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JOURNAL

OF

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF

NOTICE.

The publication of this Journal having been unavoidably suspended for several years, it is now
resumed in a New Series.

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1847—1850.

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JOURNAL

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF

PHILADELPHIA.

SE PSN NIT IE OIE IE ET
VOL. I. SECOND SERIES.

PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED FOR THE ACADEMY,
BY MERRIHEW & THOMPSON, NO. 7 CARTER’S ALLEY.

1847—1850.

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a . = ose *, Tepe ‘easel sagpiee ow
Kober hs aunt ane lh he i ati ae peeks Gini

CONTENTS.

PART t. DECEMBER, 1847.

Art. I.—On the Fossil genus Basilosaurus, Harlan, (Zeuglodon, Owen,) with a notice of
Specimens from the Eocene Green Sand of South Carolina. By Robert W. Gibbes,
M. D., of South Carolina, Correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia ; of the New York Historical Society, &c., - - - - :
Arr. II.—Notice of the Discovery of a Cranium of the Zeuglodon, (Basilosaurus.) By M.
Tuomey, State Geologist of South Carolina; Corresponding Member of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, - - - - - = - = b
Art. III.—Observations on certain Fossil Bones from the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. By Richard Owen, Esq., F. R. S., Professor of Comparative
Anatomy in the Royal College of Surgeons, London, &c., &c., - - :
Art, IV.—Description of a new rapacious Bird in the Museum of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. By John Cassin, - - - ts - Z
Arr. V.—Remarks on the Birds observed in Upper California, with descriptions of New

Species. By William Gambel, - - - = ou, 08 - m 2
Art. VI.—1. History and Anatomy of the Hemipterous Genus Belostoma. By Joseph Leidy,
M.D, 2. Miscellanea Zoologica. By Joseph Leidy, M. D., - - - a
Art. VII.—Fragmenta Entomologica. Auctore J. L. Le Conte, M. D., - - - £

PART II. AUGUST, 1848.

Art. VIII.—Descriptions of North American Coleoptera, chiefly in’ the Cabinet of J. L. Le
Conte, M. D., with reference to described species. By S. S. Haldeman, = =
ART. [X.—Observations on the Eocene formation, and descriptions of one hundred and five
new fossils of that period, from the vicinity of Vicksburg, Mississippi; with an
Appendix. By T. A. Conrad, -~ - - - - : = = : :
Art. X.—Description of a new Buceros, and a notice of the Buceros elatus, (Temm.,) both of
which are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By
John Cassin, - - - ~ - - - - = = = c G
Art. XI.—Descriptions of three new species of the genus Icterus, (Briss.,) specimens of
which are in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By
John Cassin, - - - - - - - - - - - - =
Art. XII.—Monograph of the Fossil Squalidz of the United States. By Robert W. Gibbes,
M. D., of South Carolina, Correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences, &c., -
Arr. XIII.—Descriptions of Plants collected by William Gambel, M. D., in the Rocky
Mountains and Upper California. By Thomas Nuttall, - - Ee ‘

16

57

71

95

1

135

137

139

149

Art.

ART.

ART.

ART.

ART.

ArT.

ArT.

ART.

ART.
ART.

ART.

ART.

ART.

ART.

CONTENTS.

PART III. AUGUST, 1849.

XIV.—Monograph of Fossil Squalide of the United States. By Robert W. Gibbes,
M. D., of South Carolina, Correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, &c., - - - - - - - - = 2 E =
XV.—Descriptions of new Fossil and Recent Shells of the United States. By T. A.
Conrad, - - - - - - = - 5 ss = : a =
XVI.—Notes on Shells, with Descriptions of new Genera and Species. By T. A.
Conrad, - - - - - - = 4 . : Z . * 2.
XVII.—Remarks on the Birds of Upper California, with descriptions of new species.
By William Gambel, M.D., - ~~ - Ses be af ee m edie
XVIII.—Additional Observations on a new living species of Hippopotamus. By Samuel
George Morton, M. D., Penn. & Edinb., - - - = = . - Z

XIX.—Descriptions of new species of Birds of the genera Vidwa, Cuvier, Euplectes,
Swainson, and Pyrenestes, Swainson, specimens of which are in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By John Cassin, - - - -
XX.—Cryptocephalinaram Boreali-americe diagnoses cum speciebus novis musei
lecontiani. Auctore S. S. Haldeman. - : - - - - - -

XXI.—Observations on the Reproductive Organs, and on the Feetus of the Delphinus
Nesarnak. By Charles D. Meigs, M.D.,_ - = = - : - -

PART IV. JANUARY, 1850.

XXII.— Descriptions of New Fresh Water and Marine Shells. By T. A. Conrad, -
XXIII.—Revision of the North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions of new
genera and species. By Spencer F. Baird, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, - - -
XXIV.—Descriptions of new species of the Genera WMicrastur, G. R. Gray, Tanagra,
Linn., and Sycobius, Vieill. By John Cassin, - - - - - - -
XXV.—New species of Myliobates from the Eocene of South Carolina, with other
genera not heretofore observed in the United States. By Robert W. Gibbes, M. D.,
Correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, &c., - -
XXVI.—Descriptions of two species of Distoma, with the partial history of one of them.
By Joseph Leidy; Misti, <i ie eRe Sg le ee
XXVII.—An attempt to classify the Longicorn Coleoptera of the part of America north
of Mexico. By John L. Le Conte, M. D., Taleo - - = rts

191

207

211

215

231

241

245

267

275

281

295

299

301

311

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PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

WILLIAM S. VAUX,
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THOMAS B. WILSON,
SAMUEL ASHMEAD,
WILLIAM GAMBEL.

JOURNAL

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF Pai LA DT Gh PHE A:

Art. I.— On the Fossil genus Basilosaurus, Harlan, (Zeuglodon, Owen,) mith a
notice of Specimens from the Eocene Green Sand of South Carolina. By RosBert
W. Gisses, M. D., of Columbia, South Carolina, Correspondent of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; of the New York Historical Society, &c.

Among the interesting discoveries of modern Geology, none have excited more
notice than the relics of immense Sauria and Cetacea.

In 1832, Dr. Harlan described a gigantic vertebra, weighing forty-four pounds,
sent to him by Judge Bry from the banks of the Wachita river, which he referred
to a new genus of the class Enattosaurt, of Coneybeare, and proposed for it, from its
analogies and gigantic size, the name of Baszlosaurus.* He subsequently procured
from the plantation of Judge Creagh, in Clark county, Alabama, remains of similar
vertebre, and portions of other bones evidently belonging to the same fossil, which
he afterwards described more at length, and figured, in his “ Medical and Physical
Researches.”

In 1835, Professor Agassiz visited England, and observed in the collection of the
University of Cambridge, a singular tooth, of which Scilla had given a figure. He
regarded it as a Mammalian, and published his views of it soon after in Valentin’s
“ Repertorium fir Anatomie und Physiologie.” Viewing it as nearly allied to the
seal family, he proposed for it the name of Phocedon. (PI. IL, fig. 9.)

In 1840, M. Grateloup published at Bordeaux a “ Description d’un fragment de
machoire fossile d’un geure nouveau de reptile (Saurien) voisin de l’Iguanodon.”’

*Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. IV., N.S.
VOL, I. 2

6 DR. R. W. GIBBES ON THE

This fossil was found at Léognan, a few leagues south of Bordeaux, in the calcaire
grossier, or Eocene. The form of the fragment he describes thus:

«Le museau est alongé, déprimé et va en s’amincissant comme dans le rostre des
crocodiles et de certains lézards. Sa longueur est d’environ dix-huit pouces, et n’est
pas méme complete. * * * Ce qui rend cet os fossile fort précieux, c’est la présence de
quatre dents postérieures, implantées dans leurs alvéoles. Le sommetdes trois est un
peu endommagé, mais la plus grande est d’une intégrité admirable. Elles sont fortes,
épaisses, subtriangulaires, pointues, comprimeées, et aplaties latéralement, un peu
arquées en dedans, fortement dentées en scie, ou plutot crénelées en leurs bords;
celui-ci est tranchant. Les dentelures sont profondes, inégales, plus multipliées du
cété de la téte de l’animal. Il y en a cinq sur ce bord, a la dent integre,
et deux seulement au bord opposé. Les dentelures présentent, a leur tour, de
fines denticulations. En résumé, la forme de ces dents rappellent celles des dents
de squale; et les détails des dentelures, rappellent faiblement aussi, ceux de la
structure des dents de Viguanodon. La hauteur de la dent bien conservée est de
seize lignes, hors de l’alvéole, d’un pouce. Le diamétre, sur ce point, est de six
lignes, tandis que vers la pointe il n’a que deux lignes et demie. La racine est de
forme conique; sa longueur doit égaler celui de la profondeur de la cavité alvéolaire,
qui est de neuf 4 dix lignes, comme je viens de Vindiquer.” (PI. I., fig. 5.)

He doubted whether to refer it to Cetacea or Sauria; and finally came to the con-
clusion that it constituted a new order of amphibious reptile—a carnivorous marine
animal of the tertiary period—perhaps a connecting link between the Lacertians and
the Sharks, and proposed for it the name of Squalodon.

In 1839, Dr. Harlan submitted his specimens to Professor Owen, of London, who,
‘upon a careful examination, expressed the conviction that they were not the bones of
a reptile, but of a great cetacean. The microscopic character of the texture of the
teeth, satisfactorily proved them to be mammiferous, and they were compared with
those of the few mammalia whose teeth are devoid of enamel. Professor Owen, with
his paper on the subject, has given figures of the teeth ; but subsequent specimens
show them to have been imperfect from the absence of the enamel and a portion of
the crown.*

He found the humerus approaching more to the mammalian than to the saurian
types: the vertebre were strictly mammalian and cetacean; the teeth being freely
implanted in distinct sockets with double fangs, had much resemblance, in their inti-
mate structure, to those of the Dugong ; and he was thus induced to place it in the
class and order where it now remains. He says—‘TIt is to the teeth of the Cachalot
and Dugong, that those of the Basilosaurus offer the nearest resemblance in the par=
ticulars already cited, and I conceive its position in the natural system to have been

*Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Vol. VI.

FOSSIL GENUS BASILOSAURUS. if

in the cetaceous order, intermediate between the Cachalot and the herbivorous
species.” The peculiar form of a horizontal section of the tooth, suggested the
generic name of ZEuGLopoN, (yoke-tooth) (P1. 1., fig. 8,) and the affinity with Cetacea,
the specific term cetotdes. The following extract from Prof. Owen’s paper embodies
his remarks :

“The teeth in their combination of an exaggerated condition of the conjugate
form—which is but indicated in certain teeth of the Dugong, with two distinct fangs,
in their oblique position in the jaw, and the irregular interspaces of their alveoli—
present very striking peculiarities; and when to these dental characters we add the
remarkable and/abrupt contraction of the distal end of the humerus, which is never-
theless provided with an articulating surface for a ginglymoid joint, and its remarkably
diminutive size,—a cetaceous character which is here carried to an extreme; and
when we also consider the dense laminated structure of the ribs, and the third exag-
geration of a cetaceous structure in the extreme elongation of the body of the caudal
vertebra, we cannot hesitate in pronouncing the colossal Zeuglodon to have been one
of the most extraordinary of the Mammalia, which the revolutions of the globe have
blotted out of the number of existing beings.” The geological position of these
remains was for a long time undetermined; but Mr. Conrad and Mr. Lyell have
satisfactorily referred them to the Hocene period, as well those found in South Caro-
lina and Alabama, as those originally described by Dr. Harlan from the Wachita
river, in Louisiana.

In 1843, the greater portion of a skeleton of this huge denizen of a former world,
was procured from Clark county, Alabama, and taken to New York by Mr. S. B.
Buckley, who published an account of the bones in the American Journal of Science
and Arts ;* and a subsequent number of the Journal contains another notice by Mr.
Buckley of these specimens.t| They were sent to Albany, and placed by Dr.
Emmons in the saloon of the State geological collection, where I saw them in 1845.
They are now in the possession of Dr. J. C. Warren, of Boston, and have been in
part described by Professor Emmons, in the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture and
Science.{ The figures given are from perfect teeth, vertebre and ribs; and Prof.
Emmons, after noticing the drawings of Prof. Owen, expressed his conviction that,
after taking all the circumstances into consideration, the two descriptions pertain to
the same animal, and adds—* Of the bones, besides the vertebre, we have a femur
or humerus, and the ulna and radius, with a portion of a scapula, a portion of an
enormous pelvis, several ribs, two or three bones corresponding to the wrist, both
extremities of the lower jaw, and the extremity of the upper jaw, and many other
fragments of some importance. The vertebre extend in a line 65 feet.”

This is the most extensive collection of bones of this animal hitherto found, except-

* Vol. XLIV., for April, 1843. t Vol. IL., for July, 1846, new series. tJuly, 1845, and April, 1846.

8 DR. R. W. GIBBES ON THE

ing those crowded together by Mr. Koch, a German collector, and exhibited by him
as the remains of a single individual, from a single locality, under the erroneous name
of Hydrarchos. It is well known that most if not all of these gigantic bones belong
to the Zeuglodon, the supposed exceptions being some of the caudal vertebrae,
which may have pertained to another animal. The identity of the Zeuglodon
and Hydrarchos, was demonstrated to Mr. Koch himself, before he published his
description ; and subsequently Dr. Wyman of Boston confirmed and illustrated this
fact in a masterly manner. Prof. Miller of Berlin, who is now engaged in examining
Mr. Koch’s collection with a view to publication, has come to the same conclusion ;
on which point, however, no one could have a moment’s doubt who has any know-
ledge of the subject.*

I;have in my collection a large vertebra which was presented to me by Mr. Cooper,
of Claiborne, Alabama, and which is the specimen noticed by Mr. Buckley in the
American Journal of Science for July, 1846. It measures eighteen inches in length,
and twelve inches in diameter on the articulating surfaces; and although destitute of
the processes and somewhat broken, it weighs sixty-five and a half pounds! With
it I received several portions of ribs, corresponding in character with those described
by Dr. Harlan and Prof. Emmons.

I have lately had an opportunity of examining the cranium of a small Zeuglodon,
(Pl. V.) discovered by Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes; of Charleston, and described by Prof.
Tuomey in the Proceedings of the Academy.t ‘The characters of this skull afford
additional evidence that Prof. Owen was correct in assigning to the animal a place
among the Cetacea, for it shows a striking affinity to the genus Delphinus. Prof.
Tuomey thinks it belonged to a young animal; but the solidity of the bones and the
tooth, with the apparent full development of enamel, incline me to a contrary belief.
Since I have seen Grateloup’s description of Sguwalodon, and his figure, (Pl. I. fig. 5,)
I suspect the two may even prove specifically identical. The teeth are thinner, the
form of the crown more conical and the serratures more. vertical, the crenatures
smaller and shorter, and the neck, at the insertion into the alveolus, more contracted
in the Charleston and Léognan specimens than in the other species now under
consideration.

My supposed discovery of what I called Dorudon, described in the Proceedings of
the Academy for June, 1845, adds another species to this genus. In the notice I then
published, these remains appeared to me to differ generically from the Z. cetoides,

* Mr. Lyell has published sufficient evidence to show that Mr. Koch’s specimens were obtained in various parts
of Alabama. This is further proved by a letter from Dr. Lister, of Alabama, published in the Proceedings of the
Boston Society of Natural History; and Dr. Dickeson, who has recently made a geological exploration of that state,
confirms the now proverbial fact, that the so-called Hydrarchos was obtained from several different and even distant
localities.

+ February, 1847.—Prof. Tuomey’s description is republished in the present volume.

FOSSIL GENUS BASILOSAURUS. 9

which I had examined in Albany. I founded the distinction on the hollowness of the
teeth and the more elongated, gavial-like form of the beak. The following is the
description, slightly amended, which I then gave of these teeth. (PI. IV. figs. 1, 2, 4.)
‘Teeth spear-shaped, the crowns compressed laterally, and in distinct, deep sockets,
with double fangs; the bifurcation commencing a half inch below the enamel, which
extends from the point of the tooth one inch ; enamel smooth, except near the base,
where it is wrinkled vertically ; the serre longitudinal, diminishing in size from the
apex of the tooth, which is seven-eighths of an inch from the first lateral point ;
length of the tooth 34 inches; breadth 23 inches; thickness of the body below the
enamel, a half inch; the anterior root a cone, compressed ‘laterally ; the other pris-
matic, thicker on the posterior side, which is fluted so as to present the appearance of
being partially divided into two fangs: where the fangs are united, the neck is con-
tracted, so that a horizontal section presents the yoke-shape of the Zewglodon of Owen.
In one of the teeth the distance from the extremities of the fangs across is 23 inches.”

Besides the serrated molar teeth, which are figured in a portion of a lower maxilla,
and which are all similar, J have two kinds of perfect canine te sth of a single fang
each, one of which was then, and both of which are now, figured. One is curved,
compressed and pointed, resembling very much a figure given by Faujas de St. Fond*
of a tooth of the Asiatic crecodile or gavial ; though it has no appearance of a second-
ary tooth, and is contracted at the extremity of the fang, and inserted obliquely in
the socket. It is much compressed laterally and longitudinally, and is hollow, the
dentine thin, but the enamel developed. A depression on each lateral surface almost
gives it the appearance of being lobed, showing the tendency to the yoke form in the
section. It has also cutting edges on the anterior and posterior compressed sides of
the enamelled crown, and in appearance resembles very much the teeth of Megalo-
saurus, though the edges are not serrated, (Pl. IV., fig. 3.) The other canine tooth,
(PL. IL., fig. 1,) is more straight until within the distance of the enamel from the point,
which is slightly curved. The body below the enamel bulges out, and is not com-
pressed laterally like the former specimen. Casts of both these teeth, and of the
molars, were forwarded to Prof. Owen by my friend Dr. 8. G. Morton, who has
kindly favoured me with a letter from that distinguished naturalist, containing his
impressions on the subject.

“RoyaL CoLLece oF Surceons, Nov. 11, 1845.

“T have been much gratified by finding, on my return from a tour in Italy, addi-
tional examples of your friendly remembrance in the interesting cast of the tooth on
which Dr. Gibbes has founded his genus “Durudon.” It reminds me of the character
of the serrated teeth described by M. Grateloup in the “ Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie,”
1841, p. 830, as those of a fossil carnivorous cetacean for which he proposes the name

* Fossiles de St. Pierre 4 Maestrecht, P]. XLIX., A.
3

10 DR. R. W. GIBBES ON THE

Squalodon. I have not, however, seen these teeth, and know them only by Grate-
loup’s brief description.

“With regard to Dorudon, I ha\e a stronger suspicion that the large two-fanged,
compressed, serrated tooth which you have transmitted to me, may prove to be an
anterior tooth of ZeucLovon (Baséilosaurus, Harlan.) It would be desirable to deter-
mine accurately the modifications of form of the teeth in different parts of the jaws
of that very remarkable cetacean, and to this end I trust Mr. Koch’s late discovery
in Alabama may contribute.

“In the same box was the cast of the tooth of the Mosasaurus, and also two un-
coloured casts of simple t.eth. One I take to be the canine of a bear. Were these
found with the serrated teeth of Dorudon ?”

Subsequently he says—

“JT had written the foregoing before discovering in the pyramid of papers accu-
mulated during my absence, the packet of memoirs which accompanied the casts. I
observe therein that Dr. Gibbes has made the comparison of his Dorudon with Zeu-
glodon, and founds a di: tinction in the form of the jaw. With regard to the hollow-
ness of the teeth of Dorudon, this might perhaps arise from the immaturity of the
individual which yielded the fossils.

“The figure subjoined to Dr. Gibbes’s most interesting paper reminded me of the
very old figure in “Scitua, de corporibus marinis; tab. XII. fig. 1, 1747,” of serrated
teeth, which have been the subject of much ‘speculation.* My last views of them
were that they were apparently premolars of the fossil Hippopotamus.t Dr. Gibbes’s
discovery may prove them to belong to the very curious family of extinct cetacea of
which BasitosauRus is the type, and to which itis most probable that Dorudon
belongs.

“The tooth like the canine of a bear” (PI. IL fig. 1,¢) “1s not that which Dr. Gibbes
has figured,” (P1 IV., fig. 3;) “ the figured tusk or canine belongs toa different genus
from the tooth I have likened to a bear’s cae and may probably be from the
lower jaw of Dorudon, as Dr. Gibbes supposes.”

The figured tusk alluded to by Prof. Owen, was subsequently aoeel to be from
the lower maxilla, for I found it inserted ina fragment of that bone. (PI. IIL., fig. 2,)
During an cxtensive exploration of the bed of green sand at the locality, with the
hope of turning up other portions of the skeleton, fragments of a lower maxilla con-
taining the then unfigured tusk were procured, with twelve caudal vertebre. These
il was disposed to consider as belonging to another species, if not a new genus as sug-
gested by Prof. Owen, but a careful examination of Prof. Warren’s specimens con-
vinces me that I must refer them to Z. cetozdes.

*T learn from M. Agassiz that the tooth in the University of Cambridge is the original which fumished the figure
given by Scilla. I have copied one of these teeth from Scilla. (Pl. IL. fig. 9.)

t Odontography, p. 564.

+ This tooth was not figured in my original memoir, but a cast was sent to Prof. Owen.

FOSSIL GENUS BASILOSAURUS. 11

I have two fragments of this maxilla—one five inches long, containing a canine
tooth with the alveoli of two others, (Pl. IIL, figs. 5 and 6,) and the other of the
opposite side, about three inches. The characters of these specimens I thought were
more Saurian than Cetacean ; there being distinct pits on the outer surface of the jaw,
showing the overlapping of the upper teeth as in Saurians; and the vertebre having
a strong tendency to become convex posteriorly. However, Iam now satisfied that
they belong to Z. cetozdes.

Among the fossils of the Hocene period found with these relics, are tympanic bones
and teeth of cetacea resembling Physeter macrocephalus, and Balena affinis, Owen,
as given in his “ British Fossil Mammalia.” Several vertebre of a Delphinus, teeth
of a true crocodile, and others with a compressed lateral cutting edge similar to figures
given by Prof. Owen in his Odontography, as of extinct Saurians, which Prof. Agassiz
informs me have been figured by H. Von Meyer, under the name of Mudrimosaurus;
a fossil that appears to me to have an analogue in the Crocodilus macrorhyncus of
Harlan.*

Here also I found teeth of a large Pristis, (Pl. I., fig. 6 and 7,) differing from
P. acutidens, Agassiz.t The prevalence of Cetacea and Sauria at this period,
together with that of fossils common to the cretaceous and Eocene beds, are inte-
resting facts. ‘These Hocene beds are the lowest in the series, and contain Gryphea
mutabihs, (Morton,) and Terebratula Harlani, (Morton,) which are also found iu the
cretaceous formation ; while Cardita planicosta, (Sowerby,) Scutella Lyelli, (Conrad,)
Pecten membranosus, (Morton,) and other fossils, characterize them as Eocene.

When the Maestricht monitaur was discovered, it wasa long time before naturalists
were able to decide its position in the scale of organized beings. Camper and Van
Marum considered it Cetacean; Hoffman, Drouin, and Faujas de St. Fond insisted
that it was a Crocodile; but Adrien Camper decided it was neither cetacean, fish,
nor crocodile, and referred it to a new genus of Sauria related to the Monitor, and to
which Coneybeare gave the name of Mosasaurus, Subsequently Cuvier confirmed
the opinion of Camper.{ Since that period various new genera have been added to
this remarkable class of fossil reptiles, yet doubts have existed whether some of them
do not possess affinities to the Mammalia. Cuvier has laid down the following rule.
which is now generally admitted :

“Fin Zoologie, quand la téte, et surtout les dents et les machoires, sont données,

* Medical and Physical Researches, p. 380; and Journal of Academy of Natural Science, Vol. IV., p. 15, 1824.

tThis Pristis bears some resemblance to P. acutidens, Agassiz, but differs in tapering more gradually from the
root to the point which is more acute. The root is thicker and longer in proportion, and the groove or channel
on the posterior edge is deeper, and extends to the point of the tooth. The body is rather more pyramidal than
conical, as in P. acutidens. I propose for it the name of Pristis agassizi as a small tribute to the distinguished
author of the great work ‘‘ Sur les Poissons Fossiles.”?

t Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, Tome V., p. 314.

12 DR. R. W. GIBBES ON THE

tout le reste est bien présde l’étre, du moins pour ce qui regarde les caractéres
essentiels ; aussi n’ai je point eu de peine a reconnaitre a classer les vertébres quand
une fois j’ai bien connu la téte.”’*

There is, however, an exception in the case of Megalosaurus and Geosaurus. Von
Meyer says of the former, “that notwithstanding the similiarity of the teeth with
those of Geosaurus, the structure of the rest of the skeleton differs very considerably.
Among the bones yet found some remind us of the Crocodile, others of the Monitor,
while others have not been sufficiently determined. The beak appears to have been
straight and elongated; the width of the vertebre at present discovered, exceeds
their length by a third. They are contracted in the middle, as in Streptospondylus ;
both surfaces are plane.”+ And he again observes of them, that “the teeth are very
similar, while they have nothing else in common.” Although, in the recent croco-
diles, the vertebra are convex on one surface and concave on the other, still there
are some fossil species which are plane or concave on both surfaces, and thus re-
semble those of Cetacea.

“Tn the recent crocodile,” says Dr. Mantell, “the vertebree are convex posteriorly,
and concave anteriorly ; but those from Tilgate, like the vertebre of the crocodile of
Caen, and of one of the species of Havre, are, with but few exceptions, slightly con-
cave at both extremities ’{ In Megalosawrus both surfaces are slightly concave ; in
Iguanodon, they are almost flat on one side and slightly depressed on the other; in
Geosaurus slightly concave; in Streplospondylus ‘the vertebre are distinguished by
the very remarkable peculiarity, that their anterior surface is convex, and the hinder
concave ; consequently the reverse of those of the Crocodiles, and formed like the cer-
vical vertebre of the whole order of terrestrial mammalia.”’§ On this peculiarity the
genus Streptospondylus is founded. Cuvier also says :

“ Mais il y a des vertébres de grands reptiles, qui ressemblent si fort a celles de
certains dauphins qu’il est facile de s’y tromper; toujours faudrait-il examiner leur
position avec beaucoup de soin, et voir sil n’y aurait point, a cet egard, de difference
entre ces os de cétacés et ceux de reptiles.”’||

For several varieties of vertebre of fossil Saurians differing from the recent species,
I refer to Dr. Mantell’s work on the Fossils of Tilgate Forest. These remarks and
references are necessary in relation to the description of my later specimen, which
possesses characters belonging to the Cetacea and Sauria, though the former pre-
dominate.

In the lower maxilla (Pl. II1., figs. 4 and 6) there are marked differences from the
former, (Pl. IIL, figs. 1 and 3.) The external surface is convex, the inner hollowed,

* Cuvier, Art. Sauriens, Vol. V., p. 326.

t On the structure of Fossil Saurians, in Charlesworth’s Magazine of Natural History, Vol. L., p. 341.
t Geology of South East of England, p. 263.

§ H. Von Meyer, ut supra, p. 352.

| Letter to G. Mantell, Geology of South East of England, p. 282.

FOSSIL GENUS BASILOSAURUS. 13

the two meeting in a sharp angle within and above the longitudinal median line of
the lower surface, which is well exhibited in the sections, (Pl. III, figs. 3 and 4,)
posterior to the insertion of a canine tooth. The latter specimen, (fig. 4,) upon a
careful comparison with’ that of Prof. Warren, I am satisfied is identical with it.
From Prof. Emmons’s description I was disposed to consider them different; but he
was mistaken in describing the anterior portions of the lower maxilla as being united,
and having a ¢roove or sulcus; whereas they are only united at the terminal extremities
of the rami anteriorly ; the interspace being filled with the matrix, which requires to be
closely scrutinized to show the fact. I pointed it out to Prof. Wyman when we lately
examined the specimen together. A little above the longitudinal median line on the
inner face, the inner alveolar process arises like a continuous parapet, of a half-inch in
thickness, extending nearly as much above the insertion of the canine tooth (PI. IIL.,
fig 5, a,) which is placed almost perpendicularly in the alveolus. In this respect it is
directly the opposite of the Megalosaurus, where the external edge of the jaw rises almost
an inch above the margin, forming a lateral buttress to support the teeth externally.
Immediately anterior and posterior to this canine, are hollow pits or depressions on
the outer surface of the jaw for the overlapping of the tusks of the upper jaw. In
Prof. Warren’s specimen, this inner thick plate or buttress is distinctly marked, but
Dr. Emmons’s figure does not represent it. In my first specimen there is no such
additional plate, or projecting alveolar process, on the inner side of the maxilla. In
the latter case, the pits, of which two exist in each lateral fragment, certainly show an
approximation in the animal to the Saurzan rather than to the Cetacean type. Both
are hollow.

‘Tn all the genera of Crocodilians,” observes Prof. Owen, in his Odontography, “the
teeth of the upper and lower jaws are so placed that their points, instead of meeting,
interlock. In the Crocodiles, (genus Crocodilus,) the first tooth in the lower jaw
is received into a notch excavated in the side of the alveolar border of the upper jaw,
and is visible externally when the mouth is closed.” “In the Gavials, (genus
Gavialis,) the first as well as the fourth tooth in the lower jaw, passes into a groove in
the margin of the upper jaw, when the mouth is closed.” p. 286.

I have not yet seen a perfect upper maxilla, but supposing from the form of the
groove that a similar tusk existed in the upper jaw, here would be another approach
to the Gavials, (so far as the canines are concerned,) since their teeth are nearly equal in
size and formin both jaws. In the figures given by Faujas de St. Fond of the Asiatic
and African crocodiles, these pits or depressions in the lower jaw are obvious cha-
racters.

Of the caudal vertebre I received twelve, six larger (PI. II., figs. 6 and 7) desti-
tute of spinous processes, and six smaller (PI. IL., figs. 4 and 5) without any pro-
cesses—merely rudimentary notches. The largest of the former is three and a half

inches long, and four inches in the width of the articular surfaces, which are circular
4

y

14 DR. R. W. GIBBES ON THE

the anterior face is irregularly concave, with a depression in the centre, while the pos-
terior is slightly convex ; in the smaller vertebre (fig. 4) which have no processes, the
concavo-convex character is more marked. Several of the larger vertebrae resemble
the description given by Dr. Mantell* of Cetzosaurus; but instead of becoming bi-con-
cave as they approach the caudal extremity, the posterior surface becomes more
convex. In this respect they resemble the Monitor. All the caudal vertebre of the
Monitor have the anterior surface concave, and the posterior convex. PI. IL, fig. 8,
represents the caudal vertebre in position. :

The centrum or body of the six larger vertebre, which differ very little in size, is
somewhat contracted in the middle; and on the sides of the processes is a little de-
pressed : the transverse processes are pyramidal, the base extending the whole length
of the body, next to which, in the centre, is a large oval perforation. ‘This.I find in
some of the vertebra in Prof. Warren’s collection. He has no small caudal vertebre.
On the abdominal surface of the body is a longitudinal depression, which might
almost be called a groove, in the centre of which isa large foramen, in all the
vertebre. It is remarked by Professor Owen,+ that the bodies of the vertebre in
most species of Plesiosaurus, are traversed vertically by two vascular canals, which
lead from the medullary or spinal canal to the inferior surface of the centrum, where
they terminate each by an orifice, and sometimes by two orifices, on each side of the
middle line. These orifices, however, are not a constant character of the genus
Plesiosaurus, neither are they peculiar to this genus, being present in the vertebre
of the Cetacea as well as those of the Sauria. The medullary cavity is formed by
two lateral processes extending upward and forward, connected by an arched, bony
band. All the apophyses seem anchylosed, for I can find no trace of asuture. In
the larger specimens are tubercles for the attachment of chevron bones.

In making a distinction between my two specimens, in addition to the more elon-
gated and tapering form of the jaw, I urge the difference in form of the tusks, the
oblique position of the fangs, and the freedom from the projecting inner plate of the alve-
olus; and I still think the character of hollowness is not entirely to be set aside. Prof.
Wyman is of opinion that the thinness of the dentine and the hollowness are indicative
of the immaturity of the animal; while Prof. Agassiz inclines to the belief that it is not
a young animal, as the enamel is perfectly developed and smooth—not wrinkled as
in young animals. Apart from this character he considers it a different species from
Z. cetoides. With these impressions, I propose for it the specific name of serratus.

The question now arises whether Dr. Harlan’s original name of BastLosaurus should
or should not be restored to the remarkable remains now under consideration. That
it is objectionable in a critically zoological point of view, we grant; but it is not
more so than many other names that are admitted in the systems, among which we

* Medals of Creation, p. 727. t Report on British Reptiles.

FOSSIL GENUS BASILOSAURUS. 15

may, by way of example, refer to that of Saurus, which Cuvier has applied to a
genus of Fishes. In the order of priority, Prof. Agassiz’s Phocodon supercedes Zeu-
glodon, which latter designation only expresses a character of the teeth, which is
equally present in some of the Dugongs and Seals. Of the several names—Basilo-
saurus, Phocodon, Squalodon, Zeuglodon and Dorudon, which have been successively
applied to these fossil remains, I respectfully suggest the propriety of restoring the
original appellative of the discoverer; and in so doing I further propose, in the
present state of our knowledge, to recognize three species of this extraordinary genus,

thus:
BasiLosaurus. Harlan.

1. B. cetoides. Owen.
2. B. serratus. Gubbes.
3. B. squalodon. Grateloup:

REFERENCE TO THE PLATES.
PLATE I.

Figs. 1 and 2. Anterior extremity of lower maxilla, (reduced.) Dr. Emmons’s collection.
« 3. Molar tooth, (natural size.) Dr. Emmons’s collection.
« 4. Large vertebra, (reduced.) Dr. Emmons’s collection.
«© 5. Fragment of upper maxilla, from Léognan in the Gironde. Squalodon of M. Grateloup.
“ 6 and 7. Pristis Agassii, (nobis.)
« 8. Section of molar tooth of Basilosaurus cetoides, from Prof, Owen’s Odontography.
PLATE II.

. Two views of canine teeth of B. cetoides. The author’s collection.

- Section of canine tooth of B. serratus. The author’s collection.

. Section of canine tooth of B. cetoides. The author’s collection,

. Small caudal vertebra of B. cetoides, (natural size.) The author’s collection.

. Small caudal vertebra, posterior articular surface, (natural size.)

“ 6 and 7. Large caudal vertebre of B. cetoides, (one-fourth natural size.) The author’s collection.

« 8. Twelve caudal vertebrae reduced, and in relative position.

«“ 9. Tooth of the Basilosaurus of Malta, copied from Scilla. Phocodon of Prof. Agassiz.
PLATE III.

. Fragment of lower maxilla of B. serratus. The author’s collection.

. Fragment of lower maxilla of B. cetoides. The author’s collection.

- Section of fig. 1.

. Section of fig. 2.

. Upper surface of fig. 6.

. Anterior fragment of lower maxilla of B. cetoides. The author’s collection.

y PLATE IV.

. Fragment of lower maxilla and teeth of B. serratus.

. Edge view of molar tooth of B. serratus, (natural size.)

. Lateral view of the same tooth.

. Two views of a canine tooth of B. serratus.
PLATE V.

Cranium of Basilosaurus, found in the Eocene near Charleston, South Carolina.

Om woe

a
AnfFwwre

wer mo

aetoral

Art. I.—Notice of the Discovery of a Cranium of the Zeuglodon, (Basilosaurus.)*
By M. Tvomey, State Geologist of South Carolina ; Corresponding Member of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Almost every day adds something to our knowledge of those remarkable forms
which, in the revolutions, of time have passed out of existence. In 1882, Dr. Harlan
described and figured in the American Philosophical Transactions some fossil bones
from Alabama, consisting of portions of the upper and lower maxille of an animal
to which he gave the name of Basilosaurus, from an impression that they belonged
toa gigantic Saurian. An examination of the teeth, however, satisfied Prof. Owen
that these remains pertained to a Cetacean, to which he has given the name Zeuglodon.

The first description of an entire tooth of this animal, was given by Mr. Buckley,
in a concise account of the discovery of a considerable portion of the skeleton, pub-
lished in the American Journal of Science in 1843. In 1845, Dr. R. W. Gibbes, of
South Carolina, published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, accurate figures of similar teeth with fragments of the lower maxilla.
The teeth being hollow, and in his opinion presenting other important differences, he
constituted for them a new genus, Dorudon.

The Hydrarchos, I believe, has passed away without advancing our knowledge
upon this interesting subject, excepting perhaps that Prof. Wyman discovered in the
extremity of the ribs some cetacean characters.

The next important development consisted in the publication, by Prof. Emmons, in
the American Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, of beautiful figures of the teeth, the
anterior portion of the lower maxilla, part of the ramus having the coronoid process
and condyle almost perfect, together with cervical and caudal vertebre, and a rib.
But up to the present time, no notice has appeared of the discovery of any consider-
able portion of the cranium proper—for the mutilated head of the so-called oe
chos can scarcely be considered an exception.

Early in January I was presented by I’. S. Holmes, Esq., with a portion of the left
upper maxilla, containing one tooth and the alveoli of several others, which he dis-
covered in the Hocene beds of Ashley river, about ten miles from Charleston. Soon
after, Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes, of the College of Charleston, visited the same locality,
and had the good fortune to find the rest of the scull, much fractured, but so care-
fully were the fragments collected, that with a little patience we were enabled to
restore them to their proper places. It is then altogether to these gentlemen that we
owe a knowledge of this valuable relic.

* Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, February, 1847.

MR. TUOMEY ON THE ZEUGLODON. Mi,

Description. Occipital bone somewhat semicircular, transversely flat or slightly
concave, central portion thin ; a crest-like ridge surrounds the superior portion termi-
nating in the suture with the temporal bone. Condyles two, articulating surfaces
lunate, and almost enclosing the foramen magnum. Foramen magnum oval; trans-
verse diameter 13 inches, vertical diameter 1 inch; transverse processes thick,
spreading, making the breadth of the base of the cranium equal to its diameter across
the zygomatic processes ; jugular foramen 3 inch in diameter; temporal bones small,
mastoid portion thick and strong but not prominent; articulating cavities for con-
dyles of lower maxille large, forming about 30° of a circle, inclining inwards and
backwards; maxille thick and strong, vertical section triangular ; a cavity for nerves
and vessels runs within at the points of the roots of the teeth ; alveolar process thick ;
palatal bone strong, anteriorly emarginate and horizontal, posteriorly descending
below the alveolar process.

Frontal bone and anterior portion of maxille wanting; walls of the nasal canal
smooth ; sutures squamous; in the left maxilla one tooth remains, which is solid, spear-
shaped, edges coarsely serrate, exterior side flattened, interior side convex, agreeing
in this respect with the position of the teeth in the shark ; roots double, nearly paral-
lel, and inserted obliquely backwards ; in the right maxilla are the alveole for eight
teeth with double roots. In the solidity of the teeth and slight divergency of the
roots, this specimen agrees with the figures of Dr. Harlan and Prof. /mmons.

This fossil is particularly interesting, as it removes every doubt, if any remain, of
the true character of the animal to which it belonged. 'The double occipital condyle
shows it to have been a mammal, while the squamous sutures and a symmetrical
form refer it to the Cetaceex.

Dimensions. Length 143 in.; greatest breadth 72in.; height 53 in.; length of
enameled portion of tooth ¢ in.; breadth in. It was evidently a young individual.
Gel Vis, fie. 1 and.2.)

Geological position. The teeth described by Dr. Gibbes were found in the oldest of
the calcareous beds of the Eocene of South Carolina, which contain Cardita planicosta,
(Sowerby,) and other well known Hocene fossils, torether with Gryphea mutabilis,
(Morton,) and Terebratula harlani, (Morton,) which are also common to the creta-
ceous formation. The fossil just described was found in upper beds of the Eocene ;
so that the Zeuglodon must have existed through the whole of the Eocene period ; a
period which, in South Carolina, was at least sufficiently long for the deposition of
three hundred feet of calcareous and sedimentary matter; a fact ascertained by
boring at Charleston.

pes oy

Art. III.—Odservations on certain Fossil Bones from the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.* By Ricuarp Owen, Esq., F. R. S8., Professor
of Comparative Anatomy in the Royal College of Surgeons, London, &c., &c.+

Genus Bos.

No. 1. Distal half of right humerus: it is about one-sixth less than the same part
in Bos primigenius, and more resembles that of the Aurochs: it belongs, probably, to
a species of Bzson.

No. 2. The left tibia of the same species.

Genus HKauus.
No. 3. Fragments of a lower molar tooth of the size of the Equus caballus ; but the
specific character not determinable.

Genus Mastopon.

No. 4. A portion of tusk, labelled Hippopotamus, but satisfactorily known to have
belonged to a Proboscidian Pachyderm by the decussating curved lines intercepting
lozenge-shaped spaces, at the transverse fractures of the ivory at the twoends. This ~
structure is shown in British Fossil Mammalia, p- 291, fig. 101,c. Transverse frac-
tures of the tusks of Hippopotamus show fine concentric lines, as figured in British
Fossil Mammalia, p. 402, fig. 160.

From the size, shape and slight degree of curvature of the Georgian fossil, it may
probably have belonged to the left side, lower jaw, of the Mastodon giganteus.

Genus Hartanus. Plate VI.,

No. 5. The middle part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of alarge Pachyderm, with
the last three (or true) molars, part of the premolar next in advance, and part of the
socket of another premolar. The crowns of all these teeth appear to have been worn
down by mastication to their base ; they present the proportions, and the last molar,
in a cast transmitted to me by my lamented friend Dr. Harlan, appears to retain the
anterior of the two large transverse ridges, which characterize the teeth of the genus
Lophiodon, Cuv.: it likewise possesses the large posterior lobe or talon, which dis-

* Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, August, 1846.

tThe organic remains which form the subject of this paper are a part of a series collected by James Hamilton
Couper, Esq., during the excavation of the Brunswick Canal, near Darien, in Georgia. Prof. Owen, having
expressed a wish to examine these fossils, they were transmitted to him through Mr. Charles Lyell, by authority ~
of the Academy, and the following highly interesting memoir was promptly returned. Besides the reference by
Professor Owen to Dr. Harlan’s original paper in the American Journal of Science, some valuable remarks by Mr.
Couper himself, will be found in Vol. I. of the Proceedings of this Academy, page 216.

PROF. OWEN ON CERTAIN FOSSIL BONES. 19

tinguishes this tooth in the Lophiodon from that of the Tapir. The teeth of the fossil
from Georgia a little exceed in size those of the Lophiodon Isselanus (Grand Lophiodon
d Issel, Cuvier, ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’ ed. 1822, tom. 2, pt. 1, p. 184, pl. 3, fig. 3,) the
antero-posterior diameter of the last molar in that species being one inch and eight
lines, and in the present fossil one inch ten lines. But the depth of the jaw below
the middle of the last molar in the present fossil is three inches; whilst that in the
Lophiodon Isselanus in the figure cited, is scarcely two inches; and Cuvier expressly
states (p. 186) that it surpasses in depth the corresponding part of the jaw of the
Lophiodon medius (pl. 3, fig. 1,) which has molar teeth of the same size as in the
Lophiodon Isselanus.

The present fossil has been described and figured in “ Silliman’s American Journal
of Science,” vol. 43, 1842, pl. 3, fig. 1, under the name of Sus Americana; Dr. Harlan
conceiving that from its general appearance and number of the teeth this fragment
bore a close analogy with the same part in the Sus babirussa, Buff., acknowledging,
however, that the Babyroussa “ wasa much smaller animal.” Besides the difference
of size, the last molar in the fossil has the anterior transverse ridge proportionally
larger, and the posterior lobe proportionally smaller than in the Babyroussa, resem-
bling the Lophiodon in the points in which it thus differs from the species of Sus cited.
The form of the fossil jaw differs at the part supporting the last molar from that in
the Babyroussa, where the socket of the last molar overhangs the inner surface of the
ramus, whilst in the fossil the inner surface of the ramus beneath the last molar
describes a gentle convexity from the tooth to the lower margin of the ramus. The
outer part of the ramus of the jaw of the Babyroussa begins to expand below the
fourth and fifth molars, counting forwards from the last, to form the socket of the
large tusk; but the fossil jaw does not offer the least indication of an enlargement
for that purpose; and the fractured anterior end, as displayed in the cast, is very
different in shape from the corresponding part of the jaw in the Babyroussa, and
shows merely the wide dental canal, and no socket for the tusk which would be here
situated in the Babyroussa or Wild Boar.

The nearest approximation which I could make from a study of a cast of the fossil
in question to any known existing or extinct animal, was to the great tapiroid Pachy-
derms; but I added in my description of this cast in the “ Catalogue of Fossil Mam-
malia and Birds in the College of Surgeons,” 4to., 1845, p. 198, “that ulterior dis-
coveries, may, indeed, show that the Lophiodont dentition was combined with other
characters in the American fossil, necessitating a generic distinction, and it is well to
remember that the dentition of the Macranchenia, of South America, a three-toed
Pachyderm with an astragalus almost identical with that of the Lophiodon, and of a
size which agrees with the jaw of the fossil Sus Americana of Harlan, has yet to be

discovered.”
The original of the cast shows the course of the enamel on the outer side of the

20 PROF. OWEN ON CERTAIN FOSSIL BONES.

penultimate molar ; it there defines an anterior lobe of the crown about the one-third
the antero-posterior extent of the crown, by a close, straight fold of enamel penetrating
inwards about 22 lines.

The anterior lobe or transverse ridge of the corresponding tooth of a Lophiodon
right, perhaps, present a similar appearance, if worn down to the base of the crown.

But in the present fossil, the enamel proceeds to define a middle lobe on the outer
side of the crown, shorter than the foregoing, beyond which the enamel and dentine
are worn obliquely away to the base of the posterior fang; the indication of the
middle external lobe or festoon of enamel is, however, decisive against its generic
relationship with Lophiodon.

This indication of the arrangement of the enamel, slight as it is, reminds one of
that in the lower molars of the Tozodon,* and another feature of resemblance is the
apparent interruption of the enamel at the anterior part of the molar in the fossil. If
the presence of two distinct fangs in the Georgian Fossil were adduced as dis-
tinguishing it from the Toxodon, it might be replied that perhaps the long curved
rootless molars in that animal at the last period of age might, as in the Horse, acquire
root.

But the trilobed character is on the outside of the molar in question, and on the
inside of those of the Toxodon; in which also the middle lobe only has a coat of
enamel, not the anterior or posterior of the inner lobes: there is no doubt, therefore,
that the Georgian Pachyderm is as generically distinct from Tozodon, as it is from
Lophiodon ; and it would seem to have diminished the interval which divides the
strange Gliriform Pachyderm of South America, from the more normal Tapiroid
forms of Pachyderms which are found fossil in the old world.

As naturalists have accepted the latinized Indian word Tapzrus as the generic
name of the existing American Pachyderm, which makes the nearest approach to the
present remarkable fossil, they will probably sanction the application to the genus
and species which it represents, of the name Harlanus Americanus ;+ in honour of the
indefatigable and accomplished naturalist by whom the fossil was first made known
to science.

Royal College of Surgeons, London, July 8th, 1846.

* Fossil Mammalia of the Beagle, pl. 5, fig. 2.

+ The annexed drawing of this fossil was made in London under the supervision of Prof. Owen.

yet]

Art. 1V.—Description of a new rapacious Bird in the Museum of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.* By Joun Cassin.

Genus Cymrinpis, Cuvier. Plate VII.

C. Wilsonii, nobis, §. Corpore toto supra nigro-fusco, in capite pallidiore, subtus albo, plumis totis a
mento usque ad caudz tectrices inferiores nonnullis fasciis transversis nitide rufo-castaneis ; his colo-
ribus collum in vittam circumductis. Primariis quartis, quintis et sextis longissimis et fere paribus,
pogoniis externis fere nigris, internis primariorum externorum a basi pene ad medium albis, parte
reliqua rubida ad castaneum vergente, primario quovis (in pogonis interno) maculis duobus nigris et
inequaliter formatis, apice nigro. Cauda dorso concolore, nisi pallidiore, ad basin alba, fasciis ad
quatuor, latis, fere nigris, fascia ab apice secunda vitta angusta, rufa, obscure definita, comitata.
Caudz apice subtiliter albo marginato. Rostro permagno (quam in quavis alia hujusce generis, specie
largiore,) flavido albo, ad basin ceruleum-corneum vergente.

@. Corpore toto supra ceeruleo-cinereo, in capite pallidiore, subtus fasciis concoloribus, ferrugineo tinctis.

Long. tot. (exuvie maris) a rostri apice usque ad finem caude, 17 poll. Hab. in Insula Cube.

Male. Body above entirely dark brown, paler on the head, beneath white, every
feather from the chin to the under tail coverts crossed by several bars of bright rufous
chestnut, and these colours extending upwards into a collar around the neck; Ath,
5th and 6th primaries longest and nearly equal, external webs nearly black, internal
webs of outer primaries white at base, and for nearly half their length remaining part
reddish inclining to chestnut, every primary (on its inner web) having two irregularly
shaped blaek marks, and tipped with black. Tail of the same colour as the back, but
paler, white at base and crossed by about four broad bars, which are nearly black,
the second bar from the tip accompanied by a narrow, rather indistinct bar of rufous ;
tip of tail narrowly edged with white.

Bill very large, larger than that of any other species of this genus, yellowish white,
inclining to bluish horn colour at base.

Female. Body above entirely light bluish ash colour, paler on the head, beneath
barred with the same, the bars having a ferruginous tinge.

Total length, (skin of the male,) from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail
seventeen inches.

Hab. Island of Cuba.
The two specimens here described were presented to the Academy by its esteemed

member, Richard C. Taylor, Esq., the eminent geologist, who has kindly furnished

*Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, April, 1847.
6

22 MR. CASSIN’S DESCRIPTION OF

a memorandum from a journal kept by him at the time they were procured, with
the following interesting note of the locality and of the habits of this remarkable

species :

“ PHILADELPHIA, April 5th, 1847.

Dear Sir,—I make the best reply in my power respecting the pair of Hawks, the
skins of which and of other birds were brought by me from the Island of Cuba; but
not being an ornithologist, the very concise description that I can give of them may
not be very intelligible nor useful.

The locality was towards the north-eastern part of the island, in the vicinity of the
port of Gibara, in the province of Holguin. The range of country more especially
traversed by me, during six months’ residence, extended from the seacoast to thirty
miles inland, either into the Savanna or copper region of the mountains. I have
particularly described this country in the Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society, vol. ix., pp. 204 to 218, where I have also given a reconnoisance map,

My journal contains a short note made at the time these hawks were shot. My
companion and myself saw this pair in company, hovering over the crest of the high
limestone mountain called La Silla, about seven miles from the coast. My attention
was called to them by my companion, a resident of the island, who asssured me they
were extremely rare, and he hoped we should be able to shoot them; we were then
on the peak of the mountain, and, after a little chase, were so fortunate as to obtain
both male and female. My memorandum is literally as follows:

“Gabilan azul, blue hawk of the Spaniards, male and female, very rare and diffi-
cult to shoot. Pupil black, with a greenish yellow iris.”

The food of these birds was stated to be various birds, of which doves were the
most abundant on the spot, with perhaps an occasional relish of lizards, which were
also abundant. I understood that these hawks frequented the most lofty and solitary
peaks, and were not often seen below. We considered ourselves Sue! y fortunate
in the acquisition of this fine pair of birds.

Respectfully, yours,

Ricaarp C. Taytor.
Mr. John Cassin.

The bill in this species is very large in proportion to the size of the bird, much
better entitling it to the specific name magnirostris than any other rapacious bird
with which I am acquainted; it agrees, moreover, tolerably well with the descrip-
tions of Falco magnirostris, Gm.; so does the young Cymindis uncinatus, Illig. All
authors, however, except Dr. Latham, appear distinctly to understand the F. mag-

A NEW RAPACIOUS BIRD. 23

nirostris, Gm., to be the bird figured in pl. enl. 464, which is a very common South
American species of Astur.

Dr. Latham, in his article on F’. magnirostris, Gen. Hist., vol. 1., p. 282, gives a
description of a bird suspected by him of being the species intended by Gmelin,
which applies very well to Cymindis cayanensis, Gm., in young plumage, but not to

the species now described.
I have named this species in honour of Thomas B. Wilson, M. D., as a slight

tribute to his high personal merit, and to his munificence as a patron of Zoological

science.

[ 2 ]

Art. V.—Remarks on the Birds observed in Upper California, mith descriptions of
New Species. By WituiamM GAmMBEL.

CATHARTES, Ihg.

1. C. caLirornianus, (Shaw.) Rantz. Californian Vulture.

This immense and interesting bird, rivalling the Condor in size, and confined
exclusively to the Pacific coast, is particularly abundant in California during winter,
when they probably come from Oregon, as they are said to disappear from the region
of the Columbia at that time.

Although it does not display the familiarity of the Turkey Buzzard, yet they are
often found in the vicinity of the towns.*

It is very voracious, and nothing less than the carcass of a horse or cow can make
a meal for many of them; but such food is abundant, at least in the fall of the year,
where the dry pasturage has been destroyed by fire, accidentally or intentionally, by
the Indians. These fires extend over large tracts of country, and in consequence
many cattle perish, as well as from the summer drought.

It is not uncommon to see them assemble with the gulls, and greedily devour the
earcases of whales which have been cast ashore; they will also frequently pursue
wounded game.

The male in perfect plumage has the skin of the head and neck orange-yellow, and
the irides carmine.

2. C. aura, (Linn.) Illig. Turkey Vulture.
The Turkey buzzard is quite as abundant and familiar in California as it is in the
southern parts of the United States. It is seldom molested, on account of its useful-

*T may mention here an instance of the great disposition in the Vultures to become domesticated, and to show
how much they differ in character from the other Accipitres with which they are classified. A Condor, which I
saw in Valparaiso, Chili, during the early part of the year 1845, was allowed to roam the city at large, and from its
remarkable docility received kind treatment from every one. It would follow and walk alongside of a person like
a dog, for a considerable distance, and offer no resistance to being handled or have its feathers or wings smoothed
down. It would walk up a long hill leading to a part of the city where the foreigners resided, and when tired of
the place, or afier having obtained all it could procure to eat, would spread its huge wings and soar down to the
city, alighting perhaps on a steeple or other lofty point. So good natured was it that it would receive the caresses
of children, and permit them to beat it with switches, or even to attempt to get upon its back. It was fond of
thrusting its bill into my pocket, and under the straps of my pantaloons, at the same time shutting its eyes and
allowing me to rub and scratch its head. In fact, I think that I have never met with any bird which exhibited more
tameness or greater confidence in man than this large and remarkable Condor. They appear to be frequently
caught by the Peruvians and Chilians, and thus tamed; on the mole of Callao (Peru) I have several times seen
nearly full grown birds exposed for sale, being confined only by a strong string passed through their open nostrils.

a

26 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

ness in ridding the neighborhood of the towns and farm houses of the refuse of the
cattle, which are slaughtered in such great numbers.

The Carrion Crow (C. atratus, Wils.) is very common about the Gulf of California,
and at Mazatlan, particularly, may be seen around the town in large gangs. In
company with them I think I have also seen that distinct species intermediate between
the two, detected in the collection of the Academy, and described by my friend Mr.
Cassin.* Probably both may be found in Upper California.

HALIAETUS, Sav.

3. H. LevcocepHaLus, (Linn.) Sav. Bald Eagele.

Abundant; in winter feeding on the ducks and geese which cover the plains in
immense flocks.

I have found the nest on high isolated rocks along the coast, containing eggs as
early as the middle of February.

An interesting circumstance connected with this noble eagle, as the emblem of our
country, is, that it was held sacred by the native tribes of Indians of the coast and
interior of California.

Another large brown Eagle, the Aguala réal, is said by the Indians and others to
be occasionally observed here.

PANDION, Sav.

4. P. CAROLINENSIS, (Gmel.) Bonap. Fish Hawk.

Common along the coast, particularly the rocky islands, where they breed. At
Santa Catalina I found them nesting on the precipitous cliffs, in February, along
with the bald eagles.

ARCHIBUTEO, Brehm.

5. A. SANCTI JOHANNIS, (Gmel.) Gray. Rough-legged Buzzard.

Common in the prairie-valleys during winter, keeping much on the ground. The
adult in his dark livery, although frequently seen, is much less common than the
young.

BUTEO, Bechst.
6. B. BorEaLis, (Gmel.) Swains. Red-tailed Buzzard.

Very abundant; as also in the interior in the ranges of the Rocky mountains.
7. B. uineatus, (Gmel.) Jard. Red-shouldered Buzzard.

The shrill kee ow of this handsome species may be heard at all times around the
vineyards and farms of the lower portions of Upper California, where it is more
abundant than about Monterey.

* Cathartes Burrovianus, Cassin, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. II., p. 212.

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 27

8. B. swainsont, Bonap. Rocky Mountain Buzzard.
Buteo montana, Nutt. Man., p. 112, 2d ed.
B. vulgaris, Aud., pl. 372, et auc.

This species was first brought from the fur countries by Richardson, who con-
sidered it identical with the European Buteo vulgaris.

Bonaparte, in his comparative list of the birds of Europe and America, distinguishes
it by the specific name of Swainsonz, quoting Audubon’s description and plate of the
specimen brought from Oregon by ‘Townsend.

My friend Nuttall retains the common buzzard as an inhabitant of the fur coun-
tries, on the authority of Richardson, and refers Bonaparte’s synonym to that species,
describing this, which he considers sufficiently distinct, under the name of White-
throated Buzzard, Buteo montanus.

Richardson describes the nest as containing from three to five eggs, equal in size
to those of the common fowl, and of a greenish white colour, with a few dark brown
blotches at the thick end.

A. L. Heermann, M. D., during a recent trip to the prairies, found this species
breeding near the Platte River, and also procured the egg, of which he kindly
furnished me with a drawing and description. It is considerably smaller than that
of the Kuropean buzzard, and differs from it in being pure white, with a few dark
brown blotches on the smaller end, while the latter is of a bluish or greenish tinge,
with faded marks of a neutral tint, apparently sunk into the shell, and scattering
blotches of dark brown. ‘The account given me of its nest by Dr. Heermann agrees
so exactly with that of Richardson, that I have no doubt of its being the same bird.

ELANUS, Sav.
9. E. tevcurus, Bonap. White-tailed Elanus.

This active, beautiful hawk, is not unfrequent in California. At the Mission of
St. John, between Monterey and the Bay of St. Francisco, I procured three speci-
mens in one day. It flies low and circling over the plains in the manner of a marsh
hawk, feeding on the small birds which are so abundant on the ground. It is easy
of approach when perched on trees, and utters avery loud shrill cry, particularly
when wounded and caught, at the same time fighting viciously.

FALCO, Linn.
10. F. anatum, Bonap. Peregrine Falcon.
F. peregrinus, Wils., Aud.
Occasionally seen along the coast, nesting on cliffs near the sea.
11. F. copumsarius, Linn. Pidgeon Falcon.
Common throughout the Western coast.

28 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

CERCHNEIS, Bove.

12. C. spaRvERius, (Linn.) Boie. Sparrow Hawk.
This familiar little species is abundant throughout the country.

ACCIPITRE, Briss.
13. A. Fuscus, (Gmel.) Gray. Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Our pugnacious and daring little marauder appears to be distributed over the whole
of North America.

14. A. coopert, (Bonap.) Gray. Cooper’s Hawk.

The most remarkable similiarity exists between the plumage of this species and
the former in every age; and although the great difference in size renders it impos-
sible to mistake them, I think that if we depended upon the plumage alone, few suffi-
ciently distinguishing marks could be given. We find, in fact, in every department
of natural science, that those characters, which in one genus or family can be relied
upon as showing specific differences, are, in others, almost useless, or at best per-
plexing.

This bird is common throughout the Pacific coast.

CIRCUS, Lacep.
15. C. HuDsonius, (Linn.) Vieill. Marsh Hawk.
In low valleys or marshes throughout California, the Rocky Mountains, and New
Mexico, we are sure to find this widely disseminated species.

BUBO, Cuwv.
16. B. virerntanus, (Gmel.) Bonap. Great Horned, or Cat Owl.
Common in the wooded regions of Upper California.

STRIX, Linn.
17. S. peRLATA, Licht. American Barn Owl. Verzéichniss d. doubl. des Berl.

Mus. p. 59. De Wied’s Zoology of Brazil, vol. i11., part 1, p. 263.

S. flammea, Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. vi., pl. 50, fig. 2.
S. furcata, Temm. Planche’s col. 432.

S. pratincola. Bonap.

S. Americana, Aud. Bds. of Amer., pl. 171.

The American Barn Owl was first distinguished from the European, by Lichten-
stein, in his catalogue of the duplicates of the Berlin Museum, published in 1823,
under the name of Strix perlata ; and afterwards by the Prince de Wied, who
described it more at length, and drew the distinctions between it and the true S.
_ flammea. It was again described and figured by Temminck, in the Planchés
Coloriées, under the very inappropriate name of S. fwrcata, the tail in some speci-

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 29

mens only being slightly emarginate. Bonaparte, in the Comp. List of the Birds of
Europe and North America, bestows upon it the name of S. pratincola, and lastly,
Audubon, that of S. Americana.

After comparing the specimens from North and South America and Mexico, con-
tained in the Wilson collection, I am satisfied that all these names have been given
to a single species, which is distributed over the whole of the tropical and temperate
Americas.

The geographical distribution of this species upon the American continent is one
of interest when compared with that of the S. flammea of the old world. The latter
is also confined to the temperate and tropical regions, being found throughout Africa,
and in Kurope extending only as far north as Denmark, decreasing in numbers as
we proceed northward.*

The American S. perlata appears to be confined within the 40° of latitude on each
side of the Equator, becoming rare in Chili, more abundant in Peru, Brazil, the West
Indies and Mexico, but with us again becoming rare as we approach the middle
states, beyond which it has not been seen.

On the Pacific coast I found it as far north as the 37° of latitude, but it is not
included in the lists which have been given of the birds of Oregon.

Even were the distinctions between the two birds less marked, I should look upon
the fact, that in neither continent do they approach the arctic regions, at the same
time that they are spread over so vast an extent of country, as constituting one of the
best grounds for their being considered distinct.

Although much has been said of the difference of colour in the two species, I can
discover none ; on the contrary, there is the most perfect resemblance in every respect,
except in sizeand proportions. The length of the wing in the S. flammea is 113 inches,
in the S. perlata it is 132 inches; the tail in the former is 5 inches, in the latter 53.
In the size of the bill there is considerable difference, but more in the tarsus, which in
the European is about 23 inches in length, while in ours it is 3 inches or more,
and, as well as the feet, are very much larger and stouter.

Young birds of both species are of a light rust colour beneath, speckled with
roundish dusky spots. In the adult they become pure white beneath, a few of these
spots only remaining upon the sides; the colour above is also very much changed,
srowing quite pale.

This delicate feathered and familiar owl, is in California sufficiently abundant, and
presents all the habits ascribed to its European relative. Its favourite resort is in
the neighbourhood of the towns and Missions, although it may be found also about
farm houses, and occasionally in prairie valleys, which furnish it with abundance of

*Yarrell’s British Birds, vol. 1, p. 129.

8

30 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

mice and other small animals for subsistence. Its nesting place is under the tiled roofs
of the houses of the towns, numbers under one roof, and shows but little fear when
approached. I have scarcely ever visited a Mission without disturbing some of these
birds, which were roosting about the altar, chandelier, &c., of the chapel, and hearing
the bendition of the Padre for drinking all the oil out of the lamps. Every where in
California, when speaking of it, we are sure to be told of its propensity for drinking
the sacred oil; a trait which has also been noticed in the European species.

The specimens which I have examined agree in every respect with those from this
side of the continent, and present the constant characters of larger size, and greater
length of wings and tarsi, which at once distinguish it from the Kuropean species.

ATHENE, Boze.
18. A. soctaLis, Gamb.. Burrowing Owl. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. I1., p. 74.
Strix cuniculartia, Bonap., Aud., Nutt.

This bird, which hitherto has been considered the same throughout the wide range
of North and South America, may, perhaps, be separated on as good grounds as
many of the owls which are generally admitted to be distinct. It is unnecessary to
repeat here the excellent descriptions which have been given by Bonaparte and
Audubon of North American specimens of the burrowing owl. I shall merely state
wherein I think ours differs from the South American.

It seems to differ in the general colour, being lighter in our species: with the
markings and quills usually of a pale yellowish or cinnamon hue, while in the other
it is much deeper and approaching dusky.

The most marked difference exists in the feet and legs, which are in ours slender
and delicate, while in the other they are longer and much stouter.

The wings are shorter, and have the first and fifth quills equal; if any thing, the
first longest ; in the South American the fifth quill is considerably longer than the
first.

I have not yet been able to institute a satisfactory comparison between these species,
but in those I have compared, the great difference in the proportions of the wings
and tarsi, seems to indicate specific distinctions ; that of colour is but of. little value,
without extended comparison of all ages and sexes.

The Prince de Wied, in his Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte von Brazilien, says that
he is satisfied that the North and South American Burrowing Owls are distinct
species, but judges alone, I believe, from plates and descriptions. ‘The Coquimbo
burrowing owl of Brisson is evidently distinct from either, being much larger, and
having the tail of a dirty white colour without spots.

I have seen this bird in various parts of Mexico, in the Rocky Mountains, and
California; in each place presenting but little difference in its habits. It always

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 31

lives in burrows in the ground, either solitary, as I have frequently seen it, or in
small companies. If it can avail itself of the labours of other animals, it will always
do so, so that it is a constant interloper in the habitations of the prairie dogs, and in
California in those of the large ground squirrel, which is there so very common. It
however often digs for itself, and lives in scattered companies of four or five.

Nuttall is, I think, mistaken with regard to its migrating from California in August.
I have seen it there at all periods of the year.

On the prairies its note is said to resemble that of the Marmots, with which it is asso-
ciated. The account which Vieillot gives of its nocturnal habits and note, has been
doubted by Bonaparte and my friend Nuttall, but during the breeding season, while
sleeping near their burrows, I have been awakened by its low, measured and solemn
cry, uttered much in the manner of its congeners, something like hoo hoo hoo o, but
peculiarly solemn. An aspirated whéh, whoh, is also a common note.

NYCTALE, Brehm.
19. N. acapica, (Gmel.) Little Night Owl.
I procured but one specimen of this species at Monterey in October.

HIRUNDO, Linn.
20. H. Tuattassina, Swains. Violet-green Swallow.

This beautiful species I found passing to the northward through California, in the
spring.

21. H. Futva, Vieill. Republican Swallow.

This is the most abundant swallow on our western coast, and arrives in California
about the latter part of February or beginning of March. They immediately resort
to the neighbourhood of the towns, missions and farm-houses, and soon commence
repairing their old retort-shaped nests, with which sheltered walls, the eves, and even
window frames of the houses, are sometimes nearly covered. The nest is also fre-
quently made on the trunks of large trees in the woods. They are very loath to quit
their old nesting places, and will persist in building them up, however often they
may be destroyed either by rain or the inhabitants.

CHELIDON, Bore.
22. C. Bicotor, (Vieill.) Bonap. White-bellied Swallow.
This is also a common species, and a few appear to remain all winter, but the
greater part arrive towards the close of February. At Santa Barbara, I found
their nests, as usual, in the knot holes of the evergreen oaks in April.

COTYLE, Boe.
23. C. RIPARIA, (Linn.) Boie. Bank Swallow.

Common ; burrowing their nests in the sandy banks of small streams and creeks,
which have worn deep ravines.

32 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

I also observed another swallow, not far from Monterey, in August, with a deeply
forked tail, like our barn swallow, but apparently differently marked.

CERYLE, Bore.
24. C. atcyon, (Linn.) Boie. Kinefisher.

Common along the whole of the western coast. In California it is never observed
to frequent the inland streams and creeks, being exclusively found along the rocky
shores and islands.

CALLIPHLOX, Bere.
25. C. ruFa, (Gmel.) Boie. Rufous Humming-Bird.
This beautiful little flame bearer is not unfrequent throughout California.

26. C. anna, (Less.) Gamb. Anna Humming-Bird.
Trochilus icterocephalus, Nutt. Man. Orn., vol. 1, 2d ed., p. 712.

A very abundant and interesting species, numbers passing the winter in California;
at such times inhabiting sheltered hill sides and plains; where, at all seasons, a few
bushy plants are in flower, and afford it a scanty subsistence. ‘They appear, how-
ever, in greater numbers about the latter part of February and during the month ot
March; the country is soon carpeted with flowers, and the Anna humming bird,
revelling among their sweets, commences the duty of rearing its young. About the
Pueblo, the vineyards and gardens are its favourite resort, forming its delicate downy
nest in a small flowering bush, or some concealed spot about the fence. Im April
or May these may be found in almost every garden.

In other parts it attaches its nest almost exclusively to a low, horizontal branch of
the evergreen oak, (Quercus agrifolia) so common throughout the country; the nest
is small, being about an inch in depth and one and a quarter in diameter ; it is not
very thick, and is formed in the most delicate manner of pappus and down of various
plants, held together and matted into a soft felt with spider’s webs, which latter I
have frequently observed them collecting for the purpose in the spring along hedges
and fence rows, and at first supposed they were only searching them for the gnats
and small insects which might be entangled; but ina nest which I now have, the
base is formed of a few dried male aments of the oak, which, with the adjoining
felt-like matting of pappus, is agglutinated and bound around the twig with a thick
layer of spider’s web. The eggs, as usual, are two, white and elliptical. The note
resembles that of the Rufous humming bird, and is a slender chep, frequently
repeated ; but during the breeding season they are very pugnacious, and the little
combatants dart through the trees, like meteors, uttering a loud and repeated twitter-
ing scold. It has the same habit also, that has been remarked in the Rufous hum-
ming bird, that of ascending in clear weather to a considerable height in the air, and
then descending with great rapidity, uttering at the same time a pecuhar note.

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 33

Nuttall, who brought this species from California, did not procure the male, but
saw it frequently, and supposed it to have a yellow spot on the crown. I discovered
that that which deceived him in this respect was the glutinous pollen of a tubular
flower upon which it feeds, adhering to the rigid feathers of the crown, and making
it look as if it really had a yellow head. I have also seen the bill for half its length
covered in the same manner.

SITTA, Linn.
27. S. CAROLINENSIS, Briss. Carolina Nuthatch.

This species is common in the pines of the Rocky Mountains, and also in the
wooded regions of the western coast.

28. S. canapensis, Linn. Canada Nuthatch.
I found this little wanderer very abundant in the mountains of the interior of

California in October, roving in company with busy flocks of the Parus montanus,
nobis.

29. S. pyemaza, Vigors. Pigmy Nuthatch.

Eixtremely abundant in winter in Upper California, sometimes almost covering the
trunks and branches of the pine trees, through which they exclusively forage.
Around Monterey, particularly, the trees at times are alive with these noisy little
creatures, incessantly uttering their monotonous querulous notes as they run around
the branches. ‘The note is generally a repeated whistling, wet, wt, which, when one
commences, the rest join in; they also utter a whistling trill, at the same time indus-

triously searching the tree throughout, and only leaving it when every crack has
been examined for the concealed insect fare.

TROGLODYTES, Viezil.
30. T. Bewicki, Aud. Bewick’s Wren.
T. spilurus, Vig. Zool. Beechey’s voyage. .
Common, keeping in low bushes and piles of brush, as well as about old dead trees
and logs, over and around which it flits with the greatest activity, uttering, when
approached, the usual grating scold of the wrens.
3 T. arunpDINAcEvs, Vieill. Marsh Wren.
Certhia palustris, Wils.
I found this species in small reedy marshes in the Rocky mountains of the interior,
in October.
32. T. americanus, Aud. Wood Wren.

A summer resident among the evergreen oaks of California, in which it sings and

breeds.
9

34 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

Lesson, in his Traité dé Ornith., p. 400, gives a Troglodytes Americanus, from
Cayenne, which had been so named by Cuvier, in the Gal du Paris; but as no
description appears to have been published, Audubon’s name must remain good.

Genus *CHAMAZA.+
Bill short, tapering to the point, acute and compressed. Both mandibles entire,
ridge of upper elevated, and curving nearly from the base; the depression for the
nostrils large, oval, and exposed ; the nostrils opening beneath a membrane in the
depression. Wings very short and much rounded. ‘Tail very long and graduated.
Tarsus long. This genus belongs to the sub-family Menurine of Gray.

Prats VIIL, fic. 3.
33. C. FasciaTa, Gamb. Ground Tit. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., vol. iii., p. 154.
Parus fasciatus, Gamb., Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., vol. i1., p. 265.

Male.—Feathers of the head elongated, erectile into a crest; head greyish brown, inclining to bluish grey
on the cheeks and sides of the neck. Back, rump, margins of wing and tail feathers olive brown.
Beneath pale rufous, slightly mingled with bluish grey about the throat and breast, and with brownish
about the flanks and vent. Wings and tail dusky brown, the latter distinctly barred throughout with
a darker colour, having from twenty to twenty-five bars, the quill feathers also barred in the same
manner on their inner webs. Bill and feet dark horn colour. Feathers between nostrils and eye
whitish. Wings short and rounded. 1st quill an inch shorter than 5th, 6th and 7th, which are
longest. 3d shorter than 9th to 12th, from flexure 2} inches. Tail very long, cuneated, 34 inches in
length; two outer feathers 14 inches shorter than middle ones. Tarsuslong and slender, 1linch. Total
length about 5 inches, extent of wings the same.

The bars on the tail and wings in some specimens are more indistinct than in others.

This interesting bird, placed provisionally among the Titmice, I have made the
type of a new genus, not being able, as yet, to find a suitable place for it, among those
already described.

For several months before discovering the bird, I chased among the fields of dead
mustard stalks, the weedy margins of streams, low thickets and bushy places, a con-
tinued, loud, crepitant, grating scold, which I took for that of some species of wren,
but at last found to proceed from this Wren-Tit, if it might be socalled. It is always
difficut to be seen, and keeps in such places as I have described, close to the ground ;
eluding pursuit, by diving into the thickest bunches of weeds and tall grass, or tangled
bushes, uttering its grating wren-like note whenever an approach is made towards it.
But if quietly watched, it may be seen, when searching for insects, to mount the
twigs and dried stalks of grass sideways, jerking its long tail, and keeping it erect
like a wren, which, with its short wings, in such a position it so much resembles.
At the same time uttering a very slow, monotonous, singing, chickadee note, like
pee pee pee pee peep; at other times its notes are varied, and a slow, whistling,

+ From yowar, on the ground.

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 30

continued piit, pit, prit, pit, pit, may be heard. Again, in pleasant weather
towards spring, I have heard them answering one another, sitting upon a low
twig, and singing in a less solemn strain, not unlike a sparrow, a lively pit, pit, pit,
trrrrrxrvvrv; but if disturbed, at once resuming their grating scold.

PARUS, Linn.
Puiate VIIL., fig. 2.
34. P. *inornatus,Gamb. Plain Titmouse. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., vol. i1., p. 265.
Male.—Crested: above olive brown; beneath greyish white, with a slight tinge of brownish on the flanks.
Front close to bill, round eye and ears grizzled grey. Crest high and pointed like that of the
P. bicolor. Bill and feet leaden-blue, the former very stout and blunt. Wings and tail dark-brown,
the feathers edged with the same colour as the back; some of the primaries also with a faint edging
of whitish. Irids wood-brown. 1st primary half the length of the 2d; 4th, 5th and 6th equal.
Extent of wings a little over 8 inches. Wing from flexure 2% inches. Tail nearly even, 24 inches.
Total length 52 inches.

The Plain Titmouse I first discovered near Monterey, on the 20th of November.
It was actively flitting about among the evergreen oaks of the vicinity, in company
with large flocks of the Chestnut-backed and Least Titmouse, all in restless activity,
searching every branch for insects.

Among the busy throng I could not well distinguish its notes, but they appeared
to resemble very much those of the common Black-cap, and on my following it up,
uttered a loud scold, erecting its high and pointed crest, and looking as angry as’
possible at*the intrusion.

I afterwards found it common, frequenting in small flocks tall bushes and branches

of low trees, uttering a weak and slender tsee day day, tsee day day datt.

Prace) VON, fee I.
35. P. *montranus, Gamb. Rocky Mountain Titmouse. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc.,
vol. i., p. 259.

Male.—Head, upper part of the back, throat, and upper part of the breast pure black; two white stripes
commence on the front and extend over the head about the length of it, leaving a black band in the
centre and a stripe running over each eye to the nape ; cheeks and shoulders white. Wings and tail
brownish grey ; beneath whitish ; tinged with brown on the sides and vent. Legs bluish. Length a
little over five inches. Tail two and a half inches.

This new and distinct species I first observed about a day’s journey from Santa
Fe, in New Mexico, and from thence in all the ranges of the Rocky Mountains
nearly to California. Its manners and notes are very much like those of the common
Chickadee, but the latter are more weak and varied. It keeps also much in low
bushes, where, from morning to night, with untiring patience and activity, it may be
seen hopping from bush to bush, searching them minutely for-small insects. It also
frequently descends to the ground to pick up small seeds; when thus occupied it

36 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

occasionally stops, looks around and utters a slender té dé dé dé, then altering to dé dé
dait, flies off to some other bush. On the Rio Colorado it kept much in the cotton
wood trees which grew along its banks, and its notes, which became familiar, were
almost the only ones heard in the winter, when we were there, to cheer our course.
This species is sometimes seen in company with the P. minimus and Regulus calendula,
which at this time are roving in large and busy flocks along the small streams.

Although so very abundant in the western ranges of the Rocky Mountains, par-
ticularly near the great Salt Lake, where in some of the high wooded mountains the
trees were almost alive with them, yet I never saw them on the other side of the
Californian ridge, much to my surprise, where the other species of 'Titmice so abound.
It is at once distinguished from the P. atricapillus, by the two white lines running
over the top of the head to the occiput, and by its much larger and stouter bill.

36. P. Rurescens, Towns. Chestnut-backed Titmouse.

In the latter part of summer and during the winter season, the young of this species
are found around Monterey in large flocks.

37. P. minimus, Towns. Least Titmouse.

This interesting and most diminutive bird, is exceedingly abundant in the Rocky
Mountains and California. During winter, the otherwise cheerless woods are alive
with busy, noisy troops of these industrious birds, gleaning their scanty fare in

_company with the Ruby-crowned Kinglet, in every possible manner and position
from bush or tree.

It is curious to watch them in this anxious solicitous search for food, keeping up a
continual twittering ; so intent are they in their employment, that they appear to lose
sight of danger, and often have I been so surrounded by a flock, that I could have
almost caught them in my hands.

The above new species, together with the P. septentrionalis, recently described by
my friend, Mr. Edward Harris, in the Proceedings of the Academy, have increased
the number of North American Titmice, exclusive of the Ground Tit, to nine species.

REGULUS, Cuov.
38. R. catenpuLa, Licht. Ruby crowned Kinglet.

This species, like many of the most diminutive birds, is also found distributed over
the whole extent of North America, thereby showing its connexion as a single zoo-
logical centre, or province of creation.

In the highest ranges of the Rocky mountains, we met with the Ruby-crowned
Wren in large flocks; roaming in company with the Parus minimus, also in large
flocks; enlivening those dreary solitudes with their restless activity and twittering
while in search of food. Throughout California it is equally abundant.

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 37

ANTHUS, Bechst.
39. A. Luvovicianus, Licht. American Titlark.

This species appears to be one of the most extensively distributed of North Ame-
rican birds being found throughout the length and breadth of our country. In the
desert regions, between Santa Fé and California, it was one of the few birds we met
with; then going in small flocks, either on the plains among arid Artemisia and sage
bushes, or along the courses of rivers and small streams. In California it is abundant,
particularly in winter, when it frequents the seashore to pick up insects, and perhaps
small shells, from the seaweed which is cast ashore.

SIALIA, Swazns.
40. S. arcrica, Swains. Arctic Blue bird.

This beautiful azure songster is common throughout the northern provinces of
Mexico. In the neighbourhood of Santa Fé it is abundant, keeping about the houses
and gardens, where they breed, sometimes forming its nest in boxes which are stuck
up for the purpose by the inhabitants. In the ranges of the Rocky Mountains, as far
as California, we frequently found it, and always associated with the S. Mezicana,
both at this season occasionally uttering their cheerful song to remind us of home.

41. S. MEXICANA, Swains. Western Blue bird.
S. occidentalis, Towns., Aud.

This species is found throughout the Rocky Mountains in company with the former,
and in California is by far the most abundant species. In April and May I found it
breeding in the knot holes of the evergreen oaks. During winter they assemble in
small flocks, and frequent the weedy plains and valleys of the mountains.

TRICHAS, Swazns.
42. T. MaRYLANDIcA, (Linn.) Swains. Maryland Yellow Throat.
This species, distributed throughout the whole of North America is common, both
in the Rocky Mountains and California.

VERMIVORA, Swains.
43. V. ceLaTa, (Say) Jard. Orange-crowned Warbler.

Flocks of this species are common during winter in Upper California, frequenting
low bushes and margins of streams. On the Island of Santa Catalina, in early spring,
I heard its simple though lively song, commencing in a loud sweet trill and ending
tshé up, sometimes considerably varied, but generally er r r rr r tshé up. ;

SYLVICOLA, Swains.
44. S. Aupuzont, (Towns.) Bonap. Audubon’s Warbler.

This handsome warbler is abundant throughout the West. I first observed it in
10

38 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

New Mexico, thence through the ranges of the Rocky Mountains to California,
where, particularly during winter, the young birds are found in large flocks, and
generally in the tops of trees. In habits as well as appearance they much resemble
the yellow Rump, S. coronata, and like them also, display a great deal of familiarity,
entering the towns, and resorting to gardens and fence rows, and even the corrals of
the houses; frequently, also, descending to the ground with the Blackbirds and
Sparrows.
SYLVANIA, Nutt.
45. S. pusita, (Wils.) Nutt. Green Black-capped Flycatcher.
Wilsonia pusilla, Bonap.
Mytodyoctes Wilsoni, Aud.
This pretty little Sylvan Flycatcher is common both in the Rocky Mountains and
California.
CULICIVORA, Swains.
46. C, ca@ruttia, (Lath.) Swains. Blue-grey Flycatcher.
Abundant in U pper California.

MYIOBIUS, Gray. (Tyrannula, Sivains)
47. M. pusiLua, (Swains.) Gray. Little Pewee Flycatcher.
Tyrannula pusilla, Swains.

I observed this species to be plentiful about the Pueblo de los Angeles in Upper
California, where most probably they breed. During the month of April, it frequented
the hedges of vineyards and neighbouring trees, uttering a sweet and considerably
varied song. The following description of an adult killed there in the spring, may
be useful, to show that it is the same bird as that described by Swainson in the
Arctic Zoology, and found in Labrador by Audubon. Above greenish olive; wings
and tail dusky brown, the coverts tipped with dull white, forming two bands on the
wing ; the tertiaries also broadly edged with the same. Below yellowish, brightest
on the lower part of the throat and breast, and on the abdomen. Feet and legs bright
lead-blue. A yellowish ring around the eye. Upper mandible black, the lower
pale flesh colored; inside of both orange. ‘Tail even, 22 inches; wings ¢ inches.
Tarsus é. Bull along ridge about é, from angle of mouth 2. ‘Total length 5 inches.
First quill a little shorter than the 6th; 3d and 4th nearly equal. The bird has a
conspicuous crest.

48. M. saya, (Bonap.) Gray. Black-tailed Pewee.
Tyrannula palida, Swains. Syn. Bds. of Mexico.
This species, common throughout the western regions of our country, is particu-
larly soin California and the northern provinces of Mexico. Its manners much
resemble those of the common Pewee, frequenting the neighbourhood of towns, weedy

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 39

hill sides and plains, darting from twig to twig after passing insects, jerking its tail,
and merely uttermg a single weak and singing chzp, or an occasional guttural
twitter, but very different from the harsh angry ¢shdp of the T. nigricans, with which
it is so often associated. It breeds in California, and no doubt, like its dark com-
panion, about the houses and Missions, but I did not find its nest.

49. M. nigricans, (Swains.) Gray. Black Pewee.
Tyrannula nigricans, Swains, Aud.

This bird is abundant in California, and like our common Pewee is particularly
fond of being near the habitations of man: with the utmost confidence, it is seen
familiarly flying about the corals and gardens, and even the very doors; over which,
on a projecting beam, about the middle of April I found its nest. It was large for
the size of the bird, and consisted of a solid round mason work of clay, intermixed
with fibres of grass, &c., and lined with a thin layer of softer materials, blades of
grass, fine strips of bark from the neighboring vineyard, and horsehair, and contained
five whitish flesh coloured eggs, one or two of them with a few specks of reddish at
the larger end. This was the second nest which had been built that year; the first
near the same place having been destroyed by the occupant of the house, this was
commenced still nearer the door. I was informed that it was difficult to get them to
leave the place they had once selected for their nest, and that if it were torn down
they would at once commence forming another. The previous year three successive
nests had been destroyed.

These birds are constant residents in California; and, as well as near the towns,
are also distributed over the whole country, either in the margins of woods, or
bushy plains, and almost always in pairs. They are very pugnacious, and are
often seen fighting together in the air, and darting after each other from branch to
branch, at the same time uttering their peculiar loud and anery tshzp, which can
always be recognized. From the arrangement of its colours, at a little distance, when
sitting with their breasts towards you, they are easily mistaken for Snow birds.

50. M. crinitus, (Linn.) Gray. Great-crested Flycatcher.
Tyrannus crinitus, Swains.
This species is common around Santa Barbara, where they breed in the knot holes
of the evergreen oaks; and near Monterey, during winter, I have frequently seen
them, occasionally uttering their payup note as they flew after passing insects.

SAUROPHAGUS, Swains.
51. S. suLpHuratus, (Linn.) Swains. Common Lizard-eater.
Pitangus Sulphuratus, Swains. °
Lanius sulphuratus, Linn.

This beautiful bird is extremely abundant about the Gulf of California.

AO MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

52 S. *Barrpu, Gamb. Baird’s Lizard-eater.

Head, sides of neck, back and scapulars, greyish brown; rump, tail and exterior margins of wing-feathers
and coverts, bright ferruginous; wings, with the exception of their broad outer and inner margins,
shafts of the tail-feathers and streak on each side down their centres, hair brown; throat greyish ;
upper part of breast dirty yellowish ; all the rest beneath dull sulphur yellow, tinged on the sides and
beneath the wings with ferruginous, brightest on the belly and thighs, and becoming somewhat duller
on the lower tail coverts; front and broad line to eye black; auriculars dusky ; feathers of the top of
the head, except at their tips, bright orange yellow; bill and feet dusky, base of lower mandible pale.
Tail even.

Length 9 inches ; wing from flexure 43 inches; tail 44 inches ; tarsus 1 inch ; bill along ridge 3 of an inch;
from angle of the mouth 1; inches.

This interesting species forms a connecting link between the genera Saurophagus
and Myiobius, but from its colours and general appearance seems to belong more
properly to the former. It is readily distinguished from the S. sulphuratus by the
entirely different markings of the head; its bright ferruginous rump; the dulness
of its colour beneath; and by its very different proportions. The bill is much
smaller ; the tail longer; and the tarsi, though of the same length, very much more
slender and delicate.

For the opportunity of describing this fine species, I am indebted to my friend
Prof. S. F. Baird, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania; who received it from California, and fin
honour of whom it is named.

TYRANNUS, Viel.
53. T. coopert, Nutt. Olive-sided Flycatcher.
T. borealis, Swains.

I found this species scatteringly in the Rocky Mountains: it is quite abundant in
in the pine woods of upper California, for which it appears to have a great partiality.
In the latter part of July I killed the young, not yet fully fledged, in the pines near
Monterey, where they must have bred.

54. 'T. VERTICALIS, Say. Arkansas Flycatcher.

This tyrant is an abundant resident in California. Around the Pueblo de los
Angeles it takes possession of the hedges of the vineyards, orchards and gardens ;
nolsy, pugnacious, and ever on the alert, it suffers no intrusion upon its dominions;
Hawk, Raven, or Crow, not even its own species, are allowed to pass unmolested.
For this reason it has acquired the name of Correcwerbo (Crow-chaser) by the inhabi-
tants, who also gladly allow them full possession.

PTILIOGONYS, Swains.
55. P. Trownsenpi, Aud.

This rare and singular bird, of which but a single specimen has been obtained in
Oregon, I first met with, in October, on the banks of a small rocky creek, in the

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 4]

Mountains between the Rio Colorado and California. Here, in the depth of
solitude, it was flying along the stream, alighting on the rocks, and jerking its tail in
a lively manner; feeding solely on buffalo berries (Shepherdia) which grew plentifully
along its banks, and with which its stomach was crammed. We afterwards found it
on one of the highest and most desolate mountains, near a small pool of water, to
which, towards evening, various kinds of birds came to drink, and among them two
individuals of this species, which I killed: but these, like the specimen procured by
Mr. Townsend, were females. It appeared to have somewhat the manners of a
flycatcher, and I never heard it utter a note.

TURDUS, Linn.

56. T. minor, Gmel. Hermit Thrush.
T. nanus. Dwarf'Thrush. Aud. Orn. Biog. 5, p. 204. pl. 419; Nutt. Man. p. 396.
T. soltarius. Auc.

The confusion hitherto existing in the description of the nearly allied group of
Thrushes to which this belongs, has rendered the determination of the species
exceedinely difficult, and at best but a matter of uncertainty.

The Dwarf Thrush of Audubon was founded upon specimens from the Atlantic
states, and no doubt upon the true Hermit Thrush.

Mr. Pickering, and also Mr. Nuttall, must have had the T. clivaceus, since
characterized by Drs. Brewer and Giraud before them, and mistaking it for the
Hermit Thrush, when they distinguished the T. nanus as a species.

An examination of specimens of the T. minor from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts
of North America shows no difference in any way, except that perhaps the western
one is somewhat smaller, yet the difference is scarcely appreciable. From the
measurement of many western specimens I found its length to be 64 inches, and the
extent of wings 102 inches; the tail, wings, and relative length of quills the same as
in our eastern one, and in fact, I think it can in no possible way be distinguished as
specifically different. A Kuropean specimen also of the same species, from the Rivoli
collection, now in the Academy, is the same in every respect as our own.

That which is most remarkable in the character of this delicate and gentle bird, is
its solitary and retiring disposition ; avoiding the ruthless gaze of man, it glides into
the deepest shade of forest or underwood, and is but seldom seen except unconsciously,
when earnestly engaged, scratching upon the ground in search of food: or else, it be
discovered while perched upon a low leafy branch or twig, when it allows a very
near approach, as if depending for concealment and security upon the thickness of
the foliage and bushes around.

In the wooded regions of the Rocky Mountains, I found it not uncommon, always

keeping on, or very near the ground. It is very frequent throughout California, and
11

42 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

in the spring may be found in the retired hedges of the vineyards, where very possibly
it breeds.

57. T. micratorius, Linn. American Robin. —
We found the Robin scatteringly throughout the Rocky Mountains, and a few are
found at all seasons in California.

58. T. navius, Gmel. Varied Thrush.
I have only observed this beautiful species to pass through California during the
spring and autumn, in silent flocks.

MIMUS, Boze.

59. M. monranos, (Towns.) Bonap. Mountain Mocking Bird.
We occasionally met with individuals of this mocking bird along the bushy banks
of streams in the interior, during September and October, then silent.

60. M. potyexortis, (Linn.) Boie. Common Mocking Bird.

I observed a few of these in sheltered ravines during the winter, and in May,
around Santa Barbara, the woods were ringing with their inimitable song, at this
time, mimicking Bullock’s oriole and the western blue bird.

TOXOSTOMA, Wagl. (Harpes, Gamb.)

Bill much longer than the head, arched from base, depressed ; upper mandible
broad and flattened, with the margins very sharp and entire; lowez narrower and
somewhat shorter. Nostrils basal, open, rounded. A tuft of hairs at base of upper
mandible. Wings short and much rounded. ‘Tail long, rounded. Feet and legs
long and stout. ‘Tongue short and flat. Colours plain.

61. T. rEDIviva, Gamb.
Harpes rediviva, Gamb. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., vol. 2, p. 264.
Promerops de la Californie Septentrionale, La Perouse. Atlas to Voyages, pl. 47.

Glossy brown above; beneath from lower part of breast fulvous, approaching to rufous on the vent
and lower tail coverts. Throat greyish white, lower part of neck, breast and sides brownish, some-
what lighter than that of the back. A dusky line runs along the side of the throat from base of lower
mandible. Lars large and open, auriculars loose and somewhat rigid, the shafts white, with the sparse
hairy webs dusky. A dirty white line over the eye. Tail 54 inches in length, rounded; beneath
tinged with the fulvous colour of belly, and with traces of narrow dusky bars throughout its whole
extent ; two outer feathers about an inch shorter than middle ones.

Wings short and rounded; extent of both 124 inches, each from flexure 4 inches. 1st primary about half
the length of the 3d, which is shorter than 7th, 8th and 9th; 4th, 5th and 6th equal and longest. —
Tarsus 14 inches; hind toe and nail, which is curved, 1 inch, the nail being about as long as the toe.
‘Total length 12 inches. Bill black, long ridge 1% inches, inner surface of upper mandible almost

flat, the edges sharp and projecting; each mandible triagonal; the lower narrower than the upper.
Trids hazel.

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 43

This remarkable bird was first noticed by La Perouse, who figured it in the atlas
to his voyages, and subsequently by Vieillot and Latham when treating of the Tenui-
rostres, on his authority, as a Promerops. ,

La Perouse, at Monterey, merely remarks—‘“ we killed and prepared a Promerops,
which most ornithologists believe peculiar to the ancient continent,” and gives no
further description in addition to the plate, which, although inaccurate in several
particulars, serves to distinguish it.

Several of these Thrush-like birds with elongated bills having been described,
some confusion in regard to them as yet, must necessarily exist.

Wagler, in the Isis, 1831, forms the genus Tozostoma for a species very nearly
resembling my bird, but differing in size, colour beneath, and proportions; having a
shorter bill, a much shorter tail, tipped with white, and somewhat longer wings.

This Tozostoma vetula of Wagler, is no doubt the bird figured by Temminck in
the Planches coloriées 441, under the name Pomatorhinus turdinus, and which Swain-
son supposed was intended for his Orpheus curvirostris, another good species with a
long bill, apparently common in Mexico, and extending even into Texas.

I have seen a specimen of this latter, in the possession of Mr. Audubon, which
was brought from the borders of Texas by Major G. A. McCall, U. S. A., who says
that it is a most delightful songster, and frequently kept in cages by the inhabitants,
and that the iris is of an intense fiery red colour.*

Among the undetermined birds of the Rivoli collection, I found two specimens
identical with mine from California, but which were labelled “New Zealand, Ver-
reaux.” ‘The species figured by Temminck is also put down as coming from New
Holland, but it is more than probable that both are mistakes.

Gray, in the Genera of Birds, throws them all together under the name of Mimus
curvirostris, which he could not have done had he compared the specimens. The
M. curvirostris, beside colour, marking and proportion, has an entirely different bill,
(although quite as long,) from the T. rediviva.

I regret not being able to give any account of the habits of this interesting species ;
the few specimens I have seen, were shot, hopping about on the ground near bushes
at Monterey. ‘Their stomachs contained the remains of coleopterous insects chiefly.

_CINCLUS, Bechst.

62. C. Americanus, Swains. American Dipper.
A few of these are found along the solitary streams of the interior.

* This account of the Mimus curvirostris, (Swains.) Gray, agrees with what Swainson says was stated to him by
Mr. Bullock, (see Faun. Boreal. Amer. Orn., p. 191.) The following is the description of the species as given by
Swainson in the Philosophical Magazine for 1827, viz.:—Gray ; beneath whitish; throat and breast spotted; vent
pale fulvous; bill long, curved. Total length 103 inches; bill 14; wings 44; tail 5; tarsi 14.

44 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

ICTERIA, Veell.

63. I. virtpis, (Gmel.) Bonap. Yellow-breasted Chat.

The Chat arrives in California about the middle of April, and resorts to the hedges
of vineyards, gardens and bushy places, where no doubt it breeds

It is very extensively distributed on our continent, as I observed it also common
along the coast of Peru.

VIREO, Veedll.

64. V. sotrrarius, Vieill. Solitary Vireo.

During the latter part of summer and winter, the young birds of this species are
abundant, frequenting low bushes and thickets, in small flocks.

LANIUS, . Linn.
65. L. Lupovicianus, Linn. Loggerhead Shrike.
L. excubttoroides, Swains. Northern Zool., p. 115, pl. 34.

In the Shrikes we are. presented with a group of birds closely allied to each other,
and undergoing such changes in plumage as renders them difficult to discriminate.
Although examined with great care by Swainson in the Fauna Boreali-Americana,
yet he appears to have laid too much stress upon characters subject to great variation;
as size, relative leneth of quills and colour.

The adult of the Loggerhead is a beautiful bird, and might well have been called
excubitoroides, for the resemblance in colour and markings to the European excubztor
is very great. Above, it is of a clear pearl grey colour, with the upper tail coverts,
and exterior edges of the scapulars, nearly pure white; beneath pure white; the
quantity of white on the tail feathers varies, but generally is in proportion to the age
of the bird.

The relative length of quills in the Shrikes is an uncertain character, and differs
very much according to age. In the young of this species, the second quill is gene-
rally much shorter than the sixth, but in the adult, equals and may even exceed the
sixth in length; the proportion of the third, fourth and fifth to each other is also
exceedingly various, and indeed in each wing of the same bird it is very common to
find the proportions of the quills differing very materially. This I have found to be
the case in specimens of the European and both American species.

It is rather strange that this bird so abundant in the southern, western and north
western portions of our country, should not be found in the middle and northern
Atlantic states. In California it is very common.

66, L. SEPTENTRIONALIS, Gmel. Northern Shrike.
LL. borealis, Vieill. Swains.
I found our Butcher Bird in the Californian ridge of mountains in November, but

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 45

did not meet with it along the coast during the summer, appearing to be replaced by
the Loggerhead, which is a summer resident.

PERISOREUS, Bonap.

67. P. caNAvENs!Is, (Linn.) Bonap. Canada Jay.
We met with numbers of this plain and familiar bird in the Rocky Mountains of
the interior.

CYANOCITTA, Strickland.

68. C. sTeLLERI, (Pallas) Strick. Stellers Jay.
This species is occasionally met with in the pine groves of the mountains from
New Mexico to California.

69. C. caLirornica, (Vigors) Strick. Californian Jay.
Garrulus Calfornicus. Vigors’ Zool. Beechy’s voyage.
G. ultramarinus, Aud. Nutt. non Bonap.
Cyanocitta superciliosa, Strick. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1845.

The Californian Jay has been hitherto confounded by American ornithologists with
the Mexican G. ultramarinus, accurately described by Prince Bonaparte, in the
Journal of this Society, in 1825, and afterwards described and figured by Tem-
minck in the Planches coloriées, 439. It is strange that the Prince himself should
have committed the same error of confounding the two species in his Comparative
list of the Birds of Europe and North America, quoting at the same time Audubon’s
plate and description, which is clearly the Calfornicus.

The following are the distinctions between the two species:

CYANOCITTA ULTRAMARINA. CYANOCITTA CALIFORNICA.

Much larger, 13 to 132 inches in length. Length 114 to 12 inches.

Upper parts entirely blue; head and Back brown. A broad line of white
cheeks blue also, except space between spots extending over the eye the length
the eye and bill, which is black. of the head, and with the space anterior

to the eye and auriculars dusky.

The blue extending down the sides of — A crescent of blue surrounds the upper
the neck, but without a pectoral band. part of the breast.

Throat only, whitish ; all the rest of the Throat and upper part of breast white,
under parts of a dirty brownish white, streaked with lines of dusky; all the rest

darker on the breast. beneath the colar of blue, brownish white.
Length of wing 7 inches. Length of wing nearly 5 inches.
Tail nearly even, length 63. Tail graduated or much rounded, length
53 inches.
Tarsus 1% inches. Tarsus 14 inches.

12

46 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

The C. ultramarina, by its greater size, blue colour above, and absence of pectoral
band, together with its very different proportions, is easily distinguished from the
C. californica, which is much smaller, has a brown back, a white superciliary line,
a dull white throat, and breast surrounded by a collar of blue.

The G. sordidus, Swains. (Syn. Bds. Mex.) generally quoted as a synonym of the
ultramarinus, does not agree very well with it, unless the description were taken
from a young bird, in which the tail is irregularly rounded, and the size somewhat
less.

The Californian Jay is a very abundant species, and a constant resident. In its
actions it is exceedingly restless, and at the same time sprightly and graceful, ever
flitting from tree to tree, uttering a harsh grating jay, jay, and sometimes altering it
to kay ic, kay ic. Like all the Jays, they are very fond of scolding, and a troop of
them will surround and follow almost any object that attracts their attention, with
their teasing disagreeable cries.

CLEPTES,* Gamb. (Pica, Briss.)

70. C. nupsonicus, (Sabine) Gamb. Common Magpie.
Corvus Hudsonicus, Sabine.
We frequently met with the Magpie on our route from New Mexico to California.
It would linger around our camp to pick up the offal, and sometimes boldly steal the
meat which was hung on the bushes around.

71. C. NuTraLiu, (Aud.) Gamb. Nuttall’s Magpie.
[Pica Nuttall, Aud. . :

I felt great pleasure on arriving at Santa Barbara in Upper California, to see in
its native haunts this distinct and beautiful Magpie, discovered by my friend, the
indefatigable naturalist and traveller, after whom it is named; among others, a just
tribute for the invaluable services he has rendered to natural science, during more
than thirty years of his life, spent among us, in untiring investigation of the
productions of our country.

In California at least, and where as yet it appears alone to have been found, this
Magpie is exceedingly local, being confined, as far as I have observed, to the
immediate neighbourhood of Santa Barbara, where, among the beautiful evergreen
oaks (Quercus agrifolia) of the vicinity, it is abundant.

Sprightly and graceful in its movements, it is a favourite with the inhabitants ;
and when not molested shows considerable confidence, often being seen about the

*Katnens, a thief.
It may seem presumptuous to alter the name Pica, but if a similar thing is done in other instances, why
notin. this? Tyrannula has been rejected by Gray and Gould because there existed a genus Tyrannulus, and

those who are interested in the reform of nomenclature, think that a mere difference of termination in generic
names, is apt to lead to confusion.

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. A7

doors of the houses, but becoming remarkably shy and cautious when chased or shot
at. During my stay, from frequently shooting at them, although at first they were
numerous in small flocks, they at length became so scarce that during the breeding
season very few were to be seen, apparently having gone to the ravines of the neigh-
bouring mountains, so that I did not find a single recent nest, although the woods
contained many of those of the last year. ‘The old nests were large, and built loosely
of sticks like those of the crow, and situated in the topmost forks of the trees, well
concealed by the foliage.

CORVUS, Linn.
. 72. C. osstrracus, Wils. Fish Crow.
Abundant along the Pacific coast.

