BARRETTO DE RESENDE’s ACCOUNT OF MALACCA,

Sherard Osborn in a map of the Malay Peninsula in his book
‘“Quedah”’ (A.D. 1838) shows a Mount Formosa south of
Malacca. A Formosa bark is shewn at the mouth of the Batu
Pahat river in this Society’s map of the Peninsula dated 1898.

The boundaries are given in their proper order: North, East and
South. “The land of the Menameabos”’ (i. e. Menangkabau men)
is Rembau, one of the Negri Sembilan on the North. “ Rindo”’
is the district washed by the Endau river, which flows into
the sea on the East coast of the Peninsula, and forms the
boundary between Johore and Pahang. Tamungam (i.e.
Temenggong) is Johore.

Endau. Vide supra.

Johore was governed by a Temenggong subject to the Sultan of Dai,
and Pahang was governed by a Bendahara also subject to the
Sultan of Dai. The Malay expression is Baginda di Daa,
Temenggong di Johore, Bendahara di Pahang.

This is the Portuguese form of the word we generally write as betel.

The native name (Malayalam) for betel-leaf is vettila (the para or
simple leaf).

Garcia de Orta (Goa 1563) writes thus in his colloquies:

“We call it betre, because the first land known by the
Portuguese was Malabar............... all the names that occur,
which are not Portuguese are Malabar, like betre.”’

Tin is mentioned in a Chinese account of Malacca dated A.D. 1416.
It is thus translated by Groeneveldt. (Miscellaneous Papers
relating to Indo-China. Second Series Vol. I page 244.)

‘Tin is found in two places of the mountains, and the king
has appointed officers to control the mines. People are sent to
wash it, and after it has been melted, it is cast into small blocks
weighing one cati eight taels or one cati four taels official
weight: ten pieces are bound together with rattan and form a
small bundle, whilst forty pieces make a large bundle. In all
their trading transactions they use these pieces of tin instead
of money.”

A fuller account of the exorcition of these tigers by the bishop is
eiven by Gordinho de Eiredia in a chapter of which a transla-
tion is given in the appendix.

The tigers of Malacca had long been famous. In the Ying-yai
Sheng Lan” (A.D. 1416) there is mention of a “kind of tiger
which assumes a human shape, comes into the town and goes

among the people.’ The commentary gravely adds that
“when it recognized it is caught and killed.”’ The Malay

superstitious regarding were tigers are too well-known to require
repetition here.

A silver coin (formerly gold) now equivalent to 480 reis, or about
two shillings of English money. It was worth much more
relatively in the seventeenth century.

A kind of galley much used by the Portuguese. It carried a
number of fighting men.

Jour. Straits Branch

BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. jus)

There is the following mention of a jalea in the Storia do Mogor

(Vol. I page 370.)

eilhe kine of Arakan...2.....5.......0..:. sent him back to
his father with a number of boats called jalzas, which are small
galleys commanded by Portuguese subjects of the said King.”
The word is connected with “ galley’ and with “‘jolly-boat:”’
see the very interesting article “ Gallevat’’ in Yule and Burnell.

Penang. Lancaster’s visit in the “ Edward Bonaventure”’ in 1592
is, | believe, the first recorded landing in Penang, but the
present account would make it appear probable that the
Portuguese scouting galleys called at the island before his time.
May is the month ir which the South-West monsoon sets in,
bringing the sailing boats from India. In December the North-
East monsoon, which brings the Chinese trade down to
Singapore, is in full force.

Junk-Ceylon. The corruption of Ujong Salang, (see article Junk-

Ceylon in Yule and Burnell). It is now better known as
Tongkah. In September or Oxztober, the fair weather, along
the West coast of the Peninsula, begins with the breaking of
the North-Kast monsoon.

I do not know this word. In the connection in which it is used it
does not appear to have anything to do with ‘bahar’ or
‘bhara.’

An alquerie is said by Vieyra (quoted in Albuquerque (Hakluyt)
Vol. IV, page 88) to be the equivalent of “one peck, three
quarts and one pint of English measure.”

Godinho de Eredia deseribes a bantim as being a kind of skiff, a
smaller vessel than a jalea, carrying oars and masts, and rud-
ders on both sides, and as being used for sea-fights. Wilkin-
son’s Dictionary gives banting as a native sailing boat with two
masts. Crawfurd leaves it as ‘a kind of boat.” Wan Eysinga
in his Malay-Dutch dictionary has bantieng, soort van boot
met twee masten.

No book of reference, to which I have access, gives this word.

Coneretions found in the stomachs of certain animals and supposed
to have marvellous antidotal virtues. The Portuguese gener-
ally called them pedra di porco, but in Borneo they are, I
believe, most often found in a species of monkey, and in Pahang
in poreupines. Pahang is still famed for its porcupines’ bezoar
stones. ;

The reference would tend to show that the bezoar stones referred to
immediately above were probably those of porcupines.

Eagle-wood, or kayu gharu: see the article eagle-wood in Yule and
Burnell.

Sappan-wood or Brazil-wood.
nell.

Patani was from its position on the east coast of the peninsula a
very important trading centre, and when the East India Com-
pany issued instructions to its agent in the east in 1614 (circa)

R, A.!Soc., No. 60, 1911,

See both articles in Yule and Bur-

23. Pulo-
pinam.

94. Junsal-
am.

Pe arar

26. Alquerie.

27. Bantim.

28. Quartel.

. Bezoar
stones.

30. Porcu-
pine quills.

31. Agallochi
-um.

32. Japam-
wood.

33. Patani.

34. Patacas.

35. Queen of
Patani.

36. Baloons.

37. Camudes.

38. Panchel-
loi.

39. Manchua.

40. Angely.

41. Benzoin.

42. Almond
Milk.
AS}, JORKOs

44, Calam-
bac.

45. Pahang.
Gold.

16 BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

[vide an article in Journal No 54,| it selected, as the four prin-
cipal stations, Surat on the west coast of India, Coromandel
on the east coast of India, Bantam in Java, and Patani in the
Malay Peninsula. “The command of him at Patani was to
stretch over Siam, Cambodia, Cochin-China, Japan and Borneo ;
and the places thereabouts. ”’

Water-melons: see the article pataca in Yule and Burnell.

There are very interesting accounts of the queen of Patani and of
the custom of the country in the ° Calendar of State
Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China and Japan”
Volume I.

Godinho de Eredia has the following account :—

“The vessels used by the inhabitants of Ujontona are not great.
They have balos, vessels used for freight, with oars and carry-
ing sails like those of a frigate. The body of the boat is of
hard wood, and the frame is made of branches of the nypeira
palm and of canes laced together to keep out the water. They
have one or two masts, and the ropes are made of rattans
The sails are made of a kind of palm known as Pongo. At the
stern are two rudders one on each side.”’

De la Loubere (Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Siam A. D.
1888) gives a long account of the © balous”’ of Siam, (page 41)
and has four engravings of highly ornamental and elaborately
carvel barges, with lofty poops and bows, used by the king
and by high officials on state occasions. I venture to think
that the derivation which Yule and Burnell suggest for tor this
word in their article “ Baloon”’ is incorrect, and that the pro-
bable derivation is from the word ballam, or vallam, used for
dug-out canoes in Ceylon. See Emerson Tennant’s Ceylon
Vol. II Page 549.

The Malay word kamud1, a rudder.

I do not know this word.

Manii is the Malayalam word for a large cargo boat with a single
mast and a.square sail much used on the Malabar coast. The
Portuguese made manchua out of the word.

Perhaps another form of the word agila, i.e. eagle wood—vide Note
31 supra.

Or benjamin: kemennyen; the resin of the styrasa benzown: for a
derivation of the word, and an account of the resin, see the
article in Yule and Burnell. See also the article in Crawfurd.

I do not know what this may be.

The resinous incrustation produced on certain trees by their
puncture by the lac insect [coccus lacca.| For an interesting
account of this resin, and of stick-lac, seed-lac, and lacquer,
see the article lac in Yule and Burnell.

Eagle-wood—See the article Calambac in Crawfurd.

The “gold mountains”’ of Pahang, i.e., the land in Ulu Pahang, are
mentioned in the history of the ming dynasty. (Vide Groene-
yeldt p. 256,)

Jour. Straits Branch

BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. Lid

The two rivers are probably the Rompin on the South, and the
Kuantan on the North.

Pulau Tioman, off the Pahang Coast. It belongs to the State of
Pahang.

Pelandok; the mouse-deer, or chevrotain (tragulus javanicus.)

Plantains or bananas (musa paradisaica) ‘the fig of Paradise’”’ or
sometimes the apple of Paradise.’ The Portuguese always
called the plantain ~ the Indian fig,” and in the West Indies the
common small variety of plantain is still called a fig.

i.e., damar.

Johore was repeatedly ravaged by the Achinese during their succes-
sive attacks upon Malacca, of which the last took place in A.D.
1628, when the Achinese fleet was practically annihilated in
Malacea harbour by the Portuguese.

An insight into the meaning of de Resende’s grim expression that
Johore was once again becoming inhabited” is afforded in
Marsden’s History of Sumatra (p. 364) where there is the
following passage regarding the King of Acheen.

“ The disposition of this monarch was cruel and sanguinary.........,
The whole territory of Acheen was almost depopulated by
wars, executions and oppression. The King endeavoured to
repeople the country by his conquests. Having ravaged the

- Kingdoms of Johor, Paham, Queda, Pera and Delhy, he trans-
ported the inhabitants from those places to Acheen to the
number of twenty two thousand persons. But this barbarous
policy did not produce the effect he hoped; for the unhappy
people being brought naked to his dominions and not allowed
any kind of maintenance on their arrival, died of hunger in
the streets.”’

Indragiri.

Siak.

I am afraid that I cannot follow this account. The Siak river
empties itself into the Straits opposite Bencalis Island. It is
difficult to understand what the other river is (unless it is the
Kampar) and what island Sabam is.

The terwbok fish : clupea kanagurta. This excellent fish, which is
like a herring in taste, is common on the Kedah coast, but
practically unknown in the Penang market. The dried roes are
however commonly used throughout the Straits as a sambal
with curry. For a full account of the fish and of the industry
connected with its capture, see Crawfurd (article Trubo) where
several references to early travellers are given.

I cannot indentify this river.

These are the celebrated “orang laut,’ or Sea-Sakies”’ of the
Malay Peninsula, of whom the boys that dive off the mail
steamers at Tanjong Pagar are the descendants. A few still
survive at Jugra, in Selangor, and in places along the Pahang
coast. There are considerable numbers of them along the
coast near, and north of Tongkah.

RD

R. A. Soc., No. 60, I9II.

46. Pahang
Rivers.
47. Pulo
Timao.
48. Palando.
49. Figs.

Ose ar:
51. Johore.

52. Andregy.
53. Siaca.
54. Benealis.

Na, Abra wY ave).

56. das
Galles.
57. Saletes.

58. Quintal.

18 BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

Godinho de Eredia gives this account of them: ~ Before the found-
ing of the town of Malacca, the place was inhabited by Saletes,
a race of fishermen, who settled themselves under the shade
of the Malacca trees there. They used pointed javelins called
Saligi and pursued fishes with such address that they could
transfix fishes in the depths of the sea, and they used no other
weapon. They were a wild, cannibal race.’

Most of the early travellers have interesting accounts of this extra-
ordinary people. See the article “ orang-laut”’ in Crawfurd.

Saletes is the Portuguese name for these people. It is a corruption
of ‘orang selat,”’ selat being a Strait, and used then, as now,
with particular reference to the Straits of Singapore.

In the Metric system, a quintal (or cental) is one hundred kilograms,
and according to Whitaker’s Almanack the equivalent of 1.968
ewt. Inold tables of weights and measures, a quintal, or
cental, Avoirdupois, is shewn as being a hundred pounds.

The following is a table of weights:

1 quintal — 4 arrabas
1 arrabo = 32 arratels
1 arratel = 9 marcos
1 marco = 8 oncas.
APPENDIX.

A translation of Chapters I. and XV. of Gardinho de Eredia’s
‘‘Declaracam de Malaca.”

Regarding the City of Malacca.

Malacea is a word which means Mirobolan or Monbain, the
fruit of a tree which grows on the banks of the Aerlele, ( Ayer
Leleh ), a stream which flows from the slopes of Bukit China to
the sea, on the coast of Ujontana. It was on the banks of this
stream, on the South East side, that Permicuri, the first monarch
of the Malays, founded the town of Malacca, which to-day is so
well-known throughout the world.

It is situated in 2. 12’ of north latitude, in the torrid zone:
and the longest day consists of 12 hours 6 minutes. Ptolemy
makes no mention of Malacca, which is modern and was given to
it by the monarch above mentioned, who founded the town, in the
year 1411, in the time of Pope John XXIV. when King John II.
reigned in Castille and King John I. in Portugal.

Before the founding of Malacea, the Saletes, a tribe of fisher-
men, congregated in this place, in the shade of the trees which bear
the mirobolans. These fishermen used pointed javelins called
‘soliques,” i.e. seligi, and threw them with such skill that they
could transfix fishes at the bottom of the sea. They employed no
other implements of fishing. They were inhabitants of the coast of
Ujontana, in the southern sea, and a wild and cannibal race.

Jour. Straits Branch

BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA, 1°

An old and very narrow isthmus started from the point of
Tanjon-Tuan, now called Caborachado (Cape Rachado) and crossed
to meet another pcint called Tanjon-Balvala, on the coast of
Samatta, or, by corruption, Samattra (Sumatra).

It was by this isthmus, which extended between two seas, one
lying on the North and the other on the South, that the natives
from the main land of Ujontana crossed over to Samatta.

This name of Samatta means Peninsula, or Chersonese; and
it is this peninsula that Ptolemy mentions under the name of the
Golden Chersonese. We shall have occasion to return to this
further on.

Permicuri chose this place because he considered it capable
of being placed in a state of defence. This monarch had to protect
himself from the ruler of Pam (Pahang), a territory in the interior
of Ujontana.

This ruler made occasional armed attacks upon Permicuri, for
he sought vengeance for an act of treachery, of which Permicuri had
been guilty towards a relative of his, the “ Xabandes’”’ (Shahbandar)
of Singapore, whom Permicuri had assassinated in spite of the
proofs of friendship he had received from him, at the time when
Permicuri pursued by his father-in-law, the old Emperor of Java,
had sought a refuge in Singapore.

Permicuri therefore fortified himself on the crest of the hill,
in a strong position where he was free from the fear of being taken
by his enemy. MHe evinced great energy and zeal in enlarging his
territory, which he extended beyond the river Aerlele; and he
developed his new State by encouraging commerce and traffic with
the surrounding tribes, who all came to Malacca to fish for the
“ Saveis”’, a kind of shad, whose eggs placed in brine formed a
much sought-after dish. Later, when the port had become
frequented, the merchants of Coromandel, chiefly the Chelis (Chulia
i.e. Klings) came over with stuffs and clothing; and they thus
attracted thither the inhabitants of the surrounding islands, who
helped to populate and to bring custom to the port, by bringing
merchandise and exchanging their gold and spices for the stuffs of
Coromandel.

This is the origin of the wealth of Malacca, which became one
of the richest and most opulent States in the world. At this period
the natives were possessed of much ingot gold, and the prosperity
of the country continued under the reign of Permicuri’s successors
who were Xaquemdarxa, (Iskandar Shah) the Sultan Medafarxa,
the Sultan Marsusel, the Sultan Alaudim (Ala-ed-Din) and lastly
the Sultan Mohameth (Mahmud) who was conquered by Afonso
d’ Albuquerque, who captured the whole country, a little more than
a hundred years after its foundation, on the 15th of August, 1511.

After conquering Malacca, the invincible Captain constructed a
stone fortress at the foot of the hill on the sea-shore, to the South-
East of the mouth of the river, where the Sultan Mohameth had
built the palaces where he had kept the treasures with which he

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911

2© BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA,

escaped after crossing the river, and taking refuge in the interior of
the country. Mohameth, after passing through the country of
Pam, intrenched himself at Bentam, whence he proposed to make
expeditions against Malacca. But Albuquerque had by this time
finished the work of fortification of this<town; his commanding
position, his artillery and his powerful garrison made him the terror
of the Malays and always maintained the authority and honour of
the Crown of Portugal. Malacca was victorious in repelling
numerous attacks by Malay Kings and other neighbouring rulers.

The fortress forms a square each side of which measures 20
yards, it is 80 yards high (sic), and is protected on the east by walls
built of stone and plaster; and in the interior there is a spring of
water. In time of war or disturbance the inhabitants can be given
shelter and provision there. The castle, or the tower, is as high
as the hills. It was not built on the hill because it was preferable
to place it lower down, in the sea itself, to ensure re-victualling in
ease of war. When this had been done, wooden walls were erected
around the groups of Malay dwellings.

Two walls, built of stcne covered with plaster, started from
the angle formed by the sea to the west in two lines: they followed
the shore and turned at right angles when they reached the height
of the ground where the hospitals and the Brotherhood of Merey
were built; and thence the two lines turned, the one to the North
for a distance of 260 yards as far as the angle of the rampart of
St. Peter, at the mouth of the river opposite the castle, and the
other to the East for a distance of 150 yards at the turn of the
coast by the gate and rampart of St. James. Another wall, which
was built at the same time, extended from the rampart of St. Peter
as far as the gateway of the Alfandega, and thence, for a distance
of 300 yards, followed the river to the North East as far as the
acute angle formed by the rampart of St. Dominic. From the
gateway here, a wooden wall extended to the South East, for a
distance of 200 yards, to the obtuse angle at the end of the Avenue
of the Mother of God. Another wooden wall extended from the
gateway of St. Anthony for a distance of 200 yards towards the
South East beyond the rampart of the Virgins as far as another
gateway on the rampart St. James. The total length of the walls
was thus 1310 yards of five palms to the yard. In later days the
architect in chief, Joao Baptista, by order of the King, prepared
amended plans of the fortress. He made a new and enlarged plan
of the walls in the South and in the waste land which stretches
from the rampart of St. James to that of St. Dominic. His idea

was to build new walls of stone and plaster instead of the wooden

palisades, but his project was never carried out. Although there
were four gateways pierced in the walls, two only, that of the
Alfandega and that of St. Anthony, were generally used, and were
open for ordinary traffic. In the interior of the enclosed area are
the Castle, the Governor’s Palace, the Bishop’s Palace, the State
Council Hall, the Hall of the Brotherhood of Merey, five Chur-

Jour. Straits Branch

—_—_

BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 21

ches—our Lady of the Assumption, the Cathedral with the chapter
and episcopal throne, our Lady of the Visitation and of Mercy, our
Lady of the Annuciation (in the College of the Company of Jesus,
at the very crest of the hill), the Church of St. Dominic in the
Convent of the Dominicans and the Church of St. Anthony in the
Convent St. Augustine—and two hospitals.

Outside the walls are three suburbs, the first is that of Upe
(Upeh) on the other side of the river; the second is that of Yler
(Hilir) on Tanjonpacer (Tanjong Pasir) on this side of the river;
the third, that of Sabba, lies along the bank of the river. Of
these three, the principal one is Upe. It is also called the
“Tranqueira’’ or the “ Palisade,’ because of the palisade, or
wooden wall, which has been built there parallel with the bank.
It is 1400 yards from the mouth of the river. From its extremity
a wooden wall extends 120 yards to the East towards the gate of
the palisade as far as the “ Wooden Cavalier.” Thence, following
an obtuse angle, another wooden wall stretches across the marshy
and muddy ground of the interior, as far as the gate of Campon
China which touches the river. In this way, the suburb of Upe,
with its country houses and gardens, is well protected from the
attacks of the © Saletes.”’ Nevertheless, when preparations ave
being made for war, this suburb is entirely depopulated and dis-
mantled, its whole population taking refuge in the castle within
the walls.

This suburb is divided into two parishes; St. Thomas and
St. Stephen. The parish of St. Thomas is called Campon Chelim
(Kampong Kling) ; it stretches along the bank of the river, from
the Javanese Bazaar towards the North West and ends at the
stone rampart. In this part live the Chelis of Coromandel who
must be the Chalinges”’ of which Pliny writes in Chapter XVII.
of Book VI. ;

The other parish, St. Stephen, is called Campon China and
stretches from the strand of the Javanese Bazaar, for a distance
of 800 yards, along the river side to the wooden wall of the palis-
ade at the mouth of the river, and extends, beyond the swampy
part of the river, to the plantations of Nypeiras (Nipahs) and of
“Brava” palms which grow beside on the brook called “ Parit
China.” In this part of Campon China live the “ Chincheos’’
descendants of the “Tocharos” of Pliny, foreign merchants and
natives occupied in fishing. The two parishes of St. Thomas and
St. Stephen contain 2500 Christians, men, women, and children,
beside the other heathen inhabitants. The houses are all built of
timber and are covered with tiles to preserve them from the risk
of fire. Stone buildings are, for reasons of defence in case of war,
not allowed. At the mouth of the river, on the terrace of the
Alfandega, there is a stone bridge on which a sentry mounts guard
at night. On the bank, at the place called the Javanese Bazaar,
at the entrance to the river, are sold the victuals, rice and grain
which the Javanese merchants bring daily in their sailing boats,

R. A. Soc., No. 60, T91I,

22 BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA.

The second suburb, that of Yler, is situated on the other side
of the river towards the South East, and through it wooden huts
covered with thatch (atap) extend for ‘a distance of 1200 yards
from the river Aerlele towards the fields of Tanjonpacer, when
there is a © banjacal”’ or guard-house which is its only defence.
In this suburb there is a parish Church dedicated to our Lady
of Pity, which serves a parish of 1300 Christians, without counting
the heathen.

From the Aerlele river, or stream, another row of wooden
dwellings stretches eastward for 1000 yards as far as the well of
Bukit China, which supplies excellent water springing from the
foot of the hill, on whose summit rises the Chureh of the Mother
of God and the Convent of the Capuchins of St. Francisco.

Further to the North there is another hill called Bukit Piatto,
and all round there are fields and swamps as far as Bukit Pipi, and
Tanjonpacer to the South East and South.

The last suburb, that of Suppa, extends from the moat of the
rampart St. Dominic. Its houses are made of wood and built on
piles, right in the middle of the water. This ground, being swampy
and damp, is well suited to the calling of the fishermen who live in
this suburb; they tie up their boats and fishing nets along side their
houses, and float in the water the timber and forest produce of the
interior of the country in which they deal. In this suburb is the
parish Chureh of St. Laurence which serves a population of 1400
Christians and other very numerous natives who live in the swampy
eround where the ° Nypeiras”’ or © Brava’”’ palms, from which they
distil the nypa wine, grow. JBesides these three parishes extra
muros there are three parishes in the interior of the country; St.
Lazarus, Our Lady of Guadeloupe, and Our Lady of Hope. They
are situated on the bank of the river and contain a population of
9200 Christians and heathen natives or vassals who live inland in
farms where they raise cattle and farmyard animals. In the eight
parishes alone in the jurisdiction of Malacca the Christian popula-
tion reaches 7400 souls, without counting the heathen and the
vassal natives.

The State is administrated by a Governor elected for three
years, by a bishop and by other dignitaries of the episcopal see
assisted by City Magistrates organised in the same manner as the
Tribunal of Evora of the Fathers of Mercy, and by royal delegates
for the financial and judicial departments.

The State further supports mendicant orders, a Convent of the
Company of Jesus with its schools and colleges, the convents of the
order of St. Dominic and of St. Augustine, capuchin monks of
St. Francis, and ministers of the Christian religion. Inside the
fortress live, besides the garrison for its defence, 300 married Portu-
guese with their families. There are in all four religious houses,
eight parishes, fourteen churches, two chapels of the Hospitalers,
and some hermitages and oratories.

Jour. Straits Branch

BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA, 223

Regarding Gunoledam (Gunong Ledang’,, or Mount Ophir.)

The mountain of Gunoledam, like Mount Atlas, where sybiline
eaves are found, is a high mountain. It is half a league in height,
and a little more than a league in circumference at its base: it is
quite isolated. If one believes a story, which is widely spread
among the Malays, the queen Putry, the companion of Permicuri,
who founded Malacca, retired to this mountain, and, by enchant-
ment (for by magic she became immortal) lives there still. Her
home is on the heights of the mountain in a cave, where she lies on
a raised bed which is decorated with the bones of dead men. She
is clad in silk and gold, and looks like a lovely young girl. Round
this cave are planted thick rows of bamboos, in which one hears
harmonious voices and sounds of music. It is something like this
that Marco Polo describes when he writes in the 44th chapter of
«this first book of the music of duleimers which was heard in the
desert of Job.

At a certain distance from the eave and the bamboos are
groves of fruit trees full of delicate fruit and singing birds, and not
far from them are the forests where roam the tigers who guard this
enchanted Putry, this new Circe of Thessaly.

This story is probably not true, but the natives firmly believe
in it. They further assert that on this mountain is a cave like that
of the Pythians and the Sibyls, and that the forest-dwelling Benuas
here learn their magic arts and hold intercourse with the devil.
Here, without seeing any one, they hear mysterious voices which
reveal to them not only the qualities of plants and of miraculous
and medicinal herbs, but the art of preparing medicines, both
beneficial and harmful. In order to get this iaformation, the
Benuas employ a herb called Hrba vilca, which is found on Gunole-
dam as well asin America. By drinking a decoction of this herb,
they put themselves in communication with the devil or with
Putry, who like the Thessalian witch Erichto, and like the enchan-
tress Circe, takes the form of animals and hides.

These forest-dwelling Benuas in the same manner, and by means
of the same practices and words would take the forms of tigers,
lizards, crocodiles or other animals. They then had supernatural
power, and could hold conversation with people in remote places,
like the sorceress of Tuscany, who could show to those who consulted
her things that were happening at a distance.

While speaking of this subject, I ought to make mention of the
first bishop of Malacca, Dom Georges de Santa Lucia, whose merits
should be always exalted. He wished to put an end to the harm
caused to the country by these forest-dwelling Benuas, who in the
shape of tigers used to enter the town of Malacca, and kill unresist-
ing women and children.

He wished to excommunicate them and had public prayers
made in the cathedral. Then, at issue of the Grand Mass and after
the procession of the feast of the assumption of our lady, the pro-

R. A. Soc., No. 69, 1911,

24 BARRETTO DE RESENDE’S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA, i

tectress of the fortress, he solemnly excommunicated these tigers.
Since then they have never entered a village, nor killed a man,
woman or child. For this Christians gave thanks to God. This
miracle astounded the natives and as a result, many of them and
many Cheli (Kling) idolators were converted in 1560.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 60. IOIT,

Singapore old Straits and New Harbour.
By WARREN D. BARNES.

It has long been a tradition that the old straits of Singapore
were the Sélat Tébrau between the Island and the Johore mainland
and a new tradition is now springing up that the passage through
New or Keppel Harbour was discovered by the late Admiral Keppel.
The object of this paper is to show that both these traditions are
without foundation of fact and that the old Straits of Singapore are
none other than the present Keppel Harbour.

It is unnecessary to point out in detail how ill-adapted are the
Johore straits for sailing vessels making a passage; the western
entrance is by no means easy, the distance is long and ships using
the channel would be exposed to strong tides, be liable to be be-
ealmed and, most important of all, beat the mercy of the pirates who
haunted these waters for centuries. On the other hand the passage
through the New Harbour is short and not particularly difficult. If
it had not been used in former times some explanation of so singular
a fact would have to be found.

The most convenient way of examining the question will be to
deal in chronological order with the principal historical references
to these Straits.

A. D. 1486.
Hsing-ch’a Sheng-lan
(W. P. Groeneveldt, Notes on Malay Archipelago and Malacea in
Essays relating to Indo-China, Second Series Vol: I. page 203).
The strait of Lingga is situated to the North-west of Palem-
bang (San-bo-tsai), high mountains face each other as the teeth of
a dragon and between these the ships pass.
(Earlier than 15th century )
Charts from Wu-pei-pi-shu with sailing directions (The Seaports of
India and Ceylon by George Phillips) China Branch R. A.S. New
Series vols. XX. and XX1I.)
Starting from Malacca with a course of 120° to 135°, in five
watches the ships will be off Arrow-shooting Hill; then with
a course of 120° to 135° in three watches Pulau Pisang will be
reached and with a course of 135° in five watches more Carimon.
Thence with a course of first 100° to 120° and later 120° Long-
waist Island is reached and the ship comes out of Dragon-teeth
Gate left. From Dragon-teeth Gate with a course of 75° to 90°
in five watches the ship will reach Pedro Branca.

The words Léng-gé-mtiy ( Amoy dialect ) translated by Groen-
eveldt ‘the straits of Lingga’’ mean dragon-teeth gate; strait, or
passage and in the Amoy dialect ‘‘dragon-teeth” is the name given
to the two upright pegs in the bows of a ship through which the
cable runs. The passage in question cannot be the Straits of Ling-

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 60, I91I,

26 SINGAPORE OLD STRAITS AND NEW HARBOUR

ea which lie much too far away for the second quotation and I
suggest that it is the New Harbour. The western entrance to this
harbour has been altered since old times, as is evident from the
quotation below from “Prisoners their own Warders.” I suggest
that owing to the similarity of names the Chinese accounts confuse
the island of Lingga with the dragon-teeth passage.
A. D. 1598

Linschoten. I translate from a French translation “Le grand
Routie de Mer,’ Amsterdam 1619 pp. 40-42.

In Chapter XX. Linschoten gives sailing-directions from
Malacca to Macau. Having brought his mariner down to Pulau
Pisang and Tanjong Bulus he says :—

“At a league from this Cape is a river [ Sungei Pulai | and a
short league further another river [Sélat Tébrau] with a large
mouth in which lies a little island called Sincapura [a mistake
for Merambong | where the bottom is good and clean. This
river empties itself at the port of Iantana [ Ujong Tanah,
Johore | the place where Antonio de Meno went once by mis-
take with a ship of eight hundred ‘casses,’ each ‘easse’ being
three and a half quintals Portuguese weight, and got out again.
From this river the land trends to a point to the South and at
this point begins the entrance to the first straits |Selat Sembi-
lan | through which you must pass. On the North of this bay
the land lies higher than on the South, where it is low and uneven,
with a tree covered hill showing above its surroundings. This
is the end of the land. For on the East you find islands and
rocks stretching first to the South and then to the East in the
form of a bay. From the above mentioned Cape of Tanjamburo
[ Tanjong Bulus | to the entrance to these straits the course is
due East and the depth seven or eight fathoms.

“ Any one wishing to sail to China by Sincapura [Singapore]
should if he comes by Pulo Picon | Pulau Pisang | at the begin-
ning of July keep close to the island of Carimon; for the Java
monsoon which is on then always blows from the coast of
Sumatra. Also if you keep on the Carimon side when you
leave it you come right on to the entrance of the straits. The
depths differ on this course and when you come from the Tan-
jong Bulus side the country at the entrance of the strait
‘a Vapparence d’un trone’ which is a certain sign of the said
entrance. Here you should tack (tiendrez vostre course en
louvant) so as to make the entrance easier.

“These first straits | Sélat Sembilan | have at their entrance
two shoals | Basses | which come from the Cape one on each
side. On the South side at the beginning of the straits is a
long range of islands stretching to the East which forms the
straits. To enter you must all the time keep closer to the
South side than tothe other. At first entrance you will find
twelve ten and nine fathoms and when you have got so far in
that the land to the South, that is the islands mentioned, are in

Jour. Straits Branch

———_— >

SINGAVORE OLD STRAITS AND NEW HARBOUR. 250

one, you will see in front of you on the other side a cape with
a little red hill. You will do well then to bear over a little to
that side until you have passed the first island [ Pulau Pesek |
between which and the second [Pulau Ayer Limau] lies a
shoal which can be seen sometimes at low water and which
stretches half way across the channel; however you will be
careful always to have the lead in your hands to know where
you are. Having come close to this cape and hill bear off again
to the right, for this is the only shoal between these islands, and
in this way you will carry on to the East for about half a league
with this same depth of eight or nine fathoms. Thence this
range of Islands along which you are sailing trends to the
South-east and immediately afterwards you will see a little
further on to the right of these islands a round island stretching
a little behind from one to another, {the French is not clear|
you will carry on along this leaving it on your right. You will
always have eight or ten fathoms with a muddy bottom. On
the left hand, that is on the North side, the land has many bays
among them a large one which trends to the South. On this
South side is another round island which you will leave on the
same side. You will beware of this North side as it is full of
shoals and will hold on your course on the other or right hand
side. When you come close to the above mentioned small
round island on the right hand side you will see straight in
front of you, that is to say, at the end of the range of islands
along which your are coasting, another small low island with a
few trees and a shore of white sand |? Cyrene shoal]; this is
directly opposite the East and West straits of Singapore. You

will bear down on this island and when you come close to it

you will see the straits, towards which you will steer keeping
off a little both to avoid the shoals and reefs to the North and
also so as not to be carried by the tide to the South side of the
entrance of the straits. On the North is a sandy beach | Pasir
Panjang] about a cannon-shot long having a kind of bay at the
end of it where fresh water can be got. The whole way along
this beach you will find a good bottom fit for anchoring if
necessary. Coming up to the beach you will find currents
which will earry you down to the entrance of the straits but
you can avoid them by keeping off. You will do well also not
to pass the end of these straits on the North side as there are
reefs and banks there.
“The entrance of the straits is about a stone’s throw across
between two high mountains and runs a cannon-shot length to
the East. The least depth in the straits is four and a half
fathoms. At the entrance at the foot of the Northern mountain
is a rock which looks like a pillar. It is commonly known as
Varella del China [Lot’s wife]. A little further on in the
straits and on the South side is a bay in the middle of which is
another rock below water and a shoal with reaches from this

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 191].

28 SINGAPORE OLD STRAITS AND NEW HARBOUR.

rock to the middle of the channel. About an arquebus-shot
further on, on the same South side, is a passage reaching to the
sea on the other side thus making an Island [Sélat Singkeh].
It is too shallow for any but small craft (petites fustes) to use.
In the middle of the bay opposite the opening of this passage is
a rock or rocky shoal two fathoms under water which reaches
a little out of the bay to the middle of the channel. When
you are up to this bay you see a straight hill which forms a
cape at the end of the straits. Having doubled this cape you
gee a red hill near which the bottom is good and clean, after
which the land trends to the South-east.

On the North side of the straits there are in all three bays,
of which the first two are small and the third, which lies opposite
the cape of the red hill at the end of the straits, large. This

third bay has a bank of rock which is uncovered at low water
and reaches from headland to headland; care must be taken of
it. Everything on the North side outside this bay is through-
out the channel clean and good from one headland to the other.

At the exit from the passage are two reefs, one of which is .
opposite to the mouth of it about a cannon-shot away (a la
portée d’une piéce de fer) running North and South; the other |
is to the South of the mouth and a short cannon-shot away (a la
portée d’un canon mediocre) stretching to the Hast so that the |

;

two make a cross; both can be seen at low water. The
channel between them has barely four fathoms with a muddy
bottom ; outside the channel the bottom is sand whereby many
ships have come in danger of shipwreck. If therefore you have
to go that way take care when leaving the channel not to steer
due Kast, and if you wish to anchor bear to the South, for if
you stop in the current of the straits you may lose an anchor
or two through the violence of the ship’s motion.

When clear of the straits bear to your right along the land
but not coming closer to it than a depth of four fathoms, and
when you have passed the first beach, together with a hill and
a rock at the end of it, and a bay which lies opposite the hill,
and have reached half way to another hill, which is at the other
end of the above mentioned passage from the straits, you
should then shape your course to the East, not coming within
four fathoms on either side for fear of falling on banks and
shoals. The bottom of the channel is muddy. You must
always have the lead in your hand until you have got a greater
depth, which you will soon do. It is safest to use a small boat
to sound the channel. When you have reached twelve or
fifteen fathoms beware of the South side until you are a league
to the East of the Straits, for from fifteen fathoms you would
get ten and then would find yourself on some shoal, for there

- are many shoals and sand banks just there.

These Straits (of Rumenia) have six small Islands [Pulau

Lima] on each side of Jantana [Johor] which is on the North

Jour, Straits Branch

SINGAPORE OLD STRAITS AND NEW HARBOUR. 29

of it and along which the course is East and West (the French

is not clear). They are about eight leagues distant [from the

Singapore Strait]. You will beware of passing between two of

them. The sea near here, that is for half a league to the South,

is quite clear and fair with a sandy bottom in fifteen fathoms.

Half way between the Straits [of Singapore] and the said

Islands is the river of Iantana which has a very wide mouth,

the entrance to which lies on the East side where large vessels

often enter. On the West side, where there is a hill of red
earth [Tanah Merah on Singapore Island] just beyond the

mouth of the river, is a sandbank which stretches to sea for a

league and a half and has been touched by many ships, you

should beware of it. At the end of the said islands a reef

[Rumenia shoals and North Patch] stretches for a full two

leagues to sea Hast-North-Hast over which in fair weather only

a little foam can be seen but where a heavy sea breaks in

rough weather.

Between this reef and the islands is a large channel with a
rocky bottom; the greatest [? smallest] depth which I have
found is five and a half fathoms, from that seven and a half and
again six and eight and a half are found. The width of the
channel is a good cannon-shot across. If you wish to use this
channel you must turn off your course half a league from the
islands without coming closer to them for fear of coming on
the banks as happened to Francisco Daginer who nearly lost
his ship. Two leagues to the South-East of these islands is
another small island which is a reef or rock of white stone and
hence called Pedra Branqua {Pedra Branca and Horsburgh
Light] and near and to the South of it are other rocks and

reefs. To the South also lies the island of Bintcn”’ | Bintang].

_ In the above translation the remarks in square brackets are
tiy own. These sailing directions are wonderfully clear seeing
that they are a translation from the French of a translation from
the Dutch of a translation from the Portuguese and there can be
no doubt that the route which Linschoten taught to his fellow
ecountry-men lay through the Sélat Sembilan and Keppel Harbour.
It may be of value to note that Linschoten never visited the Further
East; he arrived in India in 1583 and left it in 1589; his account
of che passage from Malacca fo Macau must therefore have been
drawn from Portuguese sources and it is evident that some of the
Portuguese pilots had a competent knowledge of their profession.

Ae Dik 9 9:
Viaggi di Carletti vol. 11. 208-9
quoted in Yule’s Hobson-Jobson”’ s. v. Singapore.

In this voyage nothing occurred worth relating...... except
that after passing the straits of Sincapura...... between the main-
land and a variety of islands...... with so narrow a channel that
from the ship you could jump ashore or touch the branches of
the trees on either side, our vessel stuck on a shoal.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911.

3O SINGAPORE OLD STRAITS AND NEW HARBOUR.

This is a very fair traveller’s description of a passage through
the narrows of New Harbour but it is not applicable to one round
Singapore Island. That a traveller should not have appreciated
that Singapore is not a part of the main-land needs no explanation.
Linschoten regarded the Sélat Tébrau as a river.

A. D. 1604
Emanuel Godinho de Hredia in his Declaracam de Malaca, written in
1613 and published with a French translation by M. Leon Janssen at
Brussels in 1882, gives three sketch maps of the end of the Peninsula.

The one on page 61 is headed Discripsao Chorographica dos
- estreitos de Sincapura e Sattam Ano 1604, and gives the following
places: Tanion buro (Tanjong Bulus) Pulo Cucob, Rio Pule
(Sungei Pulai), Salat Tubro (Selat Tebrau), Pulo Ular, blacan mati
(Blakang Mati), estreito novo (new straits), estreito velho
(old straits), Xabandaria (on Singapore island probably near the
mouth of the Singapore river, meaning Shabandar’s i.e. Harbour
Master’s office), Tanjon Ru, Sune bodo (Sungai Bedoh), Tana meva
(Tanah Merah), and Tanjon Rusa (at Changi). Additional names are
given on the other sketches as follows:— Estreyto Sincapura (Sin-
gapore Straits in the same position as estreite velho above) Siquijam
(Pulau Sakijang St: John’s Island), Pedra Branca (Horsburgh light)
Rido de Jor (Johore River), Cotabatu (Kota batu), Batusawar, and
Ponta Romania.

The sketches clearly show that three passages were known :—
the old and new straits and the Selat Tébrau and that the old strait
was New Harbour and the new strait the present main straits. It
should be noted that no place names are given near the last, whilst
on the South of Singapore are noted the residence of the Malay
official and the places where wood and water were obtainable. Val-
entyn (J. S. B., R. A. S. Vol: XV p. 134) says “on the 5th of May
(1606) two prahus of the king of Johor with the Shahbandar
of Singapore Seri Raja Nagara reached our fleet,” and it is in-
teresting to note that in the Sejarah Malayu ( page 250 Shellabear’s
Romanised edition 1910 ) we are told of the stout defence offered by
the “ penglima raayat Raja Nagara batin Singapura,’ against at-
tacks by Portuguese from Malacea. The presence of a Shahbandar
implies visits by foreign ships and traders.

AvoD wots
Bocarro 428. Yule op: cit: s.v. Governor’s Straits.’

1615. The Governor sailed from Manilla in March of this year
with ten galleons and two galleys...... On arriving at the straits of
Sincapur...... and passing by a new strait which since has taken
the name of Estreito do Governador, there his galleon grounded
on the reef at the point of the strait and was a little grazed by
the top of it.

The Governor came to grief in the present Singapore straits.

A Dt 700
A new Account of the East Indies by Captain Aiexander Hamilton...
...who spent his time there from 1688 to 1723...... Edinburgh 1727.

Jour. Straits Branch

SINGAPORE OLD STRAITS AND NEW HARBOUR. 31

Vol II. page 93

Johore has the benefit of a fine deep large river which admits
of two entrances into it. The smaller is from the westward
called by the Europeans the Straits of Sincapure but by the
Natives Salleta le Brew (Sélat Tébrau). It runs along the side
of Sincapure Island for 5 or 6 leagues together and ends at the
great river of Johore.

Wel. page 123. -.

Upon the East side of the great Carimon is the entrance of
the straits of Drions [Durian! and between the small Carimon
and Tanjong bellong | Tanjong Bulus] on the continent is the en-
trance of the Straits of Sincapure before mentioned and also into
the Straits of Governadore, the largest and easiest passage into
the China seas.

This is probably the ‘locus classicus’ whence the tradition that —
the Sélat Tébrau forms the old straits of Singapore was. derived.
It would seem that between 1600 and 1700 the passage through
Keppel Harbour fell into such complete disuse by European vessels
that its very existence was forgotten. It was probably convenient
for those ships only which could be worked with sweeps or towed
with reship’s boats in case of lack of wind, and hence as the size of
shipping increased it went out of fashion.

1826
Singapore Chronicle August 1826
(quoted in Moor’s Notices of the Indian Archipelago Singapore
1827, page 276 )

These (remarks) are from the Notes of Captain Rous and the
officers of H.M.S. Rainbow and may be relied on as correct.
| After a recommendation to stand closer in shore from Formosa
Point to Pulau Pisang than Horsburgh approves of, the passage
continues.| On reaching Singapore straits if a vessel is unable
to weather Barn Island with the wind to the Southward she
should bear up for the passage through the Selat Sinki or New
Harbour. This will be found safe and expeditious for vessels
under 600 tons burden but for ships of a larger size it is narrow
and confined. The entrance to the passage bears E.N.E. from
Sultan Shoal and is bold on each side, the only danger being a
two fathom bank on the South side. After clearing the narrows
and opening Singapore Harbour steer along Trumba Trumbaya
reef a cable’s length off and when well to the Southward edge
away for the anchorage.

The passage above described was effected with success by
H.M.S. Rainbow, the first vessel that has ever come through in-
tentionally. The ‘ William Parker,’ a free trader passed through
by mistake some time ago and it was generally considered a very
dangerous experiment. The enterprise of Captain Rous has how-
ever established its practicability and these notes and observa-
tions which were taken with great care will render the passage
easy and safe for navigators. In these operations we understand

R. A. Soc., No: 60, I9II.

32 SINGAPORE OLD STRAITS AND NEW HARBOUR.

that Capt. Rous was ably assisted by Mr. Bernard, Agent of
Lloyd’s, who came in the Rainbow from Malacca and whose
practical knowledge of the Straits and Islands made his sugges-
tions and information highly useful in exploring this unfrequent-
ed track.
It will be noted that the name New Harbour was in use in
1826.
1841.
“ Horsburgh ” 5th edition vol: ii. 264.
Singapore Strait called Governor Strait or New Strait by
French and Portuguese.
The name Straits of Singapore was first applied to Keppel Har-
bour then (see Hamilton above) to the Sélat Tébrau and lastly to

. the Straits now so called.

1843-4
Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang by Sir Edward Belcher, London 1848.
Vol: Eh pageahso:

Upon a cursory examination of the Chart of this Channel
(constructed by Mr. Thompson in 1842) I observe that a safe and
short channel would be available by night and day provided that
a light were established on the hill above the Malay village. That
a leading mark seen clear of the point of Blakan Mati would
bring a steamer from the fairway fork (to either Channel) into
the New Harbour by a direct course of twelve miles. |

It will be noted that in 1842 Keppel Harbour had been sur-
veyed.

1848.
‘Prisoners their own Warders,’’ McNair and Bayliss, London 1899
page 66.

In the year 1848 we find that the Indian convicts were em-
ployed in blasting some considerable part of a mass of rock known
to the Malays as Batu Belayer or “stone to sail to’ and by Eu-
ropeans as © Lot’s wife.” It was a dangerous obstruction to
navigation being situated on the Singapore side of the Western
Entrance to the New Harbour. It is reported as known to old
navigators, of these seas and was shown on old charts over two
hundred years ago.

The Government evidentiy took in hand in this year the im-
provement of this channel, which they had caused to be surveyed
by Mr. Thompson in 1842.

1848.
An anecdotal History of old Times in Singapore. C. B. Buckley
Singapore 1902. page 4938.

It was in May 30th of this year (1848) that Capt. Keppel
wrote in his diary on board the ' Maeander ”’ :

“On pulling about in my gig among the numerous prettily-
wooded islands on the Westward entrance to the Singapore
River I was astonished to find deep water close to the shore with
a safe passage for ships larger than the “Maeander.” Now

Jour. Straits Branch

SINGAPORE OLD STRAITS AND NEW HARBOUR. 33

that steam is likely to come into use this ready-made harbour
as a depot for coals would be invaluable. I had the position
surveyed and sent it with my report to the Admiralty. As it
was, a forge was landed and artificers employed under commo-
dious shades all under the eyes of the officers on board.”

These repairs on the Maeander were therefore the first re-
pairs done in New Harbour... *so it was Keppel who first sailed
through New Harbour* and Singaporeans often said that it should
not haye been called New Harbour, which meant nothing, but
Keppel Harbour. This was eventually done on the 19th April
1900 when the old Admiral was on a visit to Singapore.

A visit to the Indian Archipelago in H.M.S. Maeander Capt. the
Hon. Henry Keppel, London 1853, page 16,

While preparations were making [May-August 1848] for the
establishment at Labuan the Maeander refitted in the snug and
picturesque New Harbour which appears to have been over-
looked in selecting the first points of settlement; the only objec-
tion to it as a harbour is the intricacy of the Eastern entrance;
a difficulty which by the introduction of steam has become of
little consequence. No place could be better adopted for a coal
depot ; and as a harbour for a man-of-war to refit it is most con-
venient. The forge can be landed, boats repaired and artificers
employed under commodious sheds and all under the immediate
eye of the officers on board. It has another great advantage over
Singapore Roads, in the latter anchorage a ship’s bottom becomes
more foul than in any other [ know of, perhaps from the near prox-
imity to the bottom; this is not the case in New Harbour in which
there is always a tide running. Although it has the appearance
of being hot and confined, surrounded as it is by high land we did
not find it so in reality ; generally there is a current of air inside
while the ships in the stagnant and crowded roads are becalmed.

It will be seen from the above quotations that the gallant Admiral
made no claim to have been the first to sail through New Harbour
He doubtless know of the number of ships which had used the passage
and he does not even say that he used it himself on this occasion.
In fact it appears probable that he did not.

AED 1857.
Anecdotal History of Singapore page 649.

- On the 19th of March H.M.S. Raleigh Capt. Turner bearing
the broad pennant of Commodore Keppel C.B., sailed into New
Harbour... As the old admiral was in Singapore when this
chapter was being written he was asked .. . if he remembered
how it came about that he sailed the Raleigh into New Harbour
instead of into the Reads. He said that it was because he had
surveyed New Harbour while he was in the Maeander and had the
same Master (navigating officer) with him in the Raleigh who had

* The italics are mine.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, I9TI, -

24 SINGAPORE OLD STRAITS AND NEW HARBOUR,

surveyed it with him so he felt quite confident about it although

others had been afraid to go in.

There can have been no difficulty in sailing into New Harbour

in 1857 seeing that P. and O. offices there were opened in 1852
(Anecdotal History page 566).

AceDe 1900;
Singapore Free Press 3.1.00.

It was Sir Henry Keppel who first of all in H. M.S. Raleigh
in 1856 sailed from the Westward through the new channel which
his examination and recommendation created as the New Har-
bour Singapore.

This is an absurd mis-statement. Hundreds of ships must have
passed through New Harbour before 1856.

Straits Settlements Government Gazette Extraordinary 19.4.00.
Notification No. 401.

In order to perpetuate the remembrance of the fact that the
capabilities of the New Harbour at Singapore as a passage for
ships of the deepest draught and an excellent Harbour were first
demonstrated by the Hon. Capt. Keppel, R.N. of H.M.S. Dido
now Admiral of the Fleet Sir H. Keppel G.C.B., D.C.L.

It is hereby notified for public information that the New
Harbour will in future be called and known by the name of Keppel
Harbour Singapore.

Singapore 19th April, 1900.

Keppel Harbour is a good name and the late Admiral deserved all
the hono 1rs conferred upon him, but the reasons given for bestowing
this particular one are very uncorvincing. Captain Keppel was here
in the Dido in 1842-1844 but it was not till his next visit in the
Maeander in 1848 that he discovered all that he himself ever
claimed to have discovered namely that New Harbour was an
excellent place wherein to lay a ship up to refit and afforded great
natural advantages for a coaling station.

The tradition that the Johore straits are the old Singapore
straits will probably never die, but the new legend that Admiral
Keppel was the first person to take a good sized ship through Keppel
Harbour has got so short a start that it should be possible to
overtake it. |

Jour, Straits Brench R. A. Soc. No, 60. 1011,

An old Royal Cemetery at Pekan in Pahang.

By WARREN D. BARNES.

(With three plates.)

The plates to this paper are from photographs of the “ Makam
Chondong” at Pekan which lies at no great distance from the Istana
of His Highness the Tungku Besar. The name ©“ Makam Chon-
dong” should in strictness mean the graves with a leaning shrine
over them and it is very probable that the graves were once roofed
in and that the building over them fell into decay and became out of
the perpendicular. No trace however of such a building is to be
seen. The local explanation of the name is that the surround-
ing trees all “ chondong” to the “ makam’’ doing obeisance to it.

The graves are on a platform of earth about 50 feet square,
three or four feet high, and surrounded by a shallow ditch.. On
one side is a large hollow from which the earth to make the mound
was perhaps obtained. It appears probable that the sides of the
platform were once vertical and faced with bricks. A number of
these bricks are still to be seen; they are really flat tiles measuring
ten inches by five by two and a half. All the graves are on the
Northern side of the platform, the rest 1s unoccupied.

His Highness the Tungku Besar informs me that he has a
distinet recollection of visiting this cemetery about twenty years
ago and finding on one of the stones the name Mahmud”’ in gold
letters. His Highness says that he took particular care to turn the
stone over with the inscription downwards. The inscription has
however disappeared and an examination of the photographs will -
show that the names on all the stones have been chipped away,
doubtless to obtain the gold used to make them.

IT am told that about twenty or thirty years ago a herd of wild
elephants did a good deal of damage to the graves.. Mr. J. B.
Serivenor the Federal Geologist to whom I submitted a fragment
from one of the stones said that 1t was a fine grained sandstone
of no particular interest.

Tt will be seen that two of the large graves are male and one
female. ‘To the west of them and only shown in the small scale
photograph is a grave with two plain stones; it is probably
a female grave. In the centre of the platform are the fragments of
two large grave stones similar to those shown in the larger scale
photographs. It is probably on one of these that the name Mah-
mud was found. Alongside them is an unimportant female grave.
My suggestion that the most important person would be buried in

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 60. I9II,

_far from the Makam Chondong and Makam Nibong. The grave

36 AN OLD ROYAL CEMETERY AT PEKAN IN PAHANG.

the centre was negatived by a native authority who objected that in
that case the subsequent and less important persons buried here
would have their feet on his head. Difficulties of this nature have
not however troubled the present royal family whose graves at
Kampong Marhom near Kuala Pahang have no particular order or
arrangement.

T believe that a careful examination of the undamaged ar ots
of tha stones might lead to the detection of other names. I how-
ever failed to read any and no one whom I consulted had been
more successful.

The only other clue to the indentity of the occupants of these
graves is a tradition of doubtful value that in the large female
grave is buried one Che Puan Layang who is herself nothing but a
name. I could hear of no other traditions.

It is certain that Sultan Mahmud was one of the early rulers
of Pahang. He is mentioned in the Séjarah Malayu, where it is
said that the Sultan Mahmud who lost Malacca to the Portuguese
married his daughter, and he is also mentioned in the Bustanu-
s-salatin’ list of Pahang rajas as being the son of the first raja
Sultan Muhammad Shah and himself the fifth ruler. His posthum-
ous title is given as Marhom di-hilir, 7.¢., the late ruler down-
river. If one of the graves is really his, its date would be about the
beginning of the 16th century.

There are at least two other old cemeteries at Pekan. The
‘““Makam Nibong” which lies within a few hundred yards of the
‘“Makam Chondong” is also on a platform. There are on this
a number of graves but all appear to be female. On one is a clear
inscription in Arabic. It is carved however in a lapidary’s style
which batfles the few persons in Pekan who claim to read Arabic.
I could hear no traditions as to the date of these graves or as to
their occupants.

Another well known grave is that called Ziarat Raja Raden.
It is near the river bank within the Sultan’s reserved area and not

stones are of similar type to those of Raja Fatimah a description of
which has already been published in this Journal. An inscription
in Arabic which has been read for me consists of praises of God, and
a difficult specimen of Arabic writing at the foot of one of the
stones was recently determined to contain the name Abdulalil. A
local Malay student of history decided that the grave must be that
of Sultan Abduljalil of Johore who succeeded the mad Sultan
Mahmud Shah IT of Johore (Mangkat dijulang) in about 1700 and
was himself known as Marhom Kuala Pahang. (see Wilkinson’s
History pamphlet pp: 53-55). This however is pure guess-work ;
there is no local tradition on the subject. It may be noted that
Raja Raden is the name given by Godinho d’Erédia to Sultan
Alaedin Riayat Shah III of Johore, the Sultan who died at Acheen
in about 1615. It is therefore a possible popular name for a ruler.

Jour. Straits Branch

Se. Rt.

: ber WS Sn3 AY
ie A Ses

Aon sees

OLD CEMETERY IN PEKAN.

—---

OLD CEMETERY

IN

PEKAN.

OLD CEMETERY

IN

PEKAN.

An old Tombstone in Pahang.

By WARREN D, BARNES.

(With two plates.)

In May, 1910, His Highness the Tungku Besar of Pahang was
visiting Kuala Lipis, and among the presents brought to him by the
local Penghulus was a gravestone which was reported to have been
found some time previously in the Pahang River near the Peng-
hulu’s landing stage at Tebing Tinggi. The stone was carved with
an inscription in Arabic characters which baffled the local scholars.
A transcription of it was subsequently made by the Mufti at Pekan,
Haji Osman bin Senik. It proved of great interest, as the stone
was the gravestone of Raja Fatimah who died in A. H. 901. 7. e.
A. D. 1496 or fifteen years before Albuquerque captured Malacca.
I propose to give a description of the stone which now lies in the
Istana of His Highness at Pekan, and to discuss the identity of
Raja Fatimah.

The plates which accompany this paper show the shape of the
stone. Its height from its top to the bottom of the carved foot is
992 inches; its width across the carved foot 14 inches, and across
the face 9+ inches; its thickness in the thinner portion 5 inches.

The following description has been given me by Mr. J. B.
Serivenor, Government Geologist, Federated Malay States, of a
chip from the bottom of it :-—

“This is an excellent example of a basic lava. The base is
cloudy but is evidently composed to a large extent of felspar micro-
liths. The felspar phenocrysts are fresh and beautifully zoned in
some cases. The extinction angles are not very high and point to
the felspar being andesine. Augite, almost colourless in section, is
common and there is a deep brown, strongly pleochroic mineral
with nearly straight extinction that occurs chiefly in prisms with
strongly marked black rescrption borders. This mineral is most
probably basaltic hornblende, but it cannot be proved from this
slide. There is one large crystal of biotite much altered.”’

“It would be interesting to compare this rock with the grave-
stones in the Raftles Museum, Singapore. They appeared to me to
be of the same nature.”’ .

“ This rock, which may be called pyroxene-hornb!ende-andesite,
might have come from some outcrop of the Pahang Volcanic Series,
but I do not remember seeing anything exactly like it.”

May, 1910. dig 135 Tsk

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911.

38 AN OLD TOMBSTONE IN PAHANG.

The carving on the stone is surprisingly fresh, and as patches
of ““jadam” or black varnish still remain visible on the stone it-
self—they are clearly shown in the photographs—it is probable that
the story that it was found in the river is correct. It isin much
better preservation than many stones of much more recent date. It
appears likely that the whole stone was once covered with black
varnish and very possibly the name on it was picked out in gold.

The photographs show :—
A. The whole stone; B. One flat side; C. The opposite flat side;
D. One narrow side.
The transeription of the inscriptions as given by our local
authority at Pekan is as follows :—
(i) B. The heart-shaped inscription above :—

Al ghafur, meaning The Lord most forgiving.

The inscription below :— Al-hejrat al-nabi salla Allahu
alaihi wa’s-salam sembilan ratus sa tahun lima belas hari.”

(ii) C. The heart-shaped inscription above :—

Al-jalil meaning The Lord most great.

The inscription below:—bulan shawal malam isnin Raja
Fatimah kembali ka-rahmat Allah.

The translation of the two inscriptions is :—

On the eve of Monday the fifteenth day of the Moon Shawal
in the year 901 cf the Hejira of the Prophet, to whom may God
give peace, Raja Fatimah returned to God’s mercy.

(iii) D. The heart-shaped inscription above :—

Al-’ala, meaning The L-rd most high.

The inscription below :—Arabic words meaning Death is a
gate and all men go in thereat.

(iv) On the other narrow side :—

The heart-shaped inscription above :—

Al-aziz, meaning The Lord most powerful.

The inscription below :—Arabic words meaning Death is a
cup and all men drink thereof.

(v) On the flat top of the stone :—
Arabic words the meaning of which has not been clearly
made out.

The identity of this Raja Fatimah is fairly certain, although
the early history of Pahang is not clear. The authorities are the
Sejarah Malayu and the Bustanu-al-Salatin, of an extract from
which His Highness possesses a copy. According to the Séjarah
Malayu (Shellabear’s Romanised Edition, 1910, pages 82-86) Pa-
hang with its capital Pura, z.e. the city, 2.e. Pekan, was at one
time under the rule of “Siam” and was governed by Maharaja
Dewa Sura who belonged io the family of the ruler of that country.
This “ Siam’’ was probably not the present Thai Kingdom. It
had previously sent an abortive expedition against Malacca which
would appear to have followed the well-known route down the Tem-
beling and the Pahang and up the Bera and Serting over the
‘Penarekan’ to the Muar.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN OLD TOMBSTONE IN PAHANG. 39

In reply, Sultan Mansur, who, according to Mr. Wilkinson’s
“ History ’’ pamphlet, 1908, page 24, came to the throne about A.D.
1459, sent a naval expedition against Pahang which captured the
country and its ruler as well as the ruler’s daughter, Putéri Wanang
Séri, whom the Sultan subsequently married. By this marriage he
had two sons, Raja Ahmad Muhammad and Raja Muhammad.
Raja Ahmad Muhammad was the Sultan’s favourite of all his sons
and was nominated as his heir. He lost favour, however, owing to
the murder by his followers of a son of the Béndahara who, when
playing “raga,” had inadvertently so kicked the ball that it knock-
ed off the Raja’s head-dress. The Sultan accordingly banished him
to his mother’s country of Pahang, of which he had him installed as
Sultan. under the title of Sultan Muhammad. The new Sultan
married the grand-daughter of the Raja of Kelantan and had three
sons, Raja Ahmad, Raja Jamil, and Raja Mahmud, and a daughter
who married her cousin Sultan Mahmud of Malacea—the Sultan
whom Albuquerque ejected in 1511. According to the Bustanu-al-
Salatin, Sultan Muhammad was succeeded by his son Sultan Ah-
mad, who by a non-royal wife had a son Raja Mansur. The Sultan
abdicated in favour of this son who married Raja Fatimah the
daughter of Sultan Ala’edin Riayat Shah of Malacca who was the
son of Sultan Mansur and the father of the Sultan Mahmud just
mentioned. I believe that the gravestone found is that of this lady.

She would appear to have had an unhappy time in Pahang as
her husband died without children being “ murdered by all his
warriors.”

His uncle Raja Jamil succeeded and was rapidly followed by
the other uncle Raja Mahmud who contrived to establish himself
on the throne. He seems to have married a cousin, the daughter
of his uncle Raja Muhammad, and his daughter married Sultan
Ala’edin Shah of Malacea, Sultan Mahmud’s successor.

Apparently civil war followed on the death of the first Sultan
of Pahang. The omission in the Séjarah Malayu of any reference
to the murder of Raja Mansur might be ascribed to the author’s
theory that “Malays never rebel,’ but other inconsistencies bet-
ween his account and the detailed genealogy of the Bustanu-al-
Salatin must be ascribed to inaccurate information and confusion
between rulers of different generations who bore the same or simi-
lar names.

Tébing Tinggi, the place where this stone was found, is not
known to have been a residence of royalty, but it is not far above
Lubok Pélang to which, according to the Séjarah Malayu, Sultan
Abduljamal of Pahang retired after his abdication, and where he is
said to have died.

As far as I am aware, this stone is the oldest dated gravestone
in the Peninsula,

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911.

OLD

TOMBSTONES,

PAHANG.

«

OLD TOMBSTONE

PAHANG.

y

A Trip to a Source of the Sarawak River and
Bengkarum Mountains.

bY (Ce J BROOKS:

At the end of September, 1908, I had the opportunity of
making a jungle excursion and decided to follow the main stream
of the so-called right hand branch of the Sarawak River to its
source, cross the watershed to the upper waters of the Sambas
River, visit Bengkarum Mountain, and return to Sarawak by Jagnay.
As far as lam able to ascertain much of the country I passed
through had not been visited by a European, certainly the ascent
of Bengkarum Mountain had not been made, this together with the
highly interesting botanical collection obtained makes a_ short
account of the trip of sufficient interest to place on record. The
start was made from Bidi on the Twenty-first of September, where
I engaged eight Dyak coolies to carry necessaries and collecting
materials, with a Malay to act as Mandor. The path taken was
that over Gonong Tran through the old village of the Krokong
Dyaks. Here we stopped for a few minutes to adjust the various
loads ; this village had two years before been completely abandoned
as a bad epidemic of smallpox broke out there: the Dyaks are now
returning and a number of new houses are being built on the old
site in spite of the insanitary conditions which exist; the hill top
having become a perfect midden from the accumulation of refuse
dropped through the floors of the houses. I once tried with a ten
foot iron probe (used for prospecting) to reach the hard ground but
this I was unable to do anywhere in the immediate neighbourhood
of the houses. Descending on the further side of the hill and
taking the path to the river where the new village has been built,
then through undulating country covered with new jungle to the
B’down river which we forded, and then following for some hours
a belt of old jungle, we finally forded the main stream at Tebang
or Pangkaln Gumbang, which we reached at two o’clock. Here is
a flourishing Chinese Kampong with several pepper gardens, the
situation is extremely picturesque as the houses are interspersed
with groups of cocoanut palms and the surrounding country is
mountainous and rugged. To escape a heavy shower which com-
menced just as we arrived I took shelter in a Chinaman’s house,
my host, with the usual Chinese hospitality offered me a cup of
tea; its fine flavour caused me to enquire where he had obtained
it, | found that it was of his own cultivation: this is not unusual,
many up country Chinese growing their own tea plants. On
leaving Tebang our path followed the river in which we had to
wade for some distance—the stream was shallow and fast running
with large boulders among the Krangan. Here in the clear space

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911.

42 A TRIP TO A SOURCE OF THE SARAWAK RIVER

between the river banks were flying several specimens of the Leaf
Butterfly (Kallima inachus buxtoni, More.) a great rarity in
Sarawak; I was fortunate enough to capture two specimens while
both of them were at rest; contrary to Wallace’s observations in
Sumatra they were quite easy to see, for one had alighted on the
trunk of a large tree against the sky line, the other on a leaf over-
hanging the water. The guide missed the path leading from the
river, taking us some miles in the wrong direction. The hills were
now becoming very steep and following each other in constant
succession as the road crosses the ranges at right angles to their
direction. At dusk we entered a new clearing for a paddy field;
this the coolies hailed with delight as the Teringos house for which
we were making could not be far distant; the path where it entered
the jungle again forked, which caused some hesitation but on my
guide assuring me that cither led to a house the choice was im-
material. After climbing a steep hill, the house came in view. In
the dusk we could see that it was now a mass of ruins and had
been abandoned for some time. Night closed in before we regained
the road so that walking was now a difficult matter, becoming a
succession of slips and scrambles down the hill: before going far
we met a Dyak who was returning home with some bamboos filled
with ‘Ive Noor,” the slightly fermented juice of the sugar palm;
this the coolies seized even before enquiring the way, which we now
learned was only a short distance, and in a few minutes we were
enjoying the welcome shelter of a house with rest and food after
a tramp of nine hours. The next morning I decided to follow the
river to the Teringos falls and if possible further. The river scenery
is very beautiful, the banks in places rising in steep or precipitous
cliffs covered with luxuriant vegetation, the river bed filled with
enormous sandstone boulders breaking it into a series of cascades,
in other places almost completely hiding it from view as it flows
between them, I collected a number of interesting orchids and
ferns, insects were rather scarce: only a few were taken, among
them was a specimen of Melanitis zitenius, Herbst. Several others
were observed and unlike Melanitis ismene were flying in the bright
morning sunshine, their high and strong flight made them difficult
to capture. To obtain if possible any interesting specimens of fish
which might occur in an upland river, I exploded dynamite ear-
tridges in two of the deep pools but with no result: nothing rose
to the surface and a Dyak who dived assured that there were none
at the bottom. A succession of minor fails were passed before
reaching the chief, of which the total height must be over one
hundred feet, it is broken into two cascades about twenty feet from
the top: there was little water running now but after heavy rain
when a large river is flowing the fall must be a magnificent sight.
The path led to the face of the cliff which formed the water-
fall and continued over it by a series of steep ladders, these are of
the usual Dyak type, small tree trunks with deep notches cut
forming steps. Above the fall the river has excavated a deep valley

Jour. Straits Branch

AND BENGKARUM MOUNTAIN. 43

in the sandstone rock the sides of which are very steep, and the
path follows a ledge somewhat below the summit, which in many
places is broken by clefts and gullies bridged by battangs. After
proceeding for some distance a very heavy storm broke compelling
us to return to the house. The houses here are not of the type
usual among land Dyaks, as each family has a detached building
with a space of a few feet intervening between the houses, but they
are connected by the usual bamboo platform—the roofs are ex-
tremely high pitched with ordinary flap windows, the internal
arrangement is such that the space in front used for paddy pound-
ing, ete., is often separated by a large outer door, thus dividing a
house into two separate rooms.

I could learn nothing here of the route to Bengkarum, but most

of the Dyaks were certain that from Trebong direction could be
obtained, so I decided to proceed thither the following day. As the
coolies were rather heavily loaded, I engaged the services of two
more Dyaks: after allotting them their packages and starting I was
somewhat surprised to see that one had transferred his load which
was not a light one to a small girl of about eight years of age, his
daughter, she, wishing to pay a call at a house which we should
pass, accepted the “privilege”? of Dyak women of carrying the
men’s load. By a short cut we joined the path at the falls and -
proceeded practically from the place where we had returned the
day previously ; after walking for Jittle more than an hour we des-
cended the ridge and crossed the stream to a fairly level tract of
country surrounded on three sides by mountains: near by in a large
open space were several Dyak houses. As the sitnation was so
pleasing and the country promised well for collecting I decided to
spend the remainder of the day here; we accommodated ourselves
and baggage in the house belonging to the head man. A series of
moans from the adjoining house attracted my attention; on entering
I found a young woman suffering from a severe colic. I ordered
her Dyak friends to apply two bottles filled with hot water and for
her immediate relief I administered a tabloid of Warburg Tinct. On
returning in the evening I found the patient had not had the bottles
of hot water. 1 enquired the reason and to my surprise learned
that they had not yet ht a fire to cook their rice and could not
think of doing so before their evening meal, although they had no
doubt but that the hot water would be beneficial. It was not long
before those Dyaks had a fire lighted and heated the water, before
cooking the rice.
I now followed the course of the river in the bottom of the
valley which I found to be a splendid collecting ground; my atten-
tion was immediately attracted by a beautiful scarlet orchid
Dendrobium cinnabarium, growing plentifully on many trees and
flowering freely, closely resembling in habit the Pigeon orchid;
many other rare orchids and ferns occur here and a large nepenthes
of elegant shape; insects were rather scarce, but among the few
taken was a fine specimen of Ornithoptera Brookeana.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, I9II.

44 A TRIP TO A SOURCE OF THE SARAWAK RIVER

In a house near my sleeping place were several large jars of
salted Durien—the jars being very porous, the juice was oozing out
and the scent was almost intolerable, I asked to have them removed
and had great difficulty in getting this done as the Dyak owners
could not apparently understand how such a luxury can be ob-
jectionable. During the evening a number of Dyaks came in to
have a chat-chat, each bringing a small present of rice and eggs,
I disappointed them when I refused their invitation to stay another
night so that they could call their friends together and give a dance
in my honour. By means of a boiling point thermometer I took
the altitude and found it to be about fourteen hundred feet.

A good start was made the next morning at eight o’clock: the
path now descending on the opposite side of the watershed was in
some places extremely steep with deep gullies crossed by tree
trunks felled so as to form bridges. As the heavy dew of the pre-
vious night had rendered them slippery care was necessary in
crossing ; for some hours we passed through new jungle which had
been cleared within the last five years for paddy farming, and after
fording a fair sized stream we climbed a ridge of old jungle and
followed it for many miles, then descending and crossing an omah
we arrived at Kapot at four o'clock. This is a large Dyak Kampong
well situated on the bank of a rapid wide flowing river, and judging
from the number of large fruit trees and palms growing here, it must
have been an old settlement; the houses are all detached as at
Teringos and of the same type, which gives it more the appearance
of a Malay rather than Dyak Kampong, but the high pitched roofs
present a striking contrast to both—all the houses are connected
by the bamboo platform. On ascending we were immediately
surrounded by a large crowd of Dyaks who expressed undoubted
annoyance at our intrusion—my first enquiry was for the Orang
Kaya, who at once came forward, and at my request for lodging,
shewed us to the head house, which we entered with as many Dyaks
following as the house would hold—the general cry was what do
you want?” to which I answered that Iam a Tuan from Sarawak,
taking a walk to Bengkarum collecting flowers and insects, I am
not a government official tax collecting, and after shewing them
some of my specimens, they appeared satisfied and most of them
left the house, which gave us room to open and arrange our things.
My coolies were very frightened at so suddenly coming amongst a
strange and somewhat wild people speaking in a dialect which was
unknown to them, and stood shivering in their wet clothes half
inclined to try and persuade me to take the road home again.
After having changed my clothes, and drunk a welcome cup of tea,
I proceeded to explore the extent of the Kampong, at one end of
which I came upon a large group of Dyaks dividing a fine catch of
fish which they had just made and one of which had been previously
given to me. The division is made, after removing the viscera, by
chopping the fish into small pieces about an inch cube, then on a
large mat one cube is placed for each family, and so again and again,

Jour. Straits Branch

AND BENGKARUM MOUNTAIN. 4:5

until all the pieces have been equally distributed; I counted fifty-
three portions, then a further division was made from a vessel
containing a most objectionable semi-cooked mass, which I was
informed was the viscera. Each recipient having provided himself
with a banana leaf twisted into the form of a cup, it was ladelled
into these in small quantities at a time. At the finish it was a
most disgusting sight to see a number of small children licking out
the trough. I noticed that an unusually large number of the
natives here were attacked by Corup and many of the women had
stained their entire bodies with turmeric root—they state that this
cures it, or perhaps only allays the irritation: the women were
extremely frightened, and whenever I appeared, beat a hasty retreat,
being the first white man they had seen. After my evening meal
a large number of the natives came to see me, each bringing a small
present of eggs or rice; among them was the Orang Kayah and his
wife, the only woman who dared to come near or speak to me during
my stay with them: they were both dressed in state costume,
which consisted, in the case of the former, of a high crowned
military cap with broad band of silver lace and button to match,
given to him by the Dutch Government: the lady was wearing a
gaily coloured bead cap about eight inches high and tapering con-
siderably, together with a blue cotton jacket, the edges trimmed
with beads: we discussed politics which were not considered to be
in a very satisfactory condition here, paddy, and many other mat-
ters, and I was pleased to learn that Bengkarum or Krum, as it is
ealled here, was at no great distance; and I heard that a Malay
who represented the government was resident here and would call
upon me in the morning; my visitors stayed until a late hour, I
heard them talking long after 1 had retired to my curtain.

The next morning on descending to the river to bathe, I was
surprised to find that the Dyaks of both sexes were bathing in
a state of nudity. I understand however, that this is customary
among Dyaks who are quite out of contact with Chinese or
Europeans. The Malay official called while I was breakfasting, he
was very polite, and offered any assistance that he could give me:
as the coolies were tired after the long tramp of the previous day, I
decided to let them rest, while I spent the time collecting in the
neighbourhood, which did not prove very productive. From the
summit of a hill I had a splendid view of Bengkarum Mountain
which could not be more than ten miles distant. In the evening
we had but few Dyaks to visit us, of these, two were men who had
been most enthusiastic to accompany me, and had told me they
knew the road to Bengkarum ; they now explained that the purpose
of their visit was to enquire if I really intended to go; if so,
although previously having promised to go with me, they refused,
and then with a great deal of talk I was given to understand that
no one else would, in fact no one did go, there was no road, the
mountain was quite unclimable and the place was so full of Antus
(spirits) that something unlucky would happen; however, after

R. A. Soc., No. 60, I9II,

46 A TRIP TO A SOURCE OF THE SARAWAK RIVER

repeatedly telling them that now I had come so far, if I could not
set from this place, I would from another, they withdrew. I was
much annoyed at this, and of course the coolies were much up-
set, half inclined to believe that the Antus had already started some
mischief—they spent a very restless night, hardly any of them
sleeping. In the morning I interviewed the Orang Kayah, he in-
formed me that this information was in part correct, as the Dyaks
here did not extend their excursions as far as this mountain ;
but from the next village I could most likely get directions and he
would send a coolie to take me there. After waiting for some time
for the promised coolie, I decided to apply to my Malay friend who
immediately directed a Dyak to act as my guide.

We commenced the journey by wading for some distance
down the river and then began an extremely trying and severe
ascent of Gonong Trebong: the road although good was exposed to
a glaring sun at a very steep incline, it was nearly two hours
before we gained the top of the ridge on which the house is situa-
ted, immediately below it is a spring of deliciously cold water issuing
from a crack in the sandstone; the Dyaks told me that however dry
the season this springnever fails. This house Lawang is extremely
dirty and erected on the top of a very narrow ridge, the rocky sides
of which are so steep that the only possible ascent is by ladders for
the last fifty feet. We were greeted by a few women and children
who directed us to the head house, which was barely large enough
to accommodate all the coolies ; it was annoying to find that all
the men, or any who could direct us, were away in the jungle
and not returning till sundown, so that this necessitated a wait
until the following day; the view from this house is impos-
ing; on one side of the ridge Mount Bengkarum stands out
clearly against the sky, on the other a fine stretch of country as far
as the eye could see looking towards Sarawak with ranges of hills
in succession. The Dyaks here area most unhealthy crowd, it was
difficult to find a man, woman, or child, who was not affected with
some form of skin disease or festering sores, despite the fine healthy
situation of the house (which I found to be about two thousand
feet above the sea level;) my Malay Mandor told me that he
considered it due to the fact that their hill paddy is poor stuff and
that they consume the entrails of any animal they kill.

There were a few heads hung in the apex of the roof of
the head house and immediately below was constructed a broad
shelf on which any youth sleeps who may wish to shew his
courage; a conspicuous object in all head houses of this district
is the “sekardoo,” this is a large hollow wooden cylinder formed
from the trunk of the Lune or other fairly light wood, varying from
fifteen to twenty feet in length and about two feet six inches in
diameter: over one end is tightly stretched a green hide from
which the hair has been removed, they are slung at an angle below
the floor of the head house, above which the hide covered end pro-
jects a few feet the one in this particular house was certainly over

Jour, Straits Branch

—————— ee ee ee ee ee oe

AND BENGKARUM MOUNTAIN. 47

twenty feet long and slung so that 1t was parallel with the slope of
the hill. I understood that when beaten it could be heard at
Gumbang, a distance of over twenty miles; formerly they were
used to warn the district of head hunting raids, they are now going
out of use. J was much amused in watching a number of young-
sters constructing a head house for themselves, building on slender
posts jammed into the crevices of the rocks on the steep side of the
hill over which it hung most perilously. .

There was no difficulty in finding a coolie to conduct us
the next morning although they were not certain of the whole route,
this we should learn at an intermediate house. An early start was
made ; from this altitude a heavy mist on the lowlands presented a
somewhat curious effect, all the ridges and hill tops standing out
clearly above it and isolated from each other like islands in a sea of
white silent billows; about noon we reached a very dirty and
dilapidated Dyak house, whence we obtained complete directions to
Bengkarum, the way being through varied and hilly country;
we soon commenced to ascend the lower slopes of the mountain ; at
four o’clock we reached Kampong Temong, a large Dyak house on a
spur of the mountain; we accommodated ourselves in the head
house, a very high awkward structure, but its airy position gave it
a decided advantage over the usually low building, in that it
was well above the most unpleasant association of a Dyak village,
the scent of the pigs! My first visitor was an elderly gentle-
man who obviously wished to impress us with his importance; this
was somewhat suddenly interrupted by the appearance of the Orang
Kaya himself, a fine, well made man; he told me on enquiring,
that the ascent was an easy matter and that near the top was
a large lanko (shelter ) in which we could pass the night, as the
ascent and descent could not be accomplished on the same day; he
also arranged to have coolies ready for me to start the next
morning. During the evening the elderly gentleman called, to say
that he had decided to go with me and asked what provision
we had made for water; as this seemed rather a serious matter,
I told him that we could carry enough with us in bamboos; at this
he gave a grunt and smile of superiority to which Dyaks at times
give way, I found later in the evening that it was his little
joke, there was plenty of water on top.

_ At eight o’clock the following morning all stores were packed and
with my friend as guide we commenced the ascent ; for some distance
we followed a small stream and on its widening out into a good
clear pool, I was astonished to see the elderly gentleman who was
leading, stop and divest himself of the few clothes he was wearing.
At my protest, he answered that it was a good place for a bath and
he had not been there for some time. The ascent is steep but
nowhere difficult, for a short distance the path is on a ridge formed
by a sandstone bed, which has been thrown over at right angles to
its plane of bedding. As it is not more than two feet wide and
either side is a drop of fifty to eighty feet, the passage across

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911

48 A TRI? TO A SOURCE OF THE SARAWAK BLiVEh

requires careful walking; the lanco was found to be commodious
and in good condition, thatched with split bamboo and arranged in
the usual manner; here we deposited our baggage and proceeded to
the summit, which was only a short distance.

Bengkarum Mountain, from the isolated position of this enor-
mous mass of sandstone, its sudden rise and the long ridge of
suinmit gradually increasing in height to terminate with precipitous
abruptness at its eastern extremity 1s a conspicuous feature in the
landscape for a radius of many miles; in plan it is roughly shaped
like a capital Y, the two ridges which form the fork bearing
towards the west; the ascent was made from the base of the
southernmost of these; the summit at this end which is the lower,
I found to have an elevation of 3,500 feet. It is a plateau of some
width, the surface being very irregular, worn into deep gullies and
depressions which in the overgrown jungle was well nigh impossible
to travel over; for some distance I followed a small stream which
forms the main drainage and flows to the fork, descending in
a series of cascades; the banks ave rich in filmy ferns and on
a nearly submerged sandbank was growing a small fern which
proved to be of considerable interest; being a new species which
necessitated the formation a new genus. The Dyaks here collect
large quantities of teardammar, these trees were very numerous and
of large size. As usual at this altitude the ground was cuvered
with Sphagnum, while the trunks and brushwood were also covered
with other species of mosses.

As I was about to descend from the edge of the summit
the magnificence of the view at once caught my attention; in the
foreground was the further limb of the mountain covered with
its deep green, the base thrown into deep shadow as the sun
declined, while the stream as it cascaded down the mountain side
gave life and contour; then beyond was range after range, in many
places irregular and broken, lit by the full sunshine and as the dis-
tance increased the green gave place to blue with the final haze of
the horizon. The conical summit of Mt. Nach could be seen to the
south-west well above all intermediate ranges.

While taking my evening meal the elderly gentleman asked for
the chicken bones and much to the general amusement scrunched
and swallowed them as well as any dog: the body of a small
bird which I had skinned he stewed in a long bamboo, adding
various herbs gathered in the neighbourhood. Some little excite-
ment was caused by his difficulty in recovering it from the depths
of this vessel, as he refused to split it. The night was bitterly cold
with rain and wind which made sleep quite out of the question for
the coolies, who had no extra clothing and tried as wellas they
could to keep warm by sitting over the fire, while I in woollen
garments was in nearly the same plight. The following morning
was spent collecting on the slopes and a fair number of insects were
captured before the sky clouded and the whole mountain was
covered in mist—which decided me to return to the Dyak Kampong.

Jour. Straits Branch

AND BENGKARUM MOUNTAIN. 49

As my collections were now in excess of the botanical paper I had
brought with me, I resolved to make as hasty a return as possible
to Bidi by way of Siluas. The next morning on making our way
through the Dyaks paddy field, at the far entrance I came upon
a splendid trophy which these Dyaks had erected as an offering to
the spirits who guard the growth of their crops; it consisted of
small sized wooden models of all the implements they use in
agriculture as well as jars, parangs, and the common utensils of
a Dyak house. As part of the journey to Siluas has to be taken by
water from Pankalu Bobong, I was much disappointed on arriving
there to find that the only boat which would hold my coolies
and collections had left early that morning; a Malay trader here
provec to be an old acquaintance of my Mandor and kindly ordered
his son to try and hire one from a Dyak house a few miles
distant; after waiting two hours I was only able to procure a
small boat capable of holding four people, and as it was
uncertain whether another would be procurable for some days, I
decided to proceed in it, leaving my coolies to follow as soon as
they could.

A fair amount of Coffee is in cultivation here, doing well on the
alluvial soil, the trees are healthy and full of berries. At dusk when
nearing Siluas we overtook an old Dyak, whom I recognized as
having worked for me at Bidi. At his suggestion I decided to stop
the night at his house at Ire Lickie, which was convenient for
starting the next day; this was a far more comfortable structure
than is usual to find Dyaks living in-—it had three separate com-
partments, the best of which was at once cleared for my use, while
fresh eggs and rice were offered to me; as there were two other
Dyaks beside my old coolie resident in the house I expected to
obtain carriers easily the next morning, but on rising my hopes re-
ceived a check as two of the men were prostrate, with high fever.
This they told me was very prevalent in the neighbourhood of this
river. After much persuasion I induced the remaining coolie to ac-
company me to the next village which we reached after two hours
walk. This house Teberau consists of one long building and although
low, is commodious; the Dyaks are of a type strange to any I had
before met; it was more marked in the women who are of short
stature and decidedly pretty, in feature akin to Tamil women.
Without exception each woman was wearing a small plaited straw
cap about six inches in height, tapering slightly, decorated with
highly coloured geometric designs; in casual appearance there was
little difference between these caps and those worn by the © Bombay”’
shopkeepers at Colombo. The Dyaks were in rather an excited con-
dition as a Patrol of Dutch police had spent the night here and
were at this late hour about to make a start; they were conducting
back a Malay prisoner who had escaped from Sambas to Sarawak ;
here my coolie left me and it was only by promising the exorbitant
sum of two dollars each that I could persuade two others to take
his place as far as Bidi.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, I9QII.

50 A TRIP TO A SOURCE OF THE SARAWAK RIVER

At two o'clock we reached Pankalu Babong; from here the
distance was too great to reach Bidi the same day, which was
annoying after a comparatively short day’s walk, This was a large
well built Kampong, the Dyaks, some of them big strapping men,
are of the Jaguay type to which tribe they claim kinship although
they are Dutch subjects. A great deal of noise was being made in
the head house, caused by beating of gongs and gindans. On en-
quiring the reason I heard that some six months ago they had ob-
tained a heal, having been called out by the Government in an
expedition against some rebellious tribes at the ulu of the Sambas
river; the festivities with which they had feasted the head were
still being kept up by the younger members of the house; on ins-
pection I found the head had been divided, having been shared
with another house. It was lying in a small shelter which had
been mae to receive 1t, containing various offerings placed near it,
eggs, tobacco, etc.

At about nine o'clock I was very pleased to see my coolies
arrive. They had constructed araft and were thus enabled to follow
me quickly. I could now dispense with my engaged help at my
own rate of pay. An early start the next morning brought us to
Pangkalm Tipong at one o'clock and to Bidi an hour later.

I should like to conclude by saying a word respecting my ex-
cellent Malay Mandor Mahomet who was at all times ready to
carry out my wishes and assist in every possible way to the desired
end, and to Madoo the best of Krokong Dyaks.

A List of the more interesting ferns collected at
Mount Bengkarum and elsewhere.

Cyathea Sarawakensis, Hooker. Among the rocks by Tringos
Falls.

Matonia pectinata, R. Br. This is probably the form deseribed by
Mr. Copeland, as M. Foxworthyi. Mt. Bengkarum
at 3,500 feet, growing in large masses.

Gleichenia vestita, Bl. Mt. Bengkarum summit.

Nephrolepis acuminata, (Houtt) Kuhn. Mt. Bengkarum at 3,000
feet terrestrial.

Didymochlaena lunulata, Desv. Mt. Bengkarum at 2,500 feet.

Dryopteris calcarata, O. Ktze. Banks of Sarawak River near
Gumbang.

2 penangiana var. Calvescene, Christ. Mt. Bengkarum
at 3,000 feet.

i mindanaensis, Christ. Mt. Bengkarum at 2,500 feet.

83 athyriocarpa, Copeland. Mt. Bengkarum at 2,500 feet.

Jour. Straits Branch

AND BENGKARUM MOUNTAIN. 5

Davallia pedata, Sm. Mt. Bengkarum at fron 2—38,000 feet. <A
common epiphyte on trunks. A somewhat unusual
form, occuring also at Mt. Penrissen Sarawak.

. ciliata, Hooker. Mt. Bengkarum, epiphytic on trunks
at 2,500 feet.

“a contigua, Swartz. Mt. Bengkarum at 3,000 feet. <A
common epiphyte.

Protolindsaya Brooksw, Copel. Genus et spec. Nov. Philipp,
Journal Se. Vol. 5. No. 4. Mt. Bengkarum at
3,000 feet, growing on Sandbank in small stream.

Plagvogyria pycnophylla, var integra, Copel. var. Nov. Philipp
Journal Se. Vol. 5, No.4. Newto Borneo. Mt.
Bengkarum at 3,500 feet, growing in large clumps,
seldom fertile.

Blecknum Blumzi, Moore, or near it. Mt. Bengkarum summit.

Asplenium subaquatile, Ces. Ire Lickie River, on trunks over-
hanging stream.

a persicifolium, J. Sm. Mt. Pengkarum at 3,000 feet.

- trifoliatum, Copel, Sp. nova. Philipp Journal Se. Vol.
5. No. 4. On moist rocks in old jungle. Sambas
near Tringos.

ia filuceps, Copel, Sp. nova. Philipp Journal Se. Vol. 5.
No. 4. Tringos, epiphytic on trunks over river.

Syngranma Hookeri, C. Ch. Mt. Bengkarum at 3,000 feet.

Vittar.a longicoma, Christ. Tringos on trunk over river.

Polypodium Zippel, Bl. Sarawak River Tringos, on shady bank.
New to Borneo.

e incurvatum, Bl. Mt. Bengkarum at 2—3,000 feet. <A
common epiphyte.

Dryostachyum splendens X Polypodium heracleum, probably a
hybrid of these, see Philipp Journal Se. Vol. 5 No. 4.
Mt. Bengkarum at 3,000 feet. A large clump fallen
from a tall tree.

Elaphoglossum petiolatum (Sw.) Urban. Mt. Bengkarum at 3,000
feet. New to Borneo.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911.

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The Gymnosperms of the Malay Peninsula.

By iE. NoeIpLEY, M.A., F.RS.

The three existing groups of the Gymnosperms, Coniferae,
Gnetaceae and Cycadeae are represented in the Malay peninsula
but not by any means abundantly nor do any forin a conspicuous
feature in the flora.

The Conifers, more abundant in temperate than in warm cli-
mates, are almost confined to the group Taxaceae. We have one
species of the Araucarieae, Agathis, and of Taxaceae including the
sroup Podocarpeae, seven species of two genera, Dacrydium and
Podocarpus.

_ Now the geographical distribution of these conifers is of some
interest. In the forests of the low country up to nearly 1000 feet
we have only three species; Podocarpus Wallichianus, P. neriifolius
and P. polystachyus, the latter two closely allied. The two first are
natives also of Khasiya, and the tropical Himalaya. This section
of Podocarps with yew like leaves is widely scattered over the whole
of the tropics of both hemispheres descending into colder regions of
the south Chile, Australasia, Japan, South Africa.

When we get to the mountain regions we have Agathis (or
Dammara), Dacrydiwm elatum, D. faleiforme and D. Beccarii and
the very distinet Podocarpus cupressinus, with foliage of two forms
very unlike anything in the Indian region. All these occur in Borneo,
and in other islands to the east, but are absent from the Hima-
layan or northern region; one or two do get as far as Burmah and
Cambodia, but there they disappear. Thus our conifers appear to
have invaded the yeninsula from two directions. The lowland ones
from the north, the mountain ones from the east. All the latter
occur in Borneo also with the addition of two more Podocarps
P. imbricatus Bl. and P. Teysmanni and another genus, Phyllocladus
P. hypophyllus, Hook fil.) of which the other known species come
from New Zealand, Tasmania, the Philippines and New Guinea.
There is one more genus which we might expect to find in the
Peninsula, but which certainly has not yet been seen, and that is
the northern genus Pinus of which one species, Pinus Merkusii
Jungh. occurs in Tenasserim, Sumatra and Borneo.

In all our conifers except Agathis the ovule when ripe is dru-
paceous and red in colour and these are swallowed and so dispersed
by birds. Agathis like the pine trees has winged seed that can drift
to but a short distance so that its dispersal over the large area it
covers must have taken a very long time. It belongs to the group
of Arauearieae which includes the genera Araucaria of South
America, Polynesia and Australia; Agathis in Australasia and Poly-
nesia and up through the Eastern Malay Archipelago to Penang and
Cunninghamia and Sciadopitys of the Japanese and Chinese region,

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 69, 1911,

54° THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA,

CONIFERAH,

Trees or shrubs usually evergreen, with coriaceous ovate,
linear or acicular leaves sometimes reduced to scale leaves.
Flowers unisexual usually on distinct trees, Perianth none,
Males in catkins of scales bearing two or more anther cells,
Females in catkins of scales each bearing one or two winged
seeds, or solitary terminal ovules, on a seale leaf. Ovules naked,
erect or decurved, winged, when in cones; drupaceous when
solitary.

Distribution whole world chiefly in temperate climates.

Leaves ovate, fruit a cone Agathis

Fruit drupaceous, Ovule erect, Dacrydium

Ovule decurved adnate to the scale. Podocarpus
AGATHIS.

Big tree with coriaceous ovate leaves. Male cones cylin-
dric of numerous scales bearing ten or twelve pollensacs,
Female cone large more or less globose of large scales spirally
arranged imbricate with broad tips. Ovuliferous seale thin and
confluent with the scale. Ovules 1 or 2 adn’ate to the scale.
Seed 1 compressed winged, albumen fleshy, cotyledons 2.

A. loranthifola, Salisb.- Trans. Lion Soe. VIII. 312-4. 995 44:

rhomboidalis, Warburg Monsunia J, 184 t. VIII. « A.
Danmara, Rich. Conifer 83.-t. 19. Dammara alba, Ramph.
Herb.Ambon II. 174 t. 57. D. Onrentalis, Lamb. Pin. Ed.
OF ting Coe ks

A lofty straight-stemmed tree with flaky bark very resini-
ferous. Leaves in pairs stiffly coriaceous, lanceolate, elliptic
lanceolate or ovate obtuse, base very shortly narrowed, 2 to 3
inches long, 1-14 inch wide with a decurrent petiole ¢ inch
long. Male spike cylindric obtuse, 2 to 24 inches long. Seales
; inch long, oblong, obovate with a straight claw, apex broadly
rounded. Pollensacs 10 or 12. Female spike cylindrie obtuse
2 inches long. Cone sub-globose, flattened at the top.

Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Robinson). Selangor, Bukit
Kutu: Semargkok Pass, track to Sempang mines. Perak
Waterfall Hill Taiping (Wray} Common at Maxwells hill and
upwards. Penang Hill 2500 feet (Curtis), (Fox 12706) Kedah,
Gunong Jerai (Ridley).

Distrib. Malay Archipelago. ~ Poko Damar Minyak.”’

Warburg. le. broke up the Agathis of the Malay region into
a number of species very imperfectly described. The Malay
peninsular one of which he seems only to have seen a specimen
from Lambert’s collection of doubtful origin, but probably
Penang, he describes as A. rhomboidalis. The differences in
his various species seem to be so slight, and probably either

Jour, Straits Branch

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THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 55

local or due to some slight variation on a branch or tree that
I think it inadvisable to adopt them. Specimens from Gunong
Tahan differ from the common Malay form in the much thick-
er and rounder leaves.

DACRYDIUM.

Trees often attaining a great size, unisexual. Leaves aci-
cular, linear or scale-like. Male cones small, scales lanceolate
with 2 anther cells. Female flowers solitary on the ends of
the branches. The ovuliferous scale broad rounded free,
Ovule erect the micropyle pointing upwards. Ripe seed drupa-
ceous small.

Leaves of two forms, in young plants acicular. In adults

seale-like. D. elatum.,
Leaves of one form acicular D. Beccarii.
Leaves linear falcate D. falciforme.

Dacrydiwm elatum, Wall. Cat. 6045. Hook. fil. Flora British India
V. 648. A big tree 80 feet or more tall and 2 to 3 feet.in dia-
meter. Bark reddish brown. Leaves of two kinds. (1). Those
on young trees, or shoots of older ones, acicular angled, acute
appressed, 2 inch long, appressed to the stem. (2). Those on
the fertile branches, and on all adult trees, close imbricate
scales, very small, | m. m. long, dark green, bluntly lanceolate.

Trees unisexual. Male cones on short branches 3 inch long
oD?)

cones cylindric, yellowish green, ¢ inch long, blunt Seales
ovate, triangular green with a scarious edge, anther cells glo-
bose white. Female flowers terminal on the fertile shoots, up-
permost leaf (bract) ovate 2 m. m. long above a broader semi-
orbicular truncate scale. Ovule ovoid, obtuse, obliquely placed
on the apex of the shoot, $ inch long and as wide at the base.
When ripe bright red.

Common at high altitudes above 2000 feet elevation in
the mountains of the Northern part of the peninsula, Pahang,
Gunong Tahan (Robinson, 2354 and 5380) Telom (Ridley),
Penang Hill (Curtis, 2880), Kedali Peak (Ridley).

Distribution Tonkin, Tenasserim (Fl. Brit.) Ind Sumatra,
Borneo, Philippines and Fiji islands.

The tree is known as Ru Bukit (it. Mountain Casuarina)
from its resemblance to a Casuarina. It has long been eulti-
vated in Singapore from Penang hill plants, and there forms a
large cone-shaped bush, flowering in June. The _ locality
Singapore Schomburgk,”’ given in the Flora of British India
is from one of these garden plants. The young tree till it is
about 14 feet tall, has only the needle like leaves, and is very
handsome resembling a young spruce fir; full grown trees have
only the scale leaves, except where pruned on the old wood
when they produce branches of acicular leaves.

R. A. Soc., No. 69, 1911,

56 THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

D. Beccarii, Parl. Dec. Prodr. XVI. 2 294 Pilger, le. 52.

A dwarf bushy tree about 15 feet tall or less, leaves all
acicular, half-an-inch long in barren stems, 4 inch long in
fertile branches, angled and groved. Male cones not yet
known. Female flowers ovule ellipsoid, ovoid, blunt, § inch
long, one or two on a short branch with numerous short

acicular leaves.

Malacea, Mt. Ophir (Hullett, Ridley 3155) Perak, Bujong
Malacca at 4000 feet (Curtis 3302) Selangor, Mengkuang Lebar
at £800 feet (N. Dennys) Also Borneo on Mt. Poe (Beccari.
Foxworthy.)

A very distinct species in its dwarf habit and absence of
any scale leaves. The ovules are much bigger than in D.
elatum. It seems to take the place of this latter in the southern
part of the peninsula.

falciforme, Pilger. Pflanzenreich 1V. 5 Taracee 45 Pi, 4
Podocarpus falciformts Parl. Dec. Prod. XVI. 685.

A big tree with dark colored bark leaves, distichous,
obliquely linear sigmoid coriaceous, flat,acuminate, mucronulate,
midrib grooved, inconspicuous, 1 to 1% inch long ¢—#% inch
wide. Male’cone cylindric half-an-inch long, scales very small,
ovate acute, or cuspidate. Female flowers forming a very short
branch, scales numerous, triangular, acuminate, keeled, ovule
1 terminal, pedicel very thick, concave above the base, when
further advanced the branch becomes thicker and the scales
fleshy.

Selangor, Semangkok Pass towards the Sempang mines
(Ridley 12068). Also in Lingga island on Gunong Dai at the
foot of the hill up to 1000 feet (Hullett 5695) and in Sarawak
top of Mt. Matang (Ridley 11669) and reported from the
Philippines.

I have seen no female flowers. The tree attains a height
of about 80 feet with a trunk girth of 10 to 12 feet.

PODOCARPUS.

Trees usually unisexual. Leaves of one form ovate,
acuminate, or linear, or of two forms acicular and linear, dis-
tichous on the same bvanch. Male inflorescence a catkin,
scales numerous, lanceate, acuminate with 2 anther cells.
' Female flowers solitary, axillary or several in a short raceme.
Bracts one or more forming a fleshy peduncle. Ovule adnate to
the ovuliferous scale, reflexed with the micropyle below, Seed
large or small, globose or ovoid, drupaceous, red or purple on the
thickened fleshy peduncle. Species 40 Tropical and soxth
temperate regions of both hemispheres.

Jour. Straits Branch

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THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, 57

Leaves all similar ovate P. Wallichianus.
Leaves all similar linear

Male spikes solitary or in pairs P. nervfolius.
Male spikes numerous P. nolystachyus.
Leaves dimorphic P. cupressinus.

P. Wallichianus, Presl. Bot. Bemerk. (1844) 110 Pilger Pflanzen-
reten. OF. -P. latifolia Wall. Pl. As.. rar. 26 t. 30: (non
Thunb) Parl. Dec. Prodr. XVI. 2. 508.

A medium sized tree wita opposite or sub-opposite leaves,
the pairs inch apart, the leaves are coriaceous ovate or lanceo-
late ovate, caudate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, 4-7 inches
long, 12-24 inches wide. Flowers male and female on the same
branch 5 to 9, the males at the top. Male spikes crowded about
6 together on a peduncle about an inch long with several bracts
at the base of the spikes. Spikes white nearly cylindric, about
# inch long, anthers very numerous, scale acuminate (ensiform ©
cuspidate) cells elliptic 2. Female flowers solitary on peduncles
as long as those of the males on a thickened fleshy receptacle,
bearing about 6 short leaves. Fruit large globose, half an inch
through, purple.

Singapore near Changi and Krangi: Johor Mt. Austin;
Bukit Soga (11223 Ridley): Negri Sembilan, Gunong Angsi:
Dindings, Gunong Tungul; Perak, Kinta (Wray.)

Distrib. India, Burmah, Sumatra Sungei Kelantan.

I have never been able to find a full sized tree or fruit or
flowers of this plant. Wray’s specimen has however, traces cf
fruit. It occurs in lowlying deep and dense forests in the plain
country. The description of flowers and fruit is taken from
Wallich’s figure and description.

P. neriifolius Don Lamb. Pin. Ed.i 21 Parl.-Dec. Prodr. XVI. 2. 514
Pilger Pflanzenr. Ic. 80. P. bracteata Bl. Enum. Pl. Jay. 88
Rumphia III 214.

A very variable tree from 60 to 100 feet tall. Leaves
coriaceous, linear, long and gradually acuminate, 4-6 inches
long by ¢ to 4 inch wide, gradually rarrowed to the base, petiole
s inch long or less. Male spikes short, half-an-inch long rather
thick, solitary or two together on short peduncles with several
short, ovate, thick polished scales at the base. Anthers crow-
ded densely with a short point. Female flowers solitary or in
pairs axillary on the upper axils of the branches, pedicel 4'5 inch
long, receptacle cylindric, rather longer, ovule ellipsoid.

Usually on hill forests from 1000 to 5000 feet alt. and very
variable in height and form of leaf.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, I9II,

58

THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Johor, Bukit Banang, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11192). Immense
trees over 100 feet tall and thick in proportion. The leaves I
got of this are 6 inches long by # inch wide, broadly linear and
abruptly acuminate at the tip. No flower procurable.

Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Robinson 5452) at 5-6000 feet.
A form with very thickly coriaceous leaves rather narrow.
Malacca Mt. Ophir, Padang Batu (3158 Ridley and 10016)
3000 feet alt. Moderate sized tree with stiff leaves 1esembling
specimens from Nepal (Wallich). Selangor, Bukit Hitam
(Kelsall 2000) Penang Government Hill, (Curtis 3079) and Balik
Pulau, a tree about 50 or 60 feet with thinner and in adults

rather shorter leaves, resembles a plant from Tayabas, Luzon
(Merrill 1992.)

The distribution of this species is recorded by Pilger from
Nepal and Khasiya, China, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes,
Batehian, and New Guinea.

P. polystachyus, R. Br. Mirb. Mem: Mus. XIII. 75. Bennett

Horsf. Pl. Jav. 40. Parl: Dec. Prodr. X V1. blo. Eseries:

A rather short much branched tree about 20 to 40 feet
tall, with flaky bark. Branches spreading sub-whorled densely
leafy at the tips. Leaves lanceolate, linear, narrow, narrowed
at the tip and still more at the base, blunt, coriaceous, dark
ereen, witha prominent midrib, 3 inches long, + inch wide,
petiole ‘5 inch long, trees unisexual. Flower spikes male, very
numerous, crowded in axillary tufts, yellow, 1-14 inch long, %
inch through, anthers densely crowded. Female flowers seve-
ral together or solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, pedun-

cle very short, zo inch long, receptacle swollen, cylindric,

¢ inch, with a longitudinal groove and a single short, conic,
acute leaf. Ovule club-shaped. Ripe seed red, ¢ inch long,

ellipsoid.

Common in mangrove swamps; Singapore Kranji, Changi
(Ridley 165) Serangoon (3367); Pahang, Rumpin river and
Kwala Pahang (Ridley 1441); Johor. Also in Sumatra.

Native name S’tada, Sintada.

A curious form from the Changi beach No. 6001 of my
collection, has longer leaves, 6 inches long and 4 inch wide

with very slender spikes 1 to 2 inches long with remote
anthers.

Podocarpus cupressinus, R. Br. Mirb. Geogr. Conif. in Mem. Mus.

XITI. 75. -Bennett.:R. Br. Pl. Jav. rar. 1. 35 t 0s same
Rumphia TTT, 248.t 172 f.-2; 172 B. f. 9) Pariseiceanene
XVI. 2 521. P. embricatus, B1. Enum. Pl. Jay. 89. Pilger le. 56.

A tall tree about 60 feet high rather straggly in forest,
forming a compact cone-shaped tree when in the open, much
branched, Bark smooth on the branches, reddish brown,

Jour. Straits Branch

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THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 59

flaking off here and there on the trunk. Leaves of two forms
(1) on the branches linear terete, decurrent, mucronate, $ inch
long, appressed, or at length longer with a broader base and
more flattened, dark green. (2) leaves on terminal shoots
distichous, flattened, 4 inch long, mucronate, glaucous, green.
Trees unisexual, male cones axillary on the branchlets below
the terminal distichous leaves, on a peduncle ,'5 inch long,
covered with short subterete leaves, cone cylindric, obtuse #%
inch long. Antheriferous scales about 40, lanceolate, acute,
with 2 ovoid globose yellowish white anther cells. Females.
Ovules solitary borne on the ends of short branches, 4 inch
long, covered below with very short thick, mucronate leaves,
those at the tip surrounding the flower longer, $ inch long.
The ovule is supported on a yellow papillose peduncle bearing
two or three terete slightly clubbed fleshy leaves. The ovuli-
ferous scale is adnate to the decurved ovule which is reddish
brown and § inch long. The ripe seed is very small and bright
red.

On hills from an altitude of about 1000 feet and upwards.

Johore, Gunong Pulai (3716 Ridley). Selangor, Bukit Hitam
(Kelsall 1984), Semangkok Pass (Ridley 8635, Burn Murdoch
11964). Pahang, Kluang Terbang (Barnes 10907). Penang
Hill (Curtis). Kedah Peak (Griffith).

Distrib. North Burmah, Hainan, Sumatra, Java, Borneo,
Celebes.

The tree flowers more or less most of the year, but chiefly
in June. Though never met with at a lower elevation in a
wild state than 1000 or 1500 feet, it grows very readily in
Singapore, where it forms a very handsome bushy tree.

GNETACEA.

The Gnetacee comprise ‘three genera now existing
extremely dissimilar, of which the only genus in our region is
Gnetum of which there are upwards of twenty species distri-
buted over tropical Asia, Africa one species, Polynesia one and
South America.

All our species but two are stout woody climbers. One
Gnetum Gnemon Li. is a tree of some size, the other a small
shrub, G. Brunonianum —G. Gnemon known in the penir sula as
Maninjan is occasionally to be seen in Singapore and more
abundantly in Penang in gardens where it is more or less
planted for its pleasantiy tasted nut-like seed. Itis not a
native of this region but is said to have been introduced from
Java. It is given in the Flora of British India (where how-
ever it is confused with the very distinct G. Brunontanwn) as a
native of Khasyia and Munnipore. It attains a height of about
fifty feet and a diameter of trunk about 6 inches or more,

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 191].

60 THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

The climbing species generally attain a great size and
form often conspicuous lianes in the forests. The bark is
tough and used for tying by the Malays.

GNETUM.

Woody climbers, or rarely erect trees or shrubs unisexual.
Leaves opposite, coriaceous, ovate, lanceolate or oblong,
penninerved petiolate. Inflorescence spikes of circular saucer
shaped bracts containing sessile flowers usually surrounded by
multicellular hairs, spikes solitary or panicled axillary or
terminal. Male flowers minute of a tubular clubbed perianth
and a single stamen with two celled anther. Kemale flower of
an ovoid or globose ovule, the inner tegument prolonged into a
slender exserted tube. Seed thinly drupaceous, pink or red.

Species about Pacific-islands, Malay Archipelago and
Peninsula, Northern India, Africa and South America.

A big tree, G. Gnemon.
A low shrub, G. Brunonianum.
Woody climbers

Seed sessile, not narrowed into a stalk at the base, spikes
simple.

Seed blunt at both ends
Spikes long. Seed half an inch long.

en)

. microcarpum.
Spikes stout, very woolly. Seed half an

inch long G. macrostachyum.
Spikes slender not woolly 6 inches long.
Seed 1 inch long G. penangense.
Spikes a foot long whorls distant G. longispica.

Seeds few, large, acute at the tip, brown,
corky G. edule.
Spikes branched.

Seed 2 inches long fusiform _G. latifolium
Seed stalked.
A stout woody climber r. funiculare.
A slender climber with thin leaves G. tenurfolium.
GNETUM.
TREES.

Gn. Gnemon, L. Mant. 125. A big tree known in the Straits as

_ “ Maninjau”’ cultivated occasionally in Penang and Singapore

and said to be introduced there from Java. The seeds are
eaten and taste like hazelnuts,

Jour. Straits Branch

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THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 61

G. Brunonianum, Griff. Lindl. Veg. Kingdom 233. Trans. Linn. Soe.
XXII. 308 t 55 fig 9-20 and t 56, 27, 28, 41, 43, 44—47.. Notulae
30 Kurz Flora LV 349. G. Griffrithi Parlat. De. Prodr. XVI ii
349, 352.

A low erect shrub 2-5 feet tall, rarely much bigger, stem
slender, pale green. Leaves lanceolate to oblong lanceclate,
thinly coriaceous, base cuneate, apex acuminate, drying pale,
nerves about 10 pairs, thin elevate keneath 4-6 inches long,
1-24 inch wide, petiole §-4 inch long. Malespikesin axillary
pairs, peduncles 4 inch long with a pair of connate, subulate
bracts, 75 inch long, pedicel shorter, spikes slender cylindric 4
4-4 inch long glabrous with a pair of subulate, connate bracts
at the base. Cupular bracts rather remote, flat orbicular, bearing
a mass of short hairs in which are imbedded the male flowers
mixed with some females. Perianth short, broad, entire, oblong,
half as long as the filament, anther cells globose. Female spikes
longer, peduncle $-{ inch long, subulate, bracts free to the base,
whorls of ovules % inch apart or less in a spike of 1 inch long.
Cupular bract rather broad ribbed. Ovules acuminate about 6 in
a whorl of which only 2 or 3 develop. Ripe seed ellipsoid
half-an-inch long, red.

G. Gnemon, besides being a big tree has much shorter spikes, the
whorls closer set together, and thicker, the male flowers larger,
with broader flattened perianth tube widely dilated upwards
and laciniate at the tip, the anthers are larger, somewhat oblong
and separate above. Ido not think that in the male trees the
female flowers mixed in the whorls ever develop.

Distrib. the whole peninsula and Borneo, origina!ly col-
lected by Griffith at Banlau in the Mergui islands; Johor,
Gunong Panti (Ridley) ; Malacea, Ayer Keroh (Ridley 10752),
Mt. Ophir (Hullett 767, 808; Ridley 3156 3157) Bukit Bruang
(Derry 441, Goodenough 1338), Sungei Ujong (Cantley); Pahang
Tahan river (Ridley 2330 5824), Kwala Tembeling; Telom
(Ridley 13708). Selangor, Sungei Buluh (Ridley 13352) and
Kwala Kubu. Perak Maxwell’s Hill (Ridley 2783). Penang
Government Hill at the Chalet (Curtis 878), Borneo, Sarawak,
Matang (Hullett and Ridley 12272), Serudang (Haviland), Puak
( Ridley.) ;

This little shrub which is not rare all over the peninsula
in hilly forests up to an altitude of about 4000 feet has been
confused with G. Gnemon L. in the Flora of British India from
which it differs notably in its size, the latter being a tree of 60
feet or more tall with deep green leaves and longer spikes and
larger. fruit, while G. Brunonianwn is a quite small shrub
with pale green leaves and shorter spikes besides other
differences in the flower.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 191.

62

THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

It is called by the Malays Poko Ekor B’lankas (King
crab’s tail) and Pantat Ulat from the appearance of the male
spikes. The fruit is sweet and eatable. There is some varia-
bility in the leaves, those of the Penang plant being unusually
narrow and lanceolate. The venation varies too, in many
plants, the nerves are fewer and form very conspicuous extra
marginal loops.

Climbers, seeds sessile.

Gn. microcarpum, Bl. Rumphia LY. 6. t 175 and 1.

Rather slender woody climber, stems occasionally as much
as half an inch through, with rough dark grey bark. Leaves
lanceolate, cuspidate, acute, more rarely oblong, base narrowed
or rounded, coriaceous, dark shining green, drying brown, 2-4
inches long, 1-2 inches wide, nerves 6-8 pairs, not conspicuous
inarching close to the margin, reticulations rather wide
moderately conspicuous, petiole ¢ inch long. Male spikes in
tufts on the stem, simple, cylindric, + inch long on shorter
peduncles, cupular bracts cylindric, short, glabrous. Perianth
oblong, truncate, flat, narrowed towards the base, apex blunt,
entire. Stamen twice as long, filament slender, anther 2 celled
club shaped. Female spikes in tufts from the stem, 1 inch long
ou pedicels, t inch long or less with ovate, acuminate, acute
bracts, connate at the base. Cupular bracts cup shaped but
rather flat ribbed, whorls 1'5 inch apart of 5 or 6 sessile conic
subulate. Ovules surrounded by a circle of short rusty brown
hairs, a little longer than the bract. Fruit half an inch long,
cylindric elliptic, sessile, pinkish flesh color, borne on spikes
2-3 inches long.

There are two forms of this plant, one a slender twining
climber with narrow lanceolate leaves which grows abundantly
in open places in secondary scrub which might be called
campestris and a stronger lofty climber with a stout stem half
an inch or more through, and broad elliptic leaves with a
rounded base, 2 inches wide. var sylvestrins

var campestris.

Distrib. Singapore, Kranji (Ridley 5360), Changi (5863),
Tanglin etc. Johore, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11219). Pahang,
Kwala Pahang (1440.) Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Padang Batu
(Ridley 10015), Ayer Panas (Goodenough 1560), Penang

Government Hill (Curtis 877), and Batu Feringi (1109).
Selangor Sempang mines.

var. sylvestris.

Singapore Garden, Jungle; Seletar (Ridley 3958), Bajau
(5864) and Pulau Tekong (5862.)

It is known as” Akar Jullah”’ by the Malays.

Jour. Straits Branch

THE-GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 63

Blume’s figures and description of G. neglectwm and G.
microcarpum are hardly sufficient to distinguish the two species.
Hooker refers this species to his neglectwm with a? Judging
by the colour of the seed, and its size and length of spike, I
have little doubt that Blume’s G. mcrocarpum is intended for
this species. G. neglectum is figured with larger seed on six inch
spikes of a dark claret color, instead of the flesh coloured pink
of microcarpum.

Gn. macrostachyum, Hook fil. Fl. Brit. India V 642.

A stout woody climber with rough brown lenticellate bark.
Leaves stiffly coriaceous. elliptic or elliptic lanceolate, shortly
cuspidate, blunt, base rounded, or occasionally shortly narrowed
7-8 inches long, 3-4 inches wide, usually drying light brown,
nerves nearly invisible above, slender, slightly elevated beneath,
4-6 pairs, reticulations fairly visible rather large and ir-
regular, petiole rather thick, + inch long. Male spike (only seen
young) 24 inch long on a short peduncle, $ inch long with a
pair of ovate, acute, connate bracts, cupular bracts saucer shaped
close together with much brown hairs between. Female spikes
solitary or in pairs, one in each leaf, axil very shortly peduncled,
cylindric, 3-4 inches long, 2-% inches wide, cupular bracts
close set, saucer shaped, almost hidden in the dense brown wool
surrounding the ovules of which it conceals all but the tip.
Ripe spike about 4 to 6 inches long and #¢ inch through,
densely woolly. Seeds crowded, oblong, ovate, shortly acute,
half an inch Jong, a quarter of an inch through.

Singapore, Siglap (Ridley 9207), Changi (4822 and Hullett)
Jurong (Ridley 5566) and Bidadari (8918): Malacca, Bukit
Bruang (Ridley) ; Proy. Wellesley, Krian (Ridley 9383).

Gn. penangense 0. 8.p.

Gn.

Woody climber, Leaves elliptic to oblong cuspidate,
coriaceous, drying black, nerves 4-5 pairs, base shortly narrow-
ed, reticulations fine conspicuous beneath, 6 inches long, 23
inches wide, petiole half an inch long. Spike in fruit from the
stem stout, 6 inches long, peduncle 1 ineh long, whorls + inch
apart of about 6 ovoid acute ovules. Cupular bracts flat saucer
like, a thin square mat of hairs below the ovule, and shorter
than it. Ripe ovules oblong, 1 inch long, blunt at both ends.

Penang Government Hili (Ridley and Curtis 2223).
Allied to G. microcarpum but with the leaves of G. fund-
culare and very much larger spikes and ovules.
longispica Ni. sp.

A woody climber £ inch through with warty bark. Leaves
broadly lanceolate, narrowed almost equally at both ends, coria-
ceous, drying light brown, 6 inches long by 3 inches wide,

R, A. Soc., No. 60, 191!

64

THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

nerves 6 pairs inarching within the margin, reticulations small
and inconspicuous, petiole stout, half-an-inch. Mature female,
spikes a foot long with 24 whorls, ¢ inch apart, peduncles 2
inches long, cupular bracts, saucer shaped ribbed, containing
about 10 acuminate ovules almost conzealed by thick brownish
hair. Ovules httle over half-an-inch long, ellipsoid, blunt at
each end, without covering $ inch long.

Selangor, Camphor forest, Rawang. Fruits dull brick red,
(Ridley). Johor Kwala Batu Pahat, (Kelsall).

Allied to G. microcarpum, bat with much longer spikes.
The fruit of the Batu Pahat plant is larger than that of the
Rawang, one being ¢ inch long. The fruit otherwise resembles
that of G. microcarpum. It may possibly prove to be a big
form of that species.

Seed narrowed at the base not stalked.

. edule, Bl. Nov. Pl, Bam, 31 Vi_7. KRoumphe Vee

gnenvoniformis. Rumph Herb. Ambon.

A moderate sized woody climber, with reddish bark.
Leaves stiffly coriaceous, shining lanceolate or oblong lanceolate,
cuspidate, drying brown above, reddish brown beneath, nerves
inconspicuous, 7 pairs, slender inarching within the edge, but
almost invisible, reticulations obscure, very small, giving the
under side of the leaf a papillose appearance under the lens,
5-6 inches long, 14-25 inches wide, petiole 4-5 inch long.
Male spikes not seen. Female spikes solitary axillary on
short ¢ inch, peduncles 5 inches long, whorls 4 inch apart,
rachis ribbed, cupular bract very short, and flat saucer shaped,
with light brown hair longer inside. Ovules acuminate 4 or 5
in a whorl. Ssed when ripe one or two only on the spike, 2
inches long, an inch through, elongate, ovoid, slightly narrowed
at the base and bluntly, shortly acuminate at the tip, light
brown corky warty, peduncle much thickened woody. Apex
of seed acute, ribbed with many rather long fibrils.

Singapore, Toas, and Chan Chu Kang, (Ridley 6126).
Pahang, Tahan river, (Ridley 2329), Pulau Rumput, Pahang
river (2332). Perak, Sungei Kertai, Temengoh (14548).

G. edule, Blume was based by him on Rumphius figure and des-

eription of his Funis gnemoniformis, which shows the solitary
seed of large size nearly sessile, and described by Rumphius as
“Coloris hepatice’’ liver-coloured which fits this plant.
Roxburgh referred this plant of Rumph to the Indian species
Gnetum scandens which is described as having a fruit as large
as a large olive and which according to Wight’s figure in the
Icones Pl. 1955 under Gn. funzculare is utterly unlike our
species or Rumph’s figure. G. scandens Rexb. seems to be con-
fined to India. Blume however, included Roxburgh’s G. scandens
in his description.

Jour. Straits Branch

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THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 65

Spikes branched.

G laisjolswm, Bl. Rumphia IV 5. Tab. 174.

_A moderate sized climber with oblong lanceolate leaves,
deep green, drying black, apex acuminate, blunt, base cuneate,
(the leaves are cften at least slightly inzequilateral) nerves
about 8 pair, visible above, prominent beneath as are the reti-
culations, 5-6 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, petiole + to nearly $
inch long. Male spikes cylindric, usually 5 together, 1 to 1%
inch long. Bracts saucer shaped, green, approximate. Perianth
wedge, shapel with a broad top nearly as long as the filament,
anther cells separate. Females 2 or 3 in a tuft from the trunk,
branched with few lax branches, spreading, whole inflorescence
6 inches long. Branches about 6, remote, over an inch apart,
peduncles of spikes 1; inch long, spikes 2 inches long, whorls
distant § inch apart, glabrous. Bract funnel shaped. Ovules
6-7 in a whorl ovoid, not beaked. Ripe seed on a spike a foot
long, rachis much enlarged and thickened, zigzag seed 2 inches
long, fusiform base abruptly narrowed into a cylindric stalk ¢
inch long, apex bluntly conic.

Pahang Telom (Ridley 13709) on a fallen tree by the
stream.

Distrib. Malay islands.

Blumes’ figure is an excellent one and exactly suits the
Telom plant.

