ne ee he he Yr canes. pun vaherVenrysSavurateasey= peateapaaeteeaesbeene prekaraness nex lsageeeenee on ae po OH a fet uA, ‘ hate nasi n CREASY fen vor Jee 8 2 ah DAB JOURNAL THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Aso VOL. VIII. SECOND SERIES. PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED FOR THE ACADEMY: Conuins’ Printine House, 705 JAYNE STREET. 1874-1881. ART. ART. AT: ART. ART. ART. ee aah he ART. ARE: eR. ATE. ART. ART ART. ART: ART. CONTENTS. Be Agiialee li: I.—Description of fifty-two Species of Unionide. By Isaac Lea, . 5 II.—Supplement to Isaac Lea’s paper on Unionidae, . 5d III.—On the Homologies and Origin of the Types of Molar Teeth of ere malia Educabilia. By Edw. D. Cope, : : : é 71 ReAG ak: TV.—On the Batrachia and Reptilia of Costa Rica. By EH. D. Cope, 93 V.—On the Batrachia and Reptilia collected by Dr. John M. Bransford during the Nicaraguan Canal Survey of 1874. By E. D. Cope, . 155 ViI.—Report of the Reptiles brought by Prof. James Orton from file ilar and upper Amazon and western Peru. By HE. D. Cope, . : 159 V1I.—Note on the Ichthyology of Lake Titicaca. By E. D. Cues 185 VIII.—A descriptive Catalogue of the Scalide of the West India Islands. By O. A. L. Mérch, Ph.D., : ; : ; : : : 189 JP leah Ite IX.—Description of Vertebrate Remains, chiefly from the eee Beds of South Carolina. By Prof. Jos. Leidy, 209 X.—Description of a Collection of Fossils made by Decor ete emondi in Peru. By Wm. M. Gabb, 263 ee reece Vis XI.—Description of Caribbean Miocene Fossils. By Wm. M. Gabb, . 837 XII.—Descriptions of New Species of Fossils from the Pliocene Clay Beds between Limon and Moen, Costa Rica, together with Notes on previously known species from there and elsewhere in the Caribbean Area. ay Wm. M. Gabb, . 349 XIII.—The Doprostrial Mollvens ohabitng Ee Cook's or Hane Islands, By Andrew Garrett, . 881 XIV.—The Placenta and eorenrive Apparat of the Blophant By even C. Chapman, M.D., 5 ; . 413 XV.—The Parasites of the monnites By J She Telit. MD., . 425 XV1I.—Remarks on Bathygnathus borealis. By Joseph Leidy, M.D., . 449 Extra copies printed in advance for the authors. [es Art. I.— Description of fifty-two species of Unionide. By Isaac LzEa. Unto Gtosatus. PI. 1, fig. 1. Testa levi, globosa, valde inflata, valde inequilaterali; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus valde inflatis, parum elevatis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca; dentibus cardinalibus per crassis et valde corrugatis; lateralibus curtis, crassis, parum curvatis corrugatisque; margarita argentea et iridescente. Shell smooth, globose, very much inflated, very inequilateral; valves thick, thicker before; beaks very much inflated, somewhat raised; epidermis dark brown; cardinal teeth very thick and very much corrugate; lateral teeth short, thick, somewhat curved and corrugate; nacre silver white and iridescent. Proc! Acad: Nat. Seis, 1871, p. 191: Hab.—NHolston River, Dr. Edgar. Etowah River, Geo., Th. Bland. My cabinet. Diam. 1:2, Length 1:6, Breadth 1:8 inch. Shell smooth, globose, very much inflated on the umbones, very inequilateral, rounded before and behind; substance of the shell very thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat raised and much inflated; ligament short, thick, and dark brown; epidermis dark brown, with close marks of growth; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope cordate and with indistinct lines from the beaks to the margin; cardinal teeth very thick, very much sulcate and roughened, disposed to be treble in the right valve; lateral teeth short, thick and corrugated, and somewhat curved ; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather small, and deeply impressed; posterior cicatrices distinct, rather small and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed on the under side of the cardinal teeth; cavity of the shell rather shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks rather deep and obtusely angular; nacre silver white and iridescent. Remarks.—Many years since the late Dr. Edgar sent me two specimens from East Tennessee. I hesitated to consider it a distinct species until I received a third specimen from my friend Mr. Bland, who obtained it from a different habitat. It is a remarkable spherical species, and may be confounded with subrotundus on one side, and subglobatus herein described on the other. It is a much smaller species than the first, and more rounded than the latter. It need not be con- 2 6 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID&. founded with sphaericus (nobis), for that species is nodulous and has higher beaks. The three specimens before me differ very little. In the youngest there are a few indistinct rays near the termination of the beaks: none are exhibited on the others. All these specimens have eroded beaks, and therefore their character as to undula- tion cannot be ascertained. Unio vatipus. Pl. 1, fig. 2. Testa levi, triangulari, inflata, ineequilaterali, antice rotunda, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis crassis, antice aliquanto crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus, ad apices undulatis; epidermide olivacea, valde radiata; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, compressis erenulatisque; lateralibus sublongis, crassis subcurvisque ; margarita argentea et iridescente. Shell smooth, triangular, inflated, inequilateral, round before, obtusely angular behind; valves thick, somewhat thicker before ; beaks prominent, undulate at the tips; epidermis olive color and very radiate; cardinal teeth thick, compressed, and crenulate: lateral teeth rather long, thick and curved; nacre silver white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 189. Hab.—Duck River, Tenn., Dr. Powell. My cabinet. Diam. 1, Length 1-7, Breadth 2:1 inches. Shell smooth, triangular, inflated, inequilateral, round before and obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell thick, somewhat thicker before; beaks prominent and undulate at the tips; ligament rather long and dark brown; epi- dermis olivaceous, with numerous slightly interrupted rays over most of the disks, with distant lines of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular ; posterior. slope elliptical, very slightly raised, with obscure rays; cardinal teeth very thick, com- pressed, crenulate, double in the left and disposed to be treble in the right valve ; lateral teeth rather long, thick and disposed to be double in both valves ; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather large and deeply impressed; posterior cicatrices distinct, well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks shallow and obtusely angular; nacre silver white and iridescent. Remarks.—A full grown specimen received from Dr. Powell many years since. It perplexed me as to its specific value, and I was disposed to think it a variety of Bigbyensis (nobis), being very nearly of the same outline. It differs in being more inflated and in having an olive epidermis. It is a stouter shell and has thicker teeth. ‘The tips of the beaks of the specimen before me are somewhat eroded, but here remains enough to display several minute subconcentric undulations. * DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID &. T Unto susctosatus. Pl. 1, fig. 3. Testa levi, suborbiculata, valde inflata, insequilaterali; valvulis per crassis; natibus tumidis, elevatis, incurvis ; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, ad apicem maculata et radiata; dentibus cardinalibus par- viusculis, compressis sulcatisque ; lateralibus crassis, curvatis corrugatisque; margarita argentea et iridescente. Shell smooth, suborbicular, very much inflated, inequilateral; valves very thick; beaks swollen, elevated, incurved; epidermis dark brown, spotted and radiate towards the tips; cardinal teeth rather small, compressed and sulcate; lateral teeth thick, curved and corrugate; nacre silver white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 191. Hab.