73. C. AMERICANUS, Aud. Common Crow.
Also abundant throughout the Pacific coast, as well as in the interior.

74. C. cacaLtoTL, Wagler. American Raven.

Fitted by its organization for any means of subsistence, there are few parts of North
America where the Raven may not be found.

In the arid region between the Rio Colorado and California, its ominous croak
renders the desert solitude more dismal, and on the rocky uninhabited Islands off
the coast of California, it is the companion of the Fish-hawk and Gulls; but in
California, instead of being scattered and solitary, it becomes one of the most abun-
dant and familiar of birds, and in company with its fellow-scavengers, the Turkey
vultures and dogs, it is exceedingly useful in consuming the refuse of the cattle
which are slaughtered in such great numbers. At the Pueblo de los Angeles, so
abundant were they in and around the town, that I have counted in the corral, or
court yard of a single house, as many as one hundred and fifty at one time.

NUCIFRAGA, Briss.
75. N. coLumprana, (Wils.) Aud. American Nutcracker.
We occasionally met with this peculiar bird in the mountains of the interior,
among the scattered pine groves.

QUISCALUS, Viezil.
76. Q. masor, Vieill. Boat-tailed Blackbird.
This large and handsome Blackbird is very abundant about the Gulf, and occa-
sionally is seen as far north as Upper California.

SCOLECOPHAGUS, Swains.
77. S. FERRUGINEUS, (Wils.) Boie. Rusty Blackbird.
We found this species very common in New Mexico and California, as also the S.
Mexicanus, Swains., lately described and figured by Audubon as Quiscalus Breweri.

48 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

STURNELLA, Vievll.
78. S. necLEcTA, Aud. Western Meadow Lark.

This nearly allied species, we found abundant on the prairies, in New Mexico, Rio
Colorado, and California. In the spring around the Pueblo de los Angeles its delicate
and melodious song was everywhere to be heard. About Monterey, in the winter, it
kept in and along the margins of the pine woods.

ICTERUS, Briss.
79. I. BULLocKiI, Swains. Bullock’s Oriole.

The males of this beautiful bird arrive at their summer quarters about the Pueblo
de los Angeles and Santa Barbara, in California, about the first week im April, and
the female in a week or so afterwards. They resort to the retired hedges of vineyards
and orchards, and occasionally are seen among the trees in the town. Its song during
this joyful season is uttered in a loud clear tone, and sometimes varied, but generally
wek te tek tshe-o tshe-o tshe-o, wek te tek tshe-o. This is continued at intervals while
flitting through the budding trees in search of their insect fare. When it observes
any object of suspicion, it utters a few guttural creaking scolding notes, and conceals
itself among the leafy boughs.

About the middle of April I saw them commencing to hang their nests in the
manner of our golden robin, on the pendulous branches of the willow and other trees
surrounding the vineyards, and as far as I remained to see them completed, they
were made with the same ingenious interweaving of delicate materials to form a
pouch.
AGELAIUS, Vievll.

80. A. XANTHROCEPHALUS, (Bonap.) Swains. Yellow-headed Blackbird.

Abundant in California.

81. A. pH@nicevs, (Linn.) Vieill. Red-winged Blackbird.

Abundant in New Mexico and California.

82. A. rricotor, (Aud.) Bonap. 'Three-coloured Blackbird.

This handsome species, discovered by Mr. Nuttall, and sent to Audubon with the
above name, is.abundant in California, going in small flocks in company with the
other species. Its notes are very different from those of the red-wing, with which it
associates, being a kind of guttural squeaking, like that made by a dying animal.
The red of the wing cannot be seen when they are closed, looking as if it only had a
white band.

83. A. GUBERNATOR, (Wagler) Bonap. ‘'T'wo-coloured Blackbird.

This pretty species is abundant, also, in California, and along the western coast
of Mexico. It is often found in company with the pheniceus, which it so much
resembles, together keeping about corrals and places where cattle have been.

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 49

MOLOTHRUS, Swains.
84. M. pecorus, (Gmel.) Swains. Cow Blackbird.
Abundant, in company with the Rusty Blackbird, frequenting, in flocks, the cattle
corrals and farm houses of New Mexico and California.

COCCOTHRAUSTES, Briss.
85. C. VESPERTINUS, Coop. Evening Grosbeak.

We first observed this fine species in the mountains of the interior, near the great
Salt Lake, in October, going in flocks, mostly of young birds, though some of them
in perfect plumage.

They occasionally uttered a loud scream, which resounded through the mountains,
and also a slight twitter. Some of them had their bills so clotted with the resin of
‘the pine trees, which grew in the high ravines, and the seeds of which they at that
season fed upon, that they looked like second heads. We also saw them at intervals,
throughout the ranges of mountains to California, wherever their favourite tree, the
pine, grew, and often on the ground beneath them, in flocks like sparrows.

STRUTHUS, Bove.
86. S. oreGonus. (Towns.) Bonap. Western Snow Bird.

This species so much resembling the S. nivalis, is on the western side of the
continent, equally as abundant as that species with us.

On the Rio Colorado, we found them in very large flocks, feeding on the seeds of
a tall Helianthus ? which grew in immense patches along its banks. In winter they
are common around the settlements of New Mexico, particularly Taos and on the
Del Norte.

In California it is also abundant, and found all the year around Monterey, where
they breed, but I could not find the nest. During winter they assemble in flocks,
frequenting the pine woods, and in their notes as well as manners, differ but little
from our own familiar species.

CHONDESTES, Swains.
87. C. GRAMMACA, (Say.) Bonap. Lark Finch.
Small flocks of this handsome species, are frequent in the bushy plains and
margins of streams during winter.

ZONOTRICHIA, Swains.
88. Z. FasciaTA, (Gmel.) Gamb. Song Sparrow.
Fringilla fasciata et ferruginea, Gmel.
Fringilla melodia, Wils.
This species, if indeed the same, is spread over the greater part of North America.
We found it in the Rocky Mountains, soon after leaving New Mexico, and in

California, as with us, it is one of the most abundant and familiar of birds.
13

50 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

In company with the P. Townsendit, and other resident species, they frequent the
orchards, gardens, hedges, and every brushy place, often enlivening the winter
months with their cheerful song. They commence breeding in the latter part of
February and beginning of March, and by the beginning of April have full grown
young. The nest here is large and coarse, and generally built on a fence rail,
sheltered with weeds, or in some low bush about two feet from the ground, and made
of roots, dead stems of weeds, coarse grass, and dead willow leaves, lined inside with
fine blades of dried grass. The eggs were of a bluish or greenish ground, very
much covered with spots and blotches of reddish brown. I brought buta single
specimen, but although it differs in size and in the bill, yet it is insufficient without
other specimens to character as different.

89. Z. curtata, (Nutt.) Gamb. Brown Song Sparrow.
Fringilla cinerea, Aud. non Gmel.

This species is far from being so abundant as the former, and is found almost
exclusively, in marshy and moist grassy places, around ponds and the margins of
streams.

90. Z. GRAMINEA, (Gmel.) Swains. Bay-winged Finch.
I found this species in the Rocky Mountains of the interior, in September.

91. Z. GAMBELI, (Nutt.) Gambel’s Finch.
Fringilla Gambelit. Nutt. Man. Orn. vol. 1, p. 556, 2d edition.
F. leucophrys, auc. in part.

The immature plumage of the western White-crowned Finch was described by my
friend Nuttall under the above name in his manual of Ornithology, in 1840, without
knowing that what he supposed to be the F’. lewcophrys was the adult. Whether it
is indeed different from the lewcophrys of this side of the continent is still uncertain.
Yet it seems from the specimens I have compared to present a constant difference in
size. The young birds, which I found in immense numbers from the Rio Colorado
to California, were never more than 6 inches in length; those which I measured
in California were of the same size; anadult male brought from Oregon by Town-
send is also only 62, inches; and the only adult specimen which I brought from
California is scarcely 6 inches in length. Those from this side appear to be always
larger ; and a young bird which I have, measures 72 inches. The measurements of
eleven specimens of the deucophrys were transmitted to me by my friend Professor
Baird, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and all average over 7 inches in length, one only
being 6 ~ inches. It thusseems that about an inch difference in length is constantly
found between them. I have not observed in the western one the same broad greyish
margins to the feathers of the back, and perhaps in comparing more specimens of the
adult other differences will be found. They are exceedingly abundant throughout

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. dl

the western coast, and in the winter season congregate in very large flocks frequenting
the brushy plains, neighbourhoods of the towns, hedges and gardens. The young
have the bill of a cinnamon colour; in the adult the bill is yellow ; upper mandible,
towards the tip and over the nostrils dusky ; point of the lower dusky also; feet pale.

92. Z. aurocaPiLua, (Nutt) Gamb. Yellow-crowned Finch.
Fringilia atricapilla, Aud. non Lath.

This fine species, the companion of the former, is almost equally abundant in
California. The resemblance to the Gambelit is very great, so much so, that unless
we looked at the markings of the head and its larger size, it is almost impossible to
distinguish them : this is particularly the case with young birds.

93. Z. QUERULA, (Nutt.) Gamb. Mourning Finch.
Fringilla querula, Nutt. Man. Orn., vol. 1, p. 555, 2d edition.
F. Harrisu, Aud.

This fine species is abundant on the frontiers of Missouri, and on the prairies as
far as the Rocky Mountains. Its notes are slow, solemn, and singing like those of
the Z. leucophrys, which it also resembles in its manners.

Brame Wx pH ige. b.

94. Z. cutorura? (Aud.) Gamb. Green-tailed Finch.
Fringilla Blandingiana, Gamb. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Scien., vol. 1, p. 260.
F. chlorura? Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. 5, p. 336.

Above greenish olive; front, line over the eye, ears, line on each side of the throat, and breast
cinereous; head rufous red; throat and abdomen white; sides yellowish brown. A white line
extends from the angle of the mouth along the sides of the neck; also a whitish spot or line from the
-nostrils to the eye. Wings and tail dusky ; upper part of back, wing coverts, margins of the primaries
and secondaries, exterior webs of tail feathers, and general tinge of the under surface of the tail, pale
green; shoulder yellowish green; tertiaries margined with brownish white.

Length 64 inches, tail rounded 3} inches; feet and legs stout, brownish; tarsus 3ths of an inch.
wing from flexure 3 inches; bill above dusky, below paler. Irids hazel.

I discovered this species in the Rocky Mountains of the interior in September ; it
was flitting about among the bushes near a small stream, with the usual manners of
the sparrows, and uttering a simple chzp.

It may, perhaps, be the bird which Audubon described and called chlorura from
Mr. Townsend’s imperfect notes, taken from a young bird; but as no measurements
are given, it is probable that it may be different, disagreeing as it does in several
particulars.

¢

52 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

PASSERELLA, Swans.

95. P. rownsEnpu, (Aud.) Gamb. Thrush-like Finch.
Fringilla Townsend, Aud.
F. meruloides, Vigors’ Zool. Beechy’s Voyage.

This fine species is an abundant resident in California. Its habits differ somewhat
from the other sparrows, and are more like those of a Thrush, to which it bears a
good deal of resemblance. It keeps in retired bushy places, or in underwood,
scarcely ever being seen except on the ground ; and is only discovered by the noise
it makes in scratching among the leaves. It is silent and unsuspicious, and I have
only heard it utter an occasional chip. Audubon’s and Vigors’ descriptions of this
species, were both published in London in the same year, but the preface of Audubon’s
book, has several months priority.

SPIZELLA, Bonap.
96. S. paLtipa, (Swains.) Bonap. Pale Sparrow.

This small species was one of the few birds we constantly met with in the desert

region between New Mexico and California.

CHRYSOMITRIS, Boze.

97. C. psaLTrRiaA, (Say.) Bonap. Arkansaw Siskin.

This hitherto rare species, and of which so little has been known, I found in
California exceedingly abundant and familiar.

In the winter season they rove in large flocks, feeding on willow buds, seeds, &c. ;
to the twigs of the willow they hang in all.postures, sometimes head downwards like
Titmice, and keep up a continual twitter ; in the vineyards and fields, they are found
on the ground scratching after seeds or clinging to the stems of weeds in the same
manner as our C. tristis.

They commence pairing and building their nests, in the latter part of March or
beginning of April. The nest is made in the willow hedges of the vineyards, the
orchards or gardens, and is beautifully fastened to about three small twigs, between
which it is made, at from six to twelve, or even twenty feet from the ground. The
nest is formed of slender strips of vine bark, the cottony down of various plants,
mixed with a few slender stems, and lined with willow down and pappus. It is thick
and neatly made, and usually contains six white eggs. Some nests have no lining,
except the slender strips of vine bark and cottony down that the rest of the nest is
made of, and others have a great many small catkins of the willow, mixed in with
the outside layer.

The song of the male, during the period of incubation, is a delightful, loud,
melodious warble, considerably varied and modulated, almost equalling that of the
canary.

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 53

As the plumage of the female is not well known, I give the following description
of one killed off the nest.

Above greyish brown mixed with yellow olive, particularly on the head; rump
light grey ; beneath white, mixed with yellow on the throat, breast, and sides; vent
and under tail coverts pure white ; wings and tail dark brown, the coverts and some
of the tertiaries tipped and edged externally with white; tail emarginate, pale
beneath, most of the feathers with large whitish spots internally towards their tips.
Bill ochre yellow, upper mandible dusky at tip ; feet and legs light brown; length 44
inches, wings 23 inches.

ERYTHROSPIZA, Bonap.

98. Ki. puRPUREA, (Gmel.) Bonap. Purple Finch.
I found this species common around Monterey in the winter season.

99. KE. rrontatis, (Say.) Bonap. Crimson-fronted Finch.

This handsome songster we first observed in New Mexico, particularly about
Santa Fé, where it is an abundant and familiar resident; keeping about the corrals
and gardens, and building its nest under the portals and sheds of the houses. In
July they had young ready to fly, which must have been of a second brood, or else
they begin to lay much later than in California. Under a long shed or portal, in the
Plaza or Square of Santa Fé, they had a great many nests, and the old ones would
sometimes fly down about our feet, while sitting at the doors, to pick up crumbs, &c.
for the young.

In California, it is also an extremely abundant and familiar resident, and called by
the inhabitants Buriones. During winter they assemble in flocks, frequenting the
bushy plains and hill sides, hedges, vineyards, and gardens, living on the various
kinds of seeds which are so abundant, and also sometimes doing considerable damage
among the grapes. Harly in March they commence pairing, and soon are busy
building their nests; placing entire confidence in man (which is but too often
misplaced,) they persist in building about the houses; on the projecting planks
under the portals, under the eaves, in sheds, boxes, or any nook they can find.
I found a nest once in a small box of seeds, which had been stuck up over a door.
They will also build on the horizontal branch of a tree in the garden, and a great
many nests are made in the willow hedges of the vineyards; but they prefer by far
the rafters under the sheds and houses, repaying the inmates for the privilege, with
their most melodious song, which is continued during summer, from the roof
near the nest. ‘The nest is made of small sticks, or stems of weeds, willow catkins,
and down of the willow, and lined with horse hair. They usually lay five eggs,
sometimes of a plain bluish-white colour only, but generally have a few scattering
streaks and specks of dark brown on the larger end. Some nests are made principally

14

o4 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

of feathers, cotton or wool, with a few sticks and dried grass, and lined with horse
hair. Frequently only four eggs are found in the nest, and they often contain a very
few specks or streaks, on one side only.

It would be impossible with words, to describe the song of this western Orpheus,
and although California contains many song birds, among others our Mocking Bird,
(the King of Songsters, as the Nightingale might: be called the Queen ;) yet there is
none more exhilirating to the feelings, or melodious and tender to the ear, than that
of the crimson-fronted Finch.

PIPILO, Veezil.

100. P. arcticus, Swains. Arctic Ground Finch.
This species so much resembling our common one, in habits and appearance, is
abundant in California.

101. P. ruscus, Swains. Plain Ground Finch.
Fringilla crissalis, Vig. Zool. Beechy’s Voyage.

This plain species, new to our Fauna, was first described by Swainson in 1827,
along with the other birds brought from Mexico by Mr. Bullock, in the Philosophical
Magazine.* It is an abundant resident in California, with much the manner of its
congeners, from which it differs so much in appearance.

During winter they are found in large flocks in the ravines of the mountains, and
scatteringly along the margins of woods and bushy places, in company with the
thousands of busy sparrows, all gleaning their abundant fare of seeds. They breed
in California, and by the beginning of June I saw the full fledged young; the nest
no doubt, is made on the ground, well concealed under a bush, but I never could
discover it. It is a remarkably silent and unsuspicious species, never uttering more
than a slender chzp like that of a sparrow.

PHILEREMOS, Brehm.
102. P. cornotus, (Swains.) Bonap. Horned or Shore Lark.
We found flocks of this common bird on the Table land; by banks of streams
throughout the Rocky Mountains, and even in the mostarid plains of Artzmesza. In
California it is also abundant.

PICUS, Linn.
103. P. narrist, Aud. Harris’s Woodpecker.
This fine species occupies, on the western coast, the same place that the P. vallosus
does with us, but seems to have a greater partiality for the pine woods, among which

*The following is the description as there given, viz: Gray, beneath paler; throat obscure fulvous with brown
spots; vent ferruginous. Table land. Temiscaltipec. Total length 8; bill 7,; wings 32; tail 4; tarsi .% ; hind
toe and claw {%.

MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 55

it feeds much in the manner of that species; uttering as it flits from tree to tree, and
when looking for a new place to peck at, a loud grating qmwick, quick.

The young are brownish beneath, as represented by Audubon, but the adult is pure
white. A male which I killed on Green River, in September, has the whole top of
the head pale red.

Puate IX. Figs. 2 and 3.

104. P. scatarts. Wageler.
P. Nuttallii, Gamb. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 1, p. 259.

Male. Above transversely banded with black and white; upper part of head black, with linear white
spots; hind head with a broad scarlet band half an inch in width; sides of head and neck black, with
a white stripe running from the base of the bill through it, about the length of the head, and also a
white stripe running from the top of the eye, and nearly uniting on the back of the neck. Wings on
their outer and inner webs with six or seven bands of white spots; all the wing coverts also with
white spots; tips of primaries and tertiaries tinged with brownish. Upper tail coverts and four
middle tail feathers black. Beneath whitish, sides, lower tail coverts, and lateral tail feathers,
with numerous spots and bars of black. Irids carmine.
“Length 7 inches, wing 4:4 inches, tail 3 inches, tarsus {, bill ? inch.
The female resembles the male, but wants the red band, is smaller, and has the bill shorter.
Young with the whole top of the head red, mixed with white and black, the feathers being black at base,
white towards the end, and red at the tip. It also has more numerous transverse bars and spots on
the back, and wings, and below is tinged with yellowish brown, and more spotted.

This beautiful species, first described by Wagler in the Isis in 1829, I found
abundant in California at all seasons. It has the usual habits of the Woodpeckers,
and sometimes familiarly examines the fence rails, and orchard trees, for its insect
fare.

At Santa Barbara I found them breeding, and May 1st discovered a nest in the
dead stump of an oak, about fifteen feet from the ground, containing young. The
hole for entrance was remarkably small, but inside appeared large and deep. The
parents were constantly bringing insects and larve. ‘The note, as they fly from tree
to tree, is a loud harsh kreck, kr-r-1-1-ék, kreck.

105. P. MERIDIONALIS, Swains.
P. Gairdnerit, Aud.
We found this small species in the Rocky Mountains, and occasionally in
California.

MELANERPES, Swains.

106. M. eryrroceruatus, (Linn.) Swains. Red-headed Woodpecker
I found numbers of this widely distributed species, in a belt of oak timber, near
the Mission of St. Gabriel, in Upper California.

56 MR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

107. M. roraquatus, (Wils.) Bonap. Lewis’s Woodpecker.

In the before mentioned belt of oaks, this remarkable and handsome species was
abundant. Its manners are peculiar, and unlike the generality of Woodpeckers ;
darting out from the trees after passing insects like a flycatcher, and alighting on the
branches again crossways. It has the same peculiar habit that I have often observed
in the Red-headed species, when shot at and perhaps hit ; that of ascending in short,
rapid gyrations like a hawk, to a considerable height in the air, and then descending
in the same manner.

108. M. rormictvorus, Swains. Ant-eating Woodpecker.
Picus melanopogen, Licht. Temm. Pl. Col. 451.

This beautiful species, common in Mexico, was first added to our Fauna by
Nuttall, who states in his Manual of Ornithology, vol. 1, p. 662, that he observed it
to be a common species inthe mountain forests around Santa Barbara, in Upper
California. Between the same region and the Pueblo de los Angeles, I also found it
common, but had little opportunity of studying its habits.

109. M. ruBEr, (Lath.) Bonap. Red-breasted Woodpecker.
An abundant inhabitant of the wooded regions of California.

COLAPTES, Swazns.

110. C. cotzaris, Vig. Red-shafted Woodpecker.

We first saw this handsome, and remarkably shy bird, soon after leaving New
Mexico, and it continued with us to California, where it is very abundant.

I have often wondered how so large a woodpecker as this, can live among small
bushes, particularly as it has none of the flycatcher habits of the Red-headed, and
other species of the genus melanerpes. We always saw it on the margins of small
creeks, where nothing grew larger than a willow bush, and oftener than otherwise
on the ground. In California it is found both in bushy places, and in the woods. Its
note is a loud sharp ké ah, which is constantly uttered.

(To be continued.)

eon]

Art. VI.—History and Anatomy of the Hemipterous Genus BELosTomA.
By Joseru Leipy, M. D.

Belostoma is a genus of hemipterous insects, belonging to the section Heteroptera,
family Hydrocorisa, found in all the warmer parts of the globe, aquatic in habit, and
eminently rapacious. It was separated by Latreille, from the Linnean genus Nepa,
founded upon the antenne having four articulations, of which the terminal three are
pectinate, and all the tarsi bi-articulate and nearly alike.

DESCRIPTION.

Betostoma: body sub-elongated, lanceolate, flattened superiorly ; abdomen flattened inferiorly with the
central part abruptly carinated ; pro-thorax and head depressed.

Heap, sessile, triangular in outline ; promuscus inferior, inflected, conical, quadriarticulate ; first articulation
permanently fixed to the clypeus, the others moveable. Between the first and second articulations,
there exists a quadrangular opening, communicating with the interior of the vagina, ordinarily closed
by the apposition of the ligula. Labrum small, ovate, posteriorly received into a notch of the clypeus,
anteriorly enclosed by the first articulation of the promuscus. Ligula received within the vagina.
Eyes large, prominent, distant, triangular in outline, ciliate at the posterior edge. Antenne very short,
pectinate, infra-ocular, ordinarily concealed within a short deep groove ; quadriarticulate ; terminal three
articulations furcate, and ciliated; one branch of the terminal articulation with a short, prominent
spine.

Tuorax. Prothorax: Pronotum quadrate, smooth, convex ; lateral margins compressed, convergent, and
curving beneath, forming a concave infero-lateral plate bounding the anterior acetabula externally.
Prosternum depressed, carinated at the anterior part.

Mesotuorax: Scutellum large, extending as far back as the second abdominal segment. Scapule
projecting as far back as the commencement of the abdomen, and supporting on the supero-external
border, a tubercle or catch, which fits into a corresponding socket on the under surface of the marginal
rib of the hemielytra.

Mertatnorax: Metasternum hexagonal.

Hemirtyrra somewhat shorter than the abdomen and smooth, with the exception of an elliptical patch of
fine pubescence a few lines from the membranous portion. Ale shorter than the hemielytra.

Lees: Anterior pair raptorious ; intermediate and posterior pair natatory. Coxe free, large, and robust.
Trochanters large ; anterior pair notched externally for the reception of the unguis in the repose of the
anterior legs ; intermediate and posterior pair fulerant. 'Thighs large ; anterior pair clavate and very
robust, anterior face (when the legs are advanced) densely and finely pubescent, with a double groove
and intermediate ridge for the accommodation of the tibia in repose, or perfectly entire in one species ;
intermediate and posterior pair ciliated posteriorly with respiratory hairs. ‘Tibia: anterior pair
narrow, and curved, with a groove upon the inner side except in one species, in which they are entire;
posterior pair very compressed, broader than the thighs ; intermediate and posterior pair fringed on the
inner and outer edge by respiratory hairs. Tarsi dimerous: posterior compressed. A single unguis

to the anterior tarsi ; two to the intermediate and posterior tarsi.
15

58 DR. LEIDY ON THE HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF

Aspomen of six segments, superiorly pubescent, inferiorly smooth, excepting along the course of the
spiracula, where there is a line of pubescence as far back as the last segment ; margins compressed ;
posterior three segments alated ; ala and dorsal plate of the last segment divided for the reception of the
caudal seta. Caudal sete long, linear, villose beneath, capable of being entirely retracted within the
abdomen.

Iuverrect Sracrs. The larva and pupa are both active; they only differ from each other in size, and in
the absence of the rudimentary wings in the former. They are very flat superiorly, and nearly smooth,
with the exception of the under part of the abdomen which is pubescent. ‘The antenne are not
completely formed. The tarsi have but a single joint, which by future development, is divided into the
two articulations of the imago, and there are two ungues to each foot.

SPECIES.
BELOSTOMA grande.

Nepa grandis. N. fusca flavo maculato. Fab. Ent. Syst. T.4, p. 61; Sys. Rhyng.
p. 106. Punaises de Stoll. Pl. 7, Fig.6. Linn. Syst. Nat. T.1. Lam. An.
sans Vert. 2me Ed. T. 4, p. 164.

Betostomum grande. Burm. Handb. der Entom. 2er B. p. 195.

Bexostoma Indica. Guérin et Percheron. Gen. des Insectes, Hemip. PI. 3.

I have before me, while writing, three specimens of this species, one from Bengal
and a second from Surinam, belonging to the collection of the Academy, and a third
from China, for which I am indebted to Prof. Haldeman, as well as for several other
species. By careful comparison, I find them to agree with the descriptions of the
above synonyma. They measure from three inches, to three inches two lines in
length, and one inch two lines in breadth at the widest part. Colour, testaceous with
dark brown macule ; three of these, well defined, are upon the thighs and tibie, and
a large one upon each side of the scutellum of the male, anda single larger one in
the centre of that of the female. ‘The anterior thighs are very robust, one-third more
so in the female than in the male, and have on their anterior aspect, a double groove
with an intermediate ridge, corresponding to a single groove with raised edges on the
inner side of the tibie, which in a state of rest receives the latter, like the handle of
a penknife does its blade. The patch of fine pubescence of the hemielytra, is situated
about two lines from the membranous portion, and is four lines long.

In none of these specimens do the caudal sete project beyond the extremity of the
abdomen, although they may be withdrawn their full length, which is one inch.

This species is found in the warmer parts of Asia and America. A smaller form
is found rather commonly in the lakes, ponds, and other still waters of North
America, variously considered as a variety and species. After careful comparison, I.
think it but a variety of the former. Itis well known under the name of B.
americana. A number of specimens in my possession, vary in their measurement
from one inch nine lines, to two inches three lines in length, and from nine to eleven

THE HEMIPTEROUS GENUS BELOSTOMA. 59

lines in breadth. The colour and maculations are the same as in B. grande, though
the latter are not quite so distinct. The larva and pupa of this variety, do not differ
from the characters already given ; the former averages in length one inch, the latter
one inch seven lines.

A species is found in the United States, especially in the Southern States, which
is confounded with the latter variety, but which is very distinct, and as I can find no
special description of it, I willname it B. haldemanum,* in honour of my friend Prof.
S. 8. Haldeman, well known as a contributor to natural science. It is readily
distinguishable from the others by negative characters : its less robust anterior thighs;
the total absence of the double groove of the anterior thighs, and single one of the
tibie, although the trochanters are notched for the reception of the unguis; and the
disappearance of the distinct maculations of the thighs and tibie. ‘The specimens
measure from two inches to two and and a half in length, and from nine lines to one
inch in breadth.

There are several smaller insects found in our waters of which I can find no
description, and which are generally referred to the genus Belostoma, to which they
bear considerable resemblance, but differ from it by very decisive characters. Since
the foundation of the genus Belostoma, several genera have been formed from it, but
whether they include the species I speak of, I am unable to say, not having access to
the proper authorities upon the subject, and will therefore describe them provisionally
under the name of

PERTHOSTOMA.

Body ovate, flattened superiorly ; abdomen sub-carinated inferiorly ; promuscus inflected in a state of repose,
cylindrical; anterior extremity of labrum free; eyes large, distant, saliant; antenne very short, infra-
ocular, concealed, quadriarticulate, intermediate two articulations ramose, terminal one semi-elliptical ;
prothorax convex above, lateral margins convergent and somewhat emarginate ; hemielytra smooth with
the exception of a small round patch of pubescence at the inner angle of the coriaceous portion, where
it joins the membranous portion ; anterior legs raptorious, intermediate and posterior natatory ; anterior
cox large; anterior thighs very robust, with a double groove and intermediate ridge; anterior tibie
with a longitudinal groove ; posterior tibie not more compressed than the intermediate, and less broad
than the thighs; tarsi dimerous, divisions indistinct; anterior pair with a single unguis, intermediate

and posterior with two ungues ; caudal sete very short and spatulate.

The principal marks of distinction between BeLostoma and PERTHOSTOMA, are, in
the form of the promuscus ; the form of the antenne ; the form, comparative size, and
situation of the patch of pubescence of the hemielytra; the form of the posterior
tibie ; and the size and form of the caudal sete.

*Tn accordance with the views of this gentleman upon scientific nomenclature, I have used a small initial to the

specific name instead of a capital.

60 DR. LEIDY ON THE HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF

SPECIES.

PertnosTomMa TESTACEUM. Body spatulate-ovate, testaceous; thighs and tibie with three distinct macule ;
superior surface of abdomen black, with the edges testaceous; lateral margins of the prothorax com-
pressed, sub-emarginate ; elytra levigate with the exception of the round patch of pubescence, at the
posterior internal angle of the coriaceous portion ; caudal sete three-fourths of a line in length. Length
eight and a half lines, breadth four and a half lines.

Found in stagnant waters in Pennsylvania, &c.

P. avrantiacum. Pale testaceous, thighs indistinctly maculated; lateral margins of the prothorax sub-
emarginate ; superior surface of the abdomen deep black, bordered by orange passing into the testaceous
colour of the edges; caudal sete one and one-fourth lines. Length eleven lines, breadth five lines.

Found in the same situations as the preceding. Var. immaculatum. Pale luteus, no maculations. Found

with the latter.
IMPERFECT sTAGES OF PeRTuosToma. ‘The larva and pupa are very like those of Belostoma : oval in shape;
upper part of the abdomen testaceous, with the lateral margins maculated with black, under surface

pubescent ; tarsi with single articulation and two ungues.

The species of Belostoma and Perthostoma, are found in lakes, ponds, ditches, or
other tranquil waters. Possessed of considerable strength and activity, they roam
about almost undisputed masters of the place. Not only do other aquatic insects
become their prey, but the mollusca, smaller crustacea, and small frogs and fish.
Dr. T. B. Wilson informed me, that a workman upon his farm brought to him a
specimen of B. americana, caught in a small stream, near which he had been at work,
and which had asun-fish ( Pomotis vulgaris) twice its size struggling within its grasp.
A similar instance has been met with by Prof. S. F. Baird, of Carlisle. In the
Encyclopedia Londinensis,is an engraving of the pupa of B. grandis, luxuriating
upon the juices of a small frog, and I met with a somewhat similar instance under
the following circumstances. I had in a large basin of water some specimens of
Perthostoma, a number of other aquatic insects, a leech, (Hirudo decora) and a
frog (Rana halecina) two and a half inches long; these I was in the habit of daily
examining, when, to my astonishment, one day, I saw the leech attach itself to the
frog, and shortly after, while the latter was still possessed of considerable activity, it
was attacked by two individuals of Perthostoma, under which powerful combination
the poor animal was soon destroyed. I have seen Perthostoma attack the insects
Gyrinus, Hydrophilus, Notonecta, larve of Libellule, &c. The hard shelled insects it
destroys by puncturing them at the articulations. A larva of B. americana, which I
took in Lake George, N. Y., was at the time leisurely appropriating to itself the
fluids of a Limnea elodes. I have frequently observed Perthostoma destroy the
mollusca Physa, Limnea, and Planorbis, and it has afforded me much amusement to
notice the larve, shortly after escaping from the egg, seize upon a Planorbis parvus
or young Physa, with as much ease as if they had been schooled in the process a long
time. Dr. R. E. Griffith informed me that, in Maryland, he frequently noticed a

THE HEMIPTEROUS GENUS BELOSTOMA. 61

large quantity of the shells of Physa, Limnea, 4&c., where Belostoma existed, to
which he attributed their destruction.

They hold their prey with the fore legs, by folding it between the thighs and tibie.

Their bite is exceedingly venomous to the smaller animals, an insect dying in a
few seconds after a portion of saliva has been introduced with the oral sete. When
any one of them is held between the fore-finger and thumb, and irritated, it will
straighten the promuscus, and a small drop of pellucid liquor will be seen to appear
at the extremity. A portion of this fluid I took upon the poirt of a fine needle, and
with it punctured the thorax of a fly, which was followed by death in ten seconds.
The same experiment I repeated several times with the same result. Introduced
into the abdomen it did not operate so quickly.

The puncture of Belostoma, which Dr. Griffith once experienced, he informed me,
produces much pain and inflammation.

Belostoma and Perthostoma are capable of quitting the water, which they but
seldom do, unless their situation is nearly dried up, or is depopulated through their
voracious appetite, when they fly by night to some other neighbouring and more
- convenient water.

The female of Nepa, including Belostoma, according to most authors, deposites her
ecos in the soft stems of aquatic plants.

The female of Perthostoma carries her eggs upon her back, until the larve are
nearly ready to escape. ‘The mass of eggs which she thus conveys about with her, I
found generally to amount to about 130, and at one period to be one and a half times
her own weight. They are ranged regularly side by side, and are cemented to each
other and to the elytra, by a bassorine-like substance insoluble in water. When the
ova have arrived at maturity, the insect casts the mass from her back, when they lie
at the bottom of the water until the young escape. How she ever manages to get
them in such a novel situation, I am unable to say ; I could not detect anything in
the anatomical arrangement of the genitalia to explain it, and the caudal sete if used
as an ovipositor, could not extend one-fourth the necessary distance. Stoll (Punaisses
de Stoll, p. 36, tab. 7, fig. 6,) has represented Perthostoma? cinerea, (Nepa) with a
similar mass of ova upon the back, which he has mistaken for the ova of an aquatic
mite. The Nepade are infested by a species of Hydrachna, but the ova of this are
comparatively small, of a yellow colour, and are attached by a narrow pedicle
irregularly upon any part of the inferior surface of the animal. Beauvois (Ins. rec.
en Afrique et en Amerique, Pl. 20. fig. 3,) has represented P.? sudspinosa (Nepa,)
with a mass of ova upon its back, which he correctly attributes to the animal. I am
well convinced that such is the case, having seen the larve escape from the ova, and
also find that the ovaries of the female are empty when the ova are upon her back.

The ova are oval in form, of an ash colour, and have an operculum-like hilum at
16

62 DR. LEIDY ON THE HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF

the unattached extremity, but have no hair-like appendages as is stated to be the case
in the Nepade generally.
INTERNAL ANATOMY.
The description is taken from dissections of B. haldemanum.
DIGESTIVE APPARATUS.

The oral organs have been sufficiently dwelt upon in the general description of the
animal. The cesophagus, narrow and delicate, extends into the metathorax where it
opens into the stomach. Its parietes are thin, but present three distinct tunics
beneath the microscope, an external homogeneous layer, an internal epithelial tunic,
and an intermediate layer of very fine muscular fibres. ;

The stomach is large and irregular in form, and is much sacculated from numerous
contractions. Instructure it is thin and has three distinct tunics: the external like
that of the cesophacus, structureless and homogeneous; internally to this, a second
composed of transverse and longitudinal muscular fibres, of which the former are
more numerous and internal, and exist especially at the contracted parts of the organ
where they are accumulated into widened bands, and it is from thisarrangement that
the sacculated appearance is produced; the third or lining membrane is composed of
a net work of delicate fibres, with circular meshes, within which are situated round
glandular bodies, presenting under the microscope a structure of neucleated organic
cells. Passing from one glandular body to another, irregularly, are masses of adipose
matter, which with the glands project into the cavity of the stomach, and the whole
being covered by a delicate epithelium, it gives the inner surface of the stomach a
somewhat villous appearance. Opposite to the external contractions, valvule or
short duplications project into the stomach. ‘The stomach at its posterior part passes
insensibly into the duodenal portion of the intestinal canal. ‘This latter is cylindrical,
convoluted several times upon itself, becomes rather dilated before joining the ileum,
and presents the same structures as the stomach.

At the junction of the duodenum and ileum the hepatic tubes empty.

The zlewm is almost as long as the duodenum, pretty uniform in diameter,
convoluted several times upon itself, and presents a wrinkled appearance which
disappears by dilatation. With the exception of the lining membrane, it is constructed
like the duodenum.

The colon, a dilated portion of the intestinal canal, commences where the ileum
terminates. It is short, and is divided by a contraction into two portions, the posterior
of which may be considered as the rectum. Projecting forwards, from the anterior
part of the colon, beneath the abdominal viscera, there exists a large, capacious
ccecum, longer than the colon itself, and longer in the female than in the male, which
the insect may use as a kind of natatory vesicle, for I have frequently seen

THE HEMIPTEROUS GENUS BELOSTOMA. 63

Perthostoma rise to the surface of the water, protrude its abdomen, and squirt a
stream of water from the anus for a considerable distance, and then apparently take
in a supply of air and disappear.

The anus is a valvular opening, at the extremity of a prolongation of the abdomen,
situated superiorly and considerably posterior to the genital orifice. The anal
prolongation is smooth, triangular at its extremity, and grooved longitudinally on its
inferior surface, where it forms the entrance to the generative apparatus. In the
female it is somewhat shorter but broader than in the male.

The sahvary apparatus.—As in all Hemiptera, the salivary apparatus is complex.
The salivary glands are four in number; two of these are long, and extend backward
as far as the commencement of the abdomen; the others are about one-fourth as long.
They lie upon each side of the cesophagus, into the commencement of which they
empty, each by a distinct duct. In structure they are of the highest order, being
conglomerated. At the head of the longer pair of glands there are placed two small
vesicles, side by side, communicating with the duct, and probably serving as
reservoirs for the secreted saliva. Besides these, on each side of the cesophacus,
there is situated a sigmoid ccecal pouch which opens by a narrow duct into the
commencement of the cesophagus, in the vicinity of the termination of the salivary
ducts. These either elaborate some peculiar fluid or serve as reservoirs to saliva
secreted by the proper glands.

Bihary tubes.—These are four in number ; they are long, much contorted, and lie
closely applied against the intestinum tenue. They join the intestine at the junction
of the duodenum and ileum, and are connected to each other in pairs at the distal
extremity.

GENERATIVE APPARATUS.

Mate: The testes are placed at the anterior part of the abdominal cavity, one on
each side of the stomach. ‘They are irregularly rounded masses, about two lines in
diameter, and are composed of a single long convoluted tube. From the testicle
passes off the vas deferens, at first narrow, it gradually enlarges as it passes
backwards, is a little contorted, and finally joins the one of the opposite side to form
the ductus ejaculatorius, which is a short tube, joining at its other extremity the
penis.

The penis in a state of rest, is contracted within a sheath formed by the anal
prolongation superiorly, and a triangular, shorter body inferiorly, which I will call
the genital prolongation. When projected, the penis is found to be an articulated
organ, three lines in length and curved inferiorly. At its extremity it divides into
two parts: an upper, in the form of a hook; the lower, spoon-shaped, and between the
two exists the urethral orifice.

64 DR. LEIDY ON THE HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF

The genital prolongation has the two caudal sete projecting from it, which are
capable of being entirely retracted within the abdomen, from the great extent of the
articulating membrane, between the genital prolongation and last abdominal segment.
Immediately posterior to the caudal sete are two hook-shaped appendages, which are
probably used in retaining hold of the female in coitu.

The genital and aual prolongations are articulated with each other at their base, as
well as with the sixth or last abdominal seement, so that when the one is retracted
the other must follow. ‘They correspond to the dorsal and ventral plates of a seventh
abdominal segment.

Femate. The ovaries are large, and are situated one on each side of the body,
extending from within the thorax, at the side of the cesophagus, to the posterior part
of the abdomen. Each one is composed of five tubes attached together, and with
those of the other side at their filamentary apices. The tubes are of the same length,
and within the thorax are straight and narrow, and contain numerous ova in a very
undeveloped state, but within the abdomen they become wider, thinner, and much ©
convoluted together, and contain numerous nearly fully developed ova, which together
form a large oval mass, occupying with the other the greater part of the cavity of the
abdomen.

The ova are oval in form, somewhat compressed and curved, and are of a yellow
colour, with brown streaks upon the larger extremity, a whitish mark upon the
small end, and a round spot upon the convexity of its curve. They are placed -
within the egg-tubes, with their long axis parallel with the course of the latter, and
overlie each other at their extremities.

The five tubes of the ovary form by their junction a short oviduct, which joining
with its fellow of the opposite side forms a short vagina, proceeding io the genital
orifice between the genital and anal prolongation.

The hooks developed upon the genital prolongation of the male, exist in a
rudimentary form in the female.

‘In Perthostoma the ovzducts are comparatively twice the length of those of
Belostoma, and the ova are oval, without the especial marks existing upon those of
the latter. :

Odoriferous Glands.—These consist of two moderately long ccecal tubes, situated
within the metathorax, beneath the other viscera, and extending into the anterior part
of the abdomen. ‘They are convoluted together in such a manner, that after one or
two turns the closed extremity is brought close to the termination, both of which
extremities are concealed by the passage over them of the ventral cord. They open

externally between the coxe of the posterior legs. The character of the secretion I
failed to detect.

THE HEMIPTEROUS GENUS BELOSTOMA. 65

NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Belostoma, when compared to most other insects, presents a considerable
concentration of the nervous centres.

The cerebral ganglia are well developed, consisting of two pyriform masses of white
matter placed side by side, the narrow portion of which forms the commissures
connecting them with the cerebellum. The optic ganglia. are larger than the
cerebral, and pass from them obliquely forwards and outwards. They are somewhat
clavate in form, and terminated by a rounded extremity, from which pass off the
optic nerves to the eye. These nerves are numerous, and are divided into two
bundles by a styloid process, passing vertically from the bottom of the eye to the top.
From the cerebral ganglia there is given off on each side, a small nerve to the
antenne; a commissural filament, the nervus recurrens, to the frontal ganglion ;
and a commissural filament to the respiratory ganglia.

The frontal ganglion sends off filameuts anteriorly, filaments to the cesophagus,
and a principal branch, which proceeds backwards between the cerebrum and
cesophagus, to the latter of which it is finally distributed. Immediately after passing
the cerebrum, it has formed upon it a minute ganglionary swelling.

The respiratory ganglia, two in number on each side, are connected with each
other and with the cerebrum, by exceedingly delicate commissural filaments.

The cerebellum or prothoracic ganglion is moderately large, and is connected to
the cerebrum by short, thick commissures. It sends off numerous branches,
anteriorly to the oral apparatus, laterally to the anterior legs, and to the muscles
within the prothorax.

The other thoracic ganglia and the abdominal ganglia are fused into a single,
large, cordiform mass, occupying a position at the posterior part of the mesothorax,
and connected anteriorly to the cerebellum by the usual double commissure, the
cords of which are closely applied together. It is longitudinally and transversely
depressed. From its antero-lateral parts it gives off a branch to the hemielytra, a
small branch running forward to be distributed to the muscles of the prothorax,
branches to the parts within the meso- and metathorax, a branch to the intermediate
legs, and a branch to the ale. From its postero-lateral parts, a branch to the posterior
legs, and a branch to the first and second abdominal segments. Posteriorly it gives
off five nerves on each side of the median line, which proceed backwards closely
united in bands, until each comes near its respective abdominal ‘seement, when it
diverges, to be distriouted to the parts within the segment, excepting the last, which
divides into two branches, which, with a branch from the fourth, are distributed to

the genitalia and rectum.
1471

66 DR. LEIDY ON BELOSTOMA.

BELOSTOMA, Lat.

Antenne quadriarticulate, semi-pectinate, sub-oculis inserte et occultate; articulis tribus ultimis furcatis.
Rostrum elongato-conicum, quadriarticulatum. Corpus sub-elongatum, lanceolatum, valde depressum.
Pedes antici raptorii, uniunguiculati. Tibie posticee compresse, femoribus latiores. ‘Tarsi omnes
distincte biarticulati. Hemielytra spatio obliquo elliptico versus portionis coriacee apicem subtiliter
pubescente. Sete caudales elongate.

Spee. (grandis, Fab.) testaceum, fusco maculatum; femoribus et tibiis distincte trimaculatis; femoribus
anticis valde robustis, cum stria duplici in margine anteriore; setis caudalibus linearibus.

Long: 3 un. — 3 un. 2 lin. Lat: 1 un. 2 lin. Set. caud. long. 1 un. Habitat in Americe meridionalis
et Asie aquis.

Var. americanum: testaceum; maculis minus distinctis quam in B. grandi. Long: 1 un. 9 lin. — 2 un.
31m. Lat: 9—11 lin. Habitat in United States aquis.

Spec. haldemanum: testaceum, maculis nullis; femoribus anticis vix incrassatis, margine antico simplici.

Long: 2 un. — 2 un. 6 lin, Lat: 10—12 lin. Habitat in United States aquis.

PERTHOSTOMA.

Antenne quadriarticulate, sub-oculis insert et occultate; articulis duobus intermediis ramosis; ultimo
semi-elliptico. Rostrum cylindricum, quadriarticulatum. Corpus ovatum, valde depressum. Pedes
antici raptorii, uniunguiculati. ‘Tibi postice sub-compresse, femoribus angustiores. ‘Tarsi omnes
-indistincte biarticulati. Hemielytra spatio rotundato ad portionis coriacee angulum posteriorem
internum subtiliter pubescente. Seta caudales breves.

Spec. testaceum: spatulato-ovatum, testaceum; femoribus et tibiis maculis tribus nigris distinetis; abdomine
supra nigro, marginibus testaceis ; setis caudalibus spatulatis.

Long: 82 lin. Lat: 43 lin. Set. caud. long. ¢ lin. Habitat in Pennsylvanie aquis.

Spec. aurantiacum: pallide testaceum ; femoribus indistincte maculatis; prothoracis lateralibus sub-
emarginatis; abdomine supra nigerrimo, margine lato testaceo, intus aurantiaco; setis caudalibus
spatulatis.

Long: 11 lin. Lat: 5 lin. Set. caud. long. 14 lin. Habitat in Pennsylvanie aquis.

Var. immaculatum: pallide luteum, immaculatum.

Be Ee

REFERENCE TO THE FIGURES, PLATE X, OF THE DISSECTIONS OF BELOSTOMA
HALDEMANUM.

Fig. 1. Promuscus magnified: a. first articulation; 6. remaining articulations; c. quadrangular opening ;
d. labrum; e. ligula; f. oral sete.

Fig. 3. Antenna of Belostoma much magnified.

Fig. 4, Digestive apparatus: a. esophagus; 6. stomach; c. duodenum; d. ileum; e. colon; f. rectum ;
g. eeeum; A. salivary apparatus: 7. hepatic tubes.

Fig. 5. Portion of the inner surface of the lining membrane of the stomach highly magnified.

Fig. 6. Male generative apparatus magnified, anterior view: a. testicle; 6. vas deferens; c. retractor
muscles of the penis; d. caudal sete; e. extremity of the rectum; f. anal prolongation.

Fig. '7. Posterior view of the genito-anal prolongation of the abdomen magnified: a. genital prolongation ;
b. genital unce ; c. caudal sete; d. extremity of the anal prolongation.

DR. LEIDY.—MISCELLANEA ZOOLOGICA. 67

Fig. 8. Lateral view of the genito-anal prolongation; the penis protruded, and the anal prolongation
drawn upwards: a. genital prolongation; b. anal prolongation; c. the uncinated portion of the penis:
d, the spoon-like portion of the penis; e. genital unce; f. caudal sete.

Fig. 9.) Female generative apparatus magnified: a. ovary; b. oviduct; c. vagina.

Fig.10 a. exhibits the relative position of an ovum within its tube magnified; b. an ovum, magnified,
exhibiting the peculiar markings.

Fig. Lb Posterior view of the genito-anal prolongation: a. genital prolongation; b. undeveloped unce ;
c. caudal sete; d. anal prolongation.

Fig.

ge 12. Odoriferous glands, with the ventral cord concealing in its course the point of their termination.
Fig. 13.) Nervous system magnified: a, cerebral ganglia; b. optic ganglia; c. optic nerves; d. frontal
ganglion; e. respiratory ganglia; f. cerebellum; g. branches within the prothorax; h. nervous mass,
formed by the fusion of the abdominal with the remaining thoracic ganglia, within the mesothorax ;
7. antero-lateral branches ; k. postero-lateral branches ; J. posterior branches.
Fig. 14, Antenna of Perthostoma.

Fig. i] a Ova of Perthostoma, from the back of the female.

MISCELLANEA ZOOLOGICA.

BY JOSEPH LEIDY, M. D.

1. Description of a new genus and species of Entozoa. Cryptobia helicis.*

In September, 1846, I first gave an account, in our Proceedings, of the discovery
of anew genus and species of Entozoa inhabiting the fluid contained within the
vessie copulatrice or spermatheca of Helix albolabris, tridentata, and alternata. Since
then I have verified the observation, and have also detected it in several other species
of Heliz, viz. elevata and thyroidus; and also in a species of an allied genus, Bulimus
decollatus.

The name which I gave it at that time, I was not aware, had been previously
applied to a genus of Insecta brachelytra, with the only difference of the latter
having the neuter termination “um.” I will therefore change the name to—
Cryptoicus, minutissimus ; forma mutabilissima; organisatione interna collulonamnc! granulorum.

-C. helicis. Coloris expers; forma plerumque elongata, ellipsoidi, fusiformi, vel ovata; caudis duabus
adversis, una longiori quam altera. Structura interna stomachos duos et granulos numerosos parvos

exhibet. Long. ,4,— ,4, lin. Habitat in spermatheca vel “ vessie copulatrice’’ Helicis albolabris,
tridentate, &c., et Bulimi decollati.

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. iii. p. 100.

68 DR. LEIDY.—MISCELLANEA ZOOLOGICA.

This singular entozoon is a polygastric animalcule. Its varied form and movements
are curious to observe; at one moment globular, then oval, ovate, fusiform, sigmoid,
crescentic, &c., it appears as if it would outvie the kaleidoscope in its changes.
Sometimes it is collected in bunches adhering by the end of one of the cauda to
each other, and frequently it may be observed to contract upon either of the larger
cellules, causing them to project beyond the outline of the animal. The motions are
vibratile, rotary, with a lateral progression, or whirling in circles like the insect
Gyrinus.

Cryptoicus, on account of its locality, might be mistaken for the spermatozoa of
the animal, but may be readily distinguished; the spermatozoa of Helices generally
having either a uniform sigmoid or a spiral body, with an enormous proportionate
length of tail, and a slow, vibratile motion.

In the collapsed state of the genitalia of Helices I could not detect the Cryptoicus.

The subjoined sketch represents some of the varied forms of the animal highly

F @
eee!

we “a

2. On the mechanism which closes the membranous wings of the genus Locusta.*

magnified.

The membranous wings or ale of the locusts while at rest are folded up, like a
closed fan, beneath the anterior pergamentaceous wings. These are opened or
expanded by the contraction of appropriate muscles (extensores ale) contained within
the thorax, the tendons of which are inserted into the ribs or longitudinal veins at
the root of the wings. When one of the wings is separated from the body of the
insect, and stretched open by the fingers, upon letting go, it will be found instantly
to close or resume the position of rest.

The mechanism which produces this closure in the separated wing, as well as
when attached to the living animal, I find to be spiral ligamentous bands, wound,
like the thread of a screw, around the transverse or connecting veins, which latter are
also flexible. By this arrangement, upon the contraction of the alary extensors, the
spring-like ligaments, or ligamenta spiralia as I will call them, are stretched in the
expansion of the wings, and upon the relaxation or cessation of the action of the

*Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. iii. p. 104,

DR. LEIDY.—MISCELLANIA ZOOLOGICA. 69

muscles, the physical properties alone of the ligamenta spiralia, in resuming their
unstretched state, close the wings. These ligamenta spiralia are numerous, and exist
in all the species of Locusta possessing perfect ale which I have examined. To this
short description I append a drawing of several of these ligaments, magnified, from a
preparation in Canada balsam, of one of the al of Locusta Carolina.

3. On the situation of the olfactory sense in the terrestrial tribe of the
Gasteropodous Mollusca.*

While no observer of the habits of the terrestrial Gasteropoda, doubts the existence
of the sense of smell in them, but on the contrary, asserts positively that it does exist,
the anatomist heretofore has not been able to point out its precise seat.

Swammerdam, in his Biblia Nature, speaks decidedly of the existence of this sense
in Heliz pomatia, but offers no conjecture as to its situation. Blumenbach remarks,
under the head of Vermes, “ Several animals of this class appear to have the sense of
smelling : as many land-snails (Helix pomatia, &c.,)” and afterwards adds, “ But the
organ of this sense is hitherto unknown ; perhaps it may be the stigma thoracicum.”’
Cuvier, in his “ Mémoire sur la Limace et le Colimacon,” after remarking the delicacy
of this sense, thinks it probable it may reside “ Dans la peau toute entiére, qui a
beaucoup de la texture d’une membrane pituitaire.”

In investigating this tribe of mollusca, I detected an organ which appears to have
been entirely neglected, or has escaped the notice of those who have dissected these
animals. It is a depression or cul-de-sac, having its orifice beneath the mouth,
between it and the anterior extremity of the podal disk, and which in a number of
species of different genera is elongated backwards into a blind tube, more or less
deep, free, and occupying a situation just above the podal disk within the visceral
cavity ; in others it is a funnel-shape depression, excavated in the substance of the

*Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. iii. p. 136.
18

70 DR. LEIDY.—MISCELLANIA ZOOLOGICA.

podal disk. In Bulimus fasciatus it extends backwards as far as the tail, is one-eighth
of an inch in width, and is twice folded upon itself ; in Glandina truncata it extends
the length of the podal disk ; in a number of American species of Helix, I found it to
vary from a superficial depression to a sac the length of the podal disk ; in a specimen
of Helix pomatia of Kurope, hardened in alcohol, it proved to be a funnel-shape exca-
vation half an inch deep; in Swccinea obliqua it is of moderate length; in Limaz
and Arion it is a superficial depression ; and in an undescribed species of Vaginula,
a sac half an inch in length and free.

It is composed of two lamine ; a delicate lining mucous membrane and an external
layer, having a whitish or reddish glandular appearance. A large nerve, on each
side, from the subcesophageal ganglia, is distributed to its commencement, besides
which it receives numerous smaller branches along its course, from the same ganglia.
Its arterial supply is derived from the cephalic branch of the aorta.

This organ, from its situation, relative size to the degree of perfection of the
olfactive sense, its structure, and nervous supply, I think, is the olfactory organ.

pitt]

Art. VIL—Fracmenta Entomotocica. Auctore J. L. Le Conte, M. D.

1. TRIPLACIDUM BOREALI-AMERICANARUM SYNOPSIS.

Libri citati. Lacorpaire, Monographia Hrotylidarum. Paris, 1843.
Say, Journal Ac. Nat. Sc.. vol. iv, p. 89, (Triplax.)

= < et «vy, p. 300, (Tritoma.)

MELSHEIMER, Proceedings Ac. Nat. Sc., vol. il. p. 175.

TRIPLAX, Fabr.

A. Corpus ellipticum, subelongatum.

2 fascia media transversa rufo-flava, capite antennisque nigris, 1. restiva, Lac. 208.

= & fasciata, Mels. 176.

2 2 | concoloribus; capite antennarumque basi rufis, - - - 2. THoRacicA, Say, iv. 89.
c melanoptera, Lac. 215.

nigrum ; capite, thorace, pedibus antennarumque basi rufis, - 3. FLAVICOLLIS, Lac. 218.

B. Corpus ovatum. tTRiToma, Fabr.
corpus subtus rufum ; capite pedibusque rufis, - - 4. arrinis, Lac. 224.

corpus subtus nigrum; capite pedibusque rufis, - - 5. *ATRIVENTRIS.

tibiis dilatatis.
A

thorace rufo;
elytris nigris;

nigra; antennarum basi, tarsisque obscure ferrugineis, 6. unrcotor, Say, v. 300, Lac. 220.
subelongata, nigra; ant. basi pedibusque lete flavis, 7. ANGULATA; Say, v. 300.
flavipes, Lac. 226.

supra picea, subtus lete picea; antennarum basi,

antennarum art. Sio
sequentes 3 equante.

pedibus, thoracisque limbo pallidioribus, - - 8. Brunwea, Lac. 222.
antennarum art. 3io sequentes 2 equante; supra pallide picea

thorace elytrisque concoloribu
tiblis dilatatis

subtus testacea, - - - - - - - 9. xivipa, Lac. 227.

2 (2 felytris flavo-ferrugineis, sutura margineque piceis, - - 10. *vitTaTa.

g|a

—- a . -

c= 2 nigra ; antennarum basi rufo, - - - ~ - 11. ERyTHROCEPHALA, Lac. 226.
ie

sis : 5 é

= | © (nigra; antennarum basi humerisque rufo-flavis, - - 12. *RUFICEPS.

Slag: .

o

2 subtus nigra ; elytris macula humerali coccinea, - 13. *rzniata.

= a : : . ‘ ; .

= ee subtus rufa: elytris macula basali coccinea, = - 14. sicurtata, Say, iv. 9.
ay a) a Ci

& | 3. basalis, Lac. 225.

& -

2 | &| 2 (elytris antice dimidio coccineis; corpus subtus nigrum, 15. putcura, Say, v. 301.

5 a oo . . .

8) Eo aC dimidiata, Lac. 224.

basale, Mels. 175.
elytris coccineis ; abdominis art. 3 ultimis rutis, - 16. saANGUINIPENNIS, Say, iv. 89.
elytris flavis, limbo nigro, antice abbreviato (mihi invisa) 17. cincra, Lac.

72 LE CONTE.—_FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA.

5. *arriventris.—Nigra, nitida; capite, thorace, antennarum basi, palpis pedibusque lete rufis ; elytris
punctato-striatis, interstitiis subtiliter punctulatis. Long. +15 unc. lat. -08. Habitat in Carolina
Meridionali a Dom. Zimmerman benevole missa.

Ovata, postice subattenuata, nigra, nitida. Caput subtiliter punctatum, lete
rufum; antenne rufe, clava fusca. Thorax basi capite plus duplo latior, latitudine
fere triplo brevior, antice valde angustatus, apice profunde emarginatus, lateribus
paulo rotundatis, basi utrinque leviter oblique emarginata; leviter punctatus, lete
rufus, nitidus. Elytra latitudine plus sesqui longiora, nigra nitida, leviter punctato-
striata, interstitiis subtiliter sparse punctulatis. Subtus nigra, abdominis articulis 3
ultimis medio rufescentibus. Pedes cum coxis rufo-flavi; tibiis versus apicem
fortiter dilatatis, angulatisque.

Habitus fere T. flavicollis, at paulo convexior.

10. *virtata.—Atra nitida; capite, thoracisque limbo rufescentibus; antennarum basi pedibusque flavis ;
elytris rufis, sutura margineque late piceo-infuscatis. Long. +15 une. lat. -09. Habitat Nov. Eboraci
minus frequens. T. pulchra. Mels. Cab.

Atra nitida. Caput sparse punctatum, obscure rufum, ore infuscato; palpis,
antennisque rufo-flavis, his clava nigra; articulo 3i0 sequentes duos equante. Thorax
basi capite fere triplo latior, latitudine duplo brevior, lateribus paulo rotundatus,
antice valde angustatus, basi utrinque oblique emarginatus, lobo intermedio
rotundato: punctatus, parum convexus, ater margine laterali rufescente. Elytra
latitudine sesqui longiora, profunde puncfato-striata, imterstitiis valde obsolete
punctatis ; rufa nitida, vitta communi suturali ad striam 24am extendente, alteraque
submarginali utrinque paulo abbreviata piceis. Pedes flavi; tiblis versus apicem
paulo dilatatis.

12. *ruricers.—Convexa, nigra nilida; capite, elytrorum macula Mamerali, antennarum basi, palpis
pedibusque rufo-flavis. Long. -14 unc. lat. -08. Habitat in Carolina Meridionali ; a Dom. Zimmerman
amice data.

Ovata, convexa, postice valde attenuata, nigra nitida. Caput punctatum inter
antennas utrinque leviter impressum, lete rufum; antenne flave, clava nigro-picea.
Thorax basi capite plus duplo latior, latitudine fere triplo brevior, antice valde
ancoustatus, apice profunde emarginatus, lateribus modice rotundatus, basi utrinque
oblique emarginato, lobo intermedio late rotundato; punctatus. Elytra latitudine vix
sesqui longiora, punctato-striata, interstitiis subtiliter sparse punctatis; nigra, macula
trapezoidali humerali coccinea, margine postico convexo. Subtus nigra, nitida,
abdominis articulis duobus ultimis flavo-marginatis. Pedes rufo-flavi, tibiis parum
dilatatis.

LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA. 73

13. *raniaTa.—Nigra nitida, elytrorum macula humerali coccinea, palpis, pedibus, antennarum basi, anoque
rufo-flavis. Long. +15 une. lat. -09. Habitat in Pennsylvania, et Carolina.

Ovata, convexa, utrinque subattenuata, nigra nitida. Caput punctatum, inter
antennas utrinque leviter impressum. Antenne nigro-picee, basi rufescentes, palpi
rufi. ‘Thorax latitudine plus duplo brevior, antice valde angustatus, lateribus modice
rotundatus, apice emarginatus, basi utrinque oblique leviter emarginatus, lobo medio
rotundato ; distinctius punctatus. Elytra latitudine sesqui longiora, leviter punctato-
striata, interstitlis sparse subtiliter punctulatis; nigra nitida, macula trapezoidali
humerali coccinea, margine postico concavo. Subtus nigra, abdominis articulo
ultimo rufo-marginato. Pedes rufo-flavi, tibiis vix dilatatis.

2. DE LYCIS BOREALI-AMERICANIS.

Auctores Citati. Fasr. Systema. Eleutheratorum.
Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc., vol. ii.
«“ Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1.
RanDALL, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. u. Febr. 1838.
Newman, Ent. Mag., vol. v. April 1838.
MELSHEIMER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., vol ii.
GerRmar, Ins. Nov.
Hatpeman, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sc., vol. 1.

GENERUM SYNOPSIS.

§ Caput rostratum. LYCUS.
§ § Caput subrostratum (h. e. rostrum capite brevius).

1. Antenne serrate, articulis subquadratis.

a. Palporum articulo ultimo ovali. Caput exsertum. DYCTIOPTERA.
b. Palporum articulo ultimo securiformi. ‘Thorax antice leviter productus. DIGRAPHA.
2. Antenne flabellate : palporum articulo ultimo compresso, extus oblique leviter sinuato.
a. Elytra valde dilatata. CAENIA,
b. Elytra vix dilatata. CELETES.
§ § § Caput breve, fere reconditum. : EROS.
LYCUS, Fabr.

1. taTerRatis, Mels. 11. 302. (Lygistopterus.)

Ad Lycos veros recte pertinet hee species : nam rostrum elongatum est, thoracem
fere superans: Lygistopterum (Dej.) pro Dyctiopteram (Lat.) habeo; beatus tamen
hic auctor pro typo generis sui Lycum sanguineum (Fabr.) citavit (Regne An. iii.)
quem cum Lygistopteris collocavit Dejeanius (Cat. 111).

Habitat in provinciis mediis et australibus rarissime.
19

74 LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA.

DYCTIOPTERA, Latr. (Lygistopterus, De}. Cat.)

1. *sussTriaTus.—Niger, thorace canaliculato, transversim biimpresso, lateribus late luteis; elytris rugosis,
obsolete striatis. Long -44 unc. lat. -15. Habitat in provinciis australibus minus frequens.

Lygistopterus substriatus, De}. Cat.

Elongatus, niger, opacus, tenuiter pubescens. Caput subrostratum, nitidum leve:
mandibulis rufis. Thorax capite duplo latior, subquadratus, latitudine paulo brevior,
antice subancustatus lateribus rectis, apice leviter rotundato, basi fere recte truncato,
angulis posticis subacutis; disco fere planus, inequalis, canaliculatus, transversim
profunde bimpressus, niger, lateribus late luteis. Elytra parallela, subtiliter rugosa
leviter obsoleteque striata.

DIGRAPHA, Newman. (Charactus, Dej. Cat.)

(thorax sesqui latior, - - . - : - - - - - RETICULATA.

Raa

2

2 eae
3} ao |) tS F 4
5 8 Ed 58 a If lata, antice juxta suturam producta, - = = = = - DISCREPANS.
1 a a
a - 0) 5 6 2
Be B58 2< postice sinuata, antennarum articulo 22° brunneo, - - - TYPICA.
2S ons ‘|

= . a
arr L=4 angustiore, - = = : : - = = : - *aFFINIs.
3 8 versus marginem abbreviata - - - - = = - DORSALIS.
Ea = . a
~ 2 | #2 thorax capite duplo latior, - - - = = - - - - *APICALIS.
"set | . . . .
es 2 ( thorax capite vix sesqui latior, = = - - - - - - TERMINALIS.
vo

+Thorax capite duplo, vel plus duplo latior.

1. piscrepans.—Nigra, subtiliter pubescens: thorace lateribus late luteis; elytris reticulatis luteis; fascia
lata subrotundata, antice ad scutellum producta, apiceque late nigris. Long. -45--6: lat. -25--3. Habitat
ubique sat frequens. ;

Digrapha discrepans, Newman, v. 381.

Charactus vicinus, Dej. Cat.

Thorax latitudine paulo brevior, antice angustatus, apice obtuse rotundatus
lateribus ampliatis, leviter sinuatis, angulis posticis valde productis acutissimis, basi
bisinuato: disco concavus, biimpressus, medio acute carinatus, margine tenui,
(sicut in omnibus) incrassato: niger lateribus late luteis.

2. Typica.—Nigra subtiliter pnbescens ; thorace luteo, vitta media nigra; elytris reticulatis luteis, fascia
media lata subsinuata integra, apiceque late nigris ; antennarum articulo 24° brunneo. Long. -5—-7:
lat. -26--35. Habitat in provinciis mediis.

Digrapha typica, Newman v. 380.

Charactus nobilis De}. Cat.

Thorax latitudine brevior, antice angustatus, apice obtuse rotundatus, lateribus
ampliatis, paulo sinuatis, angulis posticis modice productis, acutissimis, basi leviter
bisinuato, dorso concavus, acute carinatus, profundius quadratim biimpressus ; luteus
vitta media lata nigra.

LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA. 79

3. *arrinis.—Nigra subtiliter pubescens; thorace lateribus late fulvis; elytris reticulatis fascia media
angusta integra, apiceque late nigris. Long. -45: lat. -23. Habitat in Territorio Missouriensi.

Precedenti affinis, thorace lateribus rectis, disco latiore nigro, fasciaque elytrali
angustiore, recta distincta videtur.

Thorax latitudine brevior, antice angustatus, apice acutius rotundatus, lateribus
regulariter ampliatis vix sinuatis ; angulis posticis modice productis, acutissimis, basi
profundius bisinuato, disco valde concavus, niger, lateribus late luteis; inequalis,
profunde biimpressus, acute carinatus. Scutellum nigrum. Elytra postice leviter
dilatata, reticulata, costis alternatim elatioribus, fascia media recta integra, maculaque
apicali quadrantem occupante antice rotundata, nigris. Subtus nigrum, femora
antica basi lutea.

4. porsatis.—Nigra tenuiter pubescens, thorace nigro, lateribus late luteis; elytris reticulatis, fascia lata
transversa, ad marginem abbreviata, apiceque late nigris.

Habitat in Alabama: Mus. Dom. Haldeman.

Digrapha dorsalis Newman. V. 381.

Charactes duplicatus Hd. Proc. 1. 303.

Charactus inquinatus Dej. Cat.

Fascia elytrali ad marginem abbreviata valde distincta.

5. *apicatis.—Nigra, subtiliter pubescens, thorace antice parum angustato, apice subangulato, flavo, vitta lata
nigra; elytris flavoluteis, apice late nigris. Long. 65: lat. +35. Specimen unicum in Missouri inveni.

D. terminali, subtus descripte simillima; at thorace Jatiore, antice parum angus-
tato, lateribus multo magis rotundatis, sinuatisque, disco pone medium non elevato,
_ elytrisque basi subgibbosis facile dignoscitur.

Thorax capite duplo latior, latitudine paulo brevior, antice vix angustatus, apice
obtuse angulato, lateribus valde rotundatis, postice sinuatis, basi profunde bisinuato,
angulis posticis productis acutissimis; disco modice concavus, late biimpressus, medio
carinatus ; luteus, vitta lata nigra. Elytra ad humeros subgibbosa, sicut in aliis reti-
culata, costis equaliter elevatis; lutea, macula magna apicali trientem occupante
ceeruleo-nigra.

ttThorax capite vix sesqui latior.

6, TERMINALIS.—Nigra, subtiliter pubescens ; thorace nigro, lateribus luteis, elytris reticulatis flavo-luteis,
apice late nigris. Long. -55: lat. -32. Habitat ubique minus frequens.

Lycus terminalis Say. i. 178.

Thorax latitudine non brevior, antice angustatus, apice rotundato, medio subangu-
lato, lateribus vix sinuatis, angulis posticis leviter productis, acutis, basi bisinuato ;
disco modice concavus, pone medium utrinque profunde impressus, acute carinatus,
pone medium anguste rhomboidaliter elevatus; elytra flavo fulva, macula apicali
trientem occupante cceruleo-nigra.

76 LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA.

7. rericuLata.—Nigra, subtiliter pubescens; thorace fulvo, vitta media nigra; elytris reticulatis luteis,

fascia transversa, integra, antice subrotundata, apiceque late nigris; antennarum articulo 2°¢° brunneo.

Long. -55: lat. -31. Habitat in provinciis australibus.
Thorace angusto, elytrorumqne fascia integra satis distincta. Lycus reticulatus
Fabr. ii. 111.

SPECIES INVISA.

pivisa Newman, v. 381, “elytris fulvis, basi nigris.” (An recte descripta ?)
SANGUINIPENNIS Say ili. 178. Habitat ad Rocky Mountains.
Dyctiopteris propius videtur, nec D. sanguine dissimilis.

Canta, Newman.

1. pimmrata.—Nigra, thorace subfusco, brevi, carinato antice vix angustato, apice angulato, lateribus
sinuatis, angulis posticis valde productis; elytris postice valde dilatatis, acute bicostatis, interstitiis
3-seriatim reticulatis; nigris macula magna humerali trigona fulva. Long. -42: lat. -27. Specimen
unicum ad Lacum Superiorem inveni.

Lycus dimidiatus. Fabr. i. 111.

Cenia scapularis Newman, v. 381.

Nigra, caput antice canaliculatum. Antenne breviuscule, late, valde compresse ;
articulis 4-10 processu medio interno, longo subacuto. ‘Thorax latitudine duplo fere
brevior, subpentagonus, lateribus sinuatis, angulis posticis valde productis, acutis-
simis; disco niger nitidus, acute carinatus, lateribus apiceque subfuscis, grosse punc-
tatis. Elytra abdomine sesqui longiora, basi thorace paulo angustiora, regulariter
valde ampliata, dein rotundata, costis 2 valde elevatis, interstitiis reticulatis, 1°
2" que lineis tribus parum elevatis, intermedia distinctiore ; interstitio marginali linea
una fere obsoleta; nigra, macula magna scapulari, trientem occupante, postice ad
suturam fere extendente, recteque truncata.

CeLeres, Newman.

1. BasaLis.—Atra, vel atro brunnea, thoracis lateribus, humerisque fulvis ; illo carinato, apice producto,
lateribus sinuato, angulis posticis valde productis ; elytris costis 4 elevatis ; antennarum articulis ramo
longo interno basali. Long. -3: lat. -13. Habitat in Georgia minus frequens.

Elongata, atra; frons leviter concavus; antenne subelongate, valde compresse,
articulo 2™° rufo, sequentibus latitudine duplo longioribus, ramo angusto, longo,
interno, basali auctis; oculi permagni. Thorax latitudine brevior, antice subangus-
tatus, apice medio obtuse producto, lateribus valde sinuatis, basi bisinuata; angulis
posticis valde productis: disco concavus, carinatus, prope basin transverse arcuatim
impressus ; niger, lateribus apiceque fulvis. Elytra ad mediam thorace duplo latiora,
margine, costisque 4 elevatis, interstitiis uniseriatim reticulatis ; nigra humeris anguste
fulvis.

LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA. 77

Species hee pro typo generis sui, sub nomine L. marginelli (Fabr.) citavit Hl.
Dom. Newman V. 381. Mihi autem melius videtur (secundum II]. Com. Dejean)

speciem Fabricianam ad genus sequens adjungere.

2. mysTacina.—Nigra, thorace lateribus, humerisque fulvis; illo brevi carinato, apice subproducto, emargi
nato, lateribus sinuatis, angulis posticis productis; disco medio antice elevato ; elytris 4-costatis ; antennis

articulis triangularibus, angulo interno producto. Long. :34: lat. +14.

Specimen unicum ad Lacum Superiorem inveni: ad speciem hanc, vel ad
precedentem referendus est Charactus mystacinus Dej. Cat.

Elongata, postice vix dilatata; frons valde concavus: oculi permagni. Antenne
elongate, valde compresse, articulis latitudine non brevioribus, triangularibus, angulo
interno producto, acuto. Thorax capite duplo latior, latitudine fere duplo brevior, antice
parum angustatus, apice modice producto, summo inciso; lateribus valde sinuatis,
basi bisinuato, angulis posticis acutis, productis; disco concavus, margine laterali
acutius reflexo, late fulvo; carinatus, medio antice elevato. Elytra postice thorace
sesqui Jatiora, margine, costisque 4 elevatis, interstitiis uniseriatim reticulatis; nigra
humeris fulvis.

3. TraBiwa.—Nigra, thorace lateribus, humerisque fulvis; illo carinato, antice fleviter angustato, apice sub-
angulato, lateribus parum sinuatis, basi truncato ; elytris parallelis, 4-costatis: antennis articulis trian-
gularibus, angulo interno producto. Long. :3: lat. 1.

Specimen unicum ad Lacum Superiorem inventum.

Linearis, nigra, frons leviter concavus, punctis 2 profundis inter antennas; antenne
sicut in precedente: oculi permagni. ‘Thorax capite fere duplo latior, latitudine
sesqui fere brevior, antice leviter angustatus, apice subangulatus, lateribus parum
sinuatis, basi fere recte truncato, angulis posticis productis acutis; disco. parum
concavus, carinatus, ad medium transverse impressus, antice leviter elevatus, niger
lateribus late fulvis. Elytra parallela, thorace vix latiora, atra, humeris anguste
fulvis ; 4-costata, interstitiis grossius uniseriatim reticulatis. Pedes nigri, femoribus
basi rufo-testaceis.

KHROS, Newman. (Dyctiopterus, De}. Cat.)
A. Elytris costis 4, margineque fortiter elevatis.

*Thorace cellulis 5.
1. coccrnatus, Say I. 155. (Omalisus.)
Varietas minor ; Munpus, Say, ibid.
Thorax colore instabilis ; nonnunquam fere totus fuscus, raro tamen omnino ruber.
20

78 LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA.

2 sumERALIS.—Niger, tenuiter pubescens ; thorace lateribus, humerisque late fulvis; illo cellulo mediano
antice carinato, carina ad medium postice bifurcata. Long. -35, lat. -14.

Habitat ubique.

Lycus humeralis, Fabr. U1. 111.

Omalisus obiquus? Say I. 156.

thoracicus, Randall, II. 14.

Elongatus, postice parum dilatatus; niger tenuiter pubescens. Caput antice
profunde canaliculatum, ore obsolete rufo. Antenne subelongate, leviter serrate,
articulo 3i° sequentibus sesyui breviore, reliquis subquadratis, basi parum angustatis.
Thorax latitudine paulo brevior, subquadratus, antice vix angustatus, apice leviter
rotundato, basi levissime bisinuato, lateribus fere rectis, angulis posticis acutis : disco
leviter concavus, obscurus, marginibus late fulvis; in cellulis 5 divisus, cellulo
mediano subrhomboideo, ante medium acute carinato, carina ad medium bifurcata ;
cellulis basalibus septo transverso extrorsum tendente, mox evanescente notatis.
Elytra acute 4-costata, interstitiis biseriatim reticulatis, nonnumquam costula
abbreviata obsoleta divisis ; nigra, macula magna humerali fulva.

3. opLirus.—Niger, tenuiter pubescens; thorace latitudine sesqui breviore, margine tenui fulvo; cellulo
mediano antice carinato, carina postice bifurcata. Long. -25—35 ; lat. -09—-13.

Habitat in provinciis mediis; Habitus fere precedentis, thoracis forma, antennisque
differt.

Eros oblitus? Nm. V. 382.

Niger, caput antice profunde canaliculatum. Antenne thorace plus duplo
longiores, parum compresse, subserrate, articulo 3! sequentes equante, ultimo
longiore ovali, subacuto. Thorax latitudine sesqui brevior, subquadratus, antice
leviter angustatus, apice parum rotundato, lateribus fere rectis, basi fere recte
truncato, angulis posticis subacutis; disco fuscus, margine tenui fulvo; sicut in
precedente impressus. Elytra acute 4-costata, interstitiis minus confuse reticulatis
linea obsoleta basali divisis.
4. incestus.—Niger, thorace latitudine non breviore, margine tenui fulvo ; cellulo mediano antice carinato

carina postice bifurcata. Long. +3: lat. -11.

Habitat in Pennsylvania.

Precedenti simillimus, at thorace angustiore, lateribus sinuatis, angulis posticis
acutioribus, antennis longioribus, magis serratis, articulo 3ie sequentibus fere sesqui
breviore, distinctus.

5. scutpritis.—Niger, thorace quadrato, antice vix rotundato, lateribus fulvis, cellulo mediano pone
medium angustato, lateribus ante medium parallelis. Long. :26: lat. -1.

Habitat in provineiis occidentalibus.

Omalhsus sculptihs Say, I. 156.

Dyctiopterus exaratus, De}. Cat.

LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA. 79

Niger, tenuiter pubescens, fronte antice late impresso. Antenne crassiuscule,
corporis dimidio longiores, leviter compress, vix serrate, articulo 3ie sequentes
equante, ultimo ovali paulo longiore. ‘Thorax quadratus, latitudine paulo brevior
antice non angustatus, apice vix rotundato, basi truncato, lateribus fere rectis, angulis
posticis subacutis ; ater, lateribus late fulvis; disco cellulis 5, septis valde elevatis ;
longitudinalibus antice parallelis, late distantibus, pone medium approximatis, leviter
curvatis, parte antica celluli mediani subpentagonali subtiliter carinata; cellulis
basalibus fovea magna impressis. Elytra acute 4-costata, interstitiis grossius
biseriatim reticulatis, basi linea obsoleta divisis.

**'T horace cellulis 4.

6. TRi~INEaTUS.—Ater, thorace latitudine fere duplo breviore, cruciforme diviso, postice canaliculato, antice

carinato, lateribus late fulvis. Long. :23: lat. 1.

Habitat ubique.
Dyctiopterus trilineatus, Mels. IL. 303.

Latiusculus, niger. Caput nitidum, antice late sulcatum. Antenne longiuscule,
parum compresse, modice serrate, articulo 3ie sequentibus paulo breviore. ‘Thorax
latitudine duplo brevior, antice non angustatus, apice rotundato, basi truncato
lateribus leviter sinuatus, angulis posticis acutis; niger lateribus late fulvis ; disco
leviter concavus, septo transverso utrinque leviter obliquo, medio fere obsoleto
divisus, antice carinatus, postice canaliculatus; transversim subprofunde biimpressus,
impressione anteriore medio angulata. Elytra atra, versus humeros fere brunnea,
acute 4-costata, interstitiis grossius reticulatis, basi linea obsoleta divisis; costa
subsuturali nonnunquam fere obsoleta.

7. creNaTus.—Ater, thorace latitudine sesqui breviore, antice valde rotundato, angulis posticis acutis
disco cruciforme diviso, carinato, marginibus late fulvis. Long. +28: lat. -1.
Habitat Nov Eboraci.
Omalisus crenatus, Germar, 61.
Omalisus cruciatus, Randall, Il. 15.
Eros alatus, Newman, Ent. Mag. V. 382.

_ Elongatus, caput antice canaliculatum, transverseque impressum ; ore rufescente.
Antenne elongate, parum serrate, articulo 3i° sequentibus vix breviore. Thorax
latitudine sesqui brevior, antice subangustatus, apice valde rotundatus, angulis anticis
nullis, basi truncatus, lateribus sinuatus, angulis posticis acutis: disco parum con-
cavus, fuscus, vel niger, marginibus omnibus fulvis; septo transverso utrinque
obliquo, medio fere obsoleto divisus, carinatus, carina postice subtiliore, transversim
obsolete biimpressus. Elytra thoracis basi paulo latiora, acute 4-costata, interstitiis
grossius reticulatis, linea obsoleta longitudinali divisis.

80 LE CONTE.—_FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA.

B. Elytris costis 9 minus elevatis.
* Costis alternatim elatioribus.
8, mopEstus.—Niger, thorace latitudine breviore, antice subangustato, lateribus sinuato, postice canali-
culato, fulvo macula media nigra. Long. °34: lat. -13.
Specimen unicum ad Lacum Superiorem inven.
Lycus modestus, Say. B. J. 1. 153.

Niger, tenuiter pubescens: fronte profunde canaliculato. Antenne dimidium cor-
poris longitudine equantes, late, valde compress, parum serrate, articulo 3" trian-
gulari sequentibus paulo breviore. Thorax latitudine sesqui brevior, antice vix
angustatus, apice medio subangulato basi obsolete bisinuato, lateribus sinuatis,
angulis posticis truncatis, subacutis ; disco leviter concavo, postice profunde breviter
canaliculato, antice brevissime carinato, obsolete transversim biimpresso; luteus
macula magna quadrata nigra nitida. Elytra thorace non latiora, 9-costata, costis
2, 4, 6, 8 elatioribus, interstiis uniseriatim reticulatis.

9. rimtpus.—Niger, thorace latitudine paulo breviore, antice leviter angustato, basi foveolato, lateribus
late fulvis. Long. +3: Lat. +12.

Habitat in Georgia. Preecedenti simillimus, at thoracis forma facile dignoscendus.

Niger, subtiliter pubescens, Caput profunde canaliculatum. Antenne subelongate,
valde compresse, distinctius serrate. Thorax latitudine paulo brevior, antice suban-
gustatus, apice valde rotundato, basi leviter bisinuato, lateribus fere rectis, angulis
posticis productis, acutis; disco minus concavus, basi fovea oblonga profunda notatus,
pone medium transversim profunde impressus ; niger nitidus, lateribus late, apice
anguste fulvis. Elytra fere sicut in priore.

**Costis subequaliter parum elevatis : interstitiis uniseriatim reticulatis.

a. Antenne subserrate.
10. mcrr.—Niger, thorace breviore, antice parum angustato, postice canaliculato, lateribus late fulvis,

vix sinuatis: antennarum articulo 2™° ferrugineo. Long. -3: lat. +12.

Habitat ubique.

Eros alatus? Nm. V. 382. (Nimis concise descriptus. )

Niger, subtiliter pubescens; caput inter oculos profunde foveatum. Antenne
subelongate, vix serrate, articulo 2° parvo, obscure ferrugineo ; 3'° sequente plus
sesqui breviore. Thorax latitudine plus sesqui brevior, antice vix angustatus, apice
modice rotundatus, lateribus vix sinuatus, basi leviter bisinuato, angulis posticis
acutis paulo productis ; disco niger nitidus, lateribus late, apice anguste fulvis: pone
medium canaliculatus, transversim profunde impressus. Hlytra nigra, macula
minuta humerali fulva ; 9-costata, costis equalibus parum elevatis, 8"* sicuf in omnibus
basi carinata, carina ante medium obsoleta.

LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA. 81

11. socrtus.—Niger, thorace latitudine paulo breviore, antice leviter angustato, postice foveolato, profundeque
transversim impresso, lateribus fulvis. Long. -32: lat. 11.

Precedenti simillima at thorace et antennis differt. Habitat ubique.

Niger tenuissime pubescens. Caput antice foveatum. Antenne subelongate,
late, articulo 3'° sequente paulo breviore. ‘Thorax latitudine paulo brevior, antice
leviter angustatus, apice valde rotundatus, lateribus rectis, basi fere recte truncato,
angulis posticis acutis ; disco parum concavus, obsolete transversim biimpressus, pone
medium profunde canaliculatus, profundeque transversim impressus, basi summo
utrinque profunde impresso : niger nitidus, lateribus anguste fulvis. Elytra 9-costata,
omnino sicut in priore.

12. motxis.—Niger, thorace fere semicirculari, canaliculato, canali antice dilatata, disco utrinque leviter
impresso, lateribus late luteis. Long. +26, lat. +1.

Eros lictor? Nm. V. 382.

Habitat in provinciis australibus : precedente angustior.

Niger tenuissime pubescens; caput vertice profunde transversim impresso.
Antenne subelongate, late, articulis latitudine vix longioribus, 3'° sequente sesqui
breviore. Thorax latitudine vix brevior, apice cum angulis anticis rotundatus,
lateribus non sinuatus, basi fere recte truncatus, angulis posticis subacutis, non
productis ; disco medio leviter convexus, canaliculatus, canali antice dilatata; ad
medium obsolete transversim impressus ; lateribus late depressis, vix reflexis, luteis,
basi prope angulum impresso. Elytra thorace non latiora, tenuius reticulata, 9-costata,
costis 4° 8 que paulo evidentioribus.

13. rLoraLis.—Niger, thorace brevi, apice valde rotundato, lateribus fere rectis, angulis posticis acutis,
pone medium profunde, ante medium obsolete transversim impresso; lateribus late, apice anguste
luteis. Long. -22: Lat. -09.

Habitat Nov Eboraci.

Dyctiopterus floralis, Mels. II, 302.

Precedenti brevior. Caput canaliculatum, impressumque. Antenne elongate,
vix serrate, articulis latitudine sesqui longioribus. Thorax latitudine sesqui brevior,
fere semicircularis, apice cum angulis anticis rotundato, quam in precedente magis
producto: lateribus non sinuatis, angulis posticis retrorsum leviter productis, acutis,
basi fere truncato; disco utrinque profunde impresso; ante medium obsolete, pone
medium profunde transversim impressus; in media basi fovea oblonga, alteraque
utrinque transversa notatus: niger, lateribus late, apice anguste luteis. Elytra thorace
vix latiora, distinctius reticulata, 9-costata, costis 4'* et 8 paulo evidentioribus.

21

82 LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA.

14. nanus.—Niger, thorace latitudine vix breviore, antice subangustato, apice rotundato, lateribus leviter
sinuatis, angulis posticis valde acutis, lateribus fulvis. Long. :23: lat. -09.

Habitat ubique.

Dyctiopterus nanus, Mels. IT. 302.

Dyctiopterus pygmeus, De}. Cat.

Parvus, elongatus, ater. Caput vertice profunde impressum. Antenne elongate,
articulis latitudine sesqui longioribus, basi parum angustatis. Thorax latitudine
non brevior, antice subangustatus, apice rotundato, lateribus leviter sinuatis, basi
fere truncatus, angulis posticis acutis; disco niger nitidus, pone medium canaliculatus,
ante medium transversim obsolete impressus basi utrinque fovea transversa notatus ;
lateribus late luteis. Elytra atra, thorace postice duplo latiora, 9-costata, costa 4™
distinctiore, interstitiis distinctius reticulatis.

15. minutus.—Niger, thorace latitudine sesqui breviore, antice vix angustato, apice rotundato, lateribus
sinuatis, angulis posticis acutis; fulvo, vitta lata pone medium dilatata nigra. Long. +20: lat. -08.

Habitat in Pennsylvania.

Dyctiopterus minutus, Dej. Cat.

Precedente latior, niger, caput et antenne eadem. Thorax latitudine sesqui
brevior, antice non angustatus, apice rotundato-angulatus, lateribus leviter sinuatus,
basi fere truncatus, angulis posticis acutis; disco postice canaliculatus, ante medium
transversim impressus, basi utrinque fovea transversa; luteus, vitta media nigra,
pone medium dilatata. Elytra 9-costata, distinctius reticulata, costis equalibus.

16. canaLicuLatus.—Ater, thorace latitudine non breviore, antice non angustato, apice valde rotundato,
lateribus vix sinuatis, angulis posticis extrorsum leviter productis; postice canaliculato, marginibus
omnibus late luteis. Long. -28: lat. «1.

Habitat in Pennsylvania.

Lycus canaliculatus, Say. B. J. I, 153.

Dyctiopterus assimilis, Dej. Cat.

Elongatus, ater; caput leviter impressum. Antenne elongate, leviter serrate
articulo 3° sequentibus duplo fere breviore ; 4'° 5'°que equalibus, latis, triangularibus,
6° sequentibusque sesqui longioribus, latitudine duplo longioribus. Thorax latitudine
non brevior, antice non angustatus, apice valde rotundatus, lateribus subparallelis,
basi fere truncatus, angulis posticis extrorsum prominulis, acutis: disco parum
concavus, pone medium canaliculatus, foveis basalibus nullis; luteus, macula magna
subquadrata nigra, Elytra atro-brunnea, distinctius reticulata, 9-costata. Femora
basi late lutea.

LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA. 83

b. Antenne valde serrate, fere flabellate.
17. Lascivus.—Niger, thorace latitudine vix breviore, antice angustato, apice angulato, lateribus rectis,
angulis posticis acutis: elytris distinctius reticulatis. Long. -27: lat. +1.

Habitat in Georgia.

Elongatus, niger. Caput profunde foveatum. Antenne elongate, articulo 3°
Sequente sesqui breviore, reliquis triangularibus, latitudine paulo longioribus basi
valde attenuatis. Thorax latitudine vix brevior antice angustatus, apice obtuse
angulatus, lateribus rectis, basi truncato, angulis posticis acutis; disco niger,
pernitidus, antice rugosus, lateribus apiceque late fulvis, utrinque foveatus, basi
3-foveatus, foveis externis obliquis. Elytra thorace vix latiora, acutius 9-costata,
interstitiis distinctius reticulatis.

18. sotricrrus.—Elongatus, niger, thorace latitudine non breviore, antice angustato, apice distinctius
angulato, lateribus rectis, canaliculatus, lateribus obscure fulvis. Long. -27: lat. +1.

Habitat in Georgia.

Precedenti similliimus. Caput latius, minus profunde foveatum. Antenne
exdem. Thorax paulo latior, antice magis aneustatus, apice multo magis productus :
disco utrinque profundius impressus, canaliculatus, canali antice abbreviata ; lateribus
et apice minus reflexis, obscure fulvis. Elytra sicut in precedente.

19. viris.—Elongatus, niger, thorace latitudine vix longiore, antice angustato, apice valde rotundato,
lateribus parum sinuatis, angulis posticis acutis leviter productis: disco canaliculato, canali antice
subobsoleta, transversim obsolete biimpresso, basi utrinque transverse foveato; nigro lateribus late
fulvis: elytris 9-costatis, distinctius reticulatis. Long. -2: lat. -08.

Antenne sicut in precedentibus duobus: ab omnibus aliis satis distinctus. Habitat

Nov Eboraci.

III. PEDILUS, Fisch.

Auctores laudatii—Henrz. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. III. (Pyrochroa.)
Newman. Ent. Mag. Vol. V. 875.
ZiEGLER. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Vol. II. 46.

SPECIERUM SYNOPSIS.

3, | pedibus nigris, - - - - - - - - - 1. ius, Nm.

2 | pestis fulvis, (mihi invisus,) - - - - - - - 2. ¥Futvipzs, Nm.

- { macula magna discoidali, pedibus rufis, - - - = - 3. *PULCHER.

g

r=]

9 immaculato pedibus rufis, - - - - - - 4. RUFICOLLIS, Z.

a

2

2 maculato, vel immaculato, pedibus nigris, - - - - - 5. INFuMaTus, Htz,

LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA.

QO
=

( thorace pedibusque nigris, (invisus,) SA Dh ie aa ment pes 6. LucusBRis, Nm.

thorace rufo, pedibus nigris, (invisus,) - - - - - 7. GutTtTuLa, Nm.

elytris macula
apicali testacea

thorace rufo, pedibus rufis, - - - - - - - 8. eELEcaNs, Htz.

Habitant in provinciis mediis.

1. imus, Nm. V. p. 375.
nigricans, Zieg. II. 46.

3. *putcuer.—Niger, parum nitidus, antennarum articulo 1™% pedibusque rufis: thorace leviter cordato,
macula magna discoidali nigra; elytris punctatis, apice subgibboso, levissimo. Long. -35: lat. +1.
Habitat in Kentucky ; specimen unicum a Dom. Haldeman amicissime datus.
Reliquis paulo angustior; caput orbiculatum, nigrum leve. Antenne nigre,
articulo 1™ obscure testaceo. Thorax capite fere duplo latior, globosus, postice
leviter retractus, nitidus levis, rufus, macula magna, ab apice ad basin extendente
nigra. Elytra thorace paulo latiora, parallela, confluenter puncata, leviter pubescentia ;
apice leviter gibboso, levissimo. Subtus niger; pedes rufi.

8. ELecans, Htz. IIT. 257.
hemorrhoidalis, Z. Il. 46.

5. ineumatus, Hentz.
rufithorax, Nm. V. 375.
marginicollis, var. Z. 11. 47.

IV. VARIA.

Hysosorus, McLeay. (Geotrupidarum genus.)

1. caroLinus.—Convexus, niger, pernitidus, thorace sparse punctato, angulis posticis acutis, prominentibus :
elytris punctato-striatis, tibiis anticis 3-dentatis. Long. -31: lat. -19.

Habitat in Carolina Meridionali: a Dom. Zimmerman sub nomine citato missus.

% Oblongus convexus, postice leviter dilatatus, niger, pernitidus. Clypeus
punctatus, antice rotundatus, tenuiter marginatus, labro rufo, vel rufo-piceo, margine
punctato. Thorax latitudine sesqui brevior, antice angustatus, apice emarginatus,
leviter sinuatus, angulis anticis valde acutis: lateribus vix rotundatis leviter sinuatis,
basi bisinuato, angulis posticis valde acutis, leviter prominulis; sparse punctatus,
magis ad latera. Scutellum leve. Elytra basi thorace paulo angustiora, postice
reculariter paulo dilatata, punctato-striata, striis approximatis, interstitio subsuturali
paulo latiore ; stria 1™* postice exarata. Subtus rufo-piceus, sparse, longeque setosus :
pedes nigri, femoribus valde incrassatis, tibiis anticis extus 3-dentatis, dente postico
minimo: intermedius et posticis extus emarginatis.

Sexus differentia in thoracis lateribus, basique minus sinuatis, angulis posticis
minus acutis, vix prominulis.

LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA. 85

CANTHON, Illiger. (Ateuchidarum genus.)
Coprobius, Latr.

1. PERPLEXUS.—Brevis, convexus, nigro-cuprascens, pernitidus, thorace minus subtiliter punctato, elytris
apice non truncatis, tenuiter striatis subtiliter sparse punctulatis. Long. +18: lat. +12.

Specimen unicum ad Quincy provincie Illinois, a Dom. Wilcox lectum, et
liberaliter datum.

Habitus fere Cheridii capistrati (Fabr.) Canthoni dissimilis, convexus, nigro-
cuprascens, pernitidus. Clypeus vix convexus, margine tenui reflexo, antice
4-dentatus, dentibus externis minoribus: oculi parvi. Thorax latitudine fere triplo
brevior, antice angustatus, apice emarginatus, angulis anticis acutis, deflexis, lateribus
ad quadrantem ab apice obtuse angulatis, dein fere parallelis, basi rotundato: minus
subtiliter punctatus. Elytra latitudine non breviora, regulariter fornicata, postice
non gibbosa, apice rotundata, vix truncata, podicem fere omnino tegentia; tenuiter
striata, striis ad basin paulo latioribus; interstitiis planis, subtiliter sparse punctulatis.
Pedes modice elongati, femoribus non incrassatis, tibie antice 3-dentate, postice
subtiliter serrate: intermedie et postice triangulariter compresse, non dilatate,
calcare interna terminali instructe.

PHAN EUS, McLeay. (Copridarum genus.)

1. TRIaANGULARIS, Say. J. A. C. III. 206. (Copris.)

Specimen unicum % in Texas inventum, ab Ill. Dr. Engelman amice datum.
Striis elytrorum 2"” leviter, 3'°, 4°, 5'°que profunde basi foveatim dilatatis.

2. TORRENS.—Cupreus, subnitidus, subtiliter rugosus, clypeo $ postice breviter cornuto, thoracis disco
triangulariter planato; elytris obsolete punctatis, profunde striatis, striis basi dilatatis. $ Long. -59:
lat. 42. © Long. 74: lat. 46.

Varietatibus quibusdam P. nigrocyanei (McLeay) similis, at interstitiis elytrorum
convexioribus, vix conspicue punctatis, necnon colore cupreo distinctus. Habitat ad
urbem St. Louis, a Dom. Engelman datus.

Supra lete cupreus, subtus nigro-eneus. Clypeus rotundatus, margine elevato,
lineaque elevata utrinque obliqua, ad verticem tendente; vertice in ¢ transversim
elevato, in % cornu brevi compresso, acuto armato: subtiliter reticulato-rugosus.
Thorax apice emarginato, medio leviter producto, lateribus postice profundissime
sinuatus, basi utrinque leviter obliquo, medio obtusissime angulato; angulis posticis
obtusis non rotundatis, fovea antica laterali sicut in omnibus notatus: disco %
subtiliter scaber, medio triangulariter deplanatus; angulis posticis trianguli hujus
tuberculiformibus eminentibus: ° rugose reticulatus, postice leviter canaliculatus,

antice transversim impressus, elevatusque. Elytra profunde striata, striis ¢ leviter
22

86 LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA.

punctatis, ? levibus 2"%° 5° basi valde dilatatis ; interstitiis modice convexis, obsolete
sparse punctulatis.

3. DIFForMis.—Capite thoraceque viridibus, illo breviter cornuto, hoc valde rugose scabrato, tuberculo
elongato pone medium utrinque, spatioque subhexagonali antice deplanato; elytris cyaneis, profunde

striatis, interstitiis grossius punctatis. Long. -74: lat. 41.

Specimen unicum in Texas inventum, a Dom. Engelman liberaliter datum.
Precedentibus angustior; et ab omnibus aliis Boreali-Americanis satis distinctus.

OCHODEUS, Latreille. (Trogidum genus.)

1. Osscurvs.—Atro-brunneus, fere opacus, punctatus, pilis brevibus flavis minus dense vestitus; thorace
lineis 3 basalibus parum elevatis levibus. Long. -28: lat. -15.

Habitat in provinciis australibus et occidentalibus minus frequens.

Habitus omnino Trogidum minorum, at tarsis elongatis, corporeque non inequali
facile comnoscendus.

Atro-brunneus, fere opacus ; pilis brevibus rigidis flavis vestitus, dense punctatus.
Clypeus marginatus antice obtuse angulatus. Thorax latitudine paulo brevior, apice
emarginatus, angulis anticis valde acutis, basi leviter sinuato-rotundato ; lateribus
crenatis, usque ad medium recte ampliatis, ibique obtuse distincte angulatis, dein
recte retractis, basi quam apice paulo latiore; angulis posticis obtusis non rotundatis,
modice convexus, marginibus late depressis, postice in medio subdeplanatus, lineis
3 longitudinalibus abbreviatis levibus, parum elevatis. Elytra latitudine duplo
longiora, subparallela, apice rotundata, postice obsolete striata, (distinctius in ¢.)
Subtus castaneus nitidus, sparse grosse punctatus, pilis paucis flavis.

BOTHYNUS, Hope. (Scarabeorum subgenus.)

SPECIERUM ANALYSIS.

§ 1. Clypeus versus apicem bidentatus.

(equali = = = = = = = - - - - 1. RELICTUS, Say.
S . . .
| 3 elytris grossius punctato-striatis ~ - - - - - 2. NEGLECTUS.
3
2 se elytris tenuis punctato-striatis - 0-2) + ial camie 23, onto.
S| 8
° Ss Soa . . .
Fay les] striis internis fere obliteratis - - = - - - -' 4. *OBSOLETUS.
§ 2. Clypeus versus apicem linea transversa elevata integra - - - 5. *PYRIFORMIS.
§ 3. Clypeus versus apicem 3-dentatus, apice summo emarginato, reflexoque.
castaneus, postice valde dilatatus - - - - - - - 6. *VARIOLOSUS.
niger, postice modice dilatatus - - - - - = - - 7. TRIDENTATUS, Say.

minor, dente medio obsoleto, - - - - - - - - 8. castaneus, Mels.

LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA. 87

§ 1. Clypeo bidentato.

1. RELIcTUS, Say. J. Ac. Nat. Sc. V. 194. (Scarabzus.)
dolicaon, Dej. Cat. 168. Habitat ubique, usque ad Rocky Mountains.

2. NEGLECTUS.—Ovatus, castaneus, pernitidus, thorace grosse punctato, antice impresso, mucronatoque,
elytris punctis magnis seriatim positis. Long. 58: lat. -32.

Scarabeus juvencus, De}. Cat.

Abundat in provinciis australibus; rarius in prov. mediis inventus.

Oblongus, leviter ovatus, postice parum dilatatus, rufo-castaneus, pernitidus;
clypeus apice acutus, ante apicem minute bidentatus ; linea elevata inter antennas;
sparse subtiliter punctatus, antice posticeque levis. Thorax lateribus rotundatus,
apice parum emarginatus, tenuiter bimarginatus, ad apicem mucronatus, pone
mucronem fovea rotundata profunda: minus sparse grosse punctatus. Elytra
profunde grosseque punctato-striata. Pectora pedesque dense pilosa, femoribus
pallidioribus.

3. mor1o.—Oblongus, supra niger, subtus castaneus, thorace sparse punctato, antice subito angustato, apice
mucronato, leviterque impresso: elytris punctato-striatis. Long. -57: lat. -33.

Habitat in provinciis mediis minus frequens.

Scarabeus gregarius, De}. Cat. 168.

Oblongus, postice non dilatatus, supra niger nitidus, subtus castaneus, dense
pilosus ; clypeus antice subacutus, minutissime bidentatus, linea acute elevata inter
antennas; leviter rugose punctatus, occipite levi. Thorax antice subito valde
angustatus, lateribus ad quadrantem ab apice obtuse angulatis, apice parum
emarginato, tenuiter bimarginato, medio acute mucronato, impressione rotunda
parum profunda pone mucronem: sparse punctatus, magis ad latera. Elytra
thorace parum latiora, punctato-striata, striis externis confusis, fere obsoletis. Podex
sparse punctatus.