A specimen distributed by the Philippines Bureau as Gn.
latifolium, Bl. from Lamao River, Mt. Mariveles 1805, closely
resembles this in foliage and inflorescence but the fruit is

- smaller and distinctly stipitate.

Species with fruit stalked.

G. -fumculare, Bl. Nov. Pl. Fam 32. Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. 2. V. 2.
106. Rumphia IV 7. Abatua indica Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 630.
Poo Hi Brit. Ind. V: p.642.

A very stout woody climber with black bark, stem 2 inches
through. Leaves thickly coriaceous, dark green, drying black
polished oblong to lanceolate, oblong or ovate oblong, cuspidate
or blunt, nerves 6 or 7 pairs, 5 to 6 or 7 inches long, 24 to 8
inches wide; petiole 4-4 inch long. Male spikes stout, cylindric,
1 inch long, densely crowded on knots on the trunk on pedicels
half-an-inch long, green with yellow stamens. Cupular bracts
overlapping circular, saucer shaped, containing abundance of
brown multicellular hairs about as long as the bract. Perianth
elongate, goblet-shaped from a narrow base, apex broad, # the
length of the stamen. Stamen with a stout filament and 2
distinct globose cells. Female inflorescence of opposite pairs
of pedunculate spikes on main peduncles, over on inch long.
Bracts connate at the base, subulate, § inch long. Secondary

R, A. Soc., No, 60, 191T,
eH

| 7

66 THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

peduncles ¢ inch long, spike # inch long. Bracteosles funnel
shaped, wide. Ovules ovate, acuminate, 6 in a whorl, surround-
ed by a dense tuft of brownish hairs. In fruit the spikes are 6
inches long. Seed ellipsoid, blunt at the tip, half-an-inch long,
and nearly as thick, red on a stalk, ¢ inch long.

Distrib Singapore Garden Jungle (8074 Ridley), Kranji
(Ridley 1612 and Tanglin 5688); Johor, Batu Pahat (Kelsall) ;
Pahang, Tahan forests (Ridley 2329); Malacca, Ayer Keroh.
(Ridley 107561), Selandor (Cantley) Negri Sembilan, Bukit
Danan (Cantley! Selangor, Ulu Gombak (Burn-Murdoch).
Perak the Cottage, Taiping Hills (with very small leaves);
Penang, Government Hill (Curtis) by the Waterfall (3660).

It is also recorded from Assam, Pegu and Burmah in the
Flora of British India.

The Natives call it ““ Akar Tutubo ’’ and Akar Suburus.

Gnetum tenuifolium, n. sp.

A slender climber turning over bushes, Leaves opposite,
oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, with usually a long point, thin
textured, narrowed atthe base, nerves 6-8 pairs elevated beneath,
interarching well withinthe margin, reticulations inconspicuous,
4-7 inches long, 1-24 inch wide, petiole { inchlong. Male spikes
solitary or 2 together on the stem unbranched, on peduncles, 1
inch long, slender with a pair of connate acuminate bracts
5 inch long, pedicel of spike $ inch long, slender , spike slender,
1 inch long, § inch through. Female spike solitary on a shorter
and thicker peduncle, unbranched, 2-3 inches long, ovules in
whorls of 8 to 10 $inch apart, surrounded by short brownish
hairs with a cup shaped bract below. Seed spikes 4 inches
long. Unripe seed acuminate and when dry narrowed at the
base, ripe ellipsoid with a short acute point on a pedicel half
an inch or more long, slender, seed ellipsoid acute, finely rib-
bed, half-an-inch long.

Lankawi (8341). Kasum (Curtis 3244). This also occur
in Malacca at Bukit Sadanen (Goodenough 1431) and Bukit
Tampin (Goodenough 1918) Selandor and Chabau (Cantley),
Negri Sembilan on Gunong Angsi (Ridley): Selangor at Kwala
Lumput (Ridley 10213), Pahang, Tanjong Antan (2331 Ridley) ;
Perak, Taiping (Ridley 14565); the Dindings on Gunong Tun-
eul; Penang Waterfall stone quarry (Curtis) and Balik Pulau
(32204) Kedah at Yan.

It is known as Akar Putat, and Akar Dagun and Akar
Mantadu in Malacea and Negri Sembilan according to Cant-
~ ley’s collector who says that the Jakuns eat the fruits.

It is a very distinct plant in its thin twining stems only ¢
inch through and long pedicelled fruits and thin leaves.

Jour, Straits Branch

THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 67

CYCADE.

Shrubs or small trees with a thick simple or branched
trunk with a terminal crown of leaves. Leaves pinnate or
bi-to tri-pinnate, coriaceous, large. Flowers dioecious. Males
in a terminal cone of hard peltate or flat scales bearing
numerous, crowded, | celled anthers, or pollen-sacs. Females of
flat carpellary léaves (carpophylls) bearing several ovules on
the edge, arranged in a whorl at the top of the stem. Ovules
large. sessile. Seeds large drupaceous, albumen copious.

Distributed all over temperate and tropical regions. Only
genus here Cycas.

Trunk rough. Carpophylls elongate, C. Rumphia

Trunk smooth white. Carpophylls short,
broad pectinate C. Szamensis

Cycas Rumphiu, Miq. Bull. Sc Phys. et Nat Neerl 1839. Monogr.
Zo wanalebot Lndoint. 5: 6: A & B. linnca.X VII 688, Hook
(iio ind Voor. ©. crcinaws Roxb. El. Ind. in 744.
Griff. Notul. VVI. Ic Pl. As. t. 361 (not of Linné) C. circinalis
var. angustifolia Miq. Comm. 119. C. Wallichit Miq. Monogr.
Cyc. 32. C. glauca Mig. Monogr. 30 C. macrocarpa, Griff.
More iver terri As. t. COCELXIIT 12

Stem from 4 to over 20 feet tall, cylindric, brown, usually
branched, and often emitting axillary buds usually about 1-2
feet through, covered with the rough leaf bases. Leaves simply
pinnate 6 feet long and 2 feet across, very coriaceous; petiole
6 inches long armed with short thorns in the upper part,
leaflets linear, acuminate, base decurrent on the rachis, 12
inches long, half-an-inch wide or narrower and shorter, midrib
strong and prominent. Plants unisexual, Male cone about
1 foot long, orange colour, Antheriferous scales obcuneate apex
shaped, broad with a long acuminate spine from a broad base,
¢ inch long, 4 inch wide at the apex, spine upcurved, half an
inch long, pollen sacs very numerous, small, white, globose.
Female carpophylls 9 inches long, petiole flattened, + inch
across, gradually dilating into the hmb which is lanceolate
and dilated at the end, 4 an inch across and shortly toothed,
and ending in a long point, # inch long, all orange-woolly. Ovules
4-6. Seed ellipsoid globose orange an inch through.

Singapore Changi (Ridley 3940 and 4408), Pulau Tekong
Tampenis river; Pahang Pekan, Rumpin river, on sea shores,
Raub Track (Machado) in forest; Perak, Kamuning, Limestone
rocks; Adang Islands, Tanjong Hantu, Rawei.

Distrib South Tenasserim, Mergui, Malay Islands to North
Australia.

R. A. Soc,, No,’60, 191T,

68 THE GYMNOSPERMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Native Name “ Pakis Laut” on account of the circinate
vernation of the young leaves. A starch is obtained from the
trunk, and the young leaves are eaten as a potherb. Usually
this inhabits sandy spots near the sea, or on the sea beach,
but I have met with it far inland in forests, e.g. at _Kamuning.
It is probable that in these cases, the plant has remained here
since the formation of the alluvial flats now between it and
the sea.

It was probably much more abundant on our sandy coasts
but has disappeared except where isolated in gardens, owing to
these spots being cleared and cultivated for coconuts.

The male cone has a strong odour of lady-birds, the pollen
which is very abundant is said to be strongly narcotic.

Cycas Siame2nsis, Miq. Bot. Zeit 1863-334. Hook fil. Fl. Brit. India
le. 647.

Stem about 15 feet long, cylindric, but swollen abruptly
at the base, smooth nearly white. Leaves about 3 feet long
and 8 inches across, coriaceous, light green, petiole 1 foot long,
+ inch wide, thorny in the upper part, Leaflets about 70 pairs
naarow, linear, acuminate, 4 inch across, midrib slender. Male
cone. © Antheriferous scales ¢ inch long with a slender point as
long.’ Female carpophylls, petiole 3 inches long about ¢ inch |
across, flattened, limb obovate with very long slender processes |
about 30, one to two inches long, narrow, acuminate. Whole
carpophyll orange, woolly. Ovules few 3 or 4. .

High up on limestone rocks. Terutau (Curtis 2427) Setul
and Perlis

Distrib. Dry forests of the Prome district, Shan States
and Cochin China.

Jour, Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1917,

Head Pressing amongst the Milanos of Sarawak.
By JOHN HEwiTtT, B.A. & A. E. LAWRENCE.

With two plates.

In remote times the custom of head pressing in one form or
another has been practised in many parts of the world. Nowadays
however, the people who still hold to this remarkable habit are few
in number and of local distribution. So far as the Malayan region
is concerned, it appears to be confined to the Milanos of Sarawak,
and to certain natives of Celebes. In all probability, the custom
will die out amongst the Milanos at no very distant date: never-
theless at the present day a great majority of Milano women bear
on their heads the unmistakable evidence of the press. A few only
of the men have been thus deformed, though apparently 1t was at
one time a privilege bestowed on all; a privilege because the press
is considered to impart beauty to the subject. |

The operation is performed during early infancy, the first
application of the press being made when the child is only a week
or two old: it is discontinued about three or four months afterwards.
The apparatus employed is called a “Ja” at Mukah, an “Api” at
Oya and at Bintulu a Tadal:” the press itself is exactly the same
at these three places. A Ja’ is simply a board of hard wood,
shaped as in the figure, attached by strings to a T shaped piece of
cloth which supports the back of the head: the central part of the
wood rests upon a pad which is applied to the infant’s forehead.
The pad is made of folded up leaves or of cloth, and sometimes to
increase its weight a flat stone or piece of wood occupies the interior
of the pad. ‘The strings which cross the board from end to end
pass through a coin which is ordinarily situated at the centre of
the board : by twisting the coin round and round the strings are
tightened as in a torniquet and thus the pressure on the head may
be gradually increased. When applying the “Ja,” the infant is
taken between the legs of the father or mother and the apparatus
is gently fitted over its head. At first the strings are fairly loose
and the inconvenience experienced by the child is slight: after a
few minutes when her offspring is asleep, the mother carefully adds
to the pressure of the Ja”’ by twisting the coin round a few times:
this she repeats at intervals of about ten minutes until, as she
judges, the maximum pressure consistent with safety is attained:
when the child finally wakens, the ‘Ja’ is removed. This opera-
tion then is conducted only during the sleeping hours of the child,
commencing at about 9 a.m. and resuming again about 2 p.m.: at
night time, the baby has a respite as the ' Ja”? demands too much
trouble of the parent. It occasionally happens that too much

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 69, I9II.

70 HEAD PRESSING AMONGST THE MILANOS OF SARAWAK.

pressure is exerted and the child dies, but this is a rare occurrence
as the Milanos are very fond of their children and prefer to forego
the pressing altogether if the child protests too much.

The most obvious result of this operation is a well marked
depression of the forehead: there is presumably a corresponding
uprising of other parts of the head, but being distributed more or
less uniformly over the rest of the cranium this is not recognisable.
Head pressed Milanos usually have a characteristic squint in both
eyes and occasionally the base of the nose is depressed.

Whether this custom ordinarily affects their mental ability is
not certain though some observers believe that it really has a
prejudicial effect: the average Milano certainly is rather a dull
person, but the same may also be said of the Land Dayaks, who
have never practised head pressing.

No incantations or religious ceremonies are associated with
this remarkable custom and apparently the only element therein
which savours of religion is the charms which are always attached
to the ja. The charm, called ‘Luan’ by Milanos, consists of a few
flakes of soot scraped off from the family cooking pot: it is sewn
up with cloth into tiny packets which are attached by strings to
the ja. Similar charms are in use amongst the same people in other
capacities : for instance such a charm is usually to be found tied to
a Bayoh (medicine man) man’s drum.

In addition to the Luan every ja is provided with a large blue
bead which is attached to the string that goes over the head: this
bead also functions as a charm.

After it has once been used a Ja may not be given away: they
are in fact kept in use through several generations. One’s neigh-
bours are very fond of borrowing a lucky ja—one which always
presses well—especially if it be an old one.

This custom is now falling into disuse for the very simple
reason that it involves too much trouble: nowadays the housewife
has to work hard to earn a living and it is very inconvenient to have
to suspend the sago working every few minttes in order to attend
to a sleeping baby.

So far as is known head pressing is not practised elsewhere in
Borneo. Nevertheless it should be noted that heads are often
enough unintentionally deformed slightly, we believe, as a result of
the very hard pillow—of wood alone—on which the infant rests
when sleeping. This fact may account for a characteristic flatness
often noticeable at the back of a Land Dayaks head. In north-west
Celebes where the natives flatten heads and breasts the language
has, according to the Rev. B. Mulder, many words in common with
Milano: and moreover they have very similar fairy tales. It is
therefore quite possible that the two peoples have been neighbours
or even that they are related : nevertheless it is almost certain that
the Milanos have lived for some—probably many—centuries in
Sarawak and if there is any relationship it must have been in very
remote times. The following tables give a few statistics which

Jour, Straits Branch

HEAD PRESSING AMONGST THE MILANOS OF SARAWAK. 7]

have bearing on this custom. The head measurements were taken
at Mukah in 1906: these measurements are alas only approximately
correct as we had to content ourselves with primitive apparatus—viz
large callipers.

Length of a ja 13 ins.
Weight of same TS OZ:
Weight of pad and contained stone 12 02.

Head measurements of a number of young Milano women.
The length of the head was measured from the middle of the
forehead: the breadth was taken at the widest part.

Length inins. SBreadth in ins. Length in ins. JBreadth in ins.

4 : 6 68
8 6x6 5$ 64
8 65 6 61
3 64 = 62 OR

6 6 63 68

63 64 | 68 t 6d

64 6 63 De
£ 64 63 bt
8 63

Drawing of a model made by a Milano

to shew method of application of the Ja.

* Subject had not been pressed.
15 its been slightly pressed.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 60, IgII.

MILANO WITH COMPRESSED HEAD.

MILANO WITH COMPRESSED HEAD.

ee

hse

A List of the Butterflies of Borneo with
Descriptions of New Species.

Eee Ce MOWETON, NES. HanS:5 E.2.8-,
Curator of the Sarawak Museum.

Part III.
(LYCAENIDAE).

Parts I and II of this list, dealing with the Nymphalidae
and Lemontidae only, were published by Mr. Shelford in this
Journal in 1904 and 1905 (Nos. 41 and 45). Mr. Shelford being
unable to continue it, suggested that I should do so—a task I have
gladly undertaken. This Part deals with the whole of the Bornean
Lycaenidae, the most numerous of all the Families in Bornean
Rhopalocera. The growth in our knewledge of the Lycaenidae of
this country may be seen from the following figures :_-Mr. Distant?
in his great work, Rhopalocera Malayana, gives 32 species of
Lycaenidae from Borneo. Mr. W. B. Pryer® after some 9 years’
collecting in British North Borneo could only record 35. species
(1887) ; “before that, Mr. Herbert Druce® had recorded 71 collected
in the neighbourhood of Labuan by Sir Hugh Low (1873); a
number, which was increased to about 220 by Mr. Hamilton H.
Druce* (1895), who had examined a large amount of material in
the Godman-Salvin collection together with the Kina Balu and
Labuan captures made by Waterstradt and Wahnes. Mr. Druce?
published a second paper in 1896 increasing the total to 262; since
that date some of the genera have been monographed and some
new species described ; including these and the species described for
the first time in this paper, the total number of named forms and
varieties now recorded from Borneo is 317; of which 300 are
- regarded here as true species. In comparison with. these figures
it may not be out of place to mention that de Nicéville and Martin®
recorded 238 Lycaenidae from Sumatra out of a total of 756 Rhopa-
locera; so we may regard our present list as having some preten-
sions to completeness.

1. Distant, Rhopalocera Malayana, 1882.

2. Pryer, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1887.
Bee riice, 700. Zool. sos. ond.. USie:

ee. Druce, Lros. Zool. Soc. ond., 1895.

9)

6

3

H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896.

e

. de Nicéville and Martin, Jowrn, As. Soc. Beng. Vol. LXIV, Part II,
3, pp. 357-555,1895.

Jour, Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 58, 1911.

no.

714 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

The system of classification followed in the first portion of
this paper is that laid down by Col. Bingham in his volume on
Indian Butterflies (/auna of British India Serles, Bulterflies, Vol.
Il. 1907), which deals with five out of the seven Sub-Families
occurring in this region. Of the remaining two Sub-Families, I
have followed Mr. Bethune-Baker’s recent monograph for the
Arhopalinae (“ A revision of the Amblypodia group of the Family
Lycaenidae,” Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. XVII. pp. 1-153 P1.
I-V. 1903), and for the Theclinae, in the absence of any more up-
to-date work, I have endeavoured to follow out the lines of class-
ification suggested by Mr. de Nicéville in his Butterflies of India,
Viol eso 0)

Mr. Shelford has kindly furnished me with a few field-notes,
which I have added under his initials; and I am further indebted
to him for much valuable advice and help received from time to
time during the compilation of this paper. Dr. T. A. Chapman
has kindly identified some of the Lycaenopsids for me, a difficult
group unless one has devoted much study to its various species.
‘Yo Mr. G. 'T. Bethune-Baker I owe thanks for help with some of
the Arhopalas. And lastly, it is with much pleasure | take this
opportunity of recording my indebtedness to Mr. Hamilton H.
Druce, who has continually placed his valuable services at my
disposal. Doubtfully identified species have been sent to him on
and off for the last two vears and without his help many little points
would have still remained unrayelled. The Superintendent of the
Indian Museum has kindly supplied details of the Bornean Lycae-
nidae in the collections of that Museum.

Although the general system laid down by Mr. Shelford for
Parts I and II, has been followed for this Part, I have considered
it advisable to amplify it on one or two points. ‘Thus in quoting the
literature for each species I have given the reference to the original
description first, then the name and reference of any species “that
has been proved synonymous; in cases where the original description
being for one sex only, the other sex has been described elsewhere,
J have given both references.

As Borneo is the third largest island in the world, it would
seem superfluous to remark on the yagueness of “ Borneo” as a
habitat for any species, although this has sufficed for many writers
on the different branches of the Fauna of Borneo. However, care
has been taken in this paper to give as many e.act localities as
possible; so that by this means some traces of relationship may be
indicated between the fauna of different parts of Borneo and the
surrounding countries, and between the mountain fauna of Borneo
and that, for instance, of Upper Burma and the Himalayas. The
majority of localities are taken from the fine collection in the
Sarawak Museum, and for that reason many of those names are of
places in Sarawak. The same geographical order of names is
always adhered to, viz. starting from Sandakan on the North-East
coast, going round to the North of the island, then south-westwards

Jour. Straits Branch

en

Se ee \ ee

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 75

and taking in Mt. Kina Balu, through Lawas, Limbang, Brunei
to the western limit of Sarawak territory: then south through
Sambas, and Pontianak and so along the South coast to Bandjer-
masin and Pulo Laut where Mr. Doherty collected many species.’

It is proposed to follow Mr. Shelford’s original idea of resery-
ing a discussion on the geographical distribution of Bornean Butter-
flies for an Appendix, to be added after the completion of the
whole list. However, it will not be out of place to give here the
following figures, which indicate some of the principal features of
the distribution of Bornean Lycaenidae.

Out of the 300 species recorded, no Jess than 117 are at present
confined to Borneo as far as we know. Of the remainder, 120 are
common to Borneo and the Malay Peninsula (Burma to Singapore),
98 to Borneo and Sumatra, and 47 to Borneo and Java. The com-
paratively small relationship with the Philippines, Celebes and New
Guinea (including Australia) is shown by the occurrence of 41, 13
and 14 Bornean species respectively in those countries.”

Due regard has been paid to the importance of recording any

variations in all the forms, and the Sarawak Museum collection
has been carefully examined for this purpose.

The following new species are now described for the first
time. Those marked with an asterisk indicate that they were
noted as new by Mr. Shelford, but not described, and I have re-
tained his names for those species.

270. Allotinus strigatus 402. Arhopala incerta

272. Allotinus borneensis 428. Arhopala sarawaca
"498. Charana? abnormeis 432. Arhopala tembaga
289. Logania drucei 451. Arhopala shelfordi

298. Neopithecops oskewa 452. Arhopala rajah
314. Lycaenopsis lingga 474. Tajuria sunta
*3515. Lycaenopsis nigerrimus 486, Chiiaria balua
318. Lycaenopsis delapra = 497. Charana sple ndida
*354. Lampides vyneri *498. Charana? abnormis
*381. Poritia pastra 506. Horaga albistigmata
Some of the Bornean Lycaenidae have been described from one
sex only, and I am able to furnish descriptions of the hitherto-
unknown sex of the following species :—
311. Lycaenopsis sonchus, H. H. Druce, 2
316. Lycaenopsis moultoni, Chapman, @
326. Nacaduba lugine, Druce, 2
327. Nacaduba angusta, Druce, 2
d41. Lampides virgulatus, H. H. Druce, @
379. Poritia philura, H. H. Druce, 9

1. Fora lucid and concise description of Sarawak localities see Shelford in
Straits Branch, Roy. As. Soc. Journ. No. 35, p. 44, 1901.

2. Owing to our incomplete and uneven knowledge of the Butterfly Fauna of
these countries these figures are necessarily inaccurate to a certain degree, but
they serve to indicate the lines of relationship and to corroborate the conclusions
arrived at by other writers on the various branches of the Bornean Fauna.

R. A, Soc., No. 60, I9II,

76 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

530. Lehera anna, H. H. Druce, ¢
537. Deudorix strephanus, H. H. Druce,
The seal plate accompanying this paper is reproduced from
a photogr aph of Sarawak specimens by Mr. C. Jee Koo of the
Sarawak Museum.

Sub-Fam. I.,.GERY DINAH:

This Sub-Family is practically confined to the Indo-Malayan
Region and a glance at current literature’ shows that its principal
range Is corifined to the Malav Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo,
with headquarters in the last named country. Out of 62 species
recorded. from this region, no less than-33 are found in Borneo;
Sumatra comes next with 23 species, the Malay Peninsula and
Upper Burma with 16 and 18 respectively. But 7 species are
found in Celebes, 9 in the Philippines and 7 in Java. Borneo has
18 species which are not found elsewhere.

Genus, GERYDUs, Boisduval.
257. Gerydus gigas, H. H. Druce.
Gerydus gigas, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p.
D5 9 pl. OCP tie, *s Okage
Mt. Kina Balu only.
Allied to G. gigantes, de Nicéy., from North-East Sumatra.

258. Gerydus innocens, H. H. Druce.
Gerydus innocens, H. H. Druce, tc. p: 560, pl. XX XI.
fig. 4, ¢ CLS05)e
Mt. Kina Balu; Selinguid, near Batu Lawi (Sar. Mus.).
The single Sarawak example is a female; colouring and mark-
ings agree well with Druce’s figure of the male, but the fore-

wings are more rounded at the apices and the hind-wings
squared, suggestive of a tail as in caudatus.

259. Gerydus improbus, H. H. Druce.

Gerydus wmprobus, H. H. Druce, op. cit. p. bal, pl
MULE fies: 15 2, 6) and: “2 (1S IGE

Mt. Kina: Balu only.
Closely allied to G. innocens, Druce.
260. Gerydus symethus, Cr.
Papilio symethus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. pl. CXLIX, figs.
B, 0, 2 (779).

1. . These “eas are obtained after consulting (i) Bingham, Fauna Brit.
Ind., Butterflies, Vol. II. 1907, (ii) Swinhoe, Lepidopt. Ind. Vol. VIL. 1905-10,
(iii) de Nicéville and Martin, Butterflies of Sumatra, 1895, and (iv) the present
list of Bornean Butterflies. A search into further literature would no doubt show ~
more species recorded from Java, Celebes and the Philippines, but it seems un-

likely tbat any country will provide as many species of this Sub-Family as
does Borneo.

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. ET

Symetha pandu, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. TH,
figs. 2, 2a-1. (1828).

Miletus zinckenti, Felder, Reise, Nov. i. p. 284, pl. 35,
fig. 34, 6 (1865).

Sandakan, Labuan; Trusan and Pulo Laut (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution; Tenasserim; Moulmein and. south of Mergui;
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago; from Philippines to New
Guinea. ; |

[An example of this species was observed in May 1904 in
the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, settled on a large leaf on
which several ants were moving about. On a closer examin-
ation it was seen that both the ants and the butterfly were
sucking the fluid secretion from the cloacal aperture of some
small larval Fulgoridae or Jassidae. ‘The larvae rested placid-
ly whilst their attendant guests imbibed the presumably sweet
fluid; but when disturbed they hopped off the leaf and were
lost in the surrounding vegetation]. R. 8.

Similar’cases have been reported to me by native collectors
during the last eighteen months in connection with other
Gerydinae (viz. Gerydus ancon, Allotinus horsfieldi, A. nivalis,
Logania sriwa, L. drucei and L. staudingert)*; and in May this
year (1911) I was fortunate enough to make the observation
myself.

The above observations are of some interest as affording a
parallel to the case of Allotinus horsfieldi, Moore, which was
observed by Col. H. J. W. Barrow, -R.A.M.C., in attendance on
Aphidae in India.?

The record of the two JLogania_ species attending
Homoptera is interesting because their legs are of normal
length, while those of Allotinus and Gerydus are peculiarly
long, and as remarked by Col. Barrow, are well adopted for
standing over a mass of Aphides,

261. Gerydus ancon, Doherty.

Gerydus ancon, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. p. 438, pl.
23, fig. 8 (1889).

A male and female, taken in the upper waters of the Limbang
River, Sarawak, the latter near Batu Lawi (Sar. Mus.).

Only recorded from ‘Tenasserim and Burma before. Bing-
ham remarks on its rarity.

The Sarawak male differs from the mainland form in
the white band on upperside of fore-wing not being completely
interrupted by the junction of basal and hind-marginal fuscous
colouring. Also the marginal dark line on the underside of
hind-wing of the continental G. ancon male is replaced in the

1. Moulton. Proc. Ent. Soc., Lond. 1910. pp. xxxvili—xli.
2. Fauna of British India: Butterflies. Vol. II. 1907. p. 287.

R, A. Soc., No. 60, 1911

78

262

263.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO,

Sarawak form by a line of spots and Swinhoe figures a similar
line of spots for the female from ‘Tenasserim. In other res-
pects it agrees well with the excellent figure given by Swinhoe
(Legidopt. Ind. Vol. VII. pl. 612, figs. 2, 2b. 1910).

It is extremely close to G. gigas, H. H. Druce, but differs
in the basal region of fuscous almost joining that of the hind-
margin—one millimetre only separates them in the male; while
in the female this fuscous area docs not approach that of the
hind-margin quite so much; in gigas the reverse is the case ac-
cording to Druce’s description. ‘The swollen portion of the third
margin quite so much ; in gigas the reverse is the case according
to Druce’s description. The swollen portion of the third
median nervule in the male is about one-fifth of an inch long
as in gigas. It seems probable therefore that there are really
three forms of G. ancon.

(1) The Tenasserim-Burma form in which the whole band of
the fore-wing is completely divided (G. ancon, Doherty).

(11) The ‘Sarawak form in which it is nearly divided, cul-
minating in the extreme form—

(ii) The Mt. Kina Balu form in which the white band
of the fore-wing in the male is comparatively broad right
across the wing (G. gigas, Druce). Until further specimens
come to hand to confirm or refute these suggestions it is per-
haps better to keep the two species (ancon and gigas) separate.

The male was reported by the native captor to have been
in attendance on some immature Homoptera—probably Jassi-
dae ?—also captured and brought to me.

Gerydus petronius, Dist. and Pry.

Gerydus petronius, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist.,ser: 5. X LX.) p.2266) (188%):

Sandakan, British North Borneo.
This species is unknown to me. Bingham notes that it is
very close to, if not identical with, G. longeana, de Nicév.

Gerydus boisduvali, Moore.

Miletus boisduvali, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1. p. 19,
plo Tas ics esos ison

Miletus chinensis, Felder, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien. xii. p.
488 (1862).

Miletus boisduvali, var. ceramensis, Ribbe.

Gerydus boisduvali, var. acragas, Doherty, Journ. As.* Soe.
Beng. p. 186 (1891).

Miletus irroratus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 106
(1874).

Borneo.

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 79

General distribution of var. ceramensis includes Celebes,
Amboyna, Saigun, Buru and Borneo. That of the typical
form is wider (though it does not include Borneo), ranging
as it does over Sikkim, Assam, Upper and Lower Burma,
Natuna Islands, Tenasserim, Hongkong, Sumatra, Java and
Ceylon.

264. | Gerydus biggsti, Dist.
Gerydus biggsti, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 206, pl. XXIT.
fie 12, 9 (1884).
Gerydus gopara, de Nicéy., Butt. Ind. IIT. p. 25 (1890).

Sandakan (Prver); Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan
(Low); Padas R., Mt. Marapok (Ind. Mus.); Limbang,
Malinau, Banting, Tambak, Kuching, Bidi, Tegora, Pulo Laut
(Sar. Mus.).

Distribution; Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

As regards the white band of the fore-wing, Druce remarks
on the variability of its width; a comment, which is well borne
cut in a large series in the Sarawak Museum. The width of
the band measured along the median nervure in six male ex-
amples varies from 6 mm. to 2.5 mm. In the females the
variation is not so marked. In some the band extends to the
costa, while in others it only just traverses the cell.

Quite common and taken all the year round in Sarawak.

265. Gerydus philippus, Staud.
Miletus philippus, Staudinger, Lep. Palaw. p. 92, pl. I.
fig. 2 (1889).
Gerydus irroratus, Semper (nec Druce), Schmett. Phil.
Insel. p. 162, pl. XXXII. figs. 10-12 (1889).
Trusan and Pulo Laut (Sar. Mus.) ; Labuan,
In this species the white marking of the fore-wing is also
variable.
Described from Palawan.

266. Gerydus vincula, H. H. Druce.

Gerydus vincula, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
Hale PEO Oo tiess:9., 10; o amdi O-=(11895 )-

Borneo.

Genus, ALLOTINUS, Felder.

267. Allotinus horsfieldi, Moore.
Miletus horsfieldi, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. KE. I. C. i. p. 19,
levi aedien 24.6 (isan).
Paragerydus hersfieldi, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 207, pl.
DEN ive, OF (Sst).
R. A. Soc., No. 60, 191T,,

SO A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Sandakan; Mt. Kina Balu; Labuan; Lawas, Trusan, Ban-
ting, 'Tambak, Kuching (Sar. Mus.) ; 8. E. Borneo (Wahnes).

Distribution: Tenasserim to Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago.

One of the commonest Gerydinae in Sarawak. De Nicéville
and Martin remark the same of it in Sumatra.

268. Allotinus melos, H. H. Druce.

Paragerydus melos, WW. H. Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p. 602 (1896),
Cagayan.
Mr. Druce observes that this species is closely allied to A.
horsfieldi, Moore.
269. Allotinus waterstradti, H. H. Druce.
Paragerydus waterstradti, H. H. Druce, op. cit. p. 562,
pl. AXXI. fies; 1,:2;-6 and 1” (esga7e
Mt. Kina Balu; Sapagava (Cator); South Borneo (Ind.
Mus. ).

269a. Ab. absens, Druce (I. c.).
Mt. Kina Balu.

270. Allotinus strigatus, n. sp.

Mane. Upperside. Dark brown. Fore-wing: uniform
dark brown, except for an ovoid patch beyond cell; this patch
is less defined and more ovoid than in A. horsfieldi, Moore
the four light costal spots, present in that species, are also to be
seen in strigatus. Hind-wing: uniform dark brown; hind
margin rounded, less crenelated than in male horsfieldi.
Underside. Light grey-brown ground-colour crossed by trans-
verse lines of brown strigae and further darkened by many
small brown spots and slender strigae. Fore-wing: three
short broken lines are formed by transverse strigae at base
centre and end of cell; these are succeeded by a well marked
sub-marginal series of inter-nervular strigae. Hind-margin is
bordered by a line of small inter-nervular black-brown spots
outwardly touched with whitish-grey. Inner marginal region
more or less devoid of spots or strigae. Hind-wing: a small
brown spot at base, succeeded by a broken concave series of
three larger spots across the basal region; these in turn suc-
ceeded by a more pronounced line of five strigae across the
discal area; followed by a sub-marginal concave series of six
lunular transverse strigae; marginal black-brown spots as in
fore-wing. Cilia lioht grey-brown as in ground-colour.

Frematr. U pperside. Uniform dark fuscous. Underside.
Markings and coloration as in the male. Hind-wings rounded
as in the female of horsfeldt.

Hap: Gio sis-38 mimes. Ser 3 6 ima

Types, 8 and © . from Pulo Laut and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Jour. Straits Branch

5)
te

2

rn
4

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 81

These and another male captured near Kuching in 1895 are
the only three examples at present known.

1. Allotinus pyxus, de Nicév.

ee

Paragerydus pyxus, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
Mole cba pin caNomliep. 2: ole hie, 2). (13894):
Borneo: Sandakan, Sapagaya, Melikop, Labuan.
“ Described from a single example received from the late
Mi W. Davison: (de Nicév. /.c.).
Mr. Druce (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 652, 1896) reports
several specimens from the above mentioned ‘healt.

Allotinus borneensis, n. sp.

Mate. Upperside. Dark brown. Fore-wing; uniform
dark brown, except for an elongated narrow discal streak,
starting on the median nervure at base of second median
nervule, and continuing along the third median nervule to a
point 2-3 mm, from the hind- -margin. Four whitish, generally
indistinct, spots along the outer edge of costa as in A. hors-
ficldi, Moore. Hind-wing; uniform dark brown. Underside.
Light drab ground-colour, covered with small brown transverse
strigae and spots, which give a light-brown mottled appearance.
Fore-wing: three transverse strigae—at base, centre and end
of cell-—are slightly larger than the rest. Inner marginal area
is free from spots and strigae. Hind-margin bordered by a
row of seven small inter-nervular black-brown spots, out-
wardly edged with creamy white; the two spots nearest the
ae have an additional touch of black-brown on the outer edge

the white. /ind-wing: basal and imner-marginal region
slightly freer from spots and strigae. Fusion of spots forms
three large strigae situated above and below the second sub-
costal nervule and at end of cell: ; a rough sub-marginal row
of smaller transverse strigae; hind- marginal row of small
black-brown-spots as in fore-wing, except that the whitish outer
edging is very much reduced. Cilia light drab as ground-
colour in both wings. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
concolorous with the wings; below: palpi, thorax and ab-
domen whitish.

FEMALE. Upperside. Dark-brown. VFore-wing: uniform
dark-brown. Four whitish spots along the outer edge of the
costa as in the male. MHind-wing: uniform dark-brown.
Much more square than the male, a peculiarity which is formed
by the extension of the third median nervule into the anal
angle so as to suggest a rudimentary tail.1

1. Druce remarks on A. caudatus, female, that this extension of the third

median nervule so as to form a blunt tail, distinguishes that species (caudatus)
from all others in the genus. Mr. Druce who kindly examined this species for
me, remarks that it is unknown to him, so that borneensis is the third ‘‘ tailed’’
Allotinus to be described, for the female of A. panormis, Elwes, also has this
peculiarity.

R. A. Soc., No. 69, I9II,

*6

82 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO,

Underside, as in male. Antennae, palpi, head, thorax and
abdomen as in male.

Bap. dl. & , 46, mm. 5,-9..41 anne.

Types, 6 and 2 : Kuching and Mt. Saribu, Sarawak (Sar.
Mus.).

Sarawak: Mt. Saribu, Kuching and Mt. Matang—2000 ft.
(Sar. Mus.).

As yet only known from Sarawak.

273. Allotinus moorei, H. H. Druce.
Miletus moorei, Staudinger, M, 8.
Paragerydus moorei, H, H. Druce, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond.
p. 562, pl. XX XI. figs. 5, 6, ¢ and 9 (1895);
Mt. Kina Balu; Sarawak and 8. Borneo (Ind. Mus.).
274. Allotinus taras, Doherty.
Paragerydus taras, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Vol.
LYIIL. Pt. 2. p. 487, pl. XXITIL fe 10, a ieee

S. I. Borneo: nerth of Banjarmasin (Wahnes).

Distribution: Venasserim, Chittagong Hill-tracts. And pro-
bably from the Malay Peninsula, as Mr. Doherty notes that an
apparently identical form occurs there and in $8. E. Borneo.

275. Allotinus caudatus, Grose-Smith.
Allotinus caudatus, Grose-Smith, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 5. Vol. XII. p. 34 (1893).

Mt. Kina Balu; British North Borneo, Sadong, Kuching
and Lundu (Sar. Mus.).

The example (a@) from British North Borneo is remark-
ably small, measuring only 1 inch, while the type female is
1? inch.

276. Allotinus fabius, Dist. and Pry.
Paragerydus fabius, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 5, Vol. XEX. p..266 (45a7)%

Sandakan (Pryer); North Borneo (Ind. Mus.).

Druce suggests that it may turn out to be the same as the
preceding species, though he notices that Distant does not des-
cribe a projecting third median nervule, which is a distinctive
character of caudatus. Swinhoe regards the two species as
identical. Unknown to me.

277. Allotinus aphocha, Kheil.
Allotinus aphocha, Kheil, Rhop. Ins. Nias, p. 28, pl. VY.
fig. 830 (1884).

Mt. Kina Balu, Labuan; Sarawak: Limbang, Saribas, Tam-
bak, Quop, Santubong and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Extends to Nias Island from where it was originally des-
cribed.

It seems to be fairly common in Sarawak from March

to October. 3 ae

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 83

278. Allotinus subviolaceus, Feld.

Allotinus subviolaceus, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. II. p.
286) pl. MXXY. figs, 27, 23 (1869).
Allotinus alkamah, Vistant, Rhop. Malay. p. 452, vl.
MOIS tie 351d * (1886).
Allotinus subviolescens (sic), Swinhoe, Lepidopt. Ind. p.
HIG ple Oto nese a0, 6 and 9 (1910).
Sarndakan, Mt. Kina Balu, Kuching and Mt. Matang-—3209
timioar. Mus.)
Distribution; Tenasserim to Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago.
279. Allotinus audax, H. H. Druce.
Miletus audax, Staudinger, M. 8.
Allotinus audax, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. p.
aor, ple ww fies: WI 2 Ss and 2 (1895).
Mt. Kina Balu only.
280. Allotinus unicolor, Feld.
Allotinus unicolor, Felder, Reise, Nov., Lep. If. p. 286
(1865).
Sandakan (Pryer).
This species also occurs in Singapore.

281. Allotinus nivalis, Druce.

Miletus nivalis,’ Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc.’ Lond. p. 318
(1873).

Logania substrigosa, Moore, Journ. As. Soc, Beng. p. 22
(1884).

Sandakan; Mt. Kina Balu; Labuan; Kuching (Sar. Mus.) ;
S. E. Borneo.

Distribution: Tenasserim southwards to Mergui; Malacca,
Sumatra and Nias.

Druce suggests that substrigosa, Moore, may be a distinct
specics as the type and all other specimens examined by him
from Borneo have the black spot on the costa of the hind-
wing below replaced by a pale brown one. An examinaticn
of many specimens in the Sarawak Museum does not uphota
this; as in some the spot is hght brown, in others very dark
brown, and in one the scales forming the spot are undoubtedly
black.

A very common species near Kuching, Sarawak.

282. Allotinus nicholsi, sp. n.

Mate. Upperside. Uniform rich brown fuscous. Under-
side. Light ground-colour densely irrorated with minute brown
scales. Fore-wing: a rough sub-marginal line formed by little
fasciae of brown scales from costa to inner margin, slightly
curved inwards towards costa. A hind-marginal line of small

R. A. Soc., No, 60, 1911,

84

284,

Qo.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. fi

dark-brown internervular spots. /Zind-wing: a rough discal
line from costal nervure across cell to inner margin; a slender
fascia closing cell; an indistinct fascia at one third the length
of costa from apex; a submarginal, much-interrupted line of
outwardly oblique fasciae from “radial nervule to inner margin,
Small black a eee spots along hind-margin as in fore-
wing. Cilia brown fuscous.

ii Di Gil, gan WOW,

Type. Male (and only known example) from Quop, Sara-
wak (Sar. Mus.).

Named after the Rev. Nicholas formerly 8S. P. G. missionary
at Quop.

The delicacy of the irrorations on the underside point to
the relation of this species to A. subviolaceus, Feld., but the
brown fasciae in that species are much more pronounced than
in nicholsi where they are hardly perceptible. Mr. Druce
kindly examined this specimen for me and reported it as un-
known to him.

Genus, LOoGANTA, Distant.

Logania regina, Druce.

Miletus ae ae Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 348, pl.
AXXIT. fig. 4.4(1873)):

Sandakan (Pryer); Melikop and Banguey Island (Cator) ;
Labuan (Low).

Mr. Druce remarks on the proximity of this species to our
next species.

Logania sriwa, Dist.

Logama sruva, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5. Vol.
LOVES p. vol (Lss86)E

Sarawak: Kuching (Sar. Mus.) ; Pulo Laut (de Nicéville).

‘aken all the year round commonly.

Distribution: Malacca, Perak and Sumatra.

A beautifully pr otected species when at rest with wings closed
on the upperside of a leaf. I have noticed how conspicuous
it is when flying some 5 to 8 feet up among the trees, and then,
on settling, how it completely disappears. The white streak
on the underside helps wonderfully to break the outline of the
insect and so render it invisible.

Logamia marmorata, Moore.

Logania marmorata, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. p. 22
(1884),
Pulo Laut (de Nicéville).
Distribution: Tenasserim and Mergui Archipelago. Sum-
bawa (Doherty).
De Nicéville suggests that this species cannot stand as a
species distinct from LL. sriwa, Dist. “and that most likely the

Jour, Straits Branch

286

29%

288.

289.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 85
‘Miletus’ lahomius of Kheil (Rhop. Insel. Nias p. 27. n. 77,
pl. V. figs. 28, 29, (1884), from the Island of Nias, will heres

after be proved to be another synonym of the same species.
(Journ. As. Soc, Beng. UXIII. Pt, Ef. No. 1. 1s 28 )le

Logania malayica, Dist.
Logania malayica, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 208. n. i. pl.
DONC ton OS (lS 84.),.
Sandakan (Cator); Lundu, Sambas, Pulo Laut (Sar.
Mus.) ; S. E. Borneo (Doherty). :
Distribution; Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Philippine
Islands.
Logania distanti, Staudinger.
Logan distanti, Staudinger, Lep. Palaw. p. 93, pl. 1,
HG Be, GQ (usress)) ri |
Logania obscura, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 5. Vol. XIX. p. 266 (1887) [nom-praeoce. |.
ian (Pryer). |
Palawan and Philippine Islands.
Mr. Druce informs me that obscura, Distant, seems to have a
whitish suffusion over the hind-wing above which is not present
in distanti, Staudinger ; but he doubts their specific distinction.

Logania staudingert, H. H. Druee.

Logania staudingert, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
Dao oo, ply OON figs, 13, 14-9 amd 2 (1895)

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Kinabatangan, North Bor-
neo, and Mt. Matang—2000 ft. (Sar. Mus.).

Logania drucei, n. sp. (Fig. 9, 2).

Maur. Upperside. Dark fuscous, relieved by small cir-
cular blue-white discal patch in fore-wing situated across the
base of the three median nervules, but not reaching the cell,
discocellular nervule or submedian nervure. Cilia dark fus-
cous. Hind-margin of fore-wing uneven, of hind-wing very

‘slightly scolloped ‘at the anal angle. U oe Partly tawny-

fuscous, part plumbous-fuscous. Fore-wing, with two trans-
verse striae: one rather indistinct across the cell, the other,
well-defined, closing the cell. The costal half of the fore-wing
is tawny fuscous, the remainder plumbous-fuscous. Hind-
wing: ivregular and indistinct transverse striae below costa
and at hase, succeeded outwardly by a well-defined reniform
spot below the costa and two indistinct and irregular striae
closing cell and joining inner margin; an irregular post-discal
chain of indistinct transverse striae, Cilia dark fuscous.
Femate. Upperside. Large blue-white discal patch in
fore-wing, with dark fuscous apical area from costa to anal
angle and slightly diffuse alone the inner margin; light fus-

R. A. Soe., No. 60, I9II.

86 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

cous scales at base of fore-wing. Hind-wing, fuscous with
plumbous tinge across the disc to inner margin. Apex of fore-
wing more obtuse and hind-margin more rounded than in the
male. Underside. As in male, except that the striae are
more distinct, and that a hind-marginal row of indistinct dark
spots can be seen in both wings.

JIG), Hie 8), a0) oat, Seperate (at pal,

Types. (Male and femal e) Matang Road, near Kuching,
Sarawak, February 22nd and 23rd, 1911 (Sar. Mus.).

Taken commonly in the same locality during the first four
months of the year (1911). Dedicated. to Mr. H. H. Druce
to whom I owe much for continued help in the preparation of
this paper. He examined this species (among many others)
for me and writes that, in his opinion, it is quite distinct from
L. massalia, Doherty, although allied to it—a species which
occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Java and Sumatra. He notes
that in drucei the discal spot above is much bluer and more
defined, and below, the ground colour appears to be plumbous
white, which is not the case in massalia; further, that the
margins are more even than in massalia, where they are slight-
ly scolloped, while in staudingert and distanti they are more
scolloped.

One of the females has a small piece out of the anal angle
of the left hind-wing, suggestive of an attack made by a bird
or lizard enemy. It is curious that out of some 200 Gerydinae
examined, this is the only specimen bearing any signs of an
attack."

—

1. For the importance of recording the evidence of attacks made on butter-
flies by their enemies and for an interesting discussion on this problem, see
Essays on Evolution by Professor E. B. Poulton, F. R. S. 1908. pp. 70,
281-3,304 and 325. It is due to the suggestive remarks of Professor Poulton
that I have carefully noted all the signs of injuries exhibited in the Bornean
Lycaenidae examined by me, descriptions of which will be found throughout
this paper. The accumulation of such records is of general value in helping to
refute certain statements made now and again in entomological circles, namely
that butterflies are xot subject to such severe attacks as has been frequently
claimed ; the:authors basing their statements as a rule on the paucity of direct
observations, without taking into account the mass of indirect evidence, which,
though available in most large collections, is not often recognized, or the im-
portant evidence adduced from the examination of birds’ stomachs for instance.
The special interest of the observations made in this paper lies in the support
given by them to the theory of Directive Markings, eg. as exhibited by the anal
markings and tails in many Theclinae, which are rendered conspicuous in order
to direct an enemy’s attack to a non-vital part. Hence the absence of attacks
noted on the Gerydinae, which rely on a different method for protection, namely
that of procryptic colouring. (See concluding paragraph on this subject under
553.— Virachola smilis on page 173 of this paper). That there are relatively
few instances noted in this paper is due to the fact that nearly all the
specimens examined belong to a collection of ‘‘naturally selected’’ good
specimens—the careful work of native collectors and Museum Curators for the
last 20 years! I should also add that no mention is made of worn and damaged
specimens, whose injuries might be attributed to other causes.

Jour, Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 87

Sub-Family Il. LYCAENINAE.
Genus, CyANtriomeEs, de Niceville.

290. Cyanirioides libna, Hew.
Hypolycaena libna, Hewitson, Ul. Diurn. Lep., Lye. Supp.
p. 15, pl. V. (Supp.) figs. 39, 40, 2 (1869).
Cyanirioides libna, H. ae see Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p. 565, 3 (1895).

Sandakan (Hewitson) ; Mt. Matang, Sarawak (Sar. Mus.).

De Nicéville (Butt. Ind. p. 32.) says it is probably the same
as an Indian species—Logania andersonit, Moore, 1.¢., a mem-
ber of the Sub-Family Gerydinae.

Druce (/.c.), from an examination of a male, places it next to
Poritia, to w hich genus he says it is closely allied, i.e., a member
of the Sub- Family Poritiinae.

A careful examination, however, of the single Sarawak ex-
ample shows that it undoubtedly belongs to the Sub-Family
Lycaeninae, as defined by Bingham (Faun. Brit. Ind. Vol.
Fl. p. 284).

Genus, Hypocurysoprs, Felder.
291. Hypochrysops coelisparsus, Butler.
Miletus coelisparsus, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser
ev ol, Sell p59 (1633) .
Sandakan and Libaran Island (Cator).
Unknown to me.

Genus, Prruecors, Horsfield.
292. Pithecops hylax, Fab.
Papilio hylax, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 526. n. 351 (1775).

Mt. Kina Balu: Labuan; Kuching, Mt. Matang (Sar. Mus.) ;
Mt. Marapok and poutl Borneo (Ind. Ms.) ; near Banjer-
masin.

Distribution : Speen to Malay Peninsula. and Archipelago.

Horsfield notes that the larva feeds on a leguminose plant,
and that he gave it the name Pithecops on “account of the
curious resembles of the pupa to the face of a monkey.

De Nicéville records its “ weak fluttering. flight ” in heavy
forest only. ,

Genus, SPALGIS, Moore.

295. Bipalois epius, Westw.

Lucia epius, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. Vol. IL. P. 502,
plex ME. fig. 5; 2 (1882).

R.A. Soc., No. 60, I9II.

88 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) : North Borneo (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: India, Ceylon, Burma and Penang.

294. Spalgis nubilus, Moore.
Spalgis nubilus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 522
(1883)

Sandakan (Pryer) ; Labuan (Walhnes).

Distribution: Ceylon; the Andamans and Nicobars.

De Nicéville, Druce and Swinhoe follow Moore in treating
this species as distinct from epius, but Bingham treats it as a
closer relation under the title of * race.”

Genus, 'TarakaA, de Nicéville.
295. Taraka hamada, Druce.
Miletus hamada, Druce, Cist. Ent. Vol. I. p. 561° (1875).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).

Distribution; Sikkim to Malay Peninsula and Archipelago ;
China and Japan.

Doherty, quoted in Butterflies of India Vol. IL, p. O¢, says:
~ So tar as I know, the ie of this genus occur in the low-
country ; they are found in forest, and are very weak and moth-
like in flight.” In view of this it would be of interest to know
at what altitude Waterstradt took this species on Kina Balu.

Genus, LycaENopsis,’ Felder.
Sub-genus, Volarthrinus, Chapman.
296. Lycaenopsis (Notarthrinus) musina, Snell.
Cyanwis nvusina, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. XXXYV. p. Ito
(1892).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Sarawak: Paku, Mt. Matang,
Mt. Santubong—2,600 ft. (Sar. Mus.).

Outside Borneo it has been recorded from Sumatra and Java.

The Indian examples recorded under this name by de
Niceville and Bingham have been recently described by Swin-
hoe-(Lep. Ind. Vol. VIL p. 205, pl. 619: figs) Si7as pee
under the name musinoides. Chapnian vlaces this ae ie
visionally in the genus Nolarthrinus, and says of it “......
musing would be an ancestral form, hardly yet a Lye aenopsis.”

Very common on the summit of Mt. Matang on some davs.

296a. Lycaenopsis (Notarthrinus) musina lugra, H. H. Druce.:
Cyaniris lugra, H.. H..Druce, Proc: Zool socymsonmaay:
Sool, OOOUE ies oe Bo (CIS).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
Chapman regards it as “a geographical race of musina.”

Ils AD ae Abs vals Ghapmen has shown how the name Lycaenopsis, Feld. has prio-
rity over the long-used name, Cyantris, Dalm. I havetherefore used it here and
also followed Dr. Chapman’s valuable paper (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1909, pp.
419-476) for the classification of this genus.

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 89
Sub-genus, NVeopithecops, Distant.

297. Lycaenopsis (Necpithecops) zalmora, Butl.

Pithecops zalmora, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 161
(1869)

Pihtecops hylax, Moore (nec Fabr.), Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond. p. 587 (1877).

Pithecops dharma, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. Vol. I. p. 72, pl.
SOON Galle, 25 Ve) (rei)

Parapithecops gaura, Moore, Journ, As. Soc. Beng. p. 20
(1884).

Neopithecops horsfieldi, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 210, pl.
aa, 1G, a, (exces).

Labuan (Low); Limbang, Banting, Samarahan, Kuching,
Mt. Matang—3,200 ft., Mt. Penrissen' (Sar. Mus.) ; South-
Kast Borneo (Doherty). 7

Distribution: India, Ceylon, Andamans, Burma, Singapore,
Sumatra, Sumbawa.

Bingham says: “this form is subject to much seasonal
variation. ‘The type in the British Museum is a ee
intermediate between the wet and the dry season broods,
which the dise of the fore-wing on the upperside i is much fase
with a small spot of white in ‘the middle.”

In Borneo the se asons are not very definitely marked: though
the “landas” or “wet season” sets in about October and
usually lasts until February or March. An examination of 12
specimens in the Sarawak Museum shows that the seasonal
differences cannot be reed on much; thus a typical wet-season
form was taken in July and another in June and a third in
May; of the remainder, two taken in April and May have the
white on the fore-wing of the dry-season but the hind-wing is
typically wet-season ; only two taken in June and August are
typical of the dry-season, and the other five taken in January,
April and October, are typical of the wet-season. Mr. Shelford
suggests in explanation, “that the colouring of the butterflies
exhibiting seasonal changes is determined by the state of the
weather during the early stages of the life-history, so that a
wet August (for example) would produce the wet-season form,
a dry August the dry-season form.”?

I Oe Shelford gives an interesting account on the Dubterfies ae this
mountain in Journal No. 35. Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc. 1901, pp. 29-42. He
notices the distinctive character of the fauna of Penrissen as shewn by his
collections there, and at the same time comments on the unexpected scarcity of
butterflies as compared with those found on the mountains near Kuching,— Mts.
Matang and Santubong. His small total of 9 species of Lycaenidae captured in
one month’s collecting is certainly illustrative of this; and my own experience
there on a short trip in November 1909 was the same. (Mr. Shelford made his
expedition there in May 1899.)

Dig Us Gs Dp BC

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911.

90

298,

Zoe.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Chapman writes of this sub-genus and the next: “......
they appear to me to be undoubted Lycaenopsids.” Dr.
Chapman. has not yet had an opportunity of examining the
next species, V eopilhecops oskewa, mihi, and I refer it to this
sub-genus with some hesitation.

Lycaenopsis (Neopithecops) oskewd, n. sp.

Mate. Upperside. Dark fuscous brown: a small pale iri-
descent-blue discal patch in the fore-wing. Underside. Grey-
ish-white. More-wing: a transverse thin. brown line marks the
end of cell; a post-discal line composed of six interneryvular
brown striae; of which the first is situated further from the
hind-margin than the others; the next two join; the fourth
points downwards and outwards, the fifth and sixth very nearly
join. Hxterior to this row is a sub-marginal border of inter-
nervular lunules outwardly bordered by a row of darker spots;
a thin dark line along the outer edge of hind-margin. Cilia
of ground-colour. Hind- Wing: a small dark sub- costal spot
at base, followed by another saa larger sub-costal spot to-

wards the apical angle; immediately below this, a small brown
aay a thin transverse line at end of cell as in fore-wing; an
irregular post-discal line of small brown spots; the first two of
which are between the discocelluars; of the next three: one be-
low each of the three median nervules and the last on the inner
margin. ‘The second median-nervular spot is placed. nearer
the base. Sub-marginal border and cilia as in fore-wing.

FEMALE. Only differs fromthe male in having a larger
and better defined discal patch of iridescent blue- white in the
fore-wing.

Hep. al, 6, 22-24:mm. 3.2, 25 mm,

Types, 6 and 2, Kuching, Sarawak (Sar. Mus.).

Sarawak: Marapok Mts. and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Mr. H. H. Druce kindly examined this species and reported
that it was not in the British Muesum or known to him,

Sub-genus, Megisba, Moore.
Lycaenopsis (Megisba) malaya, Horst.

Lycaena malaya, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus; ‘He 1 Cy apeed
(18289)

Megisba thwaitesi; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. Vol. I. p. 71, pl.
XXXIV. figs. 3, 3a, 3b (1881),

Megisba sikkima, Moore, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. p. 21
(1884). ,

Pathalia albidisca, Moore, t. c. p. 21 (1884).

Megisba gunga, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ab 133,
pl. XIX, fig. 7 (1885).

Jour, Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 91

Sandakan (Pryer); ‘Trusan, Limbang, Buntal, Mt. Matang
—2000 ft. and Bau (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: India and Malava.

De Nicéville states that it is the tailed form which occurs in
Sumatra and Borneo; and the four examples in the Sarawak
Museum bear this out. Of these seven specimens, three taken
in April and May have the white oblique patch in the fore-
wing indicative of the dry-season, three taken in April, June
and “July are typically wet-season, while the seventh captured
in November has it more intermediate in character, In none
of them is the white extended to the hind-wing.

Sub-genus, Lycdenopsis, Chapman.
300, Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) shelfordi, de Nicev.
Cyaniris shelfordi, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
Soc. XIV. p. 245, a Pine: Tg (1902)

Sarawak: Mt. Mate 3.200 ft (Sar. ‘Mus.y.

‘This species Is fairly common on the top of Mt. Matang,
and it occurs at the foot of the mountain: taken all the year
round. The top of Matang is a small plateau some 50 ft.
square, devoid of any trees, but mostly covered with low-grow-
in shrubs, over which she/fordi flies slowly in the sun. It i is on
the wing from 11 to 2 p.m. and probably longer if the sun is
not concealed by mist or thick clouds; on some days it is to be
met with in abundance,

301. Lycaenépsis ( Lycaeno psis ) havaldus, Fab.

Papilio haraldus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. Vol. IT. p. 82
(1787) |

Lycaenopsis ananga, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. Vol. II. p.
Zot, i a0or ple XOX XL. figs. JUD, Ik (Us) ))

Cupido cornuta, Druce, Proc: “Zool. Soc. Lond, p. 349, pl.
DOO, fic: 5: 9 (1873)

Labuan (Low and Walhnes); Banting, Kuching, Mt. Ma-
tang, Santubong (Sar.. Mus.).

Distribution: Malacca, Sumatra and Java.

Distant remarks that “the female appears to be at Ieast
difficult of capture, as it is rare in collections.” And Druce
says, “apparently a scarce insect. in Borneo,’ as I have seen
three female specimens only—two, including the type of (.
cornuta, which does not differ in anything from females from
Malacca and Java, in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s collection,
and one sent by Dr, Staudinger.” Up to the end of 1909
there were but 5 (all ies) in the Sarawak Museum; but the
year 1909 seems to have been more favourable for them, as no

iL. De Niceville and Martin also remark on its rarity in their ‘‘ Battertiea
of Sumatra.”

R. A, Soc., No. 69, 1911.

92 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

less than eleven specimens (six of which were females) were
added during that year and several more have been taken since,
mostly from: well-collected over localities round Kuching; it
seems to frequent old jungle only, and the female, flying low
and slowly, is easy to capture. ‘Taken all the year round.

Variable in size but not in markings.
302. Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) ripte, H. H. Druce.

Cyanwis ripte, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. p.
5745. pl. XOX KIM Migs, Sou teeae

North Borneo and Ulu Madihit (Sar. Mus.) ; Labuan (Low),
“ T beheve this is the only Cyaniris with a spot in the cell of
fore-wing below ” (Druce).

303. Lycaenopsis armenta, Frulst.
Cyaniris armenta, Fruhstorfer, Stett. entomol. Zeit. p.
are (Glo):

North Borneo, Lawas, South-East Borneo (coll. Fruh-
storfer).

304, Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) puspa, Horst.
Polyommatus puspa, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. H. Lo Cp:
(1828)
ee Mee lavendularis, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
Ser. Gerke Pp. ots (AS):

Sandakan (Pryer) ; Labuan (Low) ; Lawas, Marapok Mts.,
Limbang, Banting, Padang, Quop, Santubong, Kuching (Sar.
Mus.).

Distribution: India and Malaya, including Ceylon, Andaman
Isles, and the Philippines.

A large series in the Sarawak Museum does not show any
seasonal “differences, though the specimens have been taken in
most months of the year. The only point of variety is the
lower sub-costal spot on the underside of the hind-wing, which
in many specimens is well-developed, agreeing with Bingham’s
figure of the species in Ran Brit, India, but in others
it is much reduced and in two it is absent altogether.

There is a curious female (the only @ in the series) which
has been identified as C. puspa on account of the correct mark-
ings and colour of the underside; the upper side of which is
black, except for a slight discal patch of iridescent blue in
the fore-wing, vader like the female L. range Moore,
figured by Swinhoe (Lepidopt. Ind. Vol. VIL. pl. 620, fig. 1a,
1910).

304a. Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) puspa lambi, Dist.

Polyommatus lambi, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hien ser.
a, X. py 220 (1882).

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO, 93

Sandakan (Pryer).

Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Nias Island and Sumatra.

Druce, de Nicéville and Swinhoe regard /ambi as a synonym
of puspa, but Chapman gives this name subspecific distinction.

305. Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) limbata placida, de Nicév.

Cyaniris placida, de Nicév., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol.
IOIULS JPN JO. OSs i, Gh qol Tae. eS (Clusxe)e

Sarawak: near Batu Lawi, Limbang, Mt. Saribu, Mt. Ma-
tang, Mt. Penrissen, Mt. Santubong , Mt. Lingga and Kuching
(Sar. Mus.). First record for Borneo.

Distribution: Sikkim, Assam, Khasi Hills, 'Tenasserim,
Penang and Sumatra.

Two females in the Sarawak Museum are considerably darker
on the upperside than in the description given by Bingham
though he admits (/.c.) that he is in ‘lem: as to his female
specimens. In the ee ak examples the general colour is a
dull fuscous black, relieved discally in the fore-wing by an
oblong patch of blueish-white shghtly iridescent ; the hind-
wing similar, though the patch is much reduced. In the fore-
wing there is a small black spot at the end of cell.

306. Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) strophis, H. H. Druce.

Cyaniris strophis, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
Dees pl NOCNUE. fie, 4. 3 (1895).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Mt. Penrissen (Sar, Mus).

Druce (/.c.) asks, “Can this be a seasonal form of C. dilec-
lissima? On the underside they are almost identical, but on
the upperside the hind-wings are strikingly different.”

Chapman on the other hand suggests that it may turn out to
be a form of limbata; while a third suggestion comes from
Fruhstorfer who places it provisionally as a sub-species of
singalensis, Felder.

807. . Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) dilecta, Moore.
Polyommatus dilectus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
IBS) (LUST De
Sarawak: near Batu Lawi and Mt. Matang
Mus.).
This is the first record for Borneo. The males were very

common along the mountain streams between Madihit and
Batu Lawi.

Distribution: Himalayas; Simla to Sikkim; Assam; Upper
Burma ; Arracau.

The ‘only difference between the Sarawak examples and

the described form is that the paleness in the centre of the

_ lise of the fore-wing and upper discal area of the hind-wing is

barely perceptible in the Sarawak specimens; though as this

R. A. Soc., No. 60, I91T.

3,200 ft. (Sar.

94

308.

B09,

ol,

oll.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

characteristic varies with the seasonal forms, this slight differ-
ence does not separate them from that species.
Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) camenae, de Nicéy.
Cyaniris camenae, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
Soe, Vol, 1X: p. 278, pl. O. fig. 22, 6 (1895).

Cyaniris selma, H. H. Druce, Proc, Zool. Soc, Lond. D-
573, pl. XXXII. fig. 10, 6 (1895).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Kuching, Paku, Mt. Pen-
rissen—3,500 ft. (Sar. Mus.).

Also oceurs in Sumatra, where it is “ the commonest species
of the genus” (de Nicéville and Martin).

Fruhstorfer suggests that selma may be a sub-species of
coelestina, Kollar.

Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) dilectissima, H. H. Druece.
Cyaniris dilectissima, H. H. tos Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
peel, pl XXX Ey iss? 25'S assay
Mt. Kina Balu (Everett and W aterstradt).

Fruhstorfer regards this species as a sub-species of ceyzx,
but Chapman finds the male ancillary appendages different.

Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) plauta, H. H. Druce.

Cyaniris plauta, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. p.
574, pl. XX XID, figs. 8,9, ¢ and 9 Gis

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt and Everett) ; Labuan (Low) ;
Limbang, Mt. Saribu, Mt. Penrissen, Paku (Sar. Mus.).

Only found in Borneo.

‘There are some variations in the males of this species. First,
the dark marginal band of the hind-wing can become quite
broad as in Sarawak examples or reduced to a marginal row of
dark spots as in Druce’s figure. Again, the white on the upper
surface of the hind-wing varies a zood deal; Druce comments
on one from Mt. Kina Balu (35 000 te) in which this white
patch on the apex of the hind-wing has almost disappeared.
In the Sarawak Museum specimens it is much reduced. All
the Sarawak examples have a small dark spot over the cell on
the underside of the hind-wing, which is not figured by Druce
though he writes that the black spots are arranged much as in
placida, which has this spot.

Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) sonchus, H. H. Druce. —
Cyaniris sonchus, H. H. Druce, op, cit. p. 655, pl. XXIX.
fees CO..

Kuching, @ (Sar. Mus.) ; 8. E. Borneo (Wahnes).

Chapman suspects that this species is but a form of plauta,
having found the male appendages to be identical. He sug-
gests however, that possibly he may not have had true sonchus
to examine,

Jour. Straits Branch

312.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 95

Druce describes the species from-a male only, but the single
female in the Sarawak Museum differs.so much from the
female plauta that a brief description should be of interest ;
and for this reason I prefer to keep the two species distinct
until further evidence to the contrary is forthcoming.

Upperside. Ground-colour of dark fuscous-brown: with
large white discal patches, which are lightly covered with pale-
blue iridescent scales. Fore-wing: sharply defined discal
patch begins at base of first median nervule, extends upwards
into outer end of cell, continuing outwards to meet third
median nervule 4 mm. from hind-mar gin, leaving a marginal
border of ground colour, which diffuses shghtly at inner
margin. Hind-w ing: costal margin of ground-colour reaching
sub-costal nervure and extending along ‘first sub- costal nervule
towards apex; a broad hind- marginal band of ground-colour
from a little below apex across to inner margin, occupying
nearly a half of the wing. Hind-marginal border of inter-
nervular dark fuscous round spots inwardly edged with a few
light scales; remaining portion of the wing occupied by white
discal patch. Ciha whitish.

Underside: as in male except for the presence in the hind-
wing of a small brown spot immediately below the outer large
sub-costal spot; this is absent in Druce’s figure of the male.

Exp. al. 31 mm.

Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) melaena, Doherty.

Cyaniris melaena, Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. p.
434, pl. CLE fig. 138, g (1889).

Sarawak: Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: Southern Tenasserim, Malacca and Sumatra.

Lycaenopsis (Lycaenopsis) tenella placidula, H. H. Druce.

Cyaniris placidula, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
pote, PE ON MEL fies..6,-7,.¢ and 9 (1895).
_ Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Mt. Marapok (Ind. Mus.) ;
Kuching and Mt. Penrissen—3,500 ft. (Sar. Mus. ys

Druce remarks that it is closely allied to (. placida; de
Nicéville and Fruhstorfer treats it as a sub-species of placida;
but Chapman having examined the ancillary appendages
regards it asa local race of tenella, Miskin.

‘Druce further observes: “ Apparently plentiful where it
occurs. ‘There seems to be practically no variation, judging
from the specimens I have examined.”

There are only three examples in the Sarawak Museum, two
from Mt. Penrissen after three weeks’ arduous collecting in
May 1900 by Messrs. Shelford and Cox together with four or
five native collectors and a third taken near ‘Kuching in August
1911; so that apparently it is not very plentiful in the Sarawak
localities.

‘R. A. Soc., No. 69, I9II,

96 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO,

314. Lycaenopsis lingga, sp. n. (Fig. 5, @ ).

FemMaAue. Unpperside. Dark fuscous with white discal
patches. Fore-wing: the white discal patch is larger than in
female haraldus; reaches the inner margin leaving an eyen
border of fuscous—some 2 mm. wide—from base along costa,
widening at apex and continuing evenly along hind-margin.
Hind-wing: the white discal patch continues widely from
costa, narrowing at inner margin, leaving small basal patch of
fuscous and a broad hind- marginal border , widest at anal
angle and narrowing towards apex. Underside. Creamy-
white. More-wing: a small indistinct dark spot just below the
sub-costal nervure, half-way between apex of cell and apex of
wing; two small elongate dark spots below first and second
median nervules; the usual outer border composed of fus-
cous lunular line, subterminal line of transverse spots and
thin dark anteciliary line. //ind-wing: dark sub-basal spot
immediately below costa] nervure, a smaller one below it in cell,
just above junction of first median nervule and median ner-
vure. <A larger dark spot on costa near apex, with very small
spot immediately below; this post-discal series is continued by
four spots shifted further outwards, but inclining inwards and
growing larger towards the fourth (7.e., sixth of the post-discal
series). Hind-marginal border as in fore-wing. Cilia fus-
cous. Antennae black-brown ringed with white. Head, thorax
and abdomen black-brown above, creamy-white below.

Hep. al. 25 mm.

Type. Female (and only known specimen), Mt. Lingga,
Sarawak (Sar. Mus.).

Dr. Chapman kindly examined this and the next species for
me.

~ 315. Lycaenopsis nigerrimus, sp. Ni.

Mate.t Upperside. Uniform dark fuscous. Cilia whitish.
Underside. Whitish. Fore-wing: costal margin slightly
tinged with fuscous, a short slender dark line closing cell ;
a post-discal regular transverse series of six short fuscous
inter-nervular lines, the first slightly shifted (and well sloped)
inwards, the third sloping outwards, the fourth shifted out-
wards, followed by typical fuscous lunular line and sub-terminal
series of spots. /Zind-wing: a short slender fuscous line clos-
ing cell; a very dark-brown sub-costal spot—the first of a post-
discal series of eight (the remaining seven of which are smaller
and lighter brow n); the second is pale and immediately below
the first : the third and fourth shifted outwards, the fifth
slightly inwards, the sixth and eighth more so; the seventh

d

1. This specimen was entered as a male in the Museum catalogue by Mr.
Shelford. Unfortunately the body has since been lost, so verification is now
impossible.

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 97

larger and elongate, shifted outwards; ]unular line and sub-
terminal series of spots as in fore-wing, but spots more dis-
tinetly defined.

Hap. al. 29 mm.

Type. Male (and only known example) Kuching, Sarawak
(Sar. Mus.).

L. nigerrimus and L. haraldus are 1 believe the only Bornean
Lycaenopsids which are without sub-basal spots on the under-
side of hind-wing, and nigerrimus suggests a connecting link
between haraldus and other Bornean species of Lycaenopsis,
which have one general type of underside markings.

316. Lycaenopsis moultoni, Chapman.

Lycaenopsis moultoni, Chapman, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
peed pl) KMOXVIN ies, 55 6,0 6(1911):
Sarawak: Kuching and Mt. Santubong—2,600 ft. (Sar.

Mus.).

Type & from Sarawak in British Museum; co-type in

Sarawak Museum.

There is a single specimen in the Sarawak Museum very like
the male of this species which I take to be its female. It
differs in the following points:

(i) the hind-marginal border on the upperside of fore-wing
is continued evenly to costa, not broadened at apex as in
male;

Gi) the hind-marginal border of the hind-wing is broader than
in the male;

(iii) on the underside of hind-wing the last spot of the post-
discal row is shifted further up the inner margin than in
the male, so as to form a third spot to the basal row, rather
than the last spot of the post-discal row ;

(iv) the spot in cell is rather more pronounced ;

(v) the colouring is the same, but the forewings are more
rounded, not so pointed as in the male.

Hap. al..9 20mm.; 6 20-27 mm.

The male was taken fairly commonly near Kuching in March

aioli

317. Lycaenopsis matanga, Chapman.
Lycaenopsis matanga, Chapman, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond.
p. 185, pl. XXVIII. -figs. 1-4 (1910).

Sarawak: Kuching—taken in. January, February, April,
July and November (Sar. Mus.). :

Type, &, (from Sarawak) in British Museum: co-type in
Sarawak Museum. }

Six examples before me agree exactly in colour and markings
with the co-type, in which the fore-wing area of blue is rather
violet, that of the type being greenish.

R. A. Soc., No, 60, I91I,

98 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

318. Lycaenopsis delapra, sp. n.

Mate. Upperside. Dark fuscous with discal region light
green-blue. Hore-wing: the blue discal patch reaches from
inner margin upwards to median nervure, and beyond third
median nervule (but not in cell) to sub-costal nervure where
it merges into the fuscous border, thus leaving a broad, even—
except for abrupt interruption at end of cell—fuscous border
from base through cell along costa and hind-margin. Hind-
wing: broader fuscous margin from base along costa and
hind-margin, shghtly narrower along the inner margin enclos-
ing a small discal patch of ‘light green-blue scales. Under-
side. Grey-white. Pore-wing ; costal, apical and upper hind-
marginal region grey, remainder lighter. A slender fuscous
line closing cell, a “regular post-discal series of five internervular
fuscous spots, the upper three very small (in another example
these are obsolescent) ; no spot below the first median nervule ;
an outer border composed ‘of lunular line, subterminal line of
transverse spots and thin dark anteciliary line. /Hind-wing:
grey-white. Two very dark sub-basal spots, one below costal
nervure and the other in cell; a slender line closing cell; a post-
discal series of 8 spots, the first of which is large and dark and
immediately below the costa, the second smaller and hghter—
below it, the third small and shifted outwards together w vith the
fourth and fifth, the sixth larger and shifted in, the seventh
shifted out and the eighth well in on.the inner margin: an outer
border of continuous lunular line followed by subterminal line
of dark transverse spots and thin ante-ciliary line. Cilia
fuscous. Antennae black, ringed with white. Head, thorax
and abdomen above black-fuscous, below whitish.

Ezp. al. 29 mm.

Type. Male. Matang Road, near Kuching, Sarawak (Sar.
Mus.).

A second example (the only other known)! from Mt. Matang,
Sarawak. This last measures 35 mm, across the wings.

Fore-wings pointed as in LL. matanga, Chapman. ‘The
curious light green-blue of the upperside and the sharp inter-
ruption of fuscous border at the end of cell, give this species an
appearance very distinct from any other Bornean or Indian
Lycaenopsid.

1. I am inclined to think that Dr. Chapman has described & figured
two distinct species under the name matanga, although he notices no differences
in the appendages. His description of a specimen with greenish-blue in fore-
wing, extending beyond the cell, & of diminished markings on the unders‘de of
fore-wing, agrees well with my delapra, as does his fig. 1, which however is in
no way like ‘the co- type returned to me by Dr. Chapman. The six matanga,
while agreeing well with one another, differ consistently on both upper & underside
from the two delapra. I suggest that on comparison of all the specimens, my

_ delapra will prove to be the same as the type of matanga, Chapman (now in the

British Museum ) and that the co-type of matanga, Chapman, will have to be
regarded as a separate species under a new name,

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 99

Genus, Z1zmra, Moore.

"319. Zizera otis, Fab.'
Papilio otis, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. Vol. IT. p. 73 (1787).
Polyommatus sangra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 772, pl.
Ay, ig. 8, 6 (1865).
Lycaena lysizone, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. XIX. p. 152,
mee Ot opi Vil, figs: 25 2a (18re).
Sandakan (Pryer): Labuan (Wahnes and Waterstradt) :
Mt. Marapok (Ind. Mus.) ; Sarawak (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: India: Ceylon; Burma and Assam to Java;
China.
One of the commonest ‘* blues” in Sarawak; being found
flying a few inches above any cut lawns in great profusion.
* Abundant, in full blaze of sunshine.” (Distant and Prvyer,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hast. ser. v. 112, p. 267, 1887).

Genus, NIPHANDA, Moore.

320. Niphanda reter, H. H. Druce.
Niphanda reter, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
5%6, pl. XXXII. fig. 12, ¢,-(1895).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
‘This is the only member of the genus Niphanda, a
from the Malay Archipelago. Druce says it is nearly allied
to a Sikkim species—V. cymbia, de Nicéy,

Genus, LYCAENESTHES, Moore.

321. Lycaenesthes emolus, Godt.

Polyommatus emolus, Godart, Eneyel, Meth. IX. p. 656
(1823).

Lycaonestves bengalensis, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond.
Parccoup lees tie, 9. 6 (1865).

Labuan (Low and .Wahnes); Lawas, Trusan, Limbang,
Quop, Tambak, Kuching, Lundu (Sar. Mus. )s Sy 1: “Borneo
(Wahnes).

1. Since writing the above I have received Dr. Chapman’s interesting paper

‘*On Zizeeria, a group of Lycaenid Butterflies ’’ published in the Transactions
of the Entomological Society of London (1910, pp. 479-497). He points out that
the name otis, Fab. has been used for two species viz: indica, Murray and
_ labradus, Godt. with its vars. sangra, Moore, and dryina, Chapman. And rof
these species he proposes the generic (or sub-generic name of Zizina). Dr.
Chapman points out ‘‘the Fabrician description also rather favours sangra
_than. wdica,’’ and the Sarawak examples agree well in markings with the
example of labradus var. sangra as figured by Dr. Chapman (J. c. Pl. LII. fig.
5), so I prefer to retain. the older name ofis until further. evidence is brought
forward for dropping it.

R. A. Sac,, No. 60, 191T.

100

O22.

oe,

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

| Distribution; India and Malaya to New Guinea and North
Australia.

This species does not appear to be rare in western Sarawak,

but it is scarcer further north.

Lycaenesthes lycaenina, Feld.

Lycaenesthes lycaenina, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien. xviii. p. 281 (1868).

Lycaenesthes lycambes, Hewitson, Ill. Di. Lep. p. 220,
pl XC. figs. 11, 12,. 6 (1862-13in5)2

Lycaenesthes orissica, Moore, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. p.
23 (1884).

Sandakan (Prvyer) ; Kuching, Tambak, Mt. Matang—3,200

ft., Quop (Sar. Mus.) ; 8. E. Borneo (Wahnes).

Distribution: India and Ceylon to Malay Peninsula.

Genus, LutTHroprs, H. H. Druce.

Luthrodes mindora, Felder.

Lycaena mindora, Felder,. Reise Nov. Lep. I. p. 2
t. 34, figs. 9, 10 (1865).

Cuyido aruana, Druce (nec Felder), Proce. Zool. Soe.
Londs p. 329) “(aisia):

Sar. Mus.) ; Labuan (Low).

Sandakan (Pryer
Genus, Evreres, Hiibner.

Hveres argiades, Pallas.

Papilio argiades, Pallas, Reise, Vol. I. App. p. 472 (1771).
(lw) «

Hesperia parrhasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Vol. ILI. p.
289 (1793).

Polyommatus lacturnus, Godt. Enc. Méth. IX. p. 66a
(1823).

Lycaena dipora, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 506, pl.

OOC5 We iy GB (QUSIED)).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low); Sarawak
(Sar. Mus.).

Distribution; The Holaretic Region. India and Ceylon;
Malaya to Australia. ;

Common all over Sarawak and taken all the year round.

The Sarawak Museum specimens show rather an extra deve-
lopment of the subtornal ochraceous yellow patch on the
underside of the hind-wing.

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9
Vv

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 101

Genus, NacabuBA, Moore.
325. Nacaduba macrophthalma, Feld.

Lycaena macrophthalma, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien. XII. p. 483 (1862).

Sarawak: Kuching, Mt. Matang—3,200 ft. Taken in Feb-
ruary, May and June (Sar. Mus.). SButler* records it from
Borneo,

Distribution: India, into the Malay Sub-region as far as
Australia. De Nicéville remarks that it has the greatest geo-
graphical range of all the species of the genus.

A yery variable species; and apparently not common in
Sarawak. ‘The two males in the Sarawak Museum have ad-
ditional blue scales at the anal angle to those on the two black
anal spots. ‘The female is normal in this respect.

26. Nacaduba lugine, Druce.
Cupido pactolus, Druce (nec Feld.) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p. 848 (1873).
Nacaduba lugine, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
577. (1895).

Labuan (Low); Madihit, Kuching and Quop (Sar. Mus.).

The female apparently is undescribed. .

The four Sarawak specimens were taken in April, May and
November.

The single female in the Sarawak Museum has been re-
ferred to this species on account of the underside markings,
which agree well with those of the male, the only difference
being the addition of a small orange spot on the 3rd median
eras of the hind-wing, not quite touching the Jarge black-
spotted orange anal patch. The upperside “fore- wing is dull
violet narrow vly margined with fuscous along the costa and
broadly along the hind- ‘margin, spreading across the apex, a
broad fuscous costal margin in hind-wing, broadening gradually
towards apex; a narrow hind- marginal fuscous border inten-
sified by a row of dark internervular spots, inwardly lght-
edged and outwardly bordered by a white anteciliary line.
Base and discal region to inner margin dull violet as in for-
wing. Cilia and tail dark fuscous, the latter white- tipped.

Hay. al, 31 mni.

Type, 2, upper waters of the Madihit River, alt. 2000 ‘“t.,
Limbang district, Sarawak.

27. Nacaduba angusta, Druce (Fig. 8, @ ).
Cupido angusta, Druce, op. cit. p. 349, pl. NNXII. fig. 9,
6 (eis)

1. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., zool. 2nd. ser, vol. I. p. 566 (1877).

R.A. Soc., No 69, I91I.

102

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Nacaduba kerriana, Distant, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist. ser.
5, XVIL. p. 293 (1886); 1d- Rhop: Malay. p. 455, pl.
AD, tier ized. (Sob):

Labuan (Low) ; Kuching and Santubong (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: Tenasserim, Burma, Malay Peninsula and

Sumatra.

From an examination of five specimens in the Sarawak
Museum I have no hesitation in making NV. kerriana, Distant,
synonymous with this species. Druce! suggested this course,
but could not be certain without examining a specimen. Ip
discussing herriana he says (/.c.) ~ the anderen of the figure
given im “Rhop. Malay. appears to agree well with that of NX.
angusta but the upperside Has a broader black outer margin.”
The Sarawak specimens have a very slightly narrower es
margin than in Distant’s figure, and the fuscous spots along
the hind-w ing are almost obsolete on the upperside, As these
upperside marginal fuscous bands and markings are always
shehtly variable throughout this sub-family of Lycaenidae
this small difference may be disregarded. ‘The important
markings on the underside agree remarkably well with both
descriptions of kerriana by Distant and Bingham,” and with
Druce’s description of angusta. Bingham (Le. ) remarks that
the female is unknown, so I append a description of the single
female in the Sarawak Museum.

Fremare. Upperside. Fuscous: discal portion lighter and
relieved by bright iridescent blue. Fore-wing: fuscous
eround-colour forming broad margin round a discal whitish
patch. The upper boundary of this patch starts from base
through middle of cell to a point a little short of half-way
between end of cell and hind-margin, descends thence to the
2nd-median nervule whence it continues towards the imner
margin about 1 millimetre nearer the base. The patch is dull
at the base, but gradually becomes lighter towards the hind-
margin. In the lightest part. above and below the third median
nervule, are two fuscous spots, and slightly nearer the base,
above and below the 2nd median nery ule, is a similar pair of
slightly larger spots. The whole discal patch is iridescent
with brilliant light blue scales. /Hind-wing: a lighter fuscous
than in fore-wing: the markings from underside show through
and give a slightly mottled appearance. From base along

- median nervure a few iridescent light blue scales. ~ A hind-

marginal border of brown spots between the nervules as men-
tioned in Distant’s description of the male. — Underside.

Similar to that of male, except that the markings are eee
rather more emphasized. —

1. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 578 (1895). -
2. Fauna Brit. Ind. Butterflies, Vol. Il. p. 384 (1907).

Jour, Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 10S

Exp. al, 31 mm.
Type, 2, Kuching, Sarawak (Sar. Mus.).

be

328. Nacaduba pavana, Horst.
Lycaena pavana, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. KE. I. C. p. 0%
(1828).

Sandakan (Pryer); Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan
(Low) ; Limbang, Malinau, Banting, Kuching, Mt. Santubong,
Simatan, Mt. Matang and Mt. Penrissen (Sar. Mus.) 5 South
Borneo (Ind, Mus.).

Distribution: Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Sumatra and Java.

In Sarawak it seems to be essentially a mountain species,
for out of 16 species in the Sarawak Museum, 11 are from an
altitude of 2,600 ft. to 3,500 ft.

The females vary in the amount of iridescent blue in the
hind-wing. In some there is-hardly any, while in one from
Simatan the whole of the discal portion in both wings is blue.

329. Nacaduba, bhutea, de Nicey.

Nacaduba bhutea, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. p.
Pople hee 132.6 =(1833).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt and Everett) ; Labuan (Low) ;
Limbang (Sar. Mus.).

Outside Borneo it occurs in Sikkim,

I here follow Mr. Druce in accepting this and the next two
species as three distinct species although Butler has thrown
doubt upon the validity of NV. bhutea, and de Nicéyille upon
N..aluta. A comparison of the male ancillary appendages as
studied by Dr. T. A. Chapman in the genus Lycaenopsis (Cya-
niris) would be of great value and interest.

330. Nacaduba ardates, Moore.

Lycaena ardates, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 574,
pl XV fee (1874).

Lycaena nore, Felder, Verh. Zool.-hot. Ges. p. 282
(1868).

Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan (Low); Limbang, Quop, Ma-
tang, Kuching, Santubong, ‘Tambak, Mt. Penrissen, Pangkalen
Ampat (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: India, Ceylon, Andamans and Nicobars;
Malaya and Philippines.

The tailed form is characteristic of Borneo; and it is fairly
common in Sarawak all the year round. Staudinger records
having received the tailless form from Labuan which was
described by Felder as N. noreia. De Niceville, who saw the
type of this last species, pronounced it to be the tailless form
of N. ardates. Bingham does not support. this view.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, T91I.

«

104 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

301. Nacaduba aluta, Druce.

Cupido aluta, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 349, pl.
XXXII. fig. 8 (1873).
Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan (Low and Wahnes); Quop,

Santubong, Serai, Kuching, Bidi, (Sar, Mus.).
Outside Borneo it occurs in Malacca and the Philippines.

Nacaduba atrata, Horst.

Lycaena atrata, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. p. 7s
(1828).

Lycaena kurava, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. Vol. I. p.
aie eleexi \Ne

C upido inte Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 390
(1873

Lane prominens, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4).
XO. p B4d (1877).

Kina Balu (Waterstradt); Mt. Marapok (Ind. Maus.) ;
Labuan (Low) ; Limbang, Quop, Kuching, Matang, Santubong
(Sar. Mus.) :S. E. Borneo, near Banjarmasin (Walines).

Distribution: India and Ceylon to Malay Peninsula, Suma-
tra and Java.

Fairly common in Sarawak throughout the year.

Co
Sy)
os)

333. Nacaduba beroe, Feld.
Lycaena beroé, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. Il. p. 275, pl.
AXXIV. fig. 36 (1865).
Sandakan (Pryer); Limbang, Banting, Kuching, Mt. Ma-
tang and Mt. Santubong (Sar. Mus.).
Also from Malacca and Philippine Islands.

3
O35
—

Nacaduba hermus, Feld.

Lycaena hermus, Felder, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien. Math. nab.
Clk XL. p. AD NOF bo (1860).

Lampides viola, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4. XX.
p. 340 (1877).

Lycaenesthes merguiana, Moore, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
p. 23 (1884).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Trusan, Limbang, Tambak,
Santubong, Quop, Kuching (Sar. Mus.); 8S. Borneo (Ind.
Mus. ).

Distribution: Sikkim, Southern India, Nilgiris, Ceylon,
Assam, Burma, Tenasserim, Andamans, Sumatra, Celebes,
Ceram and Key Islands. A

The Sarawak specimens were taken in April, May, August
and September.

Jour. Straits Branch

330.

Os

Os

Cs

Cr

-?

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 105

Nacaduba ancyra, Feld.

Lycaena ancyra, Felder, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien. Mat.-nat.
Cl Xi ip; 48 (1860).

Cupido almora, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 349,
pl. XXXIT. fig. (S73) |
Nacaduba pseustis, Doherty, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol.

ire Ree ps2 (1891).
Nacaduba aberrans, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. p. 626,
ia GIN. tes 65.6 (1892).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt and Everett) ; Labuan (Low) ;
North Borneo, Limbang, Baram, Lobang and Kuching (Sar.
Mus.) ; 8. E. Borneo (Dohertv).

Distribution: Burma and the Philippines through Malaya
to New Guinea.

Genus, Una, de Nicéville.

Una usta, Dist.

Zizera? usta, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, Vol.
XVII. p. 531 (1886).

One specimen recorded from Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ;
Padang, Malinau, Limbang and Madihit (Sar. Mus.) ; Ku-
ching (Ind. Mus.).

Distribution: India, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Very common on the banks of the upper-waters of the Lim-
bang and Madihit rivers, where hundreds could have been taken
when settled close together on certain wet patches of sand or
rock in company with Lycacnopsis dilecta,

Genus, Lampipes, Hiibner.

Lampides bochus, Cram.

Pamilio bochus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. IV. p. 210, pl. 391,
Hos, Ca DT(1732))

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low); Limbang,
Quop, Santubong, Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution; India and Ceylon to Malaya! and Australia.

Druce notices that all the Bornean males which he has
examined have the blue area of the foreswing much contracted.
These are probably the most typical form as there is a separate
race nicobaricus, de Nicéville, only found in the Nicobars,

1. Not recorded from Sumatra by de Nicéville and Martin in their list

(1895).
R. A. Soc., No. 60, I9II.

106 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO,

which has the blue area of the fore-wing much extended.
Thus the contraction of this blue area should not be looked
upon as abnormal.

338. Lampides elpis, Godt.

Polyommatus elpis, Godart, Eneyel. Meth. IX. p. 654
(1823).

Lycaena kinkurka, Felder, Verh, Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien.
Rp. 481 “(L862

Cupido alecto, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 348
(1873).

Lampides pseudelpis, Butier, Trans. Linn. Soc. zool. (2)
881. p. 047, pl. 68, figs. 8, 9 (1879).

Sandakan (Prvyer); Kudat; Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ;
Labuan (Low); Lawas (Everett); Limbang, Banting, Sama-
haran, Santubong, Kuching (Sar. Mus.); Nanga Badon
(Brussells Mus.).

Distribution: India and Malaya.

There are two very small females in the Sarawak Museum,
micasuring only 25 mm. across the wings.

339. Lampides kondulana, Feld.

Lycaena kondulana, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien.
AIL, p. 484: (1862).

A single worn male in the Sarawak Museum which Mr.
Druce thinks is probably this species.
Distribution: Burma, the Nicobars, Malay Peninsula, Java
and Sumatra. 7
Bingham says this species is probably only a race of L. elpts,
Godt.
340. Lampides limes, H. H. Druce.
Lampides limes, H. H. Druee, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p:081, pl. XXXVI. fig. 16; ¢.( 1895):
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
Unknown to me.
341. Lampides virgulatus, H. H. Druce.
Lampides virgulatus, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond.
p. 08, pl, SOX fe ies aS oae

Kuching (Sar. Mus.); 8. E. Borneo, near Banjarmasin
(Wahnes). |

Druce described and figured this species from a male (now in
Mus, Staud.) the female being then unknown. The two
examples in the Sarawak Museum are females and agree well

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 107

with Druce’s description of the underside markings with the
exception of this one small difference: in describing the white
striae or bands, he says “the 4th extends to the 2nd median
nervyule, and has a small spot each side of it close to the costa.”
In the Sarawak specimens the exterior of these two spots 1s
wanting. The colour bordering the black. anal spot in the
hind-wing is more of an orange- -brown hue than the yellow tint
in’ Druce’s figure: ‘The upperside much resembles @ e/pis,
except that the fuscous marginal band of the fore-wing is more
pronounced towards the anal angle than in elpis.

Mr. Druce lately examined one of these for me and noted
that it was “ probably the unknown female of virgulatus,” thus
supporting my conjecture.

342. Lampides coruscans, Moore.

: Lampides coruscans, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)
XX. p. 341 (1877).

Sarawak: North Borneo, Kuching, Paku, Mt. Matang—
3,200 ft. and Quop (Sar. Mus).

Distribution: Ceylon.

This is the first record of this species for Bornco, ‘The
series in the Sarawak Museum agrees well with Col. Bingham s
description in Fauna British India, except that he says the
underside of the male is pale ereyish- brown, whereas the
Bornean males are dark greyish- brown, and in some cases as
dark as the underside of L. bochus. The markings agree with
the description. In the female the shape of the fuscous
margin agrees well with Col. Bingham’s description, though
this fuscous margin is evidently less dev eloped in the Bornean
coruscans. Thus. he says the outer margin of the blue area
starts from the dorsum at three-fourths of its length from the
base: but in the specimens before me, this blue area starts
quite seven-eighths of the length of dorsum from the base. In
the 10 females in the Sarawak Museum this fuscous border
varies slightly in the amount of its development so that this
discrepancy can hardly be worthy of specific distinction. Six
out of eighteen come from the summit of Mt. Matang. ‘These
mountain forms have the striae rather less prominent.

343. Lampides coerulea, Druce.
Cupido coerulea, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 349,
pl. XXX. fig. 6 (1873).
Lampides bochides, de Nicév. Journ. Bomb. Nat. ‘Hist.
Soc. p. 367, pl. F. fig. 15 (1891). ,
Lam pides kankena, Distant, Rhop.. Malay. p.. 229, Tab.
NOXG so oo lO (1884),

R.A. Soc,, No. 60, I91I,

108 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Kina Balu (Waterstradt); Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan
(Low); Sarawak: Mt. Matang and Mt. Santubong (Sar.
Mus.) ; 8. E. Borneo, near Banjarmasin (Walnes).*

Also occurs in Sumatra.

344. Lampides abdul, Distant.

Lam pides abdul, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 456, pl. XLLY.
fig. 22 (1886). |

Lampides marakata, Doherty, Butt. Ind. Vol. LIT. p. 174,
SJ GES90)}:

Sandakan (Pryer).

Recorded from Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Mr. Druce kindly examined a female of L. daones, Druce,
for me and he suggests that that species may eventually prove
to be L. abdul, Dist.

345, Lampides osias, Rober.
Plebeius osias, Rober, Iris. 1. p. 56, pl. V. fig. 17 (1886).
Lycaena amphyssina, Staud. Lep. Palawan, p. 100, pl. L.
neyo (ssa ye

Kudat; Labuan (Low) ; Sibutu (Everett) ; Banguey Island

(Waterstradt).

1. In an article entitled ‘‘ Habits of certain Bornean Butterflies’’ (A270.
May. Nat. Hist. Sept. 1889, pp. 209-218) Mr. S. B. J. Skertchly notes that the
following genera among the Lycaenidae ‘‘ alone supply true forest species, that
never seek the sunny river-banks or bright glades and clearings : ’’— Nacaduba,
Lampides, Bidwanda and Narathura (Arhopala). While this statement is
generally true, I should add that I have met species of Lampides and an Am-
blypodia in open places along river-banks, and by no means infrequently have
taken species of Lampides, Arhopala and Biduanda along sunny paths in low
secondary jungle and in sunlit clearings. Mr. Skertchly continues :—‘‘The
more plentiful butterflies in the forest are the blues and purples, which frequent
the higher undergrowth and have a strong tendency to settle in the middle of
leaves which turn their upper surface horizontally. The purples perhaps, such
as Narathwra, are more arboreal than the blues and fly higher, even up to 60
feet ; but as a rule the forest butterflies keep pretty low down.”’

Mr. Skertchly points out that his experiences in North Borneo do not con-
firm the suggestion “‘that the rarity of butterflies in the deep forest shade is
more apparent than real and that the mass of the individuals are high overhead
on the tree-tops ;’’ and he remarks on their scarcity on cleared mountain tops
where he had occasion to spend periods of several days together. My ex-
perience is very much the opposite of this: the greatest variety of species and
quantity of individuals are to’ be found just on such cleared mountain-tops ;
in fact my modus operandi, when after butterflies, is to go up the nearest
mountain, at once have a space on the top cleared, and here one may be almost
certain of catching some highly interesting species, which are either very rare or
never met with at all in the jungle below. These are to be seen flying over and
among tree-tops in the jungle below and great is the excitement when some
bright-hued stranger comes hurrying up the mountain-side—to fly within reach
of the net, or not? .

The repeated mention of localities such as Mount Matang, Mount Lingga
Mount Santubong, etc. etc., throughout this paper will bear me out in this
statement, as the majority of species recorded froM those localities were taken
in the way described.

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 109

Druce records it from Sumatra, and Snellen’ from Billiton,
the island between Borneo and Sumatra.

346. Lampides celeno, Cr.

O47,

Papilio celeno, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 31, figs. C. D
(1775).

Hesperia aelianus, Faby. Ent. Syst. ii, p. 280 (1793).

Lampides agnata, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 106,
pl: XVI. figs. 2—4 (1874).

Sandakan (Ind. Mus.) ; Labuan (Low) : Sarawak (Everett) ;
Sarawak: Simanggang, Samarahan, Santubong, Quop, Ku-
ching, Paku and Bau (Sar, Mus.) : Ammutai, 8. Borneo (Ind.
Mus.).

The Sarawak Museum examples are all wet season forms and
the underside markings vary a good deal. In one female out of
four, the fuscous colouring of the hind-wing extends well into
the disc, but in the other two the blue ground-colour pre-
dominates.

Very variable both in the ground-colour and in the mark-
ings.

Distribution: India and Malaya.

LTampides optimus, Rober.
Plebeius optimus, Rober, Iris. i. p. 56, pl. TV. fig. 16
(1886). :
Kina Balu (Waterstradt); Sandakan (Prver): WLawas
(Everett) ; Labuan (Low) ; Tanganac Isle; Paku (Sar. Mus.).

348. Lampides cleodus, Feld.
Lycaena.cleodus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. Il. p. 272,
pl. XXXIV. figs. 20, 21, 22 (1865).
Sandakan (Pryer) ; Mt. Marapok and Kuching (Ind. Mus.).
349. Lampides zebra, Druce.

Lampides zebra, H. H. Druce, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond. p.
583, pl. XXXIT. fig. 18, ¢ (1895).

Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low) ; Sarawak (Ever-
ett).

A long and variable series in the Sarawak Museum from the
following localities:—Lawas, Limbang, Banting, Gadin, Ku-
ching, Busau, Mt. Penrissen—3,400 ft., Quop and Bidi.

This* species seems exceptionally close to LZ. celeno and I
have found great difficulty in satisfactorily separating the two
species in the collection of the Sarawak Museum. Druce
himself, in describing the species, threw out the suggestion

i. Votes from the Leyden Museum. Vol. xen p. 139, 1891. “‘ List of the
Lepidopterous insects collected by Mr. A. G. Vordeman in the island of Billiton,”’
By P. C. T. Snellen.

Pe SOC., NO; 60,1911,

| 110 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

| that. it might eventually prove only a variety of celeno. Fur-
| ther research on this complex genus is much needed.

| The following is a brief description of what I can only
| regard as a variety or form of L. zebra, though the differences
| are really greater than those noticed between some other
| “species (?) ” of this difficult genus. |

3494. var. laiwasa, Mov.

6 Upperside: as in typical L. zebra, except that in the fore-
wing there is a dark fuscous marginal border starting with a
‘line at anal angle and broadenmg out to the apex, where it

| shehtly an aceee on reaching costa ; the inner end of this border
|

is serrate.~ In the hind- wing there is a marginal row of black
spots outwardly bordered with white between each nerv ule, that
between the 2nd and 1st median nervule being the largest This
line of spots is succeeded exteriorly by a thin black line more
pronounced than in zebra,

Underside: much as in zebra, but the third white mark from
base is not so straight: and the 5th and 6th are closer together
and more lunulate. In the hind-wing the first and second
striae are very slightly more apart, the 4th is closer to the
drd, and the 5th and 6th, as in fore-wing, are. much more
Innulate.

Described from three males in the Sarawak Museum, taken
near Lawas, August and September, 1909.

390, Lampides lividus, H. H. Druce.

Lampides lividus, H. H. Druce, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p. 584, pl. XX XI, figs 20, 6 ((Gisaaae

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low); Sarawak:
Mt. Matang—2000 ft. (Sar. Mus.).

This -is.a very distinet. species characterized by “ the much
more elongate fore-wing, the costa being longer, the apex more
produced, and the inner mar gin shorter.” (Druee /.c.).

Druce in describing the species (1895) wrote that the type,
which is in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s collection, was unique.
However in-1896 he examined another male from Staudinger’s
collection, taken on Kina Balu by Waterstradt. It is pleasant
therefore to record two examples, also males, from Sarawak.

301. Lampides aratus, Cr.
Papilio, aratus, Cr. Pap... Exot: Vol. 1V. pL CCCLXYV.
figs. a;:b (1782),
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Sandakan (Pryer); Sara-
_ wak: Lawas, Limbang, Kuching, Buntal, Tambak,. Santubong,
Simatan.

Distribution: Malay Archipelago.

The. fuscous marginal markings of the female vary in
heaviness in Sarawak specimens. ‘Common in Sarawak.

Jaur. Straits Branch

352.

9
oO

5)

3.

odo4+

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 111

Lampides adana, Druce.

Cupido adana, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 349
(1873). 3
Labuan (Low).
H. H. Druce considers this a very doubtful species and that
it is probably a form of the preceding species (4. aratus, Cr.).
Unknown to me.

Lampides daones, H. H. Druce.

Lampides daones, H. H. Druce, Opel. 2050, plas XIX:
fig. 5, 6 (1896).

2

Penungah (Cator) ; Sarawak: Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

.- Lampides vyneri, sp. 1.

Mater. Upperside. Pale blueish-white with narrow fuscous
hind-marginal border to fore-wing. Fore-wing; costa arched
as in typical Lampides but apex much rounded. Fuscous
hind-marginal border serrated: on its inner side, and diminish-
ing towards anal-angle, disappears just below the end of 2nd
sub-median nervule. A. very thin dark line outwardly limits
the hind-marginal border. Cilia light fuscous. Hind-wing:
pale blueish-w shite as in fore-w ing, but no hind-marginal border
except very thin dark line from: apex to anal angle ending at
sub-median nervure.

Underside. Light brown fuscous marked with transverse
white lines or striae. Fore-wing: six transverse white lines
arranged as follows:—the first formed by a slender white
fascia closing the cell, following below and slightly shifted
inwards, a short -outw ardly oblique fascia from junction of
2nd median nervule to first median nervule, and immediately
below this but slightly shifted inwards, another outwardly
oblique fascia. ‘The second line runs parallel and exterior
to this composite line; the second fascia is longitudinal-
ly divided into. two and is immediately exterior to the
fascia cell, the third fascia rather thick, fourth and fifth
continuous, sixth slightly ‘shifted inwards and joining at end

with first and third lines. A rather broad strip of ground-

colour between 2nd and 3rd. lines, of which the latter is con-
tinuous from costa to end of 2nd: the 4th very close to 3rd
and composed of four lunules, the last of which practically
fuses with the 3rd line between 2nd and 38rd median nervules.
The 5th and 6th lines continuous and parallel from apex to anal
angle, the 5th line being slightly lunulate. A thin dark line
completes the hind-margin. Cilia white, outwardly touched
with fuscous. Hind-wing: ground-colour as in fore-wing with
with the following white lines: two paraflel lines from costal

‘nervure across centre of cell to median -nervure, a ‘short one

continued to inner margin; a third line from costal nervure to

R. A. Soc.;, No. 60, TgII.

biZ A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

inner margin, of which the first fascia is outwardly oblique
and disconnected, the second closer cell, third inwardly oblique
and continuous, fourth split and triangulate, the fourth and
fifth lines run parallel from apex to anal angle; of which the
first fascia of the forth line is shifted autwards so as to join
the second fascia of the fifth line while the first fascia of that
line is almost obsolete; the 2nd and 3rd fascia of the fifth line
are slightly split longitudinally. The sixth line very lunulate,
the seventh thin and continuous as in fore-wing. Cilia as in
fore-wing. At anal angle between 1st and 2nd median ner-
vules a dark spot laterally touched with iridescent light green
scales and inwardly margined with dark orange: a thin fuscous
and white filamentous tail.

Kup. al. 25 mm.

Type, Male’, Quop, Sarawak (Sar, Mus.).

Described from a single example, and named after H. H.
The Rajah Muda of Sarawak.

Mr. H. H. Druce who examined it in June 1910, reported it
as unknown to him. It may be easily distinguished from all
other species of Lampides by the curious position of the white
fasciae on the underside.

renus, ‘’Hysonotis, Hiibner.
355. Thysonotis schaeffera, Esch.

Lycaena schaeffera, Esch. Kotzeb. Reise. i. p. 216, t. 5,
He, 2D-adeb (eel):

Labuan (Low); Sandakan.

Genus, Carocrrysops, Boisduval.
356, Catochrysops strabo, Fab. ,
Hesperia strabo, Fabs Ent. Syst. Vol ILI. pt. I. p. 287
(CEG).

Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan (Low); Sarawak: Lobang,
Simanggang, Kuching and Quop (Sar. Mus.); 8. E. Borneo,
near Bandjarmasin (Wahnes).

Distribution; India, Philippines, China, Malaya to Aus-
tralia.

356a. Form, lithargyria, Moore.
Catochrysops lithargyria, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(A) XX) pp. 3401877).

Sarawak: Lobang, Bidi, Paku, Santubong, Tambak, Ku-

ching (Sar. Mus.).

1. Recorded by Mr. Shelford in the Museum catalogue as a male, but the
body has since been lost so I am unable to verify this,

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 113

Distribution: as the typical form.

From the data on Sarawak examples it appears that this
form has been taken in the same locality as the typical strabo,
but there is not sufficient material to show whether they are
taken together in the same month.

Catochrysops pandava, Horsf.

Lycaena pandava, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 54
(1829).

Catochrysops nicola, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
132 (1885).

Kudat (Mus. Druce)—A female of the wet-season form.
Distribution: India and Malaya,'—Peninsula, Java, Bantam
and Natuna Isles.

358. Catochrysops cnejus, Fabr.

Hesperia cnejus, Faby. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 480 (1798).

Lampides contracta, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. p. 496,
Plewao» te.) (1880))).

Catochrysops ella, Butler, op. cil. p. 606 (1881).

Catochrysops hapalina, Butler, op. cit. p. 148, pl. 24, figs.
Cos) dunand., 2” (1833).

Catochrysops theseus, Swinhoe, op. cit. p. 131, pl. 9, fig.
8, 6 (1885).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low); Sarawak:
Santubong, Kuching, Satap, Quop (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: India to Malaya, extending to Australia and
the South Sea Islands.

The Sarawak specimens vary in size and in the development
of the anal spots of the hind-wing in both sexes.

|The larva feeds on Cycas plants and does much damage in
Singapore Gardens.| R.S.

Genus, Tarucus, Moore.

359. Tarucus waterstradii, H. H. Druce.

Porucus waterstradiu, HW. WW. Druce, op. cit. p. 585, pl.
AJC SIUE les BIL 2 (ns)5))

Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
Nearly allied to 7. theophrastus, Fab.

360. Tarucus plinius, Fabr.

Hesperia planius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iil. p. 284 (1793).
Lawas (Everett). :

1. De Nicéville and Martin remark on the curious absence of this species
from Sumatra.

R. A. Soc., No. 69, 1911,

114 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Distribution: Ethiopian Region in part. N. W. Himalayas
to Kumaon, plains of Northern India, Central and Western
India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma, Tenasserim (north), China,
Formosa and Java. De Nicéville’ says it does nol appear in
the Malay Peninsula.

Genus, CastTatius, Hiibner,

361. Castalius rosimon, Fabr.
Papilio rosimon, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 523 (1775).
Borneo (Wahnes)—probably from Labuan or 8. E. Borneo
(Druce).
Distribution; Peninsular India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma,
Tenasserim, Andamans and Nicobars, Siam, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago.

362. Castalius ethion, Doubl. and Hew.

Lycaena ethion, Doubleday. and Hewitson, Gen. Di. Lep.
li. p. 490, pl. 76, fig. 83, ¢ (1852).

Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan (Low, Wahnes and Water-
stradt) ; Lawas; Sarawak (Everett) ; Lawas, Malinau, Sama-
rahan, Matang, Bau, Paku, Serambu and Santubong (Sar.
Mus.).

Distribution: Southern India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma,
Tenasserim, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java.

The Bornean forms are typical; the female is rare in
Sarawak.

363. Castalius rovus, Godt.

Polyommatus roxus, Godart, Eneycl. Meth. IX. p, 659
(1823).

Castalius roxana, de Nicéy., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soe.
Np OSS USI):

Lawas (Everett) ; Borneo (de Nicéville).

Druce’ writes that he has a single female of this species in
his collection; this and de Nicéville’s appear to be the sole
records for the species in Borneo.

Distribution; Burma, Tenasserim, the Andamans, pe
pines, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java.

364. Castalius elna, Hew.

Lycaena elna, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. V. pl. Ee tie: 2
(1876).

Cupido roxus, Druce (nec Godart), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p. 348 (1873).

1. Butt. Ind. vol. III. p. 195 (1890.)
2. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 587, 1895.

Jour. Straits Branch

oe

|
|
.
q

AST On TH, BUTTHRELIES OF BORNEO. 115

Kina Balu (Waterstradt); Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan
(Low and Wahnes) ; Sarawak: ulu Lawas and Marapok Mts.,
Malinau, Kuching and Santubong (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution; Indo-Malaya to Java.

Apparently rather local in Sarawak, but plentiful where it
occurs.

The upperside pattern! is so remarkably like that of the
female Lycaenopsis haraldus, that | am inclined to think that
these two forms, together with the female Castalius ethion and
one or two other Lycaenopsis females (e.g. L. lingga, L. son-
chus), form a mimetic association (pseudaposematic, 1.¢., ilus-
trative of the Batesian hypothesis, in which the Lycaenopsids
are probably palatable and gain protection by mimicking the
distasteful Castalius species) .*

Genus, Potyommatus, Latreille.

365. Polyommatus baeticus, Linn.
Papilio baeticus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. XII. i. p. 789
(UO)

Mt. Kina Balu (1200-1500 m. Waterstradt) ; Sandakan
(Pryer) ; Sarawak: Buntal and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution; Europe, Africa, Asia through Malaya to Aus-
tralia and the Hawaiian Islands.

There are several records of its migratory habits and that,
together with the fact that the larva can subsist on many
leguminose plants, shows presumably why it is so widely dis-
tributed. |

The series in the Sarawak Museum was taken at Buntal and
Kuehing in 1894 and 1896; after that no further specimens
seem to have been captured until March and April of this
year (1911) when it was met with by no means rarely in the
vicinity of Kuching.

Sub, Family If. CURETIINAE.
Genus, Curetis, Hiibner.

This genus has provided much material for discussion on the
relative values of the species described under its name; and to quote

1. The upperside colouring in both species is a plain but striking pattern
of black surrounding a broad discal white band across both wings. In the
underside they differ widely : haraldus is a somewhat typical Lycaenopsis form,
while the pattern of edna is the typical black and white blotched pattern of
Castalius.

2. The only other suggestion of mimicry among Bornean Lycaenidae,
that I can find comes from Mr. Shelford, who regards Thrix gama as a mimic
of Hooxyl?des tharis, and the two species, Poritia platent and Araotes lapithis
as mimics of the common species, Drwpadia boisduvalii var. atra and Biduanda
thesmia. In commenting thereon, he writes, ‘‘I am, however, quite certaon
that H. tharis, D. boisduvalii and B. thesmia are distarteful species, whilst the
great rarity of the mimicking species points to the conclusion that they are
Batesian rnimics.’’ Proc. Zool. Soc. Loral. 1902, p, 263).

R, A. Sac., No, 60, I91I.

116 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Col. Bingham, “until extensive breeding experiments are under-

taken it ‘will be impossible to attain any certainty as to whether

there are two or a dozen distinct forms.” In treating the Indian

species, this authority divides them into two species only, and |

have endeavoured to treat the Bornean forms in a similar way.

Col. Bingham separates the two species thus :—

A. 692. Underside fore-wing: discal and subterminal mark-
ings or bands parallel, not anteriorly conyergent = C.
thetis,

B. ¢@. Underside fore-wing: discal and subterminal mark-
ings or bands anteriorly convergent = C, bulis.

366. Guretis thetis, Drury.
Papilio thetis, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent, a1, p: DG; qlee eece:
Oy 4, g (773)
Papilio phaedrus, Fabr. Sp. Ins.a. p. 125 (1 7eite
Curetis saronis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p, 587

(alain)

Curetis glariosa, Moore, op. cit. p. 522, pl. 48, fig. 1, ¢
(1883).

Curetis arcuata, Moore, op. cit.. p. 523, pl. 48,. fig. 3
(1883).

form (a) tagalica, Feld.

Anops tagalica, Feld. Reise Novara, Lep. ii. p. 221, pl.
XXVIII. figs. 19, 20 (1865).

Labuan (Low); Banguey Island (Waterstradt).

I have not seen an example of tagalica, Feld. but H. H.
Druce writes:—* C. tagalica is scarcely distinguishable from
C. phaedrus, Fab., on the upperside, but on the ‘underside Bor-
nean specimens are usually very strongly suffused with blackish
brown.”

Then Bingham says:—*“ C. phaedrus, Fabr., varies so little
from thetis as to be scarcely ranked even as a variety.” So
C’, tagalica may be regarded as a form only, of thetis.

form (b) nesophila, Feld.
Phaedra nesophila, Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon. VI. p. 289
(1862).
Curetis barsine, Druce (nec Feld.), Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond.
p. doo (sii):
Kina Balu (Waterstradt); Sarawak (Platen); Labuan
(Low, Waterstradt and Wahnes) ; Lawas, Trusan, Limbang,

Baram, Banting, Santubong, Kuching, Satap, Quop (Sar.
Mus.).

First described from Luzon.

Injury. @, quadrate bite from upper part of hind-margin
of right hind-wing.

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. leer

form (c) insularis, Horsf. ,
Phaedra insularis, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 125
(1829).

Kina Balu (Waterstradt).

Distribution; Java, Sumatra and Malay Peninsula.

De Nicéville prefers to treat this as a separate species, but
as the parallel fasciae of the underside (shown in Distant’s
figure) bring it under the definition of thetys, L prefer to
treat it as another form of that species.

form (d) minima, Distant and Pryer.
ae minima, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
r. 5. Vol. XIX. p. 265 (1887).

oe (Pryer).
Described as being near C’. insularis, Horsf.

form (e) aesopus, Fabr

Papilio aesopus, ab. Sp. Ins. Vol. Il. p. 125 (1781).

Kina Balu (W aterstradt) : ; Labuan (Waterstradt and Wah-
nes); S. E. Borneo, near Banjarmasin (Walhnes) ; Sarawak:
Kuching and Satap (Sar. Mus.).

The position of C’. wesopus, Fabr. seems to me rather doubt-
jul Hirst of all Bingham says of it: “With regard to C.
aesopus, Fabr., that alae falls as a synonym of oe thetis, as
acknowledged ‘by Fabricius himself. The type, a @, is in
the Banksian collection now in the British Museum, ain is
undoubtedly a 2 of ordinary C. thetis, Drury.” De Nicéville
supports this view having bred females exactly like aesopus
from thetis.

Now in order to completely fulfil Bingham’s definition of
C. thetis the underside fasciae must be parallel; but in Distant’s
description of adesopus he says “ anterior wings with a palish
blue oblique lunulated fascia, ete.” and his figures , @ gual ©;
show typical bu/is underside with convergent fasciae. He
too says he has compared his specimens with Fabricius’ type.
So the position is this: the author of aesopus admits that his
own species (adesopus) is the same as thetis; de Nicéville
breeds aesopus from thetis; Bingham says of aesopus “ un-
doubtedly female of ordinary C. thetis, Drury.” Kirby and
Moore also adopt this view. On the other side is Distant, who
examines Fabricius’ type and then figures a specimen with
typical bulis underside, though he treats adesopus as a distinct
species ; and Butler supports ‘this view.

Six g examples in the Sarawak Museum agree well with
Distant’s description and figure for the upperside, but on the
underside the two lines of fasciae are not nearly so convergent ;
though they cannot be called strictly parallel as in typical
thetis. From the three forms in the Sarawak Museum it

R, A. Soe., No. 60, I91I.

118

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

seeins that aesopus is intermediate between thetis and bulis;
de Nicéville comments on the upperside markings forming a
connecting link and I think the underside markings bear that
out too.

The following are the characteristics of the three Sarawak
Museum forms (only males compared ) :—

(i) Upperside: inner-marginal black border forms a strongly
curved arch; the ends of which form an even edging along the
costa, and along the hind-margin from Ist median nervule to
anal angle. The actual edge of this black margin is slightly
irregular, in no two specimens alike, though the general im-
pression is that of an evenly rounded arch. No extension
of black along inner margin.

Underside: fasciae parallel

=(. thetis, Drury, form nesophila, Feld.

(ii) Upperside; black marginal border heavier; at a point
less than a quarter of the length of costa from the base, the
black begins to broaden, exte nding unevenly to end of cell and
across to 2nd median nervule thus forming an angulated inner
edge to this marginal border; thence it extends evenly,
but twice as broad as in nesophila, to anal angle, where it be-
comes diffuse along a small part of the inner margin.

Underside: fasciae not quite parallel, but stiggesting the
anterior convergence of typical bulis = form aesopus, Fab.

(iii) Upperside: marginal border more heavily developed ;
inner edge rather more angular and from 1st median nervule
to half way along inner margin the border is developed into an
anal patch.

Underside: fasciae sharply convergent

=(. bulis, Doubl. and Hew. form, malayica, Feld.*

Curetlis bulis, Doubl. and Hew.

Anops bulis, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Di. Lep. u.
p. A73,.pl. 1D, fie. 5). 6 (1852):

Anops as Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. it. p. 221,
pl 28, tie. 18, ¢ Gis6o),

Curetis dentata, discalis et stigmata, “Moore, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond) pp. i37 sand ss seks one

Curetis angulata, Moore, op. cit. p. 522, pl. 48, fig. 2, 6
(1883).

Curetis felderi, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 203, pl. 24, fig. 3,
é and pl. 22, fig. 26, 2 (1884).

1. I ought perhaps to state that the above views are put forward after the

examination of Bornean examples only. These, and other suggestions as to
nomenclature throughout this paper, being founded on the examination of
Bornean specimens only, are intended to serve as material for any future
Monograph of Kastern Lycaenidae, rather than presuming to correct the views
of other authors of far greater experience and ability than the present writer.

Jour. Straits Branch

—_
a

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO, 119

form malayica, Feld.

Sandakan (Ind. Mus.) ; Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Sarawak :
ulu Lawas, Baram, Santubong, Quop, Matang—3,200 It.,
Kuching, Satap (Sar. Mus.) ; near Banjarmasin “(Wal hnes).

Distribution: Sikkim, South 'Tenasserim, Malacca and
Sumatra.

Sub. Family IV. LIPHYRINAE.
Genus, LirpHyra, Westwood.

368. Liphyra brassolis, Westw.
Liphyra brassolis, Westwood, Proce. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3)
ii. p. 31. (1864).
Sterosis robusta, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. 1. p. 219, pl.
icc. TO. tie (1865).

Sarawak (Hewitson); Kuching, Mt. Matang—3,200 ft.,
Santubong (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: : Sikkim to Malay Peninsula, Celebes, Gilolo,
Australia.

There are two males and two females in the Sarawak Mu-
seum which are rather heavily marked with dark fuscous. In
the males this fuscous margin extends over the apical two-
thirds of the fore-wing leavi ing only a small spot of tawny-
yellow ground-colour at end of cell besides the basal third of
the fore- wing. ‘The females agree well with Distant’s figure
in Rhopalocera Malayana; but are more heavily marked than
the female figured by de Nicéville.

The only point to remark is that Bingham says :—“ speci-
mens from Malacca and south and east through the sub-region
have a decreasing amount of black colouring on the uppe erside.
Australian specimens have the least of all.” The Sarawak
examples however in this peculiarity are darker than the In-
dian forms.

The four Sarawak specimens bear no notes as to crepuscular
habits. One is noted as being caught * fluttering in the grass ”
on the summit of Mt. Matang.

[The wings of a 6 of’ this species were found lying on the
jungle-floor “at Trusan, thev had evidently been newly dis-
membered by some bird or reptiles.

The larva lives in the nests of the “ Karinga” ant, Qco-
phylla smaragdina, Fab.| R.S.

Sub. Family V. PORITIINAE.
Genus, Porrria, Moore.

369. Poritia sumatrae, Feld.

Pseudodipsas sumatrae, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. 11. p.
259, pla sGymesnie, 2.126, id and Q (1865).

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 19/1.

120 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Labuan (Low) ; Brunei (Waterstradt) ; Sarawak: Limbang,
JXuching and Santubong (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: South of Tenasserim to Malay Peninsula and
Sumatra.

Not rare or variable in Sarawak.

370. Poritia phormedon, H. H. Druce.
Poritia phormedon, HW. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p. 666, pl. XXXL iigs, 16, 6, Li, See
Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
Unknown to me.
3871. Portia pellonia, Dist. and Pry.

