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JOURNAL

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
fey

OF

‘PHilavelypia.

VOL. vi-fParr 1.)

PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

MIFFLIN & PARRY, PRINTERS,

1829,

Bee see

g

r “tay op a
‘i -“S tas & pn Ae | cs
ery eae

oe

CONTENTS —
OF

VOL. VI. PART I.

List of Officers for 1827.

Genera of North American Reptilia, and Synopsis of
the Species. By R. Harlan, M. D. (continued,)
Remarks on the Osmunda Claytoniana of Linneus. By

S. W. Conrad. - - - -

PAGE.

39

Analysis of Cyanite and Fibrolite, and their union in

one species under the name of Disthene. By Lard-
ner Vanuxem, : - = >
Analysis of Tabular Spar, from Bucks county, Penna.
with a notice of various minerals from the same lo-
cality. By S.G.Morton,M.D. ~— - -
Description of a new fossil species of Ostrea. By
S. G. Morton, M. D. - - -
Description of a new species of Grampus, inhabiting
the coast of New England. By R. Harlan, M. D.
Additional observations on the North American Rep-
‘tilia. By R.Harlan,M.D.— - - -
Notice of certain prepared specimens of Quadrupeds,
in the possession of a gentleman lately returned to
Philadelphia from his travels in the United States
and Territories. By R. Harlan, M. D. -
List of Officers for 1828. - - -
Geological Observations on the Secondary, Tertiary,
_ and Alluvial formations of the Atlantic coast of the
United States. Arranged from the notes of Lardner

Vanuxem, by S. G, Morton, M.D. - ‘

Al

46
50
51

53

55
57

59

iv » CONTENTS.

Description of the Fossil Shells which characterize the
Atlantic Secondary Formation of New Jersey and
' Delaware. By S.G. Morton, M.D. - - 72
Description of a new Species of Salamandra. By R.

Harlan, M. D. - - - - ae
N Notice of a Mineral which approaches to the Bildstein
Mor Werner; with remarks on the connexion of Bild-

stein with Feldspar. By S. W. Conrad. - Am 109)
Description of a new species of Juncus. By S. W.
Conrad. - - . - 105.”

Description of two new species of Shells ofthe genera ~ a
Scaphites and Crepidula; with some observations ** *e e
on the Ferruginous Sand, Plastic Clay, and Upper
Marine formations of the United States. By S.G.

Morton, M. D. - oo - - 107

Note: containing a notice of some Fossils recently dis-

covered in New Jersey. By S.G. Morton, M.D. = 120

Remarks on the Pedunculated Cirrhipedes; with de- >
scriptions of two new species of Otion. By Reynell —
Coates, M. D. - - - - 130

Note on the Geographical gat | of the Anatifa
vitrea. By the Same. - - 135

Note on the Specific Heat of the Atoms of Bodies. By _
Alex. Dallas Bache. - - - - 141

Notice of a new species of Corallorhiza. By S. W.
Conrad. _—_ = - - - - 145

Note on the Amphiuma Means. By R Harlan, M.D. 147
Description of New Dipterous Insects of the United
States. By Thomas Say. - - * 149

JOURNAL

OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
. OF

PHILADELPHIA. | ‘ey

LIST OF OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1827.

President.
William Maclure.

7 Vice Presidents.
Zaccheus Collins, George Ord.

Corresponding Secretary.
Reuben Haines.

Recording Secretary.
S. G. Morton, M. D.

Curators.
J. P. Wetherill, Isaac Hays, M. D,. T. R. Peale,
John Vaughan.

Treasurer:
George W. Carpenter.

Librarian.
S. W. Conrad.
Auditors.
J. ae, S. V. Merrick, W. M. Walmsley.

Genera of North American Revri4sa, and a Synop-
sis of the species. By Ricuarp Harwan, M. D.
(Continued from page 364 of Vol. V.)

OrperR. SAURIA.*

Characters of the Onper—Heart composed of two
auricles, and, in some instances, of two ventricles :
ribs and sternum perfect: lungs vesicular: voice ge-
nerally restricted to hissing: jaws armed with teeth:
tongue, for the most part, slender and extensible:
skin covered with scales or plates; generally furnish-
ed with four legs, each with five unguiculated toes :
male furnished with an exsertile penis, sometimes
simple, at others bifurcated; impregnation internal :
oviparous; eggs covered with a shell more or less
hard: carnivorous.

ist GENus. _AMEIVA, Cuyier.

‘Lacerta Ameiva, Gmmel. Lacépéde.
Les Sauvegardes, Cuvier.
Le Tupinambis, Daudin, &e.

“Species of this genus: exist in. Asia, Africa, and’
America: the Baron Cuvier thus characterises the
genus. All the scales small, without carena: an ob-
solete range of pores beneath each thigh: teeth
eo :

* From cadpes, (Lizard.) This order includes the genera
Lacerta, and Draco, of Linneus,
VOL, VI.—FEBRUARY, 1827. 2

ie

8 NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA.

notched (dentelées). The same author divides the
genus into two sections, viz: Sauvegardes, with the
tail more or less compressed: scales of the abdomen
longer than broad: living on the borders of streams.

2d.Ameiva, properly so called; which differs from
the preceding, in having the tail cylindrical, and fur-
nished like the abdomen, with transverse ranges of
square scales, broader than long: all the scales of the
throat small : head pyramidal : those included in the
last division are inhabitants of America. | Whilst
South America furnishes us with numerous species,
one only has hitherto been discovered as an inhabi-
tant of Na United ‘States.

Ameiva Pen

A. tesselata, Say. Long’s Exp. to the Rocky rides ois

Vol. II. p. 59. :
~ Char.—Above black » marked sik nine or ten lon-
gitudinal lines, and eighteen or twenty transverse
ones, dividing the whole surface in a tesselated man-
ner, the lines being brownish,on the back, yellowish
on the sides: scales of the back small, convex, and
rounded ; beneath blueish-white, throat and neck
yellowish: head. olivaceous, covered with plates :
scales on the throat,, somewhat larger than. those on
the back : anterior feet,yellowish within, covered with
minute scales; on the exterior and posterior sides,
greenish-white, with confluent black spots and mi-
nute scales the anterior side yellowish, with larger

NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA. 9

-_seales’: pores of the thighs very distinct and promi-
nent: ¢ail elongated, brownish above, spotted with
black near the base: beneath impure white, immacu-
late: the scales carinated,* and placed in transverse
series.

Length one foot. Tail eight and a half inches.

Inhabits the Arkansa territory.

' The last family of this order, according to the ar-

rangement of M. Cuvier, is the ‘ Scincoidiens,”’ dis-

tinguishable by the shortness of their legs, the fixidity
of the tongue, and by the regular imbricated scales.

2nd Genus: SCINCUS.. Daudin.

Characters of the Genus.—Body more or less cy-
lindrical, covered with uniform, shining scales: im-
bricated as in the Carp: tongue fleshy, scarcely ex-
tensible, and notched: jaws armed with closely ap-
proximated teeth, with two small palatine rows: the
anus, penis, eye, and ear, resemble. those of the
Lizards. P

There are numerous species of Scinks in the w
climates of both continents. Four species are at pre-_
sent known as inhabitants of the United States.t Not
venomous. ©

* The carinated scales appear to be peculiar to this species
of the genus Ameiva.
© 4 The Baron Cuvier remarks with his usual learning:
“The Greeks and the Romans gave the name of Scincus te

<u

10 NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA.
Scincus quinguelineatus. og

Synonya. S, sileasimaites Schneider, Hist, “Amphil:
fasc. secund. p. 201. *

Lacerta quinguelineata, Linn. and Gmel.

Lacerta 5-lineata, var. Green. Jour. A. N. S. Vol. I. p. 348.

Le Scingue a cingue raies, Daudin, Hist. Nat. rR p:
272, pl. LV. fig... Sebel

Le lézard strié, Daub. Lacépéde.

Lacerta fasciata, Var. Linn, et-Gmel.

Lacerta caudé ceruled, Catesby, Nat, Hist. Carol Vol Ul.
pl. 67.

Lacerta marianus minor caudé ceruleé , Petiver, Mus. —
Lpl. 1. fig. 1.

Le lézard & queue bleue, Daubenton, pay Method. Idem,
Lacépéde, Latreille.. Vulgo, The Five-lined lizard.

‘Char.—Above blackish-brown, marked with five
whitish longitudinal lines, the dorsal one bifurcating
near the néck: beneath of a clear silver-blue: head

‘covered with plates, brown, elongated, and flattened,

with six longitudinal whitish lines, one above and be-
neath each eye, with two on the summit, joining be-
fore and behind : fail similar in colour to the body;
the lines gradually effacing, are lost about the mid-

‘die: all the limbs brown without, marked with a

the ‘¢errestrial coasting conseigniatia to a sawvegarde,
(Ameiva,) to which they attributed great virtues ; but since
the middle ages, the species above cited, (S. officinalis) is
generally sold under this name, for similar purposes. The
Orientals ‘in particular, regard it as a powerful mise one
Cur. Regne Anim, V.IL. p. 53.

sg

NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA. 11

single white line posteriorly, within whitish: pos-
terior — = the toes longer than the an-
terior.

Total. lengti from seven to ten inches} tail measly
the length of the body.

Inhabits South Carolina, beneath the bark of trees.
Specimens in the Cab. of the A. N. S. When the

tail of the Scink is broken and reproduced, it is of a
blue colour.

Scincus erythrocephalus..

S. erythrocephalus, Gilliams. Journal of the A. N.S. Vol.
I. p. 461. pl. XVIII. Vulgo, Red-heatded scorpion.

Char.—Above reddish- -brown, tinged with cupre-
ous: beneath whitish: head red above, whitish be-
neath, wider. posteriorly than at the neck,

Total length eleven inches; tail rather longer than
the body, or six and a half inches.

Inhabits southern states. “Cab. of the A. N. S.

“Serneds ‘bicolor. —

S: Asie Hesign, Journal of the A.N.S, Vol, Iv. p--286.
. pl. XVIIL fig. 1.

Char.—Above dusky- -brown, darkest ot: the head:
beneath silver'white: two longitudinal whitish lines
on each side of the body: tail:cylindrical and taper-
ing: two obsolete lines on the posterior part of the
thighs.

12 NORTH AMERICAN REPTIUIA,

Total length nine inches four-tenths; ui five
inches four-tenths, Woe

Inhabits the southern states. A so ccitveliiallle
Philadelphia Museum. ate

Scincus lateralis.

Synonyma. S. dateralis, Say. Long's. Se: to the ¢ Rocky
Mountains, Vol. II. p. 324.

Scincus unicolor, Harlan. Journal of the A. N. S. ‘Vol. v.
p- 156.

Char.—Above light-brown, with a lateral blackish
line: beneath greenish-white: head with the rostrum
rather short; a transverse row of: scales behind the
plates larger than the remaining cervical scales.

Total length four inches; tail two inches two-fifths.

Inhabits the southern states. Cab. of the A. N. Ss.

3rd Genus. AGAMA. | Daudin,

Characters of the Genus.—Body oblong, covered
with carinated and reticulated scales: tongue short,
thick, and slightly notched at the extremity: head
large, callous, and generally spinous on the occiput,
covered above with small rhomboidal scales. -

Daudin has divided this genus into six sections,
three of which will include all the species which in-
habit the United States,

NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA. 13

AGaMas properly so called,
Forming the second section of Daudin.

Body oblong, more or less slender, without wharts
tail cylindrical.

AcaAma undulata.

Synonyma. Lacérta undulata, Bosc.

Le stellion ondulé, Daudin, Hist. Nat. des Rept. par La-
treille, Tom. II. p. 40.

L’agame ondulé, or Agama undulata, Daudin, Hist. Nat.
des Rept, suite de Buffon.

~ Lacerta hyacinthina, Green, Journal of A.N.S, Vol. I. p. 349.

‘Lacerta fasciata, Idem.

Char.—Above cinereous, with irregular, trans-
verse, brownish, bands or undulations: beneath blue-
ish, with a large whitish CTOSS : beneath the thighs,
with porous grains. —

Total length six inches four lines: tail three inches
three lines.

Inhabits the middle and southern states. Cab. of
the A. N.S.

AGAMA umbra.

Synonyma. Iguana uméra, Linn. Gmel.
- Iguana chalcidica, Laurenti.

Iguana tuberculata, Laurenti.

Le lézard umbre, Daud. Lacépéde.

Iguane umbre, Latreille.

Agama umbra, Daudin.

Char. —Above of a burnt chestnut colour: beneath
pale cinereous: throat yellowish: beneath the neck,

14 NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA.

a large spot of deep blackish violet, prolonged upor
the occiput, body long, cylindrical : ‘occiput callous,
spiny: back longitudinally striated.

Total length one foot three inches; tail nine inches
six lines.

Inhabits Mexico, California; and the south-western
territories. Cab. of A. N.S.

OrpicuLar Lizarps,

3rd section of Daudin, or TAPAYIA.. (Tapayes. )

Having the skin covered with small scales, and
with warty or spiny processes : their form i is: -broad
and. contracted : body susceptible of inflation,

AGAMA easin9

Agama cornuta, Harlan, ile t the A. N, Ss. Val iy.

a binie

p- 299. pl. XX. Vulgo, Horned lizard, Horned toad, Ke.
Tapajacin, B.S. Barton. Med. & Phys. Journal, Vol. 1H. *

_ Char.— Above variegated-fuseus: beneath whitish:
body depressed oval, scabrous: head above quadran-
gular: tail depressed at’ base, slender and teretile at
the extremity, shorter than the body.

Total length four inches; tail one inch five-tenths..

Inhabits the transmississippi territories as far west
as the plains of the Columbia. river, and as. far south
as Arkansa. Specimens in the Philadelphia _—

seum.

* Who confounds it with the animal of thas name describ-
ed by Hernandez and Clavigero.

NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA. 15.

- Lacertine Acamas. (Les Agames Lézardets. )
! - 4th section of Daudin.

These, like the Lizards, have the head covered
with plates, and a row of porous grains beneath the
. thighs ; tail cylindrical.

-AGAMA collaris.

Agama collaris, Say. Long’s Expedition to the Rocky Moun-
tains, Vol. IL. p. 252.

Char,— Above with five or six dusky broad bands,
alternating with narrow fulvous bands, which have
each a series of yellow or cinereous spots: sides
greenish-yellow: sides of the neck fulvous, varied
with red, banded with black: beneath pale: thighs
with a series of pores: eyes silvery, pupil black: ¢ail
long, cylindrical, and tapering: scales destitute of
carina.

Total length nine inches two-fifths; tail five inches
two-fifths.

Inhabits the Arkansa territory. Specimens in the
Philadelphia Museum.

4th Genus. ANOLIS.. Daudin.

Characters of the Genus.—Body elongated, co-
vered with very small scales disposed in irregular
transverse rows, reticulated on. the tail, which is long
and cylindrical: tongue short and. thick, very slight-

VOL. VI.——-FEBRUARY, 1827. 3

16 NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA.

ly notched at the extremity: head elongated, quad-
rangular, covered with numerous small scales: throat
susceptible of inflation during the season of their
amours, or when the animal is irritated: four legs,
each with five long slender toes, the last phalanx
broad, and furnished beneath with imbricated scales,
forming transverse strie, as in the Geckos: hooked
nails projecting from the peaeins of the last =
lanx.

Anois bullaris.

'Synonyma. Anolis bullaris, Daudin. ‘Hist. N at. des Rept.
suite de Buffon. ;
Le Roquet, Lacépéde, ‘Valmount, Dutertre, Ray, ee
‘Lacertus cinereus minor, or the Least light brown, or gray
lizard, Sloane, Antille, Tom. II. pl. 273, fig. IV.
Lacerta bullaris, Linn. and Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 1073, No. $2.
Lacerta strumosa, Linn. and Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. seat,
No. 33.
Lacerta viridis jamaicensis, Catesby,’ Carol. Vol. I. i.
LXVI.
Lacerta viridis Carolitensis, Idem, pl. LXV.
Le lézard rouge-gorge, Daub. Lacépede.
| L’Iguane rouge-gorge, Daud. Hist. Nat. des Rept. par
Latreille.
Salamandra strumosa, Seba and Laurenti.
Le goitreux, Daud. Lacépéde.
Anolis de St. Domingue, Nicholson, Essai sur Hist. Nat.
de St. Domin. . Vulgo, Chamelion, in the southern states.

Char.—Above green, changing to brownish, or
reddish; a black spot on-each temple: beneath whi-

NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA. 17

tish-gray, spotted with pale fawn: tai/ cylindrical,
destitute of carina—the throat hearnries, red when
inflated. — :
Total length five inches; tail three inches.
Inhabits Carolina, the Antilles, &c.; frequents
trees, garden walls, &c. Cabinet of the A. N.S.

5th Genus. LACERTA. Daudin, Cuvier, &e.

Characters of the Genus.—Body elongated, co-
vered above with very small scales, transversely dis-
posed : abdomen covered with six or ten rows of lon-
gitudinal, square, smooth plates : asealy collar beneath
the neck, (excepting the 4meiva lizards, which form
the first section of Daudin.) ‘Tongue long, extensi- .
ble, and bifurcated: head oblong, quadrangular,
sloping before, covered above with plates: tail long,
cylindrical, and verticillated : four strong legs, with
each five unguiculated toes: a row of porous grains
beneath the thighs: jaws armed with teeth:* the
cranium advancing over the tunel and orbits, in
form of a bony shield.

Srripep. Lizanrps.
*F orming the third, section of Daudin.

Having a transverse collar under the neck, formed
of several large scales: colour blueish 3, ahippatl wens
with longitudinal white lines.

** According to Cuvier, the Lizards are characterised by

“two palatine rows of teeth; we have not been able to de-
tect thesé teeth in the Lacerta 6-lineata.

18 NORTH AMERICAN. REPTILIA.

_ Lacerta sezlineata. » geplai

‘Synonyma.. “Lacerta sexlineata, Linn. and Gmel.

Le lion, Daud. and Lacépéde. ; Sea

Le lézard @ six raies, Latreille and Daudin. Figured
Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol.

Char.—Above brown, mess did nearly black
upon the back and sides; slate-blue on the flanks :
beneath pale yellowish-white : back striped with six
longitudinal whitish lines, the neck with eight lines.

Total length eight inches two lines; tail five inches
six lines.

-Tnhabits Carolina. Cabinet of the A. N. s.

Dracenowe Lizarps,
The sixth section of Daudin.
With two folds under the neck : anterior half of the

tail verticillate, posterior half reticulated. The : see-
tion includes but one species.

Lacerra quinquelineata,

Syvonyma. LZ. 5-lineata, Daudin. Wie

Lacertus major, cinereus, maculatus ? Sloane, Hist. Jam. p.
333, Pl. CCLXXIII. fig. 3. -

Char.—Above impure azire-blue, deeper on the
body : beneath pale: "back marked with five longitu-
dinal black lines: flanks with whitish spots: tail
verticillated anteriorly, reticulated posteriorly.

Total length six or eight inches; tail about three.
fifths.

Inhabits Carolina, and. probably the. Antilles. Cab.
of the A. N. S.

—

Ee ee ee a en Tl an ee er

NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA. 19
. 6th Genus. CROCODILUS. Brongniart.

Characters of the Genus.—Of large stature: back
and abdomen covered. with several rows of large
plates, those above ‘with an, elevated crest: tongue
thick, short, adhering to the lower jaw: skull flat and
broad : tail strongly compressed, furnished aboye with
a serrated crest, double anteriorly: legs robust; five
toes before, four behind, three internal only furnish-
ed with nails, all more or less united by a membrane.
Heart with two auricles, and two ventricles; the large
arteries uniting and forming a sac immediately before
the heart.*

Carmans. (Alligator.) Cuvier.
3d section of Daudin and others.

‘Having the snout broad and obtuse: teeth unequal :
the fourth lower tooth enters a hole, and not a groove,
of the upper jaws when the — is closed : feet se-
mi-palmated.

Crocopitus lucius.

Syvoyyma. Crocodilus lucius, or Le Caiman @ museau de
brochet, Cuvier. Ann. du Mus. Vol. X. Regne Anim. Tom.
Il. p. 22. Anim. Foss. Vol. IV:

Crocodilus Mississipiensis, Daudin.

Alligator, or Crocodile of Florida, Bartram, Tray. Idem,
Catesby, Carol. Pl. LXIII. figure inaccurate.

Idem, Hentz. “ Some Observations.on the anatomy and phy-

* For some account of the anatomy of the Alligator, vid,
Journal of the A. N.S. Phil. Vol. IV. p: 242. “ Description
of two Sp. of Linnean lacerta, &c. By R. Harlan, M,D.” 1824.

20 NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA.

siology of the North American Aurcaror,” ( Crocodiluslucius,

Cuy.) Transactions of the Am. Phil. Soc. Philad. Viel a

New Series, p. 216, Pl. II. 1820.
Char.—Above dark cinereous or blackish-brown,

tinged with green: beneath whitish: snout broad and

depressed :, neck above ssn four: yah en pie dis-
posed in a square. —

Length from ten to twenty feet; tail er the
length of the body. :

Inhabits the southern states, in fresh water lakes
and rivers. Not found north of Carolina on the At-
lantic, nor north of Red river on the Miscaan
Cab. of the A. N. S.

ORDER. CHELONEA..
Testupo, (Linn.)
CHARACTERS OF THE OrpER.—Heart composed

of two auricles, and of a ventricle with two unequal:
chambers communicating together, wherein the sys-.

temic and pulmonic circulations meet, propelling
mixed blood through the aorta. Body enclosed in
a double shield, a superior, or back-plate, (carapace,)
an inferior, or breast-plate, (plastron.) .The former

composed of eight flattened ribs united to each other,
and to the dorsal vertebre: the latter composed of -

the sternum, consisting of many pieces united by
suture. The cervical and caudal vertebra are alone
moveable. Respiration performed by means of the
muscles of the throat, as in the Batraceans : jaws desti-
tute of teeth, but furnished with a corneous beak, in
some instances serrated: tongue short: cesophagus, in

a

NORTH -AMERICAN REPTILIA. 21

some instances, beset with fleshy, conical protube-
rances, having a cardiac direction : stomach simple :
bladder large : urine limpid : penis simple, exsertile,
grooved the wholelength of the inferior surface : eggs
bce with a hard shell.

This Order, including only the Linnean genus Tes-
tudo, is very properly divided into several genera,
included under three great families, viz: Tun Lanp,
FRESH-WATER, and Sra, Torroises. ,

ft

“Ast Famtvy. LAND TORTOISES.

Ist Division—With the sternum simple, or with-
out a valve.

Ist Genus. TESTUDO. Brongniart.

. Characters of the Genus.—Back plate ventricose ;
legs short and clumsy; toes short and thick, covered
with skin which unites them nearly to the last pha-
lanx, armed with strong nails, five behind, four be-
fore ; sternum simple, generally projecting at the an-
terior extremity. Exemplified in the Greea, the
Indica, the Geometrica, &c., together,with the only
species observed in the United States,

Testupo. polyphemus,

Synonyma. Testudo polyphemus, Daudin.

Gopher, Bartram’s Tray. Vol. I.

Testudo Carolina? Linn. and Gmel.

T. polyphemus, Say. Jour. of the A. N.S. Vol. IV. p. 207.

Char.—Above depressed : sternum composed of

22 NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA.

twelve plates, elongated anteriorly, surpassing the od
anterior margin of the back-plate in the female only :
fail short: nails depagetiy — er dentiou-
lated. . wy
Length one foot, six itive breadth tite in-
ches.
Inhabits Georgia, and the Floridas. Specimens in
the Feanepue Museum.

2nd Dicisiok=2Sbiraies bi-valvular, giving full
protection to the head and members of the, animal,
when withdrawn into the cavity. Cuvier. subdi-
vides the genus into such as have two lids, and such
as have but one. We transfer these subdivisions to
the family Emydidz.

2nd. Genus, CLS EU Ae.:iKhomihedaaaat:

Synonyma. Zerrafiene, Merrem.

Testudo, Linn, and Gmel.

Les Tortues @ boite, Cuvier, Regne Animal,

Cistuda, Fleming. Philosophy of Zoology, Vol. IL. p. 270.
1822,—Idem, Say. Journal of the A. N.S. Vol: he a 205.
1824.

Characters of the Gibinle: Sieben divided into
two lids by a hinge-like articulation, united to the
back-plate by a moveable articulation: shell ven-
tricose, and the feet resembling those of the Testudo,
(Brongn. )

i
;

NORTH AMERICAN ‘REPTILIA. 23

Canes elausa.

“Synonyma. Testudo clausa, Gmel. Daudin, and others.

Terrapiene clausa, Merrem.

Cistuda clausa, Say, ut supra, who attributes Testuda Caro-
tina, Linn., as a synonyme. :

La tortue courte-gueue, Daud: suite de Buffon, Tom.
LXXX. p. 207.

La tortue a goutelettes, or Testudo virgulata, Paitin:

Testudo tessellata minor Caroliniana, Edwards, Av. 205.
Fig. passim. ; .

~ Char.—Shell convex, oval : sternum consisting of
twelve anchylosed plates, bivalvular, posterior valve
the largest: superior mandible hooked, inferior ele-
vated at tip and acute: tail hoi ti vertebral plates
slightly carinated..

Colours and markings varying in different indivi-
duals; plates sometimes sculptured, at other times |
glabrous.

Length of shell five sat a half inches, breadth four
inches, height two or three inches.

Inhabits the southern and middle states. Cabinet
of A. N. S.*

* This species is long-lived ; a specimen was lately found
on the farm of George Hunter, in Newton, Delaware Coun-
ty, marked J. H. 1761. He lived fifteen years under the pro-
tection of the King’s subjects, and has survived to witness
the jubilee of American Independence.

you, VI.—FEBRUARY, 1827. ; 4

24 NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA,

2nd Famiry. FRESH WATER TORTOISES. §

- EMYDIDA. Merrem.

_ Having the toes webbed, and furnished with long,
sharp nails, five before, four behind: sternum com-
posed of twelve plates, either continuously solid, or
furnished with one or more imperfect hinges: shell
generally rather depressed. _ -

1st Division—Sternum continuously solid.

3rd Genus. EMYS. Brongn.

- Characters of the Gitictonns’ Babe longer and more
separate, and nails longer than in other tortoises; five
before and four behind; the form of their feet, par-
ticularly the posterior, being strongly webbed, renders
them aquatic, and enables them to swim with velo-
city: back shell more depressed than in — tor-
toises.

. Emys picta.

Synonyma. Testudo picta, Linn. Gmel. Schoepff. :

La tortue peinte, Daudin, Latreille.
_ Testudo cinerea, Shoepff. Vulgo, The fainted or. Laie ence
zurtle of Pennsylvania.

Char.—Above dark sine with the aren of
the plates yellow: head and neck with longitudinal
stripes of yellow : jaws denticulated.

a

NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA. 25

Length five and a half inches, breadth four eucent
height one and a half inches. _

Inhabits the middle states; very common in te
fresh water brooks of Pennsylvania. There are three
or four varieties, including 7. cinerea of Shoepff,
which appears to have been described from a young
specimen. Specimen in the Cabinet of A. N. S.

Emys punetata.

Synoyyma. Testudo panne; Shoepff, Hist. testud. p. 25,
pl. Vv.

La tortue ponctuée, Daud. p. 159. pl. XXII. dpm; Lateeillé

Testudo guttata, Shaw, Zool. 3. Pt. I. P- AZ. pl. X. Ni
Spotted turtle.

Char.—Shell blackish, with remote bright, yellow,
round spots : superior jaw emarginated : inferior jaw
acute.

-Length of the shell four inches, breadth of shell
two and a half inches, height one and a half inches,

Inhabits Pennsylvania. Cabinet of the A. N, S.-

There is a variety with the shell more depressed,

and the spots more numerous; figured in Shoepff’s
work,

Emys mulenbergit.

Synonyma. Zestudo mulenbergii, Shoepff, Hist. Testud.
who figures the back and breast-plates, from a soar sent
by Dr. Mulenberg, from Pennsylvania. —

Emys biguttata, Say, Jour. of the A. N.S. Vol. IV. p. 205.

Char.—Shell oblong-oval, slightly contracted la-

26 NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA.

terally in the middle: occiput with two largé fulvous

spots: superior jaw oo viel gabe diet —

tail rather long.
Length? rather smaller than E. disiatiualy

Inhabits Pennsylvania. . Cabinet of the A. N. S.

Emys geographica,

Synonyms. Testudo geographica, Lesueur. Journal of the
A. N.S. Vol. I. p. 86, pl. V.

Emys geograpthica, Say. Journal of the A. N. S. Vol. IV.
p. 204.

Char.—Vertebral plates sub-carinated, the ante-
rior urceolate ; anterior marginal plates slender : shield
sub-oval, sides compressed : sternum nearly the length
of the shield: mandibles sharp, simple: general co-
lour, dusky, marked with pale sinuous stripes : inal
banded with yellow.
~ Length of shell eight inches, width six Sane;
height three inches.

Inhabits Lake Erie; noticed by Major cote ex-
ploring party on the Ohio and its tributaries,

Emys scabra.

Synonyms. Testudo scabra, Linn. and Daudin.

La tortue raboteuse, Daud. Lacép. Latreille. Idem, pee.
p- 129.

Emys scabra, Say. Journal of. the A. N.S. Vol. Iv. p20,

Char.—Colour dark greenish-brown above, ful-
vous beneath : plates sculptured with concentrie and

s

NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA. 27.

radiating lines, giving the shell a granulated appear-
ance : sternum with a large black spot on each plate :
superior jaw emarginate at tip; inferior jaw acute.
Length from three to nine inches.
Inhabits the northern and middle states. Gabinet
of ~ A.N. S.

Emys centrata.

Synonyma. Testudo centrata, Latreille. Idem, Daudin.
Testudo concentrica, Shaw, Zool. lI. Pt. I. p. 43, Pl. 1X.
Vulgo,: Terrapin.

Char.—Shell sub-ovate : vertebral plates wib-c -care-

; nated, excepting the last: plates with concentric
lines, more or less deeply impressed: shin whitish,
with numerous blackish spots : jaws simple. |

Length seven inches, ‘breadth five : oat height
three inches.

A smaller variety exists, with the concentric lines
nearly obsolete.

Inhabits the southern and middle states, in the vi-
cinity of brackish water. Specimens in the Cab. of
the A. N.S. |

Emys reticulata.

Syxnonyma: Testudo reticulata, Daudin, Bosc.
' Testudo reticularia, Latreille.
La tortue reticulaire, Latreille, Daudin.

Char.—Shell elongated oval, larger jiitesneety;
without carihe: plates covered with small parallel

28 NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA.

stria: sternum yellowish, rounded at both extremi-
ties: colour of the shell deep brown, reticulated with
with yellow lines: marginal plates at their sternal
junction, with three black spots. ot Migand
Length seven inches, greatest breadth fourand a
half inches, height near three inches. A. ahd te
Inhabits the southern states. Cab. of the A. N. S.

Emys serrata.

Stwonvaa. Testudo serrata, Daudin, suite ae: , Balfon, PT.
XXI. fig, 1 and 2,

Testudo rugosa, Shaw, Zool. Vol. Ul. PE L Pp 28, PI. IV. >

Vulgo, Potter, | in. New Jersey, or el pis terrapin. °

Char.—Shell sub-orbicular; seatdlaal plates ot
carenated, lateral plates striated or rugous $ six pos-

terior marginal plates serrated; all the marginal.

plates beneath, with a black spot: jaws denticulated :

dish.

Length from ten to epee tents Seishin tiers

Inhabits the southern and middle states. Comhinala
in New Jersey, and in the vicinity of the Chesa-
peake. Cab. of A. N.S. |

2nd Division—Sternum with two ligamentous
hinges, the middle lobe — generally a of
eleven pieces.

Genus. KiNosTERNoN, of Spix.

colour blackish, marked te Ripe pea: red-

I ee Oe a eT ee ee ae

NORTH AMBRICAN REPTILIA. 29

Emys pensylvanica.

. Synonyma. Testudo frensylvanica, Linn. Gmel. Schoepff.
Idem, Shaw,. Zool. Vol. III. p, 60, Pl. XIV. Enc. Method.
Pl. V. fig. 1. Daudin, suite de Buffon, p. 182, pl. XXIV.

. La tortue rougeatre, Daudin, ut supra.

Terrapiene pensylvanica, Merrem.

Cistuda pensylvanica, Say. Journal of the A. N. S. Vol.
IV. p. 206.

_' Char.—Shell oval, rather convex: sternum deep-
ly emarginate, posterior angles rounded : superior
mandible hooked at tip: inferior mandible elevated
and acute: fail unguiculated.

Length, of the shell three or four inches ; - breadth
two or three inches ; height one or two inches,

Inhabits the southern and middle states. Cabinet
GANS. us

A variety with the sternum proportionably broader,
and the femoral plates elongated posteriorly ; observ-
ed by Major Long’s exploring party, in the vicinity
of the Missouri.

‘8rd Division—Sternum univalve, with a single
ligamentous hinge, uniting the anterior lobe. to the
middle and posterior, which are immoveable.

Genus. Sternotuxrvs. Bell.*

* London Zoological Journal, No, VI, p. 299.

30 NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA,

Emys odorata.

2

Synonyma. Testudo odorata, Daudin, suite de Buffon, Vol.
LXXX, p. 189.

La tortue odorante, Daudin, Latreille, Hist. Nat. des Rep-
tiles, Tom. I. p. 122.

Cistuda odorata, Say. Journal of the A. N.S. Philad. Vol.
IV. p. 216.

La tortue a@ battans soudés, Daudin, or Testudo glutinata,
Idem. Vulgo, Stink-fot, or Musk-tortoise.

Char.—Shell oval, convex: sternum emarginate
behind; posterior angles acute, a single plate anteri-
orly, very small; the whole breast plate narrower
than in the pensylvanica, with a single valve anteri-
orly: head flattened, pointed, of a brownish colour,
with two yellow lines on each side: chin with some

;

yellow tubercles in form of processes. oy

Length four or five inches; breadth two or three
inches; rather higher than the preceding.

Inhabits the southern and middle states, giving the
preference to muddy ditches. Cab. of the A. N. 5.

4th Genus. CHELONURA. Fleming. —

Characters of the Genus.—Tail about the length
of the shield: back-plate carinated with spinous pro-
cesses posteriorly : extremities incopalie of being
withdrawn into the shield.

i.

NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA. 31

CHELONURA serpentina.

Syyonyma. Testudo serfentina, Linn. Gmel. Schoepff.

La tortue serpentine, Daud. Lacép, Daub.

Testudo serrata, Pennant, Supple. Arct. Zool.

Chelonura serfientina, Say. Journal of the A. N.S. Vol.
IV. p. 217. Vulgo, Snapping turtle, or Logger-head, of the
middle states, Alligator tortoise, of the southern states.
Coutta, by the slaves.

¢

' Char.—WShell sub-ovate, depressed, posterior plates
spinous: superior mandible hooked, acute : tail very
long, compressed and serrated.

Length, sometimes four feet, of the shell about
two feet; weighing about twenty pounds.

Inhabits the southern and middle states; preferring
ditches and muddy pools. Cab. of the A. N. S.

5th Genus. TRIONYX. Geoffroy.

Characters of the Genus.—Destitute of scales ;

‘shield and sternum being covered with a soft skin, or

cartilage: an osseous disk in the shield, from which
project laterally several ribs, shorter than the carti-
laginous border: feet palmated, three inner toes fur-
nished with claws: a corneous beak covered with
fleshy lips: nose prolonged into a fleshy trunk: vent
situated near the extremity of the tail.

VOL. VI.—-FEBRUARY, 1827. 5

32 NORTH AMERICAN "REPTILIA.
Trionyx Matias :

Syvonyma. Testudo pice, * cada Linn, Gmel, Schoey
La tortue molle, Lacépéde, Latreille.

Latortue de Pennant, Daudin.

Trionyx ferox, Say. Journal of the A. N.S. Vol. Iv. ?. 218.
The soft-shell tortoise, Bartrain, Trav. Vol. is P i.

|} ie

Char.—Sternum with two callosities; small ne
tubercles on the anterior and posterior part of the co-
vering of the back: éaz/ slightly projecting beyond
the cartilaginous border, in the female ; much longer
and thicker in the male: head and neck sabieesese

the length of the body. : oe eee

Length of the body about twenty. aha br adth
about fourteen and a half inches; head and neck about
thirteen and a half inches in length when protruded ;
weighing between twenty and thirty pounds.) .,,

Inhabits the Mississippi, the Ohio, the northern
lakes with their tributary streams $ also many of the
rivers of the southern states; not observed to exist
further south than South Carolina on the sea board.

Specimens, male and female, preserved mre
in the Cabinet of the A, N.S. & Rage DUM ds

The piecing synopsis includes all the remarks,
which our observations enable jus to offer, on the two
first great families of the Order'CurLonia. Concern:
ing the third and: last family, the Sea Tortoises)
(Chelonia, of Brongniart,) we have enjoyed no op-

Se Ce ee ee en eee

¥ }
NORTH, AMERICAN REPTILIA. 33

portunity of imvestigation, which would enable us to
add to,the facts already, before the public. The in-
genious Dr. Fleming, with considerable erudition,
and a nomenclature always classical, has recently at-
tempted a revision of this order.* According to this
author, the’sea tortoises are divided into two groups,

consisting of three genera, thus characterized :

First Group.—Breast-plate interrupted by inter-
vening cartilaginous spaces : extremities incapable of
being withdrawn into the shield: fore legs remark-
ably produced, with the toes united, to serve asa fin :
living in the sea. ae

1. CHELONTIA. Back-plate covered with corneous
scales. Testudo mydas. L.

2. Coriupo. Back-plate destitute of scales. . Tes-

tudo coriacea. L.

Second Group.—Lips fleshy, with a produced
snout : toes webbed.

3. Cuetys. (Dumeril.) Back-plate scaly: a pro-
tuberance on the hind feet, occupying the place of a

* Vid. “ The Philosophy of Zoology; or a general view of
the Structure, Functions, and Classification of Animals. By
John Fleming, D.D. F.R.S. E. Minister of Flisk, Fifeshire.”
In two Vols. 8vo, 1824.—Vol. Il. p. 268.

»
34 NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA.

web, but destitute of a claw: toes armed with claws:
mouth destitute of a corneous beak /Testudo Jimbriay
Gmel.* + 2

We close our observations on this subject, for, Peg
present, in offering a catalogue or methodical table,
of the Reptilia inhabiting the Unrrep Staves 3 to-
gether with a few additions and corrections.

ith

* For the. ins of Sea caitaiate -which freqent the
coasts of the United States, vid. the methodical table % the.
' termination of this essay. ;

CATALOGUE

OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA.

Salamandra

ist Orper. BATRACHIA.
; ; tigrina.
lst Genus. cylindracea.
AMPHIUMA.: fasciata.
*means.—1. scinciput-albida.
2d. Genus, erythronota.

MENOPOMA. ~ cinerea.

alleghaniensis.—1. ~ giutinosa.
8d Genus. fusca.

SIREN. maculata.
lacertina. subfusca.
striata. longicaudata.
intermedia.*—3. 4 nigra.

4th Genus. bislineata,

MENOBRANCHUS. rubra.

lateralis.—1. picta.t
5th GENus. symmetrica.

SALAMANDRA. flavissima.

subviolacea. variolata.{—19.

A description of this species by Captain Leconte, has recently
been published, with a plate, in the Ann. of the Lyc. of Nat. Hist.
of New York, Vol: IL. p. 199, Pl. -#

* The * Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum,” No. I. A Jour-
nal recently commenced in this city, contains a description, by Mr.
Green, of five species of Salamanders. The Salamandra intermixta,
of this author, is identical with the species previously known to na-
turalists as the S. ficta. Journal of the Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol.
V. June 1825.—Idem, of this synopsis, p. 333.

} Salamandra Jeffersoniana, Green, was previously described as a

a
&

36 NORTH AMERICAN R IA.
6th Genus. Coluber ©
RANA. ‘ testaceus.
PIPIENS. oy vig pa yyy om OFdinatus.
clamata.’” POA TAD parietalis.
ocellata. filiformis.
melanota. flagelliformis.
halecina. sipedon.
utricularius. saurita.
scapularis, sirtalis.
y VMayiviridissy » ) yyy copy y preepey. oximus.—
sylvatica. . flaviventris.
palustris. striatulus. ~ 4
pumila. punctatus. |
“ gryllus. amznus.
dorsalis... » origidus. .. pest) 1
nigrita.—14. septemvittatus.
_ 7th Genus, ; _ porcatus. ePoea CY te!
HYLA. coccineus. |)
__. lateralis. Pies waged
a femoralis. ‘estivus. ‘
squirella. fasciatus.) 9 /
delitescens. _-getulus.-
' _ versicolor.—5. ; calligaster.. 9 |
8th Genus. it melanoleucus.* {©
BUFO. peor:
. ; , veximilus.
musicus. ; :
i floridanus.
cognatus. , ; pe
2—3.* sag oi
: fuscus a atrifuscus.f, wai?
2nd OrvEr. er nis. » erythrogrammus.
. doliatus.
ist Genus. maculatus... 5) 4)5
OPHISAURUS. guttatus.p¢ iy
| ventralis.—1. ‘molossus:
2nd Genus. reticularis.—35,
COLUBER. Srd Genus...» vite ren ;
. obsoletus.._ VIPERA,. Mattducr need
constrictor. “fulyia <1

—_

variety of S/ variolata, at page 334, of this synopsis. Mr. “Green 's es |

per is accompanied with a very
* We havelittle doubt, but. that.
species,

ne engraving of the S. glutinosa,.
the B, fuscus, will prove a AisHinct a)

fava i

+ For Coluber atrifuscus, a rok Ss tua Metantin, the former name~

having been appliedto designate an East Indian serpent; the Da-—

meen, of Russel.

.

4th Genus.

CENCHRIS.
i mokeson.—1.
5th Genus. ;
| SCYTALE.
piscivorus.
niger.—-2.
6th Genus.
CROTALUS.
durissus,
horidus.
miliarius.
confluentis. .
tergeminus.—5,.
3rd Orver. ‘SAURIA./ /
1st’ Genvs:)3- jy 13s
AMEIVA. ‘
SPB “tesselata—1.
and Gknvs. EE ae a
SCINCUS.
i *“quinquelineatus:
_ erythrocephalus.
‘© bicolor.
lateralis. —4.
3rd. Genus.
AGAMA. :
* undulata.
umbra.
cornuta,
collaris.—4y :
Ath GEnus.
ANOLIS. —
: ; ‘buillaris—1.
5th Genus: 7
LACERTA.
sexlineata.
. quinquelineata—2.

{TH AMERICAN REPTILIA.

37

.[ 6th Genus. .
PHeOPsLUS.
lucius.—1.
4th OrvEr. “CHELONIA.
Ist Genus.
TESTUDO.
pelgpheeage-'-
2nd Genus. '
CISTUDA.
clausa.—1.
3rd Genus.
EMYS.
picta.
punctata.
ons - mulenbergii.
mpaueie geographica.
scabra. -
Jp 'S) centrata, © >
' YO) wetictlatas:*'
snolfl ? self ysetratas.
| pensylvanica:
ee pptorataio,
| ath Genus.
“CHELONURA.
serpentina.—1.
Sth Genus.
TRIONYX.
ferox.—1.

™, SEA TORTOISES.
CHELONIA.

(Brong.)
6th Genus.
*CHEL 2 Balas
; mydas,
caretta.
*.couana.—3.
7th Genus.
CORIUDO.+

casei i;

* Chelonia, Fleming.

» +t Coriudo, F cechiie’

} C. coriacea, as frequeiiing the coasts of Carolina, on thé autho-
rity of Lawson. “ Hist. of Carolina.”

cic
ee

ve

-ERRATAY PUL? * ere fia

Page 320, line 21, for Vol. IV.” read Vol. Vp. 417.
Page 320, line 10, for “ Latraille,” read Latreille.
Page 323, line 1, for “ Menobrancus,”’ read Menobranchus.
Page 324, line 10, for “ Axalotl,” read Axolotl,
Page 360, lines 10 and 11, for “ Eximus,” read Ezimiue,
Page 370, line 11, for “ Carena,” read Carina.

ia a

4
i
ie
t
a
:
-
4
:

a te

a ae Se

OSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA. 39

Remarks on the Osmunda Claytoniana of Linneus,
with a drawing. By S. W. Conran.

Read March 13th, 1827.

Tue Osmunda Claytoniana* was introduced into
the system of vegetables, as a fern indigenous to
Virginia, on the authority of Clayton. It is a rare

plant, for it seems to have escaped the attention of

most of our botanists. The late Dr. Muhlenberg
identified it with the Osmunda interrupta of Mi-
chaux. In his manuscript Flora Lancastriensis he
describes at large that species under the name of
Osmunda Claytoniana, placing O. interrupta as a
synonyme ; for his description of the fructification,
(“racemis lateralibus, alternis, oppositisque pin-
natis,””) can apply only to the 0. interrupta, which
is peculiar in its inflorescence : it is : probable, there-
fore, that he was unacquainted with the real Os-
munda Claytoniana, which has its fructification al-
ways terminal.

Pursh considers this fern a variety ‘of the OJ" cin-
namomea; and remarks, that he “ recollects very
well that the fructiferous stems of that species very
frequently grow out into leaves, which may have
given rise to the present species.” It is certainly
more nearly related to that plant - than it-is to the
0. interrupta; but its pinne are more obtuse, and
the segments are closer and not so deep; neither are

* See plate 2, vol. vi.

VOL, VI—-JUNE, 1827.
ao

40 OSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA.

the specimens which I have seen lanuginous, like
the fertile fronds of the O. cinnamomea, having
only small tufts of a very pale ferruginous tomentum
in the axils of the pinne. Several years past my
friend Charles J. Wister of Germantown found this
fern in an exsiccated swamp in the vicinity of that
village, and I have since noticed it myself, in a
similar situation, near Bristol on the Delaware, and
obtained specimens of it; from one of which the
accompanying drawing was made by my er x A.
Conrad.

Specific character.—Frondibus pinnatis 3 pinnis
pinnatifidis, apice coarctato, fructificantibus. L.

Description.—F rond from twelve to eighteen inch-

es high; pinne opposite and alternate, rather ob-

tuse, tomentose at the axils; segments ovate, some-
what rounded at the top, entire; fructification ter-
minal, bipinnately panicled, erect; capsules smooth, of
a deep ferruginous colour, densely covering the slen-
der pinnule. 4 ee

ee

CYANITE AND PIBROLITE. 41

Analysis of Cyanite and Fibrolite, and their union
in-one species, under the name of Disthene. By
Larpner Vanuxem, Professor of Chemistry
‘and Mineralogy in Columbia Col. 8. C.

Read April 10th, 1897.

‘AumosrT all the confusion existing in Mineralogy
arises from inattention to those characters of minerals
which are really specific: hence innumerable species
are created, which involve the science in obscurity,
and arrest the progress of the student at almost every
step. From my knowledge of mineralogy, I have
not been able to find more than four characters that
can be relied upon in the designation of species;
and if these alone were resorted to, mineralogy
would, ina few years, be stripped of many of its

false species, or excrescences, and reduced to some-

- thing like certainty and. method. The characters
which I consider to be truly specific are, first, Chemi-
cal Composition, the basis of mineralogy: second,
Crystallization ; which includes not only the system
of forms and the angles of crystals, but double. re-
fraction and polarity : third, Specific Gravity : and,
fourth, Hardness. Be

In most books of mineralogy, mere aggregates of
an imperfect crystallization often form the distinctive
characteristics of species ; as the lamellar, the bladed,
the fibrous, and the granular, structure; all which
modes of aggregation are to be found in several of

A2 CYANITE AND FIBROLITE.

the species, as carbonate of lime, and gypsum ; plain-
ly showing that such characters ought not to be relied
upon as specific distinctions, or, in other words,
should not be used in forming mineral species.

The object of the present memoir is to unite two
mineral substances in one species, under Havy’s
name of Disthene; the substances in question are
designated, in Prof. Cleveland’s Mineralogy, by the
names of Cyanite and Fibrolite, neither of them pre-
senting characters that require them to be separated ;
on the contrary, their identity is established by their
composition, (as will be subsequently shown,) and
by their other characters; due regard being made
to the difference in the mode of aggregation of their
particles. .

I was induced to analyze the Cyanite of St. Go-
thard, in’ consequence of the difference in the pro-
portions of Silex, as given by Klaproth and Lau-
gier, amounting to four and five-tenths per cent.

I did not find other appreciable matter in Cyanite
and Fibrolite than silex and alumine: I merely ob-
tained traces of manganese and water. The mode
of analysis for both substances, was, first, to reduce
them to an impalpable powder; secondly, to fuse
with two and a-half times their weight of pure caus-
tic potash; thirdly, to dissolve the product in
muriatic acid ; fourthly, to evaporate to dryness ;
fifthly, to re-dissolve the alumine in acidulated wa-
ter; sixthly, to separate the silex from the alumine

-
(

:
a
4
=
;
d
z
]

a EP ee ee eR EN ee

CYANITE AND FIBROLITE. 43

by filtering ; seventhly, to calcine the silex ; eighthly,
to precipitate the alumine by ammonia; and, lastly,
to filter and expel the water from the alumine a a
red heat.

The Cyanite from St. Gothard, ~

‘ silex 42.
alumine 57.50
‘ose 50

100.

A specimen from Chesterfield, Massachusetts, gave

silex 42.56
alumine 57.
loss | 44

Wit «

100.

I found the specific ‘gravity of the Cyanite of St.
Gothard, to be 3.69; and that of Chesterfield, to be
3.57. Water at 62° of Fahrenheit. —

In my collection I have specimens of Fibrolite
from three localities in the United States; one from
the Schuylkill river back of the Robin Hood tavern,
on the Ridge-road: this locality was discovered by
Mr. Lea and myself about eleven years ago. It is
also found on the road to Cooper’s Gap, in Ruther-
ford county, North Carolina: a specimen from this
place was presented me by Mr. Leckie. The third

&

44 C¥YANITE AND FIBROLITE.

locality is near Wilmington, in ‘the state of Dela-
ware; it was discovered by Mr. Lea.° In all these
localities the Fibrolite occurs in Gneiss. | attab a

These Fibrolites present the same characters as
given by Count’ Bournon, in his description of the
specimens from the Carnatic and China.

The Fibrolite of Delaware state is purer and more
to be admired than that of any other American lo-
eality ; some parts of the specimens exhibit an ap-
proach to Cyanite, the fibres assuming a partially
bladed appearance. It is white, with a lustre of
pearl and water blended together; fibrés fine, with
numerous transverse cracks; specific gravity, 3.21;

hardness rather superior to Quartz; infusible.
- Its composition I found to be,

silex 42.77
alumine. 55.50
loss 1.73

100.