4, OBSOLETUS.—Subovatus, castaneus, nitidus, thorace antice valde rotundato-angustato, apice mucronato,
impressoque, sat grosse punctato, elytris punctato-striatis, striis internis fere obsoletis. Long. +55
lat. +35.

Specimen unum prope Long’s peak inventum.

Castaneus nitidus, subtus dense pilosus ; clypeus apice leviter truncatus, distinctius
bidentatus, linea acute elevata inter antennas, antice dense rugose-punctatus, occipite
levi. Thorax lateribus valde rotundatus, antice valde angustatus, apice paulo
profundius emarginato, tenuiter bimarginato, medio breviter obtuseque mucronato,
fovea parva profunda pone mucronem: sparse sat grosse punctatus. Elytra
punctato-striata, striis externis versus apicem confusis; internis 3 fere obsoletis.
Podex sparse punctatus.

88 LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA.

§ 2. Clypeo antice linea elevata integra.

5. PYRIFORMIS.—Ovatus, postice valde dilatatus, castaneus, pernitidus: thorace lateribus leviter rotundato,
antice valde angustato, densius punctato; elytris grosse punctato-striatis. Long. -67: lat. -43.

Habitat ad furcationem fluminis Platte: habitat etiam in Oregon. Mus. Ex. Ex.

Obesus, valde ovatus, castaneus, pernitidus, subtus dense pilosus. Clypeus apice
truncatus, fere in apice ipso linea transversa integra valde elevata ; vertice in medio
leviter elevato, (magis in $;) dense punctatus, vix nitidus. ‘Thorax lateribus paulo
rotundatus, antice regulariter valde angustatus, versus angulos anticos obsolete
impressus; disco obsolete canaliculatus, dense punctatus, sparsius in medio. Elytra
postice dilatata, ibique thorace duplo latiora, valde grosse punctato-striata, striis
externis versus apicem confusis. Podex subtiliter punctatus.

§ 3. Clypeo pone apicem 3-dentato.

6. vaRIoLosus.—Ovatus, postice valde dilatatus, castaneus pernitidus; clypeo lateribus elevato, thorace
sat dense punctato, elytris grosse punctato-striatis striis externis confusis. Long. -57: lat. +38.

Scarabeus variolosus ? De}. Cat.

2 tridentatus, Zimmerman in lit.

Habitat in Georgia minus frequens.

Obesus, valde ovatus, castaneus, pernitidus, subtus dense pilosus. Clypeus
apice leviter emarginatus, reflexus, mox pone apicem linea elevata recta
transversa 3-dentata; antice utrinque impressus, (profundius in ¢) lateribus
marginatus, acuteque reflexus, punctatus, pone oculos levis. Thorax lateribus
leviter rotundatus, antice regulariter valde angustatus; sat dense punctatus, spatio
angusto pone medium levi. Elytra postice valde dilatata, thorace duplo latiora,
valde profunde grosse punctato-striata, striis externis confusis. Podex subtiliter
punctatus.

7. TRIDENTATUS.—Ovatus, postice modice dilatatus, niger nitidus; clypeo lateribus marginato, valde
rugoso, thorace sat dense punctato, elytris grosse punctato-striatis. Long. -64: lat. +37.

Habitat ad Long’s Peak.

Scarabeus tridentatus, Say. J. A. C. III. 209.

Precedenti similis, at differt imprimis colore nigro; corpore postice multo minus
dilatato; clypeo lateribus latius, minus acute marginato, dense transversim rugoso,
vix nitido: thorace lateribus minus rotundatis, disco obsolete canaliculato, striis
elytrorum externis minus confusis: interstitio 5° punctis 4 vel 5 modicis. (In
B. varioloso grosse seriatim punctato.)

‘Nora.—In specimine meo tibie antice bidentate sunt; apice oblique truncate. ;
dente terminali verisimiliter attrito.

8. castaneus, Mels. Proc. Ac. II. 138.
obesus, De}. Cat. (Scarabeus.) Habitat ubique minus frequens.

LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA. 89

ZENOA, Say. (Cebrionidum genus.)

1. Picea, Beauv. Ins. d’Am. (Melasis.)
Dej. Cat. (Callirhipis.)
brunnea, Say. B. J. N. H. I, 152.
2. vuLNERaTA.—Nigra, punctata, thorace inéequali, vitta media cruentata; elytris lineis 3 elevatis.
Long. -49: lat. +15.

Specimen unicum ad St. Louis inventum, et a Dom. Engelman, cum pretiosis
multis aliis concinne datum.

Habitus fere precedentis, grossius punctata elytrisque lineis fortioribus: necnon
plaga thoracica facile distincta.

Nigra, grosse punctata. Antenne brunnew, articulis triangularibus, angulis
internis valde acutis, productis. Thorax capite duplo latior, latitudine brevior,
antice angustatus, subdeflexus, apice parum emarginato, basi bisinuato, lateribus
rotundatis, angulis posticis acutis: disco bifoveatus, foveaque marginali altera ad
medium, basi utringue leviter impressus: niger, vitta lata obscure cruentata.
Scutellum cruentatum. Elytra latitudine triplo longiora, costis 3 angustis,
quartaque obsoleta ; interstitiis subseriatim grosse punctatis. Subtus piceo-brunnea,
valde punctata.

MONOCERUS, Latr. (Anthicidarum genus.)

Notozus. Fabr. olim et nunc auct. Anglic.

1. prrasciatus.—Niger, thorace ferrugineo, cornu antice concavo, postice elevato, lateribus integris;
elytris fasciis duabus albis. Long. +14: lat. -05.

Habitat in provinciis occidentalibus minus frequens.

Niger, pubescens: thorax ferrugineus, globosus, cornu antico longo recto, apice
rotundato, disco concavo, postice elevato armatus, linea basali arcuata impressus.
Elytra densius pubescentia, pone basin leviter impressa, fascia lata antica ad suturam
subinterrupta, alteraque ad trientem ab apice albis.

«. Pedibus rufis, corpore subtilius pubescente ; duplo minor.

Habitat ad Mississippi scaturigines; an species distincta?

2. ancnora, Htz.. J. A. C. V, 375.
americanus, Dej. Cat.

Habitat ubique; abundat ad Rocky mountains.
a. Macula laterali obsoleta.

23

90 LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA.

3. sERRATUS.—Fusco-testaceus longe albo-pubescens; thorace cornu antice concavo, postice elevato,
lateribus serratis; elytris fascia postica, guttisque nonnullis fuscis. Long. -18: lat. -06.

Habitat ad Rocky mountains.
Precedentibus major, fusco-testaceus, longius pubescens. Caput antice foveatum.

Thorax subglobosus, cornu lateribus serrato, disco antice valde concavo, postice
valde elevato, parte elevato dorso concavo, Elytra subtiliter punctata, fascia lata
pone medium nigra, maculis nonnullis obsoletis fuscis.

#. rufo-testaceus, fascia obsoleta.

4. monopon.—Fabr. Syst. El. I. 289. (Anthicus.)

Habitat ubique: elytris macula subbasali, fascia angulata ad medium, apiceque
late nigris.

#. macula apicali evadente.

f. elytris testaceis, macula una laterali ad medium.

5. Bicotor, Say. Amer. Ent.
murinipennis, Dej. Cat. Habitat ubique, minus frequens.

CANTHARIS, Geof. (Vesicatoriarum genus.)
Lytta. Fabr.

1. ruLcirer.—/Mneo-olivacea, capite, thorace, abdomineque cupreis, politis: antennis tarsisque nigris
Long. -9: lat. -26.

Specimen unicum prope Long’s Peak inventum.

Lytte Nuttalli (Say. J. A. C. III.) similis, at duplo major; colore, thorace disco
magis inequali, lateribusque fortius angulatis differt.

ffinea; caput cupreum, nitidum, politum, sparse punctatum, fronte late impresso.
Antenne nigre, omnino sicut in C. Nuttalli. Labrum cordatum, antice leviter
emarginatum, lateribus rotundatis. Thorax latitudine brevior, pentagonalis,
lateribus ante medium valde angulatus, dein retractus, basi parum emarginato;
disco depressus, inequalis, antice posticeque profunde transversim impressus,
utrinque ad medium valde profunde triangulariter foveatus; cupreus, nitidus, sparse
punctatus. Elytra olivaceo-enea, rugosa, lineis tribus obsoletis elevatis. Pectora
pubescentia, viridienea; abdomen cupreum, punctatum. Pedes viridi-enei, tibiis
tarsisque nigris; trochanteres postici spina brevi armati.

2. niGRicornis.—/inea, vix nitida, thorace campanulato, utrinque punctato, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis.
Long. 56: lat. -17.
Habitat ad St. Louis, a Dom. Engelman data.
/inea, parum nitida: capite thoraceque pubescentibus. Caput quadratum,
angulis posticis rectis, subrotundatis, sparse punctatum; labrum profunde incisum.

LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA. 91

Thorax capite angustior, latitudine paulo longior, antice attenuatus lateribus valde
rotundatus, basi leviter emarginatus, disco leviter depressus, utrinque dense punctatus.
Elytra thorace duplo latiora, humeris modice prominulis, rugose punctata, lineis
3 angustis parum elevatis. Antenne capite cum thorace longioribus, apice incras-
satis, articulo 2" tertio sesqui breviore, articulo ultimo leviter constricto, non acuto,
nigre. Pedes rufo-testacei, genubus, tarsisque fuscescentibus, tibiis intermediis
curvatis.

3. FILIFORMIS.—Purpurea vix nitida, thorace fere quadrato, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis, genubus tarsisque
fuscis. Long. -33: lat. -09.

Habitat in Texas, a Dom. Engelman amice data.

Linearis, eneo-purpurea, vix nitida, Labrum profunde incisum, lobis divergentibus.
Caput breve, quadratum, pubescens, angulis posticis rotundatis, sparse punctatum.
Thorax latitudine vix longior, subquadratus, postice tenuiter marginatus, utrinque
dense punctatus, tenuiter pubescens. Elytra thorace vix sesqui latiora, parallela,
rugose punctata lineis solitis obsoletis. Antenne sicut in C. nigricorni. Pedes
rufo-testacei genubus nigris, tarsis fuscescentibus: tiblis intermediis curvatis.

PYROTA, Dej. Cat. (Vesicatoriarum genus.)

1. cermart, Hald. Proc. Acad. I. 303. (Lytta.)

An sequentis varietas ?

2. aFzELIaNA, Fabr. Syst. El. IJ. 78. (Lytta.) (mihi invisa.)

3. ENGELMANNII.—Supra flava, antennis pedibusque nigris; capite 4-guttato, thorace 6-guttato, elytris
maculis 4, duabus basalibus interdum confluentibus, nigris. Long. *72: lat. -19.

Species hee pulcherrima Dom. Engelman, botanico celeberrimo, scientia liberali-
tateque preclaro, grato animo dedicatur. Habitat ad St. Louis.

Supra flava. Caput subrotundatum, sparse punctatum, oculis, maculis duabus
parvis verticalibus, alterisque ad angulos posticos nigris. Labrum vix emarginatum,
nigrum. Antenne modice compresse, capite thoraceque paulo longiores, tenues,
articulo 2" valde abbreviato, nigre. Thorax capite paulo angustior, latitudine
sesqui longior, antice angustatus, apice rotundatus, lateribus parum rotundatus,
antice transversim late impressus; nitidus punctis paucis notatus; macula utrinque
apicali, altera laterali ad trientem, alteraque prope medium rotundatis nigris. Elytra
thorace duplo latiora parallela, tenuiter rugosa, lineis 3 elevatis, luteo-flava, maculis
utrinque duabus basalibus oblongis, altera ad medium magna quadrata, fere ad
suturam extendente, apiceque late nigris. Subtus nigra, segmentis omnibus flavo-
marginatis. Pedes nigri, femoribus basi luteis.

92 LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA.

HELIOPHILUS, Latr. Regne An. (Pedinidarum genus.)
Heliopates, De}. Cat.

1. Latimanus.—Opacus, niger, subtiliter muricatus, vix conspicue fulvo-pubescens: elytris obsoletissime
striatis. Long. +35: lat. +20.

Specimen unicum ad maris oras insule Longe Noveboraci inventum, a Dom.
Brevoort amice datum.

Ovalis modice convexus, opacus, niger, subtiliter muricatus, pube fulva brevi, vix
conspicua sparse vestitus. Caput latum, antice profunde incisum, vertice leviter
impresso: labro magno, apice leviter rotundato, emarginatoque. Antenne fusiformes,
capite duplo breviores. Thorax capite duplo latior, latitudino fere duplo brevior,
antice leviter angustatus, apice valde profunde emarginatus, lateribus rotundatis,
obsolete crenatis, basi leviter bisinuato, angulis posticis obtusis, non rotundatis;
margine late obsolete depresso. Scutellum parvum. Elytra latitudine sesqui
longiora, apice leviter acuminata, obsoletissime striata, margine leviter crenato.
Subtus distinctius muricatus, tibiis anticis valde compressis, triangularibus, latitudine
duplo longioribus, extus obsolete 5-crenatis.

OPATRUM, Fabr.

1. rossor.—Opacum densissime griseo-squamosum, elytris postice obsolete tesselatis, margine antice crenato.
Long. -18: lat. -10.

Ad Trenton, et ad ‘Bath’ Insule Longe in arena alba fodiens lectum.

Ellipticum, convexum, subtiliter granulatum, squamis lanceolatis griseis dense
tectum. Caput antice rotundatum, medio breviter acuteque excisum; labro vix
conspicuo. Antenne capite paulo longiores, fusiformes. ‘Thorax capite duplo latior,
latitudine fere triplo brevior, antice leviter angustatus, apice emarginato, angulis
anticis rotundatis, lateribus valde rotundatis; basi profundius bisinuato, lobo medio
rotundato, angulis posticis leviter acutis: margine flavo-ciliato. Elytra latitudine
sesqui longiora, obsolete fusco-tesselata, pilis brevibus flavis, vix distinctis, seriatim
positis; margine antice crenato. Subtus nigro-piceum, dense punctatum, pilis albis
brevibus incanescens. ‘Tibiis anticis ad apicem extus in dentem longum leviter
incurvatum productis.

% tarsis anticis parum dilatatis; thorace lateribus postice paulo magis rotundato,
angulis posticis fere rectis, vel leviter obtusis.

LE CONTE.—FRAGMENTA ENTOMOLOGICA. 93

SPONDYLIS, Fabr.

1. spH£RicoLLis.—Castaneus, rugose punctatus, thorace subgloboso, callo parvo utrinque ad medium,
elytris costis 3 valde obsoletis. Long. -68: lat. +25.

Habitat ad urbem Savannah, Georgiw: a Dom. L. Harper benevole datus.

Castaneus, opacus, rugose punctatus. Caput linea indistincta frontali levi.
Mandibule capite longiores, apice valde acute, dente parvo interno prope basin,
nigre, apice leves, basi punctate. Antenne mandibulis vix longiores, crasse.
Thorax latitudine brevior, subglobosus, apice leviter angulatim emarginato, basi
truncato, disco modice convexus, utrinque obsolete impresso, callo indistincto levi.
Elytra parallela, subcylindrica, latitudine plus duplo longiora, tenuiter marginata,
lineis tribus obsolete elevatis, vix distinctis. Subtus dense subtiliter punctatus,
fulvo-pubescens; tibiis anticis dente apicali externo leviter recurvato; intermediis
simplicibus; posticis ala terminali externa munitis; femoribus posticis modice
incrassatis.

TETRAOPES, Dalman.

1. remoraTus.—Punctatus, niger, densius griseo-pubescens: capite, femoribus, thorace, elytrisque coccineis,
his maculis utrinque 4, scutelloque nigris; antennis cinereo annulatis. Long. +56: lat. -21.

Habitat ad flumen Arkansas prope montes.

T. tornatori (Fabr.) simillimus, densius pubescens; antennis pedibusque valde
distinctus. Caput idem. Antenne corpus longitudine «equantes, nigre, articulis
2 3'°que totis, reliquis basi et apice anguste dense cinereo-villosis. ‘Thorax paulo
latior, disco utrinque profundius longitudinaliter impressus, maculis 4 rotundis
nigris. Scutellum nigrum. Elytra utrinque maculis 4 nigris, 1”° humeral,
27 prope suturam paulo ante quadrantem, 3'° pone humerum ad quadrantem,
4° subtransversa ad trientem ab apice. Subtus niger densissime cinereo-pubes-
cens, femoribus coccineis.

2. anNuLatTus.—Minor, niger, dense griseo-pubescens, punctatus; capite, pedibus, thorace, elytrique
coccineis, his utrinque maculis 3, scutelloque nigris: antenne cinereo-annulate. Long. +35: lat. +12.

Habitat ad flumen Platte, versus montes.

Caput et antenne sicut in precedente. ‘Thorax impressionibus longitudinalibus
nullis; transversis duabus minus distinctis; coccineus, maculis 4 parvis nigris.
Scutellum nigrum. LElytra thorace paulo latiora, punctata, densius pubescentia,
coccinea, macula parva humerali, 2"° versus suturam, ante quadrantem, 3°que
paulo pone medium nigris. Subtus densissime griseo-pubescens, pedibus rufo-
coccineis.

Variat macula humerali subsuturalique obsoletis.

24

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ART. VIII.—Descriptions of North American Coleoptera, chiefly in the Cabinet of
J. L. Le Conte, M. D., with references to described species. By S.S. HALDEMAN.

CEPHALOON Newman. Ent. Mag., Vol. v.

Body slender: the breadth to the length as one to five: elytra tapering posteriorly, length exceeding
three times the width at base : scutel triangular, with the apex rounded : prothorax pyramidal, longer than
wide, base rectilinear, scarcely as wide as the elytra, sides rapidly converging to a narrow apex one-third
the width of the base : head small, depressed, elongate and protracted, contracted from the eyes anteriorly
and posteriorly to the incisure formed by its attachment : eyes lateral and vertical, emarginate anteriorly for
the reception of the antenne: antennz short, scarcely extending beyond the humerus, slightly thickened
towards the apex: first and second articulations obconic, the latter very short, the third cylindric and as
long as the fourth and fifth, which, with the remainder, are subequal and obconic, except the eleventh,
which is lengthened ovate : the four terminal articulations are manifestly thicker than the antecedent ones :
labrum large, transverse, and rounded before, where it is clothed with hairs: mandibles strong, incurved
and acute: maxille slender and porrect, the apex clothed with twisted hairs: maxillary palpi with the
apical articulation securiform, the penult short obconic,and the preceding one cylindric: labial palpi
2-articulate, apex obconic : feet long and slender, medial and posterior tibie with two terminal spines, tarsi

simple, heteromerous, ungues finely pectinate, pulvilli oval.

C. tepturoweEs Newm. Ent. Mag. Fulvo-testaceous, finely pubescent, eyes and
apex of the abdomen above, black ; disk of the pronotum more or less fuliginous ;
apex of the posterior tibie and femora, and medial tibie, of the same colour, 5 lin.
long. This isa narrow insect with slender feet, tapering elytra; prothorax long,
diminishing rapidly anteriorly, where it is narrower than the head, the base being
slightly narrower than the elytra. Ichnodes lepturoides|.Dejean.*

C. vartans Hald. Finely pubescent, cinereo-fuscous, head and prothorax varying to
fulvous ; antenne and feet of the latter colour, apex of the posterior femora and tibie

* The mark | (an inverted f) is here proposed to be placed between the name and the authority when a species
has not been characterized, the reversed mark indicating the impropriety of such a practice. In synonymy, a
recent name sometimes takes precedence of an earlier one, and it is often inconvenient, particularly in catalogues,
to give the reason. When a name has been previously used, let it be denoted by |l, the double line indicating
that there are two supposed distinct species under this name, as—Cicindela hentzii Dej. = C. hemorrhoidalis ||
Hentz, the latter having priority in date, but with a name previously in use. When an author cites erroneously,
the mark { may be used, as—Aphodius fimetarius{Latr., which is not the true A. fimetarius Lin. (Scarabeus.)
The practice, in lists of synonyms, of citing a different authority for each work is wrong, as in Lucanus cervus
Lin., L. cervus Latr. R. An. etc., because Latreille describes the species as that of Linneus. In the case of the
molluse Infundibulum trochiformis Lam. (Calyptrea): I. trochiformis Lea; the latter citation is correct, as it is
here inadyertently described as a new species under a preoccupied name. As many cite, a synonym like this
will not a us whether the citation refers to a supposed new species, (as in this case) or to the placing of the
species under a different genus from that in which it was first placed. Proceed. Am. Phil. Soc. iv. 371. 1847.

Vols al: 25

96 MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA.

fuliginous ; margins of the abdominal segments sometimes fulvous. Rather smaller
than the preceding, to which it is closely allied ; but besides the darker colour of the
elytra and abdomen, the lateral margins of the prothorax are more convex. Both
species sometimes possess a dark frontal spot. Lake Superior, and the north-eastern
part of Maine.

XANTHOCHROA Schmidt. Linnea entomologica, i. 17.

X. virratus Say. Ins. from New Orleans. Nacerda dorsalis Mels., Proceed.
Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 55.

DITYLUS Fischer. Schmidt, Lin. ent. 1. 24.
D. czruLevs Randall, (Upis.) Bost. J. Nat. Hist. vol. 1. p. 20.

NACERDES Steven.—? Schmidt, Lin. ent. 1. 28.

N. mELANuRA Lin. (Cautharis)—notata F’. (Necydalis) 11. 371. Inhabits Europe,
North America, and South Africa.

ASCLERA Schmidt. Lin. ent. i. 38.*

A. LATERALIS Mels. (Nacerda.) Proceed. Acad. ili. 54. A. elegans| De).
Pennsylvania and Carolina.

A. sienaticoLiis Haid. Brownish cinerous; prothorax black, widest anteriorly,
the sides projecting before the middle, surface irregular and minutely scabrous,
medial impressed line dilated at both ends; anterior and posterior medial portion,
with the front and scutel, yellowish fulvous pubescent; clypeus corneous; elytra
minutely scabrous and finely pubescent, with two obsolete coste. 4 1. long. Georgia.
A, signaticollis| De}.

A. puncticoLtLtis Say. (Oedemera.) J. Acad. ii. 273. A. maculicollis| De}.
Missouri, New York, and Lake Superior.

A. RUFICOLLIs Say. (Oedemera.) J. Acad. 11.271. Carinata Newman, Ent. Mag.
v., costipennis|Dej. Black, prothorax bright rufous, distinctly cordate, depressed
above, with three dilated impressions, one medial posteriorly, and another more
deeply impressed upon each side of the middle anteriorly, the three forming an
equilateral triangle; elytra brown, minutely scabrous, each with three raised coste.
31.long. Pennsylvania, Carolina, Missouri.

A. noToxoiDes fF. Black, prothorax rufous varying to flavous, a black longitudinal
spot at the posterior angles, and a dot anteriorly upon each side above, the latter

* This author has not named one of his characterized genera, (Lin. ent. i., 90,) which in my lists of genera and
species J have called Stenaxidea.

MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA. 97

sometimes connected by a pale transverse line; disk slightly impressed upon each
side: elytra finely punctate and obsoletely costate, the surface clothed with fine hairs.
41.long. Carolina and Georgia.

A. THoracica. J’. (Dahl. in Dej. Cat.) Black, cinereous pubescent, prothorax rufous,
narrowed posteriorly, sides convex, disk with an obsolete impression on each side:
elytra parallel, simple, and finely punctate. 3—4 1. long.

EUGLENES Ww. Xylophilus Bonelli.

Ki. rascratus Mels. (Xyloph.) Proc. Acad. iii. 55. Var. a. Elytra black,
humeri and apex testaceous. New York, Carolina. “Englenes Wm.” is used in
his Introduction.

E. sienatus Hald. Finely pubescent, rufo-testaceous, elytra paler, densely punctate,
with a black spot behind the middle near the suture, and a medial one upon the
external margin; pectus punctate ; eyes black. 31. long. New York, Carolina.

MELANDRYA Faér.

M. srriata Say. Long’s. Exp. ii. 286—Costata|Dej.—assimils| Sturm. New
York and Pennsylvania. Rare; abundant in the west and along the great lakes.
May—June. The length varies from 4} to near 7 lines. Dr. Melsheimer (Pr.
Acad. ii. 55,) describes a rufous variety, @ and 6, with the frontal impression almost
obsolete, beneath and feet chesnut, &c. The former is the Serropalpus thoracicus,
and the latter S. d¢color, of the elder Melsheimer’s Catalogue.

M. tapiata Say. Long’s Exp. ii. 287. M. americana|De}.—wnpressa|Sturm.
4—5 |. long. New York, Pennsylvania. May—June.

M. excavata Hald. Black: prothorax with a slight tinge of rufous, sides suddenly
contracted before the middle and expanding at the anterior margin, forming a
strangulation or lateral concavity ; the greater portion of the disk is occupied with a
deep dilated impression widest posteriorly and bounded by an elevated margin,
posterior angles depressed and laterally subrectilinear ; head thickly punctate, labrum
fulvous ciliate, clypeus obscure rufous, shining ; front with three obsolete impressions,
one anterior and two converging backwards from the eyes: scutel short and
transverse, apex obtuse; elytra coarsely punctate and striate, the alternate costx
rather larger. 7 lines long, 2} wide. Western New York.

PYTHO_ Latr.

P. nicer Kirby. Fauna Am.-Bor. p. 164. 41. long. Lake Superior and Canada.
P. americana Kb. Fauna, p. 165.
P.? patyipa Say. Journ. Acad. iii. 271.

98 MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA.

ORCHESIA Latr.

O. cracitis Mels. Proceed. Acad. iii. 57. Penn. and upper Mississippi. A
remarkable character of this genus, (at least as far as this species is concerned,) is
the oblique pectination of the posterior side of the long tarsal spines.

DIRCAA Fabdr.

D. quaprimacuLata Say. (Serropalpus)=D. americana|Dej. Arkansaw and
Missouri ;—Say: New York to Georgia, rare.

D. sericea Haid. Slender, minutely punctured, sericeous; brown, paler beneath,
with a reddish tinge: antenne, palpi, and feet, pale rufous ; front convex, minutely
punctured, thickly clothed with short hair; eyes black; margin of the clypeus and
of the labrum rufous: pronotum subquadrate, the sides sub-parallel, with the anterior
angles rounded, a dilated impression posteriorly towards the exterior angles: scutel
minute: elytra four times the leneth of the prothorax, and gradually tapering from
the base. 6 1. long. Pennsylvania.

SERROPALPUS 4Hellenius.

S. susstriatus Hald. Pale fuscous, somewhat sericeous: eyes, labrum, and
mandibles black, front convex, finely punctate, and sparsely hairy : pronotum convex,
scarcely transverse, minutely and densely punctured, and clothed with short prostrate
hairs; sides sub-convex, and slightly expanded from the basal angles to a little beyond
the middle, forming a slight prominence whence they contract forward to the head ;
posterior angles depressed ; middle of the disk with an anterior and posterior obsolete
dilated impression upon each side; exterior margin forming a straight sharp
descending edge from the base to beyond the middle: scutel transverse, punctured,
apex truncate: elytra minutely punctate-scabrous, the punctures being arranged
mostly in transverse series, and having about nine rather indistinct strie; feet long
slender. 51. long 11. wide. Northeast boundary of Maine. J.C. Brevoort. This
and the following species seem not to belong strictly to this genus, the labial palpi
being very small.

S. ossoLetus Hald. Dark brown, dull sericeous, finely punctate, prothorax simple,
sides regularly convex: elytra punctate and obsoletely striate. 411. long. Lake
Superior and Oregon. Closely allied to the preceding, but distinguished by the
regularly convex sides of the prothorax, and the scarcely striate elytra.

MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA. 99

PHAIONA Haid.

Allied to Metanprya : Body pubescent, rather slender, narrowing towards both ends: maxillary palpi
slender, articulations obconic, apical one subsecuriform; eyes with short hairs arising from between the
facets: prothorax simple, gradually narrowed, and truncate anteriorly ; base faintly emarginate upon each
side: scutel small and rounded; elytra simple, gradually tapering to the apex: feet slender; tibiz
bi-spinose: ungues simple.

P. STEROPES murinus}Dej. Cat., 237. Melandrya umbrina Mels. — Proceed.
Acad. ili. 55. Dircea murina F. is Newman’s Macratria.

HALLOMENUS JIlhger.

H. turipus Hald. Brownish yellow, paler beneath, somewhat glossy and clothed
with short fulvous hair: head convex, punctured, dark brown, antenne and palpi
paler; labrum shining dark brown, contrasting with the pale yellow of the margin
of the clypeus ; eyes black : pronotum transverse, minutely scabrous; anterior angles
rounded, posterior ones obtuse, base nearly rectilinear, a little advanced toward the
scutel, and having a small fovea upon each side; disk coloured like the head, but
becoming paler towards the lateral margins: scutel dark brown, triangular: elytra
brownish yellow, brighter at the base, changing into brown along the suture, lateral
margin, and apex: wings fuliginous: feet flavous. 21. long. Georgia’ This is
H. luridvs\De. and possibly identical with the next species, the description
of which, however, is inapplicable in several important particulars.

H. scaputaris Mels. Proceed. Acad. iii. 57.

H. nicer Hald. Shining black, sparsely clothed with fine prostrate hair: mouth
and antenne (?) brown : prothorax impunctate, and with the elytra, finely pubescent,
the latter minutely and obsoletely scabrous. 1:1.long. Upper Mississippi.

H. quapripustuLosus Mels. Proceed. Acad. iil. 57.

CALASIA Haid.

Facies of Orcuesta: Head free, antenne .... . first articulation obconic, base contracted ; 2—3
articulations short and slender, conjointly a little shorter than the first and fifth, both of which are
exceeded by the fourth ; all these articulations are slightly obconic: maxillary and labial palpi with the
terminal articulation strongly securiform: prothorax short, obtusely rounded before, and as wide as the
elytra behind : tarsi with two short spines. Etym. sanscrit, whence the latin celer.

C. sERIcEA Mels. (Orchesia.) Proceed. Acad. iii. 57.
"26

100 MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA.

SCRAPTIA Latr. (1807.) Genera 11. 199.

S. Lutea Haid. Pale yellow, glossy, pubescent, finely punctate: eyes black,
antenne and abdomen dark brown, basal articulation, palpi, and head, with a tinge
of rufous: prothorax with the base subrectilinear and as wide as the elytra: scutel
triangular, elytra with a common brown sutural macula behind the middle, and
exhibiting a tendency to extend forward along the suture: feet pale. 14 1. long.
New York.

S. pr-rmpressa Hald. Black, shining, minutely punctured, and clothed with pale
hair; beneath and feet pale yellowish brown: pronotum with a large dilated
impression at the basal angles : apex of the elytra conjointly emarginate. 14 1. long.
Lake Superior.

S. PaLLipes Mels. Pr. Acad. iii. 56. Var., Head and prothorax without
impressions, and with the base of the elytra luteous ; the extremity of these, with the
margin and suture, fuscous. 141. long. South Carolina. Zimmerman.

S. amertcana Hald. Dark fuscous, punctate, strongly pubescent; head black,
antenne fuscous, mouth dark luteous, pectus and feet flavous ; prothorax and medial
basal portion of the elytra obscure yellowish brown, posterior and external margins,
with the scutel, fuscous. 1 1. long. North Carolina—Zimmerman. Missouri
territory. S. americana|Dej. The prothorax is short, and has a slight impression
upon each side of the posterior margin. ‘The western specimen has the middle of
the pectus fuscous, and the yellow of the under parts less bright.

S. rucosa Haid. Punctate rugose, glossy, slightly pubescent, dark fuscous,
prothorax and base of the elytra paler: head, antenne and mouth, flavous. Maryland
—Zimmerman. A slender species, in which the external margins of the prothorax
and elytra are continuous. The pronotum is short, with an obsolete dilated
impression upon each side of the disk.

S. rLtavicottis Hald. Black, pubescent, and coarsely punctate ; head, prothorax,
and feet, flavous : eyes fuscous; antenne and maxillary palpi flavous, with the apex
of each fuscous. 1}1. long. New York.

S. pusitta Hald. Black, pubescent, punctate; elytra, pectus and.antenne, with a
tinge of fuscous : trophi and feet pale fuscous. 11. long. South Carolina—Zimmerman.
New York. =S. pusilla| De}. 3

ANASPIS Geoff.

A. FLAVIPENNIS Hald. Black, apparently impunctate, whitish sericeous: antenne
fuscous; base, with the labrum,.clypeus, maxillary palpi, tarsi and tibie, paler,
approaching yellowish brown; elytra pale brownish yellow. 13 1. long. Lake
Superior.

MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA. 101

PLATYDEMA Lap. 6 Brullé, (1831). Ann. Sc. Nat. xxiii. 350.

P. eLuiptica F. (Mycetophagus) ii. 566. No. 3. Lap. Br., 380. No. 36. Black,
opaque, elytra each with an oblique sanguineous spot. 3 1. long. Rare in
Pennsylvania, abundant in the South.

P. riavipes F’. (Mycetophagus) il. 567, No. 11. Lap. Br., 338.
P. ruriventris Lap. Br., 378, No. 33. Pennsylvania and Georgia.

P. pasatis Hald. Subdepressed, black, opake ; head impressed immediately in
front of the eyes, coarsely and densely punctate ; mouth flavous ; palpi, feet, and base
of the antenne rufous: prothorax emarginate in front, with the base bisinuate, finely
punctured, an indistinct fovea upon each side near the base: scutel finely punctured :
elytra with strongly impressed punctured stri#: under parts rufo-piceous, strongly
and coarsely punctured. 21. long. Inhabits from New York to Georgia, in fungi.
More elongate than the preceding, with deeper elytral strie ; the head more coarsely
punctured than the thorax ; and the antenne are not ferruginous.

P. anaLis Hald. Oval, shining black, head distinctly and confluently punctured ;
irregularly impressed from the eyes converging forwards and meeting along the
clypeus, a transverse obsolete impression posteriorly : antenne . . . base, mouth and
feet flavous; prothorax finely punctate, base on each side impressed, lateral margin
slightly reflexed, extreme margin faintly rufous: elytra punctate-striate, interstices
flat, inflexed margins rufo-piceous: beneath rufo-piceous, coarsely punctured,
abdominal segments with<a fovea upon each side, two apical ones black. . 2 1. long.
Distinguished from P. basalis by being glossy, and in wanting impressed strie upon

the elytra.

P. tuvires Hald. Oval, shining black, head depressed, thickly punctate ; an
impressed transverse line in front of the eyes: prothorax very minutely punctured,
moderately emarginate before and bisinuate posteriorly ; a fovea upon each side of the
base, anda corresponding obsolete one anteriorly; lateral margins reflexed,
converging rectilinearly from the posterior angles to beyond the middle ; basal angles
acute, anterior ones obtusely rounded : scutel. small: elytra strongly striate, striz
punctured, interstices flat, impunctured: antenne rufous, labrum and _ palpi
ferruginous: beneath piceous, strongly punctate: feet shining rufo-piceous. 23 1.
long, 11. wide. Allied to P. dasalis and P. analis, but distinguished from the former
by the gloss and pale antenne ; and from the latter by the smoother pronotum and
more deeply impressed striz. Inhabits the Middle States.

P. tevis Hald. Oval, shining black, smooth: head with a fine transverse
impressed line between the eyes ; labrum and clypeus rufo-piceous; antenne, mouth,

102 MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA.

palpi, and feet, ferruginous: prothorax simple, convex, anterior margin faintly
piceous, and without emargination ; anterior angles not produced; base bisinuous ;
elytra with indistinct lines of punctures: beneath piceous, with a rufous tinge
towards the apex of the abdomen. 21. long. Rather wider than the preceding, and
distinguished by the bright impunctured surface. Carolina—Zimmerman.

P. ruFicoLiis Lap. Br. xxiii. 375.=Neomida sanguinicollis Mels. Pr. Acad. ui. 61.
P. rura Mels. (Neomida.) Pr. Acad. iii. 61. Not observed.
P. picipes Say. (Phaleria.) Long’s Exp. Southern States, Virginia coast.

P. picttaBrum Mels. Pr. Acad. iii. 62. Pennsylvania and Maryland. Closely
allied to the preceding, but distinct.

P. suscostata Lap. Br. Ann. Sc. Nat. xxiii. 362. Georgia.

P. ctypeatus Hald. Shining black ; head strongly and closely punctured except
upon the front, where it is more sparse; a broad shallow transverse impression
between the eyes anteriorly: prothorax more finely punctured than the head;
emarginate anteriorly ; base bisinuous, with a fovea upon each side; lateral margin
reflexed : scutel scarcely punctate: elytra with strongly impressed striz filled with
impressed punctures; a conspicuous punctate abbreviated stria with six or eight
punctures near the scutel; interstices flat, densely and finely punctured: beneath
with the epipleura nigro-piceous, thickly and coarsely punctured: mandibles black ;
labrum, clypeus, and palpi, ferruginous; antenne and feet piceous. 3 1. long, 1}
wide. New York and Lake Superior.

P. excavata Say. (Diaperis.) J. Acad. iii. 267.

P. cyanescens Lap. Br. xxiii. 356. Georgia.

P. eryTHRocERA Lap. Br. xxiii. 355. Carolina.
P. pirasctatus Say. (Diaperis.) J. Acad. ii. 268. Pennsylvania and Missouri.

The following have not been observed :

. AMERICANA Lap. Br. xxiii. 358.
poLita Lap. Br. “« 361.
. PALLENS Lap Br. “ 377.—lvida|Dej.

.4-macuLata Lap. Br. “ 383.

a -a a -a)

. CYANEA Lap. Br. saaue.

MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA. 103

APHODIUS Ii. Muls. Coleop. de France, 178.

A. Fimetarius Lin. (Scarab.) A. nodifrons Randall. Boston J. Nat. Hist. ii. 20.
Shining black; elytra and a spot upon the lateral margin of the prothorax, red;
femora black or red. 31. long. A common European species which is spread from
Sweden to the plains of the Mediterranean, and to the summit of the Alps. Rare in
the Eastern States.

A. pincuis Hald. Shining black, beneath and feet piceous, clypeus smooth,
pronotum coarsely punctured laterally at base; disk minutely punctured, base
slightly reflexed. 3 1. long. Lake Superior. Head transverse, sub-auriculate,
truncate anteriorly, margin reflexed: pronotum large and convex, anterior margin
piceous ; sides reflexed, and continued along the posterior margin: scutel concave,
with afew punctures; mesonotum coarsely and densely punctured: strie of the
elytra crenate-punctate. The form is more compact than in fimetarius, which it
resembles, except in colour. The description of A. concavus Say, requires a smooth
disk, which in pinguis has minute punctures, and is moreover smaller than his
oblongus, with which he compares concavus. It is not likely that he would have
overlooked the punctures on the head of A. pinguis.

A. concavus Say. J. Acad. iii. 314. Head subhexagonal, with a transversed
waved impressed line posteriorly; pronotum coarsely punctured laterally ; disk
smooth, sides alone reflexed. Inhabits near the Rocky Mountains, (Say,) and at
Lake Superior.

A. Lxvicatus Hald. Shining uniform rufous, an indistinct medial black spot near
the lateral margin of the pronotum ; hair fulvous. 33 1. long, 12 wide. Middle and
Southern States. Head impunctate ; clypeus smooth, semicircular, margin reflexed,
with a slight and wide emargination in front, behind which is an indistinct oblong
medial fovea; surface elevated at the angles of the emargination: pronotum smooth,
an obsolete impression near the anterior angles, which are scarcely advanced ;
anterior and extreme posterior margin, and a lateral spot, blackish ; sides scarcely
rounded, and with the base, reflexed; posterior angles obtusely rounded; base
subrectilinear, distantly bisinuous: elytra with ten well-impressed strie ; interstices
smooth and plane. This is nearly as large a species as A. oblongus Say, but besides
differing in colour, the head-and prothorax are not so transverse, and the former is
not auriculate. |Dej. Cat. p. 162.

A. optoncus Say. J. Acad. ili. 215. A. badipes Mels. Proceed. Acad. ii. 135.
Middle and Southern States. Dr. Melsheimer gave a new name, because he supposed
that of Sav to have been applied to a European species by Scopoli and Illiger. The

trivial name odlongus of these authors is, however, itself a synonym of A. rufipes Lin.
27

104 MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA.

The specimen named A. pensvallensis Mels. Pr. Acad. i. 135, is doubtless European,
as itis stuck with a European pin, although caught ata time when these were
rarely to be had in this country.

A. DENTIcULATUs Hald. Shining black, beneath fuscous; clavus of the antenne
fulvous; clypeus with two denticulations on each side of the anterior emargination. 3 1.
long, 14 wide. Eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. Head coarsely punctured, auricu-
late, a transverse raised line posteriorly; clypeusdistinctly emarginate in front, followed
by a secondary emargination, separated and followed by a projecting tooth; lateral
margin recurved, and exhibiting a tendency to form two additional denticulations:
pronotum with numerous fine punctures and dilated impressed ones, which are more
dense laterally ; anterior angles scarcely advanced, posterior ones obtusely rounded ;
lateral and posterior margins slightly recurved ; anterior margin with a narrow line of
fulvous hair: scutel densely punctured at base: elytral strie (10) crenate-punctate,
intervals flat: epipleura and beneath distinctly punctate, and clothed with fulvous
hairs.

A. LutuLentus Hald. Proceed. Acad. i. 304. Mels. id. 11. 135. A. corvinus|D.
Black, somewhat glossy, minutely punctate, elytra with the strie fine and indistinct ;
male with an indistinct frontal tubercle. 2i—3 |. long. Pennsylvania, Carolina ;
October. Head transverse, regularly hemi-hexagonal, auriculate, widely sub-emargi-
nate ; anterior angles acute and projecting in the form of teeth ; margin reflexed, sides
converging rectilinearly ; disk with dilated sub-confluent punctures; front with an
obsolete tubercle: pronotum subquadrate, densely punctured like the head ; anterior
margin with fulvous hair; anterior angles sub-reflexed laterally ; scutel sparsely
punctured : elytra finely chagrined or minutely scabrous, with narrow sub-crenulate
indistinct strie. Allied to A. sertcatus of Europe.

A. corvinus Hald. Dull black, sub-opake, head and prothorax profoundly and
densely punctured; elytra punctate striate; interstices plane, convex towards the
apex. Long. 3 lin. Head convex and simple above, hemi-hexagonal, sub-emarginate,
auriculate, sides rectilinear, margins slightly reflexed ; palpi ferruginous: prothorax
advanced towards the scutel, uniformly and densely covered with deep dilated
punctures : elytra somewhat glossy, black, margins with a rufous tinge ; strie distinct,
narrow, with oblong indistinct punctures above, and round distinct ones laterally,
these crenulating the interstices posteriorly ; pectus with distinct dilated punctures :
apex of the abdomen rufous : feet glossy rufous, femora finely punctured.

A. arerRimus Mels. Proceed. Acad. ii. 136. A. 4-tuberculatus F. i.'75. Dej.
Lake Superior, Southern and Middle States. 4. rugulosus|Dej. is probably the
female.

MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA. 105

A. MetTatticus Hald. Shining black, with a greenish metallic reflexion ; pronotum
sparsely punctate; elytra punctate-striate. Long. 23 lines. Maryland,in May.
Head hemi-hexagonal, sub-auriculate, widely emarginate in front, margin reflexed ;
surface scabrous and confluently punctured anteriorly and laterally ; above smooth,
with fine distinct punctures; and three transverse indistinct tubercles posteriorly :
pronotum convex, scarcely margined, with fine and distant punctures : scutel smooth:
elytra finely punctate striate: beneath black, feet faintly metallic, posterior femora
bright brassy. ‘This ispecies, of which I -found but one specimen, is allied to the
preceding, but the elytral punctures are more distinct, and the striz less so.

A. strercorator Fabr. i. 81. No. 58 (Amer. Merid.) Black; pronotum densely
punctured, punctures large posteriorly, and diminishing to a minute size anteriorly :
elytra coarsely punctate striate, interstices convex. Long. 24, lat. 1 line.
Shining black, feet and margins with a rufous tinge; tarsi palpiand antenne paler,
with a tinge of flavous: head convex, distantly hemi-hexagonal, auriculate, widely
emarginate anteriorly, anterior angles obtusely rounded, sides convex, margins
reflexed ; surface minutely and densely punctate, becoming coarser, towards the
margin ; posterior portion along the pronotum, distinctly punctate : pronotum convex,
deeply and widely emarginate for the reception of the head; anterior angles obtuse
and projecting ; posterior angles obtuse, and truncate towards the humeri ; posterior
and lateral margins convex, and margined: elytra coarsely striate; striae with
punctures which have a tendency to crenulate the margins of the interstices:
abdomen beneath, and posterior femora, sparsely punctate. Not being confident that
this is the true stercorator, I give such a description as to render the insect I have in
view recognisable.

A. curtus Hald. Short, shining black; beneath, feet, and margins of the head
and prothorax rufo-piceous. Long. 2, lat. 1 line. Rocky Mountains.
Head finely punctured, hemi-hexagonal, auriculate, margins reflexed, clypeus
emarginate; front with three transverse tubercles, the medial one the largest, the
lateral ones wanting in a second individual; antenne and palpi flavous: pronotum
convex, slightly margined, finely and densely punctured: scutel impunctate
posteriorly : elytra smooth, faintly punctate and crenulate-striate; ninth or
sub-marginal stria abbreviated, and deflected into the marginal one anteriorly ;
eighth still more, and seventh and sixth less abbreviated anteriorly.

A. RuRIcoLA Mels. Proceed. Acad. ii. 136. (ruszcola, in error.) Var.a. Black
above.

106 MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA.

A. stricatus Say. J. Acad. iii. 212. Inhabits the Eastern, Middle, and Southern
States. Say found it as far west as the Rocky Mountains, and Dr. Le Conte at Lake
Superior. My brother, Lieut. Horace Haldeman, has sent me specimens from
Mexico collected at Jalapa last November.

A. spretus Haid. Short, shining black, polished, punctate ; feet and translucent
margins of the prothorax and elytra dull rufous; frontal suture an elevated line
sometimes having a medial tubercle. Long. 13, lat. 2 line. Middle States.
Head hemi-hexagonal, widely emarginate anteriorly, margins reflexed, surface
finely punctured ; lateral margins rugosely punctate; palpi and antenne flavous,
clava darker: pronotum smooth, convex, margined posteriorly and laterally, disc with
scattered punctures of varying size, the larger ones dilated: scutel smooth, medial
portion depressed : elytra with an indistinct tinge of rufous, becoming more apparent
at the margins ; striz fine, with faintly impressed punctures disappearing posteriorly,
and scarcely crenulating the interstices; marginal stria as in A. curtus; interstices
plane. The elytra and general appearance are as in A. terminalis.

A. spreTuLus Hald. Shining blackish fuscous with a tinge of rufous ; beneath and
feet rufous; pronotum sparsely punctured; elytra crenulate-striate, the two
submarginal strie abbreviated at base. Long. 2, lat 3 line. Middle States.
Head hemi-hexagonal, auriculate, widely emarginate, margin rufous and reflexed ;
surface smooth, obsoletely rugose towards the margin, and punctate upon the posterior
margin: antenne fulvous: pronotum with the anterior margin and an indistinct
lateral spot (absent in a second individual) rufous; surface with scattered punctures,
which are largest posteriorly and laterally; besides these, the entire surface is
regularly covered with minute punctures; posterior and lateral margins reflexed,
anterior angles obtuse, not prominent : scutel smooth, with a rufous tinge: elytra with
the strie and crenulations distinct; interstices scarcely convex, except posteriorly ;
margin and beneath rufous ; abdomen darker, and slightly punctate.

A. (Oxyomus) aspitus Hald. Dull black, narrow, depressed; head and
prothorax densely punctate; elytra obtusely striate, margin of the intervals
minutely lineate-punctate. Long. 2, lat. 3 line. Middle States. Head hemi-
hexagonal, auriculate, margins convex and rufous; entire surface more minutely
punctured than the pronotum; clypeus lato-emarginate, the emargination
terminated by a minute tooth; antenne and maxillary palpi flavous, the latter
sub-securiform : pronotum densely punctured, punctures largest posteriorly and
laterally ; scabrous with approximate punctures laterally ; posterior and lateral
margins reflexed ; posterior angles very obtuse; anterior angles scarcely projecting :

MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA. 107

scutel concave, levigate, and faintly rufous : elytra striate, strie indistinctly punctate ;
intervals flat, convex posteriorly, their internal margins indistinctly lineate-punctate
or crenulate ; suture bounded with a longitudinal row of minute punctures on each
side, a similar series (sometimes obsolete) along the exterior margin of the intervals:
feet dark rufous, other inferior parts with a tinge of rufous; sternal plate deeply
impressed along the median line, and with the abdomen, densely punctured.

Of three specimens examined, one may be termed indistinctly punctate striate, the
punctures or crenulations of the interval extending into the strie. Its facies is that
of Oxyomus gracilis Mels., whilst the sub-dentate clypeus allies it to the genus
Ammecius Mulsant. I have not yet met with the more recent divisions of this and
the allied genera by Erichson.

RHYSSEMUS Mulsant.

R. scaBer Hald. Opake, nigro-fuscous, scabrous, front and four transverse
elevated lines on the pronotum, composed of larger elevations; margin of the head,
antenne palpi and feet rufous; elytra porcate. Long. 13, lat. ? lin. Hab. Middle
States. Head semicircular, obtusely auriculate, margin rufous and reflexed; an
obtuse frontal impression terminating in the emargination of the clypeus; disk
elevated towards the centre, verrucose, the larger tubercles being central and the
smaller ones posterior ; pronotum verrucose, transversely 4-sulcate, the intervals with
larger tubercles; extreme anterior margin flavous, transversely rectilinear, angles
sub-prominent, obtuse ; lateral margin convex, not margined; posterior angles and
base forming a semicircle; base near the scutel, and lateral margins, ciliate with
short thick flavous hairs: elytra rather narrower at base than the prothorax, sides
convex, and widening posteriorly to two-thirds of their length, when they contract,
the apex being obtusely rounded; convex above, porcate, interstices gemmate
catenulate ; there are ten principal-elevated lines excluding the sutural one, and six
of these are double, a second catenulate row rising from the sulci: abdomen beneath
with a transverse row of longitudinal punctures at the base of the segments, and
another transverse row of irregular ones upon the middle of each segment.

PSAMMODIUS Gyjllenhal.

P. aciaLioiDEs Hald. Polished castaneous, head and pronotum blackish, antenne
fulvous. 131. long. Hab. Middle States.

Head auriculate, acutely emarginate, margins reflexed, and faintly rufous ; surface
densely tuberculate, two elevated lines and two sulci extend diagonally towards the
margin from the vertex : pronotum with four transverse sulci filled with approximate
dilated punctures; the two posterior ridges are interrupted by the short impressed
punctate dorsal line, which extends from the base to the third transverse ridge ;

28

108 MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA.

lateral margins rufous, and with the posterior one, ciliate: elytra sulcate and.
punctate-clathrate, interstices flattened convex : inferior parts castaneous, anterior feet
a little paler. In P. interruptus Say, (Boston Journ. N. H. i. 178,) the intervals have
a row of punctures and their margins are somewhat crenulated.

TRICHOPTERYX Kirby.

T. ruscirennis Hald. Ovate, shining black, elytra pale fuscous, feet rufous. 4 lin.
long. Hab. Pennsylvania. Form of T. attenuata Gillmeister, Trichopterygia, pl. 3,
fig. 5. Surface covered with elevated points running transversely in irregular lines:
antenne dark fuscous, base rufous: pronotum convex, pubescent laterally, basal
angles pale, acutely produced : scutel large, black, and pubescent: elytra pale fuscous,
punctate, and pubescent: abdomen exposed, narrow, pubescent above. The
prothorax has the basal angles rather more acute than in Gillmeister’s fig. a, pl. 3; it
is wider than the elytra, and without hair, except laterally ; with a high magnifying
power it is distinctly aciculate, and in certain positions the elevated points resemble
impressions.

T. rotunpatus Hald. Broad oval, shining black, densely punctured, pubescent,
elytra pale fuscous, antennz and feet pale rufous. } lin. long. Hab. Middle States.
Head whitish pubescent: prothorax considerably wider than the elytra, pubescent,
densely punctate ; posterior angles produced and acute, embracing the elytra : scutel
wide, black, punctate, and pubescent: elytra short, pale fuscous, punctate, and
sparsely pubescent, gradually narrowing posteriorly ; apex of each slightly rounded :
pygidium but little exposed. The prothorax nearly resembles that of atomaria
Degeer, as figured in Gillmeister’s pl. 3, fig. 3, the posterior angles are however more
produced, and the entire form is less quadrate.

T. piscotor Hald. Oblong, sides subparallel; black, punctate, pubescent ; elytra
pale yellowish fuscous. 4 lin. long. Hab. Lake Superior. Head pubescent ;
antenne fuscous, base flavous: prothorax pubescent, densely and coarsely punctate ;
posterior angles moderately produced in an acute angle; sides scarcely wider than
the elytra, and slightly narrowed towards the base: elytra subparallel, punctate and
pubescent, apex faintly rounded: abdomen exposed, pubescent: feet flavous? The
slight convergence of the prothorax and elytra towards the base of the former,
produce a lateral outline like that in brevipennis Erichson, Gillm. pl. 4, fig. 1.

T. aprupta Hald. Shining black, punctate and pubescent, wide, sides subparallel,
truncate posteriorly, feet flavous. } lin. long. Hab. Pennsylva@®. Outline of
atomaria Degeer, Gillm. pl. 3, fig. 3, but the prothorax is less contracted anteriorly :
head and pronotum thickly punctured and pubescent ; the latter scarcely wider than

MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA. 109

the elytra, and widest anterior to the base, the angles of which are acute and as much
produced as in atomaria: scutel punctured and pubescent, rather smaller than in
atomaria : elytra short, densely punctate and pubescent, apex faintly flavous, outline
as in atomaria : abdomen pubescent, scarcely exposed ; beneath black.

T. aspera Haid. Elongate oval, subparallel, black, pubescent, surface covered
with numerous rounded elevated points; antenne shining black, feet pale fuscous.
4 lin. long. Hab. Middle States and Lake Superior. Form of pygmea Kr.—Gillm.
pl. 4. fig. 5, but rather more robust: head, pronotum and elytra, slightly pubescent
and asperate : prothorax a little dilated posteriorly, basal angles acute, and produced
but little: elytra with the sides slightly convex; apex faintly fuscous, separately and
obtusely rounded. From the rarity of the union of black antenne and pale feet in
this genus, it is possible that this species may be identical with serzcans Er.—Gillm.
p- 51, pl. 4, fig. 3; which has these characters, and besides a wide distribution in
Kurope and Siberia, is stated to occur at Baltimore.

PTENIDIUM Erichson.

P. rERMINALE Hald. Polished black, sparsely pubescent ; antenne, feet, and apex
of the elytra, flavous. 4 lin. long. Hab. Pennsylvania in May. Outline of
levigatum Er.—Gillm. p. 8, fig 4, but the apex of the elytra is less suddenly
contracted and more obtusely rounded. Head with a few hairs; a lateral fovea in
front of the base of the antenne ; eyes coarsely reticulate : prothorax impunctate, the
anterior and posterior width subequal; basal angles obtusely rounded; anterior
angles advanced and obtuse : elytra sparsely and faintly punctate.

The date of the genus Trichopteryx is, according to Gillmeister, 1818; Allibert,
(Revue Zool. 1847, p. 188,) 1808 ; and Erichson in Agassiz’ Nomenclator, 1826, the
last being probably correct, but in either case it takes precedence of Pitilium
Gyllenhal, the date of which seems to be 1827, having been first characterized by
this author in an appendix to his Insecta suecica, although previously known as an
unrestricted catalogue name. Gillmeister has divided the family (or genus, as he
considers it,) into five groups, of which he gives the characters, and which nearly
correspond with the following genera:

Tricnopreryx Kd. Er—Gillm. §1i. p. 41, pl. 3, 4.

PrinELLA Motchulsky. pe ey 2 Ae 7 aay
Pritium Gyll. Er. RM: ye A
Priniota Hald. COPS een COT Ge, Ey

Prenipium Er. an eee &,

110 MR. HALDEMAN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF COLEOPTERA.

To these may be added nossipium Er. and spHzrius Wailtl. Motchulsky has
stated a point overlooked by Gillmeister, namely, that Gyllenhal placed T. atomaria
and fascicularis in the genus Ptilium, and he accordingly applies the latter term to
the first group, without inquiring how far it may be synonymous with Kirby’s name,
which he applies to the fifth and part of the third group ; another portion of the third
with the fifth, forming his genus Ptznella. Allibert, Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 189, says
that Ptinella “est un nom impropre qui signifie petit Ptinus et non petit Ptilium ;”
an objection which is untenable, the names in question being as distinct as Callidium
and Callidema; nor is it certain that Ptinella was intended as a diminutive of
Ptilium.

pene)

ART. I1X.— Observations on the Eocene formation, and descriptions of one hundred
and five new fossils of that period, from the vicinity of Vicksburg, Mississippi ;
mith an Appendix. By T. A. Conran.

In the Spring of 1845, I collected about one hundred and nine species of Eocene
fossils, most of which appear to be new species. There are sixty univalves, forty-two
bivalves, one multivalve shell, and six or seven polyps.

Of these fossils, I can identify two only with species of the Claiborne sands;
Infundibulum trochiformis and Conus saurodens. Very few others are related to
species of the Alabama sand strata. Lucina Mississippiensis, Sigaretus Mississippiensis
and Dentalium Mississippiensis, are the only shells which might be confounded with
species of those deposits.

The Vicksburg group contains three species of bivalves which have much
resemblance to Miocene fossils of this country. Lima staminea approaches L.
papyria; Corbula engonata is allied to C. enequalis, Say; and Nucula Vicksburgensis,
to NV. obliqua, Say. -

I have not observed a recent species in this group, and yet it is decidedly more
modern than that of the Claiborne sands; and as both deposits have but two species
in common, I thought it advisable to designate the former, Upper or Newer Eocene,
and the latter Lower or Older Eocene, as the two divisions are more distinct than
the Older and Newer Pliocenes.

In the American Journal of Science and Arts, I have given asketch of the
Mississippi Eocene, and observed that not* more than ten species would be found,
on comparison, identical with Claiborne shells. I had reference to the sand. at
Claiborne, and not including the limestone above it. A careful comparison has
reduced the number to two species, for the Dentaltum, which, when at Vicksburg
(without a Claiborne specimen for comparison) I had supposed to be D. thallozdes, is
a distinct, though closely allied species.

This newer portion of the Kocene in Mississippi is represented in Alabama by the
white limestone at St. Stephens on the Tombeckbe river, and the similar rock which
constitutes the uppermost stratum at Claiborne, on the Alabama river; all being
admirably connected by the abundance of Nummulites Mantel. There is a similar
limestone, in Charleston county, South Carolina, in which I found Scutella Lyelli and
Pecten calvatus, fossils of the Claiborne limestone, and both rocks are probably of the
same geological age. The limestone of Tampa Bay, Florida, is included in the

* Jn the paragraph alluded to, this word was accidentally omitted.. I did not when it was written suppose that

ten fossils would be found to correspond with species of the Claiborne sands.
29

112 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS

Upper Eocene series, but as yet no fossil has been obtained from it identical with a
species of the Carolinas, Mississippi or Alabama, unless itis a specimen of Carcharias
megalodon, which Captain Powell, of the Navy, found on the bay shore.

The only species of Crassatella which occurs at Vicksburg, is more nearly related
to C. tumida of the Paris basin than to C. alta of Claiborne.

Ostrea selleformis characterises the lower division of the Kocene formation. It
occurs abundantly beneath the fossilliferous sands of Claiborne ; at Vance’s Ferry,
South Carolina; and on the right bank of James river, below City Point, Virginia.
I also refer to this section, the localities at Fort Washington, Piscataway, and Upper
Marlborough, Maryland. Other characteristic fossils are Cardita planicosta, and
Turritella Mortont, the former occurring at Piscataway ; at Claiborne, Alabama ; and
also at Marlbourne, on Pamunkey river, Virginia, the residence of Edmund
Ruffin, Esq.

The following table illustrates the two sections of the Eocene :

DIVISIONS. LOCALITIES. CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS.
Vicksburg, Miss., white limestone Scutella Lyelli.
Upper of St. Stephens, and of Claiborne, Rogersi.

Alabama, and part of that in Charles- Pecten Poulsoni.

or

Newer Eocene.

ton co., South Carolina.

Limestone in the vicinity of Tampa

Nummulites Mantelli.

Nummulites Floridina.

Cristellaria rotella.
Ostrea Georgiana.
Cardita planicosta.

Bay, Florida.

+ Omer e een essere aH e ee ET eee ease HE SeEeseeESHSSEEeEes

Fossilliferous sands of Claiborne, and _ |

wecnesecsages casonsocsessesssessses

Lower St. Stephens, Al.; of the Washita Blandingi.
river, near Monroe, La.; Pamunkey Crassatella alta.
an river at Marlbourne, and Eocene Ostrea selleformis.

green sand, on James river, below Turritella Mortoni, &c.
City Point, Va.; Fort Washington,
Piscataway and Upper Marlborough,

Md.

Older Eocene.

The upper limestone of Shell Bluff on the Savannah river in Georgia, which
contains Ostrea Georgiana and Scutella quinguefaria, overlies strata which contain
species of organic remains identical with those of the Lower Eocene of Alabama and
Virginia, none of which has yet been found associated with the two characteristic
fossils above named. Ostrea Georgiana occurs at Jackson, Mississippi, where its
position is said to be below the Vicksburg group. It is therefore the line of
demarcation between the Upper and Lower Eocene.

Fossils of the Newer Eocene of Mississtppt.
DENTALIUM.

D. mississipprensis. PI. 11 , fig. 1.—Curved, attenuated above, longitudinally striated, the lines alternated
in size. Length 21-10. Abundant. It differs from D. thalloides, nob., in having more numerous

and much less prominent lines. It is very abundant.

OF NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS. 113

There is another species which occurs in fragments. It is small, rare, and is
smooth, polished and curved.

FISSURELLA.

F. mississippiensis. PJ]. 11, fig. 2—Suboval, rather elevated, with numerous unequal radiating lines, and
fine transverse lines, giving a minutely granulated appearance to the shell; foramen oval, submedial.
Length 4. Very rare.

An echinated species occurs, apparently identical with I. trochtformis of Paris, and
of Claiborne, Alabama.

SOLARIUM.

S. rriniratum. PI. 11, fig. 4.—Discoidal, with three thick approximate ridges on the periphery ; suture
channelled ; volutions with oblique impressed lines, and two fine revolving lines on each whorl ; base
convex, with three revolving impressed lines, that near the umbilicus profound, and with coarse rugose
transverse lines. Diameter 7-10. Not common.

BULLA.
B. crasstpuica. PI. 11. fig. 5.—Cylindrical, narrowing towards the base, smooth and entire; fold at
base thick and prominent. Length 2-10.
Abundant on Dr. Smith’s plantation, six miles N. E. of Vicksburg.

CYPRAA.

C. spnzrowes. PI. 11. fig. 6.—Short ovate, subglobose ; posterior end narrow ; base rounded ; aperture
narrow, the margins with numerous teeth. Length 14.
Very rare. Mr. J. D. Anderson, of Vicksburg, found one, and I obtained only one
during the two weeks employed in collecting the fossils around Vicksburg.

C. uintea. Pl. 11, fig. 7 and Pl. 13, fig. 4.—Ovate, elevated, ventricose, with four approximate equal
impressed lines; base ventricose, profoundly striated; labrum margin much thickened, profoundly
striated ; summit of the labrum prominent ; base slightly produced. Length 6-10. Rare.

NARICA.

N. musstssrpprensis. Pl. 11. fig. 8.—Subglobose, revolving lines fine, regular, equal ; longitudinal wrinkles
very minute ; spire very short ; suture somewhat channelled; umbilicus rather large. Length 4-10.

SIGARETUS.

S. mississrpPrensis. PJ. 11 fig. 9.—Obliquely oval, with fine very closely arranged wrinkled revolving lines ;
whorls convex ; no umbilicus. Length 8-10.
This species is usually much smaller than the specimen described, and scarcely
differs from a species of Claiborne, Alabama. Not very common.

114 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS

NATICA.
N. mississtppiensis. Pl. 11, fig. 10.—Subglobose, body whorl flattened above; suture channelled; spire
little prominent; base profoundly callous ; aperture moderate. Length 8-10.
This rare species 1 found about seven or eight miles North West of Vicksburg.
N. vicxspurcensis. P]. 11, fig. 11.—Subglobose, whorls four or five, convex; umbilicus large; columella
straight ; labium callous. Length 6-10.
This species is common.

SCALARIA.

S. rricinTanaRia. PI. 11, fig. 14.—Turreted, whorls convex, cancellated with numerous prominent lines, the
longitudinal one lamelleform and elevated towards the suture, about 32 in number on the body whorl,
which is obtusely carinated ; revolving lines equally prominent with the longitudinal, but thicker ?
base below the carina with minute revolving lines. Length 9-10. Very rare.

TURRITELLA.

T. mississtpPiensis. Pl. 12, fig. 12.—Subulate, volutions flattened, with seven revolving lineson the larger
ones, the penultimate line large and prominent; longitudinal wrinkles fine, approximate, much
curved, crenulating the revolving lines; the whorls near the apex generally with two prominent distant
revolving lines, and a less prominent one margins the suture. Length 3 inches. Not abundant.

T. catatura. Pl. 14, fig. 16.—Slightly turreted ; whorls flattened, with crenulated or beaded revolving
lines, about five to each volution; lines of growth sinuous and apparently forming the crenulated
character of the strie ; suture profound.

Rare, and in fragments.

TEREBRA.

T. pivisurum. PI. 11, fig. 13.—Subulate, with nineteen flattened volutions, obscurely turreted ; polished
and with longitudinal curved ribs, dislocated by an impressed line above the middle of each whorl ; ribs
obsolete on the body whorl below the impressed line. Length 2 inches. Common.

The ribs are sometimes obsolete on the larger whorls, or replaced by coarse
wrinkles, which are generally distinct on the body whorl.

T. tantuta, Pl. 11. fig. 15.—Subulate, with longitudinal ribs dislocated by an impressed line; whorls
with minute revoiving lines. Length 3. Rare.

Very similar to the preceding, but narrower, far less in size, and distinguished by
the revolving lines and by the ribs on the body whorl, which extend to the beak.

PLEUROTOMA.

P. porcetLana. PJ]. 11. fig. 16.—Fusiform ; smooth and polished; whorls eleven, convex, with two re-=
volving lines near the upper margin; the interstices transversely striated ; body whorl with revolving
impressed lines, commencing near the upper angle of the aperture; volution contiguous to the apex
papillated ; labium striated; aperture rather more than half the length of the shell; beak perfectly

' straight. Length 13.

This shell may perhaps appertain to Brachytoma, Swainson.

ee a Monin’ gitiiees =

OF NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS. 115

P. mississipprensis. PJ. 11, fig. 17.-—Turreted; volutions eight, concave above and plain below, with
longitudinal distant rounded ribs; body whorl with revolving lines, commencing in a line with the
summit of the aperture ; beak short, a little curved. Length 3.

P. servata. PI. 11, fig. 18.—Fusiform ; whorls ten, with rounded longitudinal ribs and prominent strong
revolving lines, a fine intermediate line on the body whorl ; volutions concave above, with a carinated
revolving line below the suture ; beak narrow, elongated, slightly bent, acuminate ; aperture and canal
rather more than half the length of the shell. Length 9-10.

P. concesta. PI. 11, fig. 19.—Short-fusiform, volutions nine or ten, with revolving raised lines and
longitudinal wrinkles ; spire conical-acute ; whorls slightly contracted in the middle, with longitudinal
curved irregular striz, interrupted in the middle of each whorl; aperture half as long as the shell ;
beak slightly twisted. Length 1 1-10th. Very abundant.

It approaches the genus Brachytoma, Swainson.

P. cristata. Pl. 11. fig. 20.—Fusiform, whorls ten, angulated in the middle, except the two from the
apex, and with a reflected finely dentate carina; revolving lines distinct, finely crenulated; spire
scalariform ; from the upper end of the aperture runs a prominent revolving line, much larger than
the others; lines on the body whorl below the angle minutely granulated ; beak narrow, produced.

Length 3. Rare.

P. rantuta. PI. 11. fig. 21.—Slender ; volutions nine, convex, with longitudinal rounded, slightly curved
ribs; spire elevated and acute; suture margined by an indistinct raised line; beak short, narrow.
Length 4-10. Rare.

A member of subgenus Clavatula, Lam.

P. renetta. PI. 11, fig. 22.—Fusiform; volutions nine, whorls slightly contracted above, with longitudinal
prominent curved lines, and a prominent revolving line near and below the suture ; between this and
the suture an impressed line ; body whorl with strong prominent revolving lines, commencing in a line
with the upper end of the aperture, and sometimes alternated in size; ribs frequently obsolete on the
body whorl, and terminating at the striated space ; beak narrow, somewhat produced. Length 8-10.

It probably belongs to Swainson’s genus, Clavicantha.

P. cocutraris. PI. 11, fig. 23.—Subfusiform, with elevated revolving lines, alternated with fine lines, the
interstices with fine longitudinal wrinkled lines; spire elevated, acute ; beak narrow, straight. Length

13. Very rare.

The specimen figured is more than twice the size of any other specimen found,
though it is an abundant species.

P. esororpes. Pl. 11, fig. 24.—Turreted; whorls nine, smooth, flattened above, obscurely nodulous or
subcostate below ; beak short. Length 6-10.

P. anunpans. PI. 11, fig. 25.—Turreted; whorls ten, concave above, with a crenulated prominent
revolving line just below the suture ; convex portion of the whorls with prominent, acute, nearly
straight ribs and regular revolving lines; concave portion with minute revolving lines ; beak narrow,
slightly produced. Length .

It belongs to subgenus Clavatula, Lam.
30

116 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS

P. rotzpens. PI. 11, fig. 26.—Narrow-subfusiform, small, with a profound deeply crenulated carina on
the body whorl and in the middle of each whorl of the spire ; suture margined with a prominent line
below and a minute one above ; large volution with distinct revolving lines and minute longitudinal
wrinkles ; beak slightly produced, narrow, straight. Length 3, Rare.

P. pectiva. Pl. 11, fig. 27.—Fusiform, with subangular volutions, with strong prominent revolving lines
on the body whorl, alternated in size; the whorl flattened and oblique above the angle, with four
unequal revolving lines ; lower whorls of the spire with three prominent revolving lines on the lower
half, and a fine intermediate line ; upper half with three minute revolving lines, anda larger prominent
one below and near the suture ; aperture and canal about half the length of the shell. Length 1.

Allied to P. servata, but wants the longitudinal ribs of that species. Rare.

PHORUS.

P. numiuis. PI. 11, fig. 46.—Depressed ; volutions five, with comparatively large shells and fragments
adhering ; body whorl very wide, much depressed ; base flat; near the periphery concave. Width 8-10.
Height }.

I found but one specimen of its shell, which seems ‘to be less elevated than the
other species.

BUCCINUM.

B. mississipriensis. PJ. 11, fig. 28.—Turreted ; whorls eight, three from the apex smooth and entire ; the
others with longitudinal regular distant ribs and intermediate wrinkles; revolving lines raised,
alternated in size; labrum with eleven raised lines within, not extending to the margin ; columella
striated. Length 5-10. Common.

TYPHIS.

T. curvirostratus. Pl. 11, fig. 29.—Subfusiform; volutions eight, scalariform, varices or ribs profound ;
tubes long ; that near the margin of aperture thick, elongated ; beak elongated, spiniform, much curved.
Length 1-10. Not common.

MUREX.

M. mississtpprensis. Pl. 11, fig. 30.—Subfusiform, with three elevated varices, and an intermediate
prominent obtuse longitudinal ridge ; between two of the varices on the body whorl is a smaller ridge ;
revolving lines prominent, alternated in size, profound on the varices ; longitudinal wrinkles distinct ;
labium with six prominent lines within, the margin regularly foliated; canal long. Length, 1 7-10.

It belongs to the subgenus PHyLLonota of Swainson.

MELONGENA.

M. crassi-cornutTa. PI. 11, fig. 31.—Fusiform; whorls concave above, and having a series of thick
prominent nodes on the angle of the whorls; on the body whorl they are very large and thick,
becoming spines towards the mouth, that nearest the margin a very thick long recurved spine ;

_ towards the base is a series of thick short spines ; revolving lines coarse, unequal, not very prominent,
waved ; longitudinal wrinkles coarse and distinct. Length of fragment 3.

OF NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS. 117

I found but one specimen of this fine shell, and cut off the base in digging it out of
the clay.

The genus Metoncena has no affinity with the type of Pyruta of Lamarck,
(Futeur of Montford.) Its true position will probably be among the PurPuURINe.
I have referred to this genus the Fwsus corona of Lamarck. The species have a
remarkable sinus at the upper end of the labrum.

FUSUS.

F. sprnicer. PI. 11, fig. 32.—Fusiform, with revolving lines, and a series of elevated acute spines on the
angle of the larze whorl; the series continued on the whorls of the spire near the suture; two upper
whorls entire; sides above the tubercles flattened, with the revolving lines fine and indistinct ;
volutions seven ; beak produced ; labrum striated within. Length 1%. Very rare.

It belongs to the genus Hemifusus of Swainson.

F. mississrprrensis. PI. 11, fig. 34.—Narrow-fusiform ; volutions eight or nine, convex, with distant
profound, rounded ribs, and fine regular ornamental wrinkles ; canal much larger than the aperture ;
labrum striated within; beak narrow, produced, slightly bent. Length 13.

F. vicxspurcensis. PI. 11, fig. 33.—Fusiform; whorls convex, with revolving raised lines alternated in
size, and fine longitudinal wrinkled lines; large whorl ventricose ; beak somewhat bent. Length 1.

FICUS.

F. misstssippiensis.—Pyriform, thin and fragile, latticed, with acute prominent lines, the revolving
ones largest and distant, the interstices with minute revolving lines; longitudinal lines closely
arranged, equal; spire very short, whorls convex, the two nearest the apex entire; large volution
flattened at top. Length 14.

CHENOPUS.

C. uiratus. PI. 11, fig. 35.—Ovate, with a thick dilated labrum; whorls nine, convex, ribbed longi-
tudinally, and with revolving lines; ribs curved, undulated on the body whorl and subnodose above ;
body whorl gibbous; aperture narrow; callus of the labium profound. Length 3. Very rare.

I have adopted the above generic name because as Phillipi observes the Pterocera
lambis was made the type of the genus APpoorHals.

RINGICULA.

R. mississipriensis. Pl. 11, fig. 36.—Ovate acute, whorls five or six, convex, with minute revolving lines ;
suture profound, margin carinated by a submarginal impressed line; columella two-plaited. Length
1-10. Abundant on Dr. Smith’s plantation near Vicksburg.

ACTAION.

A. anpersoni. PI. 11, fig. 37.—Oblong ‘subovate; whorls six, with regular impressed revolving lines,
interstices minutely striato-punctate ; spire acutely conical, whorls convex; lines on the shoulder
indistinct ; aperture about equal to half the length of the shell. Length 4-10.

118 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS

An elegantly formed and very rare specie8, dedicated to James D. Anderson, Esq.,
of Vicksburg, who first collected the fossils of that locality and studied the species.

CANCELLARIA.

C. mississippiensis. PI. 11, fig. 38.—Subovate ; whorls five or six, turreted ; ribs prominent, ten or eleven
on the large volution, one or two considerably larger than the others; revolving lines raised, distinct,
alternated in size on the lower half of the body whorl ; labrum striated within; columella concave,
three-plated. Length 3.

C. runerata. Pl. 11, fig. 39.—Oblong-ovate, with large longitudinal ribs and prominent revolving lines ;
spire rather elevated, turreted, whorls six, convex; two from the apex entire ; ribs on the body whorl
profound, unequal; labrum with nine prominent lines within not extending to the margin; columella
three plaited. Length 3. Very rare.

TRITON.

T. crasstpens. PI]. 11, fig. 40.—Subfusiform, a little distorted ; spire acuminated; whorls latticed, the
longitudinal ridge rather distant, prominent; body whorl with the longitudinal ribs distant, and
on the angle some of them very prominent or subtuberculous; labrum with one large thick prominent
tubercle, and with transverse plates and grains; columella profoundly excavated; canal short.
Length 1 6-10.

I have given the name of crassidens to this species to distinguish it from T.
cancellinus, the large tooth on the labrum being very thick and prominent. The large
plate on the upper part of the labinm is much smaller than the corresponding one in
cancellinus. It differs in other particulars though the two species are nearly allied.

T. appreviatus. Pl. 11, fig. 42.—Short-subovate; whorls six, longitudinally ribbed, and with strong
alternated revolving lines; whorls of the spire slightly convex, the two nearest the apex entire,
rounded ; body whorl inflated, and having one large varix; the ribs about fifteen in number;
submargin of labrum denticulate ; canal short, oblique, straight; aperture and canal about half the
length of the shell. Length 4-10.

T. mississipriensis. PI. 11, fig. 41.—Acutely subovate ; volutions six or seven, latticed, the longitudinal
and revolving lines subequal ; one varix on the large volution opposite to that on the submargin of the
labrum, both elevated, narrow or subcompressed; two varices narrow and prominent on three
whorls of the spire; submargin of labrum with six teeth; columella with five transverse plaits, and
two or three near the upper angle of aperture. Length 4 nearly.

Of this species I obtained one specimen only.

CASSIDARIA.

C. uintea. Pl. 11, fig. 43.—Elliptical, with fine closely-arranged revolving lines, crossed by finer
longitudinal lines, most distinct towards the margin of the labrum ; spire prominent, acute, cancellated ;
penultimate whorl slightly tuberculated at base; angle of large whorl with unequal small tubercles,

- wanting towards the labium margin; labium striated above, and with rugose plaits below ; submargin
of labium striated within, margin entire. Length 14.

OF NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS. 119

CASSIS.

C. cuuatura. PI. 11, fig. 44.—Short-elliptical, with revolving lines and series of nodes and granules ;
tubercles profound on the angle of the body whorl; spire prominent, whorls cancellated ; the upper
half with a profound revolving line; labium granulated and striated throughout, the upper grains
indistinct ; labrum with transverse prominent lines. Length 14.

C. misississrpprensis. PI. 11, fig. 45.—Subovate ; whorls slightly concave above, the angle nodular ; body
whorl indistinctly ribbed or waved ; revolving lines distinct but fine; body whorl with one sharp
compressed varix or carina; apex papillated; pillar with transverse rugose plaits throughout;
submargin of labrum regularly and profoundly dentate. Length 9-10. Very rare.

ONISCIA.

O. narpuna. PI. 12, fig. 6.—Obovate, latticed; longitudinal ribs angular, distant, about ten on the large
whorl, with a slightly foliated and waved margin ; revolving lines large, distant, about twelve on the
body whorl; spire scalariform, the ribs divided by an impressed line; submargin of labrum obtusely
dentate. Length 1 2-10. Very rare.

FULGORARIA.

F. mississipriensis. Pl. 13, fig. 1—Elliptical, volutions nine, fluted, the ridges distant, acute, and generally
one or two of them large, thick and very remote from each other, on the body whorl; spire conical,
acute; aperture auriform ; columella with nearly equal plaits, not oblique ; labium thick, with a sharp
margin. Length 14. Common.

OLIVA.

O, misstssipriensis. PI. 13, fig. 6, 38.—Subelliptical ; volutions six and a half; on the middle of the body
whorl is a slightly impressed revolving line. Length 1 1-10. Usual size 2. Abundant.

MITRA.

M. conquisita. PI. 12, fig. 1.—Fusiform, slender, smooth and polished; whorls eleven, slightly convex ;
penultimate whorl entire, except at the summit, where there are two impressed lines forming a raised
line between them; the other whorls of the spire with revolving lines, and towards the apex the
intervening spaces transversely wrinkled; apex acute ; body whorl above the aperture, except the
lines near the suture, without strie ; inferiorly striated; aperture narrow ; labium 3-plaited. Length
1 4-10. Very rare.

M. mississrepiensis. PI. 12, fig. 2,Narrow-fusiform, with eight whorls, flattened at the sides and slightly

scalariform; whole surface with revolving unequal lines and longitudinal fine wrinkles, obsolete on
the lines but distinct on the intervening spaces; aperture more than half the length of the shell;

columella 3-plaited. Length 12. Rare.
In the young shell the striz are prominent over the whole surface, but in adult
specimens they become slightly impressed lines on the ventricose portion of the body.

M. cettuuirera. PI. 12, fig. 3.—Elevated-subfusiform ; slender; whorls slightly turreted ; longitudinally
ribbed ; interstices with transverse impressed lines, resembling puncte or cells; beak produced ;
labium 4-plaited, the second one from the top divided by a slightly impressed line. Length 2. Rare.

31

120 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS

M. staminca. PI. 12, fig. 4.—Elliptical, whorls eight, slightly turreted, longitudinally ribbed; ribs small,
numerous; whorls with distinct impressed revolving lines; body whorl ventricose; aperture about
half the length of the shell; pillar 4-plaited, the three upper ones nearly equal. Length 4-10.

M. vicxspurcensis. Elliptical, small ; whorls slightly convex, with fine longitudinal ribs, obsolete towards
the suture inferiorly and wanting on the lower half of the body ; suture profound; aperture more
than half the length of the shell; pillar 4-plaited, the three upper ones nearly or quite equal in size.

Distinguished from the preceding by wanting the revolving lines, and in being
. wider in proportion to its length. 3-10.

CARICELLA.

C. pemissa. Pl. 12, fig. 5.—Subfusiform ; whorls six, convex, one or two whorls near the apex distinctly
striated longitudinally, and with minute revolving lines ; upper part of the whorls slightly concave ;
apex papillated, first and second volutions smooth, entire; beak striated ; aperture about two-thirds
the length of the shell; columella 4-plaited. Length 12.

SCOBINELLA.

Shell subfusiform, with a deep angular sinus in the labrum as in Plewrotoma ; spire long, turreted ; pillar

lip wanting ; columella with plaits decreasing in size downwards, as in Mitra ; canal short.

S.caiata. Pl. 12, fig. 8, 9.—Subfusiform; volutions eleven, slightly scalariform; with longitudinal
irregular ribs and revolving impressed lines; ribs interrupted on the spire by a tuberculated convex
space; suture margined by a row of fine tubercles or grains; labium with four, rarely tive plaits.
Length 1 3-10.

This singular shell is perhaps more nearly related to Plewrotoma than to Mitra.
The plaits in most specimens resemble those of the latter genus, but in one instance
where there are five plates, the middle is the largest and thickest, the lowest one
being minute.

TURBINELLA.

T. witsoni. PI. 12, fig. 12.—Fusiform; spire elevated, acute, volutions ten, angular, nodose, the larger
volutions somewhat concave above; the upper volutions with revolving lines, obsolete or wanting on
the lower ones; beak with coarse, slightly raised revolving lines; aperture narrow ; columella with
three rather distant compressed plaits, the middle one largest ; canal long. Length 5 inches.

The young of this species has distinct lines on every part of the shell, except on
the large portion of the body whorl, where they are indistinct and remote. This
species is named to commemorate the scientific zeal of Dr. Thomas B. Wilson. It is
rare, and generally very imperfect.

T. prorracta. PI. 12, fig. ’7.—Fusiform, with about nine volutions, with thick, prominent, longitudinal

ridges, and revolving, thick, prominent lines, with a fine intervening line; longitudinal wrinkles

- distinct ; whorls concave above; spire elevated, acute; columella with four plaits, the lower one
dentiform ; canal long; labrum striated within. Length 1 5-10.

OF NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS. 121

T. rerexiuis. Pl. 13, fig. 2—Narrow-fusiform, with convex volutions, having large, rounded, longitudinal
ribs, about six on the large whorl; revolving lines strong, prominent, distant, with a fine intermediate
line ; longitudinal wrinkles minute and ornamental; aperture narrow; labrum striated within;
columella with two large plaits; beak long and narrow. Length 1.

Distinguished from the preceding by its narrower outline, fewer and larger plaits
on the pillar, &c. Itis probably a much smaller species, but as I have one specimen
only, its greatest size cannot be determined.

PANOP/ASA.

P. optoneata. PI. 13, fig. 12.—Elongated, very inequilateral, ventricose; extremities rounded; umbo
prominent, undulated ; valves slightly contracted at base in a line with the umbones; valves gaping
at both ends. Length 34.

Occurs in its original vertical position, generally with connected valves, but it is
extremely friable and difficult to obtain.

MACTRA.

M. mississrpprensis. Pl. 12, fig. 14.—Subtriangular, equilateral, very thin and fragile, plano-convex ;
dorsal margin very oblique, nearly straight, extremity acutely rounded, much above the line of the
base, which is regularly curved; summit prominent ; lunule elongated, defined by an impressed line ;
umbonial slope nearly terminal, angulated and carinated by a thin line. Length 1 8-10. Height 1 4-10.

Proportionally more elevated than M. pretenuis, of Claiborne, Alabama, and a
much larger species. Rare.

M. runerata. PI. 12, fig. 13.—Triangular, small, convex; much longer than high, equilateral ; posterior
end angular. Length 3-10. Rare.

AMPHIDESMA.

A. mississipprensis. P]. 12, fig. 20.—Oblong-oval, somewhat compressed, inequilateral, smooth, with a few
distant concentric impressed lines , posterior side with a slight fold, end obtusely rounded ; anterior end
rounded; cartilage pit very narrow, elliptical ; lateral teeth in the right valve distinct, in the left
wanting? Length 11-10. Height 7-10.

A. rerovata. PI. 12, fig. 21.—Ovate, inequilateral, plano-convex, smooth ; anterior end sub-truncated ;
ligament margin oblique, curving regularly towards the extremity, which is acutely rounded ; basal
margin rounded; lateral teeth in the left valve ; right valve unknown.

PSAMMOBIA.

P. papyria. Pl. 12, figs. 15, 17.—Oblong-oval, or somewhat rhomboidal; very thin, compressed ;
posterior side rather wider than anterior ; and posterior tothe umbonial slope, which is undefined,
there are concentric lamelleform lines; anterior margin obliquely rounded; dorsal margin parallel
with the base. Length 13. Rare.

122 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS

P. ute. PI. 12, fig. 25.—Oblong, compressed, with rather fine, very regular concentric lines closely
arranged ; anterior margin acutely rounded, the extremity in a line above the middle of the valve ;
posterior side shortest ; hinge line rectilinear, oblique ; posterior side with acute lines larger and more
prominent than those of the middle and anterior side ; umbonial slope subangular. Length 14. Rare.

P. mississiprrensis. Pl. 12, fig. 26.—Oblong-ovate, inequilateral, compressed ; disk flattened and with
slight concentric lines; posterior side with lamelleform lines; dorsal margin oblique; posterior
end sub-truncated; umbonial slope undefined; anterior hinge margin slightly more oblique than the

posterior ; end acutely rounded.

CRASSATELLA.

C. mississipriensis. Pl. 13, figs. 7, 10.—Ovate-trigonal, inequilateral, thick and ponderous; surface
coarsely striated; summits flattened, sulcated ; umbo plano-convex, with numerous sulci, obsolete
behind the umbonial slope, which is angulated and subcarinated above ; posterior extremity truncated,
direct ; basal margin slightly contracted anterior to the umbonial slope; inner margin crenulated.
Length 3. Common.

This species is variable in outline, and allied to C. twmida of the Paris basin.

CARDIUM.

C. eversum. Pl. 12, fig. 18.—Ovate, elevated, subequilateral, ventricose, thin, with numerous approximate,
slender, rounded ribs, distinctly crenulated anteriorly towards the margins; umbonial slope
subangulated ; posterior extremity subtruncated, direct ; summit very prominent ; ribs crenulated on
the sides in the middle of the valves, or finely aculeated. Height 1 2-10. Length not quite as much.
Rare.

C. ciesosum.—Ovate, ventricose, with numerous flat ribs, slightly carinated on the margins and numerous

approximate, prominent arched scales. Height 14.

Rare, and obtained only in fragments.

C. piversum. PI. 13, fig. 8.—Trigonal, ventricose, subequilateral, thin, with concentric lines and more
approximate fine but obtuse radiating lines; umbonial slope rounded, and the posterior space from the
umbonial slope with profound radiating strie; posterior side slightly waved or contracted ; summits
very prominent ; basal margin rounded in the middle, contracted posteriorly ; posterior extremity
subtruncated ; inner margin densely crenate. Height 1 2-10. Length 1 3-10. Abundant.

Allied to C. Nicolleti, nob. When viewed through a magnifier, the interstices of
the concentric lines have a singular imbricated appearance.

C. vicxspurcEense. Pl. 12, fig. 16.—Cordate, ventricose, with about twenty-four ribs; angular and
profound ; towards the anterior margin obsolete ; summit prominent ; nearest the anterior end ; anterior
margin nearly straight and direct; posterior end subtruncated. Height 3-10. Length 4-10 nearly.
Rare.

TELLINA.

T. pectorosa. PI. 12, fig. 27.—Subtriangular, elevated, smooth and polished, ventricose, beaks medial ;
anterior end obtuse, rounded ; posterior side somewhat cuneiform, with a slight wave or fold; basal
margin profoundly rounded. Length 6-10. Height 5-10.

OF NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS. 123

T. serica. Pl. 12, fig. 28.—Elliptical, inequivalved ; beaks nearest the posterior end; concentric lines
very minute and closely arranged ; anterior side slightly bent or reflected. Length 7-10.

T. vicxspurcensis. PI. 12, fig. 32.—Triangular, small, with regular minute concentric lines; anterior end
rounded ; posterior submargin angular or obscurely carinated, the end obliquely truncated ; posterior
side shortest, and slightly bent cr waved ; lateral teeth in the right valve only. Length 3-10. Height 4.

T. perovata. PI. 12, fig. 29.—Ovate, very thin, very inequilateral, compressed, smooth ; posterior side
subcuneiform, extremity acutely rounded ; lunule very narrow, elongated, lanceolate.

DONAX.

D. runerata. PI. 13, fig. 9.—Triangular, small, convex, with obsolete radiating lines ; anterior side short,
end truncated, direct ; margin within finely crenulated ; lateral teeth none. Length 3-10.

Very rare. I found it about eight miles North East of Vicksburg.
CYTHEREA.

C. astartirormis. PI. 13, fig. 13.—Trigonal, elevated, ventricose, subequilateral, with numerous regular
concentric grooves and obtuse ridges; lunule not defined; summits prominent; umbo flattened.
Length 6-10. Height 3.

This shell has a remarkable resemblance on the exterior to some species of

Astarte. Rare.

C. mrrasiiis. PI. 13, fig. 14.—Cordate, inequilateral, plano-convex, with numerous concentric prominent
acute ribs; extremities rounded ; basal margin regularly curved ; lunule ovate, defined by an impressed
line. Length 1 7-10. Height 1 3-10. Common.

C. mississippiensis. PI. 13, fig. 16.—Subtriangular, ventricose, elevated, with prominent concentric acute
ribs, rather distant, and with irregular intervals and fine intermediate lines; posterior margin
somewhat curved; basal margin profoundly rounded; summits prominent; inner margin entire.
Length 14. Height the same nearly. Rare.

C. soprina. PI. 13, fig. 17.—Subovate, ventricose, polished; with rather obtuse irregular, distant,
concentric, impressed lines; umbo entire ; extremities rounded ; base regularly curved. Length 1 1-10.
Height 9-10.

Very abundant. Almost always with disunited valves. It is quite thick on the
anterior side towards the summit.

C. rersrevis. Pl. 13, fig. 18.—Ovate-triangular, elevated, ventricose ; the posterior and anterior margins
equally declining and very oblique, the anterior one straight, the posterior slightly curved; beaks
medial; surface with numerous regular impressed lines; basal margin rounded. Length and
height 6-10.

It is of the size, and has somewhat the form of V. astartiformis, but the greater
elevation, convex umbo, numerous impressed lines, and more rounded base,
distinguish it from that species. Rare.

32

124 MR. CONRAD'S DESCRIPTIONS

CORBIS.

C. staminea. PJ]. 13, fig. 20.—Suboval, convex, thin, with lamelleform concentric strie, about
thirty-seven in number ; posterior side with a slight fold; beaks medial. Length 1. Rare.

LUCINA.

L. misstssipprensis. PI. 12, fig. 22.—Orbicular, thin and fragile, with minute obsolete radiating lines;
anterior side shortest, the margin obliquely truncated, angular above and elevated ; inferior margins
rounded ; posterior end obtusely rounded; lunule profound; cardinal and lateral teeth wanting.
Length 9-10. Height 2.

This species very much resembles L. subvexa of Claiborne, but wants the
impressed line on the posterior side. Rare.

L. PERLEvIs. Orbicular, with lamelleform concentric lines, and very minute obsolete radiating lines,

closely arranged; beaks medial; posterior end direct; cardinal teeth small. Length 4-10. Height
rather less. Very rare.

LORIPES.

L.2 rureipa. PI. 12, fig. 23.—Suborbicular, very thin and fragile, with minute concentric lines; beaks
medial ; umbo and summit prominent ; margins regularly rounded. Height 6-10. Length rather more
than 5-10.

L. esurnea. Pl. 12, fig. 24.—Suborbicular, slightly oblique, convex, with minute closely arranged
concentric lines, and a few larger impressed lines; posterior margin truncated, direct; anterior end
and anterior basal margins regularly rounded; posterior basal margin obliquely truncated; beaks
nearest the posterior end. Length 6-10. Height 6-10 nearly.

CORBULA.

C. intastriaTa. PI, 12, fig. 31.—Subtriangular, inflated, rostrated posteriorly ; within with fine radiating
lines. Length 4. Very rare.

C. atta. Pl. 12, figs. 33, 34, 35.—Subtriangular, profoundly elevated, slightly oblique; larger valve
ventricose ; summit very prominent; umbo broad ; hinge plate thick, with large teeth; smaller valve
somewhat flattened, angular over the umbonial slope. Length 6-10 nearly. Height 6-10.

Occurs abundantly about eight miles North East of Vicksburg, and always
water-worn.

C. enconata. PI. 12, fig. 30.—Triangular, inequilateral, small; valves nearly or quite equally convex,
and with angular concentric ridges ; posterior slope concave ; umbonial slope carinated. Length 3-10,

CHAMA.

C. mississipprensis. Pl. 13, figs. 21, 27.—Suboval, irregular, adhering; larger valve ventricose, with
numerous irregular radiating lines, squamose inferiorly ; upper valve with numerous concentric lines,
with numerous small scales. Length %. Height 6-10.

Rare, and occurs on Dr. Smith’s plantation, six miles North East of Vicksburg.

ee =

— a ee |

OF NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS. 125

PECTUNCULUS.

P. arctatus. Pl. 13, fig. 24.—Short-ovate, convex-depressed, with little prominent flattened radii,
divided by a longitudinal impressed line towards the base; anterior margin truncated; posterior
margin nearly rectilinear. Length #. Height 6-10.

Rare, and occurs on the bank of Yazoo river, about fourteen miles from Vicks-
burg.

P. mississrpprensis. PI. 13, fig. 25.—Orbicular, ventricose ; length and height equal ; disk with slightly
prominent fine radii, minutely crenulated; series of teeth uninterrupted; inner margin finely
crenulated.

NUCULA.

N.serica. PI. 13, fig. 29.—Subelliptical, with minute regular concentric closely arranged lines ; anterior
end acutely angular ; posterior end acutely rounded ; posterior side shortest. Length 4. Common.

N. vickspurcensis. Pl. 13, fig. 26.—Obliquely subtriangular, convex, with minute obsolete radiating
lines about the base ; lunule elliptical, very large and impressed. Length 3. Rare.

KELLIA.

K. optonea. PI, 13, fig. 28.—Oblong, convex, very thin, smooth, inequilateral; anterior side longest ;
anterior extremity regularly rounded; posterior extremity truncated; base rounded. Length 3-10.
Rare.

ARCA.

A. ississippiensis. PI. 13, figs. 11, 15.—A species of Arca occurs in great abundance at Vicksburg,
which Lesueur obtained many years since and named it, but I have forgotten the name, and know
not whether he published it in Europe or not. Jt is rhomboidal, ventricose, with rather distant ribs
in the right valve, slightly grooved in the middle ; in the left valve ribs double and granulated ; inner
margin profoundly toothed. Length 8-10.

BYSSOARCA.

B. uma. Pl. 13, fig. 23.—Trapezoidal, cancellated and granulated ; radii largest on anterior and posterior
slopes, but becoming obsolete towards the posterior extremity ; end angular, margin above obliquely
truncated ; anterior end widely truncated, nearly direct ; basal margin undulated, irregular and very
variable in outline; hinge line crenulated under the beaks, profoundly toothed towards the
extremities ; cardinal area with lines strongly defined and angulated under the apex. Length 2 9-10.
Rare.

B. mississrppiensis. PJ. 13, fig. 32.—Trapezoidal, with numerous closely-arranged radiating lines,
crenulated by fine concentric lines, the crenulation most distinct anteriorly, where the radii are
largest ; anterior end truncated or a little convex, direct ; posterior margin obliquely truncated above ;
basal margin widely and profoundly arched ; hinge line long, linear, minutely crenulated, expanded
towards the extremities, and with prominent teeth; cardinal area with fine very closely-arranged
lines, angulated under the apex. Length 1 6-10.

126 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS

Differs from the preceding in having a longer hinge, finer radii, &c., and is a
much smaller species and more abundant.

B. prorracta. Pl, 13, fig. 36.—Trapezoidal, elongated, with numerous radiating lines, some of which are
double, and others alternated in size and finely crenulated; dorsal margin parallel with the base ;
anterior margin truncated ; posterior a little concave, oblique, end very acutely rounded or subangular;
basal margin slightly contracted ; hinge line long, rectilinear, very regular and gradually increasing
in width towards the extremities from the apex; cardinal area wide, depressed, concave, with a few
fine impressed angular lines. Length 1}. Height 4 nearly.

A pretty species, of which I found one valve only.

AVICULA.

A. arcenTEA. PI. 12, fig. 10.—Ovate-subquadrangular, thin and fragile, ventricose above, smooth and
entire? anterior wing sharply angular; posterior wing not produced, rectangular at the extremity ;
posterior end angular, extending beyond the hinge line and much above the line of the base ; anterior
margin and base form a regular rounded outline. Height 13. Length 1 4-10. Not common.

MODIOLA.

M. mississippiensis. PJ. 12, fig. 19.—Slightly arched, elongated, ventricose, with rather fine closely
arranged radiating lines wanting on the anterior side; region of umbonial slope inflated; posterior end
acutely rounded ; beak angulated posteriorly ; substance of shell silvery and perlaceous. 2-10ths from
beak to base. Rare, except in one spot, where I obtained several specimens and fragments.

PINNA.

P. arcentea. Pl. 13, fig. 31.—Triangular, with straight margins and acute summit; compressed ;
substance highly polished and silvery ; valves with longitudinal radii on more than half the disc,
about thirteen in number ; anterior side with rugose, obtuse, oblique, finer and more approximate lines.
Length 23. Rare.

LIMA.

L. staminea. PI. 13, fig. 30.—Subovate, oblique, inflated, with fine radiating lines; ears very small,
scarcely defined ; posterior margin rectilinear. Height 4-10.

Very similar in outline to the Miocene species, L. papyria, but it is much smaller,
and has more numerous lines anteriorly. Rare.

PECTEN.

A valve of a small species was obtained. It is orbicular and entire, and resembles P. calvatus, (Morton.)

OSTREA.
O. vickspurGENsIS. PJ. 13, figs. 5, 37.—Plicated ; very irregular and adhering, the upper valve not flat,
but swelling in an irregular manner. Height 13.
_ There is nothing peculiar about this shell, yet it is clearly distinct from any other
species of the American Tertiary hitherto described. Common.

OF NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS. 127

PHOLAS.

P. rriqueTra. PI. 13, fig. 3.—Subtriangular, depressed and angulated posterior to the middle, and with
an impressed line from beak to base; surface with oblique lines anteriorly, and a few radiating
towards the margin; posterior side reflected, and with oblique lines meeting the anterior ones at an
angle; a few obsolete radiating lines, one more conspicuous than the others, near the margin.
Length 6-10. Height 4.

I found one valve only, which occurred on Dr. Smith’s plantation.

MADREPORA.

M. mississtprrensis. Pl, 13, fig. 22.—Rounded ; cells numerous, very unequal in size, prominent, some of
them very large, the sides with strong longitudinal lines, and the interstices with minute closely
arranged longitudinal lines; rays about fourteen, minutely crenulated on the edge, alternated with a
short plate ; centre with irregular grains. Diameter 6-10.

M. vickspurGENsIs.—Irregular, ramose, somewhat flattened; cells unequal in size, with a slightly
prominent margin; submargin depressed, striated; rays alternated with a short plate; centre
granulated.

A larger species than the preceding, the branches being sometimes an inch in
diameter. Abundant.

TURBINOLIA.

T. cautirera. PI. 13, figs. 33, 34.—Somewhat turbinate, rather long, with fine equal granulated
longitudinal lines ; base stem-like ; rays ramose ; larger end oval. Length 8-10. Rare.

LUNULITES.

Two or three species of Lunulites occur in the Eocene of Vicksburg.

L. vickssurGENsIs.—Cap-shaped, or somewhat conical, with very small cells, generally equal in size,
subangular, and between each series is a minute impressed radiating line ; interior strie ramose and
very minutely crenulated. Height 4.

All the foregoing species of organic remains are now included in the collection of
the Academy.

33

128 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS

APPENDIX.

Descriptions of New Eocene Fossils in the Cabinet of LARDNER VANUXEM.

The following organic remains were obtained from Hocene rocks in St. Matthew’s

Parish, Orangeburg District, South Carolina, by Lardner Vanuxem.

N.

N.

N.

Q

NUCULA.

- mucronata. Pl. 14, fig. 2.—Elliptical, convex in the middle, with equal, laminated, not closely

arranged lines, about seventeen in number; anterior side longest, the end acutely pointed; a
submarginal furrow emarginates the base; posterior side slightly contracted, end obtusely rounded or
subtruncated. Length 9-10. Height 6.

CAROLINENSIS. PI. 14, fig. 3.—Somewhat elliptical, convex, with rather closely-arranged prominent
concentric lines, wanting on the posterior side, which is rather shorter than the anterior and regularly
rounded at the end; anterior submargin with a narrow groove, bounded by a subcarinated line ;
anterior side narrowed and rather obtuse at the end. Length 3. Height i.

suBTRIGONA. Pl. 14, fig. 4.—Subtriangular, ventricose, nearly equilateral, with numerous prominent
concentric lines; anterior side pointed, flexuous; submargin angulated: anterior margin sinuous, end
angular ; ligament margin straight ; basal margin profoundly rounded. Length 3. Height } nearly.

caLcaREnsIs. PI. 14, fig. 5.—Subovate, ventricose, with minutely closely-arranged concentric lines:
anterior side longest, pointed, slightly recurved, without a submarginal groove or fold; base
profoundly rounded. Length 7-16. Height 4.