Poritia pellonia, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser..5. Vol) XIX. pr 26m (133% je
Sandakan.
Near P. pleurata, Hew., a Singapore species.
ave. Portia phaluke, H. H. Druce.
Poritia phaluke, WH. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. p.
56%, pl MXM ie 1: ca eleiane
Sandakan (Cator); Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Sarawak:
Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

G5
~>
©

Poritia philota, Hew.
Poritia philota, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. p. 346
(1874).
N. E. Borneo (coll. Godman and Salvin) ; Labuan (Wah-
nes); Sarawak: Kuching and Lundu (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution; Philippines, Sumatra and Jaya.
dit. Poritia plateni, Staud.
Poritia plateni, Staudinger, Iris, il. p. 104, pl. I. fig. 8
(1889),
Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Sarawak: uching—April to
June—(NSar. Mus.).
Described originally from Palawan; also recorded from
Sumatra.

Ho. Poninia pani. eke rue:
Ponta phama, H..H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Sees tondsp-
DOS) [Oe OMI, ames WS By (us)
Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
Druce also records an example from Java.
376. Poritia phalena, Hew.

Poritia phalena, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p.
344 (1874).

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 121

Labuan, ¢ and 2 (Waterstradt) ; Sandakan, @ @ (Cator) ;
Sarawak: near Kuching, ¢ and @ (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Assam, Burma, Singapore and Sumatra.

Mr. Druce kindly identified one of the two females in the
Sarawak Museum.

Poritia pheretia, Hew.
Poritia pheretia, Hewitson, t. ¢. p. 346 (1874
Sandakan.
378. Poritia phalia, Hew.
Poritia phalia, Hewitson, t. ¢. p. 845, 6 (1874
Poritia potina, Hewitson, t. c. p. 347, @ (1874).
Simishina fulgens, ieee Entomologist, AIX. p. 12
(1886).
Borneo (Low—Brit. Mus.) ; Sarawak: Nuching—March to
July—(Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: Venasserim, Malay Peninsula.
The two females in the Sarawak Museum approach the light
female figured by Bingham (Fauna Brit. Ind, Butterflies 1. p.
468) ; but the post discal row of spots on the upperside of

hind-wing, present in the Sarawak specimens, is absent. in
Bingham’s figure.

pilgmromud piilura, H. WH. Druce.
Ronug piilura, i. 1. Druce, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
Bios ple DON NE tio: aS 1(1895).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Sarawak: Kuching, é and @
(Sar. Mus.).

Druce described this species from a single specimen sent
him by Dr. Staudinger. There appears to be no other record
of its capture and the female is undescribed.

The Sarawak Museum examples were taken near Wuching
in March, May and October (1896) and one in August of this
year (1911).

I append a description,of the female.

Upperside. Orvange-yellow ground-colour; hind-marginal,
inner-marginal, and post-discal bands of dark fuscous-brown.
Fore-wing: eround- colour orange-yellow; a costal edging of
dark fuscous—entering the base of cell ‘only—extends along
two-thirds of the costa ‘and, traversing the disco-cellulars, meets
the third median nervule thus forming a short oblique post-
discal fascia. Apex and hind- marginal border, which widens
at anal angle, of the same dark fuscous. <A broad dark fuscous
fascia from base along inner margin narrowing towards hind-

» marginal border, w hich it does not quite reach. A few dark
fuscous scales join this fascia to the oblique post-discal fascia.
Hind-wing: ground-colour orange-yellow, paler along the costa,

R. A. Soc., No. 60; 1911.

122

ov.

ool.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Basal region fuscous. A dark fuscous band from apex to
inner margin, a short hind-marginal band of dark fuscous,
interrupted by the nervules, from anal angle to third median
nervule, succeeded outwardly by thin edging of ground-colour
along the middle of which runs a thin dark “fuscous line.
Cilia fuscous.

Underside, as in male; perhaps more orange-yellow than the
yellow-buff of the male.

Hap. al. 30 mm.

Poritia pharyge, Hew.

Poritia pharyge, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p.
345 (1874).

Labuan (Wahnes) ; North Borneo (Ind. Mus.) ; Sarawak:
Lundu and Kuching—March to Sept.—(Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Siam, Perak, Penang, Sumatra and Jaya.

‘The uppersides of two females in the Sarawak Museum are
uniform dark fuscous in colour, and the undersides are fuscous
agreeing well with the undersides of seven males; but a second
female identified by Mr. Druce has the ground-colour of the
underside a light straw colour: and the upperside has a well
marked purple discal patch in the fore-wing, and traces of that
colour in the disc of the hind-wing.

Poritia pasira, sp. n. (Fig. 2).

Mae. ..Upperside.,, Exactly like. preceding species (P.
pharyge, Hew.) in every detail. Underside. Dull fuscous
brown. Fore-wing: two almost imperceptible light thin
parallel lines traverse the lower portion of the wing, one hind-
marginal and the other discal: these two lines are continued a
little more distinctly in hind-wing; the hind-marginal line
becomes a little whiter towards anal angle, and is outwardly
edged with dark fuscous. ‘The discal line remains parallel to
hind-margin and joins the inner margin at end of abdomen.
Below the 3rd and 2nd median nervules on this line are two
dark brown spots; below Ist median nervule is a trace of
another,

FemMaLe. Upperside. Uniform dark fuscous; cilia light.
Underside. Dull ochreous fuscous; basal region very slightly
darker and bordered by dark ochreous line from centre of
costa to centre of inner margin in fore-wing and continued
across centre of hind-wing. A thin light line darkened on
each side, runs parallel to hind-margin in both wings some
5 mm. from discal line and 3 mm. from hind-mar gin, “slightly
curved inwards towards costa of fore-wing. In the hind-wing,
the discal lne is made prominent by two ochreous guttulate
spots below 3rd and 2nd median nervules as in the male. The
shape of the hind-margin distinguishes it from other species

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 123

of Poritia, being sharp at apex, then curved in slightly to third
median nervule which, together with the second and _ first
median nervules, is sightly prolonged, thus giving an angulate
‘appearance to the wing. <A thin white line edges the hind-
margin and the sub-marginal line is distorted to follow the
vagaries of the hind-margin itself.

Herp. al. 6 30 mm. 2 38 mm.

Habitat: Mt. Matang (2,000 ft.) and Kuching, Sarawak.

Types, 6 and 2, in Sarawak Museum. 3

ies)
(oA)
oo

Poritia solyma, de Niceéy.
Simiskina solyma, de Niceville, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng.
Rolo xen pie 2p) ple fie. TOT ElSoe).
Labuan (Waterstradt).
Genus, ZArona, de Nicéville.
383. Zarona jasoda, de Niceville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol.
VII. Aap: 250, pl 14 fie. 5 ¢ (1888):

A single male specimen from Sandakan captured by Mr. D.
Cator, seems to be the only record for Borneo of this species.

Distribution: Burma and Tenasserim.,

Sub. Fam. VI. ARHOPALINAE.
Genus, SURENDRA, Moore.
384. Surendra amisena, Hew.
Amblypodia palowna, Hewitson, Cat. Lycaen. B. M. p. 138,
pl VII: figs. 74-78, 9 (1862).
Amblypodia amisena, Staudinger, Ivis., Vol. Il. p. 131,
plelk. fig. 3"(1889).

Borneo (Low) ; Mt. Kina Balu (Everett) ; Trusan, Baram,
Santubong, Mt. Matang, Kuching, Quop and Pangkalan Ampat
(Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Malacca, Nias, Sumatra, Balabac and Palawan.

The Sarawak females show both forms figured by Bethune-
Baker (Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. XVIU. pl. I. figs. 4 and
D). : ‘

Injury. 8, shallow bite removing the anal half of hind-

margin of the left fore-wing.
Genus, Irsota, Moore.

385. ITraota rochana, Horsfield.

Amblypodia rochana, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. KE. I. C.
p2. 208; n, 40, (1829).

Thecla timoleon, Boisduval (nec Stoll), Sp. Gen. Vol. L.
lee ONG es As Os (LS36)):.

Traota boswelliana, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 258, n. I.
ph XX fer 23, 2..(1885).

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 191.

124

Jot.

O58,

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO,

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt); Labuan (Low and Mus.
Staudinger) ; Busau, Kuching, Mt. Matang—38,200 ft. and Mt.
Santubong—2,800 ft. (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Mergui, Philippines, Java, Sumatra, Billiton,
Penang and Singapore.

Frequents the higher slopes (including the summits) of Mts.
Matang and Santubong in Sarawak. Flies with great rapidity.
Sarawak males show a certain amount of variation in the extent
of the iridescent blue, which is much reduced in some ex-
amples. Bethune-Baker writes that the female has three dis-
tinct tails, while the male has but two. ‘he three Sarawak
females before me are exactly similar to the male in this respect,
having two tails and one short tooth-like projection from the
second median nervule.

Injuries. (1) 6, small symmetrical bite removing the anal
angle of both hind-wings. (11) @, large quadrate symme-
trical bite removing anal portion of both hind-wings.

Traota lazarena, Feld.
Myrina lazarena, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. vi. p. 293,
n. 61 (1862).
Borneo.
Distribution: Celebes and Philippine Islands.

Traota nila, Distant.

Iraota nila, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 462, n. 2, pl. XLIYV.
fig. 24, 9 (1886).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Mt. Santubong—?2,800 ft.,
Mt. Matang—3,200 ft., Kuching and Satap (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Malacca, Perak and Sumatra.

Frequently taken on the summits of Mts. Santubong and
Matang, and occasionally on the lower ground in those neigh-
bourhoods. All the females in the Sarawak Museum have very
narrow black hind-marginal borders on the upperside, differing
thus from Distant’s figure which shows quite a broad border.
Druce noticed the same difference In comparing some females
from Kina Balu.

Injury. 2, one large jagged triangular bite, removing anal
portion of left fore-wing and apical regions of both hind-wings ;
the piece removed from the right hind-wing is equal in area
and shape to the sum of the two pieces removed from the left
wings, thus indicating that the attack was made when the
insect was at rest with wings imperfectly closed.

Genus, AMBLYPODIA, Horsfield.

Amblypodia narada, Horsfield.
Amblypodia narada, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p.
Bs olls IE; wales, (CUS).

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 25

Amblypodia taoona, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
835 (1878).

Sarawak (coll. Godman and Salvin); Limbang River and
Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Mergui, Andamans, Malay Peninsula and Ar-
chipelago,

This beautiful species is rare in Sarawak. I was lucky
enough to catch a fine male recently feeding on animal excreta
on a sunny spot among the stones of a small mid-river island in
the upper waters of the Limbang River (Kuala Madalam).

389. Amblypodia anita, Hew.

Amblypodia anita, Hewitson, Cat. Lycaen. B. M. p. 14, pl.
Walt ies: 90,91, 6 (1862).
Amblypodia narada, var. erichsonii, Wood-Mason and de
Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. XLIX. pt.
2, p. 234, n. 53 (1880).
Amblypodia naradoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p. 141 (1879).
Amblypodia darana, Moore, 1. ¢. p. 141.
Amblypodia arracana, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 5. Vol. XX. p. 268 (1887).
Trusan (Everett) ; Labuan (Low); Bidi (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: India, Ceylon, Siam, Sumatra, Sulu Island.
Injury. 9%, large quadrate piece removed from hind-margin
of left hind-wing.

Genus, ArHopatLa, Boisduval.

Bethune-Baker records 196 species of this genus, of which
59 are found in Borneo. Adding the five species described
here as new, the total now therefore is 64 for this country.

390. Arhopala meander, Boisd.

Arhopala meander, Boisduyal, Voy. ‘ Astrolabe,’ Ent. p.
76 (1882).

Arhopala adherbal, Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exot. Vol. III.
pelo; pl DOV. tes (1902).

Arhopaie appianus, Grose-Smith, ¢. c. p. 11, pl. NXV. fig.

South East Borneo.*
Distribution: Malay Archipelago to New Guinea, Queens-
land and New Zealand.

1. ‘‘Oae very magnificently marked (underside) specimen from the collec-
tion of Herr Ribbe from South-east Borneo ’ (G.T, Bethune-Baker, Proc.
Zool. Scc. Lond. p. 658, 1896.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, I91T.

126 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

391. Arhopala centaurus, Fab.

Papilio centaurus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 520, n. 329
eres)

ie helus, Godart, Enc. Méth. Vol. IX, p. 652,
i, WS) (Usa)

Amblypodia pseudo-centaurus, Doubleday, List Lep. B.
M. Vol. Il. p. 24 (1847).

Amblypodia nakula, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Vol.
LV 2p. 395m. 45 (1360).

Nilasera pirama, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. Vol. I. p. 116, pl.
DIS iies 3a we (Glssiay:

Nilasera pirithous, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. p. 531
(1883).

Sandakan (Pryer) ; Labuan (Low); Limbang, Buntal, Mt.
Matang, Kuching, Bau and Busau (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: India and Malaya.

In some of the Sarawak females the light-blue edging to the
eell-spots on the underside of the fore-wing is absent : but it is
present in others and in all the males.

392. Arhopala eridanus, Feld.
Amblypodia eridanus, Felder, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien. XL.
p.. 403 (1860).
Amblypodia polita, Rober, Iris, Vol. 1. p. 199, pl. TX. fig.
14 (1887).

This species has been recorded from Palawan, Cagayan and
Balabac Islands off the north coast of Borneo, so that its future
capture on the mainland may yet be recorded. Although
Cagayan is some 60 miles off the coast of Borneo, this latter is
the nearest large island and so it seems permissable to stretch
a point and allow the inclusion of eridanus in the “ Bornean ”
Fauna; the neighbouring archipelagos of Palawan and Sulu are
well over 100 miles away. Balabac les between Palawan and
the northern coast of Borneo.

393. Arhopala lycaenaria, Feld.
Amblypodia lycaenaria, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Vol.
WE Os OOO, We SB (USO).
Amblypodia olinda, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 351,
Ole AAO ILL, tale, Bg Q (GSS).

Amblypodia buxtoni, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 464, n. 20,
Ole LGUIDY 5. tne 18, 2 (1886).

Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan (Low); Limbang, Santubong
and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Billiton.
Common in Sarawak.

Injury. Q, small bite from anal angle of right fore-wing.

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 127

394. Arhopala myrtale, Staud.
Amblypodia myrtale, Staudinger, Iris, Vol. IT. p. 126, pl.
Denied nec 18)(.1839)..
Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan (Low); Santubong and Ku-
ching (Sar. Mus.).
There are five males in the Sarawak Museum.
Also recorded from Palawan.

395. Arhopala aida, de Nicéville.
Arhopala aida, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soe.
Mole Veps 168)n. vapl ae tio, Tied (S3oy .
Bethune-Baker records ‘two specimens from Labuan—a
male like type, and a female small and violet coloured ” (Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 666, 1896), but remarks in his monograph
in Trans. Zool. Soc. seven years later that the female is un-
known.
Also recorded from Burma.

396. Arhopala labuana, Bethune-Baker.
Arhopala labuana, Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.

Labuan, Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Also recorded from Mindanao.

397. Arhopala arzenius, Feld.
Arhopala arzenius, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. Vol. IL. p.
2006, tab. XXIX. fig: 18. (1865).
A single example from Kuching, Sarawak, constitutes the
first record of this species for Borneo.
Previously recorded from Luzon and Batchian only.
Mr. Druce kindly identified the specimen.

398. Arhopala vihara, Feld.
Amblypodia vihara, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Vol.
IV. p. 395, n. 5 (1860).

Labuan, Kuching (Sar. Mus.) ; Tameang-Lajang.

Distribution: Malacca,‘ Nias, Sumatra.

There are two females in the Sarawak Museum; the under-
sides agree exactly with the male, but on the upperside the
hind-marginal borders are much deeper, widening across the
apex in fore-wing, but continuing evenly round the costa of
hind-wing. ‘The markings on the underside of both sexes vary
very little, except for the small spot below the first median
nervule, which is absent altogether in one example.

399. Arhopala adorea, de Nicéy.
Arhopala adorea, de Nicéyille, Butt. Ind. Vol. ITT. p. 238,
n. 789, pl. frontispiece, fig. 139, ¢. (1890).
Kuching (Sarawak).
R. A, Soc., No. 60, 1911,

128 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Distribution: India to Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
Previously unrecorded from Borneo. The four examples
(8 6,1 2) in the Sarawak Museum are of the violet form.

400. Arhopala sandakani, Bethune-Baker.

Arhopala sandakani, Bethune-Baker, Proce. Zool. Soe.
Lond. p. 671, pl. XX XI fig. 2, $ 9( 1896)

Sandakan and Silam.
Also recorded from Pulo Bai and Java.

401. Arhopala drucei, Bethune-Baker.

Arhopala drucei, Bethune-Baker, ¢. ¢. p. 661, pl. XXX.
Megs re) jee oe

Mt. Kina Balu, Kuching and Quop (Sar. Mus.). Confined
to Borneo,

Injury. 8, a small piece removed from anal angle of each
hind-wing, almost symmetrically.

402. Arhopala incerta, n. sp.

Mar. Upperside. Lustrous purple very narrowly margin-
ed with fuscous; very closely alhed to A. drucei from which
it differs on the upperside in being a brighter purple. Under-
side. ‘The markings are slightly bolder than in drucei and the
transverse band of the fore- wing is unbroken and wider than
in that species, The 7th spot of this band in incerta is very
small and isolated, in drucei it is large and attached to the 6th,

Bap. 0. 6 9 im.

Type. Male. Mt. Matang, Sarawak, March 1898 (Sar.
Mus.).

Besides the Type there are two examples in the Sarawak
Museum from Kuching.

It is possible that, when further specimens come to hand,
intermediate forms will be found, so that incerta will have
to be merged as a sub-species or variety of druceit. At present
however it seems sufficiently different to merit specific distinc-
tion,

Injury. long bite from apex of right hind-wing just
below the me and a similar but smaller piece removed from
the apex of left fore-wing.

403. Arhopala anunda, Hew.

Amblypodia anunda, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p.
14 a.m: 73, ply IIE: a, fic: 32> (sta):

Narathura anthelus, Distant, Rhop. Malay. pl. XXIII.
fig. 4, 9, et in parte p. 263 (1886).

Amblypodia anthelus var. saturatior, Staudinger, Iris,
Wools Ul, 795 122 (Ouse).

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 129

Labuan (Low) ; Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution; Sumatra, Java and the Philippines.

Bethune-Baker records both forms (a brilliant morpho-blue
and a violet-blue) from Borneo; the two (¢ and @) in the
Sarawak Museum are violet-blue.

Injury. @,a very wide but shallow bite removing the hind-
marginal edge of the right wings, leaving the apex of fore-wing
and anal angle of hind-wing intact.

404, Arhopala anarte, Hew.'.

Amblypodia anarte, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 5, n. 20,
pedi tes. ko-and A. 6) (1862 ):.

Bethune-Baker gives Borneo as one of the habitats of this
species, and Druce (in 1873) mentions a female under this
name; H. H. Druce however, having examined this specimen,
writes in 1895 that this latter record is inaccurate, the specimen
beg A. agnis, Feld. nec A. anarte, Hew. As Bethune-Baker
mentions Druce as an authority for this species, it is possible
that he records it from Borneo on this ground; and that he
did not verify H. H. Druce’s correction; therefore I include
it in the Bornean list with a certain amount of hesitation.

Distribution: Myitta, Burma, Malacca and Macassar.

405. Arhopala achelous, Hew.
Amblypodia achelous, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 7, n.
mpl Ve hes: 7, 8, ¢ (1862).

Labuan (Low): Matang, Santubong and Kuching (Sar.
Mus.).

Also recorded from Singapore.

Injury. 6, a long jagged bite removing anal angle of left
fore-wing and apical half of hind-margin of left hind-wing.

406. Arhopala havilandi, Bethune-Baker.
Arhopala havilandi, Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
peoOoo, pl DOOe ties 36, 9 2 (1896).
Mt. Kina Balu only.

407. Arhopala brookei, Bethune-Baker.

Arhopala brookei, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.
Wolk ay Tp: 82 ple otis. 29, ¢ (1903).
Pulo Laut.
Confined to Borneo.
Bethune-Baker (/. c.) remarks “one specimen from Pulo
Laut in which the brown surface below is quite lustrous and
the markings of the primaries are much more distinct.”

i. Snellen records A. anarte, Hewitson, from Billiton. He gives Narathura
agnis, Distant (Rhop. Malay. p. 273) as a synonym of this species.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 191T,

130 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

408. Arhopala aroa, Hew.

Amblypodia aroa, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 13,
Te OO), volley IBLE fig, a5 (1862).

Amblypodia pryert, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 121
(1892)

Sandakan (Pryer); Trusan and Sarawak (Everett); Kusin
hills, near Banting, Santubong, Mt. Matang, Bau and Kuching
(Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Malaya—from Burma to New Guinea.

The Sarawak males show two shades of purple, one a lustre-
less brown-purple, the other a blue-purple approaching the
brilhant ee of achelous, Hew.

Injury. _a bite out of anal angle of right fore-wing and
another out of anal angle of hind-wing, just missing the tail.

409. Arhopala elopura, H. H. Druce.

Arhopala elopura, H. H. Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag. ser, 2. Vol.
V. p. 9. (1894).
Sandakan (Pryer); Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
Confined to Borneo.
Bethune-Baker remarks “ this is evidently one of the com-
monest species of the genus in Borneo; ” however the Sarawak
collection has yet to meet with it.

410. Arhopala pseudomuta, Staud.

Amblypodia pseudomuta, Staudinger, Iris, Vol. IL. p. 12:
(L8SoN"

Borneo.

Also recorded from Malacca and Sumatra.

Bethune-Baker makes a curiously contradictory statement in
regard to this species and A. raffles. Of rafflesii he says,
“This species is nearest pseudomuta, Staudinger, but can ‘be
recognised at once by its much brighter, lighter, and bluer
COOP Ses os: ” Of pseudomuta he says, ** This species may
be ‘recognised from raflesii, de Nicéville, by its larger size
and bluer colour.” His description and figure give a dull
violet for pseudomuta.

411. Arhopala atosia, Hewitson.

Amblypodia atosia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep.; inetgp: 9,
Me Site Di We shest Shand Oo. eGliseo)e
ae aricia, Staudinger, Ins, Vol. Th pe aie
its: 5 (1889). ,

Kuching, a Matang, Tambak and Pulo Laut (Sar. Mus.)
Distwabatione Malaya.

Four females present slight variation in the upperside mar-

ginal border of the hind-wing; in one the broad costal margin

continttes very nearly as br oad along the hind-margin ; in two

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 131

others it is less; and in a third the broad costal margin remains,
but the hind-marginal border is reduced to a mere line. The
undersides are constant.

412. Arhopala epimuta, Moore (nec Hew.).

Amblypodia epimuta, Moore, Cat. Lep. E., I. C. p. 42

857).

Arhopala antimuta, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. Vol. IT.
meer? (1890).

Arhopala atosia? H. H. Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
589 (1895).

Borneo (Low); Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan (Low); San-
tubong, Kuching, Serambu, Bau. Paku (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Mergui, Tenasserim and Malay Peninsula.

Very common in Sarawak. The females present the same
variation noticed in female atosia.

Bethune-Baker says this species is so like atosia that prac-
tically the only difference is the absence of tails in epimuta
and the presence of them in atosia. Druce records under
“atosia?,” some Bornean specimens which agree exactly with
Hewitson’s description except that they are tailless, so I con-
clude they were really epimuta.

413. Arhopala moolaiana, Moore.

Narathura moolaiana, Mocre, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. p.
835 (1878).
Amblypodia epimuta, Hewitson (nec Moore), Cat. ak
Paves. bin Si, pl. Vl fiss: 59 and 60, 9 (1862)
Arhopala pastorella, Doherty, Journ. As, Soc. Beng. Vol.
bay (LL pt: 2)p. £18) pl. X XIN. fig. 12 (1889).
Arhopala agelastus, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. Vol. TTT. p-
278 (1890),
Kuching, Sarawak (Sar. Mus.). The first record from
Borneo.
Distribution: India, Burma and Malay Peninsula.
414. Arhopala amphimuta, Feld.
Amblypodia amphimuta, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iv.
p- 396 (1860).
Sandakan (Pryer).
Also recorded from Malacca.
415. Arhopala asia, de Nicév.

Arhopala asia, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soe.
Mol VE pesca ple hie. 16. 96: (@k892)-
te (Waterstradt); Trusan, Quop, Kuching (Sar.

us.).

Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Bethune-Baker notices that Bornean specimens are some-
what bluer and darker than the type.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 191.

132 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

416. Arhopala agesilaus, Staud.

Amblypodia agesilaus, Staudinger, Iris, Vol. Il. p. 127,
Taf. I. fig. 16 (nec 17) (1889).

Kuching and Quop (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Malaya—Malay Peninsula, Nias Island, Su-
matra, Palawan and Mindanao.

Two Sarawak examples have the costal spot of the hind-
wings very much reduced, suggesting a transition to the next
species (A. catori) which is characterized by the complete
absence of this costal spot.

But for the differences in genitalia recorded by Bethune-
| Baker I should be inclined to regard catori as a variety only
| of agesilaus.

417. Arhopala catori, Bethune-Baker.

Arhopala catori, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.
Vol. X VIL. p. 93, pl. IL. figs 1100S Gee
8a (1903).
Borneo and Bilit (Bethune-Baker) ; Mt. Marapok, British
North Borneo and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Also recorded from Palawan.

418. Arhopala similis, H. H. Druce.*

Arhopala similis, H. H. Druce, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond. p.
592 (1895).
Arhopala anila, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol.
LXIV. pt. 2, p. 469 (4895). || jy) eee
Sandakan (Pryer); Kuching and Mt. Penrissen (Sar.
Mus.).
Distribution: Selangor and Sumatra.
_ Only three examples in the Sarawak Museum—two taken
in August 1896 and the third in May 1899.

419. Arhopala agesias, Hew.
Amblypodia agesias, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 2, n.
49, pl. VI. figs. 55 and 56 (1862).
Sandakan (Pryer) ; Mt. Kina Balu; Kuching (Sar. Mus.) ;
Pulo Laut.?
Distribution: Malacca and Sumatra.

419a. Arhopala agesias ovomaculata, Hew.

Amblypodia ovomaculata, Hewitson, Il]. Diurn. Lep.
Suppl. p. 22, no. 103, pl. suppl. VIII. figs. 66 and 67
(1878).

1. ‘‘ This is the variety a of A.agesiase,(Hew.)’’—Shelford Journ ctr. Br.
Roy. As, Scc No. 35. p. 34. 1901.

2. Bethune-Baker gives Pulo Laut as a habitat for this species, but he
describes this locality as ‘a small island off New Guinea’’ probably a mistake
for the well known island of Pulo Laut off the South-East coast of Borneo.

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 1338

Arhopala agesias var. kinabala, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool.
moe ond. p. 592 (1895).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low); Mt. Iina-
batangan, ulu Lawas, Mt. Matang (Sar. Mus.).

Apparently a mountain form of agesias.

Recorded from Battak Mountains, Sumatra.

420. Arhopala avatha, de Nicév.

Arrhopala avatha, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
pocevolk X. pelts, 1/23) pl. |. fic 34, 3 (1896) :

Sarawak. <A single example determined by Mr. Bethune-
Baker. Mr. Druce notes that it has shghtly narrower borders.
Previously recorded from Sumatra only.

421. Arhopala moorei, Bethune-Baker.

Arhopala moorei, Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
pecs pl MXN fie 1, ¢ (1896).

Mt. Kina Balu; Labuan; Santubong, Kuching and Quop
Mus.).

Distribution: Malacca and Sumatra.

A common species in Sarawak.

422. Arhopala waterstradti, Bethune-Baker.

Arhopala waterstradti, Bethune-Baker, {. c. p. 668, pl.
BeOS fos, 10 and 11, dé and-9?.

Mt. Kina Balu (Mus. Staudinger) ; Lawas and Mt. Matang
—3,200 ft. (Sar. Mus.).
Confined to Borneo.

423. Arhopala deva, Bethune-Baker.

Arhopala deva, Bethune-Baker, fue. je OU TO OOOO
fig. 3.

fo)
N. Borneo (Cator) ; Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Confined to Borneo.
Bethune-Baker is inclined to think that this species replaces
antimuta, Felder, in North Borneo. In Sarawak both species
occur, but antimuta more rarely.

424. Arhopala antimuta, Felder.

Arhopala antimuta, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. Vol. II. p.
Zao, tee) (L86o)e

Arhopala davisonu, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. Vol. III. p.
280, frontispiece, fig. 1385, ¢ (1890).

Sandakan (Pryer) ; Labuan (Low); Kuching (Sar. Mae),
Distribution: Malaya.
R. A. Soc., No 60, I9II.

134

420.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. :

Arhopala hypomuta, Hew.

Amblypodia hypomuta, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 11,
pl. VI. figs. 63 and 64, ¢ (1862).

Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: India and Malay Peninsula.
Very common in Sarawak in the neighbourhood of Kuching.

Arhopala metamuta, Hew.

Amblypodia metamuta, Hweitson, Ul. Diurn, Lep. Lye. p.
13, n. 59, pl. I: figs. 14 and 15, 6) (ises)e

Simanggang and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Malaya—Mergui and ‘lenasserim to Sumatra
and Billiton.

Previously unrecorded from Borneo. ‘Three of the four ex-
amples in the Sarawak Museum (taken 1894 and 1896) differ
from Distant’s figure in Rhopalocera Malayana (Pl. XXILL.
ime 1ES))) ain having a dislocated transverse band on the under-
side of fore-w ing: but the fourth example, taken near: Kuching
in August 1911, is normal in this respect.

Injury. 6, large triangular bite out of hind-margin of

right hind-wing, reaching as far as the cell and removing ‘rather
more than half the wing.

Arhopala alaconia, Hew.
Amblypodia alaconia, Hewitson, op. cit. p. 14, pl. UL.
figs. 52 and 53 (1869)
Labuan (Low).
Confined to Borneo.

Arhopala sarawaca, n. sp.

Mater. Upperside. Lustrous blue-purple with narrow even
fuscous hind-marginal borders, a little broader at apex of fore-
wing, more so across apex of hind-wing; costal margin of fore-
wing very narrowly fuscous, of hind-wing more than twice as
broad; inner-marginal fold of hind-wing grey fuscous, a thin
indistinct white line bordering the anal angle : dark fuscous
tail white-tipped. Underside. Brown with an iridescent lilac
tinge, particularly noticeable in the hind-wing. The white
edging to the spots well pronounced: general appearance of
the underside like A. ariel, Doherty, but the individual mark-
ings quite different. Fore-wing: three cell spots well defined
and in increasing sizes; below the 2nd and 3rd are two irre-
gular half-formed spots: above the second and slightly interior
another small spot; small minute white spots above the third
cell spot suggesting an irregular continuation of that spot to
the costa; a well-defined transverse band of 6 spots: the Ist
very small, 2nd, 3rd and 4th fused and sloping outwards, the
Sth and 6th shifted well in and sloping outwards; hind-

Jour. Straits Branch

429.

R, I

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 135

marginal border composed of a row of lunular spots succeeded
exterior ly by an anteciliary white line; inner marginal region
pale brown-fuscous. Hind-wing: a large costal-hasal spot ;
four large basal spots, the third and fourth shifted outwards,
the first three connected; a discal row of three large conter-
minous spots, the costal spot being fused with the first of a
post-discal transverse row; a large spot closing cell and almost
touching the 3rd and 4th spots of the post-discal row; a
small half-formed spot immediately below it; the first four
spots of the transverse row are placed en échelon outwards, the
fifth shifted well in, the sixth out, the seventh or anal spot,
long and irregular, reaching inner margin. Hind-marginal
row of spots as in fore-wing but rather larger and the three
anal spots are touched inwardly with blue iridescent scales ;
white anteciliary line as in fore-wing. Cilia grey-fuscous.

FEMALE. Upperside. Violet-purple, with dark narrow
margin to costa of fore-wing broadening across apex and con-
tinuing broadly along hind-margin to inner margin; in hind-
wing the base and discal region violet-purple surrounded by
“poet fuscous borders. <A ahaw tail, brown-fuscous, white-
tipped. Underside colour and markings as. In male, except
for the addition of a seventh spot, small and indistinct, in the
post-discal transverse band of the fore-wing.

Pipa. 6 do mm. 9 28 mm.

Types. Male; near Kuching, Sarawak, June 1911. PMemale:
Sarawak, 1910 (Sar. Mus.) examined by Messrs. Druce and
Bethune-Baker, who report the species as unknown to them.

In addition to the Types there are two females in the
Sarawak Museum, captured near Kuching in 1900 and 1910,
and a male from the ulu Madihit (head waters of the Limbang
River), Sarawak, May 1911.

Arhopala eumolphus, Cr.

Papilio eumolphus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. Vol. IV. p. 19,
pl. CCX CIX: fies. :-G,H; 3-:(4780).

Amblypodia bupola, Hewitson, UJ. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p.
ae Halo peg suppl) VI tics 64 and.i65, 9
1878

Narath a farquhari, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 264, n. 5,
pile DONS tie: Bis! (1885).

Arhopala hellenore, Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol.
LWV.LE: pt. 2, p. 422, n: 18, pl. XXIIM fig. 7, 4 (1889).

Narathura maxwelli, Distant, Rhop. } Malay. p. ADS), 14 Se
pl. XXII. fig: 10, @ (1885).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Limbang and Kuching (Sar
Mus.) ; S. BE. Borneo.

Distribution : India and Malaya to Philippines and New
Guinea.

Soc., No. 60, 1911.

136 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

The males in the Sarawak Museum present a good deal of
variation in the underside markings; the spots in the majority
are rather larger than in the specimens figured by Bethune-
Baker. In one example the spots are so large that the trans-
verse band of the fore-wing is partly fused with the third cell-
spot and the spot beneath, suggestive of staudingeri, Semper.
‘Lhe hind-wing however does not show the same fusion of spots.
Bethune-Baker’s figures of the male eumo/phus do not show
the costal-basal s spot which is present in the hind-wing of all
the Sarawak males.

The males are fairly common in the neighbourhood of Ku-
ching. Four females have been examined by Mr. Druce, who
suggests that they represent the farquhari form of this species.

Injuries. (i) 8, a ragged bite cutting out tail portion of
right hind- ae (yaaa i square piece from apex of left
fore- wing removed. (iii) 4, a large tearing bite removing the
whole of the anal angle of right hind-wing, but leaving a
central strip in a similarly outlined gap in the left hind-wing.
(iv) @, a small quadrate piece remoyed from hind-margin
of right fore-wing.

430. Arhopala aurea, Hew.
Amblypodia aurea, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 8, pl.
VII ties. 87 and oss (ilicog ye
Labuan (Low): Sarawak (Hewitson) ; Tameang-Lajang.
Also recorded from Sapagaya.
A rare species, of which the female is unknown at present.
431. Arhopala bornecnsis, Bethune-Baker,
Arhopala borneensis, Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond. p. 666, pl. XXX tig.5, (saa)
Mt. Kina Balu, Mt. Santubong—2,600 ft. (Sar. Mus.) ; Ta-
meang-Lajang.

Also recorded from Malacca.
A rare species, of which the female is unknown at present.

432. Arhopala tembaga, n. sp.

Mate. Upperside. Brass-green, with hind-marginal bor-
ders of black, very narrow in the fore-wing, very heav y in the
hind-wing. Fore-wing: the costa edged ‘with black, narrow
hind- marginal border tapering from anal angle to apex. Huind-
wing: base and discal region brass-green, extending just above
the sub-costal nervure and below the median, thus leaving dark
broad costal and inner margins, and a broad hind-margin
covering the outer two- fifths of ‘the wing. Short black tail
whiite- tipped. Long dark fuscous hairs along the inner margin.

1. Bethune-Baker (J.c.) describes a male under the female sign ;doubtless a
printer’s error.

Jour. Straits Branch

43:

Oe

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 137

Underside. Dark grey fuscous. Fore-wing: first discal spot
indistinct, 2nd elongate right across cell, third large. The
transverse band unbroken but angled at the 4th spot as in
basiviridis, de Nicéy., the 5th spot being shifted well in, the
6th slightly out again and the 7th immediately beneath almost
obsolete and enclosed in a light grey patch which reaches
from the outer half of inner margin to 1st median nervule.
A distinct sub-marginal row of spots the upper three of which
are slightly shifted inwards. MWind-wing: indistinct costal-
basal spot, regular basal row composed of four well-formed
spots; median row of three spots, the two first well-defined,
the third large and irregular; a transverse band of two con-
fluent spots ‘below the costa, followed by one elongate and
slightly shifted in closing to the end of cell, this last succeeded
outwardly by a smaller elongate spot, which is the first of an
irregular series of confluent spots continuing the band to the
inner margin: a rough sub-marginal row ending at anal angle
in bright blue iridescent scales ‘outwardly touched with black.
Cilia fuscous. :

FEMALE. Upperside. Purple, heavily margined with dark
fuscous. ore-wing: the dark costal margin extends along the
sub-costal nervure, partially closes the cell and stretching
across the radials and 3rd median nervyule, leaves a broad fus-
cous apical region and an even margin 4-5 mm. wide from 2nd
median nervule to inner margin. Hind-w ing: margined as in
male except that the purple disc (brass-green in male) ex-
tends rather more towards the hind-margin: tail twice as long
as in male. Underside. Bronze-fuscous. Markings as in
male, except that the discal spots of the fore-wing are rather
heavier.

Hxp.al, 6 41 mm., 2 47 mm.

Types, 6 and. @. Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Messrs. Druce and Bethune-Baker who kindly examined this
species for me, reported it as unknown to them. ‘The underside

ds like that of basiviridis, but the totally different upperside of

the male at once distinguishes it from that species.
Arhopala basiviridis, de Nicéy,
Arhopala odsnouaans, de Nicéyville, Journ. Bomb. Nat.
Hist. Soc. p. 373, ie Gee, 22, 6: (Laer):
Arhopala horsfieldi, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
pa ok Gisg5y.

Borneo (Doherty) ; Santubong and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Burma, Malacea, Sumatra and Java.

All the Sarawak males before me have the costal basal spot
in the hind-wing, which is not shown in Bethune-Baker’s
figure of the species. One specimen has the 5th spot of the
fore-wing transverse band less shifted in than in the typical
form, so that the spots form an arched, but continuous, band;

R. A. Soc., No. 60, IQII.

138 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

the other wing of the same specimen shows this even better,
thus indicating that too much reliance should not be placed
on so variable a character as this transverse hand.

Injury. 28, Jarge piece removed from hind-margin of right
hind-wing, just missing the tail.

434. Arhopala abseus, Hew.

Amblypodia abseus, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 9, n.
40 (1862).
Arhopala amphea, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 234. tab.
XXIX. fig. 19 (1865).
Labuan (Low); Kuching. (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: India to Malaya: Philippines.
A common species in the neighbourhood of Kuching, Sara-
wak.
Bethune-Baker notices that Bornean males are * quite glossy
puUEpler a saGe)e
435. Arhopala diardi, Hew.
Amblypodia diardi, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 9, n. 45,
(1862),
Amblypodia capeta, Hewitson, UH]. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p.
22, -pleVv Ines? O-and Til (isT eye
Amblypodia viardi, Staudinger, Iris, Vol. IL. p. 130
(1889).
Labuan (Mus. Staudinger) ; Mt. Matang—3,200 ft., and Mt.
Santubong—2,600 ft. (Sar. Mus.) ; 8S. E. Borneo (Ribbe).
Distribution: India, Assam, Malacca, Sumatra, Java and
Philippines. © ~ | |
A good series in the Sarawak Museum shows a certain
amount of variation in the two transverse bands of the fore-
wing; in some they are of equal width, in others the outer is
narrower; in some there is hardly any ground-colour left be-
tween, while in others a strip of ground-colour remains about
equal in width to one of the transverse bands.

436. Arhopala fulgida, Hew.

Amblypodia fulgida, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p.
WL a9 spe soo Oo ELS Gane

Panchala singapura, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 273, fig.
84 (1885).

A single female captured on Mt. Matang at an altitude of
2000 ft. constitutes the first record of this species for Borneo
‘(Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: North India and Philippines to Malay Penin-
sula, Billiton and Sumatra.

The underside of the Sarawak example differs from Distant’s
figure in having but two fulgent spots at the anal angle instead

Jour, Straits Branch

439,

R,A.S

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 139

of four (the two central ones are absent); in this feature it
agrees with the Sarawak examples of diardi, but the charac-
teristic unbroken sub-basal band identifies it at once as fulgida.

Arhopala anniella, Hew.

Amblypodia anniella, Hew feca Caveiinicsa bee MEO,
pl. VIIL figs. 83 and 84, ¢ (1862).
Mt. Kina Balu’ (Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low); Kuching
(Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: Malaya—Tenasserim to Sumatra, Java and
Philippines.
The female is fairly common in Sarawak, but the male is
more rare, or perhaps harder to catch.

Arhopala apidanus, Cramer.

Papilio apdanis, Cramer,” Pap: Exot. Vol: Il. pl.
GROOVE tics, Feand Ge (1077).

Papilio dorimond, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, pl. XXXVII.
figs. 4, 4a, 9 (1790).

Flos ahamus, Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng, Vol. LX.
Diego souapl lotic. 6. 9 (OLSot),

Lawas (Everett); Labuan (Low); Bintulu and Kuching
(Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Malaya.

The series in the Sarawak Museum is particularly uniform
although the specimens were taken in different localities and
in different months; all the females are pale purple.

Snellen describes var. saturata from Billiton (Tijds. v. Hunt.

POSIT. p: 301).
Arhopala morphina, Dist.

Panchala morphina, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser
Dao, XLV. p20. (1884),

Silam, British North Borneo (Cator); Labuan (Stau-
dinger) ; near Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Malaccd and Sumatra.

A local species in Sarawak; eight examples in the Sarawak
Museum, of which the two males were captured June 1910
and April 1911, while the six females were taken in December
1909, January (3), February and March 1911. ‘They are
uniform in markings and colour; the wonderful rich hue of
the male upperside colouring makes this species one of the
most beautiful Arhopalas to be found in Borneo,—Bethune-
Baker thinks “about the most magnificent of the genus,”
but his figure of the male gives no idea of “ the intense richness
of the deep ultramarine blue ” (i= G.).4:;He remarks on the
rarity of the species.

oc., No. 60, I9II.

| 140 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Injury 9%. large asymmetrical bite removing anal portion
of both hind-wings.
[In comparison with the more or less uniform injuries
noticed among the Theclinae it is interesting to reflect on the
diverse nature of the injuries scen in the Arhopalinae, in which
species all parts of the wings have been attacked both in flight
and at rest; this no doubt is due to the absence of any very pro-
| minent markings directing attention to a non-vital part. The
! majority of the injuries are in one side only, suggesting that
they are principally attacked when in flight, thus showing that
their protectively coloured undersides have a real value and
| stand them in good stead.’ |
440. Arhopala bazalus, Hew.
Amblypodia bazalus, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 8, 0.
38, pl. IV. figs. 37 and 38, 9° (tse29e
Satadra testa, de Nicéville, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol.
LV. pt. 2, p. 253, n. 6, pl. AT. fig. 3, og (ieoag:
S. If. Borneo (Bethune-Baker).
Distribution: Indo-Malaya and Japan.

| 441. Arhopala bella, Bethune-Baker.
( Arhopala bella, Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
664, pl. NAX. figs. 6 and 7 (1896).
Mt. Kina Balu only.
442. Arhopala azinis, de Nicev.
b Arhopala azinis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.

Ss Soc. p: By ple Whos al isooye
‘ Arhopala kounga, Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
& p. 662, pl. XXX. fig. 4, @ (nec fig. 3, 6) (1896).
Bi Mt. IXina Balu (Bethune-Baker).
Also recorded from N. E. Sumatra.
443. Arhopala oenotria, Hew.

la Amblypodia oenotria, Hewitson, Ll. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p.
h 14 a, pl. Ill ¢, fig. 56 (1865).
Kuching and Bau (Sar. Mus.). } ;

Also recorded from Nias Island and Philippine Islands.
444. Arhopala agnis, Feld.

Arhopala agnis, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. Vol. IL. p.
228 (1865). ;

1. See Distant, Rhop. Maiay, p. 273, fig. 85,6, ‘‘ showing mutilation
effected by the attack of a bird ’’ (4. apidanus.)

qi _ 2. “...and as they (Arhopalas) always settle with folded wings, of which
iy, the undersides present only dull brown, grey, or dull purple colour, little is seen
+) of them.’’ (de Nicéville and Martin in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal Vol. LXIV. pt.

ii. p. 470, quoted by Bethune-Baker in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1903. p. 27.)

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 141

Amblypodia anarte, Hewitson, I]. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p.
aE ins, 1k Wes S (uetos)) A

Labuan (Low) ; Quop and Lundu (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: Malaya—from Upper Tenasserim to Sumatra
and Mindanao.

445. Arhopala tameanga, Bethune-Baker.
Arhopala tameanga, Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p- 658, pl. XXIX.\figs. 7 and 8 (1896).
Tameang-Lajang (S. E. Borneo).
446. Arhopala semperi, Bethune-Baker.
Arhopala semperi, Bethune-Baker, f. ¢c. p. 659, pi. NATX,
figs. 9 and 10. |
Mt. Kina Balu; Baram River; Tameang-Lajang.
Confined to Borneo.

447. Arhopala barami, Bethune-Baker.
Arhopala barami, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond.
ole isp: 26. pl tii eno. 5° Cl903)):.
Borneo.
Also recorded from Perak.
448. Arhopala dajagaka, Bethune-Baker.
Arhopala dajagaka, Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p06, pr OXI tess ivand 12. (13896).
Mt. Kina Balu; Labuan; Quap (Sar. Mus.); Taimecang-
Lajang.
Confined to Borneo.
The single Sarawak example (a male) measures 42 mm.
across ; Bethune-Baker gives the dimensions of male and female
as 59-06 mm.
449. Arheopala allata, Staud.
Amblypodia allata, Staudinger, Iris, Vol. II. p. 125, Taf.
ernie (iss).
Labuan (Low).
Distribution; Palawan, Mindanao and Mindoro.
450. Arhopala myrzala, Hew.
Amblypodia myrzala, Hewitson, Tl. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p.
140, pl. IIT b, figs. 41 and 42, @ (1865).
Kuching (Sar. Mus.). The first record of this species
for Borneo.
Distribution: Mindanao, Philippine Islands.
Three examples in the Sarawak Museum, viz. two males
taken in April 1896 and April 1911, and a female in July
1894.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911.

142

451.

452.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Arhopala shelfordi, n. sp.

FemMaLe. Upperside. Discal patch of bright violet-blue

bordered very broadly with brown-fuscous. Fore- -wing: costa
well-arched ; fuscous margin broad along the costa to first sub-
costal nervy ule, thence diagonally across the wing, closing cell
and leaving the apical half broad fuscous and hind- marginal
border of same. Hind-wing: small violet patch covering the
cell and very shghtly extending above and beyond it; a “dark
line across the end of cell; rest of the wing dark brown-fuscous.
No tails. ‘Underside. Rich red-brown, ‘clear spotted. Fore-
wing: three regular increasing cell-spots, a small indistinct spot
above and below the third cell-spot ; a continuous transverse
band slightly sinuous, composed of 6 spots; the 1st small and
indistinct, forming with the next two a slight outward and
convex curve, the Hth shifted outw: ard, the 5th and 6th slightly
out again. A faint hind-marginal row of lightly-edged spots ;
anal inner-marginal region extending to first median nerv ule,
hight brown. Hind- -wing: a small and indistinct costal-basal
spot; a sub-basal row of 4+ well-defined spots, the third of
which is shifted outwards; a median row of three larger spots ;
a long spot closing cell with small spot in the nervular angles
immediately above and below; the transverse band composed of
7 well-defined spots ; the 1st isolated, the next 5 continuous, of
which the 2nd is large, the 3rd and 4th immediately below it
and fused, the 5th and 6th fused and shghtly shifted in, the
ith, or angular spot, long and stretching across to the inner
margin. A continuous hind-marginal row of spots as in fore-
wing; three dark spots at anal angle relieved inwardly with
light iridescent blue, the outward spot separated from the
other two. Cilla brown fuscous.

Kap, al. 2 40 mm.

Type. Female, near Kuching, Sarawak, January 17th 1910
(Sar. Mus.).

Three other examples from the same locality in the Sarawak
Museum, and two (e coll. Sar. Mus.) in Mr. Druce’s collection.

Examined by Messrs. Bethune-Baker and Druce, who pro-
nounced the species as unknown to them.

Arhopala rajah, 1. sp.

Mae. Upperside. Lustrous violet-purple broadly margin-
ed with glossy brown-fuscous. Rather narrow sub- acute fore-
wings as in A, buddha, Bethune-Baker. Fore-wing: the discal
region of lustrous purple is sharply defined by the fuseous
border, which follows the sub-costal nervure, closes the cell
and stretches across diagonally and rather irregularly, to form
an even hind-marginal border 3 millim. in width and slightly
diffuse along inner margin. A dark spot is noticeable at the
end of cell. Hind-wing: long, bright purple discal patch,
sharply defined as in fore-wing but more restricted in area,

Jour. Straits Branch

453.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 143

extending from base through cell and beyond it, including the
basal third of the 2nd and 3rd median nervules and bounded by
the 1st median nervule. Rest of the hind-wing brown fuscous.
A short stout tail at the end of Ist median nervule; hind-
margin just above this tail suggestive of being scolloped.

Underside. Brown, glossed with a beautiful lilae sheen.
particularly so im the hind-wing, with clear, large, decisive
markings. Fore-wing: three increasing spots in cell; a large
spot, outwardly lght-edged, below junction of Ist median
nervule; a second, similar but smaller, below junction of 2nd
median nervule. A broad continuous band of six large fused
spots, the first four sloping outwards slightly and increasing
in size, the 5th shifted in, the 6th out; there are indistinct
traces of 7th and 8th spots. A well-defined hind-marginal
line of spots followed by a thin hght antecilary. line; inner
marginal region to Ist median nervule light fuscous-brown.
Hind-wing: small costal-basal spot; sub-basal row of. four
spots, the 2nd and 3rd of. which are contiguous; a median row
of three larger spots; a long spot closing cell; a spot in angle
just above the junction of Ist median nervule and touching
the 3rd sub-basal spot. Much interrupted transverse: row of

7 large spots; the Ist and 2nd large and fused, 3rd and 4th
peor and shifted well out so that the inner corner of the 3rd
only just touches the outer lower corner of the 2nd, and 5th
smaller and shifted well in, the 6th shifted out. and the io, OI
angular spot, shifted in and prolonged to the inner margin.
A hind- marginal row of continuous spots outwardly edged with
lightish lunules: a thin light anteciliary line; at anal angle: —
a ‘large black spot, inwardly edged with light iridescent blue,
between Ist and 2nd median nervules, succeeded inwardly by
two fused spots at the angle, the first of which js light irides-
cent blue edged with black, the second black inwardly edged
with iridescent blue. ‘Tail dark fuscous white tipped: cilia
dark fuscous, except for a few white scales at anal angle
of hind-wing.

Wap al. 6.37 mm.

Type & (and only known specimen), Mt. Lingga, Sarawak,
May 1909 (Sar. Mus.).

Messrs. Bethune-Baker and Druce, who kindly examined it,
reported it as unknown to them, but allied to A. buddha, a
Javan species. The shape of A. rajah is like this species, but
the pale azure-blue of buddha together with the narrower
margins at once provide sufficient distinctions between the
two species. ‘The underside markings are also different.

Arhopala caeca, Hew.

~Amblypodia cacca, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14,
pete 28 (1865).

Sarawak (Hewitson).

R, A. Soc., No. 60, 191].

144 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Confined to Borneo.

Sub. Fam. VIL THECLINAE,

The Bornean Theclinae seem to fall naturally into five groups
which may be characterized as follows :—
1. Hind-wing with one short filamentous tail. 1. Chrysophanaria.
2. Hind-wing with two short filamentous tails,

(the Indian genus, Zesius, belongs here, al-

though the female is aberrant in_ havi ing

three tails). 2. Bicaudataria.
3. Hind-wing both sexes with two tails, one of

which is half an inch in length or over. 3. Cheritraria,
4. Hind-wing both sexes with three tails. 4. Moragaria.
5. Hind-wing with one tail of variable length ;

lobate at anal angle. 5. Loxuraria.

This classification is practically the same as that proposed by
de Nicéville in his Butterflies of India. He divided the Lycae-
nidae into eleven groups of which the group Thecla is the sixth.
This, he sub-divided into two sub-groups, the first containing six
genera “ which, as a rule, possess one short tail to the hind-wing
from the termination of the first median nervule;” this sub-group
I have called Chrysophanaria, since it contains the well-known
genus, Chrysophanus, Hiibner. ‘The only Bornean representative
of this sub- -group (promoted to the rank of group here) is [/erda
kiana, Gr.-Smith. De Nicéville’s second sub-group contained
twelve genera “ which all possess two short tails (under half an
ineh in eneth) to the hind-wing in both sexes, though one aberrant
genus, Zesius, Hiibner, from India has three tails in the female; ”
this sub-group (or group here) I call Bicaudataria.

The remaining three groups are almost the same as those of
de Nicéville, except that I have merged his Deudorizx group into the
Loxuraria group.

Group 1. CHEYSOPRTANAT Ta:
Genus, ILERDA, Doubleday.
454. Tlerda kiana, Grose-Smith.
Sithon kiana, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6.
Vola pa olin (lsso):

Mt. Kina Balu (Everett, Hanitsch, Whitehead and Water-
stradt) ; Mt. Marapok (Sar. Mus.—e coll. Druce).

Mr. Druce having carefully examined the neuration and
antennae, finds it referable to the genus I/erda. He remarks
that “it has been received in some numbers from Kina Bilu.”

Group 2. BICAUDATARIA.
Genus, DacaLANA, Moore.
455, Dacalana vidura, Horsf.
Amblypodia vidura, Horsf., Cat. te E.L.C. p. 113 (1829).

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 145

Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan (Low); Trusan (Everett) ;
Lawas, Trusan, Tambak, Santubong, Matang, Kuching, Bau,
Lundu (Sar. Mus.) ; Banjarmasin (Wahnes).

Distribution; India (?) and Malaya.

This genus is distinguished from Arrhenothriz, de Nicév.
by the presence of an additional sub-costal nervule in the fore-
wing. 7

A long series from Sarawak bears out Druce’s note that in
Bornean examples the white band of the hind-wing varies in
width; and many of them are indistinguishable from A. pen-
cilligera in this respect.

Injury. 3, small symmetrical bite removing the inner anal
spot and tail in both hind-wings.

Genus, ARRHENOTHRIX, de Nicéy.
456. Arrhenothna lowi, H. H. Druce.
Arrhenothrix low, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
paovo. ply XXXII, ne? (1895).
Labuan (Low).

Described from a male—the only known specimen—in the
collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

Genus, Prarapa, Moore.
457. Pratapa lucidus, H. H. Druce.
Pmumomonuichaus, El cE Wruce, tc: p» 596, pl: XX XT.
fig, 3 (1895).

Labuan (Low and Waterstradt); Kuching, Mt. Matang
—3,200 ft. and Quop (Sar. Mus.).

Also recorded from Sumatra.

The Sarawak specimens differ from Druce’s figure in being
darker blue, and the prominent blue striae in the apex of fore-
wing are hardly distinguishable in the Sarawak specimens.

Injury. 6, long bite removing costal-apical portion of left
fore-wing.

458. Pratapa sannio, H. H. Druce.
mmvapa sannio, TH. . Wruce, ¢. ¢ p. 596, pl) XXXII.
fig. 15° (1895).
Sandakan (Pryer).
Confined to Borneo.
459. Pratapa cremera, de Nicéy.
Pratapa_ cremera, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
ES pis, Llp: Sala Vie ties al, 3) (1.895),

Trusan (Sar. Mus.).

Previously recorded from Java only.

[There are four closely allied species: P. cotys, Hew. from
India and Burma, P. anysis, Hew. from Celebes and the
Philippines, P. sannio, H. H. Druce, from Sandakan, and the

R. A. Soc., No. 69, I9II.

*10

146 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

above recorded from Java. I am inclined to consider all as
mere topomorphs of cotys, but it is curious that both cremera
and sannio should occur in Borneo]. KR. 5.

460. Pratapa devana, H. H. Druce.
Pratapa devana, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
597, pl. XXXIII. figs. 4 and 5 (1895).
Mt. Kina Balu and Labuan’ (Waterstradt); Mt. Matang
and Santubong (Sar. Mus.).
Confined to Borneo, where it is evidently a mountain
species.
461. Pratapa calculs, H. H. Druce.
Pratapa calculis, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
598, pl. XX XIII. figs. 6 and 7 (1895).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Mt. Matang
Mt. Santubong—2,800 ft. (Sar. Mus.).
Confined to Borneo.
A good series in the Sarawak Museum presenting no yaria-
tions.
Injury. 3, large asymmetrical bite removing anal portion
of both hind-wings.

3,200 ft. and

Genus, Tasurta, Moore.
462. Tajuria jalindra, Horsf,
Amblypodia jalindra, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 109
(1829).
Labuan (Low and Waterstradt) ; Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: Java, Sumatra and Nias.
Injury. 8, deep bite removing tail of left hind-wing.
463. Tajuria maculatus, Hew.
Tolaus maculatus, Hewitson, Il]. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 47,
ple 2 tigee 20 UN GlS65)
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
Distribution: Sikkim and Assam.
464. Tajuria longinus, Fab.
Hesperia longinus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. Vol. V.
p- +380 (1798).
Sarawak (coll. Druce).
Distribution: India, Ceylon, Burma, Malacca, Sumatra and
Java, ae
Tajuria cyrus, H. H. Druce.
Tajuna cyrus, H. H. Druce, Proce. Zool. See. Gond: p.
600, pl. XXXIIT. figs. 10, 11 (1895).

1. It is important to remember that ‘‘ Labuan ’’ in connexion with Water-
stradt’s name does not mean the low-lying island off tbe north coast of Borneo,
but the mainland opposite to Labuan which is for the most part hilly country.
Druce quotes a note of Dr. Staudinger to this effect.

q—
er)
Or

Jour. Straits Branch

466.

467.

468.

469.

Ale.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 147

Mt. Kina Balu only (Waterstradt).
“ Allied to 7’. mantra, Felder, but larger ” (Druce, J. c.).
Tajunia mantra, Feld.
Pseudolycaena mantra, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Vol.
Veep odo. nd) (L860);
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low); Mt. Santu-
bong—2,600 ft. (Sar. Mus.).
Druce says it is a common insect in Borneo; collecting in
Sarawak however does not bear this out.
Distribution: Burma, Malacca, Sumatra and Celebes.
Tajuria isaeus, Hew.
Tolaus isaeus, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 44, pl.
DON fice 13. 14 (1865).
Tajurva relata, Dist, Rhop. Malay. p. 246, pl. XXI.
miro Oo (1884).
Sarawak (Hewitson) ; common near Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
De Nicéville suggests that the 7’. isaeus, Hew. recorded by
Grose-Smith and Kirby from Sumatra should be referred to
Britomartis cleoboides, Elwes.
Tajuria dominus, H. H. Druce.
Tajuria dominus, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
peo, ple MOCKTIT toy 12) 6 (1895).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
Tajuria tussis, H. H. Druce.
Tajuria tussis, H. H. Druce, t.c. p..601, pl. XX XIII. figs.
8, 9 (1895).
Labuan (Waterstradt) ; Trusan and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Tajuria cato, H. H. Druce.
moajumaccato, EH. WW. Wruce, ¢.\¢. p: 601, pl. XX XIII. fee
13, 14 (1895).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) only.

Tajuria lucullus, H. H. Druce.
Pajuria jucullus, H. H. Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)
Wolk13. p) 141) (11904).
Mt. Kina Balu only (coll. Druce).
Closely allied to T. cato.
Tajuria blanka, de Nicévy.
Tajuria blanka, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Vol.
Xe op: 39, pl. IV. fig. 4 (1894).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
Also recorded from the Battak Mountains, Sumatra.
Druce records a fine female received from Dr. Staudinger,
which, he says agrees well with de Nicéville’s figure and des-
cription except that the thorax is white instead of drab.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, I91!,

473.

475.

476.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Tajuria berenis, H. H. Druce.

Tajuria berenis, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
674, pl. XXXI. fig. 6 (1896).

Mt. Kina Balu only (Waterstradt).

Tajuria suma,sp.n. (Fig. 7).

Upperside. Bright pale blue, almost the same shade as in
T. tussis. Fore-wing: costal margin and apex black fuscous
as in T. berenis, Druce. J/ind-wing: a narrow costal margin
of fuscous broadening slightly at apex as in ftussis. Inner
margin whitish grey. "A thin dark anteciliary line.. ’wo short
tails bordered and tipped with white. Cilia fuscous. At anal
angle a touch of orange succeeded outwardly by a small black
spot and then a small white spot.

Underside. Grey as in tussis. Fore-wing: a very faint
post-discal lunular line of which all but the lunules above 1st
and 2nd median nervules is almost obsolete: a sub-marginal
ae tapering from anal angle and finally disappearing between

the discocellulars. [Hind-w ing: post-discal line and anal mark-
ings as in fussis, except that the orange yellow is slightly more
extensive and the sub-marginal bor der ‘of the upper wing is
continued on the hind-wing as far as the orange anal patch,
Cilia grey.

Hxp. al. 39 mm.

Type (and only known specimen) from Mt. Penrissen,
3,000 ft., Sarawak (Sar. Mus.).

Allied to 7. berenis, Druce, from which it differs in the
markings of the underside, notably in the development of a
rather Jarger anal patch of orange.

Tajuria donatana, de Nicéy.

Tajuria donatana, de Niceville, Journ. As. Soe. Beng.
Vol. -LVII. pt. 2,- p. 287, ni 18) plete ees
(1888)

Labuan (Low); Mt. Santubong and Mt. Matang (Sar.
Mus.).

Distribution: Upper Tenasserim and Sumatra.

Fairly common in Sarawak. Differs from de Nicéville’s
description in the thin white line, which borders anal spots on
underside of hind-wing, being interrupted. The black spot
in first median interspace is somewhat larger than in de Nicéy-
ille’s figure, as noticed by Druce in a single male in the God-
man-Salvin collection.

Injuries. (i) wide symmetrical bite removing hind-margin
of hind-wings and lower half of same in fore-wings. (i1)
small piece from azial angle of right hind-wing.

Tajuria travana, Hew.

Myrina travana, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 38,
jy SOVIUE ses, SS), OO (uses).

Jour, Straits Branch

|

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 149

Sandakan (Pryer) ; Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan
(Low) ; Madihit, Mt. Matang and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Very common on the sunlit edges of old jungle adjoining
some paddy farms in the Madihit hills.

Also recorded from Malacca, Singapore and Sumatra.

Injuries. (i) large bite from hind-margin of right fore-
wing. (ii) large bite removing anal angle of left hind-wing.

Genus, Buutuis, de Niceville.
477. Bullis buto, de Nicéville.
Britomartis buto, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
Boce Vole (Xeip.c08, pier ie 41, 2 (1395).

Limbang and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Burma and Sumatra.

Common in the neighbourhood of Kuching. Rests with anal
lobes everted and outer tails erect, giving the impression of a
butterfly’s head and antennae. I have noticed the same in
Lehera anna males, in several species of Arhopala, Deudoria
and Rapala.'

Genus, Briromartis, de Nicéville.

478. Britomartis cleoboides, Elwes.
Tajuria cleoboides, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 637,
ple MIGIV, figs, 4, 5.-Ql892)..
Borneo.’
Distribution; Burma, Sumatra and Java.

A479. Britomartis stigmata, H. H. Druce.

Tajuria stigmata, H. H. Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(7). Vol. 18, p. 141 (1904).

Simanggang (Sar. Mus.).

This species has only two sub-costal nervules in fore-wing
and should therefore be referred to the genus britomartis in-
stead of Tajuria.

In a letter (May, 1904), Mr. Druce recognized this.

Genus, ‘THAMALA, Moore.

480. Thamala marciana, Hew.

Myrina marciana, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 34,
pleas fies 44d ple NIM fies. 12, 13, 2 (1863).

1. For notes on this habit among Lycaenidae, see Longstaff, Trans. Unt.
Soc. Lond. 1908, pp. 656, 657, also Poulton, Hssays on Evolution 1908, p. 281.

2. de Nicéville identified one of Hewitson’s figures of TZ isaeus as this
species and he gives the distribution noted above.

R. A. Soe., No. 60, I9II,

150 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Borneo (Butler) ; Sarawak (Hewitson) ; 8. E. Borneo (Do-
herty).*

Distribution; Malacca and Sumatra.

Genus, HypoLtycarENna, Felder.
481. Ilypolycaena erylus, Godt.
Polyommatus erylus, Godart, Enc. Meth. Vol. LX. p. 635,
n, 60. (1623 )%
[Hypolycaena erilus, Snellen, Tijd. voor. Ent. Vol. XXI
De 40, 0. 99 (LOns).
Hypolycaena andamana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p. 589. (1877).

Trusan, N. Borneo (Everett); Labuan (Low and Water-
stradt) ; Limbang, Samarahan, Quop, Satap, Kuching and Mt.
Matang (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Sumatra.

Two shades of colour are noticeable in the Sarawak speci-
mens.

482. LHypolycaena thecloides, Feld.
Myrina thecloides, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Vol.
IV. p. 395 (1860).

Labuan (Low and Waterstradt); North Borneo, Lawas,
Marapok Mtns., Trusan, Lobang, Santubong, Buntal and
Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Sumatra.

Genus, CHLIARIA, Moore.
483. Chliaria skapane, H. H. Druce.
Hypolycaena skapane, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p- 604, pl. XXXII. figs. 16 ¢ and 172 see
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
Confined to Borneo.
Druce (op. cit. p. 675, 1896) refers this species and the next
to the genus Chliaria.

484. Chiiaria phemis, H. H. Druce.

Hypolycaena phemis, H. H. Druce, op. cit. p. 604, =
OOS NG sites Gs (lsi9S)))-
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; near Batu Lawi and Tee
(Sar. Mus.).
A rare species; four examples in the Sarawak Museum: a
female captured March 1898, a male in December 1909, and
two more males in the mountainous region near Batu Lawi,

1. de Niceville (Butt. Ind, Vol. III. p. 388)records a specimen of JT. miniata
Moore, from S. E. Borneo which exactly agrees with the figure and description
of marciana, Hew ; and he considers the two species identical. The distribution
of miniata is given as Upper Tenasserim, Burma and Mergui.

Jour. Straits Branch

486.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 151

May 1911. These last have the outer anal spot rather larger
than that figured by Druce.
Confined to Borneo.

Chliaria mimima, H. H. Druce.

Ohharia mimima, H. H. Druce, t. c. p. 605, pl. XXXIV.
miele) (1895).

Mt. Kina Balu and Labuan (Waterstradt) ; Mt. Matang—
3,200 ft., and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Mr. Druce kindly identified a pair in the Sarawak Museum
for me. He says (in litt.) that mimima may prove to be a
form of C. tora, Kheil,—a Nias Island and Sumatra species;
he notes that the blue is much paler and whiter on the hind-
wing and less extensive on the forewing than in Kheil’s species.

Chiiaria balua, n. sp. (Fig. 6

Upperside. Fore-wing: chestnut brown with fuscous costal,
hind-marginal and inner marginal borders; the hind-marginal
border rather broader at apex and anal angle; the inner mar-
ginal border narrow. Hind-wing: discal patch of iridescent
purple; broad costal margin, basal region and hind-margin
very narrowly fuscous; inner margin white, shehtly suffused
with fuscous. A dark anteciliary line bordered inw ardly (from
2nd median nervule to sub-median nervure only) by thin white
line. Two short tails. Cilia fuscous.

Underside. Fore-wing: basal region pearly grey darkened
outwardly to hind-margin with light russet brown. Cell closed
by faint double line; post- -discal line as in C. phemis, but
broken at 3rd median nervule. A faint sub-marginal grey line.
Hind-wing: pearly grey. A prominent, very dark brown spot
between costal nervure and 1st sub-costal nervule about 3
from base; below it a thin disjointed orange line sloping out-
wards slightly to meet a thin dark line bordering the hind-
margin and enclosing a broad anal region of yellow. A large
rounded dark spot ‘between Ist and 2nd median nervules,
succeeded above by small indistinct fuscous internervular spots ;
anal angle black relieved with few light blue iridescent scales.
Yellow region of anal angle relived outwardly by thin whitish
line and black anteciliary line.

Hep, al. 28 mm.

Type, (and only known specimen) from Kuching, Sarawak
(Sar. Mus.).

The coloration of the upper side is entirely different to any
Bornean species of this genus.

Mr. Druce kindly examined this specimen, reporting it as
unknown to him.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911,

152 A-LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Genus, Suasa,’ de Nicév.
487. Suasa liris, Staud.
Sithon liris, Staudinger, Iris, ii. p. 110, pl. L. fig. 10, ¢
(1889).
Mt. Kina Balu (W aterstradt) ; Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Druce notices that ‘ Bornean specimens have the apex
and outer margin of the fore-wing below a much duller shade
of yellow than the type from Palawan.”
Genus, APHNAEUs, Hiibn.
488. Aphnaeus syama, Horst.
Amblypodia syama, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. L. C. p. 107
(1829).
Aphnaeus pequanus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Vol.
LIL. Pt,.2; p26 (1884):
A phnaeus orissanus, Moore, |. ¢. p. 27.
Aphnaeus frigidus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p..350,
pl. XXXITL. fig. 10 (1873
Labuan (Low and Waterstradt) ; Lawas, Baram, and’ Mt.
Lingga (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula,
Java, Sumatra and Philippines.
Injury. @, anal angle of right hind-wing removed.
489. Aphnaeus lohita, Horsf.
Amblypodia lohita, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. L. C. p. 106
(1829).
Mt. Nina Balu and Labuan (Waterstradt) ; Baram, Bintulu,
Mt. Matang and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: India, Ceylon, Philippines, China and Malaya.
490. Aphnaeus vieinga, Hew.
Aphnaeus vieinga, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. XII. p. 39
(1875)
Borneo (Low).
Not recorded from elsewhere.
Group 3. CHERITRARIA.*
The eleven Bornean genera comprising this group may be con-
veniently summarized as follows :—
At Inner tail from end of sub-median nervure the
longer.
B'. Both sexes, fore-wing with two sub-costal
nervules. Male without secondary sexual
characters. 1. Zeltus.
1. This group corresponds to the Myrina Group of de Niceville. In a foot-
note however, that author noted that Cheritra would have been a much better

name, as Myrina silenus really belonged to his nae division, the Lorura Group.
I have therefore adopted his suggestion.

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 153

B? Both sexes, fore-wing with three sub-
costal nervules, (except the genus Thria,
which has four).

Ct Male with secondary sexual charac-
ter on

D* inner margin of hind-wing and

long hairs along inner margin of

fore-wing 2. Purlisa.
DD? costa of hind-wing. 3. Manto.
D* underside of inner margin of

fore-wing. 4. Mantoides.
D* sub-median nervure of fore-

wing. d. Virgarina.
D° below sub-median nervure of

fore-wing. OS Tora

C* Male without secondary sexual cha-

racter. i. Charana.

B® ‘Three sub-costal nervules in fore-wing of
female olny.
Et Male with two sub-costal nervules ;
no secondary sexual characters. 8. Jacoona.*
E> Male with four sub-costal nervules;
tuft of hair on underside of inner
margin of fore-wing. 9. Neocheritra.

A? Outer tail from end of first median nervule
the longer. Both sexes with three sub-costal

nervules.
F* Hind-wing of male with small tuft of

hairs at base of costal interspace. _ 10. Cheritra.
F° Fore-wing of male with glandular patch

of scales in centre. 11. Ritra.

Genus, Zevtus, de Niceév.
491. Zeltus etolus, Fab.
Papilio etolus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. Vol. Il. p. 66, n.
620 (1787).
Hypolycaena amasa, Hewitson, UL Diurn. Lep. p. o1, n.
8 (1865)...
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low) ; Marapok
Mts., Banting, Santubong, Mt. Matang, Quop and Kuching
(Sar. Mus.) ; 8S. W. Borneo (Ind. Mus.).
Distribution: India and Malaya.

1. Distant in describing this genus states that it has four sub-costal
nervules ; but Druce in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 679 (1896) pointed out that
the male has but two and the female three. ~

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911.

154 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO,

Taken all the year round in Sarawak; only one female in a
series of twenty specimens in the Sarawak Museum. ‘The
undersides vary a good deal in the intensity of the brown
colouring and the transverse line in most of the examples be-
fore me is much straighter than in the Indian example figured
by de Niceville in Butterflies of India.

Injury. &, small asymmetrical bite removing the two inner
tails and part of the anal angle of right hind-wing.

Genus, Puruisa, Distant.

492. Purlisa gigantea, Distant. (Fig. 4, 3).

. Jolaus (Purlisa) giganteus, Distant, Ent. Mo. Mag. Vol.
NaVillle p>) Cpe je
id Rhop. Malay. p. 250, pl. XXI. fig. 28, 9 (1885).
Purlisa giganteus, Shelford, Journ. Roy, As. Soc. Str.
Br. Non 35,60. coe oO ou:

Sarawak (coll. Druce) ; Mt Matang—3,200 ft. (Sar. Mus.).

Also recorded from Penang.

Evidently a rare species. Distant records a single specimen
from Penang and one unlocalised example in the collection of
Mr. F. Moore. Druce records a single female from Sarawak ;
and there is a pair in the Sarawak “Museum, taken in March
1898 and April 1902 on the summit of Mt. Matang. In regard
to the position of this genus, Distant placed it between Cheri-
tra and Neomyrina ; de Nicéville referred it to his Thecla
(Group, placing it next to Tajuria. Druce suggested it was
more likely to be related to Cheritra, and the discovery of the
male with secondary sexual characters helps to bear this sn
De Nicéville judged from Distant’s figure that the tails wer
not long enough for inclusion in his Wyrina (rroup, hence ee
reason for reference to the Thecla (rroup.

However the inner tails of the Sarawak examples reach the
required half-inch, so I include it now in the Myrina (Cheri-
traria, mihi) Group.

Genus, Manro, de Nicey.

4 493. Manto martina, Hew.

Myrina martina, Hewitson, Tl. Diurn. Lep. Lye. Suppl.
wo, tee ece Osu le Glsod))e

1. While for the general appearance of this species the figure is good, no
attention should be paid to the neuration depicted. as it unfortunately suffers
from the over-zealous attentions of the reproducer.

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 155

Mt. Nina Balu (Waterstradt) ; iou* (Hanitsch) ; Labuan
(Low and Waterstradt); Limbang, Matang, Kuching and
Pangga (Sar. Mus.) ; South Borneo (Ind. Mus.).

Distribution: Burma, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Genus, Mantorpes, H. H. Druce.
494. Mantoides licinius, H. H. Druce.
Mantoides licinius, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
paont pe eX fies. 106, lio (1896).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt and Everett) ; Mt. Santubong
and Mt. Matang (Sar. Mus.).

Only recorded from Borneo.

The single female in the Sarawak Museum has the dark anal
markings of the hind-wing somewhat heavier than in the
female figured by Mr. Druce.

Injury. é&, small piece from anal angle of right hind-wing
remoying the inner tail.

Genus, Vircarina, H. H. Druce.
495. Virgarina scopula, Druce.
| Sithon scopula, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 353
pre xX XTETS fie. (2 (1873).

Sandakan (Elwes); Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan
(Low and Waterstiadt); Baram, Mt. Lingga and Kuching
(Sar. Mus.).

Only recorded from Borneo.

Injury. @, large asymmetrical bite removing the anal
region of right hind-wing and part of the same of the iett
hind-wing. |

?

Genus, THrix, Doherty.
496. Thrix gama, Dist.
Neocheritra gama, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 462, fig. 128,
9 (1886).
Thrix gama, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 678,
pis MOXOX Ts fier 13. ¢; (1896).
Labuan (Waterstradt).
Recorded from Penang and Sumatra.

Genus, CHARANA, de Nicév.

ie)

497. Charana splendida, n. sp. (Fig. 3, ¢).
Charana mandarinus, H. H. Druce, nec Hewitson, Proe.
Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 676, 2 (1895).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
1. In the account of his expedition to Mt. Kina Balu in March 1899 (Journ.
Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 34. 1900, pp. 82-84.), Dr. Hanitsch records the

capture of 47 species of Rhopalocera of which only 4 were Lycaenidae— collected
during ten days.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, I9II.

156 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Druce records a single female which differs from the Indian
species C. mandarinus, Hew., “by having a greater area of
white on the hind-wing above and by the ‘Yellow on the hind-
wing below being nearly all replaced by white; the black an-
cular markings and spots towards the anal angle are larger and
more prominent, so it may possibly represent a different species,
but until the male is discovered it is impossible to be certain.”
(/. ¢.).

A fine male was taken near Kuching in March 1911, which
differs from the male mandarinus in a similar way, so that I
have adopted Mr. Druce’s suggestion and proposed a new name
for the Bornean form.

The male differs from Hewitson’s species on the upperside
in the following points:—(i) on the upperside of fore-wing
the blue area does not extend as far up the cell as depicted in
de Nicéville’s figure,' nor does it reach the first median ner-
vule?; (ii) de Nicéville’s figure shows a black mark below the
first median nervule which is totally absent in splendida; (ii1)
on the underside of fore-wing the post-discal band is succeeded
by a broad hind-marginal band of uniform rufous brown, un-
relieved by a dark stbmarginal line as figured by de Nicéville
for mandarinus; (iv) the anal region of the hind-wing is white,
not yellow (thus agreeing w ith Druce’s description of the
female) and (vy) ) the black markings of anal region are dis-
tinctly heavier, that nearest the inner-margin being a straight
bar, not irregular as shown in de Nicéville’s figure.

Injury. é, a small triangular excision at anal angle of
right hind-wing removing the “outer tail. (Vide fig. Ne

Charana? abnormis, sp. n. (Fig. 10).

Mate. Upperside. Dark fuscous. Fore-wing: including
cilia, uniform dark fuscous. Hind-wing: dark fuscous, except
for large anal region opalescent white, extending from 3rd
median nervule to inner margin and bordered by. dark ante-
ciliary line. Anal angle lobate. Cilia white round anal half,
mixed with fuscous for remainder.

Underside. Fore-wing: ochreous, paler towards inner mar-
gin, darker along hind-margin and at anal angle. Hind-wing:
white, spotted with dark brown. Broadly ochreous along basal
half of costa, succeeded by a large quadrate ochreous spot
reaching the sub-costal nervure, followed by a small ochrecus
brown spot just before the apex, which forms the first of a
post-discal row; the second spot immediately below it, is larger,
the third transverse, the fourth, fifth and sixth smaller and
darker, sloped towards the inner margin; the seventh V-shaped

L;.;,De Nicéville, Butterflies of India. Vol, ili pl., XXVUI fig. 222, male.
2. Hewitson says of this blue region ‘‘ bounded by the inner margin and

the first median nervule.’’ (III Diurn. Lep., p. 28, n. 4. 1863).

Jour. Straits Branch

499.

500,

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 157

and shifted outwards, the eighth elongate sloping upwards to
inner margin. A spot at base of median nervure; another
just beyond the cell; a large quadrate dark brown spot below
Ist median nervule followed by another nearer the base on the
inner margin; a large dark spot on anal lobe, a rough dark
line on each side; a large dark spot (exterior to. post-discal
row) between Ist and 2nd median nervules; ochreous brown
spots along hind-margin above 3rd median nervule to apex.
Black anteciliary line. Abdomen below ochreous; above dark
fuscous. |

Hap. al. 6,34 mm.

Mr. Druce kindly examined this specimen for me and re-
ported it as “probably new and when perfect has long tails
and comes into the Manto Group of genera—most likely new
genus. Your specimen seems to be a ¢” (in litt. March,
Lily, +

The specimen before me has no secondary sexual characters.

Genus, JACOONA, Distant.

Jacoona jusana, H. H. Druce.

Jacoona jusana, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
OO ole MOM 2 tio 3... 6 (1895).

Sandakan (coll. Druce) ; Labuan (Waterstradt) ; Limbang
and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Only recorded from Borneo.

Closely allied to J. anasuja, Felder (from Malay Peninsula
and Sumatra), and to the next species (J. metasuja, H. H.
Druce) ; and from an examination of the figures and descrip-
tions of these three species, one might suggest that they are but
local races of one species. Thus anasuja occurs in the Malay
Peninsula and Sumatra; jusana and metasuja in Borneo, the
former from Sandakan to Sarawak and the latter on Mt. Kina
Balu only. A male in the Sarawak Museum has a thin blue
apical band intermediate in width between these last two
species.

Injuries. (1) ¢, both tails cut off and neat circular bite
removing the large anal spot on left hind-wing. (ii) @, large
bite diagonally across the left hind-wing removing more than
half the wing.

Jacoona metasuja, H. H. Druce.
Jacoona metasuja, H. H. Druce, /. c. p. 609, pl. XXXIV.
my 4b) (ONS)

1. A fine male has just been captured (October 1911) on Mt. Klingkang,

Sarawak; it has two short tails, (like the female Thamala miniata, Moore, figured
by de Nicéville in Butterflies of India, Vol. IIL, pl. XXVIII, fig. 213), the outer
of which from the 1st median nervule is 6 mm. long, the inner from sub-median
nervure is5mm. This feature together with certain peculiarities of the neu-
ration will iu all probability necessitate the founding of a new genus as Mr.
Druce suggests ; this point I hope to settle in the near future.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, I91T.

158 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO,

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
As yet unrecorded elsewhere.

Genus, NEOCHERITRA, Distant.
501. Neocheritra amrita, Feld.
Myrina amrita, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. Vol. IV.
p. 395 (1860).
Neocheritra theodora, H. H. Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag. Vol.
XXIL. p. 155 (1885).

Labuan (Low and Wahnes); Kuching (Ind. Mus.); S. E.
Borneo, near Banjarmasin (Wahnes).

Distribution; Malay Peninsula, Nias Island, Billiton and
Sumatra.

Var. theodora, H. H. Druce, differs from the type by the
blue on upperside of male being rather more extensive and of
a paler greenish shade. Jtecorded from Sandakan (Pryer) and
Labuan (Waterstradt).

The Sarawak Museum examples are from Mt. Santubong
and IXuching and are all referable to this variety.

Injuries. (1) 6, neat circular excision removing inner tail
of left hind-wing. (41) 6, both tails evenly cut ; short. (ii1)
?, an uneven notch out of hind- margin of left fore- -wing near
the apex and inner tail of left hind-wing cut off.

502. Neocheritra teunga, Grose-Smith.

Sithon teunga, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
62. Vole TEE poli Ls3o)
Mt. Kina Balu (Whitehead).

Genus, CHEerrrra, Moore.

503. Chermtra freja. Fab.

Hesperia freja, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. p. 263 (1798).
Cheritra freja var. ochracea, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond. p. 610 (1895).

Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan (Low and Waterstradt); Ku-
ching, Satap, Bau (Sar. Mus.); S. W. Borneo (Ind. Mus.) ;
Sarawak, 8. E. Borneo (Druce).

Druce differentiates a variety “ from the continental Indian
form by the whole of the fore-wing as well as the costal half
of the hind-wing below being ochraceous, and by the inner
black band towards the anal angle being much broader and
less broken.”

De Niceville describes the Indian form thus: “ Underside of
fore-wing and outer margin anteriorly of hind-wing washed
with ochraceous.” A long series in the Sarawak “Museum
shows forms varying from “grey-ochraceous to ochraceous and

Jour. Straits Branch

ewer A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 159

the sub-anal markings vary in heaviness and degrees of con-
tinuity. It seems therefore unnecessary to give a name to
the extreme form since all intermediate forms occur in the
same locality.

Distribution: India to Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra
and Java.

Injuries. (i) é, both tails asymmetrically cut short. (11)
8, left and (iii) ¢, right tail cut short.

504. Cheritra pallida, Druce.

Sithon pallida, Druce, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 352, pl.
PONONG io. 23S Sia).
Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan (Low).
Only recorded from Borneo.
Mr. H. H. Druce has examined the type of this species and
considers it a distinct species, but nearly allied to C. freja,
Fab.

Genus, Rirra, de Nicéy.
505. Mitra aurea, Druce.

Sithon aurea, Druce, 7. c. p. 852, pl. XX XIII. fig. 1, ¢
(1873).
hivtra aurea, A. H. Druce, op. cit. p. 610, 29 (1895).

Labuan (Low and Waterstradt); North Borneo, Banting
and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Also recorded from Perak and Sumatra. 3

The Sarawak Museum specimens were taken in February,
May, June, and from August to November; the females rather
more commonly.

Injuries. (i) 68, neat symmetrical excision in each hind-
wing removing both long tails. (ji) @, small symmetrical
bite from anal end of inner margin of both hind-wings and a
small piece out of hind-margin of right fore-wing. (ill-iv)
2, with one tail cut out. (v-vii) 38, with one tail cut short
or excised.

rroup 4. HORAGARIA.*
_ Genus, Horaca, Moore.
506. IZoraga albistigmata, n. sp.

Maur. Upperside. Dark fuscous, with small well-defined
white discal patch in fore-wing, and very faint white line
bordering anal angle of hind-wing; anal lobe touched with blue,
tails white-tipped. Underside. Rich ochreous. Fore-wing:
sharply defined white discal patch, widest across the base of

“1. De Nicéville assigned seven genera to this grovp (characterised by
the presence of three tails,) of which six are found in Borneo (the seventh,
Rathinda, Moore, being confined to India and Ceylon).

R. A. Soc., No, 60, 1911.

160

BOM

509,

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

the 2nd and 3rd median nervules; whitish along inner margin;
a dark anteciliary line. //ind-wing. A straight dark line
from centre of costa across wing to 2nd median neryule, thence
edged with metallic green across to the inner margin. ‘Three
spots at anal angle black inwardly edged with metallic green,
the central spot is large and dusted with white scales, Dark
anteciliary line as in fore-wing. Cilia whitish.

Hap. al, 21 mm.

Type, & (and only known specimen) Madihit hills, Sara-
wak (Sar. Mus.).

Differs from any //oraga I have seen in the absence of any
blue tint on the upperside; resembles amethystus mm having no
white band in the hind-wing below, but the ground-colour is
totally different.

Horaga corniculum, H. H. Druce.

Horaga corniculum, H. H. Druce, op. cit. p. 611, pl.
XX e837; eo Ne

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Malinau and Mt. Matang—
2000 ft. (Sar. Mus.).

Confined to Borneo.

Allied to the Javan species, //. holothura, Swinhoe. A male
in the Sarawak Museum differs slightly from Druce’s figure in
having the blue reduced and the fuscous margins wider on
the upperside of hind-wing; the other male has the white
discal patch of the fore-wing just extending below the first
median nervule, and on the underside the white band is much
constricted.

Horaga afinis, H. H. Druce.

Horaga afinis, H. WH. Druce, t. c. p. 611, ply MX See
Os ASI).

ACO (naueatn aed ainmaeen (Waterstradt) ; Madihit (Sar.
Mus.).

Confined to Borneo.

Druce notes a variation from Kina Balu in which the lower
half of the white discal spot on the fore-wing above is rather
larger than in the type, and the blue area is rather paler; the
single example in the Sarawak Museum has this first charac-
teristic. This species is easily distinguished from cornicul/um
by having the fore-wings much more pointed.

Horaga amethystus, H. H. Druce.
Horaga amethystus, H. H. Druce, op. cit. p. 118, pl. XL.
figs. 4, 5, 6 and @ (1902).
British North Borneo (W. B. Pryer) ; near Kuching, August
1911 (Sar. Mus.).
A fine female of this rare species, which agrees well with
Mr, Druce’s description and figure.

Jour. Straits Branch

Bek ArSe
$5 “2

aaivoas
eaimat:

JOURNAL 60, STRAITS BRANCH,
R. ASIA TIC SOGE IE

BORNEAN LYCZNIDA

Se ET EE = ies eiinaticaieatiesaticemnanacdimenamneea

510.

oll.

513.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 161

Horaga maenala, Hew.

Myrina maenala, Hewitson, Ul. Diurn. Lep. Lye.
(euppl.) p. 7, pl. IT. figs. $5, 86, (1869).
Borneo (Hewitson—British Museum).

Genus, SEMANGA, Distant.

Semanga superba,’ Druce.

Tlerda? superba, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. p. 350,
pik MMI. fre. 11, OS CS ¥ey,
Semanga superba, H. H. Druce, op. eit. p. 612, 6 (1895).
Labuan (Low and Waterstradt); Mt. Matang—3000 ft.
(Sar. Mus.).
Distant records it from Malacca, Fruhstorfer from Java,
and de Nicéville from Sumatra.

Genus, CATAPOECILMA, Butler.

Catapoectilma bubases, Hewitson.

Hypochrysops bubases, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag. Vol.
mip. 38. (1875).

Catapoecilma? bubases, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 459. pl.
XLIV. fig 26 (1882).

Quop (Sar. Mus.).

‘Lhe only other recorded example of this species comes from
Malacca and is now in the British Museum.

The single example in the Sarawak Museum agrees exactly
with the underside figured by Distant in Lhopalocera
Malayana, but on the upperside differs in having shghtly
broader fuscous margins in the fore-wing, more so in the hind-
wing which is somewhat generally suffused with fuscous.

Distant placed this species in the genus Catapoecilma with
considerable doubt, having noted that the type possessed but
two tails. ‘The Sarawak example has a third short filamentous
tail at the end of the submedian nervure (the two other tails
are from: first and second median nervules) I have care-
fully compared the neuration with that of C. elegans, and I
have no doubt that its inclusion in this genus is correct.

Catapoecilma elegans, Druce.
Hypochrysops elegans, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
Sandakan (Pryer); Labuan (Low and Waterstradt) ; Ker-
pok hills and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution; India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra

(elegans major, Druce) ; Nias Island (elegans niasana, Fruh-
storfer).

1. Druce describes the male as havingsbut two tails ; the female is normal

in this respect, having three tails.

R. A. Soc., No. 69, I9II,

*11

162

ol4.

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO,

It seems to be a local species in Sarawak, only a single female
having found her way to the Sarawak Museum previous to
1909. Since then some 20 or 30 have been taken in one
locality near Kuching, but curiously enough only one male
among them.

The females vary somewhat in the extent of blue on upper-
side of hind-wing; in some, reaching almost to hind-margin,
in others almost obsolete.

Injury. 2, asmall piece out of each hind-wing just above
the anal angle, probably the result of one bite when the insect
was at rest with wings closed.

Genus, BipuaNnpDA, Distant.

Biduanda thesmia, Hew.

Myrina thesmia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p.
pl. XIV. figs. 25-27 (1863)

Drupadia es Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Vol.
PX ot. 25 pear (1884).

Labuan (Low and Wahnes); Sarawak (Wallace) ; Lawas,
ulu Limbang, Simanggang, Sadong, Mt. Matang and Kuching
(Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Burma, Malay Peninsula, Nias, Sumatra and
Palawan.

dl4a. Var. unicolor, Staudinger.

ol

D.

Sithon thesmia var. wnicolor, Staud., Iris, Il. p. 111,
(1889). |

Staudinger describes this variety as differmg from the
typical form in the underside b eing dull reddish brown in place
of rufous orange. Druce reports this form as common in
Borneo and gives the following localities for it :—

Sandakan (Pryer) ; Nudat (Mus. Druce) ; Mt. Kina Balu
(Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low).

A long series in the Sarawak Museum shows a complete
gradation between the two forms, the typical form being per-
haps predominant. I have taken both’ forms in one day on
Sadong hill. The majority of males are without the dark
orange discal patch on upperside of fore-wing.

Injury. 6, a small piece from anal angle of the right
hind-wing.

Biduanda estella, Hew.

Sithon estella, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 31,
EVE ess 5 Oh ole (GlS63)e

Biduanda estella, var. H. H. Druce, Proce. Zool. Soe.
Lond. p. 614 (1895).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).

Jour. Straits Branch

|

a

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 163

Distribution: Sumatra and Billiton.’
Druce records a pair from Kina Balu “ which agree well with
. 5 a ~ = pe wes 35
Hewitson’s types from Sumatra, but are somewhat larger.

516. Biduanda thaenia, H. H. Druce.

Biduanda thaenia, H. H. Druce, /. c. p. 614, pl. XXXATV.
fiz. 2, 2° (1895).

Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Godman and Salvin). »

The type specimen is noted as unique; and the male un-
known.

517. Biduanda cinesia, Hew.

Myrina cinesia, (3 nec 2) Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep.
Lye. p. 29, pl. XIII. figs. 18, 19 (1863).

Biduanda cinesia, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond.
paolo (1695).

Sandakan (Pryer) ; Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Sarawak
(Hewitson) ; Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Confined to Borneo.

Injury. 6, middle tail bitten out of right hind-wing.

d18. Biduanda cineas, Grose-Smith.

Sithon cineas, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)
Wolke iit p, 318 (13839).
Mt. Kina Balu (Whitehead).

519. Biduanda hewitsonu, H. H. Druce.

Myrina cinesia, 2, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 29,
pl eis ie 20 (1863) .

Biduanda hewitsonu, 9, H. H. Druce, Proce. Zool. Soe.
Konda p. bilo (1395) ef op. cit. p. 679, pl. XX XI. fig.
(1896).

Sandakan (Pryer and Cator) ; Labuan (Waterstradt) ; Ku-
ching and Mt. Matang—3,200 ft. (Sar. Mus.).

Confined to Borneo, —

Injuries. (1) 6, middle tail bitten off right hind-wing.
(11) ¢, middle tail of right hind-wing bitten out. (ii-ix)
2, the middle tail in one wing either bitten out or cut off
short. (x) 2, both tails symmetrically bitten out. (x1)
2, both tails symmetrically cut short.

1. Mr. P.C.T. Snellen records 22 Lycaenidae from the Island of Billiton, of
which only the following three are not found in Borneo :— Niphanda tessellata,
Moore, Myrina nivea, Godman, (both Malay Peninsula species) and Sithon
(Drupadia) lisias, Fabricius, from India and Tenasserim.

Re A. Soc., No; 60, 1¢1I,

SS

164

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO:

519a. Biduanda hewitsenu var. parva, nov.

520,

Dele

Or
oOo
Cas)

Or
CaN)
(Sy)

Mate. Upperside. Fore-wing: outer half of wing dark
brown fuscous; basal region, costa and inner margin narrowly
fuscous; leaving small sub-discal patch of dull violet. /Zind-
wing: whole of basal and discal region—from costa to inner
margin—fuscous, leaving small touch of dull violet between
nervules beyond cell; hind-marginal and anal markings as in
type form.

Underside: as in type form.

FemMaAue. Differs from type form in size and reduction of
white sub-anal band and white anal markings on upperside of
hind-wing, which are nearly obsolete.

Hap. al. 6 and @, 24 mm. Expanse of average male and
female of type form in Sarawak Museum= 6 29 mm, 2 33
mm; Druce gives measurements: 6 1:4 to 1:3 inch, 2 1°5 to
IIE ravelay,

Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

The coupling together of these specimens as male and female
of the same variety is purely guess-work. ‘The single male was
taken in June 1900 and the two females in October 1909,

Biduanda staudingerit, H. H. Druee.
Biduanda staudingeri, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p. 615, pl. XXXIV. figs. 5 ¢ 376. 2 esa
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
Biduanda similis, H. H. Druce.
Biduanda similis, H. H. Druce, t. c. p. 616 (1895).
Borneo (coll. Druce).
Biduanda imitata, H. H. Druce.

Biduanda imiata, Hi. HH. Druce, ¢. 6) poi eee
Borneo (coll. Druce).

Genus, MarMessus, Hubn.

Marmessus moorei, Dist.

Sithon moorei, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5. Vol.
X. p. 246 (1882).

Marmessus boisduvalti var. atra, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Womde peo 9 (ekso oye

Sandakan (Pryer) ; Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Lawas and
Trusan (Everett) ; Labuan (Low and Waterstradt) ; (?) Daat
Island (Distant) ; North Borneo, Lawas, Limbang, Kuching,
Tegora and Lundu (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

I beheve boisduvalii and moorei are but local races cf one
species which should be known as moorei (the older name).
The two races may be distinguished thus :—

Jour, Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 165

(i) hind-wing underside markings composed of black lnes
enclosing white areas

= continental race, mooret boisduvali.

(11) hind-wing underside markings deep black
= insular race, moorei mooret.
boisduvalui var. atra, Druce, I take to be a variety of the in-
sular race moorei mooret, characterised by an orange discal
patch on upperside of fore-wing. ‘This is nicely demonstrated
by a long series of males and females in the Sarawak Museum,
im which the prominent orange discal patch of var. atra becomes
smaller and smaller reaching the final stage of obsolescence in
typical moorei. The undersides are exactly similar in all

specimens male and female.

If this view is correct, this species affords a parallet case of
variation to that of Biduanda thesmia, (see p. 162).

Injuries. (1) ¢, anal angle of right hind-wing bitten off.
(11) 8, small symmetrical bite across the anal angle of hind-
wings removing both tails.

524. Marmessus surindra H. H. Druce.
Marmcessus surindra, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
Delp MOOT VS tie. 7, 7d (1895).

Sandakan (Pryer); Kinabatangan and Limhang (Sar.

Mus:)).

524a. Marmessus surindra, var. albula, H. H. Druce.
vale, woe, lal, Jal; IDianee is 0s Oley Ake an

Sandakan (Pryer); Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt); S. E.
Borneo (Wahnes).

This variety is also noticed from Palawan.

Genus, EKooxyniprs, de Nicéville.
525. Hooxylides tharis, Hiibner.
Oxylides tharis, Hubn., Zutr. exot. Schmett. figs. 883,
884+ (1837).

Sandakan; Mt. Kina Balu (Everett and Waterstradt) ;
Trusan (Everett) : ; Labuan (Low); Sarawak (Staudinger) ;
Lawas, Trusan, Limbang, Samarahan, Mt. Penrissen—3,300
ioe Kuching and Lundu (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: India to Malaya—(Peninsula, Nias Island,
Billiton, Stmatra and Java).

Very common in Sarawak all the year round.

Injuries. (i) 6, middle tails symmetrically cut off. (ii-
11) ¢, same absent ‘from left hind-wing. (iv) 6, from right
hind-wing. (v) cut short in left hind- wing and bitten out in
right. (vi) @, both tails symmetrically ‘bitten out. (vil)
6, large symmetrical bite removing the whole of anal region
of both hind-wings.

aR, A, Soe., No. 60, I9II.

166 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

526. Hooxrylides etias, Distant and Pryer.

I ypolycaena elias, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (i). Vol XX a; 26a tse:

Hooaylides etias, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
680, pl. KL fig.-12, 6 (1896).

Sandakan (Pryer and Cator); Mt. Kina Balu (Water-
stradt) ; Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Confined to Borneo.
‘The above two species are easily differentiated by the follow-
ing characteristics :—
(1) tharis (male): upperside of hind-wing has narrow grey-
blue inner margin.
etias (male): bee light blue inner marginal border extend-
ing across the anal half of hind-wing.
(11) tharis (both sexes) : on underside of hind-wing the post-
discal black band is thin and of equal width.
elias (both sexes): on underside of hind-wing this black
band is usually heavier and always more so towards the
inner margin.
Injures. (i-iir) @, right tail cut short in two specimens,
bitten out in a third.

Group 5. LOXURARIAS
Genus, Loxura, Horsfield.
527, Loxura atymnus, Cr.

Papilio atymnus, Cramer, Pap, Exot. Vol. IV. p. 82, pl.
CCCXXXI. figs. D. E (1780)

Loxura cassiopeia, Distant and Pryer, Ann, Mag. Nat.
Hist..(5). Vol. XIX sp. 269 (188%).

Sandakan (Pryer) ; Labuan (Low and Waterstradt) ; Lawas,
Trusan, Bidi and Kuching (Sar. Mus.) ; Lundu (Ind. Mus.).

Distribution: India, Malaya and China.

Local in Sarawak and then not plentiful.

Injuries. (i) @, both tails symmetrically cut short. (11)
Ja ums cin Shor, aac 2 large bite out of each fore-wing,
removing three- -quarters of the inner marginal region of the
left, and hind-marginal region and apex as far as cell of the

1. De Nicéville placed the two genera Lorwra and Yasoda in group; only
the first named occurs in Borneo. De Nicéville’s next group the Dewudorix
Group may well be merged with Loruraria, as, although somewhat heteroge-
neous, it is also characterised by a single tail and anal angle lobate. De Nicé-
ville divided his Deudorix Group into two sub-groups (a) males without, (b) with
secondary sexual characters. .

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 167

right fore-wing, in which last only small costal and inner-
marginal strips of the wing are left.*
Genus, Drina, de Nicéville.
528. Drina maneia, Hew.
Myrina maneia, Hewitson, Ul. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 29,
pl. XII. figs. 14, 15 (1863).

Labuan (Low and Waterstradt) ; Matang and Pangga (Sar.
Mus.) ; Borneo (Ind. Mus.)

Distribution: Singapore.

Injuries. a and (une oenlettinark cutcot: (mn). oe both

Cub oil. . (av) ae bite removing anal angle of right fore-
mame (Ww) S| ee bite remoyv ae the whole of the anal
region of both hind- wings. (vi) @, left. tail cut off. (vi)

2, small piece out of inner-margin ae anal angle of right
hind-wing. (vii) @, small piece from hind-margin of right
hind-wing.

Drina ninoda, H. H. Druce.
Drina mnoda, 6 H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
perold (1895):
oe ninoda, @ lpi lal WWisncek e/a Cle [0s Welly) OO.OO
7 (1896).
ee (Elwes) ; Labuan (Low) ; ce (Cator).
* Allied to D. donina, Hew.” (Druce 7. c.).

Cor
Caw)
i)

Genus, LEHERA, Moore.
9380 Lehera anna, H. H. Druce. (Fig. 1, ¢).

Lehera anna, 2 H. H. Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag. ser. 2. Vol.
Wile pe 76 Chs94).

1. Dr. G. B. Longstaff (Trans. Ent. Scc, Lond., 1905, p. 90 et id. 1908,
p- 658) notes of this species in Calcutta, “‘ its wings are much plaited longitudi-
nally, and when at rest its extremely long tails, crumpled look, and brown
colour give it quite the appearance of a “dead leaf.”

My experience of it in Sarawak is rather different. I first saw it beside
a small sunny path at Lawas, and on and off for the next three weeks between
the hours of 9 a.m. and midday I met with two or three (never more) individuals
in this one spot—, but never elsewhere in collecting round the station at Lawas.
I frequently noticed how conspicuous it was by reason of its short weak flight in
the sunshine and its habit of settling on the upperside of leaves: its ochreous
yellow underside rendering it thus conspicuous rather than the reverse, and the
conspicuous lightness of its long tails at once destroyed any chance of a re-
semblance to a dead leaf. The wings were folded erect, in no way ‘‘plaited’’;
the tails together, not folded; in fact, the insect gave me the general idea
of being a conspicuously coloured unpalatable insect, not a procryptically
coloured palatable butterfly. Curiously enough Dr. Longstaff (/.c. 1908, p. 629)
mentions an experiment with a closely allied species, Loxrura arcuata, which
tends to support my suggestion. He gave some butterflies to two Mainas in
Ceylon some of which the birds ate with evident relish, others they tasted and
then showed signs of dislike. Of the Lorwrahe notes: ‘* The bird gave the
Loxura a few pecks and then let it alone,’’ suggesting unpalatability.”’

R. A. Soc., No. 60, 1911.

168 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Lehera anna, 2? H. H Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. jp.
680, pl. XXXI. fig. 8, 9 (1896).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt); near Juching and Mt.
Matang—2,000 ft. (Sar. Mus.).

Confined to Borneo.

As the male has not yet been recorded, I append a brief des-
cription.! Curiously enough although some dozen males
have been captured in Saraw ak, only one female has been taken
as yet, and that quite recently (August 24th, 1911) ; the native
collector reported having found it settled on the underside of a
leaf.

Upperside. Fore-wing: rich steely purple-blue with very
narrow dark fuscous marginal border along the costa, a wider
hind-marginal border which broadens towards apex. JZind-
wing: same colour as in fore-wing, with narrow fuscous border

along the costa; broader fuscous border along inner margin
5 thickly clothed with long fur-hke modified “scales ? 2. (as “de
Nicéville notes in Lehera ery, 6). Anal lobe metallic green
(in some gold-green) slightly extending up inner margin.
Underside, emerald-green.

Fore-wing: indistinct white line from costa to inner margin
rather nearer to hind-margin than in female. White patch
along inner margin does not extend above submedian nervure
as figured in female. Hind-wing: indistinct discal band as in
female followed exteriorly by another similarly indistinct light
band, two small white marks at base of anal lobe, which is itself
jet black. ‘Tail very thin filamentous, dark ‘fuscous white-
tipped. This last feature is in curious contrast to the long
and stout white tails of the female.

Injury. 6, large jagged bite removing anal region of left
hind-wing.

530a. Lehera anna var. fulva, nov.

A single male in the Sarawak Museum differmg from the
type form on underside only, which is rich ochreous instead
of emerald-green.

Loc. Mt. Matang, 3,200 ft. Sarawak.

Type $ in Sarawak Museum.

Lehera anna is closely allied to the Indian species L. eryzx,
and possibly should be regarded as a local race only of that
species. | Wood-Mason and de Nicéville describe a single
female under the name Lehera skinneri, which they say only

1. Mr. Druce has since informed me that the male has been described by
Herr Fruhstorfer ; I am unable to give the reference.

2. Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Vol. IV. ‘Pt. 2, p.
869, n. 188, pl. XV. fig. 3 (1886).

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 169

differs from L. eryx in the underside being clear ochreous
instead of emerald-green.

Genus, ARAOTES, Doherty.

531. Araotes lapithis, Moore.
Myrina lapithis, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. HE. I. C. Vol. I.
Paton Neo (13807).

Labuan (Low and Wahnes) ; Mt. Santubong—?2,600 ft., and
Kuching (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and
Java.

Druce remarks that it is a common species, though it has
not been found so in Sarawak.

Genus, Siruo0Nn, Hiibner.
532. Silhon nedymond, Cr.
Papilio nedymond, Cramer, Pap. Ex. Vol. IV. p. 19, pl.
CONC figs Heh ¢ (1750).
ihecta chitra, Elorsfield, Cat. Lep. B. 1. C. p. 9%, pl. I.
He On oa ( 1oc0).

North Borneo, Mt. Derian (alt. 4—5,000 ft.), Mt. Saribu,
Padang and Kuching (Sar. Mus.) ; 8. KE. Borneo, nr. Banjar-
masin (Wahnes); 8. Borneo (coll. Godman and Salvin).

Distribution; Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java.

ju. (2, risht tail-cut out.

533. Sithon micea, Hew.
Myrina micea, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lyc. Supp. p.
Gplas, ool, 6 (1869).
Sithon valida, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 352, pl.
POO ig, Ae. (1873).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low) ; North Bor-

meow (oar Mus. ):.

Genus, Druporrx, Hewitson.
534. Deudorix emyjarbas, Moore.
Dipsas epyjarbas, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. HE. I. C. Vol.
ie py SRCISay).
Labuan (Low and Waterstradt) ; Baram, Mt. Santubong—
2,600 ft., Mt. Matang—3,200 ft., and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: India and Malaya.
Sarawak specimens were taken in March, May and June.
Injuries. (i) 8, small bite from anal angle of right hind-
wing. (11) @, a similar bite removing tail, but not the anal
lobe.
R. A. Soc., No. 60, I9II.

NV GA@) A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO,

U

Cr
(hs)

Deudoria staudingeni, H. H. Drucee.

Deudoria staudingen, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe. Gouna.
p. 621) pl. ROOM: ties 10) x (1895).

Labuan (Waterstradt) ; Mt. Santubong (Sar. Mus.).

Described from a single example in the collection of Dr.
Staudinger. ‘The Sarawak Museum contains two males taken
in November. As the upperside markings of epijarbas are
known to be very variable, I suggest that staudingeri may prove
to be but a variety or seasonal form of Moore’s species.

536. Deudorie diara, Swinhoe.
Deudorix diara, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) Vol.
XVI 857+ (1806):
Deudoriz diara, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
681, pl. XX XT fies 14, 1g “(iss aye

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Quop (Sar. Mus.).

Also noticed from the Jaintia Hills.

The single example (a female) in the Sarawak Museum
differs from Druce’s figure of the male in the following points:
upperside discal patch in fore-wing smaller; basal and discal
region of hind-wing fuscous. Underside: the spot closing cell
and the post-discal “band are edged with white and the general
colouring is much lighter.

Cr
(SU)
~>?

Deudonise strephanus, H. H. Druce.

Deudoria strephanus, H. H. Druce, ¢. c. p. 681, pL. XXXT-
figs Nope ClegG))e

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Mt. Matang—3,200 ft., Mt.
Santubong—2,600 ft. (Sar. Mus.).

Confined to Borneo.

The Sarawak Museum specimens were taken in February,
March, May, June and November (a single male from the foot
of Mt. Matang).

The female seems unrecorded and so I append a brief des-
cription of it.

FEMALE. Upperside. Fore-wing: uniform fuscous (as in
D. eyijarbas, Moore). Hind-wing; uniform fuscous as in fore-
wing, but anal region and tail iridescent white. This white
patch is developed most between 1st and 2nd median nervules,
less between 2nd and 3rd and between 1st median nervule and
sub-median nervure; obsolescent above 3rd median nervyule.
The nervules and edge of wing are delineated by dark fuscous
scales. Anal lobe black. Cilia of fore-w ing and upper part
of hind-wing fuscous, cilia of anal portion of hind- -wing white.
Underside as in male, except that the outer series of spots is a
httle more regular.

Hep. al. 2 45-49 mm. (Sarawak ¢ g 30-42 mm.).

Type 2 in Sarawak Museum.

Jour. Straits Branch

ew,

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 171

General colouring and pattern of upperside very like female
Sithon nedymond, Cr.

The males vary a lot in development of the rich orange-red
patches in both wings.

Injuries. (i) $6, a small piece from anal angle of left
hind-wing. (11) ¢, a symmetrical bite across the anal angle
of both hind-wings. (11) 6, a large portion of anal angle
removed from left hind-wing. (iv) ¢, a small piece from
anal angle of right hind-wing.

Genus, Rapata, Moore.
538. Rapala deliochus, Hewitson.
Deudorix deliochus, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p.
352 (1874).
Labuan (Waterstradt).
Distribution: Burma and Sumatra.
539. Rapala sphinx, Fab.
Papilio sphinz, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 520 (1775).
Deudorix varuna, Hewitson, (nec Horsfield), Dl. Diurn.
ep luye.sp) ec, mm. 16, pl: UX. figs. 32, °33.male, pl.
X. figs. 36, 37 female (1863).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Kiou (Hanitsch).
Distribution; East Indies, Sylhet, Burma and Java.
540. Rapala schistacea, Moore.

Deudorix schistacea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
140 (1879).

Deudorix varuna, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (nec
Horstield), Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Vol. XLIX. pt. 2. p.
234, n. 51 (1880).

Kuching (Sar. Mus.); 8. E. Borneo, near Banjarmasin

(Wahnes).
Distribution: India, Ceylon, Andaman Isles, Sumatra and
Java.

541. Rapala scintilla, de Nicéville.
Rapala scintilla, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. Vol. HI. p. 461
(1890).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
Distribution: Sikkim and Sumatra.
542. Rapala varuna, Horsfield.
Thecla varuna, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. H. I. C. p. 91 (1829).
Deudoriz orseis, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 23
(1863).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low and Water-
stradt) ; Madihit, Limbang and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
R. A. Soc., No. 60, I91I.

172 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Distribution: India and Malaya.

Injuries. (1) Marge quadrate bite out of left hind-wing
just missing the tail. (11) a small bite of the same nature but
removing the tail.

Sr
pee
[o)

Rapala chozeba, Hewitson.

Deudorix chozeba, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 24,
pl. V. figs. 47-48 (1863).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Labuan (Low and Water-
Stacia).

Originally described from Sumatra.

544. Rapala pheretima, Hewitson.
Deudorix pheretima, Hewitson, t. c. p. 21, pl. IX. figs.
27-29, (1863).
Mt .\Kina Balu and Labuan (Waterstradt) ; Sarawak (Hewit-
son) ; Baram and Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: India and Malaya.
545. Rapala xenophon, Fab.
Hesperia xenophon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Vol. IIL. pt. I.
De ate tlroe)e
Mt. Kina Balu and Labuan (Waterstradt).
Distribution; India and Malaya.
545a. 9 var. coerulescens, Staud.
Deudorix intermedius, var. coerulescens, Staudinger, Lep.
Palaw. p. 116 (1889).
Sandakan (Pryer).
546. Rapala barthema, Distant.
Deudoria barthema, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 280 (1885).
Rapala barthema, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p: 623, pl. MX RIVE ie. 1S ssa
Mt. Kina Balu and Labuan (Waterstradt) ; Limbang and
Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution; Malay Peninsula.
547. Rapala suffusa, Moore.
Deudorix suffusa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 834,
po ne SCLsr5).

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; North Borneo and Kuching
(Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: Burma, Assam and Sumatra.

The two females in the Sarawak Museum differ from @
barthema in colour of underside being much brighter yellowish-
mustard... The hind-marginal line in fore-wing inclines in-
wards towards the costa more in these specimens than in bar-
thema,

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 173

548. Rapala laima, H. H. Druce.
Rapala laima, H. H. Druce, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.
etaple MX MIV: fig, 12, d"(1895):.
Sandakan (Pryer); Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt).
549. Rapala drasmos, H. H. Druce.
Rapala drasmos, H. H. Druce, t. c. p. 624, Wig NoNeAC EY:
ite ta 8 (13895).
Labuan (Waterstradt).
550. Rapala domitia, Hewitson.
Deudorix domitia, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. Lyc. p. 19,
ple. ties. 6, 7 (1863).
Labuan (Low and Waterstradt) ; Santubong and Kuching
(Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: Malacca, Singapore, Sumatra and Billiton.
A fine male in the Sarawak Museum has the lower half of
cell in fore-wing markedly pale; in others this discal streak is
more obscure. ‘The undersides vary from pale yellow almost
to the brilliant mustard yellow of suffusa.
551. Rapala abnormis, Elwes.
Rapala abnormis, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 642,
pieehy. ne. 2, 6 (1892).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Mt. Santubong—2,800 ft.,
_ Mt. Matang from foot to summit, 3,200 ft. (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: Burma and Sumatra.

Genus, BINDAHARA, Moore.

552. Bindahara phocides, Fab.
Hesperia phocides, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Vol. III. pt. I.
po aoe, n.. So, (793).
North Borneo and Mt. Santubong—2,600 ft. (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: India and Malaya.
dora. var. phocas, Staudinger.
Sithon phocides, Fab. var. phocas, Staudinger, Iris, II. p.
114 (1889). :
Sithon sugriva, Druce (nec Horsfield), Proc. Zool. Soc.
fe lond? p. 351 (1873).
Labuan (Low and Waterstradt) ; Kuching (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: Celebes and Philippine Islands.
Mr. Druce kindly identified this variety for me.
Both type form and variety seem very rare in Sarawak.

Genus, VIRACHOLA, Moore.

553. Virachola smilis, Hewitson.
Deudorix smilis, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 18,
ple Vln figs 225 23° 9 (1863):

RA. Soc,, No. 60, 1011,

174 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt); Mt. Santubong and Mt.
Matang (Sar. Mus.).

Distribution: “ Kast India” (Hewitson) ; Andaman Isles
and Palawan.

A long series of males only the Sarawak Museum, chiefly
from the summit of Mt. Santubong; taken all the year round;

varying in size from 25 mm. to 41 mm. ‘The basal spots on
underside of hind-wing are not so filled up as shewn in de
Nicéville’s figure of the female. The blue areas of both wings
are much more reduced than in the female, as pointed out by
Druce.

Injuries. Small ragged bites out of anal angle of left hind-
wing in two specimens ; a third with symmetrical bite from
both hind-wings at anal angle and a fourth with a small piece
removed from the same region of the right hind-wing.

As this is the last instance of injured Lycaenidae to be noticed
it may be of interest to try and draw some conclusions from all
the instances so far recorded in this paper.

It will have been noticed that the Sub-Families of Lycaenidae |
show signs of enemies’ bites in varying degrees culminating in the |
two extremes shown by the Gerydinae and Theclinae; the former
showing practically no injuries at all, while in sharp contrast to
them, the latter afford abundant evidence of attacks made by birds
or lizards, sometimes on the hind-margin of the hind-wing, some-
times even on the fore-wing, but more especially on the anal region
of the hind-wings. From ‘this, two pairs of diametrically opposite
conclusions are suggested : ay that the small, weak, protectively
coloured (above and. below) Gerydinae fall so easy a prey to their
enemies, that no injured specimens ever escape; one bite and the |
incident of capture is over. ‘Their only chance in the struggle for |
existence hes in their ability to escape notice, and hence we have
the sombre coloured uppersides, which render them very hard to
see in flight, and the procryptic undersides which answer their.
purpose as well as, if not better than, those of any other Lycaenid.
This would be in accordance with the view that protectively-coloured ;
butterflies are always palatable.

| Against this conclusion however we should note that one
frequently catches injured specimens of the presumably palatable

Satyrine—Y pthima pandacus, Moore, which is weak in flight and
easy to capture; in fact I have more notes of i injuries to that species
than to any other in Sarawak!]. .

With the Theclinae it would appear that in heu of any scheme :
of protective colouring, a different method of defence has been ;

evolved, namely that of directing the enemy's attention to a non-
vital spot, which is effected by the development of eye-spots and

Jour. Straits Branch

A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 175

tails at the anal angle of the hind-wing.'’ Thus, the enemy’s
attention is attracted by these showy spots and lght tails, so that
a dart is made in their direction rather than in the vital region of
the head or body; but the loss of a portion of the hind-wing is of
little moment to the butterfly, who thus escapes. The finding of so
many Theclinae injured in this manner leads to the second part of
our first conclusion, namely that this kind of Lycaenid is recognized
among birds and lizards as palatable food, hence the evidence of
numerous attacks, of which no doubt a certain percentage prove
fatal.

(ii) The 1st of our second pair of conclusions suggested is
that put forward now again by opponents of the Mimicry Theories,
viz. that butterflies are not attacked thus; there are no injured
specimens among the Gerydinae because birds and lizards do not
attack them. W hy then we ask, their beautifully protected colour-
ing? Are they unpalatable, and so immune from attacks? Again,
if so, why their sombre colouring and why do we not get con-
spicuously coloured Gerydinae ?

The second conclusion suggested by the evidence of the Thec-
linae, is that they are unpalatable and that their would-be destroyers
(principally young and inexperienced enemies) on tasting them
have given up the pursuit because of their unpalatability, thus
accounting for the number of “ sampled ” specimens noticed.”

It is altogether beyond the scope of the present paper to go
into a discussion of this interesting problem, which would involve
a lengthy review of all the external evidence collected by various
writers on this and other Families of Rhopalocera in many other
parts of the world, and it must suffice now to point out that the
evidence on the whole favours our first pair of conclusions, although
there are also published records apparently in support of the second
pair of conclusions.

But like most of these curious theories, experiments and ob-
servations are wanted badly, be it either to confute or corroborate ;
and it is admittedly “up” to those of us who live in the tropics
to provide the evidence of such experiments and observations.

1. Fora lucid exposition of this theory see Poulton in Essays on Evolution
1908. pp. 281-3 and 325; also Shelford, Journ. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc: No. 35.
1901. pp. 34, 35; also Marshall, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902. pt. 353—875 and
plates IX, X and XI.

A different conclusion is arrived at by A. Tylor (Colowration of Animals and
Plants. 1886. p. 22), whose theory is (i) that coloration is primarily dependent
upon the direct action of light, and (ii) that coloration follows the chief lines
of structure. He states that ‘‘It is not suggested that the coloration is
applied to important parts in order to emphasize them, but rather that being
important parts, they have become naturally the seats of most vivid colour.”’

According to the theory of Directive Markings however, the conspicuous
coloration at the anal angle of the hind-wing in Theclinae has been developed for
that very purpose, i.e., in order to emphasize them, because they are not important
parts. Mr. Tylor notes further on, that Natural Selection acts on his fundamental
theory “‘ by suppressing, or developing, structurally distributed colours.’’

2. See note on page 86.

R. A. Soc., No. 60, I9IT.

176 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO.

Genus, Srntiusa, Moore.

5o4. Sinthusa nasaka, Horsfield.
Thecla nasaka, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. EK. I. C. p. 91 (1829).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; 8. Borneo (Ind. Mus.).
Druce considers this species synonymous with the next (S.
amba, IXirby).
Distribution; India, Sikkim, Assam, Sumatra and Java.

Dy
U

OX

Sinthusa amba, Wirby.
Hypolycaena amba, Wirby, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. Supp.
p. 32, ‘pl. V..b, figs. 44-46 (1878).
Sandakan (Pryer); Bidi (Sar. Mus.). ,
Distribution: Mergui, Myitta, Burma, Malay Peninsula and
Sumatra.
A single female in the Sarawak Museum, which agrees well
with Kirby’s deserption.
556. Sinthusa amata, Distant.
Sinthusa amata, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 461, pl. XLIY.
fis. 20, 2 (1886).
Sinthusa amata, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. p.
625, 6 (1895).
Mt. Kina Balu (Waterstradt) ; Kiou (Hanitsch) ; Kuching,
Bidi, Tegora (Sar. Mus.).
Distribution: Penang.
Sarawak examples taken from September to December and

one in March. The males agree well with Mr. Druce’s des-
cription.