—Florence, Ala., B. Pybas; Nashville, Tenn., Pres. J. B. Lindsley. My cabinet. Diam. 1:3, Length 1:6, Breadth 1:8 inch. Shell smooth, orbicular, very much inflated, inequilateral; substance of the shell very thick, thicker before; beaks very much inflated, very prominent and incurved; ligament short, thick and dark brown; epidermis dark brown, maculate, rayed towards the beaks, and with rather close marks of growth; umbonial slope raised and rounded; posterior slope widely cordate and without rays; cardinal teeth rather small, deeply lobed, compressed, corrugate, and disposed to be treble in the left valve; lateral teeth thick, curved, abrupt at the end and corrugate ; anterior cicatrices distinct, small and deeply impressed; posterior cicatrices dis- tinct, rather small, and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices within the cavity of the shell and under the plate, which is very large; cavity of the shell rather deep and rounded ; cavity of the beaks very shallow and rounded; nacre silver white and iridescent. Remarks.—This is the most globose species with which I am acquainted except capax, Green, which is a very large and very different species. They cannot be at all compared except in the single character of globosity. I have three specimens before me, all of different ages. The oldest is much eroded at the beaks and umbones, and presents only a few maculations along the umbonial slope. The middle aged and young one have maculated rays and are slightly polished towards the tips. In outline it is allied to ebenus, subrotundus, and pilaris (nobis). It is more inflated than either. It is not so retuse in the beaks as ebenus, nor has it so dark an epidermis. It is a smaller species than subrotwndus, and more inflated. It differs from pilais in having a lighter epidermis, and in being more rotund. Neither of the specimens have beaks perfect enough to present undulations at the lips. 8 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDE. Unio Lawn. PI. 2, fig. 4. Testa levi, obliqua, claveformi, antice tumida, valde inzquilaterali, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis erassis, antice aliquanto crassioribus; natibus prominentibus, fere terminalibus; epidermide plavida, radiis internptis indutis ; dentibus cardinalibus paviusculis, acuminatis crenulatisque ; lateralibus sublongis, subcurvis lamellatisque; margarita argentea et iridescente. Shell smooth, oblique, clubshaped, swollen before, very inequilateral, obtusely angular behind ; valves thick, rather thicker before; beaks prominent, nearly ter- minal; epidermis yellowish, covered with interrupted rays; cardinal teeth rather small, acuminate and crenulate; lateral teeth rather long, somewhat curved and lamellar; nacre silver white and iridescent. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 189. Hab.—Tennessee River, Tuscumbia, Ala., Mr. B. Pybas; Tennessee River, Dr. Edgar; Holston River, Miss Annie KE. Law and Prof. Cope. My cabinet and cabinet of Dr. Lewis. Diam. 1:1, Length 1-4, Breadth 1:9 inch. Shell smooth, oblique, clubshaped, swollen before, very inequilateral, obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell thick, somewhat thicker before; beaks prominent and almost terminal, undulate at the tips; ligament short and dark brown; epidermis yellowish with numerous interrupted rays nearly over. the whole disk, with rather close lines of growth ; umbonial slope rounded ; posterior slope cordate, very slightly raised ; cardinal teeth small, acuminate, crenulate, double in the left and disposed to be treble in the right valve; lateral teeth rather long, somewhat curved and lamellar; anterior cicatrices distinct, small and deeply im- pressed; posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather shallow ; cavity of the beaks shallow and rounded ; nacre white and iridescent. Remarks.—A single young specimen of this species was sent to me at least twenty years since by the late Dr. Edgar. Subsequently, ten or twelve years ago, Mr. Pybas sent me two or three half-grown specimens. Recently I have received from Dr. Lewis, of Mohawk, N. Y., five specimens, two of which are mature. Until the receipt of these I could not satisfy myself entirely that the specimens so long held in doubt were specifically distinct from closely allied species. ‘These at once satisfied all my doubts. More recently I owe to Prof. Cope a single halt- grown specimen from the head waters of the Holston River. This species belongs to the group of which clavus, Lam., may be considered the type. It differs from that species in not having the beaks so prominent and terminal. It is very closely allied to Lesleyi (nobis), but it is not so compressed as that, nor so flat on the sides. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. 9 It is also néar to Murrayensis (nobis) and to mundus (nobis). One of the young specimens has two or three undulations at the tips of the beaks. I have great pleasure in naming this species after Miss Annie E. Law, of Concord, East T'en- nessee. She has been a most energetic and successful collector of the mollusks in the streams of that part of the State where she resides, and which have never been so well examined as by herself. Unto opuncus. PI. 2, fig. 5. Testa levi, triangulari, subinflata, inequilaterali, antice rotunda, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis erassis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominentibus; epidermide dilute oliva, perradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis corrugatisque; lateralibus crassis, lamellatis corrugatisque; margarita argentea et iridescente. Shell smooth, triangular, somewhat inflated, inequilateral, round before, obtusely angular behind; valves thick, thicker before; beaks prominent, epidermis pale olive, much radiated; cardinal teeth small and corrugate ; lateral teeth thick, lamellar and corrugate; nacre silver white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 192. Hab.—Tuscumbia, Ala., L. B. Thornton; Holston River, E. Tenn., Miss Law. My cabinet and cabinet of Dr. Lewis. Diam. ‘8, Length 1:3, Breadth 1:5 inch. Shell smooth, triangular, somewhat inflated, inequilateral, round before and obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell thick, thicker before; beaks promi- nent, somewhat pointed; ligament short, rather thick and brown; epidermis pale olive, rayed all over, somewhat polished, with distant marks of growth; umbonial slope raised into an obtuse angle and curved slightly inward towards the basal margin; posterior slope subcordate, with thin rays from the beaks to margin; car- dinal teeth small, thick, and much corrugated; lateral teeth thick, lamellar and corrugated; anterior cicatrices distinct, small and deeply impressed ; posterior cicatrices distinct, rather small and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed along the base of the cardinal tooth; cavity of the shell shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks deep and angular; nacre silvery white and iridescent. Remarks.—There are seven specimens before me; they were all sent by Miss Law to Dr. Lewis. It is a pretty little species, closely allied to Edgarianus (nobis), and has some resemblance to young Mooresianus (nobis). Like Edgarianus it has fine green rays, but it has. not the great inflation of the anterior half of the disk, like that species, nor has it the high polish, nor the deep green rays on the anterior portion. It is also closely allied to Tuscwmbiensis (nobis), but may be distinguished 3 10 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. by its being rather more compressed, having higher beaks, a greener looking epi- dermis, and in being more pyramidal. In outline it reminds one of the pyramidal form of the young of pyramidatus (nobis). Neither of the specimens was perfect enough at the beaks to observe the undulations. Unio rEcurvatus. PI. 2, fig. 6. Testa levi, rotundata, valde inflata, valde inequilaterali, antice rotundata, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus valde prominentibus et recurvatis; epidermide fusca, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, crassis suleatisque; lateralibus percrassis, curtis, sub- curvis corrugatisque; margarita argentea et iridescente. Shell smooth, rounded, very much inflated, very inequilateral, rounded before, obtusely angular behind; valves thick, thicker before; beaks very prominent and recurved; epidermis brown and rayless; cardinal teeth small, thick and sulcate ; lateral teeth very thick, short, somewhat curved, and roughened; nacre silver white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 192. Hab.