The essential characters of Cyanite, are its compo-
sition, its hardness, its crystallization, and its specific
gravity. In composition there is.an identity in Cy-
anite and Fibrolite, not only as regards their consti-
tuents, but also in their proportions: in hardness
they likewise accord : in crystallization they differ,
because one is the result of the undisturbed action,
and the other of the disturbed action of this power :

CYANITE AND FIBROLITE. 45

in specific gravity there is a discordance; but as
yet we have not paid that attention to the specific
gravity of minerals in different states of aggrega-
tion, which is required by the discrepancies which
they present to us; it is the least certain of the spe-
cific characters of minerals.

Nore.—It is not improbable that the mineral called Bu-
cholzite, (which I have never seen) isa variety of Disthene;
forl cannot find any characters in the description given of it,
- that entitles it to be considered a distinct species. From
its black and white colour, it must contain impurities; from
‘its fibrous structure, it may have its fibres broken by Quartz
and yet scratch the latter substance. If the Bucholzite of
Voightland had been analyzed, we should have suffici
data for determining the question. If the black ore
was fibrous, which I found in 1817, on the road from Phi-
ladelphia to Chester, it would no doubt be a Bucholzite: as
it occurs in Mica schiste, and is mixed with it, the compo-
sition of this Cyanite, would exhibit Oxide of Iron, Potash.
and more Silex than is contained in pure Cyanite.

£

46 ' TABULAR SPAR. -

Gaaheae of Tabular Spar from Bucks County,
Pennsylvania; ith a notice of various ; minerals
found at the locality, By S. G. Mor-
ton, M. D.

.

Read May Ist, 1827.

i In December last I received, from Dr. Edward
Swift of Bustleton, in this state, a number of mine-
vals found by him on the farm of Mr. Jacob Van
Arsdalen, three miles west of Attleboro’, and seven
north of Bustleton. Among these minerals were
several specimens of Tabular Spar, so finely charac-
terized that I was induced to visit the locality; an
excursion in which I was joined by Dr. Swift and
Mr. J. P. Wetherill. All the minerals mentioned
in. this paper, occur in a small bed of primitive White
Limestone, that has been long quarried for burning ;
it is traversed by one or two narrow veins of Horn-
blende, and occasionally by others of Quartz, Feld-—
spar, and Sienite; the latter is the predominant rock
for several miles round. *

We obtained the following minerals :

1. Tabular Spar. This mineral, formerly so rare,
is here found in masses of several tons weight, in all
respects well characterized, and strongly resembling
the specimens from lake Champlain: like the latter,
it occurs in groupéd tabular masses, of a fibrous struc-
ture, translucent and possessing a fine pearly lustre: by

TABULAR SPAR. 47)

exposure to the weather it disintegrates. Its specific

gravity is 2.92.

To prevent any deception that might arise from ex-
ternal appearances, I subjected the mineral to analy-
sis, for the success of which I am greatly indebted
to the assistance of my friend Mr. J. P. Wetherill.

We adopted, with some modification, the process ©

used by Mr. Vanuxem in his examination of the Ta-
bular Spar of lake Champlain.*

One hundred grains of the sateendiice't in fine pow-
der, having been calcined in a platina crucible, lost
-75 of their weight: the powder was then boiled to
a jelly in muriatic acid ; water was afterwards added,
the solution filtered, and the siliceous residuum cal-
cined. |

To the solution thus obtained Oxalate of Ammo-

nia was added, which gave a copious precipitate of
Oxalate of Lime; the latter was separated by filter-
ing, and calcined.
‘ "The liquor from which the Silex and Lime had
been precipitated was evaporated to dryness, and
the residuum calcined, by which the Muriate of
Ammonia was driven off: the remainder was cau-
tiously examined, and proved to be Oxide of Iron,
with a trace of Lime. The Lime obtained by pre-
cipitation was also tested for Iron, but gave none.

The substances obtained by the above analysis,
afforded the following results :

*

* Vide vol. ii. p. 183, of this Journal.

VOL, VI.——-JUNE, 1827. 7

’

48 TABULAR SPAR.

Silex 51.50 -:

Lime 44.10
. Oxide of Iron 1.00 rae v1G oe
~ lost by calcination 9.75 qn tears

97.35

These results prove the. eatin in question to ay
. Tabular Spar. Bid
2. Scapolite, massive and exyialiizeds the Soe:
er variety occurs in large masses of a gray colour, |
and compact. texture... The crystals present a quad-
rangular prism, terminated by a four sided pyramid;
most of them, however, are so grouped as to show
no determinate form. eit
3. Pyroxene, in hexaedral prisms; more frequent-
ly in crystalline masses of various shades of green:
also the granular variety, or Cocolite, which is abun-
dantly disseminated in the Tabular Spar: other spe-

cimens approach near to Sahlite. io

4. Zircon. Of this mineral I observed several
traces, and Dr. Swift obtained a large and beautiful
crystal, form—Soustrative of Hauy. * ;

5. Mica, clove-brown. and emerald-green, both
found in small plates in the massive Scapolite.

6. Blue. Quartz, in small quantity. ere

7. Feldspar,. massive, of a dark blue colour, and
brilliant lustre : also in rhombic prisms with the ter-
minal angles truncated, Unitaire of Hauy; from.
half an inch to two inches long, and very perfect.

8. Garnet, granular, and in small dodecaedral

4

TABULAR SPAR. 49

erystals, of a pale red colour, disseminated in blu-
ish Quartz, and Carbonate of Lime.

9. Phosphate of Lime, massive, and in hexaedral
prisms; also in minute bluish grains, Morozite ?
This mineral is here found in small quantity.

10. Graphite, massive, and in delicate hexago-
nal tables, disseminated in all the other minerals. It
may be remarked that Mansell’s Black Lead mine is
only a mile and a half distant, where this mineral is
found in great abundance in Sienite.

11. Sulphate of Iron, massive, and in octaedral
crystals measuring from half an inch to two inches in
the diagonal diameter of the base of the pyramid: the
proprietor showed us a fragment of one of these erys-
tals of great magnitude.

12. Oxide of Titanium: the silico-caleareous va-
riety occurs in very oblique four-sided prisms, with
bevelled extremities ; they measure from half an inch
to an inch in length. ,

This locality is interesting from the variety and
abundance of its productions, several of which ap-
pear to be inexhaustible; and it will be observed
that this circumscribed spot affords most of the mine-
rals of Willsboro’ in Vermont, and Rodgers’-rock
at lake George.*

I have presented specimens of all the above mine-
rals, excepting the Zircon, to the Museum of the
Academy of Natural Sciences: a:

* A mineral found at Easton, and formerly supposed to
be Tabular Spar, is now generally admitted to be Tremolite;
an opinion which would no doubt be verified by analysis.

50 OSTREA FALCATA.

Description of a new species of OstREA 3 with

some Remarks on the O. convexa of Say. By -

S. G. Morton, M. D.

a

Read May Ist, 1827.

OSTREA.

O: falcata, testa falciforme, auriculata, -tenui ;
valvula superiore planulata, inferiore convexa;_pli-
cis, juxta rostrum nascentibus, ad marginem. anterio-
rem divaricatis; margine posteriori leviter undata.

This shell is remarkable for being distinctly auric-
ulated and for its curve, which resembles that of a
sickle: its plaits commence in low ridges near the
beaks, and gradually become elevated as they diverge
towards the anterior margin.

I some months ago found single valves of this fine
fossil in the bluish marl, thrown up in excavating
the Delaware and Chesapeake canal, near St.
George’s: more recently my friend Mr. William L.
Newbold has presented me with two remarkably
perfect specimens, from one of which I took the an-
nexed drawing, showing the lower valve of the natu-
ral size: (plate i, fig. 2.) ;

The same locality affords fine specimens of the
Exogyra costata of Say, and of the Ostrea convera
of the same naturalist; also numerous casts of Pec-
tunculi, Turritelle, Baculites, Ammonites, &c. The

Si

OSTREA FALCATA,. 51

specimens of Ostrea convexa vary so much in form,
that some of them might easily be mistaken for dis-
tinct species, could we not trace, by the comparison
of many shells, the gradual transition of one variety
into another until the extremes become. identified.
In the most striking of these varieties, the inferior
valve is slightly convex, remarkably auriculated or
angulated, and has an inconsiderable curvature of
the beak; in which particulars it is the reverse of
the shell described by Mr. Say; but in all other
respects the analogy between the two is complete.
[have presented to the Museum of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, five specimens, which amply il-
lustrate the facts above mentioned.

Description of a new species of Grampus, (Del-
phinus,. Cuv.) inhabiting the coast of New
England. By Richarp Hartan, M.D. |

Read March 6th, 1827.

Devrutnus intermedius. (Nob.)

Char.—Above shining black; side of the abdo-
men and neck marked with the continuation of the
white colour of the abdomen and throat: beneath
varied with white: fail compressed, terminating in
a deep constriction just before the caudal fins.

52 ' GRAMPUS.

-Dimensions.—Length sixteen and a half feet ;
girth of the largest part ten feet; length of the pec-
toral fins three feet eleven inches; rictus of the
mouth nine inches; pectoral fins one-fourth, dorsal
fin one-thirteenth of the total length. Inhabits the
coast of New England.

Description.—Colour uniformly black above, with
awhite patch beneath the throat, becoming a nar-
row longitudinal strip on the breast between the fins,
and a broad longitudinal band on the abdomen ;
teeth about twenty in each jaw; small, prismatic,
slightly reflected, and projecting half an inch above
the gums: head blunt, cylindrical, and anteriorly
sub-globose: body slightly compressed ; tail strongly
~ compressed, almost carinated, and much constricted
just before the caudal fins.

This individual, a female, was harpooned in the
harbour of Salem, (Massachusetts) in the month of
Sept. 1823. The preceding facts, together with a
drawing* taken from the recent animal, are due
principally to our zealous member, Dr. Charles Pick-
ering, late of Salem, Mass.

Distinctive characters.—The animal at first view,
evidently belongs to the sub-genus. Phoczwna, (Cuv.)
or such Dolphins as have the snout short and ven-
tricose, without a beak, numerous teeth in both jaws,
and a dorsal fin.

Our species bears the closest resemblance, in some

* Vid. pli is fig. 3.

GRAMPUS. 53

respects, to the Delphinus grampus,* and Delphi-
nus globiceps,+ but is distinguished from both by
the caudal constriction, as well as in its form, propor-
tions, and markings; the dorsal fin is also propor-
tionably much smaller than in either; the head of
_ the globiceps is more ventricose, and the latter spe-
~ cies is chiefly found on the coast of Europe. We
have accordingly placed our species in the systems
between the two, and memed it Intermedius.

. * D. grampus, Hunter, havies, Desm., &c. Figuredtby
Bonnaterre, Cetologie, p. xxii. No. 4. pl, 12. fig. 1., and
Duhamel, Peches, pl. ix. fig. 1.—D. grampus, Harlan,
Fauna Americana, p- 287.

+ D. globiceps, Cuy. Rapport ‘sur les cétacés échoués
a Paimpol, An. du Mus., tom. 19, pl. 1, fig. 2& 3. Idem,
Animaux fossiles, Ed. 2. vol. v. p. 285.—Delphinus melas,
Traill. Nicholson’s Journal, vol. xxii. p. 81-—Delphi-
nus deductor, Scoresby.—Dauphin a téte ronde. Desm.
sp.-777. p. 519.

Additional Observations on the Nortu AMERICAN
Reptinia. By R. Harvay, M.D.

Read Mey Ist, 1827.

1. Description of a variety of the Emys serrata.

Since the publication of the Essay on the Nortu
American Reprmuia, concluded in the last No. of
the Journal, I have received fine living specimens,
male and female, of the tortoise, known by the

name of ‘Potter’ in New’ Jersey, which T have
indicated as a vaca of the E. serrata, from oe:

54 NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA.

_ tina.* . -
‘a Description.—Shell sub- ala lateral plates
— striated o

rugous ; the six 5 ae marginal plates

blackish ; pom red or aa marginal
over the thighs slightly recurved; neck jongitud
nally striped: back-plate of the females sub-carina-
ted; of the male, rather flat or slightly concave :
colour of the male much lighter and less red than
that of the female. Skin pe 0k gai a
on the upper portions of the body.
Dimensions.—Length twelve inc
inches, height four inches ;
inches; vent posterior ‘to the middle
Habits.—Frequenting ditchessainalt rcanis be:
are more fierce than fresh-water topos in gene-
ral.
2. Note on the Cortupo « Portlbes. ae
In addition to the authority already quoted, in fa-
vour of the existence of this species on our coasts,
we are: enabled to add, that there are ry spe-
cimens of the animal in the ‘New York and New
England. Museums, whie were | taken on their re-
spective coasts. PES
3. In the Mernopica ie. of the Worth Ame-
rican Reptilia, we haye omitted to notice a species

“Via. p. 28; vol vi. 4 [:

®

‘,

a

NORTH AMERICAN REPTILIA. 55

of CuiroTrEs, the existence of which, in this coun-
try, is indicated in Major Long’s Expedition to the
Rocky Mountains, vol. i. p. 484.

4. Reference to plate 1st, fig. as

Rana Dorsatts, natural size; deseribed at page
340, of vol. v. Numerous specimens of this species
“haye lately been received from Dr. W. Blanding, of
Camden, S. ©., where they are known by the fami-
liar name “ Sah cricket.”” ~

ee Gee 7 * ae
ye : =

ti

| \ Han Ml D.

eee ee
Ch ae

Notice of certain prepared specimens of Quadru-
peds in the possession of a Gentleman lately re-
Meat to Philadelphia, from his travels in the
United States and pe”. By R. Har-

i

Read May Ist, 1827.
«ll Raccoon, perfectly white, and of the usual

dimensions, from the trans- Mississippi country ; also

one of very large dimensions. ‘Total length three
feet six inches, height one foot.

2. Felis fasciatus ? perhaps a variety of the Strip-
ed, Lynx, a species hitherto imperfectly described.
»,Char.—Above grayish-brown ; beneath whitish; ~
legs spotted with black, externally of the same co-
lour with the back, internally of the colour of the

. abdomens sides of the face and snout fasciated longi-
tudinally: ‘ai short, black at the extremity: long

retreating hairs on the cheeks: ears moderately pen-
cilled with hairs.
VOL. VI.—JUNE, 1827. 8

ee

56 SPECIMENS OF QUADRUPEDS.

© Dimensions. —Length of the body seventeen itich-

es; of the head and neck six inches 5 tril toon dn,
height at the cone feot..2:iisieiol/. gIOne "

as from pe sirens marked variety,

ish : po cht y black; a transverse la
the upper and. | backs part of the roa
terior to the scapula’ ears hairy,
blackish without, whitish within: 1
abovey four | below § 3 large mol

and strong. ,

_ Dimensions.—Lengt
e and neck six inches;

' at withers nine inches.

™ 4. A Fox, from the N. W
be distinct species, at least a strongh
- the Canis cinereo argenteus 3
Description. — Above mv
very-white, and blacki along the midd!

».. domens: /egs: entirely ; ears blackish w without,
oe =e nil | furnished wil Tong

oa

f.

Geological Observations on the Srconpary, TERTI-
ary, and ALLUVIAL Formations of the Atlantic
Coast of the United States of America. Arrang-
ed from the Notes of LARDNER Vanuxem,* by
S. G.. Morton, M. D.

(Read ii ome 8, 1928. )

‘The extensive region which is’ covered by: the
Secondary, Tertiary, and Alluvial formations of the
Atlantic Coast of the United States, would appear to
have been hitherto less cautiously examined than the
other formations in this country, of which the best
proof exists in the fact, that they have, by most wri-
ters, been referred to the 4d/uvial} as constituting a
single deposit; while by others they have been de-
signated by the general name of Tertiary.

One cause which led geologists into the error of

eonsidering these depositions as belonging to one age,
or class, was the circumstance that by far the greater

portion. of them consists of unconsolidated materials ;
a fractional part only existing in the state of rock.=—
Another cause of confusion, was the difficulty of ob-

* The friends of Mr. Vanuxem are aware that he lately passed
a few days in this city, prior to his embarkation for Mexico: during
that period, his time was so engrossed with preparatory arrange-
ments, and with: the publication of a chemical essay, that he re-
quested me to arrange the materials of the following paper. After
Thad finished the manuscript we examined it together, and it is
now published as corrected by the author.—S. G. M.

January 5, 1828.

tT Va ide. Maclure’s Geology of the United States, p- 34, 82,-ete

% 4
60 GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

taining the characteristic fossils of the different de- j
positions. Of late, however, the extensive public |
and other works on the Atlantic frontier of this coun-
try, have so exposed the different deposits that they
may now be examined, in very many places, i in con-
junction with their organic products. Still, how-
ever, it would be impossible to define precisely the
junction of the Secondary with the superimposed Ter-
tiary 5 this must be left to future investigators ; but |
it may be positively asserted, that the two forma-
tions may be at all times unequivocally identified by 4
their fossil remains,
Before proceeding to speak in detail of the three :
formations, it may be advantageous to give a diagram
of them all, arranged according to what I believe to be
their relative geological position. if

a ae eS a

a Vegetable mould. . 17
Cs) a
Pa) 2 . o : a
eS River alluvium. : : 6
ea White siliceous sand. 5
o-6 -
ee) vi <
gs Z Red-earth. 5 =
0 Beds of Ostrez. ;
3 Ce ee eS oy Re A eed es Ge le, aT . . . . “oe ‘ *.
o Mass of Limestone, Buhrstone, Sand and Clay. 8
sa L ee
rs Lignite. ‘ oe
G4 F
=
8 Marl of New-Jersey and Delaware, 1
R

sf
GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 61

The geographical position of the. three deposi-

tions is as follows: they embrace the islands of Nan-

tucket and Martha’s Vineyard, on the coast of New-
England, and nearly the whole of Long Island 3 the
continental boundary commences in New-J ersey, at
Sandy Hook, passes near Amboy and Newark, and
strikes the Delaware a little below Trenton; it fol-
lows the course of the Delaware river to the vicinity
of New-Castle, in the state of Delaware, whence it
runs westward towards Baltimore, and passes south
by Washington, Fredericksburg, Richmond, and
Petersburg, in Virginia: thence a little west of Hali-
fax, Smithfield, Aversboro’, and Parkersford on
Pedee river, in North Carolina; west of Camden,
and Columbia in South Carolina, to Augusta in Geor- °
gia; the line now runs in a westerly direction by
Rocky Landing on the Oconee river, Fort Hawkins
on the Oakmulgee river, Hawkinstown on Flint river,
and crossing the Catahouchee, Alabama and Tombig-
bee rivers, joins the alluvial basin of the Mississippi
below Natchez.* The Atlantic ocean forms the
eastern, and the Gulf of Mexico the southern bound-
ary of this extensive region.

Secondary Formation. The oldest, or lowest.
of the three depositions, (No. 1 of the diagram) is
the Secondary: this occupies the whole of the north-

ern division indicated in the above geographical

sketch, excepting the islands of Nantucket, Martha’s

* Vide Maclure’s Geology of the United States, p. 33, etc.

62 GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

Vineyard, and Long Island: thatis to say, it includes
the Peninsula of New Jersey south of an irregular
line running from Sandy Hook to the Delaware river
below Trenton; the state of Delaware excepti its
northern extremity, also belongs to this formation, to-
gether with (in all probability) a small part of the
north-east section of Maryland. Asa superficial for-
mation, it appears to extend at least from the 38th
degree to about 40° 30’ of north latitude, having the
ocean on the east, and the Primitive and Tertiary
formations for its western and southern boundaries.

It embraces upwards of four thousand square miles 3

and is, for the most part, remarkably level. It is
composed of a continuous bed of Mar/, more uniform
in its composition than any of the beds which suc-
ceed it; this marl is argillaceous, and contains
greenish particles analogous to those which are found
in the green sand, or chalk, of Europe.* _ Its preva-
lent colour is a dark green, sometimes changed by
a higher degree of oxydation of iron ; and it is des-

titute of pebbles and other indications of agitated

waters. The pelagian fossils by which this forma-
tion is characterised, afford ample evidence that it
belongs to the Secondary, and not, as commonly sup-
posed, to the Tertiary class. It contains few species
of shells, though the individuals are extremely abun-

* Vide Dr. Harlan’s Observations on the Geology of West-Jer-
sey, vol. iv. p. 15, of this Journal, — contains Mr. Seybert’s
Analysis of Marl,

ee ee eee

_?

GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 63

dant; indeed, it may be said to be characterized by
six genera, viz: Terebratula, Gryphea, Exogyra,
Ammonites, Baculites and Belemnites:* of these
the four last are extinct, and the ene two are
among the rarest of recent genera.

- It is only in the states of New-Jersey and Dela-
ware that the Secondary appears as a superficial
deposit: in all the more southern states the Tertiary
formation is superimposed upon it. The localities

south of Delaware in which the Secondary has been
~ hitherto observed, uncovered by the Tertiary, are

the following: at Ashwood, near Cape Fear river,
North Carolina—near Mars’ Bluff, on Pedee river—
Effingham’s Mill, near the Eutaw Springs, on Santee
river, on the authority of Dr. Wm. Blanding; and
at Cockspur Island, near. Savannah river. All
these localities, excepting the first, are in South Ca-
rolina; Belemnites are found at all of them, and Exo-
gyre at Effingham’s Mill. It is evident from speci-
mens brought from the more southern and western
districts, that this formation is uncovered in many
other places, though I cannot yet indicate them with
precision.

* [have examined the extensive collection of the characteristic
fossil shells of New-Jersey and Delaware, in the collection of Dr.
Morton, as well as my own collection from the same localities, and
consider them as affording unequivocal evidence of the correctness
of the geological position which I have assigned to this formation.
I refer to Dr. Morton’s paper (which follows this) for the specific
descriptions of these fossils, —L, Vanuxem.

64 GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS,

None of the characteristic fossil shells of this for-
mation have ever been found in the overlying Terti-
ary deposits of the southern states; nor have they
been observed to characterise any disposition in Eu-
rope more modern than the chalk ; the shells there-
fore being generically analogous to those of the chalk,
the two formations are to be considered as ~o.
raneous. 0

In geology, earthy materials are very different
in different places of the same age, or deposition, and
their characters, even in the primary formations, cans
not be wholly relied upon in determining the relative
ages of the several deposits. This objection does not
obtain with respect to shells, for the more ‘they have
been studied, the more constant have they been
found, as indices by which to ascertain the relative
ages of the formations in which they occur. .

The proportion of carbonate of lime in the earth
which contains these pelagic shells, increases as we
go south; the marl of New-Jersey and Delaware
yielding but a very inconsiderable proportion of it,
sometimes scarcely to be detected. It appears toowe
its fertilizing "property to a small quantity of iron
pyrites, (which passes to sulphate of iron by expo-
sure to the air), and also to animal matter, to its co-
lour, and to its effect, when mixed with sand, of

diminishing the calorific conducting power of the —

latter.
The surface of this deposition appears to form an

es.
es

Soe La ge ee

CROSSE OBSERVATIONS. 65

inclined plane, gradually ens or nate ‘to
the ocean.

In many of the states there is a bed of aes (No. 2
of the diagram) containing lignite or charred wood,
with pyrites, amber, &c., which is no doubt repre-
sented, in many places, by beds of sand, containing
woody fibre replaced by siliceous matter; for in all
cases where wood is enveloped by clay, which admits
with difficulty the percolation of: water, the mass is

j : Sates in a black charred state; but, on the contrary,

en deposited in a matrix which admits the infiltra-
tion of water, such as sand, soil, or loam, the wood
appears it. the replaced, or petrified state. The clay
bed in question, wherever it has been observed, is su-
per-imposed upon the Secondary: this is particular-
ly obvious near Bordentown, and many other places
in New-Jersey, and at the deep cut of the Delaware
and Chesapeake canal, in the state of Delaware: it
is-also seen at Silver Bluff, on Savannah river; at
Intermitting Spring, near Edistow, and near Man-
chester in South Carolina :—also underlying the Ter-
tiary at Longbranch, in. New-Jersey..

This mass is by no means well linac waiiind in
consequence of the absence of shells, for any bed of
clay containing lignite, might be considered as be-
longing to it.. Such a deposit may have occurred at
almost any period of modern formations; but this
fact does not invalidate the position that a bed, or de-
position, of clay and lignite is found resting upon the

VOL, VI.—-JANUARY, 1828. 9

66 GEOLOGICAL’ OBSERVATIONS,

mass containing the Pelagian shells, and covéred by
the more recent, or Tertiary formation. te ve!

Tertiary Formation. The Tertiary is represent-
ed by No. 3 of the annexed diagram, and. ‘its geo-
graphical distribution is as follows: it embraces, in
all probability, the islands of Nantucket, Martha’s
Vineyard, Long Island,* and Manhattan Island, to-
gether with a fractional part of the adjacent coast of
New-York and New-England. According to Mr.
Peirce, it forms the Neversink Hills in New-Jersey,
and it is also observed to a partial extent at Long:
Branch, in a bed containing Mytili, which rests on
Pyritous Lignite: it also embraces the white clay
found below White-Hill, but is nevertheless a rare de-
position in either New-Jersey or Delaware, as will
be inferred from what has been already said of the
marl which constitutes the superficial mass. In the
southern part of the peninsula of Maryland it makes
its appearance as an extensive deposition, from
whence it pursues a southern direction, forming ar
almost continuous superficial mass, arid occupying the
limits of the great formation which Mr. saseseeea has
designated as alluvial.

It is composed of carbonate of lime, with various
proportions of clay, or sand, or both; of clay alone;
of clay with sand, forming loam; of beds of gravel 5
or of buhr-stone. -

* Vide Mitchell in Bruce’s Mineralogical Journal, p. 129, and
again, p. 261, &c,

<*
$s

betas ls tang

Te eee

SE Fe OD ee ee ieee

Pe. ea

Sy aera ee ee

batt

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GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, 67

_. This great region is characterized by dittoral shells,
analogous to those of the Tertiary deposits of the
Paris and English Basins: unlike the Secondary, this
formation contains a vast number of genera, of which
few or none are extinct ;* indeed, very many of the
species differ but little from the littoral shells now
existing on various parts of the American coast.
Nearly one hundred and fifty species, and many
of them in great abundance, have been found at a sin-
gle locality in St. Mary’s county, Maryland, of

which Mr. Sayt has already described and figured

upwards of forty as new. The genera are propor-
tionably numerous, and among them as most conspi-
euous, the following may be particularized : Ostrea,
Pecten, Arca, Pectunculus, Turritella, Buccinum,
Venus, Mactra, Natica, Tellina, Nucula, Veneri-
cardia, Chama, Calyptrea, Fusus, Panopoa, Serpula,
Dentalium, Cerithium, Cardium, Crassatella, Oliva,
Lucina, Corbula, Pyrula, Crepidula, Perna, &c.
All these genera, it should be recollected, still exist
among recent shells, ’
These fossils, so totally different from those we
have already designated as characteristic of | the
Secondary, have been found abundantly at the very

* The fossil genus which Mr. Say has indicated by the name of
Disfotea, does not all differ, in the mode of attachment of its ap-
pendix, from some species of Calyftrea contained in the Cabinet
ofthe A. N.S... Either, therefore, this generic distinction must be
abandoned, or some recent shells must be added to it.

}: Vide Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. vol: iv. p. 124, &c.

68 GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. -

commencement of the Tertiary formation in Mary-
land, and occur more or less throughout the whole
southern range of this great deposition; but in no in-
stance has any one of the six genera which charac-
terize the Secondary, been fotind in conjunction with
the above littoral, Tertiary fossils. It is true, that
the Secondary contains a few casts and fragments of
some of these genera, such as Arca, Pectunculus, —
Ostrea, Natica, Turritella, &c., but they arevof too
rare occurrence to admit of being considered’ as cha-
racteristic shells; they are evidently mere insulated
individuals, and as such can have but little a
cal importance.

In fact, so strikingly different are the fossil ‘clauie
of the two formations of which we have spoken, that
it is much to be wondered at that they have ever
been considered as contemporaneous, especially since
the study of Fossil Conchology has afforded so many
additional facilities for collecting and comparing geo-
logical facts. In truth, the Secondary and Tertiary
formations*of America appear to have no analogous
features: the former is remarkably homogeneous in |
its earthy mass, and contains very few genera and
species of shells, which are all of the Pelagie class.
Its fossils, wherever observed, whether in New-Jer-
sey or in South Carolina, have hitherto been’ found
not only generically, but even specifically the same,
and there can be no doubt, that, wherever it is pene-
trated, its.productions will be found characterized by

}
;

s

GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 69

the same remarkable simplicity. On the contrary,
the shells of the Tertiary, as we have remarked

_ above, aré vastly abundant in genera and species, all

of which are /ittoral, and disposed in a matrix which
presents almost every variety of earthy composition. —
That part of the Tertiary which contains shells,
is generally found. within fifteen or twenty miles of
the boundary of the Primitive, the intermediate space
being filled with clays of various kinds, of which the
white-clay, such as is found below White-Hill, in

New-Jersey, forms a considerable portion.

_ The highest point to which this deposition rises is
about two hundred and fifty feet, which is near the
line of junction with the primitive. The highest

_known bluff containing shells, is Shell Bluff, on Sa-
vannah river: it is about seventy feet high, formed
of various beds of impure carbonate of lime, of com-
minuted shells, and having at its upper part, the
ostrea gigantea? im a bed nearly six feet in thick- -
ness (represented in the diagram by the dotted sec-
tion of No. 3). It has been mentioned by those per-
sons who have written on this subject, that a contin-
uous bed of these ostrex commences at Eutaw Springs,
and passes through G®€orgia, the Floridas, Alabama,
&e. It is well known that these oyster shells are
found abundantly in certain places in the states just -

- mentioned; not, howeyer, as a continuous mass, but
- in beds, or partial depositions, similar to those which

70 | GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

now exist in our bays and estuaries. In all places
where met with, these ostres occupy ibe upp
of the Tertiary deposit. > PO GE
Alluvial Formation. This consists of two depo-
sitions, which may be designated as the “Ancient and
the Modern Alluvial. t
The first of these, or the ‘Midis Alluvial, is ischiet-
ly composed of the Red-earth, (number 4 of the dia-
gram.) This earth is pretty uniform in its charae-
ters, consisting of sand, with a minute portion of clay,
coloured by red oxide of iron: its inferior parts often’
contain pebbles, sometimes coarse nodules or geodes
of iron, resting almost invariably on the white or
variegated clays, or upon those masses which contain
littoral shells. Though not often met with beyond.
North Carolina, it is extremely abundant in all the.
states south of it. It appears that much of the white.
sand (no. 5 of the diagram) which covers it more or’
less thickly, results fromthe red-earth. being freed
from its colouring and argillaceous matter by the ac- .
tion of rain, and other aqueous agents. tt ie Re
This deposition eccupies the highest elevations .
above the Secondary and Tertiary classes, and con-
sequently could not have been formed by our existing |
rivers. Jt is entirely unmixed with the Tertiary,
and destitute of the fossils: which characterize the —
latter 3 it must therefore be considered ‘as’ distinct
from it, at the same time that itis unlike the modern

so pec a

eS

eee er

GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 71

alluvial, whose origin is clearly attributable to the

* overflow and inundation of our rivers. |

The Alluvial proper, or Modern Alluvial, (no. 6
of the diagram, ) is well characterized in the southern
states, in consequence of its being thrown up against

‘some one of the masses already spoken of, and there
‘ appearing as the debris of the rivers which traverse

those states; the greater part of which, even at this
period, contribute largely to this deposition. The
two alluvials of the northern states are not so well
defined, in consequence of the similarity of their pro-
ducts ;' for there is great difficulty in distinguishing
even between the Ancient Alluvial and the Tertiary
in those states where the Red-earth is replaced by
other matter, unless shells are. present.—Finally, it
is certain that all the bones of the mammoth, and
other mammiferous terrene quadrupeds found in this
region, belong to the two Alluvials.

72 FOSSIL SHELLS OF
mpi 7. Qigpheal

Deseripiion of the Foueid Suents which 5 ene

terize the ATLANTIC SECONDARY Formation | of

New-Jersey and Delaware ; including Sour new
species. By S. G. Morton, M. D. '
(Read December 11, 1827, ‘and paar 1, 1828. :

? hye

I had originally no other intention in wefan:

paper, than to describe some new species of Fossil
shells from the Marl of New-Jersey and Delaware ;

but, at the instance of my friend Mr. Vanuxem, » _

have modified my plan, so’as to include descriptions

of all the species of the genera which HRB

this interesting formation.
The boundaries of our Atlantic. Satine ‘so for
as they have hitherto been ascertained, are given in

the preceding essay, together with the names of the

six genera of fossil shells by which this formation is
characterized; viz: Terebratula, Gryphza, Hn0gy-
ra, Ammonites, Baculites and Belemnites.

We are indebted solely to Mr. Say, so far as I can.

discover, for all that has been hitherto written re-
specting the species ; but several of these have esca-
ped his observation, and in reference to those which
he has described, I hope to give a number of addi-
tional facts, and to make some important corrections.
I have freely availed myself of the papers of that able
naturalist wherever I have found them, of which
more specific acknowledgments will be made in the
subsequent pages.

ee ee

NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE. vee)

_ My plan necessarily involves some repetition ; but
as the fossils described by Mr. Say have never been
figured, and as it is my intention to give accurate
drawings of all the species embraced in this paper,
it becomes necessary to accompany them with de-
scriptions; for a figure without a description would
be almost as unsatisfactory as the latter without the
former. It will be observed that a single species
from an English locality isrepresented in Sowerby’s
“© Mineral Conchology of Great Britain: another,
: the Belemnite, has been often figured. All the other
- fossils described in this paper are now figured for
the first time.*
Such of the following species as are new have a
Latin description appended. —

t

Genus TEREBRATULA.

1. T. Harlani (nobis). Pl. 3, Fig. 1 and 2.

Description.t Shell large, about twice as Jong
as broad, sides straight and imperfectly parallel:

* Since writing the above paragraph I have read No. 11, vol. ii,
of the Annals of the Lyc. of Nat. Hist. of N. Y. in which Dr. De-
kay has described and figured the Ammonite of this formation.
As I long since figured this fossil, I have had the drawing engraved,
but have omitted the description.

} Descriptio. Testéd magna, oblonga, lateribus rectis, subparal-
lelis: valva-suferiore plano-convexa, ad: marginam biplicata:
valva inferiore maxime convexa, subsinuata ; nate incurya; um-
done elevato.

VOL. VI.-~JANUARY, 1828. 10

74 _. FOSSIL SHELLS OF

upper valve plano-convex, obscurely biplicated, ex:
cept near the margin, which has three inconsiderable
sinuses: /ower valve very convex, with a longitudinal
ridge and slight lateral depressions ; beak incurved;
umbo prominent.

Length two and a half inches: pate an iach
and a half. ,

Variety A. Sides straight, but approximate more
or less towards the anterior margin, giving” the shell
somewhat the shape of a coflin.—Other specimens
are more rounded at the sides, and others again
straighter, than the one figured. . In one or two spe-
cimens the upper valve is extremely convex, but the
general appearance of the shell nevertheless conforms
to the above description.

This fine Terebratula is ueabis for its tee
size, the straightness of its sides, and the plano-con-
vexity of its upper valve. . It is so entirely different
from any species with which I am acquainted, that I
have no hesitation in considering it new; and I feel
peculiar pleasure in dedicating it to my friend Dr.

Richard Harlan, whose interesting researches in.

Fossil Zoology have added greatly to our knowledge
of organic remains.

This species is one of the most abundant in Mow.
Jersey, especially at the marl pits near Egypt, re-
specting which some observations will be made here-
after.—I have also found several very perfect speci-
mens at Ralph’s Mill, near Hornerstown, N,. J. ina

Se

NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE. 75

small branch of Crosswicks creek : the matrix is an
indurated arenaceous marl, of a bluish grey colour,
from which it is difficult to separate the fossils entire.
My Collection.—Cabinet of the Acad. Nat. Scien-
ces.—Mr. J. P. Wetherill’s Collection, &c.

2. T. fragilis (nobis). Pl. 3, Fig. 3 and 4.

- Description.* Shell very thin, twice as long as

broad, sides straight and nearly parallel, concentri-
cally striated; upper valve flattened, subconvex,
with two very elevated ridges almost the whole
length of the shell, and having a deep sinus between
them ; lateral sinuses less marked: inferior valve
very convex, with a prominent central ridge and cor-
responding lateral depressions; beak incurved, fora-
men small.

Length an inch and a half; breadth three-fourths
of an inch. ~

The general outline of this handsome shell is very
similar to that of the T. Harlani, from which, howe-
ver, it differs by its strongly marked ridges and sinus-
es, the remarkable flatness of its upper valve, and
the extreme delicacy of its shell, which is as thin as

paper.

* Descriptio. Testa tenuissima, oblong, lateribus subparallelis,
striis concentricis: valvd sufieriore depressa, sub-convex4, insig-
niter biplicata: valvd inferiore perconvexa, ruga longitudinal
elevata ; nate incurva ; foramine minimo.

76 FOSSIL SHELLS OF

Found at Egypt, New-Jersey. I. possess but a
single specimen, from which the annexed drawing
was taken: another in S. W. Conrad’s collection has
its sides much more rounded, but appears to be spe-
cifically the same. :

3. T. Sayi (nobis). Pl. 3, Fig. 5 and 6,

Syn. T. plicata, Say.. American Journal of Sci-
ence and the Arts, vol. ii. page 43. *

Description. Shell suborbicular, with ten or twelve
profound longitudinal plice in each valve, the two
middle ones most conspicuous, crossed by three or
four transverse strie : upper valve subconvex, straight
at the hinge margin: lower valve convex 3 deal a
angular, not incurved ; foramen small, 5

Length half an inch; breadth a little more. __

The above description differs but little from that
of Mr. Say, who adds that this shell bears considera-
ble resemblance to the T. erumena* of Sowerby,
‘in the form of its folds, and in their extending to
the beak, but the middle of the front. is but slightly
elevated, with but two folds instead of three as in the
crumena ; the sides also have two or more folds in-
stead of four or more, and the beak is not ven, pro-
minent.””

Variety A. Beak incurved ; lower value more
convex. :

* Min, Conch, pl. 88, fig. 2 and 3

=

NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE. 77

A single valve in my possession has delicate lon-
gitudinal strie, but I cannot detect them on the shell
from which the annexed drawing is made, nor on the
other specimens I have examined.

Mr. Say could not have been aware, when he de-
scribed this fossil, that the name he gave it had al-
ready been appropriated. Such, however, is the
fact; it will be found in Lamarch’s system, vol. vi.
p- 263, and refers to the Ene. Methodique, pl. 243,
&e. This volume of Lamarck’s work appeared
nearly a year and a half before Mr. Say’s descrip-
tion was published. As it therefore becomes ne-
cessary to change the name of Mr. Say’s shell, I
have done it in a manner which I am certain will
gratify all those interested in Fossil Conchology.

Occurs in the marl of Burlington county, N. J.
more particularly at Woodward’s Farm, near Waln-
ford, from whence it was first brought by Mr. Sam-
uel R. Wetherill.

My Collection. —Cab. A. N: S. ete.

4. T. perovalis ? Pl. 3. Fig. 7 and 8.

BR perovalis, Sowerby, Min Conch. Pl. 436, fig.
2 and 3.

Description. Shell ovate, concentrically and lon-
gitudinally striated: upper valve biplicated, . sul-
cated at the front and sides; lower valve thick,
umbo prominent, beak incurved. :

Length an inch and three quarters: breadth an
inch and a half.

78) FOSSIL SUELLS OF

Variety A, elongated. nae

I have not availed myself of Mr. Sowerby’s de-
scription, nor am I certain that this shell is identical
with his: the resemblance, however, is so strong,
that I am unwilling to separate them. The Ameri-.
can specimen is in all instances more obtusely roun-
ded on the hinge margin of the upper valve, than
those figured in the Mineral Conchology : it is also
longitudinally striated, and for the most part has the
upper valve considerably less convex than the lower
one: this is particularly the case in the elongated
variety. The sinuses are in all instances” abey4
superficial.

This shell is common in various parts of ee
Jersey : many specimens in the most entire preser-
vation have been obtained at Ralph’s Mill, near
Hornerstown, with the 7. Harlani. They are of a
bluish grey colour, and imbedded in indurated marl.

It is found with the same appearances near the
Poor-House, in Gloucester county; and in conside-
rable numbers and variety near Egypt; at the latter
place they are generally friable, disintegrated on the
surface, and of a yellowish brown colour from oxide |
of iron. Iam informed this species has also been
found very perfect in the lower parts of the state of
Delaware.

My Collection—Cabinet of the Acad. N. S. om
Mr. J. P. Wetherill’s collection.

a
my
4

i ye ee ee ee ey eo

Se ae a
a

POPS ee ee

PE ee gn ee are ae

NEW. JERSEY AND DELAWARE. 79

Note. Beside the preceding species of Terebra-
tula, 1 possess some casts of a peculiar form from the
line of the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal; but as no
part of the shell remains, I shall defer the examina-
tion of them to a future occasion.

Genus GRYPHAEA.

mG. convera, (nobis). Pl. 4, Fig. 1 and 2.

Syn. Ostrea conveaa, Say. “American Jour-
ual of Science and the Arts,” vol. ii, page 42.

Description. Shell oblong oval, smooth: upper
valve thin, very concave, concentrically striated,
margin reflected abruptly upwards to meet that of
its fellow : lower valve remarkably convex, smooth,
biangulated from the hinge margin, with a longitu-
dinal indented line on one side; a transversely
wrinkled groove within on each side of the hinge ;
eicatrix oval; beak broad, plane, remarkably 3 incur-

ved ; umbo not prominent.

Length two and three quarter inches; breadth
two and a quarter inches; depth an inch and a quar-
ter.

Variety A, umbo thick and prominent.

This fossil, together with some others of the same
elass from the same localities, have been hitherto
placed with the genus Ostrea, from which I have
not hesitated to transfer them to Gryphzxa, as they
undoubtedly belong to the latter.

80 FOSSIL SHELLS OF

It will be observed that I also differ from Mr. Say
in representing the upper valve as very concave ;
and I am convinced that the slightly convex upper
valve of which he speaks, belongs to another species
of this genus next to be described: for the annexed
drawing (which was taken from a very perfect spe-
cimen) shews the coneavity of the upper valve to be
so great as to form one of the most striking peculia:
rities of this fossil. Mr. Say remarks, with respect
to it, that “it closely approaches to the genus Gry-
pha; the lower valve is even proportionably more
convex than that of M&nomia gryphea, and is also
furnished with the indented line or lateral lobe as in
that shell, but the umbo is not prominent.” The
latter remark of this accurate naturalist is correct
with respect to the shell he described, and the one I
have figured ; but I have several specimens of wa-
riety in which the umbo is remarkably prominent.

_ This species is not so frequent as those hereafter

to be noticed; it has been chiefly found at Wood-
ward’s Farm, near Walnford, N. J. and at St.
George’s in Delaware: a specimen in my collection,

from the former locality, is five inches long and four
inches and three quarters broad, and very ponde-
rous. ‘The upper valve is so thin and delicate that
it is rarely found entire. I have found small speci-
mens in the lower marl beds at Egypt.

My Collection.—Cabinet of the A. N.S.

——or

E
]
:
|

=~ \

SOC OO ee ee ee ee ee Se TS ee a Re eee Ee Ie oe

NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE. 81

2. G. miitabilis (nobis). Pl. 4, Fig. 3.

Description.* Shell irregularly oval, smooth,
broadly expanded each side of the beak, both valves
obliquely corrugated each side of the hinge: upper
valve slightly concave, concentrically striated, outer
edge reflected obliquely upwards to the disc of its
fellow, with a few lines radiating from the apex to
the periphery: lower valve convex, transversely
undulated, lobed by a longitudinal groove ; cicatrizx
subovate ; wmbo prominent; dJeak slightly incurved.
Length four inches; breadth four inches and a
half. ;

Variety A. 5 valve subconvex, umbo de-
pressed. |

This interesting fossil expands laterally from the
hinge on each side, but most on that which is lobed.
The radiated lines on the upper valve are few in
number and irregular, but in most instances strongly
marked. The lower valve has a ridge or line ex-
tending from the hinge round the shell, and parallel
to the edge; at this point the reflected margin of
the upper valve commences, and is continued ob-

liquely upwards to the disc of the corresponding

valve. ‘This character, however, is not peculiar to

* Descriptio. Testa subovali, glabra, late expansa ab utroque
cardinis latere: valvd sufieriore subconeava, striis concentricis, et
lineis paucis ab apice ad marginem divaricatis: valva inferiore
convexa, lobata, transversim undulata 3 cicatrice subovata ; umbone
elevato; nate leviter incurva,

VOL. VI.—JANUARY 1828. 11

82 FOSSIL SHELLS OF

the G. mutabilis, but is common to the three species
of this genus found in the Atlantic Secondary.

This shell is vastly abundant throughout New-
Jersey and Delaware, and presents several varieties
of which I have indicated the most striking. It has
hitherto been confounded with G. convexa ( Ostrea
convera of Say), and when on a former occasion
speaking of the latter fossil, I was also induced to
admit their identity.* Since then I have examined
upwards of a hundred specimens, and have now no
hesitation in considering these fossils to be specifi-
cally distinct. There are, it is true, a few interme-
diate varieties, which no doubt, from accidental cau-
ses, present but equivocal ee: In most in-
stances, however, they can be distinguished at a
glance ; for the great curve of the beak in the G,
convexa, together with the extraordinary depth of
both valves, and the circumstance of its being uni-
formly longer than broad, are characters which con-
trast strongly with those of G. mutabilis.

Some old specimens of our shell have considerable
resemblance to the G. dilatatat of Sowerby; the
latter, however, is much more convex, its upper
valve is flat, and its sides are not similarly produced
from the beak. The G. mutabilis has also some
analogy to the G. bullatat of the same naturalist ;

* Vide Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. vol. vi. p. 51,
+ Min. Conch. vol. ii. pl: 149, fig. 1.
= Min. Conch. pl, 368, vol, iv.

NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE 83

but the latter is destitute of the projecting wings or
angles of the former, nor has it the grooved radiated
lines of our shell. It will be well for those who have
any doubt of the propriety of placing this series of
shells with Grypheza, to compare it with the G. bui-
data and read the corresponding text, together with
the remarks on page 21 of vol. 2, of the same work.

I strongly suspect that variety 4 will be yet found
to be a distinct species : it has, in fact, fewer cha-
racters of the genus Gryphza than any other shell of
this series. :

At Woodward’s Farm, Mullica Hill, Egypt, and
many other places in New Jersey, this fossil exists in
great numbers: it is still more abundant at St.
George’s, in Delaware, where hundreds of speci-
mens were thrown up in excavating the canal. The
shell spoken of by Dr. S. L. Mitchell* asa peculiar
oyster from the foot of the Neversink hills, is no

‘doubt a Gryphea either of this or the preceding spe-
cies. :

My collection.—Cab. Acad. Nat. Sc.—Mr. J.
P. Wetherill’s Collection, &c.

3. G. vomer, (nobis). Pl. 5, Fig. 1, 2 and 3.

| Deseription.t Shell sub-rhomboidal : upper valve

* Vide his edition of Baron Cuvier’s “Essay on the theory of
the Earth,” p. 384.

t Descriptio. Testa subrhomboidali: valvé superiore parva,
tenui, subconcava: valvd inferiore conyexa, cum margine lobata
e cardine obliqué expansa; mate incurya, ad punctum product;
umbone clevato.

84 FOSSIL SHELLS OF

small, thin, slightly concave ; lower valve convex,
obscurely lobed, the lobed margin obliquely produ-
ced from the hinge ; a wrinkled grooye each side of
the latter; beak pointed, curved poke ale nie
umbo prominent. | eliagh:

Length one inch and a grantee ; breadth one
inch and three quarters.

I was at first disposed to place: this. shell with G.
vesiculosa (a green sand fossil) of Sowerby; the lat-
ter, however, is differently shaped, deeper, and has
not the wrinkled groove each side of the hinge.

Some specimens are deeper than others, and have
the beak much more curved; some again have the ~~
lobed portion but slightly produced. . This-shellis ”
so fragile that I have not been able, out of very many i
specimens, to obtain a perfoet one, nor have I. yet
seen two fitting valves. The upper valve is thin,
delicate and more or less disintegrated. 946 =) 45>

These fossils have a reddish colour from oxide of. .
iron; they are found abundantly i in one of the upper |
marl beds near Egypt, N. J... 1 have not seen ibe
species from any other lepalietsi in this region.
An important fact. relating to. all Rogie
species of Gryphza, is, that. in no instance have I a
been able to detect an attached specimen, although
several hundred individuals have passed through -
my hands. Although these shells do not entirely —
accord with the peculiarities assigned to this genus
by Lamarck, yet it must be borne in mind that the

eh. alae

“3 *
ma re en
LIEN OTe at ee ee

ete ayia pas I NY i

wes es

t
i

ical ci i

See

ay capac ais

mA

NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE. 85

characters of the Gry phe have been allowed'a much
greater latitude by more recent naturalists, and
especially by those who have studied fossils in eon-
nexion with Geology, the only light in which they
ean be viewed with any degree of advantage.

__ My Collection, and that of Mr. S. W. Conrad.

—

» Genus EXOGYRA, Say.

-B, costata. Pl. 6. Fig. 1, 2, EN and 4.

_E. costata. Say. Am. Journal of Science and the
Arts, vol. ii. p. 43.

*. Description. Shell ovate, thick: lower valve
convex, costated, transversely corrugated, coste of
the disk somewhat dichotomous, sometimes fornicated;
apex lateral, with about two volutions; a single pro-
found cicatrix ; hinge with two nearly parallel, deep-

ly excavated grooves, of which the inner. one is
shortest and corrugated: wpper valve flat, with nu-

merous elevated, concentric, squamous plates; outer
edge abruptly reflected from the inferior to the su-
perior surface; hinge with a single groove on the
edge.
Length four inches ; lenaileh three and a half in-
ches.
. Mr. Say remarks, that this shell-is the largest and
most perfect which has yet been found in New-Jer-
sey. The specimens vary considerably in the coste,
which are sometimes obscure and even entirely want-

86 FOSSIL SHELLS OF

ing. The aged shells become extremely thick and
ponderous. It is frequently attached to other shells
of the same species, to Belemnites, &c. ee

The upper valve is often convex in young shells 3
the latter uniformly possess the squamous plates,
which have not been noticed in the original deserip-
tion by Mr. Say; in old specimens, however, ’ eid
are not unfrequently wanting.