[Part IV of “The Butterflies of Borneo” dealing with the
Papilionidae (Pierinae and Papilioninae) is in course of pre-
paration |.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 60, I91I. .

177

Explanation to Plate.

1. Lehera anna, Druce, 6 Mt. Matang, November, 1898.
Upperside peta:
2. Poritia pasira, n. sp. & Mt. Matang, December, 1898.
Underside p. 122.
3. Charana splendida, n. sp. ¢ Matang Road, March 20th,
1911. Upperside p. 155.
4. Purlisa gigantea, Distant, ¢ Mt. Matang, March, 1898.
Upperside Dito:
5. Lycaenopsis lingga, n. sp. 2 Mt. Lingga, May, 1909. Up-
perside ploG:
6. Chliaria balua, n. sp. Matang Road, May 20th,
1910. Upperside p. 151.
7. Tajuria sumia, n. sp. 2 Mt. Penrissen, 3,500 ft., May
19th, 1899. Underside p. 148.
8. Nacaduba angusta, Druce, 2 Kuching, June 25th, 1897.
Upperside p LOr

9. Logania drucet, n. sp. $ Matang Road, February 23rd.
Upperside p. .85.

10. Charana? abnormis, n. sp. Mt. Penrissen, May. 1899.
Underside p. 156.

All figures 2 of natural size; specimens in Sarawak Museum.

% SPE KAT zoe . : : * x <
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(No. 61]

JOURNAL

of the

Straits Branch

of the

Royal Asiatic Society

June, 1912,

SINGAPORE:
PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE.
1912,

Table of Contents.

Council for 1912

Proceedings of Annual General Meeting
Annual Report of Council for 1912

Hon. Treasurer’s Account for the year 1912
List of Members for 1912

Rules

Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

New and Rare Malayan Plants, by H. N. lizdley

A Botanica) Excursion to Pulau Adang, by H. N. Ridley
The Malacca Sultanate, by the Hon. Rh. J. Wilkinson
The Capture of Malacca, by the Hon. fh. J. Wilkinson ...

The Old Cemetery on Fort’ Canning, Singapore. With
plan and four plates. By H. A. Stallwood

THE

STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

mers ASIATIC SOCIETY,

COUNCTE FOR 1912.

Hon. Dr. D. J. GALLOWAY, President.

Hon. A. T. BRYANT, Vice-President for Singapore.

Hon. J. O. ANTHONISZ, - Penang.
Mr. W. G. MAXWELL, - VE Ss

Dr. R. HANITSCH, Honorary Secretary.

Mr. J. LOVE MONTGOMERIE, Honorary Treasurer.
Mr. W. MAKEPEACE, Honorary Librarian.

THE BISHOP OF ae

DRO. DL KEITH,” ipa

| - Councillors.

Mr. H. MARRIOTT,

Mr. V. A. FLOWER,

PROCEEDINGS
of the

Annual General Meeting.

The Annual General meeting was held on February 12th, 1912
ab the Rattles Library.

There were present :—

Hon. Dr. GALLOWAY (President)

Hon. C. J. SAUNDERS. Dr. J. M. BANDAS
Hon. A. T. BRYANT. Mr. A. Hoop-BEGG.
THE BISHOP OF SINGAPORE MR. W. MAKEPEACE.
Mr. C. F. C. AYRE. MR. H. ROBINSON.
REV. J. A. B. Cook. Mr. E. ROSTADOS.
Mr. V. A. FLOWER. Mr. W. A. SIMs.

Dr. R. HANITScH, Actc. HON. SECRETARY.

The minutes of the Annual General Meeting of 1911 were
read and confirmed.

The Council’s report and the Hon. Treasurer's accounts were
laid on the table, and on the proposal of the Hon’ble Dr. Galloway,
seconded by the Hon’ble A. T. Bryant, adopted.

The members elected during the past year were confirmed in
election.

The President expressed the opinion that it was the Society’s
duty, aS a Small recognition of Mr. Ridley’s work, to elect him an
Honorary Member, and he moved accordingly. The Rey. J. A. B.
Cook seconded and the motion was carried.

PROCEEDINGS. vii

The Hon’ble C. J. Saunders proposed a vote of thanks to the
President for presenting to the Society the picture of their late
Secretary, Mr. Ridley. The Bishop seconded and the motion was
carried with applause.

The election of office-bearers for the new year resulted as

follows :—
President is ae 1. 1 HON DRA DJ. GALLOWAY.
Vice-President for Singapore .... Hon. A. T..BRYANT.

is Penang ... Hon. J..O, ANTHONISZ.

2 HOM S.> 3.0. Ma. W. G. MAXWELD.
Hon. Secretary ee -. -DR. R. HANITSER.
Hon. Treasurer bed ... Mr. J. LOVE MONTGOMERIE.
Hon. Librarian ft .-- Mr. W. MAKEPEACE.

| THE BISHOP OF SINGAPORE.

Bees itois ' Mr. V. A. FLOWER.

| Dr. R. D. KEITH.
| Mr. H. MarRIort.

Annual Report
of the

Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society
for 1911.

The past year has been one of unusual activity. Not less than
four numbers of the Journal were issued, viz. Nos. 57, 58, 59, and
60, and the new edition of the Map of the Malay Peninsula, delayed
for so long, was at last published and arrived here in August.

The cost of the map was as follows :—

A. Mr. van Cuylenberg’s charge for compiling

and drawing of the map 2 - $500—
B. KE. Stanford’s charge for Lithographing and
Printing 2000 copies £296:—:—
Mounting 800 copies on rollers c940 ae
Mounting 100 copies to fold.. £ 37:10:—
£573:10: = $4915.71
C. freight to Singapore con $ 42,—
TOTAL $5457.71

Messrs. Kelly and Walsh were appointed local agents for the
sale of the map, and 358 copies were sold up to the end of December,
the Society’s share on this being $2486.40. (N. B. The balance sheet
shows the sales up to the end of September only.)

The followin new members were elected during the year:
Mr. W. R. ARMSTRONG.
2 LW CLAMTON:
Rr. REV. BisHorP C. J. FERGUSON-DAVIE, D.D.
Mr. R. DERRY.
) Wee eG Tes.
, Je GRIBEIRES:
Dr. J. M. HANDY.
Mr. A. Hoop- BEGG.
PE Va eion oO OI as
2 eS be JOEINSON:
Masgor EF. W. LUMSDEN.
Mr. R. W. MUNRO.
ek. Me RIGHARDS:
Gel MONO ER ESONe
, G. A. SMITH-STEINMETZ.
DR. MILDRED E. STALEY.
Mr. EH. A. G. STUART.
Llp ONDINE.
, . G. WORSLEY-TAYLOR.

ANNUAL REPORT. 1x

The Society deeply regrets to have to record the death of two
of their members, that of the Hon’ble W. D. Barnes, of whom an
obituary notice was given in Journal No. 60, and that of Mr. W.
Nanson. Mr. Nanson was one of the oldest members of the Society.
He was elected in 1889 and served-repeatedly on the Council.

Mr. H. N. Ridley, C.M.G., F.R.S., resigned the Secretary-
ship in October, in view of his approaching retirement. Having
been elected in 1888, he had been Secretary during the years 1890-
93 ; 1897-1900; 1902-11, 1., e., during the greater part of the Society's
existence, and not in any way in a formal capacity, but.as the very
soul of the Society.

The Society is much indebted to its President, the Hon. Dr.
Galloway, for having kindly presented the enlarged portrait of Mr.
Ridley, which has now been placed in the Society's room alongside
that of Bishop Hose, also presented by Dr. Galloway some years
ago. |

R. HANITSCH.

Singapore, Acting Hon. Secretary.

January, 1912.

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List of Members for 1912.

“Life Members. t Honorary Members.

a em Patron: H, EH. SIR ‘ARTHUR YOUNG, K.C.M.G.
1903 ABBOTT, Dr. W. L. Calcutta.

1905 AcTON, R. D. Singapore.
1909 ADAM, FRANK Singapore.
1908 ADAMS, Hon. A. R. Penang.

1910 ApAms, H. A: Sarawak.

1910 ADAMS, H. Powys England.

1910 ALDWoRTH, J. R. O. Kuala Lumpur.
1909 ALLEN, ROWLAND Singapore.
1908 ANDERSON, E. Singapore.
1911 ANDERSON, J. W. Singapore.
1890 ANTHONISZ, Hon. J. O. Singapore.
1911 ARMSTRONG, W. R. Penang.

1908 ARTHUR, J. S. W. Christmas Island
1910 Asmus, AD. England.

1910. AVETOOM, DR. T. C. Penang.

908" AvRE, OC. F.C. Singapore.
1912 BAKER, A. C. Singapore.
1909 BANks, C. W. Singapore.
1899* BANKS, J. EF. lowa,.U. S. A.
1899 BARKER, Dr. A. J. G. Mngland.

1910 BARNARD, BASIL Taiping, Perak.
1912 BARNARD, H. C. Taiping, Perak.
PO4 BARTLETT, RK. J. Ipoh, Perak.
1910 BARTLeEy, W. Java.

1909 BEAN, A. W. Singapore.
£910 BEATTY, D. Malacca.

1910 BENJAFIELD, F. J. Singapore.
1910* BERKELEY, H. Perak.

1885 BICKNELL, W. A. Penang.

1901 BIDWELL, R. A. J. Singapore.

1903 BIRCH, Sir E. W., C.M.G. England.
1908* BisHor, MAson C. F., R.A. England.

1901 BrsHor, J. HE. Kelantan.

1890* BLAGDEN, C. O. London, 8. W.
1884 BLAND, R. N. © England.

1905 BLAND, MRS. R. N. England.

L910. Bout, F. EF. Sadong, Sarawak.

m0 Born,Hon, DT, Singapore.

xii MEMBERS FOR 1912.

1910
1897
1911
1909
1909
1910
1887
1903
1906
1909
1885
1910

BRISON, CLIFFORD S.

BROCKMAN, E. L., C.M.G.

BROOKE, J. BR.

BROOKS, C. J.

Brow\y, A. V.

Brown, D. A. M.

BRYANT, Hon. A. T.

BuRN-MurRpocH, A. M.

CAMPBELL, J.

‘CARVER (Cooe

CERRUTI, G. B.

CHANCELLOR, CAPT. A. B.

1906 CHAPMAN, W. T.

1911 CLAYTON, T. W.

1894;+CoLLYER, W. R., LS.0.

1897*ConLAY, W. L.

1910 Cook, Hon. W. W.

1899 Cook, REv. J. A. B.

1910 CROUCHER, DR. F. B.

IDLO) DATE We D:

1904 DALLAS, Hon. F. H.

1910 DARBISHIRE, Hon. C. W.

1892 DANE, DR. RB.

1907 DENT, DR. F.

1912 DERRY, R.

1903“DESHON, Hon H. F.

1897 DicKkson, E. A.

1905 DouGLAS, R. S,

1910 DRAPER, B.

1909 DrRuRY, REV. W.

1910 DUNMAN, W.

1899 EKpMONDS, R. C.

1885; HGERTON, Ei] Ee SiR We,
K.C.M.G.

1885 ELcoum, J. B.

1910 ELLERTON, H. B.

1909 ELLIS, Hon. E. C.

1910 ENGEL, L.

1910 Evans, Hon. W,

1891 EVERETT, H. H.

1910 FAnsHAw, DR. P. S.

1909 FARRER, R. J.

1909 FERRIER, J. C.

1910 FIRMSTONE, H. W.

1910 FISHER, W. D.

1901 FLEMING, T. C.

1897*FLowER, Capt. S. S.-

1904 FLOWER, V. A.

1897 Fort, Sir HUGH

1897 FREER, DR. G. D.

Singapore.
Kuala Lumpur.
Singapore.
Benkoolen, Sumatra.
Penang.
Penang.
Singapore.
Kuala Lumpur.
Calcutta.
Singapore.
Penang.
Singapore.
Penang.
Kelantan.
England.
England.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Penang.
England.
Sarawak.
Singapore.
Penang.
Singapore.
Singapore.
England.
Brunei.
Baram, Sarawak
Johore.
London.
Singapore.
England.

Lagos, S. Nigeria.
Johore.

Kuala Kangsar, Perak.
Singapore.
Batavia.
England.
Sarawak.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Surabaya.
Singapore.
Singapore.

Perak.

Egypt.
Singapore. —
London.
Kuala Lumpur.

MEMBERS FOR 1912. xiii

1908 FREEMAN, D.
1910*Frost, MEADOWS.

1911" “FERGUSON- DAVIE, Rt. REV.
BISHOP C. J., D.D.

1909 GAHAGAN, A. Y.

1905 GALLOWAY, Hon. Dr. BD, J.

1897*GERINI, LT. Cou. G. E.
1912 GIBBONS, V.

1911 GIBBS, W. E.

1903 GIBSON, W. S.
1902*GIMLETTE, Dr. J.D.
1910 GLENNIE, Dr. J. A. R.
1909 GOULDING, R. R.

1910 Gray, N. T.

1911 GRIFFITHS, J.

1897 HAINES, REv. F. W.
1886 HALE, A.

L907 HAL, G. A.

Poti EAnLIPAX, E. J.

191) HAanpDy, Dr. J. M.
1895 HANITscH, DR. R.
1909 HARRINGTON, A. G.
1904 HAYNES, A. 8S.

1907 Hays, Dr. T. HEYWARD.
1901 HELLIER, MAURICE
1909 HENNINGS, W. G.

1910 HENRY, J.

1911 Heway, E. D.

1905 HEWITT, JOHN, B.A.
i78 ILL, H.C.

1911 Hoop-BEGG, ike

1897 HosgE, E. §.

18781 HoskE, Rt. REV. BISHOP

G. F.

1892 HoYNcK VAN
PAPENDRECHT, P. C.

1909 Huppack, T. R.

1909 HuGHES, J. W. W.

1907 HuMPHREYS, J. L.

1903 IzaARD, VEN. ARCH. H.C,

1910 JACKSON, Cou. H. M.

1910 JAEGER, P.

1910 JAMIESON, Dr. T. HILL.

1907 JANION, E. M.

1912 JELF, A. S.

1910 JoHNSON, B. J. H.

1911 JoHNSON, H.S.B.

1910 JonrEs, H. W.

1912 JoNES, W. RB...

1912 JONES, WYNDHAM

Kuala Lumpur.
Kedah.

Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Italy.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Ipoh, P sal.
Kelantan.
Singapore.
Perlis, Kedah.
Kuala Lipis, Pahang.
Johore

Penang.
Englana
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Klang, Selangor.
Bangkok, Siam.
England
Singapore.
Singapore.
England.
Grahamstown, C.C.
England.
Singapore.
Kuala’ Lumpur.

England.
Uccle, Brussels, Belgium.

Pertang, Jelebu.
Kota Bharu, Kelantan.

“ Batu Pahat, Johore.

Singapore.

Kuala Lumpur,
Singapore.
Penang.
England.

Muar.

Singapore.
Baram, Sarawak.
Tapah, Perak.
Batu Gajah, Perak,
Miri, Sarawak,

x1V

1878
1909
1909
1906
1910
1901
1884
1905
1907
1905
1910

1907
1910
1892
1897
1910
1910
ele) i

SUL Ih
1910
1902
1909
1909
1897
1906
1910
1908
WSO!
1878

1905
1908
1902
1909
1903
1909
1900

MEMBERS

KEHDING, Dr. F.
Kerra, Dr. B.D.
Kemp, W. L.
KINSEY, W. E.
Kiek, DR. J.

Kioss, C. Bs
KNIGHT, ARTHUR
KNOCKER, FRED
KRIEKENBEEK, J. W.
LAIDLAw, G. M.

FOR 1912.

Germany.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Seremban.
Penang.
Kuala Lumpur.
Singapore.

Taiping, Perak.
Tasik, Upper Perak.

LAw, His Honour Sik A.F.G. England.
1885+ LAWES, REv. W. G.

LAWRENCE, A. E.
Lemon, A. H.

LEWIS, J.B. AL, Bes
Lim Boon KENG, DR.
|Gieonape di, ee

Low, H. A.

LUERING, REV. PROF.

EL eae he:

LUMSDEN, Magorn F. W.
LUPTON, HARRY
Lyons, REV. E. S.
McARTHUR, C.
McARTHUR, M. S: H.
McCAUSLAND, C. F.
MacDOUGALL, DR. W.
MACFADYEN, ERIC
MacKray, W. H.
MACLEAN, L.
MAHOMED, Hon. DATO
BIN MAHBOB
MAKEPEACE, W.,
MAIN, T. W.
MARRIOTT, H.
MARSH, F. EH.
MARSHALL, F. C.
MARSHALL, HAROLD B.
MASON, J. S.

1910* MARRINER, J.T.

1903
1903
1909
109
1909
1908
1910
1910
1910
1910

MAXWELL, ERIC
MAXWELL, W. G.
MAULDON, E. F.

May, C. G. .
MILLARD, DR. A. S.
MILLARD, H.

MILLER, MRS. T..C. B.
Money, A. W. KYRLE
MONTGOMERIE, J. LOVE
MORANT, GEO. C,

New Guinea.
Bintulu, Sarawak.
Seremban.

Kobe, Japan.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Penang.

Frankifurt a. M., Germany.

Singapore.
Malacca.

Philippine Islands.
Singapore.
Singapore.

Batu Gajah, Perak.
Singapore.

Jugra, Selangor.
Kuala Lumpur.
Penang.

Johbore.
Singapore.
Malacca.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Bentong, Pahang.
Miri-Sarawak.

_Kelantan.

Kelantan.
Ipoh, Perak.
Kedah.
Singapore.
Penang.
Klang.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Sussex,

MEMBERS FOR 1912. ZY.

1909 MOULTON, J. C. Sarawak.
1911 Munro, R.. W. Jugra.
1909 NATHAN, J. E. Penang.
1910 NIVEN, W. G. Glasgow.
1901 NORMAN, HENRY Kuala Kangsar.
1906 Nunv, B. Singapore.
rid O' MAY, J. Kuala Kangsar:
1908 PARR, C. W. C. England.
1910 Paxon, H. C. Singapore.
1909 PEACOCK, W. Singapore.
1899 PEARS, FRANCIS Muar.
1910 PEIRCE, BR. Singapore.
1911* PENNINGTON, H. E. Rembau, N. S.
18781PERHAM, VEN : ARCHDEACON England.
1909 PuuMPTON, M. E. Singapore.
1907 Pra, C. Da Kuala Pilah, N. S.
1910 PRATT, E. Cornwall, England.
1912 PRICE, WILLIAM ROBERT Chepstow, England.
1906 PRINGLE, R. D. Singapore.
1907 PyketTt, REV. G. F. Penang.
1910* REID, DR. ALFRED Kuantan.
1910 REID, ALEX Singapore.
1909 RENNIE, J.S. M. Singapore.
1909 RICHARDS, D. S. Kuala Lumpur.
1911 RICHARDs, R. M. Province Wellesley.
18907 RIDLEY, H. N., ©.M.G., F.R.S. England.
1910* RiTcHIE, J. G. Perak.
1911 ROBERTSON, G. H. M. Singapore.
1904 ROBINSON, H. C. Kuala Lumpur.
1911 RoBINson, H. Singapore.
1897 ROSTADOS, E. Taiping.
1897, ROWLAND, W. R. Negri Sembilan
1890 Sr. CLAIR, W. G. Singapore.
1909 SANDERSON, MRs. R. Singapore.
1878'Sarawak, H. H. RAJAH OF, Sarawak.
G, C. M. G.
18857SAtTow, Sir E. M. England.
1897 SAUNDERS, Hon. C. J. Singapore.
1910 SCHUDEL, G. Singapore.
1904 SCHWABE, KE. M. Kajang, Selangor.
POO SCOLrT, R. England.
1907 SCRIVENOR, J. B. Batu Gajah, Perak.
1890 SEAH LIANG SEAH Singapore.
1894 SHELLABEAR, REV. W.G. Singapore.
1909 Sims, W. A. Singapore.

a
°

1909 SKINNER, CAPT. R. McK Singapore.
18931SmirH, Sir C. C., G. Cc. M. G. Welwyn, England.
1911 SmMITH-STEINMETZ, G. A. Klang, Selangor.
1910 SoNG ONG SIANG Singapore.

1910 SPAKLER, H. Singapore,

XV1 MEMBERS FOR 1912.

1912 STALEY, DR. MILDRED E.

1909 STEEDMAN, R. S.
1911 STEADMAN, V.
1910 STEVENS, K. A.
1912 SMITH, PROFESSOR
HARRISON W.
1910 Srinu, A. W.
1911 STruarT, EE. AWG.
1910 SrurRocK, A.J.
1910 SUNNER, J. H.
1912 SWAYNE, C. J.
1908 TAN CHENG LOCK
1910 TAN JIAK KIM, HON.
190a1 DATHOCK.<J: tae

1911 Taytor, F. EK. WORSLEY

1909 THUNDER, M.

1911 VALPY, E.

1888 VAN BENNINGEN VAN
HELSDINGEN, Dr. 'R.

1878 WALKER. Con. RS?) Es, C.-G,

1909 WARD, A. B.

1897 WATKINS, A. J. W., Ac2t. M.

19190 WatTSsON, DR. MALCOLM
1910 WHLD, F. J.

1907 WELHAM, H.

1912. WHARTON, S. L.

1910 WHITEHEAD, C. B.
1904 WILLIAMS, J. H.

1910 WILLIAMS, S. G.
1910* WINKELMANN, H.
1904 WINSTEDT, R. O.

1910 WoLFERSTAN, L. EH. P.
1902 Wo.LFFr, E. C. H.
1908, Woop, E. G.

1910 WyArr H.W. N.
1910 WYMODZEFEF, A. DE
1904" YOUNG, H. S. |

Malacca.

Intan, Upper Perak.
Singapore.
Singapore.
Cambridge, U.S. A.

Singapore.

Kuala Kangsar, Perak.
Batu Mengkebang, Kelantan.
Singapore.

Sibu, Sarawak.
Malacca.

Singapore.

Ipoh.

Singapore.

England.

Singapore.

Singapore.
England.
Semanggang, Sarawak.
England.

Klang, F. M. 8.
Pahang.

Province Wellesley.
Singapore.
Province Wellesley.
Perak. (?)
Singapore.
Singapore.

Oxford.

Malacca.

Taiping, Perak.
Kuala Kangsar.
London, N,

Japan.

Bau, Sarawak.

RULES
OF THE STRAITS BRANCH

OF THE

Royal Asiatic Society.

I. Name and Objects.

1. The name of the Society shall be The Straits Branch of
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xviii RULES,

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V. General Meeting’s.

12. One week’s notice of all meetings shall be given and of
the subjects to be discussed or dealt with.

13. At all meetings the Chairman shall in the case of an 7
equality of votes be entitled to a casting vote in addition to
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RULES. xix

i4. The Annual General Meeting shall be held in February
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22, Albemarle Street, W.

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5. The subscription for Non-Resident Members of the Society
is 30/-per annum. They receive the quarterly Journal post free.

New and Rare Malayan Plants (Series VI.)
By. Ho N. -Rimeey.

This paper is a continuation of the previous series of des-
criptions of new plants of our region chiefly from the Malay
Peninsula, the specimens of which are preserved in the Singapore
Gardens Herbarium. Some are plants which have been collected
some years ago but not previously described, others have been re-
cently collected by myself in various expeditions, or sent by col-
lectors.

TERNSTROEMIACEAE.

Sarauja (§ Cauliflores) rubens, n. sp.

A large shrub or small tree about 20 ft. tall glabrous, leaves
oblanceolate narrowed gradually to the base and decurrent on the
petiole broadest in the upper part, shortly acute, rather thin tex-
tured, nerves 14 pairs, dark above, a little paler beneath, margins
entire, 9 inches long 4 inches wide, petiole 14 inch long. Flowers
in clusters on the base of the trunk numerous on pedicels 2 inches
long. Buds bright rose pink. Calyx lobes ovate orbicular rounded
deep rose pink 4 inch long. Petals ovate orbicular white. Stamens
about 20 free from the corolla. Anthers oblong opening by pores.
Ovary glabrous, not scaly. Styles 3 united for half their length.

Selangor: Semangkok Pass, at the foot of the hill leading to
the Sempang mines.

This belongs to the group of Saraujas which bear the flowers
in tufts on the stems and is allied to S. cauliflora, Bl. differing
in its glabrousness, the bright cherry red sepals and buds, free
stamens, and connate styles.

Hurya acuminata var. monticola.

Small tree 20-30 feet tall, branches and young leaves silky hairy.
Leaves entire coriaceous, apex lout acuminate quite blunt, base
rounded or slightly narrowed, #-2 inches long, 4-2 inches wide,
drying greenish above wallow de beneath, above glabrous beneath
nerves and midrib hairy. Flowers nearly glabrous, buds ovoid
obtuse. Sepals and petals as in type form. Styles connate for
$ of their length.

Pahang: -Gunong Berembun (No. 13909); Perak: Gunong
Kerbau (Aniff) at 6000 ft.

. This appears to me to be a mountain form of FH. acuminata,
DeC. The leaves are more coriaceous and quite blunt at the tip,
and the branches very hairy. The Gunong Kerbau plant has very
small leaves, which occasionally show traces of serration.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No, 61, 1912
2 a!

ae ee

—————_—

= —<— Oo

2 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS,

TILIACEAE.

Elacocarpus reticulatus, n. sp.

Branches black. Leaves oblanceolate, apex shortly acuminate,
long acuminate at the base, margins thickened bluntly serrate, reti-
culations conspicuous, coriaceous, 24 inches long, ¢ inch wide, petiole
+ inch long. Flowers in short terminal racemes shorter than the
leaves nodding. Bracts linear oblong obtuse. Pedicels + inch long
silky. Sepals $ inch long, 4 linear’ oblong obtuse silky. Petals 4
oblong truncate shortly laciniate hardly longer than the sepals,
silky. Stamens 10, filaments very short. Anthers linear pubes-
cent. Ovary short conic silky. ‘Torus silky short.

Selangor: Ulu Kali Mountain, 3,500 feet (Burn-Murdoch).

Allied to Hlaeocarpus punctata, King.

AMPELIDEAE.

Pterisanthes pulchra, n. sp.

Stem slender wiry arachnoid. Jower leaves trifoliate, leaflets
lanceolate acuminate, lateral ones oblique, central one 24 inches
long, # inch wide, lateral ones smaller, upper leaves simple ovate
cordate acuminate 2 inches long, 14 inch wide, all deep green
bullate above with solitary hairs on the centre of the bullae, midrib
hairy, beneath densely covered with ferrugineous elevated masses
of hair, margins slightly undulate, nerves 4 pairs in the cordate
leaves, petiole half an inch long rufous hairy. Inflorescence op-
posite the leaves with a slender peduncle 14 inch long arachnoid,
bearing 2 slender branches, one forming a tendril 3-4 inches long,
the other bearing a flattened sinuate spike 5 inches long on a
secondary peduncle about the same length all slightly arachnoid
hairy. Spike undulate sinuate cut to the rachis about 4 times,
+ inch wide green, or reddish, rachis hairy. Male flowers not seen.
Females scattered globose.

Selangor: Sempang Mines climbing over rocks.

A most charming little climber of which I only found a single
plant in flower.

LEGUMINOSAE.

Bauhinia cuprea, n. sp.

Climber with long curled tendrils branches slender red tomen-
tose. Leaves ovate entire or shortly bifid with short blunt lobes a
quarter of the length of the leaf, lamina 3 inches long, 24-3 inches
wide, above glabrous beneath red ferruginous with closely appressed

silky hairs, nerves 7 elevated on the back rising from the base,
petiole 1 inch long swollen at the top subglabrous. Flowers pani-

- cled, in a 2 inch panicle, few red, pedicels 2 inches long red pubes-

cent. Calyx tube cylindric narrow half an inch long, lobes pubes-
cent boat-shaped 2 inch long equal. Petals broadly ovate rounded,

Jour, Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 3

clawed an inch long 4 inch wide, densely covered with appressed
red hairs. Stamens 3 very short, filaments red hairy at the base,
anthers rounded shortly oblong, not longer than the claw of the
petal. Style hairy, fruit not seen.

Perak: Gunong Keledang (Ridley 96901).

This beautiful plant might be B. Scortechinu of King of which
I have seen no specimen but “taking the description, it differs in the
flowers being panicled, on long pedicels, the buds ovoid not clove
shaped, the longer calyx tube, caducous bracts and clawed petals.

Bauhinia calycina, n. sp.

Climber, young parts covered with red meal. Leaves broadly
ovate or almost orbicular bilobed, lobes rounded cut about 4 way
down, base cordate, glabrous, nerves 10 from the base, 3-5 inches
long, 3-5 inches wide, petiole 13-2 inches. Flowers racemose large
white, rachis red mealy. Pedicels 13 inches long. Bracts lanceo-
late acuminate red pubescent. Calyx lobe 4-3 inch long, campanu-
late lobes 5, linear acuminate acute red woolly 14 inch long.
Petals little longer linear, glabrous. Stamens 3 thick angled, #
inch long, filaments very short, base of anther retuse, all glabrous.
Style short pubescent. Pod oblong cuspidate 7 inches long 2
inches wide, stalked above the enlarged calyx tube, 14 inch long.
Seeds four elliptic flat.

Johore: Gunong Pulai; Selangor: Kwala Lumpur and Peta-
ling; Negri Sembilan: Bukit Tanga (Napier), Bukit Kupayiang
(Cantley), Seremban (Ridley 10047).

Tendrils long curled, ““ Akar Kurutop Hitam.” Roots boiled
for dropsy.

A very remarkable plant from the very long calyx lobes, short
petals and very short filaments with long thick anthers. Most
nearly allied to B. Griffithiana, Prain.

Crudia penduliflora, n. sp.

Tree. Leaves with 4 alternate leaflets, apex not prolonged,
leaflets distant elliptic cuspidate rounded at both ends nerves 6 pairs
lowest ones smallest glabrous thinly coriaceous drying brown on both
sides, 1 to 4 inches long, 14 inch wide, cusp 4 inch long, petiolule
short stout, black wrinkled glabrous, 4 ‘inch long. Racemes simple
pendulous 12 inches long, flowers small numerous, subdistant nearly
sessile, 4 inch long. Buds ovoid. Calyx lobes + ovate glabrous.
Petals 0. Stamens 5, filaments slender, anthers rounded elliptic.
Pistil covered with red hairs conic. Sty ie filiform $ inch long.

Malacca: foot of Gunong Mering, Mt. Ophir (Ridley 300 4),

This plant differs from. any other known to me in its long
simple racemes and small flowers. It appears also to have only
five stamens. The nerves of the leaves are invisible above, beneath
they are seen to interarch well within the margin,

R, A. Soc., No, 61, 1912.

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

MELASTOMACEAE,

Melastoma mutica, 0. sp.

Bush, branches terete covered with short flat processes, and
larger ones lanceolate triangular acute and laciniate. Leaves un-
equal lanceolate acuminate acute base hardly narrowed, above
‘covered with fine appressed pubescence, beneath similar with longer
hairs on the nerves; nerves 5, depressed above, elevate beneath,
transverse nervules parallel numerous, 3-6 inches long 14-2 inches
wide, petiole half an inch long densely hairy. Flowers few shortly
stalked large rose pink. SBracts ovate to lanceolate cuspidate dense-
ly hairy with lanceolate acuminate processes, half an inch long and
as wide. Calyx tube 4 inch long ovotd densely finely covered with
yellowish hairs. Petals cuneate obovate, apex broad rounded trun-
cate, 14 inch long, 1$ inch wide. Stamens similar filaments as long
as the anthers, shorter than the petals, anthers cylindric acuminate
base bilobed, not prolonged, wrinkled.

Selangor: Hulu Semangkok (Ridley).

Allied to M. sylvaticum, Bl. Remarkable among our species
in having the stamens all similar..

Octhocharis sylvestris, nN. sp.

Small shrub, stem woody solid, erect 2 feet tall, about 38; inch -

through glabrous, bark pale. Leaves ovate lanceolate or ovate
acuminate glabrous except at the base, on both sides, and nerves
two pairs rising from the base 7 inches long, 3 inches wide, petiole
1-2 inches long hairy along the upper edge. Flowers in small
axillary fascicles much shorter than the petioles, pedicels very short.
Ovary glabrous urn-shaped. Sepals triangular mucronate, rather
large spreading. Petals oblong broad. Stamens short 8. Anthers
oblong obtuse, all similar, hairs hardly prolonged below, apices dis-
tinct divaricate excurved, appendage solitary, conic very short,
Capsule 4 inch long globose grooved, crowned with the calyx lobes,
dehiscing irregularly.

Malacca: Merlimau (N. Cantley) 9/2/86. Johore: Tanjong
Kupang (6504), Mt. Austin (Ridley 12012).

In wet places in woods.

Phyllagathis cordata, n. sp.

Stem hollow hairy. Leaves ovate cordate, abruptly acuminate,
margins crenate subdentate, each tooth bearing a long red hair,
nerves 9 radiating from the base, transverse nerves prominent be-
neath above glabrous, beneath with scattered long hairs on the
nerves and nervules, 9 inches long 7 inches wide, petiole covered
with red hairs stout, 6 inches long. Inflorescence shortly panicled.
peduncle nearly 1 foot long, panicle 4-5 inches long, with few short
branches at base, above racemose. Flowers about 3 on a branch,
all glabrous. - Bracts very small lanceolate. Calyx cylindric + inch
long with 5 short lanceolate teeth. Corolla petals lanceolate. Sta-
mens 5 subequal and similar, anthers subcylindric slightly acuminate

Jour. Straits Branch

es =

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 5

muticous. Capsule pale subglobose not narrowed at the base
smooth, lobes subovate, valves broad oblong truncate not much
longer, $ inch long and as wide, pedicels elongate to half an inch.
Johore: Gunong Janeng (Kelsall) “ Kakapullum.” Nearest
to Ph. Griffithu with very different foliage.
The flowers are unfortunately rather young.

Sonerila nodosa, D.sp.

Stem slender flesh red swollen at the nodes, sprinkled with
glandular hairs over 3 inches long. Leaves unequal, or nearly
equal lanceolate long acuminate, margins undulate subdentate with
minute thorn-like processes, base rounded unequal, nerves 3 from
base, secondary nerves from the midrib fine, at a sharp angle
texture thin fleshy sprinkled with a few coarse hairs on the upper
surface, glabrous on the lower surface, with many raphides bundles,
blade 34 or less long by # inch wide, petiole 1 inch long, small
leaves 4-4 inch long petiole as long. Flowers small white in short
cymes on the upper axils on pedicels { inch long lengthening in
fruit. Calyx 3'5 inch long lobes short acute. Fruit campanulate
oblong truncate as broad as long, not ribbed or pustular, minutely
punctate 4 inch long, base broad.

Perak: Bujong Malacca (Ridley, Sept. 1898).

Not much resembling any other of our species; peculiar for its
nodose stem.

Sonerila Gimletter, n. sp.

Stem woody 6 inches tall with fibrous roots, 4 inch through
smooth. Leaves only at the top, unequal, ovate lanceolate acumin-
ate at both ends sessile, or rather petiole winged to base glabrous
except the petiole covered with long red hairs and midrib also hairy,
nerves 5 from the base, with about 12 lateral ones 6-8 inches long,
3 inches wide, shorter leaves 4 inches long by 2 wide. Cymes scor-
poid many flowered, peduncle hairy, 14 to 2 inches long. Flowers
not seen. Fruit emule smooth neither ribbed or warty, or with
faint traces of warts 4 inch long, stalk as long ribbed.

Kelantan: Kwala Lebir (Dr. Gimlette). Leaves used as a
poultice for boils.

Remarkable for its woody stem and large leaves. Allied to S.
biserialis, Cogn.

Sonerila calophylla, n. sp.

Rhizome tuberous, stem succulent simple or branched 2-8 inches
tall glabrous bare below. Leaves crowded in a false rosette atthe
top, fleshy green or brown marbled with white, glabrous oblong or
ovate oblong obtuse base rounded, nerves 4 pairs decurrent on the
midrib, secondary nerves few fine, margin with distant short thorn-
like processes, 2-3 inches long, 1 inch or less wide, petiole half an
inch long. Flowers 3 or 4 crowded in a cyme on a peduncle 1 to
® inches long, erect. Calyx subcylindric, with very short acute

R. A. Sec., No. 61, 1912.

6 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

teeth, about + inch long. Petals oblong lanceolate, minutely cus-
pidate + inch long rose or white. Stamens 3 little longer than the
petals, filaments as long as the anthers. Anthers yellow linear
acuminate base bifid, apex acuminate. Style filiform shorter.
Capsule funnel-shaped smooth on a thickened stalk, smooth 4 inch
long, crowned with the triangular acute sepals.

Kedah: Gunong Jerat (Ridley 5345).

Near 8. Cyclaminella, Stapf., but much larger.

Medinilla pendens, 0. sp.

Hpiphytie with pendulous stems 4+ or 5 feet long slender, pale,
and watered, 4 inch through. Leaves rather fleshy ovate acuminate,
tip obtuse, base broad, nerves 3, midrib and two nerves from the
base, barely visible 4 inches long 14 inch wide, penole, 4 inch long
very thick. Peduncle stiff 14 ine long. Flowers 4 inch long,

edicel #5 inch long. Calyx urn-shaped “with 5 small teeth. Co-
rolla lobes oblong obovate as long as the corolla obtuse 4 inch long
waxy white. Stamens 7, violet glabrous, filaments slender little
shorter than the anther. Anther lanceolate acuminate nar row, with
2 short curved processes in front at the base and one on the “back.
Style short slender.

Johore: pendent from trees overhanging the Panti river at
Kota Tinggi.

Allied to M. Hasseltii I think, but the long hanging stems and
small flowers make it very distinct.

RHIZOPHORACEAE.
Carallia suffruticosa, n. sp.

Shrub, branches slender shghtly ribbed glabrous. Leaves
elliptic acute at both ends thin, glabrous margin closely set with
short processes, nerves 12-13 pairs “of primary nerves, intermediates
nearly as prominent, under surface of leaves dotted 3-5 inches long
‘13-14 inch wide, petiole $ inch. Stipules lanceolate keeled 4 inch
lone. Flowers in short axillary racemes, shorter than the petiole.
Bracts persistent ovate keeled. Calyx i inch long campanulate
lobes 5 lanceolate coriaceous keeled within acute. Petals linear ob-
long lacerate fimbriate nearly to the base as long as the sepals.
Stamens ten unequal, the longest opposite the sepals, filaments
filiform. Anthers elliptic, shorter ones apiculate. Style stout sim-
ple. Stigma capitate. Disc 5-lobed.

Selangor: Dusun Tua (7371). Flowers white and yellow.

Very distinct from anything I know, in its shrubby habit short
racemes, and fimbriate lacerate petals.

ni MYRTACEAE.
Decaspermum montanum, n. sp. 3
A shrub with pale bark. Leaves opposite coriaceous obovate

obtuse narrowed at the base, 2 inches long by one inch wide, penni-
nerved, nerves five inconspicuous, midrib prominent beneath, no

Jour, Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 7

intramarginal nerve, petiole 34, inch long. Flowers in short axil-
lary:racemes about 1 inch long, in the axils of fallen leaves, about
6 in a raceme small white. Bracts linear subulate ~5 inch long.
Petals 4 inch or less. Flowers unisexual or often so. Males
slightly larger than the females. Buds globose. Sepals orbicular
ciliate glandular. Petals obovate ciliate, obtuse. Stamens very
numerous as long as the petals. Females buds clove-shaped, sepals
smaller, petals shorter and rounder. Stamens abortive, filaments
very short, anthers rounded. Style moderately stout filiform.
Berry % inch long, globular five or four ridged, crowned by the
persistent calyx lobes, septate with cells containing single seeds.
Seeds 4-5 brown reniform with a rounded back, and rather short
inner edge.

Kedah Peak: Gunong Jerai (Ridley 53856, 5857, 5209); Mt.
Ophir (Ridley 3310), (Hullett 775), (Derry 608).

The Mount Ophir form has often much larger leaves, 3 inches
long 14 inch wide, more strongly veined, and larger racemes than
that.of Kedah Peak, and might be made a variety, but I obtained a
form on Mt. Ophir which exactly resembled the Kedah Peak one.

This plant I refer to the genus Decaspermum as it most closely
resembles D. paniculatum although it has but five seeds. The
genera Myrtus, Decaspermum and ‘Rhodamnia are really very close-
ly allied, the differences in the ovary being but slight.

Hugenia auriculata, n. sp.
A tree, branches stout 4 inch through bark pale. Leaves

stiffly coriaceous elliptic obtuse base rounded auricled nearly sessile,

glabrous midrib prominent beneath, nerves 12 pairs visible above
very inconspicuous beneath interarching into an intramarginal

vein, 6 to 9 inches long, 3 inches wide. Flowers fascicled on short

stout peduncle from the sides of the branches or terminal white.
Calyx tube campanulate narrowed to the base but not pseudo stalked
2 inch long, mouth as broad with 4 short obscure rounded lobes,
pustulate, hardly distinct. Petals oblong thick obtuse 4 inch long.
Stamens very numerous.

Dindings: Lumut (Ridley 8376).

This species is alhed to #. perakensis, King, but the nervation
of the leaves is quite different, the leaf being thicker and the nerves
close and inconspicuous, the calyx also has no pseudo-stalk as in
that species.

Hugenia longicauda, n. sp.

Branches rather slender. Leaves lanceolate elongate acuminate
narrowed at the base very coriaceous, glabrous above deeply punctate
with the nerves hardy visible, beneath reddish brown not punctate,
nerves very inconspicuous g pairs, with an intramarginal nerve
close to the edge, 1-14 inch long 4-4 inch wide, petiole 4 + inch long,
transversely rugose. Flowers in short few flowered axillary and
terminal racemes in the upper part of the branches, peduncle very

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

8 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

short $ inch. Calyx tube ¢ inch long campanulate tessellate verru-
cose, lobes 5 ovate or semicircular rounded. Petals and stamens
wanting.

Pahang: Kluang Terbang (Barnes 10869).

Incomplete as the specimens are, this is so curious and distinct

a species that I describe as much as I have of it. The small narrow

one with a very long blunt point are not matched by any other
species known to me, and the singular verrucose tessellate calyx tube
more like that of a Pternandra is very remarkable.

Hugenia johorensis, n. sp.

Tree, branches slender 4 angled. Leavs in rather distant pairs
elliptic acuminate obtuse base rounded, coriaceous smooth, nerves
above inconspicuous, beneath prominent 8 pairs with secondary
nerves nearly as prominent between, intramarginal vein a quarter
of an inch from the margin with another close to the margin, midrib
beneath prominent. Leaf dryane dark brown 4 to 5 inches long 2
inches wide. Petiole stout i 1 inch long. Flowers in pairs on a
short inch long, terminal rece 2 inches across. Calyx shortly
campanulate rather abruptly narrowed at the base, lobes 4 ovate
rounded apex obtuse. Petals coriaceous $ inch long ovate rounded.
Stamens very numerous fine an inch long, anthers very small.

Johore: Gunong Pulai (native collector).

This species is alhed to H. pauciflora differing in its much
larger flowers and distinctly petioled elliptic leaves.

Hugema Rostadons, n. sp.

Branches slender terete. Leaves lanceolate acuminate subacute
narrowed at the base, thinly coriaceous, above dark when dry below
grey, 4-6 inches long, 1 to 1} inch wide nerves 6-7 pairs depressed
above elevated beneath meeting in arches $ inch from the margin
reticulations few, petiole { inch long. Flowers few = to 5 or less
in a terminal cyme. Bracts minute ‘linear persistent 35 inch. Pe-
dicels $ inch long. Calyx funnel-shaped gradually narrowed into a
pseudostalk, half an inch long, lobes four more than half as long
as the calyx tube ovate. Flowers + inch across. Petals herbaceous
with a thinner edge white orbicular nearly ¢ inch long. Stamens
half an inch long with very small anthers.

Tringanu at Bundi (Coll. Rostado).

Perhaps nearest to H. plumbea, King. The leaves are in rather
distant pairs, dark and smooth above, and light smooth grey be-
neath.

Hugema porphyrantha, n. sp.

A tree with slender terete branches. Leaves lanceolate acu-
minate subcoriaceous base rounded cordate 6 inches long 2 inches
wide, nerves sunk above, prominent beneath 16 pairs subhorizontal
meeting i in an inarching ‘intramar ginal vein inch from the margin,
petiole “thick = ich long or less. Leaf when dry dark blackish

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 9
brown. Flowers 2 or 3 on a very short terminal raceme, } inch
long. Calyx half an inch long obconic narrowed to a pseudostalk
lobes 4 very short indistinct rounded. Petals ovate broad- based,
longer. Stamens under half an inch long densely crowded purple.

Selangor on Bukit Kutu (Iidley 7313).
The lanceolate cordate leaves and few purple flowers are pecu-
har.

Eugenia nemoricola, n. sp.

A small tree, branches terete slender. Leaves narrow lanceo-
late acuminate 11 inches to 12 long, 2$ to 3 inches wide, base
rounded cordate nearly sessile thinly coriaceous, primary nerves 7
to 15 pairs sunk above, prominent beneath, remote interarched into
an intramarginal nerve 4 inch from the edge, drying light brown
above yellowish brown beneath. Flowers solitary or few terminal.
Calyx tube broadly campanulate rather abruptly narrowed smooth
with short rounded lobes.

Penang: Richmond pool (Ridley).

The specimens are somewhat imperfect. It is allied to £.
cauliflora, Ridl., but the flowers are terminal, and the venation very
different, the nerves being much fewer.

Eugenia oreophila, n. sp.

A shrub, branches rather thick, grey angled. Leaves crowded
towards the ends of the branches obovate or elliptic obovate obtuse,
apex usually rounded coriaceous, 14 inch long, 1 inch wide, light
olivaceous when dry shining, margins recurved, nerves 9 pairs
reaching to the intramarginal inarchings, SSCL nerves numer-
ous reticulate, all elevate on both sides, petiole inch long. Flowers
few in short terminal cymes, the whole inflorescence an inch long.
Pedicels short and thick. Calyx tube clove-shaped gradually nar-
rowed to the base. Lobes orbicular ovate 4, distinct half as long
as the tube, § inch long. es larger than calyx lobes orbicular
white. Stamens very numerous 4 inch long.

Selangor: Ulu Semangkok (F. Dennys) “ Kelat Bukit.”

A distinct plant in its rounded reticulate leaves and rather
large flowers for its size.

Planchoma grandis, n. sp.

A big tree 80 feet tall or more, and six feet in girth at the base.
Bark brown vertically grooved. Branches reddish brown. Leaves
very coriaceous dark green obovate oblong shortly acuminate, blunt
narrowed at the base margins entire, nerves prominent 15 pairs,
Geto 7 pees long 34 inch wide, (drying black, shining above),
petiole $ inch long. Flowers numerous in a short dense spike
sessile, terminal. Calyx tube obconic not ribbed 4 inch long green,
lobes orbicular ovate rounded at the tip + mch long. Petals orbi-
cular ? inch long green, much shorter than the stamens. Stamens
very numerous, 2 inches long forming a whorl 4 inches across,

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912,

10 NEW: AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

white, base crimson, anthers small oblong yellow. Style slender
white 14 inch long. Fruit oblong globose green, inside white,
inches long, 2 ches across, crowned with the sepals. Seeds 3 or
more brown half an inch long. [Embryo conyolute with a long
radicle.

Singapore: Botanic Gardens Jungle (6243 of my collections).
This fine tree differs from P/. sundaica, Miq. in its entire leaves,
oblong in shape, larger stamens and shorter petals.

The fruit is apple-shaped and has a peculiar turpentine-like
odour.

CORNACEAE.

Alangium Tutela, n. sp.

A small sized tree. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate cuspidate base
cuneate alternate glabrous, thinly coriaceous drying grey, nerves
hardly conspicuous above strongly elevate beneath 7 to 8 pairs,
transverse nervules and reticulations distinct, 4 to 6 inches long,
2% to 23 inches wide, petiole half an inch long, stout strongly trans-
versely rugose. Flowers in short axillary cymes of four or five
flowers, peduncle very short 4 inch long, pedicels as long. Bracts
caducous minute ovate acuminate. Calyx tube $ inch long nar-
rowed towards the base ribbed, limb saucer-shaped entire short.
Petals linear oblong 5 recurved white, mealy outside half an inch
long. Stamens nearly as long as the petals 6 lnear pubescent.
Style shorter clubbed.

Singapore: Ponggol (kt idley 5082).

This is the genuine “ Kayu Tas” the properties of which ac-
cording to the Malays s are such that tigers will flee from any one
carrying a piece of its wood. Sticks of the tree are often sold for
this purpose and Malays travelling in the forests often wear a small
piece of the wood on a chain as a protection.

The tree appears to be rare, and I am not sure that the Sing-
apore plant has not been introduced from elsewhere.

The short few flowered cymes and small leaves distinguish it
from any other species known to me.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

Viburnum villosum, n. sp.

A shrub, the branches covered with thick yellow hairs. Leaves
opposite elliptic to lanceolate thinly coriaceous base rounded, apex

acuminate, above glabrous, or in young leaves with yellow hairs on.

the midrib, beneath cinnamon coloured with yellow hairs softly
villous, 5- 6 inches long 24-3 inches wide nerves 4-6 pairs petiole
villous, becoming at length glabrescent ? inch long. Inflorescence
umbellate, terminal cymose 14-2 inches long villous, peduncles rather
stout # inch long, branches short. Flowers small sessile green.
Calyx tube cylindric hairy, lobes ovate acute. Corolla tube short

Jour, Straits Branch

eee ee

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 11

35 inch long glabrous cylindric thick lobes rounded ovate, as long
as the tube 5. Stamens twice as long as the corolla’5. Anthers
oblong, filaments thick. Style cylindric obtuse glabrous longer than
the calyx lobes. Fruit not seen.

Selangor: on Bukit Kutu at 3000 feet altitude (Ridley 7597),
May 1890.

Very distinct in its hairiness.

RUBIACEAE.

Argostemma reptans, n. sp.

A dwarf plant 2 to 3 inches tall with a slender creeping rhizome
emitting stems at intervals and often forming small tufts in cracks
in rock. Stems slender corky. Leaves unequal, larger ones lan-
ceolate subrhomboid equally narrowed to both ends subcoriaceous,
margins crenulate with short teeth on each crenulation quite gla-
brous, above grey when dry with the midrib prominent, and “the
eas usually invisible, beneath a but brown, $-? inch long,

+ inch wide or less, petiole short 45 inch long; smaller leaf narrow
Gear lanceolate 1 inch long resembling the stipules, entire.
Flower solitary terminal on a peduncle 2 = inch long with two very
small linear, lanceolate bracts half way up. Sepals lanceolate
acuminate + inch long. Corolla white # inch across, tube very
short lobes lanceolate acute 4 inch across. Stamens in an acuminate
cone nearly as long. Fruit not seen.

Kedah: on Gunong Jerai on rocks in the stream near the top
alt. 3000 feet, June 1893.

I do not know any species much resembling this pretty little
plant, the corky transversely wrinkled stem, and the peculiar leaves
make it very distinct. In some the nerves are quite invisible, in
others four pairs can be seen, the margin is also sometimes more
serrate or dentate than crenulate and in one or two leaves I find
two or 3 sete on the upper midrib.

Argostemmd johorense, n. sp.

Stem elongate ascending rooting for a long way with slender
wiry roots 18 inches long, leafy ascending portion 6 to 10 inches
long covered with appressed hairs. Leaves unequal in distant pairs,
largest elliptic to lanceolate acuminate, or cuneate, base litte nar-
rowed inequilateral, membranous, above glabrous, nerves ~6-7. pairs
often invisible, usually conspicuous, beneath similar not glaucous,
but midrib covered with appressed hairs, 2 to 4 inches..long, #-14
inch wide, petiole 74-4 inch long, small leaf ovate cordate acuminate
or rounded at the tip + inch long or less glabrous or edge ciliate.
Stipules oblong ovate, as long as the small leaf. Cyme compound
of three branches on a peduncle 1 inch long terminal or on a side
branch. Branchlets 1 inch or less with about 5 flowers on each,
bracts 2 or 3 lanceolate acute, #5 inch long. Pedicels + inch long
glabrous. Sepals ovate acute closely pubescent hairy. Corolla half

R. A. Soc-, No. 61, 1912.

5
‘
4
9

1 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

an inch acTOSs tube very short, lobes very narrow lanceolate linear
acuminate j'5 inch across at the base white. Stamens in a fairly
stout acuminate cone as long as the petals. Fruit shortly cupular
* inch long densely hairy.

Johore: Tempayan river (Ridley 13270), Sungei Tebrau
(13207), Mt. Austin; Serom near Batu Pahat.. In low wet forest.

Apparently confined to South Johore. Distinct in its long
stem with elongate internodes, often an inch long, narrow corolla
lobes and hairy capsule.

A. johorense var. Kelsalli.

Stems shorter and leaves more crowded, hairy. Leaves lan-
ceolate subacute base rounded marginal above glabrous nerves visible
7 pairs, 24 inches long, 14 inch wide, beneath paler nerves elevated
covered with spreading faite) and scattered hairs between, small
leives orbicular, glabrous, petiole x inch long hairy. Cymes few
flowered. Calyx as in type. Corolla lobes slightly broader and
shorter. Fruit as in type.

Selangor: Bukit Hitam (Kelsall).

I hardly care to distinguish this specifically though it differs
in its hairiness and pale underside of leaf. The hairs are rather
coarse thick trichomes thickened at the base and narrowed upwards.

Argostemma denticulatum, n. sp.

The whole plant twelve inches tall, stem succulent, with inter-
nodes one inch long. Leaves fleshy lanceolate acuminate narrowed
at the base, margins minutely denticulate towards the tip, paler
beneath gious except for a few scurfy hairs on the midrib be-
neath, 3 to +4 inches long, half to one inch wide, opposite leaf very
small oblong ovate ;45 inch long, caducous, petiole a quarter of an
inch long, with several linear bracts at the base, and also at the
base of the cyme, ;'5 inch long. Flowers about 9 in a compound
cyme; pedicels 4 inch long. Calyx lobes ovate lanceolate acu-
minate,;', inch long. Corolla lobes reflexed triangular acute § inch
long white. Staminal cone } inch long rather abruptly acuminate.

Selangor: Ginting Sempah, 3990 feet alt. In thick forest.

This species is allied to A. lanceolatum, Ridl., but is quite
elabrous, the margins of the leaves minutely denticulate, the oppos-
ing leaf smaller, and the flowers fewer and smaller.

Argostemma Klossu, n. sp.

A dwarf plant 4-5 inches tall, stem hairy, internodes short.
Leaves unequal, larger one elliptic lanceolate acute or subacute base’
rounded ineequilateral above glabrous or sprinkled with hairs,
back white nerves hairy, and hairs sprinkled over it, 2 inches long
4 inch wide, petiole ;'5 inch long, hairy, small leaf ovate cordate
4 inch long. Stipules orbicular rounded, wider but shorter. Pe-
duncle 1 inch long hairy with a whorl of 4 ovate bracts in the centre.
Cyme bracts narrow lanceolate. Flowers 4 or 5 in a simple or

\

Jour, Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 13

branched cyme, pedicels $} inch long hairy. Calyx cupular with
lanceate obtuse hairy lobes. Corolla 1 inch across, lobes narrow
lanceolate. Cone of stamens as long thick, shortly acuminate.
Fruit cupular hairy.

Johore: Ulu Sayong (Kloss); Negri Sembilan: Bukit Sulu
(N. Cantley). “Sumpu Kring.”

Allied to A. johorensis but much smaller.

The leaves in the Negri Sembilan plant are broader and
rounded at the tip.

Argostemma enerve, N. sp.

Stem creeping ascending 5 to 8 inches glabrous. Leaves un-
equal, large one ovate lanceolate base rounded or slightly narrowed
aequilateral at base, glabrous fieshy beneath glaucous nerves in-

visible on both surfaces margin thickened 24 inches long by 1 inch
wide, petiole + inch long, small leaf ovate cordate acute 2 t inch long.
Stipules ane ar obtuse. Cyme solitary terminal 2-4 flowered on
a peduncle an inch long glabrous with a circle of small bracts about
half way up. Bracts lanceolate obtuse. Pedicels in flower 4+ inch
long, in fruit nearly 1 inch long, white hairy. Calyx campanulate
hairy, with short triangular teeth. Corolla white half an inch
across lobes lanceolate acute ;4, inch across. Stamen cone as long
narrow long acuminate curved. Capsule + inch long, campanulate
densely appressed hairy.

Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi (Feb. 1904) Ridley.

Resembles A. johorensis and is allied to it, differing in its aequi-
lateral leaves which are thicker, the nerves being quite invisible,
the underside white, and its longer and more slender cone of sta-
mens. In the fruit, form of stipules and smaller leaves it closely
resembles A. johorensis.

Argostemma Havilandu, n. sp.

Stem as thick as a crow quill densely covered with corky reti-
culations and transverse bars often elevated into flat discs. Leaves
distinct very unequal, largest lanceolate acuminate base cuneate,
above smooth nerves invisible drying black, beneath glaucous with
8 pairs of nerves inarching within the margin 23-3 inches long ?
inch wide, petiole 4 inch long, small leaf linear or lanceolate linear
x inch long. Stipules broader lanceolate obtuse. Peduncle 1. inch
long slender sparingly pubescent. Flowers small white umbellate
on slender hairy pedicels + inch long, with short linear bracts at
the base. Calyx tube short lobes ovate obtuse hairy. Corolla in
bud ovoid obtuse lobes ovate lanceolate obtuse 4, inch long. Sta-
men column short ovoid, anthers lanceolate broad blunt with curved
linear appendages.

Sarawak: Kuching (Haviland, 2958).

Very curious in the stem which. has fawn colored elevated ridges
with transverse bars of a corky nature which are often developed
into flattened irregular discs. The small flowers with short petals
and stamens are also peculiar,

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

14 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS,

Argostemma salicifolium, n. sp.

Stems to peduncle 8 inches rarely branched, erect hardly creep-
ing at base as thick as a crow quill glabrous below hairy above,
nodes close. Leaves lanceolate long acuminate very narrow 6 inches
long 2 inch wide base shortly cuneate, nerves 20 pairs hardly or
not visible above, above smooth glabrous keel elevated, beneath pale
when alive, midrib hairy; small leaves ovate cordate = inch long.
Stipules oblong obtuse longer and narrower than the small leaf.
Cyme compound much shorter than the leaf, peduncle slender half
an inch, glabrous with a whorl of bracts at the base of the branches,
two bracts linear or lanceolate linear very narrow two ovate obtuse.
Cyme branches 2 or 3 very slender glabrous, with three small white
flowers on pedicels + inch long. Calyx short globose campanulate,
lobes ovate acuminate glabrous. Corolla lobes broad lanceolate }
inch long, white. Stamens lanceolate in a thick acute cone about
as long as the petals hardly appendaged. Fruit $ inch long globose
campanulate glabrous.

Borneo: Sarawak on Matang (Hullett, Ridley 11751).

A very distinct plant with the habit of A. Curtisii, King.

OPHIORRHIZA.

This genus of herbs occasionally slightly woody is undoubtedly
a difficult one, as the species seem to run into each other and requires
careful working up from a large series of Hast Indian specimens.
They are very abundant and conspicuous all over the Malay Penin-
sula in deep forest, or on forest rocks. A large number have been
described from India and the Malay islands, and ten from the
Malay Peninsula in the Materials. Most of these latter are toler-
ably distinct but I have not seen O. fasciculata, Don. or types of
QO. Kunstleri, King.
~ O. Mungos, L. the type of the genus, is described by King as
occurring in all the provinces common and variable in size and
pubescence. The type was described from Ceylon, and I have a
plant collected there by myself, in fruit, which is undoubtedly 0.
Mungos, but I have not seen anything actually lke this or agreeing
with the description of the type in the Peninsula.

O. discolor, Br. Wall. Cat. 6232a is readily identified alive
at least by its deep brown leaves.

O. erubescens, Wall. 6233, is based on a plant from Ava, with-
out flowers, and King describes it from Perak. What I take to be
his plant:is one of the biggest in the Peninsula, but if I am correct
in my identifications the leaves are by no means always glabrous, the
nerves being minutely mealy pubescent in many plants. The
flowers are commonly pink, but occasionally white. I include under
this the following specimens.

Selangor: Kwala Lumpur (Curtis), Batu Caves (8238, 8585),
Ginting Peras (7403) ; Perak: Lenggong (14477), leaves glabrous,
flowers pink, fruit large; Pahang: Kota Glanggi (flowers white) ;

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 15

Tronoh (Machado), Tampin (Goodenough); Dindings: Lumut
(10278).

‘Allied to this is O. costata described below which is a large
plant like full size O. erubescens but has a dilated strongly ribbed
calyx.

A plant distributed under the name O. erubescens, Wall. by
King collected at Gopeng by Kunstler No. 5853 of his herbarium
and quoted by King as that species in the Materials, has velvety
leaves hairy on the edge, and cannot be classed with O. erubescens,
nor does it resemble any other plant I have seen.

Ophiorrhiza fruticulosa, n. sp.

A slender branch shrublet, leaves caducous below, leaving bare
stems, branches flexuous, dark, nodes dilated {-$ inch apart. Leaves
equal lanceolate acuminate base cuneate minutely pubescent with
very short scattered hairs above, longer and more abundant on the
edge, dark above, when dry pale olivaceous glabrous beneath, 13-23
inches long 1-14 inches wide, petiole 4-$ inch long slender. Sti-
pules very small ovate rounded soon caducous. Peduncle slender
pubescent half an inch long. Branches of inflorescence as long in
fruit, pubescent. Flowers $ inch long on pedicels of the same
length. Calyx short semiglobose with short ovate lobes. Corolla
tube narrow, 3 times as long lobes lanceolate reflexed. Stamens
exsert 5 linear cylindric truncate. Style slender exsert. Fruit sub-
reniform oblong upper margin nearly straight hardly indented,
quite glabrous 4 inch wide, 75 inch deep.

Selangor on the top of the limestone cliffs at the Batu Caves
(Ridley 8287, 8583), fl. July, December.

_A very distinct species in its slender branching woody habit,
small flowers and exsert stamens. |

Ophiorrhiza costata, n. sp.

A large herb over a foot tall, stem succulent pubescent. J.eaves
usually equal ovate acuminate base cuneate, 6-8 inches long, 24-34
inches wide, glabrous when adult, nerves 9 pairs dark above paler
beneath, petiole an inch long. Stipules linear acuminate } inch
long. Cyme pubescent peduncle 1 inch long. Branches few about
2 inches long. Bracts none. Pedicels as long as the calyx pubes-
cent. Calyx enlarged subglobose strongly ribbed pubescent, lobes
short acute. Corolla stout eylindrie pubescent } inch long, pink,
lobes reflexed short and broad. Stamens not extruded except the
tips. Fruit + inch across scabrid, transversely oblong reniform,
upper margin indented.

Pahang: Telom (15644), Gunong Berembun at 6300 feet;
Selangor: Bukit Hitam (Kelsall 1908) and near the Semangkok
Pass (8584 Ridley). |

Distinct in its widely dilated ribbed calyx, I took this at first
for a form of O. erubescens.but it is very distinct, I find. A plant
in young flower I got on Gunong Angsi in Negri Sembilan differs
R, A. Soc., No. 61, 1912,

16 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS,

in its much more hairy leaves and stems, The leaves have also
more nerves.

Opliorrhiza tenue, n. sp.

Weak herb 4-8 inches tall not or little branched, stem succulent
slender hairy. Leaves equal or unequal, ovate thin base broad
slightly cuneate subobtuse or acute, sparingly hairy on the upper
surface or glabrous, glabrous except the nerves beneath, 2-4 inches
long 1 to 14 inch wide, nerves 5 pairs or more fine, petiole slender
half an inch long pubescent. Stipules reduced to a ridge. Cymes
very small 4 inch long, few flowered, peduncle puberulous very
short. Flowers } inch long. Bracts absent. Calyx dilated small
with short lanceolate teeth, pubescent. Corolla white dilated up-
wards, lobes nearly as long reflexed, tube with hair in the mouth.
Stamens extruded filaments filiform extruded, anthers cylindric
truncate. Capsule short linear oblong transversely edge indented
4 inch across.

Perak: Telor Pinang (No. 9767) and Tambun; Selangor:
Dusun Tua (May 20).

A very odd little species with very few small flowers, of a very
different shape from most species, almost urn-shaped. ‘The stamens
protruded further than any species I know of.

Ophiorrhiza communis, n. sp.

Herbaceous usually not or little branched or in strong plants
more branched and occasionally creeping. Stem pubescent or hairy.
Leaves ovate or more often lanceolate acuminate at both ends,
equal, above dark beneath red or drying yellowish, glabrescent, with
sprinkled hairs above, beneath the midrib and nerves mealy pubes-
cent, and occasionally the whole surface beneath puberulous, 4-6
inches long 1-14 inch wide, petiole 1 inch long. Stipules setaceous.
Peduncle 1 inch long or more. Cyme branches slender often even-
tually spreading over an inch long, flowers conspicuously secund,
white, cyme branches and flowers glabrous or somewhat pubescent.
Pedicel short as long as the calyx. Calyx ovoid, lobes short blunt.
Corolla tubular, lobes short. Stamens not exsert. Fruit trans-
versely oblong 4 inch across short, upper margin straight, cells
somewhat swollen usually puberulous.

Malacca: Bukit Tampin (Goodenough 1860); Selangor: Ra-
wang (7404), Ginting Bidai 7402, 7407, (var. with pink flowers) ;
Petaling: Sempang (12075), Semangkok Pass (8580), Klang Gates
(13413) ; Sungei Ujong: Bukit Sulu (Cantley) ; Dindings: Pang-
kor (8845) ; Perak: Larut Hills to the top; Telok Pimang (9765) ;
Pahang: Telom (13642), Kwala Lipis (Machado 11577) ; Kedah:
Yan; Borneo: Kuching on Matang.

Common all over the woods of the Peninsula except Singapore
and Johore where it is replaced by the allied O. singapurensis, from
which it is distinguished readily by the much less hairy leaves. It
is more inclined to creep than that species. :

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. - 1h:

A robust form with large leaves 6 inches long and 2 inches .

across, occurs on Gunong Mering, Mt. Ophir (3209).

An elongate lanceolate narrow leaved form is from Gunong.
Tungul, Dindings (7194), and a small compact form with rather |
more coriaceous leaves was collected at Kwala Teku near Gunong *

Tahan by Robinson (No. 5534).

I think it probable that this is what Sir George King refers |

to as Ophiorrhiza Mungos of the Peninsula. It is obviously different
from the O. Mungos of Ceylon the type of the species.
Ophiorrhiza singapurensis, n. sp. -

Herb a foot’tall, litttle or not branched, stem succulent hairy
glabrescent below. Leaves oblong lanceolate, acuminate obtuse,
narrowed at the base hairy on both surfaces especially densely on
the nerves beneath, light green above pale beneath, drying back
brown above and red beneath, 5-6 inches long 1$-2 inches wide,
petiole hairy 1 inch long. Stipules setaceous hairy. Cyme hairy
peduncle half an inch long, branches as long. Flowers white,
shortly pedicelled. Calyx short subcylindric shghtly dilate, lobes
lanceolate. Corolla tube + nen long, lobes very short oblong all
hairy outside. Fruit hairy 4+ inch across broadly V shaped, upper
margin rather deeply indented, about half as long as wide.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (6899), (Hullett 335), 2855, Pulau
Damar, Pulau Ubin (Hullett 424), Jurong 10763; Johore: Gu-
nong Pulai (Ridley 12204), Gunong Panti (R. 4172), Sungei
Tebrau (138221); Negri Sembilan: Bukit Sulu (Cantley); Din-
dings: Lumut (Ridley 7195) ; Lingga Island (Hullett).

This species appears to be confined almost entirely to the
South of the Peninsula, and is abundant in Singapore and Johore,
the only species in the island. It does not appear to have been

col!ected by Wallich, nor it is taken up in the Materials. It is the -

hairiest species of our region except O. tomentosa, Jack.

Ophiorrhiza Kingiana, n. sp.

Stem unbranched rather woody 6 to 15 inches tall, velvety
hairy above. Leaves ovate to oblanceolate shortly acute at the tip
narrowed at the base 2-inches long, one inch wide, nerves 8 pairs,
above scabrid with minute raised dots, beneath very shortly velvety,
of the same colour on both sides, margins fringed with hairs,
petiole 4 inch long scabridly velvety. Peduncles axillary and ter-
minal in flower } in fruit 1 inch long velvety, branches few short.
Flowers small white £ inch long glabrous. Calyx minute cam-
panulate with short points. Corolla tubular lobes short not re-
flexed, white. Fruit 4 inch across, oblong rather deeply emarginate
glabrous, somewhat resembling that of 0. erubescens,

Perak: Dense jungle rock soil near limestone 300 to 500 feet,
Gopeng, April 1884 (King’s collector 5853).

Most nearly allied to O. tomentosa but much less hairy, and

with fruit longer and narrower, and glabrous.
R. A, Soc., No. 61, 1912.

18. NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

Ophiorrhiza nervosa, n. sp.

A stout herb with a hairy stem over a foot tall. Leaves ovate
acuminate base broad abruptly cuneate to the petiole above glabrous
scabrid hairy beneath, the midrib and nerves brown hairy 4-6 inches
long 3 inches wide, nerves 15 pairs, branched at near the tip the
branch inarching into the next nerve, petiole brown hairy half an
inch long. Stipules setaceous. Peduncle 2 inches long hairy.
Cyme branches 1$ inch long. Flowers shortly pedicelled. Calyx
cupular ribbed lobes blunt, all hairy as long as the pedicel 7g inch.
Corolla glabrous % inch long, lobes short oblong.

__- Selangor: Semangkok Pass, (Pahang track) (Machado) May
1893.

A single specimen without fruit, appears quite distinct from
its closely nerved rather thick leaves and rough scabrid surface
befieath. The leaves are rather fleshy and dry black or nearly so.

Mussaenda purpurascens, 0. sp.

Sarmentose with dark colored branches thickly covered with
purple hairs. Leaves elliptic acuminate broad based 4 inches long
and 2 inches wide, subcoriaceous, above glabrescent except the mid-
rib, densely purple hairy, beneath paler, nerves 10 pairs and midrib
and secondary nerves densely purple hairy, petiole very short $ inch
long. hairy... Compound cymes terminal on the braches very many
flowered 2 inches across entirely hairy. Bracts linear. Flowers
nearly sessile. Calyx cylindric urn-shaped with short acute points,
hairy, enlarged lobe oblanceolate, much narrowed to the base on a
hairy: stalk 14 inch long, apex rounded blade white hairy on the
nerves, 24 inches long 1 inch wide. Corolla tube an inch long,
# slender cylindric, upper quarter urn-shaped }¢ inch through,
lobes short broadly ovate acute all hairy except the inner face of
the lobes. Anthers shortly projecting slightly hairy. a,

Selangor: Sempang Mines track, Semangkok Pass. Perhaps
nearest to M. macrophylla, Wall. but with much longer corolla and
with rounded bases to the leaves. |

Urophyllum coriaceum, n. sp.

Shrub, stems white and corky. Leaves in rather distant pairs
lanceolate acuminate with a long point, narrowed slightly at the
base or rounded coriaceous above smooth and glossy nerves invisible
or depressed beneath cinnamon brown when dry, nerves 9-10 pairs -
elevated, 5 inches long 1? inch wide, petiole black 3-? inch.
Stipules caducous. Flowers few in short axillary cymes, with short
peduncle and pedicels pubescent. Calyx cupular with a broad base
margin truncate with only obscure traces of teeth. Corolla 4 inch,
rather coriaceous, lobes 5, lanceolate acute, hooded, tube short.
Anthers oblong surrounded by a tuft of long hairs. Fruit obovoid,
crowned with the limb of the calyx tube.
sa Mt. Ophir (Ridley 10105) at an altitude of about

t. :

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND. RARE MALAYAN PLANTS,. 19

petals.

Urophyllum lasiocarpum, 0. sp.
Shrub, stem densely appressed hairy. Leaves oblong or elliptic

acuminate with a long point, base rounded, above glabrescent except.

the midrib appressed hairy, beneath densely hairy with brown hairs
especially long on the midrib and veins 4-6 inches long 1-1# inch
wide, petiole 4-4 inch long densely hairy. Stipules caducous linear
acuminate hairy. Cymes sessile about as long as the petiole in
fruit. Flowers not seen, fruit very shortly. pedicelled 4+ inch long
turbinate globose densely hairy. Calyx tube entire truncate covered
with long hairs. Seed very numerous small ovoid deeply reticulate
dark brown.

Perak: Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9726) Sept. 1898.

Though I have not seen flowers of this species it is so distinct
that I do not scruple to describe it. ‘The very hairy leaves, and
short petioles, and fruit covered with long hairs distinguish it from
any species known to me.

Canthium velutinum, n. sp.

A shrub, covered with soft velvety hairs, brown when dry.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate sessile with an acute apex and rounded
base 4 inches long, 14 inch wide densely hairy on both surfaces,
nerves invisible above prominent beneath, 5 pairs ascending. Sti-
pules small lanceolate densely hairy. Flowers bright green in
axillary tufts, pedicels 4 inch long hairy. Calyx goblet-shaped,
limb very short truncate 4 inch long. Corolla half an inch long
tubular with 4 narrow lanceolate lobes, less than half as long
valvate densely hairy outside, inside glabrous except for a tuft of
hairs on each lobe above the tube, and a circle of hairs within at the
base. Stamens connate into a cone round the stigma. Anthers
linear acute, filaments short linear attached to the mouth of the
tube glabrous. Style longer than the tube, stigma large oblong
bifid at the tip, points recurved. Disc elevated. Fruit pyriform
ribbed half an inch long densely velvety, pendulous. Pericarp
thin woody 2 celled, 1 cell empty the other containing one seed.

Perak: Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9719).

A very-distinct species in its large velvety flowers and pear-
shaped fruit but most nearly allied to C. pauciflorum, King.

@offea malayana, n. sp.

A shrub or smal] tree 10 to 15 feet tall, branches -yellowish
when dry, + angled. - Leaves coriaceous elliptic acuminate, base
acuminate 7-8 inches long 23-3 inches wide, nerves 15 pairs meeting
on intramarginal loops, drying dark shining above, cinnamon brown
beneath, petiole $ inch Jong. Stipule yellowish cartilagineous
shining connate into a tube with a lanceolate point 4 inch long.
Flowers in crowded clusters in the axils sessile 14 or more together,

R. A. Soe., No. 61, 1942.

Distinct in its white stems and coriaceous leaves and stiff

ee a

20 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

Calyx short cup-shaped, edge entire. Corolla 1 inch long white,

tube slender, lobes narrow linear 5; 4 inch long. Stamens 5, an-

thers linear apiculate filaments short, all included in the tube and
adnate to it above 4 of the distance from the mouth. Styles very
slender, stigma clubbed. Fruit small globose or elliptic one-seeded,
Seed globose bony.

» Johore: Gunong Panti (Ridley 4177) ; Selangor: Bukit Hitam
(Ridley 7413), Kwala Lumpur (10217) ; Negri Sembilan: Gunong
Berembun (Cantley) and Bukit Kandang; Malacca: Bukit Tampin
(Goodenough 1864).

This plant is described by Cantley as 10 to 15 feet tall, the
wood used in house building, and fencing, of a reddish colour and’
sinking in water. He gives the names of. Chiapet, and- Kambang
Semangkok Jantan for it and Goodenough found it called Gading»
Jantan in Tampin. (Gading is a common name for the small
tree Rubiaceae such as Diplospora). 'The tree appears to be a true
Coffee and has curiously been overlooked in the Material for a
flora of the Malay. Peninsula, and one specimen (No. 10217) has
been referred to by King to Lasianthus coriaceus which it slightly
resembles in leaf, but the venation is quite different, the inarching
nerves being very conspicuous. I have seen very few ripe fruit but
al] I have seen are one seeded, the seed very hard and globose, with
the embryo at the base.

’ This is a new genus to the Peninsula flora but as the Coffees
occur both in India and Java, it is not unexpected. Its crowded
flowers, narrow linear petals ‘and one seeded fruit it
from all others of this region.

Becheria n. gen.

A small branched shrub, with thin large leaves elliptic cus-
pidate. Stipules ovate triangular. Inflorescence terminal com-
pound cymose. Flowers small white. Bracts lanceolate to orbi-
cular. Calyx lobes 4 orbicular enlarging after the fall of the
corolla and becoming oblong obtuse. Corolla tube very short gla-
brous without and within lobes valvate 4, ovate shorter than the
tube. Anthers subsessile lmear acuminate 4 in the mouth of the
tube. Style shorter clubbed entire. Fruit globose crowned: with
the enlarged sepals woody, 2 celled, 2 ovuled. :

Species 1, Malay Peninsula.

B. parviflora, n. sp.

A small shrub with pale bark and the habit of Adenosacme.
Leaves elliptic cuspidate base shortly cuneate, glabrous, midrib
depressed above, elevate beneath, nerves slender 12 or 13 pairs
elevate beneath, secondary nerves very slender, 7 to 8 inches long
34 to 32 inches wide, petiole + inch long. Stipules ovate triangular
cuspidate nearly 4 inch long. Peduncle 1-2 inches long with 3 or
4 divaricating branches pubescent, the branches sometimes cymosely
branched again. Flowers very small $ inch long crowded in cymes

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 21

on the ends of the branches. Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, the
former 4 inch long in pairs, the uppermost ones orbicular with
ciliate margins. Calyx lobes orbicular margins ciliate. Corolla
greenish white rather coriaceous, lobes valvate ovate shorter than
the tube. Anthers linear acuminate.

Pahang: Kwala Tembeling, Tahan river (Becher’s expedition) ;
Selangor: near the Batu Caves (No. 8258); Perak at Tapah; St.
Barbe isle, South of Singapore (Lauglasse). In thick woods.

The name is associated with Mr. H. M. Becher, an explorer
-drowned accidentally in the river ahan in 1893, during an ex-
pedition in which this plant was collected.

J cannot find any genus which can include this plant. -It has
the appearance to some extent of an Adenosacme, but the fruit
which I have not seen fully ripe separates it. The enlargement
of the calyx into distinct wings is curious.

Ixora micrantha, n. sp.

Large shrub. Leaves thinly coriaceous lanceolate acuminate
at both ends but more gradually at the base 4 inches long, one inch
wide, nerves 9 not very conspicuous, petiole 4 inch long, winged
to the base. Stipules abruptly subulate from a broad base 4 inch
long, compound cymes terminal 4 inches long, peduncles of cyme
14-2 inches long red brown, ‘minutely hairy secondary branches
about an inch long, pedicels very short, central flowers of cyme
nearly sessile. Bracts ovate acuminate yy inch long, or less.

Calyx small campanulate with 4 very short rounded lobes 75

inch long. Corolla tube nearly } inch long slender, lobes oblong
rounded at the tip, whole limb about 4 inch long.

Selangor: Sempang mines.

This .species seems most nearly allied to some forms of I.
grandifolia, Wall.

_Timonus Finlaysoniana, Hook. fil.

This is reduced to a variety of 7. Jambosella by King: and
Gamble, but that can hardly be maintained. ‘The plant is a tidal
mud bush with white flowers, and-very different from the open
country yellow flowered 7. jambosella in almost every organ. It
is undoubtedly as good a species as any in the genus.

Timonius malaccensis, King and Gamble.

The type of this is given as collected by me on Mt. Ophir No.
3217, but the only Timonius collected by me there bears the number
3231.

This is a shrub, resembling T. Rum phiti, (which is a tree how-
ever) but differs in ‘such characters as one would expect to find in
-a mountain region. There is also another species in Mt. Ophir,
-or it may be a further modified form, described further on.
_ Neither exactly fit King and Gamble’s description. Another moun-

tain Timonius was collected on Gunong Tahan by Robinson and .

R. A. Sac., No. 61, 1922.

a2 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

‘Wray. It is of the same type as the Ophir plants, but differs in
several important characters. The Timonius Rumphii of Penang
Hill, differs again remarkably from that of the south of the Penin-
sula, approaching the Mt. Ophir plant in its stiffer leaves which are
nearly glabrous and not silvery yellow on the back as is the case in

«the ‘Singapore plant, and Hooker in the Flora of British India

points this out and suggests that they form a different species.

Timonius oreophilus, 0. sp.

A shrub,. bark dark coloured. Leaves broadly lanceolate
acuminate at both ends coriaceous, nerves seven pairs, above gla-
brous, beneath lighter coloured with midrib and nerves covered with
appressed hairs, 3 to 6 inches long, 1$ to 2 inches wide, petiole
thickened at the base $ inch long back hairy. Stipules lanceolate
triangular acuminate hairy, when fallen leaving a circle of hairs.
Cymes shorter than the leaf. Male flowers on short cymes, peduncle
4 inch long rather thick covered with appressed hairs, branches 2
shorter similar. Bracts lanceolate acuminate. Flower 4 inch long
shortly pedicelled. Calyx cupular with 4 short subacute teeth
covered with appressed hairs. Corolla + inch long hairy, lobes short
blunt. Anthers linear, base prolonged deeply bifid glabrous. Style
cylindric hairy. Females in pairs on long 2 inch slender peduncles.
Bracts broader, ovate acuminate hairy. Drupe cylindric oblong
+ inch long hairy crowned with the persistent calyx lobes.

Pahang: Kluang Terbang (Barnes 10886) ; Mt. Ophir (Hul-
lett 837) ; ‘Selangor: Bukit Hitam (Ridley 7397, 7399); Kedah
Peak (a form with very narrow leaves).

Saprosma saxicola, n. sp.

A small -bush,- glabrous. with pale bark. Leaves lanceolate
shortly acuminate blunt, base cuneate, coriaceous 2 inches long half
um inch wide, glabrous nerves 5 to 6 pairs elevated beneath, petiole
4 inch long winged nearly to the base. Stipules scabrid tubular
with several lone subulate teeth. Flowers not seen. Fruit + inch
long when dry, blue when alive crowned with four short triangular

“calyx teeth, and a taller conical disc, very shortly pedicelled.

Perak: Bukit Kamuning (11884 Ridley) on limestone rocks

Totally different from any other species recorded from the
Peninsula and most resembling S. nativitatis of Christmas island.

_ Saprosma pubescens, n. sp.
i Shrub much branched, bark pale, young parts shortly scabrid

pubescent. J.eaves elliptic to lanceolate acute or acuminate, base
-shortly narrowed above glabrous, beneath pubescent or scabrid
puberulous on the midrib, 4-5 inches long 14-2 inches wide, petiole
.% inch. or much less long, nerves 5 pairs. Stipules of numerous
pale subulate processes, $ inch long. Cymes very short in flower

-of about 5 flowers. Bracts of sev acal subulate teeth. Peduncles

and pedicels .very short, lengthening in fruit to a quarter of an inch

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLAN‘Ts. 23

respectively. Pedicel and calyx tube scurfy pubescent, lobes short
ovate 5. Corolla $ inch long white tube gradually dilated upwards,
pubescent lobes spreading half as long +, oblong obtuse. Stamens
included. Style exsert hairy. Stigmas large cuneate truncate.
‘Fruit globose + inch through scurfily rough, crowned with the short
calyx lobes 2 celled 2 seeded. Seed orbicular rounded on the outside
and flattened on the inner. ;

Pahang: Tahan river (Ridley 2210).

var. hirsuta. Leaves lanceolate acuminate with a long point
narrowed to the base above glabrous beneath hairy all over, flower
pedicels longer. Flowers yellow.

Malacca: Relau woods base of Ophir (Ridley 3217).

Chasalia bracteata, n. sp.

A woody shrublet, 15-17 inches tall, stem $ inch through with
pale bark, httle or not branched. Leaves narrowly lanceolate acu-
minate at both ends coriaceous glabrous, nerves usually invisible,
5 pairs, keel elevated, 4 inches long 1 inch wide or less, petiole +

inch. Styles connate shortly tubular with 2 short ovate lobes. In-~

florescence shortly cymose capitulate terminal half an inch long, on
a peduncle an inch long, bracteate. Bracts 2 at base of inflorescence
ovate lanceolate { inch long. Bracteoles lanceolate cuspidate.

Flowers about 12 on the head sessile. Calyx short entire cup- ~

shaped. Corolla white nearly half an inch long tube nearly straight
cylindric below dilate on the upper third, lobes ovate reflexed.
‘Stamens 5 adnate at the base of the dilated portion, filaments very
short. Anthers linear oblong rather broad blunt, connective broad,
included. Style a little longer, stigma broad reniform emarginate.
Fruit not seen. |

Selangor: Semangkok Pass at 4000 feet elevation (Ridley

Lasianthus venulosus, n. sp.

A stout shrub, branches appressed hairy when young. Leaves
coriaceous elliptic acuminate narrowed shortly at the base, 5-6
inches long 24-24 inches wide, above glabrous, beneath hairy on the
nerves, nerves 7 pairs elevated on both sides when dry, secondary
nerves parallel conspicuous beneath, petiole appressed hairy 4 inch
long. Stipules broad hairy. Glomeruli sessile shorter than the
petiole. Bracts lanceolate acute $ inch long hairy. Calyx lobes
lanceolate acute hairy 4. Corolla 4 inch long white, tube glabrous,
lobes oblong blunt rather large, mouth of tube hairy. Stamens
-exsert,-anthers elliptic 4. Fruit subglobose hairy, crowned with

the sepals forming a kind of beak, very hairy, whole fruit + inch *

long.
Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (6146), Bukit Panjang (12542).
Allied to L. singapurensis, King.

-R. A. Soe., No. Gl, 1912.

/24. ‘NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

-Psychotria Cantleyi, n. sp.

Scandent with slender branches. Leaves ovate acuminate to
‘lanceolate’ base rounded or more or less narrowed in the more
‘lanceolate. forms, glabrous or the midrib on the underside covered
‘with red hairs, 2-3 inches long $-? inch wide nerves 6 pairs petiole
‘t inch long. Stipules connate cylindric short with 2 short ovate
points. Inflorescence of one or two compact cymes on peduncles
+ inch long. Bracts linear obtuse 4 inch long. Bracteoles ovate
acute. Calyx short obconic lobes 5 ovate acute. Corolla % inch
long, lobes 5 rounded at the tip half as long as the tube, glabrous,
outside. Stamens included, anthers oblong, filaments very short
with tufts of hair on the corolla tube between style exsert rather
stout with rather broad recurved stigma. Fruit when young
pyriform, adult sub-globose white pulpy, 2 inch long, pyrenes
obovate 3 ribbed outside smooth on the inner face.

Singapore: Chua Chu Kang; Johore: Mount Austin, Kwala
Sembrong (Kelsall) ; Negri Sembilan: Buruang (Cantley), Bukit
Sulu (Cantley); Selangor: Semangkok Pass (Ridley 8,573) ;
Malacca: Chenana puteh (Cantley); Pahang: Kota Glanggi and
‘Sungei Tahan (Ridley 5,830) ; Perak: Tapah (Ridley 14,072).

Native name “ Akar Suburuteh putih.” Allied to P. laxiflora,
Bl. but with very much shorter inflorescence,

COMPOSITAE.
Gynura zeylanica, var. malasica.

Herb 2-3 feet tall, stem solid stout ribbed when dry glabres-
cent. Leaves linear oblong acute strongly lobed = toothed, base
dilate half, amplexicaul or sessile 4-5 inches long 4-#? inch wide,
upper leaves often linear acute single toothed and not winged at
the base, with scattered hairs on the edges and midrib. Capitula
numerous usually crowded, in a single head or in strong plants on
branches four inches long, peduncles very short to 1 inch long.
Capitula 2 inch long. Basal bracts linear short. Involucral bracts
purplish, hnear acuminate in one row, fleshy. Calyx pappus nearly
as long as the corolla white. Corolla little longer than the involucre
pale yellow, lobes short blunt, hardly dilated below, tube nearly
‘white, lobes sometimes tipped reddish. Stamens as long as the
lobes pale pink, apiculate. Style arms rather short yellowish.
Fruit pappus pure white very fine. Achene cylindric light brown
ribbed longitudinally with a circle of brown processes at the apex,
with five short hairs on the bands between the ribs.

Waste ground. Common.

Singapore : Ree ‘Tanjong Katong; Johore: Tana Merah
Road (Ridley 2741); Pulau Dayong (Kelsall); Muar: Bukit
Kayara, Sungei Pauh (Fox); Pahang: Sungei Meiang; Penang:
Tanjong Bunga (Curtis 3400) : Tringanu: Bundi (Rostado).

One of the plants recommended as a cure for opium craving.
A piece said to be from Shanghai was sent me as thus used.

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 25

The plant is undoubtedly closely allied to the Ceylon plant
which is recorded as a montane plant, only differing in its being
much more glabrous. This plant was in the flora of the British
India referred to G. Pseudo-china, Dec. a plant with leaves all sub-
radical. The Malayan Peninsula plant has the stem leafy, and its
general appearance is that of a Sonchus. In the Materials it ap-
pears to be described in combination with the next species under the
name Gynura bicolor a Moluccan plant with much larger spreading
heads and apparently absent from the Peninsula. ‘lhe roots are
not tuberous as is said to be the case in G. pseudo-china, but fibrous,
nor can I fit it to any of the species described from India, Malay
islands or China. It only occurs in waste ground in open spaces,
cleared by cultivation, and is presumably not a true native of the
Peninsula but an introduced weed.

Gynura rosea, D. sp.

A herb two to three feet tall. Stem solid ribbed when dry.
Leaves petiolate not auricled 12 inches long or much less, deeply
lobed to the midrib or nearly so, lobes dentate decurrent on the
midrib very variable in size and dentation, quite glabrous-green or
often more or less purple. Capitula numerous on branches often
3 inches long, or in a single cluster, whole capitulum { to $ inch
long, occasionally when in fruit, cylindric. Involucre cylindric
hardly swollen at the base green. Lower bracts linear acute. In-
volucral bracts narrow linear olive green cuspidate minutely hairy,
keeled with a scarious edge. Calyx pappus hairs very fine silky
bright pink. Corolla pale rose nearly white, lobes tinted pink.
Achene brown ribbed glabrous narrowed to the tip, pappus white.

Singapore: Gardens, Pulau Ubin, Chan Chu Kang; Pahang:
Telom; Selangor: Kwala Lumpur (Curtis 2349); Perak: Ipoh
(Curtis 2995); Penang: Government Hill (Curtis 2995); Din-
dings: Lumut (Ridley) ; Java: Sindang Laya (Hullett).

A common weed in waste ground, I can find no name for this
plant. King confuses it with the last species under the name. of
Gynura bicolor, DeC. from which species it is entirely different.
It is easily recognized by its deeply cut leaves and rose pink flowers.

ERICACEAE.

Rhododendron spathulatum, n. sp.

A shrublet with slender branches dark brown and densely
minutely pustular. Leaves coriaceous whorled 4 to 8 in a whorl
obovate to spathulate apex rounded entire, base cuneate, nerves in-
visible, back densely glandular pitted half an inch long, + inch wide,
petiole rugose, $ inch long. Flowers terminal subtended by. two or
three ovate ciliate coriaceous truncate bracts. Pedicels 4 inch long,
Calyx entire flat annular. Corolla ? inch long tubular with short
rounded lobes $ inch long, glandular dark red. Stamens included
glabrous. Fruit conic grooved glandular, 4 inch long.

R. A, Soc., No. 61, 1912.

26 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

Perak: on Gunong Kerbau at 7000 feet altitude, collected by
Mohammed Aniff, May SKU):
This species is allied to Rh. elegans, Ridl. of Gunong Tahan

-and even more closely perhaps resembles Rh. cuneifolium, Stapf.

of Kxina Balu, differing in its broader and not retuse leaves and

_longer and narrower tube of the corolla.

Agapetes parviflora, n. sp.

Epiphyte, stems woody slender, bark dark colored, young parts
pubescent. Leaves deltoid acnminate with a long point base broad
truncate coriaceous glabrous, shining nerves slender not very con-
spicuous but visible on beth surfaces , 6 pairs, reticulations visible
on both surfaces, 3 inches long 14 inch wide, petiole thick 4 inch

long. Flowers in axillary racemes of 3 flowers, peduncle 4 inch,

pedicel $ inch long, pubescent. Bracts numerous linear subulate at
the base of the peduncle. Bracteoles at pedicels small ovate all
pubescent. Calyx campanulate hairy, lobes 5 shorter ovate hairy.
Corolla 5 inch long shortly tubular cylindric as long as broad,
lobes very short ovate obtuse recurved fleshy, pink. Stamens 10
very short, filaments from the base of the tube linear oblong papil-
lose w hite, anthers orange as long as the filaments, dorsifixed ob-
long opening by terminal pores with 2 short upcury ed spurs behind.
Style stout cylindric. Disc pulvinate lobed. Berry globose red
hairy 4 4 inch through. Seeds numerous ellipsoid flat reticulate.
Selangor: on trees at the Sempang Mines, April 1911.

MYRSINEAE.

-Ardisia monticola, n. sp.

Branching shrub. Leaves narrow lanceolate gradually acu-
minate to both ends blunt coriaceous 2$ inches long $ inch wide,

main nerves and secondary nerves similar fine, reticulations fine

conspicuous, leaves dark brown glossy and glabrous, no visible
glandular dots. Peduncle slender Tateral, 1 inch long bearing 2 Or
3 pedicellate flowers, pedicel half an inch long. Calyx lobes 5 ovate
margins ciliate short. Corolla half an inch across lobes 5, lanceolate
acute very shortly connate pink not gland-dotted. Stamens shorter

‘than the corolla lobes, about # of their length, filaments broad at

the base narrowly acuminate. Anthers lanceolate not broad, base
emarginate apex acute minutely apiculate. Drupe globose g inch
through not gland dotted.

"Selangor: Hulu Semangkok (Ridley 12065).

Ardisia Barnesu, n. sp.

Shrub, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous elliptic narrowed at the

base tip acuminate, subacute nerves main and secondary similar
reticulations €onspicuous, 3 inches long 1 inch wide, glandular dots
visible’ beneath numerous. Petiole $ inch long. Inflorescence
terminal and ere in the upper axils, peduncle $-1 inch long,

fairly stout bearing 2 flowers on pedicels half an inch long. Calyx

. Jour. Straits Branch

“NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 27

lobes shortly free, orbicular with ciliate margins half as long as
the petals. Corolla lobes 5 short oblong ov ate, forming a short
broad cone in bud, corolla half an inch across w hen expanded, tube
very short. Stamens ? length of corolla, filaments linear. An-
thers lanceolate rather broad, not gland-dotted, base broad emargin-
ate.
Pahang: Kluang Terbang (Barnes 10890).

Allied to the last species in its coriaceous finely reticulate
leaves, and few flowers from the upper axils but this has broader
leaves, and larger sepals, broader and shorter corolla tube. A.
biniflora, Ridl. belongs to the same group.

Ardisia pallidiflora, n. sp.

Shrub, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous lanceolate ovate to ovate
elliptic shortly acuminate narrowed at the base, 3-4 inches long 1-14
inch wide, nerves slender 9-10 pairs, primaries edly distinct from
the secondaries, reticulations equally conspicuous, petiole + inch
long. Panicles on the ends of the lateral branches with few leaves,
branchlets 3-4 short, flowers umbellate at the tips. Bracts to
branches linear lanceolate + inch long, lower ones leaf-like. Umbels
of 6 or more flowers on short pedicels thickened upwards 4'5 inch
long scurfy. Bracteoles oblong lanceolate blunt half as long as the
pedicels pustular on the edge. Calyx lobes 74 inch long lanceolate
rather narrow, 5 covered with red and black glandular dots.
Corolla lobes but little longer oblong truncate 5 pale pink, glan-
dular. Stamens, anthers lanceolate nearly as long as the petals,
bases rounded keeled on the inner face. Style little longer.

Johore: Tempayan River (Ridley 13268).

In dense wet forest.

Ardisia (§ Bladhia) linearifolia, n. sp.

A shrublet 6 to 8 inches tall, with a dusky stem, about 4 inch
through covered above with short stiff hairs. Leaves lanceolate
linear herbaceous light green, pale beneath, acuminate, margins
armed with numerous short thorns undulate, glabrous above pubes-
cent on the keel beneath, nerves about 16 pairs short nearly hori-
zontal and meeting in large conspicuous loops; blade 5 inches long,
half an inch wide; petiole 4 inch long dusky, pubescent. -Pseudo-
stipules linear acuminate bodies half an inch long from the stem
between and above the leaves. Racemes from the axils of the upper
leaves spreading decurved, little more than half an inch long
peduncle glabrous half an inch long bearing 3-4 flowers on short 4
inch long pedicels. Bracts linear acuminate. Flowers very small
hardly $ inch across. Sepals 5 triangular acute. Petals imbricate
not contort white reddish keeled and tipped 4 inch long. Stamens
5 whitish, filaments very short, anthers lanceolate obtuse. Style
slender little longer white filiform.

Province Wellesley on Gunong Bongsu, 12 miles south east
of Bukit Mertajam and 7 miles*north west of Selama near Sungei

R.A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

238 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

Serdang (Mhd. Aniff). Flowered in the Singapore Botanic Gar-
dens, May 1911. |

A very curious little species with remarkably narrow and
elegant leaves, and very inconspicuous little flowers, which are dull
reddish tinted white, and quite eglandular.

STYRACEAE.

Styrcx (Cordyloblaste) obovata, nu. sp.

A stunted shrub, much branched with dark grey bark. Leaves
alternate obovate rounded coriaceous base cuneate, nerves five pairs
thin bifurcating, anastomosing far within the margin ys on both
surfaces, 2 inches long 1 inch wide, petiole thick 4 inch long.
Flowers in short axillary racemes half an inch long all pubescent
silky, peduncle short. Bract ovate obtuse as long as the very short

‘pedicel. Calyx 4 inch long goblet shaped with 5 very short rounded

lobes, silky pubescent. Corolla 2 inch long, entirely pubescent
outside and in, lobes oblong rounded half as long as the tube.
Staminal tube adnate to the ‘corolla as far as the base of the lobes,
and projecting beyond in fine broad truncate lobes, hairy within.
Anthers small subglobose, about 60. Style stout very hairy about
as long as the tube, stigma large capitate. Ovary and disc hairy.

Perak: Gunong Kerbau (Aniff 5820) at 7000 feet altitude.

The ‘smaller size of the flowers distinguishes this from S.
Maingayt and 8. Scortechinvi, and the form of the leaves also from
these and from S. confusa.

SAPOTACEAE.
Sideroxylon glabrum, n. sp.

Tree, leaves broadly lanceolate base acuminate, apex blunt,
coriaceous drying greenish, nerves slender 6 pairs, midrib stout 5
inches long 2 inches w ide, petiole half an inch long. Flowers in
tufts of 3 or 4 on the stem below the leav es, pedicels $+ inch long.
Sepals orbicular 5 imbricate margins ciliate 4 inch long. Corolla
at the base. Staminodes linear from a wider base adnate to the
corolla. Ovary densely hairy. Style conic obtuse thick.

Selangor: Sempang Mines (Ridley).

Payena grandiflora, n. sp.

A tree, young leaves ferruginous hairy, adults slabrous except
for a few red pairs on the midrib, coriaceous thick oblanceolate
acuminate at the base, apex blunt or shortly acuminate, above dull
.slightly shining green, beneath pale glaucescent, nerves about 20
pairs inconspicuous, midrib stout, seven inches long, three inches
wide, petiole stout at base tapering upwards, 1} inch long. Stipules
acuminate hairy caducous. Flowers in alubten below the leaves,
pendulous numerous. Bracts small ovate chesnut hairy. Pedicels
stout an inch long covered with yellowish red pubescence. Sepals

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS, 29

ovate subobtuse nearly half an inch long 5, the two inner ones
whiter and more petaloid on the edge than the outer ones. Corolla
over half an inch long, lobes narrow acuminate 10, very little longer
than the rounded tube, hardly in two whorls slightly imbricate,
silky hairy within. Anthers 20 hairy pale brownish oblong, base
bilobed, apex prolonged into a long acuminate point, half as long
as the petals. Style half an inch long, apex curved pale green,
ovary brown discoid. Fruit cylindric rufous, an inch long. Seed
albuminous.

Singapore: Sungei Morai (6497) ; Malacca : Panchur (Good-
enough 1268).

Described mainly from a tree in the Botanic Gardens Sing-
apore believed to have come from Sumatra, specimens of pines fave:
been distributed under the number 1137 ae ae

‘This fine species has-been confused with Payend een
Hook. fil. by King and Gamble in the Materials, from which it
differs in its stiffer harder leaves, which become whitish beneath
when old, and its very much larger flowers and long stout pedicels.»

APOCYNACEAE.

Ervatamia coriacea, n. sp.

Tree about 20 feet tall. Leaves oblong obtuse slightly nar-
rowed at the base thickly coriaceous dark green above paler beneath,
nerves 15 pairs beneath dotted over with raised glands, 5 to 7 inches
long, 14-3 inches wide, petiole half an inch long,. axillary glands
forming a cup stipuliform. Compound cymes 3 inches long,
peduncles 2 inches long, pedicels one inch rather thick. Calvx.
short campanulate lobes subacute 4 inch long. Corolla tube half an.
inch long, lobes oblong lanceolate obtuse white 4 inch long. Sta-.
mens anthers linear oblong mucronate filaments rising from about,
the middle of the tube, decurrent to the base of the tube. Ovary
earpels cohering cone-shaped narrowed upwards to the stigma.
Stigma globose with 2 arms.

Selangor: Sempang Mines.

Allied to #. corymbosa, King and Gamble but very coriaceous
completely glabrous. The plant much resembles 1. dichotoma of
Ceylon but the flowers are smaller.

ASCLEPIADEAE.

Gymnema hirta, n. sp.

Stem 4 inch through brown hairy, leaves ovate Hike rounded.
apex acuminate abruptly, dark green above shortly hairy with
dense red hairs on the nerves, beneath densely roughly hairy on the
midrib and nerves, nerves conspicuous beneath 4 pairs inarching,
with few conspicuous secondary nerves, 3$ to nearly 4 inches long
2 inches wide, petiole 1 inch long densely brown hairy. Flowers in-:*
dense axillary tufts, pedicels hairy § inch long. Calyx lobes linear’

R. A. Soc,, No. 61, 1912,

30 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

hairy y inch. Corolla tube thick hairy, 4 inch long, lobes oblong
short obtuse hairy shorter than the tube. Coronal processes linear
hairy not prolonged above the sinus, with a scale like mass of black
hairs near the base. Staminal column rather stout dark coloured.
Stigma large conical white.

Selangor: Semangkok Pass, April 1911 (15564).

Gymnema dissitiflora, n. sp.

Long slender pubescent branched twiner. Leaves membranous
when dry ovate or elliptic ovate cuspidate acuminate base cuneate
2 inches long # inch wide, glabrous except the midrib beneath
covered with appressed hairs, petiole hairy 4-4 inch long. Inflores-
cence axillary of a slender hairy rachis with distant cymes of
numerous flowers 3-4 inches long. -Pedicels 4 inch hairy. Calyx
lobes ovate hairy outside. Corolla tube very short, lobes ovate ob-
tuse short broad valvate. Corolline scales small rounded semiovate.
Staminal column short very small, filaments linear rather broad,
anthers rather wide with a short broad appendage, ovary of 2 carpels.

Perak: Tapah (Ridley 14058),

Tylophora squarrosa, n. sp.

Stem slender long climbing, inter nodes 3 inches Jong glabrous.
Leaves ovate cuspidate base broad rounded glabrous 2-3 inches long
one inch wide, nerves 4 pairs membranous drying pale. Peduncles
axillary an inch long bearing one or two elongating racemes at
length half an inch Tong, covered with lanceolate acuminate per-
sistent crowded bracts 35 inch long, pedicels 4 inch long. Flowers
very small. Calyx lobes narrow lanceolate glabrous. Corolla tube
very short, lobes ovate obtuse. Coronal scales oblong obtuse as
long as the filaments. Anthers small with short rounded append-
ages.

Singapore: Woodlands in mangrove swamps; Johore: Tana
Merah Road (Ridley 2737).

The inflorescence is unlike that of any other species known to
me.

Hoya crassifolia, n. sp.

Stem rather stout with rugose often pale bark rooting pro-
fusely. Leaves very coriaceous ovate acuminate slightly cordate
at the base, margins undulate and minutely irregularly dentate,
nerves very inconspicuous 3-4 pairs at an acute angle, midrib in-
conspicuous 6 inches long 24 inches wide, petiole very short and
thick. Peduncle 14 inch long rachis half an inch long with elliptic
sears, pedicels slender 4+ inch long, hairy with long rufous hairs.
Sepals small linear lanceolate acuminate. Corolla half an inch
across pink, lobes triangular cuspidate with a long point, villous
with long white hairs on the edge. Corolla scales, lower lobes long
thick blunt not smooth and spinine. upper ones short erect about
half as long triangular acuminate. Staminal column short thiex

Jour. Straits Branch

a NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. a)

appendages long linear acuminate thin membranous and translucent
white.

Perak: Tapah on trees on the Temoh Road (Ridley 14059).

A most remarkable plant with its hard stiff leaves roughened
with short tooth-like processes at the edge, hairy pedicels and long
thin stamen appendages.

Hoya occlusa, n. sp.

Stem rather stout four angled, bark pale. Leaves ovate acu-
minate in pairs, base obtuse glabrous above shining greenish when
dry, below brownish, coriaceous, nerves 5 pairs rising at an acute
angle, slender, elevated beneath, 4+ inches long 2 inches wide, petiole |
1 inch long. Pedunele axillary stout angled 2 inches long, rachis
of raceme thickened. Flowers numerous crowded on slender pedi-
cels 4 inch long, hairy. Sepals linear lanceolate acuminate nearly
$ds as long as the petals. Petals ovate obtuse 4 inch long glabrous,
campanulate. Column as long as the sepals. Coronal lobe of 5 —
processes, lower lobes shorter than upper fleshy, apex broad lan-.,
ceolate, upper ones lanceolate oblong with broad scarious edges.
Staminal column short. Pollinia long pyriform, attached by a
slender caudicle to a very narrow dark brown pollen carrier.

Selangor: Top of the Batu Caves, Dec. 1890 (Ridley).

This species is remarkable in that it appears not to fully open its
flowers, the petals not being spr eading nor reflexed, the corona lobes
are not polished as is usual in the genus and the lower lobes are
short.

Dischidia singaporensis, n. ‘sp.

Slender climbing with orbicular ovate more rarely lanceolate
leaves, bases rounded, apex usually acute glabrous fleshy 3 inch
long 4 inch es lanceolate ones nearly 2 inches long by 1 inch
wide, enale 4 + inch long, nerves invisible, midrib slender pro-
minent. Flowers on a short peduncle with thickened rachis,
pedicels slender short hairy. Calyx lobes ovate pulobeiee hairy.
Corolla dilated at base gradually narrowed upwards 4 inch long
pubescent lobes hairy at the tip, lobes linear obtuse. Coronal scales
retuse at top with 2 recurved linear arms. Staminal cofumn tall,
basal lobes double cylindric pale as long as upper lobes, obtuse.
Pollen masses elliptic pyritorm sealed on short brown pollen carriers.

Singapore: Changi Police Station, Bukit Mandai on a high

H

tree.

This is distinct in its rather atee corolla dilated at the base
and narrowed at the apex. with pubescent lobes. D. Deschampsii,
King and Gamble of which only leaves and peduncles are described
cannot I think be intended for this as the nerves are invisible in
this species though described in D. Descham psi.

Dischidia rosea, n. sp.
Stem slender elongate. Leaves in distinct pairs, 14 inch apart.
ovate quite obtuse subcordate fleshy, when dry with one pair of ©

R.A. Soc., No 61, 1912.

32 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

basal nerves, ascending along the edge and 2 pairs branched nerves,
# inch long by 4 inch wide, petiole 4 inch long. Racemes axillary,
peduncle stout, ? inch long, rachis short. Bracts minute. Pedicels
zo inch long. Flowers rose-pink 4 inch long. Sepals lanceolate
obtuse. Corolla urceolate, swollen at base gradually narrowed into
a tube with 5 acute ovate short lobes, villous in the mouth. Coronal
scales thin large, claw linear, limb reniform three lobed, central
lobe small subovate, side lobes incurved ovate. Stamina] column
large darker colored, filaments part cylindric, conic. Anther wings
thick hardly hairy, anther cells parallei, appendages thin short
ovate, apices incurved. Pollinia ellipsoid on red cornucopia-shaped
carriers. Capsule narrow linear acuminate 24 inch long. Seed
narrowly cblong base rounded apex truncate, papillose.

Selangor: on a tree Sempang Mines.

It resembles D. coccinea in its extremely short or practically
no caudicles to the pollinia, otherwise it is nearer to D. Scortechinii,

Dischidia (§ Conchophyllum) longe-pedunculata, n. sp.

Leaves oblong convex, approximate, 14 inch long half an inch
wide hairy hght brown, purple beneath. Pedunclés stout 75 inch
through 34 to 4 inches long hairy. Raceme very short 35 inch
with a number of crowded flowers. Bracts hairy. Pedicels very
short and thick. Sepals ovate pink hairy obtuse. Corolla cam-
panulate not narrowed above, cream-yellow, glabrous lobes short
ovate triangular pink half as long as the broad globose tube, tube
glabrous within, with 15 strong ribs. Corona scales none. Column
reaching to the mouth of the tube. Filament column cone shaped,
rather long. Anther wings oblong pale not horny large, cells erect
parallel. Pollinia pyriform with broad flat semi-elliptic thin
pedicels, carrier very ‘small linear elliptic. Anther appendages
large ovate acute thin. Carpels rather large cone-shaped. Style
apex conical. Follicle solitary, 24 inches long, + inch wide when
expanded, coriaceous. Seeds thin flat lancolate pale pustular.

Selangor: Sempang Mines. On a fallen tree.

This is certainly alhed to D. astephana; Scortechini, but the
great size of the peducles, the rounded corolla, not angled glabrous
within with no trace of a corolline corona, and the peculiar pollinia —
make it very distinct. The corolla in life-is quite widely open at
the top, so that the staminal column is visible. The caudicles of
the pollinia are very different from those of most Dischidia heing
quite broad and flat.

LENTIBULARIACEAE.

Utricularia fluitans, n. sp.

Stems slender six feet or more long, base nude, slender light
green with internodes an inch long, above with slender branches .
4 or 5 inches long bearing bladders solitary axillary, terminal
branches finely cut with terete branchlets, dichotomous flexuous 4

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 33

inch long or more with few bladders. Bladders ovate obtuse.
Raceme 3 inches long flowers 0 white on slender pedicels $ inch
long. ae lanceolate acute 75 inch long. Calyx lobes ovate
obtuse ;4 inch long. Corolla an inch across. Upper lobes reni-
form or ovate apex rounded $ inch long and as wide, lower Jobe
broader transversely elliptic half an inch wide and 2 inch long, all
white with a yellow central spot. Spur shorter conic obtuse stout
+ inch Jong. Fruit not seen.

Johore: Kota Tinggi river.

A very remarkable floating species attached to the base of the
mud, flowers very seldom.

GESNERACEAE.
Aeschynanthus stenophylla, Ridl.

This species was described from a fruiting specimen collected
by Kunstler in Perak, the flowers being unknown. I obtained a
large clump of it a year ago from the house of a planter in Sedenah,
Johore, and it flowered in November 1909, I am therefore able to
give a fuller account of it. The stems are tufted slender red brown.
The lower leaves elliptic fleshy blunt an inch long and 4 inch wide,
dull light green, they become narrower towards the apex ‘of the stem
till the uppermost ones are linear, 2 inches long and ¢ inch wide.
‘The flowers are terminal or occasionally lateral, solitary, borne on
a a 4 inch long. The calyx lobes linear acuminate very
narrow 7’, inch long. The corolla } inch long, a rather slender
straight tube, with short. rounded lobes which hardly open, all
cream yellow with a purple edge to the tubes. The stamens are
hardly longer than the corolla lobes and do not appear to be pro-
truded. The style is short 4 inch long purple, the ovary longer
slender terete green. The plant appears to be self-fertilised, the
tube with the stamens slipping off from the ovary and drawing the
anthers over the stigma.

Didymorcarpus soldanella, n. sp.

Stem short, leaves in a rosette about twelve, oblanceolate to ob-
long, blunt, slightly narrowed towards the rounded base slightly
petioled, margins doubly crenate glabrous on both surfaces, bullate
above nerves 10-11 pairs, dark green above paler beneath with
prominent reticulations, 3 inches long by one inch across. Scapes
several erect slender 2 inches tall red pubescent. Flowers 3 in a
terminal cyme nodding. Bracts reas small linear. Calyx lobes
linear, narrow pubescent dull red 5 inch long. Corolla cam-
panulate oblique violet minutely sparingly pubescent, 2 inch long
+ inch across lobes, upper ovate triangular lower lip longer, lobes
short ovate triangular. Stamens 2 filaments short sinuate violet,
anthers connate, reniform, vellow-white. Ovary and style ¢ vlindric
pubescent. Stigma capitate. Capsule narrow cylindric.

R. A, Soc., No. 61, 1912.

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS

(dv)
p

Perak: on Gunong Kerbau (Aniff). Flowered in the Botanic
Gardens Singapore, July 1 LOT:

Allied to D. pumila.

A very distinct little plant with very pretty bell like flowers
of a violet colour. The leaves are subpe ‘Itate at the base.

Boeica nutans, n. sp.

Stem less or nearly so. Leaves forming a rosette ovate apex
rounded, and base also, margins crenulate, four inches or less Jong
3 inches wide densely hairy above, with white curved hairs, paler
beneath with suberect hairs, petiole 4 inch hairy. Flowers numer-
ous solitary on erect pedicels, nodding. DPedicels 1-15 inch long
hairy. Calyx lobes lanceolate acute densely hairy. Corolla
quite regular + inch across violet blue, tube very short,
lobes oblong ovate rounded at the tip all equal. Stamens 4,
anthers elliptic sessile, erect, with a thick connective orange yellow
polished outside, cells Iimear much narrower, on the inner face,
introne pollen yellowish white, dehiscence the whole length, Ovary
conic passing gradually into the short thick style, greenish white
pubescent. Stigma orbicular,

var. @, leaves green with white hairs. b, leaves deep olive
with violet hatrs.

Perak: on Gunong Kerbau (Mohammed Aniff).

This pretty plant is certainly allied to Boeica brachyandra,
Ridl. though it differs in the broad rounded leaves, one flowered
pedicels, perfectly regular flowers and very different stamens.
The pollen I found attacked by smal! nematode worms.

Chirita uniflora, n. sp.

Stems slender 15 inches long hairy. Leaves lanceolate or ob-
lanceolate shortly acuminate acute base cuneate, nerves 5 pairs hairy
with multicellular hairs 2 inches long and less than one inch wide,
petiole half an inch long slender. Flowers solitary terminal on a
slender hairy pedicel with 2 linear bracts z's inch long about half
way down. Calyx lobes very narrowly linear acuminate hairy $
inch long white. Corolla tube very short hardly twice as long as
the calyx, limb half an inch across, upper lobes short. linear oblong
obtuse, midlobe broad rounded, all white with 3 violet streaks on a
yellow patch on the lower Jip. Stamens 2 very short, anthers ovoid.
Style hairy longer, stigma clongate flat.

Selangor: Sempang Mines, one plant only in flower.

Perhaps nearest to Ch. viola, Ridl., very different from any-
thing I have seen elsewhere, and not much like any others of the
genus.

ACANTHACEAR.
Justicia pectinella, n. sy.

Here about 2 fect tall, stems rather stout internodes 2 inches
long, nodes swollen, Leaves rather fleshy ovate or oblanceolate
narrowed gradually to the base, acuminate, usually inaequilateral

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 35

margins undulate glabrous except the scurfy midrib on the back
densely dotted with raphides bundles on both sides, nerves 6 to 9
meeting with loops within the margin, 4 to 6 inches long 14-3 inches
wide, petiole winged to the base. Racemes terminal “and axillary
2 inches long, with a short peduncle. Bracts lanceolate acuminate

> Inch long. Flowers vellow secund crowded. Floral bracts ovate

subacute shorter than the calyx green. Calyx £ inch long, lobes
subulate linear purple deeply cut to near the base. ( orolla yellow
4 inch long, tube straight stout, upper lobe oblong truncate, lower
lobe broader oblong. Anthers elliptic with long w vhite appendages:
Capsule club- shaped half an inch long. Sepals as long as the
slender portion, + inch long. Seed or bicular pubescent.

Johore: Gunong Panti; Pahang: NKwala Tahan (Ridley 2185),
and Kota Glanggi woods: Selangor: Ginting Sempah.

This species has the flowers distinctly secund as has J. secun-
diflora of Temengoh, but the whole texture of the plant is that of
J. uber a fleshy succulent herb and quite glabrous. The leaves vary
a good deal: those of the Johore and Selangor forests being ovate,
the Pahang ones, lanceolate and often oblique.

Filetia hirta, n. sp.

An ascending herb, stem somewhat woody purple hairy above.
Leayes ovate to ovate lanceolate slightly narrowed to the base, apex
shortly acuminate obtuse 25 inches ‘long 1 inch wide, nerves 6 pairs,
with multicellular hairs on both surfaces, but very densely on the
midrib and neryes of the undersurface petiole + inch long, densely
hairy. Raceme 3 inches long, base (1$ inch) nude, hairy. Bracts
linear hairy $ inch Jong. Sepals linear acuminate hairy, free nearly
to the base, half as long as the corolla. Corolla half an inch long,
tube stout curved, limb white upper oblong obtuse, lip somewhat
similar yellow, corolla sparingly pubescent all over, outside, lip
glabrous except for a few hairs. Anthers linear hairy. Pistil
glabrous , style hairy.

Selangor: Sempang Mines.

This resembles considerably F. Scortechinii, Clarke which
grows in the same spot but which is almost or completely glabrous
all over.

F.. Scortechini, Clarke of which only one very bad specimen of
Scortechini is in the Singapore herbarium is described as a much
branching under shrub. However like F. Rid/eyi it is more or less
of a creeping plant throwing up a number of short stems, about 6
inches tall. The flowers like those of all of our species are white
with a TELy palate on the lip. The capsule (which has not been
described is inch long narrow at the base dilated at the upper end
and shortly “peaked. It contains + seeds in the upper end, flat
papillose and somewhat obovate. It occurs on the Gunong Semang-
kok, and at Gunong Berembun above Telom.

What I take to be #. paniculata, Clarke also occurs on Gunong
Semangkok (No, 12091).

Rea SoCs, NO: OI,- 1912.

36 NEW AND RARE’ MALAYAN PLANTS.

Leda flava, n. sp.

Herb about 3 feet tall. Leaves ovate shortly acuminate at the
tip narrowed at the base, glabrous rather fleshy, nerves about 8 pairs
prominent, + inches long 2 inches w ide, silvery, petiole $ inch long.
Panicle terminal of 3 or four strict br anches, scurfy, flowers a
numerous (agian aes | four inches long. Bracts linear acute 5
inch Jong. Calyx #6 inch long of 5 stibulate linear lobes shortly
connate at the base. Corolla yellow % inch long, tube thick as long
as the limb, scabrid upper lobe, trifid lobes obtuse, lower broader
deflexed. Stamens 2, anther cells parallel, with no appendages
connective cn the back minutely hairy.

Perak: Tapah near Temoh, swampy woods (14053).

This has the habit of a Justicia but the anther cells are parallel
and not spurred.

EUPHORBIACEAE.
Huphorbia Synadenium, v. sp.

A shrub about 2 feet tall, stem smooth brownish rather sue-
culent. Leaves alternate oblanceolate spathulate subacute or blunt
narrowed to the petiole fleshy green, nerves inyisible 4 inches long
14 inch wide, petiole $ inch long. Inflorescence solitary or in pairs
1 male and 1 female axillary. Male, peduncle 4 inch long thick
with two short ovate bracts purple pink. Inyolucre as long pink
lobes 5 thick semiorbicular light green, punctate. Glands separate
truncate oblong narrowed at the basc, apex Jaciniate pink ten.
Flowers numerous. Stamens solitary, filement thickened at the
base above. filiform, surrounded by a fimbriate calyx of narrow
white linear lobes about 8, anther cells globose separate. Female
involucre smaller subangled with 2 dark pink lobes much shorter
not expanded greenish yellow, glands flat incurved laciniate pale
green. Pistil solitary surrounded with pale green Jacimate calyx
oyery subglobose shortly stalked. Styles three subulate not plumed
twisted together.

Penang Hill: near the Waterfall: Selangor: Langat.

In rocky woods. I have this curious plant in cultiy ation in the
Botanic Gardens in Singapore.

Baillon described a species of Synadenium as Huphorbia Syna-
denia but this has been referred to its genus Synadenium, so that
the above name will stand.

CUPULIFERAE.
Quercus Rassa, Miq.

On the top of the mountain Gunong Semangkok grow two
oaks, which are certainly not typical Q. Rassa ut at the same time
there are in the Singapore herbarium specimens which seem to be
intermediate forms. The typical QY. Rassa is a tall tree with very
narrow close veined coriaccous leaves, and this is the plant which
grows on Penang hill, where it does not vary to any extent. King
in the Calcutta Annals mentions a variety latifolia which I take
it is represented by his 6983 from Gunong Hijau in Perak.