—Tennessee River, J. G. Anthony ; Holston River, EK. Tenn., Miss Law. My cabinet, and cabinets of Mr. Anthony, Mr. Wheatley, and Dr. Lewis. Diam. 1, Length 1:5, Breadth 1:6 inch. Shell smooth, rounded, very much inflated, very inequilateral, round before and obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell thick, thicker before; beaks very prominent and much recurved; ligament short, thick and brown; epidermis brown, without rays, and with very close marks of growth; umbonial slope very much raised and obtusely angular; posterior slope cordate; cardinal teeth small, thick, sulcate, and disposed to be treble in the right valve; lateral teeth very thick, short, somewhat curved and corrugate; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather small and deeply impressed; posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed over the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell deep and rounded ; cavity of the beaks deep and obtusely angular; nacre silvery white and iridescent. . Remarks.—There are three specimens before me. One of them, belonging to Mr. Anthony, has been in my possession for many years. I was never satisfied that it was not a variety of ebenus (nobis) until lately, when I received two other specimens, which were sent by Miss Law to Dr. Lewis and Mr. Wheatley. Com- paring the three specimens with the allied species, I became entirely satisfied that the species was distinct. In the above description of the epidermis it is said to be without rays. It is very likely that young and perfect specimens may be found with some rays. ‘Two of these specimens have three or four spots immediately DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID A. 11 under the marks of growth before the umbonial slope. The epidermis is disposed to be rough and slightly scaly, like plenus (nobis), and it has a general resemblance to that species, but it is rounded and has not the flattened side of that species. Neither of the specimens is perfect enough in the beaks to display undulations. I owe to the kindness of Dr. Lewis in being able to cite my cabinet for a specimen. Unio Tuscumsisnsis. PI. 3, fig. 7. Testa levi, triangulari, tumida, ad latere planulata, inequilaterali, antice subtruncata, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus elevatis, subretusis; epidermide luteo- oliva, perradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, subcompressis crenulatisque; lateralibus curtis, subcrassis subrectisque ; margarita argentea et iridescente. Shell smooth, triangular, swollen, flattened at the sides, inequilateral, subtrun- cate before, obtusely angular behind; valves thick, thicker before; beaks raised, somewhat retuse; epidermis yellowish olive, very much rayed; cardinal teeth rather small, somewhat compressed and crenulate; lateral teeth short, somewhat thick and straight; nacre silver white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 190. Hab.—Tuscumbia, Ala., L. B. Thornton, Esq.; Holston River, E. Tenn., Dr. Edgar. My cabinet. Diam. ‘9, Length 1:3, Breadth 1°6 inch. Shell smooth, triangular, inflated, flattened at the sides, inequilateral, subtrun- cate before and obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell thick, thicker before; beaks prominent and somewhat retuse; ligament very short, reddish brown; epidermis yellowish olive, rayed nearly over the whole disk, with rather close marks of growth; umbonial slope raised and obtusely angular; posterior slope flattened and cordate; cardinal teeth rather small, somewhat compressed, crenulate, double in the left and treble in the right valve; lateral teeth short, somewhat thick and nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, small and deeply impressed ; posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed on the under side of the plate within the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and rounded ; cavity of the beaks rather deep and obtusely angular; nacre very white and iridescent. Remarks.—Dr. Kdgar more than twenty years since sent me a single specimen of this species, which is so closely allied to cuneolus (nobis) that I placed it among that species as a variety. Subsequently Mr. Thornton sent me three of different Sages, and I have no longer any doubt but that they are distinct. It may be distin- 12 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID. guished from cuneolus by its being more triangular, approaching the outline of typical obliquus, Lam. Tuscumbiensis is also closely allied to Edgarianus (nobis), but differs in being less tumid, less polished, and less extended at the anterior basal margin. None of the specimens are perfect enough at the beaks to exhibit undulation at the tips. | Unio appressus. PI. 3, fig. 8. Testa levi, triangulari, securiformi, valde inzequilaterali, antice rotundata, postice subangulata; val- vulis crassiusculis, antice aliquanto crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus; epidermide flavida, radiis interruptis postice indutis; dentibus cardinalibus paviusculis, compressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus sublongis, curvis lamellatisque ; margarita argentea et aliquanto iridescente. Shell smooth, triangular, securiform, very inequilateral, rounded before, sub- angular behind; valves somewhat thick, somewhat thicker before; beaks promi- nent; epidermis yellowish, covered behind with interrupted rays; cardinal teeth somewhat small, compressed, and crenulate ; lateral teeth rather long, curved, and lamellar; nacre silvery white and somewhat iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 189. Hab.—Tuscumbia, Ala., B. Pybas; Tennessee River, J. G. Anthony; Holston River, Miss Law and C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet; cabinets of Mr. Anthony and Dr. Lewis. Diam. ‘9, Length 1:5, Breadth 1°7 inch. Shell smooth, triangular, securiform, very inequilateral, rounded before and obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell somewhat thick, thicker before ; beaks prominent; ligament rather short and dark brown; epidermis yellowish, with interrupted rays on the posterior part near to the umbonial slope, with nume- rous rather close lines of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope narrow elliptical, slightly raised, and without rays; cardinal teeth rather small, compressed, and crenulate ; lateral teeth rather long, curved, lamellar, and rather blunt at the end; anterior cicatrices distinct, small and deeply impressed; poste- rior cicatrices distinct and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow and rounded; cavity of the beaks rather deep and obtusely angular; nacre very white and somewhat iridescent. Rémarks.—There are six specimens before me; four of them have been with me for many years, laid aside for further and better lights; the other two speci- mens were recently received from Dy. Lewis, having been obtained from the Holston River by Miss Law. Neither of these six specimens can be placed in any species with which I am acquainted. In outline this species is perhaps nearest to abacus,@ DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID 4. 13 Hald. It differs in being rather less appressed, rather more rounded in outline, and in having interrupted rays. It reminds one of dolabelloides (nobis), but it is more triangular. None of the specimens are perfect enough at the beaks to dis- play undulations. Unio rapiosus. PI. 3, fig. 9. Testa levi, subtrianeulari, subinflata, subequilaterali, antice rotundata, postice obtuse angulari; val- ? > ? ’ b to) b) vulis crassiusculis, antice parum crassioribus; natibus prominentibus; epidermide luteo-oliva, perradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus subcrassis, lamel- latis subrectisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. Shell smooth, subtriangular, somewhat inflated, subequilateral, rounded before, obtusely angular behind; valves somewhat thick, somewhat thicker before ; beaks prominent; epidermis yellowish-olive, very much rayed; cardinal teeth small, compressed and crenulate; lateral teeth somewhat thick, lamellar and nearly straight; nacre white and iridescent. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 192. Hab.