CARDITA.

.vieinTinaRIA. PI. 14, fig. 12.—Suborbicular, inequilateral, ventricose, with about thirty square radii,

about as wide as the interstices ; umbonial slope rounded ; anterior margin subtruncated. Length 7-8.
Height 7-8.

. CAROLINENSIS.—Suborbicular ? profoundly ventricose, with about thirty very prominent square radii, on

the anterior side sharp, recurved and crenulated; lunule very broad and cordate, deeply impressed ;
hinge thick ; pit anterior to the cardinal tooth small and profound.

This is a fragment of the right valve, about five-eighths of an inch long.

.BILINEATA. PI. 14, fig. 9.—Subrhomboidal, very inequilateral, with about twenty-four wide, flattened

radii, with very narrow interstices, a carina in the middle of each rib, with an impressed line on each
side of it; ribs crenulated anteriorly ; carina somewhat tuberculated on the posterior side of the shell.
Length 3. Height 9-16.

. suBquaDRaTA. PI, 14, fig. 10.—Trapezoidal, compressed; valves flattened in the middle; radii about

twenty-five, broad on the disk, with very narrow interstices, and each rib with a crenulated carina in
the middle ; posterior to umbonial slope the ribs are smooth, not carinated; anterior side short,
rounded at the end ; posterior margin obliquely truncated. Length 6-10. Height 7-20.

q
q
?
’
(
q
4
q
{
:

OF NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS. 129

C. susrotunpa. PI. 14, fig. 11.—Orbicular, inequilateral, ventricose, with about twenty-eight rounded
prominent narrow radii; ligament margin very oblique, short ; ends obtusely rounded; inner margin
slightly crenulated. Length 4. Height 3.

TURBO.

T. srtrratus.—Turbinate ; volutions four, flattened above ; body whorl with two distant revolving carinated
lines, and intermediate fine revolving lines; volutions of the spire with a carinated line below the
middle. Length §. Width §.

CERITHIUM.

C. BicosteLLatum.—Turreted ; volutions eight or nine, angular and carinated below the middle; body
whorl bicarinated. Length §.

C. smiceum. Pl. 14, fig. 1.—Turreted; whorls rounded below, contracted or concave above, and with
revolving lines; suture profound. A fragment. Width 3,

INFUNDIBULUM.

I. carinatum. PI. 14, fig. 6.—Depressed, with a suddenly elevated acutely conical spire, and a carinated
line revolving at the suture. Length of fragment 3.

TELLINA.

T. susrquatis. Pl. 14, fig. 8—Somewhat elliptical, nearly equilateral ; posterior end acutely rounded ;
anterior slightly bent, end rounded. (A cast.) Length 13. Width 3.

MADREPORA.

M. punctutata. Cylindrical, ramose, with prominent cells; whole surface ornamented with fine, equal,
punctate, impressed lines. Diameter j.

Locality. St. Matthew’s Parish, Orangeburg, South Carolina. Vanuxem.

A species highly ornamented by the punctate vermicular lines. It occurs much
larger than the specimen described.

All the preceding fossils are from the Eocene rocks of St. Matthew’s Parish,
Orangeburg District, South Carolina. Not one species of this locality is known in
the lower Eocene of Claiborne or elsewhere, nor in the upper Eocene of Vicksburg,
and therefore the relative age of the deposit is uncertain, but it unquestionably
belongs to the Eocene period. Near this rock Mr. Vanuxem found quite a different
class of shells, consisting of casts in indurated. clay. The relative position is
undetermined. ‘Two of the shells are described and named Tellina subequalis and
Lutraria petrosa. —

In Vanuxem’s collection there is a cast, from the Eocene near Long Branch, New
Jersey, resembling Nautilus zig-zag, (Sow.) It is more compressed than that
species, and the angles of the septa appear to be in contact near the periphery. It is
more like a Goniatite than a Nautilus, and belongs to Montfort’s genus

130 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS

PELAGUS.

P. vanuxemi. PI. 14, fig. 15.—Length 22. Diameter 1 5-16.

PECTEN.

P. rixatus. Pl. 14, figs. 13, 14.—Suborbicular ; inferior valve ventricose, with fourteen wide, elevated,
rounded ribs and concentrically wrinkled ; superior valve flat ; ears equal.
Locality. Near Santee Canal, South Carolina, in white friable limestone, (Upper
Eocene. )

Lower Eocene Species.

CARDITA.

C. pewsata. PI. 14, fig. 24.—Obliquely cordate, ventricose, thick, with about twenty-five flattened coste
obsolete towards the base, narrow, profound, elevated and crenulated on the umbo; umbo very
prominent at the apex; anterior basal margin obliquely subtruncated; posterior extremity truncated,
direct; cardinal area very thick and dilated, the teeth oblique. Height 13 inch. Length the same.

Locahty. Claiborne, Alabama.

This pretty species abounds in entire specimens in the argillaceous stratum near
low water mark in the Claiborne Bluff. I found none in the upper beds. Compared
with C. planicosta, it is much smaller, comparatively shorter, thicker, and may
always be readily distinguished by the crenulated ribs on the umbo.

CYTHEREA.

C. susmmpressa. PI. 14, fig. 26.—Ovate, slightly ventricose, smooth and polished, with concentric slightly
impressed lines on the anterior side; anterior side short, rather acutely rounded; posterior side
produced, acutely rounded at the extremity ; dorsal margin long, oblique, slightly curved ; beaks
prominent ; lunule lanceolate, defined by a slightly impressed line. Length 1§ inch. Height 8-10

inch.
Locahty. Marlbourne, Hanover county, Virginia. Mr. Ruffin.
This species may be distinguished from C. equorea, by its greater comparative
length, smaller size, and in wanting the strong furrows of that species. Mr. Ruffin
obtained several entire specimens.

C. vents. PI. 14, fig. 19.—Longitudinally ovate, thin, ventricose; anterior extremity acutely rounded ;
posterior end direct, subtruncated; disk with impressed concentric lines, distinct on the sides but
obsolete in the middle of the valves; lunule long, cordate, defined by an impressed line ; inner margin

entire.

Locahty. Occurs with the preceding.

————

i a i th ek

Sas

——
>

OF NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS. 131

C. ticrata.—PI. 14, fig. 20.—Suboval, thin and fragile, convex-depressed ; surface with minute, closely
arranged concentric lines; anterior margin rather acutely rounded ; posterior margin obtusely rounded
or subtruncated obliquely outwards, the extremity rounded; lunule lanceolate, defined by an obscure

line; beaks prominent and profoundly curved towards the anterior margin. Length 1. Height
8-10.

Locality. Marlbourne, Hanover county, Virginia. Mr. Ruffin.

This species is related to C. ovata, Rogers, but is more compressed, less dilated
posteriorly, the striae more numerous and distinct on the middle of the valves, while
the ovata has there only lines of growth.

C. eversa. PI. 14, fig. 21.—Suborbicular or lentiform, ventricose ; surface with fine, closely arranged
concentric lines; anterior and posterior extremities rounded ; basal margin profoundly rounded, and
forming a regular curve from the extremities ; umbo broad, witha prominent apex ; lunuie ovate-acute,
marked by a well defined impressed line ; cardinal teeth robust. Length 12. Height 1%.

Locality. Marlbourne, Hanover county, Virginia.

This shell has much the exterior aspect of an Artemis. Mr. Ruffin has one
specimen with both valves. It occurs at Marlbourne, the residence of Edmund
Ruffin, Esq., who is making important investigations in the Eocene deposits of that
locality. He has kindly sent me beautiful specimens of Cardita planicosta and
Cardium Nicollet, together with the new species of Cyruerta above described.

C.pyea. PI. 14, fig. 18.—Suboval, ventricose, thick, with closely arranged robust concentric lines ; umbo
wide, prominent above; dorsal margin very oblique, rounded; posterior extremity obtusely and
obliquely rounded inwards; anterior extremity much narrower than the posterior, and more acutely
rounded ; lunule lanceolate, defined by a distinct impressed line; cardinal teeth robust. Length 13.

Height 14.

Locality. Potomac river, Stafford county, Virginia. Mr. Bruff.

I am indebted to Mr. Bruff, of Washington, for an opportunity to describe this
species. The specimen is a right valve, very perfect, and in outline has some
resemblance to C. liciata, but is larger, thicker, more ventricose, with much wider
umbones, &c.

NUCULA.

N. mprocera. PI, 14, fig. 23.—Elongated, very inequilateral, convex, polished, and having fine indistinct
concentric lines; anterior side produced, bicarinated ; the upper margin incurved towards the apex;
extremity angulated.

Locality. Marlbourne, Hanover county, Virginia. Mr. Ruffin.

N. ciarpornensis.—P]. 14, fig. 22.—Ovate-acute, compressed, polished, entire; ligament and anterior
dorsal margins nearly rectilinear ; anterior side longest ; posterior end regularly rounded ; anterior
basal margin nearly straight.

Locahty. Claiborne, Alabama.

34

132 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS

N.rariis. Pl. 14, fig. 31.—Ovate, ventricose, with concentric lines ; beaks medial ; anterior end pointed,
angular ; posterior end regularly rounded; anterior submargin carinated, hinge margin very oblique,
straight from the apex, except near the end, where it is somewhat angulated.

Locality. Upper Marlborough, Maryland.
LITHODOMUS.

L. cuatwornensis. Pl. 14, fig. 27.—Very thin and fragile, inflated ; posterior hinge margin obliquely
truncated, the extremity regularly rounded ; lines of growth distinct.

Locality. Claiborne, Alabama.

CERITHIUM.
C. souitaRium. PI. 14, fig. 28,—For description see Vol. vii. p. 147.

C. nassuta. PI. 14, fig. 29.—For description see Vol. vii. p. 156.

C. craiwornensis. PI. 14, fig. 32.—Turreted, with longitudinal oblique crenate ribs and obscure revolving
lines ; body whorl without ribs, and having in place of them a few indistinct lines; near the suture is
a series of prominent tubercles ; angle towards the base bicarinate ; base flattened, and having two fine

revolving lines.

Locality. Claiborne, Alabama.
A fragment only was found, which the figure represents.

FUSUS.
F. pacuyLeurus. PI. 14, fig. 25.—For description see Vol. viii. p. 190.

MITRA.

M. Teresr@rormis. Pl. 14, fig. 30.—Subulate; whorl eight or nine, slightly convex, with obtuse
longitudinal varices and sharp equal prominent revolving lines, four in number on each whorl of the
spire ; beak very short ; labrum dentate within,

Locality. Claiborne, Alabama,

aa

— tt ot
wdrFoe Ont aonpw nde

da"

DANIAN wWH eH

OF NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS. 133

- Dentalium mississippiensis.

. Fissurella mississippiensis.
Infundibulum trochiformis *
- Solarium triliratum.

- Bulla crassiplica.

. Cyprea spheroides.

lintea.

. Narica mississippiensis.

. Sigaretus mississippiensis.

. Natica mississippiensis.

— vicksburgensis.

- Turritella mississippiensis.
. Terebra divisurum.

- Scalaria trigintanaria.

- Terebra tantula.

. Pleurotoma porcellana.
—— mississippiensis.

_
fs

. —— servata.

eS
oOo COs D>

- ———- congesta.

~o
i=)

————eOnistatae

to
_

. ——— tantula.
tenella.
— cochlearis.

tw 29
ae

. Mitra conquisita.
mississippiensis.
cellulifera.
staminea.

. Caricella demissa.

- Oniscia harpula.

. Turbinella protracta.

, 9. Scobinella celata.
10. Avicula argentea.

11. Loripes eburnea.

12. Turbinella wilsoni.

13. Mactra funerata.

14. mississippiensis.
15, 17. Psammobia papyria.
16. Cardium vicksburgense.
18. — eversum.

Fig. 24.

25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
39.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43,
44,
45.

46.

Fig 19.
20.

21.

ane

23.
24.

25.
26.

QT.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33,

REFERENCE TO PLATE XI.

Pleurotoma eboroides.
—- abundans.
————- rotedens.

— decliva.
Buccinum mississippiensis.
Typhis curvirostratus.
Murex mississippiensis.
Melongena crassicornuta.
Fusus spiniger.
vicksburgensis.
mississippiensis.
Chenopus liratus.
Ringicula mississippiensis.
Actzon andersoni.
Cancellaria mississippiensis.

funerata.

Triton crassidens.
— mississippiensis,

abbreviatus.
Cassidaria lintea.
Cassis celatura.
mississippiensis.
Phorus humilis.

REFERENCE TO PLATE XI.

Modiola mississippiensis.
Amphidesma mississippiensis.
= perovata.
Lucina perlevis.

Loripes turgida.

eburnea.

Tellina lintea.
Psammobia.

Tellina pectorosa.
serica.

perovata.
Corbula engonata.
intastriata.
Tellina vicksburgensis.
34, 35. Corbula alta.

* This shell was referred to in the remarks inadvertently placed under the head of Fissurella, p. 113.

134

Fi

g.

dq

BOOP AHOBA FP wWWHe

ore

oP DPNAA ES &

beh fae
—

_
~)

t

—
CO

t

—
i)

Se ee

a

et
am ow

OF NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS.

. Fulgoraria mississippiensis.
- Turbinella perexilis.

Pholas triquetra.

. Cyprea lintea.

. Ostrea vicksburgensis.

- Oliva mississippiensis.

. Crassatella.

. Cardium diversum.

- Donax funerata.

. Crassatella mississippiensis.
. Arca mississippiensis.

. Panopea.

. Cytherea astartiformis.

imitabilis.

. Arca mississippiensis.
. Cytherea mississippiensis.

—- sobrina.

. ——-- perbrevis.

. Cerithium siliceum.
. Nucula mucronata.

carolinensis.
subtrigona.

calcarensis.

. Infundibulum carinatum.
. Lithodomus carolinensis.
. Tellina subequalis.

. Cardita bilineata.

subquadrata.
subrotunda.
vigintinaria.

. 14, Pecten elixatus.
. Pelagus vanuxemi.

. Turritella celatura.
. Pelagus vanuxemi.

REFERENCE TO PLATE XIII.

Fig. 19

REFERENCE TO PLA

20.
21.
22.
23.
24,
25.
26.
Q7.
98.
29,
| 30.
| Si
| 32.
| 33.
36.
87.
38.

Fig. 18
Ig)
20.
Pails
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

. Cytherea semipunctata.

Corbis staminea.

Chama mississippiensis.

Madrepora mississippiensis.

Byssoarca lima.

Pectunculus arctatus.
mississippiensis.

Nucula vicksburgensis.

Chama mississippiensis.

Kellia oblonga.

Nucula serica.

Lima staminea.

Pinna argentea.

Byssoarca mississippiensis.

34, 35, Turbinolia caulifera.

Byssoarca protracta.

Ostrea vicksburgensis.

Oliva mississippiensis.

TE XIV.

. Cytherea pyga.

lenis.

liciata.
eversa.
Nucula claibornensis.
improcera.
Cardita densata.

Fusus pachyleurus.
Cytherea subimpressa.
Lithodomus claibornensis.
. Cerithium solitarium.
nassula.

. Mitra terebreformis.

. Nucula parilis.

. Cerithium claibornensis.

ip aera]

ART. X.—Description of a new Buceros, and a notice of the BuctRros ELATUS,
(Temm.,) both of which are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. By Joun Cassin.

BUCEROS, Linn.
BE is:

B. atgo-cristatus, nobis.—Capite habente cristam, erectam, albamque ; plumis totis subtiliter nigro
terminatis; multis etiam ad basem nigris hoc colore sursum per scapum extendente. Rostro nigro ;
macula magna, flavido-alba, ab basi ad mandibule superioris medium extendente. Corpore toto, alis,
caudaque nigris, nitore nonnullo virescente. Remigibus, primariis et secundariis, maculis apicalibus,
parvis et albis primariorum nonnulis maculis parvis et albis pogonio externo. Cauda longissima,
gradata; duabus rectricibus intermediis ceteris longioribus pollicibus nonnulis; totis margine apicali
large albo terminatis.

Long. tot. (exuviz) ab rostri apice usque ad caude finem, 30 poll.; caude 17 poll.

Hab. In Africa occidentali.

Head with an erect crest, which is white, every feather minutely tipped with black ; many feathers of the
crest are also black at their bases, with that colour extending upwards along their shafts. Bill black,
with alarge yellowish white spot extending from the base to the middle of the upper mandible.
Whole of the body, wings, and tail black, with a green lustre. Primary and secondary quills with
small white spots at their tips; several of the primaries have also small white spots on their outer
webs. Tail very long, graduated, the two middle feathers exceeding all the others by several inches ;
all the tail feathers largely tipped with white.

Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail, two feet six inches, of which the tail alone measures
seventeen inches.

Hab. Western Africa.

The specimen above described, I received several years since from Robert
MacDowell, M. D., surgeon, attached to the colonial government of Sierra Leone,
an enthusiastic naturalist, who obtained‘it on the banks of St. Paul’s river.

This species resembles no other which I have seen, or of which I can find a
description, and may at once be recognized by its white erect crest and long tail.

From the same gentleman I have received several other specimens of this genus,
also, from Western Africa, one of which is the Buceros elatus, Temm., of which a
figure of the head and bill is given in PI. Col., 521, and another, perhaps the female
of the same species; as such, however, 1 do not feel warranted in describing it at
present, the bills of the two specimens differing more materially than I have been
accustomed to see in the same species.

Two crania of the Buceros elatus are in the collection of Dr. Morton, one of which
is undoubtedly from Western Africa. As this species appears to be known only from
the figure of the cranium and beak above alluded to, I take the liberty of giving a
description of the specimen which I suppose to be a male.

35

136 MR. CASSIN’S DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BUCEROS.

B. eLatus, Temm.—(P1. Col., 521, accuratissima figura cranii et rostri) (& juv.%) Corpore et alis totis
nigris, subtus pallidioribus, parvo aut nullo virore metallico. Occipite subcristato, plumis latis, laxis
et nigris. Rectricibus duabus intermediis nigris ; omnibus ceteris toto albis.

Long. tot. exuvie, ab rostri apice usque ad caudz finem 36 pollices.

Hab. In Africa occidentali.

Body and wings entirely black, paler beneath, with little or no metallic lustre. Occiput with a sub-crest
of broad lax feathers, which are black. Two middle tail feathers black, all the others entirely white.

Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail three feet.

Hab. Western Africa.

The supposed female is very similar in the general colouring of the body, wings
and tail, with the whole head and neck rufous chestnut, which colour extends to the
upper part of the breast.

r 137 J

ART. XI.—Descriptions of three new species of the genus Ic'rerus, (Briss.); specimens
of which are in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
By Joun Cassin.

ICTERUS, Brisson.
Elen nies 1.

I. macuLi-aLatus, nobis.—Capite toto, dorso, alis et cauda, nigris ; hoc colore ad pectus, ut in ceteris hujus
generis speciebus, extendente. Scapularibus, alarum tectricibus minoribus, et corpore toto subtus a
pectore ad caudam, flavis; hoc colore in pectore et scapularibus intensiore. Alarum tectricibus
majoribus maculis apicalibus, albis, subrotundis, fasciam in alam conspicuam facientibus. Remigibus
primariis, pogonio externo, prope apicem, attenuatis, et ubi coarctantur, extus albo-marginatis.

Lon. tot. exuvie, ab rostri apice usque ad finem caude 7} poll., ale 3 8-10, caude 3 4-10 poll.

Hab. Mexico ; prope Vera Cruz.

Whole head, back, wings and tail black; this colour extending to the breast, as in other species of this
genus. Shoulders, lesser wing coverts, and entire under parts of the body, from the breast to the tail,
yellow, darkest on the breast and shoulders. Greater wing coverts with rounded white spots at their
tips, forming a conspicuous bar on the wing. External webs of primaries attenuated near their tips,
and at the point of attenuation edged (externally) with white.

Total length of skin from tip of bill to end of tail 74 inches, wing 3 8-10, tail 3 4-10 inches.

Hab. Mexico, near Vera Cruz.

This species resembles no other which I have met with, and may readily be
recognized by its conspicuous and peculiar white bar on the wing, formed by large
white spots at the tips of the greater coverts. Upon examination it will be found
that these spots are on the outer webs only.

I have seen one specimen only of this species, which belonged to the Rivoli

collection.
Pl. 16; fig. 2:

I, AuRIcaPILLus, nobis.—Capite supra nitide aureo flavo. Persona vittam frontis formante, oculos in totum
complectente, ad pectus excurrente, nigra. Dorso, alis et cauda eodem colore. Scapularibus,
uropygio, caude tectricibus superioribus, et corpore toto subtus (a pectore) flavis. Alis et corporis
partibus ceteris prorsus sine albo.

Long. tot. exuvie, ab rostri apice usque an finem caudz 7 poll., ale 3 6-10, caude 34 poll.

Hab. Mexico et America meridionali.

Head above bright golden yellow. Mask forming a frontal band, fully including the eyes and extending
to the breast, black, which is also the colour of the back, wings, and tail. Shoulders, rump, upper
tail coverts, and entire under surface of the body, (from the breast,) yellow. No white on the wings
or on any other part of the body. Ina specimen which is probably that of a young bird, the black
of the chin is mixed with yellow ; no white whatever on any part of the plumage.

Total length from tip of bill to end of tail, about 7 inches, wing 3 6-10, tail 34 inches.

Hab. Mexico and South America.

138 MR. CASSIN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF ICTERUS.

Resembles Icterus cucullatus, Swainson, more than any other species known to
me, but I. cucullatus is very conspicuously marked with white on the wings, which
is not the case in the species now described.

The I. cucullatus has black shoulders, its bill also is longer and more slender, and
in other respects is entirely different.

After a careful examination, with the advantage of the Academy’s large collection
of Icteri, I am rather surprised that I can find no description which will apply to this
species, although I have seen it occasionally in collections for the last ten years.

Of the four specimens now in the collection of the Academy, two from the Rivoli
collection are labelled Mexico, one also from that collection is without label of any
kind, and the fourth was received by me from Brazil. I have also seen specimens
said to be from the island of Trinidad.

PLSb72

I. crraupu, nobis.—Adultus. Persona lata, vittam frontis formante, oculos in totum complectente, ad
pectus excurrente, lete nigra. Alis et cauda nigris, sine maculis albis. Corpore toto supra, subtus a
pectore, capite supra, et scapularibus nitide, citrino-flavis. Plumis totis sine albo. Juvenis,
plumarum flavo saturate, tincto cum aurantio sordide aut cambogio. Alis virescenti-marginatis.
Valde juvenis, plumarum flavo pallido, nigro in gulam inconspicuo.

Long. tot. exuvie, ab rostri apice usque ad finem caude 8 poll., ale 1 4-10, caude 4 poll.

Hab. Prope Bogota, in Nova Grenada.

Adult. Mask broad, forming a frontal band, fully including the eyes, and extending to the breast, fine
black. Wings and tail black, with no white marks whatever. Head above, entire body above and
below from the breast, and shoulders bright lemon yellow, no white on any part of the plumage.
Young. Yellow, the whcle plumage tinged with dull orange or gamboge colour. Wings edged with
ereenish. Very young. Yellow parts of plumage paler, in some parts nearly white, black on the
throat scarcely apparent.

Total length, skin of adult, from tip of bill to end of tail about 8 inches, wing 1 4-10, tail 4 inches.

Hab. Bogota in New Grenada.

Resembles Icterus Xanthornus, (Linn.) more than any other species with which I
am acquainted or have found described, but is larger, and has the mask much
broader.

In I. Xanthornus, the gular black scarcely exceeds the width of the under
mandible, but in the species now described, it fully includes the eyes and the whole
base of the bill. J. Xanthornus has also white markings on the wings, which is not
the case in any state of plumage represented by the five specimens now described.

I have named this beautiful species in honour of Jacob P. Giraud, Jr., Esq., of the
city of New York, author of “The Birds of Long Island,” and other important
contributions to American Ornithology.

fiece 13a]

ART. XII.—Monograph of the Fossil Squalide of the United States. By Roperr
W. Gisszs, M. D., of South Carolina. Correspondent of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, &c.

“¢ When Cuvier closed his researches in this department, he had named and described for the guidance
of the geologist, ninety-two distinct species of fossil-fish ; nor was it then known that the entire geological
scale, from the Upper Tertiary to the Grauwacke inclusive, contained more. Agassiz commenced his
labours, and in a period of time little exceeding fourteen years, he has raised the number of species to
sixteen hundred. And this number, great as it is, is receiving accessions almost every day.”—The Old Red
Sandstone, by Hugh Miller.

‘‘ Grandiaque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris.”—Virgil, 1. Georgic. 493.

My collection of fossils is rich in the teeth of Squalide, from the Tertiary beds of
South Carolina. I say rich, in comparison with the meagreness of the public
museums and private cabinets with which I am acquainted. With the aid of the
admirable work of Proressor Agassiz, “ Sur les poissons fossiles,” I have been able
to identify many of them; and finding several new forms, I have concluded to
attempt their classification and description. Following the minute distinctions of
that eminent observer, | had extended my list largely with new species, when a
favourable opportunity occurred of submitting my specimens to his inspection.

With the candor of a conscientious lover of true science, and the kindness and
liberality of a mind free from all selfish consideration, he informed me that many of
his species had been described from single specimens and the observation of others—
that farther knowledge has induced him to reject several species and to unite others—
and that he had formerly considered as forming distinctions, characters not
sufficiently fixed to constitute uniform differences. In the present effort for the
advancement of American Paleontology, it becomes me at the threshold to
acknowledge the essential aid of the labours of this eminent naturalist, to whom I am
indebted for the ability to arrange this synopsis. With his acknowledgement,
“mais c’est aussi la partie la plus difficile de l’Icthyologie, celle sur laquelle, de
Vaveu méme de tous les naturalistes, l’on posséde le moins de renseigmens précis,
celle enfin qui, avec le temps, devra recevoir les additions les plus considerables,”—I
trust that others may be induced to extend what [have commenced. With the

36

140 DR. GIBBES’ MONOGRAPH OF THE

exception of the figures published by Dr. Morton,* and a few by Dr. Haran,t no
attention has been given by American naturalists to the fossil Squakde. In the
publications on Tertiary Geology, by Conran, Vanuxem, Lea, Rocers, Hones, &c.,
they are merely noticed as occurring, but no attempt has been made to arrange or
describe them.

In some of the early works on Fossils, we find notices of the teeth of Squakde
under the names of Bufonites and Gilosso-petre,t and in Sir Joun Hiu’s “ History
oF Fossiis,” (London, 1748,) are some very good figures of species easily recognized
in our collections. His general description being condensed, I take from it the
following graphic and comprehensive though poetical paragraph :

“In shape they are usually somewhat approaching triangular, and some simple,
others tricuspidate or having a smaller point on each side the large one ; some of them
are very long, others shorter, and some very broad in proportion to their length ;
others as remarkably slender, and narrow ; many also of them are quite straight, but
they are not unfrequently met with crooked, and are bent in all the different
directions, some inward, some outward, and some sideways, either to the right or left.
Many of them have their edges plain, others are serrated more or less deeply, and
some of them are undulated or shaped like the figure of a flaming sword at their
extremities, and more slightly serrated besides; they are of as various sizes as
figures, the larger oues being found of between four and five inches long, and the
smaller of less than a quarter of aninch. They are found of vast numbers in
Germany, but no where so common as in the island of Malta.”

Malta seems even in our time to be the prolific source of these fossils, as M.
Acassiz mentions the frequency of specimens in various European collections
marked from this locality.

In attempting to trace the history of fossil Squalde, I find little to refer to that
M. Acassiz has not given, and I am forced again to acknowledge, as Dr. MANTELL
has emphatically done in his “ Mrpaus or Creation,” as to fossil Fishes, that to his
great work am I indebted for a large portion of my text. )

Formerly the character of the skeleton, whether osseous or cartilaginous, and the
number and position of the fins, were the bases of classification of Fishes, but the
observation and experience of the distinguished naturalist I have named, have caused
him to arrange them by the form and structure of the scales. His division into orders
has been continued into genera, founded on his own and the microscopic researches

* Synopsis of Organic Remains, &c. t Medical and Physical Researches.
{Scilla was the first who detected as the teeth of sharks the supposed Glosso-petre (petrified tongues of serpents).
Eyen at this day I have had them sent to me as petrified birds-tongues.

i: Oe eae

FOSSIL SQUALIDZ OF THE UNITED STATES. 141

of Proressor Owen, of London, who has given to the world a splendid result of
laborious and scientific study in his OponrocrRapuy.*

The family of Squakde, which it is proposed here to illustrate, belongs to the first
order of Acassiz, denominated Pracoips (from ~0£, a broad plate). The skin is
irregularly covered with enamelled plates, sometimes large, but often in the form of
small points, forming shagreen in sharks, and tubercles in rays. Of these families
no remains are found ina fossil state other than teeth and vertebre ; though an
exception should be noticed in the discovery of the mouth of an Hybodus, lately
reported by Sir Puitip EeeErron, from the secondary of the Isle of Wight, in which
the cartilaginous ale were traceable, and a part of the anterior cranial cavity.t

The Squalde constitute a large portion of the fossil remains of Fishes, and are
confined to the secondary and tertiary formations. An interesting observation of
Agassiz’s is here worthy of notice.

“De la comparaison des espéces fossiles avec les espéces vivantes, il résulte un fait
bien curieux, conforme a ce que l’étude du developement génétique du régne animal
nous apprend de tous les groupes bien étudiés, c’est que les types génériques qui
prévalent dans la création actuelle, ou n’ont pas de représentans parmi les fossiles, ou
bien sont limités aux terrains tertiares et crétacés; tandis que les genres qui paraissent
isolés dans notre époque, comme les genres Mustelus et Cestracion, sont représenté
par de nombreux genres analogues dans toute la sérié des terrains secondaires.’’t

Notwithstanding the differences we observe in the many forms of teeth of sharks,
they all possess one essential character of structure, namely, a base or osseous root, of
variable form, fixed in the integument, and a crown or exposed portion projecting
into the mouth, covered with a greater or less thickness of enamel, assuming many
modifications by which the genera are characterized. These teeth only adhere to
the integuments and the covering of the jaw, and possess great mobility. They are
usually in rows, of which the anterior having been used fall out and are replaced by
others ; and new teeth are constantly forming within to succeed the outer as they are
lost. ‘The base of these teeth is large and wide, rounded and hollowed or grooved,
but never conical nor terminated in acute points; the root is osseous, more or less
compact or spongy, without any inner cavity. The crown is variable in form and
size in different genera, and even in different parts of the same jaw. In some which
are subulate and more or less triangular and compressed, those in the anterior portion
of the jaw are straighter and sharper than those in the posterior parts, which are
oblique and obtuse. ‘There are marked differences sometimes in the teeth of the

* Odontography : or a Treatise on the Comparative Anatomy of the Teeth; their physiological relations, mode of
developement, and microscopic structure ; illustrated by upwards of one hundred and fifty plates. By Richard Owen,

F.R.S., &e. London. 1845,
tT Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. i, p. 198. t Poissons Fossiles, vol. iii. p. 75.

142 DR. GIBBES’ MONOGRAPH OF THE

upper and lower jaw, being straighter and more acute in one than in the other.
When the front teeth are similar to those at the sides, they are usually smaller and
more pointed, and at the symphysis in both jaws often there is a small tooth, or several
of a peculiar form.

The teeth are also characterized by serratures varying in size, and by small lateral
denticles, which are not always present in young teeth and do not form specific
distinctions, though in adults assist in referring them to species.

Professor Agassiz has pointed out a distinction between Carcharias and
Carcharodon, in the dentine of the former presenting a hollow cone, while in the latter
it is solid, the only character they have in common being their microscopic structure.
As the latter genus is one of the most prolific in species and prominent in size and
form, I commence the series with it.

Genus CARCHARODON, Smith.
SPECIES.

1. C. MEGALoDON, Agass.
Var. RECTIDENS, Agass.
“¢ SUBAURICULATUS, Agass.
2. C. ANGUSTIDENS, Agass.
Var. LANCEOLATUS, Agass.
‘© HETERODON, Agass.
‘¢ MEGALOTIS, Agass.
“¢ AURICULATUS, Agass.
“« TURGIDUS, Agass.
‘“¢ SEMISERRATUS, Agass.
“¢ TOLIAPICUS, Agass.
3. C. acuTIDENS, Gibdes.
4. C. mortont, Gzbées.
5. C. LaANcIFoRMIS, Gzbbes.
6. C. SULCIDENS, Agass.

The general form of the teeth of Carcharodon is that of an isosceles triangle, those
in the upper jaw being usually a little larger than in the lower, and not as dissimilar
as the upper and lower teeth of Carcharias. At the symphysis they are almost
entirely straight; the next have their edges sloping, and the last are almost without
the middle cone. Inthe lower jaw they are pointed and sloped similarly on both
edges ; but what distinguishes them particularly from those of the upper jaw, is a
very perceptible furrow in the enamel at the base of the crown. The whole
circumference of the cutting edges is covered with fine notches, (dentelures) very

FOSSIL SQUALID OF THE UNITED STATES. 143

distinct and uniform in the teeth of both jaws. In many fossil species there are
lateral denticles on both edges at the base of the cone, which assist in distinguishing
species, but are not uniform characters. In the geological distribution of the species
of this genus, it is a remarkable fact. that a large number are found fossil, while there
is but a single representative in the recent C. Jamia ; and the reverse is the case with
Carcharias, which includes numerous recent species, and has but few fossils.
AGAssiz mentions only one, and doubts of another. The genus Carcharodon is not
found beyond the Tertiary, the oldest remains being found in the calcaire grossiere
(Kocene.) In Europe he mentions the Swiss molasse, (Miocene,) as prolific in this
genus, while in South Carolina I find the Kocene more largely productive of them.
I have received a few from the former localities, while I have them abundantly from
the Eocene. I learn from Prorgssor Acassiz that Mr. Tuomey, who has collected
Squalide in the Tertiary beds of Virginia, has found more specimens of Carcharodon
in the Miocene.

1, C. MEGALopon. Figs. 1 to 9.—The general form is equilateral, the anterior and
posterior edges differ somewhat in the upper and lateral teeth, in consequence of the
slope and obliquity backwards. ‘The marginal indentations are uniform over the
whole contour of the edges. The enamel is thin but strong, and extends to the root
on the outer surface, while there is a large triangular space between them on the
inner. ‘This space in large and old specimens is rough with longitudinal cracks or
superficial fissures. The thickness is very considerable, in which it differs from the
European co-species. ‘The inner face is prominent and the outer flat, in some
depressed next the edges and elevated in the middle, giving an undulated
appearance. ‘The root is very thick, forming one-third or more of the depth of the
tooth; it is concave on the lower surface between the basal extremities, which are
rounded or flattened and for the most part symmetrical. The osseous structure is
dense and compact, and frequently cracked with fissures. The enamel is also
usually striated with longitudinal cracks.

Fig. 1 isa lower tooth, and fig. 2 an upper lateral one; fig. 4is of the variety
C. rectidens, and figs. 5 and 6 of C. subauriculatus, both which Agassiz now refers
to this genus; fig. 3 is probably a symphysial tooth; figs. 7 and 8 are young teeth,
the last destitute of dentelures and probably from the extreme posterior portions of
the jaw ; fig. 9 resembles C. sulcidens, but intermediate specimens prove it to belong
to C. megalodon. I have various specimens from the Eocene of South Carolina, and
Miocene of Virginia and Maryland. The largest individual measures six and a half
inches in height, and five inches across the extremities of the root.

Professor Owen in his Odontography (p. 30) says:

37 -

144 DR. GIBBES’ MONOGRAPH OF THE

‘Fossil teeth, precisely corresponding in form with those of the Carcharodon, occur
abundantly in the tertiary formations of both the old and new continents; some of
these teeth exhibit the extraordinary dimensions of six inches in length, and five
inches across the base. If, therefore, the proportions of these extinct Carcharodons
corresponded with those of the existing species, they must have equalled the great
mamumiferous whales in size ; and, combining with the organization of the shark its
bold and insatiable character, they must have constituted the most terrific and
irresistible of the predaceous monsters of the ancient deep.”

“In the United Service Museum there are preserved the jaws of a Carcharodon, of
which the upper one measures four feet and the lower one three feet eight inches,
following the curvature. The length of the largest tooth is two inches, the breadth
of its base one inch nine lines: the total length of the shark was thirty-seven feet.”

Mr. CHARLEsworTH has given a good figure of C. megalodon in the Magazine of
Natural History, (Vol. i. 1834,) and considers it from the Mzocene, and Acassiz views
it as proper to the Medial Tertiary. In the United States we must consider it as
common to both.

There are several fine specimens in the Museum of the Medical College of the
State of South Carolina, at Charleston, from the Mocene, and others in the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, but their locality is not given.

Professor Hitchcock, in his “‘ Geology of Massachusetts,” p. 431, has given a figure
of a tooth from the Eocene of Gay’s Head, which is probably C. megalodon.

In my autograph collection of distinguished men, I have the originals of the
following letters, indicating that in 1806 Dr. William Reid, of Charleston, had
forwarded to Mr. Jefferson specimens of C. megalodon, from the Hocene beds of
Cooper river. Iam indebted to J. Harleston Reid, Esq., for the specimens and the
letters :

‘“‘ CHARLESTON, S. C., FeBruary 11th, 1806.

“« S¢r,—Observing you attentive to Natural Philosophy as well as to other branches
of science, I take occasion to present you with a fossil, which you may consider a
curiosity, and not unworthy of your contemplation. It was found on Ricehope Estate
on Cooper river, in forming a canal twenty feet under the surface of the earth, and
ten feet above the level of the river swamp. It lay with several others of similar
form, in a stratum of earth resembling decayed sea shells, two hundred feet distant
from the swamp. I likewise send you a broken one, lest your Excellency should
choose to direct a chemical analysis on it. From my experiments, they prove
dentous. The curious here have concluded these fossils to be the teeth of some
monster unknown at this day.

‘“Tremain with all due respect and the highest consideration, your Excellency’s very

humble servant, WIiaM REID.”
Tuomas JEFFERSON, Esq.

FOSSIL SQUALID OF THE UNITED STATES. 145

“Th: Jefferson presents his thanks to dr. Reid for the curious fossil teeth he has
been so kind as to forward to him, and which have been safely received. he will
immediately send them to the Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, which is the
best disposition he can make of them for obtaining satisfactory enquiry into their
character and origin. he prays dr. Read to accept his salutations and assurances of
respect.

Washington, Feb. 23, 06.”

2. C. ANGUSTIDENS, Agassiz. Figs. 10 to 38. Proressor Acassiz has decided to
refer to this species several which he has described by other names, and among them
C. lanceolatus, C. heterodon, C. megalotis, C. auriculatus, C. turgidus, C. semi-serratus,
and C. tolapicus. At the time his descriptions were given he had seen but few
Specimens, and rather hastily decided upon characters which subsequent experience
and the examination of many specimens induce him to refer to one species. My
collection contains a very full series of individuals of many varieties of form of
C. angustidens. Figures are given of them all. While C. megalodon is broad and
flat, this species is more lanciform and narrower—the former is destitute of lateral
winglets while this is characterized by them well developed on both sides—in some
specimens distinctly separate from the principal cone, while in others placed on the
same base, the enamel being continuous over both at the radicle. In nearly all the
individuals the crown is perpendicular, occasionally tending slightly inwards but
oftener outwards. The bodies are arched on the inner surface, flat outwardly, and
are covered with a dense firm enamel, usually preserving a beautiful polish, the apex
is more or less acute and the edges indented with well marked serratures, which in
the winglets are so prominent as to make them appear often as if separated into
several. In the larger specimens the root is thick and prominent on the inner face
and somewhat concave on the outer, its branches are generally symmetrical. In old
teeth there is an interspace void of enamel next the root on the inner face, while on
the outer the enamel extends to the root.

Figs. 10, 11, 12, represent what Agassiz described as C. angustidens; figs. 13, 14,
15, 16, C. turgidus ; figs. 17, 18, C. tohapicus ; figs. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, C. lanceolatus;
figs. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, C. megalotis ; figs. 30, 31, 32, C. heterodon ; figs. 33, 34,
35, 36, are lateral teeth resembling C. semi-serratus ; figs. 37 and 38, are probably
lateral teeth of an old individual from their greater thickness, and of the variety
C. heterodon.

Most of my specimens are from the Hocene of South Carolina. Fig. 12 is from the
White limestone (Kocene) of Alabama, and fig. 13 from the same deposit in Wayne
county, Mississippi. For these specimens I am indebted to C. 8S. Hale, Esq., of
Mobile. The largest variety in my cabinet is from the Hocene Green sand of Santee,

146 DR. GIBBES’ MONOGRAPH OF THE

South Carolina, the locality whence I procured the bones of Basilosaurus, Dorudon,
Pristis Agassizi, Crocodilus macrorynchus, §¢. Fig. 14 belongs to the Medical
College of South Carolina, and is from the bank of Ashley river (Kocene.) Fig. 15
is from the marl of Ashley river, and was presented to me by Dr. William G.
Ramsay, of Charleston.

3. C. acuripENs, Gibbes. Figs. 39 to 44—I published this new species in the
Proceedings of the Academy of September last, from which I take the description :

This beautiful species resembles C. angustidens, Agassiz, but is very acutely
pointed. Of four specimens which are in my cabinet, the largest cone (fig. 39)
measures three inches, and it is more than three times the depth of the root, which is
concave, very thick and prominent on the inner face. The body of the tooth, or
enamelled portion is conical, the lower third swollen, widest next the lateral denticles,
which are distinct from it. The inner face is arched, while the outer is nearly flat,
though undulated by depressions next the edges, and having a deep furrow
longitudinally in the middle near the base of the enamel, which extends to the root.
This does not extend as low on the inner face, and is sloped, leaving an interspace
next the root. The cutting edges are sharp and finely indented, the serratures very
close. Most of my specimens are straight, (figs. 40, 43, 44,) but I have two which
are oblique, figs. 39,41. All are from a locality of (Eocene) Santee limestone in
Orangeburg district, South Carolina, with the exception of fig. 41, which is from the
marl of Cooper river, sent to me by Col. John Harleston, of Elwood.

There are several of this species in the cabinet of the Academy, labelled from New
Jersey, and I have a cast of a fine one found in New Jersey, by Mr. C. Barclay, of
Troy, New York.

4. C. Morton, Gzbbes. I have only two specimens, both broken. That which is
figured, (fig. 45) and of which a cast is in the collection of the Academy, was
probably four inches deep and three inches across the root; the upper third is
wanting. It is somewhat inequilateral, the anterior edge sloped inwards, and the
posterior arched, both the outer and inner surfaces are convex and prominent, the
latter trebly so. The enamel is thin but strong, cracked in strie parallel to the
edges, and as in most other species converging and disappearing towards the apex:
it is sloped on the inner face. The cutting edges are finely indented, the dentelures
(if I may be allowed to adopt an expressive word from the French) are very small,
and more minute near the base of the enamel. Next the edges on both faces is a
longitudinal flattening, giving the appearance of undulations. The root is immensely
thick, an inch and a half, and constitutes more than half the bulk of the tooth; it is
concave, but the extremities being broken, the form cannot be given ; the structure of

FOSSIL SQUALIDZ OF THE UNITED STATES. 147

the dentine is not as compact as in C. megalodon. I have named this fine species in
honour of the distinguished pioneer of Tertiary Geology in the United States, Dr.
Samuel George Morton.

This species appears to be rare. I have seen a single specimen in the cabinet of
I’. S. Holmes, Esq., of Charleston, and have met with none elsewhere.

5. C. Lancirormis, Gibbes. Figs. 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51.—Very flat, acutely pointed,
triangular, nearly equilateral ; the posterior edge slightly sloped, while the anterior is
straight. The root is not much thicker than the base of the cone, very concave, the
rami not symmetrical, one being much longer than the other; in the small lateral
teeth this, however, is scarcely perceptible. The edges are sharp and finely
indented ; the inner face elevated, the outer plane, in some specimens concave.
Viewed laterally some are much bowed or arched forward. In the middle of the
outer face near the base of the enamel, is a longitudinal depression, the sides of which
are elevated, and unite above the horizontal middle line, and form a ridge to the apex.
It has lateral appendages, which are not distinct from the principal cone. The
enamel extends lower on the outer face than on the inner.

I have a series of specimens from the Eocene beds of Ashley and Copper rivers,
South Carolina.

6. C. sULCIDENS, Agassiz. Figs. 52, 53.—These are remarkable for their pointed
form and flatness and thinness. They have the form of an isosceles triangle, and
are about one-third deeper than long in their bodies. The inner face is a little
rounded, the outer is flat, appearing even concave. On the inner face near the base
of the enamel there is a series of plaits or folds, which causes grooves or vertical
furrows. The root forms a fourth, sometimes a third of the height of the tooth, it is
regularly concave and is recognized always by its spongy appearance. ‘The base of
the enamel is nearly parallel to the base of the root, at least on the outer face. :

I have two large specimens from the Miocene of Darlington, South Carolina, one of
which is figured, fig. 52, and several from the Kocene of Orangeburg, South Carolina,
of which fig. 53 is the largest.

Of Professor Agassiz’s other species which he retains, I have not met with
specimens from the United States of the following :

C. PRODUCTUS. C. LEPTODON
C. POLYGYRUS. C. ESCHERI.

38

[ 149 ]

Arr. XI1I.—Descriptions of Plants collected by William Gambel, M. D., in the Rocky
Mountains and Upper California. By Tuomas Nurratt.

*GAMBELIA.t

Natural order, ScropHULARINE. Tribe ANTIRRHINES.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Corolla hypogynous, the tube cylindrical, saccate at the base, orifice
narrowly pervious, the border bilabiate, the palate rather prominent, smooth ; upper lip erect, the
lower spreading, all the segments nearly equal and oblong. Stamina four, arising from the base of the
corolla tube, included, didynamous : no sterile filament : anthers bilocular, oblong. Ovarium bilocular,
with many ovules, seated upon a glandular torus. Style simple, clavate, entire. Capsule subglobose,
2-celled, opening below the summit by two or three irregular apertures. Seed, [not seen.]—A
spreading bush, with verticillate, entire, coriaceous leaves, and axillary and terminal conspicuous
scarlet flowers. Allied to Galvezia, but with a prominent palate and a saccate spur at the base of the
corolla. -

G. SPECIOSA.

A bush about three to four feet in height, full of bright scarlet flowers. The older
branches covered with a smooth grey bark, all of them cylindric. The younger
branches leaves and flowers more or less hairy, with a soft pubescence. Leaves
rather small, coriaceous, ternate, verticillate, and apparently evergreen, with a few
obscure reticulated vessels, running over the under surface ; their form oblong, rather
obtuse, entire and attenuated at the base into a short peduncle: there are no stipules
or bractes, though the leaves diminish to a very small size as the terminal
inflorescence advances. Length of the leaves about one and a half inches, the
breadth about half an inch. Peduncles axillary by threes shorter than the lower
leaves. Calyx unequal, 5-parted, the segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla about an
inch in length and tubular, with a conspicuous saccate spur at the base ; the border,
personate, the lower 3-lobed, lip with a somewhat prominent smooth palate ; upper
lip 2-lobed, somewhat erect, and deflected at the sides. Stamens didynamous, arising
from the base of the tube, the pairs a little unequal, the filaments with a chaffy down
at the base. Style a good way shorter than the corolla, gradually clavate above and
perfectly entire, and a little curved at the summit: a glandular torus round the base
of the germ. Capsule subglobose, hirsute, two-celled, opening below the summit by
two or three irregular roundish foramina ; the placenta attached chiefly to the centre
of the dissepiment. The imperfect seeds appear to be narrow and angular, but the

perfect seed I have not seen.

TIn honor of Dr. William Gambel, a naturalist, who has explored Upper California, and particularly elucidated
the ornithology of that country.

150 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

Though so different in habit yet closely allied to Antirrhinum ; the tubular corolla,
smooth palate, and entire stigma, being nearly all that distinguishes it from that
genus; the seed may also prove different, but that is at present unknown. Itis a
plant highly worthy of cultivation, and flowers very early in the spring.

Has. In the island of Santa Catalina on the coast of California. Flowering in
the month of February.

*CROSSOSOMA.t+

Calyx 5-leaved, imbricated, somewhat coriaceous and persistent, the leaves unequal and concave, with
colored margins. Corolla of five subsessile, oval petals. Stamina perigynous, about twenty-five, on a
fleshy disk; anthersadnate. Ovaries two to five, united at base into a short stipe, 1-celled ; ovules
many, attached to the ventral suture in a single crowded series. Stigmas thick and sessile, recurved.
Capsules two to five, coriaceous and cylindric, opening longitudinally and inwards, many-seeded.
Seed roundish-reniform, nearly surrounded by a deeply fringed arillus. Embryo not seen.—A
Californian shrub, with alternate, entire, crowded, exstipulate leaves, and 1-flowered, short, terminal
branchlets; flowers white.

C. CALIFORNICA.

A tortuous shrub, about four feet high, with a hard whitish wood. The bark light
grey and very bitter, while the wood and leaves possess very little taste. Leaves
entire, cuneate-oblong, and small, somewhat coriaceous, smooth, apparently
evergreen, obtuse, or acutely terminated with a small cartilaginous point; the
nervures few and somewhat reticulated : one to one and a half inches long, by about
half an inch broad. Flower branchlets, resembling peduncles, about two inches
long, with two leaves towards the base. The flower, a white Piony in miniature, and
about the size of an apple blossom. The calyx of five concave, somewhat coriaceous,
persistent leaves, with white petaloid thin margins. Petals five, white, oval, with
short claws, seated as well as the stamens, on the thickened disk of the calyx.
Stamina about twenty-five, persistent nearly with the ripening capsules; filaments a
little longer than the linear, adnate anther, anthers, 2-celled, opening lengthways.
Carpels two, three, four, rarely five, coriaceous. Stigmas thick, sessile, and recurved.
Capsules recurved, coriaceous, turgid, united at the base, free above, and divaricate,
one-half to three-fourths of an inch in length. Seeds very numerous, pale testaceous,
roundish-reniform, smooth and somewhat compressed, so nearly covered with a
copious fringed arillus, as to appear almost packed in tow; the cavity of the testa
being curved, indicates probably the form of the embryo.

After examining many of the seeds, I find the rigid coriaceous testa, in every
instance empty, so that the nature and character of the germ remains unknown, and
the real affinities of this curious plant are therefore uncertain. It is probably
Polygamous dioicus, as the stamens appear destitute of pollen.

+ From xpoosos fringe, and cua a body ; in allusion to the fimbriate arillus.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 151

From any affinity yet discoverable, this curious plant way well form a sub order
Crossosomex, with the estivation of the coralline calyx imbricate, its base
occupied by a fleshy disk. Stamina indefinite. Ovaries three to five, verticillate,
cohering at the base into a common stipe; ovules very numerous, pendulous.
Capsular follicles tardily dehiscent, many-seeded ; the hylum surrounded by a large
fringed arillus. .

Has. Abundant on the borders of streams in the island of Catalina, off the coast
of Upper California. Flowering in February.

TRIFOLIUM.

T. §. *Puysantua. (Involucrarium.) With the calyx 5-cleft, one or two of the
divisions smaller. Corolla marcescent. The vexillum transformed into a physiform
sac, which at length envelopes the very small wings and monopetalous carina.
Stigma capitate. Legume stipitate, two to five-seeded, included in the calyx.

T. *stenopHyLttum. Annual, branching from the base ; leaves ternate, smooth and linear, distantly serrulate ;
stipules subulate, sparingly denticulate ; peduncles elongated, filiform. Heads small and nearly round,
the vexillum, at length, forming a membranous inflated sac of equal breadth throughout, embracing the
small wings and small carina, which is monopetalous, with but one broad claw attached to the
vexillum.

With all the aspect of the involucrate clovers. Flowers brownish, the keel deeper
coloured. Stamens diadelphous. Pod stipitate, flat, two-seeded, seeds obcordate.
Stigma small, capitate. About four to six inches high: leaves about one or two lines
wide.

Has. The island of Santa Catalina, and San Pedro, Upper California. Flowering
in February.

T. *campeLit. Perennial and decumbent, smooth, branching from the base; leaflets roundish-oval’ or
cuneate-oval, obtuse, very minutely and sharply serrulate; stipules membranaceous, dilated, entire,
with subulate, slender points ; peduncles about the length of the leaves; involucrum about 8-cleft, the
segments lanceolate, acuminate; teeth of the calyx trifid, or simple, with setaceous points; legume
stipitate, three to five seeded ; wings longer than the vexillum.

A large, robust species, with shortish branches, very large stipules, and heads of
large flowers, which appear to have been whitish, with purple tips to the carina ;
heads of flowers one to one and a half inches across; the vexillum very wide below ;
so as to conceal the other petals; the wings and carina are also united ; leaflets three
quarters of an inch long, and about the same breadth.

Has. Island of Catalina, St. Simeon, and Pueblo de los Angeles.

39

152 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

T. *c1atum. ©. Smooth and erect, but little branched ; lower leaves on very long petioles; leaflets
cuneate-elliptic or oblong, obtuse, minutely and sharply serrulate; bractes adnate, subciliate,
herbaceous, entire and acutely acuminate; capituli axillar and terminal, rounded, many-flowered,
destitute of involucrum, but subtended by a cicatrised circle of points; the flowers attached to a
cylindric torus, often ending in a long subulate point beyond the capitulum ; segments of the calyx
unequal, one of the teeth small, the rest lanceolate, sharply acuminated and bristly ciliated with stiff
hairs ; vexillum enclosing the other petals, which are small; legume flat, stipitate, about one-seeded. —

Stipules herbaceous; the leaves rather thick and strongly veined, with forked
vessels; calyx nearly the length of the ochroleucous flower. This is again a
Puysantua, but without a proper involucrum.

Haz. Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California.

T. *pENupaTum. ©. Smooth, stem erect, alittle branched, lower leaves on very long petioles; leaflets
obcordate or oboval, minutely and sharply serrulate ; stipules membranaceous, entire and setaceously
acuminated ; capituli axillary and terminal, rounded, many-flowered, without an involucrum, but with
a cicatrised circle in its place, the flowers attached to a conic torus of the same structure ; segments of
the calyx subequal, linear-lanceolate, sharply acuminated, nearly the length of the small ochroleucous
flower ; pod stipitate, about two-seeded.

About a span high; a rather small annual, and very smooth in every part.
Leaflets about three-quarters of an inch long, three to four lines wide. Flowers
small, with the teeth of the calyx very long and conspicuous.

Has. With the above, which it much resembles, but the vexillum is not

unusually inflated.

T. *piversiroLium. ©. Small and smooth, branching from the base; leaflets linear or oblong, obtuse,
perfectly entire, or repandly and rather sharply serrulate towards the apex; stipules nearly entire,
with subulate points; peduncles longer than the leaves; heads very small, eight to ten-flowered ;
involucrum six to eight-parted, the divisions entire, ovate, obtuse ; calyx nearly half the length of the
short flowers, the teeth simple and acute ; legume two-seeded.

Remarkable for the diversity of its foliage, some of the leaflets being linear and
quite entire, others with the same slightly serrulate; in other plants they are
cuneate-oblong, and even emarginate. The plant about a span high, with reddish
flowers and a deep purple tipped carina.

Has. Near St. Simeon, Upper California.

ASTRAGALUS.

A. §. MicroLosium. Annual or perennial? Flowers various. Legume small,
scarcely exserted beyond the calyx, one-seeded.

A. *caTaLinensis. ©. Nearly erect and much branched; stipules ovate, distinct, leaflets linear, deeply
emarginate, five to seven pair, as well as the stem, scattered with appressed hairs ; flowers ochroleucous,
in capitate heads; segments of the calyx subulate, obtuse, thickly clad with rough white and black
hairs, the segments all inclined to the lower side ; legume scarcely exserted, scabrous.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 153

A very distinct species, much branched from the base and rather decumbent. The
leaves smooth, narrow, and deeply emarginate, petioles about an inch long.
Peduncles often exceeding the leaves, terminating in short, oval, dense spikes or
heads, of nearly sessile small flowers, scarcely exserted beyond the calyx, deeply
divided, and thickly clothed, almost hidden under a mass of rough black and white
hairs, the segments subulate, but appearing obtuse with a tuft of hairs, very soon
dividing above nearly to the base; bractes minute; vexillum oval, with a broad
embracing claw ; wings small and obtuse as well as the keel. The lecume scabrous,
oval, obtuse, dark grey, with a deep introflected suture, the cells one-seeded, the
seed obcordate. Style slender, stigma capitate.

Has. On the island of Catalina, in Upper California. Flowering in February.

A. *nierescens. Annual; nearly erect and much branched; stipules ovate, acuminate ; leaflets cuneate-
linear, deeply emarginate, nearly smooth; flowers ochroleucous, in short oval spikes, at length
nodding ; segments of the calyx subulate, acute, clothed with shortish black hair; legume ovate, acute,
and villous, a little exserted ; cells one-seeded.

Has. With the above, which it greatly resembles, but different in the calyx and
pod; flowers less crowded and pedicellate, the calyx not so deeply divided, nor
clothed with such long rough hairs ; bractes minute, chaffy, subulate: stipules partly
united at the base.

PHLOX.

P. *sryomwes. Densely cespitose, very small ; leaves closely imbricated in four rows, the ciliar pubescence
extending beyond the points of the oblong-lanceolate, very acute short leaves; flowers scarcely
exserted ; segments of the calyx obtuse ; those of the corolla cuneate, entire.

Nearly allied to P. muscoides, but distinguishable by forming separate imbricated
branchlets, and by the leaves being so short, as to be buried in the down of the
margins of the leaves.

Has. On the dividing ridge of the Rocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)

P. *nana. Dwarf and many-stemmed ; viscidly pubescent ; leaves rather long and linear, acute, the upper
ones alternate ; peduncles few, from the the terminal branches, and as well as the calyx pilose ; flower
exserted, with the tube twice the length of the calyx segments ; border of the corolla longer than the
tube, segments cuneate, emarginate.

Flower large and red. Stems many from the same perennial root, four to five
inches high ; the lower leaves one and a half inches long, from one to two lines wide,
quite flat, and more or less clothed with a small glandular pubescence. Flowers few,
and as large as any in the genus, segments of the calyx linear and acute; the tube of
the corolla about twice its length. Corolla more than an inch across. Cells of the
ovarium two-seeded.

Haz. Rocky Mountains, near Santa Fe.

154 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

POLEMONIUM.

P, *viscosum. Dwarf; every part covered with a short, viscid pubescence ; leaves nearly as long as the
short flower stems, seements rounded, ovate or subcordate, very small and short ; flowers in small
terminal clusters; corolla much longer than the elongated lanceolate segments of the calyx; ovaries
two or three in each cell.

Stems thickish and rigid, somewhat cespitose. About four or five inches high,
the leaves on longish petioles. The leaves and calyx covered with a short viscid
bitter pubescence, leaflets scarcely more than a line long, about the same breadth.
Calyx large, with lanceolate rather acute segments.

Has. On rocky ledges towards the sources of the Platte. Flowering in June.
(Nuttall. )

GILIA.

G. *muLtirtora. Biennial, erect and much branched from the base; stems low and pubescent ; leaves
pinnatifid, mostly trifid, segments narrow linear and mucronulate, above simple; flowers disposed in
sessile or pedicellate axillary clusters ; tube of the corolla about twice the length of the curved calyx ;
the segments of the corolla oblong and mucronulate ; stamens somewhat exserted.

A biennial, about a foot high, or rather less. The leaves apparently thick and
slightly pubescent, the lower ones only trifid, the upper or greater number simple,
the primary leaves probably pinnatifid. Flowers violet blue, inclining to rose red,
the tube of the corolla about twice the length of the calyx, enlarging towards the
orifice, segments of the border oblong, spreading, minutely mucronulate. Stamens
exserted beyond the orifice of the tube, unequal in length, anthers round. Style long
and slender, with a small trifid stigma. Flowers disposed in clusters of from five to
ten up the greater part of the simple branches, some of the clusters sessile. Calyx
obconic-campanulate, membranaceous between the teeth, which are long, subulate,
and pungent. Capsule oval, not exserted, cells four to five-seeded. Seeds angular,
pale brown. Allied apparently to G. glomerifiora, but that appears to be a low shrub
with orange coloured flowers.

Has. Sandy hills along the borders of the Rio del Norte, New Mexico.
Flowering in August.

G. LoncirLora. (Cantua longiflora, Torrey.) Found abundant in sandy places
along the banks of the Rio del Norte, growing beneath the shade of pine trees.
Flowering in August and September. A very remarkable and showy plant with
white flowers. Very few of the leaves are properly pinnatifid, being mostly trifid, a
few with two pair of segments. ‘Tube of the corolla often as much as two inches
long. Leaves mostly trifid.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 155

§. *ALLoPHYLLUM. Annual. Leaves dissimilar and broad, obscurely three to
five-parted, with distinct partial petioles. Stem diffusely branched, the flowers
small, partly funnel-form, disposed in cymose racemes. Capsule oval, the cells
two-seeded ; the seeds roundish, not angular. Closely allied to Collomia, but with
the cells of the capsule two-seeded.

G. *pivaricata. Annual, diffusely branched and subdecumbent, viscidly puberulous; leaves alternate,
digitately united at the base; leaflets three to five, lanceolate acute, attenuated into a petiole, two or
four much smaller than the others; branches forked, ending in cymose racemes; calyx obconic,
divided nearly to the base, enlarging with the ripening of the fruit; the segments lanceolate acute,
viscid ; corolla small and slender, the tube more than twice the length of the small calyx ; segments of
the border oblong; stamens somewhat exserted, anthers roundish, stigma small. Capsule oval, not
extending beyond the short enlarging calyx ; seeds roundish, teeth two in a cell, rather large.

Has. Monterey, Upper California.

§. *CurysanrHa. Annual, pubescent. Leaves sessile, opposite, palmately
divided, with entire linear segments. Flowers fastigiate, somewhat corymbose on
filiform peduncles, (yellow) segments of the calyx acute. Corolla funnel-form, with
a short tube, the segments oval and entire. Anthers ovate. Stamens exserted
beyond the throat of the corolla. Ovules in the capsule about twenty.

G. *aurea. Corolla smooth, about twice the length of the calyx ; segments of the leaves short and hispid,
three to six.

A handsome and showy annual, growing about a span high, with short, hispid,
opposite sessile leaves, divided into five or six segments below, above about 3-cleft.
Stem mostly simple and branching above, the flower branches purplish and a little
viscid, terminating in compound trichotomous clusters ; peduncles slender, often near
an inch long. Flower apparently bright yellow, as large as that of many Phlozes,
funnel-formed, with a tube not exserted beyond the calyx, its base purple. The calyx
segments united two-thirds of the way, the teeth lanceolate and acute; stigmas
exserted, long and filiform; seeds about twenty in each capsule, when moistened
covered with a jelly as in Collomia.

Has. Santa Barbara. Flowering in April.

§. *ELApHocera. Perennials or biennials, with the leaves often sparingly
pinnatifid towards the extremity, or entire and linear, fleshy. Flowers in condensed
clusters, capitate or in spikes, generally white. Corolla tubular, with a deeply
5-cleft, spreading border. Stamens shortly exserted or even with the summit of the
tube. Stigmas very short. Ovaries two to four in a cell, rarely one.

G. concesta. (Hooker.) Common in the Rocky Mountain region.
40

156 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

G. *cresriroLta. Perennial and branching from the base ; leaves entire, linear, acute and fleshy, smooth,
crowded so as to conceal the stem; flowers in capitate clusters ; stamens exserted to the length of the
corolla segments.

Has. Big Sandy Creek of the Colorado of the West. Flowering in July.
(Nuttall.)

G. *spicata. Perennial; leaves linear, fleshy; flowers in clusters, spiked; stem and calyx lanuginous,
segments of the calyx linear acute and viscid ; tube of the corolla exserted; stamens at the summit of
the tube.

Has. On the hills near Scott’s Bluffs of the Platte. Flowers white, segments
oblong. (Nuttall.)

G. *rriripa. Biennial; radical leaves linear; cauline trifid towards the extremity, fleshy and smooth ;
flowers clustered in spikes; stem and calyx pubescent, segments of the calyx linear and very acute;
tube of the corolla exserted ; stamens at the summit of the tube.

Has. With the above, which it greatly resembles, except in the leaves; cells of
the capsule each with three or four ovules. About aspan high. (Nuttall.

G. *pumiua. Perennial? branching from the base ; flowers in terminal clusters, subtended by long leaves,
woolly at their base; leaves fleshy, trifid at the extremities; segments narrow, linear, spinulose at
points ; corolla small, the tube exserted ; stamens extending a little beyond the orifice of the tube.

Three or four inches high, with a few slender branches, the leaves nearly all at
the summits of the branches beneath the flowers, an inch to one and a half inches
long.

Has. Near the first range of the Rocky Mountains of the Platte. Flowering in

May. (Nuttall.)

G. (Collomioides) *ri1roLia. ©. Erect and rigid ; stems smooth below, nearly simple; leaves mostly trifid ;
the segments setaceous and rigid; capituli corymbose and whitely woolly ; tube of the corolla about
the length of the calyx; segments of the border lanceolate ; stamens shorter than the corolla.

Six to eight inches high, slender and rigid. Flowers small and blue, clusters or
heads of flowers both axillar and terminal.
Has. Near Santa Barbara, Upper California.

LEPTOSIPHON.

L. *stcotor. Branching from the base ; leaves three, five to seven-cleft, the lowest much shorter ; lower
seements oblong-linear, cuneate, the upper subulate, all more or less roughly ciliate ; segments of the
calyx subulate-lanceolate ; tube of the corolla three times the length of the funnel-formed border, its
segments oval and rounded ; stamens about half the length of the border.

A very elegant species, bearing apparently very few flowers ata time. About
four inches high, branching considerably from the base, somewhat scabrous, with a

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 157

whitely pubescent purple stem. ‘Tube of the flower very long compared with the
leneth of the border, whose segments are oval, of a fine rose red with a yellow throat,
making a very bright appearance.

Haz. On moist rocks, on the Oregon near the outlet of the Wahlamet; the only
place where we saw it. (Nuttall.)

FENZLIA.

F. *speciosa. Copiously branching from the base, nearly glabrous; leaves linear, entire; flowers
pedunculate, (concolor, nearly white?) border of the corolla,as long as the elongated segments of the
smooth calyx.

Closely allied to G. dianthoides, yet decidedly distinct. We have seen many
specimens, and they are usually a span high, (in place of two or three inches,) much
branched from the base, branches with opposite branchlets. Leaves narrow, linear,
and as well as the upper parts of the stems a little pubescent. Flowers inclined to
form a trichotomous loose panicle. Segments of the calyx narrow, linear, shorter in
proportion than in G. dianthoides. Corolla widely funnel-formed, the segments
broadly obovate, the border denticulate; the corolla yellowish-white, and with the
throat of the same colour. Style and stigmas scarcely exserted beyond the throat of
the corolla ; the stigmas rather long and filiform. This section is so perfectly natural
and distinct from all the other Gzlas, that we cannot help regretting its abolition as
a genus.

Has. On the island of Catalina. Flowering in February;

F, *concinna. ©. Very dwarf and somewhat pubescent, branching from the base; leaves linear, flowers
nearly sessile ; segments of the calyx longer than the cup.

A very elegant but minute plant, scarcely more than an inch or an inch and a half
high, with a much shorter but nearly as broad a flower as that of F’. deanthiflora, of
a delicate rose purple with a yellow base, and five purple spots. The calyx is
somewhat hirsute, ovules in each cell, about twelve in a double series, angular with

a concave depression.
Has. Near San Diego, Upper California. Flowering in May. (Nuttall.)

LEPTODACTYLON.

L. *cxspitosum. Diffusely cxspitose, herbaceous and smooth ; leaves imbricated, the segments about three,
flat, with sharp subulate points; the tube of the corolla exserted ; segments cuneate, entire.

A very distinct species from L. hookert and L. pungens of Torrey, which are
suffruticose. In this the flower is white, something resembling a Phloz, but the base
of the border is somewhat concave ; ovules few. This species formed dense tufts of
one or two feet in diameter, but only two or three inches high.

158 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

Has. On the borders of the Platte, and hills near Scott’s Bluffs. Flowering in
May. (Nuttall.)

EUTOCA.

E. *aLpirLora. ©. Glandularly pilose and viscid; stem erect and branching; leaves broad-ovate, shortly
petiolate, subcordate, angularly biserrate ; racemes curved, elongated, many-flowered, calyx segments
spathulate-iinear, obtuse ; corolla not much longer than the calyx ; capsule many-seeded.

In many respects this species resembles EL. viscida, except that the flower is more
than twice as large and of a deep blue ; the serratures and side of the leaves are also
different. The pubescence is terminated with black glands, and the seeds are
rugose, the capsule ovate, with a short style and stigma.

Has. Santa Barbara, Upper California.

E. *speciosa. ©. Stem erect and simple; leaves broad-ovate, subcordate, doubly serrate, almost lobed,
beneath strongly nerved, and, as well as the stem and calyx, hispid and viscidly glandular; racemes at
the summit of the stem, several, circinate, not elongated; flowers on short pedicels; segments of the
calyx spathulate linear; capsule with more than fifty roundish, very rugose seeds.

Nearly allied to LE. grandiflora, the flowers being equally large and showy, of a
fine blue. Stem two to three feet high, very stout ; the leaves large, almost lobed on
the margin; style and stigmas very long, filaments hairy on the lower part. The
viscid pubescence is black, and of a heavy resinous rather disagreeable smell, almost
like that of Rue. It communicates an almost indelible stain to clothing.

Has. Near St. Diego, Upper California. (Nuttall.)

*EUCRYPTA.+

Calyx five-parted, without external appendages; lobes oval or ovate. Corolla
tubular campanulate, half five-cleft, deciduous, without internal appendages; the
lobes rounded; the estivation with three segments exterior and two interior.
Stamens five, equal, arising from the base of the corolla, smooth, somewhat exserted ;
anthers small and oval, nectary none. Ovary depressed, globose, one-celled ;
placentas two, free, externally septiferous, each with four dissimilar ovules. Style
elongated, very shortly bifid. Stigmas minute. Capsule two-valved, dividing
parallel with the placenta, presenting four roundish, rugose seeds; concealed in the
adnate parietes, as it were, of each of these valves are (when perfect) two other
seeds, which are even and elliptic! separated from the other seeds by a perfect
membranaceous partition, parallel with the deep concavity of the valves, and each of
these partitions is again divided internally by a proper transverse septum ; so that the
capsule is in fact four-celled, with closed partitions, and the division of the adnate

t So called in allusion to the concealed cells of the capsule.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 159

placentas presents the large circular cavity of the capsule, as if merely one-celled,
with two hemispherical valves! Seed with a corneous, larce albumen; embryo
straight, minute, central, not half the length of the albumen. Annuals with
bipinnatifid leaves, and the flowers in loose racemes.

E. *panicuLata. ©. Flowers in a loose terminal panicle; stem viscid; uppermost leaves pinnatifid,
segments of the calyx oval, obtuse.

About one to two feet high, somewhat hairy and viscid. 'The leaves bipinnatifid ;
the segments short, and toothed bluntly. Flowers small, yellowish-white, rather more
than the length of the calyx, disposed in loose, naked, terminal racemes, with long
peduncles. Calyx cup-shaped, increasing with the fruit; the segments oval and
obtuse. Corolla pubescent, tubular-campanulate, shortly 5-cleft, before opening, with
three of the segments external. Stamens equal, with slender filaments; anthers
small and oval ; style longer than the germ, with a very short bifid stigma. Capsule
depressed, globose, apparently 1-celled, each of the placentas becoming adnate to the
sides of the valves, with about four rugose seeds, two to four other even, elliptic seeds
concealed behind the placental lamina, one or two behind each. The rugose
epidermis of the seed swells up into a pulpy mass on being moistened.

Has. Island of Santa Catalina, Upper California. Flowering in March and April.

E. *rotiosa. Leaves all bipinnatifid, hirsute ; racemes not longer than the leaves; segments of the calyx

ovate, acute.

Has. With the above, which it much resembles, but a lower, less viscid plant,
with rather smaller flowers and capsules.

COLLOMIA.

§. *PicracoLLa. Calyx obconic, scarcely cleft to the middle, with foliaceous
segments. Flowers racemose, scattered. Intensely bitter to the taste.

>

C. *trnorpes. Leaves narrow-linear, scattered, ending in a short mucro; flowers small, scattered,
subsessile, the calyx shorter than the tube of the corolla.

Has. Banks of the Platte. (Nuttall.)
PHACELIA.

P. *canrscens. Canescent and hirsute; leaves spathulate, oblong or sublanceolate, entire; racemes
condensed into circinate clusters; corolla twice the length of the calyx; stamens exserted, the

filaments pilose.

A perennial dwarf species, about a span high, with many stems from the same root.
Radical leaves whitely and densely pilose, with two sorts of pubescence, rather silky.
Radical leaves two to three inches long, by three-fourths of an inch in width, on

4]

160 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

longish petioles. Upper leaves nearly sessile; calyx very hirsute; corolla pale lilac
rose ; ovary with four seeds ; stamens much exserted ; it hasa general resemblance to
P. circinata. The P. integrifolha of Torrey, has four very rugose convex elliptic

seeds.
Has. In the Rocky Mountains, and Blue Mountains of Oregon. (Nuttall. )

P. *Guanputosa. Annual or biennial, very pilose, with a soft, short, shining pubescence ; the stems and
calyx covered with blackish, viscid, resinous glands; leaves pinnatifid, the segments somewhat
toothed, short and roundish ; flowers shortly pedicellate in crowded circinate spikes ; segments of the
calyx oblong; stamens exserted; style pilose.

Four to six inches high, with a long tap root, as in biennials. Leaflets two to

_ three lines long, toothed and rounded, somewhat oblique, resembling almost the frond

of a small fern. Flowers blue and showy. Capsule four seeded; seeds elliptic

concave ; internally, where attached to the placenta, roughened all over with minute
asperities.
Has. About Ham’s Fork of the Colorado of the West, on dry, bare hills.

(Nuttall. )

NAVARRKETIA.

N. *mruima. ©. Smooth, dwarf, depressed and branched from the base ; leaves somewhat bipinnately
divided, with few and divaricate, subulately sharp segments; floral leaves simply pinnately dissected ;
calyx with three of the segments usually entire; corolla longer than the tube of the calyx; ovary
cells 2-seeded.

Seldom more than an inch high; segments of the leaves quite acicular; flowers
small and white, the tube exserted a little beyond the calyx; the stamens slightly
exserted.

Has. Plains of the Oregon, near Walla-Walla. (Nuttall.)

ERIOGONUM.

E. *acaute. Very dwarf, stemless and cespitose, the caudex much divided, leaves whitely tomentose,
oblong-linear, reflected so as to be semi-cylindric; involucrum wholly sessile, few flowered, 4 or
5-toothed, the teeth very obtuse.

A very remarkable dwarf species, forming dense tufts, independent of the
subterraneous wvody caudex, not an inch high, whitely tomentose. Leaves about
a line wide and about three or four long. Flowers yellow and bright, externally
somewhat pubescent, as well as the germs.

Has. On the summit of the Rocky Mountains, near the Colorado of the West,
at the highest land.

E. *anpinum. Stemless, cespitose, the caudex much divided; leaves small and spathulate, wholly and

whitely tomentose, reflected on the margin; scapes all radical, terminating in a single capitulum ;
involucrum divided nearly to the base, the segments about eight, leafy ; flowers yellow, small.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 161

With a woody brown subterraneous stem, terminating with cespitose tufts of
white, softly tomentose leaves ; scape two or three inches high, with a small umbel
of bright yellow flowers, which are pubescent externally, and reflected from the
multifid involucrum, which is divided into eight small, leafy appendages. Germ
smooth. Stigmas rather long. Considerably allied to E. cespitosum, but with the
leaves scarcely half the size, much narrower, the flowers yellow, not ochroleucous,
and scarcely half the size of those of the E. cespitosum.

Has. With the above.t (N uttall.)

E. intricatum. (Benth.) Annual, very smooth, excepting the under surface of the leaves, which are
tomentose ; leavesall radical and small, roundish reniform, on long petioles; stems many, all from the
base, naked and scapoid, terminating in a single involucrum, or corymbosely terminated by two or three ;
involucres double, the outer or bractes short and 3-cleft, the inner 8-toothed and strongly ribbed,
bearing tufts of abortive filaments; perigonium smooth, (purple.)

Ei. denudatum. .Nutt. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Feb., 1848.

An annual about a span high, with numerous long, slender, almost filiform, naked
stalks, like so many radical scapes, but bearing here and there a minute leaf or leaves.
The leaves (in the only specimen I have obtained,) are very small, scarcely exceeding
those of garden thyme, and roundish-reniform; very smooth above, of a thick
consistence, and with a circumscribed tuft of white tomentum beneath. Some of the
stems are proliferous, sending up secondary stalks, subtended also by a few small
leaves; involucrum smooth, with eight broad ribs, and as many terminal teeth; a
3-cleft short involucellum, of the same consistence with the involucrum. Perigonium,
purple, smooth; stamens nine; anthers purple; germ smooth. A great number of
slender, infertile filaments arising from the inner base of the involucrum.

Has. In the Rocky Mountains of Upper California.

E. *racemosum. Scapenaked and whitely tomentose, as well as the elliptic ovate leaves, sparingly forked
at the summit, with the solitary involucres sessile and forming a spike; involucrum very woolly,
obsoletely toothed, subtended by a 3-cleft sheathing involucel or bractes; perianth smooth, oblong,
attenuated at the base, (flowers ochroleucous *)

Scape about eighteen inches high, leaves on longish petioles, very white beneath;
racemes, five or six, produced from shortish forks of the scape towards its summit ;
flowers numerous, rather large, woolly filaments among the fertile ones in the

involucrum.
Has. Colorado of the West.

E. *etuipeticum. Suffruticose; barren branchlets at the base of the scapoid stem; leaves elliptic or
oblong-elliptic, beneath whitely tomentose, above nearly smooth; umbel compound, the forked
divisions and general umbel involucrate ; the involucels leafy and spreading ; involucrum campanulate,
lanuginous, 6-cleft, the segments rather longer than the tube, very many-flowered ; perianth exserted,
oblanceolate, attenuated to the pedicel, smooth, (or pubescent ?)

t These two remarkable species were collected by myself, in 1834.

162 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

A low suffruticose plant, with infertile leafy branchlets at its base, with a woody
caudex. Leaves about an inch long, attenuated into a longish petiole, with scape-like
flower stems, terminating in twice compounded umbels, all of them subtended by
leafy bractes; bractes also appear on the partial pedicles below the flowering summit
The involucrum almost cup-shaped, and shallow, with its leafy divisions reflected ;
flowers bright yellow, and very large and showy ; oblanceolate very much attenuated
to the jointed peduncle ; filaments pubescent at the base; achenium smooth, embryo
concentric, inverted.

Has. Rocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)

#. MEGACEPHALUM. Leaves oblong, subelliptic; perianth pubescent ; umbel simple.
More dwarf than the preceding, with narrower, shorter stalked leaves, and very
short, rayed, simple umbels. Perhaps a different species, but very nearly allied.
Has. With the above.

KE. *cEnicuLatum. Suffruticose, low and considerably branched; stems clustered ; leaves linear, somewhat
oblong, revolute on the margin, pubescent above, tomentose beneath ; umbels simple, of few rays, the
involucrum of the umbel long and leafy; proper involucrum campanulate, many-flowered,
lanuginous; the border many-cleft, the divisions spreading and nearly as long as the cup; flowers
yellow, numerous and small, obconic, externally pubescent towards the base.

A small shrub or suffrutex, about a span high; the branches clustered ; with knots
and decayed sphacelous remains on the lower part; leaves small and clustered;
umbel of only two or three rays, short, many-flowered; about half the size of the
preceding species; embryo concentric.

Has. In the Rocky Mountains, on the western slope. (Nuttall)

E. *cernuum. ©. Leaves all radical, round oval, upon longish petioles, very whitely tomentose beneath,
less so above ; scape smooth, two or three times dichotomous ; involucres solitary, pedicellate, smooth;
pedicels exserted, at length cernuus; involucrate bractes 3-cleft, acute, appressed; teeth of the
involucrum acute; flowers few and small; segments of the perianth undulated.

A rather small species, eight to ten inches high; leaves about half an inch lone and
nearly the same width ; pedicels about half an inch long, reflected after inflorescence;
involucres minute, campanulate, about six to eight-flowered, the flowers brownish,
smooth; the segments of the perianth with whitish, undulated margins; stamens
three? caryops roundish at the base, with a minutely scabrous 3-sided attenuated
summit. Probably dioicous.

Has. On the plains of the Oregon and in the Rocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)

E. *microturca. Suffruticose and dwarf; stemsslender and clustered, at first arachnoid tomentose ; leaves
linear-oblong, nearly smooth above, whitely tomentose beneath, shortly petiolate, the petiole widened
at the base; umbel two or three times di- or trichotomous, each division bracteate; the involucrum
small and distinct, pubescent, about 6-flowered; the teeth about six, ovate, obtuse ; flowers yellow,
very small.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 163

A very low shrub, crowded with brown, short, twiggy branches; umbels very
compound ; the involucres all distinct, not crowded together; every joint of the
umbel subtended by short appressed bractes.

Has. On the sides of hills in Oregon, east of Walla-Walla. (Nuttall.)

E. *campanutatum. Leaves all radical, clustered upon a thickish caudex, linear-spathulate or narrowly
oblong, narrowed below into longish petioles, whitely tomentose on both surfaces; scapes smooth and
naked ; umbel about twice trichotomous, few-flowered; bractes acute, a little tomentose on the
margins; involucrum campanulate, about 6 to 10-flowered, smooth, with obtuse teeth; perianth
yellow, smooth,

A small species, with long, narrow, whitely tomentose leaves, clustered at the top
of a simple unbranched caudex, one and a half to two inches long, by about two to
three lines in width, and obtuse; scapes six to eight inches, and as well as the
branches of the umbel, quite smooth and brownish; rays usually three to four,
some simple and others subdivided; involucres solitary ; pedicellate mostly with
bractes a little below them: flowers minute, dioicous? stamens nine.

Has. On the western declivity of the Rocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)

E, *srevicautis. Branches very short, arising from a woody caudex, clustered, tomentose; leaves
linear-lanceolate, long and rather acute, attenuated into a very long petiole, whitely tomentose
beneath, less densely above ; upper scapoid stem very smooth; the bractes acuminated, tomentosely
margined ; umbel two or three times compounded, with very long rays; teeth of the campanulate

involucrum acute ; flowers smooth, yellow and very small.

A much larger plant than the preceding, which it much resembles, with an evident
short stem; leaves three or four inches long, attenuated, with a very long petiole,
dilated at its embracing base two or three lines wide.

Has. On the upper plains of the Oregon. (Nuttall.)

E. *cyrorpnyttum. With a woody caudex; lower leaves clustered towards the base of the stem,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, attenuated at the base, beneath tomentose and yellowish-white, above slightly
pubescent and green ; a verticel of leaves on the stem, about six, subsessile, oblong ; umbel simple, of
many short rays, with a leafy, spreading involucrum, tomentose within and without, many-flowered,
shallow and simple, with longish, reflected teeth ; perianth smooth, exserted.

A remarkable species, bearing some distant resemblance to E. tomentosum, but the
plant and its leaves are much smaller. Itis about a foot high; leaves about two
inches long, and half an inch wide, with a little of the brownish hue to the tomentum
so remarkable in FE. tomentosum. Several infertile small branchlets come out from
the stem, which is also tomentose; rays of the umbel eight to ten; flowers
ochroleucous, numerous, much exserted, oblanceolate; achenium a little hairy on
the angles.

Has. Rocky Mountains of the Platte. (Nuttall.)
42

164 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

E. *ancustirotium. Suffruticose, with infertile branches towards the base; leaves fasciculated and
verticillated, linear-acute, narrowed below, whitely tomentose beneath, greenish but pubescent above,
a verticel of about six leaves on the short stem; umbel simple, subtended by long, leafy bractes ;
divisions of the many-flowered involucrum reflected, pubescent ; perianth reflected, smooth.

A low, somewhat shrubby species, about a foot high; the stem tomentose; leaves
an inch or more long, about a line wide; rays of the umbel seven or eight, short.
Has. Western slope of the Rocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)

E. *errusum. Suffruticose; leaves linear, oblong, obtuse, beneath whitely tomentose, above pubescent,
greenish ; stem tomentose, two or three times trichotomous, divaricate; bractes ternate, lanceolate-

acute ; (flowers not seen.)

Stem divided into many simple branches below ; flowering stem bearing bractes
only, divided compoundly and numerously, each division subtended by conspicuous,
trifid bractes.

Has. Inthe Rocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)

E. *micrantuum. Leaves nearly all radical, arising from a thickish, woody caudex, linear-spathulate,
or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, narrowed below into longish petioles, whitely tomentose on both
surfaces; scapes, bractes and involucres tomentose; umbel decompound, pedicels of the second
divisions very short, with about three involucres in each; bractes acute or acuminate ; involucres
campanulate, very small, the teeth obtuse ; flowers smooth, smail and yellow, dioicous ?

In aspect nearly allied to EL. campanulatum, but with rather longer and narrower
leaves, and the involucres most of them sessile.
Has. In the Rocky Mountains of Oregon. ( Nuttall.)

E. *atpum. Nearly stemless, with a woody caudex; leaves very whitely tomentose, spathulate-obovate,
obtuse, usually longer than the petiole ; bractes minute, appressed ; umbel nearly simple, of few rays;
involucrum tomentose, angular, with shortish teeth ; flowers numerous, smooth.

Very nearly allied to E. dichotomum, but a smaller growing plant, with broader,
shorter, and whiter leaves; branches of the umbel two or three, short; each branch
bearing about two or three involucres, the uppermost pair of involucres sessile, So as
to form a larger head than what ever occurs in E. dichotomum, and with the
involucres not singly disposed in a forked spike as in it. Flowers larger and smooth,
the filaments slightly hairy at the base, achenium with acute angles.

Has. Rocky Mountains of Oregon. (Nuttall.)

EK. *rosmarinirotium. Shrubby and much branched, smooth or somewhat pubescent ; leaves clustered,
vearly linear, revolute on the margin, slightly tomentose beneath; umbel pedunculate, compound,

bractes leafy, numerous ; involucres usually smooth, with acute teeth: perianth mostly glabrous.

Nearly allied to Li. fasciculatum, but never with either oblong or elliptic leaves.
A stoutish low bush with brown brittle branches. Leaves smooth, three-fourths of

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 165

an inch long, about a line wide, as strongly revolute on the margin as the leaves of
Rosemary. Flowers very numerous and showy, whitish, with red central lines;
perianth pilose at the base ; some of the rays of the umbel nearly sessile.

Has. Near Santa Barbara, Upper California.
(3. Fot1oLosum. Leaves more acute, with the petiole, young branches and the perianth, externally near

the base, pilosely pubescent.

Has. With the above.

E. *verticitLatum. Biennial; stem dichotomously branching, the offsets all subtended by verticels of

sessile, lanceolate, very acute leaves, in 3’s ; radical leaves oblong, as well as the stems and branches
whitely tomentose, attenuated below into long petioles; flowers wholly unknown.

E. elongatum. (Benth.)?

We have not seen the plant in flower, but the remarkable characters, somewhat
resembling those of 7. tomentosum, and unlike any other species, perhaps justifies
our giving it a passmg notice.

Has. Near St. Diego, Upper California.

E. *nurratyi. (Gambel.) Densely cespitose, with a woody, multifid, short caudex; leaves roundish, ovate or
elliptic, on short petioles, not exserted from the cespitose mass, whitely tomentose on both sides, as well
as the scape and involucrum ; capitulum solitary, rather small ; involucrum cylindric, with obscure teeth,
cluster of involucres eight or ten, sessile ; flowers small, purple ; segments of the perianth oblong, not

very unequal.

E. tenellum. Nutt. (Non. Torrey.) Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Feb. 1848.

Allied to E. ovalifolium, which it resembles at first glance, but with shorter leaves
and elongated scapes, the flowers deep brown-purple, and scarcely one-third the size
of that species. The capitulum in E. ovalifolium, like the present, is made up of
several sessile involucres, which are sometimes nearly smooth, the perianth also is
very unequal, three of the outer segments being nearly round-oval, while the inner
are oblong.

Has. In the Rocky Mountains, on the western slope.

The character of the genus Eviogonum, of which there are so many species,
perhaps deserves some additional consideration. The genus, as founded on E.
tomentosum of Michaux, possesses yet some peculiarities not common to the rest of
the genus ; among the rest of its characters I may remark, that in place of the interior
segments of the perianth being smaller, it is the reverse ; the perianth increases in
size with the perfecting of the fruit, and asin Rwmez, the three inner segments are
larger and erect, the three outer reflected; the next discrepancy in the character, as
given by authors, is in the condition of the embryo, which is placed in the centre or
axis of the seed, and is not as described excentric.

In E. longifolium, besides a remarkable difference in habit, the perianth is wholly
herbaceous, very lanuginous, and the segments all so very equal, as to appear, at

166 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

length, almost disposed in a simple series; the achenium is also lanuginous, and the
seed presents, as in Li. tomentosum, a concentric embryo. For E. longifolium I
would therefore propose the name of TracnyrTueEca, excluding every other species.
It is the first species of the section Er1antua of Bentham, which name, in not being
exclusive, and too near Erianthus, cannot properly be employed for the present plant.
It is very peculiar in its solitary leaves and alternate branches.

In all the rest of this numerous genus, the outer segments of the perianth, which
increase a little in size, are either larger and erect, or all nearly equal. In these,
some of which have the embryo excentric and others concentric, the subgeneric name
of OLycoconum may be applied, but whether any other subdivision may be made by
the condition of the embryo is at present uncertain. In E. flavum I believe the
embryo is exceutric, but how far that species connects itself to any others of similar
form, rernains to be examined.

* BUCYCLA.t+

Perianth membranaceous, coloured, petaloid, dimorphous, the three outer divisions
orbicular, concave; the three inner linear-oblong, emarginate, connivent into a
cylinder. Stamens nine; with short filaments, membranous at base. Styles three,
of moderate length, with small, capitate stigmas. Achenium attenuated, triangular.
Embryo excentric ; radicle superior ; cotyledons flat.

E. *ovatrrot1a.—Leaves all radical, short and roundish-ovate, whitely tomentose ; capitulum made up of
several sessile, whitely tomentose involucres ; outer segments of the yellow perianth rather narrower
at base, the inner emarginate segments exserted.

Erigonum ovalifolium. Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad.
Has. Sources of the Missouri. Flowers bright yellow.

E. *purrurea. Leaves all radical, short and roundish ovate, whitely tomentose ; capitulum made up of
several sessile, smoothish, tomentosely margined involucres; outer segments of the purple perianth
orbicular, sometimes emarginate at base ; the inner emarginate, narrow, segments scarcely exserted.

Scape abouta span high, arising from a multifid woody caudex ; flower larger than
in the preceding, and purple ; filaments much shorter than the perianth, with a torn
membranous margin, at base three stamens seated on each of the inner narrow
segments ; embryo rather short.

Has. Rocky Mountains.

CHORIZANTHE.

C. *nupicaute. Annual; radical leaves narrow spathulate, pubescent, with long, slender petioles,
tomentose beneath ; scapiform stem nearly naked, the summit trichotomous, the branchlets once or
twice bifid, the flowers cymosely conglomerated; stem and very unequal toothed involucrum
lanuginous ; segments of the sessile exserted, perianth oblong, obtuse.

{ In reference to the circular figure of the perianth.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 167

An annual, about ten to twelve or fourteen inches high, with a few narrow
spathulate leaves, greenish, but pubescent above, whitish and tomentose beneath.
Clusters of flowers crowded; the perianth apparently rose colour, much exserted,
with the segments oblong.

Has. Santa Barbara, Upper California. Flowering in April.

C. *ancustirotia. Annual and small; leaves all linear-spathulate, softly lanuginous, as well as the
branches ; stem trichotomous, the heads of flowers somewhat racemose ; involucrum pilose, with very
unequal, uncinate spreading teeth, subulate to their base ; perianth minute, the segments obtuse and
without points.

A small, slender annual, three to five inches high, covered with whitish, long,
woolly hairs. Leaves not more than a line broad, radical, one to two inches long,
with very slender petioles. Stem leafy to the summit, bi- or trichotomous, the heads
of flowers disposed in a sort of cymose raceme. ‘Teeth of the involucrum brownish-
yellow, very unequal and strongly hooked, wholly subulate, without any membranous
expansion, the teeth twice the length of the cup of the involucrum. Perianth sessile,
with oblong, obtuse segments, which are not mucronulate.

Has. Pueblo los Angeles, Upper California. Flowering in April.

C. *piscotor. Annual or biennial, and rather dwarf; leaves all radical in a rosulate cluster, the primary
nearly smooth, rather large, spathulate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, rather smooth above, whitely
tomentose beneath ; the petioles, stem and involucrum very hairy; the involucrum with spreading,
very unequal teeth subulate to their base; scape low, doubly trichotomous, the flowers in cymose

clusters.

A smallish species, three to five inches high. Leaves with their longish petioles
two to two and a half inches long, about half an inch wide. ‘The involucrum with
the teeth slightly uncinate, two of them very small.

Has. St. Diego, Upper California.

C. *procumsens. Annual or biennial, softly pilose ; leaves spathulate, rather small; stem nearly naked,
procumbent, the branches extremely divaricate and fragile, cymose ; flowers in small Clusters ;
involucrnm with the teeth subulate to the base, slightly uncinate, unequal ; perianth segments oblong,
entire, (yellow,) pubescent.

A very remarkable species by its procumbent habit and extreme fragility; the
branchlets and clusters of flowers disjointing into numerous fragments on the
slightest touch, like a Loranthus.

Hab. With the above. Flowering in April and May. (Nuttall.)

C. *uncinata. Like the preceding, but with the teeth of the involucrum strongly and remarkably
uncinate and nearly equal ; the tube is almost smooth and strongly ribbed ; it is likewise yellowish, as
well as the pubescent perianth.

Has. With the above. (Nuttall.)
43

168 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

§. *PTILOsEPALA. Perianth exserted ; the segments oblong, deeply fringed towards
their base, (red,) styles very long.

C. *rmpriata. Annual; leaves all radical, spathulate-oval, pilose beneath ; scape trichotomous ; flowers
in compound cymes ; involucrum pubescent, the teeth subulate, unequal; perianth torn at the sides
into long capillary fringe.

Three to five inches high, erect, with a rather large trichotomous cymose panicle,
the flowers sessile and mostly distinct. Segments of the perianth exserted, bright
rose red below, within the involucrum membranous. The joints of the cyme fragile.

Has. With the above. (Nuttall.)

PTEROSTEGIA.

P. *DIPHYLLA. ©. Pubescent; leaflets binate, each division obcordate or bilobed ; common petiole on the

lower leaves very long ; achenium with the angles acute.
. *prLoBA. Leaves nearly all two-lobed, the lobes sometimes emarginated.
B y 8

A diffuse prostrate annual, with straggling forked branches, the leaflets almost
like some Ozalis, small, about three to four lines long, and about the same breadth,
the lower petioles more than an inch long; margins of the two-leaved involucrum
denticulate, scattered, with small hooked hairs, the crests nearly entire on the
margin, and partly folded up at the lower edge.

Has. Near Santa Barbara. Flowering in May.

P. *micropHyLLa. ©. Somewhat hirsute ; leaflets binate, the lower ones twice compounded, divisions
obcordate or unequally bilobed, the lobes sometimes with a single tooth ; common petiole on the lower

leaves elongated, the upper leaves sessile ; achenium with obtuse angles.
Has. With the above, which it greatly resembles, but always smaller leaved and

more pubescent.
*NEMACAULIS.+

Involucrum, none ; the flowers monoicous, disposed in round clusters at the joints
of the filiform stem, subtended and mixed with elliptical bractes. Perianth obconic,
six-cleft. Stamens three. Styles three, very short, with small subcapitate stigmas.
Achenium ovoid, angular only at the summit.—Californian annuals, the leaves
wholly, and the bractes on the upper side densely and whitely tomentose; stems
smooth or viscid, filiformly elongated and nearly naked, with the flowers disposed in
sessile round heads at the joints of the stem, and subtended and mixed with small,
elliptical, marginated bractes. The flowers resemble those of Eriogonum, but the
habit, absence of involucrum, and paucity of stamens, at once distinguish it.

N. *penupata. Roots long and slender, filiform. Leaves spathulate-cuneate, attenuated below into a
petiole one and a half to two inches long, densely lanuginous, stems three to five from the same root,

t From the singular prostrate, thread-like stem.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 169

smooth and wiry, rigidly horizontal, at the first or second joint, bearing afew leaves below the
capitulum, the joints not deciduous; heads of flowers about the size of peas, bearing ten or more
flowers each, subtended with, and mixed up with the elliptic bractes, which are margined and smooth
beneath, densely woolly like the leaves of some Gnaphalium above; perianth exserted a little on a
Jointed peduncle, brownish, with white margins to the oval obtuse segments; some flowers appear to
be hermaphrodite, others with stamens only.

Has. St. Diego, Upper California, in sandy places, near to the sea shore.

Flowering in April and May. (Nuttall.)

N. *rouiosa. With the above, from which it perhaps is not distinct; the leaves are much longer, the
stem a little glutinous, and with most of the joints of the latter leafy.

*OXYTHECA.+

Dioicous or monoicous. Involucrum small, four to five-toothed. obconic, few-
flowered, (three to five,) the teeth mostly spinulose. Female perianth closed to the
summit, about six-toothed; male and hermaphrodite shortly six-cleft. Stamens
about six? Achenium compressed, two-sided, elliptic. Style three. Embryo ~
excentric, in a somewhat fleshy perisperm, antitropus. Cotyledones oval, flat;
radicle elongated, curved.—Annuals, with the leaves generally hirsute, nearly all
radical ; panicle or branches trichotomous and very divaricate, the ramifications
subtended by verticillated bractes, free or united, intoa cup. Involucres very small,
solitary and pedicellate, four to five-toothed, the teeth terminating in very long,
sharp, rigid bristles, more rarely unarmed ; perianth pubescent ; the branches clothed
with viscid, pedicellate glands. Somewhat allied to Chorizanthe, but with the
involucrum more than one-flowered, and the achenium compressed.

O. *penprorpea. Leaves all linear, radical, hirsute; scape divaricately di- and trichotomous ; peduncles
capillary ; involucrum about three-flowered ; awns twice the length of the involucrum.

A slender annual, about four to six inches high; the leaves in a rosulate cluster,
imbricated round the caudex; about one to one and a half inches long, and less than
aline wide; very hirsute, and strongly revolute; the bractes at the divisions of the
stem divided at the base; about three flowers in an involucrum; perianth of the
female flower pubescent, nearly entire, and closed around the achenium to its summit,
which slightly projects, purplish at the point, exserted from the involucrum ; achenium
compressed, lenticular, strongly adhering to the perianth, with a projecting triangular
summit; styles three, very slender, and rather short.

Has. On the sand hills of the Rocky Mountains, near Lewis’ River.

O. *rotiosa. Leaves linear-lanceolate, hirsute; divisions of the trichotomous stem subtended by verticils

of leaves ; awns of the involucrum about its length.

t In allusion to the peculiar involucrum.

170 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

Haz. With the above, which it much resembles; it is, however, a much stouter
plant. The leaves about two inches long and two or three lines wide.

§. *GoMPHOTHECA.—Divoicous. Annual; stem naked, verticillately branched and
very divaricate. Involucrum small, about five-toothed, five-flowered ; without awns.

O. *aLanpuLosa. Leaves all radical, roundish and pilose ; branches verticillate, branchlets very numerous
and divaricate, the ultimate ones and pedicels capillary ; flowers exserted, pubescent.

Stems and branches about a foot high; leaves thick and fleshy, green, but
pubescent, particularly along the under nerves, on longish petioles, about half
an inch wide and the same in length; stem simple and naked, dividing
verticillately a few inches from the root; every branchlet and pedicel arising from
a small three-cleft involucrum ; branches and pedicels dark purple; perianth very
pubescent; the segments linear-lanceolate, and acute; the achenium, as in some
Polygonums, is only two-sided, or elliptic, and compressed when ripe ; branches
and peduncles covered with pedicellate, viscid glands; involucrum small and
smooth.

Has. Rocky Mountains of Upper California.

*STENOGONUM.f

Monoicous. Involucrum none. Flowers naked, in axillary clusters. Perianth
triangular, six-cleft. Stamens six? Styles minute, with capitate stigmas. Achenium
conic, triangular, the angles sharp and salient, with a margin. A small, smooth,
rather succulent annual plant of the Rocky Mountains, dichotomously subdivided
and branched; leaves entire, opposite or ternate; flowers yellow, in axillary and
terminal clusters, subtended by small, similar, leafy bractes. In the want of
involucrum, approaching Nemacaulis, but the habit, flower and achenium are very
distinct.

S. *satsucinosum. A small annual, about two to three inches high. Leaves linear, spathulate, about an
inch long, one to two lines wide. Flowers in sessile clusters, in the forks, and at the extremities of
the branches, subtended by an irregular circie of smaller leaves; perianth greenish, the border
segments yellow; no stamens in the female flowers; no germs in the male flowers ; embryo inclined
to one side of the farinaceous perisperm ; the cotyledons oval and flat; the radicle elongated, and
curved in a contrary direction to the base of the nub.

Has. Bare saline hills of the Colorado of the West, in the Rocky Mountains.
F lowering in June and July. (Nuttall.)

+ In allusion to the sharp and slender angles of the achenium.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. Ly a:

*HELIOMERIS.t+

Capitulum many-flowered, heterogamous ; rays ligulate, in a single series, neuter ;
discal florets tubular, hermaphrodite. Involucrum irregularly imbricated and leafy,
in about two series, and rather spreading. Receptacle conic, the palea embracing the
florets, lanceolate and acute. Corolla, rays ligulate, (10—12,) those of the disk
tubular, the tube short, throat wide and cylindric, border five-toothed. Stigmata
with oblong tips. Achenia laterally compressed, somewhat tetragonous, smooth, and
without any pappus.

A perennial tall herb, exactly resembling an Helianthus, with narrow, entire,
somewhat scabrous leaves, the lower ones opposite; flowers yellow, terminal,
numerous.

H. *mvuttirtorus. A stoutish perennial, three or four feet high, much branched ; stems terete and striated ;
leaves narrow, lanceolate, entire, nearly sessile, above somewhat scabrous, opposite below, on the
branchlets alternate ; flowers terminal, numerous and showy, bright yellow, with ten to twelve
rays, sometimes with deeper discoloured blotches towards the base or lower half, entire and oblong ;
leaflets of the calyx, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat spreading, in nearly a simple series; achenia
black and smooth. Scarcely distinguishable from Helianthus, except by a short conic receptacle, and
naked seeds.

Has. Mountains of Upper California, (Dr. Gambel,) and was also collected in the

Rocky Mountains by Mr. Gordon.
CHRYSOTHAMNUS.