Jour. Straits Branch

re NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS, 37

On Gunong Semangkok at 4375 feet altitude we have a plant
much resembling this. Its leaves and branches are glabrous and
the leaves stiffly coriaceous ovate or oblong ovate acute 3 inches long
14 inch wide, with only 6 pairs of nerves, which are distant from
each other, the minute tessellate reticulations so conspicuous In
typical Rassa, are much less conspicuous. The petiole is a quarter
of an inch long. ‘The inflorescence terminal is stout, its bark on
the rachis black and minutely pubescent. The spikes 3 inches
long and stiff. The male flower bunches are rather distinct.

The acorns are sessile, with a shallow cup half an inch across,
x inch deep, with about ten rings; these have the upper edge waved
with distinct teeth. The glans is a short broad cone half an inch
long beaked light brown and minutely silky (No. 12061 of my
collection). The plant growing on the top of the Trig. station
which of course has been cleared and is now a ered only “with low
bushes is itself a low bush only a few feet tall. A specimen obtained
by Barnes from Kluang 'Terbang (10910) resembles this somewhat
but the leaves are mostly more intermediate between that and those
of typical Rassa, some however are ovate with fewer nerves, and
somewhat similar is Kunstler’s No. 6983, from Gunong Hijau in
the Taiping hills, which he describes as a tree 40 to 46 feet tall.
This is the plant I take to be King’s var. latifolia.

With this grows on Gunong Semangkok, a shrubby oak with
lanceolate long acuminate leaves, which when young are coppery
red. They are about four inches long and one inch wide. The
petiole a quarter of an inch long. The young leaves are sprinkled
all over with stellate hairs and these are densely crowded on the
midrib and petiole. The adult leaves are nearly glabrous, the
reticulations are the same in appearance on the upper surface as in
the Penang fassa, but are inconspicuous on the smooth lower
surface. ‘lhe branches are covered with a woolly mass of these
stellate hairs as are the slender weak spikes. This I would call
the var. /anwginosa.

Both of these two forms or varieties grow closely intermixed in
scrubby bushes up to the waist or shorter on the top of the hill,
but I saw the var. /anuginosa further down the hill about 20 feet
tall.

Had I not seen these plants intermixed with intermediate
fohage, I should certainly have distinguished them specifically, both
from each other and from O. Rassa, but J would rather class that
species as a very variable oak varying according to altitude and
exposure, of the mountain on which it grows.

ORCHIDEAE.
Microstylis flavo-viridis, n. sp.
Stem weak ascending leaves scattered: whole plant 11 inches

long. Leaves thin herbaceous lanceolate 2 inches long ? inch wide,
narrowed to the petiole half an inch long. Racemes slender few

R. A, Soc., No. 61, 19]2,

38 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

flowered, flowers distant small. Bracts very narrow lanceolate long
acuminate + inch long deflexed green. Flowers 4 inch long greenish
yellow turning to light red, pedicels very slender longer. than the
bracts. Upper sepal linear oblong, laterals deflexed wider oblong
obtuse. Petals narrower oblong. Lip subtriangular oblong, au-
ricles long pointed, limb triangular lanceolate tapering towards the
apex which is retuse. ‘olumn short.

Perak: Gunong Kerbau on Gunong Bal at 4500 ft., May 1909.
Mhd. Aniif.

“Flowers greenish yellow changed to light red, leaves green
near the midrib and light red near the edge.”

Oberonia pendula, n. sp.

Stems several in a tuft 4 to 13 inches long slender pendulous.
Leaves remote distichous linear acute ensiform blade 1 inch long
and 4; inch across sheath as long. Spike + inches long slender,
flowers yellow in close set whorls, ovary very short. Bracts lan-
ceolate acuminate as long as the flowers. Sepals ovate triangular.
Petals narrower linear. Lip 3-lobed side lobes short triangular
acute, midlobe lanceolate entire much longer, apex subacute, anther
skull-shaped with a small tip.

Selangor: on a tree in forests by the track to the Sempang
Mines, April 1911.

Bulbophyllum (§ Diphyes) paullum, n. sp.

Rhizome slender creeping, pseudobulbs distant conic curved 4
inch long 75 through at the bee half an inch apart. Leaf oblong
linear athe 3-11 “inch long 445 inch wide, base narrowed into a
petiole. Scape filiform 14 inch long with a sheathing bract in the
middle. Flowers 4 or 5 in a short congested receme with lanceolate
acute bracts, pedicel § inch long. Sepals linear acuminate not
gibbous narrow inch long. Petals linear oblong quite obtuse,
one third of the length, “all pale whitish. Lip short fleshy
curved, base broad with a narrow claw, apex blunt orange. Column
rather large, foot long free upeurved. Stelidia 2 lanceolate acu-
minate as long as the anther, which is rather large rounded and
grooved on the top.

Selangor: Sempang Mines on a tree. A single specimen.
Allied to B. concinnum, Hook. fil. but with very different
fohage. 7

Dendrobium (§ Pedilonum) chloroleucum, n. sp.

Stems slender 24 inches long $ inch through, the internodes
about 2 inches long. Leaves thin lanceolate acuminate acute 4
inches long $ inch wide. Flowers solitary on a slender peduncle
an inch long. Ovary and pedicel # inch long. Sepals lanceolate,
the upper one half an inch long, the lower ones similar with a
mentum slender curved acuminate blunt, an inch long. Petals
rather narrower than sepals all cream colour passing into green

Jour. Straits Branck

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 39

at the back and ip of the mentum and tip of the sepals. Lip
entire spathulate 14 inch long, the claw linear with a low V-shaped
keel at the base, lamina oblong tip rounded narrowing into the claw
margins undulate, 4 inch wide, canary yellow. Column base and
foot green deeply channelled in front, stelidia erect little longer
than the anther oblong truncate slightly retuse, orange colour.
Anther white apex rounded, front margin truncate.

Perak: Gunong Kerbau, coll. Mhd. ‘Aniff.

Perhaps nearest to D. hymenopterum, Hook. fil. but differing
in colour, shape of sepals, and in the keel on the dise. A dull
looking plant even for this section.

Hria (Brectescentes) ramulosa, n. sp.

Stem creeping, branched several times cylindric or slightly
thickened upwards, branches 6 inches long 4 inch are covered
with a silvery grey epidermis finely striate. Leaves 2. terminal
lanceolate acute narrowed at the base 3 inches long # inch wide thin
textured. Raceme 2 inches long from below the leaves, about
flowered. Bracts + inch long oblong creamy white. Pedicel and
ovary as long, covered with dark red scurty hairs. Upper sepal
lanceolate actite 4 inch, lower ones falcate scrotiform gibbous at base,
adnate to the column foot, all pale flesh colour with pink nerves.
Petals lanceolate linear faleate much narrower than the upper
sepal. Lip as long as the sepals, three lobed. Side lobes falcate
subobtuse pubescent pink darkest at the tips terminal lobe longer
reniform bilobed, with a short tooth im the notch, disc between the
side lobes whitish with a central purple-pink line elevated, and
ending on the midlobe at the base in a transverse purple pink V,
a shorter keel runs on each side, base brown purple, apex dark pink
rest pale, dilated forwards and ending in a short raised wing at the
base of the side wings. Column broad with a short foot white,
Anther quadrate thin, pollinia subequal ovoid flattened bright
yellow, foot of column shorter than upper part adnate to the sepals.

‘This species is allied to #. xanthocheila, Ridl. and LH. carnea,
hid]. The hp however is distinct in the broad reniform retuse
midlobe, and the two short winged lateral keels, with the low median
linear one.

Tt was sent by Mr. Long from the Thaiping hills and flowered
in the Botanic Gardens Singapore, ] March 1910.

Hria saccata, n. sp.

Habit of Hria densa, Ridl. pseudobulbs sausage-shaped cylin-
dric 4 inches long 1 inch through. Leaf coriaceous slightly flaccid
lanceolate acute narrowed to the petiole 8 inches long 1$ inch wide.
Spikes 4 umelgs long rachis stout nigrohirsute. Bracts ovate white
reflexed + inch long, flowers numerous densely crowded yellowish
white. Ovary and pedicel half an inch long, covered with purple
scurfy hairs. Upper sepal ovate obtuse white, $ inch long, laterals

br oadly ovate forming between a long broad white aneritsbth nearly
R. A. Sac., No. 61, 1912.

40 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN -PLANTS.

half an inch long. Petals shorter than the sepals ovate triangular
obtuse pale pink. Lip as long as the sepals, claw long white, with
pink centre rather broad oblong deeply channelled, the ‘edges
meeting near the limb, limb fleshy broad orbicular not trilobed with
an irregular undulate margin, disc fleshy pustular, reddish with
yellow centre. Column rather straight pink, foot very straight
apex orange. Stelidia 2, acute subulate on each side. Anther
broad flat, "2 celled purple black with a broad white margin and a
short tooth at each side. Pollinia 8, pyriform pale yellow.

Perak: Gunong WNerbau (Md. Aniff) cult. in Hort. Bot.
Singapore, 1910.

Very odd from its long mentum like the spur of a saccolabium
and the complete absence of the basa! lobes to the hip near #. densa
and LH. rhynchostyloides,

Ceratostylis linearis, D. sp.

A tufted plant, with a short rhizome emitting close tufts of
stems with two leaves on each, rhizome covered with ovate lanceolate
ribbed brown sheaths. Leaves linear fleshy channelled above 24
inches long yg inch wide. Flowers solitary on a short 4 inch
peduncle with a long lanceolate acute brown, ribbed bract. Pedicel
terete white hairy, as long. Flower + inch long. Upper sepal ob-
long white pubescent, lower ones similar, prolonged at the base into
a cylindric obtuse spur as long as the ovary. Petals lanceolate
acuminate as long as the lip w hite with a purple patch on each end.
Lip as long as the sepals base broad side lobes short wpcurved,
seed lobe large ovate obtuse fleshy, all white. Column short and
broad, stelidia very short. nearly obsolete. Clinandrium deep
edged with purple. Anther skull-shaped large. Capsule elliptic
narrowed at the base } inch long.

Singapore: Passir Panjang on trees. Flowered July 1910.

Allied to C. cryptantha, Ridl. differing in the long acuminate
petals and very different lp.

Coclogyne casta, var. Gunong Semangkok.

This differs from the plant originally obtained in Bukit Hitam
by Ixelsall, in its shorter more conic thicker pseudobulbs and in its
broader leaves some of which attain to a foot with a breadth of
one inch and three quarters or even 2 inches, these leaves have a
lanceolate outline. Other plants had leaves exactly like the type.
The flowers exactly resemble those of the type but the yellow on the
lip is more brilliant and the bright brown veins pass into a bright
raw sienna blotch on the midlobe. The plant is very abundant at
Sempang and Gunong Semangkok and is deliciously fragrant.

Coelogyne concinna, n. sp.

Pseudobulbs ovoid 4 angled apex blunt deep green closely
appressed 1 inch long ? inch wide slightly flattened. “Lea elliptic
lanceolate acuminate narrowed at the hase thinly coriaceous 6 inches

Jour. Straits Branch

% NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 41

long 2 inches wide 5 nerved, petiole 3 inch. Flowers 1 or 2 from
the base of the pseudobulb, peduncle, 1 inch long covered with close
fitting sheaths lanceolate acuminate. Bract lanceolate acute white
eauducous. Pedicel and ovary half an inch long. Sepals lanceo-
late oblong subacute ereenish white 1$ inch long { inch wide.
Petals very narrow. linear as long white. Lip 1 ‘inch long, side
lobes rounded at the tip, midlobe as long oblong rounded at the
tip, keels 3, two running to the tip thick near the base minutely
papillose with a double row of papille, median keel not papillose,
disappearing in the centre of the tip, all white except the papille
and base of middle keel orange. Column half as long as the tip
white, clnandrum margin long rounded shghtly toothed. Anther
cap oad narrowed at horn ancl yellow.

Sumatra: Dolok Baros, Deli (coll. Moisseniac).

This pretty species was sent with other hving orchids from this
estate. It is allied to C. Cumingii but very different in form of the
pseudobulbs, size of flower and the lip.

Saccolabium latifolium var. parviflorum.

Leat lorate 9 inches long 14 inch wide. Panicle 18 inches
long, peduncle 10 inches, branches short and dense. Flowers hard-
ly 3 ‘inch across, nearly all bright yellow, sepals margined with red,
spur yellow. Gallus ‘in spur mouth broad oblong dentate with
several short teeth white. Pollinia globose, pedicel narrow linear,
disc rather broad oblong truncate.

Sempang: Matang “Road, Taiping (Goldham).

Though -this differs much in the size of the flowers from 8.
latifolium, Ridl. in which they are half an inch across and in the
other pots mentioned, the structure is all through so much the
same that I am unwilling to distinguish it specifically.

Podochilus sumatrensis, n. sp.

Stems several erect 5 inches tall occasionally emitting lateral
shoots. Leaves distichous articulate oblong, base slightly narrowed
apex obtuse, minutely bilobed, half an inch long } inch through
thick coriaceous shining grooved above. Racemes subterminal or
axillary slender many Aicvared half an inch long. Bracts ovate
lanceolate acuminate +45 inch long. Ovary twice as long glabrous
subterete. Flowers white $ inch long. Upper sepal oblong obtuse
laterals oblong ovate obtuse connate gibbous at base. Petals spa-
thulate oblong rounded at the tip base narrowed into a claw, nearly
as long, but not so wide as the sepals. Lip subtrilobed, side lobes
broad involute rounded at the tip, midlobe longer rounded a rather
broad double keel at the base. Column short, rostellum 3 toothed,
teeth lanceolate setaceous, the central one longest. Anther cup-
shaped with a long oblong straight beak. Pollinia 4 transparent
aciniform much shorter than the narrow lanceolate brown gland
(disc).

Sumatra: Deli Baros. Cult. in H, B. Singapore, June 1910,

R A. Soc., No 61, 1912.

42 NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS.

Allied to P. Zolingeri, Rchb. f. differing in the straight not
oblique sepals, broader clawed petals, and three lobed lip.

SCITAMINEAR.

Amomum cylindrostachys, i. sp.

Stems about 6 feet. Leaves lanceolate acuminate cane gla-
brous, gradually narrowed to the base, 9 inches long 14 inch wide,
sheath glabrous about 6 inches long, ligule truncate oblong papillose
4 inch ‘long entire. Peduncles 5 “inches long covered with oblong
distant sheaths an inch long or less split to the base. | Spike eylin-
dric 3 inches long 1 inch “through. Bracts ovate lanceolate half
an inch long, + inch through green. Calyx 4 inch long ampliate
urceolate pale with three short lobes. Corolla # inch long, lobes
narrow lanceolate acute white. Lip 5 lobed, 2 inch long side lobes
short rounded, midlobe oblong truncate yellow darker in the centre
with 2 red marks at the base. Anther crest, trifid dark red, the
central lobe very short, the laterals narrow arcuate Jinear curved,

Selangor: Se ae Mines track on a bank at the foot of the
hill, April “1911 (No. 156).

This species is allied to A. squarrosum, Ridl, differing in its
glabrous leaves and thinner blunter bracts. ,

LILIACEAE.

Dracoena robusta, n. sp.

Stem 9 feet tall and nearly 2 inches through grey. Leaves
linear lanceolate acuminate acute, with broad bases 10 inches long
one inch across. Bracts on base of rachis linear acuminate.
Raceme unbranched stout over a foot long. Flowers in os of 3,
with three ovate acuminate bracts as long as the pedicels $ inch
long, numerous rather crowded. Perianth - 2 inch long, base dilated
pink, tube as long as the linear lobes apices of lobes. blunt, white.
Stamens shorter filaments three fourths of the length of the lobes.
Anthers oblong obtuse.

Selangor: Sempang Mines track in thick forest.

‘This seems to be nearest to ). Porteri of Wallich, a common
low slender shrublet usually two or three feet tall, but is very much
bigger and stouter in all parts.

Pandanus globuliferus, n. sp.

A dwarf pandan of the habit of P. parvus, Ridl., stem $ inch
through. Leaves linear acuminate caudate 8 inches to a foot long,
half an inch wide, margins armed with very small and slender
thorns, apex narrowed, with closer set thor ns, ending rather abruptly
in a long setaceous thorny point 2 inches long. Syncarps solitary
cermin globose an inch long with broad subtending bracts oblong
cuspidate “thor ny, as long and 4 inch wide. Peduncle 1 inch long.
Drupes with a rounded ‘broad top, not dilated. Style 4 inch long

Jour. Straits Branch

NEW AND RARE MALAYAN PLANTS. 43

very slender spiniform. Stigma for the whole length on the lower
Tace.

Selangor: Gunong Semangkok, at the top.

Allied to P. collinus, Ridl. but not bushy, leaves broader and
more abruptly caudate. Drupes not dilated at the top and stvle
much more slender. |

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soe., No. 61, 1942.

A Botanical Excursion to Pulau Adang.
Invore Ne RIDLEY, CMG, B.R:S.

The group of islands of which Pulau Adang is the largest hes
to the west of the islands of Lankawi and Terutau. It consists of
3 fairly large island Pulau Adang, Pulau Rawi and Pulau Butong
and a number of smaller islets.

The flora of this outlying group had never been investigated
and I was glad of the opportunity afforded me by Mr, Robinson to
accompany him there in the “Seabelle,” in April. Leaving Kuala
Lumpur on April 18th, at 5 p.m., we arrived at Penang next
morning and starting again in the afternoon reached the islands on
April 20th., about daybreak. The party consisted of Mr. H. C.
Robinson, Mr. Seemund, Dr. Hanitsch and myself, with a number
of zoological collectors and my botanical collector. We brought
a motor-boat and with the aid of this and the ship’s gig landed
the collecting party on Pulau Rawi. The only signs of human
occupation were a few coconut palms and bushes of Justicia Ganda-
rusa.on the shore. Mr. Robinson and [ started through the woods
to climb the hill. On the seashore I saw a number of plants of
Geodorum purpureum but none in flower. The forest proved very
poor as a collecting ground, consisting of a number of big trees
rather scattered, and an abundance of climbing lianes, chief of
which were Agelaea vestita, some Menispermaceae, a chmbing
bamboo like one seen at Alor Star, Ca/ami and Horthalsias. The
undergrowth was scanty, a red Jxora (I stricta) and other shrubs,
Corymbis veratrifolia, and Aspidium polymorphum. The most
striking tree was the tall Randia exaltata 30 feet or more high and
9 inches through. It was in flower and we felled one to secure
specimens. The flowers are white spotted within the tube with
black. It occurs also in Penang, Burmah and the Andamans.
Returning to the shore we found the littoral vegetation consisting
of Vitex pubescens, Terminalia Catappa, Barringtonia SPeCvosi
(very big trees with the branches curiously ringed), Desmodium
umbellatum, Stemona Curtisii, ete. The Barringtonias bore great
quantity of Drynaria and a pale pink flowered Hoya (a . para-
sitica) grew over the boughs.

Some of the Dyaks returning from collecting brought Acan-
thus iNicifolius, Eulophia Keithii and Saceolabium miserum with
its little inconspicuous yellow and white flowers.

In the afternoon we went in the motor-boat to a bay in the
eastern part of the same island. Here the steep rocks were covered
with scented species of Andropogon which however was flowerless
and only bore in place of flowers small branches of reduced leaves.
Plants brought to Singapore and grown there have done the same.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soe., No. &, 1912.

46 A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG.

A pretty slender bamboo of a new species abounded here, and
flowering specimens were obtained later. Dillenia aurea, Sm., was
in flower but as usual at that time nearly leafless. In the evening
we went ashore at Pulau Butong and found Prismatomeris albidi-
flora in full flower, a beautiful little shrub Memecylon with charm-
ing little blue flowers and a Bombax, quite a small tree, in fruit.
Cordia subcordata is abundant on the ‘seashore here.

21st April:—We went to the bay we were in at Pulau Rawi

yesterday and followed the stream up nearly to its source, pushing

through the low swampy woods or wading along the stream bed.
There is a patch of mangrove in Aes river mouth. Oncosperma
filamentosa and a large species of Pinanga forming big clumps
(P. adangensis) are abundant in the low swampy w oods.

The river sandy, at the mouth becomes rocky higher up with
large masses of hornblende, granite and sandstone. The flora of
these rocks is rather poor considering the altitude we got to. A
dwarf Ophiorrhiza, Begonia sinuata, Podochilus lucescens are the
most noticeable plants.

The “ Seabelle ” moved from her anchorage in Rawi bay and
picked us up at 2 o’clock and we moved on to Pulau Adang where
we went on shore in a beautiful bay with a large sized stream
entering it. A very big Dracaena about fifty feet tall and much
branched with erect branches occurred here and was in fruit. It
appeared to be a very large state of Dracaena aurantiaca, Wall..
but I never before saw one so large. A single tree of Casuarina
equiselifolia grew in this bay, and we found seedlings in Rawt bay.
The tree was very abundant at the east end of the island forming
a regwuar wood, and also on the opposite island of Pulau Nipis.
These trees have a habit of growing so regularly spaced that they
often quite look as if they had been planted. The sand beneath
is almost bare of vegetation. From the distance of the, Rawi
seedlings from any adult tree and their position I am inclined to
think that this plant owes its dispersal more to the sea currents
than to the wind in spite of its winged seeds.

22nd April:—Mat and I with a boatman pushed up the stream
which is rocky, here and there high walls of rock, and on a big
rock near the top found a Begonia new to me with flowers, and
Arisaema Kunstlert, and Vitis “discolor and eventually reached the
top of the ridge. Here were many plants of a species of Daemo-
norops none of which showed any signs of having ever flowered,
but seemed to propagate themselves “py layering “their branches,
giving us an opportunity of getting reversed rattan walking sticks.
These when made up are very puzzling to those who do not know
how they are produced, as the leaf sheaths point to the roots instead
of away from them. The branches laver and produce a more or
less clubbed end and by cutting the stem between one rooting
portion and the next one can obtain a rattan in which the leaves
appear to have grewn towards the root instead of away from it.
The top of the ridge was dry and barren, about 1,000 feet altitude

Jour. Straits Branch

A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG. 47

above the sea. Curculigo latifolia, a few Pandans and a Lorn-
stedtia without flowers were the chief plants. A hermit who eats
only once a year or on occasions once in three months is believed
to reside here. A furious storm of rain with thunder and lightning
came on when we were half way down, and we took refuge Deneath
a rock. On reaching the stream again, we found Gnetum macros-
lachyum in fruit and on pulling it down brought down a spray of
a laurineous three new to me. Diplerocarpaceue and Anonaceae,
some of the former of large size are abundant in the woods.

In the evening we w ent to Pulau Nipis the point of which is
a sandy beach with a wood of Casuarinas. Here we found a
curious creeping form of Wedelia biflora with unusually small
heads. Tournefortia argentea (new to our flora though a common
plant on the shores of many of the Malay islands), //ernandia
pellata and Ochrosia im fruit. None of these at all common in
our region. Besides these were /ponea-pes-caprae, Scoevola
Koenig. Cassytha filiformis, Ischoemum muticum, Hibiscus tili-
aceus, Calophyllum itnophyllum and Verminalia Catappa. Be-
hind this seashore-sand was a wood in which were a number of
Tvoras and Weberas, and hete we found Pogonia flabelliformis in
leaf and flower, Hulophea greminea, a clump of what appeared to
be Calanthe vestita in a decayed bough on the ground and Dendro-
bium secundum.

Next morning I went to the pomt of Pulau Adang where the
Casuarina groye was to look for a sedge which Mr. Robinson had
told me of and found it to be Remirea maritima. The ground
beneath the Casuarinas was quite bare and the trees bore no epi-
phytes. The pretty lizard Liolepis Bellii was abundant here.
Near this point Colubrina asiatica was common and Capparis
micracantha, in the form of a bush, in fruit.

Returning to the “ Seabelle” we steamed for Pulau Tengah,
and on the way was two laller-whales Orca gladiator, a new main-
mal to peninsular waters. We reached Pulau Tengah by midday.
Lt ests of two islands separated by a strong running shallow
sea current, too deep however to wade. On Janding the plant
collector and I attempted to scale the main hill of the island, the
top of which was clad by a forest of bananas. The forest was
dense and consisted mainly of the prickly Phyllochlamys Wallichti
and strong woody climbers with big trees interspersed. We obtain-
ed specimens of the banana which proved to be Musa Malaccensis.
We returned to the base of the Ill and walked along the coast. to
the north to some very high vertical cliffs. The shore was covered
with boulders of laterite, slate and indurated clay. he cliffs
seemed to consist entirely of this brown clay hardened into rock; at
their base were screes of disentegrated clay, steep and slippery.
At the base of the hill we found Peristrophe tinctoria, a plant I
have never seen elsewhere except as a garden escape, but there were
no signs of this place ever having been under cultivation. On the
screes we found a new species of Amorphophallus, with a creamy
R. A, Soc., No. 61, 1912.

48 A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG.

white spadix and a green spathe. Pleopeltis phymatodes was very
abundant. We did “not find this common fern at all in the rest
of the Pulau Adang group of islands. It was intensely hot and we
returned to the southern shore, finding abundance of fruits of
Gyrocarpus Jacquinii, a tree not common further south.

After collecting a little along the shore and bathing we return-
ed to the boat and left for Kwala Malacca in the Lankawi islands,
arriving off Burau bay in the evening where we anchored for the
night. Next day we landed and ws alked up to the 7 Wells, Telayah
Tujoh ; a good track leads to this spot. On the way | collected a
good many plants of interest, H/ettariopsis pubescens, Pteris cretica
the erey- -leaved variety, a pretty new species of Phyllanthus of the
Reidia section Ph., and found Mesua ferrea in flower.

The seven wells are formed by a stream which descending
from the hill behind spreads over a wide space of smooth grey rock.
In this are excavated by the water a number of basins, some of
which are deep enough to bathe in, and these are the seven wells.
The stream then falls over a precipitous slope. The spot is a
favourite one for Malay picnics, and the water is supposed to have
valuable properties and the men drank some and took bottles home
with them, which made them all ill as the water is obviously not
fit to drink. The view from this stream is very fine. The rugged
range of Gunong Chinchang rises on one side, and on the other are
hills clad in dense forest, forming an amphitheatre at the end of
which is the deep blue sea. The stream at this point is about 1,000
feet above sea level.

We returned from here to Penang and then to Kuala Lumpur
and so home.

The most noticeable part about the flora as a whole was its
difference from that of the Lankawi islands especially in the pre-
ponderance of Malayan as opposed to southern Siamese plants.
Naturally the two groups of islands being so near, there were a
number of plants characteristic of the south Siamese flora as laid
down 1n a previous paper, but there were also a number of Malay
Peninsula forms, such as Agelaea, Urophyllum, Lasianthus, some
of the Dipterocarpeae and Anonaceae, etc. The flora suggests
rather an affinity with the Pulau Song-Song group of islands off
the Kedah coast which contains nothing or little of the south
Siamese flora. It seems too to have relations with the Andaman
islands which are not at all connected with the south Siamese plants
but which have a Malayan flora. On the seashores of the Adang
group we have a series of plants which are absent almost entirely
from the Malay Peninsula, One barbonica, Tournefortia argen-
tea, [ernandia peltata, and Gyrocarpus. ‘The Ochrosia is only
known as native in the Peninsula from a specimen said to be
collected in Singapore by Wallich. It has never been seen here
again. ‘Tournefortia argentea has not been seen in our region at
all, but occurs in St. Barbe isle south of Singapore and along the
Malay isles to the Pacific. Hernandia peltata is at least rare on

Jour.;Straits Branch

A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG, 49

our coasts. Cordia subcordata too is scarce occurring in Pulau
Song-Song, the Dindings and from Bintang island to the Pacific.
All these seem absent or nearly so from the west coast of the
Peninsula, although there are at least some suitable spots for them
to grow, and quite absent from the east coast where the locality is
more suitable, yet all occur in the Indian region and still more
abundantly all over the Malay Archipelago to the Pacific.

DILLENIACEAE.
Tetracera assa, De C.
Pulau Rawi.
Dillenia aurea, Sm. 5
Pulau Rawi.
ANONACEAE.

Unona dasymaschala, Bl.
Woods, Pulau Tengah. Peter

Goniothalamus macrophyllus, Hook. fil. 3
Pulau Adang.

Oxymitra glauca, Hook. fil.

Pulau Adang.
Polyalthia parviflora, n. sp.

Small tree, bark black, young parts covered with brown hair.
Leaves thin coriaceous glabrous except the midrib, which is scurfy
on the back. nerves about 6 pairs inarching well within the margin,
3-4 inches long, ?-13 inch wide, dark above, pale, shining beneath,
petiole $ inch long hairy. Flowers solitary axillary nearly sessile ;
pedicel very short hairy. Sepals ovate lanceolate half as long as
the petals densely hairy. Petals spreading “ white,’ lnear oblong
obtuse slightly narrowed to the tip $ inch long hairy on both
surfaces. Stamens very numerous oblong with a broad rounded
appendage. Fruit oblong to globose 2 inch long, sessile, hairy at
the tip when young.

Pulau Tengah; Lankawi at Kwala Malacca (Curtis 2533).

The foliage somewhat resembles that of P. Teysmanni, Miq.
The very small hairy flower is very distinctive.

CAPPARIDEAE. —
Capparis micracantha, De C.
Seashore, Pulau Tengah and Pulau Adang in fruit.
GUTTIFERAE.
Garcinia, sp.
Pulau Rawi. Big tree in forests.
Calophyllum inophyllum, L.
Pulau Nipis.
R, A, Soc., No. 61, 1912,

\ A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO EULAU ADANG.

VIOLACEAE.

Alsodeia hisyda, n. sp.
Branches hairy, leaves thin herbaceous elliptic acuminate ; base

cuneate or acuminate, margins serrate, nerves 7 pairs, slender, mid-
rib nerves and reticulations hairy, 6 inches long, 24 inches wide,
A | petiole + inch long hairy. Flowers in short axillary cymes, shorter
mt | than the petiole, and sessile with small ovate bracts, all glabrous.
Pedicels 5 inch long. Calyx sepals ovate acuminate pubescent,
more than half as long as the petals. Petals lanceolate or elliptic,
lanceolate ciliate on the edges #5 inch long. Stamens, filament
| very short, anther cells elliptic, separate, connective, very large
it | ovate acuminate, no other processes. Pistil longer bottle-shaped
narrowed upwards, glabrous. Stigma discoid. Dise hairy.
Pulau Adang.

RUTACEAE.

Glycosmis pentaphylla, Correa.
Pulau Rawi. :

Glycosmis rupestris, Ridl. |
Pulau Tengah and Pulau Adang.
Distribution: Perlis and Kedah.

Atalantia monophylla, Correa.
Pulau Tengah.

SIMARUBACEAE.

Hurycoma longifolia, Jack.
Woods, Pulau Rawi.

OCHNACEAE.
Ochna grandis, Ridl.
Pulau Butong.
Distribution: Perlis.
DIPTEROCARPEAE.

Dipterocarpus Hasseltii, Bl.
In fruit, Pulau Butong.
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Blanco.
In fruit, Pulau Butong.
Vatica cinerea, King.
Common medium-sized tree on the seashore.
Pulau Rawi and Pulau Adang.

Jour. Straits Branch

A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG. 51

MALVACEAE.

Bombax malabaricum, De C.
A small tree in fruit. Pulau Adang.

Hibiscus tiliaceus, L.
Pulau Nipis, ete.
STERCULIACEAE.
TTelicteres angustifolia, L.
Flowers pink. Dry rocks, Pulau Rawi.
Helicteres hirsuta, Lour.
With the last 1 Pulau Rawi.

Sterculia laevis, Wall.
Pulau Nipis.

AMPELIDEAR.
Leea sambucina, Wild.
Pulau Rawi.
Vitis discolor, Dalz.
Rocks, Pulau Adang.
RHAMNEARE.

Colubrina asiatica, Brnegn.
Seashore, Pulau Adang.

CELASTRINEAR.
Salacia flavescens, Kurz.
Pulau Rawi, woods.
ANACARDIACEAE.
Buchanamia acuminata, Turez.
Pulau Nipis.
COoNNARACEAR,
Agelaca vestila, Hook. fil.
Pulau Rawi.
LEGUMINOSAD.
Hrythrina, sp.

A tree with large leaves in fruit. Calyx bilobed, lower lobe
longer than the upper one. Pod 1 or 2 seeded, with a narrow hase,
then dilated at the seed-bearing portion and abruptiy narrowed
to a long point.

Seashore, Pulau Tengah,

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

52 A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG.

Pongamia glabra, Vent.
Pulau Tengah,

Desmodium vestitum, Benth.
A shrub about 6 feet tall with mauve flowers. Pulau Butong.
Previously known only from Malabar and Tenasserim.

Desmodium umbellatum, De C.
Seashore, Pulau Rawi.

Mucuna gigantea, De C.
Pulau ‘Tengah.
Peltophorum ferrugineum, Benth.
Big tree, seashore, Pulau Rawi.
Albizzia myriophylla, Benth.
Seashore, Pulau Butong and Pulau Adang.

MELASTOMACEAE.

Melastoma malabathricum, var appressum.
Pulau Rawi.

Memecylon coeruleum, Jack.
Sea coasts, Pulau Rawi.

Memecylon garcinioides, Bl.
Pulau Adang.

Memecylon edule, Roxb.
Pulau Adang and Pulau Butong.

Memecylon pulchellum, n. sp.

A shrub or small tree, bark ridged longitudinally brown, twigs
angled slender. Leaves rhomboid ovate gradually narrowed to both
ends from the middle, obtuse at the apex, shining dull green above
when dry; smooth olive green beneath, midrib depressed above,
elevate beneath, nerves faintly visible, above 7 pairs, with a marginal
one from the base 14 inch long # inch wide, petiole 45 inch long.
Flowers in short dense very shortly peduncled cymes. Peduncles
35 inch long. Bracts lanceolate acuminate. Pedicels + inch long.
Calyx fundus very short in flower with 4 triangular teeth suddenly
subulate. Petals ovate cuspidate azure blue = inch long. Sta-
mens filaments slender bluish. Anthers curved yellowish with a
conic blue spur behind. Style brilliant blue.

Pulau Adang, Rawi and Butong on the seashore. A lovely

shrub when in flower with innumerable tufts of blue flowers in the
axils,

Tour. Straits Branch

A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG. 53

MYRTACEAE.
Eugenia Scortechinu, King.
By the river, Pulau Rawi.
Barringtonia speciosa, Forst.
Seashore, Pulau Rawi.

RHIZOPHORACEAE.

Brugniera caryophylloides, Bl.
Pulau Butong.

COMBRETACEAE.
Terminalia catappa, L.
Common on the shore, Pulau Adang, Rawi. ete.
Gyrocarpus Jacquni, Roxb.
Pulau 'Fengah. Also collected on Pulau Badak, by Curtis.
This does not seem to occur south of this region, in the Penin-
sula, the leaves and fruits are quite glabrous. ‘The Gyrocarpus on
Christmas island differs not only in the remarkable appearance of
the tree but in having the leaves and fruits pubescent.
BEGONIACEAE.
Begonia sinuata, Wall.
Rocks by the stream, Pulau Rawi.
Begonia, sp.
A plant with solitary ovate acuminate leaves, on Pulau Adang.
I have not seen this species elsewhere.
SAMYDACEAE.
Homalium Griffithianum, Karz.
Tree on the sea coast on. rocks, Pulau Rawi. ‘The same small-
leaved form which I got at Perlis.
ARALIACEAE.
Heptapleurum venulosum, Seem.
Pulau Sarang and Pulau Adang.
RUBIACEAE.
Urophyllum glabrum, Griff.
Pulau Nipis. A form with shoots and leaves puberulous.
Heydyotis congesta, R. Br. 7 is
~ Pulau Rawi. eee
R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

54 A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG.

Randia evaltata, Griff.

Pulau Rawi. |

Distribution: Penang, Andamans and Burmah.
Randia fasciculata, De C.

3

Pulau Rawi.

Distribution; north of the Malay Peninsula.
Randia densiflora, Benth.

Pulau Rawi.

Catnhium didymum, Gaertn.
Pulau Butong and Pulau Tengah.
Form with coriaceous leaves.

Prismatomeris albidiflora, Thw.
Pulau Butong.

Pavetta indica, lL. var.

Pulau Adang.
lvora multibracteata, Pears.

Pulau Adang.
lTvora Brunonis, Wall.

Pulau Adang.

Txora stricta, Roxb.

Pulau Adang.
Psychotria stipulacea, Wall.

Common shrub in the woods. Pulau Rawi.

Lasianthus cyanocarpus, Jack. :

Pulau Adang.

Webera adangensis, n. sp.

Shrub branches with white bark. Leaves variable in size
ovate acuminate acute, base cuneate glabrous membranaceous dry-
ing black, nerves 6 pairs slender prominent on both sides, midrib
grooved above + to 6 inches long 14 inch to 2 inches wide, petiole
+ inch long. Stipules small connate ovate obtuse. Cyme ter-
minal nearly sessile 1 inch long and somewhat wider, glabrous,
branches spreading nearly an inch long or less. Bracts lanceolate
acuminate s'5 Inch long. Pedicels § inch long with 2 minute ovate
bracts. Calyx short +’, inch long cup-shaped with 5 ovate lobes
as long as the ovary. Corolla white + inch long, tube rather thick
cylindric twice as long as the calyx, with dense white hairs in the
mouth, lobes oblong subobtuse, 5. Stamens exsert linear minutely
mucronate. Style nearly as long or longer than the petals.
Stigma cylindric clubbed, pubescent.

Jour. Straits Branch

—

A BOTANICAL-EXCURSION TO-PUEAU ADANG. 55

Pulau Adang.
Near Webera Curtis, Wing, but with glabrous inflorescence
and thinner leaves, and white stem.

W tera stellulata, inal fil.
Pulau Tengah and Rawi.

Webera longifolia, Hook. fil.
Pulau Tengah.

Webera insularis, 0. sp.

Shrub, branches grey. Leaves thickly membranous glabrous,
elliptic acuminate black and shining when -dry, nerves prominent
d to 6 pairs, 3 inches long by 14 inch wide; petiole rather slender
+ lnch long. Stipules lanceolate subulate § inch long caducous.
Cymes short 1 inch long rather compact quite glabrous, branches
half an inch long. Bracts ovate acute, bracteoles lanceolate acute.
Calyx 45 inch long, tube subglobose, lobes longer lanceolate linear

obtuse. Corolla tube cylindric twice as long as the calyx lobes,
lobes lanceolate acuminate longer than the calyx tube 4 inch long
mouth of tube hairy. Stamens linear minutely mucronate. Style
hairy protruding for } inch long. Stigma clubbed.

Pulau Nipis in sandy woods by the sea.

Nearest perhaps in some points to W. Ridley, Pears, differing
from W. Curtisii, in its longer calyx lobes and glabrous inflores-
cence.

Ophiorrliza fontinalis, n. sp,

Herb, 3 to 8 inches tall, stems usually solitary scurfy pubescent.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate lanceolate thin shortly acuminate blunt,
above sprinkled with short pustular hairs especially on the edge,
beneath glaucous green, the nerves iy scurfy pubescent. Stipules
short truncate caducous. Peduncle 3-1 inch long scurfy pubescent.
Cymes $ to ca inch long, branches Limes about six-flowered each.
Calyx short 75 inch long; lobes very short pubescent. Corolla
white 4 inch long; tube cylindric straight lobes lanceolate acute.
Fruit transversely ‘elliptic, tips rounded, margin straight not in-
dented § inch long +5 inch deep.

Rawi island on rocks at the upper part of the stream. Lan-
kawi, Telaya Tujoh near Burau on rocks in the stream.

Tt most resembles O. tenella but its narrow leaves and other
points distinguish it.

O. Harrisiana, var.

Pulau Adang.
Distinct from typical Harrisiana in its much larg ger i leaves and
more woody stem. It is over a foot tall.

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

56 A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG.

COMPOSITAE.
Wedeha bifloru, De C.

A prostrate form with small heads of flowers in sand. Pulau

Nipis.
GOODENOVIEAE.
Scaevala Koengu, Vahl.
Pulau Nipis.
SAPOTACEAE.
Sideroxylon ferrugineum, Hook.
Pulau Sarang and Pulau Adang.
| EBENACEAE.
Maba buvifolia, Pers.
Pulau Sarang and Pulau Adang.
Diospyros flavicans, Hiern.
Pulau Rawi.
Diospyros Wallichti, Wing and Gamble.
Palau Rawi and Pulau Adang.
APOCYNACEAE.
Holarrhena densiflora, Rid.

In long grass on rocks on Pulau Rawi.
Distribution: Setul.

Ochrosia borbonica, Gmel.

Pulau Nipis.

ASCLEPIADEAE.

Marsdenia volubilis, Cooke.

Pulau Tengah.
HToya parasitica, Wall.

On trees by the sea, Pulau Adang.
Dischidia nummularia, Br.’

Pulau Butong.

Dischidia benghalensis, Colebr.
Pulau Rawi.
BORAGINEAE.
Cordia subcordata, Lam.
Pulau Butong.

Jour. Straits Branch

A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG. 57

Tournefortia argentea, Li. f.

Pulau Nipis. 7

Distribution: Ceylon, Nicobars, Mauritius, Malay Islands, and
Polynesia.

Vike CONVOLVULACEAE.

Tpomaca campanulata, L.

Pulau Tengah in fruit only.
Ipomaea pes-caprae, Roth.

Pulau Nipis.

ACANTHACEAE.

Acanthus ilicifolius, L.

Pulau Rawi.
Hranthemum porphyranthos, Clarke.

Seashore in sandy spots. Pulau Butong, Pulau Adang and
Pulau Tengah.

Gymnostachyum insulare, n. sp.

Herb about 2 feet tall, glabrous. Internodes long 3. inches.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends, herbaceous, 7 nerved,
7 inches long 24 inches wide, petiole slender 1 inch long. Panicle
lax, terminal, branches short to 2 inches long. Bracts linear
acuminate 34 inch long. Pedicels ~5 inch long, in flower, twice
as long and thicker in fruit. Calyx lobes lanceolate acuminate as
long as the corolla tube § inch long. Corolla tube short and thick,
little longer than the lobes, limb 4 inch across pubescent. Upper
lip bilobed with 2 equal oblong lobes rounded at the tip. Lower
lip with 3 rounded lobes of which the centre is the widest. Stamens
%, filaments exsert. Anthers oblong 2-celled. Cells equal and
parallel, no appendage. Style longer, stout, apex decurved.
Capsule not flattened terete, an inch long borne on a thickened
lengthened stem; the base of the calyx swollen globose. Sepals
persistent retinacula, oblong with a rounded apex, yellowish flat,
obscurely reticulate $ inch long.

Rawi island.

Allied to G. magnum, Clarke, of Tampin Hill in Malacca,
(differing in its lanceolate glabrous leaves, (those of G. magnum
being scurfily pubescent in the midrib and nerves beneath.)
Justicia gendarusa, L.

Pulau Rawi.

Justicia inconspicua, n. sp.

A tall slender weeding straggling herb, internodes often as
much as 3 inches long, nodes swollen, scurfy pubescent with
appressed hairs. Leaves large lanceolate acuminate membrana-

R. A. Soc:, No. 61, 1912.

58 A BOTANIGAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG.

ceous, acute, base cuneate, aequilateral or nearly so at the base,
5 inches long 1$ inch across, nerves 7-8 pairs elevate beneath and
inarching within the margin, glabrous, except the nerves which
are pubescent. Small opposite leaf, ovate. obovate 14 inch long, #¢
inch wide or less, petiole = inch long. Cymes axillary subterminal
1 inch long. Peduncle slender half the length. Bracts minute
linear subulate hairy. Calyx lobes linear setaceous 344 inch long.
Corolla half an inch long; tube as long as the calyx lobes, upper
limb lanceolate narrow, lower limb broad widely 3-lobed, lobes
oblong, laterals incurved, median broader, blunt, white. Lower
lobe purple. Stamens exsert: anther cells brown, unequal, one
above the other, appendage rather large, white, ending in a broad
hook.

Rawi island in shady woods by the sea beach, (5899). Also
collected in Pahang in 1891.

I took this for the imperfectly described J. alternifolia, Clarke,
but that is described as having markedly unequal-sided leaves.
Peristrophe tinctoria, Nees.

Pulau Tengah. Apparently really wild here.

VERBENACEAE.
Premma trichostoma, Maiq.
Pulau Adang.
Vilex pubescens, Vahl.

Pulau Rawi.

APHTALAE.
NYCTAGINEAE.
Deeringia celosioides, R. Br.

Pulau Tengah.

LAURINEAE.
Cassytha filiformis, WL.

Pulau Nipis. <A fascinated form.
Hernandia peltata, Meissn.

Pulau Butong.

[UPHORBIACEAE.

Huphorbia atoto, Forst.
Pulau Adang.

Cleistanthus trichocarpus, Rid.
Pulau Rawi and Pulau Adang.
Jour. Straits Branch

A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG. 59

Breynia Weithu, Vid.
Pulau Adang.

Aporosa aurea, Hook. fil.
Pulau Rawi.

Baccaurea lanceolata, Muell.
Pulau’ Rawi. Tree. Fruit bright red.

Antidesma Moritzti, Muell. Arq.
Pulau Raw.

Gelonium bifarium, Roxb.
Pulau Adang.

Microdesmis casearifolia, Wook. fil.
Rawi island. A common tree.

Phyllanthus (Reidia) glaucifolia, n. sp.

Shrub with slender branches. Leaves ovate lanceolate acu-
minate acute; base rounded or very shortly narrowed, membranous
above green beneath glaucous, more or less oblique, ELE: fine
inconspicuous 5 pals, “k inches long 13 inch wide, petiole 75 inch
long. Male flowers minute in numerous small clusters of racemes
on the lower part of the branches below the leaves. Racemes 4'5
inch long densely clad in ovate acuminate pink bracts on one side.
Pedicels hair-like pink. Perianth rose pink, lobes 4 oblong fim-
bricate. Stamens 4 connate truncate. Female flowers on the
leafless ends of the branches solitary in the axils of two lanceolate
acuminate bracts. Pedicels 14 inch long filiform. Perianth lobes
+ inch long triangular lanceolate green fimbriate. Capsule smooth
pale green “half an inch long.

Rawi island by the banks of the stream.

The smooth grey backs of the leaves gives this plant a striking
appearance. The little racemes with their dense mass of closely
appressed bracts are also curious.

URTICACEAE.

Phyllochlamys Wallichu, Wing.
Pulau Tengah, forming much of the undergrowth. A small-
leaved form on Pulau Nipis.
Balanostreblus wicifolius, Kurz.
Pulau Adang.
Ficus parietalis, Bl.
River, Pulau Rawi.
R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912,

60 A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG.
Ficus globosa, Bl. :
Rocks. Pulau Adang.
Ficus retusa, L.
Pulau Rawi.
Ficus saxophila, Bl.
Pulau Rawi. More hairy on the stalks than usual.
CASUARINEAE.
Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst.
Seashore, Pulau Adang and Pulau Nipis.
GNETACEAE.
Gnetum macrostachum, Hook. fil.
Pulau Adang.
CYCADACEAE.
Cycas Rumphu, Mig.
Pulau Butong and Pulau Rawi, attaining a height of 20 feet.
MONOCOTYLEDONES.
ORCHIDEAE.
Dendrobium culophotum, Lindl.
Pulau Rawi. Common all over the Malay Peninsula.
Dendrobium lamellatum, Lindl.
Pulau Rawi.
Dendrobium secundum, Lindl.
Pulau Nipis.
Bulbophyllum macranthum, Lindl.

Pulau Rawi, on a tree across the river. Also at Telayah
Tujoh, Lankawi. Common all over the Peninsula.

Calanthe vestita, Lindl.

Plants of what appeared to be this found on a fallen bough on
Pulau Nipis.
Hulophia Keithu, Ridl.

Pulau Butong.

Distribution: Siam as far south as Alor Star.
Geodorum purpureum, Br.

Seashore in Pulau Rawi.

Jour. Straits Branch

A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG. 61

Luisia brachystachys, B1.

Rocks on Pulau Rawi.
Saccolabium miserum, Ridl.

Common on rocks at Pulau Rawi.
Podochilus lucescens, Bl.

On trunks of trees, Pulau Rawi.
Corymbis veratrifolia, Thuar.

Woods, Pulau Rawi.
Pogonia flabelliformis, Lindl,

Sandy woods at Pulau Nipis.

SCITAMINEAE.

Elettariopsis pubescens, Ridl.

River bank on Pulau Rawi. Also on the track to Telayah
Tujoh, Lankawi.
Musa Malaccensis, Ridl.

Pulau Tengah. Abundant in the upper part of the island,

TACCACEAE.
Tacca cristata, var minor.
A very small form. Woods, Pulau Rawi.

AMARYLLIDEAR.
Curculigo latifolia, Dryand.
Woods on top of the hill, Pulau Adang.

ROXBURGHIACEAR.

Stemona tuberosa, Lour.

Seashores at Rawi.
Distribution: Siam and Cochin China to the Dindings and
Pahang.

LILIACEAE.

Peliosanthes parviflora, n. sp.

Leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends, acute 10 nerved,
base decurrent to the petiole 7 inches long 24 inches wide, petiole 6
inches long. Scapes + inches long covered to the base with lanceo-
late acuminate papery bracts the lower ones } inch long. Flower
solitary or two in the axils. Pedicel about as long as the bract.
Perianth tube shorter than the lobes, limb 3% inch across, lobes

oblong ovate obtuse blue green. Staminal ring fleshy elevated
R. A. Sac., No. 61, 1912.

62 A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG,

above the mouth of the perianth tube, attached to the ovary only
at the base. Stamens subg!lobose white bilobed. Ov ary half in-
ferior. Style stout free, stigma capitate.

Rawi island, in fruits, April 1911.

Nearest perhaps to P. stellaris but with larger leaves, stamens
completely connate and flower smaller with broader blunter perianth
lobes. One specimen has the inflorescence bifureating.

Dracaena aurantiaca, Wall.

A very large form attaining a height of about feet and
much branched, in fruit Pulau :

Dracaena congesta, Ridl.
Pulau Tengah.

PALMAR.

Areca triandra, Roxb.
Woods on Rawi island.

Pinanga adangensis, n. sp.

A tall palm making large clumps, stems 23 feet tall 13 inch
through, stout: yellowish, tinted red. Leaves 5 feet long, leaflets
linear acuminate with a br oad decurrent base 20 inches long 1 inch
wide, apical pair connate at base toothed, 8' inches long and 2
inches wide; not glaucous beneath. Spathe from below the leaves
oblong 7 inches long 3 inches wide edges keeled. Spadix six-
branched the largest branch 7 inches long; rachis flexuous hardly
flattened $ inch thick. Flowers distichous. Male flowers, calyx
very small, sepals ovate. Petals triangular ovate cuspidate falcate
| meh long. Stamens 20, filaments very short. Anthers oblong
obtuse. Female flower sepals and petals orbicular ovate acute,
subequal. Fruit (unripe) obovoid half an inch long slightly
narrowed at the base.

In wet swampy woods on Pulau Rawi.

Near Pinanga malaiana, Scheff., but the rachis of the spadix
is much more slender, and flattened, and the female flowers are
smaller.

Oncosperma filamentosa. Bl.
Woods on Pulau Rawi.

Caryota mitis, Lour.
Pulau Rawi.

Licuala spinosa, Roxb.
Pulau Rawi.

AROIDEAE.
Arisaema Kunstleri, King.
On rocks, Pulau Adang.

Jour, Straits Branch

A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG. 63

Amorphophallus viridis, n. sp.

Tuber elongate cylindrical. Leaf petiole 9 inches tall green,
lamina about 18 inches across, leaflets elliptic, rather abruptly
acuminate acute, decurrent below, 4 inches long, 1 inch wide, about
4 pinnae to the lamina. Peduncle 12 inches tall. Spathe 4-6
inches long apple green, cleft nearly to the base, limb oblong
rounded at the tip 4-5 imches long, 1 inch wide. Spadix shorter.
Appendage slender cylindric obtuse 3 inches long, creamy white;
male portion # inch long, flowers small irregular cream-coloured
with a wavy violet margin. Female flowers about 20 yellow.
Drupes 1-2 seeded oblong or subglobose 4 inch long, red. Seed
ovoid or subcordate.

Pulau Tengah. In loose screes of fallen dusty clay, and also
on the seashore.

Near A. variabilis, Bl., but the oblong green spathe limb dis-
tinguishes it.

Colocasia gigantea, Hook, fil.

Woods, Pulau Rawi.

CYPERACEAE.
Fimbristylis asperrima, Vahl.
Pulau Rawi on rocks overlooking the sea the typical form, and
also another form with very narrow grassy leaves.
Common all over the Peninsula.
Mapania tenuiscapa, Clarke.
Pulau Rawi woods far up the stream.

Remirea maritima, MW.
Seashore at Pulau Adang.

Scleria lithosperma, Willd.

Pulau Butong.
Carex indica, UL. :

Pulau Rawi, rocky woods by the sea.

GRAMINEAF.

Panicum latifolium, Sw.

Pulau Rawi.
Oplismenus compositus, Beauv.

Dry woods, Pulau Adang.
Ischaemum muticum, a.

Seashore, Pulau Nipis,
R. A, Soc., No. 61, 1912.

64 A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG,

Andropogon, sp. .

Habit of A. nardus and faintly scented. No flowers seen the
inflorescence being replaced by branches of leaves. Very abundant
on the rocky slopes in the small bay of Pulau Rawi.

Thuarea sarmentosa, Pers.

Seashores, Pulau Adang and Pulau Nipis.

Schizostachyum insulare, n. sp. |

Stems about 3 inches through, 20-40 feet tall. Leaves lanceo-
late acuminate with a long point; margins of the denticulate base
narrowed cuneate, 12 inches long 15 inch wide, petiole channelled
x inch long. Sheaths ribbed, ligule, of long bristles + inch long.
Inflorescence over a foot long of 5 or 6 spikelets crowded with tufts ;
tufts an vine apart, with lanceolate bracts us the base, half an inch
long and 4 inch wide. Spikelets an inch long. Empty glumes
at base 2 Bi ovate keeled mucronate + inch; cl lanceolate keeled
mucronate, margins at the top bristly + inch; III, elongate lanceo-
late mucronate very bristly at the tip: IV, elongate narrow lanceo-
late, apex slightly bristly. Palea lanceolate convolute. Filaments
slender connate, Anthers linear long, not penicillate 4. Ovary
narrow subcylindric. Lodicules oblong with a rounded tip, brown

pubescent.

Pulau Rawi.

Near S. latifoliwm but the leaves are thinner, and narrowed to
base, the filaments connate, anthers 4.
Schizostachyum dumosum, n. sp

A slender erect bamboo, with hollow stems 4 inch .or more
through ; internodes over 6 inches long smooth. Leaves lanceolate
acuminate, base broad, slightly narrowed at the extreme base 6
inches long, # to 1 inch long, margins scabrid, petioley4, inch long,
ligule none, a black edge to the sheath only marking it. Inflores-
cence terminal 2 feet long, slender, with tufts of slender branches
6 inches long or less from the nodes, Spikelets in ns about half
an inch long, crowded. Bracts papery ovate about 4 inch long.
Spikelet 4 inch long ~4 inch through acuminate. Glume T:—
ovate minutely cuspidate + ribbed. Glume II :—ovate lanceolate
6 ribbed half as long again. Glume III:—longer lanceolate.
Glume IV :—elongate ‘lanceolate distinetly cuspidate. Flowering
glume 1 paleaceous. Stamens 3. Filaments connate. Anthers
brown dehiscing only at the top, ovary beaked with a long conic
acuminate beak, hairy. Style filiform red brown. Stigmas pur-
ple feathery fairly long.

Rawi island on a dry rock, face of the island forming dense
thickets, the stems usually short 6 or 7 feet but sometimes much
longer.

FILICES.
Trichomanes javanicum, Bl.
Pulau Rawi and Pulau Butong.

Jour. Straits"Branch

A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG.

Trichomanes parvulum, Poi.
Not in fruit. Pulau Adang.

Davallia solida, Sw.
Pulau Adang.

Adeantum Capillus-veneris, L.
Pulau Rawi, Pulau Butong and Pulau Tengah.

Aspidium polymorphum, Wall.
Pulau Rawi.

Nephrodium pterordes, Retz.
Pulau Adang.

Pleopeltts phymatodes, L.
Pulau Tengah.

Pleopeltis sinuosa, Wall.
Pulau Rawi.

N iphobolus adnascens, Sw.
Pulau Adang and Pulau Tengah.

Drynaria quercifolia, L.
Pulau Adang.

Vittaria elongata, Sw.
Pulau Adang.

Vittaria lineata, Sw.
Pulau Rawi.

Antrophyum reticulatum, Kaulf.
Pulau Rawi.

Gymnapteris contaminans, Wall.
Pulau Adang.

Polybotrya appendiculata, Willd.
Pulau Rawi.

LYCOPODIACEAE.

Selaginella pinangensts, Spring.
Rocks, by the River Rawi.

Selaginella, sp.

65

*The Malacca Sultanate
; BY
The Hon'ble R. J. Wilkinson.

Alone among Malayan townships Malacca may claim to be
regarded as ancient and sedate. Singapore is no older than the
lifetime of a man, and Ipoh has won its notoriety within the
memory of a boy; while Malacca is historic. Her centuries are
few, but they are full of achievement, and there is very little local
glory in which she does not share. By the Portuguese conquerors
she was named la famosa, the Renowned;” she is linked with the
memory of Camoens, Albuquerque and St Francis Xavier, and
stands for whatever is me lieval and romantic in a country that is
lacking sadly in veneration and romance.

But there have been many Malaceas; and the oldest of all—
that of six centuries ago—was a petty village of Sea-Sakai or Orang
Laut, a fishing-hamlet of no fame and.no importance. A humble
beginning, perhaps, for so great a name; yet there are times when
it is well to be obscure and when meekness may inherit the
earth. The third quarter of the fourteenth century was one of
these occasions. The greatest local power of that day, the Javanese
empire of Majapahit, decide! suddenly to play a leading part in
-history and to take a higit place among the conquering nations of
the world. It sent out its fleets, swept down on the thousand-
yew-old Malay kingdom of Palembang, and overthrew it utterly.
It destroye:| Palembang’s daughter—the town of Singapore—with
a massacre so cruel that for centuries afterwards the memory of
that colony’s awful fate was enough to deter any Malay from
settling on the island. It broke the rising power of Pasai, the first
seedling of a Muhamadanism which was destined at a later date
to overthrow Majapahit itself. It harried Langkasuka (Ligor),
and left that ancient Indo-Chinese kingdom—older even than
Palembang itself—to fall an easy prey te the advancing armies of
Siam. The wars of 1370 to 1380 A. D. effaced all that was then
ancient and historic in Malaya. But, as for Malacca, what was
there in a street of shanties and a fleet of dug-outs to attract the
conquering arms of Majapahit ?

So Malacca was spared to become a refuge and a shelter for
the homeless people of the stricken towns, men of MHinduized
Singapore and Palembang, Moslems from Pasai and Buddhists from
the North. The little aboriginal fishing-village of 1370 A. D. had
become a cosmopolitan trading-port in 1403 when it figures for the

*Reprinted from the ‘Singapore Diocesan Magazine’, August 1911, pp. 7—
11, by kind permission of the Author, and of the Editor, the Rey. Frank G.
Swindell.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

68 THE MALACCA SULTANATE.

first time in the records of contemporary nations. The town in
those early days was a walled or stockaded cluster of huts upon St.
Paul’s Hill; and right in the heart of the place there was built a
wooden godown or store in which goods were warehoused for
safe keeping pending the arrival of a trading coaster or junk. The
currency was tin; the trade was in tin, resin, and jungle-produce.
The local Chief, a Hindu by faith, styled himself paramisura or
king, but a few years later he became a Muhammadan and took
the name of © Sultan Muhammad Shah, the Shadow of God upon
Earth.” He was a keen man of business and made at least one
voyage to China in pursuit of his own ends.

Almost all the present Sultans of Malaya—outside Ses
‘claim descent from the Paramisura who reigned over the godown
on the slopes of St. Paul's Hill. To this day, when the casual
visitor walks from the landing-steps to the Stadthouse he can-see
on the slopes of the hill a weird image that an expert will tell him
is a Makara, a monster of Hindu mythology, the sole surviving relic
of the time when the Ruler of Malacca was still a Hindu. Among
the regalia of one of the Peninsular Sultans he may also look upon
a silver seal, a reputed relic of the Paramisura’s later years since it
bears the name of the “illustrious Sultan Muhammad Shah, God’s
Shadow upon earth.” But the courtly genealogists of our Malayan
princely houses do not stop at Muhammad Shah; they trace his
pedigree through a long line of earlier kings, rulers of Singapore and of
Palembang, to Chosroes the Great, King of Parthia; to Alexander
of Macedon, King of Rome; to Darius and Artaxerxes, Kings of
- Persia; to Jamshid and Kai Kaius and Kai Kubad, Kings of
Romance; as far as Kaiomerz, ‘son of Adam and elder brother of
Seth,” for it is to Seth that the meaner branches of humanity owe
their origin. But The Paramisura himself knew nothing of this;
he was not a genealogist; he had an eye for realities. He went
submissively to China with his tribute of tin and jungle-produce,
- accepting in return raiment embroidered with dragons or unicorns,
girdles of precious stones, gold and silk and paper money. One
quaint old piece of embroidery in the ownership of a modern Penin-
sular Sultan seems to date back to the time when the Ruler of
China honoured the Paramisura with dragons of gold and gems.

The line of trader-princes did not die with Muhammad Shah.
His son, Iskandar Shah, paid two visits to China, one in 1414 and
‘the other in A. D. 1419. Iskandar Shah died in A. D. 1424 and was
- sueceeded by “Sri Maharaja,’ otherwise Ahmad Shah, another
merchant-king. In the days of its poverty, Malacca had been a
village of mean huts served by humble dug-outs, but the visits of
- the great Chinese junks made it grow into a trysting-place for the
traders of the Eastern seas. Whole colonies of strangers flocked to
the port from Java, from Burma and even from distant Madras.
Suburbs sprang into existence. Bandar Hilir began as a Javanese
settlement ; so did Kampong Upeh (Tranquerah); the Tamils and
the Burmese had also quarters of their own. St Paul’s Hill was

Jour. Straits Branch

THE MALACCA SULTANATE. 69

merely the citadel, the heart of Malacca, the abode of the Sultan
and of his Malay nobles, the ruling centre of the town. But the
days when the Sultan attended personally to business were over:
anew generation of Malay princes had sprung up, eager for fame
and wealth yet averse to labour: greedy of glory but not of the
risks of war. ‘The toll levied on the trade of the port enabled the
Sultan to send out armed bands of hooligans who forced the little
hamlets on the coast to bow to the dominion of Malacca. This
was the second Malacca the imperial city of Mudzafar Shah and
Mansur Shah (1445-1470 A. D.) the old Malayan Empire at the
very height of its greatness when it ruled over Pahang, Kampar,
Siak and Indragiri.

What was it like, this chief among Malayan cities of the
year 1460 A. D.? ‘The old primitive semi-aboriginal village of
the Paramisura had been swept away; it had known no houses
except dug-outs, and no luxuries except matting, in the making
of which the women excelled. The new Malacca lacked its
modern hinterland of rice-fields and orchards; it was still a thin
line of houses stretching along the sea and river front. But the
line was longer than before and the character of the houses had
changed with the character of the town. The place swarmed
with adventurers from all parts of the East. In its stories we read
of Afghan swashbucklers; Indian jockeys and mahouts; Kling
warriors who—after the manner of their kind—advanced when
the enemy retreated and retreated when the enemy advanced;
and men of religion from Arabia, sometimes genuinely pious,
sometimes merely hypocritical, but always thoroughly unpopu-
lar. Indeed such a cosmopolitan seaport town was no place for
the practice of the meeker virtues. We read of a government,
stern, severe and corrupt; of municipal surveyors who induced
the Sultan to decree that a street must be straight in order that
they might be bribed to certify to the straightness: of the
crooked; of judges who took presents from one side on the
clear understanding that they were not to be blamed if they
took presents also from the other; of the election of a prime
minister by the simple process of setting all the candidates in a
row and letting the Sultana say “choose Uncle Mutahir.’’ In
such a city of the strong no weak citizen was really free; every
man sought a patron, the mightier the better, for it was better
to pay toll to one chief than to many. Thus it came about that
the greater nobles lived in walled enclosures amid the huts of
their own followers and siaves. There at least they: were safe
from the irresponsible bravoes who levied ~ blackmail’ for
themselves by asserting falsely that they came in the dreaded
name of the King. At night every enclosure was bolted and
barred against the intrusion of thieves, trespassers and» illicit
lovers; and even policing was unpopular since it exposed the
patrolling minister of police to the risk of finding his sovereign
in places where the Sultan did not want to be met. For in this

R. A. Soe.j No. 61, 1912.

70 THE MALACCA SULTANATE.

city where every other law was broken daily there was one rule
that was kept inviolate: no man, whatever his wrongs, dared
lift his hand against the King.

It was a strange feeling, this loyalty of the ancient Malays.
A man might murder a hero or saint, or betray a relative or
friend, or abduct an innocent girl: if he did it in the interests
of a royal intrigue it was a noble act of self-sacrifice according
to the ethical code of the day. And strangest of all was the
spirit in which tyranny was met. The chief of the King’s
Ministers, the “Uncle Mutahir’’ to whom allusion has been
made, had so much love for a favourite daughter that he kept
the report of her beauty from reaching the ears of the Sultan
lest she should become the victim of his caprices. The girl
married her cousin. The Sultan came later to a knowledge of
the truth. He slew the girl's husband and carried her off to his
palace; he slew the girl’s father and all her family; he sent
men also to carry off the wealth of the house. Yet when the
dying Uncle Mutahir” saw his own indignant son destroying
property rather than let it reward the iniquity of the tyrant, he
stayed him: “Is the Sultan to be impoverished and my death
to profit him nothing?” lHven a protest against royal ingrati-
tude had to be driven home by self-sacrifice. A Malay noble
who had grown grey in his ruler’s service and had risen to be
War Minister and Commander-in-Chief once saw an enemy’s
fleet approaching and felt that resistance was vain. He said
little. He drew up a list of the few gifts that he had received
from his master in the course of his long years of work—a plate
or two of chipped china and a pot or two of worn brass—and
sent the list, emphasizing its poverty and meagreness, with a
farewell letter of thanks to the donor. The King was profuse
in his penitence. But the old man would take no further
reward: he named the spot at which he was destined to die and
went down to meet death for a cause that he saw was lost
and a master whom he knew to be worthless. Conduct of this
sort was ideal loyalty, as the Malays of the time understood it.

Such loyalty degrades a royal caste. The self-made

early princes of Malacca, the Paramisura and his son, were men °

of business and intelligence. The conqueror-kings, Mudzafar
Shah and Mansur Shah, were men of ambition. But the later
Kings of Malacca, born when the wealth had been acquired and
the ambition realized, were gloomy, capricious and jaded
tyrants who found more interest in destroying than in building
up. Sultan Mahmud Shah, the last of the Malacca rulers, was
a rov fainéant. He plundered, and violated; but he was wise
enough to leave all the real work of administration to his
Ministers. Foremost among them was the Bendahara who was
destined to so tragic an end; next came the Bendahara’s son
Tun Hasan, Minister of War, and the Laksamana Hang Nadim
who commanded the fleet. Even at this distance of time when

Jour. Straits Branch

a a

THE MALACCA SULTANATE. 71

we read the cold commentaries of the Portuguese and the
gossiping tolerant anecdotes of the Malay Annals we can feel
that these three ministers were men of unusual character: the
eldest, the Bendahara, calm, self-contained, temperate and cau-
tious; the two younger men, passionate perhaps and hot-headed,
but gifted with an energy and a persistence that is rare among
men born under the suncf the equator. And Malacca. needed
them; for it was just when these three men were at the height of
their authority that the town was startled by an unexpected and
most ominous apparition—the first European fleet that ever
sailed into its harbour. That was in August, 1509; the
Admiral was the Portuguese, Diego Lopez de Sequeira.

*The Capture of Malacca, A.D. 1511.
BY
The How ble R. J. Wilkinson.

In an age accustomed to the comfort of modern sea-travel it is
not easy for a writer to convey more than a faint academic idea of
the hard lot of the first-comers to the Eastern Seas: the leaky
ships, the stifling cabins, the staie unpalatable food, the putrid
water, the dirt, the overcrowding, the scurvy, the danger of storms,
the discomfort of the steamy tropical calms, and the anxiety of
approach to an uncharted and hostile coast. Yet if we are to take
the measure of men like d’Almeida and d’Albuquerque we must try
at least to realize the task that was set before them. Columbus
and da Gama had been simple navigators who staked their lives
upon their skill and upon the truth of their geographical beliefs.
The first ““ Viceroys’ were men of another type, men who dreamed
dreams and saw visions of empire in the seemingly hope'ess plan of
pitting the small frail ships of Portugal against the untamed vastness
of the Indian Ocean and against the teeming millions who inhabited
its shores. D’Almeida. was the apostle of Sea-Power. He saw
that with all their apparent weakness his ships had at their mercy
the commerce of whole continents; and he preached the doctrine
of asupreme navy. Alfonso d’Albuquerque disagreed. He was a
veteran and distinguished soldier, a man of authority, who believed
in Sea-Power but not in its all-sufficiency. He mocked at the
theory of an Eastern empire that owned no ports or sdocks and
could not caulk a ship except by the favour of an ally. He was
the apostle of the Naval Base, sea- power, resting on’ the shore.
Moreover, as a man of'ancient lineage, cousin to Spanish*kings, him-
self a knight of the Order of Christ, he would not take service
under Francis d’ Almeida.

*Reprinted from the ‘Singapore Diocesan Magazine’, November 1911, pp.
8—13, by kind permission of the Author, and of the Editor, the Rev. Frank G.
Swindell.

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

GO THE CAPTURE OF MATLAGGA, A.D; 1511.

King Emmanuel put an end to the quarrel by naming both the
disputants Viceroys and by giving each of them a fleet anda
separate sphere of authority. This was in 1508. To another
adventurous spirit, Diego Lopez de Sequeira, the King gave an
independent command, a squadron that was to operate outside the
waters of India and Africa and to bring new oceans under the sea-
power of Portugal. These last were the ships that cast anchor at
Malacca on that fateful Ist August, 1509.

As soon as the fleet was anchored a boat put off from the shore
to ask in the name of the Bendahara who Sequeira was and why
he. came. Sequeira had brought an Arabic letter from King
Emmanuel to the Sultan of Malacca; he asked permission to deliver
it: along with the gifts that went with such epistles. He was forced
to wait. His arrival was an event of the first magnitude to Malacca;
was it wise to begin relations of which no man could predict the
end? So thought the Bendahara. The Sultan saw no harm in
reading a letter and receiving gifts that committed him to nothing;
he overruled his minister. A Portuguese named Teixeira was sent
ashore and was conducted on an elephant to the palace, where he
had the desired audience of the King. It is not difficult to picture
the scene: the crowds outside who mobbed Teixeira in their
inquisitiveness ; and the silent staring faces that lined each side of
the long palace-gangway up which an envoy was expected to make
his way, with many halts and ceremonious bows at every few feet
of the passage and every step of the dais. Teixeira was a stranger
to Malay etiquette. He presented his letter with a sailor’s jovial
cordiality, and in a burst of further friendliness he fastened a
necklace of beads round the neck of the Bendahara, just as though
that minister was an African Chief who would glory in such tinsel.
An angry murmur followed the Portuguese as he fumbled with the
sacred person for the first noble in the country. “Let him alone:
heed him not; he is only a mannerless boor’’, said the Bendahara.
~Teixeira’s bold and blustering assurance was intensifying the
‘nervousness, the fear of the Unknown, that chilled every heart in
Malacca.

_ The days passed. No man dared attack the strangers ; yet no
man ventured to befriend them or trade with them, for who could
~foresee the end? The Indian merchants were anti-Portuguese to.
‘aman; they knew what trade-rivalry meant. The Bendahara saw
that the strangers would be far less tolerant of oppression than the
‘Indians whom they wished to supplant; in the interest of trade he
“preached. a holy war against the infidel. The warriors of the city
‘were discreet. They were to getithe hard blows of the war, and:
the Bendahara the pickings of the. trade; they elected to arm and
wait. No-one in fact wanted to fight. Sequeira had come for
customers. He waited, hoping that the Malays would appreciate
his pacific policy, but he could gain nothing by delay: it was the
one thing that. the Malays desired. Sequeira grew impatient, then
petulant, then menacing; the monsoon was slipping by and he

Tour. Straits Branch

MH CAPTURE. OR: MALACCA, “A:D: (T5LL: ho

could wait no more. Even at this stage, war was not what he
wanted, nor did it suit the Malays. A situation of extreme delicacy
is always fraught with dire peril; and in this case the accidental
(or semi-accidental) firing of an alarm-gun on a Protuguese ship
led to hostilities over some petty mistake. The fighting was half-
hearted but it spread. The Malays on board the Portuguese ship
jumped into the sea; such European sailors as happened to be on
shore were seized and captured. Teixeira saw the error when too
late. He was too weak to attack the sullen angry city that had
now broken off all relations with him; the monsoon was dying
away; his ships were sadly in need of repair; and in the end he
had to sail home having tarnished the fame of his country and left
his luckless comrades at the mercy of their foes.

According to Malay ideas the Bendahara was the leader of the
resistance to Sequeira. He had done no fighting; indeed he had
done nothing at all; but a statesman who achieves stupendous
results by the simple process of inaction is a man who deserves
better of his country than the hero of a hundred costly fights. So
thought the people; so, doubtless, thought the Bendahara himseH.
The Sultan thought otherwise. He saw that “Uncle Mutahir’ was
becoming far too great a personage; and he recalled many old
grievances against his minister. There was the avuncular wealth
to be garnered ; and there was that little matter of the Bendahara’s
daughter which had never been explained to His Highness’s proper
satisfaction. His Highness sent two of his followers to summon
the Bendahara “to God's presence” as they politely put it. The
Bendahara bowed his head and died. The men of his household
died with him; his daughter was carried off to the harem of the
Sultan ; and his riches were dissipated in festivities at the wedding
of the Sultan’s daughter to the son of the Ruler of Pahang.
Suddenly in the very midst of all this wassail the King’s joy was
turned into bewilderment by the unexpected reappearance of the
Portuguese fleet—this time in overpowering strength under the
Viceroy d’ Albuquerque himself.

As soon as King Emmanuel had heard of the disaster to
Sequeira he had sent (March, 1510) three ships under Diego Mendez
- de Vasconcellos to avenge the defeat. These ships sailed first to
India to consult with d’Albuquerque- The great Viceroy was too
- expert a commander to weaken his forces by dispersing them into
detachments; he detained Vasconcellos depending the complete
subjugation af Goa and the organization of the naval base in India.
Tren when all was ready in the early Summer of 1511, d’ Albuquerque
sailed out to attack Malacca with every ship and soldier that he
‘could muster. On the Ist July, 1511, he appeared in the roads
with the entire force of Portuguese India,—nineteen ships, 800
European soldiers and 600 native sepoys,—with trumpets sounding
banners waving, guns firing, and every demonstration that might
be éxpected to create a panic among the junks in the harbour and
the warriors in the town. ,

R, A. Soc., No. 61, 1912,

14 THE CAPTURE OF MALACCA, A.D, 1511.

The effect was immediate. The ships in the harbour—Chinese
junks and Gujerati trading-vessels—tried to sail away, but were
intercepted and brought back to their moorings with every show of
friendship. They then offered to join the Viceroy in the attack on
the town, but this offer was declined with thanks; the Portuguese
admiral could afford to bide his time. Meanwhile the Malays and
the Sultan were too dumbfoundered to act; no boat put out from
the shore, no message was sent. By the following morning,
however, the Sultan, regaining some of his old assurance, sent a
boat to. greet d’Alduquerque and to say that the wicked Bendahara
who had instigated the attack on Sequeira had been punished with
death for all that he had done. D’Albuquerque replied, expressing
his gratification, but pointing out that the Portuguese prisoners had
not been released, and that pending their release the town must be
regarded as accessory to the attack on Sequeira. The Sultan was
now in a dilemma. He realized that he could not keep the
prisoners without removing bis mask of friendliness, nor could he
release them without giving up his hostages for the secuvity of the
town. He tried the Bendahara’s policy; he temporized, But
d’ Albuquerque was no Sequeira. He knew that any general attack
would be the signal for the death of his. fellow-countrymen ; still,
risk must always be taken. He entered into secret into secret
communication with Ruy d’Aranjo who was the leader among the
captives and his own personal friend. Ruy d’Aranjo spoke of
divided counsels in the city, and advised attack. ‘The Viceroy
continued to feel his way. He seized some of the shipping and
sent afew shots into the town. Then he waited. The hint was
taken ; Ruy d’Aranjo was released.

The Vicorey was now in a stronger position. He went on to
ask for a heavy indemnity and for permission to open a permanent
trading-station at Malacea. .The Sultan demurred ; he might have
allowed the factory but he was quite unable to spare any money
for the purpose of buying off the Portuguese. Meanwhile the war-
party in the town was coming slowly to the front. It was headed
by the Sultan’s son Alaedin, by the Prince of Pahang, and by the
young bloods of the place whe knew nothing of war and were eager
for the fame that it brings. The Sultan himself preferred peace
and quiet. He thought he could secure what he wanted by letting
the Portuguese and the war-party oblige each other with the
necessary quantum of fighting; as for himself he was a peaceful
person who cared for none of these things. He told the Viceroy
that he was poor and anxious for friendship, but quite unable
to meet the demands that were being made upon him.

D’ Albuquerque began now to prepare for war. He knew his
own mind and had a definite policy : that of substituting a Portuguese
for a Malay government and leaving the foreign traders undisturbed.
He gave the Javanese and Indian leaders assurances to that effect
and received their promise of neutrality in return. In the matter
of local knowledge he was well served by the fact that Ruy d’Aranjo

Jour. Straits Branch

THE CAPTURE OF MALACCA, A.D: 1511. 75

and the other prisoners had spent two years in the town and had
come to know the locality, the language, and the foreign merchants.
Still the task before him was a hard one. In those days the
channel of the Malacca River turned sharply to the right after
reaching the sea and allowed ships to lie at anchor off the
mudbanks on which the houses are now built. Disembarkation on
those mudbanks was impossible; the key of the position was the
landing-place at the mouth of the river and at the foot of St.
Paul's Hill, but unfortunately for the Portuguese this point lay
beyond the reach of the covering-fire of their ships’ guns wile it
was exposed to the fire of every Malay stockade and building in the
vicinity. The Viceroy tried to grapple with the difficulty by
building a sort of armed raft or floating-battery which could float
in shallow water and be moored at the mouth of the river so as to
silence the Malay gun-fire and cover the landing of the troops.
The battery was a failure. It grounded in the wrong place was
exposed to a very heavy fire, and was only saved from capture by
the heroism of its commander, Antonio d’Abreu who stuck to his
post though wounded grievously. At last d’ Albuquerque was
compelled to attack without the help of any artillery to cover his
advance; he sent out a strong force, cleared the landing-place of
the enemy’s troops by a sudden rush, and then forced up the
floating-battery to a more commanding position where it made
short work of the Malay defences. This advantage was not secured
without heavy loss; for after the first surprise of the first Portuguese
attack the Malays had rushed together from all quarters and had
made a most desperate onslaught upon the landing party which
they endeavourea to throw back into the sea. The prince Alaedin,
mounted on an elephant, headed this charge in person; and the
Portuguese lost 60 men before it was repulsed. This success and
the destruction of the Malay defences encouraged the Portuguese
to follow up their advantage by an attack upon the mosques and
palaces on St. Paul’s Hill, but the Malays were numerous and
were fighting under cover while the Viceroy’s troops were bewildered
by the confused mass of building and were driven back with heavy
loss. So ended theday. The Portuguese had cleared the landing-
place; and that was all.

The crowning attack took place on St. James’Day, the 24th
Juiy, 1511. The Viceroy landed troops again under cover of the
guns of his floating-battery but when once they had come ashore
they were charged by a wild mob of 700 Malays and mercenaries
under the Prince Alaedin in person. The fight was long and
furious; and though it put the Portuguese to heavy loss it could
only end in one way: armour, superior weapons, discipline,—
everything was on their side. The Malays retreated once more to
the shelter of the buildings that had served them so well on the
previous day. This time d’Albuquerque advanced with more
caution; he burnt the buildings as he went along. The work was
slow and cruel, for the defenders shot down poisoned arrows upon

R.A. Soc.; No. 61, 1912.
“6

76 THE CAPTURE OF MALACCA, A.D. 1511.

the attacking Portuguese, who were burdened with the weight of
their armour, and exhausted by the heat of the sun and by the fire
and smoke from the burning houses. Again and again, with
diminishing forces, did the Prince Alaedin lead out his men in
sudden rushes and win momentary success, only to be repulsed in
the end. So too, now and again from the upper reaches of the
river, did the Laksamana Hang Nadim send down his war-canoes
or fireships to take the enemy in the rear or harass his communi-
cations—all to no avail. Night separated the combatants; and the
Portuguese retreated to their ships, saddened by their heavy losses
and by their consciousness that the work of destruction was only
half accomplished.

On the following day tne Viceroy disembarked his men once
more and prozeeded with every precaution to assail the smoking
ruins that had covered the resistance of the last two days. He
found no one to oppose him. Prince Alaedin and his J.iaksamana
had retreated up the river and were awaiting attack at Pagoh on a
battlefield of their own choosing. The Prince of Pahang had gone
back to his own country as the fighting had lost all attraction for
him. The Sultan had seen the burning of the palace and was not
sure that his policy of lazy neutrality would justify him in meeting
the Viceroy face to face; he removed himself with all possible
despatch beyond the reach of any Portuguese marauding party.
The aged bedridden Bendahara who had succeeded the murdered
Mutahir was borne off in a litter by his loving relatives while he
invoked curses on the cowardice of a generation that was not as the
warriors of his youth. The Malay power was broken. The
Javanese, Burmese and Indian merchants were for peace at any
price and hastened to make their submission to the Viceroy, and,
as an earnest of their goodwill, helped him to dislodge the Prince
Alaedin from his chosen lair at Pagoh. The prince fled far away ;
a few seattered bands of outlaws represented all that was left of the
famous Malay empire of Malacca.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc. No. 61, 1912. .

The Old Cemetery on Fort Canning, Singapore.

With a plan and four plates.
By H. A. STALL WOOD.

This register of tombs in the Old Cemetery on Fort Canning
was compiled by order of Government on the suggestion of Mr.
C. B. Buckley who, in his “Anecdotal History of Singapore” mentions
the loss of the register and suggests that anew one should be com-
piled.

No trace of the old register—for it must be assumed some such
record existed—can be found, and it has therefore been considered
desirable to make as complete a record as possible of the names of
those old residents and visitors whose remains have found a resting
place in this sacred spot.

The Cemetery stands on the slope of Fort Canning Hill, and is
approached from the South by Fort Canning Road, through a
sateway designed partly in the Gothic style of Architecture. It
was opened in 1822 to take the place of the first Christian Cemetery
which was situated close to where the flag-staff at Fort Canning
now stands. It was closed when the Cemetery in Bukit Timah Road
was opened in 1865.

The Southern half of the ground was allocated to Members
of the Anglican community, and the Northern half to those of other
Christian denominations, the dividing line being marked by a wall.

The grounds are kept in order by the Public Works Depart-
ment, and, apart from any interest in the place as a graveyard, the
beautiful shaded walk offers an attraction to those who appreciate
* quiet, contemplative surroundings.

To those who feel an interest in Singapore and its history, few
places in the Settlement offer so much of interest. Many old resi-
dents lie buried here, and many tombstones testify to the number
of lives sacrificed by members of the Civil Service, who were called
to rest at a very early age, whilst taking their share in the adminis-
tration of this Settlement, of which we are all so proud. The Uni-
ted Services also yield their quota of names, unfortunately, some
well-known, if not illustrious, in the annals of their country.

The oldest tomb discovered is that dated 1821, erected to the
memory of John C. Goilingwood of the ship “Susan” A 30. It is
surmised that this stone was taken from the old original Ceme-
tery and re-erected here, as this Cemetery was not opened until
1822. The latest discovered is dated 1868, erected to the memory of
Marie Dominica Scott, (B 229) a child of only two years of age, and
the interment presumably took place after the Cemetery was closed
in 1865, as the parents were possibly interred here.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912

78 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

Near the Southern gateway in the East side stands a monu-
ment erected by Captain the Hon: Arthur A. Cochran C. B. and Offi-
cars of H.M.S. “Niger,” to the memory of their Comrades who fell in
action, died of disease, or were drowned in the exercise of their
duties :—

Other graves of interest are those of :— |

A 138. Hon: F. L. C. Edward Presgrave, Civil Service, and
the Rev. Robert Burn, late Chaplain of this Settlement. Both lie
buried in the same vault.

A 26. Captain William Scott, who was Harbour Master here,
and one of the most respected residents of his time. He was a
cousin of Sir Walter Scott. Scott’s Road is named after him, where
he owned some property.

A 55. Stephen Hallpike, one of the earliest Settlers in Singa-
pore.

A 63. Commander William Maitland, of H.M.S. “Spiteful’”
who died on board in the Roads at Singapore. A tablet to his
memory is on the wall of the Cathedral.

A 134 The Hon: Charles Robert Lindsay, second son of the
late Earl of Balcarres.

A 191. James Henry Leopold Grey, son of the late Hon:
Edward Grey, late Bishop of Hereford.

A 216. Thomas Moncrieff, fifth son of the late James Well-
wood Moncrieff, one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Scotland.

B 6. Sir Jozé D’Almeida Carvalho E’Silva, Portuguese
Consul-General in the Straits Settlements, one of the most promi-
nent of the old Singapore pioneers. He was knighted by the Queen
of Portugal in 1842 on his appointment as Consul-General. His
portrait is in Raffles Library.

B 14. George Doumgold Coleman, Superintendent of Public
Works. He was responsible for laying out many of the main roads,
and designed the first St. Andrew’s Church. Coleman Street and
Coleman Bridge are named after him.

A. 163. Captain Leslie, also Superintendent of Public Works
in this Settlement.

C7800 John Colin @ampvell second son of the late Sir Guy
Campbell, Bart; who died on board H. M. S. “ Bittern.”

A. 264. Monument erected by the Captain, Officers and
Ships’ Company of H. M. S. “ Spartan.”

The tombs are mostly constructed of brickwork, plastered, and
can boast of no architectural beauty. Many have fallen into dis-
repair; others are fast decaying and tumbling down. In many cases
the inscriptions are illegible, though cut in granite, as they have been
left unattended, and have had to give way to time and weather. |
The inscriptions cut in marble have stood well and can be very
easily deciphered.

Every care was taken in compiling the register, whieh was a
work of some difficulty, and, though errors may have crept in, it
will be found, on the whole, to be fairly complete. ee

iJour. Straits Branch

THH OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE. 79

For the translation of the inscriptions on the tombs of Chinese
residents who lie buried here, I am indebted to the Hon’ble
C. J. Saunders, Secretary for Chinese Affairs, who has kindly sup-
plied me with the following notes :—

“The inscriptions on the Chinese tombs were carefully deci-
phered as far as possible by Mr. Yung Sz Meng, my clerk
and interpreter, who copied the inscriptions in Chinese.
He has also helped me in transliteration and transla-
tion. In cases in which the grave does not give the
birthplace or place of origin of the deceased, it has been
assumed that he was a Tiechiu.”’ :

“The Christian names gave some difficulty and I am indebted
to Mr. Go Lai Ques, of the Supreme Court, for interpreting
many of them. In graves B. 24, 25, 67 and 101, I have
had to content myself with giving the Chinese sounds.”

The gravestones, as is customary with the Chinese, often
mention the names of those who erected the stone: it has
thus been possible to give the information as to the

relatives of the deceased which is found in column 3.”

“The names of prefectures and districts in China are given in
Romanised characters: the names of smaller localities
are given in Chinese characters. Where it is possible
and necessary, the tribe ( bangsa’) of the deceased is
given in brackets.”’

“No English-Chinese calendar is available for the years before
1834, and for years up to 1833 the month and the day
are therefore given according to Chinese reckoning.
Where the year of an event is alone given, or where the
event happened in the 11th moon and no day is given,
it is impossible to say in which of two years according to
Western reckoning the event happened. The Chinese
year is often given not by the year of the Emperor’s reign,
but merely by the characters of the 60 years cycle, and in
a few cases (e.g. B. 34) in the absence of evidence as to
the deceased’s age at death, it would be impossible to say
whether he died e.g. in 1798 or 1858, if we did not know
that at the former date the Cemetery was not open.
In a few cases the graves give dates according to the
Western calendar.”

‘ Most of the graves in Section B., two of the graves in Section
D. and one grave in Section C. had at the top four
Chinese characters meaning May Eternal Light shine
on him (or her)’ with a cross or a cross in a circle in the
middle of the inscription.”

The accompanying plan shows all tombs and graves, but those
without inscriptions, or with illegible ones, have been omitted from
the following list. This accounts for the gaps in the consecutive
numbering.

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

80 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

It is hoped that on the publication and distribution of this
register descendants and relatives of those buried in the Cemetery
will come forward and assist in the repair of the ruined tombs and
thus prevent the total decay and destruction of the monuments
which form so interesting a link with the past.

Jour Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No, 61, 1912.

Section A.

(The number refers to the number on plan).

No. NAME DESCRIPTION

1 Napier, James Infant son of William
Brooke Napier Esq. Lieut:
Governor of Labuan,
died at sea on board
H.M.S. “Meander.”
2 Sweeting,
Samuel

3 Davidson,
Re RD:

4 Cuthbertson, Late Deputy Master
Robert John Attendant of this
Settlement
Black, John Of Montrose N.B.
Assistant Surgeon
Bombay Army
9 Scott, Harry Eldest son of Robert
Scott Ksq., of Prince
of Wales’ Island

~I

11 Behn, August Son of August and
Wilhelm Caroline Behn
12 Burn, Emily Infant daughter of
Caroline the Rey. Robert
Burn
12 Oxley, Elleanor Fourth daughter of
Amelia Thomas and Lucy

Caroline Oxley

13 Presgrave, Hon. F.L.C. Civil Ser-
Edward vice, Singapore

13 Burn, The Rev. Son of Major-General

Robert Andrew Burn, Late
Chaplain of this
Settlement

14 Chureh, Wil- Children of Mr. & Mrs.
liam Marryat Church of Singapore
& Brother

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soe., No, 61, 1912

BORN DIED

fo Nove 21
1850 Sept.

18 May June
S32 GES s2,

18 April Jan.
SASSI}

82

No. NAME

14 Green, George

15 Montgomerie, \
Margaret

», Robert ,
Alexander

,, Alexander
Graham

- 16 Pickering, Mary
Eliza

19 Hewetson, T.
20 Hewetson, W.
22 Hewetson,

Mrs. Marian

23 Leicester, Miss
Mary

25 Saunders, Eliza
Wallace

26 Scott, William

28 Hogg, Lucy

DESCRIPTION
Seaman of H.M.S.
“Raleigh” (Note :

This tablet apparent-
ly belongs to some
other tomb)

Children of Dr. Wil-
liam Montgomerie &
Elizabeth his wife

Wife of Robert Saun-
ders Esq. of the Ben-
eal Civil Service

Eldest son of the late

James Scott Esq. of
Penang, one of the
first Settlers of that
Island

Wife of Charles Hogg
Esq. of Caleutta and
daughter of the late
Ralph Marshall of
Caliniferey in the
Co. of Kerry, also
Mary Ann her Infant
child who died on
the evening of the
same day

BORN

3 May
1786

Jour. Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

DIED AGE
4 Oct.
1837
2
3 Apl. yrs.
1837 4
mos.
o Apl 24
1837 yr.
Ay, 1
Novws ye.
1840 4
mos.
3 Mar.
1863
14
May
1853 50
6 Aug.
1842 42
10 7 t38
Nov. yrs
1828 . 2
mos.
l1June 8
1831 yrs
oF
Sept. 28
1829. sree
18
Dee:
1861
14
Sept.
1827 22

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

No. NAME
29 White, The
Rev. Edward
M.A.
30 Collingwood,
John C.
34 McSwiney,
Mrs. Anne
85 Hewetson,
Charlotte
4] McMahon,
Me. T.
47 'Temperton,
William
49 Graham, Jane
a Davis: Robert
Thomas Far-
quhar
54 Deare, Diana
5d Hallpike, Step-
hen
56 Cornish, Fre-

derick George ©

R. A. Soc.; No. 61, 1912.

DESCRIPTION

Chaplain of the Ben-
gal Establishment
Commander of the

Ship “ Susan ”

Wife of D L. Me-
Swiney Esq., also
Ellen her Infant
daughter died 25th
June 1829 aged 8

days

Of the B. C. 8.

Shipwright

Wife Thomas
Henry Graham,
Assistant Surgeon
on the Bombay Es-
tab ishment

Third son of Captain
Davis, Garrison Statt
of this Settlement

of

Wife of Mr. Conduc-
tor W. Deare of the
Ordnance Depart-
ment, also her infant
son Walter Miller
died Jan. 10 1844
aged 2 months and
22 days

One of the earliest in-
habitants of
Settlement

Bengal Civil Service
youngest son of
George Cornish Esq.
of ““Saleombe Regis”
in the Co. of Devon,

this -

BoRN

DIED

7 Api.

1845

21
Nov.
1821

2 Nov.

1843
OK
June
1844

27
July
1828

Ss

AGE

Or
bo

42

19

84 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

No.

63

66

67

68

69
13

78

NAME DESCRIPTION

Smart, Edward

Seott, Joseph. Commander of the

Richard HOB. Coy Ware
Steamer ~~“ Phlege-
thon’? son of the
late Capt. R. R.
Scott nephew of the
late Colonel Hope-
foun ‘Scoti see.
born in Caleutta

Maitland, Wil- Of the house of Bal-

ham ereggan Captain of
H.M.S. “‘Spiteful ”’
Tomb. No in-
seription,
broken slate
tablet on top,
Shepperd, A: B. of He MS.
William Camrian
Whitehead, For many years 2
Horrocks Merchant of Singa-
pore

Ter-Stephen,
Mercatoon

Michael

Tomb in disre-
pair ; no in-
scription
Stone lying
near Smith,
Chas: Ed:

De Silva, Janu- Portuguese (unable to

ario Agostinio decipher)

Lahy, Thomas Also Robert John his
son died 5 Nov: 1828
aged 3 years

Melitus, Philip Born at Madras
Paul

BORN

27 Apl.
1798

3 Aug.
1831

DIED AGE
Siw 28
Oct. yrs.
1848 5
mos.
46
yrs
9g
mos.
2
days
10
Aug.
1846 40
a
Jan.
1845 20
Sept.
1846 36
10
April 65
1856 yrs.
3
mos
2
days
July
1824 30
Iz 228
June
1827
23
July
1860

Jour. Straits Branch

84

85

86

93

94

ide)
Or

100

101

102
103

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

85

NAME DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE
Mackertoom, 2July 39
Mackertoom 1864 yrs.
Galoost 9
mos.

Howard, Peter of Preston in the Co:
of Lancashire, Eng-
land, second son of
John Howard of the
same place, Attor-
ney at Law, and
Hannah his wife who
died at Singapore

Bing, Johanna Wife of A. C. Bing
Catherine
Sarkies, A respectable
Aristakes Armenian Merchant
Mundy, Late Commander of
Thomas the Steamer “ Bra-
SHMAzan i) weeds Om x

his way to Ceylon

from the effects of

an accident
Williams,
John
Hudson, | Seaman lately belong-
Thomas pring ato al. MES:
Watson, — | “ Wellesley ”’

Edward

Seth, Hosan- Born at Madras 2 Aug.
nah Peter 1817

Seth, Gregory An Armenian

Stephens,
Simon

Apear, Andrew
Satoor

D Silva, (Remainder illegible)
Martina

Inscription in
Russian

R, A. Soc., No. 61, 1912,

22
April
1845

May
1840
May
1840
May
1840
21
June
1863
14
Feb.
1825
12
Jan.
1849
30
Sept.
1834

dl

28
22
26

46

47

25

86 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

No. NAME DES@RIPTION BoRN DIED AGE
105 Sarkies, T. A. 17
Jan.
1829 41
109 Edwards, John Late Seaman of the 29
Barque © Arab.” Sept.
. 1837 41
110 Perreau, 26° 50
Charles Oct. - yrs.
186i 33
days
113 Sinclair, Henry 29
April
1838 36
117 Gray, William Merchant 24
Dec.
1832
118 Henderson. Captain of the Ship 8
Renown.” Mar.
1833
127 Nicholson, 10 Dee: “iF 25
George W.N. 1838 May yrs.
1862 58
mos
7
days
128 Nicholson, Also his Sister Eliza-
Wiiham beth Caroline died 19
David 16 Aug. 1845, age 16 Aug.
years 1815 20
129 Nicholson, Also his wife Louisa 8
George died 17. May 1853 Sept.
aged 50 1853 65
131 Rowlandson, Wife of Lieutenant oT = 20
Emily Jane George Rowlandson Dec. yrs.
of the Madras Artil- 1835 8
lery mos
20
days
Ope raba Zone, Brevet Captain Rom-
Harry bay Artillery, only
Lambert JOM Oi Seiya -

William Brabazon
for many years
Master Attendant of 22.

lave) Jeloyaly Ja, Il, (Cro. May
at St. Helier 1842 31

Jour. Straits Branch

No.
34

136

147

148

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE

NAME DESCRIPTION
Lindsay, The Second son of the late
Hon ble Earl of Balcarras.
Charles A member of the
Robert Bengal Civil Service
Margaret,
Caroline
Regina
Farquhar, Eldest son of the late

William Clark Andrew Farquhar

Leslie, George Commander of the
Ship “Good Suce-
cess.”

Wife of W. M. Diron,
Hsq. B. C. 8. eldest
daughter of B.. H.
Tulloch Bs Cr St. of

Diron, Mary

Elliston Roxburgh-
shire late of the B.
Cas

Prior, Hester Wife of Capt. Henry

Sophia Prior of the Madras
Army
Armstrong, Native of Scotland—
Adam Shipwright

Ferrier, James Commander of the
Barque — Arab.’
Also his son Robert,
Salter Ferrier died
25 Oct. 1833, aged
io years

Jarret, Thomas

Wife of the Rev. Wm.
Dean, also the

- Infant son of Dr.
Wer bee irs, Bie RR:
Bradley

Dean, Mrs.
Matilda C.

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

BoRN

S7
DIED AGE
4 July
1835 48
4
VIS.
ith
mos.
14
days
LS 2?
Man. tyxs:
1846 °7
mos.
23
days
26
May
1845
29
2S yars:
April 9
1838 mos.
8 Feb.
1834 26
30
Jam,
1865 29
1g
Oct.
1833 72
29
July
1842 32
5D
Mar.

SS THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE
149 Reynell, Son of Captain and 9.
Walter Mrs. Henry Reynell uke SOREE Re
July 929
1845 mos.
11
days
150 Clark, James Infant son of James 3
Scott Scott and Elizabeth 7 Dec 20 mos.
Clark 1834. Mar. 1
; 1835 days
151 Rogers, Capt. Of Beverley Mass. 24
HE. U. SS, A. Born at 26 Jan.) fem
Portland, M. 1804 1845
152 Clark, James Son of David Clark 29
Scott of London Dec.
1851 47

153 Stryker, The Missionary to the
Rev. Isaac P. Island of Borneo

froma they Relwsaron:

Duteh Church in

North America, born 21
in the State of New 27 Nov. Mar.
Jersey 1811- .. #843
155 Germon, Lieut. 48th Regt. M. N. I. fe)
ier: Dec.
1836-26
156 Ivatts, Emily (Indecipherable)
157 Simon, Juliet, 13
A, 9 ~ mos:
July 6
1844 days
158 Rodyk, Chris- 36
tian J. 21 ‘yrs.
Oct: -8
1832 mos.
159 Steer, W. H. 23
Oct.
1832
160 Bernard, Mrs. Wifeof Francis James 4]
Esther Bernard of Singa- LAs yrs
pore Julye 20
1832 mos.
161 Loch, James Of Brompton, Middle- 19
Sex 3 Feb. \ diuly,
1798 1838

Jour. Straits Branch

166

167

EY

178

181

182

NAME

DESCRIPTION

Haakman, Her- Of Amsterdam

man Jacques,
Lucretia
Leslie, Captain

Jauncey, Robert Of Dartmouth, Devon.

5) Hind? Wm.

Henry

D’Silva, Mrs.
Joaquina

Leisk, Mrs.
Anna

Secretan,
Francis James

Schumann,
Edward

Wilson, James

Robertson,
Archibald
James Spot-
tiswoode

Reid, Jane
Elizabeth

Schneider,
Capt. Paul

Shepherd,
John Forbes

R.A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

13th Regt. Supt. of
Public Works

Died on his way from
China

Wife of W. C. Leisk

Of Ampanam in the
Island of Lombock

Of Hamburg

Second son of Mr.
John H. and Mary
Ann Robertson

Wife of John Fleming
Martin Reid Esq., of
the Bengal Civil
Service

Late of the Bengal
Civil Service, son of
John Shepherd, Esq.
of London.

BORN

7 Mar.

1857

28 Jan.

1863

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

DIED

iE
June
1864
31
May
1842
9
May
1838
28
Aug.

1863

25
Aug.
1848

3 Feb.

1865

25
July
1838

10
Mar.
1865

10
Sept.
1842

89

AGE

19

90 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE,

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BORN DIEE AGE
183 Lyon, James Commander of the ship 22
7 ‘“Bomanjee __Hor- Sept.
musjee’’ of Bombay 1841 40
184 Breen, John 12
Edward 4 Apl. July
1807 J637
186 Weed, Joseph Of Rockingham, Ver- 25
Harvey mont, U.S.A. June
1848 32
188 Webster, 44
Josiah } yrs.
Nove.
1863 mos.
24
days
189 Crowell, Seth Late Commander Ameri- 19
can Ship “ Robin July
Hood” 1851 35
190 Plowden, Wife of George Chi-
Blizabeth cheley Plowden of 31
Anne the Bengal Civil July :
Service 16358 22
191 Grey, Leopold Bengal Civil Service,
James Henry son of the Hon. Jid- 10
ward Grey, Bishop Aug.
of Hereford 1845 30
192 Mitchell, The (Inscription indeci-
Rev. J. A. pherable)
194 Wood, Martha Wife of the Rev.
Maria George W. Wood
and daughter of Silas 9
Johnson Esq. _ of Mar.
Morris Town N. J. 1839 21
195 -Woods, John Son of R. C. Woods 10
Henry Esq. mos.
2.Ocet. 19
1846 days
197 Mathers, Of Belfast, Ireland O79.
Henry Jan.
1845 20
198 Anderson, Wil- 1 June 17 Feb.
liam 1842 1865
199 McTavish, Late of the Steamer
Capt. Archi- © Armenian’ born at 21
bald Garthbeg, Invernes- 8 Aug. June
shire 1835 1862

Jour. Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE,

No. NAME

200 Sutcliffe, Ada

202
204

Bray ? Jane
Pillay, Aaron

206
208

Gable ? Mary

Decamp.
Eugene

209 Sohst, John
Friedrich

Francis, John
Henry

212

913 Rose, Emily

Carey

914
Dale
Robb, Aun

216
mas

217 Peterson, Kd-

ward Alfred

R. A. Soc., No. 61. 1912,

Hartley, Henry Son of Stephen Hart-
Robb, J. Rioch Wife & Son of Daniel

Moncrieff, Tho-

91

DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE
30 Ap. 19 Oct.
363) 252860
Wife of Ernest Bray ?
25 Feb. 56
1847 yrs
ale
mos.
25
days
Wife of John Gable ?
Born at New Jersey. 12 Jan. 11
1838 June
1863
Born in Hamburg Ap. 1842 Nov.
1863
Chief Mate of the Bri-
tish Ship ~ Chilo”
died on __ board.
Third Son of William
Skeggs Francis of
“ Belle Grove”’ near
Welling in the Co. of 28 Ap
Kent, England. 1862
yi 12
mos.
5
days
Dec.
ley 1844 47
18 Feb 2
Robb, Ship builder of Singa- 1865
pore 22 Feb 38
1865
Of Shanghai, China,
5th son of Sir James
Wellwood Moncrieff
Bart: one of the
Judges of the Sup- 22,
reme Court of Scot- 5 Oct. Dee.
land. 1820 1863
Second son of P. A. 6 Sep. 16
Peterson 1860 yrs
9
mos.
17
days

92 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

220

222

223

234

235

237

NAME DESCRIPTION BORN

Leicester, Rosa- Wife of Mr. W. S.

mond Leicester
Paterson, Alice Daughter of William

Graham Paterson, Merchant

of Singapore

Kraal, William
Kraal, Wilhel-

mina
Kraal, Amelia Wife of W. Kraal
Tolson, Robert oT Jaa,

P. 1861

S. and E. 8. (Inscription illegible)
McIntyre, ;
Hugh
Bell, Kate Child of James A. and
Ellen F. Bell
Haskell, G. L. -Merchant of Boston
UsS.A. .
Caswell, Eliza- Relict of the late
beth James Caswell of
New South Wales
Neubronner, Wife of Jas: L. Neu-

Eliza Esther bronner & daughter -
of the late James
Caswell Esq. of New
South Wales

Wife of Edward Geale
M. M.

Geale, Janet

Taylor, Francis Wife of Mr. R. Taylor,
Ordnance Officer,
Singapore

DIEE AGE
25
Aug.
1860 39
25
Noy. 10
1852 mos.
29
Nov; 4
1844 day.
15 628
“May days
1847
11.35
Jan. yYrs
1853 10
mos.
8
days
19
Dec.
1863
4 July 32
1860
23 a;
June days
1847
15 May 35
1860
4 52
Nov. yrs
1859 4
- mos.
395
6. t*yrs
June 10
1862 mos.
Ll eat
Sept. yrs
185993
mos.
9A AG
May yrs
1857 «3
mos.

Jour. Straits Branch

No.

238

243

244

246

247

248

NAME

Armstrong,
John

Mactaggart,
- Mary Ann

Carpenter,
Mary Eliza-
beth

Salmon, John
Kinsey

Lovi, (?Love)
Henry

Burnett, Wil-

liam

Burnett,
Joseph

Burnett,
Catherine

Moyle, Mary

_ Harriot

Moyle, Edith
Elizabeth

Dunn, Arthur
Charles

Carroll, The

Rey. C. R. M.A.

Ellis, Jobn K.

R. A. Sac., No. 61, 1912.

DESGRIPTION

Merchant

Daughter of John
Armstrong and wife
of William Mactag-
gart, Merchant.

Wife of Percy. .Car-
penter

Born at Holywell

Born at Edinburgh

Bur-

Son of Samuel
nett

Wife of Samuel Bur-
nett

Wife of M;

Moyle

John

Eldest daughter ‘of
J.M. & E. G. Moyle

Son of Charles and
Emma Dunn

Chaplain to the Forces
at Hongkon?z

Late of — He'ston,
Cornwall

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE... 93

BoRN DIED AGE

1804

24
Aug.
1852

al
June
1856

17
May
1857

25
May
1855

Aug.
1854

18
Jan.
1858

30
Dec.
1864

OT
Apl.
1854

2 Sept.

1853
10
June
1858

ol

21

27

94 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

No.

250

252

253

204

255

256

260

261

262
263

NAME

Ottoson, Emily
Lousia

Robinson,
Stella

Robinson, Alice

Song Pat Ko

Fu Kin Hi

Mactaggart,
Elizabeth
Helen

Curties,
Charles J.

Copeland,
James T. (M.
M.)

Skinner, Ann
Jones

Clement, Wil-
ham

Cumming,
John Purss

Siffken,
Charles
Henry

Dawson, Capt.
Wm.

Tingate,
Thomas W.
Spottiswoode,

Charles

DESCRIPTION

Children of Philip and
Emma Robinson

do.

Of Lam-Che"
(Hokkien)

Of Yun-thin (Kheh)

Daughter of William
and Elizabeth Mac-
taggart

Wife of Archibald
Skinner

Barque © Hydrosse’”’

Merchant of Singapore
born at Forres, Scot-
land

Son of Henry Jacob
and Amelia Louisa
Wilhelmina Siffken
of London, England,
formerly of Lisbon

Of the British Barque
“ Cornwall ”’

BORN

DIED AGE

4
yrs
i)
Li “wos:
Nov. 6
1852 days

29 May Api.

1857

9 May May

1861

8 Dec.
1858

1860 51
1860 34
1863 34

1859 37

8 Mar. Sept.

1815

1858 43

1858 21

L858 ay
22 July
185a5 at

Merchant of Singa- 21 Dee. 13

pore

1812

June
1858

iJour, Straits Branch

268

269

273

276

277

NAME DESCRIPTION

The Captain, Erected to the
Officers and Memory of their
Ships’ Com- deceased Shipmates
pany of H.M.

S. “ Spartan”

Maenair,
Robert
Frederick

Maenair,
George

Corbett,
Joseph

Muirhead, Only child of David

Emma Jane and Maria Anne
Muirhead

Khus, Maria

Catherina

Sophia

Mellington,
Elizabeth

Skinner, A. W. Infant son | Om, 2A:
Skinner, M. M.

Kirby, John Son of John Lawrence
Laurence and Margaret Kirby

R A. Soc., No. 61, 19f2.

BORN

DIED

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE, 95

AGE

Section B.

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE
4 Paulo Lim 19a 27
12m. — July
1778 1856
Tan Moh His wiie

6 Sir Jozé D’Al- Knight Commander 27 Nov. 17 #66
meida Car- of the Portuguese 1784 Oct.
valho E’Silva Order of Christ and 1850

Conception and
Knight of the Order
of Charles IIJ of
Spain. Member of
the Privy Council of
Her Most Catholic
Majesty Queen
Donna Maria II.
Portuguese Consul-
General in the
Straits. Born at St.
Pedro do Sul in Por-
tugal. Resident 25
years in Singapore

7 DeAlmeida, Daughter of Francisco, |
Angelina Kvaristo Pereira and 18 Apl. May
Isabel De Almeida 1862 1863
8 Demee, Maria Wife of Demee and 28
daughter of the late Aug.
Sir Jozé D’ Almeida 1851 30
9 D’Almeida, Daughter of the late 13
Julia Sir Jozé D’ Almeida Mar.
ee 1852 20
11 Cunningham, Of Dublin, Ireland. i
Mary Ann Widow of the late Feb.
Mr. Cunningham 1864 64%
12 Martin Chung Of Ka-Yin-chu 10
Sin (Kheh) husband of 2d.1m. Feb.
“Maria 1791 --ieottees
14 Colemar, For many years Supt. 27
George of Public Works in Mar.
Doumgold this Settlement 1844
16 Connolly, John 24 60
| Mar.
| 1846

| Jour. Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE. 97

No. NA 'E DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE
17 Cox, Thomas 2nd Lieut: Madras Iowan pl LS)
Bernard Artillery Feb.

1843
18 Pestana, Cathe- Widow of the late 26 19
rine A. A. Pestana, Born 28 Jan. Aug. yrs.
at Malacea S42 1861 36
mos.
21
days
20 Cunningham, Son of Mr. D. Cun- Seas lat
- John Thos: ningham Nov. mos
1838
21 Neville, Patrick Stepbrother of W. C. 6 Jan. 6June 33
Joseph Cunningham 1825 1858 yrs
5
mos.
22 Cunningham, 3 Oct. 22 Feb
Mathew Peter 1832 1860
23 Crosby, Tho- Born in England 6 June 15 Sep.
‘mas Kidder eI NSO
94 Pedro Chita Father of Paulo and 12d. 15
Ngi An ‘ Hok-tek-Seng ’ 10m: June
1801 1858

25 Tan Ko Hien Of Aes =P Fal FRE ED

Hai-yé" (Tiechiu)

im irons lol Wit 20
seng ”’ pawnshop Aug.
father of Lai-Kho 1854
27 Rodrigues, Wife of José Manoel
Julia Rodrigues, born at 7 April 1 Aug.
Malacca 1843 1862
28 Francisco Tan Uncle of Anton a-Kui 7 47
Nam Feb. -
1858
29 Rozario, W. EH. Wife of Jozé Rozario 3 Oct. 16 Sep.
Petronell Born at Malacca 1784 1868
30 Paulo Li Ji Grand-uncle of Ngnan 2 Dec. 48
er ELO 1857
31 Hendriks, 17 Oct. 23
- James 1852
32 Hendriks, 30 Aug 30
John 1862?
33 Anton Yong Of Ka-yin-chu (Kheh) 30d. 6
Ngi Ku 9m. Nov.
1823 1850

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

68 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE

34 Joseph Yong Of Ka-yin-chu (Kheh) 11d.

Kim Long 10m. 6
1798 Sept.
[21858] 1863
35 Ignacio Yeo" Of HE Fee FB Sy AG Ba
Chhiong Ngi ss Jaj- Ye" A
Feb.
(Tiechiu) 1851
36 Pedro Cheng Father of Paulo, Pedro,
Andrew, Joseph, 18: *50
Catherine Anna, June
Lucia and Anna 1860
37 Joseph Lau Father of Lai Siong 24
Hong Liat May
1855
38 John Chng
a-'Toe
a9 Tite Ur lok Father of Stephen Tit" 5d. 8m. 30 Jan
1793 1858
40 Paulo Lau 27 July
Chhun 1863
41 Stephen Chng
Beng Bun
42 Vincentio Lau Of FF irl IED Hai-Ye"
Tsu (Tie-chiu) father of 15
Alexio Lau a-Lai May
1851

43 Paulo S6 a-Piu Of San-Keng District
(Canton) uncle of
Mathias Ho (Fuk ?)
who repaired the
grave onl3 July, 1842

44 Joseph Tia Ngi Oft[|-FIEN Jao-Pheng 1819-20 21

(Tiechiu) April
: 1251

45 Thadden Tiu" Of Pa rE SD Hai Ye’ 96 Jan.
Tao Gueenin) 1853

46 Cunegonde Mother of Joseph Lai 8 Noy. 13 De.
Kok and (Lu) cia(?) 1834 1852
Gok-niu" 1] pan “S2i2
1 3.m.-2 pie
47 Joseph Lau

Kate (?) Li
48 James Tan 1801-2 5 May
a> Bin 1850

Jour. Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE. 99

No. NAME DESCRIPTION

49 Stephen Tan

50 Simon Tan Ke

Hong

50a Minjoot,John Infant Son of D. De
Luis Anna Cotta and C. Minjoot
Cleto

51 Minjoot, Maria Widow of the late

Frederick Frederick Minjoot,
of Malacca
52 Wood, John Infant Son of Johannes
Wood
53 Paulo Ng Of Ka-yin chu (Kheh)
a-Thiam Nephew of Yung Shu
57 Maria Lau Wife of Ngi a-Chuan
Kiau
59 Tan Khai Guan

62 Di. Oliveero,

Nicholsow

Born at Penang

63 Sohier, Philip (Inscription illegible)
Gioia Yons © Of Se Bits: Ka-yin-
Thiam chu, [Kheh] father
of Matthew Sz.-
Chhun gnd. father of
Sekaliea =) Vio ne
Sang Cart a-Lan,
Kin-niong and Yin-
niong
68 James Bu-Kho
a Sui
—>~- Bes,
69 Pedro Lim of Pa BIS TI ae EN
Tiong Hi

69a So. Chhid Kai Of Shii-Heng. [Near
Canton |

Rs A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

BoRN DIED AGE
11m 26d
1792
(216 Jan. 3 Mar.
1852 +1852
24 Sept. 27 Ap.
Leon lsos
26 June 19 Jan
1861? 1864
7 Nov. 07
1858
3) Wigwe sal
1848 June
1849
1847-8
1822-3 "26
Nov.
1843
6 Dec. 18 66
1788 Dec. yrs.
leis: 1D
days
UO ie 2
Feb.
1862
1-3
p.m.
2° 6" 8July
1784 1849
(216 July
1844)
1814-5 19
Oct.
1847 34

100 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE
70 Ariea (?) Mother of Josia Lo 14
Teng-niu', Rosa Ma- Mar.
ria and Matthew 1853
9-11
a.m.
72 Melany, Peter Second son of S. 1Nov. 2
Melany 1835 yrs.
8
mos.
73 Fransiz, Wife of A. T. Fransiz ig@. 32
Martha Mar. yrs.
1835
80 Martha Mother of (S)teven (?) the >
a-Kio, Tek-niu” and 1841
Hong-niu"™
52 Joseph Tan a- 1864-5 26
Ku
83 Pedro Heng
Kwong Ko
Paulo Heng
Kwang Ju
84 Olivaro, A ie el’
Andrexe 7 Mar.
and 1860
~ Welsh, James 10° =, 52
July yrs.
1863-2
mos.
19
days
85 Scheerder, Wife of Johannes 16 98
Louisa Cecilia Scheerder Nov. yrs.
: 1869 &
mos.
16
days
87 Headstone (Inscription illegible)
87a James Ngo 1805-6 29
: May
| 1856
89 Hansen, Ann Wife of John Francis 18 July 30 27
Elizabeth Hansen 1830 > Jame ays:
1858 6
mos.
12
days

Tour. Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE. IOI

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE
90 Woodford, Son of James Isaiah 1:53 4
Samuel and Dorothea Wood- Feb. yrs.
Arthur ford 1845 6
: . mos.
9
days
Woodford, Wife of James Isaiah 3 Oct. 37
Dorothea Woodford 1850 yrs.
5
mos.
10
days
91 Blaver, 12 38
Antoine Mare July
1863
92 Jacob Ngin
Pia”
93 Thomas Bun 31
Beng Thai Mar.
meee 1861
93h James Heng = of EE EERE, iH BB i
Tiang Seng ; : Dec.
Kit-ye" | Tiechiu] 1849
94 VincentioLiz: o, pH SyIE ap ; 31
Sans on one Ae.
7 Tiechiu Prefecture 1833 1863
95 Joseph Negin 2 ales 6
Yong Seng 1823-4 Mar.
: 1-3 a.m... 1857
96 Bello, Don 30-28
Jose Gonzalex April
1860
99 Paulo Hen Fo Of ae Ra 4s Ka-yin- 1865-
Siu ¢hu (Kheh) 6
101 Francisco Ko Father of Stephen and
(2) Thai Seng ‘Lo-jia-Bong’
102 Statoo, Antonia Widow of Zacharias 23), 29
Catherina Statoo, born in Sept.
Applo Penang 1852
103. Joseph NgTsz Friend of Hu Soe &c. 1811-12 DO BT
Jan!
1847
104 Pedro Tiu” 4
Thien Siong Jan.
1847

R. A, Soc., No. 61, 1912.

102 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BorN DIED AGE

105 Paulo Yong Of Chin Phin, Ka-yin 1819-20 26

Liuk chu (Kheh) May
1846
106 Benedict Vong Of Ka-yin-chu(Kheh) 1794-5 1846-
a Ngi 7
111. Wooden, Wife of S. Wooden 30
Brezeda June
1846
116 Paulo Yeo" 1832-3 21 Feb. 26
1857
117 Rough, Captain Late Marine Surveyor 23 May 6 38
John for this Port. Born 91604 Jan.
at Dundee 1844
120 Hinnekindt, A mes enfants
Eugéne
121 Joaquim Lan Parents of Matthew, 1811-2 30
Chhun John, Eranciso, June
Joanna Louis and Anna 1824-5 1860
Sele 1-3
p.m.
25
Aug.
ae ee See, 1860
PRS? ae ee 5-7
3 p.m.
122 Brown, John Second son of Wm. 24
Brown of Egypt May 27
Park Paisley 1845 yrs.
123° Cecilia Ng Mother of Francisco 26
April
1862
124 Paulo Ki Oai oat) Ba AS 95 =44
eg tee, July

1244 Sit Yu Ngo
Lau Lo Leng His wife oy
125 Hinnekindt, A notre chére enfant tps
Numa < | 1865 mos.

127 Pereira, M. L. — 2 Jan. oo

dys

Jour. Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE. 108

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE
129 Chung Fat Of er tis {— 2% HI Aut-
Long © ee ena - umn
| Ka-yin-chu (Kheh) 1858
130 Nell, Henry: OC ar
June
1844
132 Pedro Chung Friend of Vincentio 12
Khe Tan Lau Tsu Hah Feb.
=: 1846
133 Pedro Yeo" Ju go, 93 GE Teng-Hai 18
(Tie-chiu) father of April
Thaddeus Yeo” Ju 1846
134 Pedro LiKam of HA ye spi Elstar’, aU
imps une
(Tie-chiu) oe
185 Paulo Kong Of Ka-yin-chu
Hi (tomb erected in 4th
m. 1846)
136 Jacob Lo Ps Of San-Neng (Canton) 21
. May
p 1846
137 Pedro Kilen of ef RD mMeehit 4
Jan.
1847
138 Tereira, Paul ep eee,
Aug.
1834
139 DeAlmeida, . Infant daughter of 15 June 10
Ella Mrs. Maria Izabel 1833 IA TNO.
and José DeAlmeida May 27
Esa. 1834 dys
140 DeAlmeida, Infant ‘son of Mrs. 29 Jan. 6 I
Charles Maria Izabel and 1835 Feb.. yr.
José DeAlmeida ISG fs
dys.
142 Louis Thong Of Thai-pu, god-father
Son Pak of Chong Lien, Lai
Yin and Chung Fu
(tomb repaired in
Winter 1863)
145 Athama Phua" A woman 29,
SFG, « dittne
1829 1849

146 Joseph So
Cheng Tong Of Tiechiu

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

104 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

149

154

168

NAME DESCRIPTION BorRN DIED AGE
John Tiu" Nei op PARI Hai-ver
Kiat Tiechiu elder brother oa
of Ngi Tiang and 10°. 6". July
Ngi Kok 1818 1860
D’ Almeida, Infant daughter of ids | 1
Maria Kugé- Rose Maria and Joa- Jan. year
nia quim D’ Almeida Esq. 1846. -¥
days
Anton Tan Tio 5 May
1852
Lopez, Dona 18 a3
Maria Engra- Jan. yrs.
cla 1846 2
| ) mos
Ball, John Boatswain in U.S.A. 35
Navy, died on board yrs.
the U.S. Ship “John
Adams”. Also two

Shipmates James
Gibson and John

Rice.
Alliandre, Bie es Fe)
Sibrino Jan.
1853
Taylor, Charles (Rest illegible)
Henry
Maria Heng Wife of Lim Chi Kho 13
Sep.
1859
Matthias Tan o-Jan.
Kim 1847
Wilson, John Late Master of the 28
, barque © Jane Nov.
Wilson’’ of Greenock 1844 35
Chu a-Phua"
Anthony Yeo" Father of a-Soan ate 47
‘Kong Lan (tomb erected in 3rd
m. 1858)
Ross, John Marine Surveyor for AY est
this Port. Master Sep.
Mariner inthe Singa- 1844 |
pore and Batavia
trade
Bareey, 2B. . 20
Aug.
1861

Jour. Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE. 105

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE.
170 Joseph Kho 1781 9 May
Tek I (2 1841) 1857
171 Paulo Na”® Khi Three years old 1862 12
Mui Feb.
[1864 |
172 Thomas Tan 5 2 2.0
K6 (2) of ee Me ahaa
HME GS)
173 Domingo Yong Of Yong-kong, Shiu- | 2
Hon heng (Canton) June
1849
174 de Thune, Le October Oct.
Comte 1803 1863
175 James Chan 28
Tek Sun : May *
1825-6 1863
176 Joseph Heng Father of Heng Chho 12
Che Lai May
1812-3 1863
Miieeeaulos lia: (2 Date of birth) 1837
Seng Thai
178 Stéphen Vun Of Hin-nen, Ka-yin-
Fo Siu chu [Kheh! Tomb
repaired in 2nd m.
1862

179 Nicolo Vong Of {f{ A Lane, 3f£ (?)

Sz Pong AH VE (2) §fh Ka-
yin-chu | Kheh|]
Father of Khet-on

| and a-Moi

180 Pedro Tan Of 4 "er 5B Hai- Ye" 11
Thian Sun : April
Tiechiu 1849

181 Andrew Ng To : 129" = £5
Kuan 1821-:- Sept.
. 1849

184 Anthony Infant son of Heng 20 April 16
Bu Hah ; 1863 Mar.
= . a 1864

185 Susannah Daughter of Tan Lain Feb. 15
; 1856 = April
1857

187 Philip Bu-kho Parents of 5 ities 1808-9 20
a-Sai, Anna Jan.
Te Hua 1864

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

Tiik OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

NAME

Austin Lai
Yen Chin

Francisco
Heng Toa
Huat

Francisco Lai
Fa

James Liu
Fung Kon
Sylvester Kho

Niu”
James Sih
Tsong Leng
Dies? Ana

P. G. (head-
stone)

38 Pedro Chhua

Tone Han
Jeremiah,
Maria

Thomas Lau
Bun Han
Justina Lau
Gek-Niu"™

‘Pedro Lim
Teng Lau

John Ngo
Siong Heng

Paulo Chhua
Yu Kiong

DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE

Of Ka-yin-chu|Kheh j 1848
elder brother of
Francisco Fa and
father of Chhong

Shit
Infant Son 21 Keb. 146
1861 Mar.
1865
Of Ka-yin-chu (Kheh) 5 Oct.
God-father of 1849
Andrew Yung and
father of Francisco
a-Piang _
Of 48mg ses Chin 1865
Phin (Kheh) A. D.
Of FA Ze Hai-ye’, 31
a Fe Dec.
Tiechiu 1847
95

9 May Aug.
1835 1857
(Headstone inscription

illegible)
10
12m, tiie
1811-12 1864
Wife of John Jeremiah 22.4 0
together with her, May yrs.
three sons Baldwin, 1362. 2%
George and John mos.
20
days
Children of Joaquim
Lau Chhum
Of BE IASE Kit-ye" 16
cyte Aug.
Tiechiu i844
Of FY Fat JER Hai-yé" 10,¢
Dah Sept.
Tiechiu 1944
1799- 1844- 45
1800 5)

Jour Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED

217 Pedro Yong Of Ka-yin-chu (Kheh)

a-Chhit
218 Francis, Jonan Born at Bagdad 18
June
1855
221 Agatha Yeo" Wife of Tan a-Ki
Chhun Ki
922 Nicolo Yeo"
Chuan
224 Thomas Tan Of Ai fRE FE Ae EP 16
Chin Hi Hai-yé" Tiechiu Dec.
1853
2925 Mares, Anba- Neé Vangrundelbeke 8)
but Dec.
1863
29296 Philip Ong 29
Lim May
: 1854
227 “Tan a-Bi Of AU 32 BE Ep Hai- 93
ain OSE : Mar.
| _yé" Tiechiu 185
228 Penefather, Wife of A. P. Penefather van:
Caroline 1860
229 Scott, Marie 6
Dominica Dec.
1858
230 Francis, Alfred (Wooden cross) 13
231 Anna Ngo Ki- June
nit" 1850
2528 D> St. Maria, Wite of Peter D’ St. 3 Oct.
Peternela Maria 1847
233 Thomas Koeh Of Ka-Yin-Chu (Kheh) 30
a-Chun (2? date of births) May
1845
235 Joseph Cho -a
Maria Theng
236 Aroozoo, John 12 May 30
1860 Sept.
1860

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912;

107

AGE

60.