—Holston River, East Tennessee, Miss A. E. Law. My cabinet, and cabinets of Dr. Lewis, Mr. Wheatley and Miss Law. Diam. °7, Length 1:1, Breadth 1:4 inch. Shell smooth, subtriangular, somewhat inflated, nearly equilateral, rounded before and obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell rather thick, somewhat thicker before; beaks prominent; ligament short, thick and brown; epidermis _ yellowish-olive, very much rayed, with rather distant marks of growth; umbonial slope raised and obtusely angular; posterior slope cordate and generally rayed ; cardinal teeth small, compressed, crenulate and disposed to be treble in the right valve; lateral teeth rather thick, short, lamellar and nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, small and deeply set; posterior cicatrices distinct, small and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks rather deep and obtusely angular; nacre white and iridescent. Remarks.—This species is closely allied to twmescens (nobis) in outline, in size and in color of the epidermis. It may, however, be distinguished by radiosus being rather more compressed, having a yellowish epidermis with more rays, which usually are broader and greenish. Some of the specimens are nearly covered with beautiful broad green rays. Twmescens has higher beaks, a darker epidermis and fewer rays. It is also usually thicker in the substance of the shell. None of the beaks of nearly a dozen before me, sent by Miss Law, are perfect enough to show 4 14 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID A. undulations of the tips. I owe to the kindness of Dr. Lewis the possession of several specimens for my own cabinet. Unio crupus. PI. 4, fig. 10. Testa levi, subrotunda, compressa, inzquilaterali, antice rotunda, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis suberassis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominentibus ; epidermide rugosa, tenebroso-fusca, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus subgrandibus, subcompressis ecrenulatisque; lateralibus crassis, subbrevis subcurvisque ; magarita argentea et parum iridescente. Shell smooth, subrotund, compressed, inequilateral, rounded before, obtusely angular behind; valves somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks prominent; epider- mis rugose, dark brown, without rays; cardinal teeth somewhat large, subcom- pressed and crenulate ; lateral teeth thick, rather short and somewhat curved ; nacre silver white and somewhat iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 190. _ _Hab.—French Broad River, Pres. Lindsley ; Swamp Creek, Murray Co., Geo., Major Downie; Holston River, C. M. Wheatley and Miss Law. My cabinet, and cabinets of Mr. Wheatley and Dr. Lewis. Diam. ‘9, Length 1:5, Breadth 1:8 inch. Shell smooth, subrotund, compressed on the sides, inequilateral, round before and obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell rather thick, much thicker before; beaks prominent, rather pointed ; ligament short, rather thick and dark brown; epidermis rough, dark brown, with rather distant marks of growth and without rays; umbonial slope rounded and flattened; posterior slope compressed, cordate, with two slightly impressed lines; cardinal teeth rather large, rather com- pressed and crenulate; lateral teeth thick, rather short and somewhat curved ; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather small, but well impressed ; posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed on the under side of the plate within the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow; cavity of the beaks rather shallow and obtusely angular; nacre silvery white and slightly iridescent. ' Remarks —Among the many shells sent to me some twelve years since by Pre- sident Lindsley, of Nashville, was a single adult specimen of this species with imperfect beaks. Subsequently a young one was sent by Major Downie, and very recently Mr. Wheatley has sent me an adult and Dr. Lewis two quite young speci- mens. These last three entirely satisfy my mind that the species is undescribed, and I no longer doubt of its place in the system. The two old specimens are rather rough in the epidermis and present no appearance of rays; but the three young are yellowish, with interrupted dark rays. The outline is rounded, very > DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID. 15 much like swbrotundus (nobis), and altogether it is nearly allied to that species. None of the specimens have beaks perfect enough to display undulations at the tips. Unto crrcumactus. Pl. 4, fig. 11. Testa levi, rotundata, ad apices inflata, ad basim compressa, inequilaterali ; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus elevatis recurvatisque ; epidermide vel rufo-fusea vel castanea, maculata et radiata; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, suabcompressis sulcatisque ; lateralibus percrassis, subcurvis corrugatisque; margarita argentea et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, rounded, inflated at the beaks, compressed at the base, inequi- lateral; valves thick, thicker before; beaks raised and recurved ; epidermis reddish- brown or chestnut, maculate and rayed; cardinal teeth thick, somewhat compressed and sulcate; lateral teeth very thick, somewhat curved and corrugate; nacre silver white and very iridescent. Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 192. Hab.—Florence, Ala., Rev. G. White; Holston River, Miss Law. My cabinet, and cabinets of Mr. Wheatley and Dr. Lewis. Diam. 1:1, Length 1°8, Breadth 1:9 inch. Shell smooth, rounded, inflated towards the beaks and compressed at the base, inequilateral; substance of the shell thick, thicker before; beaks much elevated -and recurved; ligament thick, short and dark brown; epidermis dark brown or chestnut color, with rather close marks of growth; umbonial slope rounded, not raised ; posterior slope narrow, cordate, in some specimens slightly maculate; car- dinal teeth thick, somewhat compressed, and disposed to be treble in the night valve, sulcate; lateral teeth very thick, slightly curved and corrugate; anterior cicatrice distinct, rather small and deeply impressed; posterior cicatrices distinct, rather small and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed under the cardinal teeth within the cavity; cavity of the shell rather shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks shallow and obtusely angular; nacre silvery white and very iridescent. Remarks.—This species so closely resembles Thorntonti (nobis) that I was induced to place the first I saw with that species as a variety. Having now seven or eight specimens before me, I am satisfied as to the value of the specific differ- ence. All these specimens have a row of maculations immediately before the umbonial slope, extending nearly to the margin. On the anterior half there are rays and on the superior half maculations. This species belongs to the same group with dolabellvides, but this species is more rounded on the margin. None of the specimens before me are perfect enough at the tips to present undulations. 16 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. e Unio pattinowweEs. Pl. 4, fig. 12. Testa levi, obliqua, subeompressa, valde inzequilaterali, antice rotundata, postice obtuse angulata ; volvulis subcrassis, antice crassioribus; natibus sabprominentibus, fere terminalibus; epidermide luteo-brunnea, maculata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, subeompressis sulcatisque; lateralibus longiusculis, subecompressis corrugatisque ; margarita argentea et iridescente. Shell smooth, oblique, somewhat compressed, very inequilateral, rounded before, obtusely angular behind; valves rather thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent, nearly terminal; epidermis yellowish-brown and maculate; cardinal teeth small, somewhat compressed and sulcate ; lateral teeth somewhat long, com- pressed and corrugate; nacre silver white and iridescent. Proc. Adad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 193. Hab.