C. *pEpressus. Suffruticose and dwarf, nearly smooth; leaves rigid, lance-linear, very acute, one-
nerved ; flowers in small corymbs ; involucrum closely imbricated, the scales in five rows, lanceolate,
acutely acuminated, smooth, the lowest very small, one-nerved and somewhat carinate; pappus
fulvous.

Nearly allied to C. pumilus, but with a different involucrum. Achenia smooth,
five ribbed.
Has. Inthe Sierra of Upper California.

Chrysothamnus, by Torrey and Gray, has been referred to the genus Linosyris, of
the old world, with which, as I conceive, they have little if any affinity, as must appear
on comparing the characters of the two genera. Taking L. vulgaris for the type of
the genus, we observe that the hemispherical involucrum is scarcely imbricated, leafy
externally, with about one row, or scarcely two of scales, which are nearly flat; the
florets very numerous, are very deeply divided; the stigmas are elongated; the
summit or appendage short and ovate, much shorter than the lower or stigmatic
portion. Pappus very copious, and scabrous, in several series, scarcely longer than

t In allusion to its close affinity to Helianthus,

44

172 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

the achenium. Achenium oblanceolate, and compressed, sericeous villous, with only
two marginal lines. Receptacle conspicuous, with alveolar margins.

In the present genus the involucrum is imbricated distinctly, in three to five series
of subcarinated scales, the lowest very small. The florets few in number, have a
short, five-cleft border. The processes of the style are long and subulate, much
exceeding the lower, naked portion. Pappus slender, much less copious, and not so
scabrous as in the preceding; more than double the length of the achenium,
Achenium somewhat cylindric, smooth, about five lined. Receptacle very small and
smooth.

*OXYTENIA.+

Capitulum heterogamous, many-flowered, the marginal ones in a single series,
apetalous and feminine. Florets of the disk tubular, masculine. Involucrum
composed of a single series of imbricated, ovate, rather rigid scales, (about five.)
Receptaculum small and flat ; its palea narrow, spathulate and membranaceous, tufted
with long hairs. Mate FLtowers.—Corolla obconic, with a narrow tube; border
five-toothed. Anthers distinct. Frmate.—Corolla none. Stigmata terete, filiform,
smooth. Achenia bluntly obovate, obcompressed and ridged on the inner side, covered
with dense white hairs, situated beneath the scales of the involucrum and without

pappus.

O. *acerosa. A stout shrub? with soft wood, (a branch of which, one of the specimens, is not less than
three feet long ;) every part of the plant (in a dried state; at least) covered with a fine close down,
Leaves alternate, four to eight inches long, acerosely, linear and rigid, like those of a pine tree, nearly
sessile, pinnatifid, with about two pair of segments, or simply trifid ; both above and below simple ; the
divisions about the usual width of the leaves of the common Scotch fur, grooved beneath, but so closely
revolute as to be terete. Flowers in terminal fascicles or divided branchlets. In some specimens, the
capitulum appears to be smaller and the achenia more woolly, with only about ten male florets, while
in others the infertile central florets are about twenty ; the latter appear, therefore, to be male plants
chiefly, but they have also female flowers, which are less woolly ; involucrum roundish, of five ovate,
acute, imbricated scales; male florets obconic, with a slender tube, covered with yellow glands ;
anthers free ; stigmas slender, filiform ; radial florets about five, the number of the involucrum scales ;
corolla none ; stigmas two, sometimes, short, linear-oblong, smooth ; achenia obovate, truncate, rigid
internally, covered (particularly towards the summit,) with Jong conspicuous white hairs.

A large, erect, spreading bush, with the inflorescence of an Iva; the leaves
alternate, acerosely linear and rigid, pinnately divided into trific or more compound
divisions ; capituli sessile, arranged in a compound panicle, as in many Artemzsias.
The whole plant very bitter, but with very little aroma. In habit more allied to
Artemisia than Iva. Appears to be nearly related to Euphrosyne of Decandolle, as
wellas to Pycrothamnus and Cyclachena, which last, however, is not sufficiently
distinct from Iva.

t From ofvrevns acuminate. In allusion to the rigid narrow foliage.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 173

Has. Rocky Mountains, near Upper California. Flowering in October and
November.

GNAPHALIUM.

G. *ramosissimum. Stem tall and stout, very much branched, the branches fastigiate; leaves and stem
green but pubescent, the former linear-lanceolate, acuminate, strongly decurrent, viscidly pubescent ;
heads mostly pedunculate in scattered corymbs; scales of the yellowish-white involucrum, oblong-
lanceolate, subacute, longer than the florets; achenia smooth.

A large plant, five or six feet high. Leaves somewhat like those of G. decurrens,
but green on both surfaces; the upper leaves and branchlets tomentose, but not
canescent; the capituli campanulate, distinctly pedicellate, or with two heads
approaching each other on shortish stalks. The whole plant exhales the strong
peculiar odour of G. decurrens.

Has. Monterey. California. Flowering in September and October.

HELENIUM.

H. pupervLum. (Decand.) Florets of the disk mostly five-toothed, pedicels very
long and divaricate. Rays mostly three-cleft. Heads spherical and large.

Has. St. Simeon, Upper California.

STEPHANOMERIA.

S. *erata. Stems stout, erect, grooved and attenuated upwards; leaves almost filiformly linear, the lowest
somewhat pinnatifid, the upper laciniately toothed at the embracing base ; flowers in a small terminal
panicle, (blue,) florets about ten ; achenia cylindric-oblong, five-grooved, somewhat rugose.

Plant (probably perennial) three to four feet high, the stem perfectly simple, to the
commencement of the flower branches, each of these bear three to four flowers,
apparently blue. Involucrum and branchlets sprinkled with resinous dots.
Involucrum ovoid and caliculate, of six to eight leaflets in a single series. Florets
deeply five-toothed, style and stigmas somewhat hispid. Achenia pale brown,
oblong-cylindric, obtuse, with five, obtuse, rather rugulose ribs ; rays of the pappus
about fifteen to twenty, white, plumose hairs, rather naked toward their base.

Has. Santa Barbara, Upper California.

PTILOMERIS.

P. *renetta. Pappus of eight to ten, cuneiform, obtuse fringed scales, in the rays minute; involucrum
campanulate, about eight-leaved ; scales ovate, somewhat obtuse ; leaves mostly opposite, pinnatifid,

the divisions few, narrow linear.

174 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

Very distinct from the Hymenoxys Californica of Hooker, (Ptilomeris Californica,)
by its reduced size and smaller number of parts throughout, otherwise its habit and
that of the following, are still very similar.

An annual, four to five inches high, the stem and pedicels more or less pilose.
The leaves small, except the radical ones, simply pinnatifid, with capillary and
nearly simple segments, all usually terminated with a blunt gland. Pedicels
elongated. Involucrum campanulate, of about eight ovate, subcarinated scales, (as
usual in the genus, arranged ina single series, so that the involucrum is either
hemispherical or campanulate, according to the number of its leaves or scales,) rays
about eight, oval, and short, scarcely emarginate, nearly entire; the radial achenia
subfusiform, curved, and embraced asin the rest of the genus, by a fold in the scales of
the involucrum, crowned by a very short and blunt pappus, similar to that of the discal
florets, but nearly abortive. Achenia somewhat terete, minutely scabrous, and partly
fusiform, in the ray sterile, discal florets with a slender tube. Rezeptacle small,
smooth, and naked, conical.

Has. In the vicinity of Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California. Flowering in
April.

P. *arrinis. Similar to the preceding, excepting the pappus, which is fimbriate along the margin of the
narrow scales, all terminating in awns, excepting the rays, which have the same short awnless pappus
as in the preceding.

Has. With the former. ‘That these are true species, as well as the one which I
called P. coronaria, I am persuaded by the fact of their retaining the same relative
character when cultivated.

One of the species of this very distinct genus, (of which the seeds were sent to
London from my growing plants in Philadelphia,) having been hastily referred in
the Botanical Magazine to the genus Hymenoxys of Cassini, the rest of the species I
described in the Philosophical Transactions have by Torrey and Gray been also
placed in that very distinct genus, to which they have in fact no affinity, or external
resemblance in habit. In Hymenozys, the involucrum is biserial, with rigid
appressed scales, of which the interior are longer ; the achenia also are turbinate, and,
as in Actinea, covered with erect, very copious, silky hairs; the rays are also, as in
that genus, three-lobed at the extremity ; the pappus is always entire, acuminately
awned and consimilar. They are perennials, (at least the section Ozypappus,) and
one of them was referred, even by H B. and Kunth tothe genus Actinea. I have
also examined specimens of two or three species of Hymenozxys, in the herbarium of
Fielding, Esq. of Lancaster, (England,) and perceive no affinity.

In revising my specimens, I find that the dissemilar radial florets are always
embraced in a central fold of the scales of the involucrum, somewhat after the

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 175

manner of those of the ray in the Mapre#, and that though provided with a short
style they are infertile.

HEMIZONIA.

H. *pecumsens. Annual, hirsute, pubescent; heads nearly solitary at the summit of the branches; leaves
entire, linear, rather obtuse ; rays ten to fifteen, cuneate, three-lobed ; achenia rugose, with a short
curved beak ; pappus of the disk flowers none.

A good deal resembling H. fasciculata, but in the two specimens from which I
have described, the leaves appear to be all entire. About a foot high and rather
decumbent. The flowers yellow, rather scattered, disk flowers enclosed in a cup
formed by the union of the inner row of receptacular carinate scales. Stigmas
filiform, branchlets and involucrum sprinkled with resinous glands.

Has. Near Monterey, California. ©

§. Mapiomerts. Heads hemispherical, many flowered, corymbose ; rays twenty to
twenty-five, receptacular chaff, in a single series, not united; pappus none; leaves

pinnatifid.

H. *macrocepuata. Annual? hirsute; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, acute, upper ones entire and sessile ;
flowers subcorymbose, head hemispherical, many-flowered ; rays twenty to thirty, cuneate, three-
lobed ; achenia incurved, rugulose, with an oblique apex and stipitate at the base.

About a foot high, more or less clad with long hirsute hairs. Flowers about the
size and appearance of those of Madarza elegans, bright yellow. Stigmas very long
and filiform in the rays, in those of the discal florets hispid and much shorter.
Achenia convex externally, and rugulose internally, angular, with a short incurved
beak, having a circular cicatrice, and attenuated into a slender stipe at the base.
Discal florets densely bearded or fimbriate along the margin of the dentures, their
infertile germs oblanceolate and flat. Anthers with broad ovate cups. Leaves of
the involucrum linear-lanceolate, leafy and very hairy.

Has. At St. Simeon, Upper California.

MONOLOPIA.

M. *tanceotata. Young branches and leaves at first somewhat tomentose, at length nearly smooth ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, distantly and irregularly toothed, sessile, all alternate, above entire and
amplexicaule, acute ; peduncles tomentose; leaves of the involucrum usually eight, ovate, divided
nearly to the base; rays a little longer than the disk; florets all fertile; receptacle conic, smooth,
with projecting papilla.

A tall stout annual herb, two feet or more in height, and considerably branched, with
much the aspect of Chrysanthemum segetum. Leaves two to four inches long, the
45

176 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

lower ones irregularly repand toothed, about half an inch wide; on the stem, except
at the base, amplexicaule; young shoots and branches softly tomentose as in a
Gnaphalium ; peduncles very long and tomentose, one-flowered. Flowers yellow and
showy. ‘The involucrum of about eight to ten ovate, acute, greenish leaves, in a
single series, divided nearly to the base. Rays eight to ten, cuneate-oval, entire, or
two or three toothed, a little longer than the disk, furnished with obtuse, smooth
stigmas, and a small, indistinct toothed appendage behind the stigmas. Florets of
the disk with a narrow smooth tube, the teeth on the inner margins furnished with
numerous threads, which when moistened extend themselves, and appear numerously
jointed. All the florets in this plant are fertile. Achenia without pappus, obovoid,
compressed, four-angled, a little pilose, the central angles much less salient.
Receptacle conic, covered with elevated points, on which the seeds have been seated.
Has. Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California. Flowering in April.

ACHYRACHAENA.

A. mous. A small slender annual, bearing a terminal and sometimes two or
three lateral capituli ; root leaves smooth, the rest linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed,
attenuated below into a longish peduncle, covered sparingly with a silky pubescence.
The involucrum of six lanceolate silky leaves, embracing the three-toothed radial
yellow florets nearly to their summit; the inner scales of the involucrum ten to
twelve, lanceolate, and membranaceous nearly to their summits. Radial florets with
long exserted styles, and filiform, rather acute stigmas. Achenia of the ray without
pappus, those of disk numerous, elongated, narrow and compressed, with ten rather
scabrous ribs. -Pappus of the discal florets very long, convolute in two series of
about eight to ten scales, the outer shorter, all eroded and truncated at the apex.
One of the true Mapiex, and in some respects allied to Lagophylla, in the involucrum
palea and rays, and to Antsocarpus in the chaff of the discal florets.

Has. Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California. Flowering in April.

ERIGERON.

E. *stenopuyttum. Nearly smooth, stem even and cylindric, corymbose at the summit; leaves filiform,
rather numerous and scattered, minutely scabrous; involucrum about three series, scales linear-
lanceolate, acute ; rays numerous, elongated, (thirty or more,) two to three toothed; pappus fulvous,
scabrous, with an outer short white series; achenia nearly smooth and compressed.

Two to three feet high, with a very smooth cylindric stem, and numerous scattered
filiform leaves ; flowers white and rather large, (about the magnitude of the common
Daisy,) branchlets sometimes more than one-flowered, corymb of about seven to ten
~ branchlets.

Has. In California, (Monterey ?)

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. Wing.

E. Fotiosum. Rays narrow and very long. Achenium rather hirsute towards
the summit. Corymb with about seven to nine heads. A true species of
Erigeron.

Has. Monterey, California.

CHAINACTIS.

C.*penupata. Biennial; glandularly pubescent; peduncles exceedingly long; involucrum viscidly
pubescent, rather tomentose ; scales linear-lanceolate ; ray-flowers irregular, expanded, shorter than
the disk.

Very nearly allied to C. lanosa, but with a distinct habit. Apparently a very
large species, with nearly naked peduncles more than a foot long, occasionally only
bearing one or two simple leaves. The leaves are pinnately parted, on slender
petioles, with three or four segments on aside. Flowers yellow, rather large, the
rays very evidently lobed. Achenia black, narrow fusiform, nearly glabrous, with a
pappus of about four lanceolate slightly lacerate scales.

Has. Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California.

DIETERIA.

§. Siperanruus. Involucrum hemispherical, the scales linear and acute ; achenia
obovoid and compressed, in the young state with numerous striatures, at length
covered with a silky villus ; pappus of several series of unequal scabrous bristles, the
outer series shorter and more slender, (those in the ray, as in the rest of the genus,
much shorter and less numerous.) Biennial or perennial, leaves pinnately lobed or
incised ; the lobes ciliated or pointed with bristles. Receptacle fimbrillate or chaffy.
Flowers of one colour.

D. spinutosa. Nott. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1. c. p. 301. Szderanthus
spinulosus. Nutrauu in Fraser’s Catalogue, (1813.) Amellus? spinulosus. Pursu.
Flor., v. 1. p. 564, (from the specimen which I gave to Mr. Lambert.) Torrey,
Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 213. Starkea? pinnata. Nutr. Gen. Am. ii. p. 169.
Diplopappus pinnatifidus. Woox. Flor. Bor. Amer. il. p. 22. Aplopappus spinulosus.
Decanp. v. p. 347. Torrey & Gray, Flor. Am. 11. 240.

D. rusicinosa. Aplopappus rubiginosus. ‘Torrey & Gray, Flor. Am. ii. p. 240.

D. *cracitis. Biennial, erect ; stem pilose, branched above, the one-flowered slender branchlets forming
a fastigiate corymb; lower leaves pilose, pinnatifid; the segments oblong, obtuse, upper leaves
linear, simple and sessile, entire, or minutely toothed, strongly ciliated with slender white bristles,

which terminate all the lobes of the leaves; involucrum not viscid.

178 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

A slender biennial, with a fusiform, simple root, about eight to ten inches high.
Radical leaves very hairy, pinnatifid, attenuated with slender petioles, little more
than an inch long. Branchlets rather long and slender, often forked ; each of the
slender branchlets one-flowered ; stem leaves linear, very elegantly ciliated, by white
pellucid bristles about a line long. Heads hemispherical; the scales of the
involucrum in about three series, acute, rays fifteen or sixteen, with a much shorter
and less copious pappus than the discal florets. Discal florets narrow and cylindric,
with very small teeth. Stigmas pubescent, lanceolate, with filiform terminations.
Pappus bright brown, by transmitted light orange or flame red, in two series, or of
two kinds, some of the scabrous bristles being two or three times as thick as the
others, which are shorter, and appear to be an outer series. The receptacle is covered
with rather long white acuminate palea. Achenium obovate, compressed, at first
multistriate ; at length the ribs are hidden with a silky villous.

Has. Near Santa Fé, (New Mexico.) Flowering in August.

MICROPUS.

M. *netTeropuytius. Annual, erect, simple, slender ; densely lanuginous above, tomentose below ; leaves
below linear acute, above lanceolate, obtuse and sessile; capituli lateral and terminal, more densely
lanuginous ; discal florets about five, masculine three to five.

Very nearly allied to M. angustifolius, but the heads appear larger and more
woolly, and the upper leaves are different..
Has. Santa Barbara, Upper California.

POLY PAPPUS.

P. *sericeus. Shrubby; younger branches and leaves sericeous; branches very leafy, ending in small
corymbose clusters of flowers; leaves lanceolate-linear, one-nerved, entire, acute, at length nearly

smooth ; achenia smooth.

A rather large shrub, the branches striate and terete, rather whitely pubescent.
Leaves alternate, one to one and a half inches long, one to two lines wide, crowded
together so as to hide the stem. Involucrum small, tomentose, campanulate, the
scales ovate in several series, the inner lacerate on the margin. Flowers (in the only
imperfect specimen I have seen,) apparently male. Receptacle flat and naked.
Rudimental achenia smooth and subcylindric, with five strie, and terminated by a
pappus of about ten rather unequal thickly clavellated hairs. Bitter and astringent
to the taste.

Has. Rocky Mountains of Upper California.

—

aa

ee ee SS

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 179

BULBOSTYLIS.

§. *Psatuyrotus.t Annual, and dichotomously branched; involucrum of a
nearly single series of loosely imbricated, slightly striated scales ; pappus short and
scabrous, shorter than the florets; style not bulbous; achenia turbinate, densely
villous.

B. *annua. Very dwarf and dichotomously branched, clothed everywhere with greenish furfuraceous
scales, and somewhat viscid; leaves cuneate-obovate, toothed at the apex; flowers nearly sessile,
crowded into an irregular corymb.

Flowers ochroleucous, twenty or more florets in the oblong involucrum, scales few,
linear-lanceolate, the innermost chaffy. Receptacle, small, naked, branches of the
style filiform, obtuse, included. Pappus brownish, not very copious, and short.
Plant about four or five inches high.

Has. Rocky Mountains, near Santa Fé.

QUERCUS.

Q. *camBeLtt. Leaves obovate, shortly petiolate, narrowed below, sinuately lobed, dilated and somewhat
three-lobed at the summit, beneath pubescent, the lobes rather obtuse, the upper ones subdentate ;
fruit sessile, small, the cup hemispherical, scales ovate-acute ; the glande ovate and acute, about half
immersed in the cup ; the conic summit short.

With the aspect of our northern oaks, but very distinct ; in the leaf approaching a
little to L. obtuszloba, but without any near affinity.
Has. On the banks of the Rio del Norte, but not abundant.

OROBANCHE.

O.*muLTiIrLtora. Pubescent; branching from the base; flowers subimbricated, scales lanceolate-acute ;
peduncles very short; flowers purplish, recurved; calyx deeply five-cleft, bibracteate at base ;
segments long and linear ; anthers tufted with hairs,

Hight or nine inches high, and very robust, branching from the base. The whole
plant clothed with short soft hairs. Scales lanceolate and acuminate. Calyx deeply
five-cleft, the segments long and linear; two long bractes immediately beneath the
calyx. Corolla pubescent, pale below, the border purplish blue, upper lip bifid, the
lower trifid, segments short and oblong. Anthers whitish, with tufts of white hairs
above, shortly awned at the base. Seeds minute and numerous, light brown, covered
with impressed punctures.

Has. Sandy ground along the borders of the Rio del Norte. Flowering in
September.

tIn reference to the extreme fragility of the branches.

46

180 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

GYMNOCAULIS.

G. FascicuLaTa. Orobanche (Gymnocaulis) fasciculata. Nutr. Gen. Am. i.
p. 59. Since this name was proposed, ENnpLicner, in his great work on the
Genera of Plants, has founded his genus ANopLanruus on the original congener of
Gymnocaulis uniflora, which in the Genera I altered to G. dzflora, as being the true
state of the infloresence; it ought, however, notwithstanding, to prevent greater
confusion, to remain G. uniflora.

ASCLEPIAS.

A. *macropuyLia. Stem erect and smooth; leaves verticillate in threes or fours, very long and smooth,
linear-lanceolate, below and on the branches opposite, on very short petioles; peduncles shorter than
the leaves; umbels and flowers rather small and smooth ; lobes of the corolla oblong-ovate ; process
of the nectaries strongly curved, acute; stype of the nectaries rather short.

About three feet high. Leaves near a span long, very distant. The first pair
opposite, as well as the upper, and those on the branches. Fowers small, greenish-
white, with some brown, very much like those of A. verticillata, to which it is allied,
though remotely.

Has. Near Monterey, Upper California.

STANLEYA.

S. *rruticosa. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, entire, or sparingly denticulate, attenuated into a longish
petiole; lamina of the petals longer than the claws; stipe more than twice the length of the pedicel.

A shrubby species, with flowers very similar to those of S. pinnatifida. Leaves
two to two and a half inches long, less than half an inch wide, the uppermost linear,
all thick and apparently succulent.

Has. Rocky Mountains of California.

BARTONIA.

B. *muLtirtora. Biennial? stem smooth, white and shining, corymbosely branched; leaves narrow-
lanceolate, sinuate, pinnatifid, attenuated below and sessile ; flowers subtended by one or two linear
bractes; petals ten, oblong-oval, obtuse ; capsule urceolate, with three to four valves; segments of
the calyx long and subulate ; seeds in a double series, winged.

About two feet high, dichotomously and numerously branched. Flowers
corymbose, terminating the branches, three or four together, but distinct, rather small.
Petals about three-fourths of an inch long, apparently straw-white, as in B. ornata,
the inner smaller. Calyx with very long, subulate points. Capsule urceolate, rather
large for the plant ; three-fourths of an inch long and two or three lines wide. Style
elongated, filiform, placentas succulent, the seeds thickish, and with a winged

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 181

margin, pale brown. Leaves rather narrow, and rough, as usual ; two to three inches
long, narrowed below, about half an inch wide.

Has. Sandy hills along the borders of the Rio del Norte. Santa Fé, (Mexico.)
Flowering in August.

NICOTIANA.

N. *caupata. Annual; leaves lanceolate, sessile, acuminated with very long caudated points; flowers
conglomerated in a terminal panicle upon short peduncles ; segments of the calyx and corolla much
acuminated.

With a very extraordinary character, still closely allied to N. tabacum. ‘The lower
lanceolate leaves are not less than eighteen inches long, with slender acuminated
points in addition, of five or six inches in length. Segments of the calyx pubescent,
and viscid, lanceolate, and much acuminated. Corolla pale red, with a long, slender,
viscidly pubescent tube, more than an inch in length.

Has. Near Monterey, Upper California.

SAMOLUS.
S. FLoripuNDus, (Kunth.) Santa Barbara.

SIEVERSIA.
S. parapoxa. Don. Lin. Trans. v. 14, t. 22. f. 7—10. Fallugia, (Endlicher.)
Gen. No. 6385.

A common straggling bush, four or five feet high, with very showy racemes of
bright yellow flowers. Dr. Gambel states that the branches are collected by the
inhabitants and tied together for the purpose of making brooms. Flowers in July
and August. Not sufficiently distinguishable from Sveversza, and ought to form a
mere division in that genus.

Has. Santa Fé, New Mexico.

ERIODYCTION.

E. *ancustirotium. Stem and younger leaves glutinous; leaves long, linear, entire, revolute on the
margin ; beneath canescent and reticulated; flowers small, in paniculate cymes; sepals linear,
somewhat hirsute.

Allied to E. glutinosum, but with much narrower leaves. Flowers (apparently
small,) disposed in a panicle near a foot in length; the branches terminating in bifid
or trifid conjugate spikes or cymes. Leaves linear, crowded, three or four inches
long, entire, one to two lines wide; when young very glutinous above. Calyx
small. Capsules small, ovate, containing very few seeds.

Has. On the Sierra of Upper California ; not seen in flower.

HUMULUS.

H. *americanus. Leaves three to five-lobed, the upper sometimes entire; inner divisions lanceolate-
acuminate, denticulate along the apex; scales of the cone ovate, acute, the lower ones acuminate.

182 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

I have ventured, as I think on sufficient grounds, to separate the American from
the European hop. Found as it is, in the uncultivated interior of the continent, beyond
the reach of inhabitants, our plant must necessarily be indigenous. I have compared
the present with the foreign plant with some attention, and I can in all cases readily
distinguish them by their foliage. In the American plant, whatever be the other
variations of the leaf, the attenuated points are denticulated nearly to the extremity.
In the European the summit of the leaf is abruptly toothed. In the native plant, the
male flowers appear to be smaller; and the scales of the cone are likewise acuminate.
In some specimens, as in the European plant, the upper leaves are simply cordate,
and entire, but in all cases the denticulations are smaller, and more numerous.

Mr. James Read, who has long ardently studied the botany of his own country,
after a distant voyage, has presented to the herbarium of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, among many other curious plants of China, a small male
specimen of the hop of that country, collected near Canton; and this also appears to
be a form sufficiently distinct again from the European hop. From its strong
armature it might be called Humunus *acuLEatus. The young stems and petioles are
very sharply aculeate ; the uppermost leaves are all palmate, five-lobed, and hairy
along the ribs ; the segments of the pubescent calyx are lanceolate.

Has. Throughout the United States in alluvial situations. I have also most
luxuriant specimens from the borders of streams in the Rocky Mountains, near
the line of New Mexico, collected by Dr. Gambel.

PECTOCARYA.

P. PENICILLATA. Very common round Santa Barbara and other parts of
Upper California. Often scarcely distinguishable from P. chilensis, except by the
smaller fruit, the margin of which, as in P. chalensis, is not unfrequently pectinately
bristled the whole length ; they are all, therefore, little more than varieties of each
other. The plant I referred to Cynoglossum pilosum, (Gen. Am. i. p. 114,) is a true
Myosotis wholly distinct from either the present plant or that of Peru. More than
seven years back, I had formed a genus for this plant, (Sraurina,) of which I
deposited specimens in the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences in
Philadelphia. In our plant, the stigma is capitellate and emarginate, the seed
cuneate-oblong, and the radicle inferior or pointing towards the style.

MONARDA.

M. *pectinaTa. Biennial? slightly pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate, shortly petiolate ;
capituli proliferous, rather small, subtended by herbaceous bracts, some of them purplish, ovate-acute,
strongly ciliated, as well as the elongated setaceous teeth of the calyx; corolla widely ringent, the
tube scarcely exserted beyond the calyx.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 183

Nearly allied to M. punctata, but with very different bractes, leaves of the same
form and full of resinous punctures. The flower appears to have been pale purple
and spotted.

Has. Near Santa Fé, New Mexico.

HEDEOMA.

H, *cruata. Perennial ; minutely pubescent, branching much from the base ; leaves linear-obtuse, shortly
petiolate, entire; flowers, two or three together in the axils; calyx hirsute, with long, unequal ciliate
teeth ; corolla about the length of the calyx.

About four inches high, very much branched, with at length a woody root.
Allied to Micromeria glabella, but with smaller and entire leaves, and with the calyx
of M. hirta. (Hedzoma hirta.)

Has. Santa Fé. New Mexico.

SISYMBRIUM.

S. *rertexum. Smooth; leaves somewhat lyrate-pinnatifid, the terminal lobe toothed, upper leaves nearly
entire and denticulate ; flowers small ; petals linear-spathulate, a little longer than the coloured calyx ;
pods subterete, very long, nearly sessile, rigidly reflected and acuminated with the style.

A rather stout species, about two feet high, with the silique an inch and a half
long. It bears some affinity to Hesperis pinnatifida of Michaux, but the seeds are
terete and not margined, and the pods slightly compressed and not torrulose.

Has. Near San Pedro, Upper California.

URTICA.

U. *notosericea. Perennial and tall; leaves opposite, large, on long petioles, cordate-ovate, acute, above
lanceolate, coarsely serrated, smooth, beneath silky villous, as well as the stems and petioles, the latter
also pilose ; flowers tetrandrous; in axillary, filiform, compound racemes; the upper clusters styliferous
only.

A tall species, resembling U. procera but monoicous, and with the large leaves
almost whitely villous beneath with a soft down, amidst which, however, on the
stem are the usual long hispid hairs, some of the leaves are a span long without the
long petiole. Male calyx four-parted, the female four-parted with two of the
segments minute. Fruit ovate, pale brown and shining.

Has. Near Monterey, Upper California.

APIUM.

A. GRAVEOLENS. (Celery.) Marshes on the coast of Santa Barbara. (Dr. Gambel.)
This useful plant common to all the salt marshes of Europe, is now also found to be
indigenous to the west side of this continent.

47

184 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

PEUCEDANUM.

§. *PEUcELIMUM. Carpels with two of the lateral ribs undulately winged ; vitte
indistinct, one or two ; commissure

P. *aproTaniroLium. Somewhat pubescent, branching from the base; leaves ternately decompound,
ultimate segments narrowly linear; involucels about seven to nine-leaved, the leaflets palmate,
distinct, petiolulate, nearly as long as the umbellet; fruit obovate-elliptical, with a broad, winged
margin, and some of the inner ribs with undulated membranaceous margins.

Like many other plants of this family, there is so striking a resemblance betwixt
the present species and the P. caruifolium, that at first !imagined them to be the
same, yet the character of the involucrum and the fruit is so wholly different, indeed,
from the rest of the genus, as to require a particular section. ‘The present is also a
much larger plant than P. caruifolium, eighteen inches to two feet high; the leaves
multifid, with narrow linear acute segments; petioles very short with an inflated
base. The plant branching from the base into two or three divisions, umbel
subtended in the two instances out of three with a proper multifid leaf; rays of the
umbel ten or fourteen, with several short abortive or masculine umbelets in the
centre of the umbel; several abortive flowers in each umbelet. Flowers yellow.

Has. Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California. (A single specimen, not far
enough advanced to ascertain the ultimate character of the fruit.)

PTEROCHITON.

P. canescens. In fruit. P. occidentale. ‘Torrey in Frem. Journ. p. 318.
Calligonum canescens. Pursu. Flor. Am. i. p. 370, excluding the synonym Aériplex
canescens. Nutr. Gen. Am. i. p. 197.

This plant in several collections to which it was communicated, was marked
Pterocarya canescens, as far back as 1836. At the same time I marked in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences and elsewhere, the “ Pulpy leaved
Thorn” of Lewis and Clark, by the name of ‘“ Sarcacantuus,” the Sarcobatis of
Nees, and F’remontia of Torrey; by the names so marked I intended to have
published these plants. Pursh’s Calligonum, which I mistook for my Atriplex
canescens, must have been in the collection of Lewis and Clarke, as I did not meet
with it on the borders of the Missouri. In the same journey I collected very perfect
specimens of the plant since called Grayia, which I marked in the collection of the
Academy Pszlocarpus.

Has. In the Rocky Mountains of California abundant, and also towards the
sources of the Platte, where it forms a shrub three or four feet high.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 185,

*PHORADENDRON.+

P. *caLirornicum. Leafless; stem and elongated branches terete ; sheathing scales bifid, segments ovate
acute ; berries round and few, opposite, sessile in marginal cup-shaped receptacles.

Branches a foot or more in length, sometimes dichotomous by abortion, but with the
branches or branchlets usually opposite. Male spikes very short, as well as those of
the female ; the scales a little pubescent and acute, nearly two-parted on the stem.
The first pair of scales on the male spike, subtends six flowers, or two on a side.
Berries white ? and small, sessile in cup-shaped depressions of the rachis, the summit
of the berry marked with the small three-cleft divisions of the acute calyx. Petals
none.

Has. In the mountains of Upper California. Parasitic on the trunks and
branches of a Strombocarpus.

This plant agrees exactly in its character with Viscum flavescens, and these, with
several other American species, ought to constitute a genus distinct from the
V. album of Europe; distinguished by the ordinary distinct two-celled anthers of
the male flowers, which are globular, mostly trifid, rarely bifid or quadrifid, the
‘anther opens by two large terminal pores or foramina, and without filament, is
attached to the sides of the three-sided torus at the base of the calyx, the anther only
being free. In the female there is no vestige of corolla, a persistent calyx of three, rarely
four minute triangular clefts, adhering to the summit of the globular or ovate berry ;
the style is extremely short, almost sessile in the centre of a triangular fleshy disk,
which also as well as the style exists in the male flower. These plants appear to be
wholly American, extending from the State of Delaware to the tropics, and to a very
considerable distance through the southern hemisphere ; branches usually opposite or
verticellate, rarely aphyllous.

To this genus I would refer the present plant P. calfornicum, the Viscum flavescens,
V. villosum, V. trinervium, V. buzifolium, V. saururoides, V. tereticaule, V.
martinicense, V. crassifolium, V. leptostachyum, V. peroitetii, V. brachystachyum,
V. rubrum, V. berterianum, V. schotti, V. macrostachyon, V. piperoides, V.
angustifolium, V. affine, V. ensifolium, V. velutinum, V. interruptum, these and most
of the other American species will probably arrange with the preceding in this
genus. The V. stellatum of Nepal, which I have examined, appears to be a true
congener with the V. albwm, as well as V. orientale, though in the latter I have found
but two adnate anthers, to four petals. A true Viscum also appears to exist in China
near Canton.

t From ap a thief, and devdpor a tree ; in allusion to their parasitic habit.

186 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

The present genus is well distinguished by the free anthers, which are one-celled,
opening by wide pores near the summit; and by the total absence of the annular
calyx and petals, the calyx being monophyllous, its base including the berry, and its
three or four-toothed connivent border, which never opens, remaining persistent on
the summit of the berry.

In all the American species, the flowers are produced with the ripening of the
berry on the lower part of the stem, so that their growth continues for the whole
year. ‘The flowers, very minute, are usually sessile or partly immersed in the rachis
of acylindric spike, which resembles a catkin, but differs in having the flowers
disposed in interrupted clusters ; these spikes come out several from the same axil ;
the inflorescence is never terminal.

*CALYCODON.

Spikelets one-flowered, the flower sessile, bearded at the base. Glumes two,
unequal, shorter than the flower, membranaceous, the lower truncate, acutely three-
toothed; the lower smaller, one-toothed. Pale two, the lower sublanceolate, carinate,
terminating in a longish scabrous awn; at length indurated, with a silky pilose
margin; the upper palea lanceolate, one-nerved, indurated and involute. Anthers
three. Stigmas two, plumose.—A scabrous leaved grass, with a simple inarticulated
culm, terminated by a loose, narrow, somewhat spiked panicle. So called in allusion
to the remarkable toothing of the calyx.

C. *montanum. Leaves short and narrow, somewhat-scabrous ; ligules membranaceous, elongated ; panicles
four or five inches long, narrow, with the branches appressed; flowers clustered on the branches,
three or four together, some nearly sessile and others pedicellate ; glumes variable, membranaceous and
eroded at the summit, the lower, three-nerved, with three either short, or rather long and acute teeth,
sometimes with a fourth membranous tooth; the upper glume also eroded, and ending in a single tooth
from the nerve ; the lower palea lanceolate, carinate, scabrous, and indurated, terminated by a long,
slender, scabrous awn; the inner margin silky, with soft shining hair, of which there are two tufts at
the base of the palee; the inner palee also indurated and herbaceous in the centre, involving the
germ and stamens.

A perennial grass, with a simple, unjointed culm, about eighteen inches high.
Somewhat allied to Muhlenbergra, (when restrained to its proper limits,) but perfectly
distinct by its very remarkable glumes. The ripe seed we have not seen.

Has. In the Rocky Mountains, near Santa Fé, Mexico. Flowering in August.

MUHLENBERGIA.

M. (§. Tricnocntoa) *purPuREA. Annual, dwarf; much branched from the base and many-jointed ; glumes
very short and obtuse ; palea and awns purple, the latter capillary, many times longer than the palea,
the inner one acute and shortly awned.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 187

About a span high. Leaves and sheathes minutely puberulous. Leaves short and
narrow. Panicle spreading; flowers very deciduous. Glumes minute, unequal
and obtuse, membranaceous, with from one to four nerves. Palew dark purple, the
lower somewhat carinate; pilose at base, terminating in an arachnoid purple awn,
about an inch in length; the upper palea also purple and indurated, its two nerves
often ending in two short awns.

Has. Santa Barbara, Upper California, and the island of Santa Catalina.

CALAMAGROSTIS.

§ *TRICHAGROSTIS.—Spikelets one-flowered, the flower sessile, with long hairs
at the base. Glumes two, subequal, membranaceous, acute, longer than the flower,
the lower with a short terminal awn. Palew two, very acute, the lower carinate,
ending in an exserted capillary awn; the upper one-nerved, acuminate. Caryopsis
free, cylindric-oblong, much shorter than the glume.

C. *anpina. A simple stemmed small grass, with a compressed culm, about two or three feet high;
ligules minute ; flowers in a short, paniculate, narrow spike, about three or four inches long, half an
inch wide, with a habit very distinct from the general character of the genus; glumes very long and
slender, each with about a single nerve; very narrow and membranaceous; one of them distinctly
awned, the other acuminate; pappus copious, longer than the small flower; no lateral rudiment of
another flower.

Has. In Upper California, on the Colorado of the West.
FESTUCA.

§ *CHLoropsis.—Spikelets unilateral, two-flowered, or with the, third abortive ;
hermaphrodite, distichal. Glumes two, carinate, unequal. Palee two, the lower
lanceolate, hirsute and concave, ending in a long, slender awn; the upper bicarinate.
Stamens, one. Ovary sessile. Styles two, very short, with plumose stigmas.
Caryopsis lanceolate, smooth, concave above, nearly free—A slender Californian
annual grass, with a simple filiform culm, ending in a small, nearly simple, spiked
panicle ; the spikelets sessile on a continuous, angular rachis, at length cernuus. So
‘closely allied to the CutoripE4, that at first I imagined it would prove a species of
Eutriana ; it is still, however, a Festuca in habit.

F, *microstacuys. A slender pubescent grass, about a span high, upper part of the rachis simply spiked,
the lower part, with two or three similar branches; rachis and palee hirsute ; glumes, the lower three-
nerved, the upper one-nerved; awn of the palee about twice its length; caryopsis large, filling

up the palea.
Has. Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California.

48

188 MR. NUTTALL’S DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

§. *TRacnycarpHa.—Spikelets many-flowered, secund, seated on the sides of a
branching angular rachis. Glumes two, the upper minute. Palew two, the lower
with a long awn and strongly ciliated on the margin. Caryopsis adhering to the
upper palea.

F. *mecatura. Slender leaves and elongated, simple culm, smooth; panicle spiked, elongated, the
branchlets angular and appressed ;_ palew and their long awns very scabrous; uppermost floret of the
spikelet abortive.

Annual, slender below, more robust above, about eighteen inches high; spikelets
so appressed as to appear blended together, erect, seated on a sharply angular rachis ;
awn about three times the length of the palea, which is very strongly ciliated along
the margin.

Has. Santa Barbara, Upper California.

MELICA.

M. *pantcorpes. Panicle elongated, many-flowered, the "flowers small and numerous; glumes one-
flowered, with a small, infertile rudiment ; palee smooth, scarcely longer than the acute glumes.

A smooth, rather slender grass, two to three feet high. Leaves linear and narrow,
with long acuminated points; ligule short, obtuse, membranous ; panicle eight to ten
inches long, with several subdivided branchlets below, nearly simple above ; flowers
scarcely larger than those of Panicum virgatum, but with shining, yellowish glumes,
and purple palee. ‘The glumes lanceolate, ovate and acute, the lower a little longer ;
palee ovate, rather acute, the neutral rudiment two-valved, white and small.
Stamens three. Styles two. Stigmas white and complicated, plumose. Caryopsis
obovate, sessile, free, with a flat basal impression or cicatrice.

Has. Santa Barbara, Flowering in April.

M. *pomorpes. Panicle narrow, many-flowered, the spikelets erect ; spikelets with two flowers perfect,
and a small rudiment extending beyond the acute glumes; lower palea five nerved.

Two to three feet high, smooth ; the leaves narrow and rather short, with longish
membranous lacerated stipules, a little hairy below. Panicle narrow and interrupted,
several unequal branchlets from a joint. The spikelet parti-coloured and a little
shining as usual, but exceeding the glume it appears somewhat like a Poa. Lower
glume acute, brownish at tip, with a broad yellowish membranous margin. Outer
palea oblong-lanceolate, a little obtuse with a brownish tip. Stamens three.
Stigmas plumose, short.

Has. Island of Santa Catalina, California.

PLANTS COLLECTED BY DR. GAMBEL. 189

*STENOCHLOA.

Spikelets about three-flowered ; flowers distichal, hermaphrodite. Glumes two,
awnless, lanceolate, acute, much exceeding the spikelet in length. Palexw two,
awnless, the lower concave, ovate, nearly nerveless and pubescent ; the upper
bicarinate. Stamina three. Ovarium stipitate. Styles two. Stigmas plumose.
Caryopsis free, oblong-lanceolate.

S. *catirornica. A smooth, many-jointed, annual, small grass, without branches, about a foot high ; leaves
linear and attenuated into long points ; ligules membranaceous, small; panicle narrow with the small
branches appressed. Glume green, and smooth, very long, extending beyond the included spikelet ;
the lower valve lanceolate-linear, very acute, membranaceous on the margin, obscurely three-nerved ;
the upper narrower, one-nerved ; palez ovate, obtuse, the lower silky pubescent, nearly nerveless, the
upper with a nerve on either margin; anthers whitish.

Nearly allied to Poa, but with the glume almost of Danthonia ; the palea also
nerveless, not carinate, and without the arachnoid connecting pubescence at the base.
Has. Island of Santa Catalina. Coast of California.

*PLEOPOGON.

Spikelets one-flowered. Glumes two, unequal, nearly as long as the flower; the
lower with two awns, the upper entire, with one awn. Palez two, the lower oblong,
with the apex produced into a short awn, the upper without awn, and two-nerved.
Stamens three. Styles two. Stigmas pilose, slender. Culm compressed, somewhat
branched ; leaves linear, short and rigid; spikes terminal, simple, not jointed.

P. *serosum. Leaves very narrow and acuminated, rather rigid; ligules membranaceous, acuminated ;
glumes somewhat membranaceous, the lower terminating with two longish scabrous awns, often rather
unequal in length, the upper not cleft, terminating with a single awn; the lower palee rather
lanceolate, purplish and somewhat oblique, entire, terminating in a shortish twisted awn; a line of
pubescence along the sides of the glume; the upper glume membranaceous, two-nerved.

A slender grass, about eighteen inches high, with a flattish jointed culm. Allied

apparently to Lycurus, but the flowers are all hermaphrodite.
Has. Mountains of Santa Fé, Mexico.

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ART. XIV.—Monograph of the Fossil Squalide of the United States. By Robert
W. Giszes, M. D., of South Carolina; Correspondent of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, &c.

(Continued from page 147.)

Genus CARCHARIAS, Cuvier.

This genus differs from Carcuaropon, in the dentine presenting a hollow cone
internally, while it is solid in Carcharodon.

I have seen only a single specimen from the United States of Carcharias tenuis,
from the Eocene S. C., too imperfect for description. Agassiz expresses some sur-
prise, that while the recent species are numerous, there are so few fossil. He met
with only two.

Genus GALEOCERDO, Muller and Henle.

This genus, separated from GaLeus of Cuvier, comprises many species. In
Gal-us the teeth are smooth on the anterior edge, and have few dentelures on the
posterior—in Galeocerdo they are crenated on the whole extent, but rather
unequally—the base particularly has large notches, while the point has but fine
indentations. Agassiz had found specimens so uniform in the indentations of the
whole contour, that he constituted a genus based on this character, which he called
Corax. I have his authority for the reunion of it with GALEOcERDO, since he has
seen many other specimens.

In Gaeocerpo the teeth are equal in both jaws—nearly as deep as long—the
anterior edge is regularly arched, the posterior strongly notched, and below the notch
are the largest crenatures. The outer face is flat, the inner more or less elevated ;
the root is not very thick, generally concave and parallel to the base of the crown.
Of the species given by Agassiz four are from ‘he chalk, and three from the tertiary.

1. G. apuncus, Agassiz. Figs. 54, 55, 56, 57, 58.—This species is usually about
a half inch in length and the same in height—occasionally longer—the anterior edge
is a regular arch finely indented, the posterior angulated, more or less obtuse ; below
the angle the dentelures are well marked, but are scarcely visible above. The base
of the enamel is less sloped on the outer than on the inner face, where it forms almost
a right angle. The root is more or less concave and moderately thick, as in all
Galeocerdos. Agassiz’s specimens are from the Miocene of Kurope—mine from the
Eocene of South Carolina.

you 1. = : 49

192 DR. GIBBES’ MONOGRAPH OF THE

2. G. LATIDENS, Agassiz. Figs. 59, 60, 61, 62.—Is much less massive and thinner
than G. aduncus, but is longer in proportion to the height. The anterior edge is less
arched than in other species. The cone is short and very pointed on the posterior
edge, the angle is very acute in the European species, I think less so in the
American. Below the angle the dentelures are well marked, while at the cutting
point and on the anterior edge they are very fine. In some specimens they are more
distinct near the base on the anterior edge, while in Agassiz’s specimens he mentions
the reverse, and makes it distinctive of a species. The base of the crown is parallel
to the lower edge of the root on the outer face, and differs very slightly on the inner.
I have several specimens from the Eocene of South Carolina, and one from the
Miocene of Maryland. For the latter I am indebted to my friend F. Markoe, Jr., of
of Washington.

3. G. minor, Agassiz. Figs. 63, 64, 65.—Very similar in form to G. latidens, but
not arched, very small, and the cone more acute. It is almost as high as long—the
base of the crown extended—the summit very sharp pointed, edged with fine
dentelures on both sides. The root is thick and irregular, the enamel more sloped
on the inner or elevated face.

I have specimens from the Kocene of South Carolina, and from the Miocene of
Maryland—the latter sent me by J. G. Bruff, Esq., of Washington.

4. G. EGERTONI, Agassiz. Figs. 66, 67, 68, 69.—This was described by Agassiz
as Coraz. 'The cone is acutely pointed, and nearly perpendicular, sloped on both
edges, forming almost an angle on the posterior side in some specimens. The edges
are more uniformly indented than in other species. ‘The outer surface is elevated
above the level of the root and undulated; the inner much more prominent and
smooth. ‘The root is very thick and deep, and forms two-thirds of the height of the
tooth. ‘The enamel extends lower on the outer than on the inner face.

My specimens are abundant from the Eocene of South Carolina. I havea few
given me by Professor Wyman, from Richmond, Virginia, and others from
Calvert Cliffs, Maryland, (Mzucene) by F. Markoe, Jr., and from Hollis Cliffs,
Virginia, by J. G. Bruff, Esq.

The large specimen (Fig. 66) is of unusual size. It is from Pocotaligo, South
Carolina, presented to me by G. C. Mackay, Esq.

5. G. PRISTODONTUS, Agass. Fig. 70.—This species is remarkable for its
pyramidal form, and the great size of its crown; from the posterior edge being but
slightly sloped, and the anterior forming a sort of elbow, and not a regular arc; the
point is nevertheless acute and cutting. The whole height including the root about
equals the length, which is sometimes three-fourths of an inch. The dentelures are

FOSSIL SQUALIDZZ OF THE UNITED STATES. 193

very equal, though sometimes more strongly marked on the anterior edge. The root
is thick and more than half the depth. The enamel extends much lower on the
outer face.

The specimen figured is the only one I have seen. It was given me by Professor
Frost, of Charleston, and was sent to him from Alabama, and I am disposed to think
from the company with which it came, that it is from the cretaceous formation.
There is another specimen in the Medical College of South Carolina, and I think
there are several in the Cabinet of the Academy from the Cretaceous of New Jersey.*

6. G. conTortus, Grbbes. Figs. 71, 72, 73, 74.—This is an undescribed species,
which is very abundant in the Eocene of South Carolina and Miocene of Virginia.

The cone is longer and more acute with a twist outwardly in its upper third,
which is characteristic. The inner face is rounded, while the outer is undulated :
the edges are regularly indented, and on the anterior next the root the dentelures are
more developed. ‘The root is very thick and deep.

Genus HEMIPRISTIS, Agassiz.

The species included in this genus are somewhat intermediate between
GALEOCERDO and Carcuaropon, but the peculiar distinctive character is in the
disposition of the marginal serratures. ‘They extend only a certain distance towards
the point, leaving it on both sides entirely smooth. 'The dentelures are very strongly
marked, as much so as in any species of GaLrocerpo ; in other respects these teeth
resemble them. ‘They are pyramidal, larger at the base, acute at the summit, and
more or less curved backwards. The outer side is almost flat, the inner prominent.
The enamel is perfectly smooth, and no folds exist even at the base of the crown.

Agassiz described two species, but has rejected H. paucidens, and preserved

H. serra. Figs. 75 to 85.—This has the form of a flat pyramid curved
backwards, the edges are cutting, and the notches, which are strongly developed, are
continued in some nearly to the point, while in others they are few and low down on
the lateral edges. ‘They differ in this respect in the two jaws, as is the case in
Notidanus and other genera. In the lower jaw they are more conical, higher, more
straight at the base, and less curved at the summit. Some are very acutely pointed,
so much so as to lead to the belief of there beg more than one species. I have,
however, a large number, and have traced them in a series of gradual change of size
from the broad to the slender forms.

They are flat outwardly and prominent on the inner face, which in some specimens
is compressed laterally at the lower third, so as to be very protuberant, giving them

*I have lately received several specimens from New Jersey, for which I am indebted to Mr, Samuel P.
Wetherill, and Mr. L. J. Germain, of Burlington,

194 DR. GIBBES’ MONOGRAPH OF THE

the form of a solid triangle. The base of the crown is nearly horizontal, while that
of the root is notched in the middle. The root is moderately thick.

My specimens from South Carolina are all from the Eocene. I have received
several from the Miocene of Maryland, from F’. Markoe, Jr., and from the Mzocene of
Virginia, from J. G. Bruff, Esq. Agassiz described specimens from the Mzocene of
Europe, but mentions that count Munster had specimens from the chalk which he
thought similar.

Genus GLYPHIS, Agassiz.

The teeth of this genus are peculiarly formed. They are lanciform, with a thick
solid and expanded base. The body of the cone is awl-shaped and a little below the
point is wider, resembling a graver. The upper portion next the point is flat and
finely dentelated, while the lower part is free from serratures, and in some specimens
rounded.

Agassiz describes a single species G. hastalis, from the London clay.

G. suBULATA, Gibbes. Figs. 86, 87.—In this species the cone is shorter and
thicker proportionally than in G. hastalis, Agassiz, and is more straight, convex on
both surfaces, more so on the inner ; the upper third of the outer face is flat, and the
point, which is compressed, has a tendency outward. A sharp lateral edge extends
from the apex equally on both sides two-thirds the length of the cone, and is finely
and uniformly indented. The root is thick ; the enamel extends lower on the outer
face and tothe root on both. In the smallest specimen figured, the root is very
broad and not so thick, and the enamelled base has fine dentelures.

The specimens figured are all I have met with, and are from the Eocene of South
Carolina.*

Genus SPHYRNA, Rajinesque. ZYG/ENA, Cuvier.

The form of the hammer-headed sharks is very remarkable, but there is nothing as
peculiar in the character of their teeth by which they can be readily distinguished
when isolated, and they differ in the two jaws.

The outer face is flat, and the inner prominent, the marginal indentations are very
minute, though often absent, especially in young and lower teeth.

S. prisca, Agassiz. Figs. 88, 89, 90.—These are flat, thin, and triangular, sharp
pointed, the apex turned back; the enamelled base extended equally on both sides
from the cone; the serratures are very minute, in some specimens not visible to the
naked eye, and in others absent, except on the lateral basal extension. The root is
thick, flat on the outer, and convex on the inner side.

*I have recently received several specimens from the Green Sand of New Jersey, presented by Mr, §. P.
Wetherill. ,

FOSSIL SQUALID OF THE UNITED STATES. 195

These teeth are often found precisely similar except in being crenated and smooth,
the former most likely belonging to the upper and the latter to the lower jaw.

Agassiz describes specimens from the chalk of Malta, and from the Swiss molasse ;
all mine are from the Eocene of South Carolina.

S. Lata, Agassiz. Figs. 91, 92, 93.—Distinguished by an enlarged and
pyramidal form, as well as by the well marked though fine dentelures over the whole
contour of the edges; anterior edge somewhat rounded, posterior notched, outer face
flat, inner swollen. The enamel extends low down on the root, which is very thick.
The locality of Agassiz’s specimens was unknown. Mine are from the Eocene of
South Carolina.

S. DENTIcULATA, Agassiz. Fig. 94.—Professor Agassiz is in doubt whether this
species differs from S. prisca. The perpendicular form and acute isosceles-triangular
form, and regular distinct and symmetrical denticulations induce me to think it a
Separate species. I have, however, seen but a single specimen, the one figured.

Genus NOTIDANUS, Cuvier.

“In the genus Normanus, the teeth are not only of different forms in the upper
and lower jaws, but also vary considerably in this respect, at the anterior and
posterior regions of the same jaw. In the upper jaw, the anterior teeth are large,
compressed triangular plates, with the pointed apex arched backwards, and the
margins slightly dentated, except in the two anterior ones. The posterior teeth are
in the form of simple obtuse furrowed tubercles. In the lower jaw, the large anterior
teeth have the apex less produced; the anterior margin is finely serrate, and the
posterior divided into three or more denticles. ‘The posterior minute teeth resemble
those in the upper jaw. Of the larger teeth there are rarely more than four in each
vertical row.”’—Owen.*

N. PRIMIGENIUS, Agassiz. Fig. 95.—I have given a figure of the only perfect
specimen I have met with, and think it belonged to the lower jaw. It was kindly
presented to me by Professor J. Wyman, of Boston, who procured it from the Eocene
of Richmond, Virginia. I have fragments from other localities. The crown
consists of a series of sharp oblique cones, of which the first is the largest and least
oblique, the others gradually diminishing in size towards the posterior edge. The
large cone is strongly indented on its lower outer half. The length of the tooth
greatly exceeds its height; the inner and outer faces are both prominent and differ

*Besides those of Agassiz, good figures are given of various forms of Notidanus in the old work of Scrixa,
De corporibus marinis, Rome, 1747, and in the recent elaborate work of C. L. Bonaparte, Iconographia della Fauna
Italica, Rome, 1832—1841. I find also others in Oryctographie de Bruzelles, by F. X. Burtin, Bruxelles, 1784.

50

196 DR. GIBBES’ MONOGRAPH OF THE

very little, though the enamel is lower on the inner surface. The root is thick, and
equal in depth to the height of the principal cone. Agassiz has met with no fossil
teeth of the upper jaw. He describes several species.

Genus LAMNA, Cuvier.

C. L. Bonaparte, and Muller and Henlé, include under Lamna four genera—
Lamna, Cuvier; Oxyrhina, Agassiz; Carcharodon, Smith; and Selache, Cuvier—all the
characters being drawn from the external form, and no regard being had to the
skeleton or teeth. These genera have teeth so dissimilar that they are easily
distinguished; but Odontaspis, which is included in another family, has teeth so like
Lamna, that when detached they cannot with certainty be distinguished. Agassiz
is doubtful about separating them, though there are some fixed differences which
will aid in classing species. ‘Teeth of Lamna are flat, and approach in form Ofodus,
from which they differ in being of less breadth, and having smaller lateral cones.
Those of Odontaspis, on the contrary, are more cylindrical, more twisted, and have
lateral cones longer and more pointed. The number varies—Odontaspis taurus has
usually only one on each side, while O. feroz has two, sometimes three.

Agassiz includes under Lamna all straight teeth provided with small lateral
denticles, and doubts when the species described seems. to approach nearer te
Odontaspis than to Lamna cornubica.

When well preserved, there is no difficulty in distinguishing Lamna from
Ozxyrhina, since the latter have no lateral denticles. The distinction is more difficult
with Otodus, as Lamna compressa and Otodus appendiculatus.

He also includes under Lamna another type, which he thinks should form a
separate genus, Sphenodus.

1. L. ELecans, Agassiz. Figs. 96 to 102.—Lanciform, regular and straight ;
thickness considerable towards the base of the root, but tapering off towards the
point. Inner face ornamented with vertical strie, very fine and numerous, very
distinct near the enamel, extending above the middle of the cone. This is a
distinctive character, which we usually find better preserved in small teeth.

The lateral denticles are very small points, sometimes absent, the root is thick,
with the branches well developed. Outer face plane or a little elevated, inner very
convex so that the tooth has almost the appearance of a slender cone cut through the
middle, the edges are smooth and cutting. ‘The enamel extends lower on the outer
face, the base straight and horizontal, while it is curved on the inner.

This species is very common in the Eocene. I have fine specimens from
Claiborne, Alabama, kindly sent me by C. S. Hale, Esq., of Mobile, from Richmond,
Virginia, by Professor Wyman, and from Maryland by J. G. Bruff, Esq. In South
Carolina they are abundant.

FOSSIL SQUALID/E OF THE UNITED STATES. 197

Agassiz mentions them from the Crag (Mzocene) of England. I have not met with
them in the Miocene of the United States.

2. L. cuspipata, Agassiz. Figs. 103 to 106.—This species is described by
Agassiz as common in the Swiss molasse, (Mzocene.) Ihave it from the Eocene of
Washington, Georgia, from Rev. George White, of Savannah, and from the mouth of
Potomac Creek, Virginia, presented me by J. G. Bruff, Esq. It is very like
L. elegans, is in general very thick, of moderate breadth, equilateral, straight, or a
little curved back. The edges are smooth and cutting the whole length; external
face perceptibly elevated ; inner.more so. The base of the enamel, which is smooth,
is usually sloped at a right angle on the outer face, which is not as well marked on
the inner. The peculiar distinction from JZ. elegans is that it is smooth on both
faces, having no strie. The root is more largely developed than in other species,
and cases occur where the branches exceed in length the height of the cone.

Agassiz now refers L. denticulata to this species.

3. L. compressa, Agassiz. Figs. 107 to 112.—These resemble much in general
appearance the small teeth of Otodus obliquus. They are more flat and less broad,
the root is less prominent, and the passage to the crown less marked. They are
more lanciform, and the cone more slender than in Ofodus. The denticles are
irrecular, generally larger in the posterior teeth.

All my specimens are from the Santee Canal, (Hocene,) South Carolina, Agassiz
described this from imperfect specimens, as Ozyrhina leptodon, which he now

withdraws.

4. L. acuminata, Agassiz. Figs. 113, 114, 115.—This species is of medium size,
very thick at the base, edges cutting, nearly equal, outer surface flat, curved
outwardly near the apex; inner face prominent ; lateral denticles well developed ; root
thick.

I have met with only three specimens, all from the Eocene of Orangeburg, South

Carolina.

5. L. crassipEens, Agassiz. Figs. 116, 117, 118.—The name of this species
indicates its form, which is short and thick. The outer face is flat, the inner
prominent and curved backward, the root very thick, and prominent inwardly;
edges cutting.

Found in the Hocene of South Carolina.

6. L. (Odontaspis) CONTORTIDENS, Agassiz. Fig. 119.—Agassiz describes this as
of a subulate irregular form, much curved inwardly, its internal face having distinct
folds from the base to the summit; the root well developed and thick, the branches

198 DR. GIBBES’ MONOGRAPH OF THE

of the root of moderate size and approaching, the outer face near the point is plane,
lower down, and on the inner rounded, the edges near the point are alone cutting ;
the base of the cone cylindrical. I have seen but few specimens answering this
description, and the latter characters, the cutting edge and the cylindrical form of the
base are the only points in which it differs from Lamna elegans.

Agassiz describes it as abundant in the Miocene of Europe. Ido not know the
locality of the specimens I have, which are figured.

I am lately indebted to Lieut. J. W. Abert of the Topographical Corps, United
States Army, for two specimens of teeth (Fig. 119, Pl. xxvi.) from the Cretaceous
formation at Poblazon, in New Mexico. They are well marked specimens of Lamna
contortidens, and are figured by him in his published report to the Secretary of War.

7. L. (Odontaspis) HoPE!, Agassiz. Figs. 120, 121, 122, 123.—This is the broadest
of the subulate teeth, some are thick others more slender, all are nearly
cylindrical at the base, edges prominent and cutting towards the point, in proportion
as the tooth is flat, root thick and narrow. The nutritive canal is very perceptible
at the most prominent part of the inner face of the root. The lateral cones are
small and awl-shaped, often rudimentary, seldom preserved in large teeth. Outer
face flat near the point, insensibly rounded towards the base, where it is almost as
round as on the inner, compressed laterally, smooth, no trace of striz.

Found in the Eocene of South Carolina.

&. L. (Odontaspis) veRTICALIS, Agassiz. Figs. 124, 125, 126, 127.—Not as twisted
as L. Hopei, nor like L. compressa, because thicker: nor like L. elegans, because
there are no strie on the inner face. ‘The prominent characters are straightness and
thickness at the base of the enamel, and of the root. The edges are cutting even to
the root. Lateral denticles are well marked, base of the enamel more sloped on the
outer than on the inner face ; the nutritive foramen distinct.

My specimens are from the Eocene of South Carolina.

9. L. (Odontaspis) cractuis, Agassiz. Figs. 128, 129, 130.—This is the most
slender of known fossil Lamne, is very slender, has cutting edges the whole length,
outer face flat, inner sensibly swollen, no strie on inner face ; branches of root well
developed. I think L. subulata, Agassiz, identical with this species.

From the Eocene of South Carolina. .

Genus OTODUS, Agassiz.

This is known only fossil. Agassiz has established it as intermediate between
Ozyrhina and Lamna and Carcharodon, but easily distinguishable from both. It
differs from Carcharodon by the entire absence of marginal dentelures, which are of

FOSSIL SQUALID OF THE UNITED STATES. 199

importance, especially in fossil species. The species are in general less in size than
Carcharodon, and the largest are seldom as large as the smallest cf them.

It is more difficult to distinguish Otodus from Ozxyrhina; it has the same broad flat
form, smooth at the edges, but Otodus is specially characterized by the presence of a
lateral denticle on each side, usually equal; often it is rounded, sometimes
compressed and sharp, rarely angular or indented. Lamna and Odontaspis have it,
but always smaller, cylindrical, and more pointed and lanciform. The root is largely
developed, very deep and thick, but has no elongated branches as Lamna. When
the root and lateral denticles are detached, it is hard to distinguish Lamna from
Otodus and Ozyrhina. Agassiz describes several species as of doubtful genus on this
account.

1. O. optiguus. Figs. 131 to 137.—This species is common in New Jersey, whence
there are fine specimens in the Cabinet of the Academy. I have casts also of several
from Mr. C. Barclay, of Troy, from the Eocene of New Jersey. 1 have no specimen
of O. obliquus from South Carolina.

It is massive, with a well developed root, so large that in some the depth equals
more than half the height of the crown. The outer face is nearly flat, grooved
longitudinally in the middle at the base of the enamel, the inner surface is very
prominent, viewed en profil the root seems deeper on the inner face, where is a space
deprived of enamel; below this the root is thickest. The lateral appendages are
thick and irregular, more developed in arched than in upright teeth. Agassiz thinks
the presence of the lateral denticles not important for species, but much so for the
genus.

The prominent character of Ovodus obliquus is its massive size and preponderance
of root. ‘The enamel is dense and very full at the base of the crown. The species
described as Otodus lanceolatus, by Agassiz, he thinks most probably belongs to O.

obliquus.

2. O. APPENDICULATUS, Agassiz. Figs. 138, 139, 140.—Distinguished by large
lateral denticles, compressed and usually obtuse, but some are very sharp. The root
is not large, and thinner, and not so deep as that in O. obliquus ; base of the crown
nearly horizontal. The root is absent in two of my specimens, which are from the
Green Sand of New Jersey.

3. O. Levis, Gibbes. Fig. 141.—The tooth here figured I published* as new, and
upon reference to the figures given by Agassiz, I find he has one resembling it, (Fig.
7, Tab. 32,) which he doubted about separating from O. appendiculatus. The
following is my description :

* Proceedings of Academy, September, 1847.
51

200 DR. GIBBES’ MONOGRAPH OF THE

“Oropus levis. —This has very much the form of Lamna cuspidata, but the position,
form and size of the lateral winglets, mark it as a true Otodus. It is more slender
than any other of this genus, lanciform, equilateral, straight, convex on the inner
face, and undulated on the outer from a triangular depression near the base, extending
longitudinally nearly to the apex. The lateral cones are broad and thick, and
detached from the base of the enamel, which extends lower on the outer face than on
the inner. I have a single specimen (Fig. 141) from the Locene of South Carolina.”
I have since seen one in the cabinet of the Academy from New Jersey.

4, O. crassus, Agassiz. Fig. 142.—This species is distinguished by a
considerable thickness, but not as thick as O. obliquus. Contrary to other species,
the root has not a marked preponderance. Instead of the outer face being swollen,
or strongly prominent, in this it is flat, even at the base of the enamel. The height
of the cone does not equal the length of the root. ‘The surface of the enamel is
finely striated on both faces. 'The lateral cones are absent in the only specimen I
have seen, but of the identity of the species I have no doubt.

It is from the Cretaceous of Alabama.

5. O. Macrotus, Agassiz. Figs. 143, 144.—This is flat in proportion to its size,
and is characterized by large compressed, rounded, lateral denticles, detached from
the principal cone. The outer face is a plane, the inner full, moderately rounded:
with faint strie visible. The base of the enamel is nearly horizontal, and equal on
both faces. The larger specimen figured (Fig. 144) is from the Eocene of South
Carolina, the smaller (Fig. 143) from the mouth of Potomac Creek, Virginia, given
me by J. G. Bruff, Esq.

6. O. TRIGONATUS, Agassiz. Figs. 145, 146.—These are small teeth on an
elongated base. The cone is straight, pointed, and narrow, with sharp edges. The
thickness is not great, the outer face is flat, the inner convex. The lateral denticles
are rounded. From Santee, (Hocene) South Carolina.

7. O. avicuLatus, Agassiz. Fig. 147.—This species is on the confines of Otodus,
resembles Ozyrhina hastalis, but may be distinguished by a very minute lateral
denticle on each side of the cone. It is sharp pointed, the apex a little turned back.
The anterior edge is straight or slightly arched, the posterior curved. The outer
face is plane, the inner swollen, though less so than in other species of Otodus, which
makes it so flat.

I have figured the only specimen I have seen of this species, from the Kocene of
South Carolina.

FOSSIL SQUALIDZZ OF THE UNITED STATES. 201

Genus OXYRHINA, Agassiz.

This genus is established on the character of the absence of lateral appendages in
teeth allied to Otodus. It is an important character in fossil genera and species, and
the distinction can only be doubtful when the base and root of the specimen are
imperfect, as there is then a difficulty in assigning it to Otodus, Lamna, or
Oxyrhina.

Ozyrhina is generally known by its broad lanciform shape, differing from Lamna
which is always narrow and straight. The resemblance is greater between Otodus
and Ozyrhina—Otodus is generally larger, more triangular, thicker, and not so flat.
The root of Oxyrhina, particularly is less thick, and the branches less developed. In
other respects Ozxyrhina approaches Lamna.

1. O. HASTALIS, Agassiz. Figs. 148 to 152.—The variety of form and dimensions
of these teeth, according to their position in the jaw, render their distinction difficult.
They are large, elongated and lanciform, the larger teeth mostly equilateral, probably
occupying the front; others are more or less arched, very thin, not half as thick as
the breadth of the base of the enamel. The root is never as prominent as in Otodus,
_ and the terminal portions less developed. The inner face is regularly convex from
the base to the summit, and serves to distinguish this species from Oz. xiphodon,
which is more flat on this side. The base of the enamel is slightly sloped on the
outer face, and descends lower on the inner, and is more hollowed on that face. The
outer face is flat; on each side parallel to the edge is a vertical furrow, which extends
two-thirds or three-fourths of the height; the middle is slightly prominent, with a
small depression near the base of the enamel.

I have specimens from the Miocene of South Carolina, from T. W. Porcher, Esq.,
from the Miocene of Virginia and Maryland, from J. G. Bruff, Esq., and F. Markoe,
Jr., and from the Hocene of South Carolina.

2. O. xtpHoDON, Agassiz. Figs. 153, 154.—There is asingle prominent character
which distinguishes this species from Oz. hastals, viz., on the inner face, which is
ordinarily regularly rounded, at the base of the enamel, is a remarkable flattening, as
if ground; unless this face be well preserved you cannot distinguish it; usually
Ox. xiphodon is larger. All are curved outwardly at the summit. The base of the
enamel is almost the same on both sides, a little lower on the outer face. The root,
though a little thicker than the base of the crown, is still less developed than in other
species. On the outer face are parallel furrows next the edges, which give it an
undulated appearance.

The specimens I have seen are all from the Eocene of South Carolina.

Agassiz now considers Ox. quadrans and Oz. retroflexa as forms of this species.

202 DR. GIBBES’ MONOGRAPH OF THE

3. O. pLicaTILis, Agassiz. Figs. 155, 156, 157.—This is broad, flat and of
moderate thickness, resembling somewhat Oz. ziphodon. It is distinguished from all
others of this genus, by having folds on the outer face at the base of the enamel,
numerous and well marked in the middle of the tooth. There is a broad furrow near
the edges, and two others exist next the middle. The root is thick, without lateral
branches, the base of the enamel is parallel on both faces to the base of the root.

Agassiz described this species as always straight, and Oz. retrofleca as distinct
from its oblique form. He now considers the latter as belonging to Oz. ziphodon.
Ox. trigonodon he thinks should be referred to this species.

My specimens are mostly from the Muzocene of South Carolina, though I have
several from the Eocene.

4, O. MANTELLII, Agassiz. Fig. 158.—This resembles Oz. hastalis and Oz.
xiphodon, but is much thicker and has the root better developed. ‘The outer face is
flat, with furrows next the edges on the lower half, and a depression in the middle at
the base of the enamel, the surface is thus undulated. The inner face is regularly
arched, the anterior edge is arched and the posterior curved in the specimen figured.
The enamel is horizontal at the base, the root thick and distinctly separated into
branches.

The only specimen I have seen is from the Cretaceous of Alabama.

5. O. crassa, Agassiz. Figs. 159, 160.—Is very massive, thicker than any species
except that which I will describe as Ox. Desoriit. It is curved inwardly, the outer
face is elevated and presents faint traces of furrows, which are so developed in Oz.
hastals. It is nearly equilateral, the edges cutting, though thick, the point tends
outwardly ; the root is very thick, the base of the enamel angular on the outer,
arched on the inner face.

My specimens are from the Eocene of South Carolina.

6. O. minuta, Agassiz. Figs. 161 to 164.—This species is quite small. They
are sub-cylindrical, with point and edges rather obtuse. They are mostly straight ;
the root very thick in proportion to the size of the teeth.

Numerous in the Hocene of South Carolina.

7. O. sittimani, Gzbbes. Figs. 165 to 168.—Among twelve specimens from the
Eocene of South Carolina, there is much uniformity. The cone is straight or very
slightly bowed on the inner edge, equilateral, acutely pointed, both surfaces convex.
the inner more so. A peculiarity exists in the great breadth of the enamel at the
base, which is similar on both aspects. The root is thick, and forms one third of the
height of the tooth. I attach to it the name of Professor B. Silliman, the veteran
co-labourer in American science.*

*Ox Desorru and Oz. Sillimani were described in the Proceedings of September, 1847.

FOSSIL SQUALID OF THE UNITED STATES. 203

8. O. pEsori, Gibbes. Figs. 169 to 171.—Professor Agassiz described under this
name specimens, which subsequent experience induces him to consider identical with
Lamna cuspidata, with which he had noticed a resemblance.

I take pleasure in restoring the name of the distinguished M. Desor, the friend and
co-labourer of Agassiz, in this department of science, to a fine species in my Cabinet -

It is very massive, thicker than any other of this genus, in this respect resembling
Ov. crassa, but not so broad. Viewed en profil, the form is similar to Lamna Hoper,
much curved inwardly, except near the apex, which is flat. The edges are cutting
in their whole extent, the base of the enamel arched, and nearly equal on both faces,
the root very thick compact and heavy. I have several specimens from the Miocene,
and others from the Hocene of South Carolina.

9. O. witsonut, Gzbbes.—F igs. 171, 172,173.—This resembles somewhat Oz. hastalis ,
but is convex on the outer face, the root also is thicker and more largely developed.
The cone is straight, equilateral, and very acute, slightly curved near the base. The
root is very convex on the inner and concave on the outer face, the branches
irregular. The enamel is arched on the inner face, and waved on the outer.

I believe this species distinct from other American varieties, and propose for it the
name of Dr. Thomas B. Wilson, the patron of the Academy.

When I commenced my investigation of the Fosszl Squalide, it was my purpose
to attempt a microscopic arrangement. Professor Agassiz having informed me of his
intention to undertake such researches, both of the recent and fossil genera, I prefer
to yield to his experience and opportunities what I could but partially and
imperfectly effect. In the present state of our knowledge, it is convenient to make a
pro tempore division of the Squalde, into those having crenated teeth, and those
which are smooth, as follows :

52

204 DR. GIBBES’ MONOGRAPH OF THE

FAMILY SQUALID.

TEETH WITH CRENATED EDGES.
GENERA.

GLYPHIs, Agassiz.

CarcHaropon, Smith.

CaRCHARIAS, Cuvier.

CaRCHAROPSIS, Agassiz.

Spuyrna, Rafinesque. Zyeuna, Cuner.
GaLeocEerbDo, Muller and Henle.
HEMIPRISTIS, Agassiz.

Noripanus, Cuvier.

AELLOPOs, Agassiz.

TEETH WITH SMOOTH EDGES.
GENERA.

Lamna, Cuvier.

Oropus, Agassiz.
OxyrRHINA, Agassiz.
Scybiionus, Agassiz.
THYELLINA, Munster.
ARTHROPTERUS, Agassiz.

GENEBA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.
CRENATE TEETH.
Genus CARCHARODON, Smith.

Sp. 1. C. mecatopon, Agass. PI. xviii. figs. 1 to 9.
Var. recTIENS, Agass. PI. xviii. fig. 4.
“* supauRICcULATUS, Agass. PI. xviii. figs. 5 and 6.
2. C. ANGUSTIDENS, 4gass. PJ]. xix. and xx. fig. 10 to 38.
Var. aNcEOLATUS, Agass. Pl. xx. figs. 19 to 23.
“* weTERODON, Agass. Pl. xx. figs. 30, 31, 32.
“¢ mEGALOTIS, Agass. Pl. xx. figs. 24 to 29.
“* auRicuLatus, Agass. PI. xix. fig. 12.
“« qureIpuS, Agass. Pl. xix. figs. 13 to 16.
‘“‘ SEMISERRATUS, Agass. Pl. xx. figs. 33 to 36.
“* rouiaPicus, Agass. Pl. xix. figs. 17, 18.

Sp.

Sp.

Sp.

Sp.

Sp.

ele

ria ad
25O-8)O

Ce Oreai O20. ket

FOSSIL SQUALID OF THE UNITED STATES.

. ACUTIDENS, Gibbes. PI. xxi. figs. 39 to 44.

. MoRTONI, Gibbes. PI. xxi. fig. 45.

. LANCIFORMIS, Gibbes. PI. xxi. figs. 46 to 51.
. SULCIDENS, Agass. PI. xxi. figs. 52, 53.

Genus GALEOCERDO, Muller and Henle.

G.
G.
G.
G.
G.
G.

G.

Genus SPHYRNA, Raf’ ZYG/ENA, Cuv.

Ss

2.8:

SO ay EON eye Re

S.

ic Mics? | ciel

apuNcus, Agass. Pl. xxv. figs. 54 to 58.
LATIDENS, /Igass. PI. xxy. figs. 59 to 62.
MINOR, Algass. PI. xxv. figs. 63 to 65.
EGERTONI, igass. PI. xxv. figs. 66 to 69.
PRISTODONTUS, /Igass. PJ. xxv. fig. 70.
contortus, Gzbbes. Pl. xxv. figs. 71 to 74.

Genus HEMIPRISTIS, Agassiz.

. SERRA, Agass. PI. xxv. figs. 75 to 85.

Genus GLYPHIS, Agassiz.

SUBULATA, Gibbes. PI. xxv. figs. 86, 87.

PRISCA, Agassiz. Pl. xxv. figs. 88, 89, 90.
LATA, Agassiz. Pl. xxv. figs. 91, 92, 93.
DENTICULATA, lgass. PI. xxv. fig. 94.

Genus NOTIDANUS, Cuwv.

. PRIMIGENIUS, Agassiz. PI. xxv. fig. 95.

SMOOTH TEETH.
Genus LAMNA, Cuv.

ELEGANS, Algass. PI. xxv. figs. 96 to 102.

cuspipaTa, Agass. PI. xxv. figs. 103 to 106.
compressa, Agass. PI. xxv. figs. 107 to 112.
acumINATA, flgass. PI. xxv. figs. 113 to 115.

. CRASSIDENS, Agass. PI. xxvi. figs. 116 to 118.
CONTORTIDENS, Agass. Pl. xxvi. fig. 119, and 1192.

HOPEI, Agass. PI. xxvi. fig. 120 to 123.
VERTICALIS, Agassiz. PJ. xxvi. figs. 124 to 127.
GRACILIS, lgass. Pl. xxvi. figs. 128 to 130.

205

206 FOSSIL SQUALID OF THE UNITED STATES.

Genus OTODUS, Agassiz.

. OBLIQUUS, Agass. PI. xxvi. figs. 131 to 137.

. APPENDICULATUS, Agass. PI. xxvi. figs. 138 to 140.
. LEvIs, Gibbes. Pl. xxvi. figs. 141.

. crassus, Agass. Pl. xxvi. fig. 142.

. macroTus, Agass. Pl. xxvi. figs. 143, 144.

. TRIGONATUS, /igass. PI. xxvi. figs. 145, 146.

. APICULATUS, /igass. PI. xxvi. fig. 147.

ee eg aS
Se Oe) (See)

Genus OX YRHINA, Agassiz.

Sp. . HASTALIS, Agass. Pl. xxvi. figs. 148 to 152.

. XIPHODON, Jigass. PI. xxvi. figs. 153, 154.

. PLICATILIS, Agass. Pl]. xxvi. figs. 155 to 157.
. MANTELLI, Agass. PJ. xxvi. figs. 158.

. crassa, Agass. Pl]. xxvi. figs. 159, 160.

. MiInuTA, 4gass. PI. xxvi. figs. 160 to 164.

. SILLIMANI, Gibbes. PI. xxvi. figs. 165 to 168.
. pEsorI, Gibbes. PI. xxvi. figs. 169 to 171.

. witsonil, Gibbes. Pl. xxvi. figs. 171 to 173.

SG) Bee CA soe
QOeEqqoeoq ge

This monograph will be continued from time to time as specimens are procured.

[pr zor

ART. XV.—Descriptions of new Fossil and Recent Shells of the United States. By
T. A. Conran.

a

UPPER EOCENE FOSSILS.

CLAVELLA, Swainson. F'usus, Lam.

C. vickspuRGENSIS.—Fusiform, smooth, moderately thick; volutions eight, with straight sides; spire
conical, with obtuse longitudinal remote varices, first and second volutions entire ; suture impressed ;
body whorl regularly rounded towards the beak; aperture and canal about one-tenth longer than the
shell ; beak straight and pointed. 24. 3.

Locahty. Vicksburg, Mississippi. Abundant.

FULGUR, Mont.

F. noputatum.—Pyriform, thick, with strong rugose revolving lines, with a very fine intermediate line
between most of the large strie; on the inferior part of the body whorl is a space without lines, below
which the whorl has a slightly concave slope towards the beak; angle tuberculated, the series
continued on the spire near the suture: in some specimens the tubercles margin both sides of the
suture ; spire short, the sides of the volutions concave; labrum with rather distant prominent acute
lines within ; beak straight. 13. 3.

Locality. Occurs with the preceding.

This species is easily distinguished from F. spiniger, (Fusus spiniger,) of the same
locality, by its much less prominent spire, and by having tuberéles in place of
spines.

TRITON, Mont.

T. suBaLveatum.—Subfusiform ; varices obsolete, except one near the margin of the labrum, which is
broad ; revolving sulci in pairs with a broad flattened interval ; longitudinal wrinkles distinct and the
longitudinal ribs or varices numerous, narrow and obscure, except on the spire where they are more
prominent ; sutural area subcanaliculate ; aperture wide ; labrum with remote prominent lines within ;
columella with a prominent plait near the middle and another near the angle of the aperture.

Locahty. Occurs with the preceding.

The three fossils above described occur near the base of the cliff at Vicksburg, in
company with Natica Mississippiensis and Corbula alta, all abundant, and none have
been found in the group above, except one valve which I supposed to be of the last
named species, when I saw it at Vicksburg. As I have not access to the specimen,

53

208 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS OF

I cannot say certainly that it is the same with the C. alta. These shells are
situated below the indurated marly beds which contain the remains of crabs, as I am
informed by J. D. Anderson, Esq., of Vicksburg, who collected the specimens. The
stratum near Dr. George Smith’s plantation, about six miles N. E. of Vicksburg, in
which I found the Natica Misstssippiensis and Corbula alta, is identical with that of
Vicksburg to which I have alluded.

RECENT SHELLS.
SILIQUA, Megerle. Leguminaria, Schum.

S. rLoripana.—Kquilateral convex ; posterior side narrower and more acutely rounded than the anterior ;
basal margin slightly contracted or arched; colour purple, umbo whitish ; epidermis olive with two
narrow whitish rays on the posterior side; rib marked by a broad purplish brown ray.

Sotecurtis Fracizis.—Var. nob. Proceedings, Vol. iii. p. 24, fig. 10.

Locality. AUnhabits Egmont Key, Tampa Bay, Florida.

LYONSIA, Turton.

L. rLoripana.—Very inequilateral, ovate-oblong, thin, fragile, inflated; posterior side produced, slightly
recurved, narrow and direct at the extremity, a slight furrow on the submargin of the hinge;
epidermis extremely thin, white, with fine radiating lines.

OstEopEsMa HYaLIna’—nob. Proceedings, Vol. iii. p. 24, fig. 7.

This species is larger than L. hyalina, much longer in proportion, narrower
posteriorly, and has more distinct radiating lines.

CRYPTOMYA, Con.

An equivalved, equilateral, bivalve, closed or very slightly gaping, the hinge

similar to that of Mya ; pallial impression without a sinus, but forming a right angle
posteriorly.

SPHENIA CaLIForNica.—nob. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci, vol. vii. p. 234, Pl. 17, fig. 11.

This shell was incorrectly referred to SpHania, and cannot with propriety enter
the genus Mya. “The form of the pallial impression, and the valves being nearly
or quite closed, prove that the animal inhabiting this shell differs from that of Mya.”

DONAX.

D. prorracta.—Elongated ; anterior side produced, acutely rounded at the extremity ; hinge and basal
margins parallel ; hinge margin straight, scarcely oblique ; posterior side cuneiform, distinctly striated,
acutely rounded at the extremity ; disk widely contracted between umbo and base, arching the basal
margin; surface with crowded minute radiating lines; colour variable, light red or purple, more or
less rayed; interior red or purple with a white margin; margin crenulated. 1 1-16. 4.

NEW FOSSIL AND RECENT SHELLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 209

Locality. Coast of Florida, near St. Joseph’s Bay.
This shell is about the size of D. scalpellum, and quite as much elongated. I found
a number of odd valves, generally water worn.

VENUS, Lun.

V. InTAPURPUREA.—Ovate-triangular, thick, ventricose, with about thirty concentric somewhat reflected
ribs, becoming laminated and waved towards the anterior and posterior margins ; the laminz alternately
elevated ; radiating striz distant; lunule cordate; basal margin rounded and somewhat tumid in the
middle, subtruncated posteriorly ; colour white with irregular angular fulvous spots; interior white
with a very large triangular purple stain ; margin crenulated. 1}. 1.

Locality. Egmont Key, Tampa Bay.
Resembles the Miocene fossil Venus cribrarza, nob., but is very distinct.

PECTEN.

P. ruscopurRPUREUS.—Ovate; ears subequal, broad and long; ribs about eighteen, about as wide as the
interstices, With a crenulated line or two on the side of each; ribs finely squamose ; interstices with
crenulated longitudinal lines; colour brownish purple. 1%. 14.

Locality. Mullet Key, Tampa Bay.

I found several odd valves of this Pecten in company with P. dislocatus ; and }
have elsewhere remarked that although P. zrradians (concentricus, Say,) is common
on the Bay shore, it is never met with on the sea beach of Mullet Key.

pueion |

ART. XVI.—Notes on Shells, mith Descriptions of new Genera and Species. By
T. A. ConraD.

CASSIS.

C. cornuta, Lin. Two species of Cassis have been confounded by authors since
the time of Linné, under the name of C. cornuta, one of which inhabits the East, the
other the West Indies. Linné gives the latter habitat, but his reference is solely to
figures of the eastern shell, and it is therefore probable that his description was taken
from that species, though the name better applies to the other, which is really horned
when old, whilst the eastern shell has much shorter and more numerous tubercles:
these never become so greatly unequal in size as in the former species, which shell
is well represented in Chemnitz’s figures, 1790 and 1791.

Reference to Cassis cornuta, as figured in the works of various authors.

Lister. t. 1006 f. 70, and t. 1009, fig. 71, c.

Bonani. Recr. 3, f. 155.

Rumph. Mus. t. 23, fig. 1.

Petiv. Gaz. t. 151, fig. 9, Buccinum brevirostrum, and 7, fig. 14, Cassis Amboinensis. 1713.
Gualt. Test. t. 40, fig. D.

Seba. Mus. 3, t. 73, figs. 7, 8, 17, 18.

Knorr) Plo 35 27%, fics:

Favanne. Conch. PI. 26, fig. A, 1.

Martini. Conch. 2, t. 33, figs. 348, 349, and t. 35, fic. 362.
Kiener. Spec. des Coq. p. 9, No. 4, Pl. 2, fig. 3.

Wood. Index Test. pl. 22, fig. 14.?

Reeve, Conch. Icon. part 65, Pl. 1, fig. 2.

Chenu. Illus. Conch. Pl. 2.

C. Lasiata, Chemnitz. 'The only certain figures of this species I have seen, are
those in Chemnitz’s and Lister’s works. Reeve has pointed out the difference
between this shell and the eastern cornuta of Lin., but regards it as only a variety
of that species. Surely when characteristic differences are so prominent and
persistent, in shells so remote in their habitats, it is fair to conclude that they cannot
be identical species.

The figures usually referred to the one in question by authors, in the works of
Rumphius and Petiver, appear to me to represent Cassis tuberosa, Lam.

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES. 211

Reference to Cassis labiata.

Lister. t. 1008, fig. 71, C.

Rumph. Mus. t. 23, fig. A.

Petiver. Gaz. t. 2, fig. 10, and t. 7, fig. 10.

Chem. Conch. 2, t. 184, fig. 1790, and t. 185, fig. 1791.

C. TuBeRosa, Lin. In the twelfth edition of the Systema Natura, Linné quotes
Gualteri, t. 41, fig. A A A, which is the ¢tuberosa of authors, but his original
description, and which he retains in the twelfth edition, applies to a different shell,
probably, as he remarks, to a variety of Casstdaria echinophora.

Reference to Cassis tuberosa.

Gualt. Test. t. 41, fig. A A A. Cochlea cassidiformis.
Favanne. Pl. 25, fig. B, 2.

Encyc. Method., 406, fig. 1, and 407, fig. 2.

Lam. An. sans Vert.

Sowerby’s Manual, fig. 410.

Reeve. Conch. Icon. Pl. 3, fig. 7.

Reference to Cassis flammea.

Seba. Mus. 3. t. 73, fig. 2, 5, 6, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20.
Knorr. 3, Pl. 10, fig. 1, 2, (old) Pl. 4, fig. 1*, (young.)
Martini, 2, fig. 353, 254, and 381, 382.

Reeve. Conch. Icon. Pl. 5, fig. 12.

TRITON, Mont.

T. ruBERosus. ‘Two distinct shells are usually referred to this species. The
so-called variety I designate by the name of T’ pyriformis.

Reference to Triton tuberosus.

Lister. Conch. 1. 935, fig. 29a.
Rumph. t. 24, fig. H.
Vogage of Astrolabe, Pl. 40, fig. 19.

Animal olive-green with large dots. Shell with a crooked oblique beak.

Reference to Triton pyriformis.

Martini. 3, fig. 1050, 1051.
Dillwyn. Murex pyrum, var. C.
Kiener. P]. 14, fig. 2.
Reeve. Conch. Icon. Pl. 41, fig. 1b.
Voyage of Astrolabe, Pl. 40, fig. 18.
Animal ash-coloured with small dots. Shell with the beak less oblique, and straighter than in the
preceding species.
* Quoted by Lam. for Cassis tuberosa.

54

212 MR. CONRAD’S NOTES ON SHELLS,

T. variecaTus, Lam. Three specics have been confounded by authors under the
name of T. variegatus. Reeve in his figures and observations clearly represents the
difference between the East Indian and one of the West Indian species, which last I
name nobilis. The former I regard as the type of Murex tritonis, Lin. The third
species is common in the West Indies, and is smaller and more ponderous in
proportion, The following characters may serve to designate the species :

1. T. rritonis.—Spire with coarsely granulated striz ; labrum expanded, widely reflected*, margin deeply
scalloped ; columella with broad slightly raised plaits, with narrow brown grooves between. (East
Indies.

Reference to Triton tritonis.

Bonani. Rec. fig. 188.

Rumph. Mus. t. 28, fig. B and 1.

Petiver. t. 12, fig. 15. Buccinum tritonis.
Gualt. Test. t. 48, fig. A.

Seba. Mus. t. 73, three large figures.
Favanne. Conch. Pl. 32, fig. G 1, G 2.
Murex tritonis, Lin. Syst. Nat.

Martini. Conch. 4, t- 134, fig. 1277, 1281.
Reeve. Conch. Icon. Pl. 2, fig. 3b.

2. T. nositis, Con.—Dilated, ventricose, humped on the upper part of the body whorl, about which three
ribs are prominent, rounded, lower one broadest. (West Indies.) 11. 5%.

Reference to Triton nobilis.
Favanne. 32, fig. G, 1, 2.
Blainville. Malacol. Pl. 18, fig. 3.
Triton variegatus, Reeve. Conch. Icon. Pl. 1, fig. 3a.

3. T. varniecaTus.—Thick and heavy, slender ; upper whorls with minutely granulated revolving lines;
columella brown with white plaits, mostly narrow. (West Indies.)

Reference to Triton variegatus.

Lister. Conch. t. 959, fig. 12.

Seba. Mus. 3, t. 73, two upper figures.

Martini. Conch. 4, t. 134, fig. 1277, 1281, and t. 135, fig. 1282, 1283.
Wood. Index Test. Pl. 27, fig. 95.

Keiner. Pl.2.

* The character of the reflected patulous labrum becomes most decided in the largest specimens. Young shells
do not possess it.

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES. 213

I am indebted to Dr. Thomas B. Wilson for the opportunity of examining the
three foregoing species in different periods of growth, which removed all doubts
about the specific differences of each. The young nobilis has the same dilated form
as the old shell. The young of the other two species are on the contrary very
slender. In the variegatus and nobilis there isa much larger proportion of the dark
waved bands to the white or light coloured shell, and in every stage of growth the
former is thicker and heavier than in corresponding ages of the others.

NAUTILUS.

N. perroratus.—Suborbicular, umbilicated ; margin deeply sinuous; colour white with brown irregular
transverse rays, becoming distant, and inclining to flesh colour on the margin of the wider portion of
the shell ; margin of aperture blackish-brown within. Length 64.

This shell has been referred to NV. umbilicatus, Chemnitz, (N. scrobicuiatus of
Solander and Dillwyn,) but it has not the flattened sides nor wide umbilicus of that
species, and the rays are much darker. It more resembles the pompilius, but the
umbilicus and narrower aperture readily distinguish it. It is about the size of that
species.

PETRICOLA.

P. catirornica.—Sazicava californica. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 7, pl. 20, fig. 9, 1837.
Petricola arcuata, Desh. Rev. Zool. par la Soc. Cuv. 1839, p. 358, Mag. de Zool. 1840, Pl. 19.

P. carvirowes, Con. Saxicava carditoides,Con. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. 7, pl. 20, fig. 8. 1837.
Petricola cylindracea? Desh. Mag. de Zool. 1840, Pl. 20.

SILIQUA, Megerle. LEGUMINARIA, Schum.

S. nutTatii, Con.

SoLEcURTUS NUTTALL, Con.

S. maximus, Gould, not Wood.

SoLEN sPLENDENS, Chenu. Illus. Conch. Pl. 8, fig. 3.
S. tuctpa, Con.

SoLEcuRTUS Lucipus, Con.

S. rapiatus, Gould not Lin.

TRIGONELLA, Con.

An equivalved subtriangular bivalve, thick, smooth; cardinal teeth three in each valve ; a rather distant
straight anterior lateral tooth in one valve, fitting into a double tooth on the opposite valve ; ligament
pit deeply excavated ; pallial impression with a considerable sinus.

T. crassaTELLoives, nob. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 7, p. 253, Pl. 19, fig. 17.

214 MR. CONRAD’S NOTES ON SHELLS,

SANGUINOLARIA, Lam.

S. nuTtatiu, Cor. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. 7, p. 230, Pl. 17, fig. 6.
Psammosia DECORA, Hinds. Zool. of the Sulphur, Pl. 19, fig. 6, 7.

PHOLADOMYA.

This shell which Deshayes referred to Panopea, has a highly perlaceous substance,
and is destitute of cardinal teeth. The nacre, and different form of the muscular
impressions, appear to me sufficient to exclude it from Glycimeris, Lam., to which it
approaches nearer than to Panopea, Aldrov.

If this Miocene fossil is inadmissible in the genus Pholadomya, I propose a new
generic name, Margarilaria.

PARAPHOLAS, Con.

Shell pholas-like ; dorsal margins widely folded over the valves; accessory valves two, nearly similar in
form, elongated, one extending from the umbo to the posterior extremity ; the other united to the base ;
hinge plate thick ; adductor muscular impressions greatly elongated.

The peculiar character of the accessory valves which appear as though soldered
to the shell; the elongated muscular impressions so different from those in other
genera of Pholadide ; the form of the pallial impression, and the valve on the base,
prove a very distinct organization in the animal, and marked distinctive generic
characters. The accessory valves are only two, with a medial suture, and are much
alike in form, the dorsal valve being shortest and truncated at the beak. On the
back there is a strong resemblance of four other valves caused by a wide folding over
the valves. The pallial impression descends in a nearly direct line from the
adductor muscle to an elongated cicatrix, of an oblong square shape, which joins the
basal margin.

P. catirornica, Con... Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. 7, p. 236, Pl. 18, fig. 35. Revue Zool. par la Soc.
Cuv. 1839, p. 357.
P, sanELii, Desh. Mag. de Zool. 1840, Pl. 14,15. Chenu. Illus. Conch. Pl. 3, fig. 4.

PECTEN.

P. rracosus.—Ovate ; inferior valve nearly flat; ribs eight, six of which are very large, rounded,
profoundly elevated, nodose, longitudinally sulcated; intercostal spaces very narrow, crossed by
transverse elevated Jamine, and destitute of longitudinal lines; posterior ear produced, margin dentate;

colour deep orange. Length 2 inches: height the same.

Inhabits the West Indies.

Differs from P. nodosus in having fewer, sulcated and much larger ribs, narrower
interstices with transverse laminz; and in the flatness of the inferior valve. The
anterior and posterior submargins have longitudinal lines, but the intercostal spaces
are without any.

Fi. 215)07)]

ART. XVII.—Remarks on the Birds observed in Upper California, with descriptions
of new species. By Wituiam Gampet, M. D.

(Continued from page 56.)

PIAYA, Less.

111. P. cayanensis, Gamb. Cayenne Cuccoo.
Cuculus cayanensis, Briss. Vol. iv. p. 122, (1760.) C. cayanus, Linn. Syst.
Nat. ed. 12th, (1766.)

We found this beautiful bird common about the Gulf of California, particularly at
Mazatlan.

There is a good deal of variation both in size and colour in this species, probably
dependant on age. ‘The colour above on young birds is pale cinnamon, but in old
specimens it becomes of a much deeper reddish, with beautiful purple reflections.

“The tail beneath also changes from the colour of the upper parts to nearly a pure
black. There is much variation also in the size of the bill, and length of wings and
tail; but one specimen which we have in the collection of the Academy, from
Surinam, exceeds all the others so much, that we purpose to make it different under
the name.

P. macroura. Its total length is 22 inches, of which the tail is 15 inches:
wings 63 inches: tarsus 1? inches.

The plumage is almost exactly the same, though less tinged with red above, and
the front and top of head more inclined to dusky grey. Its broad expansive tail
presents beautiful purple reflections; beneath it is almost black, each feather with a
white tip.

GEOCOCCYX, Wagler.

112. G. mexicaNnus, Strick. Paisano.
Phasianus mexicanus, Gmel. Lath.
Hoitlalotl, Hernandez. Willoughby’s Orn. p. 403. Ray. Syst. Av. p. 158.
Cuculus viaticus, Licht.
G. variegatus, Wagler. Isis, 1831.
Saurothera marginata, Kaup. Isis, 1832.
S. botte, Blainville. Less. Traité d’Orn.i. p. 144. S. Californiana, Less

55

216 DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

Leptostoma longicauda, Swains. Class. Bds. vol. i. p. 325 and 140, fig. 172.
Gamb. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vol. ii. p. 263.

G. mexicanus, Strick. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 544. Hartlaub,
Revue Zool. 1844, p. 215.

The Hoitlalotl, or Long Bird of Hernandez, was said to inhabit the hottest parts of
Mexico; to fly near the ground, making but short flights, but ran so swiftly that it
far exceeded the speed of the swiftest horses; and that its flesh was not much
esteemed for food. ‘The length of the body was nine inches, and the tail in addition
about a span, or a total of about eighteen inches, and the tail green with purplish
reflections like the peacock.

All of which is true of the Paisano only, and together with the rest of the
description given by Willoughby and Ray, leaves but little doubt that this is the
bird which was intended to be described. As we know, therefore, that the name
mexicanus was first given to it as the bird of Hernandez, it should be retained,
although the description be so imperfect.

It is distributed throughout the greater part of Mexico, where it is well known by
the name of paisano, or countryman, and in California as the correcamino, or road-
runner. We also found it occasionally on the route from New Mexico to California,
and I have seen several specimens from Texas.

Its swiftness of foot is proverbial, and the astonishment of all who see it ; indeed it
is said in many places to be chased on horseback by the Mexicans for amusement.
I have heard of its being tamed at Chihuahua and other places, and kept about the
houses to rid them of vermin, such as scorpions, lizards, centipedes, &c., which are
there socommon; and judging from the contents of the stomach of one which I
opened in California, they would be useful enough for this purpose, for it contained
to my astonishment, beside other small matters, nine very large grasshoppers and a
good sized lizard whole !

[ have been told by the Californians, that they have a method of killing snakes
which, if true, is sufficiently remarkable : that is, when they find a snake coiled up
and asleep, to encompass him with the joints of a round-stemmed cactus, with long
very piercing barbed spines, whicl. is common in many places, and then to drop a
joint upon his coil; the snake by his twisting is pierced in all directions and soon
killed.

I have observed them to freque:t principally the barren bushy plains, and
especially those which are covered with several kinds of cacti; probably because in
such places lizards are also abundant. I have found their bills and feet covered with
dirt asif they had been both scratching and digging. They will fly for a short
‘distance when first surprized, but if chased do not rise, running with the wings a little
open and the head erect.

DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 217

This genus contains at least two well marked species differing in size and colour.
The G. affinis is much smaller, with the bill quite moderate, and the plumage above
with reddish bronzed reflections ; beneath it is pale ochraceous, with the anal region
dusky rufous: the breast and sides of neck are sparsely marked with longitudinal
black streaks occupying the centres of the feathers. The G. mezicanus has the
upper plumage bronzed with steel blue and brownish green reflections. On the
breast and sides of neck the webs of the feathers are more loose and setaceous, black
in the centre, on either side, with broad reddish ochraceous margins ; all the rest of
the woolly feathers beneath of a dirty grey colour.

Nothing is more remarkable in these birds than the variation in size to which the
bill is subject. This led me to suspect that among the specimens in the collection of
the Academy, there were four species, but finding scarcely any difference in the
other proportions or colour, I conclude that the bill is subject to very great
modification in size and form according to age; which, in fact, is the case in most of
the American cuculide.

In two specimens of the G. affinis the measurements of the bill are as follows :

1st specimen. 2d specimen.
- Length of from nostril to tip, - - - 8-10ths of an inch, 1 inch and 1-10th.
« © lower mandible from the junction of rami to tip, 5-10ths cS 73-10ths of an inch.
« ~~ from angle of mouth, - - - 1 inch and 63-10ths. 2 inches.

The smaller one appears to be in perfect plumage, and its colours more brilliant
than in the one with the largest bill. The tail, wings and tarsi are nearly equal in both.

A specimen of G. mexicanus brought from Buena Vista by one of the army
officers, is smaller in every way than the other specimens, but is a young bird. The
wing is half an inch shorter, the tarsus shorter, and the bill from angle of mouth
five-tenths of an inch shorter, and from nostril to tip one inch and two-tenths, instead
of one and a half inches.

From Saurothera it only differs in the character of the plumage: the margins of
the mandibles are ragged, not serrated, in both ; indeed the lacerated appearance is
most probably only the result of wear and tear, either in the living bird or in dried
specimens.

It at first seemed strange to me that Boie should have placed this bird in his
genus Diplopteris, but if the very short-billed specimen of the G. affinis is compared
with Diplopteris nevius it will be difficult to find a generic distinction

COLUMBA, Lunn.

113 C, rasctaTa, Say. Band-tailed Pidgeon.
C. monilis, Vigors’ Zool. Beechy’s Voyage, pl. 26.

218 DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

Small flocks of this noble pidgeon frequent the woods of California during winter,
but are extremely shy.

114, C. cAROLINENSIS, Linn. Common Turtle Dove.