Mr. Say has thought proper to separate this shell
from the genus Chama, to which, however, it bears
a strong analogy. In Mr. J. P. Wetherill’s collec-
tion (now deposited in the Academy of Natural

Sciences) there are several specimens of a fossil from
the Green-sand of Wiltshire, England, which appear ;

to be generically the same with the Exogyra. ‘The
specimens in question seem to answer to the Chama
haliotoidea of Sowerby, as figured in his 25th plate.

If I am correct in the latter supposition, it follows,

that Mr. Say’s shell is a Chama of the English éon-

chologists. Still it is a question whether the pecu-

liarities of both the American and English specimens
do not entitle them to generic distinction. The
young shells of the Evogyra are scarcely to be dis-
tinguished from the Wiltshire species, and both have
but a single muscular impression in cach valve,—a
fact at variance with the generic characters of Chama
as given in the systems.

The annexed accurate drawings, made by my
friend Mr. Titian R. Peale, will enable the reader

ey eee a

a=. ee ee

eS Ee a Te ge et eee a

NEW JERSEY AND’ DELAWARE. 87

to judge for himself, even though he may not have
seen the fossil.

With regard to this genus, Mr. Say observes, that
it seems to differ from Gryphzxa by having been at-
tached, and by the lateral situation of the spire; the
hinge grooves also are parallel to the edge, so as to
be transverse with respect to the shell, as in some
species of the Chama.*

The E. costata, is abundant throughout the Se-
condary formation of New-Jersey and Delaware,
viz: at Mullica Hill, in Gloucester county, New-Jer-
sey, where the shells are charged with ferruginous
matter ; at Sandy-Hook ; at Woodward’s Farm, near
Walnford in a very perfect state, and associated with
Gryphex and innumerable Belemnites. In the late
excavations at St. George’s, in Delaware, the Exo-
gyra has been found in vast numbers, and occasional-
ly of gigantic size. I have seen one specimen which
was eight inches in length: others are not an inch
long. Iam much indebted to my friend, Mr. Wm.
L. Newbold, for specimens of this fossil, and others
from the same vicinity. |

This species has also been found in digging a well
near the Eutaw Springs, South Carolina; I have re-
ceived this interesting fact from Dr. Wm. Blanding,
of Camden, South Carolina.

* The generic distinctions of the Exogyra, as given by Mr.
Say, are particularised in Silliman’s Journal, as quoted above.

88 ‘POSSIL’ SHELLS OF

~The fine specimens from which the annexed draw-
ings were made, were obligingly lent to me by my

friend Samuel R. Wetherill, of Burlington, who has’ -

done much for science by his attention to the oe
productions of New-Jersey.

Cabinet A. N. s. —Peale’s Museum. —My cle
tion, &. A

Genus AMMONIT ES.

A. hippocripes, Pl. 5. Fig. 4.

A. hippocripes, Dekay. Annals of the N. y. Lye.
of Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 277, and plate 5, fig. (sae

T shall not attempt a description of this fossil, for
reasons already mentioned; the recent: attention

which my friend Dr. Dekay has given to it has de-

eided it as a new species, and his description i is ‘too
correct, and too recent, to rae ref additions of
mine.

nor had I found in authors any species at all allied t

it, excepting, perhaps, the one figured by Faujas it in
his Natural History of the Mountain of Maestricht 3*
on comparison, however, it is essentially dif rent
from this also. Although I relinquish the descrip-

tion I had intended for this fossil, I have inserted ie
drawing, as it was made long since, and gives a differ-

*-Pl. xxx.

ee z ? a aaa
POE a ee ee

I had long believed this shell to be a nondescript

ee oe re Ree

NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE, 89

ent view of the shell from that contained in the An-
nals of the Lyceum.

This is no doubt the shell mentioned by Mr. Say,*
as approaching nearest to A. elegans of Sowerby.
The resemblance, however, is not striking.

My collection.—Cab. A. N. S.—S. R. Wetherill’s
collection.

&.

GENUS BACULITES.

B. ovata. Pl. 5. Fig. 5 and 6. .

B. ovata, Say. ‘ American Journal of Science
‘and the Arts,” vol. ii. p. 41.

Description. Ovate, sides compressed and semi-
elliptically undulated: septa six lobed, three on
each side with a small one between each, and a small
posterior one, dentated at their edges: first or si-
phuncular lobe small, not sinuous; second lobe with
a single projection at each side, and sinus at the tip;
third lobe dilated with a small sinus each side, and a
more obtuse one at the tip; posterior lobe very
small. i

Greater diameter one inch and a fifth; smaller
diameter seven-tenths of an inch; length of the
segment half an inch.

The above description is derived from Mr. Say,
excepting the semi-elliptical concentric undulations :

* Silliman’s “ Journal of Science,” &c., vol. ii. p. 44.
VOL. VI.—JANUARY,; 1828. 12

90 FOSSIL SHELLS OF ©

I found this character. to obtain on all the Baculites
I had seen from this region, and was therefore indu-
ced to examine the identical specimen from which
Mr. Say drew his description, which I did by the
kindness of my friend Mr. Reuben Haines, in whose
collection it is preserved. I at once detected the
peculiarity above mentioned, though so much defa-
ced as not likely to be noticed unless suspected to
exist; although the specimens of this Baculite vary
- much in the degree of compression of their sides, they
uniformly present the undulatory surface. This cir-
cumstance will serve. to distinguish it from all previ-
ously described species, excepting the B. cylindrica,
of Lamarck, which is cylindrical, and otherwise dis-
tinct. Mr. Haines informs me that his specimen
was carried for thirty years in the pocket of the
finder; which fact sufficiently accounts for the | rings:
having become almost imperceptible. I have figur-
ed it on account of its large size: it was found i in 1 the
marl of Sandy-Hook Bay, New-Jersey, where ‘many
other specimens have been obtained. The smaller
specimen (pl. 5, fig. 5,) is from Burlington ‘county.
They are not unfrequent in other parts of the same
state; and have latterly been found in considerable
numbers in digging the deep cut of the Delaware
and Chesapeake canal.

My collection.—Cab. A. N.S.

ren
Syl s

eee

Se ee ee eT GS | ee eee ee ee ee eee ee

NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE. 91

Genus BELEMNITES.

B. _subconicus. PI. 5., Fi ig. 7.

B. subconicus, Lamarck, Animaux Sans Vert.
Tome vii. p. 592.—Enc. Meth. pl. 465, fig. 1.

. Description. Shell smooth, inferior part semi-
cylindrical ; upper half terminating gradually ina
pointed cone.

This fossil has been found abundantly in various
parts of our Secondary region; from Sandy-Hook, in
New-Jersey, to the insulated appearances of this for-
mation in South’ Carolina. Cockspur Island, in the
latter state, derives its name from the vast number
of Belemnites which it contains. Other localities in
the southern states have been already mentioned :*
in New-Jersey they exist in vast numbers at Wood-
ward’s Farm, near Walnford, where they are accom-
panied by Exogyre and Gryphez in abundance. At
Mullica Hill, they are also common, often so disin-
tegrated as to show their radiated fibrous structure,
and in some instances replaced by the crystallised
phosphate of iron.

My collection.—Cabinet A. N. 5., ete.

* Vide Mr. Vanuxem’s paper. Dr., Mitchell, in his Notes to
Cuvier’s Theory of the Earth, says they are also found on James’
river, Virginia; but he does not mention the precise locality.

'. 92 _ FOSSIL SHELLS OF

Nort. I have considered the preceding genera
as characteristic of this formation, because they
occur in greater or less profusion throughout its
whole extent. Several other genera are occasionally
met with, but they are few in number, and in most
instances so imperfect, as to preclude the possibility
of ascertaining their specific characters: where the
latter have been recognised they are noticed in the
following list, which comprises all the remaining
fossil shells which I have seen from this region. ~~

Genus OsTREA.

O. falcata (nobis), more frequent than any other
of the non-characteristic fossils: it mostly occurs in
fragments, but many specimens have been found at
St. George’s, Delaware, in the best sper
My collection, Cab. A. N. S.

O. flabellula. Two or three valves. Mullica
Hill, N. J.—Cab. A. N. S.

O. eristagalli. A single specimen. St. George's
Del.— My collection. :

Genus ANOMIA.

A. ephippium ? 1 have several specimens in sss
preservation from St. George’s, Del.

Genus ARCA,

Casts of a small species are not unfrequent. I
have several from Arneytown, N. J. and from Mr.

sie ia eel

RE OG Pee ee Te

NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE. 93

Tod’s place eight miles from Camden, in the same
state. A larger species has been found in digging
the Delaware and Chesapeake canal, but no trace of
the shell is left.

Casts of the following genera, all more or less mu-
tilated, are contained in my collection and in that of
the Acad. N. S.: but they are all of rare occur-
rence, and none of the shell remains. Of several of
them I have seen but a single specimen.

Turritella,
Cucullea,
Natica,
Pinna,
Cyprea,
Buccinum,
Cardium,
Dentalium.

MiscELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS.

On some late excursions in New-Jersey, I became
for the first time apprised of the extensive distribu-
tion of the genus Terebratula through this region.
I had often seen fragments, but had in no instance
met with them in suflicient preservation to determine
the species, until a few specimens were received by

-Mr. Wetherill from the locality at Ralph’s Mills.

This induced me to visit the place, and from some
information obtained from the country people respec-

.

94 'POSSIL SHELLS OF

_ ting the marl- -pits near Egypt, I extended my: “excur-
sion to the latter town. It is intended to confine
these observations chiefly to the locality i in question,
which is one of the most remarkable fossil deposits
in this country ; nor am I aware that any naturalist
has visited it prior to myself. tisha
About half a mile from Egypt, in Burlington coun-
ty, and on the margin of Crosswicks eréek, the marl
has been dug from the declivity of a pine-bluff, in
such manner as to expose it in a vertical section.
The eye at once distinguishes twelve beds or strata,
varying more or less in colour and in-their contents. = =
The collective height of these beds is about thirty
feet, one half of which may be said to be a mass of
pelagian fossil shells, consisting of different ae of
Gryphza and Terebratula. ;
The depth and composition of each bed are nehily
as follows ; but the-extreme inclemency of the wea-
ther at the time these observations were made, must
be the apology for any inaccuracies they “e con-

tain.
ae

First bed.* Sandy chocolate coloured’ ~ ae ae

ants

Perot

marl, without organic remains, son te ayes
Second bed. Gray indurated marl: no

organic remains, : - 2 eg
Third bed. Darker coloured, friable marl

no organic remains, - . oon

* Counting from the surface of the ground.

NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE. 95

¢ xl 4 vty feet in.
Fourth bed. Friable iron-grey mar] with.
bluish grains: filled with Terebratule = 1
Fifth bed. Ferruginous marl with Tere-
bratulee,: bag - - - dak
| Sixth bed. Bluish grey marl, with Te-
rebratule, = - - . - 0 8

Seventh bed. Same eqlo ras No. 4, filled

with Gryphee, and a few Terebratule, © 1. 3
Eighth bed. Dark marl with Terebratule 2 3
Ninth bed. Same with Gryphee, = 4. 6

~ Fenth bed.’ Dark green, friable mart:

without shells, - - - 1

Eleventh bed. Blackish marl: no shells, 1.

Twelfth bed. Arenaceous green marl,
filled with Gryphee and Terebratule—.
depth unknown:—exposed, - * ke

:
ne

_ Height of the Bluff, 27.8
These beds are parallel to each other, and exhibit,
in all probability, the most regular marl. deposit hi-
therto discovered in this country.. The depth and
contents of the strata, as given above, were first
obtained by myself; subsequently my friend Dr.
Edward Swift visited the place at my. suggestion,
and took the measurements with greater accuracy.
The fossils are very much disintegrated by the action
_ of the weather on the surface of the bluff, which is

96 FOSSIL SHELLS OF

_ so charged with oxide of iron as to render it doubly
friable. Nevertheless I obtained, in a short time,
several very perfect specimens, and Dr. Swift has
since procured upwards of a hundred: I have de-
scribed the several species in. the preceding pages,
but there can be little doubt that further soso
will detect some others.

The lowest bed of greenand blackish sian ip:

pears to be more siliceous than those above it, nor
can its depth be ascertained 3 its fossils are so enve-
loped in the matrix as to be with difliculty separated
from it, and the Terebratule are uniformly in frag-
ments.

No other genera besides the two above mentioned
have yet been found here, ik i only some all
fragments of Fistularia. ‘

The shells of Egypt, though much disinkeghineds
have no appearance of having been at any time sub-
jected to the violence of the waves, or of a current ;
for the Terebratule, although extremely thin and
delicate, are, in the upper beds especially, seen en-
tire in the marl, but are apt to crumble to pieces in

separating them from the mass. There is indeed

ample evidence that all these fossils have been depo-
sited in successive long periods in the depths of the
ocean, and in a quiescent state of the latter.”

It yet remains to be ascertained whether the fos-
sils of each bed are specifically distinct: those in my
possession were collected in very unfavorable wea-

seh ie ds lta) el

a tenes

a errs

NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE. 97

ther, and afford no answer to this question. Again
it may be suggested that those persons desirous of
subjecting the varieties of marl to chemical analysis,
will have an opportunity of selecting from this lo-
cality a very interesting series of specimens, and af-
fording, in all probability, almost every variety of
composition under which this earth presents itself.

It is worthy of remark, that there exists conside-
rable analogy between some of the fossils of this re-
gion and ‘those of the mountain of St. Pierre, at
Maestricht, as described by Cuvier and St. Fond.*
The lower masses of this mountain are chalk, though
the upper mass, or chalk of commerce, is wanting.
Our Atlantic secondary is most analogous to the for-
mer or lowest mass. .The Ammonite of N. Jersey and
Delaware, as‘ I have mentioned elsewhere, bears
more general resemblance to that of Maestricht than
to any other I have met with in authors. ‘The Ba-—
culites of the two localities, though specifically dis-
similar, are much alike in size and in the arrange-
ment of their sutures. The celebrated saurien fossil
called the Maestricht Monitor, from its having been
first met with at that place, has also been found
in two localities in New Jersey.{ It will be observed

* Vide Hist. Nat. de la Montagne de St, Pierre 4 Maestricht.
+ Cuv, Ossements Foss. tome v. page 310, third edit.

+ Mitchell, in Am. edit. of Cuv. Theory of the Earth, pl. viii. fig.
4, and Harlan in Jour. Acad. N, S, vol. iv. page 232.

VOL, VIL—JANUARY, 1828. 13

: if
98 FOSSIL SHELLS OF —
‘that the Belemnite alone, of edo is is svalogos

‘fo ‘that of the chalk of ‘commerce. Ge ee Cae
‘While the ammonites, the Hiiealites; the sdionisens

&c. remind us of the mountain of Maestricht, other ns
reliquie denote a considerable aflinity between this

formation and the Green-sand of Europe. - I have
elsewhere noticed the resemblance of a species‘of
Gryphza from New-Jersey to another of ‘the same
genus from the green-sand: since that part of my
paper has been in press, I have received a'shell from
the lowest bed at Egypt, which answers, perhaps in
every particular, to the G. vesiculosa of the’Green-
sand, and confirms the G. vomer as'a new species.

To this may be added the fact that some specimens

of Terebratula, from New Jersey, are very nearly
allied to the 7’. biplicata of Sowerby, especially to
the variety figured in his 437th plate. My sole de-
sign in this paper has been to give a statement of
facts ; but an ingenious friend has suggested the fol-

lowing query:—might not the preceding facts lead
us to infer that the green-sand of England’ belongs
rather to the chalk than to the green-sand which un-—
derlies the chalk? ‘The lower beds of sand in chalk

in France consist of the Craie chlorité; replace the
carbonate of lime with sand and then we havea green-
sand; which is a reasonable supposition, as sand be-
longs to no particular period of the modern classes:

ee ee ee ee eee Ee ET
, < + . : "

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE II.

Fig. 1. Terebratula Harlani.
2. Side view of the same shell.
9. Prag.
4. Side view of the same shell.
a Hix Sayi. sige
_6. Side view of the same shell.
7 pie to perovalis.
8. Side view of the same.

PLATE Iy.

Fig. 1. Gryphza convexa.
2. Side view of the same shell.
3. G. mutabilis.

PLATE VY.

Fig. 1. Gryphea vomer. Lower valve.
Fig. 2. Upper valve of the same shell.

100 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

3. Another shell of the same species, with a re-
markably curved beak.

4. Ammonites hippocripes. '

5. Baculites ovata: small specimen. showing | the
undulated surface.

6. Large specimen of the same fossil. 2

7. Belemnites subconicus.

PLATE Vi.

Fig. 1. Exogyra costata. Both valves. x
2. Same fossil, back of the lower valve. _
3. Hinge of the upper valve.
4, Hinge of the lower valve.

Norr.—Plates 1, 2, 3,4, and 5, of this volume, were

presented to the committee of publication by Messrs. John. .
P. Wetherill, C. W. Pennock, and S. G. Morton, M. D.
Plate 6 was presented by Mr. Samuel R. Wetherill of
Burlington, New Jersey.

a s- ay:
Fes

eee Se Pe

ea aa

101

Description ofa new Species of SALAMANDRA. By
Ricuarp Hartan, M.D... *

(Read July 3, 1827.)

SALAMANDRA dorsalis.

Char.—Above, fascous; beneath, yellowish- white ;
tail, longer than the body, strongly compressed, anci-
pital: a whitish dorsal line extending from the occiput,
over the tail ; a row of whitish coloured oblong spots
on each side of the dorsal line : ¢ai/, and inferior por-
tions of the body, freckled with black dots, more
sparsely on the throat: vent, large, protruded, and
puckered: length, three inches and eight-tenths,—
body, one inch and five-tenths,—tail, one inch, eight-

tenths.

Inhabits South Carolina. Cabinet of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia——My collee-
tion. :

102 ne REMARKS ON >

Notice of a Mineral, which approaches to the Buv-
sTBIN of WERNER; with a few remarks on the
gone of Bildstein eu Feldspar. - . m4

TW: _ Conran.
“(Read aaa 1s, 1828. :

The Granite of Dixon’s Gunrry, near Wilmington, x
Delaware, abounds with several varieties of Feldspar,

some of which are very handsome, approaching near-
ly to Adularia, They are generally white, and

readily yield to mechanical division, affording some-__
times slender quadrangular PHAM, three or, four i ame

ches in length. sdewve
_Amongst these varieties, there is one of a a remark.

able character, the colour of which is dark yellowish.

gray; it hasa shining lustre, and is highly translu-.
cent 3. of this kind specimens occur, which atone end
present all the marks of a true feldspar, and at. the
other gradually pass into a substance entirely aier-

ent in its aspect and external characters.

This substance, which is found also in detached,
masses of a bluish-gray, and smoke-gray colour, is.
soft, readily yielding to the knife, and affording.a
white powder. It is nearly dull; its fracture is un-
' even and splintery, with occasional traces of a foliated
structure; it is strongly translucent on the edges;
and is composed of granular, distinct concretions:
fine scales of a silvery white mica, are frequently in-

BILDSTEIN AND PELDSPAR. 103

_ terspersed through it.’ When’ submitted to the ac-
tion of the blow-pipe, it turns white, and fuses with

difficulty on some of the finest edges.

- This’ mineral approaches the nearest in its exter-
nal characters, to the Bildstein of Werner, the ge-
ognostic relations of which are unknown. — It has not
been analyzed; but its close approximation to Bild-.
stein, and the peculiar manner in which it is associ-
ated with the Feldspar at Dixonjs, has induced me
to conjecture that the Bildstein, or Figure-Stone of
China, may be derived from Feldspar by a peculiar
change in the constitution of that mineral; a circum-
stance which not unfrequently happens to unorganized
bodies; for, besides the total decomposition to which

many are subject, there appears to be a change which
_. others undergo, whereby they lose some of their con-

stituent parts, and acquire others, and thus give rise
to substances very different in their characters.

_Steatite, in the opinion of some mineralogists, is sup-

posed to be the product of such a change; and there
are many reasons for paentas it is not an original
mineral,

The same may be said with regard to Nacrite,
which appears to be derived chiefly from Mica,
from which it differs but little in its principal con-
stituents. 3 ad

Whether the Bildstein of China be an original or
derivative mineral, or its geognostic relations be with
Feldspar or otherwise, must be left for future investi-

br

y
ae:

LO4 ON BILDSTELN AND FELDSPAR.

- gation to determine ; at the same time it is so inti-
mately related to Feldspar in its chemical constitu-
tion, that it should be arranged with that mineral in
_ preference to placing it, as several authors have done,
as a variety of renin to whinh it has buki little
affinity. '

The following comparison will ei the siete
relationships of Figure-stone and Feldspar, and the
great difference eee the former and steatite ; and
it may be remarked, that the several analyses, of |
Feldspar exhibit a difference in composition amongst
its varieties, almost as great as that between Chinese .
Figure-stone and Feldspar from Passau. )

Chinese Eeldspar from

, Figure-Stone. Passau. Steatite.
Silex “55.00 60.25 ~—- 64.00 Pen
Aldoaines °°'29500 "222700 PP Se 72h eee
Magnesia 2 gee > * ad tt
Lime 2.00 00.75 ras 48 tele
Potash 7.00 14.00
Iron 1.00. atrace . 5.00 and Manganese

Water 5.00 1.00 5.00

99.00 98.00 99.00

Vayquelin, Bucholz. Vauquelin.

sn ee... 105

Description of a Vew Species of Jonevs. ss
By S. W. Conran.
(Read Jatuary 22, 1828.)

Juncus viviparus.

Culmo erecto oligophyllo, superne paniculato, foliis
teretibus nodoso bs oe floribus solitariis sub-
sessilibus. ;

Description. —Stem slender, from eight to twelve —
inches high, round, paniculately branched above ;
branchlets, after flowering, generally bulbiferous ;
sheaths of the branchlets linear, lanceolate, acute,
nerved; leaves terete, nodosely articulated, sheathed
below ; sheaths striated, bifid and membranaceous at»
‘the apex, with the segments rounded, entire 3) flowers _
small, solitary, axillary and lateral, nearly sessile ; ig
leaves of the calix lanceolate acute; anthers oblong
included: stigmas filiform exserted ; root somewhat |
creeping with strong fibrous radicles.—Grows in
- meadows and wet sandy places, flowering late in the
summer. SRR si ; Ae

‘

.o a
Sed q

About twelve or thirteen years past, I first de-
tected this plant, on the banks of Crosswicks creek,
three miles above Bordentown, New-Jersey; and

VOL. YI—=-JANUARY, 1828, 14

de 107d... ®

Description of two. new species of Fossil Shells of

+ the genera Scapuites and CreripuLa: with
some observations. on the Ferruginous Sand,
Plastic Clay, and Upper Marine Formations of
the United States.* By SG. Morton, M. D.

) Recording Secretary of the Academy of Notley

) . "Sciences: Mogger of the American Philosophica

|

i

Societ, I, Sc.
sas, i

An extraneous fossil, when viewed simply as su “h,
conveys little interest beyond. - passing reflection ;
© but when we are acquainted with its locality and con-
nexions it becomes an important k in that'chain of
facts, by means of which we ascertain the relative
ages and position of the strata of our globe.

(Read June 17, 1828.) : 4

Pe ee ee

* Corrections of a former ‘jpafen I take an early opportunity
to correct two or three errors which crept into the papers pub-
lished by Mr. vipeaent and myself in the last numbers of this
, Journal. spe

In the first place it is mentic in Mr. Vanuxem’s paper on the
Secondary and ‘Tertiary ‘formations; &c. of the United States
(see note at the foot of page 67), that Mr. Say’s indicated genus

Rishotea must. be relinquished, or some recent shells must be add-
ed to it. Mr. V. and myself were singularly mi unate in not ob-
serving that Mr. Say had already referred at least one r t
cies to his proposed new genus: Mr, V. had no othet
view than to show that the latter, if acknowledged, was no ; of extinct.
=: © In my paper on the ossil Shells of New Jersey and aware,
thé concluding query (page 98) should be worded as follows :-—
May not the Green Sand of England be considered as belonging
rather tothe Chalk than as constituting part of, a distinct forma-

vol. vi.—1829. 15 “—

“=

—

a!

*

/ *,,

108 “GEOLOGY AND

The value of organic remains in Geological inqui-
ries, though a'recent discovery, has been already ap-
plied with surprising success in Europe; nor can
there be a doubt that equally interesting facts
elicited whenever the zeal of our naturalists induces
them to give patient attention to — fatiguing but
important details,

But the geological analogies observable in parts of
Europe and Asia very remote from each oer re-
mind us that instead of expecting to find new forma-
tions or peculiar phenomena in this country, we should
rather expect the corroboration of facts already esta-
blished by the geologists of Europe. By examining
the works of those naturalists in connexion with an
extensive series of fossils from both hemispheres, I
have endeavoured to identify, in America, those for-
mations which are now universally acknowledged in

Europe ; and any one who will give a reasonable de-.

gree of attention to the subject will admit, that the

geological analogies between America and Europe ~

are nearly as obyious in the Secondary and Tertiary

ae
tion?” It may be remarked that this suggestion is by no means
new, as will appear in the following essay.

The Terebratula which I supposed might be the Tr. jerovalis
( Sowerby ) will probably prove a variety of 7. Hariani,

I am also convinced that the Gryphza from New Jersey which
I have mentioned as specifically the same with G, vesiculosa
( Sowerby _) can only be a variety of G. convexa. %

Effingham’s Mills (locality of Exogyra, vide p. 63 & 87) is on
Lynch’s creek, South Carolina,

4

a.

‘|

et ee a

ORGANIC REMAINS. 109

as in the Primitive formations. These analogies,
moreover, are not founded on theory, but on fossil
organic remains; conclusions derived from other
sources will be more likely to mislead than to instruct,

Genus SCAPHITES. Parkinson.
S, Cuvieri (M.) Pl. vii. fig. 1.

S. anfractu majori ventricoso, tuberculis octo in
utroque latere, cum duobus alteris prope marginem infer-
nam ; dorso pulchre costato inter tuberculas: anfractu
minori compresso, costato, semi occultato; septis serratis.

Description. Larger Whorl ventricose, with
eight prominent lateral tubercles, and two others
more elevated at the inner margin on each side ; back
delicately ribbed between the lateral tubercles; an
obscure ridge from each of the latter to the umbilical
margin ; no visible septa : smaller whorl compressed,
half concealed, costated all round; septa numerous,
serrated like those of an Ammonite. _

Diameter of larger whorl, an inch and a half.

Diameter of smaller whorl, an inch and an eighth.

This beautiful specimen is a sub-siliceous cast: it
was found about sixty feet below the surface, at the
Deep Cut of the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, in
an argillo-ferruginous sand, which has the green
grains and other characters of the marl of New Jer-
sey. Two specimens only of the Scaphite were
found ; the second I have not-seen, but am informed
that it resembled, in every particular, the one figured
in the annexed plate.

110 GEOLOGY AND

This fossil was obligingly lent me by my friend
Mr. Wm. L. Newbold, of: Delaware city, to: whom
I am under many similar obligations. The specimen
is now deposited in the Museum of the Academy of.
Natural Sciences. I have named this species in ho-
nour of the illustrious Cuvier.

Mr. Sowerby observes* that the genus Scaphites
(of which he describes but two species) has hitherto
been found, in England, only in the Green sand and
Chalk marl: M. Brongniart makes a similar observa-
tion respecting the occurrence of this fossil in France:
facts which corroborate the opinion of Mr. Vanuxem
and myself, as expressed in a late number of this
Journal, viz: that the marl (so called) of New J ersey
and Delaware should be ranked with the Secondary,
and ‘not, as hitherto, with the Tertiary class... ‘But
whether Mr. Vanuxem’s opinion that the American
formation i is contemporaneous with the Chalh of Eu-
rope, be correct or not, we may safely infer from the
organic remains of the former that it is as much older
than the superimposed masses of the Southern states,
as the Chalk of Europe is older than the acknowledg-
ed Tertiary deposits of that portion of the world.

In a former. paper I instituted a brief comparison
between the fossils of the Green sand of Europe and
those of New Jersey and Delaware : all the observa-
tions I have since made have confirmed me in the
opinion that these formations are contemporaneous.

* Min, Conch, of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 53, &c.

ORGANIC REMAINS. 111

- It will be recollected, however, that in England the
Chalk marl, Green sand, Weald clay, and Iron sand
are considered as parts of one formation; to this se-
ries is applied the name of Ferruginous sand*,—
which will serve better than any other to designate
the formation ‘of New Jersey and Delaware. In the
latter we find not only the Green sand, mineralogi-
cally speaking,* but several varieties of argillaceous
and calcareous earth, together with those genera of
fossil shells and.crustacéa which characterize the Fer-
ruginous sand of Europe. —

Several of the most celebrated French Geologists
consider the Ferruginous sand series to belong to the
Chalk formation, which M. Alex. Brongniartt de-
seribes as composed of three sub-formations: 1.
White Chalk; 2. Chalk Tuffa: or Grey Chalk; and

_ 3. Green Sand, to which he gives the name of Glau-
conie.t ‘To this last and lowest division belongs that
mass so well known in New Jersey by the name of
Marl; and the analogy between the two, so strong
in a mineralogical point of view, is still more obvious
in relation to their organic remains. The great body
of facts connected with this subject I intend to give

* Conybeare and Phillips, Geology of England and Wales, vol.
i. p. 60, 120, &¢. The beds constituting the Ferruginous sand se-
ries are interposed between the Chalk and the Oolites.

f Sur les Caractéres Zoologiques des Formations, &c. Paris,
13822. '
$ Craie Chloritée of other French writers. Vide Classification
des Roches. Par Alex. Brongniart, Paris, 1827.

112 GEOLOGY AND

in detail on a future. occasion; and will for the pre-
sent dismiss this subject with remarking, that while I
agree with Mr. Vanuxem. in referring the American
formation in question to the Secondary class, I am
disposed to place it one deemee lower in the series
than he hasdone.

The Ammonites.hippocrepis of Dekay, bas lately
been found in great numbers in excavating the Deep
Cut of the Chesapeake and Delaware canal ; a gigan-
tic specimen, nearly fifteen inches in diameter, has
been recently deposited in the collections of the Aca-
demy of Natural Sciences by Mr. Hugh Lee. This
fine fossil, had it been obtained at an earlier period,
would have prevented the insertion, in a former
number of the Academy’s Journal,* of a figure which
conveys a very imperfect idea of this Ammonite.

Dr. Dekay describes from a fragment, but conjec-

tures ‘the &. hippocrepis to be about two inches in

diameter. Notwithstanding the different magnitude >

of the specimens, they appear to be specifically iden-

tical.
In the same stratum with the Ammonites is found

Lignite perforated by the Teredo, or ship worm; —

also fragments of one or two. species of Cancer and
Astacus ; two species of Linnean Echinus, teeth of
the Crocodile, and many fossil, shells, which, how-
ever, exist almost exclusively in the state of casts.
Among these may be enumerated Pecten quinque-

* Vol. vis pl. 5. fig. 4

Pe ae eS a rw

ORGANIC REMAINS. 113

costatus, Sowerby,* a species characteristic of both
the Chalk and Green sand of England, France, and
Switzerland. Also Mya, Trigonia? and a small Am-
monite, entirely distinct from the 4. hippocrepis,
and probably a nondescript. With these remains are
found many nodules varying from the size of a hazle-
nut to several inches in diameter, composed of a very
compact, greenish substance: some of these, on be-
ing broken, presentirregular fissures not unlike those
of ‘Septaria, and correspond exactly in physical ap-
pearances with the nodules described by Messrs.
Cuvier and Brongniartt as characteristic of the Green
sand in the vicinity of Havre, &c. in Normandy.
This deposit, like the analogous beds in New Jer-
sey, is overlaid by deep strata of sand, gravel, and
clay, traversed by iron crusts, and no doubt referri-
ble to the Plastic Clay series. Towards the western
end of the canal, however, is an extensive bed of
Lignite imbedded in a white, siliceous sand. The
trunks and branches of trees are here found twenty
feet in length, and perforated in every direction by
the Teredo. ‘This deposit, so far as I have hitherto
been able to examine it, appears to be placed below
the Secondary marls, or is probably enclosed by them;
but as it has not yet been penetrated entirely through,
we are ignorant of the subordinate beds. It seems
highly probable, therefore, that this bed does not be-

* Min. Conch. tab. 56.
t Descrip. geol. des environs de Paris, p. 13.

114 GEOLOGY AND

long to the Plastic clay, but to the Ferruginous sand.
Should this prove to be the fact, it only exhibits ano-
ther instance of the analogy between the Tormations
in Europe and America; for M. Humboldt* de-
scribes'a deposit of Lignite in the Green sand near.
La Rochelle, in France, in which the wood is perfo-
rated by the Teredo and contains imperfect amber.
Lignite is occasionally found in the lower chalk series
of England, especially in ‘the vicinity of Folkstone
and Cambridge ; at these localities it sometimes even
retains the woody fibre.

- It must be borne in mind, however, that the Ame-
rican. Ferruginous sand formation is subordinate to
another perhaps equally extensive, viz: the Plastic
Clay. The latter, which has hitherto received com-
paratively little attention in this country, is super-
imposed on the Ferruginous sand throughout almost
its whole extent. In some places, as at Bordentown,
White Hill, the Neversink Hills, &. it attains a
considerable elevation, An irregular line from Sandy
Hook to Trenton will answerto the northern bounda-
ry of this deposit in New Jersey. From this line it’
spreads southwardly over a great part of the penin-
sula, but is more conspicuous and better characteriz-
ed ‘towards its northern limits, where it presents the
various appearances so well described by Messrs.

* Gisement des Roches, p. 294.
»{ It has been best described by Mr. Finch, in the vii, yoly of
the Amer, Jour. of Science,

ORGANIC REMAINS, 115

Cuvier and Brongniart* in their account of this for-
mation in France.

In some parts of New Jersey, especially in the
counties of Monmouth, Burlington, and Gloucester,
the Plastic clay forms so thin a superstratum that the
marl is readily obtained for agricultural purposes ;
and most of the rivers and smaller streams penetrate,
in some part of their course, the Ferruginous sand,
exposing the fossils of the latter, and giving unequi-
vocal evidence of the relative positions of the two
formations. rg

The Plastic clay of the United States has hitherto
yielded very few organic remains, mostly referrible
to the genera Venus, Ostrea, and’Pecten. Some per-
sons, however, have confounded the Plastic clay of
New Jersey with the Green sand of that district, and
quoted the fossils of the latter as belonging to the

‘former. Others, from ignorance of fossil conchology,
have imagined the marl of New Jersey to represent
the London clay of the English geologists.

Genus CREPIDULA. Lamarck.
C. costata (M.) Pl. vii. fig. 2 & 3.

~C. testa crassa, ovali, perconvexa; dorso costis numero-
sis, elevatis, longitudinalibus obtecto ; latere sinistro planu-
lato; margine plano.

Shell oval, thick, very convex, with numerous
longitudinal elevated coste; beaked side flattened; -
margin plain.

* Desc. geolog. des environs de Paris, Ed. 1822, p, 16. etc.

VOL, VL.—1829, 16

116 - GEOLOGY AND

“Length 14 inch. Breadth 13 inch. ‘Depth 1 inch. |
No fossil species of this genus occurs in the works
of Lamarck, Sowerby, Parkinson, or the other au-
thors to whom I- have had access: there is conse-
quently reason to suppose that the C. costata is the
only fossil species at present known.

This shell was found by Mr. John Finch in the

Tertiary formation of St. Mary’s county, Maryland,

where it occurs with a great variety of other fossils

in a friable matrix of sand and clay. :
Specimens are preserved in my collection, ‘and i in

that of the Academy of Natural Sciences; those in -
the Academy are marked ‘ Fort Warburton, on the

Potomac.” “They are much disintegrated and the
coste are generally obscure. Mr. Wetherill’s col-
lection (now deposited in the Academy) contains some

very small fossil Crepidule from Maryland, which

are probably the young of this species.

Dr. Van Rensellaer*’ has very properly referred ~

the great deposit of fossil shells in Maryland to the

Upper Marine formation of the European geologists,

an opinion in which I am every day more confirmed.
I am also convinced that this formation, stretches far
to the south, occupying a great proportion of the
tract designated as Alluvial.in Mr. Maclure’s map.
_ Jt seems more than probable ‘that it even embraces
those vast deposits-of oyster shells, which, extending

through nearly all the more southern States, have at-

* Lectures on Geology, p. 261,

4 eae =

‘ORGANIC REMAINS. L1Z

tracted the attention of every class of travellers. I
am aware that Mr. Finch considers this formation. to
have no known prototype in Europe, and designates
it by a new name.* In this view I believe him to
be in error.. With respect to the London clay of
the English geologists, and the Calcaire silicieux of
the French, I have not yet seen a series of organic
remains which proves the existence of those forma-
tions in this country.

Although the contemporaneousacss of our Upper
Marine formation, with the deposits of that name in

Europe, appears to me to be satisfactorily decided,

I have heard some doubts expressed, founded on the,
striking generic and specific differences to ‘be ob-
served between very many of the Maryland fossils
and those shells now inhabiting our coast. It is true
that several of these genera and a large number of
species are no longer inhabitants of our waters, but
it will be found that the same fact obtains in refer-
ence to the Upper Marine deposits in England. Mr.
Sowerby, speaking of the fossils of those beds in Nor-
folk and Suffolk, says that*they ‘ are remarkable
for the little change they have undergone, as well as
their near resemblance to some of our recent species 3
and although a few are not easily to be distinguished
from them, and others are mutilated, and until seen

* Amer, Jour. Science, vol, vii, p. 39, &c. Mr. F. calls it Cal-

_ caire ostrée, Would not an English name have been in better

taste?

118

GEOLOGY AND .

in perfection cannot be distinguished, yet many are
not at all related to any recent species —— or ‘ob-
served in any other stratum.””*

These remarks apply equally well to the Upper
Marine beds of Maryland, and the more Southern
States; and I have been at some pains to ascertain
what number of the fossil species of that formation
are still found recent on our coast: they are as

follow :

Se
2S a

14,
cas

16.
. Buccinum.
Seven of these species have been already identified

2 See

Natica dviplicats: Say.
Fusus cinereus. Say.
Pyrula carica. Lam. |
canaliculata. Lam.
Ostrea virginica. Lin. |
flabellula. Lam.
Plicatula ramosa. Lam.
Arca arata.t Say. -

Lucina divaricata. Lam.
Venus mercenaria. Lin.
paphia? Lam.
Cytherea concentrica. Lam.
Mactra.grandis. Lin.
Pholas costata. Lin.
Balanus tintinabulum ? Zam.
Turbo littoreus? Zin.

eis

* Min. Conch. of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 185.

} Mr. Say observes that this shell is identical with a recent W..

India species, which he thinks had not been described,

Ste pees, ¥ — t.
TE ER Oe Oe Me Ne ”

ORGANIC REMAINS. 119

by Mr. Say, the remainder were detected by iabvecit
and I have no doubt that many others remain to be
added to the list.

Among the Maryland fossils in the: ‘Nesting is
a specimen which answers, perhaps in every particu-
lar, to the Voluta Lamberti, of Sowerby (tab. 129):
and the probable identity of the Venus rustica of
Sowerby, with the Isocardia fraterna of Say, has
been suggested by Mr. Say himself.* The Venus
lentiformis of Sowerby, (tab. 203,) appears to be tio
other than the recent Cytherea concentrica: Hence
it would seem that at least three species of shells are
common to the Upper Marine formation on both sides.
of the Atlantic. It is perfectly reasonable to look
for similar species in contemporaneous formations,
notwithstanding: that they may be separated by the
Atlantic; the action of the Gulf Stream I conceive
to beamply sufficient to account for such a phenome-
non, nor can there be a doubt that this cause was as
powerful formerly as at present; and to its agency
I would attribute the fact, that many recent species
of shells are at this time common to the shores *
both America and Europe. t

* Jour. Acad, vol. iv. p. 143. ;

+ As this question is intimately connected with geological’ inqui-
ries, I submit the following imperfect list of those recent shells
which appear to be common to both the European and American
shores of the Atlantic. I have not had opportunity to pursue the
subject in detail, but where there is any doubt as to the identity of
species I have. added a note of interrogation. 1 am convinced that

120 _ GEOLOGY AND.

Nore: Essloiieame mihiee of some Fossils rvcari,

discovered in New Jersey. By the same.»
(Read June 2, 1829.) ;

* or aS

During a late excursion into New Jersey, by Mr.

R. Haines, Mr. Joseph P. Smith, Dr. M‘Euen, and
myself, we visited some Marl pits situated on Big
Timber. creek, in the county and township: of Glou-
cester... The beds in this locality progent: some ap-

pearances so entirely different from any thing hither-

to noticed in New Jersey, and at the same time so
corroborative of the geological opinions.expressed in’
the preceding paper, that I hasten to give a brief
notice of such facts as our hasty oxaninatias enabled.
us to collect... - Ris bie eee"

These beds consist of seveial varieties of Carbonate
of Lime, of whieh the three following are. the most
remarkable: . -

1, An extremely Pinhies evil. saiichs “my, friend
Mr. Paul Beck Goddard kindly analyzed, at my 3 re--

this bn may be préahly extended by an expert cofichdlogists 1
Purpura lapillus. 2. Cyprina islandica. 3;. Buccinum undatum,

4. Saxicava rugosa, 5. Turbo neretoides. 6, T, littoreus (T. ir- _
roratus, Say.) 7. Natica canrena. 8. Lucina divaricata. 9.

Pholas crispata. 10, Mactra solida? (M. proxima, Say.) 11.
Anomica ephippium. 12. Solen: ensis.. 18.,.Mya arenaria? (M.
acuta, Say.) 14, Mytillus-edulis. 15. Modiola papuana? 16..
Crassina sulcata, To which might. be added several species of

the Linnean genera Lepas,. Teredo, and other testaceous mollus- -

ca, which, by attaching themselves to floating bodies; are convey~
ed to various parts of the world.

ORGANIC REMAINS. 121

'

quest, and was found to contain 37 per cent of Car-
bonate of Lime, with a considerable proportion of
Silex, Tron, &. Somie of these masses appear to
be in a great measure nse a
Madrepores.

“2. A light coloured, or yellowish Tinteaedndps
hard as any of the Secondary limestone of our West-
ern States; contains many organic remains, especially
of the ‘Linnean family of Madrepores. |

Ss ae granular variety, intermediate between the

former two, and possessing a subcrystalline texture.

All these varieties are occasionally infiltrated by
siliceous matter, and considerable masses of a well
characterized Chert are occasionally found. They

_also present some appearances of the green grains

so characteristic of the marls of New Jersey. In
these deposits, which do not appear to observe
any regular relative position with respect to each
other, we ‘found a variety of interesting fossils, of
which ‘the following “i is pei ee as a cata-
logue.
1. GrypHm®x convexa. (M) Ostrea convera 1 of
Say. This shell, which has hitherto been: found in
almost every marl pit in New Jersey, is also com-
mon here, though most of the’ n. etereencr are much
disintegrated by the weather.

2: Sprrorsis?* Lam. This shell, which is new
to me, I have not-yet had time to examine with at-
tention. Dese. Volutions four or five in number,

&
122 - / GEOLOGY AND-

flattened, in contact throughout: ‘aperture quadran-

gular, which form is preserved in all the whorls:

diameter of the largest specimens three-eighths of an
inch. . Has.a strong resemblance to Planorbis; and
Mr. Sowerby mentions that he found shells in the
English Green sand which he referred to that genus,
though, he thinks,’ erroneously. “Min, Conch. p- 895
92, and the accompanying plate. I prefer placing
the American “specimens with the genus Spirorbis
until more cinerea can be obtained: DOES
them.
3. Turso? Lin. This i is a beautiful shell; about
an inch and a half long, with longitudinal coste on

each whorl: it. has much the appearance of the ge-_

nus Scalaria, Lam. but the mouth is too imperfect

to enable me to decide. It may possibly prove'to

be a chambered shell. © +
4. Trocuus. Lam. A single cast.
5. Venus. Lin. -A few intperfect specimens. :

6. Spataneus. Lam. Closely allied to the well:

known European: Chalk fossil §. cor marinum, as
figured in Parkinson’s Organic. Remains, vol. iii: pl.

3, fig. 11. Abundant, from the size of a filbert to.

an inch and three quarters in diameter.. ;
Another species of. Spantangus i is equally, common

in this locality ; it has but a single-sulcus, with four’

pair. of ambulacra: it bears a remarkable resem-
blance to a species frequent-in the English Green
sand, and contained in the Academy’s collections,

Pee ee ae |

ORGANIC REMAINS. 123

but of which I have not ascertained the specific
name. “Length same as the preceding.

The American specimens hitherto obtained from
the pyritous marl are only in‘the state of casts; but
these are in as good sae as the European
Chalk Echini.

7. Ciparis? Lam. Pentagonal detached plates
of some species of Linnean Echinus: oblong, margin
granulated, with a central, circular, smooth area, and
atubercle. for the attachment of a spine. These re-
mains are well represented by the sections of the
mammillated Echinus figured in Mr. Parkinson’s
great work, vol. iii. pl. 1, fig. 11. A few minute
spines were also found. ~

8. Terrepo. Lin. T. antenaute ? Sowerby, tab.
102. Fistulana, Lam. It is very difficult to dis-
tinguish the species of this genus, especially in ‘the
fossil state, and for the present I refer the New Jer-
sey specimens to the above foreign species: like the
latter they not unfrequently show the septum figured
3 by Mr. Sowerby, tab. 102; fig. 8. The parietes of
our specimens are replaced by Carbonate of Lime,
which is generally radiated and very delicately erys-
tallized on the inner surface of the cylinder.

9. ANTHOPHYLLUM. Schweigg. This fossil, a
Linnean Madrepore, is common in the harder lime-
stone of which I have spoken. Its form is cylindri-
cal, or sub-conical, seldom exceeding three-fourths

of an inch in length, and is about one-third less in
VOL. vI.—1829. 17

124 GEOLOGY AND

breadth. It is essentially composed of longitudinal
septa, or plates, which diverge uniformly from a
central axis. Each of these fossils is attached by its
base and is surrounded on the remaining sides by a
large cavity. Faujas, in his.Natural History of the
Mountain of St. Pierre, plate 37, fig. 3, and pl. 38,

figs. 1 & 5, gives drawings of some fossils which ap- -
pear to be generically the same with those from New
Jersey. But I derive the characters of the genus

Anthophyllum from the splendid work of Dr. Gold-
fuss,* tab. 13, fig. 11. The specimen delineated by
that naturalist is stated to be from the en of the
Falls of Niagara.

10. Escuara. Lam. Frajamniite of this’ genus
(Millepora, Linn.) are of frequent occurrence.
They bear considerable general resemblance to the
species in Ellis’s Hist. of Corallines, pl. 28, fig. 1.

11. Frusrra. Lam. Abundant. The species is
nearly allied to that given by Ellis, pl. 29, fig. a.
Flustre are common associates of the Belemnites,
Echini, &c. of the European Chalk beds. »

12. Rerepora. Lam. Of this genus we procured.

a small but handsome specimen. It is well repre-
sented by a fossil species from Maestricht, delineated
in Faujas, pl. 39, fig. 3, who calls it a Gorgonia. Dr.
Goldfuss figures.a specimen of the same fossil, Pl.
9, fig. 12. and also from Maestricht, to which he
gives the name of R. clathrata.

* Petrefacta Mus. Univ. Regix Boruss, Rhen. Bonn.

ihe is cr ea Ol es

al a ay
a

Se a een ae pe ee

ee

a Ow age ee yay

ORGANIC REMAINS. 125

13. Atcyonium? We found some organic re-
mains which. bear considerable resemblance to the
stems of this singular zoophyte, but nothing of the
cup-shaped termination has yet been discovered.
Some of. these bodies are formed considerably like a
Belemnite, but taper much more gradually, and are _
longitudinally striated their whole Jength. Their
precise nature can only be determined by other and
more perfect specimens. It may be remarked, how-
ever, that the Alcyonium has’ been found in Green
sand neat Annapolis, in Maryland.

-.14. Another fossil, of which I have not been able
to find an analogue, may be described asa very elon-
gated prism, slightly concave-on two sides, ‘solid,
and radiated from the centre to the circumference
like a Belemnite. Length nearly two-inches, diame-
ter rather more than an eighth of an inch. We were
unable, however, to find the terminal extremity of
any of the specimens, nor does the prism, in any in-
stance, appear to taper towards either end: I at
first thought they might be the spines of Echini, but
the latter circumstance, together with their shape,
seemed to discountenance the opinion. ‘They cannot»
be Encrinal vertebra as they have no joints.

3D, OrrHocera? A-subconical, chambered cast,
which appears to belong to this genus.

16. Bones or THE CrocopILe, -We obtained por-
tions of two jaws of a Crocodile which appears.to be
specifically the same with that described by Dr.

126 . GEOLOGY AND

Harlan in a former part of this Journal.* One of
these fragments contains three teeth in fine pam
tion.

The preceding details, however cise inan
insulated point of view, are extremely interesting to
the Geologist, and furnish some entirely new materi-
als for the study of our Secondary formations, I

have not leisure at this time to enter into’a discussion

of the subject, but will mention a few facts connect-
ed with it. A part of these fossils such as the Gry-
phea convexa, Teredo, Remains of the Crocodile,
&e. have been found in many parts of New Jersey

in the pyritous Marl: and although the latter earth -

is so dissimilar, mineralogically speaking, to the ma-
trix of the fossils described in this note, yet it should
be borne in mind that the Chalk Marl of Europe
(the upper mass of the Ferruginous sand) contains
from 20 to 80 per cent of Carbonate of Lime. Hence
I would infer that the presence of so large a propor-
tion of lime as Mr. Goddard has obtained from the
New Jersey earth, does not exclude the ‘latter from
the Ferruginous sand series, inasmuch as in this re-
spect it does not differ from the English Chalk marl.
( Craie tufau of the French.) Moreover, beds of

Chert} are common in both. The genus Spatangus, -

now characteristic of our Marls, has not hitherto been
found in England in any strata below the Green
* Jour. Acad. vol iv. ,
{ Phillips and Conybeare, Geol. of Eng. and Wales, p. 124."

.

a ee ee

>
au

stad

ORGANIC ‘REMAINS. 127

sand,* nor, so far‘as I know, in any above the Chalk.
The remains of Zoophytes, also, are much more abun-
dant in the Ferruginous sands of England than in
any of the superimposed beds, not even excepting
the White Chalk. Many of the fossils described in
this paper are replaced by crystalline Carbonate of
Lime, precisely like that een, toa the Chalk fossils
of Europe.