—Clinch River, Pres. Estabrook; Holston River, Dr. Edgar and Miss Law. My cabinet, and cabinets of C. M. Wheatley and Dr. Lewis. Diam. 1, Length 1:4, Breadth 1°8 inch. Shell smooth, oblique, somewhat compressed, very inequilateral, rounded before and obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell rather thick, thicker before; beaks rather prominent, nearly terminal; ligament rather short, thick and dark brown; epidermis yellowish-brown, spotted with green interrupted rays, with rather close marks of growth; umbonial slope slightly raised and rounded; posterior slope narrow, cordate, occasionally with a few maculations; cardinal teeth small, some- what compressed and sulcate; lateral teeth rather long, somewhat compressed and corrugate; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather small and deeply impressed; posterior cicatrices distinct, rather small and moderately impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed on the base of the cardinal teeth within the cavity of the shell; cavity of the shell wide and rounded; cavity of the beaks rather deep and angular; nacre silver white and iridescent. Remarks.—-I have had two old and worn specimens of this species for many years, always unable to place them satisfactorily in any described species with which I was acquainted. Recently Miss Law has sent several young and more perfect specimens, and I no longer doubt of their being distinct. In outline it is near to mundus and Lesleyi (nobis), but mundus has higher beaks, and both are rather more oblique. None of these specimens have the beaks perfect enough to show the undulations at the tips. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. 17 Unio titus. Pl. 5, fig. 13. Testa levi, elliptica, subcompressa, inequilaterali, antice rotundata, postice subbiangulata; valvulis subtenuibus, antice crassioribus; natibus prominulis ; epidermide crocea, eradiata; dentibus car- dinalibus parvis compressisque ; lateralibus sublongis, subcurvis lamellatisque ; margarita salmo- nis colore tincta et elegantissime iridescente. Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat compressed, inequilateral, rounded before, subbiangular behind; valves rather thin, thicker before; beaks a little prominent, epidermis saffron-yellow, without rays; cardinal teeth small and compressed ; late- yal teeth rather long, somewhat curved and lamellar; nacre salmon color and elegantly iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 189. Hab.—Cahaba River, Shelby Co., Ala., E. R. Schowalter, M.D. My cabinet, and cabinet of E. R. Schowalter, M.D. Diam. ‘6, Length 1, Breadth 1:6 inch. Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat compressed, inequilateral, rounded before and subbiangular behind; substance of the shell rather thin, thicker before; beaks a little prominent ; ligament short and light brown; epidermis saffron-yellow, with- out rays, with rather distant lines of growth; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope elliptical and slightly carinate ; cardinal teeth small, compressed, double in the left and treble in the right valve; lateral teeth short, oblique, and lamellar ; anterior cicatrices confluent, rather large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices large, confluent and slightly impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks rather shallow and obtusely angular; nacre salmon color, deeper on the mar- gin, brilliant, satin like, very iridescent. Remarks.—This is a small species, with a beautiful satin-like nacre. There are two specimens before me; one apparently full grown, the other more than half mature. In color of exterior and general phase it reminds one of striatulus (nobis), but it differs in outline, that shell being subtriangular, while litws is elliptical. In outline it is very near to Copei (nobis), but altogether different in color of epidermis as well as in the nacre. In both specimens before me the beaks are eroded. Unio Canasensis. PI. 5, fig. 14. Testa valde tuberculata, quadrata, compressa, subzequilaterali, antice rotunda, postice truncata; val- vulis suberassis, antice crassioribus; natibus subprominentibus ; epidermide crocea, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus subgrandis, compressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus curtis, obliquis lamella- tisque ; margarita salmonis colore tincta et elegantissime iridescente. 5 18 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. Shell very much tuberculate, quadrate, compressed, subequilateral, rounded before, truncate behind; valves rather thick, thicker before; beaks rather promi- nent; epidermis saffron-yellow, without rays; cardinal teeth rather large, com- pressed and crenulate; lateral teeth short, oblique and lamellar; nacre salmon color and elegantly iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 190. Hab.—Cahaba River, Shelby Co., Ala., E, R. Schowalter, M.D. My cabinet, and cabinet of E. R. Schowalter, M.D. Diam. ‘8, Length 1:5, Breadth 1:'8 inch. Shell tuberculate nearly over the whole disk, quadrate, subequilateral, round before and truncate behind; substance of the shell rather thick, much thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent; ligament short, rather dark; epidermis saffron- yellow, without rays, with distant lines of growth; umbonial slope flattish; pos- terior slope compressed, carinate, with many small tubercles; cardinal teeth rather large, compressed, crenulate, double in the left and treble in the right valve; late- ral teeth short, oblique, lamellar and straight; anterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed ; posterior cicatrices distinct and slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed within the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the beaks deep and angular; cavity of the shell shallow and wide; nacre salmon color, splendent and satinlike, deeper colored on the margin. Remarks.—Two specimens only were sent by Dr. Schowalter. The larger appears to be full grown; the smaller rather more than half mature. The beautiful salmon color and satinlike nacre of these specimens are very remarkable, the color extending from the margin into the cavity of the beaks. It belongs to the quad- rate nodulous group which contains lachrymosus, pustulatus, Schoolcrafti, &c., the outline and compressed form being nearly the same with the latter. It differs entirely in having very numerous tubercles over three-fourths of the disk, the anterior fourth being somewhat welted. It is devoid of the broad green ray which is usually so well defined in Schoolcraftii, no appearance of rays being in the two specimens before me. The very remarkably fine nacre displays a series of irregular undulations, caused by the exterior tubercles. The beaks of both specimens being eroded, present no undulations. Unio SIMULANS. PI. 5, fig. 15. Testa levi, obliqua, subcompressa, inzequilaterali, antice rotundata, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis crassiusculis, antice erassioribus; natibus prominentibus; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis crenulatisque; lateralibus sublongis, curvis lamellatisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID A. 19 Shell smooth, oblique, somewhat compressed, inequilateral, rounded before and obtusely angular behind; valves rather thick, thicker before; beaks a little promi- nent; epidermis dark brown without rays; cardinal teeth small, compressed, and crenulate; lateral teeth somewhat long, curved and lamellar; nacre white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 190. Hab.—Cahaba River, Shelby Co., Ala., E. R. Schowalter, M.D. My cabinet, and cabinet of Dr. Schowalter. Diam. °6, Length 1, Breadth 1:5 inch. Shell smooth, oblique, somewhat compressed, inequilateral, rounded before, obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell somewhat thick, somewhat thicker before; beaks a little prominent; ligament short and dark brown; epidermis dark brown, nearly black, without rays and with rather distant marks of growth; um- bonial slope rounded; posterior slope narrow elliptical, with two indistinct rays on each valve, scarcely carinate; cardinal teeth small, compressed and crenulate ; lateral teeth rather long, curved and lamellar; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather small, deeply impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent and slightly impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed over the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks somewhat deep and obtusely angular; nacre white and iridescent behind. Remarks.