We found this species breeding on the prairies near the rivers Arkansaw and
Cimaron, in June, forming their nests on the ground at the foot of large tufts of
grass. It is common about Santa Fé, and was occasionally seen by us on the road
to California, where it is a constant denizen of the vineyards and orchards.

CALLIPEPLA, Wagler.

115. C. caLirornica, Gould. Californian Crested Quail.
Perdiz californica, Lath.

This beautiful bird is extremely abundant throughout California; in the winter
season congregating in large flocks, sometimes of as many as a thousand or more, in
those places where there are woods enough to afford covert for so many. They also
resort to the bushy plains and ravines of the hills. Displaying all the watchfulness
of our Virginian Quail, they are even more swift of foot, eluding pursuit by running
and hiding with surprising speed; but upon sudden alarm, are more apt to fly into
the trees, where they lie close upon the horizontal branches like so many squirrels,
which added to their colour, resembling somewhat the bark, renders them difficult to
be seen. They are exceedingly graceful in their deportment, and when running
have the crest elevated and thrown backwards, but when at rest, walking on the
ground or over piles of brush, carry it curved forward overhanging the front.

The nest is formed upon the ground at the foot of a tree, or under cover of a bush.
The number of eggs is sometimes very great, as in the instance of one which I found
at Monterey, July 20th. It was a shallow hole scratched in the ground at the foot of
an oak tree, with a few blades of dried grass around the sides but bare at the bottom,
and contained twenty-four eggs! I judged from the appearance of them, that two
birds had laid in the same nest, as fifteen of them were of a different shade from the
others.

116, C. Douciassu, Gamb. Douglas’ Crested Quail.
Ortyx Douglassii, Vigors. Trans. of the Linn. Soc. of London, vol. xvi. p.
145. Zool. Jour. vol. iv. p. 344. Jard. and Selby’s Ill. Orn. pl. 107.
Zool. Beechy’s Voyage, p. 27, pl. 11. Audubon’s Bds. Amer. pl. 418,
O. spilogaster, Vigors. Proceed. Zool. Soc. 18382, p. 4.
O. elegans, Less. Cent. Zool. pl. 61, p. 189.
Callipepla elegans, Gould. Monog. Odont. pl.

DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 219

This elegant Quail, the female of which was first described as Ortyx Douglassii,
and which has been so long considered a distinct species, does not, as far as I have ob-
served, extend into Upper California, but is common about the Gulf, particularly at
Mazatlan, where no doubt the specimen figured in Beechy’s Voyage was obtained,
and not, as stated, at Monterey.

117. C. Gampetiu, Gould. Gambel’s Crested Quail.
Lophortyx Gambelii, Nuttall. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vol. i. p. 260,
C. venusta, Gould.

This beautiful species I discovered on the eastern side of the Californian range of
mountains in 1841. They were numerous in flocks of fifteen or twenty, running
about in company with another species which I thought new also, but the specimens
I had procured, whilst engaged in skinning this, were devoured almost at my elbow
by a couple of hungry Ravens. Several spiral podded species of Prosopis, with low
spreading branches, afforded them excellent covert, and the seeds of bushy malvas,
chenopodiums and artemisias, probably served them as food in that dreary region.

118. C. picra, Gould. Plumed Quail.
Ortyzx picta, Douglass.
O. plumifera, Gould.
Common in the northern parts of Upper California, in the mountain valleys.

119. C. squammata, Gray. Scaly Quail.
Ortyz squammata, Vigors. Zool. Jour. vol. v. p. 275.
Callipepla strenua, Wagler. Isis, 1832, p. 277. ;
This singular species is common along the banks of streams in New Mexico, and
the adjoining parts of California.

TETRAO, Linn.

120. T. umBettus, Linn. Ruffed Grouse.

I met with flocks of this familiar species, much to my surprise, in the high
mountain ravines along the solitary and desolate Rio Severo, (Nicolet’s river of
Fremont,) but did not find it anywhere near the coast.

121. T. opscurus, Say. Dusky Grouse.
We also met with this fine species frequently in our journey across the interior.

122. T. vropHastanus, Bonap. Cock of the plains.
Common in the interior.

220 DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA,

CHARADRIUS, Antzq.

123. C. vocirerus, Linn. Kildeer Plover.

This watchful noisy bird is common in California, and as annoying to the
sportsman there as with us, ever ready to give the alarm to ducks and other game.

I found them breeding at Santa Barbara in April.

124. C. monranus, Towns. Rocky Mountain Plover.

We found this species only in the interior. It has also been found plentiful in
Texas.

PLUVIALIS, Gesner. Briss.

125. P. vireinraca, Gamb. American Golden Plover.
Charadrius virginiacus, Borkh.
Common along the coast.

SQUATAROLA, Cuv.

126. S. HeLvertica, Cuv. Black-bellied Plover.
Small flocks are frequently seen along the coast.

STREPSILAS, Ilhger.

127. S. MELANocEPHALUs, Vigors. Californian Turnstone.
Zool. Jour. iv. p. 356. Zool. Beechy’s Voyage, p. 29.

Head, neck, upper part of breast and back, wings and rump dusky, with golden green reflections ; beneath,
a band on the wing formed by the tips of the greater coverts, shafts of the quills, tip and base of tail
pure white : the scapulars and some of the coverts also edzed with white.

Length 9 inches : bill about 1 inch, dark brown: irids hazel: legs umber-brown : tarsus 1 inch.

This remarkable species, so distinct from the common Turnstone, is abundant
throughout the coast of Upper California.

I first met with it in the Bay of St. Pedro, in February, flitting over the rocks
with great activity, and uttering as it flew a creaking twittering note.

The plumage of the living bird is of a beautiful dark golden green, which
contrasted with the pure white of the upper tail coverts, and the double white bands
of the wings when expanded, renders its appearance when flying extremely
beautiful. ;

I afterwards found it common along the rocky coast, particularly at Monterey, in
November ; and observed that it preferred the roughest rocky points and broken
stony banks, lashed continually by the foaming surf. Here it delights to run over
the rocks covered with sea weed and small shells, rising for a minute on the wing to
avoid the dashing breaker, and alighting the moment its fury is spent, to glean its
well earned fare amid the rustling foam, in which they are often enveloped.

ss ave “,

DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. aol

When flying, they utter a rapidly repeated trilling twit twit tit.

Gray in his Genera of Birds has abandoned the name Strepsilas, and given Cinclus
of Moehring for this genus. In my opinion, we might as well go back to Gesner
and Aldrovandus for names, as to Moehring, and it is but right that we should, for
the names they gave to well known birds, are as much matters of history as
names given by authors at the present day. The “inflexible law of priority ”
must, as a matter of necessity always hold good, to prevent an otherwise ever-
varying and endless confusion ; and if we adopt it, how can we with justice reject
the names given by the very earliest writers on the subject, if they characterize the
species in such a way that we can recognize them? It has been assumed that the
binomial system of nomenclature was first established by Linneus, and that we
owe the compliment to that great man, not to take any of the names of the older
authors: but will the world think so a century hence, when the system of Linneus
will appear as imperfect, as the systems of the older authors do to us now ?

Neither can I agree with those who think that we owe the first distinct idea of
genus and species to Linneus. But in regard to this genus the name Strepsilas can
with propriety be retained, because that Cznclus was used before Moehring’s time

for the Tringas ; Arenaria of Brisson was previously used for a well known genus of

plants; Morinella of Meyer, 1810, which is the same as Morinellus, was first used for
the Eudromias morinella of Boie, which should be called Morinellus anglorum,
The European Turnstone should be Sérepsi/as marinus, the latter being the specific
name given to it by Willoughby, Ray, and Catesby.

HEMATOPUS, Antig.

128. H. ater, Vieill. Black Oyster Catcher.
Gal. des Ois. ii. p. 88.
H. niger, Voyage de l’Uranie Zool. p. 129, pl. 34. non Temminck.
H. Bachmanii, Aud. Bds. Amer. pl. 427, fig. 1.

I found this species not uncommon at San Pedro, and on the rocky islands along
the coast. Their food most probably consists of the Patelle and Chitons which so
abound, and for obtaining which their bills are particularly adapted. When
approached they utter a quick whistling Amit kwit, and when flying it is so rapidly
repeated that it ends in a low trill.

The plumage of the head, neck and breast is glossy blue-black, and of the back and
wings glossy brownish-black The bill and fleshy ring round the eye bright
vermillion : irids golden yellow : tarsus and toes fleshy, and almost white.

GRUS. Antzq.

129. G. CANADENSIS, Temm Great Brown Crane.

DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

(oO
()
w

Extremely abundant throughout the west, but nowhere perhaps do they congregate
in such vast numbers as in California ; where, during the winter season, the grassy
plains are in many places covered with them, in company with myriads of Geese.

-

ARDEA, Linn.

130. A. occipENTALIs, Aud. Great White Heron.
Common throughout California, frequenting the fresh water ponds and small

streams.

131. A. HERODIAS, Linn.
Frequent about the shallow ponds and bays of the coast.

ARDEOLA, Bonap.

132. A. ExiLis, Bonap. Least Bittern.
Common about the marshes of California.

BOTAURUS, Steph.

133. B. minor, Bonap. American Bittern.
A. minor, Wils. Vol. vill. p. 35, pl. 65, fig. 3.
I found this species near the Pueblo de los Angeles.

NYCTICORAX, Steph.

134. N. vioaceus, Gray. White-crowned Heron.
Extremely abundant about the Gulf of California.

PLATEA, Antiq.

135. P. mexicana, Willoughby. Roseate Spoonbill.
Will. Orn. p. 213. Platea Brasihensis, Idem.
P. incarnata, Sloane. Jam. Ray. Syn. Av. p. 189.
P. mexicana, Ray. p. 102.
P. rosea et P. coccinea, Briss. Vol. v. pp. 356 et 539.
Platalea ajaja, Linn.
Small flocks of this beautiful bird have several times extended up the coast even
as far as San Francisco.

DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 223

FALCINELLUS, Gesner. Ald. Ray.

136. F. cayANENSIS, Gamb. Glossy Ibis.
Tantalus cayanensis, Gmel. Lath. Gen. Hist. Bds. vol. ix. p. 145.
Ibis ordi, Bonap.

Very common in Mexico and plentiful in California. They are quite familiar in
many places, frequenting the shallow muddy ponds in the neighbourhood of the
towns, At Mazatlan this is particularly the case, and in California at the Pueblo
de los Angeles, I found one near the centre of the town along a small ditch. Their
flesh is considered very palatable by the Mexicans. When approached too closely
and made to fly, they utter in a harsh voice eh eh ek, eh eh ek, eh eh ek, and sometimes
only a rapidly repeated ek ek ek ek, continued for some time.

NUMENIUS, Antig.

137. N. Lonerrostris, Wils. Long-billed Curlew.

We found this excellent game bird abundant on the prairies, and from New
Mexico to California, where it is also common.

ACTITURUS, Bonap.
138. A. BARTRAMIUS, Bonap. Bartram’s Tatler.
Common on the prairies of the interior.

TOTANUS, Becht.
139. T. ruavipes, Vieill. Yellow-shanks Tatler.
Common along the western coast.

140. T. cHLtoropyetus, Vieill. Green Rump Tatler.
Common along solitary streams.

141. T. meLano.Leucus, Vieill. Tell Tale.
Common along the coast.

SYMPHEMIA, Raffin.
142. S. semIpaALMATA, Gamb. Willet.
Scolopax semipalmata, (Lath.) Gmel.
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Bonap.
Symphemia atlantica, Rafinesque.
Very common in the maratime marshes of Mexico and California.

LIMOSA, Briss.

43. L. repoa, Vieill. Marbled Goodwit.
Frequent in the winter season along the coast.
57

224 DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

MACRORAMPHUS, Leach.

144. M. cristus, Leach. Red-breasted Snipe.
Abundant along the coast.

FULICA, Antig.

145. F. americana, Gmel. Common Coot.
Abundant about fresh water ponds, going in large flocks. They breed in
California.

PHALAROPUS, Briss.

146. P. ruLicarius, Bonap.

In the month of November large flocks of this active little sea-bird appeared in
the Bay of Monterey. ‘They were in immature plumage, and never came very close
to the shore, but seemed to prefer the deep water, riding upon the waves like so
many Petrels.

HOLOPODIUS, Bonap.

147. H. witsonu, Bonap.
Phalaropus frenatus, Vieill.

Frequent in the interior where it breeds.

HIMANTOPUS, Antig.

148. H. nicricon.is, Vieill. Black-necked Stilt.

This species is abundant on the Mexican coast, and extends into Upper California,
where I found them at Santa Barbara in April. They frequented the wet marshy
ponds near the coast, and were probably breeding, as they seemed to be very
pugnacious among themselves, balancing in the air, and striking at each other with
their wings, the long legs hanging down, and at the same time uttering a noisy
loud peculiar note.

RECURVIROSTRA, Gesner. Will. Ray.

149. R. occipENTALIS, Vigors. Californian Avocet.
Zool. Beechy’s Voyage, p. pl.
This is an abundant bird throughout California, and, according to Nuttall, has
been shot also at the great northern bend of the Missouri, (see Man. Orn. vol. il. p. 77.)
It frequents the muddy margins of ponds and marshes, into which it walks up to
its breast in water, and wriggles its bill about in the soft mud like a duck, its head
often being entirely immersed.

J ‘

DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 225

150. R. americana, Linn. Red-necked Avocet.
We found this species common in crossing the interior.

* CYGNUS, Antig.

151. C. americanus, Sharpless. American Swan.
Not uncommon during the winter season in the retired lakes and ponds of
California.

CHEN, Bore.

152. C. nypEeRBOREUS, Boie. Snow Goose.
Extremely abundant in California during winter, the plains often being white
with them for miles in extent.

ANSER, Antigq.
153. A. eryTHROoPUS, Linn. White-fronted Goose.

Abundant. The large irregular black patches or bands on the lower part of the
breast of this species, is a curious character, and, from their being so irregular in
shape, would seem to be in immature condition ; but among the myriads of Geese
‘which arrive in California in the fall and retire again early in the spring, perfectly
adult ones are abundant, yet I never saw these patches but of the same irregular
outline, although many flocks which seemed to be young birds had no trace of such
marks.

154. A. canapDensis, Vieill. Common Goose.
Very abundant.

155. A. HuTcHINSI, Richard. Hutchin’s Goose.
Abundant in California in company with the former. There is a specimen of this
species in the Academy, which was procured by the late Dr. Burrough at Vera Cruz.

BERNICLA, Antigq.

156. B. Brenta, Steph. Brant Goose.
Abundant.

ANAS, Linn.

157. A. Boscuas, Linn Common Mallard.
Abundant in California.

MARECA, Steph.

158. M. americana, Steph. American Widgeon.
Extremely abundant along the coast.

226 DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

DAFILA, Leach.
159. D. caupacuta, Leach. Pintail Duck.
A. caudacuta, Ges. Ald. Will. Ray.
A. acuta, Linn.
Common both in Mexico and California.
SPATULA, Bove.
160. S. cLyPEATA, Boie. Shoveler Duck.
Abundant.
PTEROCYANEA, Bonap.

161. P. piscors, Bonap. Blue-winged Teal.
Very abundant in Mexico and California.

QUERQUEDULA, Briss.
162. Q. cAROLINENSIS, Briss. Green-winged Teal.
Abundant.
FULIGULA, Ray.

163. F. marinorpes, Vigors. Lesser Scaup Duck.
Zool. Beechy’s Voyage, p. 31.
F. affinis, Eyton.
F. minor, Aud.
Abundant in California.

CLANGULA, Flem.

164. C. anBeoua, Bonap. Butter-box Duck.
Common.

CEDEMIA, Flem.
165. C&. PpERSPICILLATA, Flem.

Abundant.

166. CE. rusca, Flem.
Abundant.

167. Ce. AMERICANA, Swains.
Abundant.

ERISMATURA, Bonap.

168. E.frusipa, Bonap. Ruddy Duck.
Common.

DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 227

CARBO.

168. C. ptLopHus, Swains. Common double-crested Cormorant.
Phalacrocorax Townsendii, Aud. Bds. Arer. pl. 412, fig. 2. Young.

This species is common both to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America,
specimens from Oregon and California are identical with those of Florida.

Although the double-crested Cormorant of North America was first figured by
Vieillot in the Gal. des Ois., pl. 275, yet, strangely enough, the text of the book does
not correspond to the plate, and the bird described by Vieillot under that name, is
the beautiful C. punciatus of New Zealand. It is copied from the Nouv. Dic. d’hist.
Nat. vol. vili. p. 5, where he unnecessarily changes the old name punctatus.

Swainson, apparently unaware that the name di/ophus had been given by Vieillot
to the spotted shag, or that the North American one was figured, by mistake I
suppose, in the Gal. des Ois., first described our bird* under the name dilophus, and
and is therefore entitled to the name.

170. C. PENICILLATUS, Brandt.

This species is readily distinguished during the breeding season by the delicate
white linear feathers which are developed upon the sides of the neck and scapulars.
It is common at Monterey and other places in California.

PELECANUS, Linn.

171. P. rRacHyRuyncavs, Lath. Rough-billed Pelican.
P. Americanus, Aud. Bds. Amer. pl. 311.
Common.

172. P. ruscus, Linon. Brown Pelican.
Abundant.

SULA, Briss.

173. S. Fusca, Briss. Booby.
Common off the coast.

ZACHYPETUS, Veeell.

174. T. aquitus, Vieill. Frigate Pelican.

These birds are extremely abundant at Mazatlan, and about the Gulf of California,
and so daring were they, while we were hauling the seine, as to pounce down and
seize the fish from within a few feet of us. Ona clear day they may be seen in
great numbers, soaring at a great height in the air, sometimes almost out of sight.

Faun. Borer. Amer. Bds., p. 473

58

228 DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA,

THALLASEUS, Bore.

175. T. REcius, Gamb.
Sternia regia, Gamb. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. iv. p. 128.
S. cayana, Aud. PI. 273, Orn. Biog. vol. iii. pl. 505; Bonap.; Giraud, Bds.
Long Island, p. 355 ; S. cayana, Lath.?
S. erythrorhynchos, De Weid. Bey. Zur. Natur. Brazil?
Adult male.—Length, 19 inches: extent of wings, 3 ft. 9 in.: length of wing, 15 in. : outer tail feathers,
72 in.: tarsus, 1 inch and 2-10ths, black: bill bright red, along the ridge 24 in. : from corner of the

mouth, 34 in.: from symphysis to point, beneath, 1 inch : depth at commencement of feathers, 7-10ths
inch.

This noble species, so abundant on our southern coast, has for a long time been
considered the S. cayana of Latham, notwithstanding its disparity with his
description both in size and colouration. It seems to me that the Cayenne Tern
must have been founded upon the immature plumage of one of the yellow-billed
species of the Brazilian coast, since described by Lichenstein, probably the
S. magnirostris. '

Young birds of our species would agree pretty well with the erythrorhyncha of
Brazil, described by the Prince de Wied, as they are somewhat smaller and less
proportioned, yet we hesitate to give it that name, until its identity can positively be
proved, particularly as the Terns of that coast are peculiar.

The representative of the egéa in the old world, is the S. velox of Riippel, though
quite distinct.

176. T. ELEGANS, Gamb.
Sterna elegans, Gamb. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. iv. p. 129.
Adult male.—With the general plumage of S. regia ; length, 17 in.: of wing, 123 in. : of outer tail
feathers, 6 and 8-10ths in. : tarsus, 1 and 1-10th in.: middle toe and nail, 1 and 2}-10ths in. : bill bright

red, along the ridge 2 and 6-10ths in. : from corner of mouth, 3 and 3-10ths in. : from symphysis to
point beneath, 14 in. : depth at commencement of feathers, 5-10ths in.

This elegant species differs from the former not only in proportions, but in the
delicate hue of the under parts, which are of a satiny cream colour when living, but
faded very much in the dried specimen.

The bill is of the same colour as in the regia, and as jong, but much more slender ;
the prominent angle beneath half an inch farther from the point, and the depth at
base two-tenths of an inch less. Wings two and a half inches shorter, but of the
same colour in every respect. Legs pure black, the tarsus nearly as long as in the
_ former, but the toes much shorter. Tail long, pure white and deeply forked, whole

DR. GAMBEL ON THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. 229

top of head from the bill, pure black, extending into an ample flowing crest as in the
former species.

The representative of this species in the old world is the S. affinis, Rtippell, but
it differs from that species in nearly the same respects as S. regia does from
S. velox.

I procured this species on the Pacific coast of Mexico, particularly at Mazatlan at
the mouth of the Gulf of California. It is exceedingly delicate in its plumage, and
graceful in its mode of flight. I found them congregated in numbers on the sandy
shoals of the Bay in the month of April, uttering as they flew a grating Kingfisher-
like note.

tl

[*<2o

ART. XVII.—Additional Observations on a new living species of Hippopotamus.
By Samvet Grorce Morton, M. D. Penn. & Edinb.

In the year 18401 met with a man who had travelled extensively through the
colony of Liberia, and beyond the limits of that province into the Dey and Bassa
countries on the western coast of Africa. Among a variety of statements made by
this person, was one to the effect that he had repeatedly seen, in the rivers of this
interior region, a small Hippopotamus, not longer in the body than a middle-sized
heifer, though possessing the relative proportions of the common Hippopotamus, to
which it bore in all respects an epitomized resemblance. He further stated that the
natives hunted this animal for food, and that he had himself seen it killed and eaten.
This person’s account, and his replies to my questions, were clear and consistent
throughout; but some subsequent circumstances tended to cast a doubt upon his
veracity, and satisfied me that his statements required confirmation from other
sources.

In the summer of 1843, however, I received from my friend Dr. Goheen an
extensive series of skulls of the mammiferous animals of Western Africa. They nad
been obtained by him during a residence of several years at Monrovia, in Liberia,
where he had officiated as Colonial Physician; a situation that gave him great
facilities for procuring the natural productions of that region. Among these crania
were two of a small Hippopotamus from the river St. Pauls; a stream that rises in
the mountains of Guinea, and passing through the Dey country and Liberia, empties
into the Atlantic to the north of Cape Messurado.

Although nothing could be more manifest than the difference, both in size and
conformation, between the head of this animal and that of the common Hippopotamus,
I for some time hesitated to publish it, under the impression that so remarkable a
species could not have wholly escaped the attention of zoologists. Having, however,
carefully examined the latest Huropean works on Zoology without finding any notice
of it, I at length published a description, accompanied with two wood engravings, in
the Academy’s Proceedings for the month of February, 1844; and inasmuch as all
subsequent investigation, both in Europe and this country, has confirmed the entire
novelty of this species, I now republish it with some corrections, and much larger

and more accurate illustrations.
I first announced this animal by the name of Hippopotamus minor ; not knowing

59

232 DR. MORTON’S OBSERVATIONS ON

at the time that Cuvier had already given this specific designation to a fossil species.
It therefore becomes necessary to change it, which I do by placing this species in
the zoological system by the name of

HIPPOPOTAMUS (TETRAPROTODON) LIBERIENSIS.
The Little or Lipertan HiIppopoTraMus.

Dental Formula.

4 2—2
Incisors, — or,
2

1—1
1—1
Canines, ———
1i—1
4—4

False molars,
4—t4

3—3
Molars,

3—3

Of the two skulls in my possession, one is that of a very old individual, in which
the teeth are much worn down, and the incisors, canines, and two first false molars
on each have been lost. This head is entire, excepting a small part of the nasal and
maxillary bones of one side. The lower jaw is wanting. PI. 34, fig. 5.

The other head is of the same size and proportions, but has pertained to a younger
animal. It retains all the teeth, and for this reason I have used it exclusively in the
following dental observations. It also retains the lower jaw ; but the occiput,
orbit and zygome have been fractured, and parts of the bones lost. ‘There are also
three slug or bullet wounds through the nasal region. PI. 32.

Upper Jaw.—The central incisors are slightly flattened, and about a quarter of an
inch in diameter at the alveolar margin. The lateral incisors are less flattened and more
conical. All these teeth are slightly curved and nearly vertical. Pl. 34, fig. 3,
and plate 33, fig. 3.

The canines are about an inch in the longest diameter, and remarkable for a
deep posterior groove or furrow, extending about half the depth of the tooth, and
giving its cross section (and consequently the corresponding alveolus) a reniform
outline. Pl. 34, fig.2. These teeth are much worn by attrition.

False molars.—The first of this set is little more than an inch in length, slightly
curved, and has but a single fang and point. PI. 33, fig. 5. The second and third
false molars are very much larger than the first, with two fangs. They run to an
irregular conical point, with a second rudimentary point on the posterior margin.
The fourth false molar is less in size than the second and third, and is only partially

A NEW LIVING SPECIES OF HIPPOPOTAMUS. 233

protruded above the jaw. It is capped on each side by the mere shell of the corres-
ponding deciduous molar. ‘The latter has been removed in PI. 33, fig. 2, in order to
show the protruding permanent tooth.

The molars.—Of the three molar teeth the middle appears to be the largest; but
the posterior one is so partially protruded as to render comparison imperfect. The
crown of each, before it becomes worn by attrition, presents a double cone, divided
into four points by a longitudinal fissure. The roots of the first two molar teeth are
four in number, but the last has five.

Lower Jaw.—In the lower maxilla dentition is complete, there being no remains
of the deciduous teeth, and’all the teeth are perfect, excepting only in the molar fangs.

The incisors.—These two teeth are much longer and more robust than those of the
upper jaw. ‘They protrude nearly on a line with the alveolar margin, and are much
worn away by attrition. Pl. 33, fig. 4.

The canines differ from those of the upper jaw in being much longer, and in
wanting the grooved or fluted character on their posterior surface. PI. 34, fig. 1.

False molars—The first of these is smaller than the upper one. PI. 33, fig. 6.
The second and third are more compressed than their fellows, and run up with
- smooth sides to a flattened cone. PI. 33, fig. 7. The fourth false molar is a little
smaller than those that precede it, and, like the corresponding teeth of the upper jaw,
shows some resemblance toa true molar in its irregular crown and rudimentary
points. PI. 33, fig. 8.

The molars.—The three true molars increase in size from first to last, and differ in
no material respect from the upper set. ‘The last of them, however, which has just
attained its adult position, has four complete points on its crown, and a rudimentary
one posteriorly. It has also five corresponding fangs, but these have not yet attained
their full length. Pl. 33, fig. 9.

Measurements.

Basal length of the skull, measured from the margin of the notch between the occipital condyles —_Inches.

to the anterior end of the maxillary bones, - - - - - - 12.3
From the last named point to posterior surface of the condyles, - > - - 12.8
Basal distance between the anterior margin of the upper maxilla to the end of the os palati, = - 8.4
Distance between the posterior molars, - - - - - - - 152
Distance between the posterior false molars, - - - - ss - - 1.4
Distance between the canines, - - - = - = = = 2.7
Distance between the external incisors, - - - - - - - Lagi
Distance between the internal or central incisors, - - - - - - ilp
Inter-zygomatic diameter, - - - - - = 2 = - 12.3
Inter-parietal diameter, - - - - - - - - - 3.5

Distance between the orbits over the surface of the cranium, - - - - 3.9

234 DR. MORTON’S OBSERVATIONS ON

Inches.
Vertical diameter of the orbit, - - - - - - - - 2.
Horizontal diameter of the orbit, - - - = = - - - 1.8
Vertical diameter of the occiput, measured from the lower margin of the foramen magnum - 3.6
Lateral diameter of the foramen magnum, - - - - = = - 1.3
Vertical diameter of foramen magnum, - - - - = - - 1.1
From the centre of the orbit to the lateral margin of the occiput on the same plane, = - = 5.1
From the centre of the orbit to the anterior end of the upper maxilla, - = - 7.3
Length of the lower jaw, = = 2 x - = - - - 10.2
From the angle of the lower jaw to the top of the coronoid process, - - - - 5.6
Depth of the lower jaw from the alveolar margin of the fourth false molar to the base, = 2.2
Length of the symphysis, measured externally, - - - - - - 3.3
Distance between the outer margins of the angles of the lower jaw, - - = 7 8.9
Distance between the outer alveolar margins of the canines of the lower jaw, - - - 4.5

The preceding remarks and measurements, and the annexed drawings, almost
preclude the necessity of further specifications on the cranial structure of this animal.
It may be observed, however, that in the H. Leberiensis there is a slight but uniform
convexity of the upper surface of the skull from orbit to orbit, and between the
occipital and nasal bones ; while, on the contrary, in the H. amphibius the orbits are
remarkably elevated, and the intermediate surface is concave.

In my first description I committed an error in describing the orbit as nearly
intermediate between the two extremes of the head. This mistake is corrected in
the table of measurements. At the same time it is to be remarked, that the orbit is
placed much nearer a central point than in the H. amphibius, as will be more
particularly evident in the reduced vertical view, Pl. 34, fig. 5.

The lachrymal bone in this species is remarkable for its extreme tenuity as well
as forits form. It rises with prominent convexity from the floor of the orbit for
nearly an inch in length, and is marked by a slight, sub-central, vertical constriction,
that gives it a bilobed shape.

Dr. Goheen, (who from the first of his seeing these bones, considered them
indicative of a new species,) has obligingly favoured me with the following
memorandum. ‘These animals abound in the river St. Pauls, and vary
in weight from four hundred to seven hundred pounds.* They are slow and
heavy in their motions, yet will sometimes stray two or three miles from the river, in
which situation they are killed by the natives. They are extremely tenacious of life,
and almost invulnerable excepting when shot or otherwise wounded in the heart.

When injured they become irritable and dangerous, but are said by the natives
never to attack them when in their canoes. The negroes are very fond of the flesh,
which seems to be intermediate in flavor between beef and veal.”

* Judging from the osteology of the animal, it can rarely attain this maximum weight.

es eel ee a ee re oe |

a a a a

A NEW LIVING SPECIES OF HIPPOPOTAMUS. 235

In preparing to republish this animal, I had contemplated a review of the allied
species both living and extinct; but before commencing the arrangement of my
materials, I had the pleasure to receive a communication from Dr. Hugh Falconer,
of London, the distinguished author of the Fauna Sivalensis. In this letter Dr.
Falconer gives a clear and concise view of the present state of our knowledge of the
several species, recent and fossil, of the genus Hippopotamus, and I trust I commit no
infraction of the kindness and confidence of that gentlemen by inserting so
much of his communication as refers to this subject.

Lonvon, British Musevm, Ocroser 2d, 1847.
“T regard your species as one of the most interesting and remarkable discoveries
that has been made in recent zoology during the present century. Cuvier, in the
“Discours Preliminaire,” has entered into an elaborate argument against the
probability of any remarkable existing large species of land animal remaining to be
discovered, after the search which has been made through the continents and great
islands of the globe; but your discovery proves that the inference was premature.

”?

The species as you have established it, is perfectly distinct from the H. amphibius.
It differs more from the latter than H. amphibius does from H. major and H.
paleindicus ; the only two fossil species of the same subgenus of which the crania
are known. ‘The distinctive characters as you have given them, are very strongly
marked, viz.: the length of cranium proper as compound with that of the face: the
advanced position of the orbits: the convexity of the forehead, both from back to
front, and across between the orbits: and the details of the dental character. The
canine teeth of the upper jaw alone, without reference to the dimensions and other
peculiarities, would establish the distinctness of the species. In H. amphibius and
H. major, the internal vertical channel is shallow, while in your species it is so
deeply grooved, as to yield a strongly marked reniform outline in the section. This
character was of especial interest to me, as it is constant, and nearly to the same
amount in an Indian fossil species, of the subgenus Hezaprotodon, var. Hipp. (Hez.)
Stvalensis.

Unluckily, Cuvier had preoccupied the specific name of H. minor for this small
European fossil species, which he called both H. minor and H. minutus. 'The latter
name is now generally applied to it ; but 1o prevent confusion, the name which you
mention in your letter to me would be the most suitable to your species, and in the
notice which I intend taking of it, I shall mention it as Hipp. Liberiensis, (Morton.)

Enclosed I send you a synopsis of the results of my examination of the
Hippopotamide, fossil and recent.

60

236 DR. MORTON’S OBSERVATIONS ON

Hippopotamus comprises two subgenera, HexaProtopon, with six incisors above
and below ; and TeTraproropon, the species with reduced incisors, viz., four above
and below. Your species, although it has but two in the lower jaw, belongs to the
latter subgenus. The excessive reduction is probably only an individual case of
variety, but if proved to be constant, the position of species in the genus will not be
altered. The succession of the species in the table indicates the order of their
affinities. No. 1, H. major,is the most divergent form, with short cranium, posterior
orbits, great elevation of the sagittal and occipital crests, and excessive elevation of
the upper margin of the orbits above the plane of the brow. Next follows H.
paleindicus, (No. 2,) a true fossil Hippopotamus from India. Then comes
H. amphibius, No. 3 in the series, of which the French naturalists make two species,
Capensis and Senegalensis.

Duvernay, in a late memoir, (Comptes Rendus, October 1846,) maintains their
distinctness, but I regard them as merely varieties. H. anmecteus, No. 4, is an
undescribed fossil species from the Nile above the Cataracts, which I lately observed
in the Frankfort ccllections, (the Senckenberg Museum,) and brought to Europe by
Dr. Riippel in 1827. I have named it H. annecteus from its forming a link in size
between H. amphibius and your species. ‘The cranium is not known. Cuvier’s
H. medius has proved to be a species of Dugong, (Halitherium of authors.) Next
follows Cuvier’s H. minor, No. 5, which is a doubtful Tetraprotodon. I range your.
species last, from its close resemblance to the Indian Hezaprotodons in the form of
the upper canines, No. 6. :

Of Hexaproropon, we have three well-marked Indian fossil species. H. Iravaticus,
No. 7, is asize larger than your H. Liberiensis. H. sivalensis, No. 8, is less than
H. amphibius ; and H. namadicus, No. 9, with other strongly marked characters, is
larger than H. amphibius, or the H. sivalensis. We possess portions of every part of
the skeleton, showing the closest resemblance to Hippopotamus amphibius throughout,
but more slender in the proportions. Merycopotamus is a most interesting and well
marked genus, connecting Hippopotamus with Anthracotherium. 'The molar teeth,
as in the latter, are constructed on the ruminant plan; while the cranium, incisors
and canines, together with the leafy expansion of the angle of the lower jaw, connect
it with the former. It was nearly of the size of your H. Liberiensis.

SYNOPSIS OF THE HIPPOPOTAMIDA, FOSSIL AND RECENT.
Genus 1. HIPPOPOTAMUS.

Subgenus 1. 'TETRAPROTODON.
1. H. (Tet.) masor.: Europe. Fossil.
2. H. (Tet.) parzinpicus. India. Fossil.

A NEW LIVING SPECIES OF HIPPOPOTAMUS. 237

3. H. (Tet.) ampuisius, Linn. Africa. Existing.
H. SENEGALENSIS, «“ &“
H. capensis, Auct. a &
4. H.(Tet.) annectevs. Africa. Fossil.
5. H. (Tet.?) minor, Cuv. Turope. Fossil.
6. H. (Tet.) tiperteNnsis, Morton. Western Africa, Existing.

Subgenus 2. Hexaproropon.
7. H. (Hex.) rravaticus. India. Fossil.
8. H. (Hex.) stvatensis. India. Fossil.
9. H. (Hex.) namapicus. India. Fossil.

Genus 2. MERYCOPOTAMUS.

M. pisstuiuis. Fossil. India. , J eel dee

In addition to the preceding remarks of Dr. Falconer, I submit the following in
further explanation :

The first attempt to divide the Hippopotamus amphibius of Linneus, was made by
M. Desmoulins in Magendie’s Journal de Physiologie for 1825. This able naturalist,
after comparing the head and parts of the skeleton of the Hippopotamus of Senegal
with that of the Cape, came to the conclusion that the two animals were specifically
distinct. On this subject I shall only remark, that I possess two adult heads from
the Cape, and the Academy’s collections contain two others from Senegal; and that
on comparing them, I find the Cape specimens to differ as much from each other as
either of them does from those of the rivers of Senegal. If, however, they should
prove distinct, the courtesies of science require that the specific name amphibius be
retained for one of them, and to that of Senegal in preference, because it has been
best known to naturalists, and has consequently served as the basis of most
descriptions.

In D’Orbigny’s Dictionnaire d’Historie Naturelle, M. Boitard has elaborately
investigated this question. He details the two species proposed by M. Desmoulins,
and adds that M. Lesson had proposed the name of H. Abyssenius for the animal
inhabiting the upper Nile; but M. Boitard does not adopt these specific designations.

This department of science has yet more recently been investigated by M.
Duvernay, whose facts and conclusions are published in the Compte Rendu des
Séances de l’Academie des Sciences, for October, 1846. It may suffice on the present
occasion to observe, that M. Duvernay’s observations are favourable to the
specific distinctions proposed by M. Desmoulins; he regards the Abyssinian animal
as of the same species with that of Senegal, but maintains the specific distinctness

238 DR. MORTON’S OBSERVATIONS ON

of the Hippopotamus of the Cape. He further admits the H. Liberiensis, (minor, ) to be-
perfectly distinct from either, and concludes his memoir by adopting three species of
living Hippopotami. Allthis is very well; but we confess our surprise that M.
Duvernay, after confirming the two species proposed twenty years before by
M. Desmoulins, should, without note or explanation, give new names to them both.
Thus, he calls the Senegal and Abyssinian animal H. typus, because it has been
jongest known to naturalists and others. The Cape species he designates H. australs.

Now we must be allowed to repeat, that this unnecessary change of names is con-
trary to the conventional usages of naturalists, and hostile to the utility and integrity
of zoological nomenclature. For if M. Duvernay can be sustained in this mnovation,
the very next writer on the subject has an equal right to indulge his fancy or
ambition in the same way, and may discard M. Duvernay’s names for others of his
own. Such practices tend to interminable confusion in science, which is already
over-burthened with synonyma.

In the present state of our knowledge, and awaiting the results of further
observation and comparison, we can only admit of two living species of Hippopotamus
as positively determined; viz. H. amphibius and H. Liberiensis.

By the cruel munificence of the Roman Emperors, the solitudes of Europe, Asia
and Africa were annually taxed to furnish wild animals for the bloody sports of the
amphitheatre. Of all the large quadrupeds, the Hippopotamus was the only one that
escaped the sacrifice ; not on account of his size, which would have been no obstacle,
but from his amphibious habits, which prevented his being taken to Rome or
exhibited in Europe. But the smaller species I now introduce to notice, is of so
moderate a bulk, even in adult age, as to render his capture and transportation of
comparatively easy accomplishment; and I feel confident that nothing more will be
necessary to success, than an adequate reward to such of the inhabitants of Liberia as
may be disposed to attempt so novel an enterprise. A half grown animal, if not
really docile might at least prove tractable ; and by a studious adaptation of his food,
and attention to his aquatic habits, we can see no great difficulty in introducing the
Liberian Hippopotamus into the menageries of Europe and America. The skin and
entire skeleton can no doubt be readily obtained, and would constitute most
instructive additions to any collection of zoology or comparative anatomy. I shall
close this paper by stating the remarkable fact, that although this Hippopotamus is
abundant within one hundred and fifty miles of the sea coast of Liberia, the only
parts of him that are known to have ever been sent from Africa, are the two skulls in

my possession. I cannot find that any portion of the animal is yet contained in the
museums of Europe.*

* I sent my specimens to London by the hands of Mr. (now Sir Charles) Lyell, that they might be examined by

those distinguished comparative anatomists, Professor Owen, of the Royal College of Surgeons, and Dr. Hugh
Falconer, author of the Fauna Sivalensis.

A NEW LIVING SPECIES OF HIPPOPOTAMUS. 239

EyoeeANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XXXII.

Cranium of the younger of the two animals. The nasal region is pierced by two slugs, and the orbit,
zygomatic process and terminal portion of the occiput, are fractured and the fragments lost.

PLATE XXXIII.

Parts of the same cranium.

Fig. 1. Right half of the lower jaw with its nine teeth.

Fig. 2. Right half of the upper jaw with its ten teeth ; the first praemolar, (fig. 5,) having been removed
for a separate drawing, was inadvertantly omitted in the present instance. The fourth and last premolar
is of the permanent series, but not fully elevated above the bone. I removed the shell of the corresponding
deciduous tooth in order to bring the permanent one into view. All the rest of the teeth in both jaws

belong to the permanent set.

Fig.
Fig.

=
0g

da da" oa di

=

gq”

3.

pale
ig, 2.
3.

Internal incisor of the upper jaw, natural size.

4. Incisor of the lower jaw, natural size.

5, First premolar of the upper law, natural size.
6. First premolar of the lower jaw, natural size.
7.
8
9

Third premolar of the lower jaw, natural size.

. Fourth premolar of the lower jaw, natural size.
. Third or posterior molar of the lower jaw, natural size : the roots imperfectly developed.

PLATE XXXIV.

Canine tooth of the lower jaw, natural size, with a transverse section.
Canine tooth of the upper jaw, natural size, with a transverse section.
Face and front view of the head and lower jaw.

The three preceding figures were taken from the younger of the two animals; the following figures are
derived from the older skull. d

Fig. 4. View of the occiput in its vertical position.
5. Cranium, viewed from above, the sutures being obsolete from age, as stated in the text.

Fig.

61

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fo x

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SS ae ack oe *
phen Obs Malai

.
«
Sl, dia t~

ART. XIX.—Descriptions of new species of Birds of the genera Vipvua, Cuvier,
Evptecres, Swainson, and PYrenestes, Srvainson, specimens of which are in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.* By Joun Cassin,

VIDUA, Cuvier.

Y. aLsonorara, nobis.—Alarum tectricibus superioribus, minimis flavis, minoribus brunneo terminatis, et
majoribus albo terminatis, remigibus ad basin albis ; reliquis partibus lete nigris. Rostro ccerulescente,
margine utriusque mandibule albo margaritacea.

Long. tot. (exuvie) ab apice rostri usque ad finem caude, 6% pol. ale 3, caude 3 3-10 pollices.

Hub. Natal, in Africa orientali.

Space at the flexure of the wing, including the least wing coverts, yellow.
Primaries white at their bases to the extent of about one-third of their length ; greater
wing coverts also tipped with white, which, with that portion of the primaries of the
same colour, forms a conspicuous white spot on the wing. Lesser wing coverts
tipped with brown.

All other parts of the plumage glossy black.

Bill light blue, at the edges of the mandibles pearly white.

Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail about 6! inches, wing 3, tail
3 3-10 inches.

Has. Port Natal; Eastern Africa.

This bird belongs to that group of species which forms the genus Coluspasser,
Ruppel. From either of those species (V. flavoptera, Vieill., V. macrocerca, Licht.,
V. axillaris, A. Smith, and other species,) it may readily be distinguished by the
white spot on the wing, which is peculiar.

Three specimens of this interesting species, all of which are labelled as coming
from Port Natal, by Mr. J. Verreaux, are included in the many valuable acquisitions
of this Academy, made through the judicious exertions of Mr. Edward Wilson.

V. concotor, nobis.—Unicolor niger, rostro valido, conico, cauda longissima. Habitu Vidue payanensis,
(Gm.) sed rostro majore plumisque alarum et caudz latioribus, sine vestigio collaris rubri, quod ad hance
speciem propriem est.

Long. tot. (exuvie) ab apice rostri usque ad finem caude 12 pol. ale 2 8-10, caude 8} pollices.

Hab. Africa.

Plumage entirely black, bill strong, conical, tail very long.
General form and appearance of Vidua payanensis, (Gm.) but with no vestige of

* From the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. iv. p, 65, (June, 1848.)

242 MR. CASSIN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF

the red collar which distinguishes that species; the bill is larger, and the tail and
quills also are broader.

Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail about 12 inches, wing 2 8-10,
tail 84 inches.

Has. Africa.

Of this species one specimen only is in the Rivoli collection, without label.

It is nearly related to the Vidua payanensis,(Gm.) which appears to be the
V. rubritorques, Swainson, but has the bill larger than either of ten specimens of the
latter which I have examined. The entire absence of the red collar is, however, the
most striking distinguishing character.

EUPLECTES, Swainson.

E. niGROVENTRIS, nobis.—Partibus superioribus coccineis, exceptis alis et cauda, fuscescentibus marginibus
pallidioribus. Genis, partibusque inferioribus, a basi rostri, intense nigris, exceptis tibiis et crissa, albo
rufescentibus.

Long. tot. (exuviz) ab apice rostri usque ad finem caude, 4} pol., ale 2 3-10, caude 1} pol.

Hab. Zanzibar.

Entire upper parts of the plumage, scarlet, except the wings and tail, which are
hair brown with paler margins.

Cheeks and entire under parts of the body, from the base of the bill, deep black,
except the thighs and inferior tail coverts, which are pale reddish white.

Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail about 4} inches, wing 2 3-10,
tail 14 inches.

Has. Zanzibar.

This species, one specimen of which from the Rivoli collection is now described,
resembles Euplectes flammiceps, Swainson, more than any other species known to
me. From that, and the other species of this genus in which the scarlet plumage
predominates, it may easily be distinguished by the uniform deep black of the entire
under surface of the body.

PYRENESTES, Swainson.

P. coccinEvs, nobis.—Capite, collo, uropygio, caude tectricibus superioribus et hypochondriis coccineis
nitente ; cauda supra coccinea pallidiore. Alis, dorso et corporis reliquis partibus brunneis. ~ ;

Long. tot. (exuvia) a rostri apice usque ad finem caude 4 4-10 poll., ale 2 3-10, caude 1 9-10 pollices.
Hab. Africa occidentali.

Head, neck, rump, upper tail coverts, and flanks glossy crimson.

Tail above of the same colour, but not so glossy.

Wings, back, and all other parts of the body brown, a few of the feathers of the
back and wing converts margined with red.

NEW SPECIES OF VIDUA, EUPLECTES, AND PYRENESTES. 243

Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail about 4 4-10 inches, wing
2 3-10, tail 1 9-10 inches.

Has. Western Africa.

Very similar in colour and general appearance to Pyrenestes coccineus, (Vieill.) but
is much smaller and less robustly organized.

The two species measure as follows :—

P. ostrinus, (Vieill.) P. coccineus, Cassin.
Total length of skin from tip of bill to end of tail, 5 6-10 inches, 4 4-10 inches.
Length of wing from flexure to tip of longest primary, 28-10 « 23-10 «
Length of tail, 24-10 « 19-10 «
Length of bill from gape, THQ) 9G D-10 «
Breadth of under mandible, 7-10 « 5-10

The dimensions of P. ostrinus here given, are nearly the same as those given by
Mr. Swainson, in Birds of Western Africa, vol. 1. p. 158, (Nat. Lib.) and agree with
Vieillot’s plate Ois. Chant. pl. 48.

Several specimens of each species are in the collection of the Academy.

62

[ 245 j

ART. XX.—Cryptocephalinarum Boreali-americae diagnoses cum speciebus novis
muset lecontiant. Auctore S. S. Hanpeman.

An examination of the North American species of Cryptocephalus and Pachybrachis
seems to indicate that the characters which are usually regarded as of generic value,
are subject to considerable variation, and to some difficulty in the application.
Several additional sections are here proposed, chiefly because the species cannot be
placed in the former genera; but as it will be necessary to examine a much larger
number of species, including both sexes, before this sub-family can be placed upon a
permanent generic basis, several of the sections are allowed to remain in the old
genus Cryptocephalus, instead of being provided with distinct names. The genus
Chlamys would have been included in this paper, had it not been already
monographed by Lacordaire in the second volume of his large work on the

Phytophaga.

Caput deflexum, fronte plana, antennis distantibus: abdomen basi utrinque
prolongatum, epimeris metathoracis amplectens, articulo ultimo majore: tarsi
unguiculis simplicibus, vel appendiculatis : coxae anticae distantes.

§1. Prosterno lato, bisulcato, postice angulato, rotundato-acuminato, - - Gripurtvs| Lec.
2. Prosterno sulcato, = - - - - - - - - - PacHYBRACHYS.
3. Prosterno postice dentibus 2 longis armato, (Crypt. G—b.) ae ee sm CaNTHosTETHUS.
4, Prosterno plano, lato, - - - - - - - - - - CryprocrePHa.us.
5. Thorace pone oculos acute lobato $ 9; prosterno maris cornu compresso

inter coxas, coxis posticis 4 perlongis, apice spiniferis, - - = - BASSAREUS.
6. Thorace maris non lobato, prosterno % cornu compresso ante coxas,
coxisque % posticis spiniferis, (C. formosus.)
7. Prosterno spina acuta inter coxas $ 9 (C. amatus, recurvus.)
8. Thorace pone oculos late lobato, lobo brevissimo, truncato, (C. sulphuripennis.) OpvontopeErus,Chv.?
In the European genus Srytosomus Suffrian, 1847, Lin. ent. 2,8; the scutellum
is not apparent.

GRIBURIUS Haid.

1. C. scureLLaRis F, 2,54 :72. Niger, antennarum basi, capitis maculis,
thoracis margine maculis 2 basalibus, lineaque antica, scutello, elytroruam macula
transversa marginali ad medium apice, pygidio macula magna laterali, abdominis
margine pedibusque flavis : pronoto sparsim subtilius punctato, basi utrinque oblique
impresso : elytris punctato striatis, apice fere laevibus, Long. 2} lin.

246 CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES.

a. Pygidio toto flavo ; pectore utrinque flavo-guttato. Pachybrachtis decoratus|De}.,
445.

s. Pronoto sparsim punctato, maculis discoidalibus nullis, pectore immaculato.

Variety @ is allied to the type, and differs chiefly in the coarser punctures upon
the pronotum and apex of the elytra.

Griburius is a latinized form of the French name for Cryptocephalus, (gribouri) and
although it was perhaps not intended as a permanent name by Dr. LeConte, I have
no hesitation in adopting it, as it will give two forms under one vernacular name.

BASSAREUS Hald.

2. C. cLaTHRATUS Mels. Pr. Acad. 3,173. Saturate rufus, capite flavo-variegato,
thorace subtiliter punctato, flavo-marginato, maculis 2 basalibus flavis; elytris
profunde striato-punctatis, nigro-brunneis, guttis pluribus in fasciis 3 ordinatis,
apiceque flavis: antennis apice tibiis tarsisque fuscis: pygidio grosse equaliter
punctato. Long. 2 lin.

a, Capite thorace pedibusque laete rufis.

& Prosternum with an erect compressed spine between the coxae: a large lunate
yellow plate between the posterior coxae, with the extremities projecting and forming
an acute spine; abdomen with a large shallow smooth impression ; sides bounded
laterally and posteriorly by an acute margin, posterior to which projects a small
tooth ; @ without these appendages, but provided with a deep fovea upon the last
ventral segment. Pensylvania and Carolina.

3. C. concestus F. 2,47 :34. Dejean regarded the preceding insect as this
species, but I have no means of ascertaining the accuracy of his determination.=
C. brunnipes|.Oliv.?

CRYPTOCEPHALUS Geoff.

— 1,punctato-striati, pronoto laevissimo vel punctulato.

Al. Elvtris flavo-guttatis.

B. Elytris nigro-guttatis.

Thorace nigro, flavo-lineato.

Thorace vel maculato vel immaculato, non lineato, prosterno postice emarginato, lobis acutis.
Elytris vittatis.

Elytro singulo vittis 2 plus minusve distinctis.

Elytro singulo margine vittisque duabus flavis apice coeuntibus, his nonnunquam evanescentibus.
Prosterno postice vix emarginato, thorace nigro, vel maculato vel immaculato, elytris flavis.
Elytris rufo-maculatis.

Metallici.

Scie s © Gs

— 2, disperse punctati, thorace punctatissimo.
G—ua. Elytris disperse punctatis.
G—). Elytris striato-punctatis

CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES. 247

Ar

4. C. cutratus Hald. Laete rufus: capite flavo-maculato; antennis fuscis, basi
rufis : pronoto subtiliter sparse punctulato, canaliculato ; margine angusto, maculisque
2 basalibus flavis: elytris nigris, profunde punctato-striatis, singulo maculis flavis
4-2-2-1 positis, ultima apicali: pygidio punctato, leviter carinato, apice utrinque
macula parva flava. Long. 2 lin.

$..79 with a transverse impression between the anterior coxae, and a deep fovea
on the last segment of the venter. Pensylvania.

5. C, Formosus Mels. Pr. Acad. 3,173:14. Niger, capite fulvo-variegato,
antennarum basi flavis: pronoto laevissimo, margine fulvo-interrupto, maculis 2
basalibus fulvis: elytris profunde punctato-striatis singulo guttis 3 ?-2-2-1 positis
fulvis, ultima apicali: pygidio punctato, carinato, supra leviter impresso. Long.
2 lin.

Black, head punctulate, frontal line impressed ; front below the antennae, and
extending to the inferior portion of the eyes, and a spot at the inner superior angle of
the eye fulvous ; antennae flavous, except the four apical articulations, which are
obscure fuscous: pronotum with the four angles, two basal spots, and anterior margin
Julvous: elytra profoundly punctate striate, with four series of transverse fulvous
spots, the basal row occupying the first third and fifth interstices, but as the second
and fourth have some colour, the basal spots may be considered confluent; the
interior basal spot is in contact with the scutel, which gives it an oblique direction;
the two medial spots (on each elytron) are sometimes confluent ; posterior to these are
two more, and an apical one.

% with an acute yellow spine near the anterior margin of the prosternum, and a
yellow plate on the first sezment of the abdomen, bearing two sharp teeth posteriorly:
venter with a large shallow impression defined laterally and posteriorly by an acute
line.

@ with a slight fovea between the anterior coxae, and a deep fovea on the final
segment of the abdomen.

6. C. tautus Newman. Mag. n. h”. 1840, 4,250. — guttatus|Dej. Cat. ,447’.
— pulcher|Mels. Cat. :497. Laete rufus, pernitidus, capite flavo: pronoto laevissimo,
elytris nigris punctato-striatis, maculis flavis 3-2-2-1 positis, ultima apicali, superiori
externa humerali : abdomine flavo-marginato.

a. Elytris brunneis, flavo-maculatis. 9.

¢. Elytris nigris, maculis posticis obsoletis : puncto solum apicali flavo. 4

In both sexes the anterior margin of the prosternum is prominent, covering the
mouth, and emarginate posteriorly : the male is destitute of the ventral fovea.

63

248 CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES.

B—a.

7. C. Bivius Newm. 1840. Mag. n.h’. 4,249. “ Antenne fusce, basi ferrugines :
caput ferrugineum, macula suborbiculari albida: prothorax albidus, lineis 4
longitudinalibus, puncto laterali, marginibusque nigerrimis: elytra dorso ferruginee,
lateribus albida, maculis 10 margineque postico nigris: abdomen pedesque pallidé
ferruginea. (Corp. long. -2 unc. lat. -125 unc.)” Mas latet. Pensylvania, Florida.

B—.

8. C. muTaBILis Mels. Pr. Acad. 3,172 :11. Rufus; clypeo, labro, orbitisque
albidis ; fronte impresso : thorace polito, sparse punctulato, apice marginisque albidis:
elytra punctato-striata, lateribus maculis 3 nigricantibus ; basi, apice marginisque late
albidis : pygidio valde punctato, apice acuto : abdominis apice pedibusque rufis.

«. Pronoto lineis 2 obliquis abbreviatis albis : elytris rufo-maculatis.

6. Minor, niger, maculis solitis.

Prosternum % ° deeply emarginate posteriorly, angles of the emargination acute :
* with a shallow depression and 9 with a deep fovea upon the ultimate segment of
the venter.

9. C. pispersus Hald. Saturate rufus, capite pallido ; maculis 3 rufis triangulariter
positis: pronoto margine antico lateralique lato, maculisque 2 basalibus magnis
pallidis: elytra pallida, sutura guttisque paucis obscure rufis: antennarum apice
tarsisque fuscis. Long 3} lin. :

Head flavous, sparsely punctulate, punctures more dense superiorly, several of
them confluent and indistinctly rufous, each side of the frontal impression ; a rufous
spot at the base of the antennae, forming a triangle with a rufous line in the frontal
impression ; labrum and extreme superior margin of the head rufous: pronotum
polished, minutely and sparsely punctulate; the flavous margin encroaches so far
upon the disc as to leave a transverse rufous triangular spot with its apex near the
scutel; extreme anterior and lateral margin rufous: scutel rufous, with a flavous
spot: elytra flavous, punctate in series, somewhat scabrous towards the apex,
maculate with rufous, three transverse sub-basal and two sub-apical spots (on each,)
a medial sutural spot extending and contracting backwards to near the apex, with a
short one exterior to it, and two or three minute ones towards the exterior margin,
which is rufous posteriorly from the apex to near the middle, where the color
dilates into a spot: beneath and feet pale fuscous, mesosternum blackish, a flavous
plate between the posterior femora; ultimate segment of the venter with a profound
fovea in the female. St. Louis, Missouri.

CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES. 249

10. C. auticus Hald. |Dej. Cat. ,447. Rufus, pronoto valde convexo, punctulato;
margine flavo, tenuissimo nigro; maculis 2 basalibus confuse flavis: elytra
flava, punctato-striata, striis indistinctis; vittarum 2 nigrarum vestigiis. Long.
3 lin.

Head and base of antennae rufo-flavous, six terminal articulations of the latter
fuscous ; front distinctly punctulate, medial line impressed : extreme margins of the
pronotum and elytra black; pronotum polished, rufous, very convex, descending
suddenly towards the head, anterior and lateral margins, and two oblique basal spots,
yellow : scutel black : elytra yellow, punctate in series, punctures in impressed lines
posteriorly, fourth exterior series of punctures irregular ; portions of a humeral and
sub-sutural black band are represented by one or two spots: apex of the abdo-
men foveolate : prosternum deeply emarginate, sides forming spines as in Canthoste-
thus.

Varies in having the margin and spots of the thorax so much expanded that the
rufous color is confined to a transverse spot in the middle of the disc, and a small
longitudinal one on each side of the base. Southern.

C—a.

11. C. stuptex Hald. Rufo-brunneus; pronoto subtiliter dense punctato, apice
tenuiter, lateribus maculisque 2 parvis basalibus flavis; elytris flavis, profunde
punctato-striatis ; sutura, epipleuris, punctoque humerali nigerrimus; labro antennis
palpis pedibusque laete rufis. Long. 24 lin.

Head punctate, flavous varied with rufous: pronotum rufous, two oblique basal
lines, a narrow anterior and wide lateral margins flavous ; extreme margins rufous or
blackish, that of the base black: scutel polished black, impunctate, sometimes with
a flavous spot: elytra punctate-striate, flavous, extreme margins and a humeral spot
black : beneath and feet rufous ; pectus varied with blackish ; venter (except the sides
and final sezment) blackish, apex foveolate. Southern.

12. C. pumttus Hald. |Dej. Cat. 449’. Minutus, supra flavescens, pronoto sparse
minus subtiliter punctato, macula transversa discoidali saturate rufa: scutello nigro :
elytris profunde punctato-striatis: subtus saturate rufus, pedibus pallidioribus. Long.
1 lin.

Front sparsely punctulate, flavous varied with rufous, labrum black; antennae
fuscous, base flavous : extreme margin of pronotum and elytra (including the suture)
blackish, particularly the base of the former: pectus blackish. Southern.

13. C. tnEotatus Hald. |Dej. Cat. ,448”? Saturate rufus, pronoto punctato,
apice tenuiter, lateribus, maculis 2 basalibus obliquis flavis; elytris valde pro-

250 CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES.

funde punctato-striatis, vittis 2 flavis apice conjunctis, exteriori irregulari.
Long. 13 lin.

Head coarsely punctate, rufous ; labrum and a narrow superior orbital line flavous;
antennae fuscous, five basal articulations rufous: pronotum polished, finely
punctulate, extreme lateral margin blackish: elytra with two wide irregular vittae
connected posteriorly, flavous ; the striae, external and sutural margin, and a medial
irregular vitta rufous ; the vitta is formed by the fourth exterior interstice upon the
posterior half, and fifth upon the basal half of the elytra; extreme base black ;
interstices convex : beneath punctate, deep rufous, feet paler. Southern and Middle
States.

14. C. incertus Oliv. Dej. Cat. ,447. Flavescente rufus, vix nitidus; pronoto
valde dense punctato, disco et utrinque versus latera obsolete infuscata, basi tenuiter
nigro: elytris profunde punctato-striatis, vittis 2 obliquis obscure rufis, sutura
margineque tenuissimo nigris. Long. 2} lin.

Head punctate, flavous ; torulus and margins of the clypeus rufous ; antennae rufo-
fuscous, five basal articulations rufo-flavous: pronotum jones covered with
piliferous punctures, basal angles flavous, extreme base black and serrulate : scutel
black, disc flavous: elytra with the extreme base and suture (and sometimes the
exterior margin) black ; punctate-striate, punctures rufous; of the two rufous vittae,
the interior one is situated upon the third and fourth intervals, becoming narrower
and confined to the third posteriorly, where it approaches the suture, terminating
with the second stria about one-fourth the distance from the apex; the second vitta
occupies the eighth and ninth interstices: pygidium and venter punctate, and with

the feet, having numerous silvery hairs: 3? ¢ with the apex of the venter foveolate.
Southern.

15. C. viratus Hald. |Lec. Rufus, supra flavus, pronoto dense punctato,
macula rotunda medio, vittaque utrinque submarginali brunneis: elytris profunde
punctato-striatis ; sutura vitta lata versus marginem, alteraque inter media abbreviata
atro-brunneis, margineque tenuissimo. Long. 2 lin.

Head flavous varied with rufous; front with numerous dilated impressed punctures,
medial line impressed ; antennae fuscous base (4 artic.) rufous: pronotum with the
extreme margin brown, disk with a large oval reddish-brown spot, bounded laterally _
and anteriorly by the flavous ground colour, and a submarginal reddish-brown vitta
narrowing anteriorly, and continuous with the principal elytral vitta : scutel blackish
brown : elytra with the striae discoloured ; the sutural vitta is widest anteriorly, but
_ suddenly contracted near the scutel; a short basal vitta or spot in the fourth
interstice from the suture ; lateral vitta occupying the sixth interstice posteriorly, and

CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES. 251

the seventh and eighth ; extreme base and margins colored like the vittae : pygidium
punctate, pale rufous or flavous: beneath dull testaceous, pectus (and in some, the
base of the abdomen) varied with flavous: % with the venter simple, 9 last
segment with a deep fovea ; in both the prosternum is deeply emarginate and toothed
behind. Middle States.

16. C. cincTIPENNIS Randall. 1838. Bost.j.n.h. 2,45 :19.. C. hamatus Mels.
1847. Pr. Acad. 3,174 :15. Laete rufus, nitidus, proncto punctato, apice anguste
lateribus late maculisque 2 obliquis basalibus flavis: elytra punctato-striata, flava ;
sutura, margine tenuissimo, vittisque 2 latis nigerrimis. Long. 2 lin.

Head punctate, and with the trophi, flavous varied with rufous; antennae obscure
fuscous, five basal articulations rufous: pronotum finely and densely punctate,
extreme margins blackish: scutel black, generally with a flavous disc: elytra
punctate-striate, some of the rows scarcely striate ; suture, base and margin with a
narrow line of black ; the interior of the two black vittae follows the second line of
punctures, which brings it to the suture posteriorly, it extends to the fifth line of
punctures at base, where it is most dilated; the exterior vitta lies between the sixth
and eighth striae : pygidium and apex (sometimes the margins) of the venter flavous
or rufous, with numerous dilated punctures: beneath punctate, clothed with
numerous flavous hairs, black, middle of the sternum varied with flavous: feet
rufous, with numerous hairs, tarsi fuscous, $ with the last segment of the abdomen
deeply foveolate, (wanting in the ¢) prosternum slightly emarginate behind, with
rounded lobes. Hastern and Southern. Randall found it on Aster puniceus.

«. Internal vitta becoming confluent with the suture immediately behind the base:
body beneath dark brown ; feet pale. %

s. 2 vittae confluent, so that the elytra present a black disk with a narrow flavous
margin recurved at the apex: body beneath very dark brown. %

17. C. venustus F. 2,42 :7. Oliv. Eneyc. 6,609. —ornatus F. 2,47 :32.
Oliv. Encyc, 6,621. Say. am. ent. pl. 28. Saturate rufus, nitidissimus; pronoto
subtiliter punctulato, apice lateribus maculisque 2 basalibus obliquis pallidis, elytra
leviter seriatim punctata, punctis postice fere obsoletis, sutura margine tenuissimo
vittisque 2 nigerrimis; antennarum apice, tibiis tarsique fuscis: pygidio punctato,
apice flavo. Long. 2} lin.

a, Vitta exteriori valde interrupta. 8. Pronoto pallido, immaculato.

Head punctate, rufous, orbits flavous, base of the antennae pale rufous : scutel and
extreme margins of the pronotum black : elytral vittae disposed as in the preceding
species. Prosternum ¢ deeply emarginate behind, with the lobes subacute, the last
ventral sesment deeply foveolate. % with the prosternum less distinctly emarginate,
and the venter without the fovea. Eastern, Middle, and Southern States.

64

252 CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES.

18. C. cippicotiis Hald. |Lec. Habitu omnino C. venustz, at major: pronotum
gibbosum, vix punctulatum, limbo semicirculari. Long. 3, lat. 2 lin.

Closely allied to the preceding, but differs in the gibbous prothorax and greater
size. If, however, the former character is abnormal in the single individual observed,
it may be only a variety. Southern.

19. C. insertus Hald. Pallide rufus, pronoto polito, punctulato, apice lateribusque
margine angusto flavo, basi vix maculato : elytris valde profunde seriatim punctatis,
margine angusto, vittisque 2 latis confluentibus confusis nigerrimis, tarsis nigris,
antennis apice fuscis. Long. 2 lin.

a. Vittis distinctis.

s. Vitta exteriori evanescente.

Head punctate, rufous, varied with flavous, apex (5 artic.) of antennae fuscous:
pronotum highly polished, minutely punctulate ; lateral and anterior margins, and
two indistinct oblique maculae, flavous ; extreme margins black: scutel black, disk
indistinct flavous : elytra flavous, punctate in series, extreme margins and disc black
with two confluent vittae, leaving the exterior margin, apex, and a few streaks of
flavous (when the two vittae are normal, they correspond with those of the two
preceding species:) abdomen rufous, with silvery hairs, (three basal articulations
sometimes blackish ;) sternum flavous, pronotum slightly concave: tarsi black,
exterior side of the tibiae fuscous towards the apex.

% with a plate extending over the posterior portion of the last ventral segment :
prosternum with a posterior incisure, the lobes of which are acute.

20. C. anpicans Hald. J|Dej. Cat., 447. Laete rufus, pronoto vel obsolete
punctulato vel laevissimo ; apice, lateribus, maculisque 2 basalibus obliquis obsolete
flavis : elytris seriatim punctatis, sutura, margineque tenuissimo, vittisque 2 obscure
brunneis vel etiam nigris: tarsis fuscis. Long. 22 lin.

«, Vitta unica subsuturali.

s- Pallidus, vittis obsoletis, pronoto laevissimo.

Front punctate, flavous or pale rufous; antennae black, five basal articulations
flavous : pronotum polished, smooth or obsoletely punctulate, pale rufous or flavous ;
apex, lateral margins and two oblique basal maculae indistinctly flavous; extreme
margins black, portion of the base covered by the elytra, serrulate : elytra flavous or
rufo-flavuus, punctate in series, extreme margins black, interior vitta occupying the
space between the second and fourth striae, to which they are confined, the interstices
being scarcely discolored, the base of the fifth striais slightly discolored ; second vitta
between the third and fourth exterior stria. Prosternum % excised and toothed
behind: @ with a deep fovea on the last ventral segment. Southern.

CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES. 253

C—b.

21. C. amatus Hald. Supra flavus, pronoto lateribus obsolete punctulato, vittis 4
laete rufis: elytris profunde seriatim punctatis seriebus preparia approximatis,
interstitiis alternatim nigricantibus, subtus niger, prosterno nigro: pedibus rufis,
genubus flavis. Long. 1 lin.

Head punctulate, flavous, with an A-formed rufous mark from the vertex to the
antennae: clypeus punctate, margined with rufous; antennae fuscous, five basal
articulations pale rufous: pronotum polished, scarcely punctulate, flavous, with four
wide rufous vittae sub-abbreviated anteriorly, the exterior one with a short medial
transverse line ; extreme margin black posteriorly and rufous anteriorly : scutel black
disc flavous: elytra with impressed discolored punctures, in series, which are
arranged in pairs; suture margin and base with a narrow line of black; a black
widely interrupted vitta between the third and fourth rows of punctures; a second
abbreviated anteriorly, between the fifth and sixth, and fifth and seventh posteriorly ;
the exterior vitta is between the seventh and ninth rows anteriorly, and eighth and
ninth posteriorly, and from the irregularity of the rows of punctures, it presents a
tendency to unite with the intermediate vitta; beneath black, punctate, pygidium
and apex of the abdomen flavous with impressed discoloured punctures; prosternum
flavous, with an anterior spine tipped with black; feet rufous, apex of the femora
flavous. Missouri Territory.

% with an acute spine near the anterior margin of prosternum ; prosternum deeply
emarginate, angles subacute. 9?

22. CONFLUENS Say. Am.ent. 2, pl. 28. Laete rufus, fronte punctata, linea _
impressa ; antennis corpore vix longioribus: pronoto polito, subtiliter punctulato,
flavo-marginato, prosterno flavo, scutello nigro: elytris flavis, seriatim punctatis,
sutura margine tenuissimo, lineis 3 nigerrimis: pygidio punctato: prosterno postice
valde emarginato. Long. 2 lin.

Say describes the head and thorax as impunctured. The punctulations of the
pronotum are indistinct, and might not be observed. ‘The antennae are dark fuscous,
five basal articulations rufous. In the % the last ventral segment is not foveolate,
and the base between the coxae is flavous: ¢ not observed. Missouri Territory.

23. C. ceminatus Newm. 1840. Charlesw. mag. n.h. 4,250. Niger, capite
pronotoque laete rufis; antennis nigris: elytris flavis profunde seriatim punctato-
striatis ; sutura late, margine tentissimo, vittisque 2 nigerrimis ; interstitiis convexis.
Long. 2 lin.

«, Vittis 2 nigris dilatatis confluentibus.

8. Ano, pectore, femoribusque rufis.

254 CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES.

Head rufous, orbits obsoletely flavous ; front sparsely punctulate : pronotum rufous
somewhat polished, impunctate : lateral margins and extreme apex sometimes flavous.
extreme base black, this color sometimes extending along the sides : scutel black, disc
sometimes flavous : elytra with the first, second, (sutural) fourth, and sixth interstices
and extreme margin black; third, fifth, seventh, and eighth flavous: pygidium
punctate ; beneath entirely black, or varied with rufous : feet black, femora sometimes
rufous. Southern and Western.

The punctures of the submarginal stria are discolored, which probably led Mr-
Newman to state the pale vittae to be four. % with an acute spine between the
anterior coxae, and a transverse impression on the ultimate segment of the venter,
9 with the prosternum truncate behind, ultimate ventral segment foveolate.

24, C. tiruratus F. 2,50. — recurvus Say. J. Acad. 3,439 :6. — castus
Mels. Pr. Acad. 3,171 :4. — lativittus Germ. Sp. nov. 538? — 4-lineatus|
Dej. Cat., 448”. Niger; pronoto laevi, aurantiaco, macula magua discoidali apicem
non attingente, alteraque parva utrinque submarginali nigerrimis: elytris punctato-
striatis, nigris, (margine tenuissimo ;) vittis 2 aurantiacis postice connexis: pygidio
punctato. Long. 1 lin.

a. Thorace medio nigricante; elytris nigris, flavo-marginatis.

8, Elytris nigris, macula aurantiaca arcuata apicali: C. castus Mels.

y- Witta unica submarginali, apice recurvo : typus Sajanus.

The entire or partial absence of the elytral vittae cause this species to vary
considerably. ‘The male has an acute spine between the anterior coxae, and a
transverse impression on the last segment of the venter. 9? Middle, Southern, and
Western States.

=

D.

25. C. suLFuRIPENNIS Mels. Pr. Acad. 3,173 :13. Atro-brunneus; capite
punctato, flavo, fronte in medio nigro: thorace sparse punctato, margine laterali,
maculisque 2 basalibus flavis: elvtris profunde punctato-striatis; guttis nonnullis
oblongis brunneis, fasciis 3-bus ordinatis: antennis, abdominis margine, pedibusque
\aete rufis: pygidio punctis impressis confluentibus. Long. 2 lin.

¢ Prosternum sub-emarginate, lobes very obtuse, impressed between the coxae,

with a slight elevation in the centre; ultimate ventral segment with a deep round
fovea. Pensylvania.

26. C. LUTEIPENNIS Mels. Pr. Acad. 3,172 :10. Niger, nitidus, capite
albomaculato; pronoto punctis paucis sparsis; lateribus, maculisque 2 obliquis
basalibus albis: scutello nigro, laevigato; elytris profunde seriatim punctatis,

‘aurantiacis, sutura margine tenuissimo punctoque humerali nigris : pygidio punctato,
maculis 2 albidis. Long. 2 lin.

CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES. 255

? with the ultimate ventral segment deeply foveolate. Abdominal plate, a spot on
the prosternum, anterior coxae, and interior margin of the anterior femora wwhite-
Antennae black, five basal articulations rufous. Pensylvania and upper Mississippi
river.

27. C. FuLvipenNIS Hald. |Lec. Niger; antennis breviusculis, palpisque rufis;
pronoto polito subtiliter punctato: elytris profunde seriatim punctatis, aurantiacis ;
pygidio punctato, subcarinato. Long. 2 lin.

Black with a ceruleus tinge : front punctate, with an impressed medial line ; palpi,
labrum and antennae pale rufous, the latter short,and darker towards the apex :
pronotum with a row of punctures in therecurved lateral margin : scutel and extreme
base of the elytra black : beneath and feet shining blue-black ; venter punctate, with
silvery hairs. Southern.

E.

28. C. MAMMIFER Nm. 1840. Mag. n. h’. 4,250. — pretiosus Mels. Pr. Acad.
3,174 :16. Niger, nitidus: capite flavo, fronte nigro, punctato, in medio impresso;
- labro, antennarum basi, palpisque rufis: pronoto sparse punctulato ; apice tenuissimo,
angulis, maculisque 2 obliquis basalibus albidis : elytris punctato-striatis ; apice, fascia
praemediali (ad suturam late interrupta) lineolisque 3 basalibus aurantiacis. Long. 2
lin.

a, Pronoto immaculato.

The anterior spots in the angles of the pronotum are the largest, and it is possible
that the entire lateral margin may be found white. The anterior margin of the
mesosternum has a whitish spot, there is another on the anterior coxae, a small one
on each side of the pygidium, and the ventral plate is of the same color. Beneath
punctulate, venter of the ? with a deep fovea. Pensylvania, Carolina, Florida.

29. C. notatus F. 2,55 :76. Oliv. enc. 6,618. Niger, antennis filiformibus ;
pronoto dense punctato, apice contracto; elytris grosse punctato-striatis, interstitiis
convexis; puncto apicali, fasciaque praemediali (suturam vix attingente) aurantiacis :
pygidio partibusque inferioribus grosse punctatis. Long. 2 lin.

Robust, head with a few coarse punctures; antennae remarkably slender, black,
second, third, fourth, and fifth articulations with a rufous tinge: prothorax much
contracted anteriorly. Southern.

30. C. pistinctus Hald. |Dej. ,447”. Niger, nitidus, capite punctato, antennarum
basi fusco, labro flavo vel fusco-marginato: pronoto convexo, obsolete sparsim

65

256 CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES.

punctulato : elytris seriatim punctatis, fascia subbasali humeros attingente, maculoque
apicali flavis: pygidio carinato, punctato: abdomen et pectus punctis piliferis. Long.
2 lin.

o Elytrarum fascia maculisque rufis.

The elytral fascia is sometimes interrupted at the suture; its posterior margin is
anterior to the middle of the elytra. Southern.

31. C. Bivominis Nm. Ent. Mag. “Niger, maculis utriusque elytri 2 magnis
coccineis, quarum 1? humerali ramulam ad suturam emittente, altera rotunda, apicali,
thorax glaber, nitidus; elytra striato-puncta, striis 9, quarum 7™ et 8v4 valde
indistinctis. Long. -2 unc.”

Not observed. The last character given distinguishes this species from
C. distinctus.

32. C. quapriroris Nm. Ent. mag. “ Niger, nitidus; utriusque elytri maculis
2 rufis, quarum 1 humerali, altera apicali; thorax nitidus, lateribus subtiliter
punctis ; elytra subtiliter puncta, punctis haud linea dispositis. Long. -175.”

Not observed.

33. C. 4-macuLatus Say. J. acad. 3,441. — notatus {Dej. Cat. 448. — semi-
cinctus Germ. Ins. sp. nov. ,554. Caeruleo-niger, nitidus, subtus punctis piliferis;
capite punctato, labro rufo; antennis fuscis, basi rufis: pronoto convexo, polito,
obsolete punctulato: elytris seriatim punctatis; macula magna, quadrata, humeral,
punctoque rotundato apicali, aurantiacis : pygidio punctato. Long. 2 lin.

«. EKlytrarum basi, punctoque terminali aurantiacis.

s. Elytrarum margine exteriori aurantiaco.

y. Elytra aurantiaca, macula magna, communi, ovali vel cordata, nigra.

9 with the apex of the abdomen foveolate, § without the fovea. Middle, Southern,
and Western States, and Lake Superior.

34. C. quADRUPLEX Newm. Ent. mag. 4-verrucatus|Dej. ,448'. Niger, nitidus ;
capite concavo, punctulato ; labro flavo ; antennis pallide fuscis, basi flavis: pronoto
convexo, polito, vix punctulato; elytris seriatim grosse punctatis; macula humerali
(basin vix attingente) punctoque apicali rufis; lineola humerali nigra: pygidio
carinato, punctis impressis dilatatis; abdomine indistincte punctulato, ? apice
foveolato. Long. 1} lin. Southern and Middle States.

F.

35. C. viripis Mels. Pr. acad. 3,174 (Monachus). C. aeneus|De}j. ,449'. Supra
viridi aeneus, elongatulus ; capite sparse punctulato; oculis nigris, antennis pallide
‘ rufis, apice fuscis ; clypeo, labro, prosterno, pedibusque pallide rufis : pronoto convexo,

CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES. 257

minutissime scabro, basi utrinque emarginato, lateribus rufis; scutello triangular,

laevi : elytris seriatim punctatis, punctis minutis : pygidio confertim punctato. Long.
1 lin.

Capite thoraceque obscure rufis.
Head rufous, above brassy ; mandibles black, prothorax laterally and beneath, with
the feet, pale rufous; pectus and venter shining black; pygidium with numerous

dilated, but not deeply impressed punctures. Apex of the venter with a deep fovea.
Middle and Southern States.

36. C. LEVIS Hald. Violaceo-niger, nitidus: ore antennisque pallide rufis : pronoto
laevigato, basi utrimque emarginato, scutello triangulari: elytris seriatim punctatis,
punctis minutis. Long. 3 lin.

Characterized from a single example of which the feet are wanting. Southern.

G—a.

37. C. nEpATicus Mels. Pr. acad. 3,171. Ferrugineus, confertim irregulariter
punctatus: oculis nigris; antennis brevibus, flavis, apice incrassato, fusco; scutello
tufo-piceo: elytris grosse punctatis marginibus flavis, impunctatis: pectore
. abdomineque rufis, punctis piliferis, ano pedibusque flavis : pygidio flavo, supra rufo,
punctis piliferis. Long. 1 lin.

Characterized from a single individual from fort Laramie near the Rocky
Mountains. It does not quite agree with Dr. Melsheimer’s description of an example
from Pensylvania, but some variation of character must be allowed in this genus.

38. C. TRIDENS Mels. 3,172 :8. Niger, supra flavus, obscure rufo variegatus,
punctis impressis decoloratis: capite flavo; vertice, macula frontali, et punctis
impressis nigro-rufis; labro, palpis antennisque rufis : pronoto apice, lateribus, lineola
dorsali apicali, et 2 basalibus flavis: elytris irregulariter seriatim punctatis: pygidio,
abdominis marginibusque flavo-variegatis: pedibus flavis. Long. 14 lin.

The feet vary to testaceous, and the femora are sometimes maculate with brownish
rufous. Pensylvania and Lake Superior.

39. C. punctatus Hald. |Dej. ,445” (Pachybrachis). Nigricans, supra (capite
incluso) flavus, brunneo variegatus, punctis impressis brunneis: antennis fuscis,
articulorum basi flavescente: pronoto basi tenuiter nigro: scutello nigro: pygidio
punctulato, apice flavo: subtus punctulis piliferis ; femoribus flavo-annulatis. Long.
1 lin.

The elytra vary in the depth of shading ; the lighter varieties have a dark humeral
spot, and a common sutural one posteriorly ; the scutellar region is flavous, and the
feet vary to flavous, with very feint traces of brown. Pensylvania in June.
Southern.

258 CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES.

G—. (Canthostethus.)

40. C. rueicotiis Hald. 1|Dej. 447’. Rufus, elongatulus: fronte scabro-punctata,
orbitis flavis; occulis nigris angustis: pronoto longitudinaliter ruguloso, lateribus
grosse punctatis, flavescentibus: scutelli disco flavo: elytris flavis, indistincte rufo-
nebulosis, punctato-striatis, punctis rufis, approximatis; basi tenuiter nigro; apice
punctato. Long. 2, lat. 1 lin.

Antennae pale rufous, scarcely darker towards the apex: punctures of the elytra
regular, coarse, and approximate: mesosternum polished, medial line impressed : apex
of the venter with a fovea. A single individual observed. Southern.

41. C. rasciatus Say. J. acad. 3,437. — lateritius Newm. Ent. mag. Rufus:
capite scabro-punctato ; labro, orbitisque flavis; antennis fuscis, basi rufis: pronoto
flavo, basi tenuiter nigro; confertim punctato, punctis impressis rufis: scutelli basi
emarginato, nigro: elytris flavis; basi tenuiter nigris; fasciis 3 rufis undatis;
irregulariter punctato-striatis, punctis rufis: pygidio flavo, punctis impressis rufis:
subtus punctulis piliferis: sterno in medio et abdomine inter coxas flavis: sterno
linea longitudinali impressa. Long. 1} lin.

a. (tesselatus{Dej. ,447') pronoto rufo, punctis majoribus, elytrarum fasciis
confluentibus. %

The punctures of the pronotum being rufous and dense, the surfaee has a rufous
tinge although the ground color is flavous. In the variety the rufous becomes
confluent, the punctures are somewhat larger, and the elytral fasciae have become
confluent, leaving two distinct flavous spots towards the apex, and the scutellar
region flavous. Two specimens examined. Southern.

Not having observed or recognized the folloning species of CRYPTOCEPHALUS, they
cannot be satisfactorily placed in their proper section.

42. C. Larvatus Nm. 1840. Mag. n. h”. 4,250. ‘“ Antennae fuscae, basi testaceae :
caput nigrum, fascia sinuata medio interrupta verticali, altera sub oculis, labroque
flavidis : prothorax flavidus, maculis 2 punctiformibus nigris: elytra flavida uterque
maculis 3, quarum 2 basalibus, 1 discoidali, nigris signatus; sutura margineque
laterali feré ad basin quoque nigris: abdomen nigrum, lateribus, macula mesosterni
utrinqué, podiceque flavidis: pedes flavidi. (Corp. long. -25 une. lat. -15 une.”
Florida.

43. C..timpatus Nm. id. “ Antenne picee: caput profundé purctum, nigrum,
macula antica oculorumque marginibus albidis : prothorax profundé punctus, niger,
margine laterali albido: elytra rugosé et irregulariter puncta, miniata, macula dorsali
communi nigra: abdomen et pedes nigra. (Corp. long. -17 unc. lat. -09 unc.)” This

“species is evidently a Pachybrachys. Florida.

CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES. 259

44. C. rixus Nm. id. “Antenne testacez, apice fuscescentes: cetera testacea,
vittis vix distinctis, prothoracis elytrorumque communibus 4 luteolis: elytra striata,
striis profundé punctis. (Corp. long. -14 une. lat. -08 unc.) Florida.

45. C. LutEoLus Nm. id. “ Antenne luteole, apice fuscescentes; oculi nigri:
elytrorum macula minuta humerali, alteré subapicali, strigaque antic, discoidali,
brevi, nigris ; cetera luteola: elytra glaberrima, 8-striata, striis profundé punctis.
(Corp. long. :14 une. lat. 08 unc.)” Florida.

46. C. punctipes Say. 1824. J. acad. 3,438. 51. C. parvuLus F. 2,57.

47. C. nicRicornis Say. id. 3,436. 52. C. perritus| Olivier.
48. C. opsoLetus Germar. Sp. nov. ,559. 53. C. EQUESTRIS| Oliv.
49. C. picruraTus Germ. 54. C. PUBESCENS F’. 2,43.

50. C. nanus F. 2,56.

PACHYBRACHIS|. Cheor.

— 1. Disperse punctati.
Elytris flavis, nigro-vittatis.
Elytris nigris.
Elytris nigris, rufo-maculatis.
Elytris nigris, flavo-maculatis.

BSans

Elytris nigris, lineolis vel punctis flavis.
—> 2. Punctato striati, vel striate-punctati.

Elytris flavis : a nigro-vittatis: b nigro-lineolatis.

ap

Elytris nigris, flavo-maculatis.

A.

55. P. Bivirratus Say. (Crypt.) J. acad. 3,440:8. Am. ent. pl. 28. Flavo-
rufescens, subtus pilosus: capite dense punctato; fronte impressa; antennis
palpisque apice nigris; orbitis subflavis: pronoto dense punctato, lateribus flavis :
scutello nigro vel flavyo: elytris irregulariter punctatis, apice impunctato; vittis 2
latis (exteriore interrupta) marginisque tenuissimo nigris: dorso nigro ; pygidio flavo,
dense punctulato, punctis piliferis: pedibus flavo-variegatis, tarsis nigricantibus.
Long. 2 lin.

The flavous color of the head and pronotum is sometimes indistinct, and the
external vitta is limited to two or three maculae. There isa marginal and two
submarginal punctate-striate series. Both sexes seem to have the apex of the venter
foveolate. Missouri Territory. Arkansa.

66

260 CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES.

B.

56. P. morosus Hald. Niger, confertim scabro-punctatus; subtus punctatus,
albido sericeus: fronte plana: scutello polito: humeris prominulis, politis: pygidio
confertim punctulato. Long. 2 lin.

@ with a shallow ventral fovea, which is absent in the male. The puncturing is
dense and uniform, and no portion is arranged in series upon the elytra : the humeri
are prominent and scarcely punctate. Southern.

57. P. carponarius Hald. |Dej. ,445”. Niger, subtus piliferus; disperse
punctulatus ; labro et antennarum basi brunneis : pronoto dense et distincte punctato,
punctis parvis, profundis: scutello vix punctulato: elytris grosse punctatis, externe
irregulariter punctato-striatis; humeris prominulis, laevibus: pectore punctato;
ventre pygidioque punctulatis. Long. 13 lin. .

The punctures on the head are smaller, and on the elytra larger than those of the
pronotum. Of two specimens described, both have the venter sub-foveolate.
Southern.

58. P. rrinotatus Mels. Pr. acad. 3,170 :3. ornaticollis| D. ,445".. Niger, subtus
punctulatus, subsericeus : capite dense punctulato, maculis 2 frontali, et 1 inter
antennas, aurantiacis vel sanguineis; antennis elongatis, nigris, basi subtus
pallidioribus : pronoto confertim punctato; apice tenuiter, lateribus, lineola apicali,
‘maculisque 2 basalibus, aurantiacis vel sanguineis, marginibus tenuiter nigris:
scutello impunctato: elytris. grosse et dense punctatis, lineis elevatis perpaucis
externis irregularibus; humeris prominulis, laevibus: pygidio dense punctulato.
Long. 1% lin.

? with the apex of the venter foveolate; * without the fovea. The spot between
the antennae is sometimes absent ; and another is sometimes present at the exterior
‘base of the antennae.

C.
59. P: suprasciatus Lec. (Crypt.) Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1,173. 11°20. :494 Mels. Cat.
Dej. Cat. ,445”".. Niger, capite dense punctato; antennis brevioribus, tenuibus,

articulis 2-6 dilute rufis: pronoto dense punctato, lateribus anguste sanguineis:
elytris punctatis, apice tenuiter, maculisque 2 in medio rufis: ventre pygidioque
indistincte punctulatis, albido-sericeis. Long. 1} lin.

Venter with a fovea, apparently in both sexes. The medial spot upon each
elytrum inay unite and form a fascia. The punctures are dilated, and somewhat
regularly arranged posteriorly, and there are several elevated interstices.
Pensylvania.

CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES. 261

D:

60. P.m-nicRumM Mels. Pr. acad. 3,170. Dej. ,445.. Niger; capite dense
punctato, flavo-variegato; antennis fuscis, basi flavis: pronoto punctato, apice
tenuiter, lateribus, macula apicali, et 2 basalibus, flavis: elytris irregulariter
punctatis, flavo-maculatis: pygidio minute punctulato, macula laterali, alteraque
externali, flavis : subtus punctulatus, pilosus, femoribus apice tibiisque flavis. Long.
2 Jin.

Apex of the venter sub foveolate 9. Dr. Melsheimer’s specimens seem to have the
flavous portions testaceous.

61. P. sparsus Nm. (Crypt.) Ent. mag. “Niger, albo prave irroratus, caput et
thorax punctata, elytra profunde punctata, punctis nullo modo ordinatis. Long.
075.”

Not having observed this species it is placed here provisionally.

62. P. FLavicornis Mels. Pr. ac, 3,172. Niger, punctatus ; ore, orbitis, antennis,
pedibusque flavis: pronoto inequaliter profunde punctato; angulis, lateribus,
-maculisque 2 basalibus flavis: elytris punctatis, ad marginem striato-punctatis ;
apice, maculaque mediali flavis; pygidio impunctato, macula laterali flavo, ventre
minutissime punctulato: femoribus posterioribus in medio fuscis. Long. 1} lin.

E.

63. P. Luripus Ff. 2,45 :24. — femoratus Say. 1824, J. acad. 3,439. Niger ;
capite dense punctato ; labro flavo, clypeo flavo-variegato; antennis tenuibus rufis,
articularum apice fusco: pronoto confertim punctato; linea dorsali lateribusque
sanguineis: elytris confertim punctatis, interstitiis elevatis, subrectis: lineolis flavis
variegatis: pectore punctato. Long. 2 lin.

«. Labro flavo, linea dorsali abbreviata vel obsoleta ; femoribus anterioribus macula
flava. C. aesculi Mels. Pr. ac. 3,171.

s- Pronoto omnino rufo. Say.

y. Elytrarum interstitiis flavis.

_ The venter is foveolate ¢. Inhabits Massachusetts, Pensylvania, Carolina, and
Georgia, on Baptisia tinctoria. The first variety may be a distinct species, as it
seems to live upon a different plant. ‘The third variety is from Missouri Territory,
and has the yellow color predominating on the elytra, and the pronotum less confertly
punctate.

64. P. remoratus Ol. Dej. Cat. 445". — atomarius.? Mels. ,170. :2. Niger,
nitens, confertim punctatus: capite flavo variegato (vel immaculato) antennis fuscis
basi rufis: pronoto irregulariter flavo-maculato ; apice tenuiter, lateribusque flavis:
scutellum nigrum (macula flava): elytris irregulariter seriatim punctatis;

262 CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES.

basi tenuiter, apice, guttulisque multis longitudinalibus flavis: femoribus basi
apiceque flavis; tibiis basi flavis: pygidio minute punctulato, punctis piliferis ;
utrinque macula flava, alteraque exteriori: subtus punctulis piliferis. Long. 13 lin.

9 with the venter foveolate.

The labrum and clypeus are usually flavous, but this color is wanting in some
individuals. In Dr. Melsheimer’s species the colors of the pronotum are described
as testaceous. Of three specimens, one has a flavous spot on the scutellum. Middle
and Southern States. In Pensylvania it appears in June and July on trees of the
genus Carya.

65. P. inraustus Haid. Niger, rugose punctatus, subtus punctulis piliferis :
capite dense punctato ; labro, maculisque perpaucis indistinctis flavis ; antennis fuscis,
basi dilutioribus: pronoto confertim punctato, punctis parvis: elytris irregulariter
punctatis ; lineolis elevatis; maculis parvis paucis flavis: pvgidio minute punctato,
punctis piliferis : femoribus intermediis macula flava apicali. Long. 1} lin.

Venter scarcely foveolate ¢. The punctures are less crowded upon the head than
upon the pronotum. Southern.

66. P. soprinus Hald. |Dej. 445”. Niger, punctatus: prothorace disperse
punctato, flavo, brunneo variegato : capite pedibus, pygidio, abdominis marginibusque
flavis : elytris vix seriatim punctatis, flavo-lineolatis. Long. 14 lin.

Head (except the orbits) punctate, flavous, with an indistinct tinge of rufous,
vertex and frontal line brown; antennae pale fuscous, base flavous: pronotum
densely, and in some parts confluently punctured, having other parts impunctate:
scutel black: elytra with black dilated impressed punctures, some of which are
arranged in irregular series; apex, scutellar region, and numerous interrupted
interstitial lines flavous: pygidium scarcely punctulate; beneath minutely
punctulate, piliferous ; feet flavous, femora indistinctly varied with brown. Venter
foveolate ¢. Southern.

F—a.

67. P. vipvatus F. 2,49. Say, Am. ent. pl. 28. Niger: capite punctato ; labro,
maculis 2 inter oculos, 1 inter antennas, et 1 suborbitali flavis ; antennis fuscis, basi
dilute rufis: pronoto disperse punctulato; lateribus, basi, apiceque tenuiter, lineola
apicali, maculisque 2 basalibus flavis ; marginibus extremis nigris; elytris punctato-
striatis ; sutura, margine tenuiter, vittisque 2 nigris: pygidio flavo; pedibus dilute
rufis ; genubus flavis ; tarsis fuscis. Long. 13 lin.

Venter with a terminal fovea @.

The vertex and orbits have but few punctures. The punctures upon the pronotum
are not crowded, and they are finer than those of the head. Southern and Western.

CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES. 263

68. P. ornonus Say. Am. ent. pl. 28. Niger; capite punctato; labro, maculis 1
frontali, 1 infra oculum, et 2 frontalibus flwozs ; antennis fuscis basi rufulis : pronoto
confluenter punctato; marginibus lineolaque apicali flavis: elytris punctato-striatis ;
punctis, sutura, vittisque 2 latis négris: pygidio flavo: pedibus dilute rufis, flavo-
variegatis. Long. 2 lin.

Distinguished from P. viduatus by the rugose pronotum, the want of the macula at
the base ; and by the deeper elytral striae.

69. This seems to be the place for C. MarcinaticotLis Randall. 1838. Bost.
J.n. h. 2,46. It is compared with C. ktwratus, and must be allied to othonus,
although the size given (probably an error) is only “ one-twentieth of an inch.” Itis
stated to be found upon hickory, (Carya.)

F—b.

70. P. aBpominatis Say. J. acad. 3,437. — pecturalis Mels. Pr. ac. 3,171.
Niger, supra griseo-flavescens, punctis impressis decoloratis: capite flavescente,
sparse punctato, ferrugineo-variegato ; antennis fuscis, basi pallidioribus: pronoto
punctulato, ferrugineo-variegato: elytris flavis, punctato-striatis, striis decoloratis :
' pygidio flavo, maculis 3 nigris vel obscuris: abdominis marginibus flavis: pedibus
rufescentibus, femoribus basi apice flavis. Long. 14 lin.

Apex of the venter foveolate.

The ferruginous discoloration varies considerably in extent and intensity, and
sometimes extends to the elytra. Upper Mississippi river and Lake Superior.

G.

71. P. motiis Hald. Niger, punctatus: capite pedibusque flavis : pronoto flavo,
maculis 3 nigris : elytris seriatim punctatis, fascia subbasali apiceque flavis : abdomine
flavo-marginato. Long. 1} lin.

Apex of the venter foveolate.

Head flavous, punctulate, vertex and a frontal spot obscure rufous ; antennae and
trophi flavous: pronotum punctulate, flavous, a large cordate dorsal macula, with a
smaller one on each side black ; pectus punctulate : scutel flavous: elytra with the
apex and base flavous, except a humeral spot, the region of the scutel, and the suture,
which are d/ack, the last confluent with a wide subapical black fascia: pygidium,
margin of the venter, and feet flavous ; middle of the femora discolored. Missouri
Territory.

MONACHUS| Cheor.
72. M. saronatus F. (Crypt.) 2,55. Cyaneus, uitidus, impunctatus: labro et

antennarum articulis 1°—4° flavis: elytris seriatim punctatis, punctis minutis, postice

obsoletis : pygidio disperse punctato. Long. 1 lin.
67

264 CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES.

The description of Fabricius requires only the basal articulation of the antenna to
be flavous. In one specimen this color extends to the fifth articulation. There is an
impressed marginal stria, and a short basal submarginal one. Middle and Southern

States.

73. M. aver|Knoch. (Clythra.) Niger, nitidus: labro et antennarum basi
flavescentibus : pronoto laevi, cyanescente: elytris indistincte seriatim punctulatis.
Long. 1} lin.

More robust than the preceding, with the elytral punctures less distinct. Southern.

74. M. arrints Hald. Cyaneus, laevis: labro, clypeo, antennis, pedibusque, dilute
rufis : elytris distincte seriatim punctulatis. Long. 1 lin.

The elytra are more distinctly punctured than in the two preceding species; and
the two exterior striae are impressed, punctulate, and entire. The prosternum will
doubtless be found indistinctly rufous, as there is some appearance of this color in the
individual characterized. Southern.

75. M. aorttus Haid. Dej. ,449. Cyaneus, nitidus: labro, clypeo, fronte,
antennis, pedibus, prosterno, pronoti lateribusque flavis : pronoto impunctato; elytris
distincte seriatim punctulatis. Long. # lin.

The individual characterized is Southern.

*,*In the preceding pages a comma point between two numbers, indicates volwme and page ; a minute
mark (') plate and figure ; and a colon the number of species in an author’s list.. See p. 260, No. 59.
The mark | indicates wncharacterized. :

In the following Inpex, the numbers refer to the order of the speciesin the preceding pages; the
parenthesis marks a synonym; the smaller letter next the number, the genus, and when placed next the
authority, it indicates the genus according to that authority. This notation is intended chiefly for
alphabetical catalogues, which should contain, in addition, a reference and a notation for locality.

CRYPTOCEPHALINARUM BOREALI-AMERICAE DIAGNOSES.

"CRYPTOCEPHALUS.

70."abdominalis *Say.
(35 “aencus| Dejean.
aereus|°Sturm.
(63 *aesculi “els.
74 ‘affinis H.
affinis|*Sturm.
20 “albicans H.
21 “amatus H.

angularis|"Sz¢.

73 Sater|Kn. (Clythra.)

(642 atomarius “Mels.
10 *aulicus H.
75 “auritus H.
biguttatus{S¢.
31 *binominis Vm.
55 Pbivittatus °S.
7 *bivius Nm.
(3? brunnipes}"O/.
57 Pearbonarius H.
(24 castus Mels.
16 *cinctipennis Rand.
2 clathratus *Wels.
22 *confluens Say.
3 congestus “F.
cyanipennis|*D.
(1 decoratus}”D.
52 detritus|*O/.
9 *dispersus H.
30 *distinetus H.
diversus|’D.

INDEX.

eques|*D.
53 equestris {"O/.
41 “fasciatus S.
64 "femoratus °O/.

(63 femoratus °S.
62 flavicornis “els.

flavoguttatus|*D.

5 “formosus Mels.
27 “fulvipennis H.
23 “veminatus Vm.
18 *cibbicollis H.

4 *guttatus H.

(6 guttatus}"D.
(16 *hamatus Mels.
37 *hepaticus Mels.
14 “incertus OJ.
65 Pinfaustus H.
19 “insertus H.
(41 lateritius “Wi.
(24 lativittis Germ.
42 larvatus °Vim.
6 “lautus Nin.
lecontei{*D.
36 “levis H.
43 "limbatus “Wm.
13 *lineolatus H.
litigiosus|°D.
24 *lituratus F.

63 *luridus 2F’.

26 *luteipennis Mels.

"PACH YBRACHYS.

45 luteolus 7m.
44 lixus "Wm.
28 *mammifer Vn.

69 "marginaticollis *R.
marginipennis|"D.
60 °m-nigrum *WMels.

minimus|*D.
71 mollis H.
56 ’morosus H.

‘MONACHUS.

46 punctipes °S.

32 “quadriforis Nm.

(24 4-lineatus|*D.

33 “4-maculatus|S§
4-maculatus{*S7.
(34 4-verrucatus|D.
34 “quadruplex Nin.
5-maculatus!*D.
d-vittatus."D,

multipunctatus}"D. (24 recurvus Say.

8 *mutabilis Mes.
50 nanus “FF,
47 nigricornis “8.
nigripennis{*D.
33 notatus{*D.
29 “notatus F.

48 obsoletus °Germ.

(58 ornaticollis,D.
68 "othonus *Say.
(17 ornatus “F.
51 parvulus °F.

(70 pectoralis “sels.
49 picturatus “Germ.

(28 pretiosus Mels.
54 pubescens °F’.
(6 pulcher Mels.

pulicarius|"D.
pulvinatus{°Sv.
12 *pumilus H.
39 “punctatus H.

40 rugicollis H.

72 “saponatus “F’.

1 scutellaris °F.
(33 semicinctus Ger.
signifer!’D,

11 “simplex H.

66 "sobrinus H.

61 "sparsus “Vin.

59 "subfasciatus “Lec.
subfasciatus."S7.
*submaculatusLHmse

25 “sulfuripennis els.

(41 tesselatus{D.

38 “tridens Wels.

58 “trinotatus “Mels,

17 “venustus F’.

67 viduatus °F.

35 “viridis “Wels.

15 “vitatus H,
xanthopterusL’D.

hs ee ee te : t c f ah

~ . '
H *
3 S 1 ‘ =~
: ; —
. ‘ \ I 4; ;
i, 4
fi u > wes,
4 r =
- ‘ .
; 4
. & n<
: - =l9
= i
‘* = «
, =e !
; 7 |
. = " . i-» *
a ‘ z , rd wif 5 re
“ r 4 ; s . ‘
" re =- ® ; " -
ale 7 a» ‘ys fe, i ~~ at
7 a .
- i * *
4 i. *—.. — Si
-
. 1) + ~ i }
' Ne

= ' il ie om Mae ;

>

: ;
:
i]
\ ~
ey petery
: J "DR naan ft Se t
an Pig * permeates ast
ry am. 4a? Any
i ' ‘i , a ethiin
. b ,apeng ot whet
a

[ie 2eRey

ART. XX1I.—Observations on the Reproductive Organs, and on the Fetus of the
Delphinus Nesarnak. By Cuarues D. Metcs, M. D.

Tam under obligations to Dr. W. S. W. Ruschenberger, U. S. Navy, for the objects
that are described in this note.