From the: facts elicited by these’ papers I ao not
hesitate to conclude—

1.: That we have in this country an extensive for-
mation contemporaneous with the great Chalk forma-
tion of Europe, but- more particularly allied to the
Ferruginous sand of the. English geologists, the
Lower Chalk of the French: that it is the lowest
and oldest mass in that tract which Mr. Maclure has
called Alluvial: that it occupies a’ great part of the
triangular peninsula of New Jersey formed’ by the
Atlantic, and the Delaware and Raritan rivers, and
extends across the State of Delaware from near Dela-

“ware city to the Chesapeake; appears again near

Annapolis in Maryland; at Lynch’s creek in South
Carolina; at Cockspur Island, in Georgia: and in
several places in Alabama, Florida, &c.

The American Ferruginous sand formation no
doubt includes, like its analogue in Europe, several
distinct strata or subdivisions, which will probably
be found to coincide with the Chalk Marl, Green

* Phillips and Conybeare, Geol. p. 130,

128 GEOLOGY AND .

Sand, Iron Sand, &c: The Green sand we undoubt-
edly possess; but it remains for future enquirers to
point out the relative position, extent, and distine-
tive fossils of these substrata in our country. y
2. That superimposed on the Ferruginous sand
we have the Plastic Clay and Lignite. ‘This for-
mation, as already observed, is most conspicuous. in
New. Jersey and Delaware, being thickest. near the
junction of the Primitive with the modern forma-
tions,

“3. That superior to both-the former we have a
vast tract of the Upper Marine formation. This has
not yet been identified by fossils farther north than
Maryland, where it is most conspicuous in the south-
ern and middle parts of the peninsula formed by the
Chesapeake bay and Potomac river; whence it
stretches south and west and crosses the Mississippi.

Above all these is the great diluvial mantle which
appears to be common to-a great part of the earth’s
surface, and which has already yielded many remains
of several extinct species of quadrupeds.*

* The Fossil Bones hitherto discovered in the above formations
may be thus briefly enumerated:

Frrnvorxovs Saxv. Remains of the Crocodile im many places.
Plesiosaurus at Mullica Hill, New Jersey. Monitor (Maestricht
animal) at Sandy Hook, Monmouth county, New Jersey, and near
Woodbury, in the same State, I believe, however, these remains
consist only of teeth. ‘ Shark, ‘Teeth and vertebrz common,

PX

ORGANIC REMAINS. . 129

’
Explanation of the Plate.

Plate VII. fig. 1. Scaphites Cuvieri.-
fig. 2. Crepidula costata. Back of the
: shell.
fig. 3.° Crepidula costata. Interior of
the shell.

These fossils are represented exactly of their natu-
ral size and proportions; and Mr. Lawson has en-
graved them with his characteristic accuracy and
ba or

Whale. Néar the Raritan river, and at St. George’s, in Selawate:
Tortoise. New Jersey.

Urrzn Marrxx. Walrus, in Accomac county, Virginia, Ma-
natus, Eastern Shore of Maryland. Whale. York river, Virg.
Teeth and bones of the Shark are. of frequent occurrence.

Puastric Cray. None,

Dirvvium. Remains of the Mastodon have been found at
Uniontown, Middletown, Longbranch, Deal, and Rancocus in New
Jersey, and in several places farther south’ *The Elephant has
been found at Middletown, New Jersey, at Beaufort, North Caro-
lina, and on’the Eastern Shore of Maryland. Megatherium.
Teeth and bones on Skiddaway Island, Georgia.

Besides the preceding list, there is in the collections of the Aca-
demy a considerable number of bones which have not yet been
identified, . These, when ascertained, may add several genera and
species to the above catalogue.

[130.9 .

‘

Remarks on the PEDUNCULATED: CIRRHIPEDES :
with a description of twa new specics of the Ge-

nus Orion. By Reyneut Coates, M. D.
(Read February 11, 1829.)

The genus Otion, of Leach, was formed to receive

such species of the genus Anatifa, of Brug. as have
the rudiments only of the five valves which are pro-
per to most of the pedunculated Cirrhipedes, and
which are likewise provided with two auriform ap-
pendages on the summit of the tunic, behind the su-
perior valves. In all the species hitherto described,
these appendages are, I believe, open.at both extre-
mities, permitting the water to enter freely. into the
cavity of theshell. Lamarck has suggested that these

tubes are probably designed to inte the Tr

of fluid to'the bronchiz.

With the exception of the O. Rissoanus, ms the.

Mediterranean, and the O. Dumerilus, from the bot-
tom of a vessel-returning to Europe from the Mau-
ritius, all the known species are said to inhabit the
North Atlantic Ocean.

The O. Cuvieri, which Lamarck has alopinl: for
the generie type, is regarded by himself and others
as Lepas aurita, L. but, as Montagu has justly ob-
served, unless Linneus was deceived with respect
to the accessory valves about the mouth which he
attributes to this species, it must be widely distinct
from any Cirrhipede now known.

= ere ee er ee ee a ae ao ee

CIRRHIPEDES, — 131

Cuvier, in Annales du Museum, and Lamarck, in
his Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertebres, both de-
scribe the Otions as having but two valves, although
the type itself has five. This error is the more sur-
prising, because Blainville, who describes this genus
under the name of Aurifera, in the Nouv.: Dict. des
Sciences Naturelles, and Leach, who instituted it
under the received name, : both, allude to the five
valves, and are both referred to by Lamarck.

‘The. specific characters of O. Cuvieri and O.
Blainvillii, as given by Lamarck, and drawn from
the presence or absence of spots on the body and
ears, are of no value-whatever, as many species are

now known whichare possessed of spots, and the two
hereinafter, described, together with the O. Rissoa-

nus, are deprived of them. ~ ‘
Leach’s plates of the Cirrhipedes compylosomata,
have never come under my observation; and. in his
monograph of the genus Otion, in the Zoological
Journal, vol. ii. the specific distinctions are drawn
from the general colouring of the tunic, and from
the characters of the anterior and posterior valves
only. They are often expressed in terms too vague
to convey any very definite ideas without the aid of
plates. Nothing is said of the perforation of the au-
riform appendages, either as a generic or specific
character, but as the species described or figured by

other authors have the tubular ears, and as their clo-

sure would form a distinction too marked to escape
» VOL. VI.——1829. 1g

132 PEDUNCULATED

the notice of a writer who is acknowledged to have

carried his nicety of systematic division to a culpa-
ble excess, it is reasonable to infer. that all the spe-
cies of Dr. Leach have perforated ears.. Such ap-

pears to be the conclusion of other conchologists, who

describe the auriform appendages as tubes.
_ These preliminary remarks are made with a two-
fold intention; firstly, to account for the apparent

want of brevity in the specific characters given in
this paper; and, secondly, to apologize for the slight _

changes which I have found it.necessary to make in
the generic description of the genus Otion, as given

by Lamarck, in order to correct the error with re~

gard to the number of valves, and to include a spe-
cies which appears to form a link in the chain that
will probably be found to exist between the genera
Otion and Anatifa through the genus Cineras of
Leach, and which is yet hardly sufficiently distinet

from the first named genus to warrant a separation. —

Genus OTION.

s} s
. Corpus. Processes duo, auriformes, ad tunics apicem:.
apertura lateralis majuscula: brachia_plura, ybvenes. eh.

ata, per aperturam lateralem exsertitia.

Testa. Valye quinque, testacez, parvule, ut in pe

fis posite.
* Processus perforati.

O. depressa. Corpus ad ‘basim depressum, effaaum:
Processus perforati:’ valvula. majores sub- rhomboidee ;
apices elevate, infra excavate ; valvule.superiores line-
ares ; posterior ovalis, minutissima. Habitat. in Oceano
Cinensi.

Mus. Acad, Natural Sciences.

eel eee | a ee

Or Mey Se Me eee MET IE ee Seg Se eS Tf

CIRRUIPEDES, » 133

The body of this O¢ion is ‘depressed and flattened
at its base, which is widened into a circular ring.
The primary valves are sub-rhomboidal, somewhat
winding, obliquely truncated above and below, and.
regularly arched internally. Those points which
correspond with the apices of bivalve shells, are some-
what elevated, and immediately beneath each of them
is a deep notch or fissure. Two prominent divari-
cate lines, passing from the apex toward the base,
enclose a flat triangular space, and from this the
shell gradually declines towards the sides. The su-
perior valves are linear, and the posterior valve is
very minute and regularly oval. Colour of the body
deep purple, peduncle and processes lighter purple.
This shell was taken fromthe side of a vessel in the
China seas, but it may have been jeoarer ed there
from some distant spot.

The O. depressa will be immediately distinguished
from every other’ species of the same sub-genus, ex-—

_cept the O. Rissoanus, by the colour and the absence

of spots on the tunic. From this latter it is distin-
guished by the form of the primary valves, the only
ones. of which Leach has given the characters. In O.
Rissoanus these valves are geniculated, abruptly trun-
cated behind, and gradually acuminated ‘below.
In the O. depressa they are obliquely truncated at
both extremities, so as to appear pointed at each
end.. : id

im. PEDUNCULATED

-** Processus imperforati. —

O. Saccutifera—Corpus inflatum. Processus bursifor-
mes, imperforati. _Valyulz majores sub-triangulares, in-
fra acuminate, in medio carinate ; superiores minute,
sub-triangulares ; posterior minutissima.

Habitat. in Oceano Austral Atlantico.

My Collection. — ns ;

The ears of this Otion are completely iceeiailadaites
The primary valves are thin, small, angularly bent
in the middle, without any elevation of the beak, and
acuminated at the lower angle, the base or posterior
edge being widely notched. From the apex to the
middle of the notch, immediately over.the angular
bend, is a carina formed by two raised strie witha
slight depression between them. A third stria ex-
tends parallel to and very near the anterior margin,

or that which is opposed to the other valve, and from
this line the margin appears as: if rather abruptly in-.
flected. -.. The superior valves are sub-triangular, ra-_

ther greater in length than in breadth, and exceed
ingly thin. The posterior valve is very minute, nar-

row, and somewhat sharpened below. Colour of the -
base of the ‘peduncle yellowish brown, becoming

olivaceous above ; body olive, with a purple reflec-
tion in oblique lights; appendages purple.

Remark —This shell seems to approach toward the
genus Cineras of Leach, in which the inflation behind
the superior valves looks like an attempt at the for-
mation of the auriform processes.. The specimen
from which the description is given was observed ad-

OO IS oP UGTA LT ae Oe

tie

~

bets a Cat ea

= REPORTS FINES Se ee

CIRRHIPEDES. 135

hering to the side of the ship, in company with a
group of Cineras vittata near the Cape of Good Hope.
It survived until we reached the Isle of France,
when I removed it. In consequence of the evapora-
tion of the liquor in which it was placed, nothing
now remains but the envelope. The colours which
in Otion and Cineras are derived from the mantle,
were in this case are eft life of the animal.

Norn on the Geogipniiar distribution of Anatifa
vitrea, &c. By the same.
(Read February 11, 1829.)

This shell is probably identical with Lepas facicu-
lata, Montagu. Lamarck considers the latter as a
variety of the former.

It would appear to be a rare shell in the British
seas; for, according to Wood, it was but wwe ob-
served in forty years.

Montagu states that a eet number were once
thrown on shore in Devonshire during a: few days,
after which they disappeared totally. They were
attached in groups to floating fuci, one group to a
piece of charcoal, and another to the quill of a gull.

Lamarck refers to his own cabinet for the speci--
mens from which he drew the character; they were
found on the coast of Spain, and were communicated
_by Latreille.

In the collection of the Academy there are some
specimens presented by Mr. Ord, labelled ‘ Atlantic

136 PEDUNCULATED

Ocean,” without any further particulars. They are
removed from their support. The same cabinetalso
contains some examples from Long Branch, New

Jersey, presented by Dr. M‘Euen ; 3 they are attach-.

ed to the Fucus vesiculosus.

From the specific appellation given to this shell
by Lamarck it is probable that he never saw the
adult, for the glassy appearance is peculiar to the
young. The specimens from Long Branch are very
small, Mr. Ord’s are less than half grown, and the
same remark applies to the figure in Wood’s Con-
chology, which was taken from a specimen belonging
to Mr. Montagu. I cannot find any notices of the
localities of this shell, other than those just quoted.

It is a matter of great importance to ascertain, as
far as possible, the native place and the accidental
distribution of every animal, in order to pave the
way for a more accurate knowledge of the changes

produced upon their characters by the operation of »

physical causes, and also to enable us to determine
how far the location of different individuals may aid
us in our diagnosis of species.

The pedunculated cirrhipedes may undoubtedly
reach all parts of the ocean, by attaching themselves
to moving bodies; yet there appear to be certain na-
tural limits beyond which certain species will not
flourish; thus, as has been observed, the Otionsseem
to be chiefly confined to temperate and cold cli-
mates, and between the tropics they have only been

&

CIRRHI PEDES, 137

met with adhering to vessels which have passed the
Cape.

~The Cineras vittata was discovered by Montagu
in the British seas, and it-has been observed else-
where in the North Atlantic. I met with it at the
Cape of Good Hope, but I do not find that it has
been noticed in tropical regions. Is it not reasonable
to conclude, then, that although these animals may
survive the voyage across the Equator, they cannot
multiply in. hot climates?

With regard to the Anatifa vitrea, I wish to lay
before the Academy the following reasons for believ-
ing that the Southern Ocean is the native place of
this species, and that its occurrence elsewhere is ac-
cidental.

1. Neither observation nor silos furnish me
with any instance of the A. vitrea attaching itself to
a fish or to a ship; and it is, therefore, reasonable to
conclude that such is not its ordinary habit. If it
were a native of the North Atlantic, the nature of
the tropical currents would for ever prevent its trans-
portation to the southern temperate zone, by any
means other than those just mentioned.

2.. The 4. vitrea multiplies with astonishing ra-
pidity, and occasionally it appears almost to cover
the ocean for many square leagues, so that if it were
a native of northern seas, it could hardly disappear
for such long periods of time, nor would the speci-
mens taken be so uniformly small.

e
138 PEDUNCULATED

3. It usually attaches itself to fuci and other float-
es and I have never met with any pelagic
species of these tribes, in the North Atlantic, which
could have supported the weight of a full aus
group of these animals.

4, The physiological fact whieh will be oiaui
mentioned, tends to prove that the natural support
of this’ seme ~ is a — to the Sean

ting in the sinha of
ship was surrounded for seve-
y rable groups of yellowish bodies,
reseuitfio na he eggs of a bird floating on bunches of
feathers. No one on board could i imagine what they
might be, and the rapidity of our progress prevent-
ed us from obtaining any specimens until the third
day, when several were taken in the dip net- They
proved to be groups of the Anatifa vitrea, attached
to a white spherical fucus which floated like a cork
upon the water. :

When this fucus was compressed between the fin-
gers all the animals attached to it immediately re-
tracted their arms within the shell, as if by a com-
mon impulse. Dissection explained the cause of this
singular phenomenon. Immediately beneath the base
of each peduncle, there was found a conical cavity
in the fucus, reaching nearly to the centre of the
ball.. This cavity was lined to the apex by the thin -
membrane which covers the muscular coat of the pe-

CIRRHIPEDES. 139

duncle internally. The muscular coat terminated at
the base of the peduncle, and the tunic was general-

ly somewhat expanded over the external surface of
the plant. Other species of Anatifa, which were
occasionally found adhering to the same support, ex-
hibited no such arrangement.

The common centre of attachment at the apices of
all the cones, was most frequently the scale of a Velel-
la, which had become inveloped by the globe, and it
is evident that as the plant grew the animals clongat-
ed the lining membrane of the peduncle. —

As the shell possesses no power of locomotion in-
dependent of the waves and currents, its prey must
be allured to it, and the velella, which seems to be
its most appropriate food, very readily falls into its
trap. The animal probably deposits its eggs upon
the scale of its prey, which becomes entangled with
the fucus before the shells are sufficiently heavy to
sink it.,

If asked to explain how this Cirrhipede finds its
way to the coasts of Europe and North America, I
would answer that the growth of many Anatife is
exceedingly slow, and it is probable that the currents
on the shores of Africa, and i in the Southern trades,
may have drawn occasional groups into the Gulph of
Mexico, whence the gulph stream may have convey-
ed them to the North.

Finding a congenial climate they would multiply

with astonishing rapidity, but owing to the nature of
VOL, VI; —1829. 19

Ps : PEDUNCULATED OFRRHIPEDES. Soe
“ac stihl chibi most of ‘them’ would: shld
“again and again into the tropical regions, and thus . em
become extinct. Perhaps the want of proper food
_ may be an additional bar to their: ee our
seas. : - a ae
Tam well aware that iin suggestions are Anyigie:
thetical, but they are thrown out in order to fix at-
tention upon the important influence, which the'sin- —_
gular circulation of winds and waters in the ‘Atlantic —
ocean must necessarily penile ee the distribution
of Marine otal BEG, Ue aah hh are:

;
i
q
:

we Po oe

TTT ey Te an ag ey EAT

xe

=: SE ee TIM

pe tare pa

On the Sreciric Heat of the Atoms or Bopies.
By Avexaxppr Datias Bacue, Professor of
Natural Philosophy and Chemistrys in the Unt-
versity oe Pennsylvania.

"(Read February 17, 1829. )

It-is siesta ‘in most of the later authors upon
Chemistry, as a probable fact of the science, that the
atoms of all bodies possess the same Specific Caloric.
Dr. Ure (Chem. Dict. Art. Caloric) observes that
the experiments of Petit and Dulong “have disclosed
‘¢a beautiful and unforeseen relation between the
“ specific. heats.and primitive combining ratios or

- © atoms of the metals; namely, that the atoms of all

“ simple bodies have exactly the same capacity for
‘“‘ heat. Hence the specific heat ofa simple sub-
“stance, multiplied into the weight of its atom or
‘¢ prime equivalent, ought to give always the same
<¢ product.” i

Turner (Elements of Chemistry, Part 1, Section

= 1) says: ‘* Petit and Dulong have rendered it probable

‘that. the atoms of all simple substances have the
«‘ same ‘Specific Caloric. This opinion is founded
‘¢on careful experiments, the results of which are
‘ contained in the following table.”
This table, contained in the “ Annales de Chimie
et de Physique,’ Vol. 10, 1819, will be given.
On reference to the table of atomic weights con-

¥

142 SPECIFIC HEAT OF ATOMS.

tained in Turner’s appendix, and on a reduction of ©

the equivalent numbers to the oxygen standard, I
met with numbers differing very much from the
equivalents given by Petit and Dulong : this table of
equivalents being derived from the latest and . best
authorities, must be assumed as more correct than any
preceding one. It occurred to me that an examination
of Dr. Ure’s less recent table might give numbérs
not so much at variance with those quoted; but with
few differences, fairly attributable to the advance of
the science, the equivalent numbers in the body of
Dr. Ure’s work are the same with those. given by
Turner.
The table of Petit and Dulong is.as follows:

Products of the
‘ - weight of each
atom; by the
Relative weights _ corresponding
Specific Caloric. of atoms, capacity.
Bismuth 0.0288 13.30. ° 0.3830
Lead - 0.0293 12.95 0.3794
Gold 0.0298 12.48 0.3704
Platinum 0.0314 11.26 0.8740 °
Tin 0.0514 7.35 0.3779 °
Silver 0.1557 6.75 0.3759
Zine 0.0927 4.03 0.3736 .
Tellurium 0.0912 4.03 * 0.3675
Copper 0.0949 3.987 0:3755
Nickel 0.1035 3:69 0.3819
Iron 0.1100 3.392 0.3731
Cobalt 0.1498 2:46 0.3685
Sulphur 0.1880 2:011 0.3780

* - 4

ae = ee ee

i TO i a

‘SPECIFIC HEAT OF ATOMS, 143

The-atomic weights just quoted will now be com-
pared, with the equivalents of the same bodies ac-
cording to Turner, reduction being made: from the
hydrogen to the oxygen unit.

“Atomic Nos.

Atomic Nos.
According to Petit & Dulong. According to Turner.
. Bismuth 13.30 9.
Lead 12,98 . 13.
Gold . 12.43 25.
Platinum 11.26 12.
Tip. 7.35 7.25
Silver — 6.75 13.75
Zine | OS 4.25
_ Tellurium _ 4.03 4.
Copper 3.957 8.
Nickel 3.69 5.
Iron - 3,392 3.5
Cobalt 2.46 3.25
Sulphur 2.011 2.

The effects of this correction of atomic weights
upon the specific heat of the different atoms, will be
shown by a following table.

Simple Bodies,
Bismuth
Lead
Gold
Platinum
Tin
Silver

Specific Caloric.
0.0288
0.0293
0.0298
0.0314
0.0514

0557

Products of weight
of each atom by
Relative weights the correspond.
of atoms, capac: or Spec.
Oxygen unit. Calor. of atoms.
9. -2592
13. -3809-
25. - 7450
12, -3768
7.25 -3727
13.75 £7659 .*

144° ss SPECIFI@-HEAT OF ATOMS.:

' ; : eae Ge ee! _of atoms, : or Spec.
Simple Bodies. Specific Caloric. Oxygen unit. © * Cal . of atoms. -
Bine so s> SPOPVE poe Koei QO +8940 — Be
Tellurium . 0.0912... 4 .3648,
Copper’. 0.0949 5 & . 7592
Nickel 0.1085: 0.488 fs: Be 5 faite Jans
_ Iron 0.1100 > 8.5 > . deB850-
a es 0.408 a 8.85 4868
Sulphur 0.1880 A 2. 3 eB SS”

he results of the correction of atomic weights, as
bited by the fourth column of the aboye table,
af would seem to take all plausibility from the hypo-

_ thesis that the atoms of pimple bodies have the same

specific heat. f
: ‘ ¥ ae :

4 0 Se ie RB ita

Notice of a new Species of Corartorniza. By
er ; Sotomon W. Conrap. ~ :
(Read June. 9, 1829.)

CoraLLoruiza Wisteriana.

Aphylia; floribus pedicellatis, petalis exterioribus. line-
_. aribus, interioribus lanceolatis, labello subrotundo recuryo
| - maculate, apice emarginato, calcare perspicuo, adnato. =
Description.—Scape purplish red, from 7 to 1:
inches high, generally flexuose near the top, furnish- —
ed with from 3 to 4 deeply striated sheaths of a paler ~
colour. Flowers pedicelled, (12 to 16 ona scape)
the three exterior petals dark red, linear, and slight-
ly spreading, the two interior ones broader, lanceo-
late, paler, and spotted; lip white, crystalline, and
_ spotted with red, broad, somewhat rounded, recurv-
ed, and notched at the apex. Spur short, conspicu-_
ous, adnate to the germen. Root somewhat bulbous,
with short branching coralloid radicles. Flowers the
beginning of the 5th month.

EET Er ee ey
a .

Gy ae ey ne ae

'

sk ee

In the spring of 1828, I received several of these
plants from Charles J. Wister, of Germantown, a
zealous cultivator of natural history, and particularly —

- of botany, to whom I have dedicated the species. |
He found them in a wood bordering the eastern side -
of the Schuylkill, between the Falls and the mouth
of the Wissahicon creek. This season many speci-

i
rf
* 7
.
i,
;
7
4
a

146 NEW SPECIES OF ‘CORALLORMIZA,

"mens were obtained from the same locality,’ corres corres- }
ponding in all respects with those first a but

flowering about a week later (5th mo. 12th). _

species is characterized by its broad, pai

spotted lip, conspicuous spur, and slender germen.

e © *
va r s
>
rf .
.
: 3 le
‘ ,
; »
‘,
‘
‘
i
. sf
eh hey
’ D feos
ge
‘
ae
»
: *
a :
'

{..147 J

Note on the Aurnivma MosAwa, desonhan in Kol.
_ HI, of this Journal. _By R. Harvan, M.D.

Since writing a note on this animal, published in

the Wew York Lyceum of Natural History subse-

F quently tothe account in the Journal of the Academy,
some additional information has been obtained.

In a Memoir read before the French Academy of
Sciences, November 1826, by Baron Cuvier, another
species is described, the A. tridactylum, accompani-
ed-also with a very detailed account of the anatomy

_ of these reptiles. In addition tothe anatomical par-
ticulars previously known, Cuvier states that there
exist rudiments of false ribs at the extremities of the
transverse processes of the few upper vertebra; and
also that vestiges of bones in their rudimental legs

i were noticed. The author attributes the same habi-
tat. t ) both species; and thinks it probable that dur-

ing the earlier periods of existence the Amphiuma

‘is | firdished with bronchi.

Within a very few days past I have received
thirty-four specimens of the A. means, through the
politeness of Mr. F. Nesbit, of Alabama. They are
of various sizes ; one two feet ten and a half inches
in length, and measuring six inches round the head.
Some are very small. The rudimental legs do not
increase in size in proportion to the size of the ani-

¥ mal, but are proportionably smaller in the largest

specimens. On dissection the stomachs of several
«; VOL. vi1.—1829, 20

fide.

wae

148° : AMPHIUMA, MEANS.

were found filled with ert fish, beetles, salaman-
dra, &c. )

Mr. Nesbit informs me that the whole number
were caught during the present year, in the neigh-
bourhood of Pensacola: all of them being of the same
species, would appear to indicate that the habitat. of
the two species is not the same. Since the appear-
ance of Cuvier’s essay I have met with several spe-
cimens of his new species, always from the Missis-
sippi and Arkansa rivers, or some of their tributaries.

In several individuals one limb was wanting, with:
out doubt a congenital deformity.

The great number of these reptiles which have :

passed under my observation, varying in size from 3
inches to nearly 3 feet, induces me to. believe that
they are never furnished with bronchiz: the perfect-
ly developed state of the ot ics is, another argument _
in favour of this position. at

.

Se ee ee a a

es

i;

SS eae re a ee et Re a ea NRE STEN

nPadee ors

Descriptions of North American Dieterovs: In-
sects. By Tuomas Say.-

- Cutex. Linn. Meig.

C. musicus. Tergum bere, with lateral yel-
lowish spots.

Inhab. Indiana. °

, Head dull honey-yellow: vortex blackish with
yellowish hair: proboscis and palpi black: thorax
black-purple, with yellowish hair or scales: wings
dusky: poisers white, a little dusky at tip: tergum
purple, or violaceous, with a band at base, and large
lateral spot on each segment of yellowish hair or
scales: feet black-violaceous: thighs, excepting at
tip, and core whitish, sericeous: fars?, two terminal
joints of the posterior pair white.

Length more than one-fifth of an inch.

CHIRONOMUS. ue

C. tentonotus. Stethidium green, trilineate; a
black line on the middle of the anterior line,

Inhab. Indiana,

Body-bright pea-green: head yellowish, terminal
joint of the antennex blackish: thorax with three di-
lated, pale honey-yellow vitte; a black line along
the middle of the anterior one:. wings white: meta-
thorax pale honey-yellow, with a blackish spot in the
middle, divided’ by a green line: tergum’ immacu-

150 DIPTEROUS- INSECTS.

late: pectus vale honey- yellow: feet pale greenish,
- anterior tibie and tarsal incisures dusky.
Length more than one-fifth of an inch. ¢

C. -devinctus. Tergum black, incisures white ; ;
feet with black incisures.

Inhab. Indiana. Ging GTA ey

Body dusky: stethidium dusky livid: thoraa tri-
lineate with blackish: sewéed dull honey-yellow: hal-
teres and wings white: tergum brownish- -black’ jin-
cisures, ‘particularly those riear the base, white:
thighs black, anterior pair -pale at base; the others
with a white annulus near the tip: — and. tarsi
white, with black incisures. a

apne nearly one-fifth of an’ anon

Cenarorocon. Meig. a

C. seastatlanedes Black; seutel yellow; abdomen
whitish. — f Ye i im

Inhab. Indiana. :

Head blackish: mouth yellow: thorax pale yellow-
ish, with three black lines, which are widely dilated
before, and confluent: seutel yellow: wings dusky:
poisers white: abdomen whitish: feet whitish.”

Length nearly one-twentieth of an inch.

Appeared in considerable neice on the last nd
August, soon after sunrise. +8

Limyonra. Mic.

L. divida. Tergum livid, with a yellowish margin,
Inhab. Mexico.

- *

DIPTEROUS INSECTS, 151

Head yellowish-brown, with a longitudinal fuscous
line: antennz fuscous, paler at base; joints rounded:
thoraz yellowish-brown, trilineate with blackish, ex-
terior lines dilated, middle line capillary: metathorax
with a grey. reflection, yellow each side: poisers
elongated, reaching the tip of the second abdominal
segment, yellow, with a lateral dusky line: wings
with a slight yellowish-brown tint, cross nervures
margined with dusky: ¢ergum livid, with a darker
dorsal, and submarginal line, and -yellowish margin:
pleura bilineate with fuscous; superior. line passing
round the pectus before the anterior feet, and the
inferior line behind them: feet yellowish, with an
obsolete dusky band towards the tip of: the thighs:
vénter livid, witha valesiah margin and obsolete
middle*line. --

Length more than one-fourth of an inch.

The nervures are arranged nearly as in L. lutea,
Meig.

Trpuua.

T. annulicornis.. Pale; antenne annulate with
black. . :

Inhab. Indiana. pba!

Body very pale honey- niliony antennx with. a
black annulus on each joint: palpi black at tip: wings
immaculate: tergum with obsolete, sity slightly
undulated bands,

Length under one-fourth of an inch,

152 DIPTEROUS INSECTS,

PLaryura.

P. subterminalis, Yellowishs wings swith ab

terminal band.

Inhab. Indiana, Lipset Sea)

Body entirely pale honey-yellow: antennez, ex-
cepting the-two basal joints, fuscous: oced/i with a
small black areola: thorax immaculate: wings with a
slight yellowish tinge; a blackish, subterminal band,
‘occupying on the costal margin all the space between
the small cross nervure and the tip of the next long

nervure, and extending to the thinner margin: fer- —
gum a little more dusky than the thorax: tibize and

tarsi dusky. °

Length three-twentieths of an. inch.

Nervures as in P. baumhaueri, Meig. but the
small cross nervure on the costal — is Le og
cular to the ne edge.

Leia. Meig.
L. bivittata. Honey-yellow; trunk bilineate, and
tergum with two series of black paneer: ns

Inhab. Indiana.
Body rather pale honey-yellow: antennz black at

tip: stemmata very distinct, in a curved line: tho-

raz a little hairy, on each’side a dilated black yitta:
wings fasciate’ near the tip:. tergum on each side
with a series of oval black spots: coxx white. -
Length over three-twentieths of an inch.
Taken on the window in June.

os Se!!! Le -

ee

a ee ee oe a

Heir 2
eed
s

a chal ale a edi

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. 153

Mycetopuita. Meig.
_M. discoida. ‘Thorax pale with a blackish disk;

Se with a fuscous spot.

Inhab. Indiana.

Head blackish: antenne whitish, » at tip blackish:
thorax pale honey-yellow; disk blackish owing to
three vitte of that colour being confluent into one:
wings hyaline, with a fuscous spot on the connecting
nervures: lergum blackish, somewhat sericeous: poi-
sers whitish: feet whitish, with blackish tarsi: abdo-
men whitish at base.

Length more than one-tenth of an inch. ©

| Belongs to Meigen’s first division of the genus.”

M. ‘ nubila. Dusky 3 wings: immaculate ;_ feet
whitish. -

Inhab. Indiana.

Body dusky, brownish: antenne first and second
joints yellowish: thorax on the humerus dull honey-
yellow: seutel dull yellowish: wings hyaline, imma-
culate: potsers whitish, capitulum dusky before the
tip: abdomen slender, gradually enlarging to the tip:
tergum with the tips of the segments pale; anal seg-
ment pale: Jeet whitish, dusky towards the tips;
spines one-third the length of the first tarsal joint.

Length three-twentieths of an inch.

Belongs to Meigen’s fifth division.

Sciara. Meig.

-$. unicolor.. Velvet black ;. wings with a slight
violaceous tinge.

154 DIPTEROUS INSECTS.

Inhab, Mexico.

Body velvet. black,. with numerous ‘short.
thorax with a minute humeral, obsolete piceous |
and another at base of the wings: scutel with an ob-

solete piceous spot on each side: wings large, black, ee

with a violaceous tinge; the apicial furcate neryure,
as well as all the other nervures, equally definite.
Length nearly three-tenths of an inch. !

S. evilis. Halter nearly half the leg of ‘the

abdomen.
Inhab. Indiana.

Body dusky: antenne as ee as. the bods atethi-

dium yellowish- white: ¢horaz blackish: wings dusky;

apicial forked nervure wide, the inferior portion

hardly arquated: halteres subclavate, about half as

long as the abdomen, a little aa chdomnets a diate

hairy: feet pale. ‘ait
Length % one-thirtieth of an eA :

- PENTHETRIA. Meig.

P. heros. Black 3 costal margin of the wings

fuscous.
‘Inhab. Médico:

Body entirely velvet black: wings ¢ dusky; ‘costal

margin fuscous; costal as black; nervures of the
disk pale.

Length ¢ two-fifths otk an bch. “4

This I believe to be-the largest species, yet dis-
covered, of this small genus. The arrangement of

—
so

DEN eR ee CIE aR

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. ; 155°

the nervures differ considerably from that of P. ho-
losericca, Latr. as represented by Meigen. The
male is much smaller and nearly corresponds in the
arrangement of its nervures. ee ‘

Ditopnus. Meig.

D. stygius. Velvet black, immaculate.

Inhab. Mexico.

Body velvet black: thoraz with a transverse series
of approximate spines on the collar, interrupted in
the middle, and a series of smaller ones before the
middle of the thorax: wings blackish a little tinged
with violaceous: anterior tibiz with a series of acute
spines on the anterior middle and tip. .

Length one-fourth of an inch. . -

pe Benis.

B. fuscitarsis. Nob. When describing this spe-
cies I observed that “The scutel of my specimen is
wanting, I cannot therefore ascertain its number of
spines.’ I have since obtained individuals in Indi-
ana and find that the scutel is altogether destitute of
spines or radii. It differs in this respect from all
the known species.

Xy.Lopuacus. Meig.

X. fasciatus. Wings dusky, fasciated ; abdomen
fasciated.
Inhab. Indiana.
Body dusky : thorax

VOL, VI—1829, aed

posterior portion ho-

156. DIPTEROUS INSECTS.

ney- yellow: poisers blackish at tip: wings dus ky;
a more distinct band on the middle and at tip: feet

honey-yellow ; hind tibise blackish : tergum yellow,
basal half of the four basal segments black; remain-’
ing segments nearly all black.

Length over two-fifths of an inch.

By an accident the head and anterior part of the
thorax of this fine specimen.were destroyed, but the
above description will sufficiently indicate the spe-
cies. The wing nervures resemble those of the ma-
culatus, F abr.

we

_»... Toereva. Latr. pe
T. albifrons. Black, with gray hair : thorax with
a blackish vitta. :

Tnhab. Indiana.

Body black, with numerous gray hairs: front sil-
very: antennx : rostrum dirty honey-yellow :
thorax with a broad fuscous vitta: wings hyaline :
poisers black at tip: tergum with the segments tip- _
ped with a more dense margin of gray hairs, wider -
and more obvious on the sides: venter, the two mid-~
dle segments with a pale terminal matgem: feet
blackish ; ¢2bte dirty honey-yellow.

Length % three-tenths of an inch. . Die

Resembles frontalis, Nob. but is much smaller.

ANTHRAX, E
A. edititia. Black with fulvous hair: wings fas-
cous at base.

—

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. 157

Inhab.
Body black, covered with aciiis fidlvies: hdir:

. cheeks naked: proboscis rather prominent, black :

antennz, two basal joints yellowish: wings hyaline,
basal half fuscous, including all the costal cellule and
the middle transverse nervures which are darker
than the other part; two exterior transverse ner-

.vures margined with blackish: Aalteres reddish-

brown; tip yellow: fergum each side and at tip yel-
lowish : venter, except on the two or three basal seg-
ments, yellowish : Seet fulvous ; tarsi blackish.

Length over two-fifths of an inch.
_ Belongs to Wiedemann’s fifth tribe.

A. limatulus. Wings fuscous at base and with
three fuscous points. :

Inhab.: Indiana.

Body brownish-black: occiput plumbeous, near
the neck black, with a black indented line passing up
to the vertex : wings dusky, fuscous at base, chiefly
on the costal portion of it, which extends attenuating
beyond the middle; anastomosis, in the hyaline por-
tion, margined with fuscous : tergum with four series
of silvery points, or rather abbreviated transverse
lines.

Length % three-tenths of an inch.
2 two-fifths of an inch.

* 158 DIPTEROUS INSECTS,

Var. a. Posteriorcross nervure of the central wing
eeHule not margined.
Belongs to Wiedemann’s second tribe.

Dasyrocon. Meig.

D. cepphicus. Black, with short cinereous hair.
Inhab. Mexico. —

Hypostoma, mystax, and gene silvery : ‘antenne.

black, first joint of the style longer than the second :

vertex concave, but not very profound: stemmata on
acommon levation: thorax with a slight appear-
ance of lineations before : pozsers yellow at tip: ner-

vures black : tergum with the segments having short °
white hair each side: metathorax also somewhat -

silvery each side: anterior core with a slender, ar-
quated, transverse, black common line, and a longi-
tudinal black line of separation: anterior tibize with
silvery hair.

Length one-fourth of an inch,

’ The nervures of the wings are arranged more like

those of an Asilus than of a Dasypogon, but the bi-

articulate style proves the generic affinity.

LapHRIA.

L: saniosa. Black s ; sapere sanguineous.

Inhab. Indiana.

Body blued-black : head black ; front with a sil-
very reflection : posterior and inferior orbits reflect-

aa

RA Oe ee

es

2 a ye fee ee ee

en.

Fe PEAS SOR aR Eee ees

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. — 159

ing silvery: wings black violet: abdomen sanguine-
ous, first segment of the tergum blackish. -
Length nearly half an inch. '

Rampnomyia. Meig.

_R. rufirostra. Black; thorax lineate.

Inhab. Indiana.

Body hairy, black: probostis honey-yellow, black
at base: thorax blackish-cinereous, opake, with three
polished, black, equal lines obsolete behind, and two
less obvious ones on each side, connected to the ex-
terior of the dorsal ones in a humeral spot: wings
with a yellowish tinge towards the base, and a large
fuscous carpal spot; middle cellule very short, but
little longer than broad: poisers honey-yellow, with
a fuscous capitulum: ¢ergum polished: feet very »
hairy, polished ; anterior tar'si, first joint as long as
the tibia and rather more dilated.

Length ¢ three-twentieths of an inch. —

SaRGus.
-S. trivittatus. . Green; thorax dull darker lines;
tergum fasciate. _

Inhab. Indiana.

Body grass green, not suetallic, nor brilliantly po-
lished : antenne terminal joint rounded, yellow; seta
black : stemmata equidistant, in a fuscous areola :
thorax trilineate with dull reddish-brown : poisers
blackish at tip: tergum, segments, excepting the

160 ' _ DIPTEROUS INSECTS.

basal one, with a broad dusky band at their bases:
Jeet dull yellowish, darker at their tips.
Length from two-fifths to half an inch,

A large species, destitute of the highly polished
metallic colour so striking’ in many species. The
"thoracic lines are so dilated as to give the thorax the
appearance of being entirely dull reddish-brown, iC

)

NemoLetus. Meig. we

N. polyposus. Black ; feet yellowish ‘thighs
black at base. —

Inhab. Mexico.

Body black, with a slight tinge of purplish, po-
lished: wings white, costal and basal nervures yel-

lowish: poisers white: feet honey-yellow; thighs, -

except at tip, black ; ¢arsi, terminal joint black; pos-
terior tibiw black in the middle : venter immaculate.
Length more than three- twentieths of an inch.
This is closely allied to the species which I de-
scribed under the name of pallipes.

STRATIOMYS. ¥
S. trivittata. Greenish ; thorax — meat ter-
gum with one black vitta. ut
Inhab. Mexico.
Head yellowish- green ; front and -vertex iowa
ish, each with a transverse, somewhat undulated line:
antenne reddish-brown, paler at’base : thorax green}

with three broad black vitte: scutel greenish, two-

eh ee

es is 5

x

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. 161

spined, immaculate : foisers pea-green ; fergum yel-
lowish-green, with a dilated, crenate Vitta : -pectus
with a broad black vitta: proboscis. and point each.
side on the hypostoma, black.

eae nearly seven-twentieths of an inch.

S. es ye Black ; thorax with minute bee
hairs; beneath greenish.

Inhab. Mexico.

_ Head yellowish-white, two undulated black frontal
bands: vertex black, yellowish behind: hypostoma
with a lateral black dot, sometimes obsolete : probos-
cis black: antenne black :-occiput black: thorax

_with numerous small golden. hairs; a yellowish line

over the wings: sewtel black, posterior margin and
and spines yellow: wings hyaline ; costal nervures
and cellule yellowish; middle: nervures blackish :
tergum black, with lateral yellow triangles and tip;
beneath pale greenish: fectus on the disk black :
feet yellowish, a line beneath the thighs black :
venter on the posterior disk ferruginous.
_ Length more than three-tenths of an inch.

Baccua.
B. costata. Body black ; ; tergum with white bands.
Inhab. Indiana.

Head silvery ; a shining black line from the ver-
tex to the mouth, much constricted on the middle of

162 DIPTEROUS INSECTS.

the front: antennz obscletely honey-yellow at base :
occiput plumbeous with a silvery reflection : thorax

black: poisers white: wings hyaline with a some-.

what narrow costal margin, not reaching the tips
seutel margined with yellow: ¢ergum black; first,
second, and third segments with an oblique white
spot on each side at base, and remaining segments
tipped with white; feet black; anterior pairs, base

of the tibi and tip of the thighs —: yellow 5 3 pos-

terior tibie honey-yellow at base.
Length half an inch,

XyLotTa. Meig. —

X. arquata. Blackish; tergum fulvous with
whitish arcs. '

“Inhab. Mexico.

Body blackish: head nae with greenish hair,
below the antenne with whitish hair: verter black-
ish; tubercle of the antenne black: antennz black-
fuscous: Aypostoma with a naked black vitta before,
and another on each side, from the anterior canthus
of the eye to the tip: thorax with short hair; with
three-slender lines on the disk: seutel yellowish at
tip: wings hyaline: tergum fulvous; first segment
black ; remaining segments, excepting the terminal
one, with a blackish middle and whitish transverse
arquated line each side: feet, knees and posterior ti-
biz honey-yellow: venter yellowish, more dusky at
tip.

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. 163

‘Length about seven-twentieths of an inch.

Var, a. Tergum black, with transverse arquated
lines: posterior margins of the segments yellow.

_Miresta. Fabr. Meig.

M. barda. With yellow hair; tergum black, yel-
low at base. ;

Inhab. Indiana.

Body black : hypostoma ae silvery hair and lon-
gitudinal, polished, naked line: antennz piceous:
front covered by yellow hair: thorax densely cover-
ed by yellow hair, black in the middle: seutel pice-
ous, covered by. yellow hair: wings with a large
fuscous spot on the middle, obsolete in the male:
poisers piceous: tergum black, covered by. black
hair; basal segment and second segment at base co-
vered by yellow hair: Sect hairy ; farsi piceous:
posterior thighs of the male much thickened and
with their tibie arquated.

Length three-fifths of an inch.

This I formerly considered as Er1sTauis postica-
tus, Fabr. but his attributed characters of ‘thorax
' immaculatus” and ‘¢ femoribus posticis dentatis”” seem
to prove it distinct.

Syrpuus. Fabr.. Meig.

1. S.stegnus. Blackish-blue; tergum fasciate
with glaucous. ahs
VOL. VI.——1829, 22

164 DIPTEROUS INSECTS.

Inhab. Mexico. .

. Body black- blue : hypostoma with dull cinereous
irregular rugosities : antennz, terminal joint beneath
dull honey-yellow : wings hyaline, between the me-
diastinal and postcostal nervures yellowish: poisers
yellow: tergum velvet black, opake, with polished
glaucous bands, the first one interrupted ; second and
third occupying the basal half of the segments, the
outer margin and the narrow tip, together with a lon-
gitudinal line; terminal segment entirely glaucous :
tibie honey-yellow : venter cupreous. _

‘Length less than three-tenths of ar inch.

“2. S. mutuus. Tergum yellow, with blackish
bands and spots.

‘ Inhab. Mexico.

Head beneath and behind plumbeous : posterior
orbits dull yellowish : front and vertex brassy black:
hypostoma prominent, yellow: antennz, beneath
honey-yellow: thorax olivaceous, with a blue vitta,
and yellow one over the Wings: sewtel dull yellow-
ish, paler at tip: ¢ergum with five broad ° blackish-
purple bands, concealing the incisures, and on the
middle of the third and fourth segments are two
small blackish spots; terminal band somewhat trilo-
bate: feet yellow; posterior tarsi blackish : venter
yellow, tinged at tip with ferruginous. ;

Length one-fourth of an inch.

Closely allied to S. marginatus, Nob> but the’ ab-
domen is much more elongated.

a oe

le Rial Bin oh fa ab int

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. 165

3.5. ectypus. Segments of the tergum edged with
yellow and with a lateral eign line.

Inhab. Mexico.

Head yellow : proboscis black: vertex blackish :

occiput black: posterior and inferior orbits gray:

mouth, each side and beneath black: thorax green-
gray, with an obsolete capillary line reflecting yel-
lowish : scuwtel honey-yellow, darker on the middle

_ base: poisers yellow : tergum black, edged all round

with yellow; second segment with two yellow dots ;
third and fourth segments with their basal edges and

‘dorsal line yellow, and on each side a wider line ori-
ginating from thé base, and curving a little towards

the dorsal line, abbreviated; rounded at tip and
tinged with rufous; fifth segment rufous with three
black spots: pectus blued-black : fet white ; ged
rior tarsi blackish. —

Length less than one-fifth of an inch.

Eristauis. Fabr. Meig.:

E. trifasciatus. Thorax grayish, trifasciate ; ter-
gum with a band ; ‘incisures yellow.

TInhab. Indiana. ‘haat

Head white, on the vertex a little olivaceous ; be-
hind dark olive, with white orbits: antenne with
the seta naked, and with a spot above on the front
elevation of the hypostoma, and, mouth each ‘side: ho-
ney-yellow: thorax gray-olive, with three equi-
distant blackish bands; middle band as broad as the

tis DIPTEROUS INSECTS.
other two together ; posterior band terminal : wings
tinged with yellowish, particularly in the middle :
scutel pale honey-yellow: ¢ergum. black; second
segment with a broad honey-yellow band, interrupt-
ed in the middle, and with the third and fourth seg-
- ments bright-yellow on the posterior margin: feet
rufous, tibi paler at base 5 posterior thighs blackish
at base.
stp. Je over half an 1 inch.

VoLUCELLA. Geof. Mig.

1, V.violacea. Dark violaceous; sofigangaan whitish.
Inhab. Mexico.

Body blackish-violaceous : hadi dulk honey-
yellow, with small hairs reflecting whitish: thorax,
each side, and scwtel paler : wings blackish at base ;
this colour is confined to the basal cellules and the
costal margin to the middle.

Length 4 thirteen-twentieths of an inch.
The eyes of the specimen;are in contact on the
vertex.

2 V. postioa. Obscure violaceous ; hypostoma
whitish with a lateral black line.

Inhab. Mexico.

Body diackish-violaceous: head whitish; tinged
with obscure yellowish: antenne fuscous: hyposto-
ma with a black line each side: orbits behind and
above silvery: thorax each side and before the scu-
tel, dull honey-yellow : scuéed honey-yellow: wings

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. 167

hyaline, transverse nervures of the middle margined
with blackish: fergum yellowish-violaceous, darker
on the tips of the segments; third and fourth seg-
ments with a small white spot on each side at their
bases: wenter with a yellow disk: feet blackish: ¢i-
biz dirty honey-yellow..

Length half an inch. 4

Viewed from before, the posterior segments of the
tergum have a hoary appearance, in consequence of
having numerous short hairs of that colour. The
eyes in the specimen are distant on the vertex.

Se Vs marginata.. Black, bens white; tergum with
black bands.
-Inhab. Mexico.

Head white ; vertex black; face with a ied line
extending to the tip of the hypostoma: hypostoma
with a line each side, and all beneath black: orbits
beneath white, behind glaucous: antenne dark ho-
ney-yellow, seta very densely plumose, appearing
like a solid mass, black: thorax with a vitta on each
side over the wings, and two spots at base, yellowish-
white : wings with the middle cross nervures mar-
gined with dusky: ¢ergum pale yellow with a black
dorsal vitta, and black posterior margins to the seg-
ments: venter whitish, at tip black: feet black;
tibiz at base white ; ¢arst at base tinged with rufous.

Length seven-twentieths of an inch, the other sex
half an inch.

If it be tr uc that the male, in this genus, is distin-

168° DIPTEROUS NSECTS.

guished invariably by the-contact of the eyes on the
vertex, then the male of the present species is nearly
double the size of the female, and the former has the
more densely plumose antennz ; in this case also the
male of the violacea, has the loosely plumous anten-
ne, and the female of the ane has the loosely
plumous antenne.

“Si Nie

1. P. femoratus. Dolichopus femoratus, Nob. Jour.
Acad. Nat. Se. vol. iii. p. 86.

This brilliant species varies in the colour of its
thighs, which in my description are stated to be
green; a specimen taken in Indiana has whitish
thighs.

2. P. patibulatus. Nob. Dolichopus patibulatus,
Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. vol. iii. p. 87..
This species also occurs in Mexico.

Curysotrus. Meig..

1. C. nubilus. Blackish; feet dull honey- yellow.

Inhab. Indiana.

Body blackish: head dull plombéous : thorax ci-
nereous, with three brown lines: evings immaculate:
poisers white : feet dark honey-yellow ; thighs black
at base and above. ;

Length rather over one-tenth of an inch.

2. C. concinnarius. Green: pbresey tergum blue to-
wards the tip.

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. 169

Inhab, Mexico. .

Head violaceous, with a cinereous reflection : pal-
pi with a cinereous reflection : antennzx black : tho-
rax green with a gray olivaceous reflection: wings
hyaline, obsoletely tinged with yellowish on the cos-

“tal margin: poisers white: tergum with a gray re-
flection, brassy-green at base, and violaceous towards
the tip: thighs green: tibie whitish. .

Length one-fourth of an inch.