— Four specimens of this species were sent to me by Dr. Schowalter. They seem all to be males. The species seems to be more nearly allied to U. Genthii (nobis) than any other I am acquainted with. It differs in being more com- pressed, and in being a little more oblique. When young the color of the epidermis is no doubt a dark green. The most perfect specimen shows a disposition to exhi- bit that color. None of the specimens had beaks perfect enough to show undula- tions at the tips, which no doubt they possess when young. Unio pispansus. PI. 6, fig. 16. Testa levi, elliptica, subinflata, valde inequilaterali, antice rotunda, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominulis, fere terminalibus ; epidermide tenebroso- olivacea, perradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis tuberculatis et in utroque valvulo duplici- bus ; lateralibus prolongis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarita purpurea et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat inflated, very inequilateral, round before and obtusely angular behind; valves somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks a little prominent, nearly terminal; epidermis dark olive, very much rayed; cardinal teeth rather small, tuberculate and double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamel- lar and nearly straight; nacre purple and very iridescent. 20 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 191. Hab.—Fast Tennessee, Dr. Edgar. My cabinet. Diam. °8, Length 1:2, Breadth 2:2 inches. Shell smooth, narrow elliptical, somewhat inflated, very inequilateral, round before and obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks rather prominent, nearly terminal; ligament rather long and dark brown; epidermis dark olive and very much rayed on the posterior portions, with rather close marks of growth; umbonial slope slightly raised and rounded; poste- rior slope narrow elliptical; cardinal teeth rather small, tuberculate and double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and nearly straight; anterior cica- trices distinct, rather large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed in a row across the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of shell rather deep and wide; cavity of the beaks shallow and nearly rounded; nacre purple and very iridescent. Remarks.—Among the shells sent to me many years since were two specimens which I could not place with any I was acquainted with. ‘These have been laid aside with the hope of getting others of different ages, better to satisfy myself. Since then, among all the many envois from East Tennessee, I have never seen a third specimen. I am now, however, satisfied from the view of many allied spe- cies, that these must be placed in the group of rutilans (nobis) as distinct, being near to that and subellipsis (nobis). It is not so large a species as rutilans, nor so transverse, and differs in having a purple nacre, and in this respect differs from subellipsis, to which it has a strong resemblance. The nacre of the two specimens before me is purple in the cavity, being more intense towards the cavity of the beaks, and inclining to salmon color towards the margin. It is exceedingly brilliant in the posterior half of the disk. The beaks being eroded, the undulations of the tips were not observable. Dr. Edgar did not mention the particular habitat of those specimens, but they probably came from the Holston River. Unio SAntTEENSIS. Pl. 6, fig. 17. Testa levi, suboblonga, subinflata, valde inequilaterali, antice rotundata, postice obtuse biangulata ; valvulis crassiusculis, natibus prominulis, ad apices minute undulatis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, nitida et valde radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis et in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis subcurvisque; margarita vel purpurea vel salmonis colore tincta et iridescente. Shell smooth, somewhat oblong, somewhat inflated, very inequilateral, rounded before, obtusely biangular behind; valves somewhat thick; beaks shightly promi- DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID#. 21 nent, minutely undulate at the tips; epidermis dark brown, shining, and very much radiate; cardinal teeth small, much compressed and double in both valves ; lateral teeth long and somewhat curved; nacre purple or salmon colored and iridescent. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 193. Hab.—Santee Canal, So. Car., Dr. Foreman; and Oconee River, Geo., Major J. Le Conte. My cabinet. ‘Diam. ‘9, Length 1:4, Breadth 2:5 inches. Shell smooth, somewhat oblong, rather inflated, very inequilateral, rounded before, obtusely biangular behind; substance of the shell a little thick; beaks a little prominent, minutely undulate at the tips; ligament rather long and dark brown; epidermis dark brown, shining and very much rayed, with very distant marks of growth; umbonial slope inflated and rounded; posterior slope narrow elliptical and with two slightly impressed lines from the beaks to the posterior margin; cardinal teeth small, compressed, double in both valves; lateral teeth long and somewhat curved; anterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed; posterior cicatrices large, confluent and moderately impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed over the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and wide; cavity of the beaks shallow and rounded; nacre purplish, tinted with salmon and iridescent. Remarks.—This species is closely allied to confertus (nobis) and lugubris (nobis), and belongs to the great complanatus group. It is rather more compressed than either of them, and is not quite so elongate. In color of epidermis and rays it resembles both. Three specimens have been in my collection for many years, and they were placed with a doubt as a variety of lugubris. I no longer hesitate to believe it to be a distinct species. Unto rapioLus. Pl. 6, fig. 18. Testa levi, elliptica, subinflata, valde inzequilaterali, antice rotunda, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis crassiusculis; natibus prominulis, fere terminalibus; epidermide brunnea, valde radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, subcompressis crenulatisque; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat inflated, very inequilateral, round before, obtusely angular behind; valves somewhat thick; beaks a little prominent, nearly terminal; epidermis brownish, very much radiate; cardinal teeth small, somewhat compressed and crenulate; lateral teeth long, lamellar and somewhat curved; nacre white and iridescent. 22 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID &. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 192. Hab.—Ogeechee River, Liberty Co., Geo., Major John Le Conte. My cabinet and cabinet Academy Natural Sciences. Diam. °8, © Length 1:1, Breadth 2:1 inches. Shell smooth, narrow elliptical, somewhat inflated, inequilateral, round before and obtusely angular behind; substance of the shell somewhat thick; beaks a lit- tle prominent and nearly terminal; ligament rather short, rather thick and dark brown; epidermis brownish, very much rayed and with distant marks of growth; umbonial slope raised and obtusely angular; posterior slope narrow elliptical and raised into a small carina; cardinal teeth small, compressed and crenulate; lateral teeth long, lamellar and somewhat curved; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather small and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, rather large and moderately im- pressed; dorsal cicatrices placed nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and wide; cavity of the beaks shallow and rounded ; nacre white and iridescent. Remarks.—I owe to the kindness of my friend, the late Major John Le Conte, a small suite of this species which some twenty years since he brought from Georgia. For a long time I considered these specimens to belong to Geddingsianus (nobis) from South Carolina. Having more recently given them a careful comparison with that species, I have no longer any hesitation in separating them. It is a smaller species, has a higher umbonial slope, is a little more transverse and has more and closer rays. It need not be confounded with aquilus (nobis), from Geor- gia, which is a more compressed species and is larger. The young specimens show delicate undulations at the tips of the beaks. Unio Stevensi. Pl. 7, fig. 19. Testa bialata, valde plicata, triangulari, compressa, valde inzequilaterali ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus; natibus vix prominentibus; epidermide tenebroso-cornea, eradiata ; dentibus cardi- nalibus parvis suleatisque; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subcurvisque; margarita alba et irides- cente. Shell double winged, very much folded, triangular, compressed, very inequi- lateral; valves somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks scarcely prominent; epi- dermis dark horn color, without rays; cardinal teeth small and sulcate; lateral teeth long, lamellar and somewhat curved; nacre white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 188. Hab.