Section C.
No. NAME DESCRIPTION Born DIED AGE

1 Tomb erected By Captain The Hon.
Arthur A. Coachrane
C.B.and some of the
Officers and_ ship’s
company of H. M.S.

Niger
Died from disease
Freshwater, A. Capt. Cox died at Can- 1 Dec. 27
ton 1856
McPherson ASG: 5 FES pOre 22 eae.
jee dl Dec.
: 1856
Pearce, James | Stoker », Canton 17 ot St
river July
1857
Waller, Robert Mate ‘4° Hong- 25 11438
kong Jan.
1858
Hill, William Capt. Miz. top. died at 26 a3
Hongkong Jan.
1858
Finn, Jeremiah A. B. died at Can- 2542138
ton Feb.
1858
Ashman Chas. Boy 5 pore 12 S7iHly,
April
1858
Bourne, Mark Ordy. i af Liw2e
April
1858
Handcock, Gunner 15: 31823
Robt. REMIE ARS - April
1858
Middleton, V. Private 16:. .280
“18 wl 3S Ne April
1858
Gibbs, James A. B. Rs 55 16 52°20
April
1858
Durrant, Ord. = :, 222449
Alfred April”
: 1858

‘Jour. Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE. 109

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BorRN DIED AGE
Stevens, W. Boy died at S’pore 9 July 17
1858
Manners, A.B. a 5 PAS ne Al
George July
1858
Died in action
Seig, Christian R. M. A. at Fatshan il 29
June
1857
Griffin, ACuS. "2 i d 27
Edward » . ry th
Bullemore Stoker ,, Canton ) diame 27
— 1858
Smith, H. A. Boy . . : as ilies
Drowned.
Roughton, Mr. Master Asst. ,, at sea 923 Oct. 18
G. E. ISVS) =
Day, Charles Boy Me 8 Sept. 16
1856
Meckril, H. J. Ordy. ’ Pahang 19 18-
Woods, Capt. F.C. at sea May
William 1858
2 Gibson, Lieut. 14th Regt. M.N.L - 1 June 27~
James J. é : 1857
4 Dunean ? | 14 May 60
Walter S. 1857
5 “Our Willie” Dec.
(headstone) — 1856
6 Stirling, 19May .
William 1856
7 Lee,Wm.Junr. Born in New York 14 Sept. 1 Mar.
Wa Sae\e 1823 1836
8 Neish, Thos. B. 30 Nov 39
1868
11 Coventry, Chas. Ist Lieutenant H.M.S. 12 . 30)
Farmer “ Rapid ” Mar.
1855
13 Lane, Mary ile 3: Heb.) '53
Florinda ; 1835
14 Wilkinson, Wife of Captain W. 1 26
Alice Wilkinson sp al. er V0Se
“1850. 2
: mos
15 Salbert, Carl Born in Manila 30 Nov. ? Jan. ?
Wilhelm 1851 - 1858
Andrea

R. A. Soc, No. 61) 1912.

110 THE OLD CHMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SENGAPORE,

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE

16 Becker, Johanna Born in: Hongkong 30 May 30

Carola Catha- 1864 § Nov.
rina 1864

17 Van, Soest Merchant of Singapore a0 274

Leendert Des.
1859

18 Leicester, LOY 204

Samuel Sept. yrs.
1863 2
mos.

90 Allen, Laura Second daughter of 2 Jam.> 4
Maria Agnes Henry and Charlotte 1849 yrs.
also Florence Allen 3
Louisa mos.

2 Apl. 4
1849 mos.

91 Peter, Saml: Died on-board, H. M. 1S" Bi

(R. N.) S. “ Albatross ”’ Jan.
1849
22. Thorndick, Of Uxbridge, Appren- 8
Wm. Robt. tice on board the Mare iT
Ship “‘ Rafael ” 1849
93 Fox, Ann Eliza Infant daughter of 1 Jaane ot
S. P. and Ann Fox 1858 mos.

24 Wiseham, Child of Richard and 19 Dec. 20 my
Emily Emily Wiseham 1856 Feb. mos.
Elizabeth 1856

25 McArthur, Daughter of John and 13 5)
Mary Jane Hiiza McArthur Nov. mos.

1856.5 27
days

26 Walter, Henry Son of Samuel and
Edward Eliza Walter, (rest

illegible)
27 D’Almeida, 9 5)
Emily Aug. yrs.
Delphina 1855 9
mos.

8
"days

D’ Almeida, LOe +4
Annette Sept. yrs.
Elizabeth 1855 6
mos.

12
days

Jour. Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

No NAME
- 28 Johnson,

Charles

29 Brown

30 Stewart, Capt.
John

dl Wicksteed,
John

32 Rudd, Herman

a3 Riggs, Mary
Jane

30 Yeo" Née Tan

37 Walter,
Francis
Ernest

39 Richard,
Thomas

41 MecDogall,
Robert

42 (Headstone
lying down)
Gray,
Elizabeth |

43 Coveney, J.

R. A Sac., No. 61, 1912.

Merchant,

DESCRIPTION

Born at Deptford in
the Co. of Kent.
Died at-his residence
fhe Hali way
House.”

Wife of William
Brown

Born at Greenock
Renfrew Command-
er of the Barque
~ Aaa,

Born in London

Lieutenant on board
H. N. M. Steamer
“ Batavia.”

Child of Christopher
Robert and Mary
Rigg

Mother of Tan Kek
Sun and Tan Heng
Un

Born at

Bremen

Chief Steward of the
Steamship “ Singa-
pore.”

Seaman, H.C. Steam
frigate Semiramis”

Wife of George Gray,
M.M. born in Sun-
derland and died on
board the “ Allen-
dale’”’ in Singapore
Harbour

(uarter Master Ser-
geant 40th Regt.
M. N.

BORN

10 Jan.

1811

24 June

1803

17 May
1817

DIED

14
June

1861.

1849?

lit

AGE

17

Yr. MOs.

47

43

112 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

No.

44
45

46

47

48

49

Or
bo

NAME DESCRIPTION

Dyce, Alexan-
der
May, Samuel T. Chronometer maker

Leisk, Capt. Of Lerwick. Com-
Thos. mander of the ship
~ Fort William ”’
Frankly,
George Wm.

Wilkinson, Wife of Capt. Wilkin-

Sarah son «& daughter of
Capt. W. C. lLeisk
Marine Surveyor of
Singapore

Milton-The
Rey. Samuel

Craigie, David Headmaster St. An-
drews Parochial
Schools at Madras

Cudliep ?

Nancy

Henwood,
George Ed-
ward

Smith, Harriet Wife of R. M. Smith,

Allisson died atsea also their
Infant daughter Eli-
za Matilda who died
at sea 25 June 1850

aged 3 mos.

Young, G. M. M. (rest illegible)
Arnold, Capt. Of the ship ‘ Edward
Thomas Boustead ”’ of Liver-

pool died on board
eis ? Mary (headstone-illegible)
Burt, Martin M. M.

Born at. Whin Close

Wise, Joseph
| Cumberland

BoRN

1810

DIED AGE

1848
14
Dec.
1862
3 39
Sept.
1849
1852 4
mos.
15
days
6 21
April
1853
9) 60
Sept.
1848
ha St
May
1849
1 50
Oct.
1848
18> 34
Jan.
1849
20-23
June
1850
20, 983
Aug.
1849
23. 47
Mar. yrs.
eat- 39
mos.

19 May 24 June

1815

1852

Jour. Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.” 113

No. NAME DESCRIPTION BoRN DIED AGE
60 Harvey, John Mr. Sergt: 51st Regt. 22 Feb. 28
M. N. I. also his In- 1850

fant daughter Made-
line aged 5 months

14 June 1850 31 Oct. 41
61 Stephenson, Of Ship “ Santiago ” 1850
Capt.
62 Gentle, James Ist Engineer Steamer 9Oct. 24
D. “ Hellespont ”’ 1861
64 Léi a-chan Of San-neng (Canton) 25 Feb.
1864
Gee 5. |. Chinese Christian 5 Sep. 26
1850
66 Wright, Cissie Daughter of George BOGE Val
Augustus Tod and Mary Wright June mo.
: TSoe ho
days
67 Anderson, Master of thé Ship Gee oi 2 0)
James Rajastha’”’ of Glas- Dec. 30
- 2OW 1852
68 Tomlinson, R. Of H. M. Surveying 19Mar. 20?
M. Schooner “Saracen’’ 1857
69 Li Jiu Keng Of Lam-cheng (Hok- 26 Aug. 17
kien) 1864 March
1865
71 Keasberry, Daughter of B. P. 19: 20?
Ellen Keasberry — July mos.
1852
72 Griffin, Alex. W. 1 ae!
Dec. mos.
1155
73 Hewetson, (illegible) | 45
Francis
74 Johannes, Born at Batavia 9 Jan. 10 Jan.
Gerrit . S250) iso
75. Seale, Francis Mate. H. C. Pilate 17 Jan.
William Service 1851
76 Minard, Wm. M. M. a0) = yw
Henry Dec. yrs.
1850
77 Andree, Capt. Of the barque ~ Cla- 18 54
Gaal rissa” May yrs.
ste TG
mos.
2D
days

R.A. Soc No. 61, 1912.

114 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

No.

78
80

81

86
88

89

90

NAME

MeLachlan,
Patrick

Colin, Camp-

bell, John

Kick, imma

Welsh, Capt.

Dan
Headstone
lying down

Young, Capt.

Tones, John
Yone

Stevens,
Edmund

DESCRIPTION

Second son of the late
Sir Grey Campbell
Bart : and of Pamela
his wife died on
board H.M.B. “ Bit-
tern ”’

Wife of Wm. Kick

(Remainder illegible)

This stone is placed
at the head of Mrs.
Young’s grave to the
memory of her law-
ful husband Capt. J.
Young and her sister
Isabella

Of H.M.S. “ Sybill ”

Caulker, on H.M.
Sloop, “ikea patos
Petty Officer for 20
years

BORN DIED AGE

Jan.

1853
23 28

- April

1853

9 21

95 OA
Oct.
1854

pi LP se
Feb.
1865

Jour Straits Branch -

19

21

23

32
33

NAME

Maria Ng
Liang Niu"
Gomes, J.

Cashin,
Charlotte

Anakin,
Charles

Falconer, John

Bonnyface,
Charles

Liau Chhun
Min
Graves, Kd.

Hide, John

Silvester,
Horace

Chalk, Chas.
Henry

Parks, Peter
Li Kim Lim

R. A, Sac., No. 61, 1912,

Section D.

DESCRIPTION

Mother of Tan Ban
Hah and Maria

Husband of F. Gomes 23 Dec.

Wife of C. Cashin

For 12 years on board
the Barque Mary ”’
of Liverpool

Engineer, born at
Stanenover? Scot-
land

Native of Telpham ?

Sussex, England. —
Midshipman on board '

the Barque Warren
Hastings ”’
land

Of Kui-shen (Hiechiu '

Kheh)

Gunner on H. M. S.
“ Renard ”

Native of Hyannes
Uses. A:

Oi these ©: Com:
panies Service Cal-
cutta, who came
here in search of
health

(Inseription illegible)

Of Ka-yin-chu tomb
repaired in Spring of
1880 by his 2nd son
Stam YG (20) Scare
others

of Eng-

BORN

1824-5 1857-8

1818

DIED

m5
Nov.

Sept.
1864

Sept.
1814
Sept.
1859
4 Ap.
1860
29
April
1860

~

5
Nov.
1856

AGE

21

40

26
vrs.
fal
mos.
27
days

NAME.

Jao 1B), Ihe

Allen, Laura Maria Agnes

Alliandre, Sibrino
Anakin, Charles
Andersen, William

Anderson, James
Andree, Capt. G. F.

‘Anthony

Apear, Andrew Satoor
Arica

Armstrong, Adam
Armstrong, John
Arnold, Capt. Thomas
Aroozoo, John
Ashman, Charles
Ball, John

INDEX.

Becker, Johanna, Carola, Catharina

Behn, August Wilhelm
Bell, Kate

Bello, Don José Gonzalex

Bernard, Mrs. Esther
Bing, Johanna Catherine
Black, John

Blaver, Antoine M.
Bonnytace, Charles
Bourne, Mark

Brabazon, Harry Lambert
Bray, Jane

Breen, John Edward
Brown

Brown, John

Bu-kho a-Sai, Philip
Bu-kho a-Sui, James
Bullemore :

Bun Beng Thai, Thomas
Burn, Emily Caroline

~ Burn, The Rev. Robert

Burnett, Catherine
Burnett, Joseph
Burnett, William
Burt, Martin

Carroll, The Rev. C. R.

No. on
Plan.

%q

ph
bo
bo

13
249
249
249

58
247

Tour. Straits Branch

Section.

POPPE EWOWWWOPPPOUMe ee er roawawarrmewancrowaa

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

NAME.

Carpenter, Mary Elizabeth
Cashin, Charlotte
Caswall, Elizabeth
Chalk, Charles Henry
Chan Tek Sun, James
Cheng, Pedro

Chhua Tong Hau, Pedro
Chhua Yu Kiong, Paulo
Chng a-Joe, John

Chng Beng Bun, Stephen
Cho a-Theng, Joseph
Chong Son Pak, Louis

-.Chu a-Phua”

Chua Ngi An, Pedro
Chung Fat Long

Chung Khe Tan, Pedro
Chung Sin, Martin
Church, William Marryat
Clark, James Scott

Clark, James Scott
Clement, William
Coleman, George D.

Colin, Campbell
Collingwood, John C.
Conolly, John

Copeland, James T.
Corbett, Joseph

Cornish, Frederick George
Coveney, J.

Coventry, Charles Farmer
~Cox, Thomas Bernard
Craigie, David

Crosby, Thomas Kidder
Crowell, Seth

Cudliep, Nancy

Cumming, John P.
Cunegonde

Cunningham, John Thomas
Cunningham, Mary Ann
Cunningham, Mathew Peter
Curtis, Charles J.
Cuthbertson, Robert John
D’Almeida, Anette Elizabeth
D Almeida, Emily D.

D’ Almeida, Sir Jozé

D’ Almeida, Maria’ ‘ugenia

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912

No. on
Plan.

239
19
233
31
175
30
203
211
38
4]
235
142
165
24
129
132
12
14
150
152
258
14
80
30
16
256
268
56
43
11
17
d1
23
189
o2

259 .

46

- 20
idl
22
255
4
27
27
6

WHOOE EDOM EOLMONWOOPESHOPOWS EEE Hee

#
ie2)

117

Section.

114 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

NAME.

D’ Almeida, Terelia
Darcey, T. B.
Davidson, R. R.- W.

Davis, Robert Thomas Farquhar

Dawson, Capt. Wm.
Day, Charles
DeAlmeida, Angelina
DeAlmeida, Charles
DeAlmeida, Ella
Dean, Mrs. Matilda C.
Deare, Diana
Decamp, Hugene
Demeeo, Maria
DeOlivero, Nicholson

DeSilva, Januario, Agostinio
DeSilva, Mrs. Joaquina
D’ St. Maria, Peternela

DeThune, Le Comte
Dies, Anna

Diron, Mary
Dunean, Walter S.
Dunn, Arthur Charles
Durrant, Alfred
Dyce, Alexander

D ’Zilva, Martina
Edwards, John

Ellis, John K.
Faleoner, John
Farquhar, Wm. Clark
Ferrier, James

Finn, Jeremiah

Fox, Ann Eliza
Francis, Alfred
Francis, John Henry
Franeis, Jonan
Frankly, George
Fransiz, Martha
Freshwater A.

Fu Vun Hi

Gable, Mary

Geale, Janet

Gentle, James D.
Germon, Lieut. J. P.
Gibbs, James
Gibson, Lieut. J. J.
Gibson, James

No. ony Boe
Plane Section,

9
168
3

Be
261
Z

7
140
139
148
54
208
8
62
69
166
232
174
197
143
4
246
1

44
102
109
248
22,
138
145

DQOQFOQrEEQWOWFWAOPEULPEPOAOPOPUWeSbt owe pred hOopepith

Jour. Straits Branch

HE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SENGAPORE. 19

NAME.

Gilzian, Mary

Gomes, J.

Graham, Jane

Graves, Edward |

Gray, Elizabeth

Gray, Wm.

Green, George

Grey, Leopold James Hy.
Griffin, Alex. W.

Griffin, Edward

Hackman, Herman Jacques Lucretia

Hallpike, Stephen
Handcock, Robert
Hansen, Ann Elizabeth
Hartley, Henry
Harvey, John

Haskell, J. L.

Hen Fo Sin, Paulo
Henderson, Captain
Hendriks, James
Hendriks, John

Heng Che, Joseph
Heng Kwang Ju, Paulo
Heng Kwang Ko, Pedro
Heng, Maria

Heng Tiang Seng, James
Heng Toa Huat, Francisco
Henwood, George Edward
Hewetson, Charlotte
Hewetson, Francis
Hewetson, Mrs. Marian
Hewetson, T.
Hewetson, W.

Hide, John

Hill, William

Hind, Wm. Henry
Hinnckindt, Kugene
Hinnekindt, Numa
Hogg, Lucy.

Howard, Peter
Hudson, Thomas
Ivatts, Emily

Jarret, Thomas
Jauncey, Robert
Jeremiah, Maria
Joanna

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

No. on
Plan.

ov

15

49

25

42,

117

14

191

Section.

Heeb ep ee Pr OUrrraPObn meer OPdtOrrogEPEprauEua

120 THE OLD CEMETERY ON

NAME.

Johannes, Gerrit
Johnson, Charles
Keasberry, Ellen
Kho Niu", Sylvestor
Kho Tek I, Joseph
Ki len, Pedro

Ki Oai, Paulo

Kick, Emma

Kirby, John L.

Knus, Maria Catherine Sophia
Ko ( ) Thai Seng, Francisco

Koch a-Chun, Thomas
Kong Hi, Paulo
Kraal, Amelia

Kraal, Wilhelmina
Kraal, William

Lahy, Thomas

Lai Fa, Francisco

Lai Yen Chin, Austin
Lane, Mary Florinda
Lau Buc Han, Thomas
Lau Chhun, Joaquim
Lau Chhun, Paulo
Lau Gek-niu", Justina

Lau Hong Liat, Joseph

Lau, Joseph

Lau Kiau, Maria
Lau Lo Leng

Lau Teu, Vincentio
Lee, Wm. Junr.

Léi a-Chan
Leicester, Mary
Leicester, Rosamond
Leisk, Anna

Leisk, Capt. Thomas
Leslie, Captain
Leslie, George

Li Ji, Paulo

Li Jiu Keng

Li Kam, Pedro

Li Kim Lim

Liau Chhun Min
Lim, Paulo

Lim Teng Lau, Pedro
Lim Tiong Hi, Pedro

No. on
Plan.

74
28
71
194
170
137
124
81
OTF
273
101
233
135
223
222,
292,
ya
190
188
13
208
121
40
208
37
AT
O7
124A
42
if
64
23
218
167
46
163
140
30
69
134
33

ZA.

4

200.

69

Jour. Straits Branch

FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE,

Section.

Dodd WaAWeOrPrrProognWhr rtrd Onmme br rik coll "AON oLooheoheh OLOLe!

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE, 121

No. on

NAME. Piage Section.
Lim, Vincentio 94° B
Lindsay, The Hon. C. R. 134 A
Liu Fung Kon, James 193 5 3s
Lo Po, Jacob : 136 B
Lock, James ; 161 Ata
Lopez, Don. Maria Engracia 153 B
Lovi, Henry 241 A
Lyon, James 183 BO
McArthur, Mary Jane 25 ©
McDougall, Robert 4] C
McIntyre, Hugh 227 A
McLachlan, Patrick 78 C
McMahon, M. J. T. 41 A
McPherson, P. J. [site 2 ©
McSwiney, Anne. 34 A
McTavish, Capt. Archibald 199 A
Mackertoom, Mackertoom Galoost 84 A
Macnair, George 267 A
Macnair, Robert F. 267 A:
Mactaggart, Elizabeth Helen 254 A:
Mactaggart, Mary Ann 238 A
Maitland, William | 63 Att
Manners, George 1 C
Mares, Anbabut 225 B
Margaret, Caroline Regina 136 A
Maria : 239 B
Martha 80 B:-
Mathers, Henry 197 A
May, Samuel T. 45.28 Co.
Meckril, H. J. 1 C-
Melany, Peter 72 Bo
Melitus, Philip Paul 78 A
Mellington, Elizabeth 279 A
Middleton, V. oil Ce
Milton, The Rev. Samuel | 49 C
Minaid, Wm. Henry 76 C
Minjoot, John, Luis Anna Cleto 50a B
Minjoot, Maria, Frederick 51 B
Mitchell, The Rev. J. A. 192 A
Moncrieff, Thomas — 276 Ai
Montgomerie, Alexander Graham 15 A
Montgomerie, Margaret 15 A
Montgomerie, Robert Alexander 1S. A
Moyle, Edith Elizabeth 244 A
Moyle, Mary Harriot + JAS AN
Muirhead, Emma Jane - ~ 26% A

_ R.A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

122 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

NAME.

Mundy, Thomas

Na" Khi Mui, Paulo
Napier, James Brooke
Neish, Thomas

Nell, Henry

Neubronner, Eliza
Neville, Patrick Joseph
Ng a-Thiam, Paulo

Ng, Cecilia

Ng Liang Niu’, Maria
Ng To Kuan, Andrew
Ng Tsz, Joseph

Ngin Pia", Jacob

Ngin Yong Seng, Joseph
Ngo, James

Ngo Ki niu’, Anna

Ngo Siong Hing, John
Nicholson, George W. W.
Nicholson, William Dayid
Nicholson, George
Olivaro, Andreke

Ong Lim, Philip
Ottoson, Emily Louisa
“Our Willie ”’

Oxley, Elleanor Amelia
1, (Ge

Parks, Peter

Paterson, Alice Graham
Pearce, James
Penefather, Caroline
Pereira, M. L.

Perreau, Charles
Pestana, Catherine
Peter, Samuel

Peterson, Edward Alfred
Phua", Athatina
Pickering, Mary Eliza
Pillay, Aaron

Plowden, Klizabeth Ann
Presgrave, Edward
Prior, Hesther Sophia
Reid, Jane Elizabeth
Reynell, Walter

Rice, John

Richards, Thomas

Rigg, Mary Jane

‘No, on eee
Pie Section.

93
1$L
1
138
130
934
21
335)
123
7
181
103
92
95

57

bo
Or
S
QOWP EES ESE HPOMEEWOPUrrObpmt se Premera ereaeer pore

Jour. Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE. 123

NAME. No. on Section.
Plan.
Robb, Ann I15 A
Robb, J. Riach 915 A
Robertson, Archibald J. Spottiswoode tad A
Robinson. Alice DD A
Robinson, Stella Da? A
Rodrigues, Julia 276 B
- Rodyk, Christian J. 158 A
Rozers, Capt. 151 A
Rose, Emily Carey 213 A
Ross, John 167 B
Rough, Captain John Lg B
Roughton, G. EH. ] C
Rozario, de Petronell 29 B
Rowlandson, Emily Jane 131 A
Rudd, Herman 32 C
S. and E. S. 995 A
Salbert, Car] Wilhelm Andrea Ls C
Salmon, John Kinsey 240 A
Sarkies, Aristakes 92 A
Sarkies, T. A. 105 A
Saunders, Eliza Wallace D5 A
Scheerder, Louisa Cecilia 85 B
Scheerder, Capt. Paul 181 A
Schumann, Edward 174 A
Scott, Harry 8) A
Scott, Joseph Richard 62 A
Scott, Marie Dominica 229 B
Seott, William 26 A
Seale, Francis Wm. TD C
Secretan, Francis James £72 A
Seig, Christian 1 C
Seth, Gregory 96 A
Seth, Hosannah Peter 95 A
Shepherd, John Forbes 182 A
Shepperd, Wm. 65 A
Siffken, Charles Henry 260 A
Sih Tsong Leng, James 196 B
Silvester, Horace 30 D
Simon, Juliet A. 157 A
Sinclair, Henry # 113 A
Sit Yu Ngo 1244 B
Skinner, A. W. , 276 A
Skinner, Ann Jones 257 A
Smart, Edward anh A
Smith, Charles Edward 68 A
Smith, H. A. 1 OU

R. A. Soc., No 61, 1912.

Hi

124 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

NAME.

Smith, Harriet Allison
So a-Piu, Paulo

So Cheng Tong, Joseph
So Chhin Kai

Sohier, Philip

Sohst, John Friedrich
Song Pat Ko

Spartan’ A.M.S., Capt., Officers & Men of
Spottiswoode, Charles
Statoo, Antonia Catherina Apploo
Steer, W. H.

Stephens, Simon
Stephenson, Capt.
Stevens, Edmund
Stevens, W.

Stewart, Capt. John
Stirling, Wm.

Strvker, The Rev. Isaac P.
Sutelitfe, Ada

Swannah

Sweeting, Samuel

Tan a-Bi

Tan a-Bin, James

Tau a-Ku, Joseph

Tan Chin Hi, Thomas
Tan Ke Hong, Simon
Tan Khai Quan

Tan Kim, Matthias

Tan Ko, Thomas

Tan Ko Hien

Tan Moh

Tan Nam, Francisco
Tan, Stephen

Tan Thian Sun, Pedro
Tan Tio, Anton

Taylor, Chas. Henry
Taylor, Francis

Te Hua, Anna
Temperton, William
Ter-Stephea, Mereatoon Michael
Tereira, Paul
Thorndick, Wm. Robert
Tingate. Thomas W.
Tiu Nei, Joseph

Tiu" Negi Kiat, John
Tiu" Seng Thai, Paulo

No. on :
Section.
Plan.

54
43
146
69A
63
209
953
264
263
102

GO
bo
Meshell eal ON all doled Hock ole-ReheReke-MeRosMeResl-hok' ii i aololelole tet tei take le lolLeTe

Jour. Straits Branch

THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE. 125

NAME. a ©" Section.
an,
Tiu" Thien Siong, Pedro 104 B
Tiu" Toa, Thaddens 45 B
Tiu” Ui Lok | 39 B
Tolson, Robert P. 92.4 A
Tomlinson, R. M. 68 C
Tones, John Youl 83 C
Van, Soest L. 17 C
Vong a Ngi, Benedict 106 b
Vong Sz Pong, Nicolo 179 B
Vun Fo Sin, Stephen 178 B
Waller, Robert 1 C
Walter, F aneis Ernest 37 C
Walter, Henry Edward 26 C
Watson, Edward 94 A
Webster, Josiah 188 A
Weed, Joseph H. 186 A
Welsh, Capt. Dan 86 C
Welsh, James 84 B
White, The Rev. Edward AQ
Whitehead, Horrocks ie 66 A
Wickstead, John 31 C
Wilkinson, Alice 14 C
Wilkinson, Sarah 48 C
Williams, John 94 A
Wilson, James 176 A
Wilson, John 164 B
Wischam, Emily Elizabeth 24 C
Wise, Joseph 59 C
Wood, John 52 B
Wood, Martha Maria . 194 A
Woods, John Henry 195 A
Woods, William 1 C
Wooden, Brezeda 111 B
Woodford, Dorothea 90 B
Woodford, Samuel Arthur 90 B
Wright, Cissie Angustine 66 C
Yeo’, Paulo 116 B
Yeo" Chhiong Ngi. Ignacio 35 B
Yeo" Chhun Ki, Agatha : 291 B
Yeo’ Chuan, Nicolo 222, B
Yeo’ Ju, Pedro 133 B
Yeo" Khong Lan, Anthony | 166 B
Yeo” nee Tan 30 C
Yong a-Chhit, Pedro 217 B
Yong Hon, Domingo 17S} B
Yong Kim Long, Joseph 34 B

R. A. Soc., No. 61, 1912.

126 THE OLD CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING, SINGAPORE.

NAME. ee ©” Section.
an.
Yong Link, Paulo 105 B
Yong Ngi Ko, Anton 33 B
Yong Thiam, John 67 B
Young, Capt. 88 C
Young, J. 55 C

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Pl. I. Plan of the Cemetery on Fort Canning Hill, Singapore.
Pl. II. West Gateway.

Pl. III. Tomb erected to the memory of the infant son of William
Napier Esq., Lieut. Governor of Labuan.

Pl. IV. General view of section ‘B’ of the Cemetery.

Pl. V. ‘Tomb in the centre of the picture: erected to the memory
of the Officers and Men of H. M. S. ‘Niger’.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc. No. 61, 1912.

JOURNAL LXI, PLATE |.

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STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.
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PLAN OF THE CEMETERY ON FORT CANNING SINGAPORE.

STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. JOURNAL LX], PLATE Il.

FORT CANNING CEMETERY. SINGAPORE.

- ¥ 5) -

5 va ESS: pegs = S hoes = gh, = iwos'g ees ee = =
ee é s. gop Je Oe Nae ap a ot ee [ee ee

STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. JOURNAL LXI, PLATE III.

FORT CANNING CEMETERY. SINGAPORE.

STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

JOURNAL LXI, PLATE IV.

FORT CANNING CEMETERY. SINGAPORE,

ee

Wiis kicae cere ¥
De bioy eet SS

STRAITS BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. JOURNAL LXI, PLATE V.

FORT CANNING CEMETERY. SINGAPORE.

———

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SOCI

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of the Society

Agents

M WESLEY & SON
: STREET

RAND

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LONDON

SINGAPORE

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METHOD!

(No. 62]

JOURNAL

of the

Straits Branch

of the

Royal Asiatic Society
December, 1912.

SINGAPORE:
PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE.
1912.

Table of Contents.

PAGES.
Some notes on the Kelantan Dialect, and some comparisons

with the Dialects of Perak and Central Pahang, by

A. J. Sturrock ee o sie iis l
Gunong Tahan and Gunong Riam, by J. 8. Scrivenor | aa 8
Three Early Kéris, by R. 0. Winstedt ... a0: 2
Mount Ophir Legends, by Dr. Mildred E. Staley .. Pe Oe
Mosquito Larvae and Freshwater Fish, by Dr. Rk. Hanitsch... 26

Population of S.S. and F.MS. during last Century, by
H. Marriott Sage Pea Av Pe Od

Some notes on the Kelantan Dialect, and some
comparisons with the Dialects of Perak
and Central Pahang, |

By A. J. STURROCK.

The variations and differences of dialect are of course found in
1. Vocabulary.
2. Pronunciation.
3. Distinct usages of word and phrase.
1. Vocabulary.
In this respect the dialects of Perak and Pahang are little
different: the Kelantan dialect differs widely from both. Taking
in the first me the personal pronouns,

(a) “I” is in Perak sahaya
téman
aku.
in Pahang sahaya
kawan (colloquially).
in Kelantan sahaya

hamba (most common colloquially).

Thus the word “ sahaya”’ is found in all three dialects, but its
~ use in Kelantan is very uncommon indeed, so uncommon that it is
probably an imported word. It is useful as a polite and less
humiliating variant to “hamba’’ when an inferior is addressed.
The word ‘“téman’”’ is unknown in Kelantan: and “ kawan,”’
though found, is clearly an importation from Pahang

In the written language “ beta’’ is used in Perak, “ sahaya’’
and “kita” in Pahang, and “ kita’”’ in Kelantan. Of course this is
not a rule without exception: for as the customs and languar>
of the more advanced West become known in Kota Bharu, sc
the variants of the other states are found gradually to creep in.
' both the written and spoken dialect. Perak is acknowledged to
be the leader of fashion and to be worthy of imitation in most

respects.
(6) “You” is Perak in mika
kamu.
in Pahang awak. -
in Kelantan kita (polite).
diri

mu (much as kamu is Perak).
kamu (which is coarse).
This use of kita may be common to the Northern States, but it
has not come to my notice except in Kelantan. “‘Diri’’ is also quite
commonly used: and “mu,” rather coarse, is purely colloquial, and

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soe., No. 62, 1912
ie

2 SOME NOTES ON THE KELANTAN DIALECT.

would always be used in conversation with inferiors and young peo-
ple.

(c) He, She etc. The Malay expressions are the same in all
three dialects :—but in Perak and Kelantan “dia-ma’”’ colloquially
pronounced ‘‘deema,’’ is the ordinary plural. In Pahang I never once
heard this expression. In Perak only have I noticed similar forms
in the first and second persons, as sahaya-ma’”’ and ©“ kamu-ma.”

In comparing the dialects of Perak and Pahang as regards differ-
ences of vocabulary, these, I think, are comparatively few. In
Pahang we find the word ‘molek” in common use, where both “‘elok’’
and chantek” are used in Perak: “‘sélalu’’ is found where in Perak
‘“langsong”’ is employed: and the use of ‘ rajin”’ is common where
in Perak “sélalu’’ is the expression found, e.g., ‘ta’ rajin’’ means
“never.” The most common expression in Pahang for ‘“every”’ is
‘‘sa-bilang,” eg., ‘‘sa-bilang hari” which means “every day.”
“Often” in Pahang is ‘‘kérap,” usually “kérap kali:’’ in Perak we
find “ galak”’ or “ galak kali’? employed: while in Kelantan again we
find the expression to be ‘‘achap” or ‘‘achap kali.’ In Pahang,
instead of the expression punya”’ signifying possession, the Arabic
“hak,” literally meaning “ possession”’ or © property”’ is used: and it
frequently takes the place of ‘“yang”’ (relative pronoun) as well.
“Only in Pahang have! heard the word chamchah”’ used for “spoon:”’
and in Pahang and Kelantan the word “sérampang” for “fork.”
The word “‘lalu’’ in Pahang has an adverbial use as well as its ordi-
nary signification, viz., meaning © absolutely,” e¢.g., ta’ guna lalu.’’
meaning ‘absolutely no good:”’ “‘habis-lalu,’”’ “absolutely finished’”’
‘Amat is generally used in Pahang where in Perak “ térlampau,’’
‘“sangat,” or ‘‘sakali’’ would be used. To intensify “amat,” “sangat”’
is added.

The Kelantan dialect differs widely from both Perak and Pahang
dialects. itis the least pure of all the Malay dialects I know, and
tntermingled with Siamese and even Chinese expressions, though:the
latter are comparatively few. There are many other alleged Malay

». ds, which as far as my experience goes, belong to Kelantan alone,

‘ugh it is possible that they are used in other Northern Malay
Svates. I have mentioned the personal pronouns, and in this con-
nection I must not forget to state that the word ‘“awak”’ for ““you”’
is accepted as being quite polite, but no Kelantan Malay cares to be
addressed as kamu.” It may be for this reason that Court charges
always employ the expression ‘‘kamu!’’ ‘“Hamba”’ is practically the
one colloquial word for “I’’ as is kita in written form.

I give a list of Kelantan words with meanings as types of the
difference in dialect.

English or Malay. Kelantan Malay.
To see See Kleh, bérgari.
To hasten hunggal
List sénaral
To take census: make a list sénaraikan

Jour. Straits Branch

SOME NOTES ON THE KELANTAN DIALECT. S

Notice, notification pérwawai

To be unwilling ta’ ser (only used in negative)

To weep | tériak (seldom tangis)

Foolish (bodoh) babok )

Mattress lembek

To petition méngéting or méngenting

Pénghulu : To’ kweng

Lawyer pénghulu

sémpadan tapang; méntara

The late (deceased) gémolah

bérsilat sayong

Feast for dead bewah

janda bujang

tin (receptacle) kopi

gila gong

plan-plahan kohor

capture egat or egak

appeal (against a Court decision) utun

Court case euaman or bichara

Criminal case bichara jénaiah

Civil = bichara mal

Party to a case anak guaman

To be party to a case bérguam

To give judgment kérat bichara

A judgment kératan-

gaol gok

dukong kekong

balek kélik, kélit

a cent, a piece ménunggal

marah mureh

kérani sémayan

throw, champak téhok

now loh ini

quickly (at once) lolor-lelor

snaiey { sangkang : bélanar :
chémak

proud pongah

shaky with fear kénaling

batas (large with a path on top) tandak

téngkolok satangan (form saputangan uncom-
mon.) °

- money pitis (lit. the small leaden coin

worth $1/480. )

méléngong térchokoh

manggis mésta -

jambu golok kétiri

mata kuching (fruit) gédu-gédik

kundang (fruit) sétar

lada hitam lada bénang

R, A, Soc., No. 62, 1912.

“4 SOME NOTES ON THE KELANTAN DIALECT.

silau (of sun) béchar

makan jamuan panggilan

péda budu

buah kétapi kéchapi

aran tamban

kraiong néring

sirat jala jahit jala

ségar siar

jalor tanah ruangan, or wangan tanah

bélébas jéréjak

to suckle mai (pron. with nasal accent)

kérol bojing

sireh sa-kapur sireh témat

Se a sireh sa-piak

méminang orang bawa sireh

pagar ténggalong pagar musang

matches pénggesek api
Sy ito hed nee kecheh

korang hérti korang chérak

ménchépar méjériat

notice, to affix tepek

finger- print tepek tangan

I give these as examples, compiled, as will be seen, ietinnt
system, just as they occured to me or were brought to my notice
I can give many more if required. The examples which I know to be
Siamese are jénaiah, utun, kweng, guam, and also such words as
‘“wat’’ a Siamese temple ; ‘sam’’ a Siamese Court-house; “sémayan,”’
a clerk : and I suspect also that sénarai, gong, gok, and others are
of Siamese origin. The Chinese negative ‘‘bo’’ is in quite common
use.

If. Pronunciation. I should be inclined to put the dialect of
Pahang, Central Pahang at least, first as regards normality of

pronunciation. Mie
the final—ar pronounced as —or, aS in bésar bénar
, pron. as bésor bénor.
oe - ss —ui, as in bétul, pron.
bétul.
of oa US a = —oé, aS in bagus pron.
bagoé.
fey gi ce = —ior, as in hilir, pron.
j elior.
the final—a. pronounced as —é, aS In mana pron. as
mané, or as the French
—eu.
—al —ai, as gatal, pron. gatai.

The Paes dialect i a epobeal simon as written, though a fewa
few eccentricities may be noted. Final--lis slurred over but is
not absolutely mispronounced as in Psrak. Thus the word “ gatal’’
is pronounced almost as ‘“sata:’’ but the impression is left of some-

Jour. Straits Branch

SOME NOTES ON THE KELANTAN DIALECT, 5

thing more than “ gata,” as if the tongue were trying to overcome
the difficulties of the final—1, and just failed to do so. The final-
ai and-au are also slurred, and are pronounced almost as-—a. They
approach therefore towards the pronunciation of the final which
explains why we sometimes hear of a sungal or a kédal when a
sungal or a kédai is meant. |

Kelantan pronunciation is eccentric in a different direction from
both the Perak and the Pahang dialects.

1. Suppression of—n before another consonant: e.g., Kélantan
is pronounced Kélatan : jantan is pronounced jJatan. Similarly bangku
is pronounced baku, and béngkak, békak. Here again the impres-
sion is left of almost futile striving to pronounce the word in full. On
the other hand—n and—ng are frequently inserted in writing where
their use is incorrect and superfluous, e.g , béngkas for békas; this er-
ror is only found in writiug, and is possibly due to the knowledge of
the opposite fault and to a desire to avoid it at all costs.

2. Suppression of—m—inasimilar way, again with the counter-
error in writing, ¢.g., tépoh for témpoh: tapar for tampar: tépek for
témpek.

3. Final—an pronounced as—en, e.g., Kélaten for Kélantan ;
tuenfortuan. The—nisverynasal. Similarly—angis pronounced
—eng, e.y., Paheng for Pahang.

4. Final -a pronounced as -aw, as in the English word
“law,” e.g., Manaw, apaw, for mana, apa. Similarly, -ah is pro-
nounced as -awh, eg., timawh, Jelawh: and -ak as -awk, e.9.,
Perawk, awawk, kakawk.

5. Final -t, -k, and -p are practically indeterminate. In the
case of a word such as achap’’ it is impossible to tell from the
spoken word whether it is really ‘‘achap,’ “achat,” or ‘ achak.”
The word is generally written “achap,’ and so I assume that
form to be correct. Again fe am ea to determine whether the
word meaning ‘ to return” is ‘ kelik’’ or “ kelit.”’ I presume the
former to be correct, on the cane of “ balek,”’ but as spoken it
appears to my ears more to resemble the second form given. This
confusion does not always exist, however: it only presents itself
in, comparatively speaking, a few cases, but the fact that it exists
at all seems to be worth nothing.

6. Final -ng is frequently softened into -m, 4 find a good
example of this error in the Malay programme of Sports held*in
Kota Bharu on the occasion of the Coronation of the present King.
The sentence occurs, “ Jika: tiada pakaian seperti yang tersehut
itu, memadai-lah dengan baju*hitam leher tutup, dan seluar hitam
kain sarom sutera atau bugis atau. Trengganu chorak hitam diatas
lutut” “I have frequently heard blakam used for blakang and
even tuam for tuan. In this case again we find mistakes occurring
in the opposite direction : for one regularly finds the word “bélum”
pronounced and even spelt as * bélong.’’ ~ The latter error is
readily explained by the nasal pronunciation prevalent in
Kelantan : the former is no doubt the result of revolt against the

R, A. Soc., No. 62, 1912.

6 SOME NOTES ON THE KELANTAN DIALECT.

contrary error. An interesting example of the difficulty caused by
the peculiarities of the spoken dialects of the Northern States is
that mentioned by Mr. E. W. Birch in one of his articles to the
journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Straits Branch. In this
article he mentions. a discussion between himself, Mr. Hubert
Berkeley, and the Dato Sri Adika Raja on the meaning of the
name Klian Intan. The discussion was as to whether the name
was originally Intan or Hitam. It is a matter which can never be
decided, as in Kelantan at least there would be no difference in the
pronunciation of the two words. The first -n of Intan would not
be pronounced, and the first syllable would be undistinguishable
from the first syllable of . Hitam ; while the nasal pronunciation of
the finals -am and -an would be exactly similar.

7. Final -h is frequently pronounced as -s, ¢.g., putes for puteh
galas for galah, tujos for tujoh. I have noticed this in Perak ;
but there the tendency is rather to slur the final -s and make it
approximate the sound of the final -h.

The Kelantan dialect has some curious clipped terminal
affixes, tagged on at the end of words, phrases, and even sentences.
e.y., -dik or -dek often at.the end of an exclamation or interrogation.
No one appears to be able to explain it.

-gak is perhaps the most frequently used of all. It seems to
be an intensive, but to possess little real signification or none at
all. JI have heard when playing sepak raga the phrase used,
“ Buleh Haji gak,” intended to call the attention of the Haji in
question to the fact that the raga had come to his foot. Again I
have heard the phrase “Mari gak”’ used as a polite invitation.

-teh is another intensive. When used with an adjective, as
“murah teh,” “molek teh,’ it acquires something of the meaning
of “ banar,”’ .

Another and even more curious expression is keneh’’ I do
not know what it means; sol shall merely give the example of
its use quoted to me. It is as follows :—

‘ Balah ‘tu keneh?” and is interpreted to mean ‘ Bagitu-kah ?”’
It is not only used in interrogation, however, a3 it would also be
used in expressing agreement with the opinion of another person.
So that the same phrase ~ _Balah ‘tu. keneh,”’ without the interro-
gation would simply mean “You are quite right.’ One informant
told me that it was chiefly used in anger, but thatis not so, and
I only mention this fact to show how difficult it is to get a credible
explanation of many of these obscure terms.

A combination which. I have found only in Kelantan i is formed
of the term sa-rupa’’ followed by the expression ‘lek- lek,” the
word denoting the object of the simile intervening, * Lek-lek ”’
seems to add nothing to the meaning of “ sa-rupa,’’ but simply to
be an addition repeating without intensifying the. signification, It
may, . however, have the meaning Olas ‘exactly ” €.g., | Sa-rupa
harimau lek-lek,’ which perhaps means © just like a tiger: ”’ but
so far as I know, it does not modify in any way the preceding phrase.

Jour“ iStraits Branch

SOME NOTES ON THE KELANTAN DIALECT. 7

A phrase “ lolor-lolor’’ which means “at once’ may be akin
“loh”’ as found in “loh ini,’ the Kelantan expression for “‘ now:”’
The interjectory loh-lah’’ means “come on;’’ and I believe that
these phrases are all derived from a common root.

Other phrases worthy of note are

siat gak, which means jangan-lah (not with a verb)
tiada sa-kéteh habok _,, tiada lalu

z.e. there is none at all.
Balar-lah no matter; tidak apa
sut dah it is finished

These notes do not profess to be exhaustive, or to deal fully
with any aspect whatever of the Kelantan dialects: nor do I make
any claim to have discovered anything that was unknown pre-
viously. Ihave avoided words and phrases which are not in
common use, and such as, being technical might not be known to
any European in Kelantan. The compilation of the latter is
secondary both in point of time and of importance. I have spelt
many of the words phonetically as they sounded to my ear: and in
many cases, as I have pointed out, the spelling is doubtful. My
object, however will be attained if the publication of these notes
induces others to set down and publish the result of their observa-
tions. In this way alone can a solution be found for many of the
difficulties in form and spelling which now exist.

R. A. Soc., No. 62, 1912.

Gunong Tahan and Gunong Riam
By J. B. SCRIVENOR.
With plates I—IV.

So little has been written about the mountains of the Malay
Peninsula that there is small reason to give any excuse for the fol-
lowing pages concerning the two highest eminences in the country,
Gunong Tahan on the borders of Pahang and Kelantan, and Gunong
Riam, better known as Gunong Kerbau, on the borders of Pahang
and Perak. The paper is the outcome of a recent ascent of Gunong
Riam, and the opportunity of comparing it with Gunong Tahan,
which I ascended in 1906, and other peaks that I have visited in the
Malay States.

The height of these two mountains was in 1906 believed to
be:—Gunong Riam 7160 feet: Gunong Tahan 7050 feet, but the
latest determination for Gunong Tahan makes it 7186 feet and
therefcre higher than Gunong Riam. For this figure I am indebt-
ed to the Surveyor-General, Col. Jackson.

I may as well say at once that no claim to “ mountaineering”
adventures is put forward in this paper. After haying ascended
four of the highest peaks in the country I know that the journey up
any one of them is best described as a rather stiff up-hill walk with
an occasional scramble among the thick vegetation. I have not yet
seen one place that cannot be easily negotiated. The Saddleback
on Suowdon and the Striding Edge on Helvellyn are more thrilling
than anything I have seen on the Peninsular Mountains. I expect
the limestone hills, however, as being capable of affording any amount
of climbing exercise, but they can hardly be called mourtains, and
generally speaking, little is gained by climbing them. I shall never
forget my feelings when once invited to go up a vertical cliff of lime-
stone clinging to one slender creeper. MRecollecting that the nearest
hospital was five days journey away, I declined.

It has been my practice when travelling in the Peninsula to
attend strictly to my own work and to avoid giving way to the temp-
tation of dabbling in sciengific subjects other than my own. This
is because I have no reason to suppose that a geologist’s zoological
or botanical observations are one whit more valuable than a zoolo-
gist’s or botanist’s geological observations. Therefore, beyond an oc-
casional remark, the accuracy of which is not guaranteed, concern-
ing the fauna and flora, I have little to say of a scientific nature ;
but I believe that a plain narrative of the journeys will prove to be
of some interest. The determination of heights of peaks also has
been. left to those best qualified to give an opinion on the subject,
and I have therefore refrained from burdening myself with a heavy
theodolite. |

Jour. Straits Branch

GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNONG RIAM. 9
GUNONG TAHAN.

Gunong Tahan has been, and perhaps still is to a certain extent,
wrapped in the mantle of romance. This is not peculiar to Gunong
Tahan alone, however, of the features of northern Pahang, for there
was once a strong belief in the existence of a mountain chain bet-
ween Pahang and Kelantan that trended east and west, of which
Gunong Tahan was a part; and as the belief in this range crumbled
away, so did the supposed height of Gunong Tahan, originally, if I
remember rightly, stated as about 20,000 feet, descend rapidly down
the scale, until now it is known that itis only a little over 7,000
feet.

Nevertheless, Gunong Tahan has always been an attraction for
travellers, probably because of the Malay stories of the difficulties
caused by Jins to prevent anyone reaching the top, and in 1905
certainly, perhaps earlier, the summit was reached. I say perhaps
earlier than 1905, because in 1902 Mr. John Waterstradt claimed to
have ascended the mountain (vide this Journal No. 37, 1902, pp. 3—
27), and I, for one, am not prepared to say that his claim is unfound-
ed; but unfortunately the record of his journey is hard to follow.
Several men have attempted to ascend Gunong Tahan—one, H. M.
Becher, lost his life in the Tahan River, while another suffered
severe privations and was forced to turn back, narrowly escaping
disaster. But the size of Gunong Tahan compared with the great
mountains of the world, and the facilities given by the vegetation,
are such that its ascent can hardly be accounted a feat of mountain-
eering. The unavoidable difficulties met with are those of trans-
port of baggage, and it is the writer’s opinion that the only display
of pluck was shown by the leader of the 1905 expedition, who, al-
though about to retire, and in none too good health, determined to
attempt the ascent before leaving the country, an attempt that was
defeated by serious illness on the journey from the Tahan River to
the ridge of Gunong Tahan itself.

If we consider Mr. Waterstradt’s claim as a separate question,
the honour of first ascending Gunong Tahan belongs to certain
Malays with the 1905 expedition, Che Nik, Mu’min, Mat Aris, and
Bulang (for an account of this expedition see Journal F.M.S. Mu-
seums, Vol. iii, 1908). I met these men in the following year and
one of them, Bulang, guided me to the top.

In 1906, thanks to the timing of the attempt, the lightness of
the baggage, the willingness of the Malays with me, and the well-
worn paths, the ladders and the huts of the 1905 -expedition and a
still more recent party headed by Mr. J. C. Sugars, the! ascent of
Gunong Tahan was made without any. serious difficulty being en-
countered or any hitch occurring with the men. The ascent was,
in fact, a picnic.

Starting from Kuala Lipis, I soon reached Kuala Tembeling,
where I interviewed the genial Penghulu, Penglima Kakap
Hussein, and obtained through him the services of three Tem-

R, A. Sec., No. 62, 1912.

10 GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNONG RIAM.

beling Malays for the journey. After ascending the Tembeling
River for two days the Kuala of the Tahan River was reached and
the compact little expedition disposed itself in a dug-out to face
the laborious business of ascending the Tahan River. The three
Malays were ample to manage the boat and to carry up the moun-
tain sufficient food to sustain the whole party for some days. The
‘baggage consisted of a few cooking utensils, a quantity of plain food,
a thin jungle mattress, blanket and mosquito-net, and various spare
~garments, all wrapped up in three light waterproof sheets, making
three convenient bundles. The. men’s rice, on which I claimed the
right to draw, was included with the other food. The three bundles
of baggage were placed on a small bamboo deck in the dug-out, and
I made myself as comfortable as’ possibleamong them. The absence
of any firearms was the cause of some expostulation from Kakap
Hussein and the men, who asstred me that there were many ene-
mies to be encountered, including dragons.

The three Malays with me were Bulang, the guide, Mat Jeher,
and Mat Riflin. Bulang was a short cheerful little fellow who always
looked on the bright side of things. Mat Jeher was of a different
mould, not particularly pleasant to look upon, he was intensely ig-
viorant and therefore superstitious. He had not been up the moun-
tain before and was obviously very perturbed in his mind about the
fate that would overtake him. The third man, Mat Riflin, was, and
still is, the pleasantest Malay that I have ever met. He was then
about 24 years of age and had received sufficient education to
‘discuss the works of Abdullah and the literature described as “ Malay
Readers.”’

The expedition, with a leader who knew enough to recognise
the wisdom of being led, began the journey up the TI'ahan River on
the Lith of May. The Tahan River is not the most navigable river
-in the world, and although in Europe it would not attract notice on
that account, because no one would attempt to navigate it, being of
much the same nature as a rocky trout stream in mountainous
‘ country, here, in the Malay Peninsula, what might be held out in
-the United Kingdom as a lure to trippers, become objectionable fea-
tures that must be surmounted if one would proceed. There is one
“long still reach; the rest is all rapids, nothing really bad in the way
of rapids, nothing to compare with the rapids in the Tembeling.
above Kuala Tahan for instance, but still enough to necessitate
frequent unloading of baggage and hauling the boat over rocks.
- What the distance to Kuala Teku, where one leaves the boat, may
be, I do not know, but it took our, lightly equipped party three days.
to arrive there. The dryness.of the season may have made our
progress slower than it might have been otherwise.

Apart from the beauty of the Tahan River, flowing ¢ over its
rocky bed through an avenue of magnificent jungle trees, two things
associated with it have left a strong impression on my memory.
One was Jeher’s nightmares. On our way upstream we slept in
little sheds built by gutta-hunters. They were most conveniently:

Jour. Straits Branch

GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNONG RIAM. li

placed, and as there were no mosquitos, the inability to hang up a.
net inside them did not matter. But we were closely packed, and
when Jeher suddenly leapt up the first night, yelling “ we're sink-
ing, we're sinking, Allah help us, we're lost entirely’ or words to
that effect, we all woke up in alarm. But only that once. Jeher
had nightmares every “night afterwards, being chased by dragons,
crushed by irate Jins, or falling over precipices, but he got no
sympathy. The first yell was the signal for an onslaught by the
remainder of the party that must have made his waking dreams
very realistic.

The other remarkable thing about the Tatian River is that some
one once announced he had counted the rapids and made them
99. This makes the head swim with wonder, first that anyone
should think of counting the rapids at all, secondly, how he found
out where one rapid ended and another began, and thirdly why he
did not make the number 100. There is a story that another tra-
veller shot a gibbon on the banks of the Tahan River and was puni-
shed by the Jins with madness which caused him to take his clothes
off (where he took them off, or when, is not stated). Perhaps the
counter of rapids committed a similar crime and was punished by
being afflicted with a hypersensitive conscience which forbade him —
to-reach the country.

Having arrived at Kuala Teku we found two men belouging to
a party of Survey Coolies who had started up the mountain that
day with a Trigonometrical beacon to be erected on the summit. One
of the men left behind at the Kuala was suffering from dysentery.
Fortunately I had a few tins of milk with me which I left with him,
and, whether it was the milk that cured him or not, was glad to find
on my return that he was well. We slept the night at Kuala Teku,
and on the following morning started up to the first camp. This
was a very short march, and I am convinced that the ascent of the
mountain by this route could be done in shorter time by. going far-
ther the first day ; but it had become the recognised thing to halt
after only three hours climb, the excuse being water difficulties, and
I was not in a position then to tell the men that we could reach
water farther on.

The ascent to the first camp, where there was a large shed,
erected by the 1905 expedition, is steep and somewhat slippery.
This was the cause of.an amusing and unusual sight. The survey
coolies who had gone ahead of us had been warned that- they should
wear boots on account of the bare rocks on the high. plateau- land of
the range. They started with boots, but Houndered about to such
an extent on this soft slippery ground that they took. them off, and,
instead of carrying them with them, left them, hanging in the trees,
a piece of folly that they bitterly regretted when they reached the
top of the range. One man, I learned, was so overcome by having
to carry an iron support while walking unshod over bare rocks, with
abundant sharp quartz crystals, that he sat down and wept. I re-
member a similar occurence near Kuantan, when a Malay whom I

R. A. Soc., No. 62, 1912.

12 GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNONG RIAM.

was trying to persuade to cuf down a tree, work he had been hired
to do, sat down and burst into tears, telling me that the axe was
hurting his hands.

The jungle as far as the first camp seemed to be much the
same as the jungle below, except for the abundance of a fine palm
with broad leaves, usuful for building huts. These the Malays call-
ed Pokok Dongkok. At the first camp, however, situated on the top
of a spur, there was a marked change in the vegetation, things look-
ing lke conifers making their appearance. I have seen similar plants
up other mountains in the States.

The view from the first camp was very fine. One could look
over the broad tract of lowlying land drained by the Pahang River
and also over the belt of hilly land formed by the great outcrop.of
quartzite and conglomerate, of which the Tahan Range is part.
Far away could be seen Gunong Sinyum, the huge limestone hill on
the left bank of the Pahang River. Looking towards Gunong Tahan,
big cliffs were visible which I was told by Bulang were on “ Gunong
Gedong.” I passed over no other mountain on my way to Gunong
Tahan and gathered on my return that the name was merely a
nickname bestowed by Malay coolies on part of Tahan, on account
of its shape. The mention of this name as belonging to a aistinct
mountain unfortunately led me to a serious misconception as to the
lay of the land at the time of my visit.

After a comfortable night, broken only by the usual onslaught
on Jeher, we set out again, plunging down into a ravine and rising
on the other side to a long ridge separating the valley of the Teku,
and, I believe, the Ulu of the Tahan River. We had to walk along
this ridge to reach the elevated plateau-land of the range, some of
which we could now see. How long this ridge is I hesitate to say,
knowing how easy it is to exaggerate. Perhaps two miles would be
near the figure, and were it not for the vegetation, I can quite believe
that the passage might be a thrilling experience. The view was
magnificent. On the right was a great curtain of vegetation in many
hues of green falling away from the ridge with billowing undulations.
On the left was the precipitous valley of the Teku with vertical
cliffs that gave the impression of a huge canyon. On the other
side of the valley was a great stretch of high, but plateau-like coun-
try of which Gunong Ulu Kechau 1s, I believe part. The valley of
the Teku, as seen from the ridge, and from the high land beyond, is
a sight of which I have never seen the equal in the Peninsula.
The cliffs, the great depth of the canyon, and the waterfall at its
head, mark it as something distinet from all the other valleys that I
have seen during my travels in the-Malay States, and it has always
been a matter of regret that when I- saw it I had no camera with
me. It would be difficult to do justice to the scene, however, even
with a camera. The rough sketches on Plate II will perhaps convey
some idea of it.

At the end of the ridge a short ‘scramble up a cliff brought us
to the plateau-land. Here we left the big jungle behind us and found

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GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNONG RIAM. 13

ourselves in new surroundings. Low shrubs, the larger ones show-
ing the influence of the strong winds, bare rock, and here and there
a thin covering of peat, gave the impression of moorland, but in
place of heather were strange bushes and the smaller plants were
pitcher-plants, orchids and other things that I will not venture
to name. One comon orchid had a small pale-green flower, and
I was much taken with a large bright yellow flower that I learned
afterwards was a rare orchid found previously on Gunong Bubu. I
do not remember seeing any rhododendrons, but as I would only be
likely to,notice the blossoms, there may have been hundredsiof bushes.

From the plateau we had a good view of Gunong Tahan (Fig.
1, Plate III) with fair sized trees in the shelter of a depression in
the foreground. This I noticed elsewhere on this journey: that in
gullies where the strong winds could not be felt the vegetation was
bigger. The posts seen on the left of the sketch were put up by
the 1905 expedition.

Leaving the plateau-land we dropped into the valley of the
Teku above the waterfall and followed up the stream, jumping from
boulder to boulder, until we arrived at a big pool at an elevation of

about 5000 feet, where the Teku was joined by a tributary. This
was immediately below the ridge leading to the summit of the
mountain, and here we camped for the night. I enjoyed a delight-
ful bathe in the cold water of the pool, but Mat Riflin was the only
one of the Malays to join me.

The following morning a short climb brought us to the top of
the ridge of Gunong Tahan. There is a little flat land even on the
top of this ridge, but I doubt if it could be utilized. From the
Summit we could see another big mountain to the north, afterwards
identified as Gunong Ulu Kamua, and to the west, far below us, a
range of limestone hills that I judged must be the limestone hills
marked on the Royal Asiatic Society’s map in the Ulu of the
Tanun. As it was evident thata clear view of the whole Tahan
Range, or nearly the whole of it, could be obtained from these hills
(the Cherual limestone hills, vide the Geology and Mining Industries
of Ulu Pahang, Plate IV) I determined to visit them later on.

‘During the return journey to the Kuala of the Teku my men
made a collection of the abundant quartz crystals that one finds
scattered over the surface and in veins in the rock. They call them
“intan,” and it is probable that these sparkling, but worthless

_ Stones, seen long ago by some forgotten Malay or aboriginal, are
partly responsible for the Malay notion that the Jins on Gunong
Tahan guarded a treasure of precious stones and gold. I might
remark in passing that I have seen in the Uiu of the Tembeling a
Jin who once lived on Gunong Tahan, but who was hurled down
and turned into stone by the presiding Jin for insubordination.

THE TAHAN RANGE AS SEEN FROM THE CHERUAL
LIMESTONE HILLS.

In July of 1906 I was able to visit the Cherual limestone hills,
seen from the summit of Gunong Tahan. The journey up the S.

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

14 GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNONG RIAM.

Tanun was made.in a dug-out with a crew of Malays recruited in
the neighbourhood of Kuala Tanun. This crew was the worst I
have ever had. We arrived at our destination without serious
iishap, however, and I landed at the little-known Kampong
Cherual, not far from the Kelantan border. It consisted at that
time, as far as I could discover, of only one house, therefore it was
an easy matter to find the oldest inhabitant. He was an old, but
still active Malay named Yusuf bin Sleiman, who had, he said,
lived there for over twenty-five years. It was clear then that he
was just the sort of man I wanted to tell me the names of the
mountains and the course of the rivers in the neighbourhood, so I
persuaded him to show me a way up the north end of the Cherual
limestone hills to a spot where we had a magnificent view of the
Tahan Range, and where I obtained the hill-sketch shown in Plate 1.

The names shown in this hill-sketch were all written down at
the time of making the sketch at the dictation of Yusuf bin Sleiman,
and | was careful to get him to look along the compass sights in
order to avoid mistakes. The s\nonyms were given me by him
also, but it is interesting to note that although the name Gunong
Tahan was recognized, he and the other inhabitants called the
mountain Gunong Rotan. They also knew it as Gunong Ulu Tanun
on account of the 8. Tanun, so I was informed, rising on its flanks.
This raises an interesting question about the Kelantan-Pahang
boundary, which is determined by the watershed of the Kelantan
and Pahang Rivers. The exact boundary will not be fixed until
the country is surveyed in detail and it will probably be difficult to
define on the west side of the Tahan Range, since the country
between the Tanun and the Kelantan drainage is almost flat. The
watershed runs about east and west, however, and is said by the
Cherual Malays to follow on up to the summit of Gunong Ulu
Kamua. On the west side of the range the drainage south of Gu-
nong Ulu Kamua goes, they say, into the Tanun on the north and
the Kechau on the south. The course of the Tanun near Cherual
certainly supports this statement, and also the statement that it
rises on Gunong Tahan. On the east, however, there is reason to
suppose that the Kelantan-Pahang boundary runs southward along
the Tahan Range as far as Gunong Tahan, and then turns east-
ward as the watershed of that great tributary of the Pahang River,
the S. Tembeliug.

The country between the Cherual limestone hills and the
Tahan Range is gently undulating, and it appeared to me that a
great mistake has been made in attacking the mountain from the
Tembeling side. Waterstradt is the only traveller I know of, who
has tried the ascent from the west, if I understand his account of
his: journey correctly. By this route one could be at the foot of
the range: in four days easily from Lipis, whereas the journey from
Lipis to Kuala Teku takes at least six days. Moreover the Tanun
has few rapids, whereas the Tahan is barely navigable for the
smallest boats.

Tour. Straits Branch

GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNONG RIAM. 15

TAHAN AS A’ HILL-STATION.

This comparison of routes leads on to the question of the utili-
ty of the Tahan Range as a hill-station. In an appendix to the
account of the 1905 expedition in Vol. iii-of the Journal of the
E_.M.S. Museums, I ventured to say that the range would make an
ideal health station (p. 74). A reviewer found the remark a source
of humour at the time, but now that the establishment of a health-
station is actually being discussed, my critic, if still in the country,
has probably changed his mind. Anyone who knows the cramped
conditions of our existing hill stations would see quickly the enor-
mous advantages of the Tahan Range; the great expanse of open
and comparatively flat country, the elevation (between 4,000-5,000
feet), and the abundance of water. Instead of a monotonous walk
along the same jungle paths day after day, shut in by huge trees,
on the Tahan highland a delightful holiday would be possible
roaming over a fair substitute for moors. Perhaps distance has
tended to lend enchantment since 1906, but others who have visited
the range seem to be of the same opinion as myself, with the result

that, as already stated, the establishment of a hill-station is being
discussed. The feasibility of the plan depends on the extension
of the Pahang Railway, and I hope that that extension will pass
between the Cherual limestone hills and the Tahan Range, con-
necting with a funicular railway up to the highlands.

GUNONG RIAM

Gunong Tahan, far away from roads and, at present, from a
~ railway, has been visited by few Europeans, and even seen by few
Europeans. Gunong Riam, better known «as Gunong Kerbau, on
the other hand, is a familiar sight to dwellers in Kinta, raising its
sharply outlined ridge high above the little town of Tanjong
Rambutan and plainly visible from the greater part of the district.
He would be an unobservant traveller, who on a clear day failed to
notice its giant form while passing Tanjong Rambutan in the mail-
train.

Although deprived of its pride of placeas the supposed highest
mountain in the Peninsula, Gunong Riam always attracted me as a
climb for several reasons, and in February of this year (1912) I
made the ascent. Since my trip to Tahan I had climbed Ulu Kali
in Selangor and Berembun in Perak, but a long interval had elapsed
since the last long mountain trip, which perhaps was the reason
that I relied on a Malay Penghulu to make necessary preparations
for me at Tanjong Rambutan, so that I might go to the town by
train and start up the mountain without delay. -The Penghulu was
approached through the proper channel and promised to have a
» guide, men, and elephants ready on a certain day... I had been told
that elephants were always taken part of the way and therefore
asked the Penghulu to hire them, although travelling with them is
to court misery. On the appointed day I proceeded to Tanjong

R.A Soc., No. 62, 1912,

16 GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNO NG RI/M. —

Rambutan and found nothing whatever ready. I then had to
make my own arrangements, and having heard, fortunately, that
e'ephants could go but a short part of the way, looked out for a
suide and men only. Five days later a heavy fee had secured a
guide, who lett his work to accommodate me, and six Malays to
carry baggage, including a small tent. Hverything was ready by 8
a.m. and having already committed one foolish mistake by putting
my trust in a Penghulu, I proceeded to make another by allowing
the six men to go by a so-called short cut over a hill, while Midin,
the guide, and myself, with a Chinese boy and a Malay employee,
took the regular route up the Kinta River. We were to camp that
night near Kuala Termin, a short march but a recognized halting-
place, like the first camp on the way to Tahan. Never shall I
forget that day. The detiils would be painful to relate : suffice it to
say that after waiting four hours for the men to emerge from their
’ short-cut,” I found them cooking rice by the side of the Kinta
River, and, of course, complaining about the weight of the baggage.
The rice was not eaten. After this experience I displayed a
fondness for the society of these Malays that surprised them, and
they were always in front of me until the last day of the descent.
One of these gentlemen appears in Fig. 1 of Plate [V. The size of
the bundle he is carrying is worth nothing. He was an ex-police man,
I was not surprised to hear it.

The camp near Kuala Termin was only about 700 feet ahove
Tanjong Rambutan and situated on the right bank of the Kinta
River. Midin was expecting some Senoi men to join us there and
had asked me to bring tobacco and rice to give to them as pay.
The Senoi, five of them, were there on our arrival, and helped them-
selves liberally to the articles mentioned and then went home. The
necessity of six Malays and five Senoi had not dawned on me when
this happened, but nevertheless the conduct of these men, whom we
never saw again, and could not trace to their houses, seemed repre-
hensible. However, by the following morning Midin had caught
three others, and we set out up the Termin a party of thirteen.
The Malays, as usual, when Senoi men are with them, made the
latter carry the greater part of the baggage. It was as well, because
if I had had-the Malays only we would never have arrived at the
top. .
On the second day we passed by a Chinese tin-stealers’ kongsi,
and then rose to 2,900 feet above Tanjong Rambutan, camping by
the Batu Salik, a huge mass of granite with a small gully close by
wherein is the cross erected in memory of J. A. A. Williams, who
had ascended the mountain and died from fever on that spot in
1892. _The march to Batu Salik was another short march, and on
the following day I had the prospect of getting the men up the
remaining four thousand odd feet in one march. It does not sound
difficult of accomplishment, but anyone who had seen my Malays ~
would have understood my anxiety. . We started at 8 a.m. and I
arranged that the men were to climb five hundred feet at a time

Jour. Straits Branch

GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNONG RIAM. af

with a rest of five minutes between each instalment. Shortly after
leaving camp one of the men sat down, but got up again when the
programme was explained to him. It proved an excellent plan, for
we arrived at the Trigonometrical Survey beacon on the summit
at 12.40.

Very soon after leaving Batu Salik we emerged from the dense
jungle onto the ridge marked by the dotted line in Fig. 2 of Plate
III, which leads up to the summit. The vegetation on this ridge is
low and in several places one can walk along enjoying a perfect
view on either side over the bushes (vide the foreground in Fig. 1
of Plate IV). On other parts of the ridge, however, we plunged
through vegetation such as that shown in Fig. 2 of Plate IV and
there was one part where we walked in a bower of mosses hanging
from the short-trunks and branches of stunted trees.

The most noticeable point about the vegetation was the abund-
ance of rhododendrons and large pitcher plants. A bunch of rhodo-
dendrons is shown in Fig. 2 of Plate IV. AsI write this I amin
England and I was very interested on landing in comparing garden
rhododendrons with those I saw on Riam. The flowers of the
garden plants are perhaps a little finer individually, and they
certainly grow in larger clusters. On account of the small size of
the plants compared with the Malayan examples they make a better
show of bloom, but the rhododendrons on Riam are nevertheless a
beautiful sight and with julicious pruning could probably be greatly
improved. 2

_ There were several other strange flowers, including a ground
orchid, but nothing of much note as far as beauty was toncerned.
A very slender bamboo occurs that is probably the famous Malayan
“ Bulu berindu”’, but I have never heard a Malay admit the identity,
although I have seen this slender bamboo elsewhere. Nor have I
ever succeeded in persuading a Malay to take a piece down toa
Kampong to try the affect. I remember once that after seeing the
bamboo on another mountain I discussed the matter with one of
the men. He decided that the bamboo we had seen could not be
the “‘ Bulu berindu’’ because it was so easy to obtain. The real
“ Bulu berindu”’ always had thunderstorms and thick clouds around
it, while dragons and other ferocious creatures guarded the
approaches. I met no dragons on Riam.

Fig. 1 of Plate IV shows the beacon on the summit of Riam.
As can be seen from the photograph the mountain is an exposed
place on which to camp and I do not remember many more uncom-
fortable nights than that spent there. The weather was unfavour-
able. It was clear when we arrived, but about 2 p.m. it began to
rain and blow and continued doing so until 10 p.m. My tent was
slung under the beacon but the cold wind found me out, and even
after 10 p.m. it was bitterly cold. I put on two flannel shirts and
my jungle clothes, including boots and putties, and crept under two
blankets but still felt chilled. At 4 p.m. the temperature was 58
Fahr. What it dropped to afterwards I do not know, as I was too

“R. A. Soc., No. §2, 191:
*2

18 GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNONG RIAM.

cold to get out of bed and look. Judging from the comparative
comfort of sleeping in. the open, and on the ground, in another
country when the thermometer showed 12° of frost, the minimum
on Riam that night might have been zero, but I do not suppose it
fell below 54° Fahr.

Iam unable to describe the magnificence of the view from
Riam. I doubt if anyone could do justice to it. ‘The great peaks
around me in the main range of the Peninsula, and the cloud-filled
valleys made a far grander panorama than the view from Tahan.
One thing I will try to describe. Some time after midnight I woke
up and saw the Southern Cross shining brightly. Later a crescent
moon and a brilliant planet rose, showing up the dark outlines of
Gunong-Gyang and Yang Blar. Then these paled as the dawn
broke and masses of pink clouds became visible in the valleys. The
light grew in the east with a wonderful glow of red and urange, and,
to my delight, showed up with perfect definition the distant Tahan
Range as a black silhouette against the coming sunrise. The range
was far, far away, but so clearly was it seen that it might have
been a tiny ridge but a mile or so distant. Then as the sun rose
above the horizon, the Tahan range disappeared in a shimmering
blue haze, and the glory of the morning lit up all the surrounding
peaks. I have never seen anything to equal that sunrise on Gunong
Riam, and do not expect to see anything to equal it, but words
cannot describe it adequately.

I have referred to this mountain as Riam although it is
generally known as ‘Kerbau,” and must now explain why. I had
heard long ago that Riam was the correct Malay name but had also
been told that a Kerbau”’ had nothing to do with a watec-buffalo,
but was a corruption of a Senoi word meaning mountain, so that
“Gunong Kerbau’”’ would mean simply “Mountain Mountain.”’
This I thought might explain the appearanee on the new map,
published by the Society, of the name © Korbu”’ for this mountain,
which I had not heard before;-but I learned from- Midin, who had
been up the hill on three previous occasions, and the Senoi men,
that [ was on the wrong track. The local Senoi word for mountain
is, I was told, “ Jelmul,’’ which cannot possibly be connected with
“ Kerbau’”’ or “ Korbu.” The Malay name for this mountain is
‘“Riam” and always has been so; but once many years ago a
Frenchman, not knowing this, ascended the mountain from Sungei
Siput by a route following a stream called the S. Kerbau and there-
fore called the mountain © Gunong Kerbau.”’ Hence, if my informa-
tion is correct, Gunong Kerbau”’ is a misnomer of French origin.
IT have some old literature that leads me to suspect the identity of
the Frenchman, but the matter is not of sufficient Im BOEIne.. Lo
discuss here.

_ On our. way down from the mountain we had an amusing ex-
perience at the tin-stealers’ Kongsi, where we slept for the night.
The tin-stealers had decamped at our approach an 1 we found a com-
modious house wherein to cook our food, dry clothes, and rest.

Jour. Straits Branch

GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNONG RIAM. 19

But we thought it likely that the Chinese tenants might return at
night to enter into possession again, not knowing we had elected to
remain, and therefore, when about 10 p.m. we were aroused by a
shout outside and the light of a torch, there was some excite-
ment. Isat up and saw a fierce looking man advance and shake
the bamboo door violently. He had a large spear with him, and
I quickly realized that he was a Senoi. Then when the door was
opened as romantic a group of human beings came in as could be
imagined. The first to enter was the man with the spear. He
also had a blowpipe, and was a short, thick-set, middle-aged man
‘with a fine though savage face, who came in unconcernedly and sat
down by the remnants of a fire. After him came two little child-
ren, two minute dots of savagery with timid mien and hesitating
steps. Last came the mother, a by no means uncomely Senoi lady,
left to straggle in as she thought fit. What this family was doing
abroad in the jungle at night I do not know. They spent the night
in the Kongsi and went their own way next morning.

The Senoi youth in Fig. 2 of Plate IV was one of the men who
came with me. I photographed him as an exceptionally pleasant
type of savage. Some of my anthropological friends, if they saw
him, might say that his pleasantness, and cleanliness showed the
contamination of civilization. For myself, the pleasanter and
‘cleaner a savage is, the better I like him.

As a possible health resort Riam is useless, as jsf consists of
one sharp waterless ridge. Asa mountain well w © h visitmg,
however, | commend Gunong Riam to all who d\ in Kinta.
Two days good walking from Tanjong Rambutan shu bring one
to the top, and although Malays may talk of the natuiiu difficulties
of the journey, no one but a cripple would be stopped by them.
The only difficulty is the transport of baggage, and if anyone deter-
mines to ascend the mountain, I would advise them to send for
Senoi from the Ulu of the Kinta, who would also act as guides.
The Malays of the neighbourhood are not very much use, although
I must say that one man with me worked well for his wages. Apart
from transport troubles I regard the ascent of Riam as the easiest
climb I have had in the Peninsula.

COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURE OF GUNONG TAHAN, GUNONG
RIAM AND OTHER PENINSULAR MOUNTAINS.

In conclusion I will deal very briefly with the stfucture of
Gunong Tahan, Gunong. Riam, and other mountains in the main
range. It is common knowledge that the main range is mostly
composed of granite. Granite is a rock that solidified at a consi-
derable depth from the surface. In the case of the main range of
the Peninsula the granite rose in a molten state in the crust before
solidifying, the rise being rendered possible by the folding of
stratified rocks above into an arch, or anticline, of great length.
Two at least of these anticlines were formed at the same time, or

ORs As Soc., No. 62, 1912.

20 | GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNONG RIAM.

about the same time, which I have called the Main Range Anti-
cline, and the Benom Anticline. As these arches were formed, much
of the rock fell into the molten granite, but when the latter consoli-
dated, stratified rocks remained above. Much later in the earth’s
history denudation laid bare the granite cores below the remains of
these anticlines, carving out the main range and the Benom range.
In time denudation will cut down into these granite masses. How
far have they cut down already ?

It is obvious that at some period of the process of denudation
the highest peaks would show remains of the superincumbent
stratified rocks. At such a time a large part of the surface of the
granite core would be visibie In the case of the main range there
is some reason to suppose from the evidence of the distribution of
tin-deposits that denudation has not gone far beyond this surface
of the core of granite, and it is very interesting to find, as de
Morgan noted in the eighties, that the summit of Riam is composed
of altered stratified rocks, phyllites and quartzite. On this, the
highest peak of the main range, there is then a remnant of the
superincumbent stratified rocks, corroborating the other evidence
“of denudation not having advanced far into the granite mass. I
~ expect too that stratified rocks will be found on Gunong Gyang, on
Yang Blav, and other high peaks in the neighbourhood. We may
regard these rocks on Riam as a remnant of the lid of the
Peninsula’’ which, when removed, revealed the vast wealth of
tin-ore below.

Riam, then preserves for us a portion of this lid. Lower peaks
in the main range that I have ascended, Gunong Ulu Kali and Gu-
nong Berembun, have been stripped of these rocks and show granite
only, as far as we know.

Gunong Tahan however, and the Tahan range generally, although
connected with this folding, fall into a different category. A glance
at the map shows that the Benom Anticline lies parallel to the
Main Range Anticline. Between the two anticlines the east limb
of the latter and the west limb of the former meet, and when they
meet we find a range of hills formed of quartzite and conglomerate.
These rocks are the younger members of the two arches, and we ex-
pect to find them of course on the east side of Benom as part of the
east limb of the Benom Anticline. They are there, forming a great
belt of hilly cotintry stricking through the centre of Pahang and
including the Tahan range, which is on the western border of this
belt.
The Tahan range, then, including Gunong Tahan, is part of
one of the two great arches.

Gunong Riam is capped by a small remnant of the other of
the two arches, but is chiefly composed of granite.

Gunong Ulu Kali, Berembun, and the majority of the peaks
in the main range, as far as we know, retain no trace of the arch,
but consist of the solid granite core only.

Jour. Straits Branch

JOURNAL, STRAITS BRANCH, MOYAL ASIATIC OOCIETY, N= OC. rlacte ft.

a ~ The Valley of the S.Teku. View on the way to

Gunong Tahan.

m,

JourNAL, STRAITS BRANCH, Royat Asiatic Society, N62.
Plate |.

wo
°
[=
2
a
i)
~)
Kelantan Pahang
G. Rotan
G, Ulu Kamua = G. Ulu Tanun G Tebong
G. Labi. = G. Rengas G. Ulu Keti Gieanan G.Ulu Klang = G. TAHAN » G.Ulu Kechau
@) (ee) @)

Batu Panjang
= 6. Siam | |
Gs) @| pe ao =

Distant Kelantan Mountaing
— ; |

— at To
a aR cae All i Hs i ee

Limestone Hills shaded.

Hill-Sketch of the TAHAN RANGE from the north end of the Cherual Limestone Hills in the Ulu of the S. Tanun. The names are given as taken down at the time

of making the sketch from YusurF BIN SLEIMAN of Kampong Cherual.

YOURNAL,OSIRALTIL SOS URANLH, INUTAL PADIATIC YUL IEs ¥, Ns UC. ,iadtG tt.

Accel Nees

at

-
Pre
FLAdins Rete
aes

is Sketch shewing plateau-like top of G. ULtu Kecuau and

Cliffs of Sandstone. In foreground valley of Teku.

Pin ES See)

~I
Me

!
i
a-

I
ei

a ~The Valley of the S.Teku. View on the way to

Gunong Tahan.

JouRNAL, STRAITS BRANCH, Roya Asiatic Society, N°62.’ Plate Ill.

i G. TAHAN from the elevated plateau-land

of the Tahan Range.

Riam. Gyang.

G.RIAmM & G.GYANG from the |Ipoh-Tambun Road.

Part of the route up Riam is shown by dotted lines.

JOURNAL, STRAITS BRANCH, Roya Asiatic Society, N962. Plate IV.

2. Semon youth with rhododendrons

on Gwnong Fi Sine

Bemrose, Collo,, Derby.

GUNONG TAHAN AND GUNONG RIAM.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate I. Hill Sketch of the Tahan Range.

Elate ll. . Wig:

Fig.
Plate Uf. - . Fig:
Fig.
* Plate LV. ::. Fig.
Fig.

k.

Gunong Ulu Kechau.

2. Valley of S. Teku.

bor tee

. Gunong Tahan.
. Gunong Riam and Gunong Coane

Summit of Gunong Riam.

. Senoi Youth.

*Erratum : for ‘Gwnong’ read ‘Gunong’.

R. A. Soc., No. 62, 1912.

Three Early Keris.
By R. O. WINSTEDT, F.M.S. Crvin SERVICE:
With Plates V. and VI.

The three kéris illustrated in Plate V, different views of two of
which may be seen in Plate VI, are probably the earliest authenti-
cated specimens in any English collection. To describe them brief-
ly. The kérts on the left, a curving blade with 13 lok, has a hilt
showing the features of a Kuropean ina helmet and chain gorget,
features as caricatured as is the portrait of the Dutchman in the
folk-tale of Anggun che Tunggul

Gérham-nya émpat sa-rumpun ;
Sa-gantang makan daging ;
Dua chupak lékat di gigi-nya. }

The small kérzs in the centre of Plate VY and on the left of Plate
VI has a hilt carved with the Javanese representation of some demi-
god from the wayang kulit cycle, possibly Arjuna; probably, any
Javanese could identify it, though writing in England I have no
means to discover. Itis to b3 noted that the angle of the hilt follows
the conventional attitude of the Jawa démam or cobra-headed
Malay hilt, the evolution of which is and probably will remain un-
solved. It may be remaiked, that the high forehead of Javanese
demi-gods would seem to point to this artistic type deriving from
a people among whom binding of the head was a custom.

The third kéris, which is il!ustrated only in Plate V is interest-
ing for several reasons:—the blade, by the bye, is damasked and
has eleven lok. The hilt preserves the conventional angle of the
Jawa démam; the long-nosed figure (the nose unfortunately has
been broken off) with its row of teeth has a striking affinity with
the still longer nosed figure on Patani kérzs hilts, but the back of
its head is carved with hair like that of the last kér7zs. And it is to
be noted that the curved conventional ornament round mouth
and chin is almost identical with that round mouth and chin of the
Javanese demi-god.

These three kéris are now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford,
and belong to the old Tradescant Collection, which dates from the
beginning of the 17th century.

John Tradescant the elder is said byAnthony & Wood to have
been a Dutchman, but was.probably English even in his name, of
which other variants were Tradeskin and Tredeskin. He and his
son of the same name were travellers, naturalists and gardeners
and introduced into England the lilac, acacia, occidental plane
and possibly the pine-apple. In the service of George Villiers,
Duke of Buckingham, the father dealt “with all merchants
from all places but especially from Virginia, Bermudas, New-

Jour. Straits Branch

PRATE V.

JOURNAL, STRAITS BRANCH, RoYAt AsIaTIc Society, No. 62.

KERIS IN THE ASHMOLEAN MUusEuM, OxForp.

Eemrose, Collo., Derby.

JOURNAL, STRAITS BRANCH. Roya Asiatic Society, No. 62. PLA Vi
LATE VI.

KERIS IN THE ASHMOLEAN Museum, OxForp.

Bemrose, Collo., Derby

ald

p ee >,
SCE. Ae

See

THREE EARLY KERIS. 22

foundland, Guinea, Binney, the Amazon and the East Indies for
all manner of rare beasts fowls and birds shells and stones.”
On Buckingham’s death, he seems to have entered the service of the
king and queen and probably at that date established his physic
garden and museum_at the east side of South Lambeth Road, leading
from Vauxhall to Stockwell, He was the first in England who
“made any considerable collection of the subjects of natural history.”
He died 1637-1638. The son succeeded the father as gardener to
Queen Henrietta Maria, and was also a traveller. In 1656 resol-
ving to take a catalogue of those rarities and curiosities which my
father had sedulously collected’’ he published his Musewm Trades-
cantianum. This book in its 179 pages contains lists of birds,
shells, fishes, insects, minera!s, fruits, war instruments, habits,
utensils, coins and medals. Among entries of other warlike
instruments from Japan. Turkey, India, China, Canada, Virginia,
Ginny, Persia, and Muscovy occurs the entry on page 46 of
Poisoned creeses or Daggers, two wavel two plain’’-—ap-
parently one of the plain has been lost. In 1659 Tradeseant and his
wife sealed and delivered a deed of gift of this collection of rarities
to Sir Thomas Ashmole, but his will of date 1661 bequeathed
the ‘éolleetion to his wife for life and after her decease to the Uni-
versities of Oxford and Cambridge ta which of them she shall think
fit.” There was a law-suit and Ashmole got the collection © to have
and enjoy.” In 1677 Ashmole offered it to Oxford as soon as a build-
ing should be erected to receive it. In.1683 Wren finished a build-
ing and the collection went to Oxford in barges’, and “‘t'e name
of Tradescant was unjustly sunk in that of: Ashmole.” Ashmole,
of course, was not a traveller, but Windsor herald and autho: of a
book on the order of the Garter.

“ Theold M.S catalogue of the Tralescant collection compile 1 ir
1685 by Edward Lhywd, first Assistant Keeper of the Ashmo'ean
and still preserved in the archives of the museums G)ntains entries
of several creeses vaguely described and an attempt at exact des-
eription of the little demi-god hilted kéris : “117 Pugio anceps in
mucronem exit, manubrium simiae tmaginem exprinut: a double-edged,
dagger tapering to a point,—its handle exhiliting the figure of an
ape.” The vagina lignea or wooden scabbard has been lost.

The official catalogue of the Ashmolean Collection of 1836 has
the entries

32 Two Malay creeses or daggers with waved blades. Mus. Tradese.
33 Another with straight blade. Mus. Tradesc.

So we have the history of these three kérzs established practi-
eally beyond doubt back to the early yeursof the XVIth century.
Iam indebted to Mr. E. T. Leeds, formerly of the F. M.S. Civil
Service and now Assistant Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum for
eallling my attention to these weapons, getting them photographed
for me and putting the Catalogues cited at my disposal,

R. A. Soc., No, 62, 1912.

Mount Ophir Legends.
By Dr. MILDRED E. STALEY.

I. [n No. 60 of this Journal there is an interesting account of
Malacca by Barretto de Resende.

In connection with the last part of it, regarding Gunong Ledang
(Mount Ophir), the following notes may be of interest.

Lately, when visiting Kampongs at the base of the mountain,
I obtained the modern, 1912, version of the story.

In a eave which is brilliantly illuminated by scintillating lights,
lives the Queen- Goddess or Sorceress, variously describedas a Bida-
hari,” “Perempuan Sakti’ ete. There she is waitel upon by

* Spirits of the air’’ (called formeriy Benwas,) demons, and a tiger
who is her familiar, into whom she can at will project herself.

She resents all attempts of Malays to climb the mountain, but
Engiish (orang puteh) are exenpt from her anger, because it has
not struzk her they would evec wish to remain on the mountain !
Hence also, Malays are suffered to ascend temporarily when acting
as guides.

Aul animals bow down to her, and her tiger has a sense of smell
so keen that he can inform her at once when a party commences to
ascend. ‘The Sorceress then retires into her cave, which eye of
man has never seen, or mayhap she is pleased to enter the tiger.
Once long, long ago, the last Sultan but one (? Ala-e-din), wished to
make friends with the Sorceress, and sent from Malacca ambassa-
dors, d essed in fresh odoriferous tiger skins, to offer her marriage
on his own behaif. Her reply was that she would accept the offer
only when the Sultan fulfilled the following requirements.

First, he must build a bridge of solid gold from the top of her
mountain to the Malacca Hill, whereby she might be suitably con-
veyed across.

Secondly, the Sultan must send her 10,000 mosquitos’ hearts
as a present.

Thirdly he must send a cupful of his own blood.

The Sultan replied that he was rich enough to build the bridge
of gold, and that 10.000 mosquitos’ hearts were easy to supply, but
to give of his heart’s blood was quite impossible. So the negocia-
tions fell through. Before ascending the mountain, a counter
spell supplied by the village Pawang at considerable expense, is a
necessity for a Malay who is willing to brave the Hantus, jins, and
malevolent demons of the mountain.

An enlightened Mohommedan Malay of the neighbourhood, |
whose child’s life we had saved in a dangerous illness, when pressed
to speak openly, confessed his firm belief that the mountain was
the resort of demons, saying, “There would not be all these stories
without reality behind them.”

Jour. Straits Branch

MOUNT OPHIR LEGENDS. 25

Tt will be noted that the many tigers formerly infesting the
mountain, are now reduced to one. No doubt when a good road up
has been constructed, and Mount Ophir is a favorite Sanitarium
for the sick and tired inhabitants of Negri Sembilan and Malacca
districts, the Sorceress and all the demons will betake themselves
elsewhere.

II. In reference to the “Saletes’’ (orang-laut), mentioned
in the appendix, I have occasionally seen their present day descen-
dants in the art, spearing their fish in deep water just as it was done
of old. The javelin, attached by thin twine to the wrist, is thrown
with sure and powerful aim by the fisherman, standing not in a boat,
but on some miniature pier or © water-machan”’ of bamboo, built
into the sea.

Ill. In connection with Goddesses, it may be of interest to
report that one day in a distant Kampong, I found the Malays busy
propitiating the celebrated Hindu Goddess of Smallpox, Sztla.

I was familiar with her chief shrine, to be found near Gurgaon,
Punjab, which is yearly visited by crowds of pilgrims from all
over Northern and Central India.

In this case, the familiar ceremonies were being performed by
a Hindu fakir (holy man) in orange garments, bearing on his forehead
the three-fold upright marks of Civa the Destroyer, assisted by two
followers chanting appropriate mantras to a small mud image of the
“Slaying One.” With simple faith, the people paid heavily for this
attempt to avert the epidemic.

One was reminded of the saying (Rg Veda) “ They speak of
Mitra, Varuna, Agni;—that which Is and is One, the poets call
in various ways.’

R. A. Soc., No.-62, 1912.

Mosquito Larve and Freshwater Fish.
By DR. Rh. HANIESCH:

The following pages contain a Report which I prepared, at the
request of Government, upon the possible usefulness of the small
fish Haplochilus panchax, the ‘Ikan mata lalat’ of the Malays, in
keeping down Mosquito larvee and consequently Malaria, as the
fish ‘ Millions’ of Barbados is said to do.

The island of Barbados enjoys a remarkable immunity from
fever, and two or three years ago, when the reason of this.was put
down to the presence in enormous numbers, on the island, of a
certain fish which feeds on small crustaceans and insects, including
mosquito larvee, the Colonial Office decided to try the experiment
of distributing that fish among the various tropical Colonies, to
ascertain if it might be of any service in checking Malaria in other
places as well. This fish, the ‘Millions’ (Girardinus poaciloides,
de Filippi *), so called on account of the enormous numbers in
which it occurs in Barbados, is only a small species, according to
Giinther, about 1$ inches in length, and belongs to the family Cypri-
nodontide.

The Zoological Society of London, together with the Agricul-
tural Department of Barbados, declared itself willing to help in
the experiment and in the distribution of the Fish, though there
was some scepticism as to whether.the experiment would be a suc-
cess.t However, as a closely allied fish, Haplochilus panchaz, the
‘Tkan mata lalat’ of the Malays, occurs in the Malay region, it
was thought that before introducing here the Millions’ of Barba-
dos, it should be ascertained whether the Haplochilus panchax
might not be as effective in checking Mosquito larve, and I was
accordingly asked to investigate the matter.

RAFFLES MUSEUM AND LIBRARY
SINGAPORE.

15th May, 1912.

To the Hon’ble The Colonial Secretary, S.S.
Sir,
In accordance with your minute of 21-3-1912 (H. C. 2943) I

have the honour to submit herewith a Report on the distribution
and habits of the fish Haplochilus panchazx, H. B.

(oF

* Giinther (Brit. Mus Catal. Fishes, Vol. VI, p. 856) and D. S. Jordan and
B. N. Evermann (The Fishes of North and Middle America. Vol. I, p. 689) refer
to it under the name Lebistes peciloides.

t See letter of Captain J. A. M. Vipan in Proccedings, Zoological Society,
1910, pp. 146-147.

Jour. Straits Branch

MOSQUITO LARVA) AND FRESHWATER FISH. 27

As the object of the enquiry is to ascertain whether the fish
might be of the same use as the fish ' Millions” (Girardinus peci-
loides) of Barbados in keeping down mosquito larve and conse-
quently malaria, it would have served no purpose if I had restricted
my enquiry to that one species of fish, and I have therefore attemp-
ted to collect species of all freshwater fish in the neighbourhood of
the town of Singapore, and have made experiments as to whether
they feed on mosquito larvz or not.

Obviously only the smallest species of freshwater fish were
found in the small ditches, and of these Haplochilus panchax, the
~ Ikan mata lalat’’ of the Malays, seemed to be the most common.
Like the “ Millions’ of Barbados, it belongs to the family Cypri-
nodontidz, which, according to Giinther, includes the smallest fish
known. It grows to only about 2’ in length, but notwithstanding
its small size it is probably the best known of the local freshwater
fish, not so much on account of its numbers, as from the very con-
spicuous bright silvery spot on the top of its head. It is of slow
moving habits, and generally keeps close to the surface of the
water. We found it in the following places:—junction of River
Valley Road and Leonie Hill Road; Tanglin Road; Botanic Gar-
dens; off Orange Grove Road; Kim Kiat Road; Syed Ali Road;
Gaylang Road; Teluk Blangah Road, but it could be found in
almost any ditch capable of holding fish. It eats mosquito larve,
but not greedily.

Another small species, also common, though less so than the
previous one, is the Hemirhamphus fluviatilis, Bleeker (Ikan jolong
jolong). It is an ally of the Gar-Pike and the Flying fish, and it is
easily recognised by its lower jaw being drawn out into a long beak.
It grows to about 23” in length, and was found in the following
places:—junction of River Valley Road and Leonie Hill Road;
Orange Grove Road; Tanglin Road; Jervois Road; Kim Kiat Road;
Teluk Blangah Road. It is a delicate fish, not always surviving the
journey to the Museum. It is herbivorous, living on Algae and
Waterweeds, and does not eat mosquito larve.™

A great favourite amongst sporting natives is the Fighting Fish
(Betta pugnax, Cantor), or “Ikan pelaga’”’. It grows to about 34).
It has a large ventral fin, drawn out to a point posteriorily, and its
colour is a dull purple, which, however, changes into dazzling me-
tallic colours when the fish is excited. It is very active, and ate
mosquito larve greedily within a few seconds of their being given
to it. We found it in Somerset Road; Jervois Road; Moulmein
Road ; and in large numbers, especially, in the pond at the junction
of Syed Ali Road and Thompson Road, which is being filled up at
present.

A larger fish than any of these above is the © Ikan sepat”’
(Osphromenus trichopterus, Pall.), belonging to the same family as

*I have since repeated the experiment with the same result, and this fish
seems to be the only one of those I examined which does not eat mosquito
larve.

R. A. Soc., No. 62, I9!12.

28 MOSQUITO LARVA AND FRESHWATER FISH.

the Fighting Fish, viz. the Labyrinthici. It is edible, but is much
less valued than Gurami (Osphromenus olfax) which for the table
is regarded as the best of the local freshwater fishes. The Ikan
sepat grows to about 4’’, and is distinghished by its beautiful irri-
descent colours and its ventral fin being transformed into a long
thread-like ray, often reaching beyond the tail. It has two round
black spots on either side, which are very marked in the young.
We caught it in Orchard Road (in the ditch in front of the Police
Station), in Jervois Road, Somerset Road, Syed Ali Road, and noticed
it also in the swamps near Teluk Blangah Road. The young ate
mosquito larve, though not ravenously, whilst full grown speci-
mens seemed to despise them.

To the same family belongs the ‘Ikan betok’’ or Climbing
Perch (Anabas scandens, Dald.) The largest specimens we found
measured about 44", though, according to Cantor, it grows up to
7". This fish can live a long time out of water, and it is well as-
certained that it can travel on land, pushing itself along by its fins.
We caught it off Gaylang Road, and noticed it in the swamps at
Teluk Blangah. The young ones ate mosquito larve greedily. No
experiments were made with full grown specimens.

The ‘Ikan aruan’ (Ophiocephalus striatus, Bl.), belonging to the
family of Ophiocephalidie, is also able to live out of water and to
travel over damp grass. It is much eaten, aud grows, according to
Duncker, to about 23 feet in length. The young ones, of which we
caught some at Syed Ali Road, are of a golden orange colour, and
ate mosquito larvae greedily. We saw the same fish at Teluk
Blangah.

The Catfish, or “ Ikan keli’’? (Clarias magur, H. B.), occurs in
many places in Singapore Island, such as the Botanic Gardens,
Syed Ali Road, Teluk Blangah Road, but no experiments were made
with it.*

The above enumerated fishes seem to be the more common
ones in the neighbourhood of Singapore town. Whilst collecting
them we were constantly on the look out for mosquito larve (Malay
name jentek-jentek’’), and it must be stated that, perhaps with
one exception, no mosquito larve were found in any great numbers
in places in which there were fish or which were easily accessible to
fish.

For instance I had expected to find many mosquito larve in
the swampy district between Killiney Road, Devonshire Road, and

*T may adda few words, as I have since been able to get additional ma-
terial, from Lavender Street. The Catfish. thus called from the eight long bar-
bules which arise from around its mouth and have some resemblance to a
cat’s whiskers, lives in muddy water and is a very active and shy fish. It grows,
according to Cantor, to at least £§ feet in length, but experiments were naturally
made only with small specimens, one to two inches in length, such as would be
likely to feed on mosquito larve. The first experiments were quite negative in
result, and only after the fish had been kept on short rations for a couple of
days,did it begin to eat mosquito larvee. Its usual diet seems to be decaying ani-
mal and vegetable matter.

Jour. Straits Branch

MOSQUITO LARVA AND FRESHWATER FISH. 29

Somerset Road, but discovered them (those of Culex) only ina
single pool, and that contained no fish. I then examined the com-
pound of a Kuropean house in Killiney Road, which is unoccupied
at present, and found the place littered with old tins full of the
larvee of the Tiger Mosquito (Stegomyia fasciata).

An examination of certain pools off Gaylang Road showed strik-
ing results, from which, however, it might be rash to generalize.
The pools were at the edge of the mangrove zone, they were numer-
ous, and had been formed to a great extent as depressions between
the mounds of the Cray-fish Thalassina anomala, which is so com-
mon in such localities. One of the pools was thick and black with
mosquito larvze (Culex), but contained no fish ; another pool, only
SN a yard off, was free from larve, but contained fish (Ikan mata
lalat).

We also examined the most malarial region in Singapore, the
swamps of Teluk Blangah, and found mosquito larve in the follow-
ing situations: in empty tins lying about; in freshly formed pools
at the top of the reclamation ; in a small pool, at a level with the
main pool, which contained only a single specimen of a fish (Ikan
mata lalat); and, finally, we found numbers of the larve of Anc-
pheles in the dense masses of waterweed in the largest pool there,
the weed being so thick that probably no fish could penetrate it.
Besides, the weed was so full of other minute animal life, that, even
if a fish had penetrated there, he could scarcely have been expected
to devote himself entirely to the mosquito larvae. The open and
clean stretches of water in the pool contained several species of
fish (Ikan mata lalat, Ikan jolong-jolong, Ikan betok, Ikan sepat,
Ikan aruan and Ikan keli), but wedid not notice any mosquito
larvee there.

The pond at the junction of Syed Ali Road and Thomson Road,
which is being filled up at present, certainly contained mosquito
larvee (Culex) in places which seemed quite accessible to the numer-
ous fish in it, but the general microscopic life there was so abundant
that there was no need for any fish to restrict its diet to mosquito
larvee especially.

Whether the fish “ Millions’”’, if imported into such a locality,
would show a marked predilection for mosquito larve, is doubtful.
It is also uncertain whether it would be able to hold its own against
theseveral species of fish indigenous to Singapore Island. In Barba-
dos it is only the freshwater fish known (see Captain Vipan’s letter
in Proc. Zoological Society, February 1910, pp. 146-147), and it
may not be equal to the competition with any other fish. How-
ever, as the Agricultural Department of Barbados has arranged to
send from time to time consignments of © Millions” to the Zoologi-
cal Gardens, London, from there to be distributed through the
Colonial Office to various tropical Colonies, the experiment of bring-
ing some to Singapore should be easy and inexpensive, best perhaps
on a troopship in charge of the ship’s surgeon. But it must be
remembered that to introduce an animal into another part of the

R, 4. Soc., No. 62, 1912.

SOP MOSQUITO LARVA AND FRESHWATER FISH.

world always brings the risk of the accidental introduction of some
other and undesirable organism. In the meantime it seems advis-
able to fill up all large pools in the neighbourhood of the town, or,
if this is not feasible, to clean them of all surplus vegetation, and to
introduce into them small species of fish such as are known to feed
on mosquito larvae, like the © Ikan mata lalat’”’ and especially the
“ Tkan pelaga”’.

However, there must be in a town like Singapore many locali-
ties in which Anopheles and other mosquitos breed, and which are
quite inaccessible to fish, and by far the greater area of the town
would probably not be touched at all by preventive measures, such
as the introduction of fish. If, as I know from my own experience,
Anopheles, besides Culex and Stegomyia, may practically any day
be found in a comparatively healthy part such as Fort Canning Road,
then an attempt to exterminate malaria by means of fish in the
crowded central districts of the town would be utterly hopeless.
But the experiment might be of use in the outskirts of the town.

I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your obedient servant

R. HANITSCH,
Director.

Jour Straits Branch

Population of the Straits Settlements and
Malay Peninsula during the last Century

By H. MARRIOTT.

I have collected in the annexed tables statistics of the popula-
tion according to race and sex for the Colony, and according to sex
for the Malay States.

So far as the Colony is concerned the figures are probably ac-
curate from 1871 onwards. Before that date the censuses were
taken by the police at somewhat ivregular intervals and are not very
reliable.

Between 1822 and 1836 the figures have been derived from Mr.
Newbold’s “ British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca.’’ From
1836 to 1860 I have been unable to get many figures, and from that
date they are taken from the Census Reports. With regard to the
Federated Malay States, no reliable data are to be procured previous
to 1891, and for the other Protected States the Census Returns for
1911 are the first of any practical importance.

It may however be of interest to add here the following esti-
mate of the population of the States of the Peninsula in the years
1835-1836 given by Mr. Newbold in the work quoted above.

Perak vee vee «+» 39,000
Selangor Ee See eee E2000
Rembau is a oe 9,000
Sungei Ujong... nae ee OO
Johol eas ay einen OO)
Jempol vee aes sae 2 O00
Jelebu Ne oe ea 2,000
Sri Menanti ... Fa ee S000
Pahang aa: $5 ae B4O000
Johore — oes fol: 8 O00
Kedah & Ligor ase a, 00,000
Kelantan ia ee we 90-000
Trengganu... in en 30) 000
Kemamam can rites nee 1,000
Patani ati oa. see, OOOO
Aborigines ye mis ae 9,000

R, A. Soc., No. 62, 1912.

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Settlement of Malacca (continued.)

RACE.

Ohinese

Eurasians

Europeans --.

Indians
Malays
Others

Total

Floating

1881 1891 1901 1911
Persons.| Males. | Females.! Persons.| Males. | Females.) Persons.| Males. | Females.| Persons.| Males. | Females.
19,741} 15,721 4,020 17,914; 18,989 3,925 | 19,224] 14,826 4,398] 35,450] 29,364 6,086
2,213 1,075 1,188 1,742 807 935 1,595 Tol 844 1,586 739 847
40) dl ) 113 66 47 54 36 18 303 221 82
1,891 1,148 743 1,637 1,194 443 L272 921 351 7,000 6,012 1,488:
69,060; 33,718 | 35,3842} 70,080] 33,702] 36,328); 72,863; 34,515 38,348 78,813 | 38,3382] 40,481
634 366 268 146 15 fal 92 50 49 429 215 214
93,079 | 52,059 | 41,520) 91,582 49,883) 41,749] 95,100) 51,099; 44,001 | 124,081] 74,888) 49,198
ie 588 504 84 439 491 18 871 793 78

* Included with the general population.

STATES.

Persons.

Malay States.

Females.| Persons. Females.

Perak oes
Selangor |
N. Sembilan

Pahang ace
Johore eae
Kedah ane
Kelantan...
Perlis B53

Trengganu ---

81,084

97,106"

46,568 t

14,541 | 168,789

1911

| Persons.| Males. | Females.
494,057 | 344,238 | 149,819
294,035 | 220,939 | 73,096
130,199 | 87,651; 42,548
118,708 | 72,2384) 46,474
180,412 | 122,129) 58,283
245,986 | 137,139 | 108,847
986,751 | 144,319 | 142,432
32,746 | 16,808| 15,938
154,073 76,153 77,920

+ Census of 1884.

Census of 1887.

{No. 63]

JOURNAL

of the

Straits Branch

of the

Royal Asiatic Society

December, 1912.

SINGAPORE:
PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE,
1912.

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3

An Expedition to Mt. Batu Lawi, an hitherto unexplored
mountain in northern Sarawak, by J. C. Moulton, F.L.s., Curator
of the Sarawak Museum.

With Appendices on some of the collections made by H. N.
Ridley, c.M.¢., F.R.s., HE. B. Copeland, J. J. Smith, Dr. A. Griffim,

F. F. Laidlaw, M.D,, F.Z.S., and J. C. Moulton.

With map, plate and four text figures.

CONTENTS.
PAGES
Ie peretatory . :.. ap as ae - oe Be 1
Zemeklstorical .... ae ote ie ae a sé 2
3. Narrative .. uae ms as Be Ae ee 6
+. Concluding note... A - ie Bs Me 56

Appendix I. On some Plants, by H. N. ee CMEC? a 59

F.R.S.
Appendix If. New Orchids, by J. J. Smith .. Fe 63
Appendix III. On the Ferns, by E. B. Copeland Be reel
Appendix IV. On the Mammals, by J.C. Moulton .. 72
Appendix V. On the Birds, by J. C. Moulton .. ae 74
Appendix VI. On the Butterflies, by J.C. Moulton .. 77

Appendix VII. Ona New Gryllacrid, by Dr. A. Griffini.. 89

Appendix VIII. On the Dragonflies, De Male ia 92
M.A., F.Z.S. a

Appendix IX. Some Kalabit Words, by J. C. Moulton 100

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NortH Bornead

WEST, NEWMAN Sith.

An Expedition to Mount Batu Lawi.

By J. C. Mouton, F.1.s., ETc., CURATOR OF THE
SARAWAK MusEUM,

PREFATORY.

Far, far away up the Limbang River, more than a month’s
journey from the mouth, there exists a wonderful unknown country,
consisting (so rumour has it) of one vast plain high above the
sea-level.and surrounded by great towering mountains whose white-
faced cliffs may be seen from many distant points. This enchanted
land is inhabited by a great and powerful race, who own allegiance
to none but their own appointed chief—the dread Rajah of the
Interior and Ruler of many thousands of fierce warriors; rumour
details further how these people have a wonderful system of irri-
gation by which they always live in plenty since they gain a second
crop of paddy during the year; how by means of natural salt-
springs they obtain salt—their chief necessity of life, and. so
become entirely self-supporting and have no need of intercourse
with the outside world; how further they make their own gun-
powder, and how they keep large herds of a curious kind of goat.
To this country, situated right in the centre of northern Borneo
—the source of all the great rivers of Sarawak, viz., the Trusan,
the Limbang, the Baram and the Rejang, whence rise also two great
rivers of Dutch Borneo, viz., the Batang Kayan and the Koti—
to this country, but few from the Limbang district. ever penetrate,
and, absit omen, whence fewer still return.

Thus the gist of the various native yarns to be gathered from
those living on and about the lower waters of the great Limbang
River, a branch of which runs through the ancient city of Brunei,
at one time, as we all know, the flourishing capital of Borneo.

Many of their tales centred on one particular mountain, Batu
Lawi by name, which was said to stand up smooth and straight like
the post of a house, towering to an enormous height, without
a vestige of vegetation on it, and with its glistening white cliffs
rising sheer, thereby presenting an unclimbable surface to any
fool-hardy explorer. “But surely,’ I protested “there must be
some small ridges or inequalities which would afford one a foot-
hold or hand-grip so that one could at least get up a little way?”
“Oh no,” they said, “and unless the Tuan can walk up the wall

of a house like a fly, he won’t be able to get up Batu Lawi!”
Added to which there were of course numerous stories relating to
the power of this wonderful mountain, how few people were. ever
allowed to get there, how those that did either met some dreadful
fate there or else died shortly after their return, while others went

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soe., No. 63, 1912 ;
1

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2 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

so far as to assert that even to point at the mountain with one’s
hand would incur its just worth, which the mountain would show
at once by causing heavy rain to fall.

Such stories, I suppose, so far from acting as a deterrent to
the majority of white men, would rather stimulate their curiosity,
so that should occasion offer, they would endeavour to learn more
of these curious rumours, of the extent of truth in them, of the
possibility of verifying them. Well, the present writer does not
claim to be an exception to the average and the result of hearing
these vague rumours was a careful hunt through available literature
for any more definite information on the subject, before taking a.
journey there himself. What little there was forthcoming is soon
told. :

HISTORICAL.

In 1858 Sir Spenser St. John at that time British Consul at
Brunei undertook a memorable journey up the Limbang River, of
which he gives a graphic account in his fascinating book, “ Life
in the Forests of the Far East.” Of this journey Posewitz, * who
made an exhaustive study of the journeys accomplished by travel-
lers in Borneo, writes that Sir Spenser St. John “was the first
European to follow the course of the River Limbang, and its
tributary, the river Madihit?, deep into the interior of the island
—namely, as far as the border mountains of Brunei.” St. John
left Brunei on August 25, 1858, and after fifteen days’ boat journey
reached the entrance of the Madihit River. Following this river
up for some way he struck eastwards across country and then leay-
ing Batu Lawi some 2 days’ journey to the south-east he turned
north again to the Adang villages, the main object of his expedi-
tion. After spending some time exploring this district he returned,
partly down the Limbang River, which in this part is extremely
dangerous on account of the rapids, and after many thrilling
experiences and severe privations, he eventually reached the Madihit
again on Oct. 16th, having made a 5 weeks’ circular tour of that
region. He reached Brunei again after an absence of 56 days.
As frequent references to this account are made in the following
pages for comparison with my own experiences, I need not give
further details of his expedition here, beyond mentioning that he
left a careful map—the only reliable one of this region—which I
found most useful and accurate, besides being a continual source
of wonder to my native followers, who could never understand how
that. curious piece of paper could give me the wonderful knowledge
of the lay of the land which I appeared to possess !

_ 1. Borneo: its Geology and Mineral Resources, by Dr. Theodore Posewits,
translated from the German by Frederick H. Hatch. 1892. p. 58.

2. Should be the River Madihit.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. — 3

After Sir Spenser St. John’s visit there appear to have been no
further lengthy excursions by Europeans up the Limbang River
until the occupation of that district by the Sarawak Government.
This took place in 1890 and in the Sarawak Gazette for November
1895 (p. 207), there is a brief account of Mr. O. F. Ricketts’ * first
visit to the Kuala Madihit and Adang country. He left Limbang
station on August 24th, and arrived at Kuala Adang on September
4th, the last three days of the journey having been accomplished
on foot. After staying for three days at a native house some little
distance up the Adang River, he returned again down the Limbang
River, arrived at the Government station on September 10th, after
an absence of just three weeks. He remarks on the peaceable
nature of the Adangs, but gives little further information about
them or their district.

Mr. W. F. de V. Skrine, Assistant Resident at Limbang, made
an exactly similar trip to this village in March 1911, being away
25 days.

The Limbang Reports which appear regularly in the Sarawak
Gazette mention no other visits to the Adang country; mention
however is made of Mr. Ward, then Assistant Resident at Limbang,
visiting the natives in the Madihit River in 1907. He was away

just 3 weeks. ‘Thus it will be seen that during the last 20 years:
only three Europeans have succeeded in reaching the Kuala
Madihit, which is itself the real starting place for the more arduous.

journeys into the interior. It should be noted however that on
several occasions would-be visitors to this region have had to turn
back on account of the river suddenly rising and becoming impass-
able for weeks at a time. It is only during certain months of the
year that this up-river journey can be made, and even then, unless
one has limitless time and patience it can only be accomplished with
the assistance of a good deal of luck; if the down-coming torrent
of water is too swift, the boats cannot get up against it; and as
sometimes happens, if the river is too dry the task of dragging the
boats up the rapids becomes stupendous and the traveller’s progress
painfully slow.

Two other routes to this elevated region present themselves to
the Sarawak traveller; one up the Trusan River, which flows out
into Brunei Bay a few miles east of the Limbang River; the head-
waters of this river run very near the Adang stream (an upper
branch of the Limbang River), but with this river too the same
difficulties are present, although I am informed by natives that one
has a better chance of getting up it in the right season than up
the Limbang River. The other route is up the Baram and Tutau
rivers, which would lead one up to the western side of the plain.

_ Two long trips have been made up the Trusan River, the first
in 1889 by M. O. F. Ricketts accompanied by Dr. G. D. Haviland
(afterwards Curator of the Sarawak Museum). An extract from

1. Resident of Trusan 1885-1890, of Limbang 1890-1909.
R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

——— ae

4 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

their official diary is given in the Sarawak Gazette (1889. p. 78)
from which we learn that the expedition started from Trusan Fort
on March 25th, 1888, reached the Bah country in ten days and
returned again by April 17th, after an absence of 24 days. The
elevation of the valley (of the Bah Country) is given as “ 3,500 ft.
‘and the whole of it is highly cultivated and_ systematically
irrigated ; ” and again, “ At the head of the Bah valley is the range
of hills from which springs the Trusan, which at their foot is but
‘a small trickling stream about two feet wide. This was the
farthest point reached.”

No mention is made of Batu Lawi, which, if seen, would
surely have occasioned remark.

A second expedition was made up the ‘Trusan to this part as
far as the Kelalan stream in 1910 by Mr. J. Stansfield,* who was
prospecting for the Government. He was away 28 days and told
me he saw no signs of Batu Lawi.