3. C. abdominalis. .Green, ert feet white.
Inhab. Indiana, -

_ Body bright green, brilliant : hypostoma purple:
antenne yellow: thorax immaculate : poisers yellow:
tergum, first ségment at base with an obsolete yel-
lowish line : feet white : venter white, at tip blackish-
purple.

Length % one-tenth of an inch.

Meperterus. Fisch.

1. M. lateralis. Tergum pale, with a lateral series
of. polished spots.

Inhab. Indiana.

‘Head silvery: proboscis and antennzx yellowish,
seta of the latter with the first joint very short: eyes
(when recent) green polished, with a cupreous re-
‘flection: thorax green, somewhat pruinose, with a
_ dorsal rather compound vitta: wings hyaline: pot-
sers whitish : fergwm dull yellowish, with a series of

170 DIPTEKOUS INSECTS.

brassy spots on each side, eesauags two largest : Sect
~ and venter whitish. |

Length nearly three-twentieths sia an inch.

The dorsal yitta is impressed behind.

‘

2. M. punetipennis. Thorax braces wings .

with brown spots.

Inhab. Mexico. %

Thoraz olive-brown, trilineate; middle line slen-
der, dull yellowish, obsoletely zigzag ; outer lines
cinereous with black points: scu¢el brown, cinereous
in the middle: wings hyaline, with many irregular
fuscous spots, hardly to be traced into four bands:
poisers yellow: tergum cupreous, posterior margins
of the segments blackish: feet white; fars¢ blackish.

Length nearly one-fifth of an inch. .

Douicuorus. F. Meig.

D. abdominalis. Green; abdomen rufous.

Inhab. Indiana.

Head silvery: antennz, first and second’ joints
black, third : thorax polished green: wings
hyaline: abdomen, excepting the terminal joint, ru-
fous: halteres white: pleura and pectus blackish,
pruinose : feet whites. tarsi dusky.

Length less than three-twentieths of an inch,

Scrnopinus. Latr. Fabr.

S. nubilipes. Black ; thorax submetallic 5 thighs
black.

Ss

MES MASE ee ce # or :

Ce ean ae Ae ee ee ee | mye ee ee ee ene ee

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. 171

~Inhab. Indiana.

Body black : head and thorax with numerous short
hairs, giving it a granulated appearance, the latter
with an obsolete rufous lateral tubercle near the hu-
merus, disk slightly metallic: wings very slightly
dusky : poisers blackish : tergum transversely groov-
ed: thighs black ; tibiz dull honey-yellow 3 tarsi,
particularly the posterior pair, whitish.

Length less than one-fifth of an inch:

_ Closely allied to S. pallipes, Nob. but may be dis-
tinguished. by the colour of the feet. .

Conors, Fabr.

C. tibialis. Black; two-thirds of the wing fuscous;
tibie white at base. -

Inhab. Indiana. —

Body black, with short hairs : < head yellow: ver-
tex black: front with a longitudinal black line, bi-
farious at the base of the antenne : hypostoma with
an impressed saggitate spot : antennzx black, termi-
nal joint beneath obscurely rufous : proboscis black :
mouth, each side and beneath, black: occiput black,
with a white reflection:. thorax black; humeral tu-
bercle with a whitish reflection : sewtel and metatho-
rax black, the latter with a whitish reflection : wings
two-thirds fuscous; central cross nervure very dis-
tinct : poisers yellow, black at the base of the petiole:
tergum, segments edged behind with whitish, or

yellowish, on the basal suture the white band i is com-
VOL. VI.--1829, 23

172 DIPTEROUS INSECTS.

mon; near the tip with more or less of a whitish re-
flection: feet black ; tibie white at base, anterior
and intermediate pairs near the tip with a 7 Tes
flection. :
Length from one half to three-fifths of an inch.

Resembles C. sagittaria, Nob. but differs | in se-
veral characters. -

Puasta. Latr.

1. P. atripennis. Black; abdomen: ane base of the
thighs ferruginous.

Inhab. Indiana. _ ;

Mouth and hypostoma pale yellowish: proboscis
black: palpi yellowish: orbits yellow, somewhat
golden: antennz: black, third joint hardly longer
than the second, subovate: front with a much di-
lated velvet-black vitta: thorax black, with a dilat-
ed golden vitta each side before: wings black, opake,
gradually paler on the thinner margin; apicial cross
nervure confluent with the externo-medial nervure
before the tips poisers and scale yellow: feet blacks
thighs at base, core and abdomen ferruginous. :

Length three-tenths of an inch.

The wing nervures are like those of Pe semicine-
rea, Meig. ; it

2. P. jugatoria. Black, abdomen ferruginous ;
thorax with golden lines werote.
Inhab. Indiana:

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. 3

Front golden, with a dilated fuscous vitta: hypos-
toma whitish, with two black lines each side descend-
ing from the antenne: antennz fuscous, first joint
very short, third ovate, longer than the second : pro-
boscis blackish: palpi yellow : thorax black, a.trans-
verse golden line before the middle, from which pro-
ceed five golden lines to the anterior margin, the
lateral ones more dilated and anterior to the wings
black, opake 5 posterior margin abruptly hyaline ;
apicial cross nervure rectilinear, confluent with the
apex of the wing at the tip of the externo-medial
nervure: poisers and wing scale pale ferruginous :
abdomen. pale ferruginous, black at tip: feet black ;
thighs at base, and coxex pale ferruginous; posterior
tibiz deeply ciliated with dilated scale-like hairs.

Length three-tenths of an inch,

This cannot be the Tuertva Janipes of Fabr. of
which the thoracic lines are said to be white, and the
abdomen black, immaculate; neither can it be the
Tuereva pilipes, Fabr. which is said by Wiedemann
to be a Panta, for the antennx of our species have
not the third joint ‘‘ elongated and linear’’ as im that
genus. It seems also allied to Dictya pennipes, Fabr.
which, however, has a naee ferruginous spot on the
wing.

Ocyerera. Fabr.

O. areuata, Wings blackish on the costal margin ;
apicial cross-nervure arquated at its origin. . —

174 ; DIPTEROUS INSECTS.»

- Tnhab. Indiana. tiring vps

Body blackish: hypostoma vyellowislisetiinian or-
bits, excepting behind and on the vertex, ‘honey-
yellow with a gray reflection: front with a dilated
blackish vitta: antennz with the base of the third
joint obsoletely honey-yellow beneath: thorax with
yellow hair before the wings : wings hyaline costal
margin blackish terminal cross-nervure not angu-
lated at its origin: halteres yellowish: wing-scales
white: feet black ; base of the thighs and coxe yel-
lowish: ¢ergum pale yellowish; basal segment with
the base and dorsal line black ; second segment with
a large black triangle ; third segment with a gray
reflection each side; remaining part. black : hasan
pale yellowish, at tip black. - : “a

Length three-tenths of an inch. mated

‘This may readily be distinguished from other's spe-
cies, by the form of the apicial cross-nervure. .

- Minrocrama, Meig. orga

M. trifasciata, _Tergum: black, fasciate with
gray. coe ;

Inhab. Indiana.
. Hypostoma and posterior and ‘inflection orbite ho-
ney-yellow, with a silvery teflection: antennx# ho-
ney-yellow; sefa with dense short hairs: frontal
vitta of equal breadth: thorax gray, with many ob-
solete abbreviated blackish lines: scutel gray: fer-
gum black; segments, except the basal, silver-gray

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. 175

on the basal half: verter the same: feet: black ;

thighs on the exterior side with a gray seRecien :

wings tinged with brownish. sm apa
Length less.than half an inch. ~ ae

Gonta, Meign

G. frontosa. Front very prominent, abdominal
segments whitish at base.

_ Inhab. Upper Missouri.

Body black, with rigid hairs: head pale yellowish-
white, sericeous: front very prominent, gibbous:
eyes placed very far back, oblong-oval, chestnut-
brown :. stemmata black: antennz blackish-cinere-
ous; se¢a-reclivate, robust, terminal joint. longest :
proboscis black: palpi pale: thorax immaculate:
scutel pale brownish : wings dusky ; nervures black-
ish-brown 3. costal. margin, towards the base brown-
ish: feet black: tergum each side near the base .
with a large, obsolete, reddish-brown spot; segments
whitish at base.

Length nine-twentieths of an inch, .

Occurred rather common at Engineer cantonment

on the Missouri, late in March, on a wounded tree
from which much sap had exuded.

MeseMBRiNA. Meig.

M. pallida. _ Honey-yellowish ; wing nervures
margined. ae
Inhab. Indiana.

176 DIPTEROUS INSECTS,

_ Body dull honey-yellowish: head pale yellow :

front with a reddish-brown vitta: antenne very

short, hardly half as long as the hypostoma, terminal
joint oval : nervures margined with brownish : Pet
tus, pleura and feet paler.

Length two-fifths of an inch.

Corpytura. Fail,

C. qualis. Dark cinereous, hairy; thorax trili-
neate; head with a cinereous reflection. |

Inhab. Indiana.

- Body blackish-cinereous : head einnaperlls dark
plumbeous, with a silvery reflection’: eyes approxi-
mate above: antennx blackish, rounded at tip}
bristle short, two-jointed, thickened at base: palpi
hairy, black, dilated at tip: proboscis rather long,
slender, black: thorax obscurely trilineate with
black, and with two less distinct oblique lines each
side: wings slightly dusky: tergum very hairy,
black, when viewed from behind with a gray reflec-
tion, except on the ‘dorsal line and sutures: fest
hairy, black. : i ag

Length * one-fifth of an inch.> - gr

“Dexia. Meig.

1. D. vertebrata. Abdomen conic, pale yellow-
ish, with a dorsal black line and tip.
Inhab. Indiana.

Orbits, except behind, silvery: front fuscous :

a NS Se ee ee eee ee

He

> DIPTEROUS INSECTS, 177 .

hypostoma pale livid, with a dark lateral line bound-
ing the orbits: antennx yellowish, darker at base;
seta blackish: thorax blackish: tergum yellowish-
white with a black line, whichis somewhat dilated
at the tip of each segment; tip of each segment and
tail black : fect black ; covx piceous.

Length half an inch,

Nervures of the wings arranged like those of D.
rustiea, Fabr.

2. D. analis. Abdomen yellow, blackish at tip.

“Inhab. Indiana. ie

Fad silvery ; front tinged with dull yellowish :
antenne yellowish, tip of the third joint black : pal-
pi yellow: proboscis black, yellow at tip: thorax
black, with a somewhat golden reflection; a dull
yellow line each side, passing over the origin of ‘the
wings: wings hyaline, a little dusky, yellowish at
base: scutel yellow: pectus black, with a whitish
band before: feet yellowishs tarsi black abdomen
pale yellow, tip fuscous.

Length seven-twentieths of an inch.

The proboscis and palpi are much elongated.

Sapromyza. Fall.
1. S. connexa. Pale honey-yellow ; head whitish.
Inhab. Indiana. Lada
Head whitish: antenne pale honey-yellow, ter-
minal joint rounded: eyes greenish, somewhat gild-

4
ae

s

178 DIPTEROUS INsHers. .

ed: thorax and scutel honey-yellow ; wings with a
slight yellowish Ainge: —" paler than the ~~
Feet white.

’ Length thise:toviitibths of an ‘nek? a
~ Closely resembles S. flava, Linn. of Europe, but
is much larger. The S. flava is also an inkghitant
of this country. : ne ROU

2. S. bipunctata, Yellowish; wing with spots a anid
costal margin fuscous.

Inhab. Mexico.

Body pale honey-yellow: scutel with two Dlack
points on the posterior edge: wings hyaline ; costal
margin beyond the postcostal nervure, and extend-
ing in breadth a little over the subcostal nervure,
fuscous; near its tip it extends into the wing sovas to
form a spot on the externo-medial nervure, this ner-
vure and the interno-medial nervure have each a
spot at tip: the two cross-nervures' margined : ter-
gum more dusky at tip, with an obsolete blackish
dorsal lime, and posterior margins of the segments.

Length one-fifth of an inch.. ge

JOURNAL

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF

PHiUADelphta.

8 Bt

VOL. VI.—PART II.

eG Bere

PHILADELPHIA :
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

MIFFLIN & PARRY, PRINTERS,

1830,

ee
ERE

> ALDI AE
2711908 BHT #08 GAT ici

ROT SERS Cee ts:

OFFICERS

OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA,

FOR THE YEAR 1830.

8 B Oto

President.
William Maclure.
Vice-Presidents.
Z. Collins. George Ord.
Corresponding Secretary.
Reuben Haines.

Recording Secretary.
T. M‘Euen, M. D.
Librarian.

C. Pickering, M. D.
Treasurer.

Geo. W. Carpenter.

Curators.

J. P. Wetherill, T. R. Peale,
I. Hays, M. D. T. M‘Euen, M. D.

Auditors.
C. Hedelius, T. M‘Euen, M.D. P. B. Goddard.

iM 2

: Ps
ENT: sea NL Ee

wet?

5 (CE EE as A? 2

CONTENTS

OF

FART-2, VOL. ¥L

He O Otte

Notice of the Fall of a Meteoric Stone, at Deal, in New
Jersey. By Roberts Vaux and Thomas M‘Euen, M. D.

Descriptions of North American Dipterous Insects. By
Thomas Say.

Additional observations on the Geology and Organic Re-
welns of New Jersey and Delaware. By S. G. Morton,

On the Geology and Organic Remains of a part of the
Peninsula of Maryland. By Timothy A. Conrad.

Description of two new species of the Linnean Genus La-
certa. By T. R. Peale, and J. Green, M. D.

Description of new North American Hemipterous Insects.
By Thomas Say.

Observations on the Electrical properties of Caoutchouc,
or Gum Elastic, &c. By W. R. Johnson.

Description of two new species of Salamander. By Jacob
Green, M. D.

Description of Fifteen new species of Recent, and Three of
Fossil Shells, chiefly from the coast of the U.S. By
Timothy A. Conrad.

Description of the Fossil Bones of the Megalonyx, dis-
i in White Cave, Kentucky. By R. Harlan,

Description of an extinct species of Fossil Vegetable, of
the Family Fucoides. By R. Harlan, M. D.

oe of some Parasitic Worms. By S. G. Morton,
M. D.

Description of new North American Hemipterous Insects.
By Thomas Say, (continued from page 244.)

Donations to the Cabinet of the Academy, during the years
1827, 28, 29, and 30.

Index to the sixth volume.

181

183

189

205

231

238

245

253

256

269

289

296

299

315
325

Re
Lg See ees
re. c Ste To

et ee ee
is aaa ey

mone

SP ee, ee

ey? ee

is
:
a

ef ee See ee ee Ae
a *

‘within twent

. W. of the board-
m 25 to'30 degrees,

at an elevation (

ing-hous “
- from whi height it continued to rise “like a Fock-
et,” almost to the ‘zenith, curved a little in its pa

and. exploded wit atillations, and a dark mane te

arth.” sivetearte |
“oe 2 light was so brilliant, as to tuddéeNberal cae
denies, when they first observed it, to suppose the
buildings ‘were on fire.* The moon had ‘been full.
el hours, yet its light was lost in

that of the meteor. A noise followed the illumina-
tion, resembling the discharge of small arms in rapid
succession. + :

On the farm of Mr. John West) 5 7 five miles
south- west of Long-Branch, severa spectable per-
sons informed us, that they were brought from the

hoe by the light, and subsequently alarmed by
twel fifteen rep? louder than esa, at-

‘vou. VI.—1830, 24. a

s

ia the atau
its | at len

Ba mass only was found, the pie of
taken to New York by ; an
pico a in the possession of Mé Oh

have the Blepanrs of handing the

o the ANGMAERT:

“* [ 183°]

— of North American Diererovs Ix- *
sects. By Tuomas Say.”

: eContinued from page 178.)
Orrauis. Fall

© 1. Ovmarginata. “Nervures margined with fus-
cous. Bi aes me
Inhab. Indiana. RS: we
Body dull honey-yellow : ih ront somewhat fulvous:
hypostoma with a black line under each antenna:
thorax yellowish-gray, with two dorsal black lines,
"exterior to which are three abbreviated lines: scutel
immaculate: wings with the nervures margined
with fuscous;> costal margin fuscous, with a whitish
spot near the base, extending into a band, another
hyaline spot before the tip: pleura honey-yellow:
feet pale: tergum black; first and second segments
chiefly honey-yellow; remaining segments gray at base.
Length three-tenths of an inch.
Closely allied to the genus PLATISO@A, and is a

fine oh oms ti

0. si Wings quadrifasciate with fus-
cous. © aris a : fi

Inhab. Mexico.
Body blackish: head fevveainail tinged with

glaucous behind and on the vertex: thoraa: blackish-
plumbeous: wings white, subopake, with four fus-

184 DIPTEROUS INSECTS. a

cous bands; the first a little oblique, across the neck
of the wing; second from the tips of the mediastinal
and posteostal nervures, and: proceeding a little ob-
liquely, so as to be bounded posteriorly by the middle
cross nervure 3 bird, perpendicular to the costal
margin, and covering the posterior cross nervure ;
fourth, terminal, slightly connected on: the costal

-. Length three-twentie s of aninch. el
3. O. trifaseiata. Wings hyaline, tvifecate with
‘fuscous.

Inhab. United States. Sk Shek

Head blackish-rufous: ¢ cain polished :
scutel rather darker than the thorax: wings with a
brown fascia rather before the middle, hardly to: be.
traced to the thinner margin, and not passing over °
the middle cross nervure; another band passing over
the other gross nervure, and nearly parallel to the ©
first; tip brown, as broad as the other bands, and
connected to the second band by the costal margin :
feet honey-yellow; thighs dusky at base: abdomen
greenish, towards the tip tinged with cupreous.’ rere
Length one-fifth of an inch. — et pd

4, O. vau... Blackish; swings with ual three

bands and tip fuscous. - ha.

edge | with the third poisalagite: rae cop- :

DIPTEROUS INSECTS. 185

shih Ohio. Se

Body dark cinereous, with numerous fuscous points
and spots: antennz, terminal joint piceous: superior
orbits and band above the antenne piceous: verter
and front blackish: poisers whitish: wings hyaline,
near the base a fuscous band much paler in the mid- .
dle; another somewhat dislocated band passes over
the two cross nervures, the inferior or dislocated
portion points to a costal spot beyond the middle,
and if continued to it would form the letter V, this
band is also much paler in the middle; tip fus-

cous. _*

Length | more than one-fifth of an inch.

‘The circumstance of the wing bands being paler
in the middle, gives the costal margin the appear-
ance of having four equal, equi-distant spots. j

The inferior dislocated portion of the second band,
is sometimes so extended as almost. to jam the third
costal spot.

- When recent, the eyes are ena with a
longitudinal, pale, narrow line.

‘It occurred in plenty early in August. . *

TRYPETA. | Meig. ¢
1. T. electa. . Thorax lineate with bright yellow;
"wings fasciated. 4 .

Inhab. Indiana. ; m.

- Head pale yellowish: thorax basiepeetions a Sine

before the wings bright yellow, another over the

186 wae INSECTS.

3 wings oonfinent: behind with the bright yellow iidinet;
and another ¢ on the middle abbreviated before: wings
hyaline; a brown V on the middle, the posterior
limb extending along the costal margin, to the tip or
a little below; a brown point on the costal’ margin
within the V; near the base a brown band parallel to
the basal limb of the V: poisers pale yellow: abdo-
men pale yellow, ultimate segment with a black dot
each side: pleura with a yellow line each side.
nian three-tenths of an'inch, 9

2, T. obliqua. ‘ells » wings with » bin
bands; tergum with two series of black dots.

Inhab. Indiana. ° “ te ce

- Body pale brownish-yellow: wit with a defin-
ite yellowish costal margin, and three very oblique

bands proceeding from the costal-margins basal band =

terminating on the thin margin midway between the
anal and axillary nervures; middle band terminating :
at the tip ofthe anal nervure; outer band terminating
at tip of the interno- medial nervure; costal margin
ending a little beyond the externo- medial nervure ;
the bands are edged exteriorly with » ‘a black line, —
which is dilated into a spot at tip: thorax with two
black dots behind : seutel yellow, pale: tess yr wf
a series of black dots each side. we agg

Length one-tenth of an inch.

The wing bands are-parallel and equi- distant, the ;
intervals are as broad-as the bands. a

>

Pon Te ee a el Me
,

I OLR ee We ew ee ant

DIPTEROUS#INSECTS. 187
vee +i
3. T. caliptera. ae with hyaline points,

apicial edge white.

Inhab, Indiana.

Body dull brownish, or dirty hee coalione hi
postoma with two deep black dots: wings rounded,
black, with very numerous, sub-equal, hyaline points,
those of the thinner margin rather larger} apicial
margin white : poisers yellow at tip: ‘ tarsi paler than
the leg.

Length more than one-fifth of an inch,

>

Cutorops. Meig. .
C. proximus. thorax trilineate with
black. :
_Inhab., Indiana.

' Body yellow: antennz black: vertex -with a
black triangle,,elongated before almost to the base of
the antenne: occiput with a large black spot, like a
dilated continuation of the triangle of. the vertex :
thorax with three black vitte: scuted aculate :
‘wings ee: beneath the scutel ala ack spot:
ter, ull yellowish ; segments dusky at,tips; se-
cond segment with a-black spot each side at base:
venter tinged with is Feet tingedwith honey-
yellow.
Length fis than three- re-wentiet

Closely allied to C. dineatus o ab dif-

fers in the colour of the tergum.

188 DIPTEROUS INSECTS.
Ernypra. Meig.
- E. hians. Cinereous; front dark bluish
_ Inhab. Mexico.
Body dark cinereous : front and vertex au blu-
ish: antenne black-brown ; second joint as ‘long as

the third; seta thick at base, slender at tip: hypos-
toma hairy: thorax with a slight green reflection :

seutel also with a slight green reflection: “—— the

same.
a diy one-fifth of an tee :

7 : Lone Fall, i
L. polita, * Black; tarsiwhite. =~
Inhab. Indiana. 4

Body shining black, with a very slight tint of blue

hardly perceptible: a&tennz as long as the hyposto-

ma; terminal joint more than thre aslongas ~ — :

the two others together, at its under the seta
_obscure honey-yellow: hypostoma witha slight gray

relectiongiigine®) hyaline ; nervures pale brownish:
tarsi yellowish-white, last joint dusky. ©
n ab

Length more re ‘three-twenttieths of a
ee ; ot o ese

Oe Oe ee EE a eee ee ee

e ae J
Additional Se icmnitees on the iniclel and Or-

Ganic Remains of New Jersey and Delaware.
By S. G. Morton, M. D.

(Read January 19, and July 6, 1830.) ,
Most of the following fossils have been already gen-

*

-erieally noticed in the former . pages of this volumes

but as I have recently had access to better speci-.
mens, I propose to give — characters more in

detail.

pressed a wish to ha mmunieation on this sub-
ject for the “Americ urnal’of Science,”’ edited
by him; in-consequence of which, I wrote a paper
entitled “Synopsis of the Occult of the
Ferruginous Sand Formation’ of the United States 5
with Geol remarks,” This Synopsis has
been ‘publis the xvii. and xviii. volumes of

Not long since, i Professor Silliman ex-

‘the above work, and is there illustrated by ac-
“curate figures of most of the speci

erto dis-

lowing paper’ is designed to embrace such
‘as are figured in thessynopsis, but have not
been specifically described ; and I wae through
the kindness! of Professor Silliman, to illustrate some
of these species by copies of on tes con-
tained if the Journal of Science. To the latter
work, and ‘to my former papers 4p this volume, the
reader is referred for the geological details connected
VOL. VI.—1890, 25 4

\ a
A

190 Sl

- “
with this wisiiéonas On the present oceasion I ‘shall
‘merely observe, that the Calcareous deposits of New
Jersey. appear to extend, with some intermission,
from Salem, i in Gloucester county, to Vincentown, i in

Burlington county, parallel to the river Delaware,

and about eight or ten miles to.the east, of. it. These
beds appear to rest upon) the Ferruginous sand, or

marl; thus having the same relative position ee %;

Chalk and Green sand of Europe. -

BELEMNITES.
ee B Americanus ( ( Mi. late Viii. Ris 4 iS :
Amer, Jour. of ce, pl. 1, fig. 1, 2, 3.
Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc., vol. vi. pl. 5, fig. 7.
Wash bias. Amer, ed, of Cuvier’s THONG. of
arth pl. fig.

—— Sub- -cylindrical

traction towards the base, whic y expands:
base marked by numerous. deep, ramose isnenso
first dirs obligoely upwards, but becoming longi-
tudinal as they approach the apex, giving:
a coarsely granulated appearance. In ‘the
fissure extending about one-third of the len
shell pt with a conical chamber;
this chamber is sub-central, and marked with concen-
tric cir e back is a plane surface, narrow
towards tase and. expanding graduallggtoward:
the apex, where it becomes indistinct. Golour, clove
brown: translucent. a

?

S sligitiseer

oneifite) pescatss, 19%

Far. B. Surface finely granulated. © © Y
‘Par. C. Sub-fusiform. Pl. 1, se
All the specimens I have seen, consist either of
radiated carbonate of Jime;.of a ‘similar structure
replaced’ by phosphiaite offiron 3 or, of the phosphate
regularly and beautiful etallized. 2 6
“This species is vas ndant in the marls of
New Jersey, and in many places wheré this forma-
tion has been exposed in the more southern states.
-. ~ Fie specimen from: which the present description is
» drawn ii oe and. a half in Jength, and is the
: nw perfe ‘i i It was obtained

‘by. Mr. T. A. i ena n n, in New Jer-

- sey; at which place they also = more. than
mucrona-

one inch in length. >
This speciesyhas an analogde
| which is characteristic of the

Chalk throu rope. It seemsalso'to résemble
the belemnite of Maestricht, as figured ‘by Faujas;

this, oe is’ cso by Sowerby-asa variety
-On a former occasion, I referred
san esi to B. subconicus of Lamarck.
vi. page 91.) “ re there given is
_ imperfect in detail, though the general outline is cor-

rect, it being that of an unusually eylindrical speci-

men. It is possible, that the fitely granulated sur-

face of some-of these Belemnites (var. B) may be
owing to mechanical or chemical agents.

Cabinet of the Acad. Nat. Se.

ro

* &. ambiguus M). Mate Nee Aiea

, Amer. Jour. of Science, vol. dl
fig. 4 and 5. pe 4 : Be oe iv le nt

sDiaseidtin Strait, elongated, quadrang u

. [oe GEOL

nutely striated longitudinally 3 (front convex 5 hic
a longitudinal grooves. "

flat; sides slightly depre:
apex obtuse, obscurel: ted; colour yellowish
white, opeques ‘substance radiated a
lime. Paes Tae vs
2 anette two inches 5 ; breadth one-sixth of ansinch.

‘this singular fossil ve a a Belem.

nite, but wa
moire sur les nites” of M. de Blainville. — ~The 3
B. cylindricus. of that author is
Amerigan species; the latter
ciel a the distinctness of its later. grooves. yas

is observeds of the B. cylindricus, that it has ; a

been observed with any trace of either a.

terminal extramity.. My. specimen sho \

but not, the- former; the numerous”

in. the. collections ls are des

both. — ay, ae
This : } washfinst noticed by me at page. 195 of

the preséat volume, as occurring in the Galcareous:
deposits of Gloucester asia New Jersey. - ‘More.

+

led until I met with the “Me.

5 SR, ee a eee ee

. centown, in the same state. ict

Ph Ong, Oe See eae ie

ul PMc Pathe ee eT CS Tinos.) ny

eect ere

‘

ORGANEC REMAINS. 193.

recently, it has been found in similar strata

Cabinet of the Academy of Nataral Saiiin-

I take this opportunity to add a few. remarks of
M. de Blainville on'the geological position of Belem-
nites, inasmuch as’ they ¢ borate the opinion Ihave
heretofore expressed in a to the relative age
of the*ias of New Jersey, &c.

“Jusqu ici,” says he, ‘leur presence est presque
characteristique des terrains secondaires, ou des for-
mations ¢ sc ‘troavent entre les, terrains interme-
diaires, et rrains a ila Craie.
Je ne connais, en effet, presque aucun auteur qui in-
dique les ‘Beleinites veritables les ‘differens
strates du terrain de transition, que dans les

terrains de se ae\sapericurs 3 ila craie?* ~
auth . states on the authority ‘of Mr.
Underwood, elemnites have never, a

in the London clay, as ‘some have asserted. C
beare and Phillips make a'similar observation.
ebrated plateau of Maestricht, abounds in

Be 3 and, although Professor Buckland refers
it to ‘aleaire grossier, lié'stands almost alone in
this opinion; and M. Blainville adds, ‘if such were

the fact, we must consider the Belemnites as adven-
titious; which would be- difficult.” ;
That the Belemnites: of New Jersey are in “bilu,
no one cai doubt; ‘and their i immense aumbers give

: Mem. sur les Belcan p. 48.

a @ROLO ay een
geological importance which shoe be

overlooked. ;

esi cn a BE

ata. Delawarensis a1) Rag Tour. of Science,
vol. aii ee be PN eanes ee

a
q

. Papin tuberees on she margin : Ti dg ge S, |
to bifureation, m
nodes; back betw

this pminopite and any ‘others I vith, hav:
inducaia® to give it.a specific d ion, though.
so small'a part of the cast has been preserved. The
figures in the Journal of Science, represent he natu-.
ral size and proportions. s —
‘Found at the Deep: Cut of the Chessy
Delaware canal, by irseA. A. Dexter. sia
Cabinet of the A i

2. A. Vesicogie (Ni). lee: Jour. of. Science yh .
xviii, pl. 3, fig. 3 and'4.:.. — a

Description. Whorls, slepreed, ‘ae: ie
with numerous slightly curved tubereulated ribs 5

ole eee

Sete aE Gh Sa age eng ne Te

ORGANIC REMAINS. - a

back marked with asingle, prominent, central ridge,
on each side of which. the terminations of. the'costa

form distinet, angular prominences.
upposed diameter, three inches 5 j thickness five:

_ eighths of an inch, .

Found at the , an Sielashaspinnisils
Hitherto fragments only» i obtained, the
most perfect of which is figured in the Journal of -
Science. Larger specimens have been found.

I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to

my friend Mr. Lardner Vanuxem. |

Cabinet of Acad. of Nat. Sciegges:
_ Cabinet of t Amer, Phil. Society.

3, I possess fragments of a third speci

are too. eppicay escription. ,.

Note on th lacenta Dekay.) Amer. Jour. of
“Science, vol, Xviii. pl. 2, fig. 1,2 an nd 5.

" Jour, Acad., vol. vi., pl. 5; fig. 4, a

_ ‘Annals of N. York Lyc. , Vol, ii. pl. 5, fig, 2.

At pie 88 of the present volume, I have. re-
ferr 4, placenta under the name of A. hip-

pocripes; an error into which I was led by a mis-
take of the gentleman who described this. fossil. -
The latter: was: first. notiééd by Dr. Dekay, in-the

second volume of the Annals of the New York Ly-
ceum of Natural. History: but, by some unaccounta- —
ble’ mistake, the description: there given, refers to
the wrong figure in the accompanying plate; thus

196 a - . Seana asp

“figh 2st pl. SsSin-abeia acenta;. wher
refers to fig. 5, whieh is in reality the A. hip
My drawing and notices, therefore, at page

113 of this volume, refer to the 2. plac nt, 2
Thave since had accurately me in. ia ea
tones s ab :

Sete 55 5 a
ba and pl. “ bet “re 8 ty ae

+ ‘he specimens alluded ter ate at
: collections pts the a Perens.

“ScALARIA.,

io ieee shi ‘ ve
« Description. ° aor or ‘ive} cunt 4
prominent; each volution delicately striated lat ora ae
striae decussated by tragrenty to igre a
longitudinal elevated: fiber « ol
Length one inch: and a quarter. °° © ae iad .

ORGANIC REMAINS, 197

' This beautiful shell is probably a Linnean Tur-
boy and answers so well to the genus Scalaria of
Lamarck, that I have ventured to associate them,
although I have not in any instance seen the mouth
entire.

Not unfrequent in the Caleareous strata of Glou-
cester county, New Jersey, where it is associated
' with Echini, Belemnites, &c. &c.

Cabinet Acad. Nat. Sciences.

VERMETUS. Sowerby.

V. rotula (M.) Vol. vi. pages 121, 122.
Amer. Jour. of Science, vol. xviii. pl. 3,
fig. 18.

This fossil is described in the present volume at
the place above quoted: I there referred it, with a
question, to Spirorbis, Since that time I have read
Mr. Sowerby’s* revised exposition of the genus
Vermetus, and do not hesitate to refer the American
specimens to it. The latter indeed bear a striking
resemblance to those figured by Mr. Sowerby, pl.
596, fig. 4 and 5.

Frequent in the Caleareous beds of New Jersey.

GRYPHEA.

Note on the Gryphwza vomer (M.) Pl. 8, fig. 11, 12. .
Amer. Jour. of Science, vol. xviii. pl. 3,
45 37°"
* Min. Conch., vol. vi. p- 193, &e,
VOL, Vi.=—=1830, 26

198 ~ GEOLOGY AND

I first described the Gryphza-vomer at page 83 of
the present volume; but the figures there referréd
to (pl. 5, fig. 1, 2, 3,) are varieties of G. convewra,:
which were inserted inadvertently. I take this oc-.
casion to correct the error, by re-writing the descrip-.
tion, and giving amaccurate figure of the shell...

Description. “Shell irregularly oblong; upper
valve thin, fragile, slightly concave, with from seven
to ten distinct squamous:plates: ower valve convex,
indistinctly lobed, lobed margin obliquely produced :
beak prominent, pointed, crossing the hinge margin
transversely, and re-curved at the side.

It is but. very recently that I have obtained entire
specimens of this fossil: the Marl pits of New Egypt
now. afford them in considerable numbers, © >. ~

The G. vomer varies in siz@¥from an inch. to an.
inch and a half in length; the larger specimens are.
much elongated, but the species may be readily de~
tected by the squama of the upper valve. . The beak
is often.as much curved as that of the Lzogyra, and,
its general outline is very similar to Zxogyra undata
of Sowerby (tab. 605, fig. 7), but the American shell
has the simple hinge of gryphza and ostrea.

Some specimens are very long, in proportion to
their width, and present a great convexity of the
back, and consequent depression of the upper valve,
rendering them longitudinally curvate. Almost every
individual I have seen, has been attached by its beak;
from which cause they are generally imperfect in
this part, ”

OT ar a eee ee

ORGANIC REMAINS. 199

CUCULLZZA.

oe. vulgaris (M.) Amer. soar of Suienee vol.
xviii, pl. 3, fig. 21.

Description. Ventricose, triangular, flattened bes
fore; beak prominent and incurved; shed thick,
with numerous delicate, longitudinal striz.

Length an inch and a quarter: breadth an inch
and three-fourths.

Cordiform casts of this shell, have been long fa-
miliar to those who collect marl fossils: it is men-
tioned, under the genus 2rca, at pages 92 and 93 of
this volume. Recently, Mr. William. Riley has ob-
tained a number of valves more or less perfect, some
of which show the auricular appendage characteristic
of Cucullea.

Cabinet Acad. Nat. Sciences.

SPATANGUS. Lam.
1. S. cor marinum? (Parkinson). Jour. Acad., vol.
vi. p. 122, :
Parkinson, Organic Remains, vol. iii. pl. 3,
fig. 11.
Amer. Jour. of Science, vol. xviii. pl. 3,
fig. 10.
' This characteristic fossil of the White Chalk of
Europe, is. familiar to geologists. If the American
species is not identical with it, it is sat least a striking
analogue.
From the Calcareous beds of Gloucester county,
New Jersey.

200 GEOLOGY AND

2. &. stella(M.) Amer, Jour. of Science, vol. xviii.
pl. 3, fig. 11. ; *

Description. Globose, with five short. sulei; di-
ameter half an inch.

Found with the preceding. species, from which it

differs in size, and in not having the posterior sulcus
continued to the base.

ANACHYTES. Lam.
- 1. 4. cinctus (M.) Amer. Jour. of Science, vol.
xviii. pl. 3, fig. 7.

Description. Heart shaped, with five pairs of
dotted ambulacra; the posterior pair being in a deep
sulcus extending to the base.

Length about one inch.

Found with the preceding species.

At page 122 of this volume, I have alluded to this
fossil by the name of Spatangus, to which it does
not strictly belong.

2. A. fimbricatus (M.) Amer. Jour. of Science,
vol. xviii. pl. 3, fig. 9. :

Description. Heart shaped, with five pair of
dotted ambulacra; one pair being in a posterior sul-
cus extending from the vertex to the mouth; passing
between the two latter points, are also eight or ten
double lines on each side; the lines of each pair
approximate, and are nearly parallel.

ORGANIC REMAINS. 201

The double lines on'this fossil appear single, unless
closely examined, and divide the dorsum into about
twenty triangular sections.

Length an inch and a va breadth an theft and a
quarter.

Found with the preceding species, by Mr. Titian
R. Peale.

3. A. cruciferus (M.) Amer. Jour: af faitiice; vol.
xviii. pl, “3, fig. 8.

Description. Oval, with five pair of ambulacra,
running from the apex to the mouth; each ambula-
crum formed by two double lines, an eighth of an_
inch apart, parallel, and connected by delicate trans-
verse stri#: apex sub- central.

Length three-fourths of an inch.”

- Found with the preceding species, by Mr. T. R.
Peale. —

ANTHOPHYLLUM.

A. atlanticum (M.) Plate 8, fig. 9, 10.

Amer. Jour. of Science, vol: xviii. pl. 1,
fig. 9, 10.

At pages 123 and 124 of the present volume, I
gave a description of this interesting fossil, and have
nothing now to add but the specific name, and an
accurate figure.

202 GEOLOGY AND

Corrected catalogue of the Fossil ‘Shells, Echino-
dermata and Zoophytes, hitherto found in the Marls
of New J ersey and Delaware :—.

Ammonites placenta. Dekay.
Ammonites hippocrepis.. Dekay.
_Ammonites delawarensis. 1.
Ammonites Vanuxemi. M.

_ Ammonites. . (Jndeterminate.)
Anthophyllum atlanticum.. Jf
Anomia epphippium? Lam.
Ananchytes cinctus. M. .
Ananchytes fimbricatus. J/.
Ananchytes cruciferus. JZ.
Avicula. (Casts.)
Alcyonium..

Alveolites asssuieis Say,
Belemnites americanus. M.
Belemnites ambiguus. J.
Baculites ovatus. Say.
Bulla? (Casts.)

Cyprea.. Lin. (Casts.)
Cucullea vulgaris. M/.—
Clypeaster. Lam.

Cardium. (Casts of two species. \,
Caryophyllia. Lam.
Dentalium. ( Casts.)
Exogyra costata. Say.
Eschara. Lam.

ORGANIC REMAINS. 203

Echinus. Lam.

Flustra. Lam.

‘Gryphza convexa. M-
‘Gryphea mutabilis. M. -
Gryphea vomer, J.

Mya. (Casts.)

Natica. (Casts.).

Ostrea falcata. M.

Ostrea cristagalli? Lam.

Ostrea. ( Z'wo or three indeterminate species.)
Pectunculus. (Casts. )

Pecten quinquecostatus. Sowerby.
Pecten. (T'wo or three indeterminate species. )
Plagiostoma. (Indeterminate. )
Pinna. (Casts.)

Retepora.

Rostellaria. (Casts.)

Serpula.

Scaphites Cuvieri. MM.

Scalaria annulata. JZ.

Spatangus cor marinum? Parkinson.
Spatangus stella. JZ.

Terebratula Harlani. A.
Terebratula fragilis. M.
Terebratula Sayi. MZ.

' Turritella. (Casés.)

Tellina?

Trochus. (Casés.)

Trigonia?

204 GEOLOGY.

-Teredo.
Vermetus rotula. J.
Besides the. preceding genera, fragments of many
others have been observed, but too ee to de-
cide upon.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1, Belemnites Americanus, natural size.

2.. Transverse section of same fossil.

3. Same species, subfusiform.

4. Belemnites ambiguus, one-third larger iain
natural.

5. Transverse section of same species, natural
size. oes

6, 7, 8. Baculites ovatus,

9,10. Anthophyllum atlanticum. |

11, 12, Gryphea vomer,

eT ee ee

i rt

ii is

On the Gro.ocy and Orcantc Remains of @ part
of the Peninsula of Maryland. By Timothy A.
Conran.

~ "" Fitead May 20, ad June 15, 1830.}

Ar the request of several members of the Acade-
my, I lately visited the peninsula of Maryland, for
the Purpose of collecting organic remains, and ob-
serving the geological characters of that district.
The beauty and. variety of fossil shells which abound
there, as well as their importance in geology, woild
long since, it might be supposed, have enlisted many
active inquirers;° but such has not been the fact.
Mr. Maclure included it, with a vast tract which
has also no claim to the title, under the term Allu-
vial ; and but little notice appears to have been taken
of the peninsula of Maryland, until Mr. Say de-
scribed about forty species of fossil shells, brought
from thence by Mr. Finch. Neither of these gentle-
men, however, drew any geological inferences from
the organic remains they examined: but Dr. Van
Rensellaer has since referred the deposits in ques-
tion to the Upper Marine formation, as described by
Conybeare and Phillips: Dr. S. G. Morton, in a for-
mer number of this Journal, supports'the same opinion;
and indicates several species” of fossil shells which
are common to both sides ‘of the Atlantic: a list of
these species will be given, including a few others
which have since been ascertained. segs

¥OL. VI 1—1830, 27

206 TERTIARY FORMATION

The Tertiary deposits of Maryland occupy all the
tract south of an irregular line running from the vi-
_ cinity of Baltimore to the city of Washington; the
Potomac river forms the western, and the Chesapeake
bay the eastern boundary of this triangular penin-
sula. Its greatest length from the northern boundary
of the Tertiary, is about ninety miles; the whole is
covered by a diluvial deposit of sand and gravel,
which generally conceals the strata of organic remains,
except in the beds of streams, or the sides of ravines,
which are often very deep; in some few places, the
fossils appear near the surface, as at Fort Washing-
ton, in the vicinity of which perhaps the oldest of the
beds to be noticed in this paper occur. _

About three miles north of the low sandy point
which forms the southern extremity of the peninsula,
the bank of the Potomac rises to an elevation of about
fifteen feet at its highest point: the fossils are visi-
ble in this bank to the extent of a quarter of a mile.

The inferior stratum is a lead coloured clay, con-.

taining vast numbers of the Mactra lateralis of Say;
which, in many instances, appear in nearly vertical
veins, as though they had fallen into fissures. _The
Pholas costata is also numerous, and each individual
remains in the position in which the living shell is
usually buried in the sand or mud ; that is, vertical,
with the posterior or short side pointing downwards;
they are so fragile, that they can rarely be taken
entire from the matrix. Upon this stratum of clay,
in 2 matrix of sand, lies a bed of the Ostrea Vir-

ce ee ee

OF MARYLAND. 207

ginica, in some places a foot in thickness. It is nearly
horizontal; in some places at least eight or ten, and
in others not more than four feet above high water
mark. The diluvial above exhibits a vein of small
pebbles, traversing it horizontally, and at a distance
resembles a stratum of shells, Not only are the fos-
sils of this locality the same as existing species, but
in some instances they retain their colour; a circum-
stance common to the'later deposits of Europe. The
distance to the nearest point on the Atlantic ocean
is about forty-five miles, but it is at least one hundred
by the course of the bay. The following list includes
all the fossils of this locality.

N. B. Those species which are found recent on
our coast are printed in ifalics, and those to which a
C. is appended, I have described as new.

UNIVALVES..
Acteon melanoides, C.
Crepidula convera. Say.
————- glauca. Say.
Fusus cinereus. . Say.
' Nassa obsoleia. Say.
—~ lrivif{tata. Say.
Natica duplicata. Say.
interna. . Say.
Ranella caudaia. Say.
Scalaria. |
BIVALVES.
v2rca transversa. Say.
ponderosa. Say.
Corbula contracla. Say.

208 TERTIARY “FORMATION

Clathrodon cuneata.* Gray.
Cytherea.convexa. ‘Say. -
Mactra lateralis. _ Say. ae
Mya mercenaria. Says.
“Mytilus hamatus. Say.
ep Ria levis. | Nay Gee eee

Hn DiSseree

coneentrica. | Say. iia ha
_ Pandora trilineata. Say. ane Wale
~Petricola pholadiformis.t » Lam,» ~
reer Pholas costal as: Lidar 9 6 asin engi
: . Psammobia fused. Say: .
rae lusoria. Say.

’ Solen carribeus. Lin.
lig ensis. Lin. s: i
Venus mercendrid. . are aieie
~ Venus.’ ie

It will be observed, that nearly all the above shell
are known to inhabit the shores of the United States
at the present time; the few of them which are now
only known in the fossil state are extremely rare, or
of minute dimensions, and. have, probably, from these
causes, escaped the scrutiny of those of our concholo-
gists who have given their attention exclusively to
recent species,

Some of the above existing abeniog: however, are
at present inhabitants of much more southern lati-
tudes than their fossil locality. Thus the Mytilus
hamatus, Clathrodon cuneata, Area ponderosa, &e.,
are rarely found beyond Florida and the Gulf of

* I believe this shell to be the Cyrena truncata of Lam.
{ P. fornicata, Say.

ats

OF MARYLAND, 209 -

Mexico. ‘The recent Mya mercenaria abounds in
the Potomac river, and in the Chesapeake bay and
its inlets; but its usual associate; the Venus mercena-

ia, does not exist in the Potomac or its tributaries.

It-is obvious that this deposit of marine organic
remains, is the most-recent hitherto discovered in this
country, To what class of formations it strictly be-
longs, is a question I leave for others to answer ; in-
asmuch as its characters are perhaps too recent even —
for the Upper Marine deposits of the European ge-
ologists. Its relics are sub-fossilized, and in this re-.
spect resemble some of the most recent erent
of the West India islands.

At the distance of fifteen miles me of the dome

~ mentioned locality, and in the precipitous banks of

St. Mary’s river, organic remains of.a very different
character abound :.-they occur on both ‘sides of the
river (which is one mile broad), but-they are most
numerous on the western shore, extending with some
interruption nearly a mile. Like the Upper Marine
in England, this locality contains many extinct spe-:
cies; it also furnishes a large number of genera, with;
few species of each, while the individuals are in great:
abundance; indeed they are scattered along the’
shore in such profusion, and at the same time are so
perfect, that they might easily be mistaken by an.un-

' practised observer for recent shells; especially where

aw

the waves cast them up on a low sandy point, at a
distance from the bluffs where the deposits occur in
situ. But, although the water of St. Mary’s river

210 ' TERTIARY FORMATION

is brackish, the existing species are few, and, except
the Osérea virginica, probably none.of them found
~ here in a fossil state. The bank is precipitous in
many places, and is elevated perhaps thirty feet at,
the highest: point above tide-water; a stratum of
shells is here observed fifteen feet above the river,
and the vein of pebbles traverses the overlying di-
luvial, as at the first mentioned locality. Silicious
masses, with imbedded shells, are numerous, and are
used for the foundations of buildings.’ The inferior
stratum of these banks is clay, which appears to con-
tain the same species of shells with-the sand above it.
_ The Voluta Lamberti of Sowerby, is not ‘a rare
species at this locality, which, in its geological fea-
tures, much resembles that part of Suffolk where the
same shell occurs, described in Sowerby’s Mineral
Conchology, vol. ii. p.67. The Crag is there described
as resting upon blue clay, and the organic rémains of
the former mix with those of latter.. The same fact is
also observed in most of the tertiary deposits of Mary-
land; the matrix of the shells in Suffolk is in some
places very loose, and in others so indurated as to be _
used in building, and-answers in every panes te
the beds at St..Mary’s river. acta
I obtained at this aaa: the following organic re-
mains:—
_ UNIVALVES.

Actéon ovoides. C.

Bulla acuminata. Sow.

Calyptraa grandis. Say.

OF MARYLAND.

Calyptreea costata. Say.
Cassis celata. C. ;
Cancellaria lunata. C. .
- Conus diluvianus... Green.
Dentalium attenuatum. Say,
Fasciolaria Lamberti,*
Fusus cinereus. Say.
Fusus quadricostatus, Say. °
——- errans. | C.
Murex acuticosta. C€,
Nassa trivittata.. Say.
——- obsoleta,. Say.
lunata. Say.
: ——-— quadrata... C,
Natica duplicata. ‘Say.
heros. Say. ’
Pleurotoma. catenata. a 3
————- limatela, a
communis. —
po pre Cs
-- rotifera. .C.
~gracilis.. C. j
- dissimilis. C, .
Pyrula carica. Lam,

_ Scalaria clathrus.
__. Terebra simplex. | C, :

F Trochus humilis. © C.
reclusus. 'C,-
Turritella plebeia.. Say. -
variabilis, .C,/

—

* Voluta Lamberti, Sowerby.

canaliculuéa. Lam. i “

2it

1 | TERTIARY FORMATION

Turritella laqueata. »C.. \.
Voluta solitaria. . C,. :

BIVALVES. "=~ 7
Amphidesma carinatas’ ©.
Astarte undulata. Say: eee
rea arata. mer. ;
Cardium.

Corbula inequale. “Say.
cuneata. “Say.
ns jc concentrica. Lam.
convexa. iy
Isocardia rustica.*
Lucina eribraria,’ Say. -~
Mactra -ipggaec €.
Mactra. |
Ostrea virginica. Pe
Pecten Madisonius. Say.
_ Pholas costata. Lam. |
_ Saxicava distorta. Say.
Solen ensis. Lin.
Venericardia granulata, Say.
Venus mercenaria. Lam.
——-- paphia?

Near Charlotte ‘Hall, about thirty ‘miles north of
St. Mary’s river, a vast deposit of the Perna maz-
illa, of Lam., lies at the base of a ravine, at least
thirty feet below: the. surface of the: diluvial; the
matrix is sand. In the bed of a rivulet, I found
many specimens of the Peeten Madisonius; and I was

informed that a large bed of oyster shells (probably

* Venus rustica, Sowerby; Isocardia fraterna, Say.

eR ee ee Ce

ee

OF MARYLAND. 213

the O. compressirostra of Say) also occurred in this
vicinity, but I did not see it. Charlotte Hall is in
the north of St. Mary’s county, at about an equal
distance between the Potomac and Patuxent rivers.
I found at this place the following shells:

Patella.

Isocardia rustica.

Venus mercenaria. Lam.

Pecten Madisonius. Say.

Perna maxilla. Lam. (P. torta, Say.)

Owing to the rains which fell during my stay at
Charlotte Hall, I was unable to make the necessary
researches and observations; otherwise, no doubt,
the list of fossils would have been greatly extended.