—Yuruari River, tributary to Essequebo River, Guiana, R. P. Stevens. My cabinet and cabinet of C. M. Wheatley. it a DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID A. 23 Diam. 1, Length 1°8, Breadth 2°5 inches. Shell bialate, folded nearly all over, triangular, compressed, very inequilateral ; substance of the shell somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks scarcely prominent, with radiating folds at the tips; ligament concealed, long and dark brown; epi- dermis dark horn color, in the younger light horn color, without rays and with rather distant marks of growth; umbonial slope very slightly raised; posterior slope narrow elliptical and raised into a high wing; cardinal teeth small, sulcate ; lateral teeth long, lamellar and slightly curved; anterior cicatrices confluent, rather small and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and slightly im- pressed; dorsal cicatrices placed in a row across the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell very shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks very shallow and rounded ; nacre white and iridescent. Remarks.—I owe to the kindness of Mr. Stevens three specimens, two adults and young one about one-third grown. The outline is very nearly that of Boykin- ianus (nobis) and it is plicate like that shell nearly all over; but it differs in being a thinner and smaller shell, and in having more and smaller folds. In the young shell before me the folds extend over the whole disk and some of them take a zig- zag form. ‘This is a symphynote species and the high wing in perfect specimens covers the ligament. In the two older specimens this character is lost, but in the young specimen it is evident that the two valves were connate before and behind the beaks. In all the three specimens the cardinal teeth are much divided and therefore disposed to be sulcate. I have great pleasure in dedicating this species to Mr. Stevens, to whom I am under obligations for it and other interesting river shells taken by him in Guiana, viz., Unio fluctiger, An. tortilis, An. ensiformis and Mel. transversa. Unio Jnrrreystanus. PI. 7, fig. 20. Testa crebre et leviter sulcata, regulariter elliptica, compressa, parum inzequilaterali; valvulis crassi- usculis, antice parum crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, polita, eradi- ata; dentibus cardinalibus, parvis, lamellatis, obliquis ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis, subrectis et in utroque valvulo simplicibus ; margarita vel alba vel salmonis colore tincta. Shell closely and slightly sulcate, regularly oval, compressed, somewhat inequi- lateral; valves somewhat thick, slightly thicker before; beaks a little prominent ; epidermis dark brown, polished, without rays; cardinal teeth small, lamellar and oblique; lateral teeth long, lamellar, nearly straight and simple in both valves ; nacre white or salmon colored. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 188. 24 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. Hab.— Australia, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of C. M. Wheatley. Diam. 1, Length 1-7, Breadth 2°8 inches. Shell closely and slightly sulcate, regularly elliptical, compressed, slightly ine- quilateral; substance of the shell somewhat thick, somewhat thicker before; beaks - a little prominent; ligament very thin, long and nearly concealed; epidermis dark brown, shining, without rays, with very distant marks of growth; umbonial slope very slightly raised and rounded; posterior slope carinate, narrow elliptical; car- dinal teeth small, lamellar, oblique, double in the right.and single in the left valve ; lateral teeth long, lamellar, nearly straight and single in both valves; anterior cicatrices confluent, large and slightly impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and very slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed in a row across the cen- tre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks very shallow and rounded; nacre white or salmon color and slightly iridescent. Remarks.—1 owe to my friend Mr. Wheatley the possession of the specimen figured. He has two similar ones in his extensive and valuable collection. This species is remarkable for having the lateral teeth single in both valves. The cardi- nal teeth are small, and double only in the right valve, the upper lobe of the tooth of which is very small. The lines of growth are broad and very distant. The beaks are too imperfect to exhibit their character. In outline it is near to Thwaitesi (nobis), but it is higher in the carina than that shell and differs in the teeth as well as in the character of sulcation of the disk, Thwaitesw being smooth. It resembles ‘also: vittatus (nobis), but that species is more inflated, the beaks more terminal, and the marks of growth very much closer. It cannot be confounded with Lamarck’s Australis, that species being smooth and obovate. (See Philippi’s Conchylien, Tab. 5, fig. 5.) . I have great pleasure in dedicating this species to the distinguished and able author of British Conchology, &c., J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S., &c. &c. ANODONTA EXILIOR. PI. 7, fig. 21. Testa alata, levi, obovata, inflata, valde inequilaterali; valvulis exilissimis; natibus prominulis, ad apices minute undulatis; epidermide vel olivacea vel brunea, polita et eradiata; margarita cceru- lea et valde iridescente. Shell winged, smooth, obovate, inflated, very inequivalve, valves exceedingly thin; beaks somewhat prominent, minutely undulate at the tips; epidermis olive or brown, polished and without rays; nacre blue and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 188. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID. 25 Hab.—Mexico, C. M. Wheatley. Diam. °7, Length 1:3, Breadth 1:8 inch. Shell winged, smooth, obovate, inflated, very inequilateral; substance of the shell exceedingly thin; beaks a little prominent, at the tips very minutely undulate and pointed; ligament rather long, dark brown and nearly concealed; epidermis olive color or brownish, polished, without rays, and with distant marks of growth; umbonial slope inflated and rounded; posterior slope elliptical, raised into a wing; anterior cicatrices confluent, large and very slightly impressed; posterior cicatrix confluent and very slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed across the cavity of the shell and very slightly impressed; cavity of the shell deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks exceedingly shallow; nacre bluish and very iridescent. Remarks.—This very delicate species was kindly given to me by Mr. Wheatley, who obtained it from a London dealer as coming from Mexico. The habitat, there- fore, is not positively certain. It does not appear to me to be a Mexican species. There are three specimens before me. The oldest one is dark brown with a pol- ished epidermis, while the youngest is greenish olive. The very delicate nacre, which is translucent, has very minute striz passing from the centre of the beaks to all parts of the margin. In outline it is closely allied to A. obtwsa (Spix.), Tes- tacea Fluv. Braziliencia, Tab. xxii. figs. 3 and 4; but differs entirely in the thin- ness of the valves, in not having rays, and in being higher in the wing. Unio Macnigntu. PI. 8, fig. 22. Testa sulcata, oblonga, valde ineequilaterali, antice sub-rotunda, postice obtuse biangulata ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide fusca vel luteola, postice viridi- radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, compressis crenulatisque; lateralibus sublongis lamel- latisque ; margarita argentea et valde iridescente. Shell sulcate, oblong, very inequilateral, rounded before, obtusely biangular behind; valves somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks slightly prominent; epider- mis brownish or yellowish, with green rays posteriorly; cardinal teeth rather small, compressed and crenulate; lateral teeth rather long and lamellar; nacre white and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1869, p. 124. Hab.