On the late voyage of the U.S.ship Plymouth to China, while at no great
distance from Rio Janeiro, a porpoise was captured by the seamen, in April 1848.
Upon opening the animal she was found to be pregnant. The uterus and vagina,
with a foetus thirteen inches in length, were preserved in alcohol, and upon Dr. R.’s
late return to the United States, from Canton, they were presented to me.

Professor Agassiz, at that time in the city, was invited to examine the specimens
with me, and the observations then made were so remarkable, that that gentleman
considers them well deserving of being laid before the Academy.

I now submit for the inspection of the members, both the original specimens an |
. several drawings of them,

The womb is two-horned, and still contains the whole of the chorion. It is a very
strong muscular uterus, divided by a thick partition. The cervix uteri appears to me
to be not much deployed, and is still a thick and very strong cylinder, terminating by
a well formed vaginal cervix, and os tince, that projects about three-fourths of an
inch into the uterine extremity of the vagina. The mucous membrane of the vaginal
cervix 1s formed into regular ruge or plice, that passing inwards to the os uteri go
upwards into the canal of the cervix. The os uteri is a transverse sulcus asin the
human uterus. Vide Pl. XXXVI. fig. 2, and PL XXXYV. fig. 1.

The vagina is about two inches and a quarter in length—in its present state. It
is condensed and contracted by the alcohol, in which the specimen has been
preserved for nearly a year, The specimen and the drawing show the arrangement
of the ruge of the vagina. Pl. XXXV. fig. 1, e.

Upon opening the vaginal cervix by an incision carried from the os upwards, we
were surprised by finding a second os tince and cervix, similar to the former one.

The drawing shows, better than any description, the arrangement of this singular
apparatus, and I submit to the members, this original specimen, in which the second
or upper cervix and os are seen to be enclosed in the canal of the cervix, as the lower
one is encased in the canal of the vagina. It will be seen upon comparing them,
that the drawing gives a faithful representation of the facts. Pl. XXXVI. fig. 2, a,

b, d.
68

268 MEIGS’ OBSERVATIONS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS,

The foetus was developed in the left cornu of the womb, the right one being
partially developed by the intrusion into its cavity of the chorion and allantois. The
foetus, as I have said, is thirteen inches in length, and must have floated free in the
waters of the amnios. Such an inference is deducible from the fact that the animal
is not permanently flexed ; as in the terrestial mammals. Pl. XXXV. fig. 1.

I am ignorant of the length of the uterus previous to the discharge of the ovum.
Doubtless it must have contracted very much after it was opened. In its present
contracted state, the womb is eleven inches long, by eight inches in its conjugate
diameter. The walls are about one-third of an inch thick. Pl. XXXVI. fig. 1.

The whole interior aspect of the womb is pleated or folded like irregular valvule
conniventes ; and these plice, being very strongly expressed, and innumerable, have
the effect of augmenting the superficial contents of the inner aspect of the womb two
or three hundred per cent. beyond that of the external surface. Iam not sure that
the inner aspect is not four or five hundred per cent. above the outer aspect in
superficial quantity.

The specimen, which I now exhibit, may serve to satisfy those members who may
choose to make the computation. The drawing represents these pleats or folds ; (PI.
XXXVI. fig. 1, d, d.) and I have also here, a drawing representing a section,
magnified five diameters, to show the multiplication of superficies thus obtained.

I have said that the foetus was developed in the left cornu, and that there was but
one foetus ; nevertheless its allantois carried the chorion into the right cornu also,
which was very considerably developed by the distending chorion and amnion, serving
in this manner, greatly te multiply the points of contact betwixt the chorion and the
maternal surface. Pl. XXXVI. fig. 1, b, d.

The chorion, whose inner surface is smooth, and even polished, is upon its exterior
aspect pleated in such manner as to let its projections and sulci fit accurately the
corresponding sulci and projections of the uterine folds ; so that—if in the present
specimen, the womb, before it was opened, was fourteen inches in length within—the
chorion was also fourteen inches in its longest diameter: but, if the inner aspect of
the uterus was greatly multiplied in its superficies, the outer aspect of the chorion
was equally multiplied. Hence the surfaces of contact of the foetal organ with the
mother’s womb exceeded by many hundred per cent. the apparent surface of contact.

As to the amnios and the allantois, they were removed with the fcetus, and given
to me already separated, and so much broken and torn that 1 shall not venture to
describe them now. I here exhibit them, however, to the members, who may
perceive that they cannot be fitly described in this note. Pl. XX XV. fig. 1.

It appears to me that the structures thus briefly described are worthy of
consideration, as disclosing a most remarkable adaptation of the organs to the nature

AND ON THE FETUS OF THE DELPHINUS NESARNAK. 269

and condition of the cetaceous parent or dam; andI shall venture to offer some
remarks upon their economical uses or purposes. I believe the observation is new in
comparative anatomy and embryology.

In gestation of the mammifera, the womb expands under a compulsion derived
from the augmenting magnitude of the ovum ; which, like an acephalocyst, imbibes
the materials or plasma from its placental disc or discs. There is a constant tendency
of the fundus and corpus uteri to resist their extension, and an equally constant effort
of the cervix and os uteri to retain the ovum within the womb. The progress of a
gestation brings that contest to a close by developing the cone of the cervix, and
changing it into a cylinder that can no longer counteract the expulsive effort of the
fundus. The last conflict is labor, in which the foetus is expelled.

Thus there is in the gravid womb a facultas retentrix and a facultas expultrix,
that are in constant antagonism.

In the terrestial mammals these forces are balanced according to the genus of the
animal, which lives under an ordinary atmospheric pressure of fifteen pounds to the
inch.

Mr. Scoresby in his Account of the Arctic Regions, &c., vol. 2, p. 249, computes
_ the surface of a large whale at 1540 square feet, and he has a foot-note of which the
following is a copy.

“From experiments made with sea-water taken up near Spitzbergen, I find that
thirty-five cubical feet weigh a ton. Now, supposing a whale to descend to the depth
of 800 fathoms, or 4800 feet, which, I believe, is not uncommon, we have only to
divide 4800 feet, the length of the column of water pressing upon the whale, by 35
feet, the length of a column of sea-water a foot square weighing a ton, the quotient
137: shows the pressure per square foot upon the whale in tons, which, multiplied
by 1540, the number of square feet of surface exposed by the animal, affords a
product of 211,200 tons, besides the usual pressure of the atmosphere.”’

Mr. S. says that we can have but an imperfect conception of such a degree of
pressure, which exceeds in weight, sixty of the largest ships in the British navy,
when manned and provisioned and fitted for a six months’ cruise.

Is it not a remarkable thing that the mammiferous cetacea, when launched in the
ocean, to be subjected to such inconceivable pressure, should be provided against one
of the greatest hazards to which their state as marine mammals could expose them ?

Seeing the perpetual antagonism of the facultas expultrix and the facultas retentrix
in ordinary gestation, it could not happen that the parent should plunge to the depth
of even four or five hundred fathoms without losing the fruit of the womb.

Let it be stated that in any case, as in our specimen, the superficies of the gravid
womb is one hundred inches, of which the os uteri has one inch and the rest of the

270 MEIGS’ OBSERVATIONS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS,

organ ninety-nine inches. Then ata depth of 800 fathoms the sea pressure per
square inch, or that on the os uteri, is equal to 2055 pounds, while the sea pressure
on the remaining 99 inches equals 203,445 pounds.

So great a reinforcement to the facultas expultrix would inevitably overcome the
resistance of a single or simple os uteri. Hence, to obviate a great risk of losing the
genera by the destruction of the embryons, the facultas retentrix has been fortified
and made secure by an apparatus not in use in any terrestial mammal. I should
think no man need look for a more absolute demonstration of a plan or plans of
creation.

But I have to remark that the exterior surface of the chorion in this mammal is
converted into a placenta, in which respect it resembles the placenta of the
pachyderms, as the mare and hog, in which the whole exterior surface of the chorion
becomes placenta ; while in the carnivora it is zoniform, and in ruminants consists of
numerous placentules.

In this cetacean, not only is the exterior surface of the chorion become a fleshy and
vascular process, but the surface is immensely multiplied in order greatly to increase
the surface of contact and the chances of eration. For some of the cetacea make
plunges that last for thirty minutes, before they return to the surface to breathe.
“The average stay under water,” says Mr. Scoresby, ‘‘of a wounded whale, which
steadily descends after being struck, according to the most usual conduct of the
animal, is about thirty minutes; but in shallow water, I have been informed, it has
been sometimes known to remain an hour and a half at the bottom after being struck,
and yet has returned to the surface alive.” —Op. cit. p. 247.

Now, inasmuch as the foetal cetacean depends for its eration upon the branchial
offices of its placenta, does it not appear that such protracted absence from the surface
as thirty minutes, would suffice nearly to asphyxiate the dam, and certainly, to destroy
the fruit of the womb, but for the vast multiplication of the erating surface that I
have described and figured in the present specimens? With so extensive a
superficies of erating or oxygenating branchia or placenta, the foetus might survive
after the most protracted absence from the surface that the dam might be induced to
suffer. Another proof of the wisdom and foreknowledge and plan of the Author of
nature.

To know that plan; to look through nature, up to nature’s God, ought to be the
highest aim of the naturalist and the physiologist.

It might be interesting to the members to observe the mode of connection between
the chorion or placenta and the womb. In separating these surfaces by the avulsion
of the chorion, it is manifest that no vascular tractus is broken; and I cannot

AND ON THE FCETUS OF THE DELPHINUS NESARNAK. 271

conceive that any one could inspect this process of separation without resting in the
absolute conviction that the union is not anatomical, but only, and merely, one of
contaction.

Such is the case clearly in this genus: probably the same law prevails as to the
Balenas, and, indeed, as to all the cetaceans.

The young mysticete, at birth, is from ten to twenty feet in length. Ifsuch a vast
foetus can be developed in utero, without the aid of the maternal placenta, as it is
called, we have a fair inference as to the non-existence of such an apparatus in the
other genera; and particularly in the human organ, where the average weight of the
foetus at term is only seven pounds. I avail myself of the present oécasion to make
this statement, because it confirms the views I have already expressed in my
publications on the subject of the placenta.

The foetus, which I now exhibit to the members, is perhaps not a sufficiently
developed creature to warrant me in deciding upon the species of its dam,
Nevertheless, after comparing it with all the specimens to which I have had access, I
cannot but think it belongs to the species Delphinus Nesarnak. The appearance of
the skin of the dam and that of the foetus; the form of the muzzle or snout, so
similar to that of a duck; the black termination of the jaws ina well formed bill,—all
lead me to conclude the species to be that of the Delphinus Nesarnak, of Lacepéde’s
Histoire des Cétacés—and this notwithstanding the Nesarnak is an Arctic porpoise,
while the specimen was taken near Rio de Janeiro.

The drawing of the foetus seems to me very faithfully to represent its magnitude
and form.

The animal has nearly the stomach of a ruminant, i.e.,it has three distinct
cavities, not four. The paunch is absent but the bonnet and the many-plus, with
the abomasum or red, are very similar to the ruminant stomach. Pl. XX XV. fig. 2.

The intestinal tube is very small. It has no cecum and no colon.

Such an animal living in the water has no occasion for a cecum or colon, since
the dejection of the residue of its aliment would occasion no inconvenience.

An enormous cecum would occupy too much of the internal cavity, which is
required for the purposes of the respiration. Hence the abdominal cavity is
exceedingly small; whereas the cavity of the thorax is vast, as fitting it to accommodate
the enormous lungs required to endow the blood with oxygen during the plunges of
the animal. I annex a drawing of the stomach and alimentary canal which may be
compared with the specimens. Vid. Pl. XX XV. fig. 2.

I present a specimen and drawing to show the arrangement of the larynx. Vid.
Pl. XX XV. fig. 3. Thereisa velum palati, with a slit or fissure, through which the

69

272 MEIGS’ OBSERVATIONS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS,

clongated larynx may pass upwards to the blow hole or nostril, to receive the air in
aspiration. It is also clear that the larynx may be withdrawn from this fissure in
the act of swallowing, and possibly to clear the mouth by an act of expiration or
expuition.

The ovary (vide Pl. XXXVI.) is represented in the drawing ; it 1
size, and worthy of remark as ee the corpus eee ee
ruminants, has invaded or occupied nearly the whole of the stroma el

AND ON THE F@TUS OF THE DELPHINUS NESARNAK. 273

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXXV.

Fig. 1. A correct representation, full size, of the fetus with its umbilical cord ; to which is attached
a remaining part of the amnios. In opening the abdomen the urinary bladder was cut open, and a probe
passed along the urachus towards the allantois.

Fig. 2. The alimentary organs, to which is attached a small remaining portion of the liver. «is a
thread passed into the bonnet, which communicates by a small aperature with the many-plus, in which is
seen a thread 8, that passes through a valvular opening into the third stomach, or red, which is the rennet.

c. The small intestine which has no cecum nor colon.

Fig. 3. A vertical view of the tongue glottis and lungs. a the tongue, 6 the glottis, which projects
through a narrow slit ina velum. The glottis seems to be capable of inhaling or expiring air above this
velum through the blow-hole when projected through the slit ; when withdrawn, it doubtless can drive the
air of the lungs out through the mouth, to expel any substances contained therein, that the animal may
have occasion to reject.

Fig. 4. a. b.c. Show the same parts in profile.

PLATE XXXVI.

Fig. 1. The two-horned womb of the Porpoise represented of full size. «a the right, and d the left
uterus. The fatus was developed in the right cavity.

c. A large probe passing from the right into the left womb, through an opening in the strong septum
between them.

d. d.d. Show the plicated or pleated arrangement of the internal membrane or surface of the wombs,

which gives rise to a vast increase of the superficies or surface of contact. This surface with its
foldings is a true caduca.
e. ‘The vagina. :
jf. The os uteri with its pleated surface.

g. The cervix uteri incised longitudinally.
h. h. h. The chorion, which was left in the wombs, though much broken. The figure serves to show

how its external or uterine aspect, being folded or pleated like the inner aspect of the wombs, gave rise to
a vast multiplication of surface of contact and aeration.

i. The ovary split open.
Fig. 2. athe inner os tince not yet cut open; 5 the outer or lower os tince open and strained out to

show its folds, and the manner in which the upper surface is invaginated in the lower one ; ¢ the vagina ;

d the canal of the cervix uteri.
Fig. 3. Section of a portion of the womb magnified, but giving a good idea of the pleated surface or

decidua at a, while b shows the muscular or fleshy substance on which the deciduous coat is developed.

fi a2tb= 4

ART. XXII.—Descriptions of New Fresh Water and Marine Shells.
By T. A. Conran.

Of the following fresh water shells, those from Georgia were kindly loaned me for
description by J. Hamilton Couper, Esq.

UNIO.

U. securirormis. Pl. 37, fig. 1.—Suborbicular, thick, compressed; valves slightly convex; umbo
flattened, marked with obtuse, narrow, divaricated plaits; plaits on the lower half of the valves
obscure and interrupted ; umbonal slope rounded; posterior slope with strong oblique plaits towards

the apex; beaks eroded; epidermis black; within white; cardinal teeth large, direct, profoundly
sulcated.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 152.
Inhabits Flint River, Georgia.

U. stacnatis. PI. 37, fig. 2.—Widely elliptical, ventricose, rather thin ; towards the posterior extremity
very thin and fragile ; anteriorly regularly rounded; posteriorly somewhat pointed, with an acutely
rounded extremity ; basal margin regularly curved ; summits prominent, eroded ; posterior margin very
oblique and nearly straight ; epidermis ochraceous and olivaceous ; rays green, not very distinct on the
middle and anterior side, but' more so posteriorly, some rather broad, others linear ; posterior slope dark
colored, rayed ; within white and highly iridescent posteriorly ; cardinal teeth much compressed and
oblique, double in each valve ; lateral teeth very slightly curved, finely granulated.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 152.

Inhabits mill ponds ; Ogeechee River, Georgia.

4

U. Ocrecueensis. Pl. 37, fig. 3, 4.—Elliptical, thin, inflated ; posterior side somewhat pointed, extremity
subangular ; valves slightly contracted from beak to base: summits rather prominent, decorticated,
slightly undulated ; epidermis ochraceous with interrupted green rays, some of them broad; within
white, highly iridescent posteriorly ; cardinal teeth oblique, compressed ; lateral teeth rectilinear.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 153.

Allied to the preceding, but has a lighter colored epidermis with more distinct rays;
is proportionally longer ; the cardinal tooth in the left valve is longer and less lobed,
and the lateral teeth are straight, without granules, and less oblique than in the
preceding species, which is a larger shell.

U. rosaceus. PI. 37, fig. 5.—Widely elliptical, ventricose above ; posterior margin obliquely truncated,
slightly sinuous; extremity subangular or acutely rounded ; epidermis ochraceous and dark brown:
rays indistinct, frequently broad, but composed of fasciculi of lines; surface with fine radiating wrinkles ;
within deep rose-purple; cardinal teeth prominent, oblique, compressed, trifid, or three teeth in the
left valve.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 153.
Inhabits Savannah River. Alhed to U. ochraceus, Say.
70

276 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS OF

U. oratus. PI. 37, fig. 6—Widely elliptical, ventricose, gaping at both ends; posterior gape wide ;
anterior extremity rather acutely rounded; posterior margin sinuous, extremity subangular ; basal
margin forming a nearly regular curve ; summits prominent; umbo and beak eroded; epidermis
ochraceous, polished ; cardinal teeth compressed, oblique ; lateral teeth straight ; within white, much
stained with waxen yellow.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 153.

Inhabits Flint River, Georgia.

This shell has the polished epidermis of U. carzosus, but is without aray. It is
longer in proportion than that species with very different cardinal teeth, which are
much nearer parallel with the margin above.

U. contrarius. Pl. 37, fig. 7.—Elliptical, moderately thick ; valves somewhat flattened or plano-convex ;
umbo and beak not prominent, much eroded; umbonal slope acutely rounded ; posterior margin
straight above, truncated, direct ; epidermis deep ochraceous, with linear radiating wrinkles, and
obscurely rayed about the umbo; within pale flesh-color, stained with waxen yeliow ; cardinal teeth
direct, thick, sulcated, not very prominent ; lateral teeth reversed, or the double tooth in the right
valve.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 153.

Inhabits Ogeechee River, Georgia.

U. nucteorsis. Pl. 37, fig. 8.—Obtusely subovate, slightly oblique, thick, not ventricose ; umbonal slope
rounded ; posterior slope with a few obscure plaits; posterior margin subtruncated ; basal margin
slightly tumid near the middle ; epidermis ochraceous, with a series of green spots along the umbonal
slope ; posterior slope obsoletely striated ; within bluish white; cardinal teeth thick, direct, single in
the right valve.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 154.

Inhabits Etowah River, Georgia.

U. uimatutus. PI. 37, fig. 9.—Subelliptical, convex; posterior side somewhat pointed; umbonal slope
angular ; posterior slope subcarinated in the middle; posterior margin obliquely truncated ; extremity
truncated, direct ; basal margin regularly rounded ; beaks not prominent, eroded; epidermis highly
polished, dark brown and ochraceous, obscurely rayed ; within flesh color or pale salmon ; cardinal
teeth oblique, compressed, double in each valve ; lateral teeth long, slightly curved.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 154.

Inhabits Savannah River.

U. perriicatus. Pl. 38, fiz. 2.—Obtusely subovate, very ventricose; rather thick, with about twelve
oblique, profound plicz, those behind the umbo recurved ; ligament margin greatly elevated ; posterior
superior margin slightly concave, oblique, extremity truncated; epidermis blackish-brown, apex
eroded ; within tinged with purple ; cardinal teeth direct, prominent, sulcated.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. i., p. 19. May 1841.

U. atrocostatus.—Lea. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (N. S.) Vol. x., pl. 2, fig. 5, 1847.

Inhabits with U. nodiferus, near Jackson, Louisiana.

NEW FRESH WATER AND MARINE SHELLS. 277

This species is most nearly related to U. costatus, (Raf.) but differs in being far
more ventricose, and has very prominent umbones, which are just the reverse in the
costatus. ‘The diameter through the umbonial slope is profound.

U. novirervs. PI. 38, figs. 4, 8.—Obtusely subovate, ventricose, moderately thick; surface with a few
nodules about the middle of the valves, and smaller ones near the ligament margin; a slight, not very
wide, furrow extends from beak to base; posterior margin approaching toa regular curve; beaks
eroded ; within white ; cardinal teeth robust, prominent, direct, and profoundly sulcated in old shells ;
epidermis chestnut-brown.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. i., p. 19, 1841.

Approaches U. prasinus, but differs in being proportionally longer, more convex;
in having a brown epidermis, narrower anterior side, and oblique posterior mar-

gin.

U. prectopuorus.* PI. 38, fig. 7.—Trapezoidal, thick ; valves flattened on the sides, slightly contracted,
marked with irregular arched, obtuse, interrupted folds, extending from the beaks nearly to the base;
umbonal slope angular; posterior slope plicated; beaks not prominent, profoundly eroded ; ligament
margin elevated ; posterior extremity truncated obliquely inwards ; basal margin contracted ; epidermis
nearly black ; within white, with a purple margin ; cardinal teeth direct, very thick, sulcated ; lateral
teeth slightly arched.

U. aratus. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 154.
U. PLECTOPHORUS. a er 102.

Inhabits Flint River, Georgia. :
Allied to U. Sloatianus and U. trapezoides, Lea.

U. mississtppiensis. PI. 38, fig. 11—Narrow-elliptical, ventricose, slightly contracted from beak to base ;
hinge margin parallel with the base ; posterior margin very oblique, concave; extremity somewhat
pointed, angulated; beaks with angular ridges; epidermis polished, olivaceous, with numerous
dark green rays; within highly perlaceous ; cardinal teeth prominent, oblique, double in each valve.

Found by Dr. Dickeson in one of the tributaries of the lower Mississippi. Allied
to U. Nashvillianus, Lea., but is proportionally longer, with finer undulations on the
beaks, and the rays extend over the whole disk.

MELANIA.

M. sustrrata. PI. 38, fig. 1.—Elongate-conoidal ; volutions six, the sides flattened above ; whorls of the
spire with a carinated angle near the base of each, and longitudinally ribbed ; ribs not prominent ;
upper whorls with two distant revolving lines on each ; base of the body whorl striated, the upper
portion of body whorl obscurely ribbed ; color olivaceous with obscure brown bands.

Inhabits Savannah River.

* In the Proceedings of the Academy this name is erroneously printed plectrophorus.

278 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS OF

M. caratura. Pl. 38, fig. 3.—Ovate-oblong, turrited ; volutions six, with longitudinal ribs and unequal
prominent revolving lines, subnodulous where they cross the ribs; the ribs on the body whorl do not
reach the middle ; the color ochraceous and brown ; aperture narrow, elliptical; labium with interior

brown bands ; superior part of columella somewhat callous.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 154.

Inhabits Savannah River.

M. symuetrica. PI. 38, fig. 5.—Subulate ; whorls nine, slightly convex, with longitudinal slightly curved,
narrow ribs, interrupted near the suture by a revolving granulated line; ribs on the body whorl not
extending as far as the middle; margin of labrum profoundly rounded ; color ochraceous and black.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 155.
Inhabits Savannah River.

Near the apex, two or three volutions have a fine granulated carinated line.

M. verancutata. PI. 38, fig. 6.—Subulate ; volutions nine or ten, with an acutely carinated angle on all
except the body whorl, which is subcarinated; on each whorl of the spire is a revolving granulated

line above the carina ; color olive brown.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv. p. 154.

Inhabits Savannah River.

M. nesutosa. PI. 33, fig. 9.—Elongate-conoidal ; volutions six or seven, with revolving raised lines ;
whorls of the spire carinated below the middle, above which they are longitudinally ribbed, and have
two or three revolving granulated lines; granules compressed; aperture widely elliptical; color
ochraceous, with brownish-black stains.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 155.

Inhabits Savannah River,

M. percarinata. PI. 38, fig. 10.—Elongate-conoidal; volutions of the spire with a carinated line below
the middle, and a revolving granulated line above ; body whorl with a granulated revolving line near
the suture, and three carinated lines, the superior one largest, the lower one fine ; color dark olive
brown.

Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc., Vol. iv., p. 155.
Inhabits Savannah River.

The following new and interesting Shells are from the coasts of Lower California,
and Peru, and were presented to the Academy by Dr. Thomas B. Wilson.

SOLECARDIA, Con.

Shell bivalve, equivalve ; hinge with two diverging cardinal teeth, and a linear
oblique cartilage pit between ; cardinal plate profoundly grooved on each side of the
teeth; muscular impressions two, small, rounded, remote from the margins,

particularly from the base ; pallial impression entire.

NEW FRESH WATER AND MARINE SHELLS. 279

S. epurnea. PI. 39, fig. 1.—Oblong oval, equilateral, ventricose, thin; extremities nearly equally
rounded ; basal margin arched ; valves white, shining, minutely shagreened, towards the base minutely
Tugose, with fine impressed radiating lines; concentric lines towards the base finely waved, indenting
the margin.

In this singular bivalve the pallial impression shows no junction with the adductor
impressions, but joins the extremities of the cardinal plate. The muscular
impressions are as distinct on the exterior as on the interior.

PETRICOLA.,

P. sinvosa. PI. 39, fig. 2.—Subtriangular; inflated anteriorly ; profoundly sinuous posteriorly ; ribs
radiating, prominent, acute, except towards the anterior margin, where they are replaced by closely-
arranged lines ; basal margin profoundly sinuous; within brown, cavity of umbo white ; cardinal teeth
prominent, two in one valve, and one broad one in the other.

PHOLADOPSIS, Con.

Inequivalved ; right valve produced posteriorly, left valve overlapping the opposite ;
. cartilage situated on a projecting callus.

P. rectinatTa. Pl. 39, fig. 3.—Ovate, very thin and fragile, profoundly gaping posteriorly ; profoundly
ventricose anteriorly ; valves with elevated waved lamine terminating near a profound sinus, which
extends from beak to base ; right valve undulated near the posterior end, reflected, margin pectinated ;
both valves have concentric lines.

PARAPHOLAS, Con.

P. sisutcaTa. PI. 39, fig. 4.—Ovate-oblong ; anterior accessory valves or deposit strong, shining, gibbous
on the margin of aperture, and having obscure decussated strie, the transverse ones a little raised ;
anterior side of the larger valves with numerous prominent crenulated radii ; a slightly oblique sulcus
extends from beak to base, and a slightly impressed line runs from the beak to the posterior end of the
closed portion of the base ; between the two impressed transverse lines the valves have closely-

arranged, rugose, longitudinal laminz, and posterior to these the laminz are remote and elevated.

PENITELLA.

P. Witsonu. PI. 39, fig. 5.—Ovate-oblong, very thin, profoundly ventricose ; valves with a furrow from
beak to base ; the papyraceous anterior valves very wide; anterior valves with numerous oblique
waved lamine, and radiating acute ribs; ligament margin sinuous; posterior side with concentric
distant undulations; two small accessory valves behind the beak, which are reflected posteriorly ;
membranaceous appendage with a sinuous or concave margin where it joins the shell, and a deep
annular groove anterior to the middle.

This rare and beautiful shell is dedicated to that liberal patron of natural science,
Dr. Thomas B. Wilson, to whom we are indebted for a knowledge of the species.
‘ol

280 MR. CONRAD’S DESCRIPTIONS OF FRESH WATER AND MARINE SHELLS.

TRITON.

T. rerroratus. PI. 39, fig. 6.—Subpyriform; volutions five or six; ribs revolving, flattened, slightly
prominent, wide and narrow alternately, with narrow interstices and an occasional revolving line ;
angle of body whorl tuberculated ; spire scalariform, the angle of each whorl with a tuberculated rib
or carina; color cinereus; epidermis brown, rough, hairy, longitudinally ribbed; aperture wide;
margin of labrum sinuous above, profoundly ribbed ; ribs about half an inch long, on an ochraceous
submargin ; columella with white folds, and narrow, dark brown interstices ; beak bent, umbilicated.

OLIVA.

O. propatuLa. PI. 39, fig. 7.—Ovate-oblong, slightly gibbous towards the base; color pale ochraceous,
marked with a few longitudinal zigzag brown lines, and with darker transverse hair-like lines, and a
few spots ; columella patulous, deeply sulcated inferiorly ; deposit at the base carinated in the middle.

REFERENCE TO PLATE XXXVII.

Fig. 1. Unio securiformis. Fig. 6. Unio oratus.
Oy stagnalis. Ue contrarius.
3, 4. Ogeecheensis. 8. nucleopsis.
De rosaceus. 9. —— limatulus.
REFERENCE TO PLATE XXXVIII.
Fig. 1. Melania sublirata. Fig. 7. Unio plectophorus.
2. Unio perplicatus. 8. nodiferus.
3. Melania celatura. 9. Melania nebulosa.
4. Unio nodiferus. 10. —- percarinata.
5. Melania symmetrica. 11. Unio Mississippiensis.
6 - perangulata.
REFERENCE TO PLATE XXXIX.
Fig. 1. Solecardia eburnea. Fig. 7. Oliva propatula.
2. Petricola sinuosa. 8. Donax protracta. p- 208.
3. Pholadopsis pectinata. 9. Venus intapurpurea. 209.
4. Parapholas bisulcata. 10. Pecten fuscopurpureus. ib.
5. Penitella Wilsonii. ils 12 fragosus, 214.
6. Triton perforatus.

[ 281 ]

ART. XXIII.—Revision of the North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions

of new genera and species. By Spencer F. Bairp, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

The following notes, introductory to a more detailed memoir on the same subject,
will, it is hoped, throw some light upon this obscure portion of American zoology.
To this we would refer for the descriptions of species, with their anatomical and
physiological characters, giving only in this place brief outlines of the genera and
the synonymy of the species. It is probable that reference to some, hitherto
inaccessible, records will change the specific nomenclature to a certain extent;
this, however, can affect only a few. No synonyms or references are quoted, but
such as are based (as far as known) upon original descriptions, mere quotations from
the previous descriptions of others being omitted.

BATRACHIA URODELA, Dum.°

GROUP I. ATRETODERA, Dum. et Bib.

Branchial apertures obliterated at maturity.
Section 1. Sphenotdal teeth absent. Carpus and tarsus ossified in the adults.

Ampystoma, T'sch. Vomerine teeth in an undulating transverse row, composed
of several curves varying with the species. Tongue broad, fleshy, filling interspace
of rami ; entirely attached except at the lateral and anterior edges, where it is slightly
free. Carpus, tarsus, and basi hyal ossified in extreme adults. Body very stout and
clumsy. Skin in some species, with close set glands, secreting a milky fluid.

« Tail sub-round. ‘Toes rather long and slender, cylindrical or conical.

s- ‘Tail compressed. ‘Toes short, broad, sub-palmate.

NotopruaLmus, Raf. ‘Tongue rudimentary; the end of the hyoid apparatus
appearing in the mouth as asimple knob. Vomerine teeth forming an acute V in
the palate; the vertex between the posterior nares, the branches much prolonged
backwards. A bony orbit above the eye, formed by the union of processes from the
frontal and tympanic bones, enclosing a foramen through which pass flexor muscles
of jaw. Similar in this respect to Cynops, Tsch., Pleurodeles, Waltl., and Euproctus,

282 BAIRD’S REVISION OF THE

Gené. Ossification extending to hyoid apparatus, carpus and tarsus. Vertebra much
compressed, with high crests. ‘Three apertures in the skin of the cheeks, behind the
eye, not communicating with the cavity of the mouth. Hind feet much flattened;
first and fifth hind toes nearly rudimentary.

Section 2. Sphenordal teeth absent. Carpus and tarsus not ossified in the adults,

Sub-section 1. Tongue entirely attached as in Ambystoma.

Pietuopon, Tsch. Sphenoidal teeth on two tangent plates attached to the
sphenoidal bone. Skin glandular, exuding a milky fluid. Tail cylindrical. Body
more slender than in Ambystoma. Eggs deposited in packets under damp stones.

Sub-section 2. ‘Tongue attached anteriorly, evertile as in the Raniformes.

Desmoenatuus, Baird. Sphenoidal teeth in two narrow patches, attached to the
edges of the sphenoidal bone. Occipital condyles very peculiar in consisting of
short cylinders projecting from the ex-occipitals, with their axes parallel to that of
cranium, and their extremities forming a spherically convex articulating surface.
Crest of first cervical vertebra transverse, with a strong ligament passing from each
end, across the posterior corner of the cranium, to be inserted into the lower jaw.
These ligaments prevent the opening of the jaws beyond a very slight amount. Eggs
(in the second species) wrapped round the body of the female, who remains in a
damp spot until they are hatched.

Hemipacrytium, Tschudi. Toes, four on the hind feet. Sphenoidal teeth in two
broad short patches. Skin somewhat granular. Costal furrows more deeply
impressed than common, extending to dorsal line. Tail narrower at the base than
near the middle.

Sub-section 3. Tongue entirely protractile, capable of considerable protrusion,
circular in shape, and supported on the tip of the constricted hyoid apparatus.

Oevipus, (Tschud.) Body stouter than in Plethodon glutinosus. -Sphenoidal teeth
on two plates, not in contact ; diverging behind. ‘Toes dilated at the tips into sucker
like disks as in Hyla.

Pseuporriron, Tsch. Sphenoidal teeth much the same as in Oedipus, and the
_ other genera of this sub-section. Body very stout, less so than in Ambystoma
punctata. ‘Tail equal to or less than the body. Breadth of scull about equal to the
length.

NORTH AMERICAN TAILED-BATRACHIA. 283

SpPELERPES, Raf. Body very slender. Tail as long or longer than the body. In

some species a cirrhoid apparatus projecting ftom the edge of the upper lip, below
the nostril.

BatracuHoseps, Bon. Characters much like the last. Toes four on the hind feet.

SYNONOMY OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES.
AMBYSTOMA, Tschudi. (1838.) Class. der Bat. XIPHONURA, Tsch.

A. Punctata, Bd. 1767.
Lacerta punctata, (1767) L. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, 370, 45.
Salamandra p. (1802) Lacep. Hist. Quad. Ov. I. 245, 314, (ed. of 1819.)
L. maculata, (1802) Shaw. Gen. Zool. Amph., 304.
Salamandra venenosa, (1803?) Bart.in Daud. Hist. Rept. VIII. 229, (in let.

from Raf.)

Lacerta subviolacea, (1809) Bart. Am. Phil. Trs. O.S. VI.—p. 108, PI. 4, fig. 6.
S. subv. Dekay. (1842) N. Y. Rept. 74, Pl. 21, f. 36.

S. venenosa, (1838) Holb. Herp. Ist ed. III. 105, Pl. 24.; (1842) 2d ed. V. 67,
E22:

Ambystoma subv., (1838) Tsch. Class. der Bat.

Has. South Carolina, Catesby ; Hol.—Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Baird—Kennebec
Co. Maine, Storer.—Meadville, Pennsylvania, Baird.

A. opaca, Bd. 1807.

Sal. o., (1807) Gravenhorst. Uebers. Zool. Syst. p. 431. eee) Grav.
Delic. Mus. Vratisv. fasc. i. p. 75, Pl. 10.

S. gravenhorstu, Leukart. fide Fitz. (1825) neue Class. der Rept.

S. fasciata, (Sept. 1818) Green. J. A. N.S., I. 350.—(1838) Hol. Herp. Ist
ed. III. Pl. 25; (1842) 2d ed. V. p. 71, Pl. 23.—(1840) Storer. Mass.
Rept. 247.—(1842) Dekay N. Y. Rept. 77. Pl. 17. fig. 40.

Has. Georgia. Virginia, Maryland, Mississippi, Baird. Massachusetts, Storer,

A. JeEFFERSONIANA, Bd. January, 1827.
Sal. 7. (Jan. 1827) Green. Cont. Mac. Lyc. I. No. 1, p. 4, Pl. fig. 1.—(1842)
Hol. Herp. 2d ed. V. 51, Pl. 14.
Triton niger, (1842) Dekay. N. Y. Rept. 85, Pl. 15, f. 35.
Xiphonura 7. (1838) Tsch. Class. der Bat.
Has. Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, Green.

A. MacropactTyLa, Baird.

A. m. (Sept. 1849) Bd. J. A.N.S., N.S., I. p. 292.
Has. Oregon.
72

284 BAIRD’S REVISION OF THE

A. Tigrina, Bd. Aucust, 1825.
Sal. t. (Aug. 1825) Green. J. A. N.8., V. 116.—(1838) Hol. Herp. 1st ed. III,
109, Pl. 25.
Triton t. (1842) Hol. Herp, 2d ed, V. 79, Pl. 26.—(1842) Dekay, N. Y. Rept.
83, Pl. 15, f. 32.

A. turipa, Bd. (July, 1839.)
Sal. @. (July, 1839) Sager. Sill. Jour. O. 8. 36, p. 322.
Has. Detroit, Michigan.

A. mavorttia, Baird.
A. m. (Sep. 1849) Bd. J. A. N.S, N.S., I p. 292.
Has. New Mexico.

A. episcopus, Baird.
A. e. (Sep. 1849) Bd. J. A.N.S., N.S., I. p. 292.
Has. Kemper Co. Mississippi.

Gen. NOTOPTHALMUS, Rafinesque, (March 1820.)
Annals of Nat., No. 24. = Diemictylus, Raf. Ib., Near Cynops, (1838) Tsch.

N. miniatus, Raf. March, 1820. :
Triturus (N) m. (March 1820) Raf. Annals of Nat. No. 24.
Sal. symmetrica, (Nov. 1825) Harlan. J. A. N.S., V.157—(1838) Holb.
Herp. Ist ed. II. 59, Pl. 11.—1842. Ib. 2d ed. V. p. 57, Pl. 17.—(1842)
Dekay N. Y. Rept. 73, pl. 15, fig. 33.—(1840) Storer Mass. Rept. 246.
Has. Lake Champlain and Northern New York, Bd. Massachusetts, Storer.
Georgia, Bd. Meadville, Pennsylvania, Bd.

N. viriwescens, Bd. March, 1820.
Triturus (Diemictylus) v., Raf. (March, 1840.) Annals of Nat. No. 22.
Sal. dorsals, (Jan. 1828) Harlan. J. A. N. S., V. 101.—(1838) Holb. Herp. 1st
ed. If. 57, Pl. 10.—(1840) Storer Mass. Rept. 249.
Triton d. (1842) Wolb. Herp. 2d ed. V. p. 77, Pl. 25.
Sal. millepunctata, (1838) Storer. Bost. J. N. H., IL. p. 60.
Triton m. (1842) Dekay. N. Y. Rept. 84, pl. 15, fig. 34.
Has. Massachusetts, St. Lake Champlain and Northern New York, Carlisle,
Pennsylvania ; Cleveland, Ohio; Georgia; Baird.

N. Torosus, Bd. 1833.
Triton t. (1833) Eschschotlz. Zool. At. Pt. v. Pl. 21, fig. 15, (Scull.)
T. ermanni, (1835) Wiegman. “Erman Reise um die Erde.”—1836
Wiegman Archiv.

NORTH AMERICAN TAILED-BATRACHIA, ETC. 285

T. granulosus, (March, 1849) Skilton. Sill. Jour. N. S, VII. 202.
Has. Oregon City ; Monterey ; San Francisco ; Baird.

Gen. PLETHODON, Tschudi, (1838) Class. der Bat. = Phatnomotorhinus, Bibron.
( ) fide Bonap. Fn, it.

P. ciutinosus, Tschudi. Sept. 1818.
Sal. g., (Sept. 1818) Green. J. A. N.S. I, 357—(1838) Hol. Herp. 1st ed. IT.
129, Pl. 30 ;—(1842) 2d ed. V. 39, Pl. 10—?? (1840) Storer Mass. Rept.
252 (an A. jeffersoniana.)—? (1842) Dekay N. Y. Rept. 81, Pl. 17, f. 42,
(very young.)
Sal. variolata, (Dec. 1818) Gilliams. J. A. N.S., I. 460, Pl. 18, fig. 1.
Sal. cylindracea, (Nov. 1825) Harl. J. A.N.S, V. 156.
Triton porphyriticus, (1842) Dekay. N. Y. Rept. 85, Pl. 16, f. 37.
P. g., (1838) Tschudi. Class. der Bat.
Has. New York, Dekay. Carlisle, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania; Columbus,
Mississippi ; Florida, Baird.

_ P. cinereus, Tsch. Sept. 1818.
Sal. c., (Sept. 1818) Green. J. A.N.S., I. 356.
P. c., (1838) Tsch. Class. der Bat.

Has. Southern Pennsylvania, Bd.

P. eryrHRoNoTA, Bd. Sept. 1818.
Sal. e. (Sept. 1818) Green. J. A. N.S., I. 356.—(1838) Holb. Herp. III. 13,
pl. 27 ; —(1842) 2d ed. V. 43, Pl. 11.—(1840) Storer Mass. Rept. 245.—
(1842) Dekay N. Y. Rept. 75, Pl. 16, f. 38.
N.B. Green quotes this species from Raf., whose description I cannot find.
Has. Northern New York, Carlisle, West Pennsylvania, Baird. Massachusetts,
Storer. Lake Superior, Agassiz.

Gen. DESMOGNATHUS, Baird.

D. nicer, Bd. Sept. 1818.
Sal. n., (Sept. 1818) Green. J. A. N.S, I. 352.
Triton n. (1842) Holb. Herp. V. 81, Pl. 27.
N.B. The only specimen seen is one in the collection of the Academy of Natura|
Sciences, Philadelphia, perhaps Dr. Green’s original specimen.

D. ruscus, Bd. (March, 1820.)
Triturus f,, (March 1, 1820) Raf. Annals of Nature.
Sal. intermizta, (Aug. 1825) Green. Hall’s Portfolio, Vol. 20, p, 159.—(Jan,
1827) Green, Cont. Mac. Lyc. No. 1, Vol. If.

BAIRD’S REVISION OF THE

r)
D
(or)

Sal. picta, (Nov. 1825) Harlan. J. A. N.S., V. 136.—(1840) Storer Mass.
Rept. 251.
Sal. quadramaculata, (1842.) Hol. Herp. 2d ed. V. 49, PI. 13.
Has. Northern New York; Carlisle, Pennsylvania; West Pennsylvania. Baird.

D. auricuLatus, Bd. (1838.)
Sal. a. (1838) Hol. Herp. 1st ed. III. 115, Pl. 28 :—(1842) 2d ed. V. 47, Pl. 12.
Has. Liberty County, Georgia.

Gen. HEMIDACTYLIUM, Tsch. (1838) Class. der Bat.

H. scutatum, Tsch. 1837.
Sal. scutata, (1837) Schlegel. Abb. neuer Amph. PI. 40, f. 4, 5, 6—Fn. Japonica.
Sal. fusca, (Sept. 1818) Green. J. A. N. S., I. 357.
Sal. melanosticta, (Sept. 1844) Gibbes. Pr. B. N. H. Soc. I. 195,—(1845)
Journal B. N. H. Soc. V. 89, pl. 10.
H. s., Tschudi. 1838. Class. der. Bat.
Has. Nashville, Troost. Charleston, Gibbes. Washington, D. C., Carlisle,
Pennsylvania, Baird. New York City, Le Conte. Meadville, Pennsylvania, Baird.

Section C.
Gen. OKDIPUS, Tsch. (1838.) Class. der Bat.

O. PLATYDACTYLUS.
Sal. pl. ( ) «Cuv. Mem. du-Mus.”
O. p. Tsch. (1838) Class. der Bat.
Has. Xalapa.

Gen. PSEUDOTRITON, Tsch. (1838) =Mycetoglossus, Bibron.
_ fide Bon. Fn. Italica.

P. ruBER, T'’sch. (1803.)

Sal. rubra, (1803) Daud. Hist. Rept. VIII. 227, Pl. 97, f. 2—(1842) Holb.
Herp. 2d ed. V. 35, Pl. 9--(1842) Dekay N. Y. Rept. 80, Pl. 17, f. 43.

Sal. rubriventris, (Sept. 1818) Green. J. A. N.S., I. 353, (ad. living ?)

Sal. maculata, (Sept. 1818) Green. J. A. N. S., I. 350, (bleached in spirits ?)

Sal. subfusca, (Sept. 1818) Green. J. A. N.S., I. 351, (ad. in spirits?)

Pseudotriton subfuscus, (1838) Tsch. Class.

Mycetoglossus ruber. Bibron fide Bon. Fn. italica.

Stren operculata, (1796) Pal. de Beauv. Am. Phil. Trans, iv. 279, Pl. f. 3,
(larva.) di

Proteus neocaesariensis, (Sept. 1818) Green. J. A, N. S., I. 358, (larva
bleached in spirits.)

Haz. Massachusetts, Storer. N ew York, Dekay. All Pennsylvania, Baird.

NORTH AMERICAN TAILED-BATRACHIA, ETC. 287

P. montanus, Bd. Sept. 1849.
P.m., Baird. J.A.N.S., New Series, I. p,
Has. South Mountain, near Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

P. saLmMoneus, Bd. 1838.
Sal. salmonea, (1838) Storer in Hol. Herp. ist ed. III. Pl. 22—(1842) Hol.
Herp. 2d ed. V. 33, Pl. 8.—(1840) Storer Mass. Rep. 248.—Dekay
INS Yeept, 76; Pl. 16; f. 39.
Has. Massachusetts, Vermont; Storer. Northern New York, Carlisle,
Pennsylvania, Western Pennsylvania; Baird.
This species will very probably turn out to be the same with Salamandra
porphyritica of Green.

Gen. SPELERPHES, Raf. (1832) = Cyhndrosoma, Tsch. 1838,

S. Loneicaupa, Bd. Sept. 1818.
Sal. 1., (Sept. 1818) Green. J. A. N.S, I. 351—(1838) Hol. Herp. Ist ed.
IIT. 111, Pl. 26; (1842) 2d ed. V. 61, Pl. 19.—(1842) Dekay N. Y. Rept.
78: Pl Leh 4:
Spelerpes lucifuga, (1832) Raf. Atlantic Journal, No. 1, p. 22.
Cylindrosoma longicauda, (1838) Tsch. Class. der Bat.
Has. New York; Dekay. All Pennsylvania; Baird. Kentucky, Raf.

S. cuTrouingaTa, Bd. 1838.
Sal. g., (1838) Hol. Herp. Ist ed. II. 61, pl. 12; (1842) 2d ed. V. 29; Pl. 7.
Has. Mountains of Carolina; Hol.

S. Bprningeata, Bd. Sept. 1818.
Sal. b., (Sept. 1818) Green. J. A. N.8., I. 352.—(1838) Hol. Herp. 1st ed. II.
127, Pl. 29; 2d ed. (1842) V. 55, PI. 16.
Sal. flavissima, (Feb. 1826) Harl. Sill. Jour. X. p. 286.
Has. Northern New York; Pennsylvania, Hast and West ; Georgia; Baird.
S. cirRIGERA, Bd. March, 1831.
Sal. c., (March 1831) Green. J. A. N.S., VI. 253.—(1842) Hol. Herp. 2d ed.
V. 53, Pl. 15.
Has. Near New Orleans, Green.

Gen. BATRACHOSEPS, C. Bonap. (1841.) Fn. Italica.

B. quapripiciraTa, Bd. 1842.
Sal. q., (1842) Hol. Herp. 2d ed. V. 65, Pl. 21.
Has. Georgia; Hol. Baird.
73)

288 BAIRD’S REVISION OF THE

B. arrenvata, Bon. 1833.
Sal. a., (1833) Eschscholtz. Zool. At. Pt. V. Pl. 21, figs. 1-14.
B. a., (1841) Bon. Fauna Italica, Vol. II.
Has. San Francisco, Esch.

The following species are only known to the author by their descriptions. Some
of them are quite doubtful, those most so are preceded by a note of interrogation.
The first four probably belong to, or near, Ambystoma.

SALAMANDRA TALPOIDEA, Hol. 1838.
S. ¢., (1838) Hol. Herp. 1st-ed. IIL. 117,-Pl. 29; 2d ed. (1842) V. 73, Pl. 24.
Has. Sea islands of Georgia, Hol.

SALAMANDRA PORPHYRITICA, Green. 1827.
S. p., (Jan. 1827) Green. Cont. Mac. Lyc. Vol. I. pt. 1; Pl. f. 2.—(1842) Hol.
Herp. 2d ed. V. 63, 21.238.
Has. Meadville, Pennsylvania ; Green.

SALAMANDRA INGENS, Green. 1831.
S.z., (March 1831) Green. J. A. N. S., WI. 254.—(1842) Hol. Herp. 2d ed. V.
85, pl. 29.
Has. New Orleans, Green.

TRITON ENSATUS, Eschsch. 1833.
T. ¢., (1833) Eschscholtz. Zool. At. Pt. V. Pl. 22, figs. 1-12.
Has. San Francisco, California, Esch.

SALAMANDRA GRANULATA, Dekay. 1842.
S.g., (1842) Dekay. N. Y. Rept. 78, Pl. 23, f. 66.—(1842) Hol. Herp.
2d ed.
Has. Essex County, New York, Dekay.

MSALAMANDRA CoccInEA, Dekay. 1842. An. N. miniatus, Raf.
S.c., (1842) Dekay. N. Y. Rept. 81, Pl. 21, f. 54,
Has. Hamilton County, New York.

SALAMANDRA TERETICAUDA, Eschsch. 1833.
S. ¢., (1833) Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Pt. V. p. 14.
Has. San Francisco, California, Esch.

“¢ SALAMANDRA OCELLATUS, [7tz.”’
S. c., Fitzinger, as quoted in Fitz, neue Class. Rept. (1825).

“« SALAMANDRA SIMILIS, F2tz.”
S.s., Fitz. Same as last.

NORTH AMERICAN TAILED-BATRACHIA.

SALAMANDRA BEECHEYI, Gray. 1839.

289

S. b., (1839) Zool, of Blossom, Pl. 31, fig. 3. Catalogued in Griffith’s Cuvier.

SALAMANDRA GREENI, Gray.

S. g., Gray. Catalogued in Griff. Cuv., probably only a catalogue name.

SALAMANDRA SINCIPUT ALBIDA, Green. 1818.
S.s., (Sept. 1818.) Green. J. A. N. S., I. 352.

?SALAMANDRA PuUNCTATIssIMA, Wood. 1825.
S. p., (March 1825) Wood. J. A. N.S., IV. 306.
Has. Locality unknown. Probably European.
SALAMANDRA AGILIs, Sager. 1839,
S. a., (July 1839) Sager. Sill. Jour. XXXVI. p. 322.
Has. Detroit, Michigan, Sager.

TRiTuRUS HYPoxaNTHUS, Raf. 1820.
T. h., (1820) Raf. Annals of Nature, No. 20,
Has. Kentucky, Raf.

_ Trirurus nEBuLosus, Raf. 1820.
T. n., (1820) Raf. Annals of Nature, No. 23.
Has. Long Island, Raf.
? TRiTuRus LuTEscENs, Raf. 1882.
T. 1, (1832) Raf. Atlantic Jour. No. 3, p. 121.
Has. Kentucky, Raf.

?Saz. Luripa, Raf. 1832.
S. 1, (1832) Raf. Atlantic Jour. No. 2, p. 63.
Has. Cumberland County, Kentucky, Raf.

PsEUDOTRITON NIGRA, T'sch.

P.n., Tschudi. Class. der Bat. Quoted from Mus. Lug.

GROUP II. TREMADOTERA, Dum. et Bib.

Branchial apertures persistent.

a, Branchie caducous.

Gen. MENOPOMA, Harlan. (1825) = Abranchus, Harl., 1825.

Wagler, ( )) = Eurycea, Raf. (1832).

MeENOPOMA ALLEGHANIENSIS, Har/. 1803.

Salamandrops,

Salamandra alleghaniensis, (1803) Daud, Hist. Rept. Vol. 8, p. 231.

290 BAIRD’S REVISION OF THE

Salamandre des monts alleghants, (1802) Sonnini et Latreille, Suites a Buffon
IT. 253.

Leverian Water Newt, (1802) Shaw. Gen. Zool. Amph. p. 363.

Cryptobranchus* salamandroides, (1821) Leukart. Isis, 1821, p. 257. (Shaw
and Leukart describe the same specimen.)

Abranchus* a., (1825) Harlan. An. N. Y. Lyc., I. 221.’

Menopoma* a., (1825) Harlan. An. N. Y. Lyc., I. 270.—1842, Hol. Herp. 2d
ed. V.—(1842) Dekay N. Y. Rept. 89, pl. 18, f. 44.

Eurycea* mucronata, (1882) Raf. Atlantic Jour. No, 3, 121.

Cryptobranchus a., (1888) Van der Hoeven. Tydsch. van Nat. Gesch. PI.

f. 3, 4, (Scull.)

Has. ‘Tributaries of Ohio river, not of the Great Lakes. Susquehanna river,
below Columbia, Pennsylvania.

M. Fusca, Holb. 1842.
M. f, (1842) Hol. Herp. 2d ed. V. 99, Pl. 33.
Has. Western part of South Carolina, Hol.

Gen. AMPHIUMA, Garden. (1821) Corr. with Linneus, Chrysodonta,
Mitch. (1822.)
A. Means, LZ. 1821.

A. m., Li. (1821)—(1842) Hol, Herp. 2d ed. V. 89, Pl. 30.—(1823) Harlan.
J. A.N.S., IT. 55, (Anatomy.)

A. didactylum, (1828) Cuv. “Mem. du Mus. XIV. p. 4, figs. 1, 2, 3.”’—(1833)
Wagler. Desc. et icon Amph. PI. 19, fig. 1.

Chrysodonta* larvaeformis, (1822) Mitch. ‘Med. Recorder, No. 19, July
1822.”

Has. Southern States.

A. TRIDACTYLUM, Cuv. 1828.
A. t., (1828) Cuv. “Mem. du Mus. 14, ”? (1833) Wagler. Desc.
et icon Amph. Pl. 19, f. 2.—1842, Hol. Herp. 2d ed. V. 93, Pl. 31.
Has. South Western States.

Branchize persistent.

Gen. NECTURUS, Raf. 1819. = Strena Raf. 1818. = Menobranchus, Harl. 1825.
Phanerabronchus, Fitz. (1826).

_N. LATERALIS. 1823

Triton I, (1823) Say. Long’s exped. I. p. 5,

Sirena maculosa, (Nov. 1818) Raf. Am. Monthly Mag, IV. 41.

NORTH AMERICAN TAILED-BATRACHIA, ETC. 291

Necturus* maculatus (June 1819) Raf. in de Blainville Jour. de Phys. 88,

p- 417,
N. maculosus, luteus, fuscus, (March 1820) Raf. Annals of Nature.

Menobranchus* lateralis, (1825) Harl. An. N. Y. Lyc., I. 221; —(1838) Hol.
Herp, Ist ed. III. 119, Pl. 30 ;—(1842) 2d ed. V. 115, PI. 38 ;—(1842)
Dekay N. Y. Rept. 87, Pl. 18, f. 48.
Protee tetradactyle, (1807) Lac. Ann. du Mus. 10, p. 330, Pl. 17.
Phanerobranchus cepedii, (1826) Fitz. Neue Class. Rept. (a prior description.)
Has. Lake Erie, Ohio and Alleghany Rivers, Baird.

N. macuatus, Bd. 1827.
Proteus m., (Oct. 1827) Barnes. Sill. Jour. XIII. p. 68.
Menobranchus m., (1842) Hol. Herp. 2d ed. V. 111. Pl. 37.
Has. Lake Champlain, Baird.

N. , Gibbes. This species recently found in Santee river, 8. C., by Dr. Lewis
R. Gibbes of Charleston, has not yet been published by its discoverer.

Gen. SIREN, L. (1769) “‘ Amoen. Acad.”

S. tacertina, (1769) L. “ Amoen. Acad. VII. 311.”—(1811) Cuv. Rept. dout. 98, Pl.
2. f. 1-7.—( )Cuv. “Oss. foss. V. 2, Pl. 27, f. 1.”—(1842) Hol.
Herp. V. 101, Pl. 24.
Has, Southern States.

S. INTERMEDIA, Leconte. 1828. ‘
S. 7., (1828) Ann. N. Y. Lyc. II. 133. (Read Aug. 21, 1826.)—(1837) Rusconi.
Obs, sur la Sirene, &c., Pl. 6.—(1842) Hol. Herp. 2d ed. V. 107, PI. 37.
Pseudobranchus 1., Gray.
Has. Southern States.

S. srriata, Leconie. 1824.
S. s., (1824) Leconte. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. I, 52, Pl. 4 ;—1842, Hol. Herp. 2d
ed. V. 109, Pl. 36.
Pseudobranchus s., Gray.
Has. Southern States.

Gen. SIREDON, Wagler. 1830.

S. mextcanus, Shaw. 1800?
Gyrinus m., (1800?) Shaw and Nodder Nat. Misc. pl. 342, 343.
Siren pisciformis, (1802) Shaw. Gen. Zool. Amph. p. 612.
74

292 BAIRD’S REVISION OF THE

Siredon axolotl, (1833) Wagler. Icones Amph. Pl. 20.

Axolotl (1811) Cuv. Rept. dout. in Humb. Obs. Zool. 104, Pl. 14.

Hypocthon pisciformis, (1829) Gravenhorst. Del. Mus. Vratislav. p. 89.

Acholotes guttatus, (July 1844) R. Owen. Ann.and Mag. Nat. Hist. XIV. p. 23.
Has. Lakes near City of Mexico, Baird.

S. macuLatus, Bd. 1844.
Acholotes m., (July 1844) R. Owen. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 14, p. 23.
Has. Rio Grande, Owen.

It is only because there is no positive proof to the contrary, that I retain the genus
Siredon as real, placing itat the bottom of the series. It so much resembles the
larva of Ambystoma punctata, in both external form and internal structure, that I
cannot but believe it to be the larva of some gigantic species of this genus. It differs
from all known perennibranchiates in possessing the larval character of the gular or
opercular flap, this being unattached to the subjacent integument and free to the
extremity of the chin. The non-discovery of the adult is no argument against its
existence; I had caught hundreds of the very remarkable larva of Pseedotriton
salmoneus near Carlisle before I found an adult. Until then I knew not where to
refer the animal, supposing this species to exist no nearer to me than the mountains
of northern New York and Vermont.

Descriptions of four new species of North American Salamanders, and one new species
of Scink.

AmBystoma MacropacTyLa, Baird. Scull longer than broad. Toes long,
unwebbed. A broad dorsal reddish brown stripe. Beneath dark brown, unspotted.

Specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Brought from
Astoria, Oregon, by J. K. Townsend, M. D.

Body rather more slender than in the other species of Ambystoma ; the proportions
nearly those of Desmognathus fuscus, (Raf.) The colors somewhat like those of a
badly preserved Plethodon erythronotus, (Green.) Ground color dark brown. A
broad dorsal stripe, originally, it is probable, of a chestnut brown color, now very
obscure. Sides sprinkled with greyish. The brown of the sides becomes more
concentrated towards the vertebral line. ‘Tail sub-round, not compressed. Largest
specimen about 23 inches. From the snout to the insertion of the hind legs 1}
inches.

AmMBYsToMA MavorTIA, Baird. Scull broader than long. Toes short and broad.

NORTH AMERICAN TAILED-BATRACHIA, ETC. 293

Tail much compressed. Color dark brown, with several large yellowish blotches
beneath, and transverse bands of the same on sides of body and tail.

One specimen procured in New Mexico by Dr. Wislizenus while attached to Col.
Doniphan’s expedition.

Body thick and clumsy, more so than in Ambystoma punctata. Feet short; toes
broad. ‘Tail slightly ensiform ; longer than the head and body.

General color (as preserved in spirits) a dull black or dark brown, with two or
three yellowish blotches occupying the greater part of the belly. About nine broad
transverse bands of yellowish on the sides of the body, confluent to a certain extent
with that on the belly. Similar markings on the tail, forming nearly complete
ellipses, and about twelve in number. ‘The back is not crossed by the yellowish, but
is rather darker than the ground color. The interspaces of the transverse yellowish
markings are confluent with the dark brown on the back. Extremities blotched like
the body. ‘Total length eight inches.

This species comes nearest to Triton ensalus, Esch., it differs from it in color, and
in the arrangement of the palatine teeth.

AmBystoma EpIscopus, Baird. Head wedge shaped. Scull longer than broad.
Tail much compressed, shorter than the body. Body yellowish with dark mottlings
and darker spots.

One specimen sent by Clinton Lloyd, Esq., from Kemper County, Mississippi.

Froportions of body nearly those of Ambystoma opaca, Grav, The specimen much
corrugated, and its colors obscured by alcohol. The general color appears to have
been a shade of yellowish over the whole body, obscured on the back by very minute
dusky mottlings. ‘This mottling less evident on the feet and tail; abdomen and tail
beneath almost entirely free from it. Head, back, and sides of the tail with
numerous spots of a darker mottling than that just described. These are sub-circular
distributed rather uniformly on the head and body; they are larger, and more
irregular on the sides of the tail ; their average size is that of the iris. On the sides,
between the fore and hind legs, the dark mottling is concentrated into an obscure
broad dark band. Length about five inches.

Psevporriron monraNnus, Baird. Similar to P. ruber, (Daud.) Tail as long as the
body. Iris dark, without the longitudinal bar.

Two specimens obtained in the South Mountain, near Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

Ground color of all the upper parts reddish brown, with sparse circular spots
of well defined black or dark brown. Beneath deep salmon color: spots few on
the sides and the outside of the limbs.

294 BAIRD’S REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN TAILED-BATRACHIA, ETC.

Iris dark chestnut brown almost black, with faint mottlings of bronze on the inner
border, and without the dark bar of P. ruber. In this latter species the iris is brassy
yellow with a dark longitudinal bar.

Proportions of body most like those of P. salmonea, (Storer) 'The insertion of the
hind legs is just half way between the snout and tip of tail. In P. ruber it is
considerably nearer the tail, which thus becomes shorter than the head and body.
The crown of the head is more elevated, and the occiput more convex in P. montanus
than in P. ruber, the scull also is more elongated.

The spots on P. ruber are more numerous, and generally not so well defined.
When also the ground color in P. ruber is darker than the usual rich salmon color,
the spots are very much crowded, indistinct, and confluent with the ground tint.

Costal furrows in P. montanus 17; but 16 in P. ruber.

Of the two specimens obtained, one was six inches long, the other three. The latter
was even more characteristically marked than the former. Both were described
when living.

PLESTIODON ANTHRACINUS, Baird. Size between Lygosoma lateralis and Plestiodon
fasciatus, without any indication of a vertebral line. Four narrow longitudinal
yellow lines, and on each side a bread stripe of anthracite black.

Upper parts dark bronze ; each scale has a faint border of this color, with a central
cloud of the same. Small blotches on the plates of the head. ‘The lateral band of
black begins at the nostril in a sharp point, passes back including the eyelids and
widening to the ear; after this it continues parallel to beyond the vent, when it tapers
to the end of the tail. The tint of the black is that of highly polished anthracite coa’.
On each side of this lateral anthracite band*is a narrow stripe of pale yellow, the
upper passing through the middle of one row of scales, the lower including the
contiguous edges of the rows. The remainder of the row of scales above the upper
yellow stripe is also anthracite, with which color the sides immediately below the
lower stripe are also tinged. Beneath yellowish white. Under the microscope each
lower scale exhibits a finely dotted reticulation. Tail dark blue above, beneath
lighter. Outside of legs and feet black like the sides, inside lighter. Iris black.

In a single very old specimen the whole head to behind fore legs was tinged with
the red color found in almost all of the Plestiodontes.

Measurements of a specimen of medium size. Total length 54 inches; tail from
vent 34; head to ear 3; breadth of head 4; greatest breadth of dorsal band ;, ; ‘of
lateral band 3.

Found quite abundantly about old logs, in the North Mountain near Carlisle,
Pennsylvania. More plentiful than either Plestiodon fasciatus, or P. quinquelineatus.

ART. XXIV.—Descriptions of new species of the Genera Micrastur, G. R. Gray,
Tawnacra, Linn., and Sycosius, Vieill. By Joun Cassin,

MICRASTUR, G. R. Gray.
Pl. 40.

M. cueritta, nobis.* 9 ad.? Capite, cauda, alis totoque corpore supra umbrinis, saturiore in capite.
Gula, collo antico, abdomine, crissoque albis, maculis aut lineis nonnullis fuscis in crisso, semitorque
alba angusta in cervice, plumis apice fuscis. Plumis pectoris, hypochondriorum et tibiarum albis,
fasciis tribus vel quatuor fuscis ; tetricibus caude superioribus maculis parvis nonnullis albis. Cauda,
apice et fasciis quatuor vel quinque angustis, albis.

Long. tot. (exuvie) a rostri apice usque ad finem caude 15 poll., ale 7, caudex 64 pollices.

Hab. Jalapa, Mexico.

© adult? Upper surface of the body, head, wings and tail umber or hair brown, darkest on the head.
Cheek brown, a few feathers of which color advance upon the neck in front, forming a partial collar.
Neck behind with a narrow collar of white, all the feathers of which are tipped or edged with brown,
Throat, fore neck, abdomen and under tail coverts white, with a few brown spots or bars on the latter.
Breast, flanks and thighs, white, every feather having about three or four bands of brown, Edge of
the wing at the flexure and inner wing coverts white with a few crescent shaped spots of brown. All
the quills with broad white bars on their inner webs, fifth primary longest. Upper tail coverts with
a few white spots. Tail with four or five narrow white bars and tipped with white,

Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail about 15 inches, wing 7, tail 64 inches.

% young? Under parts slightly tinged with fulvous or buff. Breast, flanks and thighs with the bands
narrower, and the throat with a more decided brown collar. A few superciliary feathers white,
tipped with brown. Back and wing coverts with ferruginous and white spots. Upper tail coverts
with the white spots more numerous,

Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail about 14 inches, wing 63, tail 6 inches.

Hab. Jalapa, Mexico.

This species resembles some stages of plumage of the M. xanthotheraz, (Cuv.) and
the M. leucauchen, (Temm.) PI. col. 92, 306. It may readily be distinguished from
either of those by the absence of the handsome rufous chestnut color of the breast
and back, which prevails in all the specimens I have seen of them, and also by the
broader and much lesser number of the bands upon the feathers of the under surface
of the body.

*From “ Catalogue of Birds collected by Mr. William S. Pease, during the march of the Army of the United
States from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico.” Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philada., Vol. iv. p. 87, October, 1848.

75

296 CASSIN’S DESCRIPTIONS OF

Two specimens (% and 9 ?) formed part of the highly interesting collection made
by Mr. William S. Pease, in Mexico; a third specimen, in more adult plumage, was
previously received from Mr. Edward Wilson, who obtained it in Paris. The three
specimens are now in the collection of the Academy.

TANAGRA, Linn.

Pl. 41, fig. 3.

T. nicro-aurita, nobis.* Capite supra, mento, gulaque coccineis. Vitta lata, a naribus per oculos ad
aures nitente nigra. Corpore supra, alis, caudaque, cinero-nigris ; infra, a pectore usque ad crissum

albis.

Long. tot. (exuvie) a rostri apice usque ad finem caude, 62 poll., ale 3 1-10, caude 2 8-10 pollices.

Hab. Rio Negro, America australi.

Superior and point of inferior mandible black ; remaining portion of the inferior mandible yellow. Head
above, chin and throat, crimson, which color ends in a point upon the breast. Head crested. A broad
stripe from the base of the bill through the eye to the ear, glossy black. This stripe completely
separates the crimson of the upper part of the head from that of the throat. Upper surface of the
body, wings and tail, cinereous black. Entire under parts (from the breast) white. Legs (in skin)
nearly black.

Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail about 62 inches, wing 3 1-10, tail 2 8-10 inches.

Hab. Rio Negro, South America.

This bird has the same general appearance as Tanagra gularis, Linn., and
T. capitata, D’Orbigny. From either of those species it may at once be distinguished
by its black nares and ears, and also by its having the throat and point upon the
oreast of the same crimson exactly as the crest, without the slightest appearance of
the purple into which the crimson changes upon the breast in both the species
mentioned. .

Several specimens of this curious species have been sent from Europe by Mr.
Edward Wilson, to whose remarkably valuable additions to the collections of this
Academy, I have so frequeritly had occasion to allude. I have seen several other
specimens brought from the Rio Negro, in a collection made by a gentleman formerly
resident at Para.

* From Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., of Philadelphia, Vol. IV. page 85, October, 1848.

NEW SPECIES OF MICRASTUR, TANAGRA, AND SYCOBIUS. 297

SYCOBIUS, Viedil.

Pl. 41, figs. 1 and 2.

S. scutatus, nobis.* %. Capite supra, vitta latissima in pectore, crissoque coccineis. Mento, gula, alis,
cauda, et corpore toto supra et infra nigris. 9. Mari simillima, sed capite supra, nigra.

Long. tot. (exuviz) a rostri apice usque ad finem caude, 5{ poll. ale 33, caude 23 pollices.

Hab. Africa occidentali.

%. Upper part of the head and neck, broad pectoral band, and under tail coverts bright crimson. Throat
black, which color forms a large gular patch, extending to, but scarcely including the eyes. Crimson
of the breast uniting on the sides of the neck with that of the head. All other parts black. 9. Broad
pectoral band and under tail coverts crimson ; all other parts, including the head, black.

Total length of skin, from tip of bill to end of tail, about 53 inches, wing 3%, tail 23 inches.

Hab. Western Africa.

There are in the collection of this Academy two pairs of the species now described,
which were brought from Western Africa by Robert MacDowell, M. D., surgeon,
attached to the colonial government of Sierra Leone.

_ It bears a greater resemblance to Sycobius rubricollis, (Swainson,) Vieill. Ois. chant.

pl. 43, than to any other species which I have seen or have found described ; but from
this and from all others, so far as I know, it may be distinguished by its crimson
under tail coverts, and by its broad pectoral band of the same color.

* From Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., of Philadelphia, Vol. IV. page 157, February, 1849.

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ART. XX V.—New species of Myttonates from the Eocene of South Carolina, nith
other genera not heretofore observed in the United States. By Roperr W. Gissses,
M. D., Correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, &c.

The family of Placoid fishes is found in abundance in the Tertiary formations.
In those deposits of South Carolina their teeth are particularly numerous, though
usually much broken. Among the Squalde I have identified and described (with
those here noticed) ten genera and forty-five species ;—of Przstis I have published a
new species, and of Mylhobates I have numerous fragments. Two species are
distinctly represented by specimens now noticed and figured.

Of the genus Mylobdates, Muller and Henlé recognise five recent, while Professor
Agassiz has described fifteen fossil species, chiefly from the London clay.

This genus is characterized by broad transverse teeth ona flat plate, bounded
laterally by three rows of narrow hexagonal teeth of equal length, united by fine
sutures. ‘The arrangement resembles that of a tessellated pavement.

The specimen figured PI. 42, figs. 1, 2, 3, has some resemblance to M. micropleurus,
Agassiz, but the lateral edges of the large transverse dental plates are more unequal,
as well as the form of the small ones, and the sutures are more curved backwards.
There is also perceptible a slight longitudinal flattening traversing the median line,
and it is more arched laterally. The lateral plates are too much broken for
description. The plates on the inner surface, Pl. 42, fig. 2, are very regular, and on
the suture surface, Pl. 42, fig. 3, are grooved in the form of a compressed V.

It was found in the Eocene marl of Ashley river, South Carolina, and was
presented to me several years since by Mr. F. S. Holmes of Charleston, whose name
I attach to it, Mytiopates Holmesii.

The second species, Pl. 42, fig. 4, was found in the Buhrstone (Eocene) formation
in the neighborhood of Orangeburg, South Carolina. It is more regular in the form
of the dental plates, which are less curved; the surface is more convex and flattened
by abrasion on the anterior third. It corresponds with no described species. It is
very common, as I have many fragments from various localities. The plates being
nearly straight it may be designated Myiopares transversal.

Prycuopus poLyeyrus, Agassiz. Five years ago I received from a friend a
specimen of Ptychodus polygyrus, (Pl. 42, figs. 5, 6,) supposed to be from Alabama.
Lately Dr. Ames of Montgomery, Alabama, kindly forwarded to me another from
the Cretaceous of Alabama, (PI. 42, fig. 5a,) which fixes the origin of the former

individual.
76

300 GIBBES’ NEW SPECIES OF MYLIOBATES, ETC.

PLATAX, Agassiz.

A singular bone has been sent to me from the Pliocene marl of Darlington, South
Carolina, which Professor Agassiz considers the interapophyseal bone that supports
the dorsal spines of Plataz—a genus of Ctenoid fishes still existing in our present
seas. Several views of a specimen are here given, Pl. 42, figs. 11, 12, 13.

SQUALIDA.

CARCHARIAS.

In my monograph of the Fossil Squalide of the United States, I mentioned
having met with a fragment of what I considered a Carcharias. I have recently
found among some specimens from the Eocene of Ashley river, one of which is
figured in P].42, fig. 8. Professor Agassiz agrees with me that it is a true
Carcharias. It resembles that described by him as C. tenuis. Until others are
found I am unable to decide upon its specific characters.

CARCHARODON.

C. LEPropon, Agassiz. I have recently identified this species from the Eocene of
Orangeburg, South Carolina, PI. 42, figs. 7,9. It has the form of the variety of
C. angustidens, figured by Professor Agassiz as C. heterodon, though it is more
slender and acutely pointed. ‘The absence of the lateral denticles and the slenderness
are its specific characters. ‘The serratures appear also to be more minute.

GALEOCERDO. ~

The figure PI. 42, fig, 10, represents a symphyseal tooth of a species of Galeocerdo.
I have not seen the specimen, but am indebted to Capt. A. H. Bowman of the
Topographical Engineers, U.S. A., for a drawing of it, found in the Focene sand
of Ashley river near Charleston, South Carolina.

REFERENCE TO PLATE XLII.

Figs. 1,2. Myliobates Holmesii, Gibbes.

Fig. 3. Edge view of the same.

Fig. 4. Myliobates transversalis, Gibbes.

Figs. 5, 6, 5a. Ptychodus polygyrus, Agassiz.

Figs. 7,9. Carcharodon leptodon, Agassiz.

Fig. 8. Carcharias.

Fig. 10. Symphyseal tooth of Galeocerdo.

Figs. 11, 12, 13. Interapophyseal bone of Platax, Agassiz.

ART. XX VI.—Descriptions of two species of Distoma with the partial histery of one
of them. (Plate 43.) By Josep Letpy, M. D.

One of the most remarkable divisions of organized nature, and that which probably
more than all others has at once excited the wonder, disgust, and horror of mankind,
is the class of animals known as Entozoa. Their habitation, frequency of occurrence
and numbers, and their often terrific appearance, are sufficient reasons to have given
rise to such feelings. From the great variety and singularity of their form, their
habits, and the mystery in which their origin and progressive development has
always been involved, they have ever caused naturalists to attach peculiar interest to
them, and they have been studied with a patience and zeal which has not been
excelled in any other branch of human learning.

In the term Entozoa has been included many animals of very different zoological
characters, but in the present state of our knowledge, the general distinction founded
upon the character of their habitation is probably as good a classification as can be
adopted.

We are often astonished at the extent of ecto-vitality : at the idea of a drop of water
from any stagnant pool containing as many living bodies as there are human beings
on the globe, etc., yet when we consider closely ecto-vitality, we will probably be
no less astonished at its extent. Thus, when we reflect upon the moving mass
containing millions upon millions of Bodo, in the large intestine of the toad, frog,
salamander, in the intestine of the house-fly, &c.; the innumerable hosts of
monads, vibrios, &c., in the intestinal and other fluids of most animals; the infinity
of spermatozoids ; the numerous Gregarine in the ventriculus of insects we may
suspect internal and external life almost to be in equilibrio in their extent. But it is
not only the lowest forms of entozoa which are so numerous : I have removed fifty-six
specimens of Dzstoma from the pericardial cavity of a snail; I have preserved over
six hundred specimens averaging the one-tenth of an inch in length of a nematoid
worm which I took out of the abdominal cavity of two individuals of Passalus
cornutus ; froma single Jilus marginatus I obtained 140 specimens of Gregarina,
78 of an Ascaris, 27 of another nematoid which I have named Aorwrus, over 1000 of
Nyctotherus, besides innumerable monads, vibrios, and entophytes. My friend Dr.
J. L, LeConte informed me he had seen a pint of Ascarides taken from the intestinal
canal of a Boa constrictor. I found at one time fragments of 80 specimens, averaging

302 LEIDY’S DESCRIPTIONS OF DISTOMA.

five inches in length, of Tenia canina, in the intestine of a small terrier dog, and Krause
mentions an instance of a two and a half year old horse, which contained over 519
Ascaris megalocephala, 191 Oxyuris curvula, 214 Strongylus armatus, var. major, 69
Tania perfoliata, several thousand Strongylus tetracanthus in the intestines, 287
Filaria papillosa in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, and 6 Cysticercus fistularis
upon the peritoneal covering of the liver.* Numerous other instances might be
given to demonstrate the extent of entozoic vitality, but those I have mentioned will
suffice.

All animals under certain circumstances become the residences of entozoa, and
these appear to be most frequently presented as we descend in the scale of organic
activity of animal life. Entozoa are most frequent among invertebrata, next among
fishes, then reptiles, and least so among birds and mammalia. My much respected
friend, Dr. Samuel Jackson, Professor in the University of Pennsylvania, entertains
the opinion, as animals descend in the series, and higher ones undergo a degradation
of structure, as in disease, they become more liable to entozoic life, and he has
mentioned to me the fact, that the well-fed and nutritioned inmates of our hospitals,
in post mortem examinations, seldom present the existence of intestinal worms, when
compared with the accounts of post mortem examinations of the hospitals of
continental Europe. In connection with this opinion arises the question whether
entozoa are the cause or effect of disease. From my observations I am inclined to
believe, with the distinguished helminthologist Dujardin, that they are usually the
effect of disease, as is expressed in the preface to his excellent work entitled “ Hist.
nat. des Helminthes.”’+ ‘D’aprés cela, on peut se demander si les helminthes sont
véritablement nuisib'es aux animaux dans lesquels ils habitent? je suis pour la
négative, tant j’ai vu d’exemples d’animaux bien portants qui contenaient plus
@helminthes que d’antres individus de chétive apparence: les helminthes se
développent dans un’site qui leur convient, sans nuire plus que les lichens sur l’écorce
d’un arbre vigoureux. Ils ne peuvent devenir nuisible, généralement, que par suite
d’ une multiplication excessive, laquelle semble alors étre une des conséquences d’un
affaiblissement provenant d’une tout autre cause, d’une mauvaise alimentation, du
séjour dans un lieu froid et humide, etc.; sans cela, les helminthes naissent et
meurent dans le corps de leurs hdtes, et peuvent paraitre et disparaitre alternativement
sans inconvénients.”

After these general remarks upon Entozoa, I present to the Academy descriptions
of two species of Distoma, which I suppose to be new, with the partial history of one
of them.

* Guilt u. Hertwig’s Magazin fiir die gesammte Thierheilkunde, 1839, S. 215. Wiegman’s Archiv, 1840, S. 196,
T Paris, 1845, p. xiii.

LEIDY’S DESCRIPTIONS OF DISTOMA. 303

Distoma norripum. Corpus album, postice brunneo variegatum, spathiforme, spinulis minutissimis in annulis
transversis dispositis ; disco anteriore subtus et pone apicem sito, ore magno, rotundo, margine incrassato ;
intestini ramis rectis ; foramine genitali mox ante discum ventralem sito; pene exserto, curvato, basi
vagina tecto ; testiculis 4, epididymibus tenuibus conjunctis; ovariis 2, lateralibus, lobatis; oviducto,
longissimo, plicato, valdeque contorto.

Long. 2} lin.; lat. 1-27 unc.

Parasiticum in Boa constrictore, in pelve et uretere renis.

Body white, posteriorly variegated with brown arising from the ova along the
tortuous and folded oviduct, spathiform, narrowing from behind forwards, furnished
with minute spinous appendages arranged in circles around the body, of which
there are in the neighbourhood of 200 ; leneth of spines 1-1142d in. Oral acetabulum
globular, placed just posterior to the anterior apex of the body, 1-107th in. in
diameter. Oral orifice large and round when expanded, 1-160th in. across. Pharynx
broad, 1-320th in. long. Oesophageal bulb oblong, 1-123d in. broad. Oesophagus
1-114th in. long, dividing into two long straight intestinal branches,:.which are dilated
or clavate posteriorly. Ventral acetabulum round, a very little larger than the
anterior, with the appearance of a transverse opening, 1-100th in. in diameter.
Generative orifice just anterior to the ventral acetabulum. Penis exserted, curved,
cylindrical, 1-63d in. long; an apparent second portion, rather longer and with a
sigmoid curve, is contained in a sheath, at the posterior part of which the vas
deferens is connected. Testes four in number usually globular and distant: the first
or most posterior is 1-80th in. in diameter, the second 1-97th in., the third is
subreniform, and is in contact with the last and is 1-160th in ; the fourth is 1-89th in.
Ovaries two, lateral and anterior to the testes, white, about 1-35th in. long, each
consisting of ten to thirteen oval or rounded lobes, connected together by a delicate
tube ; the two joined by a transverse duct which opens into a very long sinuous and
folded oviduct, occupying the posterior two-thirds of the body. Vagina opening at
the base of the exserted penis. Ova very numerous, brown, oval, 1-727th in. long by
1-1333d in. broad.

Dimensions.—Greatest length 22 lines; shortest 1} lines; greatest breadth
posteriorly 1-20th in., anteriorly on a line with the penis 1-33d in.

Habitation and:\Remarks.—Of this species of Distoma I found twenty-six specimens
in the ureters and pelves of the kidneys of a Boa constrictor, which died in the
menagerie in this city. They were not contained in cysts, but were loose, and were
enveloped in mucous, probably the result of irritation produced by the spinous
appendages of the entozoon. The spinous appendages exist from the oral acetabu-
lum to the posterior extremity of the body, and are arranged in transverse annuli
around the latter, which give the body itself the appearance of being annulated. It

77

304 LEIDY’S DESCRIPTIONS OF DISTOMA.

is probable these appendages.served in some measure to retain the animal in its appa-
rently precarious position. The movements of the Distoma were rather sluggish,
shortening and elongating. The oral orifice frequently dilated to such an extent
as to make the acetabulum appear like a cup. In the contraction of the animal, the
intestinal rami, from their comparative shortness did not become sinuous. This
species belongs to the second subgenus, Dicrocalium of Dujardin, characterized by
“the intestine having two simple branches prolonged backward, and preceded by a
simple moderately long oesophagus; anterior disk naked or without spines or lobes ;
ventral disk sessile ;”’ first section :—‘“ testicles situated behind the ventral disk
before or among the folds of the oviduct.”’*

It approaches most to Distoma assula,t but this has only two testes ; the posterior
coloring, the form of the body, and extent of the spinous appendages also differ.

It is not more than one third or one half the size of Distoma naja.t

Disroma vacans. D. Helicis, Proc. Acad., Vol. iii. p. 220.—Corpus album, ovale vel subrotundum, lve,
sub epidermate tenui distinctissime fasciatum ; disco anteriore, subrotundo, subtus et pone apicem sito ;
ore duplici, apertura exteriore triangulari, interiore rotundato; intestini ramis sinuatis ; disco ventrali
minore, rotundato, apertura transversa, margine incrassato circumcincta.

Long. 1-26 unc.; lat. 1-42 unc.

Parasiticum in Helice alternata et H. albolabre, in pericardio, etc.

The Distoma vagans I have found in three stages of its existence in Helix alternata
and Jf. albolabris. In some one of these stages it is almost constantly found in the
former species of Helz. In none of them at any time can the slightest trace of
a generative apparatus be found, so that the animal no doubt undergoes further
development in some other animal. From an aperture, which is visible in the second
and third stages, posterior to the ventral acetabulum, I suspect the species belongs to
the subgenus Brachylaimus, Duj., “intestine divided immediately behind the ceso-
phageal bulb;” second section :—“ male genital orifice behind the ventral acetabulum,
towards the middle of the posterior part of the body.’’§

Description of the first stage. (Fig.13.)—Body white, oval or elongated, furnished with
an oval caudal appendage. Oral and ventral acetabula nearly equal, circular, 1-247th
in. Oesophageal bulb subrotund, 1-400th in. Intestine dividing immediately after
its origin from the bulb into two very capacious and moderately tortuous branches.
Tail often with the appearance of an interior cup-shaped cavity; sometimes
apparently perforated at the extremity ; length 1-400th in.

Total length 1-80th in., breadth 1-123d in., but can lengthen itself to 1-40th in. by
1-200th in. ;

*Dujardin. Hist. Nat. des Helminthes, p. 391. t Hist. Nat. des Hel., p. 398.
t Rudolphi Entozoorum Synopsis, p. 377. § Ibid., p. 407.

LEIDY’S DESCRIPTIONS OF DISTOMA. 305

Second stage. (Fig. 2.)}—Body oval or subrotund, smooth, beneath the epidermoid
covering fasciated. Oral acetabulum placed beneath the anterior apex of the body,
i-160th in., with a double oral orifice: external aperture triangular; interior
round or elliptical. Oesophageal bulb oblong, 1-296th in. long by 1-222d in. broad.
Oesophagus short. Intestinal rami tortuous. Ventral acetabulum orbicular, 1-174th
in. in diameter, with an orifice opening into an excavation in its interior ; orifice with
a thickened margin, transversely elliptical, or round when most dilated. A third
orifice, generative, situated a little more than one third the distance between the
ventral acetabulum and the posterior extremity of the body. Vascular system
consisting of a large double tortuous trunk on each side of the body commencing ina
bulbous dilatation, about the 1-666th in. in diameter, near the middle line of the body
posteriorly. Furnished with a posterior contractile sac communicating with the
dilatations of the vascular canals, and with the exterior. Length of the sac 1-195th
in., breadth, when fully dilated, 1-470th in.

Whole length 1-30th in., capable of elongating to 1-20th ; breadth 1-42d in.

Third stage. (Fig. 8.)—Animal more active, usually elongated. Posterior contractile
sac remaining permanently contracted, and cut off from the vascular canals. ‘The
‘latter consisting of four principal vessels on each side of the body, forming a very
tortuous and intricate plexus. The principal or largest of the four vessels, furnished
from its commencement posteriorly to where it turns upon itself anteriorly with vibrille.

Remarks.—During the earlier two stages of the existence of Distoma vagans in
Heliz alternata and H. albolabris, it is found within the pericardial cavity bathed in
the liquor pericardii, and never in cysts, or in other organs of the body. The
Distoma in the second of the earlier stages is the most frequently observable, and
indeed it is a rare exception to find a specimen of H. alternata without it. In one
instance I found as many as fifty-two individuals of the second stage together with
four of the first stage in the latter species of Heli, which is an enormous number,
when we consider the size of the pericardial cavity, for it measures only two lines in
length by one in breadth, so that the cavity was distended by these parasites, and
probably they impeded to some extent the action of the heart of the animal. ‘The
usual numbers found are from one to a dozen. In the first stage the Dzstoma is more
active than in the second: in the latter being sluggish and only elongating or
shortening upon irritation or pressure. Usually they lie loosely bathed in the liquor
pericardii, but occasionally they are found hanging by means of the oral acetabulum
to epithelial shreds attached to the surface of the heart. Just before entering into the
third stage, they are almost always found in the last mentioned condition. ‘The third
stage is not of such frequent occurrence, or more properly it is not so readily

306 LEIDY’S DESCRIPTIONS OF DISTOMA.

detected ; I have usually found it in the abdominal cavity, the retractor muscles, the
olfactory sinus, or the substance of the foot. This is the most active of the three
stages, and during this period it contracts and elongates the body and changes its shape
into a variety of forms as are represented in figure 14, c—A.

The distinctive features of the three stages are well marked, which principally are :
the caudal appendage to the first stage ; the posterior contractile sac communicating
with the exterior and the vascular canals in the second; and the closed vascular
system and presence of circulatory vibrille in the third stage.

In the first stage the vascular canals are indistinct, but a principal vessel, on each
side of the body, passing forwards in a tortuous manner and then back again, are
readily observable. In the middle line of the body posteriorly I have observed the
outlines of a short apparent canal, which also appeared to communicate with an
excavation in the interior of the caudal appendage. In some instances the caudal
cavity was indistinct, in others it appeared to open exteriorly by an orifice
posteriorly.

The intestinal rami are comparatively much more capacious than in the other
stages, and were filled with a finely granular matter, with yellowish corpuscles like
oil, measuring from 1-5000th in. to 1-3333d in., and minute spicular bodies from
1-3333d in. to 1-1200th in. long, by 1-10,000th to 1-5000th in. thick. Among the
granular contents of the intestines in several instances I have observed from three to
ten nucleated organic cells, with granular contents measuring 1-800th in. in diameter,
and recalling to mind the organic cells in the interior of the body cell of Gregarina.

In the change from the first to the second stage the animal enlarges, the intestinal
rami become narrower and more tortuous, the vascular canals more distinct, the
central posterior short canal apparently becomes the contractile posterior sac of the
second stage, and the caudal appendage drops off leaving an opening at‘the posterior
part of the body communicating with the contractile sac. The removal of the tail is
gradual, it commences at the place of attachment to the body, by an absorption
anteriorly and posteriorly, so that it hangs by two peduncles one upon each side, and
resembles a cup suspended by two strings from the posterior part of the body. These
peduncles are next removed, and the tail is detached, and sometimes the animal is
observed with two pointed tubercles, one on each side of the posterior orifice of the
body, indicating the points of connection of the lateral peduncles. Occasionally I
have met with four of these prominences, arising from there having been four points
of absorption, after which for a short time the tail was suspended by means of four
peduncles. Sometimes the peduncle of one side only is detached, and the tail
reinains hanging upon one side by the other peduncle as is represented in fig. 9.

In the second stage the body is furnished with distinct transverse muscular bands,
a condition which was not distinguishable during the first stage. (Fig. 2.)

LEIDY’S DESCRIPTIONS OF DISTOMA. 307

The posterior contractile ventricle or sac is an oblong cavity with muscular
parietes, the longitudinal strie of which are quite distinct. It communicates with
the exterior by a posterior infundibular orifice, and at its anterior part by means of
two short canals with the dilated or bulbous commencement of the vascular canal on
each side. When fully contracted it forms a narrow longitudinal canal. Whether by
expansion this sac takes within it some of the liquor pericardii in which it lives, and
upon contraction sends it throughout the vascular canals, I did not determine. The
vascular canal commences posteriorly a little in advance and laterally to the
contractile ventricle, and proceeds forwards in a very tortuous manner as far as the
side of the oral acetabulum, when it turns back and almost retraces its steps in the
same tortuous manner to the posterior extremity of the body, where it terminates in
fine branches. In its course backwards it gives off numerous lateral branches which
divide and subdivide among the organs and tissues of the body, and anastomose with
the corresponding branches of the other side.

The oesophagus after leaving its bulb is short ; the intestinal rami first of all turn
obliquely forwards and outwards and then pursue a tortuous course backwards.
They are irregularly cylindrical and contractile. The contents consist of a fine
- granular matter, without the spicule of the first stage.

The aperture situated between the ventral acetabulum and posterior extremity, is
often closed by contractile power as not to be distinctly visible. It opens into what
appears to be the visceral cavity, the outline of which is distinguishable just without
the course of the intestinal rami.

In the change from the second to the third stage the animal loses its sluggish
character, contracting and lengthening its body extremely, and protruding the
acetabula,the ventral one of which appears pediculated from the cylindrical prolongation
of that part of the body to which it is immediately attached. The posterior contractile
sac becomes inactive, is cut off from its connection with the vascular canals, and is
often indistinct. How the animal escapes from the pericardial sac Iam unable to say ;
I have examined over sixty Helices without ever being able to discover anything
like a perforation in it.

In its third stage I have never seen the Distoma in the pericardial sac, but always
in the tissues attached to the foot or in the substance of the latter itself. In this
stage it is always more elongated than in the others.

Instead of their being two, there are now four principal vascular canals on each
side of the body, and these having a more or less tortuous course forwards and
backwards forma very complex plexus. From them pass off numerous smaller
branches, varying much in their course, and distributed by subdivision to all the
body. In the longest of the principal vessels (from the dot a@ to din fig. 8,) the

interior surface is furnished with actively moving vibrillz. This movement of the
73

308 LEIDY’S DESCRIPTIONS OF DISTOMA.

vibrilla continues even after the vessel is torn into small fragments, but gradually
becomes slower and slower until it finally ceases When in full activity it
resembles a rapid succession of waves crossing each other, (fig. 11, a.) as it
becomes slower the crossing appearance ceases, (d.) it then appears as a_ spiral,
(b.) and lastly as one wave slowly falling upon the other, (c.) Inone instance I
saw a corpuscle at the commencement of the vessel rapidly driven round in a circle
(fig. 10,) through the agency of the vibrille. Besides this new source of circulatory
movement, all the vessels have the power of contracting, even to such a degree as to
become totally invisible. After this stage itis probable that this Dastoma finishes
its development in some other animal, or possibly as an ectozoon,

Intimate structure.-—The body is invested with a very delicate transparent
epidermoid membrane, beneath which are observable transverse muscular bands, and
as the animal shortens as well as contracts and elongates, we would almost infer the
existence of longitudinal muscular bands. 'The latter, however, do not exist, and the
shortening is produced by the same bands which produce the elongation. This
appears at first thought almost impossible, but the arrangement of the muscular
bands is peculiar, very remarkable, and renders the two opposite movements perfectly
easy by the same set. Instead of being continuous bands, they are isolated muscular
or sarcous cells arranged in rows and separated by narrow intervals, which from their
inherent power of shortening and lengthening in any direction will give the body a
resultant movement. ‘This arrangement and change will be better understood upon
referring to figure 12. When the sarcous cells are extended transversely to their
greatest extent, the body appears broadest. As these shorten, the body is narrowed
and somewhat elongated. When they reach their greatest degree of contraction
they then elongate in the direction of the length of the animal, and the elongation
of the body corresponds to the extent to which the sarcous cells are capable of
extending in that direction. These cells appear homogeneous, opalescent, and
translucent.

Within the muscular layer and forming the general parenchyma of the body
is a fine, transparent, vesicular structure. These vesicles are very delicate, contain
no nuclei, and measure from 1-12,500th in. to 1-3570ch in. in diameter; some I
measured as large as 1-1850th in. These same bodies either fill up the interspaces
between the viscera in the visceral cavity, or else they form a layer upon the
interior parieties of that cavity, a point I could not determine.

The acetabula are hollow globular bodies with thick muscular parietes, the
latter character being distinguished by the striation and inherent contractility.

The mouth is a sort of shallow canal, formed by the thickness of the parietes
of the oral acetabulum. Both orifices of this oral canal are capable of contracting

LEIDY’S DESCRIPTIONS OF DISTOMA. 309

together or separately, and one may be frequently more contracted than the other,
as is represented in fig. 4. In expansion the inner orifice usually appears round,
the outer one triangular. In the greatest degree of contraction the outer orifice
looks like a transverse slit with puckered edges as in fig. 3.

The orifice of the ventral acetabulum when opened is transversely elliptical,
(fig. 5.) In some instances I have observed several round granular corpuscles
moving in the cavity of this acetabulum during its movements of contraction and
expansion.

Dujardin* speaks of a Distoma found in the intestine and liver of Limaces, which
bears considerable resemblance to D. vagans. The latter is, however, larger, and
never occupies the position of the former.

*Hist. Nat. des Hel., p. 472.

310 LEIDY’S DESCRIPTIONS OF DISTOMA.

REFERENCES TO PLATE XLII.

The figures are all highly magnified.

Fig. 1. Distoma horridum: a. ventral acetabulum with the mouth dilated; }. pharynx; c. esophageal
bulb; d. esophagus ; e. intestinal rami; jf. ovaries; g. oviduct, containing numerous ova; h. vagina;
i. testes; k. vaginal or basial portion of the penis; /. penis; m. ventral acetabulum, with the appearance of
a transverse fissure or orifice in its centre.

Figs. 2 to 16 inclusive, Distoma vagans.

Fig. 2. D. vagans in the second stage. a. oral acetabulum, with the two oral orifices represented, the
external triangular, the internal “transversely elliptical; b. pharynx; c. esophageal bulb; d. esophagus ;
e. intestinal rami; f. contractile sac communicating with the exterior and the vascular canals; g. vascular
canals ; A. ventral acetabulum, with its elliptical orifice represented ; 7. male generative aperture.

Fig. 3. Oral acetabulum with the orifices contracted or closed.

Fig. 4. Oral acetabulum with the oral orifices dilated; the exterior triangular, the interior circular.

Fig. 5. The ventral acetabulum, with its orifice dilated. Three corpuscles are exhibited which were
moved to and fro in the contraction and expansion of the organ.

Fig. 6. The globular form of the oral acetabulum.

Fig. 7. The posterior contractile sac closed or contracted to its utmost degree.

Figs. 3 to 7 inclusive were drawn from the animal in the second stage.

Fig. 8. Circulation, or vascular system of the third stage. a. to b. the vessel which is supplied on its
inner surface with vibrille.

Fig. 9. Posterior contractile sac, and partly detached tail, from the animal in the second stage.

Fig. 10. Commencement of the vessel furnished with vibrilla, from the third stage, representing the
revolution of a molecule through the agency of the vibratory action.

Fig. 11. Appearances produced by the decreasing rapidity of the vibratory movement in fragments of
the vessel furnished with vibrille. The progressive decrease is represented in the course a, d. b, c.

Fig. 12. Represents the mode of contraction in different directions of the sarcous cells beneath the
epidermis.

Fig. 13. D. vagans in the first stage: a. oral acetabulum ; b. pharynx ; c. esophageal bulb ; d. esophagus;
e. intestinal rami; f. caudal appendage ; g. blood vessels ; 4. ventral acetabulum ; 2. organic nucleated cells
among the contents of the intestinal rami.

Fig.
ence.

Fig. 15. Vesicular or general parenchymatous structure of the body.

14. Outlines of the forms into which D. vagans will change itself in the second stage of its exist-

i}

Fig. 16. Granular, globular, and spicular contents of the intestinal rami of the first stage.

ART. XXVII.—An attempt to classify the Longicorn Coleoptera of the part of
America North of Mexico. By Joun L. LeConre, M. D.

Works cited. Hatp., Haldeman in Transactions of the American Philosophical

Society. Vol. X.

Harris, Transactions of the Hartford Society of N. H.

Say, Boston Journal and Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia.

Nm. Ent. Mac., Newman in Entomological Magazine.

Forster, Centuria Insectorum.

Des. Cat., Catalogue de la collection de M. LeComte Dejean.

SERVILLE in Annales de la Societé Entomologique.

Fasr., Fabricius.

OL., Olivier.

Ks., N. G. Kirby Fauna Boreali Americane. Vol. IV.

RawnpaLt, Boston Journal of Natural History.

GeErm., Germar Insecta Nova.

Lap., Laporte et Gory Monographié du genre Clytus.

PART I. CONTAINING THE CERAMBYCI.

In the present essay I have made many innovations in the former arrangements of
these insects. These will be found more obvious in the first group, the Lepturide.
The indistinct characters of the genera as left by Serville and Mulsant, have long
rendered some other classification necessary ; since being founded on very slight and
arbitary differences of form, they unite together many species which, agreeing in
certain trivial circumstances, differ widely in general appearance. Such is the genus
Pachyta, which on account of its heterogeneous nature I have been compelled to
suppress altogether. Such again is Grammoptera, which was established on Lepture
-with linear elytra. If a comparison of a large number of species be made, this
character is found to be entirely fallacious, so that however clear the mathematical
distinction may be between lines that are and are not parallel, it will be seen that in
nature this distinction cannot obtain. The proportions and form of the elytra vary
in all the genera, and it would be quite as rational to separate into distinct genera,
those with incised and those with dehiscent elytra.

Although these characters are thus shown to be mere specific marks, we may
derive much aid from them in forming sections in those genera which contain many
species ; they may thus be made to alleviate the labor of identifying species: and in

79

312 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

the following pages have been made to contribute greatly to this very desirable object.
Indeed, the genera Leptura and Strangaha might perhaps have been merged together,
since they only differ in the degree of prominence of the posterior thoracic angles;
this character is found to be variable, so that I have great doubt of its generic value.

Whilst thus exposing the faults of the heretofore arrangements of this group, it is
by no means presumed that the present scheme is unobjectionable. All that is
claimed for it is, that it is more applicable to American species, as well as those
European species which commonly occur in collections.

The large increase of genera may be objected to, no less than eight new ones
having been added to the Lepture alone, but these are recognized at once by certain
peculiarities of habitus, and the characters on which they are founded are, so far as I
know, invariable. ‘The generic table appended to these remarks will render this
sufficiently obvious.

There does not appear to be much accurate parallelism between the European and
American species of this family ; and most of the genera found in Europe are equally
developed on this continent. An exception to this principle is found in Rhagium, of
of which we have but a single species. Vesperus and Rhamnusium are peculiar to
the old continent, but here Desmocerus represents the former and Centroderus the
latter. Peculiar to America are Piodes, Gaurotes, and Typocerus, the five other new
genera are distributed over both continents. There are two species of this group
which are indigenous to Kurope and America, viz: Acmeops strigilata and Strangaha
sexmaculata: they are confined to the Northern regions neither of them occurring
south of Lake Superior.

The genus Distenia will be found among the Cerambycide. I know not why it
has been associated with the Lepture, with which its affinity is very slight: it is
much more closely allied to Eburia and Cerasphorus.

Before passing to the specific details of this tribe, it may be proper to say a few
words on the characters which distinguish the Lepture from other sections of the
Longicornia, and to ascertain the true value of the division which they form.

Longicornia have been divided by Latreille, Serville, and other authors, into three
groups, Prionide, Cerambycide, and Lepturide. ‘The first group distinguished by
the defiexed labrum, rudimentary inner-maxillary lobe, and the antenne inserted in
front of the eyes. ‘The second group has the head not narrowed into a neck and the
antenne are placed between the eyes. ‘The third is separated on the single character
of the head being narrowed posteriorly into a kind of neck. The second group is
again divided into two: Cerambycint, with porrected head and dilated palpi, and
and Lamiari, with deflected head and piliform palpi.

This arrangement is very unsatisfactory, since by following it, we associate with
Prioni, Asemum, Criocephalus, and other genera, which in form are true Calhidia ;

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 313

while Distenia, although strongly resembling Cerasphorus, is put among Lepture.
Again, there are many true Cerambyci, (e. g. Itenopterus,) which have the head
elongate and porrected : Necydalis likewise has the head suddenly contracted behind
precisely like Tozxotus, while the front is deflected and the palpi filiform; so that it
becomes difficult to determine whether the genus belongs to the Lepture, Ceramby ct
or Lamia.

So fallacious are the received characters, that a genuine Saperda-form with
abbreviated elytra, has been described both by Newman and Haldeman as a
Molorchus, (Thia, Nm., Tessaropa, Wald.) and another genus (Lncylops, Nm.) allied
to Necydalis, has been placed near Tozotus. A new genus from Georgia has a
remarkable resemblance to Dorcadion, whilst the head is prolonged behind the eyes,
and its true affinity is with the gibbous Clytz. It is thus plainly seen that these
divisions so distinct in nature, have not yet any natural distinctions in our systems.