Twenty miles north of Charlotte Hall, at the vil-
lage of Piscataway, the organic remains appear as
a superficial deposit. This village is situated in
Prince George’s county, five miles east of Fort
Washington on the Potomac. In the side of a ra-
vine, traversed by a small stream, a bed of the Tur-
ritella Mortoni (nobis) occurs, accompanied by the
Penericardia planicosta* of Lamarck; both are
quite numerous; the matrix is a mixture of sand and
clay, but the latter predominates.

Shells are also imbedded in a silicious vein, which
traverses the bank of Piscataway creek, about six
feet above the level of the water; indurated masses,
containing casts of shells with merely a trace of the

* Lamarck, Ann, du Mus. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. i, pl. 50,
you, vi, —1830. 28

214 TERTIARY FORMATION

shell remaining, are very commonly met with in the
neighbourhood.

The shells I obtained here, are comprised in the
following list :

Monodonta glandula. C,
Natica.

Turritella Mortoni. C.
Nucula.

Venus mercenaria.
Venericardia planicosta. Lam.
Crassatella aleformis. C.

The indurated matrix of various indeterminate
shells may be observed here, and on the road leading
from the above mentioned village to Fort Washing-
ton. The fort is situated immediately on the Poto-
mac, at an elevation, perhaps, of one hundred feet
above tide water: nearly on the summit of this bank,
abundant fragments of the Ostrea compressirostra
(Say), a species here very numerous, indicate per-
haps the greatest elevation at which the fossils of this
formation are found. West of the fort is a deep val-
ley, through which runs a small brook, nearly parallel
with the course of the Potomac; in the bed of which,
some distance north of the fort, numerous casts of a
species of Turritella are imbedded in a very hard
silicious matrix. Indurated casts of the Cucullea
gigantea (nobis), upon which the shell remains, are
observed in the side of a ravine running nearly at
right angles with the brook, and terminating on the
summit of the hill near the fort; these casts are

See ee

OF MARYLAND, 215

associated with very entire and numerous individuals
of the Ostrea compressirostra, and are imbedded in
loose sand. I could find no trace of fossil shells in
the precipitous bank of the river, and I was unable
to ascertain the depth of the deposit; this bank ex-
hibits a thick bed of clay, containing abundance of
selenite, and, on the authority of Dr. Jackson of Fort
Washington, is sometimes coated by an efflorescence of
alum. Jalso found in it a fragment of a bone of some
marine animal. Below the clay is a friable ferrugi-
nous sandstone, appearing in loose blocks, but very
limited in extent; the clay, south of this sandstone
deposit, extends at least to the level of the river.

It seems to me probable, that a formation contem-
poraneous with the London clay also exists in Mary-
land, and I would suggest that the deposit (in the
vicinity of Fort Washington) just mentioned, is an
indication of it. It has been observed that the or-
ganic remains of this locality are considerably differ-
ent from those of other parts of the peninsula. I met
with the Turritella Mortoni and Cucullexa gigantea
in no other place. The Venericardia planicosta is
abundant, though generally friable and difficult to
preserve entire; I however obtained a pair of fitting
valves, in a perfect state, about four and a half inches
in diameter, and answering, I conceive, in every par-
ticular to the descriptions and figures of this fossil as
given by Lamarck, in the “‘ Annales du Museum,”
and by Sowerby, in his ‘ Mineral Conchology.”

216 TERTIARY FORMATION

This large and beautiful species is characteristic of
the equivalents of the London Clay, in its various
deposits from England to Piedmont. Its discovery
in our own country is, therefore, an interesting oc-
currence in geology.

For the present we may safely note the follow-
ing species as common to the United States and Eu-
rope:

1. Pectunculus subovatus. Say.
Syn. P. variabilis. Sowerby.
2. Lucina divaricata.* Lam.
3. Isocardia rustica.
Syn. I. fraterna. Say.
Venus rustica. Sowerby.
4. Cytherea concentrica. Lam.
Syn. Venus lentiformis. Sowerby.
5. Solen ensis. Lin.
6. Venericardia planicosta. Lam.
7. Ostrea virginica.t Lin.
8. Bulla acuminata. Sowerby.
9. Fissurella greca. Lam.
10. Fasciolaria Lamberti. Voluta Lamberti.
Sowerby.

* This interesting shell is at present found recent in the West
Indies, in the United States, and on the coast of Europe: it is found
fossil in England, France, and Maryland. ‘These facts show how
extensive may be the distribution, and how long the duration, of a
single species. :

+ Brongniart observes, that this oyster is found at Nissan, be-
tween Narbonne and Beziers, in France.

—

OF MARYLAND. 217

Whoever will compare the Maryland fossil shells
with those from New Jersey and Delaware, will be
struck with the fact, that not a solitary species is”
common to both formations; that not one of the
Maryland genera is extinct; and that many of the
species are still inhabitants of our coast. ‘These facts,
so at variance with those which characterize the
Mar! district, thoroughly corroborate the opinion of
Dr. Morton that the latter is of Secondary origin.

Geological researches into the fossil deposits of
Maryland have but recently commenced; they al-
ready present us with about one hundred species of
shells; a number which will no doubt be greatly
augmented by future inquirers. It is my intention
to furnish a few supplementary observations on a fu-
ture occasion, and I will then give a complete cata-
logue of the fossils of Maryland.

inl m

APPENDIX:

Containing descriptions of twenty-nine new species
of Fossit SHELLS, noticed in the preceding paper.

By the same.
{Read June 22, 1830,]

Genus MUREX. Lin. Lam.
Murex acuticosta. Plate ix. fig. 1.

Shell with four or five acute foliated varices end-
ing above in a pointed, compressed spire, alternating

218 FOSSIL SHELLS

with four shorter rounded varices ending above in a
tube; aperture oval and entire; margin reflected ;
beak closed, and slightly recurved.

This shell is allied to the MZ. tubifer of Lam., but
it has no tubes, nor spires, except those which crown
the summit of the whorls. I found but one perfect
specimen of this species.

Cabinet of the Academy.

Genus VOLUTA. Lin. Lam.
Voluta solitaria. Plate ix. fig. 7.

Shell ovate oblong, smooth ; spire with the whorls
concave above, and straight at the sides, having the
angles tuberculated ; aperture dilated at the base;
columella four plaited.

The large whorl is obsoletely striated at the base,
and the plaits oa the columella are oblique and sub-
equal. I obtained but a single specimen.

Cabinet of the Academy.

Genus CASSIS. Lam.
Cassis cxlata. Plate ix. fig. 14.

Shell with transverse tuberculated ribs, and in-
tervening strie; whorls of the spire longitudinally
ribbed; right lip toothed within; columella granu-
lated and wrinkled.

The transverse strie of the grooves between the ribs
are very distinct, and between each of the tubercles

OF MARYLAND. 219

a longitudinal raised line crosses the grooves, giving
the shell somewhat of a cancellated appearance.
Cabinet of the Academy.

Genus TROCHUS. Lin. Lam.
1. Trochus humilis, Plate ix. fig. 5.

Shell depressed, with very fine transverse strizx ;
sides straight: whorls with a very slight obtuse ele-
vation revolving immediately above the suture; apex
acute; aperture rhomboidal ; umbilicated.

The specimen from which the above description
was taken, exhibits part of its original markings; a
band of light coloured minute spots revolves near the
suture on the large whorl; and another band of simi-
lar, but larger spots revolves near the middle of the
same volution; the strie are very strong on the base,
particularly near the umbilical margin. It is a very
rare species.

Cabinet of the Academy.

2. Trochus reclusus. Plate ix. fig. 6.

Shell much depressed; transversely striated; whorls
flattened on the summit, with straight sides; aperture
transversely ovate; umbilicus profound, carinated
and slightly funnel-shaped.

The carina within the umbilicus is visible on the
two last whorls: both species have lost part of their
outer coating, and are pearly and irridescent. But a
single individual was found with the preceding species.

Cabinet of the Academy.

220 FOSSIL SHELLS

Gexus MONODONTA,. Lam.
Monodonta glandula, Plate ix. fig. 15.

Shell conical, with about four convex volutions;
revolving striz fine, crowded and wrinkled; suture
deeply impressed; right lip toothed within at the
bases margin entire.

The teeth or tubercles extend to the base of the
columella of this shell. I obtained but one speci-
men.

Cabinet of the Academy.

Genus PYRULA. Lam:
Pyrula sulcosa. Plate ix. fig. 8.

Shell pyriform; ventricose; transversely ribbed,
and longitudinally sulcated ; summit of the whorls
flattened, and subcanaliculate; right lip striated
within; channel much contracted; beak straight or
slightly recurved at the base.

This is a remarkable and beautiful species, for
which I am indebted to Dr. Morton.

Pyrula canaliculata. Lam. <A variety of this
shell is found at St. Mary’s river, which is coronated
with elevated tubercles; it has also very fine trans-
verse striz, elegantly decussated by the lines of
growth. It is accompanied by numbers of the va-
riety of P. carica indicated by Say, it in a former num-
ber of this Journal.

Cabinet of the Academy.

OF MARYLAND. 221

Genus TURRITELLA. Lam.

1. Turritella Mortoni. Plate x. fig. 2.

Shell turreted, conical, thick, with revolving dis-
tant, and finer intervening strie; whorls with an
elevated acute carina near the base of each $ volutions
about eleven ; the strie are largest on the elevations
~ of the whorls, which are slightly concave above, and .
abruptly terminate at the sutures; the lines of growth
on the last whorl are strong and much undulated.

I dedicate this species to my friend Dr. S. G.
Morton, who has so ably illustrated the geology of
this country connected with its organic reniains.

Cabinet of the Academy. ~

2. Lurritelia variabilis, Plate x. fig. 3..

Shell snbulate, turreted, tapering to an acute apex;
whorls flattened in the middle, with from two to five
smooth ribs on each, and transversely striated ; 3; suture
impressed. ;

The ribs are generally three in number, but a va-
riety oceurs with two only, or the intermediate one
becomes obsolete. The largest Specimens, which
much exceed the figure i in size, sometimes have five
ribs on each whorl.

Cabinet of the Academy.

3. Turritella laqueata. Plate ix. fig. 17.

Shell turreted, smooth, polished, longitudinally

ribbed ; whorls slightly convex; suture impres-
VOL. VI.—-1830. 29

222 FOSSIL SHELLS

sed; aperture ovate. -One-fifth of an iiich in
length.

It has some. yesemblance to the Turbo simillimus

of Montagu, but the ribs are more numerous, and it
is also a larger species.
Cabinet of the Academy.

Genus CANCELLARIA. Lam. ©
Cancellaria lunata. Plate ix. fig. 4.

Shell turreted, with longitudinal oblique ribs;
transversely sulcated; whorls of the spire narrowed
at the base and flattened on the summits. apex acute;
right lip regularly toothed within; columella with
three plaits, the upper one large and distant, and
the last plait uniting with the base of ihe. colu-
mella; aperture lunate.

I found but a single individual of this species at
St. Mary’s river. _ ,

Cabinet of the Academy, and Dr. Morton’s collee-
tion.

Genus NATICA. Lam.
Natica fragilis. Plate ix. fig. 3.

Shell ovate, thin, fragile, smooth, with fine savale:
ing impressed striw; spire very small; apex acute;
aperture extending about four-fifths of the length of
the shell; columella much’ narrowed and arcuated,
exhibiting the internal volutions.

Dr. Morton’s collection.

ee ee ef a see eee TD

we Ee

Cee prem ae

OF MARYLAND. 223

Genus FUSUS. Lam.

Fusus errans. Plate ix. fig. 2.

Shell subfusiform, transversely striated, with short
longitudinal ribs or undulations on the large whorl ;
spire conical, costated; upper part of the whorls
concave and plain; right lip toothed within, and pli-
cated on the margin 3 3 beak recurved.

The strie in general are alternately larger and
smaller, This is a numerous species, and has a
general resemblance to some varieties of the F’. cine-
reus of Say, but it is very distinct.

Cabinet of the Academy.

' Fusus cinereus. Say. The variety of this shell
mentioned by Say, in a former number of the Journal,
is found at St. Mary’s river four and a half inches in
length. » I have no doubt that it is identical with the
F. cinereus, notwithstanding its size and the’ pre:
duced beak.

Genus PLEUROTOMA. Zam.

1. Pleurotoma catenata. Plate ix. fig. 13.

Shell: subfusiform ; with two approximate chain:
like or nodose carine on each whorl; the large whorl
with strong revolving and intervening finer striae ;
spire elevated, conical; whorls concave on the up-
per part; beak slightly recurved.

The carine upon the whorls of the spire are pla-
ced nearest the base: the old shells of this species
become quite thick, and have the right lip much

224 FOSSIL SHELLS

arcuated ; the spire occupies about half the length

of the shell.
Cabinet of the Academy.

2. Pistia limatula. Plate j ix. fig. 12.

Shell subfusiform, glabrous, with short oblique
longitudinal ribs; whorls concave above and plain;
left lip reflected over the columella v= a callus
at its superior termination.

Cabinet of the Academy.

3. Pleurotoma communis. Plate ix. fig. 23. -

Shell subfusiform, smooth, with one obtuse carina
revolying in the middle of each whorl, except the
last, which has three; the lowest one obsolete; beak
attenuated and slightly recurved.

This is a numerous species of the locality at St.

Mary’s river.
Cabinet of the Academy.

4. Pleurotoma rotifera. Plate ix. fig. 9.

Shellsubfusiform; spire with an elevated crenulated
carina on each whorl; two approximate caring near
the middle of the large volution; sinus profound.

I obtained but one specimen, which was at the

same locality as the preceding.
Cabinet of the Academy.

5. Pleurotoma dissimilis. Plate ix. fig. 11.
Shell conical, smooth; spire with obsolete oblique

ee

OF MARYLAND. 225

nodules joining the suture at the base of each volu-
tion; suture impressed; left lip with a callus at its
superior termination; columella truncated; a slight
sinus at the base of the right lip.

Cabinet of the Academy.

6. Pleurotoma gracilis. Plate ix. fig, 10.

Shell subfusiform; spire and beak attenuated;
whorls with two revolving rows of tubercles on each,
divided by a striated sulcus; whorls strongly stria-
ted at the base; suture undulated; large whorl
with strong distant revolving and intervening finer
striz. ie

A variety occurs with only one row of tubercles
on each whorl, and an impressed line beneath.

Dr. Morton’s collection.

7. Pleurotoma parva. Pilate ix. fig. 18.

Shell subfusiform, transversely striated, with ob-
lique longitudinal ribs; upper part of the whorls
concave and plain. »

This small but. elegant species is quite numerous —
at St. Mary’s river.

Cabinet of the Academy.

Genus MARGINELLA. Zam.
Marginella denticulata. Plate 4x. fig. 21.

Shell smooth, polished, spire conical; columella
four plaited, the three lower plaits oblique ; right lip

zee - FOSSIL SHELLS

denticulate within; aperture rather more than half
the length of the shell.
Cabinet of the Academy.

Genus NASSA. Lam.
Nassa quadrata. Plate ix. fig. 16.

Shell turreted; spire with the whorls rather square,
and slightly projecting at the angles; left lip reflect-
ed over the columella, and thickened above.

This appears to be a distinct species, but all the
specimens I have seen are imperfect: in some, there
are traces of tubercles on the angles of the whorls,
and the young shells have the whorls less angular.

Cabinet of the Academy, and Dr. Morton’s collec-
tion.

Genus TEREBRA. Lam.

Terebra simplex. Plate ix. fig. 22.

Shell elongate conical, smooth, with plain undi-
vided whorls; sides straight; the lines of growth are
very distinct, and the large whorl slopes abruptly
towards the base; the aperture is rather large.

This species is quite numerous.

Cabinet of the Academy.

Genus ACTEON. Mont.

1. Acteon melanoides. Plate ix. fig. 19.

Shell conical, with about six volutions, strongly
striated transversely; the striz are three or four in

OF MARYLAND. 227

number on the upper whorls, and the last has about
eight; theaperture is ovate, with the fold inthe centre.
Cabinet of the Academy.

2. Acteon ovoides. Plate ix. fig. 24.

Shell ovate, smooth, polished, transversely striated;
spire short and conical; aperture more than half the
length of the shell; suture deeply impressed. The
strie are about twenty in number on the large whorl,
and are impressed; the aperture is long and mode-
rately wide, and the fold large.

Cabinet of the Academy.

Genvs CUCUL/ZA. Lam.
Cuculéa gigantea. Plate x. fig. 4.

Shell subtriangular, obliquely cordate; very ven-
tricose, with numerous longitudinal sulci; anterior
side flattened, produced and subcuneiform; posterior
side very short; umbones gibbous ; beaks distant, and
much incurved.

Three and three quarter inches in length; and five
and a quarter inches in breadth.

This large Cuculea is very abundant in the neigh-
bourhood of Fort Washington, where it may be ob-
served nearly entire; but as the cast is extremely
hard, and the shell chalky, it is seldom extracted
from the matrix with even a small portion of the
shell attached.

Cabinet of the Academy.

228 FOSSIL SHELLS

Genus MACTRA, Lin. Lam.
Mactra ponderosa. Plate x. fig. 5.

Shell subtriangular, convex, thick, concentrically
undulated; anterior margin depressed, with an obtuse
plication at the angle; beaks nearest the posterior
margin.

Three and a quarter inches in length, and four
and a quarter inches in breadth. The cardinal
pit is large, thick, and subcordate, and the lateral
teeth are short and very robust; when the valves are
closed, the depression on the anterior slope forms a
slightly concave area.

This shell never equals in size the MZ. solidissima
of Dillwyn, but it is generally thicker and heavier: it
is numerous at St. Mary’sriver; and imperfect spe-
cimens were long since obtained by Mr. Finch. This
is the same fossil which Dr. Morton supposed to be
the M. grandis (M. solidissima) of our coast. Vide
p- 118.

Genus CRASSATELLA. Zam.
Crassatella aleformis. Plate x. fig. 1.

Shell transversely ovate oblong; anterior side ros-
trated; posterior side short and rounded; umbones
transversely sulcated; margin slightly crenulated
within.

I found but a single valve of this species, which is
very distinct from Say’s C. undulata.

Cabinet of the Academy.

i a a i i

ee ee ee OF

OF MARYLAND. 229

Gexus VENERICARDIA. Lam.
Venericardia Blandingi. Plate ix. fig. 20.

Shell suborbicular; ribs about twenty, rather
square, with a rough tuberculated carina on the back
of each ; anterior margin slightly truncated.

This shell is very like Sowerby’s V. carinata, but it
issmaller, and the carine are not smooth: it has been
imbedded in a hard silicious matrix, and the carine
are worn, except near the margin, where they are
very distinct.

I am indebted to Dr. Morton for this fossil ; it was
sent to him by Dr. Blanding, of Camden, S. C., who
found it at Vance’s Ferry in that state, where other
shells occur characteristic of the Maryland Upper
Marine formation. _

Cabinet of the Academy.

Genus AMPHIDESMA. Lam

Amphidesma carinata. Plate ix. fig. 23.

Shell transversely ovate, with concentric, rather
distant, elevated, acute strie ; intervals transversely
striated ; anterior side with a slight fold; beaks ra-
ther ae with the apex acute; lateral teeth
none.

Cabinet of the Academy.

VOL. ¥1L.— 1830. 30

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate IX. Fig. 1. Mapex aputieoss, 6
2. Fusus rusticus. *
3. Natica fragilis,
4. Cancellaria lunataa =,
5. Trochus humilis,

6. — reclusus,
7. Voluta solitaria. Bute Ws.
8. Pyrula sulcosaa

_9. Pleurotoma rotifera. iB Binge
10. ————— gracilis.

11, ———— dissimilis:"
limatula.
13, ——-—— Pee bray
14, Cassis cxlata. .

15. Monodonta glandula.
16, Nassa quadrata. :
17. Turritella laqueataa
18. Pleurotoma parvaa
19. Acteon melanoides, xe
20. Venericardia st oo
21. Marginella denticulata.
22. Terebra simplex.
23. Pleurotoma communis.
24, Acteon ovoides.
25. Amphidesma carinata.

6s sf

yo cae
Piate X. Fig. 1. Crassatella aleformis. __
2. Turritella Mortoni.

3. variabilis,
4, Cuculea gigantea. amt:
5. Mactra ponderosa. por

* The specific name errans being preoccupied, I have adopted that
of rusticus.

Note.—I regret to be obliged to state, that fig. 3, on plate x., is not
a correct copy of my drawing; there should be no such irregularit
in the ribs, nor distortion of the whorls, as in the figure. Figures IZ,
18, and 19, are perhaps too small for the crayon; they can only serve to
show the natural sizes and outlines of the shells. In fig. 24, the fold on
the columella is far too indistinct.

[ioesae

Description of two new Species of the LInNxAN Ge-
nusLacerta. By'T.R. Peace, and J. Green,
M. D. sai
oer Nea He ae a
atis: squamis dorsalibus quadratis ; carinatis et spinosis:
abdominalibus levibus: femoribus tuberculosum serie; sub-
tus pallescente: palmis et plantis pentedactylis. ,
Length about six inches: tail rather longer than
the body, tapering and rounded : back light purple
inclining to dusky, darker on the upper part of the
head, legs, and tail: legs and tail obscurely banded
with white : throat light purple speckled with white,
a narrow line of crowded white spots along the infe-
rior edge of the lower jaw; beneath a broad whitish
band from the throat to the vent, contracted in the
middle: fail beneath, and under side of the legs
whitish : on the neck there is a black collar distinct-
ly margined with white, passing obliquely from the
anterior portion of the shoulder to the spine: thighs
furnished with a series of pores: scales of the back
rhomboidal, carinate, and terminating in a point ;
scales beneath, quadrangular, minute, and smooth ;
scales on the tail arranged in rings, and the striw
produced by,their acute carine give it a hexagonal
appearance : foes long, slender, banded, and furnish-
ed with curved claws.
‘This fine Agama was brought from Mexico by Pro-

232 - TWO NEWISPRETES t
feseor ‘W. H. Keating. It resembles in many

cena: Middle:Sitaieis.#'

The beautiful collar onthe —
back of the neck sufficiently distinguishes it; (Phe

animal is also proportionably bei and the ct

basking in the rays of the sun... They-a
perfectly harmless by the inhabi
annoyed with them on account of their

familianitg er: visite rebeageeetbainngy Sons ae 2

“* Tn the edition of ia Régne Antinal, for 1829 Ce
a reptile, described by Spix under 1e name of
laris. We have not seen any descrip

merely from its name, it must approach very near the 4.
The native place of the 4. tosh “e Brazil, it i
no doubt distinct from the J MA torguata

{ .-,
Page ee ee Des ic Ale

‘caps OPMACBRTAG i oy 233:

1 ’ iva-

- ei agli er nig ris, si Ca, : squ to SF
eat et imbricat roque latere cor-
meni prac par Bo wedinat
y, above, olive green, w ular black

ts; beneath, whitish : cordate, acute, larger

n the neck, and covered above with large irregular

convex scales; tofigue short, fleshy, and bifid: teeth
minute: Rete of the mouth reaching to the ear: : seales
of the Coteumivas sub-carinate, forming
eight elevated ridges; scales beneath rhomboidal: the
sap eH scurdeenbeitanev’ aerate pruia
Tongitudinal and transverse lines or ranges of scales,
Which gives the whole a tessellated appearance :
Back separated from the abdomen on each side by a
longitudinal fold” of the skin from’ below upwards,
forming’ kind of groove, which commences at the

angles of the mouth and terminates at the vent, in-
cluding the fore and hind legs ‘the’ skin within this
fold is granulated, of a whitish colour, and semetri-
cally marked with ‘twelve square black ‘spots; the
distance between the fore and hind legs is pro-
portionably greater than in most of the scinks: legs
rather short, with short toes furnished with small
curved nails: tail long, eylindrical, and tapering,
covered with regular quadrilateral imbricate elite,
in transverse and longitudinal rows.

~ Dimensions of a middle sized specimen 15 inches.

Length of the body, 5% inches,

Length of the tail, 94 inches.

234 TWO NEW SPECIES OF LACERTA.

Three individuals of this species of scifik were
brought from the mining districts of Mexico, by
Professor W. Hi. Ke So and are now in the cabinet
of the Acad. Nat. Sciences. The most ¢ isti
peculiarity of this animal is the granular lateral
fold of the skin, which divides the body nearly into
two equal portions, much in the same manner as the
hollow furrow in the Ophesaurus ventralis. The
resemblance of the head of that animal to that of the
scink, has been noticed by all herpytologists 5 and
those who are fond of tracing the analogies which
subsist between different species and genera of
animals, will find in the lateral fold of the Scincus
ventralis another link in the chain of seonnegtign
which unites the Ophidious and Saurian races. -
have preferred to consider this animal for the present
as a scink, but we are aware, that with a less viola-
tion of the arrangements of nature, than that which
often occurs on this subject, that we might constitute
with it a new genus, under the name of Pfero-gas-
tenes, in allusion to the attachment of the ventral
scales to the upper part of the body, by ala
folds. 4

The Scineus ventralis is not gntceanantio ‘on
with in Mexico. It is called Z’scorpion by the na-
tives, who consider it exceedingly poisonous. When
a stick is presented to the mouth. it thrusts out its
tongue, somewhat in the manner of a Coluber. —

7 +

Demeitiine.olu new Saahle

nous Insects, belon,
the section HomorTer e
. Mas. re r

Shs: ze. briuas

Z sik? ; “ie M335
at: J CicADA. Be Lair. Germ.

5 eee ae ‘head and thorax
Titterate with black. od
“Inhab. Pennsylvat i * a.
Body greenish: head rounded before ; 7 iit
with black before - from the superior band
proceed fare lack lines upon the vertex, the exterior
‘ones abbr d, the others d and including
the su stemmata, whence they proceed single to
the occiput: thorax with several black lines, the
middle one double and angulated on the exterior side :
scutel with eight or ten black lines and curves: heme-
hyaline, with three or four brown anastomoses,
ir on the tip of each nervure a brown dot 1]
nervure and nervures towards the base green, edged
with a very slender black line: posterior tibie with
the four spines in pairs, perfectly opposite ; the :
spine very near the terminal wee: beneath iinma-
culate. |
» Length to tip othenielytee one inch and appara
This species is rather rare.

2. C. peal Black ; posterior edge of the thorax
rufous,

Me ee

¥
ae
‘
(

3. c. gvepirires
late ; anterior thighs, posterior spine
Inlab. Arkansaw. wesiy seaetiane aa a ,

Body blackish above : head with a ruf
line between the eyes andyposterior margin:

HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS. 237

toma convex, no longitudinal impressed line; green-
ish with a blackish disk : thorax with a large lateral
rufous confluent spot, central line and posterior mar-
gin: sewtel with four rufous lines, the two inner
ones connected anteriorly by a rufous W : hemelytra
yery transparent, immaculate: ¢ergum, posterior
edges of the segments rufous: beneath greenish:
venter, segments at base and each side black: ante-
rior thighs with the posterior spine not larger than .
the anterior one, and but little oblique: posterior
tibie with four equidistant spines in one series, and
two remote ones in another series,

Length to the tip of the hemelytra one inch and
one fourth.

Presented by Mr. Nuttall, from the Arkansaw.

Frata. Fabr.

1. F. pruinosa. Plumbeous; hemelytra vertical,
with a blackish spot or two before the middle. |

Inhab. United States.

Body above plumbeous or with a hoary pubes-
cence: head not prominent before: hAypostoma
greenish-yellow, the lateral edges prominent and ex-
tending a little further down than the antennez, an
abbreviated, elevated line above: hemelytra verti-
cal, with from one to four spots before the middle;
inner margin towards the base with elevated points :
beneath yellowish-green.

Length to tip of hemelytra less than one third of

an inch.
VOL. VI,——1830, 31

238 HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS.

A common species., Beneath the pruinose cover-
ing the hemelytra are fuscous.

2. F. coniea. Greenish ; hemelytra, nervures not
radiating on the margin.

Inhab. Indiana.

Body greenish-yellow : head a little prominent,
angulated before : vertex flat, horizontal : hypostoma
simple: thorax and seutel simple: hemelytra verti-
cal; nervures prominent, obvious; no radiating ner-
yures on the margin ; colour green 5 3 edge at tip al-
ternating with brown.

Length to tip of hemelytra less than half an inch.

In the vertical position of the hemelytra, the prui-
nosa and conica, together with the bivittata, Nob.
resemble the redicta, Fabr. Besley

3, F.nava, Cinereous varied with fuscous 5 ner-
vures spotted ; hypostoma with a black band.

Inhab, Indiana. "

Head small; front with three elevated lines, late-
ral line spotted, middle of the hypostoma white with
a broad black band: thorax very short, almost lineo-
lar, angulated: seufe/ large, tricarinate, with a large
blackish spot occupying the greater portion: heme-
lytra grayish ; neryures spotted with black, particu-
larly the costal, on which is a larger one near the tip;
intermediate tibize biannulate with blackish. __

Length to the tip of hemelytra nearly one fourth
of an inch.

ee eT ee, ane ee

=o ee

HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS. 239

Var. a. Spots of the hemélytra obsolete: body
yellowish : hypostoma bifasciate with black.

Var. b. Hemelytra immaculate.

In this species the tip of the hemelytra is a little
dilated inwards so as to lap over when at rest, and
the scutel is not longer than the thorax.

4. F. opaca. Blackish; beneath with a white
vitta; head a little advanced.

Inhab. near Lake Erie and Indiana.

Body, above, brown-black : head, before the eyes,
equal in length to the diameter of the eye ; hyposto-
ma with the central line and lateral edge elevated ;
on the middle a whitish band: vertex with an im-
pressed longitudinal line; tip rounded : thorax with
an elevated line: seufe/ with three elevated lines,
the lateral ones a little arquated: hemelytra opake,
irrorate with minute white points; dilated towards
the inner tip so as to lap over the opposite one; a
quadrate whitish spot beyond the costal middle, and
one or two smaller ones nearer the tip: pleura with
a lateral whitish vitta: feet black: venter blackish.

Length to tip of hemelytra over two fifths of an inch,

This is a fine species, and was obtained by Mr.
Isaiah Lukens. The hemelytra are dilated inwards
near the tip, as in nava, but the scutel is more than
as long again as the thorax, and the head is different-
ly formed before. I have recently found a specimen

in Indiana.

240 HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS.

5. F. pallida. Pale brownish ; beneath yellow ;
head a little advanced.

Inhab. Pennsylvania and Florida. .

Body, above, pale brownish-yellow: head, before
the eye, rather longer than the longitudinal diameter
of the eye: eye oval: hypostoma, elevated line ob-
solete, excepting near the superior tip; superior
half yellow, inferior half dusky ; each side before the
eye dusky, the bounding line passing under the eye:
vertex with an impressed line: scwtel as long again
as the thorax, three lined, the lateral ones a little ar-
quated: hemelytra with about eight or ten remote
brown points : peetws on the superior half blackish.

Length to the tip of the hemelytra less than two-
fifths of an inch.

Resembles opaca ; the hemelytra being dilated and
the head prominent as in that species,

6. F. bullata. Hypostoma with an oval elevated
line on the disk. ,

Inhab. United States.

Hypostoma with an elevated line longitudinally in
the middle, each side of which is another elevated,
much arquated line, forming an oval, and all conflu-
ent above, with a transverse line at tip of the head:
vertex with a line behind : thorax with two impress-
ed punctures: sewtel not longer than the thorax:
hemelytra brown-cinereous, sub-bifasciate with black
and bullate near the costal margin before the middle.

HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS, 241

Length to tip of hemelytra over one fourth of an
inch.

In form it resembles the eynosbatis, Fabr. and the
two following species.

7. F. quinquelineata. Scutel five-lined: ner-
vures punctured with black.

Inhab. New Jersey.

Body yellowish : hypostoma with the longitudinal
line and lateral edges elevated, the former somewhat
bifid above : scute/ with five, distinct, elevated lines:
hemelytra with the nervures minutely punctured
with blackish; hyaline slightly clouded with ferru-
ginous towards the tip, and with an obsolete band be-
fore the middle ; a more obvious fuscous dot towards
the tip of the costal.

Length to tip of hemelytra three tenths of an inch.

Occurred on Pinus rigida early in August.

8. F. humilis. Blackish; scutel five-lined.

Inhab. Pennsylvania.

Body brownish-black : hypostoma with a central
elevated line and lateral edges : vertex with a whitish
spot each side: thorax narrow: scufel with five ele-
vated lines: hemelytra with brown nervures, those
near the tip fuscous: feet and tip of the venter yel-
lowish.

Length to tip of hemelytra over three-twentieths
of an inch.

Resembles quinquelineata, but is much smaller
and differently coloured and marked.

242 HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS.

Mempracis. Fabr. Germ.
ee

1. M. ¢artarea. Black ; hemelytra hyaline at sis

Inhab. Pennsylvania. " atin owe

Head and thorax black, polishal immaculate 5
the latter simple, slightly elevated ; tip acute, rather
slender and greenish: hemelytra with the four api-
cial cellules hyaline, excepting that the including
nervures are margined with fuscous: feet greenish :
thighs tinged with rufous: abdomen green : venter,
segments at their bases dusky.

Length to tip of apeyte less than one-fifth of
an inch.

2. M. semicrema. Green ; head and anterior tho-
racic disk black.

Inhab. Florida.

Head black, a green band betwen the anterior
angles of the eyes: thorax little elevated, simple,
green, with a large black anterior disk; tip rather
slender, acute: Aemelytra hyaline; nervures mostly
blackish; three terminal cellules subequal, rather
broader than long: beneath yellowish-green.

Length to tip of hemelytra less than one-fifth of
an inch. ,

Somewhat resembles tartarea.

4
sey

3. M. calwa. Thorax simple, blacks head
greenish. ts
Inhab. Pennsylvania.

HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS. 243

Head greenish, more or less black at base : thorax
simple, hardly elevated, black, polished, generally
greenish at tip, which is not slender: hemelytra hy-
aline: nervures pale greenish: pectus black: feet
greenish: thighs more or less black.

_ Length to tip of hemelytra less than ma
eths of an inch.

A smaller species than the fartarea an semicre-
may, and the thorax is not so slender at tip. I obtain-
ed many specimens on Eupatorium maculatum, in the
axille of the leaves, early in July.

4. M. goniphora. Thorax flattened before, subu-
late behind.

Inhab. Missouri.

Above greenish, minutely reticulate with yellow-
ish-rufous: thorax greatly elevated, flattened before
so as to form an acute line each side, which meet at
the greatest elevation, rather before the middle,
from whence the curvature descends by an acute ca-
rina to the tip, which is subulate and arquated : he-
melytra, three terminal cellules unequal.

Length to tip of hemelytra three-tenths of an inch.

Several specimens were presented to me by Mr.
Nuttall, who obtained them during his voyage up
the Missouri river.

- 5, M. festina. Thorax with a subacute line each
side before, meeting behind the middle.
~ Tnhab. Florida.

244 MEMIPTEROUS INSECTS.

Body yellowish-green: thorax unarmed, carinate
behind; at tip attenuated, subulate and complying
with the general curvature; each side before a cari-
nate line, meeting together at the carina behind the
middle, and with the carina tinged with rufous ; front
of the thorax not altogether flat, but a little convex :
hemelytra, three terminal cellules unequal 5 the two
costal ones equal, as broad as long; the inner one not
obviously larger than the others together, somewhat
longer than broad.

Length to tip of hemelytra one-fifth of an inch.

The lateral prominent lines of the unarmed thorax,
separate this species from all those which I have de-
scribed, excepting goniphora, which, however, is
larger, the thorax more elevated, and the lateral
lines meet before the middle of the length of the
back.

NOTE: by S. G. Morton, M. D.

In Mr. Vanuxem’s paper on the Secondary, Tertiary and
Alluvial formations of the United States, (published in this
volume,) Cockspur island, on the coast of Georgia, is men-
tioned as a locality of Belemnites. I have twice since quoted
the statement on Mr. Vanuxem’s authority; but there ap-
pears to be some mistake in relation to it; for Captain Le
Conte, U.S.A., authorises me to say, that he has personally
examined every part of Cockspur island, that it is strictly
Alluvial, and presents no traces whatever of organic remains.

August 16, 1830. ‘

.
Pay. a

) Observations on the Electrical Characters of Caov-
TcHOUC, or Gum Evastic; with some applica-
tions of which they are susceptible. By WALTER. -
R. Jounson, M.A. N.S. P. Professor of Mecha-
nies and Natural Philosophy in the Franklin
Institute.

[Read April 20, 1830.]

gay = § ,
Most treatises on electricity, contain an enumera-

tion of the substances, which, under ordinary circum-
stances, retain the electric fluid when developed,
and which are called non-conductors. Among ma-
terials of this class, those possessing vitreous and
resinous properties occupy a conspicuous place, and
their well known opposite peculiarities, have given
rise to the opinions maintained and to the terms em-
ployed by those who adhere to the Dufayan theory
of two electric fluids.

The list of non-conductors enumerated by Singer,
embraces the following substances :

‘¢ Shell lac, amber, resins.

Sulphur, wax, jet.

Glass, and all vitrifications, talc. .

The diamond and all transparent gems.

Raw silk, bleached silk, dyed silk.

~ Wool, hair, feathers.
Dry paper, parchment, and leather.
Air, and all-dry gases.

WOL..VI—MARCH, 1831. $2

246 ON THE ELECTRICAL CHARACTERS OF

Baked wood, dry vegetable substances.
Porcelain; dry marble.
Some silicious and argillaceous stones.
Camphor, elastic gum, lycopodium.

- Native carbonate of Barytes.

Dry chalk, lime, and phosphorus,

Ice at —13° Fahrenheit.

Many transparent crystals when portectly dry:

The ashes of animal and vegetable substances.

Oils, of which the heaviest appear the best.

Dry metallic oxides.”

Though elastic gum is by this author, placed
among the non-conductors of electricity, and has of
late been observed by Dr. J. K. Mitchell, to possess
this property in an eminent degree, eyen when re-
duced to extreme thinness, yet I am not aware that
the inference has heretofore been drawn, that this
substance must, according to a general principle, be
found an active and powerful electric. Such, how-
ever, appears to be the fact, and as it may possibly
lead to some useful and commodious applications of
a botanical production, I have deemed it appropriate
to offer to the Academy, a few rene fii
its peculiarities. .

When we rub with caoutchouc the sctilli of a
piece of paper, with a view to. remove pencil lines
or spots of any kind, we find that by rubbing lightly, P
scarcely any effect is produced in the first moments
of the operation, or at least that the rubber clings

“agg

a

CAOUTCHOUC, OR GUM ELASTIC. 247

with much less force to the paper, than. after some
time has elapsed.
Most persons probably imagine that this difference

_ arises from the cohesive character of the gum, some

portions of which they suppose may be left on the
paper. I apprehend that the effect, in the first in-
stance, may be attributed to electricity ; the cohesive
qualities of the caoutchouc, after the contact has been
made very intimate, keeping the irregularities of
surface so knit together, that one or the other, or both
must be removed, in order to allow the rubber to
move parallel to the surface of the paper. Under
ordinary states of moisture and temperature, paper
isa conductor. It therefore allows the electricity
which it would accumulate and receive, if insulated,
to escape immediately, while that of the non-con-
ducting rubber is retained, and acts upon the particles
of paper and other materials, causing them to adhere
to its surface. When the hand is passed over. the
rubber so as to deprive it of its electricity, these
portions of paper mixed with parts of the rubber
itself, easily drop off, and lie scattered on the paper.
It is sometimes regarded as matter of surprise that
so light a rubbing with the hand willdisplace these
detached masses of rubber and paper from the sur-
face of the caoutchouc, while they adhered firmly, a

“. moment before, under the most active rubbing and

intense pressnre. The removal of the electric excite-

248 ON THE ELECTRICAL CHARACTERS OF

ment is probably sufficient to account for the fact in
question.

When we rub a piece of warm ang paper; the
latter as well as the rubber, evinces the development
of electricity, which may be seen in its pertinacious
adhesion to a table, wall, piece of cold paper, or any
other unelectrified substance with which it may come
in contact. The rubber and the paper now take oppo-
site states, since the former can no longer part, by
conduction, with the portion of electricity which it
receives from the rubbing.

If we press a piece of Indian rubber closely upon
the brass cap of Bennet’s gold leaf electroscope, and.
then withdraw it suddenly, the leaves will diverge
and strike the sides of the glass.

If the rubber be simply stretched and then brought
to the cap of the electroscope, the same indication
of electrical excitement is given, but in a more fee-
ble and imperfect manner. In both these experi-
ments the mode of separating the rubber from the
cap appears to influence essentially the result, since
a gradual withdrawing of it leaves scarcely any signs
of action, while a smart separation causes the leaves
to diverge at once to their greatest extent.

The development of electricity by every change,
and especially by every sudden change, of density, is
a fact generally known to chemists, and is certainly
very remarkable in the substance under considera-
tion.

“‘CAOUTCHOUC, OR GUM ELASTIC. 249

The change of temperature may likewise be made
perceptible, even to the senses, by bringing the piece
of caoutchouc, when recently stretched, in contact
' with some part of the body: a moderate sensation
of warmth is perceived, and a corresponding coolness,
when after a few moments it is again allowed to con-
tract.

The electrie properties of gum elastic apparently
confirm the law enunciated by Coulombyjin respect to
the electrical state of bodies electrified by rubbing.

According to that law, when the surfaces of two
bodies are rubbed together, that body, the integrant
particles of which are least removed from each other,
and which vibrate least about their natural centres of
equilibrium, seems by this very circumstance to be
the more disposed to receive the vitreous electricity.

The particles of gum elastic may be considered as
presenting an extreme case of vibration, and accord-
ingly the resinous state is induced by rubbing with
almost every other substance.

Since the method of expanding gum elastic bags,
by treating them with ether, was first practised by
Dr. Mitchell, that gentleman has informed me. that
he has made some experiments which tend to show
that even when reduced to extreme thinness this
substance. would resist the passage of a spark from
the prime conductor of an electrical machine, and
his inference is, that its non-conducting power is
perfect. To bring this matter to the test, it would

250 ON THE ELECTRICAL CHARACTERS OF

“be desirable to repeat the experiments with strong-
ly charged batteries. The gum would, in all pro-
bability, be found, like glass, to yield under charges

_ of sufficient intensity.

The fact, however, that it has a power of resisting
to a considerable extent, points it out as a good me-
dium to be interposed between the two surfaces of
the condenser, or substituted in some form for the
Leyden phial.

For this purpose, a piece of gum, reduced toa very
thin sheet, may be interposed between two sheets of
tin foil and laid upon a tables a thicker sheet of gum
may then be laid upon the upper sheet of foil, so
that the edge of the latter should be at some dis-
tance from that of the former. The whole may
then be rolled up into a coil, allowing a small part of
the included tin-foil to project out at one end of the
roll. A charge may now be given to this apparatus,
and a shock obtained by connecting the outer sheet

of tin with the part of the inner, projecting at the "

end.

A disk of metal may be covered with a thin sheet
of caoutchoue and another disk furnished with an
insulating handle placed above it; this apparatus will
serve all the purpose of the ordinary condenser.

I have stretched a piece of gum upon a circular
piece of board, six inches in diameter, with a coat
of tin-foil underneath ; on rubbing this with flannel,
it becomes highly electrified, and if a plate, like the

®,

ee ee

ee. ae ae

CAOUTCHOUG, OR GUM ELASTIC. ~ 251

upper or. receiver plate of the electrophorous, be
placed upon it and touched, it will evince a very vi-
gorous action on the electroscope.

This effect may be increased by the use of the
condenser, and even a common Leyden j jar may be
charged in favourable weather to a considerable de-
gree of intensity.

By a single contact of the plate of this electropho-
rous so much electricity is sometimes developed, that
it will communicate to a pin’s head, electricity
enough to turn the small needle of the silk thread
torsion-balance through two or three revolutions.

The non-conducting property of caoutchouc may
be profitably employed in the construction of torsion
balances for measuring the intensity of electrical ac-
tion. For this purpose a string of the gum, of any
convenient thickness, may be cut from a sheet or bag,
making it as nearly as practicable of uniform thick-
ness. This may afterwards be reduced: | to the re-
quired size by treating it with ether, stretching it
~ and allowing it to remain distended until the ether
is fully evaporated. A small longitudinal hole may
then be made at one end, through which a needle of
gum shellack, carrying a disk of metal, or what is
better, a very thin spherical bag of caoutchouc at
one extremity, may be accurately adjusted on its
centre of gravity. Insulators of this substance may
be formed either in plates, strings, or conical por-
tions of bags to support any required apparatus.

>

252 © ON THE ELECTRICAL CHARACTERS, &c.

Hence it appears that nearly a complete set of
electrical apparatus may be formed of this substance,
capable of being transported with perfect ease and
safety under circumstances in which the common ap-
paratus would be inevitably demolished. Ina large
bag, or extended sheet, it may be used for the cylinder
or plate of the common machine. A portion of the
same may be substituted for the rubber. <The elec-
trophorous, the condenser, and the Leyden jar may
be formed of it. The torsion balance constructed with
balls of this substance instead of pith balls, is an in-
strument far preferable to thatofCoulomb. The jar
may receive either the coiled form already described,
or it may have the usual form by making the inner
coating of tinned iron, covering it with a thin sheet
of gum, and then adding an exterior coating of
metal.

Description of two New Species of SALAMANDER.
By Jacozs Green, M. D., Professor of Chemis-
try in Jefferson Medical College.

[Read August 17, 1830.]

SALAMANDRA,.

1. S. cirrigera.—Cauda longiuscula corpore supra.
fusco, nigroque variato, lineis duabus distinctis ;
sincipite cirrigera; subtus albida.

Stewart’s 8. Length three inches—tail rather
longer than the body—slender and rounded—snout
obtuse, with two short thick fleshy cirri projecting
between the nostrils and the upper lip—eyes large
and_very prominent, nostrils very minute—dack yel-
lowish, speckled with black points, with a black line
on each side edged with white. These lines com-
mence behind the eyes—pass a little distance above
the legs, and unite at the tip of the tail—a row of
minute white dots may be traced along the inferior
edge of these lines. Sides speckled in obscure lines
' —beneath whitish—fore feet four toed—hind feet
five toeed—Female more robust, without the cirri—
and the markings not so distinct.

For this remarkable salamander, I am indebted to
the kindness and the minute researches of my friend
William Stewart, Esquire. He discovered two pair
of them near New Orleans, under some large chips
of wood. They have some resemblance both to the

VOL. VI.—MARCR, 1831. 33

re

254 TWO NEW SPECIES

S. erythronota and the S. bislineata. When these
animals were alive, the cirri or nasal appendages
were about one-fourth of an inch long. From the
situation where they were found, and from their
general appearance, they must be placed among
what are called Land Salamanders ; but their fleshy
cirri seem conclusively to prove that their princi-
pal resort must be in the water. | Cirri we believe;
have never before been noticed on any animals, ex-
cept among fishes. We are aware that at certain
periods, some species of the Salamander show pecu-
liar developments which afterwards disappear. The
membrane on the toes of the S. palmipes and a por-
tion of the beautiful crest in the S. cristata, (both
natives of France,) are examples of the fact to which
we allude. The cirri however, of the reptiles

before us, we think will be found a permanent cha-

racter—at all events they are sufficiently so, to enti-
tle them to their specified name.

2. S. ingens—Cauda longiuscula—corpore supra fer-
rugineo, fusco, ceruleoque maculato—subtus pot
teolo nigroque variato.

Great S. Length nearly eleven inches—‘ai/ three-
fifths of the whole length of the animal, much eom-
pressed along its upper edge, and gradually tapering
to a slightly obtuse tip—head rather long—snout oval
—lower jaw less prominent than the upper—eyes

oa

OF SALAMANDER. 255

slightly protuberant and approximate—colour
throughout dusky ferruginous or dirty red, with
dark bluish blotches which are most distinet on the
tail—skin very porous. On the sides of the tail these
pores assume a granular appearance—legs thick and
strong—toes stout and rather long—the outer edge
of the outer toes of the hind feet fimbriated as in the
Protonopsis horrida of Barton or S. alleghaniensis
of Daudin—which animal it resembles so much,
that at first sight I had no doubt of their identity—
fore feet four toed—hind feet five toed.

This animal is by far the largest and most robust of
the salamander kind, that I have seen or read of. It
was taken ina fresh water stream near New Orleans,
and brought to this city in a bottle of alcohol; it is
therefore impossible to say what the precise colour
of the skin was at the time of its capture, but from
the short time it has been in the alcohol, there can
be little doubt that its present obscure colour and
markings, are nearly the same as when the sani)
was alive.

Iam indebted to the kindness of my friend Dr.
Samuel M‘Clellan for this interesting animal. Dr.
MClellan’s late excursion to Mexico, has enriched
other departments of Natural History, wi some
new species.

256 , NEW SPECIES OF

Description of Fifteen New Speciesof Recent, and
three of Fossiu SHELLS, chiefly from the coast of
the United States. By Timoruy A, Conran,
Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

Read October Sth, 1830.

Having obtained permission to describe such shells
belonging to the collection of the Academy of Natu-
ral Sciences, as I believe to be new, I avail myself
of the privilege so liberally granted, to publish a
few species which inhabit the coast of the United
States; I have elsewhere met with some other ma-
rine shells which do not appear to be noticed in the
systems, and these will be included in the present
paper. '

I embrace this opportunity, also, to make a few
remarks on the Mactra solidissima of Chemnitz,
which has been confounded both with the JZ. soli-
da and grandis, neither of which inhabits our coast.
During a recent visit to the sea shore, I examined
great numbers of the MZ. ‘solidissima, from half an
inch to five inches in length, and the varieties in
form are so numerous that I am not surprised to find
a few of them elevated to the rank of species. The
very young shells generally have an obtuse elevation
extending from the apex to the base, and causing the
basal margin to project in the centre; as the shell
increases in size this character is lost, but the beaks

RECENT AND FOSSIL SHELLS. ° 257

are,'in general, much nearer central in young and
half grown, than in old individuals, and in this state
it closely resembles the M. solida of Great Britain ;
to this variety Mr. Say has given the name of M.
similis.

The following synonyma I believe, will prove to
be correct.

MACTRA.

M. solidissima. Chem. Dill. Wood. Index
Test. pl. 6. f. 22.

M. solida, var. ¢. Gmel.

M. procera. Solander.

M. grandis. Solander. Wood. Index Test.
pl. 6. f. 19.

M. stultorum. Solander.

M. gigantea, Lamarck.

M. similis. Say.

1. M. arctata. Plate XI, fig. 1. Shell subovate,
solid, compressed, anterior side short, truncated and
somewhat angular; posterior side produced, with the
end margin rounded; cartilage pit triangular and
profound; posterior lateral tooth elongated, and
crossed by regular elevated strie.