The third route,—via the Baram and Tutau—is the easiest,
as far as the river journey is concerned; and the longest and most
extensive journey, after that of St. John, has been accomplished
from this side by Mr. R. 8. Douglas, who reached the Bah plain,
south of the Limbang and Trusan head-waters in 1908. He left
Claudetown (the Government station on the Baram River) on
October 25th and did not return till December 19th. He des-
cribes his journey briefly in the Sarawak Gazette (1909, p. 29) and
at greater length in the Sarawak Museum Journal (1912, Vol. I,
No. 2, pp. 17-29). From these it appears that he spent some time
on the southern portion of the plain, but did not penetrate to its
eastern or northern boundaries. The details of his sketch-map and
of mine, which accompanies this paper, are necessarily imperfect,
and there are certain differences which we are unable to reconcile
at present ; however, it is proposed to undertake a joint expedition
in the near future to this region, when we hope these points will
be cleared up satisfactorily.

In order to complete our historical account I have quoted below
all the passages I can find in which mention is made of Batu Lawi.*

*Vide Sarawak Gazette, 1910, p68,

*Sir Spenser St. John. Lifein the Forests of the Far East,2nd Kd. 1863,
Vol. II, p. 25. ‘‘ One of the greatest curiosities, the natives say, is the for-
mation of two mountains, which rise from a plain in lofty peaks of the
shape of needles; they have nev r been to them, but have seen them from a dis-
tance; they are the pillars of the gate of some enchanted palace, and I heard it
whispered to one of my men that all were not privileged to see even these pill-
ars, as it requires some incantation; so that there is a chance of the needle
mountains vanishing into thin air’’. (Almost certainly a reference to the
double peak of Batu Lawi). J.C.M.

Ibid. p. 87. ‘‘An hour’s walk brought us to the Upper Limbang, whose bed
is here, perhaps, seventy yards wide, very shallow, not reaching to the hip. It
flows from the Silingid mountains, and is said,after skirting their western face,
to turn to the south-east to its sourcesin Lawi’’. (The Limbang River passes
Batu Lawi and is said to rise in Mt. Murud). J.C.M.

Tour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 5

Ibid. p. 109 ‘‘and I may yet get alookat Lawi. I haveconstantly borne in
mind the whisper I overheard, that only certain privileged individuals are allow-
ed to get a sight of this famous hill.”’

Ibid. pp, 117, 118. ‘* About 11 p.m. started in a south-west direction for
about a mile anda half, to the top of a hill, from whence there is usually a
view of Lawi, in a south-west directicn ; all the mountains, however, are hidden
in clouds, but it must bea high one if remarkable among its towering neighbours.
The whole appearance of the country is mountainous, each range becoming more
lofty as we approach the hidden interior. From the elevation of about 4, 348 feet.
the two mountains next us looked very high, perhaps between 7, 000 and 8, OVO
feet : they say these are the children, Lawi the father.’’

Were the people not so busy with their farms, and I so pressed for time,
I would try and reach Lawi, as there are people residing at its foot ; but I must
put it off till next expedition, when I hope to pass the mountain.’

Ibid. p. 121. Again Lawi was so covered with clouds that nothing but ts
base could be seen ; 1t appeared about fifteen miles off in aS. W. direction. [
hear that the Limbang rises in that mountain. There are villages at its base,
two of which were lately attacked by the Kayans and destroyed.

A. R. Wallace. Australasia, 4th Hd. 1884, p. 348. ‘‘Further north how-
ever, to the south-east of Brunei, are many mountains believed to Le from 7000
to 8000-feet, and one, Lawi, said to be muchh igher, and to form the culminating
point of this district ’’.

Ibid. p. 349. ‘‘The latter river (the Limbang) was explored by Mr Sr. John
in 1858 nearly to its sources in mountains between 5000 and 6000 feet high, and
about 10 miles north of the lofty Lawi mountain, which he was unable to reach’’,

R. 5. Douglas. Sarawak Gazette. 1909. p. 29. ‘‘Wenext proceeded up the
Kab +n river as far as the Merang river and after camping here for the night, we
pushed on until we reached the foot of the Pamabo Range, which we cl:mbed
and crossed at Pong Pawan some 5,000 feet high. The view from the summit
was quite indescribale in its beauty. On the west side we overlooked the Tutau
river as far away as Mount Mulu, and away northwards, across the Limbang
River to .‘atu Lawi. On the east side the view was finer still, as it overlooked
the whole of that much talked of central plain, which comprises the Bah and
Mein coun ry, and is bounded by the ranges of Pamabo, Murud and Apo Rawat
on three sides and Baram river on the South-Hast’’.

W. R. T. Clement. Sarawak Museum Journal, 1911, Vol. I, pp. 1384, 185.
A Murut legend describing the “ spiritual origin of Batu Lawi. After su dry
vicissitides including a difference of opinion with another mountain, the story
ends thus:—‘“‘And Batu Bunga, now a broken tumbled mass, ‘resides in the
Falutut country, while Batu Law is still to be seen and admired near the
sources of the Limbang River.

“There, for ever untrodden by the foot of man,
‘* A lasting monument of ages to stand,’’

A.B. W. in Sarawak Gazette, 1911, p. 70: Quoting one words of an old
Kalabit warr or, ‘‘At the end of ten days we reached the foot of theBatu Laweh,
a rock, Tuan, that stands alone and reaches to the sky. One day’s march it
takes to round its base and no man has ever dared to scale its sheer white face.

‘“ There we made a halt. Two of our men were ill of the fever ; they died,
and we buried them at the foot of the rock in the sandy flat where the badalt
(rhinoceros) love to play. Here also we took the oath again for hearts were
eon faint ’’.

.C. Moulton. Sarawak Gazette, 1911, pp. 148-151. A preliminary account
and Se udoaved report on this expedition.

R. A. Soc., No. 63 1912.

6 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.
NARRATIVE.

May 2nd, 1911. Embarking in Kuching, the capital of Sara-
wak, on the 8. S. “ Gladys,” one of the company’s coasting-steamers,
and somehow getting Dayak collectors, boy and stacks of baggage
on board just in time, we left the wharf punctually at 7 a.m. and,
steaming down river, reached the sea a little before 10 am. In-
quired anxiously of the Dayaks as to the nature of last night’s all-
important dreams and was relieved to hear that they were all right,
no bad ones. A Dayak always pays great attention to any dream
that he has on the night before starting on any expedition, regard-
ing such as a guarantee for the success or failure of his mission.
When on their own, if the dreams are bad nothing will induce them
to start, but when following the un-believing European they allow
their fore-bodings to take second place, and when disaster comes,
content themselves with a reproving “I told you so.” In March
1910 I set out from Kuching with the intention of doing this same
expedition, but bad dreams” pursued our party for the first three
days and the expedition ended of course in dismal failure and ill-
ness.

May 3rd. 'The sea pleasantly calm all yesterday and we anchor
off Kedurong point at 10.30 this morning to drop mails and a few
passengers; arrive midnight at Miri, where the Anglo-Saxon Oil
company have just opened a new oil-field.

May 5th. Reach Broeoketon early in the morning and aiter
a few hours there steam across Brunei Bay and into the mouth of
the Limbang River, which, considering the length of the river, is
remarkably narrow, and, like practically all Sarawak rivers, has a
dificult bar which can only be negotiated by steamers of shallow
draught and even then at not less than half-tide. However, we are
over the bar and for good or bad we are started on our long river
journey which is to take us a hard monih’s traveiling through
strange countries and among strange peoples before reaching the
upper waters of this river and even then to fall far short of its
actual sources, unknown to white men and but vaguely determined
by the natives sparsely scattered along its banks. We arrive at the
Government station of Limbang (or Pangkalan Térap, as it is
known by the natives) at midday and disembark, the preliminary
stage of the journey done. Heavy rain all night, registering 3.92
inches next morning. This looks bad for a start, as, if anything
like that amount fell up-river, it will mean a heavy fresh and make
progress against it very slow or perhaps impossible for a day or two.

May 6th. Mr. Ermen, the Acting Resident of the station,
kindly makes the necessary arrangements for boats, coolies, food,
_ ete., and informs me that he has called twelve Sea- Dayaks from the
Pandaruan River to assist me in the up-river journey. These and
their friends came up to the bungalow in the evening and try to
persuade us to let them all go. They refuse to believe in the
peaceful nature of my mission and being firmly convinced that it

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 7

is really an expedition undertaken against the tribes on the border,
against whom they have (or pretend they have) old scores to pay
off, they are immensely keen to accompany me. However as I
know the Muruts further up-river and have arranged with them
to take me through the more difficult part of the journey, we stick
to our original twelve. The bazaar is full of these Dayaks who
have come down to meet the Rajah and ask his permission to go on
the war-path against these people in the interior, a request which
was of course refused when the Rajah arrived on his annual visit
a day or two afterwards.

May 7th. Leave Limbang on the Government steamer “ Alice
Lorraine” at 9 a.m. having got rid of superfluous Dayaks who had
boarded the steamer in the hopes of being allowed te come at the
last moment. ‘Two were allowed to come in place of two others
who asked to be let off, one on account of bad dreams and the other
for domestic reasons. The steamer towing our up-river boats soon
passed the first corner and cut short our last view of Europeans
and civilization. Winding through low-lying country, first past
untidy but picturesque Brunei-Malay houses scattered along the
banks half-hidden among large banana plantations, and among
them Kadayan houses intermingled, then further up river the.
Malays give place to the neat Bisaya houses with buffalo herds
grazing near by, presenting such a peaceful scene that it is difficult
to imagine all this country in the throes of continual strife under
Brunei oppression only 20 years ago. Crocodiles abound in this
river and I had a shot or two from the steamer at them, but without
visible effect. ‘This is the common species C. porosus; the Gavial
(Tomistoma schlegeli)—common enough in the Sadong River,
Sarawak—does not I believe occur there though it has been recorded
in the neighbouring rivers of 'Trusan and Lawas. We arrive at
Bidang at 1 p.m. and take all the baggage up to an empty house
on the hank, where we arrange to pass the night. The steamer has
to return as there are rocks in the river just above this and she
cannot venture further. Went out with a gun in the evening and
secured a pigeon (punei) and a love-bird (tiong) ; on returning in
the boat we were startled by the firing of a small cannon twice quite
near us; this came from a Bisaya house and we learned that an old
lady of high rank had died that day. The head of the house asked
me up and IJ found a few men sitting and beating gongs round the
eorpse,—already swathed in burial clothes. There were no appa-
rent signs of grief among the inmates of the house and I gathered
that the deceased was very old, or, as the natives put it, “her years
Werte enough” (omor chukup). The heavy rain of two days ago ©
could only have been local as the river is not high.

: May Sth. Left Bidang at 6.45 this, morning,in the boats
manned by Bisayas., They seem to be very distinct from other
tribes of this region and, according to some I asked, are closely
related to the Tutongs of the Brunei—Baram district. Certain
authors have stated that they. come from the Philippines, but I

R. A. Soc., No. 63 I912.

8 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

could get no information on this point from the few older men I
met: he late Dr. A. B. Meyer wrote to me that he had been able
to notice a similarity between-the vocabularies of the Bornean tribes
Bisayas and Tagals with those of the Philippine tribes, Visayas and
Tagalogs. ‘The Bisayas are regarded with a good deal of awe by
the up-river natives, and sinister stories are told of mysterious deaths
of visitors to their houses, and of their great riches acquired by ques-
tionable means. They used to live in long houses like other natives
of Sarawak, but now that their country is peaceful they are begin-
ning to live separately, two or three families together, although
there are still some Jong houses to be seen. ‘Their houses are much
better built than those of the Muruts, and a Bisaya remarked that
the Muruts were “ like birds ” (saperti burong) hecause their houses
would only last a year and then they had to move on and build
another. |
After 4 hours paddling we arrive at Empasong and enter the
large Bisaya house there. Found a Malay in it detained by a bad
leg. He had been with a Mr. Walker* as collector on the Kina-
batangan in North Borneo and I should have been glad to take him
along ; as we were in need of another experienced collector, however,
his injured leg almost prevented him from walking at all, so we
went on again without him, and arrived at Ukong- a little before
3 p.m. Here we found some Chinese shops on the ‘left bank of the,
river and in one of them we made ourselves comfortable for the
night. No Chinese traders are allowed any further up than this
point and consequently the little settlement here does a thriving
trade with the neighbouring Bisayas and 'Tabuns.
We are warned against throwing stones into the river, as that
s certain to bring rain, which is equally certain to cause a dreaded
« fresh ” in the river. A Dayak complains to me of bad dreams.
and wishes to turn back, but I persuade him to try another three
nights; if these bad dreams persist, then he may report to me
again. From Ukong we get a good view of Mt. Buda, which is
the name given to the northern spur of Mt. Molu, and the source
of the Madalam river. Owing to a leaky boat some of the rice got
wet and we had to leave three men behind to dry it for a day, while
we went on next morning to arrange for further coolies.
Several rumours were current here about the ravages said to
have been committed by a -party of Dayaks two months before
among the Adangs up-river, and opinions were divided as to how
the aggrieved Adangs were ‘likely to receive us. Some suggested
sending up messengers to explain the peaceful nature of our
mission, but the uncertain state of the river was the only argument
that weighed with me and I determined to get to the Kuala
Madihit without any unnecessary°delay ; once there we should know
more about the truth of these rumours and could act accordingly.

* Author of ‘‘ Wanderings among South Sea Savages,’’ 1909.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. §

While on the subject of hostile natives it may be as well to
explain here the attitude which the different tribes up-river were
expected to adopt towards us, and of course this subject had to be
carefully considered throughout the journey. After the- lower
reaches of the Limbang has “been passed, the population dimrnishés
and houses become less. frequent until one reaches the mouth of the
Madalam River, where there are a few ae houses, followed by
~a blank stretch of rapids, which occupied us 4 days in passing; at
the end of this stretch the river branches sharply off to the Hast
and becomes impassable for boats; this part is occupied by Kalabits
who had recently lost their chief and were now under the leadership
of his son, quite a young man. According to rumour these people
were not likely to be over friendly, as they had suffered recently
at the hands of Dayaks, but beyond a cool welcome nothing was
feared from them. From their place (Kuala Madihit) two routes
to Batu Lawi were available, one due Kast to the aggrieved Adangs
and thence south to Batu Lawi, the other to follow the Madihit t6
its sources and thence due Fast to the mountain. he disadvan-
tages of the latter route was the difficulty of getting coolies in this
sparsely populated district, but eventually this outweighed the
serious objection offered by the other route, namely, the unfriendly
reception expected from the Adangs. Kast of Batu Lawi lived the
Pa Bawans who had but recently submitted to the Government. but
had not yet paid tax; south of them, and south-east of Batu Law
the country was occupied by the powerful Pa Brian tribe who were
avowedly hostile to the Government and to any tribes living under
the Sarawak flag.t. This was the substance of the information
to be obtained from the natives on the way up the river, and as the
journey advanced we found that the account was accurate in thé
main.

May 9th: (Temp. 6 a.m. 74.5°). Leaving Ukong at 7 a.m., five
hours’ paddling brings us to the mouth of a little stream called the
Seradan and we pull up on a high sand-bank just opposite. Above
this is a small Tabun house occupied by Tama Belulok, the chief of
the Tabuns of this district and one of the most influential natives
on the upper part of the river. His son (Belulok) had been with

1. Evidence of the warlike nature of these Pa Brian people is shown in the
report for August 1911 by the Resident in charge of Trusan. He writes
(Sarawak Gazette 1911, p. 198):— ‘‘The Bah Muruts reported that the Muruts
of Pa Brian came down on them -while they were at work in their clearings and
shot at th m, killing three men. This occurred in June and was only reported
on my arriv+l in the Trusan. Later,on, on the 24th, a number of Bah Muruts!
including the chiefs Dawat Sigar, Gaieng Abai and Sakai Libat, with a, 1: me
following came to Trusan and reported that two more of their number had*
shot by Pa Brian people in the sane way and their heads taken. They ead
make no resistance as they were outnumbered by two to one. The Bahs say
they have done nothing to justify such attacks and that the Pa Brians area
terror to the Upper Trusan.’’

This must have been going on within a short distance of Batu Lawi, possi-
bly only a few days after we left the mountain.

R. 4, Soc., No. 63, 1912.

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

me before and this time I intended taking both father and son to
see me through the journey. According to them the ‘Tabuns come
of a Treng stock and they used to occupy the country at the head
waters of the Tutau and Madihit but a series of disastrous wars
and diseases of various kinds sadly reduced their numbers, so that
but very few representatives of this once powerful race now remain.
The Tabuns occupy about three houses on the Limbang Iiver and
perhaps numbered in all some 100 souls; they are nearly related to
the Muruts and Kalabits and speak both these languages easily,
though the Tabun dialect itself is distinct. Closely related to the
Tabuns, and in fact from the same Treng stock, are the Long
Patas who live in a long house on the Tutau River under Oyau
Blawing (or Tama Saging, the father of Saging, as he is now
-known).? These two branches now form the sole survivors in
Sarawak territory of the once populous Trengs.

Soon after we landed below the Beluloks’ house, a long boat
swept round the corner and drew up beside ours, and we were soon
busy shaking hands with some oJd friends from up-river whom we
met last year. These were some 20 ’abuns and Dayaks from the
Kuala Madalam on their way down river to pay their respects to
the Rajah at Limbang. However I had to explain to them that
His Highness had arrived at Limbang and left again already, so
they turned back, while we stayed to make arrangements for coolies.
In the afternoon three of us paddled a little way up the Seradan
to look for a Dayak who, we were told, was working gutta there ;
I had arranged with him last year to accompany me in my next
expedition. We eventually found his “lancho” or hut by the side
of the stream, a few fowls outside and some lumps of rubber, and
the barking of dogs told us he was not far off. Eventually we
began to realize that there was some meaning to the continued
barking and we were startled at hearing some animal rush through
the jungle quite close; we tore off after it in the direction of the
sound of cracking branches and then lost the “scent,” but another
_Dayak joined us almost immediately and said he had just caught
sight of a pig swimming the river with the dogs in close pursuit; but
they eventually lost it, although later in the evening our Dayak
friend and his trusty dogs succeeded in bagging a “rusa” (deer).
The scenery up the little Seradan stream was typical, to my mind,
of the best kind to be seen in Sarawak. Where a view over any
large extent of country only consists of one unbroken panorama of
uniform dull coloured jungle, one has to fall back upon small
patches:of country for the most pleasing scenic effects, and these
are par excellence to be found up such jungle-shaded streams as
this; dense unfathomable jungle, suggesting an infinity of forest,
wall: one in on each side, huge trees towering above with branches

1.;.. For an- cinteresting account of the custom of changing names among

these tribes see ‘A comparative Vocabulary of the Kayan, Kenyah & Kalabit
languages-’’ by: R.S.Douglas in the Sarawak Museum Journal No. I, 1911, p.
Once

Tour, Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. ti

thrown across and interlacing foliage; through this filters the strong
tropical sun, lighting up a glistening patch here and there in the
winding stream beneath. Along this stream, as we enter, an
occasional crocodile (three I counted) splashes clumsily into the
water from off the muddy bank where he has been lying in wait
for a chance meal; a little further on a “ biawak ” (Monitor lizard)
walks stealthily up the bank hoping to escape notice. The stream
becomes too small for our boat and we get out and walk over the
rough stony bed; just at the bend ahead of us a pheasant (an Argus
by the length of its tail) flutters across the stream and disappears
up the opposite bank; I am too occupied with slippery boulders to
get my gun up in time. Overhead we caught a glimpse of two or
three “tajak” (Solid-casqued Hornbill, Rhinoplax vigil), usually
out of range and jeering at us with their curious mocking cries.
The lovely velvety black and green brookeanus ( 6 ) butterfly dances
by at a good pace and soon after we see another beautiful green
Papilio, known locally as the “ Sarawak Beauty” (Papilio arjuna
carnatus); a frail black-spotted flestia floats lazily by out of
reach of the net, and then ensues an exciting chase after the rich
green dragonfly Neurobasis chinensis, which, in Sarawak, is only
found in the upper reaches of rivers. On returning to Belulok’s
house we find the same species of tiger-beetle (Cicindela funerea)
swarming on the sand-bank at the water’s edge, which I found in
the same. place last year; curiously enough I never could find it on
any other similar locality above or below this spot on the Limbang
River, nor indeed anywhere else in Sarawak. Last year another
Cicindela (C. crespignyi) was found abundantly on the same spot,
and in many places most of the way up the river, but on this
occasion it was entirely absent on that sand-bank and only sparsely
taken at different places further up.

Heavy rain for the rest of that day, but apparently only local
as 1t did not prevent us continuing next morning.

May 10th: (Temp. at 9 a.m. 82°). Having arranged with
Tama Belulok to collect in some of his men and to follow with
Gesang, the Dayak, next day or if possible that afternoon, we leave
his house in the morning and soon come to our first rapids, in this
case “ wood-rapids,” 7.e. rapids formed by a mass of timber stuck
in the bed of the river and sufficient to partially choke the stream.
Going is rather slow against the strong stream, and it takes us till
2 p.m. to arrive at the kuala Madalam. Our friends of yesterday
meet us here and we are taken up into Tama Seluling’s house to
spend the night. ‘Tama Seluling himself is a very short ugly little
Tabun, who seemed to spend most of his time nursing his little son
or else out with a “jala” (casting net) after fish. ‘The first’ time

_I went there (last year), he insisted on giving up his bed: for my
use, and I did’nt like to refuse to use it, although the nights spent
thereon were not all pleasure! The river divides here, one branch
really the main Limbang River, goes off to the South-East, the other
is called the Madalam River and rises in Mount Molu. .On my

R.A. Soc., No 63, 1912.

3 ee Lee 2 _——- =e

49 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWL.

arrival here last year, the Limbang was in heavy flood and as it

seemed hopeless trying to paddle up against it for some days, I
took the opportunity of an excursion up the Madalam to its source.

Jt took us the best part of 4 days to get there* and just 12 hours for

the return journey. ‘The route has been traversed often enough by
Europeans and natives, as it is one of the recognised routes between
the Limbang and Baram districts. Sir Spenser St. John gave a
good account of it 50 years ago, describing how the Madalam dis-
appears under a great rock (the Batu Tarikan) and how the Kayans
had dug’a ditch round this rock to get their boats through to join
the stream where it emerges again the other side; this ditch is still
used to-day, though not by armies of head-hunting Kayans so much
as by parties‘of gutta-hunting natives of various tribes. We found
a small party of seven Dayaks encamped there, on their way to the
coast after six months’ gutta-hunting. They said they had about
4 pikuls (gutta rian) for which they expected to get $120 per pikul
from the ‘Chinese at the Baram bazaar, the latest price in Kuching
being about $300; this last I told them, but they seemed to look
upon it as a recognized thing for the Chinaman to gather in some-
what more than a moderate profit, and indeed they seemed well

satisfied with their prospecitve gain of some $70 each. ‘They had

been delayed there some 3 or 4 days doing nothing because their
“angei” or omens, had been bad; they had heard the ery of an
evil bird each morning and that had prevented them walking some
3 hours to the next stream where their boats awaited them. How-
ever they got over the difficulty while I was there by getting up
before daylight and slipping otf by torchlight before that wretched
bird of ill-omen had time to wake up and utter his warning cry.

A little way above the Batu Tarikan, (the rock mentioned be-
fore) the stream enters a high limestone cliff and disappears al-
together into the bowels of Mt. Molu; a wide archway, but very
low, only 4 ft. above the water’s edge at the highest point, lets one
into a spacious hall; four of us paddled in, leaving one man outside
with a cut stick and a whistle, so that he could let us know if the
water was rising. According to the natives the water has a way of
rising very suddenly for no apparent cause, and for that reason
most natives are afraid of going in there; however one must not
believe them too implicitly, as in Sarawak, at any rate, they are
usually most accommodating to the European traveller; if they see

‘he wants to do something never done by white men before, they are’
‘quite ready to tell you the story of one who never dared to do this
“before, and at the same time keep quiet about the hundred and one

‘who have done it. Once inside this kind of hall or ante-reom a small
“dark door-way barely five foot square shows. us the only way into
“mysteries of the interior; through this we push our boat, shoving
“against the slimy walls of the cavern with our hands. ‘This soon

oo

*Sir Spenser §t. John did the trip twice, taking 8 days on the first occasion
from Brunei and 5 days on the second from the Kuala Madalam.

Jour‘iStraits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 13

widens and the roof stretches high up over our heads; we follow a
winding passage to the left for perhaps a quarter of a mile and then
ground on a sand-bank and have to wander on foot round fantastic
limestone rocks under huge stalactites hanging from lofty chambers,
then squeeze through another passage and out again into another
huge chamber, having lost the source of the stream under one of the
walls. We find one of these passages leads out on to the upper
surface of the cliff, thus affording an escape if the water did happen
to rise and cut off our egress below. A few edible nests of the Swift
(Collocalia lowi) were found, but little else besides the usual legion

of bats. In all we spent an interesting hour and a quarter under

the mountain,n—“ where no white men and but few natives had
ever ventured before!”

I have digressed on to my trip of last year, but as the present

expedition is merely a second attempt at the objective of the first,
IT must make that my excuse for mentioning one or two incidents
of the first attempt.

May 11th: (Temp. 7 a.m. 73°). Just at the kuala Madalam
there is a ‘Tabun graveyard in the jungle by the side of the river.
I landed one morning to inspect it and found the decapitated
trunks of three large trees, about fifteen feet high. A space had
been cut out of the top so as to hold a large jar in which the bones
of the dead were deposited. One of these jars was blue and white,
the other two the usual brown earthenware, but according to the
Dayaks with me, none were of much value. At the foot of one of
these pillars was an ordinary wooden coffin supported on two forked
posts some four or five feet from the ground. This contained the
remains of a Tabun who had died some six months ago and near

it was another coffin of which the lid had rotted away exposing
some decomposing remains. On the hill above were some Dayak
graves characterised by the neatly carved “sarcophagus” of wood.

marking the spot.

From Tama Seluling’s house we could see three peaks to the
south of us, which were pointed out as Mt. Molu to the west, Mt.
Buda (the source of the Madalam) in the centre, double peaked,
and Mt. Obong to the east.

Tama Belulok and some:Tabuns turned up this afternoon but
unaccompanied by Gesang who had excused himself (and his three
companions) on account of a bad dream. Our Dayaks left behind at
Ukong to dry the rice have also joined us, and other men are hard
at work preparing a boat to replace a leaky one we had brought
from Limbang, so we have every hope of getting on tomorrow
morning. I shall be glad to do so as the kuala Madalam has un-
pleasant memories for me, of s tedious wait of 4 days for the river
to go down, of a mosquito-bitten hour in a tree waiting for some
deer to come and be shot, of the subsequent chase after a wounded
one in pitch dark swamp and jungle “assisted” by the light of a
few matches, and not least, of a delicious breakfast off the roe of

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912,

a

=

-

SA. co Se eee 2

So

ca

aa

—
EE See

2 Dos a

14 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

some freshly killed fish, followed by the most painful seizure of
vomitting, such as I never wish to experience again.

Tama Belulok apologizes for Gesang’s non-appearance and
remarks somewhat scornfully that he does’nt believe in dreams and
then immediately after announces cheerily that the omens were
excellent this morning, and there is no doubt that we shall get to
Batu Lawi all right. 1 went after pigeon in the evening in some
secondary growth not far from the house, but could only bag two
small “kukor” (doves, Spilopelia tigrina, Temm.). In the evening
get some amusement out of a few parlour-tricks and trials of
strength; one “event” consisted of laying a pole end on against
the dividing wall of a house, then standing 2 feet away from the
end, they pick the end up, place it on the shoulder and try to drag it
away from the wall. They did it generally after a little struggle
and tried from a distance of three feet but that proved too difficult.
I initiated them into the mysteries of “ Indian wrestling ” which
(as far as I know it) consisted in the two combatants lying down
along-side one another, the head of one by the feet of the other,
then with arms locked, each has to raise the leg nearest his adversary
and with a skilful lock and adjustment of his weight, try to over-
throw the other. ‘They took to it kindly and a succession of con-.
tests helped to pass a pleasant evening, enlivened with a little gin,
beating of gongs and Dayak dancing.

May 12th: (Temp. 8 a.m. 77°). The river still all right, our
crews out early this morning getting the baggage stored in the boats.
After some delay we start, 15 in cne boat and 13 in the other; two
birds “ engkrasak ” (Spider-hunters, Archnothera, sp.) fly across
our bows from right to left; these are regarded as a very good omen
and are hastily greeted by each Tabun with some such phrase as
this, shouted out in a great hurry so that it may reach the birds
before they are out of ear-shot :—

“Kabing kong ai meching yang Batu Lawi. Naam aid,”
which meant, as far as I could gather—“ O birds, see us safe to
Batu Lawi, and let no sickness befall us.”

We saw or heard other birds of good omen and everyone was in
great spirits, paddling along with light hearts and (more impor-
tant) with vigorous arms. What J read as good omens were :—
(i) the appearance of the well-known leaf butterfly (Kallima
machis buxtonr), which I saw alight on the trunk of a tree*; it is
not uncommon in the Limbang district but rarely met with in other
parts of Sarawak; (ii) the rare brown Papilio, P. payeni brunei,
which flew over our heads soon after starting, and (iii) the capture
of a fine male Amblypodia narada feeding on animal excrement

*Vide Wallace’s ’’Malay Archipelago,‘‘ where he records the leaf butter.
fly always settling on twigs. I have only once seen the species alight on a twig.
but three times on the trunks of large trees. C.J.Brooks in Journ. Str. Br-
Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 60,1911. p. 42, makes a similar observation having captur-
ed one on the trunk of a tree and another on a leaf.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 15

on a sunny gravel bed in mid-stream ; this is also a rare species in
Sarawak. A little before mid-day we arrived at a long Murut
house, where we stopped for a meal. ‘he head of the house, one
Klowat, wanted us to stay the night, as they were celebrating the
marriage of one of the ladies of the house with a Dayak. Such
marriages are by no means infrequent; a party of wandering Sea-
Dayaks go off for several months after gutta and very often finding
desirable maidens, two or three of them marry and settle down in
their adopted country. Our boats’ crew were all in favour of the
project and tried hard to persuade me to accept Klowats’s invit-
ation, this was the last house we should see before reaching the
kuala Madihit, at least some three or four days’ journey ahead of us,
so the occasion for a convivial evening seemed too tempting to be
missed. However I was determined to take every advantage of
the present low state of the river and push on as far as possible,
knowing from bitter experience last year the difficulties caused by
the least fresh; so after an hour’s patient- and good-tempered
argument we started off again, our crew further increased by two
more Muruts from this house.

This was the third house we had stopped at on the way since
leaving Ukong, and each of these three houses had been built since
my visit to them last year. In 1910 ‘Tama Belulok’s house was a
small tumble-down little shanty ill-becoming an important chief,
and he was then meditating building a decent house; this year
I found him in the same kind of house built a few yards from the
site of that of last year, and again he was talking of building one
of larger size and more lasting material. Tama Seluling’s house
had also been rebuilt within a few yards of last year’s but his new
one was a decided improvement on the old one and should perhaps
last three years. Klowat’s house had also been rebuilt, but this
time a little further up the river. Last year I spent four days in his
old house waiting for the river to go down, and consequently got te
know something about that class of house. Like all native houses
in Sarawak it was raised on wooden piles some eight feet off the
ground on the high bank of the river, but out of reach of all but
the biggest floods. A notched trunk led up from the water’s edge
over the slippery bank and another leaning against the end of the
house gave access on to a rough platform. The house was divided
down the middle by a wooden partition, which shut off the living
rooms of each family on the left, leaving the whole of the right
side open as one long common room. ‘The leaf attap roof, highest
along this centre line slopes down to within some 4 feet of the floor
on each side, the space thus left was filled in with rough boards or
in some ‘places simply with split bamhoo, leaving a long slit of
perhaps a foot in width, running the length of the house through
which one could look out. In the common verandah every-body
used to gather, only dispersing into the living rooms for meals and
at night to sleep; though visitors always sleep (and sometimes have
their meals) in this verandah. Unlike Sea-Dayak houses thére®

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

—-

—- 2 On tee oe . ee om |

16 AN- EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

was no outer platform running the length of the house for drying
paddy, as the Muruts dry theirs on the farms, but only the small
one at the end, which appeared to serve no particular purpose. ‘The
side devoted to the livi ing rooms was Sone off unequally into
five compartments, one for each family; each compartment being
provided with a door and a fireplace; the dividing partitions were
for the most part low and by standing up one could see pretty well
frem one end of the house to the other. The accompanying
diagram gives an idea of the “ ground-floor ” plan.

As a distinguished visitor I was acconmmodated during those
four days with a corner in one of these rooms, the other occupants
being three middle-aged Muruts laides, very dirty and ugly and two
small children. ‘The woman appeared to possess but one garment
each, which they never changed during the whole time I was there.
My diary of April 4th, 1910, has the following note recorded in that

P house :— P

Stel 3 Ul db7 =e - E

Pp (Murut)
i, ii, ili, living rooms (terkap.)
(1)—(5), fire-places for cooking (tal) fittel with wooden rack (dran) for
drying fire-wood.
6,7, 8, fire-places.
M, door (tingga) into living-room from common verandah.
N—N,_ dividing wall of boards, bark or split rotan, (pip2).
8,T,V; Common room (sikang).

X,Y Z, Common passage, a step lower than the common raom (S.T7.V.),
(naduran)

A, dividing partition (swman’ between living rooms, about 4ft high, of
split rotan or bark.

R, mletiorns outside.
Q, steps (tchan) from platform to ground, about 8ft.
P, main posts supporting floor and roof {dir7).

The ‘‘attic’’ formed by a few boards laid across the beams under the roof is
called parong (Dayak sadau) ; The roof is called buitok; the floor, seloi; leaf
attaps for roof, apor ; beam supporting the rafters, piian ; tie-beam supporting
the floor, barat ; rest for cooking-pot, wngan ; cooking: pot, badong ; mat, ugum.

Height of floor of house above grounl, 8ft., of side walls to lo west p: art of
roof, 4aft., ‘of middle partition to top of roof ridge 8ft.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 17

“The Murut ladies of the house give an exhibition of feeding ;
a more disgusting sight can hardly be imagined (especially
when one is eating in the same room) than to see these three seated
on the floor stuffing handfuls of rice into their mouths and then
stoking it in with their fingers........ I was delighted to see an
instance of a human being searching for bugs, etc., in the hair of
another; this being performed by a little boy who thus amused
himself with his mother’s hair while she lay on the floor playing
with her baby.” The eating of the “captures” I saw later on.
In spite of the somewhat low social status of these Muruts, they
were very pleasant and friendly, always courteous and respectful,
without any of that unpleasant cringing manner so typical of many
Malays. ‘The men always showed great interest in our guns and
with one I exchanged an empty brass cartridge-case for one of his
cartridge-cases; viz. a neatly carved little bamboo tube divided

into two compartments, one for powder and the other for shot, with —

a wooden plug at each end.

After leaving Klowat’s house we made good progress except
over the rapids where the men usually had to jump overboard and
pull the boats up. About three o’clock clouds began to gather

and we pulled up at the kuala Smarpit on the left bank and made

a lancho (shelter) for the night.

May 13th: (7.30 a.m. temp. 80°). A fine morning and the
river still just right. The Dayak who reported bad dreams before
and wanted to return for that reason, comes this morning with

woeful tidings; he dreamt he had lost al! his teeth. This is the 7

last straw, so I allow him to go home, which means a half day’s walk
for him through pathless jungle to Kiowat’s house and there await
for a chance boat to take him: down to Limbang. I learnt afterwards

that he always did the same thing, even when out with Dayaks:
alone; after a few days he would feel homesick, plead bad dreams '

and return! We leave soon after 7 a.m. and spend the whole
day poling and dragging the boats up the rapids. Pass the Sertab
rapid in safety; this has a bad reputation and is supposed to be
very dangerous when there is a lot of water in the river; in its
present condition however we have nothing to fear. Passing
through sandstone we come to a limestone patch and enter the long
wide reach that ends at the Kuala Saladong, late in the afternoon
in torrents of rain. We find remains of some recently used lanchos,
which are soon enlarged and made habitable with our kadjang
coverings, and a bottle of gin to the crews helps to keep the cold out.
Luckily the rain stops about 8 p.m. and the general opinion is that
it is only local rain, so that it should not seriously affect the state
of the river. I feel rather nervous about it, remembering a six
days sojourn in this very place last year waiting for the river to
subside, nor have I forgotten an attempt to advance against the
flood resulting in one boat being swamped and the greater part of
our baggage nicely moistened. ‘ama Belulok tells me how the
Kalabits from the interior come down and buy buffaloes from the

R, A. Soc., No. 63, 1912

*Q

18 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

Bruneis and Bisayas to take back with them. A small jungle track
was pointed out to me as the road they used, and the journey, he
told me, took them anything up to two months up and down a
series of very steep hills; many buffaloes die on the journey, but
they expect to get more than half through to the end. ‘Tama
Belulok says they start back with about 50, which they buy for
about $35 each (adults) down to perhaps $15 for a young one.
Kalabits always kill one at any important feast.

I note the charms hanging from ‘ama Belulok’s belt; a small
broken cowrie shell, a small piece of brass, an inch of cane, a human
finger-nail (convincing proof of cannibalism!), a pair of brass
depilatory forceps and a small reddish dried fruit.

During our conversation the word “k’lit” occurs, mentioned
by one of the Tabuns, who does’nt know the Malay for it, and I
cannot make out for some time what he means. ‘Tama Belulok
explains it thus: “a bird that has no feathers” and Madu, my
Land-Dayak boy, guesses it at once and explains it as “ haying
wings like a paper umbrella,” so that at last it dawns on me that
“kit” is the Tabun for “ bat.” ?

We saw two pigs on the bank, but no ti e to get a gun out
before they had fled. It was near here last year that we came across
a dead pig floating down stream; the natives with me at once
brought it ashore and on examination found that it had been fresh-
ly killed, probably by a crocodile, and within an hour the whole
lot of them were squatting round fires on the boulders by the river’s
edge, enjoying a feast of roast pork.

The little Saladong stream flows out just below our camping-
place skirting a high white limestone cliff, which gives the alter-
native name of ‘Salindong’ to this place. One day during our
enforced wait at this place last year five of my Dayaks spotted a
particular grass growing on the top of this cliff; as they could only
see one or Samra little tufts of this, they sneaked off by themselves
taking great care not to be seen by the other natives of the ex-
pedition, and after a most strenuous (and rather dangerous)
scramble they succeeded in gathering a clump of this coveted grass
(“buloh berindu”), which they carefully divided, each becoming
the proud possessor of a few blades. My most persistent questions
failed to elicit any information as to their use for it, the more I
asked the more amused and secretive they became, and all I could
get out of them was that it was not used as medicine for sickness
nor as an ointment’ for wounds. And it was only some months
after that I was told that it had the mysterious power of ensuring
success in courtship to its possessor. My diary of that date (April
10th) last year has the following note which may help to illustrate
the Dayaks’ methods :—“ Ketit (Sea- Dayak) sells his coat to one
of the Muruts of the party for $1, which he asks me to take out of
the Murut’s wages for him later. Ketit tells me he bought it
second-hand for 60 cents in Kuching, but that he told the Murut he

. Jour. Straits Branch:

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 19

gave $1.50 for it! Hugely pleased with himself over his trans-
action.”

While encamped there I ascended the hill just above the mouth
of the Saladong and from an altitude of 770 ft. got a view of Mt.
Obong bearing 8. 8. W. It did not look very far off—the natives
said three days, and I should have guessed it to be but 3-4000 feet
in height. EK. S. E. of us we saw a Jong range called Pagun ending
in a high peak due S. E. They told me rhinoceros were to be
found there; also that the streams Madamit and Saladong rise
there. ‘The Trusan river lies East of this range. On another day
I went to visit an old burial ground just above the kuala Saladong.
About an hour’s walk (unnecessarily long, but there was no path
and the guide was a bit hazy as to the right direction) through
the jungle we came to a limestone cliff; about 30 feet up
this was a small cave, “ Libong Seriou,” to which we climbed
by means of tree-roots, etc.; although only a small cave of
no great depth, it seemed to be the home of innumerable bats,
which, with a great whir-r-ring of wings, created quite a
blast of cold air. In this cave were a number of broken jars
(I counted 30 to 40) n which Muruts or Tabuns had been buried.
Some of the jars were said to be very old and worth from two to
three hundred dollars if they had not been broken. I had one (the
least broken) removed and succeeded in bringing it safely to Ku-
ching, and it is now in the Sarawak Museum. Knowing how
particular natives are about safe-guarding their burial-grounds, as
of course is only natural, | was most careful to inquire if they
objected to my removing the jar; they assured me that it did’nt
matter in the least, that nobody was buried there now and had not
been within the memory of man, that these broken jars were of no
use to anyone and that if I was anxious to take the remains of
one, nobody could possibly object.- So I took it, arriving in due
course at Limbang with the jar and party safe and sound. Then
followed an unpleasant 10 days of malaria before reaching Kuching
at the end of April. This year I am warned against taking any
more jars, as that, according to my Limbang friends, was the
obvious cause of my fever and such was only to be expected as a
reminder from the offended spirits!

Belulok told me that it was supposed to be an old Tabun
burying place, although none knew for certain now; their custom,
like that of other tribes of this region, is to bury their dead
temporarily in one of these big jars, then place it in a cave like
Libong Seriou for some six to twelve months, during which interval
the body decomposes and drains through a hole in the bottom.
After this interval a great feast is held, the jar is opened, and the
bones taken out and placed in a smaller jar for similar burial in
some other place. According to Belulok the story goes that there
used to be a house on a flat rock just in the mouth of this cave,
until a landslip occurred causing the collapse of the house and the
death of most of the inhabitants. The few survivors buried their

R. A, Soc., No. 63,'1912.

20° AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

relations in the cave behind and from that day it became a regular
burying place.

St. John records the fresh traces of a Kayan war-party at this
place (Salindong), noticed on his arrival here. A long pole orna-
mented with three palm-leaf tassels was interpreted by some of
his party to mean that the Kayans had obtained three heads.

May 14th: (Temp. 75°). Leave our camp about 7.30 and
soon find the river running between narrower and more rocky sides.
In one place it narrows quite suddenly and a large rock on each
side gives the name of “ Tiger’s leap ” to this part. ‘Tama Belulok
as usual sits in my boat and proves a patient conversationalist in
spite of my wearying stream of questions. One thing he told me
which was rather astonishing; he said that the nomad Penans have
large families as a rule, averaging perhaps 6 or 7; which in con-
sideration of their hard life was in startling contrast to the smaller
families of 2 and 3 to be found among the more sedentary tribes
of this region. The Penans were spoken of with disdain by the
Tabuns owing to their uncleanly habits; “you can always tell a
Penan by his smell, as he never washes except in the rain!” And
this latter statement was certainly true of a few whom I picked up
later on, although I did not observe the smell.

After 4 hours paddling we pass the kuala Tuan, where I
camped for three nights last year, and after an abortive attempt
to proceed further against the flood had to give up my first ex-
pedition and return defeated. Half an hour later we arrived at
the kuala Sipangi, the furthest point reached on that expedition
and we sit down to a midday meal and discuss the troubles of |
getting here experienced last year. This last reach was particularly
bad, as the stream was too strong to allow the men to pole against
it and only the slowest progress could be made by sending on two
or three with a rotan rope, and then they had the greatest difficulty
in climbing along the steep rocky sides, catching hold of any
shrubs or branches to save themselves falling into the river and
being swept away by the raging torrent. Not counting an interval
of six days in which we went up the Madalam, as the Limbang
was too high to allow us to start, it took us 12 days to reach the
kuala Tuan from the kuala Madalam, while this year we had
accomplised the same distance in 24 days only. Natives say they
are frequently held up for a month at a time, and at kuala Saladong
we found a party of Dayaks, who, after a month’s wait for the river,
were just going down river again to obtain some more provisions.
At the kuala Tuan, we found six more Dayaks, who said they
had been waiting 20 days for the river to go down. Once we had
decided to give it up, the return journey was very different, and a
most exciting time we had shooting down the rapids at a great pace.
missing certain destruction on rocks by a hair’s breadth every few
minutes. The Muruts are particularly clever at guiding a boat
down these swift rivers and indeed they have to be, as many lives
have been lost in these very places. Only last year the chief of the

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 21

Madihit Kalabits was drowned just by the kuala Tuan owing to his
boat capsizing in the rapids there. Once or twice we shipped a lot
of water and only just managed to bale it out in time for the next
rapid. ‘That return journey from the kuala Tuan all the way
down to the Government station at Limbang took us just 18 hours
actual paddling.

At the kuala Sipangi we were much bothered by bees, which
simply swarmed on the bank while we ate; luckily no one was
stung, but we were glad to be off again, leaving these unwelcome
visitors behind. ‘The country becomes more open as far as we can
see it and sandstone crops up again; quite a change after the narrow
gorges passed through lower down. At the mouth of a little ditch
called the Delong we drew up our boats for the night (3.30 p.m.)
after a long day of comparatively easy going. Soon rig up a lancho
among the bamboos on the right bank and go to sleep with the
comforting prospect of but one day’s journey between us and the
kuala Madihit, where our river troubles are to end. St. John gives
a vivid account of his troubles in getting up the rapids in the
gorges just passed (1. c. pp. 63-65).

May 15th: (Temp. 8 am. 76°). A good deal of rain last
night and consequent fresh in the river this morning, however we
get off at 7.30 going very slow against the rising stream. Progress
for the most part can only be made by seizing hold of bushes along
the bank and dragging the boat along that way until one comes to a
corner where the stream is too strong to allow the boat to pass,
then every one seizes a paddle and letting go the bushes paddles for
life across to the other side, so as to creep up some twenty yards
of slack water there as far as the next bend, when the process is
repeated. ‘The dash across the current usually involves the loss of
some dozen yards and this distance has to be re-paddled. ‘The
accompanying diagram illustrates the method of progress.

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

aa_r, ee | eee

— ee

Stream

Diagram showing course
of boats against heavy

stream.

Boat’s course.

S
-@
;
‘

‘AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 93

When the stream is very strong it is impossible to get a boat
round a point like that marked A, as the moment the bow of the boat
enters the stream the water rushes in and swamps the boat ; one then
has to make a hut on the bank and sit patiently watching the river
for a month, or less, as the case may be. Again when the current
is pretty strong the man have to paddle all the know in order to get
across from one point to another, like those marked A and B;
otherwise the boat is swept down past B to the point below, marked
C; then the distance A to C has to be covered again by wearily
poling and dragging at the bank as far as A, where the dash across
has to be attempted again.

The Tabuns say that the island at the mouth of the Delong is
the site of an ancient murut graveyard, but there is nothing
to be seen there now.

At one place the river made a huge horseshoe bend which took
us an hour to get round by boat, while some walked across in a
couple of minutes. After some four hours poling we enter a long
wide reach and meet some Kalabits removing wood to build a house ;
these are the first people we have met since leaving Klowat’s house
and we pull in alongside the bank to discuss the latest news from
the front. The kuala Madihit is just ahead of us and we paddle
into its shady waters at 12.30, glad to get out of the hot midday
sun; we congratulate each other on the successful accomplishment
of the uncertain part of the journey; the rest depends entirely on
ourselves now. ‘The Tabuns and Muruts have seen or heard good
omens every day and the Dayaks have had no bad dreams, which
accounts for our success so far; and as we enter the Madihit, Tama
Belulok hears another good bird and our eventual arrival at Batu
Lawi is now assured. - |

At the entrance of the Madihit, the Limbang winds away to
the Hast and according to the natives soon becomes impassable for
boats. The Madihit itself is quite a small stream, pleasantly
sluggish at the mouth when we entered, but we soon come to the
inevitable rapid, and after half an hour’s struggling reach the land-
ing-place of a Kalabit house. Here we are met by a dozen or so
clean-limbed well-built natives, headed by Tama Kuling, the young

chief of the Kalabits of this district. We climb the steep bank to
his house which is built some way up in the hollow of a hill; the
_ jungle has been felled all round and the heat is consequently great.
Tama Kuling only recently succeeded his father, one Saribu, a
powerful chief in his time, until he:met an untimely end last year

shooting the rapids at kuala Tuan. Huis body was recovered and ~
they are now preparing an enormous feast to celebrate the final:

burial of his bones. All the countryside are invited to it, the
Adangs from Okap’s house three days away, the Kalabits from
Seridan and Malinau; most of all the Madihit Kalabits and some
down-river Muruts have already arrived. Tama Kuling shows me
no less than 35 great jars of tuach (the fative whisky-and-very-little-
soda, made from fermented rice) awaiting consumption. An

R. A. Soc., No. 63 1912.

O4. AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

average jar measures 2 ft. 9 in. in height and some 5 ft. in cireum-
ference; they hold about 23 gallons so that some 800 gallons in all
were awaiting consuimption! ‘Tama Kuling wanted our party to
stay for this great feast, but as they talked of being drunk for a
week or more I decided against it, though by doing so it became
difficult. to get coolies enough to follow; our boats’ crews being in-
sufficient to carry food and baggage over the land journey. As men-
tioned before, from the kuala Madihit two routes to Batu Lawi
offered, one to the Adang villages and then south to the mountain,
the other up the Madihit and then due east for an indefinite number
of days—some said three, others ten. ‘The majority of the Adang
people were expected at the feast, so it was regarded as useless to
expect to get coolies from their houses, besides the rumours of un-
pleasant feeling between them and the Dayaks with me, which we
had heard down-river, were confirmed here, so we decided on the
Madihit route. Tama Kuling himself naturaliy could not leave
all his guests to accompany us, so he deputed an elderly Kalabit,
Penribut by name, to take charge of us. He was the head of the
furthest house up the Madihit and was said to know the way at
Batu Lawi. I went up the hill behind the house in the evening
(800 ft.) and enjoyed a fine view of the surrounding hills though
we were not high enough up to see the lofty mountains of the
interior. In the evening we all warmed up over two bottles of gin
Gay contribution) and one jar of tuach (from Tama Kuling).
The Kalabits seemed a little apprehensive and uncertain of our
intentions when we arrived, but night time saw us all on quite
friendly terms. ‘Tama Kuling expects Penribut and his men to
come in to-morrow as they have been invited to the feast. We
kept it up to a late hour that night and when I woke next morning
some of the “ hard cases” were still at it.

May 16th: (Temp. in house 7.30 am. 74°). The collectors
and I went off collecting this morning into the jungle on the hill
behind the house, two with guns and others with butterfly nets. I
was lucky enough to find a Lycaenid butterfly (Allotinus nivalis) in
the act of attending an. Homopterous larva. The Museum collectors
had reported this phenomenon on several occasions before from
different places and I communicated the substance of their obser-
vations to the Entomological Society of London,* but I had not
then been able to make the observations myself. I first saw the
butterfly cross my path and allight on the upperside of a twig, per-
haps three feet from the ground, then it walked slowly round to the
underside of this twig and approached a small whitish “ mouldy ”—
looking larva (Homopterous?), on which were standing two very
‘small black ants apparently feeding. ‘The butterfly, when close
enough, stood there protruding its tongue gently on to the larva,

*Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1910. pp. xxxviii-xli. ‘‘A Lycaenid in attendance
on an Homopteron’”’ and ‘‘A further note on a Lycaenid in attendance on an
Homopteron.”’

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 25

which stayed there quite passively; the ants also did not object,
though occasionally one would walk in the way of the butterfly’s
proboscis and then one antenna would come down slowly as if
in gentle remonstrance. Both antennae were held well back over
the butterfly’s head and the wings were closed erect, in the usual
manner of this subfamily of Lycaenidae. I watched the process
for some minutes, squatting quite close to the performers.

In the evening it rained, and just before dusk we were startled
by the sudden arrival of a party of Adangs rushing down the hill-
side with parangs (swords) drawn. ‘They rushed round the house
in the pouring rain cutting down any low-growing shrub in their
path and then climbed up the ladder into the house breathless; |
was unable to find out the exact significance of this custom; later
we go through the gin and tuach process again in honour of the
new arrivals who have come in during the day and now fill the
house. Instead of the usual dancing the Kalabits entertain us
with a curious sing-song, which is quite pleasant to the ear with
its full tones and gentle cadences, one or two singing a part together,
others answering and then a loud chorus before beginning another
verse. They went on most of the night and the jar of drink
was still in requisition in the morning. This jar is stood in the
middle of the long common-room which runs the length of’ the
house as in Murut houses, and round it sit all the people. One
(or sometimes two) appears to be in charge of it and his duty is
to lead the visitor up to have a pull at the bamboo tube stuck in the
lid, or else when the lid is off to bale out a cupful and take it round.
There is always a great deal of fuss made before the thirsty visitor
permits himself to drink, and after several good-tempered attempts
to refuse it he eventually accepts, having insisted on the host taking
a sip first. It is then a point of honour to drain the cup dry—
none too easy to task when the liquid is neat gin! The head of
the Adangs, Tama Kuling, Penribut, Tama Belulok and I drank
each other’s health going through this same ceremony; thus Tama
Kuling refused the drink I offered him till I had tasted it myself
and when my turn came for one of them to offer me a drink I,
being in Kalabit-land, must needs do as Kalabits do, and so was
equally persistent in refusing the proffered drink until the bearer
of it had tasted it himself first.

The women appeared singularly ill-favoured, though cleaner
and whiter-skinned than the Muruts down-river. They wore a
little collection of metal rings (tin or iron) suspended from the
lobe of the ear; and their arms (wrist to shoulder) and legs (ankle
to knee) were usually tatooed with some linear pattern. Their
only garment was a short skirt, which some writer has rather aptly
described “as beginning, too late and ending too soon.” : The men
wear a long tooth (tigetr-cat’s or bear’s) through the hole in the
upper part of each ear and sometimes a brass ring or lump sus-
pended from the lobe as well. JI measured a few Kalabits in the
house and found the height of adult males varied from 5 ft. 1 in.

R.A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

96 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

ft. 6 in. They spanned more than their height by some 2
inches or so in every case. A Murut, Balang Alar by name, a fine
tall well-made fellow with long thick hair reaching below his waist
measured 5 ft. 9 in. and seemed to tower over his neighbours.

In this house I noticed a curious pair of antlers hanging up
on the wooden Pare on which run down the middle of the house.
Unfortunately I do not know the right way of describing them and
my mtention of photographing them on my return was frustrated
through alterations in our plans, which prevented my returning to
that house again. My note-book has the following :—* four stout
branches (2 on each side), these branching off again into blunt
wide projections, totalling 14 points in all. Tama Kuling’s father
bought it from the Pabaws an people years ago and according to them
it belongs toa “rusa” (Cervus equinus), but it is so different from
that, that I think it must belong to a different animal.” I tricd
to purchase it, but Tama Kuling did not want to part with it.
Later he gave me some rice for our men in exchange for some yards
of red cloth. I also presented him with a whistle which pleased
him quite a lot. He was most particular in regarding my cloth
and his rice as presents, and strongly deprecated all idea of the
transaction being in the nature of a purchase.

‘Tama Kuling, Balang Alar, the tall Murut, and one or two of
the other Murut visitors from down-river telk Malay, but the rest
cannot talk that language or Dayak. It is curious to note the effect
of the enterprising Dayaks who are spreading rapidly over this and
adjacent districts, for in many Murut neuses the inmates talk
Dayak but not Malay; one Murut I remember last year seemed
almost hurt that the language I spoke (Malay) was not the same
as the foreign tongue he had learnt (Dayak), "Jako Iban aku
namu,” he said, SS tapi jako nuan enda namu aku.” (“ Dayak I
know, but your linguistic efforts beat me altogether ”), so I had to
try my best Dayak on him, resulting I’m afraid, in but indifferent
success. The T'abuns seemed most at home in this language ques-
tion, talking Malay, Dayak, Murut and Kalabit with equal ease ;
these two last dialects are certainly very close to Tabun but are
nevertheless quite distinct, so much so that a Trusan Murut with
~me could hardly make himself understood at all when talking to a
Kalabit and his persevering attempts used to call forth shouts of
- laughter from his Tabun friends. He talked Malay and Dayak to
-a-certain extent. Two of my Dayaks knew Murut well, having
married Murut ladies, but they couldnt understand any Kalabit.
: Our new guide Penribut (Kalabit) an oldish man with a cheerful
smile and a great capacity for drink did not understand a word of
Malay or Dayak, but appeared to talk Murut easily enough. St.
John’s journey was made by the Madihit, and although he records
the traces of a former Chinese colony there, he makes no mention
of any other settlers in the Madihit.*

**“To show how exteusively the Chinese formerly spread over the iountry,

I notice that they had pepper plantations evensup the Madihit as late as the
remembrance of some of the oldest Muruts.’’ (/. c. p. 73).

Jour Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 27

May 17th: A certain amount of thick heads this morning
and consequently rather slow in getting away. Our plan is to get
up the Madihit to Penribut’s house by boat as far as possible, wait
a day there for coolies and rice, and then walk overland to Batu
Lawi. ‘The eleven Pandaruan Dayaks make some trouble over the
shortage of matches and even say they want to return on this
account. I had foolishly trusted to some patent lighters which I
thought would withstand the wet better than boxes of wooden
matches and in consequence had not brought many boxes of
matches. Unfortunately they also withstood our attempts at strik-
ing a light, however some of the Tabuns had brought a few packets
and by taking a little care we were able to make them last out all
right. ‘There is a strong fresh in the Madihit so that we can
use boats, though progress is necessarily slow against this strong
stream ; without the fresh the river would be too dry to allow boats
to be used at all. At 3 o'clock clouds began to gather and we stop
to make a lancho on the left bank. In the evening we catch a
large number of moths flying to the lamp on the “ krangan” (stony
river bed) below our hut.

May 18th: (Temp. 7.45 a.m. 73.5°). Break camp early and
after breakfast start off again (8 a.m.), soon encountering steep
rapids. Pass the kuala Rawan on our left and later on-the kuala
Tera (?=that marked in St. John’s map as Petra). The boats are
dragged up with some difficulty and we come later to a-bad place
called the Seridan rapid; here Tama Belulok says he has been
wrecked twice, losing most of his belongings each time. Just above
this we come to the kuala Aripenou and find a small Kalabit house
on the right bank. It is impossible to get the boats any further
up the river and although it is only one o’clock, Penribtt’s house
is too far off to reach to-night, so we haul the boats up and have
a refreshing bathe—a daily joy in the latter part of this up-river
journey safe from the fear of crocodiles, although the natives say
that they are seen right up these streams even as far as this, but they
never attack human ‘beings : after the bathe, a meal and then a ram-
ble in the jungle behind the house. Some Kalabits arrive in the
afternoon from ‘l'ama Kuling’s house, havig left early in the morn-
ing on foot, doing the journey in about 6 hours (without carrying
baggage) while we have taken a day and a half to do the same
distance by river. Penribut arrives later and finds me bathing at
the landing place. He makes a picturesque figure fording the river
in his bark war-coat ornamented with the black and white tail
feathers of a hornbill hanging over his shoulders; the- front of the
coat (which by the way is armless) is much shorter and is orna-
mented by a large round pearl-shell ;* a blue chawat (loin cloth),
his hair twisted in a knot at the back of his head and fastened’ with
a long iron pin (about 9 inches and about as thick as a big French
nail) and a spear in his hand completes the picture. Belulok tells

* See Ling Roth, vol. 2, pp. 101 and 103.
R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

298 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWL.

him to shake hands with me, apparently a novel proceeding to him,
and then he joins me in my bathe, taking care to bathe below me so
that I shall not get his wash!! I have been told that in certain
places natives make a point of bathing in the stream below a
Kuropean while he is bathing above, so that they can enjoy the
water tainted by him and thus partake of some of his superior (7)
qualities. ‘The same principal is in evidence when a Malay shakes
hands with a Hadji (man who has done the pilgrimage to Mecca)
and draws lis hands away from the Hadji into his own chest,
with the idea of partaking of some of the Hadji’s holiness. Malays
and many other natives do it too after shaking hands with Euro-
peans, though the actual good obtained thereby in some of these
cases must be a little doubtful.

When we arrived at this house there was hardly a soul to be
seen, most of the men being away feasting at Tama Kulsng’s and
the women were too afraid to come out of their rcoms for some

time. Belulok told me a message had been sent from ‘lama
- Kuling’s house the night before to advise them of our coming and
to-assure them of our peaceful intentions, otherwise they would all
have fled into the jungle.

After a few friendly overtures to the smaller children of the
house in the shape of a biscuit or two, their shyness disappeared
and the inmates began to show themselves. I found it always
answered remarkably well to pay attention to the babies, as that
seemed to dispel any feelings of distrust at once; the women
beamed silently at one, while the men were more disposed to help.
The men themselves seem to pay more attention to the children
than do their mothers, for in every house one would see a proud
father or two strolling about with a child on his back, no matter
whether he was an important chief or not. Thus a request to the
chief for the loan of a boat was certain to be acceded to without
further trouble, if one adroitly oiled the way first with a sardine
tor the chief’s baby son! Noticed a small monkey (“brok”’)
Macacus nemestrinus tied up to the house, the first pet I have seen
on this journey, except for countless ill-fed dogs which are the
greatest nuisance in every house.

May 19th: Weare still short of men to act as carriers and we
have to leave some things behind, such as kadjangs and food for the
return journey. We get off at 8.30, thirty-nine of us in all and a
Dayak, a Chinaman and myself, the representative of Hurope. ‘The
path almost at once leads down and cross the river, then up a steep
bit on the left bank, past the site of a former Kalabit house visited
by Mr. Ward in 1907; the posts were still remaining, but no more,
the people having moved elsewhere; then up to 1,400 ft. and later
to 1,700 ft., the path running along the top of a range of hills
running more or less parallel to the Madihit; in one place we pass
a solitary jar standing by the path; this is pointed out as contain-
ing the remains of a Kalabit, who died last year; at midday we
descend to a small stream, the Gritang, where we feed. According

Tour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 29°

to St. John’s map this stream should be on the other side of the
Madihit and I learnt later that there was another stream of that
name flowing out on the other bank just at the same place as the
Gritang joins the Madihit from our side; and some days later we
passed two streams of the same name flowing into the Madihit, one
on either side.

After the Gritang the path cuts inland away from the Madihit
and we climb a range of hills further west to those which border
the Madihit; between the two hills is a wide valley and perched
right on the top of the hill opposite us we see Penribut’s house.
The path winds round to the head of the valley and so across until
we arrive a little after 4 pm. We have come practically due south
from the mouth of the Madihit, the general direction of the

Limbang from the kuala Madalam to that point being south-east.

We stopped once or twice on the path by some curiously marked
trees. A smooth strip had been cut on the trunk and some charcoal
figures drawn to represent guns, buffaloes, jars and boats. Tama
Belulok explained that these were records of other parties that had
passed that way; some three or four circles he explained meant they
had been travelling three or four months and some other marks he
interpreted as the number of lumps of rubber obtained by the party!
We left our mark for the information of the next passers-by.
Penribut’s house is built across the top of a hog’s back ridge

at an altitude of 2,100 ft., and consequently gets a continual gale

blowing through it from one side of the valley or the other, and the
smoke inside was something awful. We were met outside by a
short ugly man with close-cropped hair who came down the steps

of the house to do the honours in the absence of Penribut, who was’

following a little way behind. They told me that he had recently
lost his wife and that was the reason of his shaved head, which
looked very out of place among all these men with fine long hair

flowing down their backs. Apparently it is the custom among the

Kalabits, Muruts and Tabuns, for a man to shave his head on the
death of his wife, and again when her bones are removed to their
final resting place after the temporary disposal of some six months
ina jar. After the final burial the widower may let his hair grow
again. The same rule applies to a woman who loses her husband;
she has to shave her head too. In Tama Kuling’s house I noticed
two people (man and woman) distinguished by this sign of bereave-
ment. Tama Belulok tells me the custom is not observed on the
death of a parent or child.
a parent or child.

While sitting in Penribut’s house in the evening, we heard
a sudden commotion going on behind the wooden partition which
runs the length of the house dividing the living rooms from the
common room. Instantly Penribut got up to see what was the
matter and he was soon followed by about ten other Kalabits who

all disappeared into one of the rooms; the noise continued and

seemed to come from several babies and women screaming at once,
R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

—— =

30 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

helped by discordant cries from the men endeavouring to make
them quiet. Eventually we learned that it was a baby crying—

“sakit tolach,” as my people explained it, meaning that it was a
fit, paroxysm of anger (7) or delight (7) brought on by our
arrival. One of the Kalabits brought out a small plug of wood
which they asked me to spit on; this done, they took it back,
touched the child’s hand and body with it, and the cure was com-
plete; peace reigned once more and we resumed our conversation
about plans for to-morrow. ‘The Tabuns and Dayaks took it all as
a matter of course and I gather that the same thing is done with
them. The commotion among the Kalabits for the moment was
quite remarkable.

As mentioned above, the house stands on the top of a hill and
a magnificent view of the surrounding country is thus obtained.
‘lo the west, 1.e., straight across the valley below us is the range of
hills which we came along to-day, behind them rise Molu and Obong
where the Seridan, Malinau and Tutau rivers haye their source;
to the south-west there are some high mountains which must be
in the Baram district about the head of the Akar; in the south
and to the south-east are more hills which they say border the Bar
country; due East of us they point out a little rock as big as my
thumb peeping over the top of a great black range of mountains
on the horizon: this is Batu Lawi, the object of our journey, and
we have to reach that range of mountains before we can see any
more of it, let alone get tv it! In spite of warnings received on
the way here, we point te wards it, and almost at once a black cloud
comes up and hides it from our view, then more clouds and the
country east of us shows signs of rain, then a few drops and we too
are in the thick of it. Batu Lawi has vindicated its reputation
already. After a fortnight’s fine weather enabling us to get thus
far in quite good time, we have but to point at this dread mountain
and down comes the rain. [To get ahead of my diary for a
moment, I may say that it continued wet for practically the whole
of the next fortnight!]. To the north and north-east of us lie the
Adang hills stretching away towards that huge range in the East;
the valley below us runs north and south, the northern end opening
out at the kuala Madihit.

May 20th: (Temp. 73.4°). Out early this morning, only to
find the place in thick clouds and ever ything ; sopping wet. Last night
(1 a.m.) we were awakened by a terrific ‘crash of thunder, imme-
diately overhead; this was followed by torrents of rain, which
speedily came through the wretched leaf roof. I got a kajang rigged
up over me, but not before most things were wet. The smoke is
most irritating and everyone is coughing and choking from it.
Most of the inmates have watery eyes and no wonder. It is the
same type of house as the other Murut and Kalabit houses we have
passed, and in the common room there was three fire places in use.
besides the others in the living rooms. The raised flaps of the
roof under which we sit draw all the smoke out and the only habit-

Jour, Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 31

able spot is on the wooden platform outside the end of the house ;
it is quite nice sitting out there in the evening with a glorious view:
all round, but too hot to stay there in the heat of the day. A scaly
- ant-eater (Manis javanica) is brought in having been captured by
the dogs of the house.

Owing to the thickness of the mist they will not be able to
dry any paddy to-day for us to take, so we shall have to wait here
to-morrow before starting off again. ‘There appears to be no chance

of getting any more coolies, so all we can do is to carry enough |

- food for ten days, which should enable us to do the journey to Batu

Lawi and back and no more; but | hope we can shoot something

- and find a little jungle produce to enable us to stay there a few
- days; however the chief thing is to get there first.

Went out in the morning down the hill on the north side of

the house and heard the waters of the Madihit below us. It

appears to run in a south-easterly direction (1.e., following it from >

the mouth it runs south as far as the kuala Aripenou and thence
south-east past this hill). I cannot make out which is Mt. Obong
and which is Mt. Molu of the high peaks in the range to the west
of us; this has been a source of argument the whole way up, some

saying one thing and others flatly contradicting; the only thing.

that is clear is that the whole range is the Molu Range; the highest
is a double peak and to the north of that (in the same range) are
four other peaks whose bearings I read as 281°6, 290°4, 287°5
and 300:2 respectively. The first they tell me is the source of the
Seridan river, which runs into the Mago and thence into the Tutau
and Baram.

May 21st: (Temp. 76°). A nice fine morning and every
prospect of drying the paddy and getting off to-morrow. After,
a bathe under a bamboo pipe stuck into the hill side,—the only
water to be obtained here, we go off collecting in different direc-
tions. Catch some interesting insects, among them an interesting
female Chaleosid moth, which mimics the common Pierine butter-,
fly Terias hecabe; the male is entirely different in colouring and
pattern.* The beautiful Papilio brookeanus appears to be common.
The collectors bring in a large male “ brok ” (Macacus nemestrinus) |
and a fine bushy-tailed squirrel. (Rhithrosciurus macrotis).

T amused the company and myself by measuring the right-hand
ee to little finger stretch of 25 men (adults). They were as
ollows :—

Sea-Dayaks. Tabuns. Kalabits. Muruts.
21.4 em. 21.4 cm. (Belulok) 21.8 cm. 20.7 cm.
20.— 20.— == 19.7 NG).g)
oe 20.— 20 6 —
21.-— 19.2 (Tama Be'ulok) 20.3

___*Mention is made of this instance of mimicry in a short account of mime-
tic Bornean insects by the writer, recently published in the Prcceedings of the
Entomological Society of London. 1911. pp. lxiii—lxxx,

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912,

32 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

19.4 18.3 20 Land-Dayak.
20.8 20 4 20.— 18.9 cm.(Madu).
a= — 21.2 (Penribut) ~
21.2
_ European. Chinam in.

25.—cm. (myself).

to take them away with me.

20.2 cm. (cook).

I also obtained Penribut’s permission to measure two old
skulls which were hanging up on the centre wall of the house. He
offered no objections, but seemed a little nervous lest I should want

‘he measurements were as follows

(worked out with the aid of little volume issued by the Royal
Geographical Society for the use of travelers) :—

I ib
Length from fore-head to occiput 190 mm. 172 mm. Callipers.
Greatest breadth 131 mm. 134 mm. do,
Circumference fore-head to back of head) 534 mm. 495 mm. Tape.
Shape ovoid ovoid —
Front edge of foramen magnum to top 102 mm. 106 mm. Callipers.
of nose.
do. to juncture of front teeth. 101 mm. 100 mm. do.

Outer edges of orbital bones 114 mm. 113 mm. do.
Outer edge (widest measurement) zygo-
matic arch = 130 mm. do.
Vertex to below chin 185 mm. 183 mm. do.

jaw very jaw not

prominent. prominent.

adult male. ‘senile male.

(B. X 100) 68.977.9

Cephalic index —
L

Both skulls were old and black with smoke; according to
Penribut, probably Muruts of the upper Trusan or Bar country;
but no very exact data forthcoming.

There is a wretched cripple in this house with a tied knee
joint, which keeps him for ever in a squatting position, so that he
can neither stand or sit; he seems quite cheerful. ‘The women are
cleaner, pleasant-featured and friendly; they are not at all shy
and watch me bathe under the bamboo pipe with much interest ;
we try a conversation but without success, neither of us being able
to speak a language known to the other. Like the Kalabits at kuala
Madihit, they are tattooed on the legs and arms, and they boast but
one garment, a short dark blue or black skirt; their hair is loosely
fastened up behind and ornamented with a broad band of beads
worn like a cap. ‘These beads are their only possession of value,
and I was told that an insignificant light brown type of bead,
if genuinely old, was valued the highest.

A Kalabit from the Seridan brings dire rumours of disaster
to Tama Belulok’s relatives in the Tutau (Oyau Blawing’s house) ;
he says the inhabitants of the whole village (some 30 families)
have died from some new disease about two months ago, except for
five people. ‘Tama Belulok and his people are much disturbed at
the news and suggest a desire to return. Luckily we had only just
been discussing the unreliability of rumours heard in a far off

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 33

country like this and I was able to show that one of them at all
events was quite inaccurate. Belulok had told me that the news
of the Rajah Muda’s death had reached him last year and that it
was generally believed all over that district; he was quite surprised
to hear that, although it was true the Rajah Muda had been very
ill, he had quite recovered now and was expected in Sarawak again
before long. There was another rumour current here to the effect
that a Dutch Controlleur had been killed by the natives in the
head-waters of the Batang Kayan not many days journey from here;
this too I contradicted, having heard in Sarawak that this Dutch
official, reported missing for some time, had come through safely
after all. [I heard on my return in July that there was prob vably
some truth in the Kalabit story after all, as inquiries were still
being made for that particular official]. It took a long time to
persuade the Tabuns not to take this rumour too literally and I
went so far as to predict that it was more likely five men had died
and the rest survived, not the other way about, as the Kalabit
reported. Yet another story was current, this time, that the
Government had forbidden any Kalabit to go down river for four
years because of this dread disease, and further that if any of them
disobeyed, the down-river tribes had been given permission to take
their heads! !

Tama Belulok is ill with fever to-day, and is afraid he will
not be well enough to go to-morrow.

May 22nd: (Temp. 75°, cloudy). Begin dividing out the
rice, a tedious job which might have been done with advantage
yesterday. Tama Belulok is worse this morning and decides to
stay behind; I leave one of his men to look after him; Belulok (his
son) takes his place as my chief adviser and interpreter. He took
charge of my expedition last year, and feels that our failure then
reflects in some measure on him, so that it is incumbent on him
to get us through to Batu Lawi this ime. Although quite young,
he has a useful influence over the men; his information is usually
reliable and his advice is undoubtedly sound. ‘The worst of so
many of these natives is that they never mind being shown up as
hars, and they le again at the first opportunity if it is to their
interest to do so. For instance, when they wanted to stop at
Klowat’s house for the Dayak-Murut wedding (ten days ago) some
of them swore positively that there was no place for us to spend the
night between there and Salindong which we could’nt possibly reach
that might. Unfortunately for them I had been there last year
and so knew the nature of that bit of river, with the result that we
pushed on and found quite a good place for a lancho (kuala
Smarpit). Nearly every day similar instances cropped up, many
that did’nt matter, but some that did. Belulok was one of the few
who never let me down in that way—at least, not that I know of.
They did not of course do it out of sheer perversity, but generally
as an excuse for a delay or else in actual ignorance of the subject I
inquired about. We start at 9.30 and follow a winding path

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912 $
3

:

Re ee ee ec RE

Se he ee -

34 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

through the jungle in a general easterly direction arriving at the
Madihit again about 2 p.m. ‘The river runs nearly north here but
bends away to the west below us and to the east again above us.
Penribut says the path leads straight up into the hills now and the
next place for water is a long way ahead so we must spend the
night here. We have had several stops, resulting in a balance of
three and a half hours walking only—a poor day’s work. However
I feel I have had quite enough and am glad to stop, especially as
it is raining hard; we make a lancho on the right bank above and
enjoy a delicious bathe in the cool clear water below, altitude 1,300
ft. Below us two little streams flow out into the Madihit from
either bank; both called the Patud.

May 23rd: (Temp. 6 a.m. 69°). ‘To-day nice and fine again;
I hope to get in a long day’s march.

This no sooner written than Penribut is reported to be desirous
of staying here another day on account of a bad omen heard a few
minutes ago, which warns him of trouble if he starts. After much
persuasion with the help of Belulok, he goes back to his lancho to
get ready his things for marching; only to return shortly after
looking more obstinate than ever, having again heard the evil bird,
which he says absolutely prevents his doing any journey to-day.
After much good-tempered, but useless, argument I try to com-
promise and say that two of his men may stay and propitiate the
bird provided they can get their friends to carry their loads. But
this proposal is not acceptable so I insist on them all following,
birds or no birds; and this they do with a good grace, although we
have lost a good half hour by talking. Path leads straight up the
hill and maintains a general easterly direction ; I note the following
altitudes: camp above the Madihit 1,400 ft., then up to 1,900 ft.,
2,200 ft., 2,400 ft., 2,700 ft., 8,000 ft.; down to 2,720 ff., then
up to a steep 500 ft. to 3,220 ft., whence we get a good view
of the two peaks of Batu Lawi; the higher and steeper peak like
a chimney lies to the north, the lower and more rounded peak to
the south. The big range still impedes our view of the lower
portion of Batu Lawi. ‘To the north and parallel to us run the
Raya Hills; the tall virgin jungle hides all other views.

Saw two specimens of the “‘ moth-like horsefly ” mentioned by
St. John,* the first I have seen in the jungle though the insect—a
Cicada (Tacua speciosa, \\hg.)—is not rare at lamps in Sarawak.
Later we disturbed another large Cicada (Pomponia diffusa,
Bredd.) which flew straight into a large spider’s web, where I watched
it for some time struggling hopelessly to free itself; it was even-
tually “rescued ” with the aid of butterfly net. Considering the
strong flight of the insect and its size-(with tegmina expanded it

*“T found today, just as we were crossing the ridge, one of the most curi-
ous insects I have ever seen ; it appeared like a gigantic moth, above four inches
in length, and was of a brown colour, with a band of bright green just across
its neck ; although it had the look of a moth, on clcser examination it proved
to be a great horsefly.’’ Spenser St. John, op. cit. pp. 85-86.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU. LAWI. 35

measures 150 mm., while vertex of head to end of abdomen measures
48 mm.), it was rather surprising that the web should hold it so
effectually . Belulok caught a large Sphingid (Hawk-moth, Oxy-
ambulyx substrigilis, Westw.) by the side of the path. Rain again
in the afternoon which developed into a heavy thunderstorm as we
stopped to make a lancho for the night (alt. 3,100 ft.), and now as
I write (8 p.m.) it has started again with renewed vigour. We
passed little streams or pools of water in two or three places on the
way and I pointed out that the first or second would have done well
for last night’s lancho. At 2 o’clock this afternoon we came to one
and the Kalabits wanted to stop with the same excuse as yesterday,
but this time I said he would push on till we did find some more
water. With our short supply of food, the long distance to be
covered and the uncertainty of the path, it is necessary to push on
at every opportunity.

May 24th: (Temp. 6 a.m. 67°). Several of the party with
bad colds, and cuts and sores on their feet, but generally cheerful.
Our path to-day leads along the top of a ridge at a fairly even
altitude of 3,100 ft. for two hours; then up to 3,700 ft. and after
a short descent we have another long climb up to the summit of
this part, 4,000 ft., which according to Penribut is called Mt.
Turan.

Although the natives with me have not been able to recognize
any of St. John’s names for the mountains of this part, I think St.
John must have reached this range and then turned north towards
the Adang villages. His route appears to have run parallel to
mine from the Madihit to the Limbang, only further to the north
and over a lower country as he records 2,500 ft. as the highest
altitude crossed between the two rivers, while we have already
touched 4,000 ft. (and later 5,000 ft.) without coming to the
Iimbang yet. Our general direction is stil] East. and the
path shut in on all sides by old jungle prevents our obtain-
ing any veiw except for an oceasional glimpse though the
trees on some of the higher elevations. We camp late in
the afternoon to the usual accompaniment of pouring rain
(alt. 3,900 ft.). Thermometer down to 67° at sunset. One of
the collectors shot a rare Oriole (Oriolus hosei, Sharpe). Rarely
seen or hear any signs of animal life, except for the occasional cry
of a Wa-Wa (LHylobates miilleri, the Gibbon). Water has not been
found all day, except just now at a little pool some way below our
present camp, and we have had to satisfy ourselves with some
from the roots of trees, which hold quite a lot when one cuts off
lengths of the right kind. Penribut says we shall reach the river
Kri to-morrow where we shall see the whole of Batu Lawi quite
close; he does not know the path any further than that. ‘T’emper-
ature 67° at sundown.

May 25th: (6 a.m. temp. 65.5°). Left camp early and at once
continue the ascent reaching 4,460 ft., the head-waters of the
Madihit are pointed out running parallel to us in the valley below

R. A. Soc., No. 63 1912.

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36 _ AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

on our right; our general direction is E. S. E. until we reach a
high ridge and follow it south, alt. 4,700 ft. to 5,000 ft. This is
evidently the top of the high range which barred our view of Batu
Lawi from Penribut’s house, as we can now see through the trees
the whole mountain opposite and apparently quite close. We camp
in a sheltered hollow a little way down the eastern slope of this
hill, which is called Mt. Derian,* having walked for a bare three
hours from our last camping place; temperature at 2 p.m. down to
62° Fahr. (rain). Our first day’s walk was similarly short, so that
it ought to be possible to accomplish the journey so far in two long
days’ walk instead of four. However yesterday and the day before
were long and tiring, up and down these steep hills, and the men
are heavily burdened. I have just said that we had a fine view
of Batu Lawi from this point, but as a matter of fact the jungle is
so thick that one can only catch a glimpse of its outlines and for
the greater part of the day it was hidden in clouds. Madu, my
Land-Dayak boy, volunteered to climb a tree and off came his coat
with which he tied his feet securely together (or rather about
twelve inches apart) and up he went hand over hand, gripping the
trunk of the tree with the soles of his feet which were prevented
from slipping by the coat. He soon disappeared up the smooth
straight trunk into the branches high up over our heads, out of
sight and almost out of earshot. He told us, when he came down,
that there appeared to be a deep valley between us and Batu Lawi,
but that two spurs sloped down towards it one on our left and the
other on our right. Poor little Madu, he died from dysentry three
months after we got back. He stood about 4 ft. 10 in., but strong
and well-made at that; always bright and cheerful, the life and soul
of the party, everybody made friends with him at once; many a
time he amused us greatly ordering the Kalabits and Muruts about
in a loud voice and it was quite wonderful to see how they did what
he wanted, for they did’nt know a word of each other’s language.
I had been particularly keen to bring him for that particular reason,
as it has been suggested that the Land-Dayaks and Muruts show
evidences of relationship in their languages. I frequently made
him talk Land-Dayak to both Muruts and Kalabits, but they never
understood him nor could they find a word in common. Also, try
as he might, he could only understand a word of Murut or Kalabit.
Later we tried with Penan, but beyond a few words of wide dis-
tribution in Malaya (such as ramin, house, ta’in, stomach, dipeu,
tooth, etc.) their languages proved quite unintelligible to one
another. Madu was quite a travelled native, especially for a Land-
Dayak, who as a rule is rather stay-at-home and unenterprising :

*According to the natives, so-named on account of a huge Durian ? tree
growing on the path along the top. The tree was certainly unlike the cultivat-
ed Durian and according to my Dayaks, quite unlike any wild Durian ; one
suggested subsequently that‘Derian’ was the Kalabit for ‘Dian’, meaning that
the tree was one of those kinds whose bark makes good torches. We were
unable to solve the point.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 37

he had been in Singapore and the Native States, besides having
travelled in Sarawak a good deal. We had talked over several
expeditions to be made together in the future, but alas, now to no
purpose.

Rain all this afternoon and temperature down to 62° at 2 p.m.
A few mosquitoes in the evening—rather surprising at this altitude.

May 26th: None of the party know the way any further and
there appears to be no path except the one we have come by and that
continues south to the Bar plain as far as I can make out; it 1s so,
overgrown and hard to find that Penribut missed it several times
on the way here. A small party go out to look for some sort of
track, others go off collecting, while a few remain to cut down
some trees so that we can dry our things in the sun. Since leaving
the Madihit we have hardly been in the glare of the sun a moment
owing to the dense jungle over our heads practically the whole
time. Clothes have been dried (or rather smoked) over fires
whenever opportunity offered.

In this wet and cold spot, with the thermometer at midday
under 70° (it varies from 62°-67°) there seemed to be a great
absence of animal, bird and insect life, and the “din” of a
tropical night was noticeably absent. One occasionally heard the
warning crack of some giant of the jungle about to fall.* The
natives always took great care to build our lanchos out of reach of
any rotten trees. Hight Kalabits arrive with the remainder of
our baggage which was left at Penribut’s house for them to bring.
They should have joined us there, but said the Madihit was in
flood so that they could’nt get across. The head of them, a sour-
looking individual, Lawaratu by name, is supposed to know the
path all the way to Batu Lawi, but now informed us that he does
not. The path-seekers returned with the report of a hopeiess track
down the river Kri which rises just below us; they suggest
looking for another’ path to-morrow. Belulok estimates it as
two or three days yet before we get there; it looks to me but
one day’s walk. St. John must have reached the northern end
of this range before turning north to the Adang villages which
are said to be about three days journey from here. Mt.
Derian rises to the westward higher than I thought, about
5,200 ft. and to the south and parallel to it there runs another
short range with one high peak about 5,600 ft. The Madihit is
said to rise between these two.

*As an instance of the danger cf falling trees I may mention a narrow es-
cape I had on another occasion (on trip to Mt. Klingkang). After walking for
some hours our party came to a tempting stream and many of us bathed in the
coolclear water. I had only fini hed and climbed out of the pool a bare two min-
utes, before a huge tree fell right across the place. There was no wind at the
time, and but for a warning crack before its actual fal], some of the natives
might easily have been caught. In an interval of five davs no less than three
large trees hid fallen along or across our path to that mountain, in a distance of
some seven miles.

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912,

oa 7 a —

Ss SS Se

38 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWL.

The natives in their scanty clothing find it very cold at night,
many of them lie huddled up round the fires. One or two complain
of fever, others of stomach trouble or colds. ‘The food is getting
short so we cannot afford another day here looking for a path.

May 27th: (Temp. 7. a.m. 63°). We start of alom@ the
mountains in a southern direction, then descend east to the river
Kri, alt. 3,700 ft., continue down that river knee-deep till 11 a.m.
when we come across the remains of a hut recently used by Dayak
gutta-hunters. It has been a most tedious morning scrambling
along the river bed, or river bank, over huge boulders, “ tight-rope-
walking * along fallen trees which the natives invariably makes
straight for, regarding such as Heaven-sent bridges; the European
Is inclined to regard them in another ght, especially when they
span a mountain torrent, swirling along some thirty feet below one.
The Kalabits wanted to stop at this place as we could find no trace
of any further path, so we did—but only for a meal and then on
again up the hill, Bululok and I acting as guides. By my compass
I knew that Batu Lawi was on our right and that by following the
stream on down any further we were likely to be led too far to the
north, so we cut straight up over the hill, a stiff scramble on hands
and knees with parangs in constant use to cut a way through the
undergrowth, whieh was not very thick luckily, owing to the tall
trees overhead. The natives with their heavy loads had a bad time
of it, but some of them deserved it for pretending not to know the
way. ‘The Kalabits in particular have seemed more and more dis-
inclined each day to bring us to Batu Lawi; they must know the
way in reality, as they once lived quite near here, according to
Penribut; although I have not heard them mention it, I think it is
because each day “brings us nearer to the country of their enemies,
the dread Pa Brian people, who live the other side of Batu Lawi.
Later we struck a path running more or less in the right direction
which we followed for some two hours and a half. At one place
we were startled at seeing fresh blood on the ground, and an
examination of the leading: half dozen showed that it could not
have come from any of them, as a!though most exhibited the atten-
tions of leeches, cuts or other wounds, none could have been the
cause of so much blood. We looked in vain for traces of some
animal; some uneasily murmured “munsu” (enemy) and for
some ten minutes we sat down and discussed the mystery; even-
tually a Murut joined us and owned up to a nasty cut across the
hand which thus explained the whole thing, as he had been sitting
on that spot some time and then gone off down the hill side to look
for water to bathe it. But for those few minutes we were much
puzzled by the unpleasantly suggestive “mystery.” ‘There was a
fine rubber tree (gutta rian) close by here, and the Dayaks pointed
out several of one kind and another on our journey; these tracts of
virgin jungle must still be very rich in this kind of produce, as
natives from down-river seldom venture so far as this, and the
scattered inhabitants only work sufficient to meet their immediate

Jour. Straits Branch

a se

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 39

wants, i.e., enough to pay the annual tax of $2 to Government and
to support them on the rare occasion of a visit to a bazaar down-
river or on the coast.

Our path led down to a tongue of land formed by the junction
of two streams, both called Kri according to Penribut, alt. 2850 ft.
Crossed and camped on the right bank, just succeeding in erecting
the huts before the rain came on. Examined the provisions with
Belulok and find they have enough for four days more. Cheery
prospect, seeing that we are not at Batu Lawi yet and that we have
taken six days to come so far. However there are some sago palms
near by, which they will have to utilize together with any animals
we may shoot. ,

May 28th: (Temp. 7 a.m. 70°). We ascend the hill behind
our camp and then descend almost immediately to another stream,
the Limbang again, alt. 2,630 ft., only much smaller than when
last we saw it at the kuala Madihit. There was a good deal of
water running and we crossed with some difficulty having a very
stiff scramble up the high precipitous bank on the other side,
followed immediately by a weary toil up a thousand feet and down
again to yet another stream, the Palabar, alt. 2,700 ft. Most of us
had good cause to remember that steep climb up from the Limbang
as we had to pass a hornet’s nest. I was bitten through the sleeve
of my coat and had a swollen arm for the next two days; several
of the others suffered too.

The natives of this part refer to the Limbang as the Pa (River)
Brunei and I[ was told that formerly the main outlet was through
Brunei; this has become more or less silted up and only a narrow
ditch remains, while the river has taken a sharp bend to the East,
flowing out into Brunei Bay at the Limbang mouth, as we now
know it. Batu Lawi should be very near new and with every hope
of being on it before night-fall we cross the siream and start
another steep ascent for the most part pathless, eventually reaching
an altitude of 4,400 ft. where we have to camp as we are doubtful
of finding any water further up. The last hour or so in pouring
rain, and rather than stand about getting cold, Belulok, a Dayak
and I continue the ascent, leaving the others to make our shelters
for the night. From the occasional glimpses we have had of Batu
Lawi I thought we were actually on the lower slopes of it, but
Belulok thought otherwise and so it proved, for a rough scramble
up roots and moss-grown boulders brought us to the summit
4.850 ft. and ihere just opposite to us with a broad ravine between
stood Batu Lawi emerging for a moment through the driving
clouds. From St. John’s map I take this mountain to be Selinguid,
though none of our people know that name and the Kalabits profess
all ignorance of the name of the mountain. |It struck me after-
wards that it was possibly no sheer “cussedness” that made the
Kalabits refuse to utter the names of these places for my inform-
ation, but more likely that they held the place in such awe that
mere mention of its name would bring disaster. Thus many

‘R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

ee

” fe. 2 2 oe

‘SS Sa 1 eee ee.dlC cr. Ulc(“‘(i‘éi a

40 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWL.

natives in Sarawak when asked will not give the name of their
destination (i.c., if it entails a lengthy and perhaps perilous
journey), tor fear of exciting the wrath of the guardian spirit of
that place, so they refer to it in very roundabout terms. The name
Batu Lawi was hardly if ever mentioned (except by me) during the
days we approached it, and | noticed that the Tabuns did not seem
much surprised at the absence of any known name for Selinguid.
The superstition is | suppose much the same as that which forbids
a Sea-Dayak to mention the names of his parents-in-law and those
of their relations; or to give his own name when asked. In this
latter instance he usually turns to a friend with a nod as much as
to say “Tell him my name, he doesnt know our customs or he
would not have asked me.” Many have their names very con-
veniently tatooed on their fore-arms, so that when one wishes to ask
this awkward question and no friend is near to help, the arm may
be produced for the silent inspection of the questioner J.

The summit of Selinguid ts bare of all trees and only covered
with a tangled mass of shrubs and moss which effectiv ely cover some
splendid pitfalls between huge great blocks of stone. Batu Lawi
was close enough to enable us to make out individual trees and the
perpendicular stratification of the 10cks; the lower of the two peaks
looks easily climbable, but 1 doubt the possibility of being able to
climb the higher one, which rose sheer tor some six hundred like a
chimney . practically bare of all vegetation. It bore due East of
Selinguid and this accounts for our mistaking Selinguid for the
lower “slopes of Batu Lawi, when trying to make out the lay of the
land through the trees on Mt. Derian due wert of us. Thick clouds
develop into heavy rain and we decend to the camp arriving just
before dark, after a weary day of nearly ten hours’ walking. The
beautiful cool climate and mountain aiv however allow one to do it
without feeling anything but healthy fatigue at the end of the
day, which all passes off ‘after a sound sleep in a really cold night.
At dusk the thermometer eee 63° in the shade.

May 29th: (Temp. at 7 a.m. 64°). Left our camp about 8
oclock with 14 men to get fo Batu Lawi; the others staying behind
to recover from their several ailments (cold, fever, cuts, sore feet,
etc.) and to do some collecting. As the summit of Selinguid rose
between us, we had to make a detour round the southern slope be-
fore reaching the narrow valley which runs north and south be-
tween the two mountains. This entailed some very difficult going
through pathless jungle of quite a different character to that on
the other side of the mountain where our camp was situated.
There we were hidden in the usual type of virgin jungle, viz.
enormous high trees with interlacing branches forming a canopy
far over our heads, and down below a thin growth which was not
difficult to walk through. This new type of jungle on the southern
and eastern slopes of Selinguid (including the summit) consisted
of low-growing gnarled shrubs rarely more than ten feet high;
these in turn were covered in thick moss especially round the roots

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 41

which twisted and turned round and across great blocks of lme-
stone, the whole forming one long and wearisome series of ob-
stacles, each in itself a delightfully uncertain danger. ‘Thus one
false step and down would go one leg to unknown depths; then a
slippery root would resent the unaccustomed weight of a human
being and down some-body else would go through this treacherous
floor. One Murut in front of me disappeared entirely just as if
the ground had opened to receive him; luckily however he landed
on a rock some eight feet below and came to no harm. We struggled
through this down to the bottom of the ravine where a lovely moun-
tain stream, the Palabar again, came rushing down in a south-
westerly direction dividing the two mountains.

Across this and we were on Batu Lawi at last, alt. 3,740 ft.

The same kind of growth made our progress very slow for
the first part up the other side; but this soon changed to the
the higher kind of jungle, so we moved on quicker to a ridge
on which we eventually camped a little after midday at an
altitude of 4,900 ft. (temp. 65° in the shade). We passed
some likely looking places for rhinoceros and at one _ place
found some fairly fresh traces of one. The WKalabits say they are
always to be found on the eastern side of Batu Lawi. Penans are
said to get them with their sumpitan (blow-pipes), which seemed
to me incredible considering the delicate nature of the darts they
use and the thick hide of the rhino, but the Tabuns assured me
that it was so and some Penans I met later confirmed it. After
a short meal, a Dayak and I continued the ascent, reaching an
altitude of 5,660 ft. on the southern end of Batu Lawi. ‘Thick
clouds alternating with driving rain destroyed all chances of a
view and we descended again to the lancho on the ridge below.

May 30th: (7.30 a.m. temp. 64°). Ascend again this morning
with some 9 or 10 natives, Penribut, Belulok and Madu among
them; this time keeping along below the place where we ascended
yesterday, we followed a narrow ledge of rock which brought us to
a point below the gap between the two peaks. A sheer drop of some
two or three hundred feet here faced us, and above us a slippery
rock face with but httle vegetation; two Dayaks made use of a
loose root and pulled themselves up a little bit higher, but I stayed
on the ledge with the others ‘not liking to risk it in the rain which
made everything so dangerously slippery. ‘The height of the ledge
was 0,660 ft. and the temperature 69° between 9 and 10 a.m.
We waited there for some time hoping to get a view, but the clouds
only allowed us a glimpse of the high peak towering above us—
another 600 feet at most I calculated. The lower peak could
certainly be climbed without difficulty from the southern end, but
that sheer column—the higher peak—seemed to present a very
difficult problem.

We saw tracks of some small mammals, a tiger-cat according
to the natives, and I noticed but one butterfly (an Hesperid, pro-
bably Bibasis uniformis, Elwes), otherwise the absence of aninial

R.A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

49, AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWL.

life was remarkable. We were certainly unfortunate in striking a
particularly wet 24 hours on the mountain which partly ac-
cuonted for this dearth no doubt, but I imagine that dense humidity
was the rule rather than the exception up there, so that animal life
was probably not encouraged to flourish. ‘The actual rock com-
mences at 5,250 ft. We returned to our lancho, packed up our few
belongings and made our way slowly down the hill; then up through
that unpleasant tangled growth the other side and so back to our
old camp on Selinguid, arriving just after dark tired out. The
collectors had shot some interesting birds in our absence and
captured several insects new to me.

May 31st: Climb up to the top of Selinguid again this
morning and at last enjoy a splendid view of the country all round,
Take some photographs of Batu Lawi [unfortunately ‘all failures
owing to lack of sufficient precautions against the excessive damp |.
Butterflies plentiful on the top and we spend most of the day up
there. ‘Two Dayaks follow the ridge along the top and across a
narrow ravine on the northern side and so on to the northern end of
Batu Lawi. ‘They returned at nightfall and report it much easier
gvoing than the route used by us yesterday; they succeeded in
reaching the foot of the higher peak, but were unable to climb this.
The top of Selinguid extends some 300 yards in a north- easterly
direction, narrow ‘and more or less flat although the growth on the
top makes it difficult to move. In a secluded spot away from our
butterfly-collectors I found two of our Dayaks making themselves
comfortable for a pleasant morning nap; they were in the hopes of
obtaining fortunate dreams, as the tops of high mountains are
always said to be infested by spirits and the chances of experiencing
an important dream in this hallowed spot were too good to be
missed. I left them to their occupation with instructions to report
if the dreams were favourable so that I might then turn them on
to a little collecting which would in that case be undoubtedly pro-
fitable.

June 1st: Food has run very short and we leave about 7
a.m. on the return journey, after catching the Dayaks in an attempt
at leaving with particularly light burdens. These Pandan
Dayaks pete e been more trouble than use on the whole—always last
and lagging, wanting to stop first, and making a fuss over the
smallest hardship. The Saribas Dayaks with me are very different,
cheerfully doing more than their due share of hard work. ‘'The
Tabuns and Murtus give no trouble under Belulok, and the Kala-
bits under Penribut usually do what they are told without much
persuasion. A lot depends on their headmen and I am unlucky in
the head of these eleven Pandaruan Dayaks. However they are
in the minority and with a few suggestive remarks at their expense
we start, the baggage evenly divided. Our pace down hill is very
different to that when struggling up and we get down to the
Palabar and over the steep bit and down again “to the Limbang
again before very long. Here we find the river has risen consider-

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 43

ably and we have to spend some time felling trees in order to bridge
it. Later we pass our former camp at the junction of the two
rivers Kri and then begins that long toi! up the further Kri, which
has also risen slightly to impede us. We reach our old camp on
Mt. Derian about 6 p.m. and stragglers came in later with torches.
One Dayak fell out and had to be carried in the last mile. ‘The
natives had left a little rice here ou the way out and we enjoyed a
much-wanted meal after a strenuous day’s work. I had eaten a
little at midday, but many of them had finished their food in the
morning before we started and so had gone without any more till
this evening. ‘Ihe Dayaks were accused of commandeering halt
the Tabuns’ deposit of rice, while the latter were not looking;
however they apparently had enough to satisfy their wants and I
was far too tired to go into the matter.

June 2nd: (6.30 a.m. temp. 62°). Another long day’s walk
from Mt. Derian down to our old camp above the Rapaw stream,
thus accomplishing two day’s journey in one. Luckily it has ee
moderately fine all to-day and yesterday, except for a slight showe1
about 2 o'clock. But still dampness is part and parcel of travel
in Borneo and the day’s journey is very often commenced by ford-
ing a stream waist -high, or failing that one is soon wet through
from perspiration, so that a shower or two of rain does not make
much difference. I very often used to bathe just as I stood in my
clothes if we came to a tempting stream or waterfall, and never
seemed to derive any harm from it.

June 3rd. Soon after leaving camp this morning we came
to a small opening on our right from which we can get a last sight
of Batu Lawi (excepting the view of the top of the higher peak
to be seen from Penribut’s heuse). The following sketch gives
an idea of it; the sloping line at the base indicating the line of the
Turan-Derian range which cuts off all view of Mt. “Selinguid lying
between it and the lower slopes of Batu Lawi. The base of Batu
Lawi (taking the Palabar stream which flows between it and
Selinguid as the base line) is some 3,500 ft. above the sea-level
and the mountain itself rises about 2, 700 ft. higher. Approx-
imately 1,000 ft. of the mountain are visible in the sketch.

A Mt. Batu Lawi
Showing above the Derian range (A.B).

R. A. Soc.,/No. 63, 1912.

OS a a I hee ee eee

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(ae a ee

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44 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

We reach the Madihit again about 11 o’clock and after a re-
freshing bathe and a meal proceed on to Penribut’s house arriving
a little after 3 p.m., most of the natives done up after the lsat three
days hard walking on short commons; I too was quite glad of a
LeSv.

They told us that Tama Belulok had returned home after
staying four days longer in the house. A new report has come in
to the ‘effect that only. two men of Oyau Blawing’s house have died,
not the whole house except five as first reported ! They also report
that a Dutch controlleur and his servant. have been killed by one
Maalin of Long Krian not far from the head-waters of the Baram.

June 4th. Spent the anniversary of King George the Third’s
birthday in Penribut’s house settling up w ith the natives. The
usual wage recognized by the Government in this district is 30
cents a day and it takes some time working out the amount due to
each man, as so many have joined me at different dates. We have
to settle up here as | am sending the Pandaruan Dayaks, the Dayak
collectors and some of the Muruts back by the way we came, 1.e.,
down the Madihit and the Limbang, while I intend going round the
southern end of Mt. Molu to join the tributaries of the Baram river
and so down to the Government station (Claudetown) on that river.
This round has never been done before and further travelling
among strange tribes will sure to prove interesting. Only Belulok,
another ‘Tabun, Madu and the cook are to accompany me with a
few Kalabits to help carry our baggage.

Having no money with me, series of I. O. U’s. have to be
issued in the duly approved and very convenient way of the Glorious
East. As a matter of fact money is of little or no use to the natives
up here unless they make the journey to the coast where they can
exchange it for goods of more value in their eyes, viz. beads, jars,

gongs, gun- _powder, etc. These chits of mine will therefore be kept
till they go down river, when they will be duly honoured at the
Government station. Being entirely enable to read or write, these
up-river natives have a great respect for anything in the way of a
printed or written note, and Mr. Ermen, the Government Officer
then in charge of this district, had kindly given me two or three
printed Government “surat panggil” (Government summons
forms) to use in case a having difliculties in obtaining coolies. But
so far I have not had occasion to use any. Belulok asked my
assistance in recovering a debt of one buffalo and a quantity of
rubber from a Kalabit here, who, he said, had been owing him
that for some time. Of course I had no power to do anything of
the sort and told him so; but he said be quite understood that and
all he wanted was an all-powerful “ surat ”—it did’nt matter what,
any scrap of paper with some writing on it would do, he said, as
the Kalabit could not read (nor could he for the matter of that )—
so I gave him an old envelope which bore my name and address and
with this talisman he succeeded in recovering a certain amount
of rubber ($20 or $30 worth) there and then! What wicked un-

Tour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 45

truths he saw fit to tell about the power of the surat I did not
inquire about. Some of my belongings have been left at Pun-
bawang’s house, and Lawaratu and his men go off to get it; they
agree to take it straight to the Seridan river, our next objective;
while another Kalabit goes off to arrange for a boat to meet us on
the Seridan.

In the evening we have a little rifle practice on an old tree
some hundred yards from the house. The Kalabits are much
atonished at the penetration of the bullets which they carefully
dig out with their parangs. <A .303 rifle had been brought specially
to deal with a rhinoceros, but alas to no purpose. I must hope for
better luck on another expedition to this region.

June 5th. We all set out together after a cordial farewell of
Penribut and his men, and then our paths soon divide, the party
for Limbang keeping straight on across the end of the valley and
then north to the kuala Madihit, while we turn to the left and head
in a south-westerly direction for the Seridan. Hight Kalabits come
with us to carry our things, of whom four are women, as we cannot
get sufficient men. Lawaratu asked me if | minded women carrying
my things instead of men and I said if he and his men were not
ashamed to let the women do their work I did@’nt mind. This was
apparently rather lost on him, for they told me after it was quite
customary for Kalabit women to do this sort of thing and the
women rather enjoyed it than otherwise ; certainly the four fat and
smiling damsels who accompanied me looked cheerful enough, and
they accomplished the rather tiring jourrey to-day without any
particular sign of fatigue. ‘That unpleasant skin disease “ kurap ”
so prevalent among the natives here, somewhat detracted from
their personal appearance.

An up and down walk brings us to the Malinau river (quite
a small stream, not to be confused with the Malinau river which
flows into the 'l'utau), alt. 920 ft. 'The path is so shut in by trees
that we can get no view of the surrcunding country at all; we
cross the Lewin stream and later in the afternoon strike the Seridan
river, quite a large stream. After an hour’s walk through paddy
farms along this river we come to a lofty bamboo brigde suspended
from two huge trees overhanging the river; this leads to a fine
Kalabit house built on the right bank. We learnt that most of the
men had moved down river yesterday to the next house and that all
the Kalabit houses of this district were sending down their annual
tax to the Government station at Claudetown, so that it was an
excellent opportunity for us to take passage with them. We
accordingly borrowed two men and a small boat to take us down
then and there, after paying off our Kalabit luggage-bearers (men
and women) with the usual I. O. U. The rapids on this river are
not bad and we poled down for an hour before reaching Balang
Katou’s house at sunsct.

This Kalabit house is much larger than any we have seen on
the Madihit, and is full of men this evening all gathered together

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912,

AG AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

from the neighbourhood for the annual trip down river. This
excursion is a big undertaking and involves innumerable delays;
first the head of each village has to seek good omens before he ean
start on the preliminary journey which is to bring hia to this
rendezvous. Once there, boats have to be looked out, fitted. re-
paired and generally re-made altogether, as they are only used on
this one occasion each year (or every two years), small canoes
being much handier for any short journeys between one village and
another. Balang Katou’s house had been unfortunate, having lost
several people lately from some mysterious illness, apparently like
cholera. There were three corpses in the house while I was there,
each in a jar, well covered up, and standing in the room of the
bereaved family. They warned me against sleeping in that house
as the smell was said to be most offensive; however it was not so
really, although they had been there some 20 to 30 days each, for
I slept away ‘from them in the long commen verandah under the
open flap of the roof, with the rest of our little party. When a
Murut person of rank dies, his next of kin who acts as chief
mourner may not leave the presence of the dead, and both living
and dead occupy the same small room for some ten Jays on end.
In a hot climate like this, the painful nature of this ordeal may he
better imagined than described.

It is amusing to watch the Kalabit girls of the house summon-
ing the visitors to a meal. This is prepared in the living rooms
and when ready a young girl is usually sent out to cali the visitors
in from the long common verandah. They take not the slightest
notice of her, and she stands at the door, rather a pathetic “Jittle
figure, calling “ kuman, kuman” (“ Eat ay at first in a low rather
shy tone, eventually getting louder and more impatient, as she
stands awaiting the men’s pleasure. After perhaps ten minutes or
quarter of an hour of this by-play the men rise, stretch themselves
and follow her into the room with an amusing air of protest.

The start had been delayed a month, as Balang Katou had
been unable to obtain good omens up till this morning; how-
ever all was plain sailing now, so he proposes to start tomorrow
and pick up another contingent a little way down river, where he
will wait for me. He wants to get the majority of his up-country
friends off in his two large hoats, as they are not accustomed to
river-work and are more trouble than use in a boat. He accord-
ingly deputes a relation of his, one Tamarpin, to get ready a small
boat and bring me down as soon as possible. 'Tamarpin is a fat,
smooth-tongued, conceited fellow contrasting very unfavourably
with all the other natives that I have met in this region—these
latter always unaffected, courteous, though often blunt, and in
fact true Nature’s gentlemen. Tamar pin speaks Malay fluently,
which I supposed i ‘has picked up together with his Malay manner-
isms, from two or three Brunei traders who often spend a month
or two in a little house next door. hese traders left four days
ago with loads of rubber gained by trading up here.

Jour Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 47

In the evening I try to find out if they have ever heard of any
other- European making a visit to these parts, besides Mr. R. 5S.
Douglas, the Resident of Baram, who visited Balang Katou’s old
house at the mouth of the Seridan on two occasions. These Kalabits
used to live quite close to Batu Lawi, so they should know if any one
did. They say they have heard of a certain “Tuan Bunga”
(European collecting plants) making an expedition from Brunei
some 20 years ago, and that his native collectors reached Batu Lawi,
though he himself did not. I could get no information at all of
this man from anyone on the Limbang or Madihit and I am in-
clined to think they were referring to Dr. Haviland (a keen
botanist) who accompanied Mr. Ricketts up the Trusan in 1888,
although in their account of that trip no mention is made of Batu
Lawi at all (see p.—antea). One old Kalabit said he had heard of
Sir Spenser St. John’s visit to the Adangs from his grandfather
and that was all I could learn from them.*

June 6th: This house is very dirty and smoky, and as usual
swarming with dogs, though not so bad as Penribut’s house which
has quite a local reputation for discomfort. Balang Katou and
his men leave at dawn. Tamarpin reports that his wife and child
are ill with fever so he wants to wait three days to look for good
omens on their behalf. I notice that their illness did not prevent
either of them from being up and about, so I gave him some quinine
and told him we would start to-morrow. T:awaratu’s men arrived
at the house up-river last night and a boat was sent to bring them
down this morning with the remainder of my things from the
Madihit.

June 7th: An early start this morning, and we paddle or pole
down the Seridan river for a short distance before joining the
Mago which flows in from the east. The continuation of. the two
rivers takes the name of the Mago, which is a comparatively broad
stream, and about an hour’s journey further down we come to a
large Kalabit house at Long Serin. Here we are met by Balang
Katou and his men, somewhat drunk but still coherent. With so
many visitors in their house they were making the most of the
opportunity for a little conviviality and although it was barely 9

¢

*In an ascent of Mt. Penrissen at the head-waters of the Sarawak
River in November 1909, I spent a night in the Land-Dayak village of
Sennah, which lies practically at the fot of the mountain. There the old chief
in rep'y to my questions. saidhe remembered Sir Hugh Low climbing the moun-
train, though he himself did not accompany him. being then only a little bov ;
and this took place some 65 years ago (vide Sarawak Cazettee, 1910. pp. 5-7
‘“Mt. Penrissen’’ by the nresent writer). Durnga recent visit to Mt. Sennah
Some 29 miles from Kuching, I asked the old Land-Dayak ‘* orang kaya’”’ (chief)
who had lived all his life on the hill or at the foot of it. if he remembered Wallace
spending a month up there 1855-1856. But he could only remember the first
Rajah going there on several occasions and that he was often accompanied by
other Kuropeans. The Chinese rebellion in Sarawak took place a year later
1857) and memories of those exciting times had superseded his revollections of
any more peaceful incidents that had taken place before,

R.A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

——

p

48 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT. BATU LAWI.

in the morning, a large number were somewhat the worse for drink.
It reminded me of a Murut house I visited two years ago in the
Lawas district near Mengalong; here we found the whole house
absolutely drunk at 9 in the morning; all very friendly however and
insistent on our staying the rest of the day to join in the reyels, and
it was with none too steady legs that we managed to get away from
them and proceed with our journey some two hours later. The
Muruts unfortunately have a great weakness for arrack (rice-beer)
and the least event is made an excuse for a drinking bout of several
days, so that it is by no means rare to find a house thus occupied,
when journeying in their country. It naturally has a bad effect
on their physical condition and drink must be put down as the
cause of many of their unpleasant characteristics, e.g. indolence,
dirt, skin diseases; though from what I have seen of the Muruts of
the Lawas and Limbang, I should say that those who live up-river
are far cleaner, healthier and more hard-working than those who
live down-river within reach of a bazaar. The same thing is very
noticeable too among the Land-Dayaks of Sarawak, who, if living
near civilization, 1.e., a Chinese bazaar, present a miserable example
of the evils of drink and gambling, in sharp contrast to their
sturdy relatives who live in the hills further inland, active, lithe of
limb, hard-working and cheerful.

This Kalabit house has been visited by the same strange
disease and many had died from it. Tamarpin asked permission
for himself and his six men to go and talk with the dead for a few
minutes before we continued our journey; he said it was the
Kalabit custom, and shortly after I heard a kind of mournful chant
issuing from a room near by and then again from a place just out-
side the house. Unlike the hideous noises, one usually imagines
associated with the ceremonies of barbarous races, the songs of
these Kalabits seemed to be almost Iuropean in their complex—
and at the same time tuneful-nature. Both this funeral chant and
the drinking chorus we heard from the Kalabits at the Madihit
were quite pleasant to listen to, which is more than one can say
for the irritating cantations indulged in by Malays.

They wanted me to stay the night there, but I felt it necessary
to push on down river to Ciaudetown as fast as possible in order to
catch the next steamer for Kuching. There was absolutely no
means of knowing when that was due and I could only trust to
luck not to arrive a few hours or days after the steamer had left.

A nice little fresh in the river helped us comfortably down the
rapids which are not nearly so bad as those on the Limbang; the
Mago flows in a south-westerly direction down to its junction with
the Tutau which we reached between 3 and 4 p.m. and then camped
on the right bank of that river. This is a fine wide reach here,

made all the more imposing by tall jungle lining the banks on each
side. We had a refreshing bathe here and I challenged Balang
Katou to a race across to the other side; he won on the outward
swim and I on the return—rather to my surprise as I did not

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 49

expect an up-country Kalabit to be able to swim as far, if at all;
many of them could not swim at al] and only ventured to bathe
quite close to the bank.

June 8th: Our way now lies up the Tutau, as it is too dan-
gerous to follow this river down a long and narrow gorge through
Mt. Molu, although the Tutau runs into the Baram river further
down and by going that way we should shorten the journey con-
siderably, but I understand from the natives that it can only be
done when the river is in a certain condition and then only with
the most experienced river-men; to try with these up-country
Kalabits is out of the question. We have to go up-river therefore
and then across country to join another river which will bring us
into the Tutau a little before its junction with the Baram.

An early start is made, but ail the boats bring up above the
first rapid and every one gets out as a matter of course. After
what I thought was a sufficient interval for a rest, I suggested we
might move on, but was told that Balang Katou was waiting to
hear his omen bird; so we sit, as I write this, patiently waiting for
this important event. Perhaps ten minutes are spent in this way
before we move off again. Balang Katou told me that the natives
from up-country had been in his house for one month waiting for
favourable omens! After three or four more halts for evil birds
which have crossed our bows or delivered a warning note on the
wrong side of the river, we reach Long Mutan in the afternoon.
Find several others encamped here and some dozen boats drawn up,
left by other parties doing the journey to Claudetown. ‘The Kala-
bits have brought a great quantity of rubber with them, with which
to pay their tax to Government and exchange for bazaar luxuries:
this is too much for them to carry across in one journey so they
intend to stay some two or three davs here carrying it across by
degrees. They say it is one day’s walk across to the Sidam stream,
where with any luck we may find a boat. A picturesque party these
natives make, some cooking on the broad pebbly flat below our hut,
others drying their scanty clothes, or others bathing in the river
flowing gently by; the interminable jungle in front, behind and all
round, forms a pleasant frame. The natives themselves are
picturesque enough from a European’s point of view, long-haired
and long-eared (the lobe is pierced when they are very young and
the hole is gradually made larger and larger, so that the lobe is
stretched down some two inches, and ornamented with heavy metal
ear-rings; the top of the ear is also pierced and adorned with a
large tooth, usually a tiger-cat’s), Their garments consist of just
a loin cloth of red or dark blue cloth, and sometimes a short coat
(usually sleeveless) made of bark or fibre; without this coat, their
light bronze skins, neat well-balanced figures, graceful movements,

especially in poling a boat when each muscle shows in play, not in |

the exaggerated way exhibited by the professional Strong Man,
but in that far more reasonable and proportional development
intended by Nature—altogether form a very pleasant sight, and
R. A. Soc., No. 63, 191?

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50 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

in such surroundings one sees perhaps the best phase of Man in
relation to Nature.

In our large company of some 40 men there was one young
Kalabit girl who, I learnt from Balang Katou, was a slave. She
seemed a happy little party, rather pretty for a Kalabit, and always
did her fair share of the work, paddling along in the middle of
one of the boats, cooking, when we stop for the night, and later
we saw her carrying a load of rubber through the jungle towards
the Sidam. Several of these up-river tribes still keep slaves, and
we had three or four with us on the walk to Batu Lawi, they being
sent in place of their masters who had pleaded other engagements.
It was some days before I knew that any of our coolies were really
slaves and indeed from their treatment of one another it was quite
impossible to guess which were slaves and which were not. Masters
and slaves ate, slept, conversed or joked together with equal free-
dom ; I was told that they usually become slaves owing to the death
of their parents when quite young, so that they are left without
anyone to look after them. If the child appears to be healthy
a well-to-do native will buy him from his nearest relative and he
thus becomes a slave. They do not ill-treat their slaves, for, as
Belulok observed, it was’nt worth while to do so, since they would
only run away and the money expended in their purchase would
thus be thrown away. ‘The system seems more on a parallel with
that so common nowadays among the Chinese; for with that race,
when a family is becoming too large, one of the later additions is
sold to a friend to bring up as his own child, and the relationship
between the child and the purchaser is probably much the same in
each case. Among the Kalabits however I gathered that the slaves
and their owners belonged to different classes, and that inter-
marriage between the two was very rare.

June 9th. Weft early this morning climbing the hill at the
back of our camp and followed a well-worn winding path until
midday when we came to a little camp occupied by two Brunei-
Malays and some Dayaks. The Dayaks were carrying gutta across
for them, in this way wiping off their debts to the Malays. These
Dayaks had been working gutta for several months in the Batu
Lawi district and they had got as far as Balang Katou’s house on
the return journey. There they met the Brunei traders, to whom
they sold most of their gutta; they lived a whole year in the Kalabit
house, helping the Kalabits on their farms and so earning their
keep, ‘but at the same time running further and further into debt
with the Bruneis, who ran a fine business among the Kalabits alone.
I believe nearly all the Kalabits of that district owed the Bruneis
a certain amount, and this in spite of the 40 odd pikuls of gutta
that they and the Dayaks had paid the Bruneis in return
for bazaar goods. The Kalabits too were working off their debts
by carrying loads of gutta across to the Sidam.

After a short rest and some food we followed a narrow water-
course on through the jungle down to the head of the Sidam proper,

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 51

which we found nearly dry. The Bruneis had built a little hut
here and had been waiting from some 6 days to get all their gutta
across. ‘They had two small canoes and two large boats here, but
could not use them yet owing to the lack of water in the stream; I
persuaded them to lend me one of the small boats and intended
trying to continue the journey in her to-morrow.

June 10th. A little rain last night has caused the Sidam to
rise slightly, but still hardly enough to float our small canoe.
Only four of us can get in,—a Brunei, Belulok, Madu and myself,
—the others are going to walk across to the Melana river and wait
there till we can send up a boat to fetch them from the nearest Ka-
yan house. ‘The first hour is spent in wading down the Sidam and
dragging the boat over the rocks; the boat which is very old and
rotten resents this treatment and wearily sinks at the first stretch
of deep water we come to. A large piece out of the bottom
is the cause and we find it is far too bad to mend, so have to leave
it there and rescue the cargo, luckily very little, as we had only
brought bare necessities for two nights, leaving the rest to be
carried overland to the Melana. Returned to our hut at Long
Teborror about 11 o’clock and discussed what was the next thing
to be done. Our immediate objective was a large Kayan house
on the Apoh river; once there we could be passed on from house
to house down the Apoh river and eventually into the Baram River,
ending at Claudetown. ‘The only way to get to that Kayan house
was to paddle down the Sidam stream and thence on down the
Melana which joined the Apoh river quite close to the house; this
was roughly two days’ journey. Unfortunately the Sidam was too
dry to float the only sound boats, so there seemed to be nothing for
it but to stay and wait till sufficient rain fell to make it rise.
There was a path across country to the Melana, but that did not
help because there was no means of reaching or communicating
with the Kayan house some 6 hours further on down river without
a boat. Eventually one of the Bruneis offered to try and take his
small canoe, which would just hold himself and one companion,
down the Sidam and Melana to call the Kayans up to fetch us,
if we would walk across to the Melana and wait for them there.
The Kalabits were none too pleased over this as they thought their
part of conveying my things was finished, however I had to take
some of them on and we persuaded three wandering Penans to help.
A little party of six of these strange people arrived in the evening,
a very old couple, a young man and girl and two children; clothing
as usual of the scantiest nature, the women in just a short skirt and
the men with chawats (loin cloths). Their pale skins contrasted
strongly with those of the brown Kalabits, Muruts and Dayaks.
They seemed very shy and a little frightened at having run into
such a large party. I understood from Belulok that a Penan had
lately shot a Kayan with a poisoned dart and that consequently all
the Penans of this district were rather fearing a wholesale revenge.
However we reassured them and the old couple and the young ms:

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

NS ees

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52 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

agreed to come with me to-morrow, not that the two former are
likely to be of any use as carriers, but they are curious, never
having seen a white man before, and wish to do the journey to the
Melana with us; also I think the young man would not come
without them. Belulok understands their language, but few of
the Kalabits do. They excite a certain amount of admiration on
the part of the Kalabits on account of their hard life, wandering
for ever homeless in the jungle, depending on jungle produce alone
for their sustenance. The wild sago palm is their chief support
to which they add anything they can gain with their blow-pipe.
They would’nt come up into our huts but stood quietly outside in
the rain, with their loads on their backs, making arrangements for
to-morrow. I served out cigarettes and biscuits which were received
with a slow smile of thanks. The phrase “ Thank you,” by the
way, seems unknown among all Sarawak natives, and any gift or
service is always received in silence, but this by no means implies
rudeness or ingratitude, although it looks so like it to a European.
In spite of the rain and approach of night our nomad friends
refused to share our huts and moved off into the jungle to some
favoured spot of their own, promising to be with us again for an
early start to-morrow morning.