Dr. Zimmerman has recently recognized the importance of a character heretofore
neglected, and through his kindness I am enabled to make use of it in the present
essay. He finds that in all Lamia-forms, the anterior tibiz have an oblique sulcus
internally, which in many cases becomes so deep as to form an emargination, such as
1s observed in most Carabica. This character, with a single exception, is wanting in
all other Longicornia. Making use of it and at the same time suppressing the
primary group Lepture, as not possessing sufficiently distinct characters, we obtain
three great divisions which embrace all Longicornia.

1. LAMIA. 2. CERAMBYCI. | 3. PRIONI.
Tibie antice intus oblique|Tidi¢ intus non sulcate. —|Tzbie intus non sulcate.
sulcate. (Michthysomate eacepto.) Palpi compressi.
Palpi semper filiformes. Palpi sepissime compressi. |Antenne frontales.
Antenne verticales. Thorax immarginatus. Coze antice valde trans-
Thorax immarginatus. verse.

Coze antice globose.

The Cerambyci may again be divided into three groups according to the form of

the anterior coxe and tibie.

fy GHP PURID A. 2. CERAMBYCID. 3. SPONDYLID.

Tibia filiformes. Tibia filiformes. Tibia antice compresse.
Coxe antice conice. Coxe antice vel globose vel|Coze antice subtransverse.
subtransverse.

314 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

Having now laid the ground work of a classification, we may proceed to investigate
the relations existing between the different groups which have thus been obtained.

The Lamie* meet the Cerambyci in several points, Dorcadion tending towards
Clytus, while Saperda unites with Necydalis; some tropical forms tend towards
Dorcacerus.

The Prioni meet the Cerambyci in two points. Pyrodes approaches Megaderus and
Tragosoma, Asemum : they then lead to the Lamellicornia in Lucanus. ‘The Leptura
branch of the Cerambyci is related to the Phytophaga by Acmeops, which approaches
Donacia. Piodes is a very anomalous form which seems closely allied to the Priont,
but I am inclined to believe it more nearly related to Megamerus Kingz, (McLeay)
among the Phytophaga, which is said to have the same coriaceous structure as the
Prionus and Piodes. On the other side, this branch is closely connected with the
Cerambyci by Necydalis, so that no character can be used to separate them, excepting
the conical coxe. The Spondylus branch is related to the typical Cerambyci, through
Asemum and Callidium: this form attains its highest development in Hypocephalus,
which is another isolated form connected only with the contents of its own group.

The very peculiar appearance of the Spondylide might lead many to consider it as
of equal value with that which is observed in the Lami@ or Prioni, separating them
by their short and robust lees, with dilated and dentated anterior tibie. Now,
although these species differ in this respect from the typical Cerambyci, yet on
comparing several together, great differences are found in these same organs.
Hypocephalus has only a few large teeth on the tibie, Spondyls buprestoides a fine
serration, while Scaphinus (Prionus muticus, Fabr., Spondylis sphericollis, Lec.) has a
large expansion at the end of each tibia. The antenne of Spondylis are at the base
of the mandibles as in Prionus, but on examining the Calhdia a gradual transition
will be found between this position and the one assumed in the typical Cerambycz.

The relations just pointed out, as far as they can be exhibited on a plane surface, are
shown in the following diagram.

*This group is to be considered as the highest form of the Longicorn beetles; since with perfection of
organisation, it is entirely free from all complicated relations. Its affinities are only with other Longicornia, and
with only one section of them ; and this isolation must always be a property of the highest division of any group,
no matter what its extent may be, since the highest form is that in which some typical idea attains its maximum
of development. We find in every group a highest form, in which, to use a physical symbol, the branch
terminates, and in every case the comparative value of this branch may be ascertained by tracing its connection
with others ; that which soonest assumes a distinct form will be the highest.

315

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.

PHYTOPHAGA.

Danacia.

Megamerus.

Acrocinus.

LAMLA.
Saperda.
Molorchus tenuipes. Dorcadion.

iNecydaiis. Clytus.
Acmeops. Molorchus. | S
ins

LEPTURIDA. CE:‘RAMBYCIDA.
i>
Stenoderus.| iS Asemum.

Piodes. iS

Desmocerus.

“J Sphenostethus ?
rionus ?

!
1
t

Pyrodes

PRIONI.

Trogo soma.

SPONDYLIDZ Hypocephalus.
Spondylis.

LUCANIDZ.

316 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

We may now proceed to divide the Lepturide according to the following scheme
commencing with those most nearly related to the central group Cerambycide, and
proceeding upwards to the most isolated form Leptura.

A. Frons declivis, oculi intus valde emarginati, antenne inter oculos site.

1. Caput postice constrictum, oculi transversi, elytra abbreviata. NECYDALIS.
2. Caput postice constrictum, antennz filiformes. ENCYCLOPS.
3. Caput postice non constrictum, antenne nodose. DESMOCERUS.

B. Frons plana, caput modice constrictum, vel sensim angustatum, oculi minus
profunde emarginati ; antenne ante oculos vel vix inter oculos site.

4. Oculi intus parum emarginati, mesosternum latum planum. PIODES.

5. Oculi intus parum emarginati mesosternum prosternumque gibba. RHAGIUM.

6. Oculi antice emarginati, transversi, tibie calcaribus terminalibus. ARGALEUS.*

7. Oculi antice emarginati, vix transversi, tibice calcaribus ante apicem sitis, palpis

apice rotundatim truncatis. TOXOTUS.

8. Oculi integerrimi, palpi recte truncati, mesosternum triangulare. ACMEOPS.

9. Oculi vix emarginati, mesosternum gibbum. GAUROTES.
10. Oculi magni antice emarginati, tibie calcaribus terminalibus. CENTRODERA.
11. Oculi vix emarginati, palpi oblique truncati, mesosternum parallelum. EVODINUS.

C. Frons plana, oculi valde emarginati, antenne inter oculos site.

12. Caput postice subangustatum, palpi labiales latiores. ANTHOPHYLAX.
13. Caput pone oculos valde constrictum, palpi Jabiales non latiores, thorax angulis

posticis productis, antenne articulis non impressis. STRANGALIA.
14. Thorax angulis posticis productis, antenne articulis 5-11 impressis. TYPOCERUS
15. Thorax angulis posticis non productis, antenne articulis non impressis. LEPTURA

Subdivision I. LEPTURID.

Group 1.

This group is distinguished by a short head and deflexed front; the antenne are
situated between the eyes, which are emarginate: the body is linear, not narrowed
posteriorly : it approaches the genuine Cerambycide, and likewise the Lamiaria, from
the latter itis distinguished by the simple anterior tibie, from the former by the
conical anterior coxe. The palpi are cylindrical, not dilated.

*Rhamnusium has the same characters, but is distinguished by haying the mouth not prolonged, and the
antenne shorter than the body and serrate.

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 317

NECYDALIS, Lin.

aput thorace latius, quadratum, basi subito constrictum.
Oculi transversi.
Antenne filiformes.
Elytra valde abbreviata, apice rotundata ; ale recte.
Corpus filiforme, pedibus tenuibus, posticis elongatis.

N. meuitus.—Niger, tenuiter pubescens, thorace punctulato, latitudine longiore, utrinque profunde
constricto, medio canaliculato, elytris alutaceis, parum punctatis, testaceis margine infuscato, medio
oblique impressis, abdomine pedibus, antennarumque articulo 1™° rufo testaceis. Long. -48—:80.

%& Hald. 44.

Q WNecydalis americanus, Hald. 44.
Molorchus mellitus, Say. B. J. L. 194; Harris Hartford Tr., 89.

New York to Georgia and Missouri, rare. Although Mr. Say observed what he
has considered as both sexes of this species, I prefer citing N. americanus as the true
female. My specimen (taken in coitu with N. mellitus by Mr. Brevoort,) is much
larger than the male, but only differs by its black abdomen and shorter antenne.
The under surface of the abdomen is rufo-testaceous, as in the male. The abdomen
is more acute and less dilated towards the tip.

ENCYCLOPS, Nenman.

Caput thorace latius, quadratum, basi subito constrictum.
Oculi globosi, prominuli, superne subito emarginati.
Elytra abdomine haud breviora, apice rotundata.
Antenne filiformes.

Corpus filiforme, pedibus tenuibus, posticis elongatis.

E. carvutevs,—lete viridi-eneus, opacus, thorace reticulato-punctato, antrorsum angustato constrictoque,
lateribus tuberculato, elytris confertim punctatis, subtus cinereo-pubescens pedibus flavis, antennis
nigris. Long. °3.

Hald. |. c. Ap. 375.
Leptura caerulea, Say. J. Ac. 5,280.
Encyclops pallipes, Nm. Ent. Mag. 5, 392.

Middle and Northern States, rare.

DESMOCERUS, Serv.

Caput thorace angustius, postice non constrictum.

Oculi intus valde emarginati.

Antenne nodose.

Elytra abdomine haud breviora, apice rotundata.

Corpus parallelum, antrorsum angustatum, pedibus mediocribus.

The thorax is narrowed in front, with the posterior angles acutely produced. The
mesosternum is plane, and triangular, and the tibial spurs are placed at the apex.

318 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

1. D. pattiatus,—Cyaneus, thorace rugose-punctato, elytris dense punctatis, ante medium flavis, puncto
utrinque basali, scutelloque nigris. Long. 92.
Hald. 58.
Cerambyx palliatus, Forster.
Desmocerus cyaneus, Dej. Cat.: Serv. Am. Ent. 4, 202.
Stenocerus cyaneus, Fabr. El]. 2, 305. Ol. 69, 3, 26.

Massachusetts to Georgia: on Sambucus niger. Inthe male the antenne are more
nodose, the yellow portion of the elytra is smaller, and the blue extends farther upon
the suture.

Group 2,

In this group the front is not suddenly deflexed : the head is sometimes elongate,
with the mouth produced ; itis never very deeply constricted behind, and is often but
very slightly narrowed behind the eyes, which are not deeply emarginate. It differs
from the next group by the position of the antenne, which are either in front of the
eyes or on a line with the anterior margin. The palpi are compressed and more or
less dilated. This group seems to verge towards the Prionide (in Piodes) and to be
closely related to Donacia in some other genera.

PIODES.

Oculi vix prominuli, intus paulo emarginati.
Mesosternum subtriangulare postice truncatum.
Labrum brevissimum deflexum.

Corpus crassum obesum, supra glabrum, coriaceum.

Caput basi non constrictum, mandibule edentate: mentum transversum trapezoidale, ligula antice paulo
emarginata, lobis apice rotundatis. Palpi desunt. Antenne ante oculos site, breviuscul, articulis
5-11 equalibus, 4'° paulo breviore, 3 iterum longiore. Thorax brevis utrinque modice constrictus,
lateribus acute tuberculatus. Elytra postice non attenuata,apice rotundata. Tibie apice intus oblique
truncate, calcaribus paulo ante apicem sitis.

1. P. cortacea.—Nigro-picea, parum nitida, capite thoraceque confertissime rugose-punctatis, elytris rugosis.
Long. :75.

Oregon. Mr. Wilcox. One specimen with the palpi wanting. The whole
appearance of this insect is that of a Prionide ; it differs, however, essentially by its
immarginate thorax, and conical anterior coxe.

Head quadrate, very densely rugosely punctured, eyes scarcely prominent.
Mandibles rather long, edentate. Antenne scarcely longer than the head and thorax,
thorax wider than long, very densely rugosely punctured, dorsal line finely
impressed. Elytra twice as wide as the thorax, one-half longer than wide, truncate

at base, dilated a little behind the middle, rounded at apex, densely rugous, with a
few scattered punctures.

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 319

RHAGIUM, Fabr.

Oculi parum prominuli, oblongi, intus paulo emarginati.

Prosternum inter coxas prominulum gibbum, pone coxas vix deficiens.
Mesosternum breve, gibbum, postice emarginatum.

Palpi dilatati.

Corpus depressiusculum ; caput longe pone oculos modice constrictum; antenne ante oculos inserte, breves ;
mandibule unidentate. Mentum trapezoideum vix transversum. Thorax acute spinosus, utrinque
modice constrictus. Tibie apice recte truncate, calcaribus ad apicem sitis.

R. tineatum.—Nigrum punctatum, griseo-pubescens, thorace linea dorsali levi, elytris tricostatis, testaceo
marmoratis, obsolete nigro-bifasciatis, antennarum articulo 5'° elongato, 4 precedente paulo breviore
Long. -31.—-72.

Sch. Syn. 3, 414. Kb. N. Z. 178: Hald. 58,
Stenocorus lineatus, Ol. 4, 69, 22.

Maine to Chihuahua. Under pine bark. Abundant.
ARGALEUS.

Oculi majusculi, parum prominuli, sub-transversi, antice emarginati, postice oblique truncati.
Mesosternum angustum acutum.
Caput elongatum, ore attenuato, postice vix constrictum.
Tibize apice recte truncate, calcaribus ad apicem sitis.
Corpus utrinque angustatum, maris gracilius. Mandibule edentate, antenne ante oculos inserte, longe,
articulo 4'° previusculo, 5t° elongato. Mentum vix transversum, lateribus rotundatum, antice truncatum.
Thorax utrinque constrictus, acute tuberculatus: elytra postice angustata, apice subtruncata.

This genus is very near to Rhamnusium, but the head is not blunt; the form is
similar to Rhagium. Toxotus cursor of Kurope must be referred here.

§1. Palpi labiales articulo ultimo subtransverso, securiformi.

1, A. nitens.—Niger, punctatus, pube longa tenui albida vestitus, capite parvo, canaliculato, tuberculo
laterali apice obtuso, elytris testaceis, glabris, disco sepius infuscato, apice oblique truncatis.
Long. -63.

Lec. Agass. Exp.
Found at the mouth of Pic River, Lake Superior. If Kirby had not compared his

Pachyta hturata with the European P. 4-maculata, (which belongs to the third

group of this family,) I should have referred my specimens to his species.

§2. Palpi labiales articulo ultimo longiusculo, triangulari.

2. A. arrenvatus.—Niger, punctatus densius griseo-pubescens, capite magno subtiliter canaliculato,
thorace paulo latiore canaliculato, disco utrinque longitudinaliter elevato, tuberculo laterali acuto
elytris testaceo marmoratis, inequaliter pubescentibus, apice recte truncatis. Long. -60.

Lec. Ag. Exp.
Pachyta attenuata, Hald. 1. c.

81

320 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

The male is much more slender than the female, and the lateral outline of the
elytra is concave. I found a considerable number of this species at Eagle Harbor, on
Lake Superior.

TOXOTUS, Serv. Meg.

Oculi paulo prominuli, antice emarginati postice vix truncati.

Mesosternum angustum subparallelum, truncatum.

Palpi paulo dilatati apice subrotundatim truncati.

Tibiz intus ad apicem oblique truncate, calcaribus ante apicem sitis.

Corpus gracile, utrinque angustatum, vel subangustatum. Antenne ante oculos site, longiusculz, minus
tenues, articulo 4'¢ brevi. Mentum transversum antrorsum subangustatum, truncatum. Thorax
utrinque constrictus, lateribus vel tuberculatus vel spinosus.

The form of the head varies in this genus. In some species the sides are parallel
as in Rhagium, (T. cylindricollis,) in others where the eyes are more prominent, the
head appears narrowed behind those organs, (T. cinnamopterus.) The character that
especially distinguishes this genus, is the position of the terminal spurs of the tibie,
which, instead of being apical, are situated at the upper end of a deep oblique
incisure.

1. T. Scuavmir.—Niger thorace acute spinoso, utrinque valde constricto, elytris rugulosis, albido-pruinosis
subparallelis apice oblique truncatis, femoribus medio late flavis. Long. -97.

This fine species is found in Ohio. I have dedicated it to my friend Dr. Schaum,
by whom it was presented to me.

Black, finely pubescent. Head finely punctured, with an impressed line between
the eyes; labrum rounded, emarginate. Antenne with the third joint elongate, the
fourth shorter than the fifth, which is equal to the following. Thorax narrowed in
front, shining, finely and sparsely punctured, lateral tubercle acute, dorsal line deep.
Elytra scarcely narrowed behind, finely rugous, pruinose with very short hair, tip
obliquely truncate inwards. Legs black, femora yellow, base and tip black.

2. T. cyLinpRIcoLLIs.—Rufus, supra fuscus, vel niger, subtiliter punctulatus, sericeo-pubescens, capite
profunde canaliculato, thorace canaliculato, tuberculo obtuso, elytris postice angustatis, apice intus
profunde incisis. Long. °8.

Say. Journ. A. N.S., 3, 417.
T. dentipennis, Hald. 58

T. dives, Nm. Entom.

Var. T. atratus, Hd. 58.

Varies much in color: but the base of the femora, the under surface of the body,
and the tip of the antenne are always rufous. The male is more slender, and the
antenne are as long as the body. Pennsylvania, Alabama, Missouri.

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 321

3. T. TrivirTatus.—-Niger parcius pubescens, subtiliter punctatus, thorace canaliculato, tuberculo laterali

obtuso, elytris postice attenuatis, nigris vitta discoidali lata, margineque flavis, margine extimo
nigricante, abdomine flavo. Long. -65.

Hald. b. c. 58: Say? Journ. A. N. S. 8, 422.
Leptura vittigera ! Randall. R. I. 1, 29.

Maine to Pennsylvania. Professor Baird. Say’s specimen was from Mississippi,
and is described with yellow legs: it may be a distinct species.

4. T. vestirus.—Niger capite thoraceque punctatis, longius pubescentibus, hoc canaliculato, longiusculo,
tuberculo laterali valde obtuso, elytris sericeis postice angustatis, apice intus truncatis. Long. «5.

Hald. 59.

Oregon and California. Messrs. Wilcox and Pease. The elytra and feet are
sometimes reddish, the male has long and thick antenna, like the preceding.

5. T. cinnamopTervs.—Fusco testaceus, densius flavo pubescens, capite punctato, oculis prominulis, vix
emarginatis, thorace punctato, obsolete canaliculato, longiusculo, tuberculo laterali subacuto, elytris
postice angustatis, apice intus truncatis. Long. -5.

Hald. Ap. 374.
T. asculi, Hald. 59.
Leptura cinnamoptera ! Randall. B, I. 2, 45.

Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Carolina: very rare.

ACM/ZOPS.

Oculi integerrimi subprominuli.

Mesosternum triangulare.

Palpi paulo dilatati, apice recte truncati.

Antenne articulo 4t° haud breviore.

Tibiz apice recte truncate, calcaribus terminaliter sitis.

Corpus varium, aliis crassum, aliis postice angustatum. Antenne ante oculos sitz, gracillime, articulis

3—5 subeequalibus. Mandibule edentate, labrum breve : caput pone oculos modice constrictum, vel
vix constrictum. Thorax antrorsum angustatus, angulis posticis non productis.

Has the appearance of Leptura, but differs in the form of the head and eyes, as
well as in the situation of the antenne. The ligula instead of being divided into
long diverging lobes, is formed as in Toxotus. This genus contains a large portion
of the old genus Pachyta, with some of Mulsant’s Anoplodon.

§1. Corpus gracile, postice attenuatum, ore brevi.

1. A. toncicornis.—Niger thorace utrinque constricto, canaliculato, punctato, elytris punctatis, subtilius
versus apicem, testaceis apice subtruncatis, femoribus basi rufis. Long. -47.
Leptura longicornis, Kirby N. Z. 185.
Mas. antennis corpore haud brevioribus: variat elytris nigris, vitta dorsali pone medium extendente,

alteraque submarginali antice obsoleta testaceis.

322 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

Black, head and thorax thickly punctured, frontal line obsolete. Thorax thickly
punctured, slightly pubescent, narrowed in front, constricted at each end, obtusely
angulated in the middle, convex with a deep dorsal channel. Elytra at base one-half
wider than the thorax, subparallel (?), or gradually narrowed behind (*); apex
subtruncate : testaceous, suture black; punctures larger at the base than at the tip.
Femora with a rufous basal ring: anterior legs entirely rufous.

2. A. supritosus.—Niger, thorace breviusculo, densius punctato, longius villoso, utrinque subconstricto,

elytris punctatis, subtilius versus apicem, apice rotundatis. Long. 45.

Oregon. Mr. Wilcox. Varies with the elytra, antenne and feet testaceous. The
antenne of the male are shorter than the body.

Black, head and thorax very thickly punctured, almost scabrous, pubescent with
long yellow hair. Thorax wider than long, narrowed in front, rounded on the sides,
and slightly constricted at each end ; dorsal line deep: scutellum pubescent: elytra
wider than the thorax, slightly attenuated towards the tip, which is rounded, slightly
pubescent, punctures at the base large and distant. Anterior tibie curved.

3. A. mitiTaris.—Niger pubescens, thorace confertissime punctato, lateribus rotundato, canaliculato, elytris
densius punctatis, apice rotundatis, macula parva humerali flava. Long. °35.

Oregon. Mr. Wilcox. Black, with rather long ashy pubescence. Antenre shorter
than the body; head and thorax very densely punctured, the latter not longer than
wide, narrowed in front, rounded on the sides, convex, not at all constricted, dorsal
line distinct. Elytra at base wider than the thorax, gradually slightly narrowed
toward the tip which is rounded: coarsely and thickly punctured, punctures a little
smaller towards the apex : marked with a small yellow humeral spot.

§2. Corpus minus gracile, elytris parallelis, ore elongato.

4, A. quaprivirratus.—Testaceus, thorace convexo, antrorsum angustato, impresso, elytris grossius
punctatis, sutura, vitta dorsali alteraque ad marginem subinterrupta nigris, antennis tenuibus, articulis
apice nigris. Long. -23—-3.

Leptura quadrivittata, Lin. teste Hald. 65.
L. vittata, Say.

L. directa, Nm, Entom.

Anoplodera 4-vittata, Hald. 65.

Common in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Alabama. The male has the antenne as
long as the body, and the anterior tibie are armed with an obtuse tooth on their
inner margin.

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 323

5. A. striciLatus.—Niger parcius pubescens, capite valde punctato, thorace minus dense punctato, antice
angustato, utrinque constricto, convexo, vix canaliculato, elytris densius punctatis, testaceis, vitta
humerali, apiceque truncata nigricantibus. Long. °3.

Lec. Ag. Exp.
Leptura strigilata, Fabr. El.
L. semimarginata, Rand. B. J. 2, 20.

Maine and Lake Superior. Varies with the elytra entirely fuscous.

6. A. piscorpeus.—Niger, opacus, parce pubescens, capite linea frontali levi, thorace parcius punctato,
antrorsum angustato, apice constricto, disco triangulariter valde depresso, ante basin utrinque
tuberculatim prominulo, elytris sat grosse punctatis, apice truncatis, sutura margineque toto aurantiacis.
Long. °3.

Lec. Agassiz Exp.
Pachyta discoidea, Hald. 60.

Lake Superior, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania,

7. A. prorevs.—Niger pubescens, thorace punctato, antrorsum angustato, apice constricto, disco triangulariter
modice depresso, canaliculato, ante basin utrinque prominulo, elytris punctatis, postice paulo angustatis,
apice truncatis, rufis, vel nigris, vel sutura vittisque lata fuscescentibus. Long. -4.

Lec. Agass. Exp.

Leptura Proteus, Kb. N. Z. 186.

Pachyta sublineata, Hald. 60.

Lake Superior and Pennsylvania. The feet vary from black to rufous, the base
of the femora is always rufous.

§3. Corpus crassum, elytris parallelis, ore non attenuato.

8. A. aTER.—Violaceo-niger, capite thoraceque dense punctatis, hoc antrorsum angustato lateribus medio
obtuse angulatis, elytris grossius punctatis. Long. °35.
Oregon. Mr. Wilcox. Differs from the following in the thorax which is not at
all constricted or channeled.

9. A. nicriPeNNIs.—Flavo-testaceus vix pubescens, capite fusco, thorace convexo, disco parce punctato
antrorsum angustato, profundius constricto, basi modice constricto, lateribus subangulato, elytris
punctatis, nigris. Long. -4.

Missouri. Dr. Engleman. Body short and thick, testaceous, scarcely pubescent,
head densely punctured, fuscous, mouth pale, antenne half as long as the body,
fourth joint a little shorter than the fifth, first joint pale. Thorax shining, with a
few scattered punctures, transverse, narrowed and deeply constricted in front,
posterior constriction fainter, sides obtusely angulated. Elytra twice as wide as the
taorax, scarcely twice as long as wide; punctures less deep than in the following
species, a little smaller towards the apex, which is rounded.

82

324 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

10. A. vartans.—Niger vix pubescens, capite scabro, thorace disco parce punctato, antrorsum angustato,
utrinque constricto, canaliculato, lateribus rotundatim angulatis, elytris valde punctatis, subtilius versus
apicem. Long. °4.

Missouri, Wisconsin. Dr. Engleman. Varies with the thorax rufo-testaceous, the
pleure of the thorax are thickly punctured.

11. A. THORACICUS.
Pachyta thoracica, Hald. 60.

Differs from A. varians by its densely pubescent thorax. Not having a specimen
Iam unable to point out any other character. It was found in Pennsylvania, and is in
Dr. Melsheimer’s Cabinet.

12. A. Fruscicers.—Pallida paulo pubescens, thorace parce punctato, canaliculato, antrorsum angustato,
utrinque constricto, lateribus obtuse angulatis, elytris valde punctatis latius marginatis ; pectore, capite
scabro, antennisque extrorsum fuscis. Long. -27.

Cattaraugus County, New York. Mr. Haldeman.

This species has the same form as A. varians, but is smaller, with a less convex
thorax, the lateral angles are obtuse, but not rounded, and the margin of the elytra is
much wider.

Species mihi ignota.

13. A. toncicers.—Niger punctatus, ex pube alba subincanus, capite elongato, prothorace canaliculato,
elytris luridis, litura antica, sutura apiceque nigris. Long. 4 lin.
Leptura longiceps, Kb. N. Z. 187.

Found in Lat. 54°. Similar to A. Proteus, but the posterior angles of the thorax
are not diverging.

GAUROTES.

Oculi integerrimi, prominuli.

Mesosternum antice subito deflexum, postice truncatum.
Palpi parum dilatati, apice recte truncati.

Tibiz apice recte truncate.

Habitus omnino Acmezopis §3, at mesoterno lato gibbo Rhagio similis. Corpus
obesum ; caput pone oculos sensim paulo angustatum, ore vix attenuato. Antenne
tenues elongate, articulo 4° paulo breviore. Mentum transversum antrorsum vix
angustatum. Thorax antrorsum angustatus, apice constrictus. Elytra thorace multo
latiora postice paulo angustata, apice truncata.

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 325

1. G, cyanrrennts.—Niger brevissime pubescens, capite punctato, thorace lateribus subangulato, convexo,
obsolete punctato, elytris glabris, viridicyaneis, nitidissimis, parce punctatis, punctis postice fere
obsoletis, antennis pedibusque flavis. Long. +35.—-46.

Leptura cyanipennis, Say. J. Ac. 3, 423.
Pachyta cyanipennis, Hald. 60.

P. Leonardi, { Hald. 60.

P. Servillei, Serv. Am. Ent. 4, 214.

P. Ione, Newman Entom.

Massachusetts to Carolina.

CENTRODERA.

Oculi magni globosi, antice emarginati, (minus profunde in $ .)

Mesosternum planum subtriangulare, apice truncatum.

Palpi parum dilatati ( 2) vel dilatati ($ ) apice oblique truncati.

Antenne ante oculares, elongatze, tenues, articulo 4° paulo breviore.

Tibize apice recte truncate.

Habitus Rhamnusii, at capitis forma oculisyue magnis differt. Corpus lineare,
cylindricum. Caput mox pone oculos paulo angustatum, ore non attenuato. Mentum
transversum, antice non angustatum. Thorax elongatus, cylindricus, utrinque

constrictus, lateribus acute spinosus.

1. C. pecotorata.—Rufo-testacea, capite punctato, canaliculato, thorace parce punctato, disco utrinque
gibboso, medio canaliculato, elytris valde punctatis, apice subtruncatis. Long. 1-0.

Rhamnusium ? decoloratum ! Harris Ins.

Toxotus rubidus, Dej. Cat.

T. rubidus, Hald. 58.

Niagara and Massachusetts. The male has the palpi moderately dilated, the
antenne almost as long as the body, and the unguicular joint of the anterior tarsi
depressed and dilated.

2. C. picta.—Fusca, pubescens, capite thoraceque confertissime subtiliter punctatis, subcanaliculatis elytris
fere glabris, grossius punctatis, testaceis lineis pluribus confluentibus fuscis. Long. +55.

Toxotus pictus, Hald. 58.

Pennsylvania, Rev. D. Ziegler: South Carolina. The male has the palpi very
much dilated, the antenne longer than the body, and the last joint of the anterior
tarsi depressed and dilated.

EVODINUS.

Oculi oblongi, intus parum emarginati.

Mesosternum planum, parallelum, truncatum, coxis magnis.
Palpi dilatati, oblique truncati.

Tibie apice recte truncate.

326 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

Corpus gracile utrinque angustatum. Caput mox pone oculos modice angustatum, ore attenuato. Antennz
ante oculos sitze, longze tenues. Mentum latitudine non brevius, antice subangustatum. Thorax
elongatus, antrorsum angustatus, utrinque constrictus, lateribus angulatus. Elytra postice angustata,
apice subtruncata.

This genus by its characters is very closely allied to the preceding, but it has the
form of Strangaha, with which genus the structure of its mouth entirely agrees.

1. E. montico.a.—Niger subtillissime punctatus, dense albido-pubescens, thorace canaliculato, elytris flavis
utrinque maculis 2 parvis ante medium transversim sitis, 2 majoribus ad marginem conjunctis, apiceque
nigris, antennis extrorsum rufescentibus. Long. -4,

Lec. Agassiz Exp.
Leptura monticola, Rand. B. J. 2, 27.

Lake Superior on Cornus flowers ; also on roses.

Grovr 3.

From the preceding group this is distinguished by the antenne being inserted
between the eyes, immediately at the emargination, which is deep. In most of them
the head is strongly constricted behind.

ANTHOPHYLAX, Lec.

Caput pone oculos parum constrictum ore subattenuato.
Palpi modice dilatati, labiales multo latiores.
Antenne 11-articulate, elongate, filiformes.

Habitus quamadmode Argaleo similis. Corpus utrinque subangustatum. Mentum
quadratum antice subangustatum. Thorax antrorsum angustatus, utrinque
constrictus, angulis posticis non productis, lateribus acute tuberculatus. Elytra
apice integra.

To this genus belongs Pachyta 4-maculata of Europe.

1. A. viripis.—Niger albido-pubescens, thorace dense subtilius punctato, obsolete canaliculato, elytris
viridi eneis, confertim cribrato punctatis, obsoletissime substriatis, antennis articulis basi rufescentibus.
Long. °7.

Lec. Agass. Exp.

Eagle Harbour, Lake Superior.

2. A. MaLacuiticus.—Violaceus, vel cyaneus, nitidus, thorace dense minus subtiliter punctato,
subcanaliculato, elytris confertim cribrato-punctatis, tibiis tarsis, genubusque nigris, femoribus lete
flavis. Long. °52.

Lec. Agass. Exp.

Lepturu malachitica, Hald. 64.

Stenura cyanea, Hald. Pr. A. N.S., 3, 151.
Pachyta Leonardw ! Harris Ms.

Lake Superior, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania.

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 327

STRANGALIA, Serv.

Caput pone oculos subito valde constrictum.

Palpi parum dilatati, recte truncati, labiales non latiores.

Antenne 11-articulato, vel filiformes, vel vix serrate.

Thorax angulis posticis productis,

As thus defined, this group will contain many Pachyta of authors, and the greater
part of Serville’s genus Grammopiera. That the labor of determining the species
might be lessened, I have endeavored to arrange them according to their affinities

into the following sections.

A. Thoracis angulis posticis acutis.

1. Corpus attenuatum, thorace apice tubulato, constrictoque, basi impresso. Sp. 1—3.
2. Thorace postice impresso, angulis non deflexis, elytris triangularibus, apice emarginatis fronte

triangulariter impressa. Sp. 4—7.

3. Corpus valde attenuatum, thorace haud impresso, angulis non deflexis, elytris dehiscentibus, apice
excisis. Sp. 8—15.

Corpus angustum lineare, elytris lineolatis, truncatis, grosse punctatis. Sp. 16—17.

5. Elytris parallelis, concoloribus, grosse punctatis, thorace haud impresso: corpus minus angustatum.
Sp. 18—24.

6. Elytris dehiscentibus, grosse punctatis thorace postice profunde impresso. Sp. 25.

7. Thorace convexo, elytris triangularibus, maculatis, fronte ad apicem haud impressa. Sp, 26—30.

B. Thoracis angulis posticis laminatim productis. Sp. 31—32.

4

A.—1.

1. S. scataris.—Valde elongata, picea, dense subtiliter rugose-punctata, pubescens, thorace longiusculo,
antrorsum angustato, utrinque constricto, canaliculato, lateribus subsinuatis, elytris medio coarctatis,
apice dehiscentibus, rotundatisque, macula communi subsellata, ad medium flavo-pubescente, palpis
antennisque rufis. Long. -95.

Leptura scalaris, Say. J. A. N.S. 5, 278.

Found at Saratoga, and given to me by Mr. James Thomson.

2. S. coarcrata.—Valde elongata, picea, dense subtiliter rugose-punctata, pubescens, thorace campanulato, °
utrinque subconstricto, elytris medio coarctatis, basi rufescentibus, apice dehiscentibus, rotundatisque,

abdomine rufescente. Long. 8 lin. lat. 2.
Toxotus coarctatus, Hald. 59 : Dej. Cat.

Pennsylvania. Mus. Mels. Very similar to the preceding, but the thorax is bell-
shaped and rounded on the sides.
83

328 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

3. S. pmarcinaTa.—Elongata, nigra nitida, parcius pubescens, thorace antrorsum angustato, postice
impresso, lateribus subangulatis, elytris triangularibus, aurantiacis, dense pubescentibus, punctatisque,
apice emarginata, late nigra. Long. 1-0.

Leptura emarginata, Fabr. El. 2, 356. Ol. 73, 3, 6.

Stenura emarginata, De}. Cat.: Hd. 62.

The male has a narrower body, and the last joint of the abdomen is deeply and
widely emarginate.

A.—2.

4. S. optirerata.—Elongata, pubescens, capite rufo, valde canaliculato, fronte, oculorum marginibus,
maxillis, gulaque nigris, thorace valde punctato, campanulato, subcanaliculato, lateribus subangulatis,
elytris confertim punctatis, flavis, maculis utrinque 2 ante medium, altera magna ad medium
alteraque ante apicem nigricantibus apice rufa intus emarginata, pedibus rufis genubus posticis, tarsisque
nigris. Long. 65.

Stenura obliterata, Hald. 62.
Oregon. Mr. Wilcox.

5. S. peteta.—Testacea capite profunde canaliculato, supra nigricante, thorace campanulato, antrorsum
parum angustato, valde punctato, disco late nigricante, elytris maculis utrinque 3 (anteriore parva)
nigricantibus, apice rufa intus emarginata, antennis pectore, genubus posticis, tarsisque nigris.
Long. -48.

Massachusetts. Dr. Zimmerman.

Testaceous yellow, pubescent. Head deeply channeled, black above with the
antennal protuberances pale. Antenne elongate, black, indistinctly annulate.
Thorax bell-shaped, a little wider than the head, longer than wide, scarcely narrowed
in front, where it is rounded and constricted, base slightly impressed ; disc densely
punctured, obsoletely channeled, blackish. The margins broadly testaceous. Elytra
at base wider than the thorax, slightly dehiscent at the tip, which is emarginate
inwards: they are testaceous, thickly punctured, each marked with a small lateral
blackish spot behind the humerus, and two other large ones extending almost to the
suture: tip rufous as far as the posterior spot. Beneath testaceous, prosternum,
pectus, tarsi, and tip of the posterior femora and tibie black.

6. S. susyamata.—Elongata, nigra pubescens, capite canaliculato, thorace elongato, campanulato subtilius
dense punctato, postice profundius impresso, elytris grossius punctatis, macula hamata basali, alteraque
elongata pone medium flavis, apice intus emarginata, antennis annulatis, femorum basi, coxisque flavis.
Long. °5.

Hald. 61.

Leptura subhamata, Rand. B. I. 2, 44.
Stenura armata ! Hald. 63,

Leptura interrupta? Nm. Entom.

Massachusetts to Pennsylvania. Rare.

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 239

7. S. ELnGans.—Elongata, flavo testacea, pubescens, capite valde canaliculato, vertice fusco, thorace
subtilius punctato, antrorsum angustato, lateribus parum sinuato, postice impresso, linea longitudinali
nigra, elytris grossius punctatis, apice intus emarginatis, margine sutura, fascia ad medium, maculaque

marginali pone humeros nigris : pedibus posticis nigris basi flavis, antennis annulatis articulo 1™° antice
flavo. Long. -6.

Stenura eleguns, Dej. and Hald. ined.

Saratoga. Mr. James Thomson. Found also in Pennsylvania. The intermediate
femora have a black spot on the inner surface.

A—=s.

8. S. sex-noraTa.—Valde elongata, rufo-testacea, thorace campanulato, antrorsum angustato, valde
punctato, lateribus rotundato, elytris apice acutis, grossius punctatis, sutura maculisque utrinque tribus
nigris : antennis pectore pedibusque nigris, his basi flavis. Long. -42.

Hald. 61. Dej. Cat.

Georgia. Rare.

9. S. stricosa.—Valde elongata, rufa, punctata, flavo-pubescens, thorace elongato, antrorsum angustato,
lateribus subsinuato, utrinque testaceo, margine basali apicalique nigris, disco lineis duabus obsolete
nigricantibus, elytris apice acutis, divaricatis, basi, faciisque 2 nigro cinctis flavis ad medium, coxis
femoribusque versus apicem fuscis. Long. -55.

Newman Entomologist.

Inhabits East Florida. Dr. Zimmerman. The male of this and the other species

of this group have long antenne, and the last joint of the abdomen is deeply
excavated.

10. S. srcotor.—Valde elongata rufa pubescens, thorace elongato, antrorsum angustato, lateribus vix sinuato

subtilius dense punctato, disco utrinque obscuriore, elytris nigris, apice acutis divaricatis. Long. +55.
Dej. Cat. : Hald. 61.

Leptura bicolor, Swed. Act. Holm. 3, 197: Say. J. Ac. 3, 418.
New York to Alabama.

11. S. uTErcornis.—Valde elongata, testacea pubescens, dense punctata, thorace elongato, antrorsum
angustato nigro bivittato, elytris apice acutis, puncto humerali, fasciisque 3 nigris, femoribus posticis
apice nigris. Long. -5,

Dej. Cat.: Hald. 61.
Leptura luteicornis, Fabr. El. 2, 361. Ol. 73, 3, 4.

New York, Maryland, Georgia.

12. S. ossoreTa.—Valde elongata, subtus nigra, abdomine testacea, supra flavo-testacea, dense punctata
pubescens, thorace elongato, antrorsum angustato, lateribus vix sinuatis, angulis posticis parum
divergentibus, nigro bivittato, elytris apice acutis, maculis utrinque duabus posteriore fere ad suturam

extendente, antennis, tibiis femoribus posticis ad apicem, tarsisque nigris. Long. -47.
Hald. 1. c. 61.

330 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

Pennsylvania: Haldeman. Very similar to certain varieties of the next species,
but the angles of the thorax are less divergent, and the abdomen is testaceous.

13. S. rameLica.—Valde elongata, subtus nigra, supra flavo-testacea, dense punctata, capite fusco, thorace
antrorsum angustato, lateribus subsinuatis, angulis posticis nigris, divergentibus, nigro bivittato, elytris
apice acutis, macula parva laterali ad medium, alteraque pone medium nigricantibus, antennis nigris
pedibus posticis (femorum basi excepta) fuscis. Long. °5.

Nm. Entomol.

Maryland, Alabama, Missouri. Varies with a yellow head and obsolete elytral
spots.

14. S. acuminata.—Valde elongata, nigra, cinero-pubescens, thorace elongato, antrorsum angustato,
lateribus subrectis, confertim punctato, linea postica dorsali levi, elytris testaceis, sutura margine,
apiceque acuta nigricantibus. Long. °37.

Leptura acuminata, Ol. 73, 3, 35.
Strangalia emaciata, Nm. Ent. : Hald. 61.

The abdomen is sometimes testaceous. New York and Pennsylvania.

15. S. untcotor.—Valde elongata, nigra punctata, thorace elongato, antrorsum angustato, linea postica
dorsali levi, in fovea parva desinente. Long. 5 lin.
Hald. 1. c. 62.

Pennsylvania, Mus. Mels.

.

A.—4.

16. S. rinEoLra.—Valde elongata, nigra cinero-pubescens, thorace converso, latitudine sesqui longiore,
lateribus modice rotundatis, confertissime punctato, elytris grossius punctatis, postice parum angustatis
apice truncatis, testaceis, sutura linea dorsali fere integra, margine subinterrupta, apiceque nigris,
antennis annulatis, pedibus testaceis tarsis fuscis. Long. -4.

Leptura lineola, Say. J, Ac. 3, 421.
Stenura lineola, Hald. 63.

Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Carolina.

17. S. LaTERALIS.—Elongata, nigra pubescens, thorace valde convexo, latitudine vix longiore, lateribus
rotundato, confertissime punctato, elytris postice subangustatis, apice truncatis, grossius punctatis
testaceis sutura linea dorsali subintegra, marginali subinterrupta, apiceque nigris, antennis annulatis,
pedibus testaceis, tarsis fuscis. Long. -35—-45.

Leptura lateralis, Mels. Cat.
L. indirecta ? Nm. Entom,
Stenura cincta, Hald. 63.

S. lineoluta, De}. Cat.

Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York. Very similar to the preceding but a little
broader, and with a less elongate thorax. It may prove to be a variety, as I have but
a single specimen with an elongate thorax. I have changed the name given by Mr.
Haldeman, as there is already a Leptura cincta in Kurope.

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 331

A.—5.

18. S, amertcana.—Elongata, parallela, nigra pubescens, capite thoracique Ixte rufis, subtiliter punctatis,
hoc antrorsum subangustato, lateribus sinuatis, utrinque ad basin impresso, elytris confertim punctatis,
apice vix truncatis. Long. -5.

Stenura americana, Hald. 63.
S. fulvicollis, Dej. Cat.

Georgia and Ohio. Very rare. Drs. LeConte and Schaum.

19. S. carirata.—Elongata, parallela, nigra pubescens, capite thoraceque lete rufis, minus subtiliter
punctatis, hoc conyexo, antrorsum angustato lateribus rotundato, medio versus basin transversim
impresso, elytris grossius minus confertim punctatis. Long. °3.

Leptura capitata, Nm. Ent.
Grammoptera capitata, Hald. 65.

Georgia. Missouri, Michigan. Rare.

20, S. ruricotiis.—Elongata, parallela, nigra pubescens, thorace rufo convexo, antrorsum angustato,
lateribus rotundato, confertim subtilius punctato, elytris dense minus subtiliter punctatis, apice
rotundatis, pedibus anticis rufescentibus. Long. +24.

Leptura ruficollis, Say. J. Ac. 3, 421.
L. hematites, Nm. Entom.
Grammoptera ruficollis, Hald. 66.

Massachusetts to Carolina.

21. S. susarcentata.—Elongata parallela, nigra, pube albida sparsim vestita, capite thoraceque subtiliter
confertissime punctatis, hoc longiusculo, antrorsum subangustato, lateribus ante medium rotundatus
linea dorsali postica levi, elytris minus subtiliter punctatis, apice rotundatis. Long. -27.

Leptura subargentata, Kb. N. Z. 184 . /

North side of Lake Superior.

22. S. cuatypea.—Subelongata, parallela, parum pubescens, capite thoraceque dense subtiliter punctatis,
nigris, hoc quadrato, lateribus parallelis, capite non latiore, elytris cyaneis, parcius grosse punctatis,
apice rotundatis, antennis pedibusque flavis. Long. -18.

Pachyta chalybea, Hald. 60.
Pennsylvania. Rare. Dr. Melsheimer. The sides of the thorax are parallel
almost to the apex, where they are suddenly rounded.

23, S. summis.—Caput nigrum, antennz fusce, articulo basali flavido; thorax niger, lanugine aurea obsitus,
elytra punctata, nigra, propedes flavidi, meso et metapedes femoribus basi flavidis apice nigris, tibiis
tarsisque fuscis. Long. +225. (Nm.)

Leptura similis, Kb. N. Z. 185.
Leptura exigua, Nm. Ent.

I have not met with this species.
84

332 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

24. S, wana.—Nigra puncta, ore ferrugineo, propedes pallidi, femorum macula elongata nigra meso et
meta-pedes nigri femoribus basi pallidis. Long. °175.

Leptura nana, Newman Ent.

Nor with this.

A.—6.

25, S, crventaTa.—Minus elongata, nigra nitida parum pubescens, capite thoraceque parce subtiliter
punctatis, hoc antrorsum magis angustato, lateribus subsinuato, postice depresso, profundeque impresso,
angulis posticis magis productis, elytris apice valde dehiscentibus, subtruncatis, grossius punctatis
lateribus cruentatis, abdomine femoribusque posticis basi sanguineis. Long. 4.

Stenura cruentata, Hald. 64.

Pennsylvania. Rare. Dr. Melsheimer.

A.—7.

26. S. quacca.—Modice elongata, nigra subtiliter confertim punctata, valde aureo-pubescens, fronte flava,
thorace convexo, campanulato, lateribus subangulato, disco transversim nigro, elytris thorace duplo

latioribus, postice angustatis, apice truncatis, nigris fasciis 4 lete flavis, 1™° ad suturam latiore, pedibus
rufo-testaceis, antennis fuscis. Long. -4—-52.

Leptura quagga, Germ. Ins, Nov. 521.
Leptura aurigera, Nm. Ent.
Stenura Zebrata t Hald. 62.

Pennsylvania, Georgia, New York.

27. S. corpirrra.—Breviuscula, utrinque angustata, valde tomentosa nigra subtiliter punctata thorace
convexo, antrorsum valde angustato, lateribus rotundatis subsinuatis, elytris apice dehiscentibus,
subacutis flavis, maculis duabus lateralibus apiceque nigris, Long. -42.

Leptura cordifera, Ol. 73, 41.
Pachyta cordifera, Dej. Cat.: Hald. 59.

New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland. Varies with the suture and anterior
subsutural spot black.

28. S. mvstapitis.—Breviuscula, utrinque angustata, valde tomentosa, nigra confertim minus subtiliter
punctata, thorace convexo, antrorsum valde angustato, lateribus modice rotundatis subsinuatis, elytris
apice dehiscentibus subacutis flavis, sutura macula magna cordata communi ante medium, duabusque
magnis sublateralibus apiceque nigris, his vitta parva conjunctis, Long. +46.

Pachyta instabilis, Hald. 59.

Oregon. Mr. Wilcox. Very similar to the preceding but the punctures are
larger, and the black spots are longitudinally confluent.

29. S. convexa.—Breviuscula utrinque angustata, nigra pubescens, confertim punctata thorace campanulato,
lateribus antice rotundatis, subtiliter canaliculato, elytris dehiscentibus flavis, margine basali sutura
fasciis 2 interruptis apiceque nigris, hac rotundata. Long. -4,

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 333

Oregon. Wilcox. Resémbles the next species, but is broader and the thorax is
very differently formed.

30. S. sex-macutaTa.—Minus elongata, nigra dense punctata pubescens, thorace convexo, campanulato,
lateribus ad medium subangulatis, antice valde obliquis non rotundatis, elytris flavis, lateribus subsinuatis,
apice subtruncatis, paulo dehiscentibus, margine basali, sutura fasciis 2 interruptis apiceque nigris;
antennis tibiis tarsisque rufescentibus. Long. +4.

Leptura 6-maculata, Lin.: Kb. N. Z. 182 .

The anterior fascia is composed on each side of 3 confluent spots. I have a variety

in which the second fascia is entire and much dilated in front. The antenne are
nearly as long as the body, with the fourth joint short.

By

31, S. nrcreLta.—Longiuscula nigra confertim punctata, nigro-pubescens, thorace pube nigra erecta
densius vestito, antrorsum angustato, utrinque constricto, linea dorsali tenui levi, elytris apice oblique
emarginatis, punctis postice subtilioribus. Long. +65.

Leptura nigrella, Say. J. A. N.S. 5, 279.
Stenura nigrellu, Hald. 63.

Lake Superior to Georgia.

32. S. pLepesa.—Longiuscula, nigra confertim punctata, thorace longiusculo, pube longa tenui flava densius
piloso, antrorsum parum angustato, linea tenui dorsali levi, elytris apice oblique emarginatis, testaceis
punctis postice subtilioribus. Long. +52.

Leptura plebeja! Rand. B. Jr. 2, 28.

Maine and Lake Superior. Very similar to the preceding, but the thorax is
rather more elongate, and the hair with which it is covered is yellow, and not
erect.

Species mihi ignota, sectionis incerte.
33, S. TENuIor.—Nigra pube flava, elytris flavo 4-fasciatis, pedibus abdomineque testaceis. Long.
52 lin,
Leptura tenuior, Kb. N. Z. 181.

Canada. Resembles Leptura 4-fasciata of Europe. Probably belongs to A.—3.

TYPOCERUS.

Caput pone oculos subito valde constrictum.

Palpi vix dilatati, labiales non latiores.

Antenne sub-12-articulate, articulis 6-11 compressis utrinque impressis.
Thorax angulis posticis productis.

334 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

This genus is very close to the preceding, and only differs in the structure of the
antenne. These organs in the male are rather thick, with the sixth and following
joints compressed. Carinated on the edge, with a denuded granulated elliptical
impression of each side; the eleventh joint is constricted in the middle and furnished
with two pairs of impressions. In the female the antenne are less compressed, the
side not carinated, the impressions are smaller than in the male, those on the external
surface being sometimes scarcely visible. ‘The body is arched, and narrowed at each
end.

A. Antennarum articulo 6” impresso.

1. T. zesratus.—Niger, fulvo pubescens, thorace grosse confertim punctato, margine utrinque aureo
villoso, lateribus vix rotundatis, elytris sat dense punctatis, apice dehiscentibus intus emarginatis, fasciis
4 flavis, basali arcuata ; pedibus rufis, tarsis nigris. Long. :-4—:55.
Leptura zebrata, Fabr. El. 2, 364,
L. zebra, Ol. 73, 3, 33.
L. nitens ? Forster Cent. Ins. 45.
Stenura zebra, Hald. 62.

New York to Georgia. Common.

2. T. rucax.—Niger, dense fulvo-pubescens, thorace confertim subtilius punctato, lateribus parum
rotundatis, elytris rufis sat dense punctatis apice dehiscentibus, intus emarginatis, rufis fasciis 4 flavis
plus minusve obsoletis, margine basali nigro, ano pedibusque rufis, tarsis fuscis. Long. -46.

Leptura fugax, Fabr. El. 2, 359.
L. velutina, Ol. 73, 3, 32.

In the male the abdomen is frequently entirely rufous. Found everywhere.

3. T. tunatus.—Niger pubescens, thorace convexo, grossius foveatim punctato, margine postico aureo-
piloso, elytris sat dense punctatis, apice paulo dehiscentibus, intus emarginatis, macula utrinque arcuata
basali fulva, humeris relictis nigris. Long. +36.

Leptura lunata, Fabr. 2, 360.
Stenura lunata, Dej. Hald. 63.
Leptura arcuata, Ol. 73, po. 46 : tab. 4, 47.

Pennsylvania to Georgia.

4, T.Lucusris.—Niger pubescens, thorace convexo, subtilius punctato, lateribus modice rotundatis,
scutello argenteo-piloso, elytris confertim subtilius punctatis, apice dehiscentibus intus emarginatis.
Long. -4:.

Leptura lugubris, Say. J. Ac. 3, 419.
Stenura lugubris, Hald. 63.

New York, Pennsylvania.

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 335

B. Antennarum articulo 6" haud impresso.

5. T. stnuatus.—Niger dense fulvyo-pubescens, confertim punctatus, thorace convexo, subcanaliculato,
lateribus rotundato, margine antico posticoque aureo-villoso, elytris flavis, sutura fascia ante medium,
alteraque extrorsum latiore pone medium, macula laterali ad medium, apiceque nigris, pedibus rufis.
Long. °5.

Leptura sinuata, Nm. Entom.
Var. Stenura 8-notata, Hald. 62.

Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Missouri Territory. The bands of the elytra are
sometimes rufous : sometimes too they are reduced to submarginal spots: the latter is
the variety described by Haldeman. For a very complete series of this species I am
indebted to my friend Professor Agassiz.

Species forte hujus gencris, mihi ignote.

6. T. pistans,—Thorace conico, punctatus, ater, fascia inter oculos thoracisque lateribus fulvis, elytris apice
latioribus, subtruncatis.
Lptura distans, Germ. Ins. Nov. 524.

Kentucky. On account of the peculiar form of the elytra, this species may belong
to Euryptera, Serv.

7. T. uateratis.—Ater thoracis lateribus humerisque elytrorum rufis.
Leptura lateralis, Ol. 73, 3, 37.

The figure represents 1t as being of the size and form of T’. dunatus.

a

8. T. saprus.—Niger aureo-lanuginosus, elytris badiis, vestigiis incertis flavis, pedes badii, thorax crebro
punctis punctatus puncti magnis profundis. Long. -65.
Leptura badia, Nm. Entom.

Seems to be similar to T. fugaz, but much larger.

9, T. noprt1s,—Aureo lanuginosus, caput et thorax fusca, antenne nigre, elytra flava, apicibus humerisque
ferrugineis, fasciis 3 nigris ornata, thorax subtiliter punctatus, pedes et abdomen lutea. Long. ‘5.
Leptura nobilis, Nm. Entom.

He says it is similar to T. fugaz, and zebratus.

10. T. aspominatis.—Niger abdomine sanguineo, ano nigro. Long. 8 lin.
Stenura abdominalis, Dej. Cat. Hald. 63.

Georgia.

336 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

LEPTURA, Lin.

Leptura, Dej. Trigonarthis, Dej. Grammoptera, Serv.

Caput pone oculos subito valde constrictum.
Palpi vix dilatati, labiales vix latiores.

Antenne 11-articulate, articulis haud impressis.
Thorax angulis posticis haud productis.

Differs from Strangalia in the form of the thorax alone. Our species may be
arranged into seven groups, as follows :

A. Thorace postice modice constricto, elytris triangularibus fere glabris, grossius punctatis.
a. Elytris apice incisis. Sp. 1—3.
b. Elytris divaricatis, fere integris. Sp. 4—5.
B. Thorace longiusculo, utrinque subconstricto, elytris parallelis, truncatis fere glabris. Sp. 6—8.
C. Thorace globoso, utrinque constricto, elytris parallelis integris. Sp. 9.
D. Thorace convexo, canaliculato, lateribus subangulato.
a. Elytris parallelis parum pubescentibus. Sp. 10—11.
b. Elytris triangularibus truncatis, valde pubescentibus. Sp. 12—14.
FE. Thorace lateribus parum rotundato, elytris elongatis, vix triangularibus. Sp. 15—18.

A.—a.

1. L. canapensis.—Nigra parum pubescens, thorace elongatulo, antrorsum angustato, cribratim punctato,
elytris dense grosseque punctatis, punctis versus apicem subtilioribus, basi sanguineis. Long. -47—-65.
% antennis elongatis serratis concoloribus. L. tenuicornis, Hald. 64.
Q antennis articulis 3, 4, 5, 7 et 9 basi pallidis, 6 et 8 pallidis apice nigris.
L. canadensis, Fabr. El. 2, 357: Ol. 73, 27.

Georgia, New York, Canada.

2, C. eryraroprera.—Nigra parum pubescens, thorace latitudine non longiore, antrorsum angustato,
lateribus rotundatis, cribroso ; elytris sanguineis dense grossius punctatis, subtilius versus apicem.
Long. °7.

Kirby N. Z. 180.
Leptura cinnamoptera, Hald. 64.

New York and Missouri Territory. I have never seen a male: the female has
antenne like the preceding. Mr. Haldeman changed the name of this species,
believing Kirby’s to be preoccupied by Germar: but Say’s Leptura rubrica having
priority by one year, this necessity is obviated.

3. L. ruBrica.—Nigra, thorace flavo pubescente, longiusculo, antrorsum angustato, lateribus rotundatis,
cribroso, elytris sanguineis, minus dense grosse punctatis, subtilius versus apicem, antennis articulis
6—10 pallidis apice nigris. Long. -45—-6.

Say J. A. N.S. 3, 418, (1824:.)

Leptura erythroptera, Germ. Ins. Nov. 522, (1825.)

New York to Georgia. ‘The male has the abdomen sanguineous.

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 337

A.—b.

4. L. circumpata.—Nigra, breviter parce pubescens, thorace elongatulo, subcampanulato, cribroso, elytris
grosse punctatis, pallidis margine apiceque nigris. Long. +27.
Ol. 73, 4, 48.: Hald. 65.

Pennsylvania ; rare.

5. L. vacans.—Nigra thorace pubescente, globoso, antrorsum angustato, cribroso, elytris grosse punctatis,
apice valde dehiscentibus, antennis articulis 6—10 basi pallidis. Long. -42.
Variat. a. humeris sunguineo rufis: Ol. 73, 46.
gs. macula humerali, alteraque magna apicali rufis.
y- elytris fulvo-rufis, sutura maculaque discoidali communi nigris.
8. elytris fulvo-testaceis.
L. brevis, Kb. N. Z. 182.

Pennsylvania and New York.

B.

6. L. 8-norata.—Valde elongata, nigra nitida pube flava erecta parce vestita, thorace elongato, utrinque
impresso, subtilius punctato, elytris thorace plus sesqui latioriLus subparallelis minus dense punctatis,
maculis utrinque 4 seriatim posticis flavis, pedibus posticis basi cum tarsis flavis. Long. -45.

Say J. A.N.S. 3, 419.
Leptura sticticu, Nm. Entom.
Var. LZ. 4-punctata, Hald. 64.

New York, Pennsylvania and Mississippi. The variety is in Dr. Melsheimer’s
collection : in it the two anterior pairs of spots are obsolete.

5)

7. L. virrata.—Elongata nigra nitida parce pubescens, capite dense punctato, plaga pone oculos levi,
thorace elongata, postice impresso, parce punctato, densius ad latera, elytris parallelis, apice
subtruncatis, thorace latioribus, versus scutellum impressis, minus dense grossius punctatis, subtilius ad
apicem, vitta lutea a basi ultra medium extendente. Long. 45.

Ol. 73, 45.
Leptura abbreviata, Germ. Ins. Nov.
L. semivittata, Kirby N. Z. 183.

New York, Alabama. The third, fourth, and fifth joints of the antenne are equal.
The outline of the vitta is sinuous externally. The luteous color sometimes extends
to the margin. The female has a shorter and more inflated thorax.

8. L. pusera.—Nigra nitida cinereo-pubescens, thorace convexo, latitudine non longiore, subcampanulato,
lateribus rotundato, dense punctato, parcius in disco, elytris subparallelis apice truncato-emarginatis,
grossius minus dense punctatis, subtilius versus apicem. Long. -3—-37.

Say J. A. N.S. 5, 279.
New York, Georgia, Lake Superior. The male has the thorax elongate and

scarcely rounded on the sides.

338 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

C.

9, L. srHaricotiis.—Nigra nitida, capite thoraceque impunctatis, hoc glabro, utrinque valde constricto,
elytris parallelis, apice rotundatis, sat dense punctatis, breviter cinereo-pubescentibus, pedibus plus
minusve testaceis. Long. °32.

Say J. A. N.S. 5, 280.

Leptura paupercula, Nm. Entom.

Varies with the thorax rufo-piceous. Leptura allecta? Nm. Ent.
Lake Superior, New York, Ohio.

D.—a.

10. L. nuruta.—Nigro-picea, subnitida, capite thoraceque confertissime punctatis hoc campanulato,
lateribus angulato, disco longitudinaliter late impresso, elytris parallelis testaceo-rufis, sat dense

punctatis, breviter pubescentibus, apice oblique subtruncatis, pedibus rufis, genubus tarsisque nigris.
Long. 37. ,
Pachyta rufula, Hald. 60.

Lake Superior. The fourth joint of the antenne is shorter than the fifth.

11. L. prrorts.—Testacea, parce pubescens, capite thoraceque fuscis, confertim punctatis, hoc conyexo,
antrorsum angustato, utrinque valde constricto, profunde canaliculato, elytris postice subangustatis,
apice oblique truncatis, densius punctatis, subtilius versus apicem macula laterali ad medium fusca.
Long. -45—6.

Newman Ent. : Hald. 64.

New York and Pennsylvania. June: rare. The fourth joint of the antenne is
shorter than the fifth.

D.—2.
12. L. proxima.—Latiuscula, nigra, capite thoraceque pube erecta flava dense vestitis, confertissime

punctatis, hoc brevi, convexo, antrorsum valde angustato, lateribus subangulatis, basi profunde
constricto, disco late canaliculato, elytris luteo-testaceis, confertim punctatis, apice truncata late nigra.
Long. :55—:7.

Say J. A. N.S. 3, 420.

Leptura subpubescens, Kb. N. Z. 180.

Trigonarthris prorima, Hald. 65,

T. terminata, Dej. Cat.

Lake Superior, Missouri Territory, Maine, and Pennsylvania : rare.

The male is narrower and shaped like L. chrysocoma. 'This species with the next
constitutes Dejean’s genus Tvigonarthris. ‘They only differ from other Lepiure in
having the intermediate tarsi as broad and as short as the anterior pair. ‘They are,
however, more dilated in the males, and, moreover, are not alike in all Lepture: for
these reasons I have thought it more natural to replace these species among the
genuine Lepture.

OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 339

13, L. arrata.—Brevis nigra, capite thoraceque pube erecta flava dense vestitis, confertim punctatis, hoc
convexo, antrorsum valde angustato, basi constricto, lateribus subangulatis disco subcanaliculato, elytris
postice angustatis confertim punctatis, subtilius versus apicem, hoc late truncato. Long, -56.

Trigonarthris atrata, Dej. Cat.

Georgia : very rare.

14.—L. curysocoma.—Niger dense aureo-pubescens, thorace cribroso, convexo, antrorsum valde angustato
lateribus valde rotundatis, postice modice constricto subcanaliculato, elytris postice angustatis,
apice truncatis, rufo-testaceis, margine postice infuscato, confertissime subtiliter rugose punctatis.
Long. -6.

Kirby N. Z. 179: tab. 5, fig. 2.
Leptura iridis, Dej. Cat.
Found in the Northern part of New York, and at Lake Superior on roses and iris

The male is narrower than the female, and has longer antenne.

BE.

15. L. avriemis.—Nigra dense aureo-pubescens, thorace confertissime punctato, convexo, antrorsum
modice angustato, lateribus paulo rotundatis, canaliculato, elytris postice angustatis, apice truncatis,
rufo-testaceis, confertissime subtiliter punctato rugosis, ano, tibiis tarsisque rufis. Long. -6.

Santa Fé, New Mexico. This species is very similar to the preceding, but the
form of the thorax at once distinguishes it.

Subelongate, black, densely covered with golden hair, head and thorax densely
punctured, the latter scarcely as wide as long, somewhat narrowed in front, slightly
constricted behind, disc convex finely canaliculate, sides slightly rounded. Elytra
one-half wider than the thorax, narrowed behind, where they are slightly divergent
ard truncate, rufo-testaceous, covered with very fine punctures. Beneath black,
covered with golden hair, margin of the abdominal segments and anus testaceous.
Feet black, tibie and tarsi rufous.

16. L. rrpratis.—Nigra, breviter flavo-pubescens, capite thoraceque confertissime punctatis, hoc convexo
antice parum angustato, apice basique constricto, lateribus vix rotundato, elytris confertim punctatis,
subparallelis, apice paulo dehiscentibus, introrsum oblique leviter truncatis, macula laterali ad medium,

altera majore pone medium apiceque nigris, tibiis tarsisque flavis, illis apice fuscis. Long. -43.
Lec. in Agass. Exp.
One specimen. St. Ignace, Lake Superior.
17. L. quavricotiis.—Elongata, nigra capite thoraceque confertissime punctatis, dense flavo-pilosis, hoc

quadrato, convexo, antrorsum non angustato, elytris postice subangustatis, grossius sat dense punctats.
Long, -41.

Vermont. Professor C. B. Adams. Elongate black, beneath covered with thick
yellow pubescence, head and thorax very thickly punctured, almost granulate, the
&6

340 LE CONTE.—LONGICORN COLEOPTERA

latter square, not narrowed in front, apex very slightly constricted, disc convex,
covered with long erect yellow hair. Elytra a little wider than the thorax, slightly
narrowed behind; disc depressed, tip scarcely truncate ; tolerably thickly covered
with large punctures, which become smaller behind. Antenne nearly as long as
the body, third and fourth joints shorter than the fifth.

18, L. murasitis.—Elongata depressa, nigra breviter cinereo-pubescens, capite thoraceque confertissime
punctatis, hoc quadrato, antrorsum parum angustato, utringe leviter impresso, elytris postice vix
angustatus, apice subtruncatis, dense punctatis, nunc nigris, nunc testaceis apice nigris. Long. -4.—-52.

Newman Entom.

Leptura luridipennis, Hald. 65.

Found from Lake Superior to Alabama.

Species hujus generis mihi ignote.

19. L. iwrerrupta.— Hirta parallela, nigra utriusque elytri vitta ante medium interrupta testacea, caput
et thorax hirta nullo modo nitida; elytra crebre punctata, sternum et abdomen lanugine argentea
obsita. Long. -425.’

Newman Ent.

20. L. visex.—Caput nigrum ore flavido, antennis fuscis, thorax convexus, nitidus niger ; elytra nigra,
utriusque vitta albida e basi ultra medium extendente, pedes pallidi, profemoribus macula minuta, meso-
et meta-femoribus apice late nigris. Long. -325.
Newman Ent.

“Allied to Leptura longicornis, Kirby.” The shape of the head and eyes is not
mentioned. This species may be an Acmeops.

21. L. curosa.—‘Linearis, nigra supra nitida, subtus argenteo-sericea, gularufescente, elytris vitta postice
abbreviata lutea, apice truncatis. Long. 5 lin.’
Kirby N. Z. 184.

Nova Scotia. Very near to L. vittata, but the throat is red, and the fifth joint of
the antenne is longer than the fourth.
Species ignote, generis incerti.

‘Pacnyta Liturata.—Atra villoso-incana, elytris nudis, luridis, lituris tribus nigris, anticis duabus
subparallelis. Long. 7—9 lin.’
Kirby N. Z. 178.

Vide note to Argaleus nitens.

Leprura Bivittata.—Elytra pale yellowish white, with two black vitte on each. Long. 2.5 inch.
Inhabits Missouri.
Say J. A.N S. 3, 416.

The thorax is obtusely tuberculate on the sides, the elytra rounded at the tip. It
seems to be a Tozotus.

(To be continued.)

Accepitre Cooper,
fuscus,
Acmezops ater,
discordeus,
fusciceps,
longiceps,
longicornis,
militaris,
nigripennis,
Proteus,
quadrivittatus,
strigilatus,
subpilosus,
thoracicus,
varians,
Acholotes guttatus,
maculatus,
Acteon Andersoni,
Actiturus Bartramius,
Agelaius tricolor,
gubenator,
pheniceus,
xanthocephalus,
Allophyllum, (S. g.)
Ambystoma,
episcopus,
lurida,

macrodactyla,

mavortia,
opaca,
punctata,
subviolacea,
tigrina,

Amphidesma Mississipiensis,

perovata,
Amphiuma didactylum,

INDEX.

281, 283,
284,

283,
284,

28 | Amphiuma means,

28
323
323
324
324
321
322
323
323
322
323
322
324
324

tridactylum,
Anapsis flavipennis,
Anas acuta,
boschas,
caudacuta,
Anoplodera 4-vittata,
Anser canadensis,
erythropus,
Hutchinsii,
Anthophylax melachites,
vividis,
Anthus Ludovicianus,
Aphodius abditus,
atterrimus,
concavus,
corvinus,
curtus,
denticulatus,
fimentarius,
levigatus,
lutulentus,
metallicus,
oblongus,
pinguis,
ruricolla,
stercorator,
spretulus,
spretus,
strigatus,
Apium graveoleus,
Aplopappus rubiginosus,

Archibuteo Sancti Johannis,

Ardea Herodias,
minor,
occidentalis,

342

Ardeola exilis,
Argaleus attenuatus,
nitens,
Asclera lateralis,
notoxoides,
puncticollis,
ruficollis,
signaticollis,
thoracica,
Asclepias macrophylla,
Astragalus catalinensis,
nigrescens,
Athene socialis,
Avicula argentea,
Axolotl,

Bartonia multiflora,
Bassilosaurus,
cetordes,

Geological position of,

serratus,
squalodon,
Rassareus clathratus,
congestus,
Batraceps,

Batrachia, N. American Tailed

Batrachoseps attenuata,
quadridigitata,
Belostoma, Anatomy of
grande,
haldemanum,
Indica,

Belostomum grande,

Bernicula Brenta,

Birds of California,

Bos. fossil,

Botaurus miner,

Bothynus,
castaneus,
dolicaon,
morio,
neglectus,
obesus,
obsoletus,
pyriformis,
relictus,

INDEX.
222 | Bothynus tridentatus,
319 tridentatus,
319 variolosus,
96 vartolosus ?
96 | Bubo virginianus,
96 | Buccinum Mississipiensis,
96 | Buceros albocristatus,
96 elatus,
97 | Bulbostylis annua,
180 | Bulla crassipula,
152 | Buteo borealis,
153 lineatus,
30 montana,
126 Swainsonii,
292 vulgaris,
Byssoarca lima,
180 Mississipiensis,
5, 16 protracta,
15
17 | Cenia dimidiata,
15 scapularis,
15 | Calamagrostis andina,
246 | Calasia sericea,
246 | Calligonum canescens,
283 | Callipepla Californica,
981 elegans,
288. Douglasii,
287 Gambellii,
57 picta,
58 strenua,
59 squammata,
58 venusta,
58 | Calliphlox anna,
225 rufa,
4, 215 Calycodon montanum,
18 | Cancellaria funerata,
222 Mississippiensis,
86 | Cantharis filiformis,
88 fulgifer,
87 nigricornis,
87 | Canthon perplexus,
7 | Cantua longiflora,
88 | Caprobius,
87 | Charactus duplicatus,
88 inguinatus,
87 nobilus,

88
88
88
88
28
116
135
135
179
113
26
26
27
27
27
125
125
126

76
76
187
21)
184
218
218
218
219
219
219
219
219
32
32
186
118
118
Sk
90
90
85
154
85
75
75
74

Charactus vicinus,
Carbo dilophus,
pencillatus,
Carcharias,
Carcharodon acutidens,
angustidens,
Var. auriculatus,
heterodon,
lanceolatus,
megalotus,

semiserratus,

tolpiacus,

turgidus,
lanciformis,
leptodon,
megalodon,
Var. rectidens,

subauriculatus,

Mortoni,
Species of,
Sulcidens,
~ Cardita bilineata,
Carolinensis,
dentata,
subquadrata,
subrotunda,
vigintinaria,
Cardium diversum,
eversum,
glabosum,
Vickburgense,
Caricella demissa,
Cassidavia lintea,
Cassis celatura,
cornuta,
flammea,
labiata,
Mississippiensis,
tuberosa,
Cathartes aura,
Californicus,
Cataptophorus semipalmatus,
Celetes basalis,
mysticina,
tabida,
Cephaloon lepturoiaes,

INDEX.

74 | Cephaloon vyarians,
227 | Cerambyr palliatus,
227 | Cerchneis sparverius,
191, 300 | Certhia palustris,
145 | Ceryle alcyon,
142 | Cerithium bicostellatum,

145 Clairbornensis,
145 nasula,

145 silicium,

145 solitarium,

145 | Chama Mississippiensis,
145 | Chamea fasciata,

145 | Charadrius montanus,
147 Virginianus,
300 vociferus,
143 | Chelidon bicolor,

143 | Chen hypoboreus,

143 | Chenactis denudata,
146 | Chenopus liratus,

142 | Chloropsis, (s. g.)

147 | Chondestes grammaca,
128 | Chorizanthe angustifolia,

128 discolor,
130 fimbriata,
128 nudicaule,
129 procumbens,
128 uncinata,

122 | Chrysantha, (s. g.)
122 | Chrysodonta larveeformis, |
_ 122 | Chrysomitris psaltria,
122 | Chrysothamnus, (s. g.)
120 | Cilindrosoma longicauda,
118 | Cinclus A mericanus,
119 | Circus Hudsonicus,
210 | Clangula albeola,
211 | Cleptes Hudsonicus,
210 Nuttallii,
119 | Coccothraustes vespertinus,
211 | Colaptes collaris,
25 | Coleoptera, Description of N. American
25 | Collomia linoides,
223 | Columba Carolinensis,
76 fasciata,
77 monilis,
77 | Corbis staminea,
95 | Corbula alta,
87

343

95
318
28
33
32
129
132
132
129
132
124
34
220
220
220
31
225
TG
117
187
49
167
167
168
166
167
167
155
290
52
171
287
43
28
226
46
46
49
56
95
159
218
217
217
124
124

344

Corbula engonata,

intastriata,

Corvus Americanus,
cacalotl,
Hudsonicus,
ossifragus,

Cotyle riparia,

Crassatella Mississippiensis,

Crossoma Californica,

Cryptobia helicis,

Cryptocephalinarum Boreali-Americe
diagnoses,

Cryptocephalus albicans,

amatus,
aulicus,
binominis,
bivius,
cinctipennis,
confluens,
detritus,
dispersus,
distinctus,
equestris,
fasciatus,
formosus,
fulvipennis,
geminatus,
gibicollis,
guttatus,
hepaticus,
incertus,
insertus,
larvatus,
lautus,
levis,
limbatus,
lineolatus,
lituratus,
lixus,
luteolus,
luteipennis,
mammifer,
mutabilis,
nanus,
nigricornis,
notatus,

INDEX.
124 | Cryptocephalus obsoletus,
124 parvulus,
47 picturatus,
AT pubescens,
A6 pumilus,
AT punctatus,
31 punctipes,
122 quadriforis,
150 4-maculatus,
7h quadruplex,
rugicollis,
245 simplex,
252 sulfuripennis,
253 tessellatus,
249 tridens,
256 venustus,
248 vittatus,
251 viridis,
253 | Cryptoicus helicis,
259 | Cryptomya,
248 | Cuculus Cayanensis,
255 viaticus,
259 | Culcivora cerulea,
258 | Cyanocitta Californica,
257 Stelleri,
255 superciliosa,
253. ultramarina,
252 | Cygnus Americana,
247 | Cymindis Cayanensis,
257 Wilsonii,
250 uncinatus,
252 | Cynops,
258 | Cyprea lintea,
247 spheroides,
257 | Cytherea astartiformis,
258 eversa,
249 imitabilis,
254 lenis,
259 liciata,
559 Mississippiensis,
254 pyga,
255 sobrina,
248 subimpressa,
259
259 | Dafila caudata,
255 | Dentalium Mississippiensis,

259
259
259
259
249
257
259
256
256
256
258
249
254
258
257
251
250
256

67

67
215
215

38

25

45

45

45
295

23

21

22
284
113
113
123
131
123
130
139
123
131
123
130

226
112

Description of N. American Coleoptera,

Description of new species of Distoma,

Description of fossil and recent shells of
the United States,

Descriptions of new species of Micrastur,
Tanagra, and Sycobius,

Dircza quadrimaculata,

sericea,
Desmocerus cyaneus,
palliatus,

Desmognanthus,

auriculatus,
fuscus,

niger,
Diemyctylus,

viridescens,

Dictaria gracilis,
rugibinosa,
spinulosa,

Digrapha affinis,

apicalis,
discrepans,
dorsalis,
reticulata,
terminalis,
typica,

Distoma helicis,
horridum,
vagans,

Ditylus ceruleus,

Donax funerata,

protracta,

Dorudon,

Dyctioptera substriatus,

Dyctiopterus assimilis,

exaratus,
floralis,
minutus,
nanus,
pygmaeus,
trilineatus,

Elanus leucurus,

Elaphora, (s. g.)

Encylops ceruleus,
pallipes,

INDEX.

95
301

207

295
98
98

318

318

282, 285

286
285
285
284
284
177
177
VT

75

75

74

155
317
317

Entrodera decolorata,
picta,
Eocene near Vicksburg, New fossils from
Equus, (fossil)
Erigeron foliosum,
stenophyllum,
Eriodycton angustifolium,
Eriogonum acaule,
album,
andinum,
angustifolium,
brevicaulis,
campanulatum,
cernuum,
denudatum,
effusum,
elipticum,
elongatum,
6. foliolosum,
geniculatum,
gyrophyllum,
intricatum,
megacephalum,
micranthum,
microtheca,
Nuttallii,
racemosum,
rosmarinifolium,
tenellum,
verticillatum,
Erismatura rubida,
Eros eger,
alatus,
canaliculatus,
coccinatus,
crenatus,
floralis,
humeralis,
incestus,
lascivius,
lictor,
minutus,
modestus,
mollis,
nanus,
oblitus,

345

325
325
111
18
177
176
181
160
164
160
164
163
163
162
161
164
161
165
165
162
163
161
162
164
162
165
161
164
165
165
226
80
79, 80
82
17
79
81
78
78
83
81
82
80
81
82
78

346

Eros oblitus ?
sculptilis,
socius,
solicitus,
timidus,
trilineatus,
vilis,
Erythrospiza purpurea,
frontalis,
Eucrypta foliosa,
paniculata,
Eucycla ovalifolia,
purpurea,
Euglenes fasciatus,
signatus,
Euplectes myroventris,
Entoca albiflora,
speciosa,
Evodinus monticolor,

Falcinellus Cayanensis,
Falco anatum,
colombarius,
magnirostris,
perigrinus,
Fenzlia concinna,
speciosa,
Festuca megalura,
microstachys,
Ficus Mississippiensis,

Fissurella Mississippiensis,
Fossil and recent shells of the United

States,

Fossils, new, from the Eocene near

Vicksburg,

Fossil Squalide of the United States,

Fringilla atrocapilla,
Blandingu,
cinerea,
chlorura,
crysalis,
fasciata,
ferruginea,
Gambelii,
Hiarrisi,
leucophrys,

139, 191

INDEX.

78 | Fringilla melodia,

78 meruloides,

81 querula,

83 Townsendit,

80 | Fulgoria Mississippiensis,

79 | Fulgur nodulatum,

83 | Fulica Americana,

53 | Fuligula affinis,

53 mariloides,

159 minor,
159 | Fusus pachyleurus,
166

166 | Galeocerdo,

97 aduncus,

27 contortus,
242 Egertoni,
158 latidens,
158 minor,

326 pristodontus,
Gambelia speciosa,
223 | Garrulus Californicus,

27 sordidus,

o7 ultramarinus,

22 | Gasteropodous molusea, Olfactory sense of

27 | Gaurotes cyanipennis,
157 | Geococcyx Mexicanus,
157 |. variegatus,
188 | Geosaurus,

187 | Gilia aurea,
117 congesta,
113 crebrifolia,
divaricata,
207 filifolia,
, longiflora,
114 multiflora,
pumila,

51 spicata,

51 trifida,

50 | Glyphis subulata,

51 | Gnaphalium ramossissimum,

54 | Gomphotheca, (s. g.)

49 | Grammoptera capitata,

49 ruficollis,

50 | Griburius scutellaris,

51 | Grus canadensis,

51 | Gymnocaulis fasciculata,

49
51
51
52
119
207
224
226
226
226
132

300
191
191
192
192
192
192
149

45

46

45

69
325
215
215

12
155
155
156
155
156
154
154
156
155
156
194
173
170
331
331
245
221
180

Gyrinus Mexicanus,

Hematopus ater,
Bachmanii,
niger,

Hallomenus quadripustulosus.
luridus,
niger,
scapularis,

Harpes rediviva,

Haliztus leucocephalus,

Harlanus,

Americanus,
Hedeoma ciliata,
Helenium puberulum,
Heliomeris multifloris,
Heliophilus latimanus,
Heliopates,
Hemidactylium,

scutatum,

Hemipristis serra,

Hemizonia decumbens,

» macrocephala,
Hippopotamus Liberiensis,

minor,
new species of,
Hirundo thallasina,
fulva,

Holopodius Wilsonii,

Humulus Americanus,

Hybosorus Carolinus,

Ibis Ordi,

Icteria viridis,

Icterus auricapillus,
Bullockii,
Giraudii,

maculi-alatus,
Kellia oblonga, °

Lacerta maculata,
punctata,
subviolacea,

Lamna acuminata,

INDEX.

291

221
221
221
99
99
99
99
42
26
18
18
183
173
171
92
92
282, 286
286
91
175
175
232
230
230
31
31
224
181
84

223
44
137
48
138
137

125

283
283
283
197

88

La-‘mna elegans,
gracilis,
Hopei,
compressa,
contortidens,
crassidens,
cuspidata,
verticalis,

Lanius Ludovicianus,
excubitoides,
septentrionalis,
sulphuratus,
borealis,

Leguminaria lucida,

Nuttallii,

Leptodactylon czspitosum,

Leptosiphon, (s. g.)

Leptostoma longicauda,

Leptura abbreviata,

acuminata,
allecta 2
arcuata,
atrata,
aurigera,
auripilis,
bicolor,
biforis,
bivittata,
brevis,
cerulea,
Canadensis,
capitata,
chrysocoma,
cinnamoptera,
cordifera,
cyanipennis,
directa,
emarginata,
erythroptera,
erythroptera,
exigua,
Sugar,
gulosa;
hematites,
indirecta,
interrupta 2

338
334
339
332
339
329
338
240
337
317
336
331
339

320, 336
332
325
322
328
336
337
331
334
34
331
330
328

348 INDEX.

Leptura interrupta, 340 | Leptura vittata, 327
iridis, 339 vittata, 320
lateralis, 330 vittigera, 320
lineola, 330 zebra, 334
longiceps, 324 zebrata, 334
longicornis, 321 | Lithodomus Claibomensis, 132
lugubris, 334 | Lima staminea, 126
lunata, 330 | Limosa fedoa, 223
luridipennis, 340 | Longicorn Coleoptera of North America, 311
luteicornus, 329 | Lophiodon, 19
malachites, 326 | Lophortyx Gambelii, 219
monticolor, 326 | Loripes eburnea, 124
mutabilis, 340 turgida, 124
nana, 332 | Lucina Mississippiensis, 124
nigrella, 333 perlevis, 124
nitens, 334 | Lunulites Vicksburgensis, 127
8-notata, 337 | Lycus canaliculatus, 82
paupercula, 338 dimidiatus, 76
plebeja, 333 humeralis, 78
Proteus, 323 lateralis, 75
proxima, 338 modestus, 80
pubera, 338 terminalis, 75
4-punctata, 337 | Lygistopterus substriatus, 74
quadricollis, 339 | Lyonsia Floridana, 208
quadrimttata , 322
quagga, 332 | Macrorhamphus griseus, 224
rubrica, 336-| Mactra funerata, 121
ruficollis, 331 Mississipiensis, 121
rufula, 338 | Madiomeris, (s. g.) 175
scalaris, 327 | Madrepora Mississippiensis, 127
semimarginata, 323 punctulata, 129
semivittata, 337 Vicksburgensis, . 127
6-maculata, 333 | Mareca Americana, 225
similis, 331 | Margiritaria, 214
spheericollis, 338 | Mastodon, 18
stictica, 337 | Melandrya excavata, 97
strigilata, 323 labiata, 97
subargentata, 331 striata, 97
subhamata, 327 | Melanerpes erythrocephalus, - 55
subpubescens, 308 formicivorus, 56
tenuicornis, 336 torquatus, 56
tenuior, 332 ruber, 56
tibialis, 339 | Melania czlatura, 278
vagans, 337 nebulosa, 278
velutina, 334 percarinata, 278

vibex, 340 perangulata, 278

Melania sublirata,
symmetrica,
Melica pozoides,
panicoides,
Melongena crassicornuta,
Melothrus pecorus,
Menobranchus lateralis,
maculatus,
Menopoma Alleghaniensis,
fuscus,
Micrastur guerilla,
Micropus heterophyllus,
Mimus montanus,
polyglottis,
Miscellania Zoologica,
Mitra cellulifera,
conquisata,
Mississippiensis,
staminea,
terebra:formis,
Vicksburgensis,
~ Modiola Mississippiensis,
Molorchus mellitus,
Molusca, Olfactory sense of
Monachus affinis,
ater,
auritus,
saponatus,
Monarda pectinata,
Monoceros .Americanus,
anchora,
bicolor,
bifasciatus,
monodon,
murinipennis,
serratus,

Monograph of the Fossil Squalide of

the United States,

Monolopia lanceolata,
Muhlenbergia purpurea,
Murex Mississippiensis,
Myiobius crinitus,

nigricans,

pusilla,

Saya,
Myiodyoctes Wilsonii,

139, 191

INDEX. 349
277 | Myliobates Holmesii, 299
278 transversalis, 299
188
188 | Nacerdes melanura, 96
116 | Narica Mississippiensis, 113
49 | Natica Mississippiensis, 114
291 Vicksburgensis, 114
291 | Nautilus perforatus, 213
289 | Navarretia minima, 160
290 | Necturus lateralis, 290
295 maculatus, 291
178 maculatus, 291
42 maculosus, 291
42 | Necydalis Americanus, 317
67 mellitus, 317
119 | Nemacaulis denudata, 168
119 foliosa, 169
119 | New fossils from the Eocene near
120 Vicksburg, 111
132 | Nicotiana caudata, 181
120 ' North American Coleoptera, Description of, 95
126 Tailed-Batrachia, 281
317 | Notidamus primigenus, 195
69 | Notopthalmus, 281, 284
264 miniatus, 284
264 torosus, 284
264 viridescens, 284
263 | Nucifraga Columbiana, 47
183 | Nucula calcarensis, , 128
89 Carolinensis, 128
89 Claibornensis, 132
90 improcera, 131
89 mucronata, 128
90 parilis, 132
90 serica, 125
90 subtrigona, 128
Vicksburgensis, 125
Numenius longirostris, 223
75 | Nyctale acadica, 31
186 | Nycticorax violaceus, 222
116
39 | Observations on a new species of
39 Hippopotamus, 231
38 | Ochodeus obscurus, 86
38 | Oedipus, 282, 286
38 platydactylus, 286

350

Oedema Americana,
fusca,
perspicillata,

Oliva Mississippiensis,

propatula,

Olfactory sense of Molusca,

Omalisus crenatus,

cruciatus,
sculptilis,
obliquus,
thoracicus,

Oniscia harpula,

Opatrum fossor,

Orobanche fasciculata,

multiflora,

Orchesia gracilis,

Ortyx Douglasi,

elegans,
picta,
plumifera,
spilogaster,
squammata,

Osteodesma hyalina,

Ostrea Vicksburgensis,

Oxyrhina crassa,
Desoril,
hastalis,
Mantelii,
minuta,
plicatulus,
Sillimani,
xiphodon,
Wilsonii,

Oxytheca dendroidea,

foliosa,
glandulosa,

Oxyomus abditus,

Oxytenia acerosa,

Pachybrachis abdominalis,
bivittatus,
carbonarius,
flavicornis,
femoratus,
infaustus,
luridus,

INDEX.

226 { Pachybrachis morosus,

226 mollis,

226 m-nigrum,

119 othonus,

280 sobrinus,
69 sparsus,
a9 subfasciatus,
79 trinotatus,
78 viduatus,
78 | Pachyta attenuata,
78 chalybea,

119 cordifera,
92 cyanipennis,

180 discoidea,

179 instabilis,
98 Jone,

218 Leonardi,

218 liturata,

219 rufula,

219 sublineata,

218 thoracicus,

219 | Pandion Carolinensis,
208 | Panopea oblongata,
126 | Parus atricapillus,

202 fasciatus, .

203 inornatus,

201 minimus,

202 montanus,

202 rufescens,

202 septentrionalis,
202 | Parapholas bisulcata,
201 Californica,

203 | Passerella Townsendii,
169 | Pecten,

169 elixatus,
170 fragosus,
106 fuscopurpureus,

172 | Pectocarya penicillata,
Pectunculus arctatus,

263 Mississippiensis,
259 | Pedilus elegans,

260 hemorrhoidalis,

261 imus,

261 infumatus,

262 marginalis,

261 nigricans,

260
263
261
263
262
261
260
260
262
319
331
332
325
323
332
325

325, 326
340
338
323
324

2719
214

126
130
214
209
182
125
125

Pedilus rufithoraz,
Pelecanus Americanus,
fuscus,
trachyrhyncus,
Pelasgas Vanuxemi,
Penitella Wilsonii,
Perdix Californica,
Perisoreus Canadensis,
Perthostoma, Anatomy of,
testaceum,
Petricola arcuata,
Californica,
carditoides,
cylindracea,
sinuata,
Peucedanum abrotanifolium,
Peucelimum, (s. g.)
Phacelia canescens,
glandulosa,
Phaion,
’ Phaleropus frenatus,
fulicarius,
Phalococorax Townsendii,
Pheneus triangularis,
torrens,
difformis,
Phanerobranchus cepedii,
Phasianus Mexicanus,
Phatnomotorhinus,
Phileremos cornutus,
Phlox bryoides,
nana,
Phocodon,
Pholadopsis,
pectinata,
Pholadomya abrupta,
Pholas Californica,
Janelli,
~ triquetra,
Phorus humilus,
Phoradendron Californicum,
Piaya cayanensis,
macroura,
Pica Nuttallii,
Picracolla, (s. g.)
Picus Harisii,

INDEX.

84 | Picus Wuttallii,

227 scalaris,

227 meridionalis,
227 Gardnerii,
130 melanopogon,
279 | Pinna argentea,
218

Piodes coriacea,
45 | Pipilo arcticus,
fuscus,

60 | Pitangus sulphuratus,

213 | Plants of the Rocky Mountains and
213 Upper California,

213 | Platea coccinea,

213 incarnata,

279 Mexicana,

184 rosed,

184

Platulea ajaja,
159 | Platax,

160 Platydema Americana,
99 analis,
224 basalis,
224 bifasciatus,
227 clypeatus,
85 cyanea,
85 cyanescens,
86 eliptica,
291 erothrocera,
215 excavata,
285 flavipes, —
54 levipes,
153 levis,
153 pallens,

5 picilabrum,
279 picipes, ;
279 polita,

214 4-maculata,
214 rufa,

214 ruficollis,
17 rufiventris,

116 | Pleopogon setosum,
185 | Plestiodon anthracinus,
215 | Plethodon,

215 cinereus,
46 glutinosus,
159 erythronota,

54 | Pleurotoma abundans,
89

282,

351

55
55
55
55
56
126
318
54
54
39

149
222
222
222
222
222
300
102
101
101
102
102
102
102
101
102
102
101
101
101
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
101
189
294
285
285
285
285
115

352

Pleurotoma cochlearis,
congesta,
cristata,
decliva,
eboroides,
Mississippiensis,
porcellana,
rotedens,
servata,
tantula,
tenella,

Pluvialis Virginiaca,

Polypappus sericeus,

Polemonium viscosum,

Pristis Agassizi,

Promerops de Californie Septentrionale,

Protee tetradactyle,

Proteus decora,

maculatus,
neocaesarensis,

Psammobia lintea,
Mississippiensis,
papyrea,

Psammodius egialoides,

Psathyrotus, (s. g.)

Pseudobranchus intermedia,

striata,

Pseudotriton,

montanus,
niger,
salmonea,
salmoneus,
subfuscus,
ruber,

Ptenidium terminale,

Pterochiton canescens,
occidentale,

Pterocyanea discors,

Pterostegia biloba,
diphylla,

microphylla,

Ptilogonys Townsendii,

Ptilomeris affinis,

tenella,

' Ptilosepala, (s. g.)

Ptychodus polygyrus,

INDEX.

115
115
115
116
115
115
114
116
115
115
115
220
178
154

11

42
291
214
291
286
122
122
121
107
179
291
291

282, 286
287, 293

289
287
287
286
286
109
184
184
226
168
168
168

40
174
173
168
300

Pyrenestes coccineus,

Pyrota Afzeliana,
germari,
Englemannii,

Pytho Americana,
niger,

pallida,

Quercus Gambelii,

Querquedula Carolinensis,

Quisqualis Breweri,
major, |

Recurvirostra Americana,
occidentalis,
Recent and fossil shells of the United
States,

Regulus calendula,
Remarks on the Birds of California,
Rhagium lineatum,
Rhamnusium decoloratum,
Rhyssemus scaber,
Ringicula Mississippiensis,

Salamandra agilis,
Alleghaniensis,

attenuata,
auriculatus,
Beecheyi,
bilineata,
cinerea,
cerrigera,
coccinea,
dorsalis,
erythronota,
Sasciata,
Jflavissima,
Susca,
granulata,
glutinosa,
gravenhorstii,
Greenii,
guttolineata,
ingens,
intermirta,
Jjeffersoniana,

242
91
oT
91
97
97
97

179
226
47
AT

225
224

207

36
215
319
325
107
117

289
289
288
286
289
287
285
287
288
284
285
283
287
286
288
285
283
289
287
288
285
283

Salamandra lunda,
maculata,
melanosticta,
millepunctata,
niger,
opaca,
ocellatus,
picta,
platydactylus,
porphyritica,
punctata,
quadridigitata,
quadrimaculata,
ruber,
rubriventris,
scutata,
similis,
sinciput alba,
sub fusca,
subviolacea,
symmetlrica,
talpoidea,
tereticauda,
tigrina,
variolata,
venenosa,

Samolus floribundus,

Sanguinolaria Nuttall,

Saurophagus Bairdii,

sulphuratus,

Saurothera Botta,
Californiana,
marginata,

Saxicava Californica,

carditoides,

Scarabeus gregarius,

juvencus,

Scalaria trigentanaria,

Scobinella czlata,

Scolecophagus ferrugineus,

Mexicanus,
Scolopax semipalmata,
Scraptia Americana,
bi-impressa,
flavicollis,
lutea,

INDEX.

289
286
286
284
285
283
288
286
286
288
283
287
286
286
286
286
288
289
286
283
284
288
288
284
285
283
181
214

40

Serapta palipes,
pusilla,
rugosa,
Serropalpus obsoletus,
substriatus,

Shells, fossil and recent, of the United

States,

Sialia arctica,
Mexicana,
occidentalis,

Sideranthus, (s. g.)

Sieversia paradoxa,

Sigaretus Mississippiensis,

Siliqua floridana,

lucida,
Nuttallii,
Siredon axolotl,
Mexicanus,
maculatus,

Sirena maculosa,

Siren intermedia,
lacertina,
operculata,
pisciformis,
striata,

Sisymbrium reflexum,

Sitta Canadensis,

Carolinensis,
pygmea,

Solarium triliratum,

Solecardia,

eburnea,
Solecurta fragilis,
Solecurtus lucidus,
maximus,
Nuttallu,
radiatus ,

Solen splendens,

Spatula clypeata,

Spelerpes bilineata,

cirrigera,
guttolineata,
longicauda,
lucifuga,

Spelerpes,

Spheenia Californica,

353

100
100
100
98
98

207
37
37
37

177

181

113

208

213

213

292

291

292

290

291

291

286

291

291

183
33
33
33

113

278

279

208

213

213

213

213

213

226

287

287

287

287

287

283

208

304

Sphyrna denticulata,
lata,
prisca,
Spizella pallida,
Spondylis sphzericollis,

Squalidz (fossil) of the United States,

Squalodon,
Squatarola Helvitica,
Stanleya fraticosa,
Stenocerus cyaneus,
lineatus,
Stenochloa Californica,
Stenogonum salsuginosum,
Stenura abdominalis,
americana,
armata,
cincta,
cruentata,
cyanea,
elegans,
emarginata,
Sulvicollis,
lineola,
lineolata,
lugubris,
lunata,
obliterata,
8-notata,
zebra,
zebrata,
Stephanomeria elata,
Sterna elegans,
Sternia cayana,
erythrorhynchus,
regia,
Strangalia acuminata,
Americana,
bicolor,
capitata,
chalybea,
coarctata,
convexa,
cordifera,
cruentata,
deleta,
elegans,

INDEX.
195 | Strangalia emaciata,
195 emarginata,
194 famelica,

52 instabilis,

93 lateralis,
Al lineola,

6 luteicornis,

220 nana,
180 nigrella,
318 obliterata,
319 obsoleta,
189 plebeja,
170 quagga,
333 ruficollis,
331 scalaris,
328 sex-maculata,
330 sexnotata,
332 similis,
326 strigosa,
329 subargentata,
328 subhamata,
331 tenuior,
330 unicolor,
334 | Strepsilus melanocephalus,
334 | Strepsospondylus,
334 | Strix perlata,
328 Jlammea,
335 Sercata,
334 pranticola,
332 Americana,
173 cunicularia,
998 truthus Oregonus,
998 | Sturnella neglecta,
228 | Sylvicola Auduboni,
228 | Sylvania pusilla,
339 | Symphenia Atlantica,
331 semipalmatus,
329 | Sula fusca,
331 | Sus Americana,
331 | Sycobius scutatus,
327
332 | Tailed-Batrachia, North American,
332 | Tanagra nigro-aurita,
332 | Tantalus cayanensis,
328 | Tellina pectorosa,
329 perovata,

338
328
330
332
330
330
329
332
333
328
329
333
332
331
327
333
329
331
329
331
328
333
330
220

12

28

28

28

28

28

30

49

48

37

38
223
223
227

19
297

281
296
222
122
122

Tellina serica,
subequalis,
Vicksburgensis,

Terebra divisurum,

tantale,

Tetrao obscurus,
umbellus,
urophasianus,

Tetraopes femoratus,

annulatus,

Tetraprotodon Liberiensis,

Thallaseus elegans,

regius,

‘Yoxodon,

Toxostoma rediviva,

vetula,

Totanus flavipes,

chloropigius,
melanoleucus,

Toxotus e@scult,

atratus,
cinnamopterus,
coarctatus,
cylindricollis,
dentipennis,
dives,

pictus,
rubidas,
Schaumi,
trivittatus,
vestitus,

‘Trachycarpha,

Trichas Marylandica,

Trichagrostris, (s. 2.)

Trichochloa purpurea,

Trichopterix abrapta,

aspera,
discolor,
fuscipennis,
rotundatis,

‘Trifolium ciliatum,

denudatum,
diversifolium,
Gambelii,
stenophyllum,

‘Trigonella crassatelloides,

INDEX.

123
129
123
114
114
219
219
219

93

93
232
228
228

20

42

43
223
223
223
321
320
320
327
320
320
320
320
320
320
321
321
188

37
187
186
108
109
108
108
108
152
152
152
151
151
213

90

Trigonarthis atrata,
proxima,
terminata,

Triplax atriventris,

ruficeps,

teeniata,
vittata,

Tritoma atriventris,

ruficeps,
teeniata,
Vittata,

Triton (Bat.) dorsalis,
ensatus,
ermanni,
granulosus,
maculosa,
millepunctata,
niger,
porphyriticus,
tigrina,
torosus,

Triton (Mol.) abbreviatus,
crassidens,
Mississippiensis,
nobilis,
perforatus,
pyriformis,
subalveatum,
tritonis,-
tuberosus,
variegatus,

Triturus /uscus,

hypoxanthus,
lutescens,
mintatus,
nebulosus,
viridescens,

Trochilus interocephalus,
‘Troglodytes arundinaceus,
Americanus,
Bewickii,
spilurus,
Turbinella prexilis,
protracta,
Wilsonii,
Turbinolia cauliflora,

356.

Turbo biliratus,
Turdus migratorius,
minor,
nanus,
neevius,
solitarius,
Turritella calatura,
Mississippiensis,
Typhis curvirostris,
‘lypocerus abdominalis,
badius,
distans,
fugax,
lateralis,
lugubris,
lunatus,
nobilis,
sinuatus,
zebratus,
Tyrannula pusilla,
pallida,
nigricans,
‘Tyrannus Borealis,
Coopenri,
crinitus,

Unio aratus,
atrocostalus,
contrarius,
costatus,
linulatus,
Mississippiensis
Nashvillianus,
nodiferus,
nucleopsis,

INDEX.
129 | Unio ochraceus,
42 | Ogeecheensis,
Al | oratus,
41 | perplicatus,
AQ | plectophorus,
Al | prasinus,
114 rosaceus,
114 securiformis,
116 stagnalis,
335 | Urtica holoserica,
335
335 | Venus intapurpurea,
334 | Vermivora celata,
335 | Vidua albonotata,
334 concolor,
334 | Vireo solitarius,
335
335 | Wilsonia pusilla,
334
38 | Xanthrocroa vittatus,
38 | Xyphonura jeffersoniana,
39
40 | Zachypetes aquilus,
40 ' Zenoa brunnea,
30 | picea,
vulnerata,
277 | Zeuglodon,
276 | cetoides,
276 serratus,
277 | Geological position of,
276 | Zonotrichia gramminea,
aid Gambelii,
277 | guttata,
Cai fasciata,
276 | Zygena.

219
2715
276
276
277
277
275
275
275
183

209

241
241

194

Jourdcad, Nat Se.2% Series Vol.1.

ERRATA IN VOLUME I.

Page 11. For “ monitaur,” read “ Monitor.”

Page 14. Line next the last and the last, for “ we,” read “I.”

Plate XIX. ‘Three figures are marked “10,” the two outer of which should be “ 9.””

Page 198. Line 9, read 119 a.

Plate XXVI. Of the figures marked 119 the lower should be 119 a.

Page 66. Ninth line from bottom, for e. ligula; ff. oral sete; read Fig. 2. a. ligula; 0b. oral
setz, and in all the succeeding numbers of figures, for 2 read 3, I—4, 4—5, &c.

Page 67. For Fig. 7 read Fig. 8, Fig. 8. read Fig. 9, &e.

Page. 214. After PHOLADOMYA insert the following line, PuoLtapomya ABRUPTA, Con.

Page 282. Line fifth, for sphenoidal teeth absent, read sphenoidal teeth present.

Page 301. Sixteenth line from bottom, for ecto-vitality read ento-vitality.

Plates 28, 29. No plates corresponding to these numbers are to be found in this volume. They
have been omitted because the text was never received by the Publication Committee.

SSS rt,

12.3.4.BASILOSAURUS CETOIDES. @vez.
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6.7.PRISTIS AGASSLZI Grbbes

356

Turbo biliratus,
Turdus migratorius,
minor,
Nanus,
neevius,
solitarius,
Turritella celatura,
Mississippiensis,

INDEX.

29

| Unio ochraceus,

|

42 |
Al |
Al |
42 |

41

114

114

Ogeecheensis,
oratus,
perplicatus,
plectophorus,
prasinus,
rosaceus,
securiformis,

JourAcad, Nat Se. 2% Series Vol.1.

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