Inhabits Massachusetts.

Cab. Academy, No. 840. I. Lea, D. Bs Smith.

This shell somewhat resembles in shape the JZ.
donacia, Lam. The specimens in the Academy’s
collection were obtained on the coast of Massachu-
setts, by Dr. C, Pickering.

258 * NEW SPECIES OF

2. M. tellinoides, Plate XI, fig. 2 and 3. Shell
ovate, thin, fragile, with numerous raised, concentric
stri, one end regularly rounded, the other slightly
compressed and somewhat pointed at the extremity ;
lateral teeth distinct in one valve, in the other obso-
lete.

Inhabits the northern coast.

Cab. Academy, No. 1510. W. Hyde, I. Lea,
D. B. Smith. -*

For this species I am indebted to Mr. William
Hyde, who politely lent me the only specimen in
his cabinet ; he informed me that it came from
Holmes’ Hole on the coast of Massachusetts.* It
has generally a slight fold on the smaller side which
gives it the aspect of a Tellina.

3. M. nucleus, Plate XI, fig. 4. Shell small, tri-
angular, thick, with an obsolete concentric ridge ;
umbones flattened and rectilinear ; apices nearly cen-
tral and very acute; posterior slope depressed ;

lateral teeth strong; colour within pale brown.

Inhabits New Jersey.

Cab. Academy, No. 852.

CARDIUM.

1. C€. laqueatum.—Shell cordate, ventricose,
thin, with about 33 subtriangular, transversely
* Since writing the above I have seen many specimens received

by Mr. Smith from Rhode Island, and one in Mr, Lea’s cabinet,
which he informs me is from Florida,

es!

SS ee ee ee Pe ee

RECENT AND FOSSIL SHELLS. ~ 259

wrinkled ribs; umbones prominent 5 lunule not pro-
foundly impressed and somewhat lanceolate; cardi-
nal tooth subulate. rm

Cab. Academy.

Inhabits Fossil from Maryland.

Length 14 inches; length and height nearly equal.
The only determinate fossil species of its genus yet
discovered in this country; I found it only in the
clay beds at St. Mary’s river, and always in a state
of decomposition, that rendered it impossible to ob-
tain any but mutilated specimens.

2. C. Mortoni, Plate XI, fig. 5, 6, 7.—Shell
subovate, oblique, slightly ventricose, thin, destitute
of ribs or radiating strie ; white, covered with a pale
brown epidermis darker towards the base and wrink-
led at the ends; within striated, and of a yellow
colour; margin entire or obsoletely serrated, whit-
ish, with generally an oblong black or dark purple
spot on the posterior side.

Inhabits the northern coast.

Cab. Academy, No. 1064. Dr. Morton, I. Lea.

This shell has not the polish nor distinctly ser-
ated margin of C. serratum to which it is nearly al-
lied; the strie are occasionally obsolete or only slight-
ly serrate; the margin towards the anterior end, and
the youngshells are marked with angular fulvous spots,
similar to the young of C. levigatum and several other
shells. Dr. S.G. Morton first received specimens
of this species which he believed to be undescribed,

260 % NEW SPECIES OF

and it is to him that I am indebted for the use of
many individuals, from which the description has
been drawn ; and it is therefore with pleasure that I
introduce the shell with his name. Numbers were
taken alive in Long Island Sound by Mr. William
R. Clapp; and Professor A. D. Bache lately pre-
sented specimens to the Academy which he procured,
on the coast of Rhode Island. This species has not
been observed south of Long Island.

3. C. pinnulatum, Plate XI, fig. 8.—Shell sub-
orbicular, small, thin, and fragile; ribs about 26,
flattened but becoming convex towards the base,
where they are generally muricated with a single
row of minute, equidistant points; colour whitish
or pale brown.

Inhabits Massachusetts.

Cab. Academy, No. 1087.

This small species of Cardium was lately presented
to the Academy by William Oakes, Esq. of Ipswich,
Massachusetts.

PECTEN.

P. Pealett.—Shell ovate, dull red, varied with
cinereus, with about 26 flattened, transversely ru-
gose ribs, each divided at its base by a longitudinal
sulcus ; interstices with each a scaly elevated longitu-
dinal stria; inferior valve slightly convex, reddish;
ribs flattened, with a profound sulcus at the base of
each, and very few interstitial strie; ears ribbed
and unequal.

RECENT AND FOSSIL SHELLS. 261

Inhabits Maine, where it was found by Mr. T. R.
Peale, at the mouth of a river, having probably been
brought there by an otter.

It has the shape of P. varius of Europe.

Cabinet Acad. Nat. Sc. No. 1400.

MYA.

M. hyalina, Plate XI, fig. 12.—Shell ovate, ob-
long, extremely thin, fragile, pellucid, anterior side
short and rounded ; posterior side produced, slightly
reflected and truncated at the extremity ; epidermis
pale with radiating rugose striz, obsolete or wanting
upon the umbones, but distinct towards the base and
posterior end, where the epidermis is wrinkled ;
beaks prominent, within polished, tooth broad, erect,
little elevated, with its posterior edge fitting into the
slight groove of a projecting plate, in the opposite
valve.

Inhabits the northern coast of the U. S.

Cab. Academy, No. 1207. T. Rogers, I. Lea,
D. B. Smith. ?

CYTHEREA.

C. convexa, Say.—This shell was described as
a fossil and believed to be exclusively such; but I
have found it recent on the sea beach of New Jersey;
and Mr. D. B. Smith lately received two very per-
feet specimens from Rhode Island, the valves of
which are attached by the ligament, and appear to

have been taken with the living animal. They were
VOL, VI.—=MARCH, 18351, 34

262 NEW SPECIES OF

collected by Lieutenant Brown, of ah go 8 —
Island.
Cab. Academy, No. 1241.

NUCULA.

NV. recurva, Plate XI, fig. 21.—Shell oblong,
concentrically striated above, and obliquely towards
the base; anterior side rostrated and recurved ;
posterior end rounded ; beaks nearly central.

Inhabits the West Indies.

Cabinet of the Academy, No. 1452. «

LUCINA.

L. sphzroides, Plate XI, fig. 9, 10.—Shell glo-
bose, white; ribs divaricating, triangular and acute;
interstices concave and transversely wrinkled 3 ante-
rior end depressed ; margin entire, lunule minute.

Syn. Tellina divaricata. Chemnitz, vol. 6, t. 13,
f. 130.

Inhabits Africa.

Cab. T. Rogers, I. Lea.

This shell is well figured by Chemnitz, oh con-
founds it with Zellina divaricata, Lin. I do not
find this figure referred to by later authors, nor any
description of this remarkable and beautiful species,
except in the observations of Chemnitz: he says
it is rare, that it came from the West Indies, and
that few collections could shew a pair of valves;
this shell he observes is bluish white, or ash colour 5
but the specimens I have seen are pure white; one
valve which Mr. Lea kindly lent me to figure, is

fi ‘

RECENT AND FOSSIL SHELLS. 263

tuberculated towards the base, caused by concentric
furrows dislocating the ribs. Mr. Lea informed
me that it was found near Liberia, on the African
coast. It appears to belong to the genus Ungulina,
Kam.

_ ANATINA.

A. Leana, Plate XI, fig. 11.—Shell inequivalve,
elliptical, sub-compressed, very thin and fragile,
white with a yellowish slightly polished epidermis;
anterior side rather shorter and slightly more obtuse
than the posterior, with a linear gape; margin waved;
beaks very small.

Inhabits the northern coast of the U. S.

Cab. D. B. Smith, I. Lea.

This is a remarkable species, and readily recog-
nised ; when dry the epidermis cracks, is very brit-
tle, and coloured with reddish brown at the ends.
I first observed this shell in the cabinet of my friend
Mr. I. Lea, who liberally lent it to me for the pur-
pose of description: but Mr. D. B. Smith having
received a very perfect specimen from Rhode Island,
I have to offer him my acknowledgments for the use
of it. This was sent to him by Lieut. Brown of
Newport, R.I. I have given Mr. Lea’s name to
this shell, as a small tribute of respect for his talents
and industry in illustrating American conchology.

MYTILUS.

M. leucophzxatus, Plate XI, fig. 13.—Shell in-
curved, white, with a very rugose epidermis; anteri-

264 NEW SPBCIES OF

or side much depressed; hinge margin excavated,
with the teeth obsolete ; on the posterior side, under
the beaks, is a pointed laminar tooth directed in-
wards. : nay

Cab. Academy, No. 1453.

Inhabits the southern coast of the U. S.

Found attached by its byssus, to the Ostrea vir=
ginica. Mr. William Riley presented me with
several specimens, and informs me-that he observed
great numbers of them between the shells of two at-
tached oysters.

ARCA.

4. maxillata.—Shell subrhomboidal, compressed,
elevated; umbones rostrated and nearly rectilinear ;

Fossil from Maryland. Philadelphia Museum.

Ihave never seen the shell of this species, the des-
cription being drawn from a cast.

VENUS.

V. alveata, Plate XI, fig. 14, 15.—Shell subtri-
angular, thick, with about six, much elevated, very
thick and profoundly reflected concentric ribs, re-
mote, and becoming smaller towards the posterior
end; margin crenulated.

Syn. V. paphia, Lam.

Inhabits ——. Fossil from Maryland.

Cab. Academy.

This shell is related to V. paphia, with which
species it appears to be confounded by Lamarck, as

RECENT AND FOSSIL SHELLS. 265

his description of V. paphia was drawn from a. fos-
sil from Wilmington, N. Carolina. My shell is a
fossil from St. Mary’s river, Maryland, where it is
by no means rare; it may be distinguished from V.
paphia by its shape, which is shorter in proportion
to its height; and by the remote and recurved
ribs, which do not abruptly, and in a regular line,
become much smaller towards the posterior end.

’ BALANUS.

B. geniculatus, Plate XI, fig. 16.—Shell sub-
conical, white, with prominent, flexuous, longitudinal
ribs, with two angular elevations on each, between
which the valves are crossed by a carinated line 5
valves coarsely striate, and the interstices delicately
striated transversely ; aperture large and ovate.

Inhabits Maine.

Found adhering to Pecten magellanicus,* which
inhabits deep water on the coast of Maine; and it is
by no means rare, although it appears to be found
only in company with the Pecten alluded to. The

.

* This is probably a misnomer, as it is doubtful whether this
species ever came from the Straights of Magellan; but however
that may be, Mr. Peale informs me that it is abundant on the
coast of Maine, where it lives in deep water, and is dredged up by
the fishermen as an article of commerce ; the animal being es-
teemed a luxury in some parts of the New England States. The
fossil P. Clintonius described by Say has been thought to be the
same species, and certainly very much resembles it, but I have
no doubt that it is distinct

266 NEW SPECIES OF

figure represents an attached specimen in my col-
lection, for which I am era to Mr. Beales
Cab. Academy, No.,

vaste Bisinnete
V. rupicola, “Plate XI, fig. 17, 18.—Shell ob-
liquely subovate, very thin, fragile, pellucid whitish,
covered with a rough brown epidermis with spi
raised striz ; first two whorls minute, body whort

ventricose ; aperture suboval and ‘nearly as long as:

_ the shell; inner lip not-thickened and but slightly
reflected.

Inhabits Massachusetts.

Cab. Academy, No. 508. I. Lea.

A very perfect shell of this species was presented
to the Academy by Dr. C. Pickering, who informed
me that it adheres to rocks on the sea coast, and has
the habits of the Patella; in this particular it re-
sembles V. Otis; but it certainly approaches very
near to V. levigata, from which however it is sufli-
ciently distinct, as the foregoing description and the
figures will render evident. *I am indebted to Mr.
I. Lea fora specimen, and this, (like all which I ob-
served in that gentleman’s cabinet) has a very light
coloured epidermis; whilst that in the Academy’s
collection is deep brown, probably from age.

LACUNA. Turton.

L. pertusa, Plate XI, fig. 19.—Shell conical,
rather elongated, thin, semitransparent, with an

ee ee ee ee

RECENT AND FOSSIL SHELLS. 267

clivaceous epidermis, very minutely striated spiral-
ly and wrinkled transversely ; whorls five, rounded,
suture deeply impressed; apex rather obtuse ; body
whorls slightly ventricose; generally with four darker
bands, one band in each of the other volutions ;
columella with a wide and deep groove, ending in a
profound umbilicus; aperture subovate.

Inhabits Massachusetts.

Cab. Academy, No. 1306. D. B. Smith.

This shell resembles Z. guadrifasciata, but dif-
fers in the large size of its groove and umbilicus.
The markings are variable, and the bands are some-
times dilated, forming two only on the body whorl ;
other specimens are a nearly uniform dark horn
colour; there is no subcarination on the large volu-
tion, as in"L. guadrifasciata. Mr. Smith received
his specimens from Licutenant Brown.

PATELLA.

P. alveus, Plate XI, fig. 20.—Shell oblong, ele-
vated, thin, pellucid, with fine radiating strie,
rounded at each end; sides nearly straight; apex
not central, and pointing towards the short end;
colour whiteish with reddish brown irregular spots
and lines, which are distinctly visible within.

Inhabits Massachusetts.

Cab. Academy, No. 506. I. Lea.

The Academy is indebted for this, and several
other highly interesting shells, to the researches of

268 NEW SPECIES, &¢.

Dr. Pickering on the coast of Massachusetts. Mr.
I Lea also found it on the coast of Nantucket.

‘EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

&? All the figures are of the natural size.

Fig.

1. Mactra arctata.

2. 3. Mactra tillinoides.

4, Mactra nucleus.

5. 6. 7. Cardium Morto-
ni.

8. Cardium pinnulatum.

9. 10. Lucina spheroi-
des.

11. Anatina Leana.

Fig.
12. Mya hyalina.
13. Mytillus leucophx-

atus.

14. 15. Venus alveata.
16. Balanus geniculatus.
17.18.Velutina rupicola.
19. Lacuna pertusa.
20. Patella alveus.
21. Nucula recurva.

FOSSIL BONES OF THE MEGALONYX. 269

Description of the Foss. Bones of the Megalonyx,
discovered in ** Wuite Cave,’ Kentucky. By
R. Haran, M. D.

[Read March 8th, 1831.]
Mecatonyx laqueatus.

For many years it was ascertained that the collec-
tion of fossils in the cabinet of the late Mr. Clifford
of Kentucky, contained some of the remains of a Me-
galonyx. On the death of this gentleman, his whole
collection passed into the hands of Mr. Dorfeuille,
proprietor of the Cincinnati Museum,—who added
a very extensive collection of fossils of almost every
variety, principally from the Basin of the Mis-
sissippi. During the summer of 1829, this collec-
tion was offered for sale ; when my estimable friend
John Price Wetherill, Esq. with that distinguished
liberality which he has so repeatedly displayed to-
wards the sciences and those who cultivate them,
authorized me when on a visit to Cincinnati in the
autumn of the same year, to purchase these invalua-
ble reliques, which, together with other admirable
contributions in this department, he has caused to be
arranged in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.

The fossil bones which form the immediate sub-
ject of the present dissertation were labelled ‘ White
Cave,” Kentucky ; being one of those saltpetre caves

VOL. VI.—mManrc#, |831. 35

270 FOSSIL BONES OF

so numerous in the limestone formation, in the states
of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. One of them
_ named the ‘‘ Mammoth Cave,” Kentucky, is said to
extend thirteen miles, and runs under Green River.
During the late war the United States government
was supplied with nitre from these caves, which
salt, it is said, is not regenerated so soon as usual in
other countries ; the atmosphere. within them is ex-
ceedingly dry and antiseptic; Indian Mummies,
which consist of human bodies simply desiccated,
together with their ornaments, have been frequently
discovered in a state of high preservation; and bones
of the existing species of animals have ncckaianetlt
been observed.*

* From a communication received from my intelligent friend
Dr. Black, late of Kentucky, we copy the following extract a ele
tive to the White Cave.

«« The Cave is located in Edmondson County, Kentucky, on the
Southern bank of Green River—130 miles distant, following the
course of the stream, and 50 miles, in a direct northern line, from the
Ohio river—120 miles S. W. of Lexington. It penetrates the second
or upper bank of the river nearly at its summit, about half a mile
from the mouth of Mammoth cave. The entrance dips a little
below the horizon, and is 8 or 10 feet deep, and is only sufficiently
large to admit of the simultaneous ingress of one person feet fore-
most. The first chamber is of an irregular elongated oval shape,
with a low, flat, uneven roof, seldom allowing a grown person to
stand erect. Water continually dropping from the ceiling keeps
the floor very wet, this is irregular, and covered with a thin layer
of alluvial soil—mud or clay and gravel. The second chamber
differs from the first in having the ceiling covered with quill-like
stalactites, and its floor more level, is intersected with small chan-
nels of running water, so transparent, as to be scarcely perceptible.

THE MEGALONYX. 271

Along with the remains of the Megalonyx, we
have received portions of skeletons of the Bos, the
Cervus, the Ursus, and a metacarpal bone of the hu-
man species. The remains of the Bear alone appear
to be nearly as ancient as those of the Megalonyx.
Strictly speaking, these bones are not fossilized;
they retain a very considerable quantity of animal
matter, but are much more brittle and lighter than
recent’ bones; most of the articulating surfaces are
still more or less covered with cartilage: they are
mostly of a yellow ochreous colour: it is stated
that they were found on the surface of the floor of
the cave ; whilst those of the Megalonyx Jeffersonii
were buried two or three feet beneath the surface,
and are completely fossilized ; they are still in very
good preservation in the cabinet of the American
Philosophical Society.

The remains of the new Megalonyx, consist of.
two claws of the fore feet; a radius, humerus, sca-
pula, one rib, and several remnants ; 0s calcis, tibia,
a portion of the femur; four dorsal, and one lumbar
vertebrx ; a portion of a molar tooth; together with
several epiphyses: the bones being portions of the
skeleton of a young animal, are occasionally imper-
fect at their extremities.

The third chamber is more regular than either of the others, and
is chiefly distinguished by an irregular pile of limestone, which
has evidently fallen from above, and very probably closes the pas-
sage to other chambers. Saltpetre, so common in other caves,
has not been detected in this.”

272 FOSSIL BONES OF

In the same collection there are a humerus nearly
perfect, and a metacarpal bone of an adult animal of
the same species, disinterred subsequently at that
almost universal cemetry of fossil ucionpyit “ Big-
bone lick.”

The bones of the fore arm oe fore foot, ‘epee
with a single tooth of the ** Megalonyx Jeffersonii’’
discovered in 1796 in a cavern in Green Briar coun-
ty, Virginia, (vid. Cuvier Anim. foss. vol. v. part 1.
ed. 3. p. 160.) are the only portions of the skeleton
of this genus hitherto obtained. On comparison of
the similar parts of the skeleton of the new animal,
they will be found to display strong characters of
specific distinctions.

In addition to the Megatherium and Megalonyx,
so elaborately described by Baron Cuvier in his
‘¢Ossemens fossiles,”? this author has furnished us
with indications of the existence of two other fossil
quadrupeds of the order Edentata; one of these he
refers to the genus “‘ Manis,” but of immense mag-
nitude, when compared to the largest of that genus
now existing, if we may judge from the size of an
ungueal phalanx, which was disinterred in the vieci-
nity of Eppelsheim, canton of Alzey, on the Rhine.
This fossil quadruped may have been twenty four
feet long.

The other fossil to which the Baron alludes, is an
armadillo, (Dasypus) more than ten feet in length,
lately discovered in the alluvium of the **Rio del

THE MEGALONYX. 273

Sauce”’ in the vicinity of Montevideo; this animal
was evidently covered with scales, and its femur,
which weighed seven pounds, is said to resemble in
every respect that of the armadillo.

With these preliminary remarks, we htt to
the description of the bones in question, commenc-
ing with those which we are enabled to compare
with similar bones of its kindred species: these latter
being already minutely and accurately described in
the Anim. foss., it is only necessary to note the points
of dis-similitude.

- 1. The largest claw or ungueal phalanx, which
appears to belong to the medius, in general contour
resembles that of the M. Jeffersonii; but is much
thicker and stronger, being one half as high as it is
long, measured posteriorly ; and is more curved at
the point, and more abruptly arched above j—the
inferior osseous plate or tubercle, is globular, and
protuberant, and in place of two foramina as’ in
M. J., the vessels: entered a notch, at the pos-
terior base of the tubercle, and run in a direc-
tion parallel to the axis of the bone, but the ar-
tery soon divides, one branch penetrating the sub-
stance of the bone, within the osseous sheath, an-
other running upwards between the bone and nail ;
as is demonstrated by a groove and foramen. The
osseous sheath, which rises upward and appears to
have spread from the tubercle, is broken off from
both sides. The articulating surface, and the whole

274 FOSSIL BONES OF

aspect of the bone, denotes a much more powerful
instrument than the same bone of the adult species
to which it is allied. Vid. table of dimensions at the
end of this paper, and pl. 12. fig. 1 and 2.

2. The second claw or that of the annular finger,
is smaller, and proportionably more slender, and
bears the same comparison as the first to the annular
claw of the M. Jeffersonii, but is a much more inte-
resting specimen on account of the preservation of
the nail itself, which is of a compact lamellated cor-
neous structure, of a reddish ferruginous tint, and
adheres closely to the bone beneath, and to the osse-
ous sheath above, which is fractured and removed on —
the exterior side, and shows the nail passing upwards
and backwards as far as the articulating eipiphysis,
pl. 12. fig. 3. The inferior or cutting edge of the claw
or nail is canaliculate, as in the Bradypus tridacty-
lus.—At the inferior portion of the claw, the corne-
ous substance is three tenths of an inch in thickness.

On the interior surface the osseous sheath is per-
fect, and extends above the dorsum of the bone, vid.
pl. 12. f. 4. This phalanx is much more curv-
ed than that of the M. Jeff. and differs also in its
relative proportions; its height is about one —
its length. Vid. table of dimensions.

All the claws in this species, as well as in those of
the M. Jeffersonii, were evidently furnished with
osseous sheaths, but are broken in the specimens of
the last named species; a fact which could not be so

THE MEGALONYX. 275

readily ascertained by examining the plaster casts of
the bones alone; in which respect again the Mega-
lonyx is more closely allied to the sloth.

3. The contour of the superior head of the radius
is circular, as in the Megalonyx Jeffersonii ;—and in
its general aspect this bone resembles that of the last
named species, but.is proportionably thinner, nar-
rower, and longer ;—cartilaginous matter remains
adhering to the articulating surfaces. The epiphy-
sis from. the radio-carpal extremity is lost. Vid. pl.
12. fig. 5. anterior, and fig 6. posterior view.

4. The fractured molar tooth, appears to have
belonged. to the inferior maxilla on the right side ;
the crown is destroyed; a part of the cavity of the
root remains. The body is compressed transversely,
and presents a double curvature, which renders its
anterior and exterior aspects slightly convex; the
posterior and interior gently concave ; these surfaces
are all uniform with the exception of the interior or
mesial aspect, which presents a longitudinal rib or
ridge one half the thickness of the long diameter of
the tooth ; with a broad, not profound, longitudinal
groove or channel along each of its borders. It is
from this resemblance to a portion of a fluted column,
that the animal takes its specific appellation.

The crown would resemble an irregular ellipsis
widest at the anterior portion.—The tooth consists
of a central pillar of bone surrounded with enamel,
the former of a dead white, the latter of a ferrugin-

276 FOSSIL BONES OF

ous brown colour: the transverse diameter is more
than two thirds less than its length, whilst that of
M. Jeffersonii is only one third less—the antero-
posterior diameter is one half its length in the for-
mer, and two thirds less in the latter. The propor-
tions of this tooth are consequently totally at vari-
ance with that of its kindred species. (Vid. pl. 12.
fig. 7.8. 9. a. exterior,—b. interior,—c. crown. )

5. Os humeri.—The portions of the skeletons of.
this genus, which remain to be described, being |
heretofore unknown, our means of comparative ob-
servation as regards its kindred species are at an
end; among its congeners however, there exists am-
ple means of comparison. In the form of the hu-
merus of the Orycteropus, for example, we find the
almost exact counterpart of that now under notice. —
(Vid. Anim. foss. - Vol. 5. part 1. pl. 12. fig. 2.
Ed. 3.)

It has already been remarked that the individual
whose bones are above described, was at death a
young animal, perhaps one third less than the adult
size; consequently the epiphyses are generally sep-
arated, and in some instances lost: this is the case
with the arm bone. Being in possession of a larger
and much more perfect specimen of a fossil humerus
of the same species from Big-bone-lick, we shall
draw our descriptions from this;—merely remarking
of the former, that it bears the same relative pro-
portions to the radius, as is observed in the same

THE MEGALONYX. 277

parts in the Orycteropus. Myrmecophaga Capen-
sis.—Pall. (Vid. Table of dimensions.)

The humerus from Big-bone-lick, is nineteen
inches long, and is of the colour and consistence of
the bones of the Mastodon from the same locality.
Like the same bone in the Myrmecophaga and Oryc-
teropus, it is distinguished by the extreme length
of the internal condyle, in order to afford origin to
the large muscles which move their enormous claws.
This internal condyle is also distinguished by a large
foramen, for the transmission of nerves and blood
vessels, and to relieve them from the pressure to
which they would be subjected by the action of the
large muscles in their vicinity. This foramen is
characteristic of all the species included in the order
Edentata, with the exception of the Sloth and Meg-
atherium. ‘The shaft is strongly marked with longi-
tudinal ridges and depressions; its superior head by
a large external and internal protuberance ; its low-
er head, together with the radio-humeral articula-
ting surface, is broad and flat, with a depression or
cavity on the posterior part, for the coronoid pro-
cess of the ulna. ‘The external condyle is partially
fractured, but judging from the apparent curvature
at its superior border, its outline is precisely the
same as that of this condyle in the Orycteropus.
(Vid. pl. 13. fig. 10. from Big-bone-lick. Fig. 11.
White Cave, Kentucky.)

VOL, VI.—MARCH, 183], 36

278 FOSSIL BONES OF

6. Scapula.—As a counterpart for this bone we
might refer to its almost miniature likeness, the
scapula of the Myrmecophaga jubata, to which it
bears a closer resemblance than to that of any other
animal. In both, the bone is nearly as high as
broad ; and both are perforated by a distinct fora-
men, in place of a notch, near the anterior and infe-
rior angle; but they differ in the relative position of
the superior and posterior angle, in the relative
lengths of the different borders, and in the relative
length of the acromion process. The posterior bor-
der is nearly rectilinear in the present instance, and
curved in the Ant®eater. The acromion process is
nearly on a line with the anterior border of the
glenoid cavity, in the former; whereas this process
projects below, and before this border in the latter.
In both, the acromion projects a considerable dis-
tance from the coracoid precess, with which it has
no connection. The anterior border of the mega-
lonyx scapula being broken, we have by dotted
lines, attempted its restoration in the figure. The
glenoid cavity is an ellipsis, nearly twice as long as
it is broad. It is most probable that the new ani-
mal, like the Orycteropus, was destitute of clavicle,
in which respect they differ from the Megatherium,
the little Ant-eater, and the Sloth. (Vid. Tab. of
dimens. and pl. 13. fig. 12. which may be compared
with the humerus of the Orycteropus, pl. 9. fig. 6.
vol. 5. pl. 1. ed. 3. Anim. foss. )

THE MEGALONYX. 279

7. A metacarpal bone, which probably belonged
to the same animal from which we have derived
the humerus, was lately obtained by Mr. Cooper
from Big-bone-lick, for a cast of which we are in-
debted to Dr. Dekay;—it is proportionably shorter
and thicker than the metacarpal bone of the index
finger of the M. Jeffersonii, to which it bears a gen-
eral resemblance ; it differs also in the diagonal or
oblique position of the articulating surface of its in-
ferior head, and in the greater size of its tuberosi-
ties; from the marks on its superior or carpal
head, it must have belonged to the right fore-foot,
and is part of a skeleton of an animal much larger
and more powerful than the M. Jeffersonii. (pl. 13.
fig. 13. back view, fig. 14. anterior articulating sur-
face. ) a
8. Ribs.—The first rib of the left side has its in-
ferior extremity broken off;—it is characterized by
the extreme width of its superior head; the large-
ness and proximity of the two articulating surfaces ;
and the deep furrows for the lodgement of muscles.
—pl. 13. fig. 15. The remaining rib is in a state
of perfect preservation ; it is much thicker in pro-
portion to its length than that of the Rhinoceros ;
the superior extremity is marked, for a small dis-
tance, with a furrow for the intercostal arteries, on
both the anterior and posterior borders :—the distal
extremity is narrow; it appears to be one of the an-
terior false ribs, left side. (Tab. dimens.—and pl.
14, fig. 16.)

280 FOSSIL BONES OF

9. Vertebre.—These consist of four dorsal and
one lumbar; pl. 13. fig. 17. appears to be one of
the posterior dorsal. ‘The general resemblance is to
that of the Megatherium; but the spinous process is
not so long; all the processes have lost their epi-
physes. ‘The lumbar vertebra is larger and heavi-
er, as usual. The bodies of all are perforated by
one or two large foramina, running from the base to
the spinal canal. (Vid. Tab. of Dimens. pl. 13.
fig. 18.)

10. Femur.—An epiphysis, comprising the in-
ferior head, is the only portion of this bone pre-
served ; this however is very important, as it ena-
bles us to construct the knee joint, which in this
animal presents remarkable characters. When it is
recollected that the whole order of the Edentata,
like that of the Monotremata, are characterized by
their abnormal physical developments, the peculiar
structure observed in the new fossil animal will ap-
pear less surprising.

The internal condyle is very considerably larger
and projects further downwards than usual; where
it is received into a rather deep concavity of the
tibia. The external condyle is smaller and repre-
sents a segmentofa flattened sphere, the longest diam-
eter of which is in the antero-posterior direction; the
depressed surface looking obliquely inwards, toward
the internal condyle, from which it is separate near-
ly two inches. The pulley-like surface for the ac-

THE MEGALONYX. 281

commodation of the rotula, is large, and strongly
marked, though not deep. This portion belonged
to the femur of the right side. Vid. Tab. Dimens.
and pl. 14. fig. 19. |

11. Tibta.—This bone is in a good state of pre-
servation with the. exception of the inferior head,
which is deprived of its epiphysis. The depression
on the superior head for the reception of the inter-
nal condyle, is nowise remarkable, except for its
unusual depth; it would admit of extensive motion
without liability to luxation. The central ridge
which divides the head does not extend across the
surface: the articulating surface is convex; and on its
outer border, in place of the usual depression for
the reception of the external condyle there exists
a segment of a flattened sphere, projecting upwards
nearly on a level with the central ridge, and in a
manner isolated from the other portions of the ar-
ticulating surface, leaving a considerable portion of
the anterior and exterior part of this surface, irregu-
larly raised, not covered with cartilage, and bearing
marks of tendinous insertions. This sphere is rath-
er more depressed than the external condyle, on
which it moves; and projects posteriorly, much be-
yond the border of the interior articulating cavity.
On the exterior and rather posterior lateral portion
of this sphere, there is a rough and honey-comb ap- —
pearance, evidently intended for the attachment,
by anchylosis, of the superior head of the fibula,

282 FOSSIL BONES OF

which must have occupied a position nearly posteri-
or as well as exterior to the tibia. The body of the
tibia is uniform anteriorly and depressed ; gradually
narrowing and compressed towards the middle, and
again enlarging at the inferior portion: posteriorly
the body of the bone presents a broad ridge, causing
a considerable projection at the upper part, and de-
scending in a straight line from the sphere in the
centreof the bone, and disappears before itreaches the
middle of the tibia. By referring to the tab. of dimen-
sions, and pl. 14. fig. 20 and 21. being an interior
and posterior view—and to fig. 22. being a view of
the articulating surface, a more correct idea of this
anomalous structure will be obtained, than can be
given in a description. The tibia is of the left leg.

12. There is an articulating epiphysis, which ap-
pears to have been attached to the inferior head of
a tibia; but is unlike any portion of bone of that
kind that has come under my observation. It pre-
sents a large articulating surface, still covered with
dark coloured cartilage ; there is a short internal
maleolus, separated from the articulating surface an-
teriorly by a deep groove for the passage of a strong
tendon, and two other grooves, situated laterally and
rather posteriorly ; there is also a small articulating
surface projecting obliquely upward and outward
from the exterior border; the bone is convex an-
teriorly, and concave posteriorly. It appears too
large to have formed a part of the tibia just des-
cribed, pl. 14. fig. 23,

THE MEGALONYX, 283

13. The Os calcis presents some analogy in gen-
eral contour to that of the Badypus tridactylus, but
is proportionably much shorter, as will be seen by
referring to the table of dimensions; it presents
three articulating surfaces for attachment to the as-
tragalus; superior, inferior, and exterior. Vid. pl.
14. fig. 24. The inferior border is concave; the
superior, probably, an oblique plain; (this portion
being fractured.) The posterior and inferior ex-
tremity is inclined inwards. Vid. pl. 14. fig. 25.

14. The inferior maxilla of a Bear, found in
‘* White Cave,” is introduced here, as it displays
. appearances of an antiquity nearly equal to that of the
bones of the Megalonyx. It appears to have belonged
to the common black Bear, (Ursus Americanus,) pl.
14. fig. 26.

Our animal with the teeth constructed after the
manner of the Sloth, presents in the remaining por-
tions of the skeleton, a singular admixture of charac-
ters peculiar to the Ant-eater, the Armadillo, and
the Orycteropus.

In size, the adult of the present species surpasses
the Megalonyx of Jefferson, being about one third
less than the Megatherium. It possesses peculiari-
ties of organic structure, which certainly entitle it
to rank as a distinct species; indeed a minute ex-
amination of the tooth and knee joint, render it not
improbable, supposing the last named character to
be peculiar to it, that if the whole frame should

284 FOSSIL BONES OF

hereafter be discovered, it may even claim a generic
distinction; in which case, either Aulaxodon, or
PLEvRODON, would not be an inappropriate name 3
referring to the ribbed or fluted form of the mesial
aspect of the tooth, M. Desmarest’s most prominent
character of this genus, viz. ‘‘Molars cylindrical,”
will not apply to this animal. In every instance,
when it could be accomplished with any degree of
certainty, an attempt has been made to restore the
fractured portions of bone, by introducing dotted
lines.

The fossil humerus disinterred at Big-bone-lick,
and which appears to have belonged to an adult in-
dividual of the present species, is nineteen inches in
length ; the same bone of the Megatherium is twen-
ty-six inches and four tenths; the height of the
whole skeleton of the latter, according to Cuvier,
being seven feet four inches and five tenths; which
would give to the new animal, a height of about five
feet, supposing the existence of similar proportions.
The radius of the new animal, (being part of the
young skeleton found in ‘‘White Cave’’) is about
one sixth less than that of the M. Jeffersonii; and
the individual to which it belonged, may have
been about the size of the common ox, although it
was not more than three fourths grown, if we are
permitted to judgé from comparisons made on the.
size of the os humeri, and metacarpal bone of the
fossil animal found at Big-bone-lick, with those from
White Cave.

THE MEGALONYX, 285

The laws of co-existence, when applied to esti-
mate the relative proportions of animals, must of
‘course be admitted with some limitation, these
proportions being known to vary according to age,
and other circumstances. Thus the legs of the colt
are proportionably much longer than those of the
horse ; and were we to conclude from the extreme
size of the internal condyle of the os humeri of the
Orycteropus, that the claws of this animal are equal-
ly.developed with some others of the same order,
the conclusion would be erroneous. Further, the
bones of the fore arm of the new Megalonyx, (young
specimen) are actually smaller than those of the M.
Jeffersonii, yet the claws of the former are absolute-
ly larger and stronger. Indeed, as Cuvier has al-
ready remarked, there exists exceptions to all those
general laws of co-existence, so admirably establish-
ed by his boundless penetration. Thus, to the gen-
eral law, ‘“‘Ruminant-animals furnished with sharp
canines are destitute of horns,”? are opposed the
examples found in the Cervus moschatus, and in
the subgenus, Rusa. Again, ‘¢ Ruminants alone are
characterized by cloven hoofs”—the genus Sus fur-
nishes an example directly at variance with this
rule. Such exceptions however stand in relation to
the whole system, as ‘spots in the sun;” the only
surprise is, that they do not more frequently occur.

* In fine, the deeper we enter into the study of this
VOL. VI.~—-MAROH, 1851, 37

286 FOSSIL BONES, &c.

most important and deeply interesting department of
knowledge, based as it is, on the unerring principles
of geometrical and mathematical science, the more
cause we find to look up with admiration to that
“Master Spirit,’ which diffusing itself through
every department of animated nature, has conferred
upon this, a dignity, order, and utility, equalled on-
ly by the science of astronomy ; and which certainly
cannot be surpassed by any ia that may occupy
the mind of man.

287

TABLE OF DIMENSIONS.

LARGE CLAW.

Inches.
Length of the largest Claw 6,
Height 3.4

Length of articulating surface
along the cord of the arch 1, 6

Breadth of the same 1, 6
SMALL CLAW.
Length 6.0
Height 2.0

Length of articulating surface
along the cord of the arch 1. 1
Breadth: Ee

RADIUS.

Length without inferior head 12. 6
Greatest width 3.1
Thickness 1.0

MOLAR TOOTH.
Length of the fragment 2.3
Antero-posterior diameter 1.4
‘Transverse 0, 8

HUMERUS

From Big-bone-lick,

Length ™ 19.0

Greatest diameter ofits shaft 3. 0
————of superior head 5.5
Breadth of inferior head, a-
bout 9.
Long diameter of the foramen
in the internal condyle 2. 0
Short or transverse diameter 1. 0
Diameter of superior articula-
ting surface
Length of articulating surface
of inferior head 6.
Distance of the extremity of
the internal condyle from

the centre of the shaft 6.0

HUMERUS
from White Cave, without epi-
physes.
Length ties 12. 8
Diameter of the shaft 2.0

METACARPAL BONE
from Big-bone-lick.

Length 5.0
Long diameter of anterior
head 2.5
Short diameter 1.5
SCAPULA.

Length of the spinal border
not following its curvature,

about 13. 0
Posterior border 9. 0
Anterior border 9.0

Height ef scapula from the

centre of the spinal border,
to glenoid cavity, about 11.0
Length of glenoid cavity 3. 5
Transverse diameter 2.0
Height of the spinous pro-
cess 3.0
Length of the acromion pro-
cess 3.0
Breadth 1.8
aap
RIB. ‘
Breadth of the head of the
first rib 3. 8
of articulating sur-
face

Length of the false rib follow- ;

ing its curvature 29.0
Breadth »
VERTEBRZE.

Height of a dorsal vertebra

288

froni the base of the body
pe Sra ey of the spinous

TABLE OF DIMENSIONS.

Transverse diameter of the
superior head

7.0 Antero-posterior diameter a-
Thaneter of the body 2.5 cross the external condyle 5. 0
of the spinal canal 2.0 Transverse diameter of the
Farin middle of the bone eg
Antero-posterior diameter 1.7
FEMUR.
ei ig’ bread of the sce a TIBIAL EPIPHYSIS.
Diameter of the internal con- Transverse diameter 5. 3
dyle 3.0 Antero-posterior diameter 2. 7
-————- external : 2. 0 an
Soe of the rotuline sur- OS CALCIs.
Length 5.5
— High of aril, sur-
TIBIA, aces 4.0
Teele aie . Breadth of the same 3.3
ength, poms (10.0 “Height of the body of the bone 3. 0

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Prarz XII, Fig .1. Ungueal phalanx of the medius finger.
2. View of the inferior surface of the same.
3. and 4, Lateral views of the annular phalanx.”

5. Radius, anterior view.

6. Radius, posterior view.
7. Molar tooth, external lateral view.
8

, interial lateral view.

9. Crown of the tooth.

Prare XIII. 10.

Humerus from Big-bone-lick.

11. Humerus from White ware.

12. Scapula.

13. Metacarpal bone of the index finger, backs view.

14,
15, First rib.
Pratre XIV. 16. False rib.

anterior articulating surface,

17. Posterior dorsal vertebra.
18. Lumbar vertebra,
19. Condyles of the Femur.

20.

Tibia, posterior view,

21, ——, interior view.

22. ——, articulating surface,

23, Epiphysis from the inferior head of a Tibia.
24. Os calcis, articulating surface.

25. ————— lateral view.

26, Inferior maxilla of a Bear,

EXTINCT SPECIES OF FOSSIL VEGETABLE. 289

Description of anextinet Species of Fossu. VEGETA-
BLE, Of the family Fucoides. By R. Haran,
M. D. $c.

[Read March 8th, 1831.]

Ord. Nat. ALGAE. Cryptogamez aquatice, ple-
rumque marine ; fronde inarticulata et carnosa; fa-
milias Ulvacea et Fucacea formant. '

Fam. Fucoides,: Srerns. Algacites, ScHLOTH.
**Frons continua, nunquam articulata, plerumque
difformis, nec symmetrica; aut subcylindrica, sim-
plex vel sepius ramosa, nuda vel rarius folia sus-
tinens; aut membranacea, integra seu magis minus-
ve lobata, nervis nullis vel imperfecte notatis, vage
ramosis nec unquam anastomosantibus percursa.
Fructificatio, dum exstat, punctiformis vel vesiculas
sessiles aut pedicillatus efformans.”’—( Brongn.)

Sect. Cladorytes.* Stipes ramosus; ramis sub-
cylindraceis, transverse rugatis.

Fucoiwes Alleghaniensis.* Fronde compressa,
rugata; apice recurva, obtusa; ramis inequalibus,
digitatis et fastigiatis, enervibus, nudatis.

Place in the Series—Compact sandstone, subja-
cent tothe coal formations.

Locality.—One of the eastern ridges.of the Al-
leghany mountains, about 40° north latitude, and
about 77° west longitude, from Greenwich; one

*Including a general group of Fossil Aue.

290 EXTINCT SPECIES OF

hundred and fifty miles from Philadelphia; ten
miles east of Lewistown, north side of the Juniata
river, Mifflin county, state of Pennsylvania.

This fossil Fucus presents one of the richest spe-
cimens of vegetable organic remains, that has hith-
erto come under my notice; not only is there a frag-
ment of stone two and a half feet long by one and
a half feet wide, with the surface completely crowd-
ed with the forms of this plant, but they lie upon
each other three or four layers deep, as is demon-
strated by a horizontal fracture. (Vid. Pl. XV. Fig.
1.) They project in bold relief from the surface,
with their distal extremities disposed in every
direction ; they appear to have been of differ-
ent ages, and vary in size accordingly from two
to five inches in length, the largest being eight
tenths of an inch in thickness. In breadth they vary
from one to five tenths of an inch: they are gener-
ally gently arched from the base towards the apex,
and more or less recurved at top; in every instance
the apex is curved downwards and sinks into the
stone. The superior surface of both the stalk and
branches is cylindrical, transversely wrinkled by ir-
regular channels, and marked by a longitudinal de-
pressed line.

The most perfect and distinct specimen has been
selected and figured, of the natural size, in order to
display the digitations of the stalk, and fasciculation
of the branches; (Vid. Pl. XV. fig. 2.) They have

FOSSIL VEGETABLE. ‘ 291

grown in such profusion and are so crowded together
that the commencements or bases of the stalks are for
the most part concealed; so that in this specimen
which is five inches long, the stalk of the plant, pre-
vious to the first digitation or branch, is only seven
tenths of an inch inlength; the largest stalk exposed
to view being one inch and eight tenths,

The branches are all compressed laterally as_well
as the stalk, (Pl. XV. fig. 3.) and are fasciculated or
closely applied side by side at the commencement,
and gradually diverge more or less towards their
distal extremities, and in the present instance are
given off in the following order commencing from
the right,—one—two—three, gradually increasing
in size; descending again to the stalk, there is a
much larger branch, which soon subdivides into
four irregular branches of various sizes: but in this
respect there exists no uniformity: in every case,
however, the stalks very soon divide into two or
more branches; the latter are more or less wrinkled
apparently according to age, the ruge being more
or less obsolete in the largest,—profoundly de-
veloped in the smaller or younger specimens,

The plants are fractured in many places, and in
various directions, but the fractured portions do not
display any evidence of organization; nor is there
any appearance of leaves, nervures, or fructifica-
tion. The mass of the fragment of rock in which
these fossils occur, is about half a foot in thickness,

292 EXTINCT SPECIES OF

and weighs something less than two hundred pounds;
it is of a very compact texture, and readily
strikes fire under the hammer. When I first ob-
served this geological specimen, on my return from
an excursion to the Alleghany Mountains in the
month of August of the past year, it constituted part
of a pavement before the door of a tavern: the
landlord informed me, that the stone came rolling
down the mountain, (which is here very precipitous)
within a few yards of the house, and that viewing it
as a very ornamental specimen, he had placed it in
the earth before his door to attract public notice;
and I confess that at the short distance in which I
first viewed the specimen, it appeared to represent
a beautiful piece of artificial sculpture. There ex- .
ists a vertical fracture on one portion of the stone, .
which has evidently occurred subsequently to the
petrifaction of the plants, and is filled at present
with quartz, forming an irregular vein.

Brongniart, has already determined with sufficient
accuracy, the existence of thirty-six species of fossil
Fuci. (Vid. Histoire des végétaux fossiles, ou Re-
cherches Botaniques et Geologiques sur les végétaux
renfermés dans les diverses couches du globe. Par
M. Adolphe Brongniart.)

To this author, together with the work of Baron
Sternberg, I have been indebted for details of great
interest concerning these extinct vegetable species.
M. B. confesses his inability to divide this family

FOSSIL VEGETABLE. 293

into distinct genera, inasmuch as the characters
proper to define them accurately, occur too rarely
to admit of a precise classification; but he has di-
vided the general group of fossil Alge, to which
has been given the name ‘‘Fucoides,”’ into sections,
founded on the form of the branches; which sections
are found to correspond with sufficient accuracy to
one or more genera of living ALGz.

Only two species of fossil Fuci, have been hither- °
to observed in North America, viz: F. dentatus,
and F. Serra. M. B. describes these as occurring
in the “Transition limestone of Canada,” and as be-
ing very different from any of the existing species,
Both in the north of America and of Europe these
fossils have been discovered in some of the most an-
cient strata of the globe. In Europe, among the
lower secondary formations (terrains de sediment
inférieur), the bituminous Schists of Mansfield, and
the anthracite coal mines of Scania, are the only
strata which contain impressions of Fuci. They be-
come more common in the strata which separate the
Jura limestone from the chalk, where some remark-
able species have been discovered. According to
M. Keferstein, the ‘* Grauwake” of the Apennines,
which often contains Fuci, belongs to the transition
formations, which, judging from its relations to the
carboniferous limestone enclosing belemnites, proba-
bly corresponds to the Lais formations.

At Bignor, in England, these fossils are found in

the Ferruginous sand, according to M. Greenough;
VOL. VI.——-MARCH, 1831. 38

294 EXTINCT SPECIES OF

and at Voisons, Switzerland, according to M. M.
Dufresnoy and Elie de Beaumont, they are found in
the green sand formation, which separates the Jura
limestone from the chalk.

M. Brongniart remarks, that if we adnate these
fossil Fuci to belong to an epoch nearly contem-
poraneous with the marine lignites underlying the»
chalk of the isle of Aix, the submarine flora which.
characterizes this period indicates a vegetation very
different from that of the existing species on those -
coasts, and which approaches rather to those of the
equatorial regions, than to those of the frigid zone.

In the chalk itself only a single vestige of a plant
of this family, the “F. lyngbyanus,” has been dis-
covered; this appears allied to a genus peculiar to
the equatorial regions. In examining the fossil Algw
of the superior secondary regions, M. Brongniart
arrives at a very different result: most of these
species are from Monte-Bolca, and display great
analogy to those genera at present existing on the
Mediterranean coasts. Thus ‘‘marine vegetation,
like the terrestrial, displays stronger aflinity to that
of our climate in proportion as the formations in
which they occur are more recent. They present,
on the contrary, characters more analogous to those
of the vegetation of equatorial climates, in propor-
tion as they belong to an epoch of more ancient for-
mation.”

In the course of the present investigation I have
been led further to admire the great harmony that

FOSSIL VEGETABLE, 295

is found to preside over all the laws which regulate
organic life. It may be readily anticipated to what
immense extent the study of fossil botany, added to
that of fossil zoology is calculated not only to en-
lighten (us as regards the antediluvian climates, but
to direct us finally to a certain knowledge of the
éomparative ages of the various strata which consti-
tute the crust of the globe we inhabit.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

Fig. Ist. A general view of the surface of the
stone containing the fossil plants.
2nd. A single plant of the natural size; an-
terior view.
3d.. A lateral view of one of the branches.

296 PARASITIC WORMS.

Notice of some Parasitic Worms. By Samven
Georce Morton, M. D. Lecturer on Anatomy,

fe.

[Read March 15, 1831,

Much attention has been given of late years to
those parasitic worms which infest the various classes
of animals; and it is now well established that be-
sides the species which are strictly intestinal, there
are many more, entirely distinct in structure, in-
habiting the other cavities of the body. There ap-
pears at first sight to be much confusion and irregu-
larity in these animals; if carefully examined, how-
ever, they present a surprising constancy of organ-
ization. ‘Thus, the worms of the alimentary canal
are limited to a few species, each preserving its ap-
propriate characters without being modified by con-
stitution or by climate. Other species are peculiar
to other parts of the body, and here again we find
the same definite organic characters.

My friend Mr. John Townsend, lately presented
me with a Mink (Mustela vison) which had been
killed a few hours previous on the bank of the
Schuylkill river. On dissecting this animal, I ob-
served a considerable disproportion in the size of
the kidneys, and accordingly took them from the
body with the ureters and bladder attached. The
smaller kidney was about an inch and three quar-

PARASITIC WORMS, 297 *

ters in length, and perfectly healthy; the other was
about one third larger. On opening the latter, I
found that it consisted of a sac containing parasitic.
worms.

This sac was no doubt the proper capsule of the
kidney, but so much thickened as to resemble ‘the
dura mater: not the smallest trace of glandular struc.
ture remained, and the sac was completely filled by
two worms, which were coiled with each other like
a skein of thread. The largest of them is upwards
of fifteen inches in length; the smaller about eight
inches; the diameter of the former is a line anda
half; of the latter, three fourths of a line, and it is
really surprising how these animals could have ex-
isted in the small space they occupied.

Mr. Rudolphi in his Zraité sur les Entozoaires,
as quoted by Dr. Bremser,* has been at much pains”
to classify the Parasitic worms; and I find a specific
identity between his Sfrongylus gigas and the an-
imals obtained in my dissection.