Among our Kalabit bearers is a well-built young man, the
slave of one of the up-river chiefs. Unhappily he is both deaf and
dumb, but in spite of this terrible infliction seems wonderfully
quick to understand and make himself understood. His friends
always seemed sympathetically attentive to his wants, although
he was well able to look after himself.

June 11th. We take leave of the Bruneis and set off across
the Sidam under the leadership of a fat Kalabit, one Metaribu, a
pleasant, though somewhat happy-go-lucky, casual gentleman, who
says he thinks he knows the way having done the journey once
before some three years ago. The others do not seem to think
anything of trusting themselves to his guidance, though I express
my doubts as to his ability to remember it after such a long time.
Belulok laughs scornfully, “ of course he knows the path, if he has
been along it once;” and somehow Metaribu brings us through,
now along a winding pig-track, now down some dried water-course,
up another, across a succession of short steep hills, across one
stream and down another, in and out of a maze of jungle and
eventually late in the evening down to the banks of the Melana.
As its name implies it was the blackest river we have come across
so far, in great contrast to the beautiful clear waters of the
mountain streams we passed from the Madihit to Batu Lawi. I
asked Belulok if he knew the meaning of the name Melana, but
he did not know nor was he able to give me a clue to the native Pro-
fessor of Greek who (presumably) had named it thus. We passed
several shelters used by other Penans evidently quite recently, we
all enjoyed a refreshing bathe in the black waters of the Melana,
except the Penans, who, true to Belulok’s description of them some

Jour. Straits Branch

Sens Ze

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 58

weeks ago, never washed except in the rain. Built our lanchos on
the left bank and slept the sleep of the just after a tiring day’s
walk, undisturbed by countless sandflies and mosquitoes.

June 12th. After an early breakfast we continue the walk
with the idea of cutting across two large bends of the river and
joining it again some way lower down at a place called kuala Leppu \\
Penyu. A little over two hours walk sufficed to bring us to that
point and we sat down on a pebbly beach by the river side to wait

==

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for the Kayans fetched by the two Bruneis. ‘The Penans want to | f
return so I pay them off with three fathoms of black cloth (enough a
for one chawat), 4 cigarettes each and some salt. My stock of i
tobacco ran out some days ago. ‘The young Penan showed us how iy
to use the sumpitan (blow-pipe), kneeling on one knee and slightly i
leaning forward as he shot at some flowers in a tree some height |
above us. He had some 400 thin rotan rings on his legs and arms,

many ornamented with three or four small beads. He gave me
5 as a keepsake; then they set off, after mutual expressions of
friendship and goodwill duly interpreted by Belulok, and quickly
disappeared into the depths of their jungle home.

‘The sun steadily rose and in spite of a refreshing bathe in the
river it became excessively hot sitting waiting on the bank. I
watched with interest some of our Kalabits squatting on the
ground busily engaged in going over one another’s heads for
fleas! Very like monkeys in this work, although they kept their
mouths still instead of exercising them in the chattering- movement
of monkeys. Any ‘game’ collected was solemnly handed over to
the owner of the ‘ preserve, who promptly bit it but did not swallow
it. I chaffed Belulok on being found to be the owner of four. He
laughed, and asked what could one expect after living in Kalabit

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houses like we had on and off for the last ten days ? ! Certainly ih
‘I could’nt blame him, having pleasant memories myself of those Mi
nights in Penribut’s house, with rats gnawing at one’s fect, dogs Y
and fowls crawling over one, not to mention a continual irritation
from bugs and fleas! (

After an hour or so we were rejoiced to sce a small boat being ’

poled up to meet us by three men; they turned out to be Kayans I
coming up to fish, and they reported having passed the Bruneis a i
little way lower down, so we mush have reached this place only just f
after the Bruneis had passed. We begged some tobacco off these three
first, and then sent them off to fetch their companions, some of |
whom were fishing a little way off, while two others were hunting
deer with the assistance of a small pack of pariahs. About one ,
o’clock they arrived with two more small canoes and we squeezed \
our little party in and paddled on gently down the Melana, occasion-
ally stopping to pull the boats over a small rapid. Some four
hours later we reached the Apoh river and landed at a long Kayan |

house on the left bank of the Apoh, a shot distance above the
entrance to the Melana. We are cordially welcomed by the chief, |
a fine broad-chested Kayan, Buoy Won by name, who leads us up !

t
R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912. |
j

54 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

to a Chinaman’s house close by, apologizing profusely for not being
able to receive us properly as his own house is pantang (taboo)
owing to the planting season. He tells me that I was extremely
lucky to fall in with his men up-river to-day as this is the first
day for a month that they have been allowed out, the taboo being
nearly over. We ask the Chinaman if he has heard of any steamer
coming to Claudetown and he tells us one arrived twelve days ago
and that they were expecting another in three or four days time,
so with any luck we ought to just get down in time to catch it.

Mt. Molu lies to the north-east of us and we had a fine view of
it across a comparatively flat piece of country, stretching away at
the back of the Chinaman’s house. ‘This is the first time we have
had any view at all since leaving Penribut’s house; the jungle
invariably preventing all possibility of seeing any distance, al-
though the lower part of the Melana showed more open country
with mud banks along the water’s edge instead of rocks and narrow
gorges.

Buoy Won explained how it was impossible for him to supply me
with boat and crew for the journey on down river to-morrow owing
to his house being pantang, but that he would be very pleased to do
so if I would’nt mind waiting two more days, so that he could spend
one looking for an omen and another day to wait after having
obtained it (as that was their custom), and then we could start on
the third. However I thought that delay would probably make us
miss the steamer, so we decided to send for a crew from another
long house an hour or two down-river. Belulok, the chief of these
people—a Sebop tribe, Long Watts, as they are called, arrived a
little after midnight in pouring rain; and Buoy Won came in too;
most of my party had been asleep for some time, but we got up
and dispensed gin and tobacco, and then discussed the important
question of getting off to-morrow; apparently the Long Watts had
a small taboo on too, however Buoy Won, anxious to get rid of me,
emphasized my importance as a Government official and explained
how necessary it was to help me in any way possible, so we at last
turned in again about 2 a.m., the Long Watts having promised to
have a boat and crew ready if Buoy Won’s people would paddle me
down to their house at dayhght.

Mr. Douglas, the resident in charge of this large district, makes
it clearly understood that anything to do with Government has to
be attended to promptly, regardless of dreams, omens or taboos;
although, as Buoy Won told me, he always takes care to ask if such
and such a date and month will suit the natives, before arranging any
big expedition which would require a lot of men. In this way,
letters, verbal messages, or single travellers like myself with but
five natives, get passed on from house to house like hot cakes.
passed on from house to house like hot cakes.

June 13th. Buoy Won insisted on supplying us with rice for
our journey, obtaining it from the Chinaman whom he promised to
pay later. Although he had plenty in his own house, the taboo did

Jour. Straity Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 55

not allow him to give us any, nor for the same reason could I or any
other stranger go up into his house. This by the way was an
exceptionally long one, consisting of some ninety doors built some
thirty yards back from the bank of the river. Large wooden tiles
were used for the roof and the large solid bilian posts supporting
the house were of a very different nature to the flimsy structures
made by the Kalabits on the Madihit.

An hour’s paddling brought us to Belulok’s house and I went
up to talk to him while they were preparing the boat. ‘This is
another long house built on the same solid lines as Buoy Won’s.
Belulok asked one of our party for some small present which as
far as I could understand, he wanted as a kind of propitiatory
offering for having caused the Long Watts to break through their
taboo. He said it did not matter what form the offering took,
only it must not be broken or damaged in any way; so one of my
party offered a parang which seemed to meet the requirements of
the case all right. ‘The old chief apologized courteously for having
asked for it, but explained that it was their custom under the
circumstances, and the natives with me seemed to regard it as a
natural request. We started off after a short delay, in their best
racing boat, a fine long boat some 70 feet long with 18 Long Watts
for a crew. When we were in, baggage and all, there was a bare
inch of free board, but she was beautifully steady and the long
gliding motion as they steadily paddled us down the Apoh was
delightful. We stopped about one o’clock for a meal on the bank,
and then continued till dark. We had to stop then, as it was too
dangerous to try and shoot the rapids in the dark, although there
were none very bad to pass. About nine the moon rose over the
tree-tops by the water’s edge and we were soon on the move again,
reaching a long house at Batu Bla just at break of day. We are
now in the Tutau river again, which, it may be remembered, is the
same river that we ascended behind Mt. Molu up to Long Mutan.

June 14th. Most of the inhabitants of this long house were
away and it was with some difficulty that the chief managed to get
a boat for us to continue the journey. Our friends the Long Watts
began the return journey up-river after resting an hour or so only.
We had taken eighteen hours to come down and they expected to
get back in two nights.

We spent a tedious day being passed on from house to house,
doing an hour’s journey with some I.ong Kiputs, then another
stretch of two or three hours in a Bukit boat. By nightfall we had
reached the main Baram river and later passed the mouth of the
Tinjar river.

June 15ih. 2.30 am. we draw up alongside the wharf of
Claudetown; our first thought is for the steamer from Kuching, has
she come and gone, or not yet arrived? We are told that it is all
right, the last one left a fortnight ago and they are expecting
another in any day now. After a few hours sleep in the Fort I pay
an early call on Mr. H. 8S. B. Johnson, the Acting Resident in

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

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56 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

charge of the station and realize the pleasure of meeting a European
once more and talking nglish again after forty days wandering,
with natives only for. companions. ‘he ordinary common-places
of civilization all appear unusually attractive; sitting on a chair
to a meal laid out on a lable! Having a bed to sleep. in! Veget-
ables, bread, butter, etc., to eat!! European papers to read—true
they are six weeks old, but still new to me! It is quite curious to
feel such appreciation for what one is accustomed to regard more
or less as the necessities of life.

July 13th. After a pleasant, peaceful four weeks spent here
enjoying the kind hospitality of Mr. Johnson, the daily expected
steamer has at last arrived and we are to sail for Kuching to-
morrow.

July 14th. Left at 11 a.m. and reached the mouth of the
Baram river that evening; there is rather a swell on outside and
it is doubtful whether we can get over the bar to-morrow; we go
ashore and enjoy a refreshing bathe in the sea, then climb to the
top of the hght-house in time to watch a magnificent sunset.

July 15th. ‘Too rough to get ovt at Ligh tide this morning,
so we have to put off all hopes of leaving till to-morrow. The bar
of this river is particularly shallow, so that during the north-east
monsoon no steamer can get in at all: even in the fine months of
the year the steamers often have {o wait for several days before
getting in or out; once a whole month was spent by a steamer
waiting patiently outside for a calm day to get in to the river!

July 16th. Safely over the bar this morning, and the sea nice
and calm, promising a fair passage to Ikuching which we should
reach in 36 hours.

July 17th. Arrived in Kuching shortly after midday after
an absence of two months and a half. Tue collectors had arrived
from Limbang some ten days before. ‘They had had a quick passage
down the Limbang and had been able to spend five days collecting
at the kuala Salindong. Then they had finished the journey on
down to the Government station at Limbang and after a weck’s
wait there had caught a steamer for Kuching arriving some ten
days before us.

ConcLuDING NOTE.

Perhaps a word of apology for the length of my narrative is
due to the reader who has had the patience to follow me thus far,
since after all, the journey described was certainly of less interest
than many others of a similar nature accomplished every year by
Europeans among uncivilized tribes in varicus parts of the world.
and the necessary details could no doubt have been confined to a
tenth part of the space now occupied by my narrative. I have not
tried to condense it this manner for two reasons principally :— (i)
because I believe that the only way in which our knowledge of

foil Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 5

=i

strange natives and their ways of life can be materially increased
is by. the constant publication of a large number of apparently

trifling observations collected by men who have spent many years
among natives, by men who know their language, their customs to
a certain extent, and more important, by men who know the natives
sufficiently well to be able to attach a fairly correct value to inform-
ation received from them. And here let me at once hasten to deny
all claim for inyself to be in such a position so that my observations
on native life are of any real importance. My excuse for appearing
to take up that position is that this Journal is probably read by men
in the East more than by men in Europe, and my article will more
than serve its purpose, if, after reading the small details of interest
I have recorded, men of long experience in the East can be induced
to publish the trustw orthy records of their own travels and obser-
vations, which are of such infinitely higher value than the “ ex-
periences ” published year by year by hurrying globe-trotters, for
whom a week in one country is found sufficient fo enable them to
write a book thereon. (ii) The details of places and native houses,
I have hoped will some day be of interest to others who may make
a journey to that region. Sir Spenser St. John’s book, which I
earried with me, consulting it nearly every day I found most useful
and interesting for that purpose. His map was particularly useful
and trustworthy : I regret that mine, based on very limited obser-
vations, is no more than a very rough ‘ sketch map,’ only difficult
to indicate the journey accomplished.

The collections made were regrettably small, although in spite
of that, surprisingly rich in new and rare species, which clearly
indicates the interesting and little known nature of the fauna and
flora of that region. The hurried character of the expedition may
be understood by the following brief summary, which explains the
lack of opportunity for any “steady collecting. In the 40 days’
journey from the Government station at Limbang to the Govern-
ment station of Baram (Claudetown) 31 were “spent in actual
travelling; or to put it another way, we slept two consecutive nights
in the same place on five occasions and once for three consecutive
nights. ‘The river journey occupied 10 days (excluding a day spent
at the kuala Madalam and another at the kuala Madihit), the walk
in the mountainous region occupied 12 days excluding three days
spent at Penribut’s house, one on Mt. Derian and one on Mt. Selin-
guid. My return journey to Baram took 4 days to walk and 5 days
in boats.

Unfortunately the Madihit district is very sparsely populated
and for that reason we were unable to procure enough coolies to
carry provisions sufficient for any length of time; between the
Madihit ( ee house) and Batu Lawi there are no natives
and we were away 13 days without seeing anyone except the mem-
bers of our party. Again from the Murut ‘house just above the
kuala Madalam up to the kuala Madihit, there are also no houses
and we were travelling the best part of four days without meeting

R.A. Soc., No 63, 1912.

a
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a, --— \- - ees \$)) Sere

58 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

anyone. On the return journey there was a similar large gap
between the Mago and the Apoh rivers (5 days’ journey) without
any native habitations, except the temporary shelters occupied by
the nomad Penans. If the district had been more populous it
would have been possible to arrange for relays of coolies to follow
us to Batu Lawi every week or so with fresh provisions, but as it
was, the small Kalabit houses in the Madihit were barely sufficient
to provide us with carriers for the bare journey to Batu Lawi and
back.

The general health of the expedition was by no means good.
In the mountainous region, the natives in their scanty clothing
felt the cold considerably although they used to keep fires going all
night; but this availed little in the continual dampness. Many
developed fever and bad colds, while I had to treat stomach dis-
orders, cuts and bruises very frequently. The shortage of food on
the return journey was a further hardship. Nevertheless they bore
their troubles well and usually managed to raise a laugh at some
enlivening sally from poor, ever-cheerful Madu, my much regretted
Land- Dayak boy. I was fortunate enough to keep in excellent
health the whole time and thoroughly enjoyed the invigorating
mountain air.

I must not conclude without a word of recognition of one of
the pleasantest and at the same time most instructive features of
the whole expedition; that was the invarizble welcome and cour-
teous hospitality always extended to us at every house; and
reflecting on the diversity of tribes we met, viz. —Bruneis , Bisayas,
Dayaks, “Tabuns, Adangs, Kalabits, Penans , Kayans, Long Watts,
Long Kiputs and Bukits, not forgetting some Chinese traders—it
speaks much for the wide- spread nature of good feeling among
the natives of those districts towards the white man’s rule in
Sarawak. Long may it remain so!

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soe., No. 63, 1912.

APPENDEX §.

Some Plants Collected on Mr. Moulton’s expedition to
Batu Lawi.

seein NE RILEY, O:ahG., ERS: BEC.

The little collection sent by Mr. Moulton contains some plants
of considerable interest. Notably perhaps the Rhododendrons.
Borneo appears to be quite rich in these beautiful plants, of which
the collection contains no less than seven; of these one is a Kina-
balu, species, 2. cuneifolium, Stapf., and another is not distinguish-
able from R. jasminiflorum, Stapf., of the Malay Peninsula. The
connection of this flora with that of Mt. WKinabalu is further
evidenced by the presence of Pentaphragma aurantiaca, Stapf.,
previously only known also from that mountain. The remainder
of the plants are typical mountain species of Borneo, except Bau-
hinia Finlaysoniana, Grah., a rather rare Malay Peninsula species.

MELIACEAE.
1. Aglaia laxiflora, Mig. Salindong, Ulu Limbang. 10.6.11.
LEGUMINOSAE.

2. Bauhima Finlaysoniana, Grah. Salindong, Ulu Limbang.
HOLGLLE.

MELASTOMACEAE.

Anerincleistus (Allomorphia) cordatus, (Stapt.). Batu Law1,*
Ulu Limbang. 28.5.11.

4+. Sonerila nodulosa, n. sp. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang. May,
Oe
Stem woody, branched, dark brown with short protuber-
ances from which the leaves have sprung. Whole plant 6
inches tall, leaves at the ends of the branches crowded, small,
ovate, lanceolate, narrowed at the base and apex, herbaceous,
glabrous, strongly spinulose, dentate, half an inch long, a
quarter of an inch wide, petiole slender, $ inch long. Flowers
small in terminal cymes, in smooth peduncles an inch long.
Bracts persistent setaceous. Calyx narrow funnel-shaped
with 5 short lanceolate acuminate lobes, } inch long. Petals
lanceolate acute pink. Stamens filaments slender, anthers
narrow oblong elliptic, not beaked vellow. Capsules on
pedicels 4 inch long, top + inch wide, broadly funnel-shaped

Os

%* Plants so labelled were not necessarily taken on Batu Lawi, but in some
cases on Mt. Selinguid. or on the journey between the two mountains which are
divided by a narrow valley.

Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

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=~ 4 Za}

\

60

6,

10.

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

smooth polished with broad valves. Perhaps nearest to S.
tenuifolia, Bl., but woody and remarkable for the curious arti-
culations of the leaves, from which a rib runs down on each
side to the next node.

RUBIACEAE,
Lucinaea montana, Worth. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang. 28.5.11.

CoMPOSITAR.
Vernonia arborea, Ham. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang. 28.5.11.

CAMPANULACEAR.

Pentaphragma aurantiaca, Stapf. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang.
20.0e1 te

WRICACEAE.
Rhododendron jasminiflorum, Took. Batu Lawi, Ulu Lin-
bane. 79 oulble
Rhododendron lanceclatum, n. sp. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang.

Peale:

Shrub, bark brown, leaves lanceolate acuminate acute sub-
sessile, base rounded above smooth shining, nerves 8 or more,
pairs slender, invisible beneath, beneath paler closely dotted,
midrib narrow rounded elevate s slightly, beneath broader, dilate
at base on the upper surface. 3 inches long 14 inch wide,
petiole very short and scurfy. Flowers 5 or more in a head
much shorter than the leaves, with numerous lanceolate
acuminate bracts as long or little longer than the pedicels.
Redicels woolly pubescent 4 inch long. Flowers campanulate
# inch long. Calyx distinctly lobed with short blunt lobes
pubescent. Corolla campanulate with rounded lobes shortly
pointed 2 inch long # inch wide white? Stamens short 4 inch
long, filaments long-woolly at base glabrescent above, anthers
half as long cylindric curved at the tip blunt at both ends.
Pistil conic “woolly, style short wooliy at the base, glabrous at
the tip, stigma capitate. A pretty small flowered species with
scurfy young parts.

Rhododendron orbiculatum, n. sp. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang,

500 fit. - 28.50

Woody epiphyte over 2 feet tall, stem flexuous, internodes
an inch long. Leaves in opposite pairs stiffly coriaceous, al-
most sessile orbicular or elliptic rounded at both ends midrib
deeply sunk above, nerves not very conspicuous 5 or 6 pairs.
1 inch long 2 inches wide. Flowers 4 or 5 in a sessile terminal
corymb pedicels + inch long pubescent. Calyx very small
saucer-shaped. Corolla tube cylindric elabrous 1} inch long,
lobes 1 inch long rounded, half an inch le, Filaments
slender half as long as the lobes, anthers oblong truncate

Tour. Straits Branch

1

12.

13.

14,

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 61

slightly narrowed and rounded at the base. Ovary cylindric
narrowed at the tip + inch long, style 15 inch long all pubes-
cent stigma subglobose lobed. Allied to A. jasminiflorum,
Hook, fil. but with larger corolla and orbicular leaves.

Rhododendron crassinervium, n. sp. Batu Lawi; Mt. Derian,
Win: Emmbane. ~ 5.11.
Shrub, branches black, leaves coriaceous elliptic, or oblan-

ceolate blunt narrowed to the base, but base rounded, midrib
very broad at the base narrowing rapidly upwards, side nerves
primary and secondary nearly as conspicuous slender 15-16
pairs, reticulations visible, 6 inches long 24-22 inch wide,
corymb of about 50 flowers on a short thick cone shaped
peduncle 4+ inch long. Pedicels 2 inches long. Calyx flat
saucer-shaped. Corolla 1 inch long and nearly as wide, tube
very short + inch long, cylindric, lobes broad rounded, stamens
short, anthers oblong opening by two large pores, blunt at both
ends. Pistil ellipsoid narrowed at the tip glabrous } inch
long. Style as long with 5 stigmatic lobes. Flower red.

Rhododendron duriomfolium, Bece. Batu Lawi, Ulu Lim-
bane. 28.5.1 1.

Rhododendron cuneifolium, Stapf. Batu Lawi, Ulu Lim-
bang. 29.5.11.

Rhododendron Moultonii, n. sp. Mt. Derian, alt. 4-5000 ft.

May 1911.

Shrub, bark grey, leaves elliptic shortly acuminate sub-
coriaceous, narrowed towards the base and then rounded obtuse,
midrib stout elevate beneath rounded, above depressed, nerves
16 pairs conspicuous interarching within the edge 7 inches
long 3 inches wide, petiole thick + inch long. Flowers very
numerous in a large head on a short thick peduncle } inch long.
Pedicels $ inch long. Calyx short obscurely lobed, corolla
yellow, tube short cylindric 4 inch long lobes 14 inch long sub-
acute. Stamens filaments pubescent, anthers long curved
eylindric nearly } inch long, with 2 conspicuous terminal pores.
Pistil cylindric % inch glabrous style long $ inch. Stigma
capitate clubbed. After the style of R. Teysmanni but with
quite different leaves. :

MYRSINEAR.

Hmbelia buatfolia,n. sp. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang. 28.5.11.

Shrub, bark black, young parts apparently glutinous.
Leaves thickly coriaceous elliptic narrowed at the base 4 inch
long § inch wide, apex rounded, nerves invisible above shining,
petiole minute 73 inch long. Raceme of 5 or 6 flowers on
fewer + inch long, scurfy. Flowers minute on pedicels 35 inch
long, calyx lobes 4 suborbicular crenate on the edge very ob-
scurely. Corolla tube very short, lobes much longer oblong

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912,

.———-\- Bae \\-— eee

62

16.

Hak

31,

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

truncate 4. Stamens with slender filaments on the tube,
anthers elliptic. Pistil glabrous. Allied to #. minutifoia,
Stapf. of Kinabalu but wtih entire not ovate leaves.

SOLANACEAE.

Nicotiana tabacum, Linn. Ulu Limbang. 5.11.

NEPENTHACEAE.

Nepenthes Rafflesiana, Jack. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang.
29.5.11,

Nepenthes Reinwardtiana, Miq. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang.
29.5.11. |

Nepenthes Lowu, Hook. fil. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang.
28.5.11.
CONTFERAE.

Phyllocladus hypsophylla, Took. fil. Batu Lawi, Ulu Lim-
bang. 28.5.11.

Dacrydium beccari, Pilg. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang. 28.5.11.
Podocarpus imbricata, Bl. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang. 28.5.11.

SCITAMINEAR.

Globba atrosangunea, Teysm. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang.
ws dolld.

Hedychium, sp. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang. 28.5.11.

Burbidgea schizocheila, Hook. fil. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang.
oroe alts

Burbidgea nitida, Hook. fil. Mt. Derian, Ulu Limbang. 35.11.
Burbidgea nitida. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang. 29.5.11.

LILIACEAE.

Dianella, sp. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang. 28.5.11.

Musct.

Pogonatum macrophyllum. Mt. Derian, Ulu Limbang. 5.11.

LICHENES.

Collemacea. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang. 29.5.11.
Cladina rangiferina, Nyl. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang. 28.5.11.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN. EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 63

APPENDIX II.
Orchids collected on Mr. Moulton’s expedition to Mt.
Batu Lawi.

Bye Re did) SO MECEe mn UlENZORG:

Since Ridley published his enumeration of the Orchideae from
Borneo, many new species have been described and several others
only known from other parts of the Malayan region, have been added
to its flora, but a somewhat satisfactory survey of the Orehid flora
of the large island is still lacking. Every addition is to be re-
garded as a step forward.

The small but interesting collection made by Mr. J. C. Moulton
on Mt. Batu Lawi consists of 18 numbers representing 17 species.
It is to be regretted, that in no less than 7 species the flowers are
in no state good enough to be described. Among the remainder,
7 well marked new species were found.

The genus Hria represents the bulk of the collection, containing
7 species of which 3 belong to the small section Aeridostachya.

The plant I take to be Hria cymbidufolia, Rid)., has elongate,
15-20 em. long, 3-4 leaved stems. The leaves are obliquely sub-
acute or subobtuse, where as Ridley describes them as bilobed. In
the flowers too the description does not entirely suit Mr. Moulton’s
plant. It is nearly related to #. cymbiformis, J. J.S., from Su-
matra, which has, as a plant cultivated in the Buitenzore Botanical
gardens shows, very short 8-10 leaved stems and pubescent inflores-
cences and flowers. It belongs to the section Cymboglossum, as
I think does F. longifolia, Hook. f., H. lawiensis, J. J. 8., is a very
inconspicuous plant of the Trichotosia section.

Coelogyne is represented by 3 species, of which one without
flowers. C. Moulton, J. J. 8., with very large bracts seems to he
the most showy plant of the collection and is allied to C. Dayana,
Rchb. f., O. gibbifera, J. J. 8., is a member of the Lonaifoliae sec-
tion.

The two Dendrobes are both allied to D. crumenatum, Swartz,
with very fugaceous flowers. D. lawiense, J. J. S., is well marked
by the elongate lip.

It is rather remarkable, that the two species of Dendrochilum
belong to the very few representatives of the section Platyclinis
with an elongate rhizome.

The Phajus is very similar to Ph. callosus, Lmdl.. hitherto not
vet recorded from Borneo. he lip is however more cuneate as in
the Javanese specimens and the midlobe smaller. Perhaps it is
another species.

List OF SPECIES.

1. Hria (Sect. Aeridostachya) sp.
®. Kria (Sect. Hymeneria) sp.
3. ria (Sect. Aeridostachya) sp.

R. A. Soc.,,No. 63, 1912.

64

Ne

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

Eria (Sect. cymboglossum) cymbidiifolia, Rid.
Eria sp.

Eria (Sect. .Aeridostachya) ovilis, J. J. &.
Dendrobium (Sect. Crumenata) fugax, Schltr.

8,9. Dendrobium (Sect. Crumenata) lawiense, J. J. S., n. sp.

10.
Wt
V2.
13.
14.
15,
liGe
IW.
1S:

Dendrochilum (Sect. Platyclinis) remctum, J. J. S.. n. sp.
Coelogyne sp.

Coelogyne (Sect. Longifoliae) gibbifera, J. J. S., n. sp.
Appendicula sp.

Eria (Sect. Trichotosia) lawiensis, J. J. 8., n. sp.
Dendrochilum (Sect.Platyclinis) longipes, J. J .S., n. sp.
Bulbophyllum (Sect. Interyallata) sp.

Coelogvhe (Sect. Tomentosae) Moulton, J. J. 8.

Phajus callosus, Lndl. var. or perhaps a new species (at foot
of Batu Lawi, Sungei Palabar).

Descriptions of the new species have been published in the

“Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg,” (Deuxiéme Série
No. ITI. Feb. 1912), and by kind permission of the Director of
that institution are reprinted here together with a few notes trans-
lated from the German.

Coelogyne gibbifera, J. J. S., n. sp.

Rhizoma repens, validiuen, teres, c. 0.625 cm. crassum,
initio vaginatum, internodiis abbreviatis. Pseudobulbi eke te
cm, distantes, erecti, elongati, supra basin leviter fusiformi-
incrassati, apicem versus sensim attenuati, c. 12.7-13.7 em.
longi, in sicco 0.6-0.65 cm, diam, lfoli1. Folium petiolatum,
lanceolatum, acuminatum, nervis majoribus c. 6-7, in sicco
tenuiter coriaceum, c¢. 18.5-21 cm. longum, 4.3-4.6 om.
latum ; petiolus canaliculatus, e. 0.6-1.5 em. longus. Inflo-
rescentia synantha, erecta, folio brevior. pedunculo - ‘tenui apice
incrassato c. 8-10 em. longo, rachide incrassata flexuosa ad ce.
4.5 cm, longa, succedanee ‘ad c. 12 flores gignente, internodiis
ce. 0.4-0.5 cm. longis. Bracteae alternatim bifariae, caducae.
Flores majuseuli, ¢. +.8 em. longi (macerati). Sepalum dor-
sale erectum, lanceolatum, anguste obtusum, 7(-9) nervium,
costa media dorso prominente, ¢. 3.5 em. longum, 1 cm. latum,
Sepala lateralia deflexa, apice revoluta, oblique lanceolata,
angulato-faleata, obtusiuscula, apiculata, undulata, carinata,
supra basin c. 7(-9) nervia, c. 2.75 em. longa, 0.73 em. lata.
Petala reflexa, linearia, 3 nervia, supra basin ec. 0.17 cm.
longa (basis tantum adest). Labellum basi lata sacculata
insertum, 2 lobum, 3 nervium, 3 constatum, costis basin exca-
vatam haud attingentibus, lateralibus ibi in lobulum parvum
reversum productis, omnibus rectis simplicibus glabris in

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 65
ungue lobi intermedii humiloribus et in lamina evanescen-
tibus, expansum ¢. 2.55 em. longum, hypochylio suborbiculart a
ae ocule e. 1 em. longo 0.875 cm. eros lobi laterales erecti, it
semiorbiculares, antice haud producti; lopme intermedius mag- (!
nus, porrectus, apice revolutus, unguiculatus, ungue sub- '
cuneato-oblongo -c. 0.475 cm. longo basi 0.25 cm. apice i
0.375 em. lato, lamina 3 orbiculari convexa abrupte brevissime |
obtuse acuminaia c. 1 cm. longo 1.1 em. lata. Gynostemium Mi
gracile, curvatum, apicem versus subclavatum, exalatum, apice |
obtusum, sectione transversa triangulum, subtus supra basin i
bene prominentem dente porrecto transverso a dorso compresso i
late triangulo obtuso donatum, c. 1.35 cm. longum, clinandrio \{
eoneavo. Rostellum magnum, semiorbiculare, convexum. {I
Stigma suborbiculare, concavum. Ovarium pedicellatum sig-
moideum, tortum, 6 costatum, c. 1 cm. longum. ‘|

Borneo: Sarawak, on Mt. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang, CO: i
~€. Moulton n. 12, fl. in May 1911). This species belongs to H
the section Longifoliae, as this was limited by Pfitzer. It is Fi
remarkable for the unequally long sepals, the large strongly i
clawed midlobe of the hp and the ‘column which bears a tooth hI
a little above the base. The plant is allied to C. vernicularts. |
Jide iaiter ‘th
i
Coelogyne Moultonu, J. J. S., n. sp. i
Pseudobulbi satis approximati validi, elongati, c. 23 cm.
longi, 2 folii. Folia petiolata, lanceolata, nervis c. 7 subtus i
prominentibus, c. +2 cm. longa, 6.75 em. lata; petiolus cana- | |
liculatus, costatus, c. 7 em. longus. Inflorescentia proteran- i
tha, elongata, pendula, laxe multiflora, pedunculo c. 9 cm. |
longo, rachide nigro-furfuraceo- puberula G 3D Om, liom NI
Bracteae alternatim bifariae, magnae, persistentes, orbiculari- il
ovatae, rotundatae, concavae, multiner viae, dorso minute nigro- (!
furfuraceo-punctatae, c. 2.2-2.6 cm. longae, 2-2.2 cm. latae. i
Flores mediocres, sepalis praesertim basin versus nigro-furfu- (
raceo-punctatis. Sepalum dorsale oblongum, apicem versus i
angustatum, anguste obtusum, concavum, c. 5 nervium, nervo i)
intermedio dorso prominente, c. 1.65 em. longum, 0.625 em. |
latum. Sepala lateralia oblique subovato- oblonga, subacuta, i
concava, carinata, 6 nervia, c. 1.7 em. longa, 0.8 em. lata. :
Labellum coneavum, 3 lobum, basi saceato-depressum, 6 cos- I
tatum, costis omnibus ad medium lobi intermedii productis, |
basi et praesertim apice simplici plus minusve lacinulato ex-
cepto dupleatis crenulatisque, costis 2 interioribus longissimis
usque ad basin labelli productis ibi humilibus integrisque, 2 |
sequentibus in + supra basin evanescentibus, 2 exterioribus |
brevissimis vix infra basin lobi intermedii productis, costa
media haud incrassata, expansum ambitu oblongum, c. 1.6 em.
longum, 1 cm. latum, hypochylio quadrangulo in lobos laterales
leviter dilatato medio ‘c. 0.85 cm. lato; lobi laterales erecti,
R. A, Soc., No. 63, 1912.
*9

AN EXPEDITION TO: MOUNT BATU LAWI.

antice brevissime disjuncti, rotundati, crenulati, gynostemio
paulo breviores; lobus intermedius transverse rotundato-qua-
drangulus, apice breviter rotundato-bilobus cum lobulo paryo
rotundato in sinu, crenulatus, c. 9.5 cm. longus, 0.675 em.
latus. Gynostemium superne curvatum, in 4 supra basin
abrupte latissime alatum, cucullato-concavum, ala apicali vix
recurva trapeziformi truncata crenata, c. 1.17 cm. longum,
expansum 0.67 cm. latum. _ Anthera abscondita, cucullata,
transversa, breviter ovata, connectivo basi conico-incrassato, e.
0.23 em. lata. Rostellum recurvum, semiorbiculari-ovatum.
Stigma parvum, margine inferiore producto recuryvo rotundato.
Ovarium pedicellatum clavatum, sigmoideum, 6 sulcatum,
nigro-furfuraceo-puberulum, ¢. 0.87 cm. ovarium ec. 0.45 cm.
longum.

Borneo: Sarawak, on Mt. Derian, Ulu Limbang, alt.
circ. 4,500 ft. (J.C. Moulton, n. 17, fl. in May Tea
species is allied to C. Dayana, Rchb. f., of which it has the
habit. It is characterised by the very large bracts, which
are but little shorter as the relatively small flowers, the lip,
which has short sidelobes and a shortiy bilobed midlobe and
bears 6 keels, of which the outer ones are the shortest, and a
broadly winged column.

Dendrochilum longipes, J. J. S., n. sp.

Rhizoma elongatum, validum, radicans, teres, in sicco ce.
0.3-0.325 em. diam., vaginis tubulosis. Pseudobulbi ec. 3-6.5
em. inter se distantes, elongati, cauliformes, in sicco rhizomate
tenuiores, c. 6.5-9 em. longi, Ifolii. Folium lanceolatum,
acutum, basi petiolato-contractum, c. 9 nervium, coriaceum,
e, 6.5-11 em. longum, 1.35-2.25 em. latum; petiolus canalicu-
latus, c. 0.4-0.9 em. longus. Inflorescentia cum folio plane
evoluto synantha, elonga, stricta, multiflora, c. 33-39 em. longa,
pedunculo superne bracteis c. 2 satis remotis adpressis obtusis
sterilibus ¢. 0.3-0.325 cm. longis donato, rachide quadrangula
e. 18-21 em. longa, internodiis c. 0.2-0.325 em. longis. Brac-
teae alternatim bifariae, patentes, suborbiculares, basi latae,
marginibus involutae, erosae, 3 nerviae, c. 0.3 em. longae,
0.275 cm. latae. Flores parvi, valde aperti, c. 0.53 em. lati.
Sepalum dorsale ovato-oblongum, breviter acuminata, concava,
subcarinata, 3 nervia, c. 0.375 cm. longum, 0.15 cm. latum.
Sepala lateralia oblique ovato-oblonga, breviter acuminata,
concava, subcarinata, 3 nervia c. 0.36 em. longa, 0.17 cm.
lata. Pelata oblique lanceolata, vix falcatula, acuta, concava,
3 nervia, nervis lateralibus tenuissimis, c. 0.35 cm. longa, 0.1
cm. lata. Labellum parvum, subsimplex, supra basin et supra
medium valde recurvum, undulatum, inferne costis 2 validis-
simis altissimis carnosis basi introrsum coneayvis in epichylio
humilibus convexisque suleo separatis apicem haud attingen-
tibus, expansum ¢. 0.26 cm. longum, hypochylio quadrangulo

Tour. Straity Branch -

f
€

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 67

-undulato ec. 0.14 cm. lato, epianye (lobo intermedio) paulo
latiore triangulo acuto angulis basilaribus obtuso papilloso c.
0.15 cm. longo et lato. Gy nostemium curvatum, subtus costa
longitudinali instructum, c. 0.2 cm. longum, prorsum e basi
bibrachiatum, brachiis gynostemium inexpansum paulum su-
perantibus porrectis linearibus apice leviter dilatatis obtusis-
simis extus convexis c. 0.225 cm. longis, ala apicali cum cli-
nandric quadrangula truncata vix retusa concava apice re-
eurvula, pede distincto ec. 0.03 cm. longo. Anthera cucullata,
late ovato- triangula, apice truncata, c. 0.6 cm. lata, connectivo
oblique conico-incrassato. ostellum breviter ovato-trian-

gulum. acutum. Stigma semiorbiculare, margine inferiore
Besa, Ovarium turbinato- ovale, 6 sulcatum, eo Vall seine
longum ; pedicellus tenuior, ¢. 0.175-0.2 cm. longus,

Borneo; Sarawak, on Mi. Batu Lawi, Ulu Liml pang, (I.
C. Moulton, n. 15, fl. in May 1911). This well marked “plant
belongs with D. remotum, J. J.8., to the species of the section
Platyclinis with an elongate rhizome. The pseudobulbs are
Jong and slender, there are two very strong keels on the hypo-
chyl of the lip, and the very long linear blunt sidewings are
free from the base of the column.

Dendrochilum remotum, J. J. S., n. sp.

Rhizoma elongatum, ramosum, radicans, teres, initio vagi-
“nis magnis tectum. Psudobulbi c. 1.1-1.8 cm. distantes, teretes,
e. 0.8-1.1 em. longi, lfolii. Folium petiolatum, ovato-lanceo-
latum, acutum, c. 5 nervium, nervis minoribus alternantibus,
nervis in sicco prominentibus, coriaceum, ¢. 2.5-3.3 em. longum,
0.5-1 cm. Jatum: petiolus distinctus, canaliculatus, ¢. 0.15-9.3
em. longus. Inflorescentiae in pseudobulbis novellis synan-
thae, folia superantes, graciles, pedunculo filiformi c. 2-2.3 em.
longo, rachide compresso-quadrangula ce. +-4.7 cm. longa laxius
multifiora. Bracteae pedicellum laxe amplectentes, concavae,
-expansae ovato-orbiculares, apiculatae, 5 nerviae, c. 0.225 cm.
longae et latae. Flores parvi, c. 0.3 cm. diam., sepalis peta-
lisque divergentibus. Sepalum dorsale Jineari-lanceolatum,
apice recurvum, acutum, concavum, 3 nervium, ce. 0.37
longum, 0.07 cm. latum. Sepala lateralia anguste oblique
lanceolata, faleatula, acuta, concava, dorso carinata, 3 nervia,
e. 0.34 em. Jonga, 0.07 cm. lata. Petala anguste lanceolata,
falcatula, apice paulum incrassata, acuta, superne minute
erosulo-crenulata, concava, 3 nervia, c. 0.3 cm. longa, 0.06 cm.
lata. Labellum mobile, curvatum, breviter unguiculatum, vix
trilobium, cancavum, intus costis 2 latis haud in unguem pro-
ductis superne evanescentibus, expansum cum ungue ec. 0.13
cm. longum, 0.06 cm. latum, lobis lateralibus erectis brevibus
latis crenulatis, lobo intermedio semiorbiculari-ovato subacuto
e. 0.04 cm. longo. Gynostemium curvulum, ¢. 0.125 em.
longum, stelidiis e medio ortis porrectis paraliclis ala apicali

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912,

68

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

fere aequilongis lanceolato-subulatis, ala apicali cucullata apice
recurva oblonga obtusa, pede cum ovario angulum obtusum
faciente c. 0.04 cm. longo. Rostellum recuryum, brevi-trian-
geulum, convexum. Stigma ovale, longitudinale. Ovarium
brevissimum, cum pedicello ¢. 0.075 em, longum.

Borneo: Sarawak, on Mt. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang, (J.
C. Moulton, n. 16, fl. in May 1911). Amongst the few species
of the section Platyclinis with an elongate rootstock (for
which Pfitzer and Kranzlin proposed the superfluous and in-
accurately defined subgenus Monochlamys) this seems to be
the smallest one. The lip is only slightly three-lobed, with a
relatively very short terminal lobe and 2 stout longitudinal
keels.

Dendrobium lawiense, J. J. S., n. sp.

Caules tenues, ramosi, radicantes, c. 25-55 em. longi, c. 4
em. supra basin vel plus tenuiter fusiformi-incrassati, parte
incrassata c. 4-10 em. longa 2-3 nodi ad nodos contracta in
sicco acute costata, superne foliati, internodis c. 1.2-3 em.
longis. Folia linearia, apicem versus leviter angustata, in-
aequaliter biloba, dense in sicco prominenter nervosa, rigidula
c. 3.8-6.5 cm. longa, in sicco 0.2-0.325 cm. lata; vaginae tubu-
losae, costulatae, “crebre et minute puncticulatae, internodia
paulum superantes. Inflorescentiae ad nodos partis caulium
superioris, fasciculares, squamis siccis ad ¢. 0.5 em. longis cinc-
tae, paucos flores gignentes. Flores mediocres, fugaces. Sepa-
lum dorsale lanceolatum, obtusum (?), 7 neryium, c. 1.5 em.
longum, 0.46 cm. latum. Sepala !ateralia mentum breve
rectum conicum lateraliter compressum obtusum cum ovario
angulum rectum faciens c. 0.5 cm. longum formantia, oblique
sublanceolata, breviter subacuta, basi oblique dilatata, c. 7
nervia, c. 1.7 cm., usque ad apicem menti 2.4 cm. longa, 0.625
em. lata... Labellum pedi eynostemii peel elio subrectum,
elongatum, angustum, concavum, 3 lobum, 4 parte inferiore
intus pilosum, costis 3 simplicibus glabris valde approximatis
medium labelli haud attingentibus, expansum c. 2.15 am. lon-
gum, usque ad apicem loborum lateralium ec. 1 cm. longum, ad
lobos laterales 0.825 cm. latum; lobi laterales (pars libera)
parvi, dentiformes, triangul1, eee Ue dentati; lobus inter-
medius anguste oblongus, in c. ¥ supra basin contractus, apice
breviter triangulus, iihoulahue , crenulatus, basi 0.53 em., con-
strictione 0.45 em. latus. Gynostemium breve, bifidum, e. 0.16
cm, longum, auriculis magnis sursum curvis faleatis laciniatis,
filamento brevissimo. Anthera majuscula, cucullata, conica,
lateraliter compressa, sulco longitudinali, apice producta
breviter 3 dentata, c. 0.175 cm. longa. Stigma obtriangulum.
Pes gynostemii cum ovario angulum rectum faciens, rectus,
intus costa longitudinali infra apicem glandulam subglobosam
gerente instructus, c 0.5 cm. longus. Ovarium breve, ob-

Jour. Straits Branch

w

sa

i),

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 69 W
conicum, 6 sulcatum, c. 0.2 cm. longum; pedicellus tenius, c. }
0.6 cm. longus. é tl
Borneo: Sarawak, on Mt. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang, (J. |

C. Moulton, n. 8 and 9, fl. in May 1911). A very distinct fl
species allied to D. cr umenatum, Sw., well marked by its slen- |
der stems relatively long above the base thicked into a slender
elongate pseudobulb, narrow leaves, a comparatively short
mentum and an elongate lip with small sidelobes.

Eria lawiensis, J. J. S., n. sp.

Caules approximati, teretes, c. 20 cm. longi, foliati, inter-
nodiis c. 0.6-1.2 cm. longis. Folia linearia, parte Superiore ¢.
1.2-2 cm. longa oblique pugioniformi carinataque, anguste
obtusa, basi leviter contracta, supra concava, subtus convexa,
adulta glabra, impresse nigro-punctata, crasse carnosa, c. 4-5.5

e. 0.825 cm. longa, basi 0.2 cm. lata. Petala oblique linearia,
inferne leviter dilatata, apice subrecurva, obtusa, glabra, 1

em. longa, ¢ .0.3-0.4 em. lata; vaginae tubulosae, internodia i
paulum superantes, novellae adpresse rufo-pilosae, adultae i
elabrae et impresse punctatae. Inflorescentiae vaginas 2 per- é
forantes, sessiles, abbreviatae, dense pluriflorae, ¢. 0.65 em. i
longae, rachide dense rufe sublanato-pilosae. Bracteae ovarium Fi
longe superantes, concavae, dorso parcius subadpresse pilosae. i
Flores vagi, parvi, c. 0.325 cm. longi, 0.25 cm. lati, sepalis con- it
niventibus dorso parcius adpresse pilosis, pilis basi tumidis. ‘
Sepalum dorsale oblongum, apice leviter recurvum, inferne |
concavum, superne cohvexum, 3 nervium, c. 0.3 cm. longum,
basi 0.13 em. latum. Sepala lateralia vix mentum formantia, }

|

oblique triangula, obtusa, concava, dorso carinata, 2-3 nervia, |

nervia, c. 0.8 cm. longa, 0.06 cm. lata. Labellum porrectum |
gynostemio parallelum, concavum, 3 lobum, glabrum, ecal- i
losum, 3 nervium, ima basi excavationibus 2 parvis subtus
convexis donatum, expansum ambitu quinquangulare, ¢. 0.275
cm. longum et latum; lobi laterales erecti, rotundati, repan-
dulo-crenati; lobus intermedius sinibus late obtusis a lobis
lateralibus sejunctus, porrectus, triangulus, anguste obtusus,
concavus, marginibus antice incurvis. Gynostemium a dorso
compressum, breve, latum, glabrum, bene 0.1 cm. longum, Hi
chnandrio concavo cum costa longitudinali, auriculis obtusis- l
simis concavis extus conxexis. Anthera cucullata, subtrapezi- ll
formis, apice truncata et utrinque in lacinulam triangulam /
exeus, c. 0.075 cm. lata. Stigma breve, reniforme. Pes. "
gynostemli cum ovario et gynostemio angulum rectum faciens,
abbreviatus, c. 0.04 cm. longus. Ovarium sessile, dense sub- i
adpresse pilosum, ¢. 0.14 cm. longum. !

Borneo: Sarawak, on Mt. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang, (J. H
C. Moulton, n. 14, fl. in May 1911). An inconspicuous but |
distinct species of the Trichotosia section, with thick linear |
leaves, trigonous subulate at the apex, very short and dense i

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

it

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70

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

inflorescenses of small flowers, linear petals and an extremely
short column foot .

Eria ovilis, J. J. S., D. sp.

Pseudobulbi approximati, vaginis alternatim bifariis con-
duplicatis oblongo-triangulis accrescentibus ad ¢. 6.5 em. longis
tecti, verisimiliter 2 folii. Folia erecta, divergentia, lanceo-
lato-loriformia, inaequaliter vel subaequaliter obtusa, basi con-
duplicata, costa media supra in sicco suleata, crasse coriacea,
rigida, c. 20-27 cm. longa, 3.1-3.8 cm. lata. Inflorescentia
valida, elongata, suprene dense multiilora, cylindrica, omnino
dense et crasse lanata, pedunculo c. 36.5 em. longo, plures
squamas parvas in lanam immersas gerente, rachide arcuata
c. 25 cm. longa. LBracteae triangulae, dense lanatae, c. 0.15-
0.2 em. longae. Flores parvi, c. 0.73 cm. longi, sepalis dorso
crasse lanatis petalisque conniventibus. Sepalum dorsale
triangulum, obtusum, concavum, c. 0.4 cm. longum, 0.3 cm.
latum. Sepala lateralia lacinia oblique oblonga concava ad
pedem gynostemii decurrentia, mentum rotundato-saccatum
cum ovario angulum acutum faciens formantia, parte libera
late oblique ovato-triangula, obtusa, concava, 5 nervia, c. 0.37
em. longa tota latitudine ¢. 0.65 em. (cum pilis). Petala
oblique oblonga, oblique obtusa, basi oblique dilatata, minute
erosula, 8 nervia, c. 0.875 cm. longa, medio Ui iemeuiara:
Labellum patens, breviter et late unguiculatum, ungue valde
coneavo, concavum, apice leviter recurvum, marginibus medio
valde involutis tubuloso-contiguis subpanduratum, glabrum,
ecallosum, 5 nervium, inexpansum c. 0.45 cm. longum, expan-
sum ambitu oblongum, lobo medio excepto constrictione utrin-
que 2 lobulatum, lobulis rotundatis, ¢. 0.525 em. longum, ad
0.25 cm. latum, lobo intermedio (epichylio) quinquangulari
subtrilobulo (eo labellum proprie 7 lobulatum) obtuso margine
papilloso c. 0.14 em. longo 0.2 an. lato. Gynostemium humile,
basi constrictum, ovario multo tenuius, dorso convexum, ec. 0.15
cm. longum, clinandrio concavo, apice obtusissimo. Rostellum
breve, obtusissimum, recurvulum., Stigma transversum, mar-
gine inferiore elevatum. Pes gynostemii cum ovario angulum
acutum faciens, sigmoideus, apice incurvus, antice incras-
satione Vformi ornatus, usque ad apicis ovarli marginem infe-
riorem ¢c. 0.35 em., ad ejusdem marginem superiorem 0.67 cm.
longus. Ovarium pedicellatum clavatum, crasse lanatum, c.
0.9 cm. longum, pedicello c. 0.325 em. longo.

Borneo: Sarawak, on Mt. Batu Lawi, Ulu Limbang, (J.
C. Moulton, n. 6, fl. in May 1911). Found on a tree, alt.
5,660 ft. A species of the section Aeridostachya with dense
thickly woolly inflorescences. The petals are not faleate. The
lip is contracted in the middle and has an obscurely 3 lobed
midlobe.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. ‘fal
APPENDIX III.
The Ferns of the Batu Lawi Expedition.

By E. B. CopELAND, DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF
AGRICULTURE, Los Baros.

Of the fifteen species sent, four and probably five are new to
science. Besides these, there is one which cannot be specifically
determined and one which has never been collected except in
Borneo ; the others are all of sufficiently General distribution in the
Malayan region so that they do not point in one direction more
than in any other.

The most notable thing about the collection is the very large
proportion of new species. ‘The other striking thing about it is
the strong representation of the genus Plagiogyria. So far as its
species are known, the large majority come from further north than
Borneo, and this might be taken as a sign that Batu Lawi with
its high elevation has a striking representation of Philippine and
more northern plants.

The determinations are as follows :—

Polypodium heterocarpum, (Bl.) Mett.

Polypodium soridens, Hook., a very small and compact form.
Lycopodium cernuum, L.

Athyrium Moulton, Copel., n. sp.

Stipite usque ad 90 cm. alto, gracile, nitido, nigro, inerme,
praecipue deorsum paleis nigris plerisque deflexis vestito;
fronde 60 cm. vel ultra alta, 50 cm. lata, tripinnata, rhachibus
nigris minute paleatis; pinnis usque ad 25 cm. longis, ca. 6
em. latis, brevi-stipitatis, acroscopicis longioribus 4 cm. longis,
1 em. latis, acuminatis; pinnulisii infimis solummodo liberis,
sessilibus, serratis, obtusis, lineari-oblongis, 1.5 mm. latis, pa-
pyraceis, infra pallidis, costa venisque nigris ; costa et interdum
venis squamuliferis, venis utroque latere 2 vel 3, simplicibus;
soro costale, breve, indusio brunneo, tenue.

Bukit Lawi, Ulu Limbang, May 28, 1911. In color, and
in some other details, like A. atratwm (Christ_sub Diplazio),
but much more finely cut. The specimen sent is three fronds
of which only one is in fruit, and it very sparingly; it is there-
fore probable that the species reaches a considerably larger
size than is here indicated.

Ho cere See

5. Balantwum pilosum, Copel., n. sp.

Stipite 20 em. vel ultra alto, castaneo-purpureo, decidue
hirsuto indeque asperulo; fronde 30 cm, alta, 15 em. lata,
subdeltoidea, quadripinnatifida, rhachibus ubique pilis rufo-

castaneis densissime vestitis; pinnulis stipitatis, 3 cm. longis,
deltoideis; pinnulisii infimis 8 mm. longis, 5 mm. latis, obli-

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

_— See

a

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72 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

quis, profunde pinnatifidis, supra nitidis sparse pilosis, infra
dense pilosis, coriaceis; soris in apices dentium minorum in-
positis indeque sinus occupare simulantibus, 1 mm. latis, valvis
indusii aequalibus ; sporangiis pilis copiosis interspersis, annulo
obliquo, continuo.

Bukit Lawi. Ulu Limbang, May 28, 1911. The leaf-form
is altogether oe of Balantium, but the texture and extreme
hairiness are more familiar in Dicksonia and Dennstaedtia.

6. Cheiropleuria bicuspis, Presl.

i. LHlaphoglossum, sp., species cannot be determined without sterile
frond and rhizome,

8. Trichomanes Pluma, Hooker.

9. Oleandra coriacea, Copel., n. sp.

Rhizomate ut videtur erecto; stipite apud basin articulato,
supra articulationem 10-15 mm. alto, minute dense paleaceo ;
fronde 20-25 cm. longa, ca. 18 mm. Jata, angustissime cau-
data, coriacea, rubida, supra glabrescente, infra ad costam
paleis linearibus badiis vestita et alibi minute albido-pilosa ;
venis prominentibus; soris margini quam costae proplioribus,
rufis.

Bukit Lawi, Ulu Limbang, May 28, 1911. A very dis-
tinct species.

10. Ophioglossum Moultom, Covel., n. sp.

Ophioderma stipite alato ca. 5 mmm. lato, 25-30 em. longo;
fronde vix aequilonga, ca. 5 cm, lata, lanceolata, utrinque
sensim angustata; spica usque ad 10 eni. longa, brevistipitata.

Bukit Buyo, Ulu Limbang; also Bukit Lawi, 3 sheets.
An amply distinct, and apparently very constant species.

11. Plagiogyria, probably spec. nova, sterile.

12. bBlechnum capense, (.) Schlecht.

3. Plagiogyria egenolfioides, (Baker) Copel.

(Lomaria egenolifioides, Baker in Kew Bull., 1894 p. 7.).

Known only from Borneo. ‘This specimen agrees exactly with
Baker’s diagnosis, except that the pinnae are Jinear-oblong
rather than linear. I cannot detect tubercles on the base of
the stipe, but the annulus is oblique and uninterrupted.

ld. Plagicgyria, probably a juvenile P. adnata, (Bl.) Bedd.

15. Asplenium pellucidum, Lam.

APPENDIX AV. |
Mammals taken.on the Batu Lawi Expedition.
Bye Ce elommnone

The number of mammals taken on the expedition was regret-
tably small owing to the impossibility of spending any length of time
in one place so that collectors could go out with guns or set traps.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 73

Only nine specimens were collected representing eight different
species.

‘he

we)

Macacus nemestrinus, Linn.

One male, rather darker than usual, from the Madihit,
May. A common monkey in South Burma, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra and Borneo.

Semnopithecus hosei, Thos.

One female from Salindong, June. A species apparently
confined to the Baram and Limbang districts. ‘The type was
taken at Niah on the Sarawak coast.

Viverra tangalunga, Gray.

One from Salindong, June. Common.

Tupaa montanus, Thos.

One example from Mt. Selinguid, alt. 4,500 ft. cire.
Compared with three from Mt. Dulit, the median blackish band
is not fully developed and the sides lack the rufous tint of adult
specimens. Mr. H. C. Robinson kindly examined it and agrees
in this identification.

Rhithrosciurus macrotis, Gray.

One example from the Madihit district. Found in low-
lying districts in Sarawak up to some 2000 ft. Not recorded
outside Borneo.

Scirus prevostu, Desm.

One from Limbang, June. ‘Typical dark-grey backed
form. One of the commonest squirrels in Sarawak.

Sciurus notatus, Bodd.

One from Mt. Derian, alt. 4,500-5,000 ft. May—and one
from Limbang in June. ‘The Mt. Derian specimen agrees best
with some from Mt. Dulit, but has a darker tail than any from
that locality ; the black band on each side of the belly is wider
than in any Dulit specimen in the Museum. ‘The underneath
is rich reddish hke-the Dulit form. The Limbang example
agrees with those taken near Kuching. A common squirrel
all over Sarawak.

Cervulus muntjac, Zimm.

A male from Salindong. Common.

R.A. Soc., No 63, 1912.

74 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWL.

APPENDIX V. |
Birds taken on the Batu Lawi Expedition.
By J. Cy Movunrom:

Forty six specimens representing thirty different species of
Birds were taken altogether on the expedition. ‘They fall naturally
into two divisions, (1) species from Limbang and the lower waters
of that 1iver as far up as Kuala Saladong; nearly all of which are
~found commonly in Sarawak and for the most part are widely dis-
tributed over India, China and Malaya. (ii) species from the
mountainous country south and east of the Madihit, taken at al-
titudes of 3000 to 5000 feet. ‘These are mostly rare species pre-
viously recorded from Mts. Kina Balu or Dulit only. ‘Twenty
species may be referred to the first of these divisions and ten to the
‘second. ‘The latter number shows a relatively high proportion of
interesting species considering the short time actually spent in
collecting and there is no doubt that a longer stay in the mountain-
ous region would have produced many more interesting species.
1. LHaematortyx sanguimceps, Sharpe.

A male and female, the latter doubtly identified as this.

Both shot on the same day 25.5.11. This rare partridge has

been previously recorded from Mt. Kina Balu, Lawas Mts. and
Mt. Dulit only.

2. Rollulus roulroul, Scop.

‘Three males and one female at Salindong, June. A
common partridge in Sarawak with habitat extending over
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo.

3. Argusianus grayt, Elliott.

One male example of the Argus pheasant from Salindong,
June, shot this species is confined to Borneo, though an allied
species occurs in Siam, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. We
found the dancing ground of this species on the hill above
Salindong and heard its curious cry frequently.

4. Butreron capellr, Temm.

Five examples of this pigeon from Kuala Madalam. lt
also occurs in Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java; apparently
not common in Sarawak.

5. Carpophaga aenea, Linn.

Three specimens of this common pigeon near Limbang.
Widely distributed over India, China and Malaya.

6. Ducula badia, Raffi.

A single example from Salindong. ‘This is a rare pigeon
in Sarawak, and apparently only found in mountainous dis-
tricts, eg., Mt. Kina Balu and Mt. Dulit.

Jour. Straits Branch

'¢

8.

oe

10.

ie

12.

ite.

14.

16.

ee:

‘18.

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 75

Spilorms pailidus, Wald.

One from Mt. Derian, alt. 4,500 it. June Ist. This eagle
is confined to Borneo.
Pandion haliaetus, L.

One from Limbang, June. Although widely distributed,
apparently rarely met with in Sarawak. .

Polioaetus ichthyaetus, Horsf.

Young form from Salindong, June. A widely distributed
species.

Ninowx scutulata, Raffi.

One from Limbang, June. ‘The species is found in South
India and Malaya.

Psittinus incertus, Shaw.

One example of this common parrot near Limbang, June.
It occurs over Indo-Malaya.

Hurystomus orientalis, Linn.

One from Limbang. Common in Sarawak and widely
distributed. The closely allied Hurystomus calonyx, Sharpe,
is much rarer.

Pelargopsis leucocephala, Gm.

One from Limbang in June. A common king-fisher along
some of the Sarawak rivers and apparently confined to Borneo.

Anorrhinus galeritus, Temm.

One from Limbang in June. A common Horn-bill in
Sarawak; also found in Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Hierococcyx fugax, Horst.
One young one from Limbang, June. This Cuckoo does

~ not seem to be common in Sarawak. It also occurs in Suma-

tra, Java and the Philippines. Mr. H. C. Robinson kindly
examined this for me and concurred in my identification.

Zanclostomus javanicus, Horsf.

Two from Salindong in June. Common in Sarawak.
Also occurs in Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java.
Urococeyx microrlinus, Berlep.

One from Salindong. A common species in Borneo.
The closely allied U. erythrognathus comes from Malay Penin-
sula and Sumatra.

Calyptomena viridis, Raffles.
One from Salindong, June. A common broadbill in

Sarawak. The species is found in Malay Peninsula and
Sumatra. |

R. ‘WV Soc.,aNo. 63, 1912.

76

20.

ole

Qa.

a4.

26.

CaS)
<2

28.

ae)

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

Calyptomena whiteheadi, Sharpe.

One taken on Mt. Selinguid, near Batu Lawi alt. 4,700 ft.,
May 29th. Only known from the mountainous district of
North West Borneo.

Hurylaemus ochromelas, Ratfiles.

One from Kuala Madihit, May 17th. A common species
in Sarawak and distributed over Malay Peninsula and
Sumatra.

Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus, Gm.

Two specimens from Limbang, June. A common bird in
Sarawak; also found in Tenasserim and Siam.

Pitta granatina, 'Temm.

One from the Kuala Madihit, May 17th. Fairly well dis-
tributed over Sarawak, not found outside Borneo.
Hemixus connectens, Sharpe

One from Mt. Derian (alt. 4-5000 ft.). This bulbul is
only found in the mountains of Northern Borneo. ‘There are
eleven other examples in the Sarawak Museum from Mts. Kina
Balu, Dulit, Penrissen; none from altitudes below 3,000 ft.
Garrulax schistochlamys, Sharpe.

‘Two specimens of this Laughing-Thrush from Mt. Derian,
4700 ft., May 26th. Previously recorded from Mts. Kina Balu
and Dulit only. Iris claret, eyelid light blue, legs and feet
dark slate.

Allocotops calvus, Sharpe.

One from Mt. Derian, 4,700 ft. May 26th. Previously
known from Mts. Kina Balu and Dulit only.
Rhinocicla treachert, Sharpe.

Four examples shot on Mt. Derian 4,700 ft. May 26th.
Iris black-brown, eyelid vellow, beak crange, legs, feet and
claws yellow. Murut and Kalabit name is “ marabbiar.”
Only recorded from N. W. Borneo (Kina Balu) before. The
closely allied R. mitrata, Miull., occurs in Sumatra and the
mountains of the Malay Peninsula.

Cittocincla suavis, Sel.

One specimen from Limbang, June. Fairly common in
Sarawak; not found outside Borneo.

Oriolus hosei, Sharpe.

One example of this rare Oriole from Mt. Turan, alt. cire.
4000 ft. Iris claret, beak red. Previously recorded from Mt.
Dulit only.

Buchanga stimatops, Sharpe.

One from Mt.. Derian, alt. 4,700 ft. This Drongo has

been found on Kina Balu and in Sumatra.

Tour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. Li

30. Platysmurus aterrimus, Temm.

One specimen from Salindong, June. A common bird
in Sarawak; not found outside Borneo, though an allied
species occurs in Sumatra and another in the Malay Penin-
sula and Sumatra.

APPENDIX VI.
Butterflies taken on the Batu Lawi Expedition

By wd. Cy MouLTON:

At first sight the total of 113 different species recorded com-
pares very favourably with other lists compiled on similar ex-
peditions* and this was no doubt due to the diverse nature of the
regions passed through, including as it did perhaps the two best
kinds of country for butterfly-collecting, namely, (1) stony or
sandy banks of rivers and small sunny streams bordered in each
ease with tall virgin jungle, (11) cleared mountain-tops. In the
former class one meets a great number of Papilios, Pierimes and
small Lycaenids, usually congregated together in crowds on wet
patches of sand, on wet clothes drying in the sun, or on refuse. In
the latter class of country we were fortunate enough to have one
beautiful fine day on the top of Mt. Selinguid, alt. 4,250 ft. For
the greater part of our land journey we were walking in deep dark
jungle and usually in rain, so that the butterflies we saw then were
remarkably few. ‘The list might easily have been larger if ex-
amples of more common species had been taken, such as Mycalesis,
Erites, Hlymnias, Amathusia, Neptis, Athyma, Adolias, Futhaha,
Tranaecia, etc., etc., but I have not included them as I did not know
them well enough to identify specifically with any certainty in the
field and so made no notes of their occurrence, although represent-
atives of those genera were certainly seen.

As did the birds, so do the butterflies fall into two natural
groups (i) common, widely distributed, typical Malayan species
mostly taken on the river journey (Limbang to the Madihit) and
(11) rare mountain species taken on the land journey between the
head-waters of the Madihit and Batu Lawi, alt. 2,000-5,600 ft.
We may refer 75 to the former class and mest of the remaining 38
to the latter. The comparatively large totals of 50 different Lycae-
nidae and 16 different Pierinae are perhaps worthy of comment.
considering the short time spent in actual collecting, while the
totals of 21 species of Nymphalidae and 14+ Hesperidae can only be
characterized as distinctly poor.

*In a month’s collecting on Mt. Penrissin, Sarawak, Mr. Shelford reecrded
06 different species of butterflies (Journ. S r, Br., Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 35. pp.
29-36 1901)

R. A. Sac., No. 63, 1912,

oa AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

The geographical distribution of the species taken in the
mountainous district primarily points to a close relation with the
butterfly-fauna of Kina Balu and other mountains in Borneo, and
as we should further expect, species found in the mountains of
Sumatra were also taken. Of the more widely distributed species
taken, several are found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Burma,
Palawan, the Philippines, Java and India (perhaps the most oc-
curring in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, and the least number
in Java and India).

NYMPHALIDAE.

1. Ideopsis daos, Boisd.

Madihit, May 16th, (and its mimic the Chaleosid moth,
Isbarta pieridoides, H. 8. taken on Mt. Selinguid, May 31st).
This common Danaine is widely distributed over Indo-Malaya.

2. Danais aspasia, Fab.

Madihit, May 16th. A common Danaine with wide dis-
tribution.

3. Danais crowleyi, J. Weir.

Mt. Selinguid, alt. 4,850 ft. This species is only known
from the mountains of Borneo and Mr. Shelford in his
“ Butterflies of Borneo” * only records it from Mts, Kina

Balu and Penrissen. It has since been taken on Mt. Poe in
Sarawak.

4. Huploea cramer, Lucas.

Very common on the muddy banks of the Melana and
Apoh Rivers, June. Not noticed on the Limbang River or in
the mountain districts.

Or

Huploea bremeri, Feld.

One male taken on Mt. Selinguid, alt. 4,850 ft. May 31st.
- These last two species are widely distributed over the Indo-
Malayan region.

6. Huploea scuddert, Butler.

A male taken on June 4th, Ulu Madihit.. The species is
confined to Borneo, but not scarce.

Huploea diocletianus lowu, Buti.

—

Common on the muddy banks of the Apoh and Melana
Rivers flying with H. cramert.
8. Mycalesis anapita, Moore.

Limbang. A very common species; also occurs in Malay
Peninsula and Sumatra.

xJourn. Str. Br,, Roy. Asiat. Soc. No, 41. 1904. p. 87.

Jour Straits Branch

,- SS Sarthe

hG.

1h.

12.

Lo:

14,

16.

18.

Jugs

AN EXPEDITION -TO MOUNT. BATU LAWI. ih)

Thaumantis aliris, Westw.

* A male between Mt. Deiian and hill above Rapaw, alt.
cire. 3,000 ft., June 2nd, and another at Salindong, June 10th.
This species is confined to Borneo; flies low in thick jungle.
Common on Mt. Matang and I have seen it feeding on a dead
mammal on Mt. Serambu.

Cynthia erota erotella, Butl.

Common on the banks of the Limbang River. A widely
distributed species. !

Cirrochroa bajadeta, Moore.

Salindong. A common species, also occurring in the:

Malay Peninsula and Java.
Cirrochroa malaya calypso, Wall.

One from Salindong. A common species, also occurring
in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Adolias dirtea, Fab.

A female from econ nt June 11th. Common and
widely distributed species. :

Cyrestis seminigra, Gr. Sm.
One on Mt. Selinguid, alt. 4,850 ft., May 31st. A rare
species, confined to Borneo, and paneipany to high altitudes.

Kallioma inachis buxtoni,

Seen on two occasions, on the Tabane hee This sub-
species, the Bornean representative of the celebrated Leat-
butterfly of the Indo-Malayan region, is rare in Sarawak. It
seems less scarce at Limbang, and I have seen it on Mts.
Serambu and Penrissen, but its strong flight and beautiful
protective device’ render it very hard to capture.

Doleschallhia bisaltide borneensis, Fruhst.

One from Salindong, June 12th. A common species in
Sarawak. D. bisaltide has a wide distribution over Indo-
Malaya.

Hulems delphis concha, Vollenh.

Near Kuala Delong, Limbang River, May 14th, and one
at Madihit, May 16th. We also saw it on sunny places along
the rocky banks of the Limbang, flying with the common
Pierine, Catopsilia crocale, Cr. Its stronger flight at once
distinguished it from that species.

Prothoe francki angelica, Butl.

Madihit, May 16th. A common and widely distributed
species.

Zemeros emesioides eso, Fruhst.

Kuala Madalam, Limbang River, May 11th. The typical
form occurs in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.

R.- A. Soc., No. 63, 1912

—_.
a

80

20.

mile

QR.

aA,

25.

26.

28.

2d.

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

Laaita orphna, Boisd.

A single female taken at the foot of Mt. Selinguid, alt.
2,700 ft., May 31st. This specimen differs from typical
orphna in having a broader sub-apical band of red on the
upperside of fore- wing which is developed at the expense of
the fuscous in basal area. On the underside the irridescent
spots are slightly less developed. A common species in Sara-
wak showing little variation.

Lazxita telesia, Hew.

Madihit River, May 18th., and Salindong, June 11th.

A common butterfly in Sarawak.

Fam. LYCAENIDAE.

Gerydus innocens, Druce.

A single female captured by the mountain stream Palahar
(which flows between Mts. Selinguid and Batu Law1) alt. 3,740
ft., May 31st. Previously recorded from Mt. Kina Balu only.
Gerydus ancon, Doh.*

A female from foot of Mts. Selinguid and Batu Lawi, alt.

3,740 ft.

Allotinus horsfieldi, Moore.

A male from Ulu Madihit, May 18th: a common and
widely distributed species.
Allotinus aphocha, Wheil.

Salindong, June 11th. Common in Sarawak ; alsa occurs
in Nias Island.
Notarthrinus musina, Snell.

A common species in the upper waters of the Limbang
and Madihit rivers. In some places hundreds could have been
caught on certain favoured patches of wet sand.

Neopithecops zalmora, Butl.

Madihit June 4th, alt. 2,000 ft., and Mt. Derian, alt. 4,500
ft., May 26th.

Megisba malaya, Horsf.

Kuala Madalam, Limbang River, May 10th; the drv-
season form with white discal patch to fore-wing.
Lycaenopsis shelfordi, de Niceéy.

Salindong, June 16th. Mr. Druce kindly examined this
specimen and identified it thus. Another specimen he iden-
tifies as the hitherto unknown female of this species, which he
proposes to describe soon and place in the British Museum.

*For note on the identification of this specimen see ** A List of the Butter-

flies of Borneo with Des?riptions of New Spacies’’ Part III. Lycaenidae, by the
writer, in Journ. Str. Br., Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 60. 1911 pp. 77-78.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 81

30. Lycaenopsis ripte, Druce.

One male from Ulu Madihit, alt. 2,000 ft. Only known '
- from North Borneo. |

31. Lycaenopsis puspa, Horsf.
Penribut’s house, Ulu Madihit, alt. 2,000 ft., May 19th.
82. Lycaenopsis limbata placida, de Nicév. |
:
|

Along mountain streams from Ulu Madihit to the foot of
Mt. Selinguid alt. 1000-3000 ft.

ane
33. Lycaenopsis camenae, de Niceville. r
Salindong, June 11th. A rare species in Sarawak. : {

Occurs in Sumatra commonly according to de Nicéville and |
Martin.
34. Lycaenopsis dilecta, Moore.

Very common on mountain streams between head-waters
of the Madihit and Limbang, including the upper waters of
these two rivers.

35. Lycaenopsis plauta, Druce. '

Three males taken on mountain streams between the Ma-
dihit and Mt. Selinguid, and a female at Selindong June 11th. i)
This species is confined to Borneo. |

| Ml
36. Lycaenesthes lycaenina, Feld. 7 |

A small male from Salindong, June 11th.
37. Nacaduba lugine, Druce.
A single female May 20th, near Penribut’s house, Ulu

Madihit, alt. 2,000 ft. The male only was hitherto known and

= z = = =e
a

42. ampides coerulea, Druce.

I have made this specimen the type female.* |

38. Nacaduba ardates, Moore. )
Very common on the banks of the Limbang extending to

most of the mountain streams beyond the Madihit. i

ave Ung usta, Dist. it
This distinct well-marked little Lycaenid was very com-

mon on wet patches of sand on the upper waters of the Lim- Wl
bang and Madihit rivers. i

40. Lampides elpis, Godt. i]
Madihit, May 21st. ii

41. Lampides virgulatus, Druce. i
| Kuala Madalam, Limbang River, May 11th, and Ulu : ii
Madihit june 4th. This species is conflned to Borneo. |

Madihit, alt. 2,000 ft., May 21st. A rare species chiefly |
found in the mountainous districts of Borneo. It also occurs i
in Sumatra. » il

|
* Described in Jowrn. Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 60. 1911, p. 101. i
R. A, Soc., No. 63, 1912. |

"6 . &

82

43.

44.

46.

Al.

48.

49.

50,

pale

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

Lampides zebra, Druce.

Madihit, May 21st and June 4th. A common species in
Sarawak; very like the Indo-Malayan L. celeno, Cr., which
also occurs in Borneo.

Catochrysops cnejus, Fab.

Madihit, June 5th.

Castalius ethion, Doubl. and Hew.

Mt. Derian, alt. 4,500 ft., May 26th and Madihit, June
4th.

Castalius elna, Hew.

A very small female on the Madihit. It differs from
typical Sarawak elna in having the dark sub-anal band on
underside of hind-wing discontinuous, due to the absence of a
spot between the third and second median nervules. Exp. al.
21 mm. (forma typica, exp. al. 27.33 mm.). Both these
species of Castalius are widely distributed over Indo-Malaya.

Curetis thetis aesopus, Fab.
Madihit, May 16th and June 4th.

Sus. Fam. ARHOPALINAE.

Traota rochana, Horst.

A male from Salindong, June.
Amblypodia narada, Horsf.

A fine male taken feeding on mammal excreta at Kuala
Madalam, May 11th. Rare in Sarawak, also found in the
Andamans, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Arhopala hypomuta, Hew.

Limbang, June. Also found in India and Malay Penin-
sula.

Arhopala sarawaca, Molton.

Madihit, alt. 2,000 ft., June 4th. The types male and
female of this species (described last year were taken near
Kuching. So far only known from Sarawak.

Arhopala diardi, Hew.

A fine male taken on the summit of Mt. Selinguid, alt.
4,850 ft., May 31st. Common in Sarawak and widely distri-
buted over Indo-Malaya.

Arhopala fulgida, Hew.

A male taken on the summit of Mt. Selingwid, fhe dist.
This species is rare in Sarawak; it is also found in the North
India, the Philippines, Malay Peninsula, Billiton and Suma-
tra.

Jour. Strait’ Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 83

54. Tajuria donatana, de Nicév.

Salindong, June. Found fairly abundantly on the sum-
mits of Mts. Matang and Santubong.

55. Tajuria travana, Hew.
Mt. Selinguid, alt. 4,859 ft., May 31st., Madihit, May
16th. Very common on the edge cf some paddy farms,
56. Hypolycaena erylus, Godt.

Near Kuala Delong, Limbang River, May 14th. A com-
mon species in Sarawak.

Ov
os

Chliaria phemis, H. H. Druce.

Two examples taken near the junction of the Kri rivers,
alt. 2850 ft., May 27th. <A rare species in Sarawak.

58. Virgarina scopula, Druce.

A male from Salindong, June 11th. Differs from typical
Sarawak males in the blue on upperside of hind-wing extend-
ing more deeply into the basal region.

59. Cheritra freja, Fab.
Madihit. Mav 16th. A common species in Sarawak.
, \ Pp
60. Horaga corniculum, Druce.

Mt. Selinguid 4,850 ft. Previously recorded from Mts.
Kina Balu, Matang and Molu (Malinau) only.

61. Horaga affinis, Druce.
Madihit, alt. 2,000 ft., May 21st, one example. A rare

species hitherto recorded from Mt. Kina Balu and Labuan
only.

62. Horaga albistigmata, Moulton.*

A single male from the Madihit, alt. 2,000 ft., May 21st,
forms the type and only known example of this species.

63. Catapoecilma elegans, Druce.

Salindong, June 12th. Common in Sarawak, and found
in India, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Nias Island.

64. Biduanda thesmia, Hew.
Madihit, May 21st and June 4th, two examples referable

to var. wnicolor, Staud. A common species in Borneo, and
found elsewhere in Malaya.

65. Marmessus moorei, Dist.
A small female near Limbang, June. It has no orange
sub-apical marking in the fore-wing. Both forms with most

intermediate stages occur in Sarawak. ‘The species is also
taken in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.

* Described loc. cit. p. 159.
R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912. ~

84

66,

67,

~

68,

a,

Go

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

Hoaxylides tharis, Hub.

A female from Limbang, June. Common in Sarawak
and widely distributed over Indo-Malaya.

Sithon nedymond, Cram.

A fine female, Mt. Derian, alt. 4,500 ft., May 26th. This
species is rare in Sarawak. Also found in Burma, Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra and Java.

Rapala varuna, Horsf.

Limbang River and Madihit, May 16th, 21st, and June

6th. Distributed over India and Malaya.

Rapala pheretima, Hew.
Limbang, June. Distributed over India and Malaya.
Rapala xenophon, Fab.

From Kuala Madalam, Limbang River to the Madihit,
May 11th to 21st. Distributed over India and Malaya.

Rapala barthema, Dist.

Salindong, June 11th. Also occurs in the Malay Penin-
sula,

PAPILIONIDAE.

Delias metarete, Bult.

Two males from Madihit, May 21st, and Salindong, June
12th. Principally found in mountainous districts in Sarawak.

The species is confined to Malay Peninsula (including
Lower Tenasserim), Sumatra and Borneo.

Delias hermione, ni. sp.

~ Mr. Shelford has sent me a manuscript description of this
species based on a single specimen taken on Mt. Matang. He
writes that it is the Bornean representative of Orphne, Wall.
It will be fully described in the “ Butterflies of Borneo ” now
in process of publication,* so the following brief description
will suffice now.

Male. Upperside. Milky white (as in D. cornelia, Vol-
lenhoven), with narrow fuscous edging along costa apex and
hind-margin in fore-wing; veins of fore-wing darkened.

Underside. Fore-wing. Fuscous with greyish suffusion
over basal half including the inner margin, two spots of same
colour below costa and beyond cell three more exterior to those,
and two small whiter spots between the first and second, and
second and third median nervules, the latter linear and shghtly
shifted inwards. Hind-wing. Dark fuscous with the follow-

**°A List of the Butterflies of Borneo’’ Parts I. & Il. Nymphalide, by

R. Shelford, published in the Journal of the Str. Br., Roy. Asiatic Society 1904-
5, and Part I0l. Lycaenide by J. C. Moulton in the same publication 1911.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWL. 85

ing large bright yellow spots:—large roundish spot at the base
of costa, small touch of vellow at apex of costa with large oval
spot immediately below it, followed by sub-marginal row of
six oval spots increasing in length and size, the fifth and
sixth fused and covering the inner marginal region; a large
spot at end of cell slightly extending above and beyond it.

Female differs from the male in having a broad fuscous
margin on upperside of fore-wing from costa including apex
nearly to anal angle reaches just below first median nervule.
Underside as in male.

Hep. al. 6 56-59 mm. ¢ 60-63 mm.

Several on summit of Mt. Selinguid, 4,850 ft., May 31st.

74. Delias pandemia, Wall.

A male from Madihit, May 21st, and two females at
Salindong June 10th and 11th. A local species, not rare
in the Limbang district; I have also taken it at Lawas and
Bintulu in Sarawak. Confined to Borneo.

~>

Or

Delias parthenia, Staud.

One male from Madihit, alt. 2,000 ft., May 21st. A rare
mountain species confined to Borneo.
76. Catopsilia crocale, Cr.

Both seasonal forms were very common all the way up the
Limbang and Madihit Rivers; of those captured there are
three females of typical dry season furm bearing the date May
14th, one female and five males of the typical wet season form
bearing the dates May 14th and 16th.

-2
ext

Temas harina, Horst.
A female on Mt. Selinguid, 4,850 ft., May 31st.
78. Terms hecabe, Li.

Common everywhere. ‘Taken near Penribut’s house, alt.
2,000 ft. in company with its mimic the Chalcosid moth
(female) Chalcosia hecabe, Jord.*

79. Temas sari, Horst.

One was taken on Mt. Selinguid. I think this species was
as common as the preceding. one. Specimens of both these
species were taken at Salindong, June 11th.

80. Dercas gobrias, Hew.

Salindong, June 12th. Common in most sunny spots up
the Limbang. Also occurs in the Malay Peninsula and
Sumatra.

“ Mentioned in note on Mimicry among some Bornean Insects by the writer
in the Pro>xeedings of the Entomological Society of London 1911. p. LXXY.

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

86

Sl.

82.

86,

87.

88.

89.

90,

ole

92.

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

Taias undatus, But.

Salindong, June 9th and 12th. Rather a rare Pierime in
Sarawak, though less scarce in the Limbang district than else-
where. Confined to Borneo.

Catophaga plana, Butl.

Kuala Madalam, Limbang River, May 11th. A common
Pierine. Also found in Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
Catophaga nero, Fab.

Limbang River, May 11th and 14th. Also occurs in Java.
Catophaga flavius, Gr. Smith.

Limbang, May, and Salindong, June. Both these red
Pierines were often seen up the Limbang. Originally des-
cribed from N. E. Borneo.

Catophaga cardena, Hew.

One from Mt. Selinguid, alt. 4,850 ft., May 31st. A
typical mountain species. Also occurs in Malay Peninsula and
Sumatra.

Huphina hespera, Butl.

‘T'wo males from Salindong, June 9th, and two females
from the same place June 11th and 12th. A common species
in Sarawak. Confined to Borneo.

Hebomoia borneensis, Wall.

Salindong, June 12th. A common species.
Troides brookeanus, Wall.

Fairly common in the Madihit hills and generally up the
Limbang.

Troides amphrysus ruficollis, Butl.

A female from Limbang, June.
Papilio noctula, Westw.

One female from Limbang, June, which I refer with some
doubt to this species. It differs from the only other female in
the Sarawak Museum in the internervular fuscous ground-
colour on the underside of. the hind-wing which shows hght
constrictions suggestive of an approach towards the noctis type
in which this constriction has been carried out, resulting in a
hind-marginal row of well defined spots. A typical female
nochis was taken on the Limbang River in April 1910.

Papilio demolion, Cr.

Salindong, June 11th. A common butterfly in Sarawak.
Papilio iswara, White.

Salindong, June 12th. A common butterfly in Sarawak.

Jour. Straits Branch

98.

oe:

100.

KOK:

102.

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 87

Papilio slatert hewitsom, Westw.

The Limbang River, near Kuala Delong, May 14th. Not
common in Sarawak.
Papilio arjuna carnatus, Rothsch.

Salindong, June 12th.
Papilio payent brunei, Fruhst. Z

An example of this fine brown Papilio flew over our heads
at the Kuala Madalam. I am practically certain it was this
species. It has been taken near Mt. Molu.
Papilio antiphates alcibiades, Fab.

Common up the Limbang fiver.
Papilio sarpedon, \.

Common on most sunny places up the Limbang and Madi-
hit rivers very often in company with one or more of P.
eurypylus axion, Feld., P. evemon, Boisd., or P. bathycles
bathycloides, Honr.
Papilio agamemnon, lL.

Common up the Limbang River in company with the
other species just mentioned.

HESPERIDAE.

Satarupa dirae, de Nicév.

A single example of this species from the Madihit, alt.
2,000 ft., June 4th. Rare in Sarawak. Also occurs in Java
and Sumatra.

Tagiades gana, Moore.

A large female from Mt. Selinguid, alt. 4,850 ft., May
dist. Has a larger expanse of white on the upperside of hind-
wing than in the typical form. Mr. Druce kindly determined
it for me. A common species found in Sikkim, Malay Penin-
sula, Java and Palawan.

Hasora maestissima, Mab.

One from Mt. Selinguid, alt. 4,850 ft., May 31st, which
has two spots in fore-wing, and one specimen from the Lim-
bang River near Kuala Delong, May 14th, which has no spots
in the fore-wing. This latter insect was examined by Mr.
Druce and provisionally referred to this species. Also re-
corded from Kina Balu, Palawan and Mindanao.

Hasora chuza, Hew.

Taken on or near mountain streams from the Madihit to
Batu Lawi at altitudes ranging from 1000-5000 ft. Occurs in
Burma and Java.

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

104.

105.

106.

108.

109,

ALO.

JULI.

ale

113.

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

Bibasis uniformis, Elwes.

Madihit, May 16th. his species (or possibly Hasora
vitta, Butl.) was the only butterfly 1 saw on the higher slopes
of Batu Lawi, 5,600 ft. Found in Java, Palawan and Luzon.

Rhopalocampta crawfurdi, Dist.

Madihit, June 5th. Usually found on the summit of Mt.
Matang. Also occurs in the Malay Peninsula.

Ismene etelka, Hew.

Salindong, June 9th and 12th, and Madihit, May 15th.
This species has been taken on IXina Balu and at Lawas; it is
also recorded from Singapore.

Tsmene harisa, Moore.

Madihit, alt. 2,000 ft., June Sth. A rare species in

Sarawak. Recorded from Sikkim, Burma and Java.
Jambria stellifer, Butl.

Two examples from Limbang. Fairly common in
Sarawak; also recorded from Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and
Java.

Scobura martini, Elwes.

One specimen from Mt. Derian, alt. 4,500 ft., May 26th.
The species is described from a single specimen in the Roths-
child collection from the Batak Mts., Sumatra. From the
literature available this Sarawak capture appears to be the
first record of the species for Borneo and at the same time the
second known specimen in existence.

Scobura umbrosa, Elwes.

A single example known from Salindong, June 11th; this
species is described from two examples taken on Mt. Kina
Balu. There appear to be no other records of it.

Koruthawialos hector, Wats.
Madihit, May 20th. Widely distributed over Malaya.
Halpe gupta, de Nicév.

A single example from Mt. Selinguid 4,850 ft., May 31st.
Unfortunately in bad condition and doubttfully identified thus
by Mr. Druce. Recorded from Sikkim only.

Pithauria aitchinsom, Wd.-Msn.

A single example taken at Kuala Madalam on the Lim-
bang, May 11th . A rare species described from Kina Balu.
Piepers records it from Java.

Kerana gemmifer, Butl.

On the way down Mt. Derian to the rivers Kri, May 27th.
Not rare in Sarawak. Also recorded from the Malay Penin-
sula and Natuna Isles.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 89
APPENDIX VIL.
A New Gryilacrid. +

By Dr. A. GRIFFINI.

Gryllacrid Grassii. n. Sp.

6, 2 - Corpus statura media, sat majore, superne saturate fer-
rugineum, sublus partim cyanescens; coxis, femoribus
libiisque omnibus et tolis pulcherrime cyaneis, tarsis pal-
lide ferrugineis; spinis peduim optime evolutis, cyaners ;
pleuris cyaneo tinctis. Verlice capitis et metazona pro-
nolt partum cyaneo pictis; maculis ocellaribus perspicus,
antennis ferrugines. Slytris subhyalinis, basi partenr
cyaneo tinclis, caelerum venis venulisq ve picescentibus
valde expressis. Alis subhyalinis, venis et venulis valde
expressis, in campo antico picescentibus, im campo postico
brunneis; in campo postico venulae ipsae sub lente for-
tiori videntur subtillime pallidae, utrinque angustissime
brunneo marginatae. Segmento anali $ utrinque dente
spiniformi horizontali, posterius verso, armato. Oviposi-
tore 2 longo, ensiformi, perparum ineurvo, rugido, la-
trusculo, apice atlenuato, basi cuanescente, apicem versus
magis magisque ferrugineco.

Longitudo corporis mm. 30 32
* pronotr @ 7 oD
a8 elytrorum oy Oese On
‘3 femorum anticorunr psn lake 11,4
. femorum posticorum Atos dbs) 20,3

3 ovipositoris — 23,9

Hasirat: Mons Turan apud Batu Lawi in Insula Borneo.

Typr: 16 et 12 (Musaei Hist. Natur. in Sarawak): Batu
Lawi expedition, 26-5-1911. .

Species apud Gr. borneensem D. H. in systemate Brunneri
locanda, sed permultis notis distinguenda.

Corpus sat maiusculum, haud crassum; nitidum.

Caput ovoideum subelong atum, pr onoto parum latius, anterius
depressiusculum. Vertex optime CONVEXUS ; fastigium verticis
minus convexum, lateribus obtuse rotundatis, latitudinem 1s primi
articuli antennarum sensim superans, duplam tamen non attingens.
Maculae ocellares flavido-ferrugineae perspicuae, verticis sub-

obliquae seu inferius magis divergentes ibique subacutae: macula .

frontalis sat magna, ovata vel subrotundata. Frons sub lente
minutissime incerteque transverse rugulosa, utrinque impressione
punctiformi unica vel duplici praedita, inferius magis depressa et
supra clypeum impressa. Organa buccalia longiuscula; palpi
labiales apice dilatati. Sulci suboculares inferius late excavati.

* Reprinted from ‘Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali’, Vol. LI,

pp. 129—134.
R.A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

90 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

Color capitis saturate ferrugineus; vertex longitudinaliter in
medio (¢) vel totus (92) atro-cyaneo tinctus, Clypeus
leviter pallidior, ferrugineo-testaceus, puncto nigricante utrinque
plus minusve incerto pictus. Labrum et mandibulae cum capite
concoloria, saturate ferruginea. Palpi partim fuscescentes. An-
tennae ferrugineae sat pallidae, ochraceac, articulis primis duobus
incerte parum fuscioribus.

Pronotum a supero visum sensim longius quam latins, in
inedio bene convexum. Margo anticus rotundatus et prominults ;
sulcus anticus valliformis Jatus, amplus, et a margine antico
sat remotus; sulculus longitudinalis abbreviatus in fossulis
duabus, antica et postica, parum expressis, disjunctus :
suleus posticus haud perfecte delineatus, tamen gibbula in utroque
latere adest ante metazonam: pars antica metazonae plus minusve
valliformis, margo posticus limbatus, subascendens, subrectus.
Lobi laterales longiores quam altiores, posterius sensim altiores,
angulo postico late subrotundato, margine postico subverticali sat
alto, sinu humerali modice expresso : sulci et gibbulae in lobis late-
ralibus optime eyoluti.

Color pronoti ut capitis saturate ferragineus; metazona atro-
cyaneo tincta, indefinite tamen, hoc colore anterius in colorem
ferrugineum evanido et incertissime in medium dorsi et in sulco
antico sub quadam luce partim hic ile rursus visendo.

Elytra modice longa, tamen apicem abdominis bene supe-
rantia, apicem versus latiuscula, latitudinem maximam circiter
mm. 13 attingentia, subhyalina, levissime grisescentia, venis
venulisque robustis, picescentibus, basim versus atro-cyanescen-
tibus: basis elytrorum ipsa colore cyaneo violaceo nitente tincta,
praecipue im campo postico, indefinite tamen, hoc colore per
longitudinem circiter 10 mm. visendo, gradatim minus saturato,
denique sine limite evanido.

Alae subhyalinae; venis venulisque bene expressis. fuscis,
in campo antico (latiusculo) venis elytrorum similibus, 1deoque
ibi picescentibus, in campo postico venulis ipsis sub lente fortiori
subtillime pallidis, utrinque angustissime brunneo marginatis.

Pedes elongati et robusti, spinis omnibus optime evolutis et
pilis singulis paucis, sparsis, longiusculis, praediti. Color coxarwm,
femorum et tibiarum omnium pulcherrime cyaneus valde nitens,
in atro-cyaneum et praecipue in azureo-violaceum sub lucis qui-
busdam vergens; tarsi, contra, omnes ferruginei pallidi, seu
ochracei vel “‘ferrugineo- flavidi.

Tibiae 4 anticae solito modo spinosae, spinis utrinque 4
concoloribus cyaneis, longis, necnon utrinque spinula apicali
praeditae. Femora postica basi sat incrassata, dein longe atte-
nuata, tamen haud gracilia, subtus utroque margine toto spinoso,
spinulis concoloribus cyaneis, sat robustis, in utroque margine
circiter 10-15. Tibiae posticae superne longiuscule post basim
modice planiusculae, spinis utrinque 7 fortioribus, concoloribus
eyaneils. ‘Tarsi longiusculi.

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 91

Gryllacris Grassi 3

Abdomen superne saturate ferrugineum, margine postico
segmentorum parum distincte fusciori, segmentis apicalibus sensim
fuscioribus ; subtus cum pleuris plus minusve cyaneo tinctum.

é- Segmentum abdominale dorsale VIII parum plus. quam
VII productum, parce fulvo pilosulum. Segmentum IX haud
longius, parum cucullatum, superne magis fulvo pilosum, margine
postico arcum efficiente fere verticaliter positum, valvulas anales
approximatas, optime visendas, sursum versas apiceque in mucro-
nem anterius recurvum terminatas, amplectente. Margo ipse
segmenti IX utrinque, parum supra cercum, dentem spiniformem
posterius horizontaliter versum praebet. Cerci ferruginei. La-
mina subgenitalis transversa, lateribus posterius obtuse rotundatis,
margine apicali in medio late sinuato, lobis latis, obtusis. Styli
laterales adsunt, sat longi et robusti.

@- Ovipositor longus, ensiformis, compressus, perparum
incurvus, rigidus, nitidus, basi cyanescens, apicem versus magis
magisque ferrugineus, post basim fere 2 mm. altus, a basi ad apicem
sensim sed parum attenuatus, apice subacuto tamen haud acu-
minato; lateribus longitudinaliter costula incerta perparum
visenda, latiuscule depressa, praeditis. Lamina subgenitalis sub-
triangularis, vertice rotundato.

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

92 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.:
APPENDIX. Vike

List of the Odonata taken on an expeditiou to Mt. Batu
Lawi together with descriptions of supposed new
species.

By F. F. LAIpLaw, M.A.,:¥.Z.8., ELC.
WITH PLATE.

‘The list given below adds several species to the known Bornean
fauna and includes a high percentage of undescribed forms. It
will be noticed that probably all the Agrioninae are new to science,
a fact which enables one to realize how imperfect our knowledge
of the dragonflies of the old world tropics still remains.

Consequent on this it follows that the systematic arrangement
of the Agrionine genera in particular is highly unsatisfactory,
which is to be the more regretted in that these insects are no doubt
capable of affording valuable clues for the elucidation of many
problems of distribution. Carefully made collections from other
parts of Borneo, from the Celebes, and Philippine Islands, especially
from the mountains, no less than from other parts of the Malay
Archipelago are much to be desired in order to amplify the re-
searches of de Selys, Ris, Kruger, Martin, and others, who have
devoted attention to the distribution of the Austro-Malayan Odo-
nate fauna. I wish to offer my sincere thanks to Mr. Moulton for
the time and trouble he has spent in making this collection and in
putting it and much other valuable material in my hands for
examination. I take the opportunity here also of recording my
indebtedness to Dr. Ris and to M. Martin for the generous assis-
tance they have so cordially extended to me at all times.

Interature. In addition to the volumes of the Catalogue of
the “ Collections zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps ”
dealing with the Odonata, which have so far appeared, which Dr.
Ris and M. Martin have compiled, the following papers of recent
date have been consulted. For earlier papers dealing with the
odonate fauna of the Malayan region reference should be made
to the very full bibliography given by Kriiger in his studies on the
Odonata of Sumatra.

Kruger. Die Odonaten von Sumatra. Stett. entomol. Zeit.
1898, pp. 64-139, and pp. 267-331; 1899, pp. 324-338; 1902, pp.
58-193,

fis. Extr. des Ann. Soc. Ent. de Belge LY. 1911, pp. 231-
255 Libellen von Sintang, Borneo.

Williamson. Proc. U. S. Nat.. Mus. XX XIII pp. 267-317,
190%. ‘The dragonflies of Burma and Lower Siam.—II. Sub-
families Cordulegasterinae, Chlorogomphinae, and Gomphinae.

Tour. Straits Branch

West, Newman lith.

GENITAL APPENDAGES OF BORNEAN ODONATA.

Fig. 1.—Lateral view of genital appendages of second abdominal segment of
Leptogomphus williamsont 3.

Fig. 2.—Anal appendages of Leptogomphus williamsont § seen from the side.

Fig. 3.—Lateral view of terminal segments of abdomen of Hyleothenis
clementia, Ris, 9.

Fig. 4.—Lateral view of anal appendages of A. remiger 3.

Fig. 5._-Lateral view of anal appendages of Pseudagrion (2) dubium g.

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 93

List of Species.

I. Anisoptera.
AESCHNIDAE.

AESCHNINAE.
Amphiaeschna grubaueri, Forster. 19 Madihit. 24.5.11.
Jagoria modiglianii, Selys. Mt. Selinguid, 4,800 ft. 31.5.1.
GOMPHINAE.
Leptogomphus wiliamsom, sp. n. 126 Madihit, alt. 2,000 ft.
4.6.11.
LIBELLULIDAE.

LIBELLULINAE.

Hylaeothemis clementia, Ris. Limbang.

Neurothemis fluctuans, Fabr. 16 2 2 Limbang. 20.6.11.
Lyriothemis cles, Brauer. Limbang. 20.6.11.

Orthetrum sabina, Drury. 1é6 Limbang. 20.6.11.
Orthetrum chrysis, Selys. 1¢ 12 Madihit. 21.5.11.
Orthetrum clelia, Selys. 1¢ Limbang. 11.5.11.

Il. Zygoptera.
AGRIONIDAE.

CALOPTERYGINAE.

Matronoides cyaneipennis, Forster. 6¢ 6 stream below Mt Selin-
guid and on -stream below Mt. Batu Lawi, 3,800 it.
30.5.1.

Euphaea, sp. 192 Limbang. 16.5.11.

Rhinocypha, sp. undescribed. 126 Mt. Selinguid, 4,800 ft.

atoll,
Devadetta argyroides, Selys. 16 River below Selinguid. 31.5.11.

AGRIONINAE.
Trichocnemis nemoricola, sp. n. -2 6 .27.5.11.
Amphicnemis remiger, sp. a. 11.65.11.
Teinobasis rajah, sp. n. Limbang. 22.611.
Pseudagrion (?) dubium, sp. n. 27.5.11.

Disparoneura moultoni, sp.n. 1 ¢@. 11.5.11.

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

94 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

NOTES ON THE SPECIMENS AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.
Amphiaeschna grubauen, Forster. 19. 24.5.11.

A large and handsome species, new to the Bornean fauna.
Appears to differ from A. perampla, Martin, which has been re-
corded from Borneo in its slightly larger size, and very narrow fork
to Rs. Hind-wing in A. peranupla 2 62 mm. long, in A. grubauert
2 (present specimen) 70 mm. long. Also in A. “grubaueri ? the
outer half of each wing has a yellow tinge in addition to the dark
brown mark at the base, whilst the thorax is entirely rich brown
anteriorly with a pair of yellow stripes on either side.

Jagoria modighaniu, Selys. 12 Mt. Selinguid, 4,800 ft. 31.5.11.
Length of abdomen 45 mm. Length of hind-wing 44 mm.
Approximates in size to Needham’s Dolaeschna elacatura which

is regarded by Dr. Ris as synonymous with the present species, as

is also the smaller Jagoria poeciloptera, Karsch, or at least speci-
mens from Singapore referred to that species.

GOMPHINAE.

Leptogomphus williamsoni, sp. n. 6 adult. Locality Madiluit,
alt. 2,000 ft.

Length of abdomen with appendages 34 mm., hind-wing 25
mm.

A single row of cells in the anal area of the fore-wing. A
basal sub-costal nerve of the second series present in all four wings.
Dorsal thoracic stripe isolated, yellow ante-humeral stripe present,
complete. A pair of small lateral basal yellow spots on abdominal
segments 3-7. Segments 8-10 black, with an oval yellow dorsal
spot on 10. Legs black. 15 ante-nodals and 10 post-nodals on
fore-wing. Upper lip black with yellow base; genae yellow; vertex
brown, the rest of the upper surface of the head black.

Prothorax black with lateral yellow spot.

Thorax black above, variegated with yellow; yellow below.

Mesothoracic half-collar wedge-shaped, the base of the wedge
lying close against the middle line, the dorsal stripe narrow; ante-
humeral stripe continuous with the yellow of the undersurface.
Anal appendages very dark brown. Upper pair laterally com-
pressed, about equal in length to segment 10, ending in a sharp,
upturned point, the outer border w ith 4 or 5 strong serrations, the
most proximal of these being the largest, and forming a projecting
tooth against which the Henan ier tion “ot the lower appendage bites.
Lower appendage equal in length to upper pair, its distal half
forked so that it ends in two widely divaricated spurs. (See fig.
Be

This new species approaches Microgomphus in possessing but a
single row of cells in the anal area of the fore-wing. If the species
is correctly referred to Leptogomphus—and in so referring it I

Jour Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 95

have the support of Dr. Ris, a slight alteration becomes necessary
in the definition of the genus pr oposed by Wilhamson, namely that
the anal field of the front wing may consist of a single row, or of a
maximum of two rows of cells.

Hylaeothemis clementia, Ris. 192 Limbang.

Described from a single male in the Selys collection. Length
of abdomen 2 23mm. 4 23 mm. , hind-wing Q@ 27mm. ¢ 25 mm.

In coloration the female is practically identical with the male
described by Dr. Ris. The eighth abdominal segment has well deve-
loped lateral foliations. The ventral plate of this segment ends at
the level of the end of the segment in a pair of blunt ‘almost s square
projections one on either side of the middle line, with a median
notch between them. ‘The ventral plate of the ninth segment has
posteriorly a slight median rounded projection which at its free
margin is fringed with rather stout hairs some of which project
downwards (see fig. 3). Except that segment 8 has well marked
lateral expansions the arrangement of the terminal segments of the
abdomen resembles very closely that figured by Dr. Ris for the
African Allorhizucha klingi, Karsch. Ris remarks that the struc-
ture of the genital armature of the male Hylaeothemis allies it to
the group of genera to which Allorhizucha klingi belongs. Mr.
Moulton’s specimen has only two nerves on the basal space of both
hind wings and the supratriangular space of the right fore-wing
is uncrossed.

CALOPTERYGINAE.

Matronoides cyaneipennis, Forster.

Six males of this magnificent insect were obtained by Mr.
Moulton from a mountain torrent which flows between Mt. Selin-
guid and Batu Lawi at an altitude of about 3,800 ft. This is a
new locality for the species hitherto recorded only I believe from
Mt. Kina Balu. The single specimen belonging to the genus
Huphaea is a female, and at present it is unfortunately impossible
to determine the species of isolated females of that genus.

The Rhinocypha belongs to a species of which the description
has not yet been pub lished. Mr. Martin however, has already
named and described speciznens belonging to the same _ species,
in his volume on the Calopteryginae of the de Selys collection,
which is now in the press and shortly to be published. Accor dingly
I pass it over here. ;

AGRIONINAE.

Coeliccia (Trichocnemis) nemorioia, sp.n. 26 6. 27.511.

é. Length of abdomen 50 mm. Length of hind-wing 32 mm.
Median sector rises from nodal vein. 19 post-nodal nerves 1n
fore-wing. Pterostigma black. Wings iridescent,

R. A. Soc., No. 63, 1912,

96 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

Head. lower lip whitish-brown, upper surfaces entirely yel-
vety-black.

Prothorax white below, above black with indications of a paler
mark on either side.

Thorax white below, above and on the sides velvety black.
There is an indication of a narrow antehumeral stripe on either
side, of a dull black purple colour, and of a band of similar colour
at the base of the side of the thorax. During life it is possible
that these bands are of a brighter colour.

Abdomen entirely dull “black (in one specimen there is some
trace of lighter colour on the dorsal side of segment 10) except for
the sides and under surface of the first and second segments which
are brownish-white.

Legs, anterior surface of femora and tibias white, dorsal
surfaces black, spines and tarsi black.

Anal appendages black, very similar in et and proportions
to those of C. octogesima. Upper pair # as long as lower pair,
rather stout, finger -shaped, flattened from side to side, with a small
inwardly and downw ardly directed tooth at about the middle of
their length on the under side. Lower pair slender cylindrical,
ending in a sickle-like curve, their extremities turned almost direct-
ly inwards to meet each other.

This species rivals in size C. orang Forster from the Malay
Peninsula, and with it stands as the largest described species of the
genus. It is further characterized by its very sombre coloration,
as well as by the shape of the anal appendages.

Amphicnemis remiger, nu. sp. 16 Kuala Madalam, Limbang
River, Sarawak. 11.5.11.

Length of abdomen 34 mm. Length of hind-wing 19 mm.

Upper lip metallic bronze-green, the whole of the upper sur-
face of the head greenish-black.

Prothorax metallic bronze- -green above, pale yellow below.
The posterior margin of the prothorax is produced on either side
into a sharply projecting angle, but there is no median spine.

The thorax is metallic bronze-green above; this colour ends
sharply immediately beyond the first lateral suture, where it is
succeeded by the pale primrose yellow of the sides and under sur-
face.

The abdomen has (as in other species) the dorsal surface of
the first two segments of a metallic green colour. The remaining
segments are dull brown above, paler beneath, the last four seg-
ments almost uniformly dull brownish black.

Legs primrose yellow, with a fine black ring at each articula-
tion.

Anal appendages white (see fig. 4). Upper pair slender, end-
ing in a dise so that they have rather a paddle-like shape. The
shaft a little bowed with a small dorsal tooth at its middle. Lower

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 97

pair rather shorter, slender, ending in an upturned point. (See
ne 1).

Wings with 11 post-nodal nerves on the anterior pair.

Pterostigmata grey with whitish margin, the upper border
decidedly shorter than the lower.

Perhaps nearest to A. furcala, Brauer, but decidedly smaller,
with short lateral angles to the prothorax. Those of A. furcata are
described as long, thin, cylindrical points.

Teinobasis rajah, sp. n. 26 6 Limbang. 22.6.11.

Length of abdomen 33 mm. Length of hind-wing 20 mm.

Pter ‘ostigma gray with ae e margin, oblong and a little oblique ;
not quite covering one cell. 13 post- -cubita! nervules.

Upper side of quadrilater: al having in the fore-wing two-fifths,
and in the hind-wing three-fifths of the length of the lower side.
Wings petiolated to ‘the basal post-costal nerve, which hes almost
at the level of the second antenodal. Colour orange-red and
bronze-green above, whitish yellow below.

Head: -—Lower lip, whitish-yellow, with long lobes. Upper
lip, orange with black lateral border. The rest of the head dark
bronze-green, with a narrow orange line across the nasus.

Prothorax :—Orange-red above, paler below.

J bove, paler at the sides and below,
with a fine bronze-green median longitudinal stripe.

Abdomen :—Segments 1-7 dull brown, 8-10 orange red. ‘The
three last segments a little stouter than the first seven, which are
very slender.

Legs yellow, with brownish-black spines.

Anal appendages reddish-brown; darker at their extremities.

Upper pair very small, cylindrical, curved inwards at their
extremities, with a small inwardly directed spur.

Lower pair of the same length, flattened from side to side,
directed backwards and upwards; ending in a fine black point.

iseuaagrion (?) dubwum, sp.n. 16. 275.11.

Length of abdomen 40 mm. .Length of hind-wing 27.5 mm.

Wings petiolated to basal post- -costal nerve, which hes at the
commencement of the distal third of its distance between the first
and second antenodal nerve. Arculus at the level of the second
antenodal nerve

Quadr ilateral rather long, its upper side in the fore-wing two-
thirds, and in the hind-wing three-quarters of the length ‘of its
lower side. Median sector rising beyond level of vein descending
from nodus.

Pterostigma small, black, oblique.

Head, small. Lower lip white. Upper surface entirely black
(there is a faint indication in the single specimen of a pair of post-
ocular marks which ee to be very shght depressions with a
bright light reflex; possibly due to post-mortem shrinkage).

‘R. A, Soc., No. 63, 1912.

et

| |
|" |
| |
|

98 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

Prothorax and thorax rich blackish-brown above, pale below.
Laterally the thorax is paler brown, with an obscure blue-grey
humeral stripe.

Abdomen slender, entirely brownish-black, with indications of
paler marking on the dorsum of segments 8 to 9.

Legs yellow, with black articulations and a brown longitudinal
stripe on the dorsal side of the femora.

Anal appendages brownish black, the upper pair conical,
directed backwards, the lower pair running backwards and upwards,
narrower and more pointed than upper pair, both pairs shorter than
seoment 10 (see fig. 5).

Dr. Ris has examined the specimen and has kindly furnished
me with the following notes on it. “It is not a Teinobasis ag it
7 pas toothed claws and simple superior appendages; also evidence

“of post-ocular spots. The general form, the position of M 3 and
“RS. as well as the character of the superior appendages forbid its
“being referred to Pseudagrion without some stress to the defini-
“tion of the genus. In the absence of the @ the position of the
“specimen must remain doubtful. I have nothing to compare
“exactly with it, not even Pseudagrion magnanimum from the
“Aru Islands which also is not a Pseudagrion, but I think gene-
“rically distinct from the present specimen.”

Disparoneura moulton, sp. mn. 1¢. 11.5.11.

Length of abdomen 34 mm. Length of hind-wing 19 mm.

ITead:—Upper lip pale yellow, with fine black margin; the
rest of the upper surface of the head velvety black.

Prothorax.—Upper surface black, under side yellowish-white.

Thorav. Dorsal and lateral surfaces black, with a fine yellow
lateral stripe, under surface yellowish-white .

Abdomen. Brownish-black, a yellow mark on either side of
the second segment, and the under surface of segments 1 and 2
also yellow.

Legs. Brownish-black.

Anal appendages small, about equal in length to the 10th seg-
ment. Upper pair seen from above leaf shaped, pale yellow above,
edged with brownish black. Each has a small projection inwards.
Lower pair brownish-black, cylindrical, sharply curved inward at
their extremities: about equal im length to upper pair.

Wings. Pterostigma brownish- black, very oblique, lying over
one and one third cells. Basal post-costal nerve lying between the
level of the costal antenodal nerve. No rudiment of lower sector of
triangle. (Cu 2). 14 post-costal nerves in fore-wing.

Upper sector of quadrilateral reaching to the first cross nerve
after the quadrilateral in the fore-wing and to the second in the
hind-wing.

This species belongs to the group which includes species re-
ferred by Selys to the genus Caconeura (Alloneura) via: C. dor-

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 99

salis, gracillima, lansbergi, and hyperythra, as well as C. dohrnt
of Kruger.

Dr. Ris has most courteously permitted me to use a suggestion
of his as to the definition of the genera Disparoneura and Caco-
neura (Alloneura) which I have followed in referring the species
described above to Disparoneura, involving a change in the defini-
tion of the genus which will necessitate the transfer of all the
species mentioned above from Caconeura to Disparoneura. He
proposes to distinguish the genera as follows :—

(a) Basal post-costal nerve placed in a level with the first
antenodal or even proximal to it; no rudiment of Cu 2 (lower sector
of triangle) = Caconeura.

(b) Basal post-costal nerve placed at a level between antenodal
1 and 2, mostly about half-way; rudiment of Cu 2 present or ab-
sent = Disparoneura.

He points out that the rudiment of Cu 2 seems to be indivi-
dually and even asymmetrically variable in some species.

Consequently I refer the present species to Disparoneura in
the neighbourhood of the group of species named above.

R.A. Soc.. No. 63, 1912.

100 AN EXPEDITION TO

MOUNT BATU LAWI.

APPENDIX TEX

Some words in use among the natives met on the
journey to Batu Lawi.

’, MOULTON.

(T=Tabun, M= Murut, K = Kalabit).

above
accustomed
anger, wrath
animal

ask, enquire
back

banana

bathe, to

be, to

bear (animal)
bite, to

blaze, flare up
body

brave

bring forth a child
broad, wide
brother, elder
brother, younger
bucket, bailer
buffalo

bundle

buttons (of a coat)
buy

cicada

climb a tree

clouds (high in sky)

coat
cocoanut
comb, rake
come
corpse
cough
cunning
day

day after to-morrow
daylight
dead

debt

f por UL
mala ('T baka (M).
daloh (TY, musa (M).
po’ong (T’. M).

ngitin (T. M).

ratue. aye

baung (M).

dior (1 ME ia

inan (M), ian (T).

bruang (T. M).

ngetop (M. Kk).

ulohn apo (KX).

burur (ae aie

machil (a vie

iananak (T).

mélar (M. KX).

bikat (T).

Tic Gi baie

sa’ok kalud (T).

kerbau (T. M. K).
angglibun (T).

ta ud baju ee Ky

meli (T), blian (M).

tawar ioe bie

menud kayu (M).

bérawan (Kk).

baju (T), koiu (M).
bhutan (IK).

mudud (i. Mi kee

finching (T), meching (Ix).
botong (T. M).

masud (I);

akal-(T. M. IK).

chor (i Make:

seriak (M. K).

mitsang chor (‘T. M. Ix).
mateh (T. M).

mangud ane baloh (Ix).

Jour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 101

depilatory forceps
descend (from house)
descend (from hill)
divide, shade

do not (prohibitive)
log

drink

drop, fall, be shed,
dry or fair weather
ear

earth, soil, land

eat

ese

elbow

far

fear, afraid

fell, jungle, to

fine

fire

fish

flood, fresh in river
fly, a

fly, to

forget

former, long time, old
fowl

fruit

give

go down river,
gold

good, all right
erasshopper
hand

hatred

head

heavy

here, come
hole

how

how many, how much
I, me
inclined, aslant
jump, dive
jungle

key, lock

kill

imee

knife (small)

R.A. Soc., No. 63, 1912.

opit (‘T).

a ame, (OR), ae ete, (UO),

musul (T. I M).

moullomau (AE VE):

yan (M).

ms@ie (I),

TION) ING)

p'rogan (M), rurogue (I).

rikan (M), rikan (Kh).

lavinel, (Cane Wo).

eimai. (G0, WE).

Kamm (40, IML, I).

weremuce (CIR Ne

SicOlan (C0, Wile Ik),

mmacon = 1s).

ta‘aut (IT), metaut (M).

nibfung lemidik (‘Tl’), nibfung te-
marak, mbfung ribfa (M).

lneulings (Ik),

ayomul (CMI INL).

lawid (T. M).

meno aie. (Cle WO)

leulleacl (ule 1kO)).

ip ammo (CARS WO)

k’lupan (M. Kk).

lalit (M), dadan (K).

level (40. MO).

lie, (20, INDY,

méray, bray (T).

alone, (CLG TKO)e

enimars (DS Dr

ano, (G0), Clow (ub) ens (bE ie).

kataw (T. M).

enelome (CAN: a

geta (T. M

uloh (M. Ky

tooh (T).

metongi (M).

lobang (M. K).

mepakor (T), kudangpa (M).

Huila), (CARs ON

ououi (T), weh (M).

tberine (iP).

opun (M).

b’mptlong (M. K).

kunelai (VE 1)’:

ngatay (TT. M).

willoloy gaviruil) (CML, IKO).

mila (CICS TO)

102 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.

know, meaning, understand kiln (Me ie ae
know, do not know am kde (aye
lansat (fruit) lengat (M. K).
lathes for flooring lasat_(M. K).
laugh bulan (T), t’diru (M).
leap down murun (T).
leech (land) lematah (M. Kk).
leg ko’ud (T), kokod (M).
leg, from knee to ankle bet (ae):
lid, cover tutob (T), kub (M).
hight, clear mitsang (‘I’), mits-angtsaw (4M).
lips bibir (T. M).
loose ‘raru (M. K).
love bala burorr
man (Malay ‘ orang’) da’ (T), ida) (ee
man, where is he going? mengi d’na? (M).
measure nari (7. May
meet papu (T. M).
mist lapud, (Mie
money, hire belanjar (T).
monkey (brok, MJacacus nemes-

trinus ) bechok (T).
monkey (kra, W/. cynomolqus) kalabut (T).
moon bulan (T. M).
more béru (M. K).
mosquito ritak (M), namok (K).
mosquito large tukong (M).
mosquito curtain kelaboh (T), tirun (M).
mother ina (7); tina (ie
mud, siime tanah liar (M. K).
naked lubfa (The
near munung (T. M).
new, recent baru (T),; bara (Mie
no, not la (T), nam: (Miia
no, 1s not la ian (T), nam inan (M).
obtain, acquire kalap (T).
open oukab (> Mis
other, different lumbukan (M. K).
picture arid. (Mie eye
pig (domestic) brak (T. M).
pig (wild) baa GE
pillow unan (T), legar (M).
pleasant, nice main (M. K).
porcupine t’‘rotong (M. K).
pull, drag ngéruid (T. M).
put, place wu (TE), newness
race, kind, species bancha (TT), limbawang (M).
rain mudan (M. K).
raise, lift géntch (T), niding (M).

Tour. Straits Branch

AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI. 103

remember ngéroui (T), k’li (K).
remnant, trace oban (T).
resist, oppose, combat lawan (M. K).
return a thing, turn over lubad (T), lemubad (M).
return, retaliate untia (T), unwa (M).
rice (boiled) obah (M. K).
rice (uncooked ) | brah (4D. MM).
rise, ascend t™maktid (M. Kk).
river arone (bs Mil Ke).
roof, leaf or wood tiles of apaw (T).
root ware (Mr).
rope, string lupar (T. M).
round (like a coin, round and
flat ) libore .@P.c Mb),
round (expressing circumfer-
ence, ¢.g. of a bamboo) teburun (T. M).
round about, all round s‘libong (M. Kk).
run away buror (M. K).
scales (of fish, tortoise) era CDs Meee).
scrape, to, rub gugut (M. K), sugi (T).
sea lau'ud (M. K).
see mawan (M. K),
seed ilong (T. M).
shade, shelter lungong (M. XK),
sharp tadans (2. MM).
shoulder tudong (T. M).
shoot, to madil-(‘T. M).
sing mumuh (M. Kk).
sky lanenia(h. oM.K),
sleep, to rudap (T. M).
smell maba’ (T. M).
smoke rabfun (T).
soft, flexible har (M. K).
something la‘kub (T).
sound uni (T. M).
spear bakou (T), gaman (M).
spider aK lawa, (MEK)
spit, to saliva, lecha (M. K).
squeeze, press m’r’gam (T), misak (M).
star bituan (T. M).
stone batres@r Mi):
stop udcho- (DE. .M).
straight, direct cirie (M), toptid (K).
swallow, to krau/arr (T).
swift, fleet mauérr (M. K).
swim lemangoi (T), lemangwi (M).
take, accept, fetch apan (T'). |
throw away Ty Lag (le Me
thus, in this manner okoni (T).

R.’A. Sac., No. 63, 1912.

OV?
104 AN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT BATU LAWI.
tobacco sigup (Tey
to-morrow nubfar (T. M).
tooth lipan (M. K).
trouble, care tusah, susah (T. M. K).
true tho. (ike
trunk (of tree) batang (T. M).
under liane. (ye
untrue balih (T. M).
wages i btars (ae

wait, delay
walk, go

nat (Me ap
nalan (IK).

nador t6’6r (M), emphasized by
repeating the last word thus;
nador to’or to6’or,

nang: (Tie

walk along the ridge of a moun-
tain (or follow the direction
of a mountain )

weep, shed tears

what min (aye
when idang (T. M).

none in T. M.

nisiuih (T), nisiok (M. K).
jaina (T), idaina (Biase):
nechong (T), nechung (M).

which (relative) Malay = yang
whistle

who? which ?

widow, widower

wind barii (T), bui (M).
wound maurah (M. K).
you kam (T), ’kor (M).

(you go first, malan ‘kor potn).

NUMERALS IN TABUN AND MorovtT.

1 sa 5 limah 9° Se wa
2 dua 6 “nam 10 puloh
3. telar + ~=©tudoh 11 puloh sa
4 pat 8 aloh 100 ma’ratu
1000 ma’ribu,
/ Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc. No. 63, 1912.

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