To the dimensions of the latter just given, I may
add, that they have a cylindrical body, terminating
abruptly at each extremity, and delicately annulated
from the mouth to the anus. Eight longitudinal
strie run the whole length of the animal, which,
previously to immersion in spirits, was of a translucent
yellowish brown colour. \ The smaller of the two has

* Traité Zoologique et Physiologique sur les Vers Intestinaux,
&c. Paris, 1824. Lamarck, An. sans Vertebres, T. 3, p. 202.

‘

‘

| 298" PARASITIC WORMS.

the male organs so clearly described and figured by ©
Bremser, (loco citato, Pl. 3, fig. 3 and 36) while
‘the larger one is obviously a female. It is worthy
of remark, that there were attached to thé internal
surface of the capsule three spicule of bone, one of
which is flattened, measures an inch in length, and
has lateral projections. These have doubtless been
secreted by the arteries of the kidney.

This Strongylus is found only in the kidneys of
the mammalia, and has been noticed in Man, the
Dog, Otter, Seal, Horse, Ox, the different species.
of the genus Mustela, &e.

M. de Blainville, in his notes to Dr. Bremser’s
work, details the characters of one of these worms
which he took from the kidney of a Marten(Mus-
tela martes) which correspond in almost every par-
ticular with those I have described ; a singular proof

~ of the constancy of the specific characters of animals

so obscure as these, and so far geographically re-
moved from each other.

Some men, and even some physicians, insist on
the utility of intestinal worms, and consider them to
be a kind of scavengers in the bowels they inhabit.
It may be inquired, however, whether the analogy
will hold good with respect to all parasitic worms,
those of the lungs, kidneys, bladder, &c. &e.

Do net reason and analogy go to show us, that
where there are worms there is disease, and that in
our efforts to cure the latter we aboult eradicate the
former?

HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS. , 299

Descriptions of new Nortu American HemrprTer-
ous Insects belonging to the first family of the
section Homoptera of Latreille. By Tuomas
Say. [Continued from page 244. ]

MeEmBRACIS.

6. M.vau. Thorax with an oblique band be-
fore the middle, and transverse one near the tip.

Inhab. Pennsylvania.

Thorax not greatly elevated, rounded and un-
armed before, carinate acutely, from before the mid-
dle to the posterior tip; tip hardly reaching the end
of the nervures of the hemelytra; a whitish, very
oblique band, edged with fuscous, crosses the back
_ before the middle, and reaches the lateral edge be-
hind the middle; near the tip a transverse bandy,
and between the two bands a whitish spots hemely- .
tra, a little fuliginous at base and tip; three terminal
cellules unequal, the inner one being as large as the
two others together.

Length to tip of hemelytra one fourth of an inch.

7. M. inornata. Immaculate; thorax carinate ;
wings white.

Inhab. Pennsylvania.

Body greenish or yellowish green: thorax acute-
ly carinate, from near the anterior margin to the
tips, not greatly elevated, rounded before, unarmed;
tip not attaining the tip of the cellules of the heme-.
lytra: hemelytra whitish; three terminal cellules

300 _ NORTH AMERICAN

unequal, inner one larger than the two others to-
gether, terminal one almost oval transverse : oviduct
dusky.
Length to tip of hemelytra one fourth of an inch.
In form resembles M. vau.

8. M. subulata. Thorax subulate behind, Geri.
nate, with two obsolete whitish vitte each side.

Inhab. Maryland.

Body yellowish, (green when recent); Acad a lit-
tle inequal: eyes green undulate with black: tho-
rax rounded before; acutely carinate ; towards the
tip slender, acute; on each side two obsolete,
whitish, impunctured lines; tip not reaching the
three terminal cellules of the hemelytra: hemelytra,
three terminal cellules rather broader than long,

subequal.
Length to tip of hemelytra more than one fifth of
an inch. *

The tip of the thorax is still more attenuated than
that of the bubalus, Fabr.

9. M. quadrivittata. ‘Thorax quadrilineate with
sanguineous.

Inhab. Maryland.

Body pale yellowish green: head trifasciate with
black: thorax gibbous, with a rounded tubercle
over the origin of the hemelytra; four sanguineous
vitte extending near to the middle, the lateral ones
oblique; four transverse black spots before, and a
dorsal impunctured line; tip acute: hemelytra

HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS. 301

hyaline; nervures fuscous, greenish towards the
base and basal costal margin : tergum, segments black
at base: venter black at base: fectus sanguineous
each side, disk with large black spots.
Length to tip of hemelytra two fifths of an inch.
Several specimens occurred, on the eastern shore
of Maryland, cast up by the waves.

10. M. mera. Unarmed; thorax fasciate with fus-»
cous beyond the middle ; tip dull sanguineous.

Inhab. Pennsylvania.

Body greenish: head immaculate: thorax almost
regularly arquated above, with a fuscous band, rather
behind the middle; tip dull sanguineous: hemelytra
fuscous at tip; nervures with narrow fuscous edges:
feet tinged with rufous.

Length to the tip of the hemelytra less than two
fifths of an inch. —

The thorax has no angulated appearance before,
but is obtusely rounded before, and behind the mid-
dle, and more obtusely so above. In the 4-vittata
the thorax declines rectilinearly from near its great-
est elevation to the tip without the slightest concavi-
ty, whereas in the’presént species the thorax, beyond
the band, declines somewhat abruptly, beyond which
it still declines, but rectilinearly to the tip. The
tip of the thorax extends as far as the nervures of the
hemelytra.

11. M. marmorata. Above tnerbied with rufous
and yellow.

Inhab. Pennsylvania.
VOL. VI.—MARCH, 1831, 39

302 NORTH AMERICAN

Head rufous with yellow spots: thorax regularly
arquated above, behind the middle the line of curva-
ture is a little concave; tip nearly as long as the
nervures of the hemelytra: hemelytra tinged with
rufous at base and fuliginous at tip: feet rufous.

Length to the tip of the hemelytra three tenths of
an inch. |

In general form it resembles AZ. mera, but it is

shorter, and the tip of the thorax is considerably

shorter’in proportion. _
12. M.arquata. Thorax simple, quadrilineate
with fuscous.
. Inhab. Pennsylvania.
Thorax cinereous, tinged with rufous on the back,

each side of which is a fuscous somewhat undulated .

line, confluent with the margin behind the middle ;
exterior to the fuscous line is a cinereous arquated
line within which is an abbreviated marginal fuscous
line; back not much elevated, simple; tip termi-
nating more obtusely than usual and,with a cinereous
spot above: hemelytra hyaline, with a dusky base,
and,fuliginous spot in the-middle and at tip; ner-
vures margined with brown 3,terminal cellule smaller
than either of the two adjoining ones and transverse :
thighs blackish.

Length to tip of us waahes over one fifth of an
inch.

Resembles the pieta as represented by Coquebert.

13. M. belligera. Thorax with a projecting horn ;
tip slender, acute.

Inhab. Pennsylvania and Florida.

i]

_HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS. 303

' Thorax green, with small, fulvous spots; a com-
pressed horn before, which is not in the slightest de-
gree arquated, at its extremity rounded; back not
carinated, but with an impunctured line; tip slen-
der, and equally slender when viewed laterally as
from above, acute: heme/ytra hyaline, at base varied
with green and yellow ; terminal nervure about three
times longer than wide. =

Length to tip of hemelytra and tip ‘of the horn
half an inch.

Resembles bimaculata, Fabr. but the tip of the
thorax is much more attenuated and acute and the
terminal cellule of the hemelytra i is elongated.

In addition to the bimaculata, F. siriuata, F. emar-
ginata, F., we must place in this genus, his Cen-
trotus bubalis. The Cenrrotus acuminatus of
that author, is only the female of his Memsracis
bimaculata. His sinuata does not appear to me to
differ specifically from the emarginata.

Cercopis, Fabr. Gérm:

C. bicineta. Sanguineous; wings fuscous, bifas-
ciate. +

Inhab. Indiana.

Body sanguineous : rostrum blackish at tip: an-
tennz blackish : vertex with an obsolete dusky band:
thorax blackish, edged with sanguineous, except on
the posterior part; a rufous band on the middle:

_ seutel blackish, sanguineous each side: hemelytra

-

304 NORTH AMERICAN

blackish, with two: yellow or rufous, narrow bands :
humerus sanguineous: pleura with one or two large
black spots : abdomen disks of the segments blackish :
thighs beneath, and tarsi blackish.

Length to the tip of the hemelytra two fifths of an
inch.

Resemblés the rubra, Linn. and sororia, Germ.
but is sufliciently distinct. It frequently.occurs in
this state, sometimes in Pennsylvania, and Mr. Nut-

tall gave me a specimen which he obtained in Arkan-
saw.

Apuropuora, Germ.

1. A, bilineata. Grayishs hemelytra with a black
abbreviated line from the humerus.

Inhab. Missouri. ’

Body above gray : head with an obsolete, double,
brownish line; oced/i not very distinct: eyes trilineate
with dusky,: antenne with a fuscous spot at tip: .
thorax with a hardly perceptible, double, brownish
line, and another behind the eye: hemelytra with a
longitudinal blackish line from the humerus, parallel
with the costal margin, abbreviated at the middle ;
costal margin whitish : ¢ergum black 3 lateral pried .
and tip yellowish : beneath yéllowish.

Length to tip of pine less than one fourth of
an inch. *

2. A. quadrinotata. Pale ; hemelytra dusky, with
two large hyaline costal spots.

Inhab. U.S,

HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS. 305

Body pale yellowish: head, on the anterior mar-
gin beneath, with black spots : rostrum black at tip :
stemmata sanguineous : vertex with a longitudinal,
slightly elevated line : thorax rather darker behind,
and with a slightly elevated longitudinal line: hem-
elytra pale brownish, with two large white or hya-
line costal spots, which are somewhat margined with
fuscous.

Length to the tip of the hemelytra nearly three
tenths of an inch. .
To this genus, as formed by Germar, belong the
following species which I formerly published, viz.
Cercopis parallela.
Cercopis quadrangularis.
Cercopis obtusa,

Jassus, Fubr. Germ.

J. inimicus. Head with two dots, thorax with a
transverse series of dots.

Inhab. Virginia.

Body pale, with a yellowish or greenish tinge :
head with a black dot each side at tip; hypostoma
with transverse fuscous interrupted lines: thorax
with a transverse, arquated series of about four fus-
cous points on the anterior margin; posterior disk a
little dusky : scute/ with a black abbreviated line each
side at base, and an obsolete, double, diverging line
in the middle: hemelytra hyaline, with brown ner-
vures : tergum blackish, margin yellow.

306 | NORTH AMERICAN

Lense to tip of heimolyire over three —
of an inch.

Var. a. Hemelytra with the cellules edged with
fuscous ; nervures whitish.

When in the larva state this species is said to de-
predate on the roots of wheat. Several specimens
were sent me by Professor Green, in the year 1822,
who received them from a farmer of Virginia.

2. J. acutus. Head elongated, acute; thorax five
lined.
Inhab. Indiana.

Body above with minute, brownish reticula- .
tions: head much elongated, as long as the thorax
and half the scute/; with about three gray lines con-
sisting of the absence of reticulations : thorax about
fivelined : hemelytra with larger reticulations, en-
~ closing whitish spots which are somewhat larger on
the costal margin: beneath blue-black; disk of the
head yellow: feet yellowish spotted with black.

Length to tip of hemelytra nearly one fifth of an
inch.

3. J. immistus. Head yellow, with green bands
before and a cupreous one above ; wings reticulated.

Inhab. Indiana and Missouri.

Head pale yellow ; a brown subcupreous band be-
tween the anterior angles of the eyes, a slender green
one near the anterior edge complying with its curva-
ture, and at least two green slender bands beneath the
anterior edge: antennz with a somewhat elongated

HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS. | 307

seta: thorax bifasciate with subcupreous, first band
partly concealed by the head, the other interrupted
in its middle; scute/ subcupreous on its basal half: he-
melytra bluish-white, fuscous at base and tip, and re-
ticulate with fuscous in the middle; the fuscous por-
tions have a subcupreous, brilliant reflection : wings
whitish, with brown nervures: fectus immaculate :
Seet pale yellowish ; posterior thighs greenish, their
tibis with a series of green points and tip, their
tarsi green in the middle.

Length to tip of hemelytra more than one fifth of
an inch.

4. J. seminudus. Hemelytra white with a large
brown band.

Inhab. Indiana. pee

Body yellowish-white: head before rounded, ob-
tuse, nearly parallel to the posterior edge: thorax
and scutel obsoletely spotted with greenish : hemely-
tra whitish, somewhat opalescent; a broad common
brown band on the middle, partially edged with
fuscous and a brownish spot near the costal tip:
tergum blackish each side on the middle: beneath
immaculate.

Length to tip of hemelytra over one fifth of an
inch.

5. J. sanctus. Hemelytra white, with a common
brown cruciate mark.
Inhab. Indiana.

Body yellowish-white: head subacute, with two

*

308 NORTH AMERICAN ’

minute fuscous points near the tip and an undu-
lated line on the anterior edge: thorax dusky across
the middle: hemelytra white, somewhat opalescent,
with a common large cruciform mark on the middle,
composed of brownish spots with blackish edges and
including a whitish common spot; tip with large
_ spots: venter with a dusky band and small lateral
spots: feet immaculate.

Length to tip of hemelytra nearly one fifth of an
inch.

6. J. verticis. Vertex hardly as long as half the
greatest diameter of the eye.

Inhab. Missouri. *

Body beneath yellow, immaculate : vertex remark-
sably short, wide, irrorate with fuscous, not so long
as half the greatest diameter of the eye: eyes small,
remote: thorax yellowish, irrorate with fuscous 5
scutel yellowish, irrorate ; two obsolete darker spots
at base: hemelytra fuscous; a hyaline spot on the
middle of the inner margin, and a. hyaline band,
sometimes interrupted, near the tip; costal margin
whitish ; ¢ergum blackish with a yellow margin : feet
white.
Length to tip of hemelytra nearly one fifth of an
inch.

7. J.irroratus. Varied with whitish and brown ;
hemelytra reticulate.

Inhab. U. S.

Body whitish-gray, irrorate with small, irregular ~

HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS. 309

numerous, fuscous spots: Aead with the anterior and
posterior edges parallel: scute/ more dusky on the
lateral margin: hemelytra subopalescent, reticulate
with fuscous, with four or five darker spots on the
costal margin towards the tip; peefus and pleura not
irrorate, but with a few blackish spots: thighs fasciate
and ¢ibiz spotted with fuscous or blued-black : ¢er-
gum blackish; margin yellow with an abbreviated
fuscous line on each segment.

Length to tip of hemelytra three tenths of an
inch.

A common species; I have obtained it in Penn-
sylvania, Indiana, Florida, and Missouri.

8. J. clitellaria. Hemelytra blackish, with a
common yellow spot, and costal margin.

Inhab. Indiana.

Body pale yellow: head with two black dots be-
fore, and a broad black band at base, occupying
half the clypeus: thorax, posterior half black: seu-
tel black: hemelytra black, with a very large sub-
ovate, common yellow spot; a broad vitta on the
costal margin, gradually attenuated to the humerus
and truncate at the opposite extremity; tip and ter-
minal third of the inner margin brown: beneath pale
yellow.

Length to the tip of the hemelytra one fifth of an
inch.

: 8. J. novellus. Vertex with a series of five
black dots.

Inhab. Indiana. ,
VOL. VI—-MARCH, 1831, | 40 ¥

é&

Fo
310 NORTH AMERICAN

Body blue-black: head yellowish: hypostoma va-
ried with fuscous lines: vertea with, five black dots
in an arquated series: thorax with a yellowish disk,
in which are a longitudinal line and two dots: seutel
edged with yellow: hemelytra dusky with pale ner-
vures ; an opalescent spot on the costal middle: feet
yellowish.

Length to tip of hemelytra less than three twen-
tieths of an inch.

10. J. olitorius. Head yellow; hypostoma bili-
neate with red.

Inhab. Pennsylvania.

Head yellow; a longitudinal red vitta eath side on
the hypostoma; thoraz and scutel black-blue, edged
with dull rufous; Aemelytra brownish bronze; ner-
vures fuscous: pectus and venter black; sutures dull
yellowish: anterior and intermediate feet pale yel-
low: posterior thighs blued-black with yellowish
tip, their tibie blued-black with yellow spines, their
tarsi dull yellowish.

Length more than one fourth of an inch.

J. subbifasciatus. Brown; hemelytra bifasciate
with whitish.

Inhab. Pennsylvania. .

Body clear light brown: head yellow, with a ca-
pillary black line on the vertex, and two rufous,
subarquated, lines on the hypostoma: scuéel with
about four obsolete, dusky, small spots: hemelytra
with a whitish band almost interrupted, behind the
middle, and an abbreviated band before the middle,

“.
HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS. 311
on the second short nervure of the thinner margin
and extending ‘to the third nervure; nervures fus-
cous: peefus with large blackyspots.
Length ¢ to the tip of the hemelytra three tenths
of an inch.
Terticonia, Latr. Germ.

1. 7. occatoria. Yellowish green, lineate with
fuscous.

Inhab. Indiana.

Body above yellowish-green: head with a black
“point at tip; above five-lined; exterior lines sub-
marginal, »passing over the stemmata, second pair of
lines confluent before and not reaching the tip; cen-
tral line very small, abbreviated, basal: thorax also
five-lined, corresponding with the lines of the head,
and the three inner ones passing upon the scutel:
hemelytra \ineated with yellowish-green and fuscous,
the two inner fuscous lines corresponding with the |
two exterior lines of the thorax; tip blackish with a
yellowish band: wings blackish.

Length to tipof hemelytra one fourth of an inch.

2. T. versuta. Yellow; head, scutel and hem-
elytra lineate with dark green.

Inhab. U. S.

Body yellow: head with a blackish-green anterior
edge; above tinged with fulvous on the disk, with a
submarginal, dark green line each side, which is in-
terrupted and diffracted behind the middle, and
does not reach the tip of the head, near which it
joins a double, obsolete line, which passes over the

%

312 NORTH AMERICAN

middle of the head: thorax with a large green spot:
scutel with several dark green linesshemelytra with
three oblique, green vitte and blackish dots on the
apicial margin: fergum dusky, or blackish with
lateral yellow triangles.

Length to the tip of the hemelytra less than one
fourth of an inch.

3. 7. quadrivittata. Hemelytra sanguineous with
oblique green vitte and margin.

Inhab, U. S.

Body yellow: head with a blackish anterior and
lateral edge, passing through the eyes: ¢horax ru-
fous, anterior and posterior margins green, the lat-
ter connected with a yellowish lateral spot, and a
dorsal green vitta which is abbreviated before: seu-
tel rufous: hemelytra sanguineous, with — a green
margin and two oblique green vitte, of which the
inner one proceeds from the humerus to the inner
margin, and the other is abbreviated and partially
twice interrupted: tergum sanguineous.

Length to the tip of the hem ytra more than
three tenths of an inch. |

Very closely allied to 4. bdifasciata, Linn. of
Europe, but that species is much more hairy; in the
4-notata all the nervures of the hemelytra are dis-
tinctly visible.

4, T. mollipes. Yellow; hemelytra green with
a pale margin.

Inhab. U. S.

Body yellow: head elongated, acute before; be-
neath the eyes, a brown line which is continued on

a a re

HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS. 313,

the pectus: ¢horaz green, a broad anterior and Jater-
al yellow margin: sewtel greenish-yellow: hemelytra
green; nervures paler; exterior and apicial margins
pale yellow or whitish; a pale yellowish, capillary,
oblique line from the humerus to the inner margin:
tergum black-purple, lateral edge and tip yellow.

Length to the tip of the hemelytra over three
tenths of an inch.

A common species.

5. T. bifida. Green, head and thorax banded,
and hemelytra lineated with blackish.

Inhab. Indiana.

Vertex white swith a central, transverse, dark
green, abbreviated line; prominent tip of the head
with a dark green spot; labrum yellowish, at tip
dusky: thorag, anterior margin and posterior sub-
margin, with a transverse dark green transverse line,
anterior submargin and posterior margin with a
white transverse line: scutel on the edge and a cen-
tral, transverse, abbreviated line dark green: hem-

elytra with six rather oblique dark green lines, the

exterior one bifid at tip: beneath blackish: feet
pale.

Length to the tip of the hemielytra about one fifth
of an inch. ;

6. T. hieroglyphica. Dull rufous; head and scu-
tel lineated; hemelytra spotted.
Inhab. Arkansaw.

Body obscurely dull rufous: head with a black

dot at tip, above literate with black: thorax with a

* :
314 HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS:
dusky posterior disk: scwte/ with black more or less
curved lines: hemelytra obsoletely spotted, nervures
being pale: beneath pale yellowish: peetus with
large black spots: feet immacculate: tergum blue-
black, edge yellow. ©

Length to tip of hemelytra one fifth of an inch. ©

Agreeably to the arrangement of Germar, the fol-
lowing of my published species, may be pet 7 in
this genus, viz.

Cercorts obligua,—C.basilaris, and C. comes;
as well as the following species of Fabricius, viz.
Cicapa undata, C. irrorata, and Cercorts costalis.

The species which I published under the name of

CicapA mixta, has the same relation to this genus
as the C. costalis of Panzer.

ic ee Sees

LIST OF DONATIONS. 315

List of Donations to the Museum of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, during the years 1827-28-29-30.

January.

”

1827.

500 N. Amer. Plants. Dr. B. H. Coates.

February. Sandstone with Dendrites. Mr. 8. W: Conrad.

March,

April.

May.

June.

July.

Testudo elephantopus. Dr. Harlan.

Thirteen specimens of vegetable impressions in slate,
from Mauch Chunk and Pottsville. Dr. R. E.
Griffith.

6 specimens of minerals from Peru. Capt. Brants.

Topaz, from Connect. Mr. Carpenter.

Nacrite. Mr. Confad.

Anatifal@urita? &c. &c. China sea. Dr. Harlan.

Arctomys tridecem-lineata. Dr. Pickering.

Beryl, Haddington, Pa. Mr. Conrad.

Collection of N. A. Fungi. Rev. LZ. De Scheweinitz.

Disthéne. Mr. Lea.

Pearl, from Venus mercenaria. Mr. Leaming.

Selenite, &c. Mr. W. R. Johnson.

Dried Ferns, from China. Mr. W. W. Wood.

17 specimens of Tabular Spar, Scapolite, Tetanium,
&c. &c. from Bucks Co. Penns. Dr. S. G. Morton.

Fossil Bones of the Crocodile, N. Jersey. Mr. S.
R. Wetherill.

Coluber getulus, &c. S. Carolina. Dr. Blanding.

Three species of Coluber, S. Carolina. Dr. Blan-
ding thro’ Dr. Harlat,
enus Dione. Mr. Ord.

Fourteen specimens minerals, from vicinity of Bos-
ton. Dr. Pickering.

5 specimens Ostrea conyexa. (fossil) Dr. ‘s. G,
Morton.

Emys serrata. Mr. Collins.

Salamandra erythronota. Dr. Pickering.

dorsalis, Dr. Blanding thro’ Dr. Har-

lan,

"16

LIST OF DONATIONS.

» Living specimens of Hirundo swampena. Dr, Har-

August,

October.

-

November.

December.

February.

June.

lan, «

Lava, W. Indies. Mr. Dietz. i

Ostrea falcata, Delaware. Dr. S, G. Morton,

Ophisaurus ventralis. Dr, Harlan.

Coluber amcenus, Dr, Harlan.

Jasper. Mr. Conrad,

Fossil Charcoal, kc. Mr. Merrick. Wt

Amber and organic remains, Ches. & Del. Canal.

_ Mr, Sloan.

‘Chromate of Iron, Penns. Mr. Townsend. .

Lophius, Key West. Dr. Dubarry.

23 species marine shells, from Peru, kc. Capt. A.
Davis. |

8 specimens minerals from Peru. Caft. 4. Davis.

Scarabeus titius. Mr. Collins,

Two specimens Carb. of Copper; Chessy, Fr. Mr.
Jos. P. Smith,

Iguana, Gallipagos Ids. Capt. Davis.

Collection of minerals. Mr. Etting.

Raja, Rhode Island. Mr. Collins. ‘

Chetodon, Zeus, and Hippocampus; Del. Bay. Dr.
Harlan.

Box of Eurepean Insects. Mr. Lukins.

1828. a

Gryphza mutabilis, 3 specimens; Delaware. Dr.
S. G. Morton,
vomer. Pr. by same,
Terebratula Harlani, Pr. by same.
Garnet in Blue Quartz. Pa. Dr. 8S. G. Morton.
Andalusite. S. Car. Dr. W. Blanding thro’? Dr.
Morton,
Chrysoprase, Blue Spar, kc. Dr, S. G. Morton.
Three species marine shells, India. Capt. Brants.
Radiated Talc. S. Car. Dr. Blanding.
Female Condor (vultur gryphus), S. Amer. Mess.
Pennock, Wetherill, and Harlan.

*
* LIST OF DONATIONS. 317.

38 species marine shells. AZ Joshua Haven.
Box of Seeds and Roots. Dr. Wallich of Calcutta.
Fuly. Spherulite. Hungary. Dr. Harlan.
¥ Tooth of Asiatic elephant; Horn of the Rhinoceros,
&c. Mr. G. Biakie. . ”
2 specimens Anodonta, Union Canal. Mr. Ord.
Ten specimens Fossil Shells. Italy. Dr. M’Euen.
August, Rock Crystals. Lake George. Dr. Hadley.
One hundred specimens of Fossil Shells from New
Jersey and Delaware. Dep. by Dr. S. G. Morton.
September, Diodon, &c. St. Thomas, W. 1. Smith and Stews
ardson, °
Sienite. Quincy, Mass. Dr. Hays. -
Fish and Reptiles from W.Ind. Smith and Stew-
ardson.
Six specimens marble. Spain. Mr. G. Patrullo:
Geological specimens. Silver Lake, Pa. Mr. W. R.

Jehnson.
October. Plants from Mts. of Quito. Mr. J. Wright.
Loligo brevipinna. Dr. Harlan. -

Pecten maximus. Mr. Conrad,
Three species of Astacus. Dr. Harlan.
Zircon. N. Carolina. Dr. 8S. G, Morton.
Wovember. Twenty species Exotic, and 23 of American Shells,
Dr. Pickering.
11 species marine Shells. Col. Abert.
Unio lanceolatus. Mr. Lea.
Siliceous sinter. Iceland. Mr. Lea.
Agate pebbles. Mr, 4. Lawson.
Lepidolite, &c. &c. Sweden. Mr. Maclure.
3 species Unio. Mr. Conrad.
6 species exotic shells. Dr. Pickering.
Insects. Porto Rico. Mr. Lea.
* December. Ammonite? Lake Erie. Dr, M’Euen.
Fossil Tubipore. Dr. S. G. Morton,
Native Gold, in Quartz Rock. N. Carolina, . Dr.
W. Blanding.
2species Cyprea. Mr. Conrad, ©

VOL. VI.—MARCH, 1831. 41 #
a

» <

318

January,

J

February.

March,

"i

+

LIST OF DONATIONS,

Minerals. Mr. Conrad. ‘

Polished Agates. Scotland. Mr. Jno. Ronaldson.

Mosses and Ferns, from Savoy. Mr. Jos. P. Smiths

Lithomarge. Del. Co. Pa. Mr. Jno. Ronaldson,

Orthocera. Lake Ontario. Mr. Conrad.

Fossil Shells and Bones. Del. and Ches. Canal.
Mr, Hugh Lee thro’ Dr, Morton,

- 1829,

Cubic Pyrites. South Carolina. Dr. Blanding.

Achatina. Oahu. Mr. J. Green.

Willow Grouse. Green Bay. Dr Pitcher thr? Dr.
Harlan,

Fourteen specimens of shells and ibeaisadis: Dr. rg
Griffith.

12 species shells. Mr. Peale.

4 species shells. Dr, S. G. Morton.

Larve of Phryganide. England. Mr. J. J. Smith, Jr.

Ophiura, &c. Florida. fT aR Peale,

Cyprea argus. Dr. S. G. Morton.

Collection of Plants from Tropical America, &c.
Mr. Peale.

5 specimens minerals. C.C. Baldwin, Esq. thro’
Dr. Pickering. —

Swimming Bladder of Accipeter huso. Mr. MZ.
L, Dawson.

Collection of minerals from Milo, in Mediterteneen,
Prof. A.D. Bache.

Hydrophane. Mr. T. F. Betton.

Russian Insects. Baronde Struve.

200 fossil shells, &c. of the Chalk Basin of Paris.
Dr. M’Euen.

20 species Exotic Shells. Jr. 7. ¥. Betton.

Crocodilus lucius, and $ species shells. Mr. God-
dard, Z :

8 species marine shells. Dr. S, G. Morton.

55 specimens British minerals. Jr, Jos. P. Smith.

30 American Geological specimens. Dr. 8, G,
Morton, . “

,

June.

am
«
LIST OF DONATIONS. 319

Clay and Lignite, near Baltimore. Co/. ddert.
Geological series from Canada. Dr. M’ Euen,
41 species marine shells. Mr. Jos, P. Smith.
Coluber, Java. Dr, Harlan.
Amphitrite. Prof. 4. D, Bache. &
Meleagrina and a Madrepore. Mr. Goddard.
Moroxite. Bucks Co. Pa. Dr. Morton.
10"specimens Clay and Lignite; near Baltimore.
Dr. C. T: Jackson.

Specimens illustrating the geology of the Ches. &

Del. Canal. Mr, Lee thro’«Dr. Morton.

Series of the Marls of New Jersey and Delaware.
Dr. S, G. Morton.

Stalactite. Prof. Bache. + ‘

15 speciesyshells. India. Mr. J. P. Smith and Dr.
Morton, .

$ specimens of the German Leach. Dr. Harlan.

Two species Coral. Mr. Goddard,

14 species shells. Ceylon. Mr. W. Hembel.

12 specim Brazilian Amethyst; "2 of agatized
wood, kc. Mr. Goddard. -

5 species American marine shells. Dr. S. G. Mer-
ton. ‘

24 species of Fossil Shells, Crustacea, &c. from
New Jersey. Mess. Haines, J. P. Smith, M’Euen

_and Morton.

Boa, from S. Amer. Mr. Jno. Peirce.

Amphitrite. Dr, R. £. Griffith.

Echinus lucuntur. 7. R. Peale.

Varieties of Iron ore. Prof. 4. D. Bache.

Shells from Long Branch. Mr. W. Warder.

Organic Remains, Virginia. Mr. Jno. Livzey.

3 specimens minerals. Mr. I. Lea.

4 Do. Graphite. Mr. 7. Fisher.

10 species marine shells, Lt, Nicholson thro’ Dr.

“ Harlan.

About 200 specimens of European minerals. J/r.
HZ. Seybert.

io Amphiuma means, Florida. Dr, Harlan.

*

%

my

August.

September,

m4 ; 4
LIST OF DONATIONS.

Fifty species Plants. Pocono Mt. Penns. Dr. Dar
ling ton. s ey

Plants of Pennsylvania. Dr. R. E, Griffith,

80 species Plants of New Jersey. Mr. Conrad:

Plants from the White Mts. N. Hamp. #. Little,
M.D. ;

200 species Amer. Plants. Dr. C. Pickering.

40 species of Plants from White Mts. N. Hamp.
W, Oakes, Esq. thro” Dr. Pickering,

200 species of Plants of New Jersey, Maryland, KC.
Dr. C.' Pickering.

Asterias. Jr. Conrad. es

4 species shells. Dr. Pickering. -

5 species Amer. marine shells. Dr. S. G. Morton.

Quartz crystals and Trilobites. Trenton Falls, N.
Y. Mr. Hedelius.

Fossils from Long Brafich. Dr, M’Euen.

Quartz Crystal. Dr. Dewees thro’ Dr. Hays.

Sulphate of Strontian. Sicily. Dr. S: G. Morton.

Antimony. Spain. Mr. g.....

Crustacea. Dr. M’Euen,

6 species fresh water shells. Tennessee. Mr. Con-
rad. ,

§ species marine shells. Dr. S; G. Morton.

Jasper. W. Ind. Mr. Hedelius.

Vegetable remains, in slate. Mr. R. Haines.

Organic remains. Tennessee. Mr. Conrad.

Meteoric stone. Fell Aug. 15, 1829, at Long Branch.
Mr, Vauz and Dr..M’ Euen.

Meteoric stone. Fell at Monro, Georgia, 8th May
1829. Dr. Boykin, thro’ Mr. Lea,

Ampularia. S. Amer. Mr. Allison.

Achatina perdix. Liberia. Dr. Lea.

Madrepores, &c. Dr. M’Euen.

Sulphate of Lead. Spain. Mr. J. P.. Wetherill.

Macle. Massachusetts. Mr. W. R. Johnson.

8 specimens minerals. Mr. J. J. Allison.

Dr. Harlan deposited the following articles:
Trilobite, Black river, N. Y.—Fossil Tooth of a

* .
‘ LIST OF DONATIONS. © 321

Tapir.—Jaw of a Bos, Big botie lick.—Caudal ver-
tebra of Mosasaurus: N. Jersey. Ribs and verte-
bra of Plesiosaurus, N. Jersey. Also a Red Fox,
male and female Humming-birds, male Condor,
Peacock, Amer. Wild Tirkey, male and female
South sea domestic fowls, &c. &c. and the skele-
tons of a man and horse. ‘

November. Collection of American marine shells. Prof. 4. D.

=

December,

January.

Bache.
Exogyracostata. Mr. T. A. Conrad.
Analcime. Ireland. Dr.oM’£uen.
Crustacea: near Albany, N. Y.. Dr. Eighis.
Gryphza convexa. (fossil) Mr. T. 4. Conrad.
Series of Fresh water and Land shells. Mr. I. Lea.
Gorgonia.” Mr. Collins. :
Terebratulz in Blue Marl. N. J. Mr. I. Peirce.
Wavellite. Cork, Ireland. Dr. S. G. Morton.
Several fresh water shells. Dr. Blanding.
Secondary) Limestone, with organigg remains. N.
York. . Thomas Collins.
Collection of Plants from) Missouri. Dr. C. Picks
ering. :
Zinc Blende. Mexico. Mr. Goddard.
1830.
Anthracite. Pottsville, Pa. Dr. R. EZ, Griffith.
Crotalus durissus. Mr. Ellmaker.
6 species marine shells. W,Ind. Mr. Goddard.
Topaz, Chlorophane, Bismuth, &c. from Connecti-
cut. Mr. W. R. Clap thro’? Dr. Morion.
Cytherea Dione. Mr. Lukins.

5 species fresh water shells of U.S, Dr. S. @.
Morton.

*

4 agate pebbles. Same.
S species shells. Mr. Poulson.

Fossil fish in Slate. (Esox eislebensis) Mr. Feuch-
iwanger.

16 species marine shells. Pacific Ocean. Dr.
Ruschenberger, U.S. N.

322

february.

March.

April.

May.

June.

* LIST, OF DONATIONS.»

16 species Insects. Mr. G, Ralston. ‘

Crystallized Fieldspar. Buenos Ayres. Mr. Wag-
ner, oe .

16 specimens minerals. Dr. R. £. Griffith.

2 segments of Basaltic columns from Giant’s Cause-
way, Ireland. Prof. 4, D. Bache,

3 species marine shells, and several minerals. Zr.
Jacob Peirce. ie

5 specimens of Agatized Wood, &c. from Antigua.

_ Dr. E. Swift, thro? Dr, Morton.

8 species marine shells. Mr.a4. R. Dietz, Jr.

3 specimens vegetable impressions in slate. Rhode
Island. Prof. 4. D. Bache.

Scalaria pretiosa, and other shells. Mr. Poulson.

Topaz; Connect. Dr. 8. G. Morton.

Large mass of scapolite, with sphéne, &c. Bucks

» Co. Pa. Dry £. Swift, thro’ Dr. Morton.
Geological specimens, from the Broad Mountain,

enns. Mr. L. Elimaker,

Sulphate of Magnesia. Vila. Mr. B. Tappan.

Melania, and other shells, N. Carolina. Dr. Blan-
ding.

Extensive series of Fossil Shells from the Tertiary
Formation of Maryland. Mr. 7. A. Conrad.

Two teeth of the Mastodon. N. Jersey. Mr. G.C.
Forsyth.

Horns of the Chamois goat. Mr. Barry of Boston.

Fossils from N. Jersey. Mr. 7. A. Conrad,

Large specimen of Graphic granite. Delaware.
Mess. Reirce & T. Fisher.

Twelve species marine shells. Capt. Hayes.

3 specimens minerals. Norway. Mr. Feuchtwanger.

Pecten magellanicus. Maine. Mr. Peale.

Several species marine shells. Florida. Dr. Jas.
Coz. Z

Chelonura serpentina, &c. Col. Abert, thro’ Dr.
Harlan,

Series of Geological specimens from the north
shore of Lake Superior. Dr. Pitcher thro’ Dr.
Pickering.

July,

a
August.

September,

ss

Re ‘

. *
a *
® ”
List « OF | DONATIONS. 6 + 928
16 species marine shells. Ireland. Dr. S. G. Mor-
ton. *

Lucanus elaphus. Cape Mays Mr. Leamy.
15 species Fossil shells. Maryland, Mr. T, A. Con-
rad, «
Nine species of Reptilia: Para, S. Amer. Col. Abert, ©
* thro’ Dr. Harlan. 4
Geological ee Schuylkill Co. Pa. Mr. S,
Kneass,
Pearl, from the common oyster. Mr. Furst.
3 species shells. India. Dr. Huffnagle, thro’ Dr,
Harlan, o
9 species European Reptilia. Dr. Harlan.
293 Skins of Birds of Surinam, S. Amer. Dr.
Hering, thro’? Mr, L. De Shbeetnde;

*

Albatross.. Mr. Blakie. * .
Ten specimens fossil Producti, &c. Ireland. Dr.
8. G. Morton. © *
20 specimens of Fossil organic ins, from the
Sandstone of the Juniata, Pa. . Thos. Fisher.
Patella. Maine. Mr. 7. R. Peale. ab

Four species Unio. Mr, Lea.

Symphynota compressa. Dr. Pickering.

Selenite. Nova Scotia. Mr. Ronaldson.

Symphynota Bi-alata. China. Mr. Wood.

3 species shells. India. Mr. Wood.

Favosite. Ohio. Mr. T. Fisher.

Organic remains from Bedford Springs, Pa. Mr.
Hayden.

Moschus pygmzus and Sciurus bicolor. Java Mr. -
Wood.

Avicularia. Arkansaw. Col. Abert.

Mountain trout. Juniata. Dr. Harlan,

Emys odorata. Mass. Mr. Haines,

Organic remains. N. Jersey. Mr. Hedelius,

Tooth of Mosasaurus. N. Jersey. Mr. 7.4, Conrad,

Perdix rufa. Majorca. Mr. T. Morgan.

Icterus agripennis. Dr. Harlan.

Male and young of same bird. Dr. M’Euen,

Unio circulus. Ohio. Mr, Lea,

324,

A

LIST OF DONATIONS.

Fusus cinereus, &c.’ Dr. 8. G. Morton,

* Larva of Bombyx. Same.

October,

November,

Picus auratus, male and female. » Mr. I. Parrish.

Podiceps Carolinensis: young. Dr. Hurlan.

Skin of Black eared Barbet. S. Amer. Mr. God-
dard, ; me

Baltimore and orchard Oriole. Dr. 8. G. Morton.

Rallus, 3 species. U.S. Dr. M’Euen.

Vespertilio Auduboni. Dr. Harlan.

Plants from Virginia. Mr. W. S. Warder.

20 specimens of Fossils. Ohio. Mr. 7. Fisher.

6 specimens from Coal formation of Wilkesbarre,
Pa... Dr. Ps Price:

Exogyra costata, Gryphcea mutabilis, aid other fos-
sils. Cahaba, Alabama. Mr. 7. Wuttall.

Skin of Boa Constrictor. Trinidad. Mr. C. S. Smith.

Land Shells, from Alabama. Mr. 7. Nuttall.

Cyclas dubia, &c. » Mr. T. A. Conrad.

i ae marine shells from Massachusetts. Mr,

. Oakes thro’ Dr. Pickering.

Alcedo ispida, and A. alcyon. Dr. Harlan.

Sternus predatorius.. Mr. Goddard.

Phoca_ vitulina; skin presented by Dr. Harlan,
and mounted at the expense of a club of members.

7 species marine shells, Rhode Island. Prof. A.
D, Bache.

Turbinella scolimus, and 7 other species of shells.
Dr. Morton.

Spondylus. Mr. James Griffith.

3 species fossil shells. England. Mr. R. C. Taylor.

3 specimens minerals. Arkansas. Dr. Harlan.

4 specimens Porphyry. Boston. Dr. Pickering.

Fossil wood. Wyoming, Pa. Mr. D. Cunningham.

Scolopax fedoa. Dr. Harlan. ;

109 skins of Birds of India. Dr. M. Burrough.

Skeleton of Am. humming-bird. Mr. Remington.

a specimens of Salamander. Mr. J. Green.

3 species Amer. marine shells. i Id. Prof.
Bache.

Shells from W. Indies. Mr. 7. Ps Betton.

Phalaropus pilearius. Def, by Dr. Harlan; also

LIST OF DONATIONS. 323

23 fresh water Fishes, and 30 Reptiles from Eu-
rope.
November. Phazton ethereus. Dr. Mervin, thro’ Dr. Harlan.
- Bituminous coal. Mr Tappan.

Anthracite. Jr. Thomas Fisher.

Salamandra fasciata. Dr. McMurtrie.

Rocks of which the Delaware Breakwater is built.
Mr. Simmons.

Plotus melanogaster. Dep. by Dr, Burrough.

Felis rufa. Dr. Mease.

Picus varius, Mr. Hedelius.

2 species marine shells. RhodelId. Prof. 4. D.
Bache,

8 do N. Jersey. Mr. 7. A. Conrad.

_ Diodon, Ostracean and young Alligator. Mississip-
ue, Se J. H. Markland.
odon. India. Dr. Shackman.

Spawn of Pyrula. Mr. Jas. Griffith.

Cyprea and Tornitella. W. Indies. Mr. Goddard,

Strix otus. Dr. M’ Euen,.

500 species of Plants, from Guiana. Dr. Hering of
Surinam, thro’ Mr. De Schweinitz.

500 species of Quadrupeds, Reptiles, Fishes, &c.
&e. from Surinam. Dr. meetin: thro’ Mr, De
Schweinitz,

December. Bos grunniens, Lin. and Ciskinive goat. Def. by
Dr. Burrough.

Talc. Cumberland, R. I. Mr. Allison.

Fringilla carnaria. Mr, #. Bacon.

American Greb:. Mr. Gaddard.

Stuffed skin and mounted skeleton of a Rhinoceros.
Dep. by Dr. Burrough.

To the preceding List the following Deposits and Donations
remain to be added:

One thousand specimens of Minerals, embracing the entire
collection of Thomas M‘Euen, M. D.--deposited by that gen-
tleman,

VOL. VI.—MARCR, 1851, 42

324 LIST OF DONATIONS.

Nearly one thousand specimens of Fossils, from the valley
of the Mississippi; consisting of Bones of the Mastodon, Ele-
phant, Megalonyx, &c. together with numerous Shells, Zoo-
phytes, kc. Deposited by John Price Wetherill, Esq.

In the summer of 1829, a private subscription was entered
into by a number of members, for the purpose of erecting a
series of horizontal, glass covered cases, against the gallery
railing of the Academy’s Museum, &c. The object was ef-
fected by the following subscriptions:

Thomas M’Euen, M. D. $70
C. W. Pennock, M. D. 10
R. Haines 20
J, P. Wetherill 25
Z. Collins 25
W. Hembel 10
Jas. Read 10
S. V. Merrick 5
Henry Seybert 40
T. F. Betton 10
S. G. Morton, M. D. 29
Charles Hedelius 10
W.S. Warder 5
Jos. P. Smith 25

$304

In June 1829, an Herbarium case (cost $53 50) was presented
to the Academy at the joint expense of the following members:
Mess. Vaux, Harlan, J. P. Wetherill, Dr. Wetherill, Doornik,
Carpenter, Hembel, Haines, Morton, and Pickering.

The number of books presented to the Academy during the
period embraced by the present volumes of the Journal, is so
great, that the Committee of Publication have deferred a
printed notice of them in this place, in the expectation that
the Society will soon publish a systematic catalogue of their
Library, which now embraces between two and three thousand
volumes.

INDEX.

one St
A. Cardium Mortoni
pinnulatum
Acteon melanoides 226 Cassis cxlata
ovoides 227 Catalogue of Amer. Marl Fos-
Agama undulata 13 sils
umbra 13 Ceratopogon scutellatus
cornuta 14 Cercopis bicincta
collaris 15 obliqua
torquata 231 basilaris
Ameiva tesselata 8 comes
Ammonites delawarensis 194 costalis
Vanuxemi 194 Chelonura serpentina
placenta 195 Chironomus tznionotus
hippocrepis 88 devinctus
Amphidesma carinata 229 Chlorops proximus
Amphiuma means 147 Chrysotus nubilus
Ananchytes cinctus 200 concinnarius
fimbriatus 200 abdominalis
cruciferus 200 Cicada undata
Anatina Leana 263 irrorata
Anolis bullaris 16 mixta
Anomia ephippium 92 costalis
Anthophyllum atlanticum 201 hieroglyphica
Anthrax edititia 156 rimosa
limatulus 157 Vitripennis
Aphrophora bilineata 304 Cistuda clausa
quadrinotata 304 Conops tibialis
Arca maxillata 264 Corallorhiza Wisteriana
Cordylura qualis
B. Coriudo coriacea
Crassatella aleformis
Baccha costata 169 Crepidula costata
Baculites ovatus 196 and 81 Crocodilus lucius
Balanus geniculatus 265 Cucullea vulgaris
Belemnites americanus 190, 244 gigantea
ambiguus 192 Culex musicus
subconicus 91 Cyanite, analysis of
Beris fuscitarsis 155 Cytherea convexa
Bildstein 102
D.
Cc. 4
Dasypogon cepphicus
Cancellaria lunata 222 Delphinus intermedius

Caoutchouc, electrical proper-
ties of 246
Cardium laqueatum 258

Dexia vertebrata
analis
Dilophus stygius

526

Dolichopus abdominalis

E.

Emys picta
punctata
Muhlenburgii
geographica
scabra
centrata
reticulata
serrata
Pennsylvanica
odorata

Ephydra hians

Enistalis trifasciatus

Eschara

Exogyra costata

F.

Fibrolite, analysis of
Flata pruinosa
conica
nava
opaca
pallida
bullata
quinque-lineata
humilis
Flustra

Fucoides alleghaniensis

Fusus errans
cinereus

G.

Gonia frontosa

Gryphea convexa
mutabilis
vomer

J.

Jassus inimicus
acutus
immistus
seminudus
sanctus
verticis
irroratus
clitellaria
novellus
olitorius
subbifasciatus

Juncus viviparus

83,

Kinosternon
L.

Lacerta quinquelineata
sexlineata
Lacuna pertusa
Laphria saniosa
Leia bivittata
Limnobia livida
Lonchza polita
Lucina sphzroides

M.

Mactra ponderosa
solidissima
grandis
gigantea
arctata
tellinoides
nucleus

Marginella denticulata

Medeterus lateralis

punctipennis

Megalonyx laqueatus

Membracis vau
inornata
subulata

quadrivittata

mera
marmorata
arcuata
belligera
tartarea
semicrema
calva
goniphora
festina
Mesembrina pallida
Meteoric stone
Milesia barda
Miltogramma trifasciata
Monodonta glandula
Murex acuticosta
Mya hyalina
Mycetophila discoida
nubila
Mytilus leucophxatus

N.
Nassa quadrata

28

Natica fragilis
Nemoletus polyposus
Nucula recurva

0.

Ocyptera arcuata

Officers of the Academy for _

1830
Ortalis marginata
ligata
trifasciata
vau
Osmunda Claytoniana
Ostrea falcata
flabellula
cristagalli
Otion depressa
sacculifera

P.

Patella alveus
Pecten Pealii
Penthetria heros
Phasia atripennis
jugatoria
Platyura subterminalis
Pleurotoma catenata
limatula
communis
rotifera
gracilis
parva
Psilopus femoratus
patibulatus
Pyrula sulcosa

R.

Ramphomya rufirostra
Rana dorsalis
Retepora

Ss.

Salamandra cirrhigera
dorsalis
ingens

Sapromyza connexa

bipunctata

Sargus trivittatus

Scincus quinquelineatus

ventralis
erythrocephalus
bicolor

lateralis

INDEX.

222
160
262

Scalaria annulata
Scaphites Cuvieri
Scenopinus nubilipes
Sternotherus
Sciara unicolor
Spatangus
Stratiomys trivittata
gonipbora
Spatangus cor marinum?
stella
Specific heat of atoms
Strongylus gigas
Syrphus stegnus
mutuus
ectypus

T.

Tabular spar, analysis of
Terebra simplex
Terebratula Harlavi
fragilis
Sayi
perovalis
Testudo polyphemus
Tettigonia occatoria
versuta
quadrivittata
mollipes
—
ieroglyphica
Thereva aibifrons ae
Tipula annulicornis
Trionyx ferox
Trochus humilis
reclusus
Trypeta electa
obliqua
caliptera
Turritella Mortoni
‘ variabilis
laqueata

Vv.
Velutina rupicola
Venericardia Blandingi
Venus alveata
paphia
Vermetus rotula
Volucella violacea
postica
marginata
Voluta solitaria

x.
Xylophagus fasciatus
Xylota arcuata

Jnr Acad, Nat. Se. Fol. Vi pl.

thirca falcata Rana dorsales.

Fig. 3.

Llp tinuds Inlermedins.

8.6. Morton MD. ded.

Jour. Acad. NOS Vol. VI FUT

Fig. 1.

S. 6: Morton MD. del . °

Vol, VI

2

Fig,

PAP Se eee, ene

Fig.

Jour AaadN.S. Vol.VL PLY.

S. @ Marton MD. Dik: ¥ . childs Diver. 2

Jour Acad) N.S,

ie Bhat a cacti

Saaypthites Garieare

Lig L

Gropidila costata

Vol WZ. LU Hild.

L Stndlairs lith, Phila.

Plate9

LA.€onrad del.

i i ah tl Di ei

Jour Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. VI. Plate 10,

WEN

;

AN

We

¥

\:

SZ
on
Zz

ee Ee le Re ee ee ee ey

TAConrad del.

fd

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