—Rio Gigillillo, Corcuera, Nicaragua, Cen. Am., Mr. J. A. McNiel. My cabinet, and cabinet of the Peabody Academy Nat. Sci., Salem. Diam: -7,; Length 1-, Breadth 1:7 inch. Shell sulcate, oblong, very inequilateral, rounded before, obtusely biangular behind; substance of the shell somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks slightly prominent; ligament rather short and light brown; epidermis brownish, in the 7 26 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID&. young yellowish, with green rays behind, with scarcely perceptible lines of growth; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope carinate, compressed, with two well-marked impressed lines from beaks to margin; cardinal teeth small, compressed, crenulate and disposed to be double in both valves; lateral teeth rather long, lamellar and slightly curved; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent and mode- rately impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell somewhat deep; cavity of the beaks rather shallow and obtusely angular; nacre silver white and very iridescent. Soft Parts—No ova were found in the ovaries or branchial uterus. Branchia rather small, inner one the larger, curved below, free the whole length of abdominal sac. Palpi large, round below, united near to the top. Mantle very thin, thicker and colored at the margin. Branchial Opening rather large, light brown, with nu- merous small papilla. Anal Opening large, dark brown, with numerous very minute papilla on inner edges. Super-Anal Opening very small, colored, united below— color of the mass whitish. Remarks. —I have before me a number of specimens of different ages. This species has a general resemblance to the Nicaraguan species, and is somewhat like Rowellii (nobis), but may be distinguished by the difference of outline, Macnieli being oblong, having nearly the outline of Scamnatus Morelet, from Cuba. I have pleasure in calling it after Mr. McNiel, who discovered it while travelling i in Cen- tral America. I owe to the liberality of the Peabody Acad. Nat. Sci. of Salem the possession of specimens and the privilege of describing the species. Unio Prater. PI. 8, fig. 23. Testa levi, rotunda, valde inflata, subglobosa, valde inzequilaterali, antice et postice rotundata; val- vulis crassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus elevatis, tumidis, subretusis; epidermide luteo-olivacea, dilute perradiata; dentibus cardinalibus paviusculis, subconicis; lateralibus longis, crassis sub- rectisque ; magarita argentea et iridescente. Shell smooth, round, very much inflated, subglobose, very inequilateral, round before and behind; valves thick, thicker before; beaks raised, swollen and some- what retuse; epidermis pale olive with rather indistinct rays over the whole disk ; cardinal teeth rather small, subconical; lateral teeth long, thick and nearly straight; nacre silver white and iridescent. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 191. Hab.—Kansas, Mr. C. W. Peale. Cabinet Academy Natural Sciences. Diam. 1:2, Length 1°7, Breadth 2 inches. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID A. 27 Shell smooth, round, very much inflated, subglobose, very inequilateral, rounded before and behind; substance of the shell thick, much thicker before; beaks raised, swollen, somewhat retuse; ligament rather large and light brown; epidermis yel- lowish olive, with rather indistinct rays over the whole disk, and with rather dis- tant marks of growth; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope elliptical, with two indistinct impressed lines on each valve from the beak to the margin; cardi- nal teeth rather small, subconical, double in the left and treble in the right valve; lateral teeth long, thick and nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather small and deeply impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent, rather large and well impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks shallow and obtusely angular; nacre beautifully white and iridescent. Remarks, — A single specimen only was brought by Mr. Peale from Kansas. It is always to be regretted that a description should be made from a single specimen, as the species of this genus often vary exceedingly. In outline it is perhaps nearest to ebenus (nobis), but it has not the high retuse beaks of that spe- cies, nor its dark margin or peculiar party color of the young shell. In the epi- dermis it is totally different. It is not quite so round as circwlus (nobis), and differing so much in the epidermis, cannot be confounded with that species. In the color of the epidermis and indistinct rays it is allied to ellipsis (nobis), but it is not so oblique. The beaks are nearly perfect, and show indistinctly very minute undulations at the tips. I dedicate the species to Mr. Peale, who presented it to the Academy with many other species from the distant habitat of Kansas. Unio acurens. Pl. 8, fig. 24. Testa levi, triangulari, compressa, valde inquilaterali, antice rotundata, postice subbiangulata; val- vulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominentibus; epidermide luteola, radiis inter- ruptis; dentibus cardinalibus subcrassis, subcompressis crenulatisque; lateralibus subcrassis, brevis subrectisque; margarita alba et iridescente. Shell smooth, triangular, compressed, very inequilateral, rounded before and sub- biangular behind; valves somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks prominent; epi- dermis yellowish, with interrupted rays; cardinal teeth somewhat thick, somewhat compressed and crenulate; lateral teeth somewhat thick, short and nearly straight; nacre white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, p. 190. Hab.—Holston River, near Concord, East Tennessee, Miss A. E. Law. My cabinet and cabinet of Dr. Lewis. 28 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID. Diam. °7, Length 1, | Breadth 1:2 inch. Shell smooth, triangular, compressed, flattened at the sides, very inequilateral, rounded before and subbiangular behind ; substance of the shell rather thick, thicker before; beaks-prominent, almost terminal; ligament short and light brown; epi- dermis yellowish, with a few interrupted maculate rays near the umbonial slope, with close marks of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope com- pressed cordate; cardinal teeth rather thick, somewhat compressed and crenulate ; lateral teeth rather thick, short and nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, small and deeply impressed ; posterior cicatrices distinct, small and well impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed on the under side of the plate, within the cavity of the beaks ; cavity of the shell very shallow; cavity of the beaks shallow and obtusely angular; nacre white and very iridescent. Remarks.—Three specimens are before me, all found by Miss Law in the Holston River and sent to Dr. Lewis, to whom I am obliged for the advantage of describing the species and having one of them in my cabinet. In outline this species is near to Clinchensis (nobis), but may be distinguished at once by its flattened sides and more terminal beaks. In the marks of growth they differ much, acwens having them much closer. In regard to the interrupted green rays they are very similar, but in Clinchensis these are more numerous and spread more over the disk. This species is also closely allied to mundus (nobis), but it is more compressed and less oblique. The only three specimens I have seen are nearly of the same size and are, I presume, adults. The beaks are too much eroded to present the character of undulations. Each of the specimens presents about a dozen marks of growth. Unio riavipus. Pl. 9, fig. 25. Testa levi, triangulari, subinflata, ad latere planulata, ineequilaterali, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotundata; valvulis subecrassis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominertibus, recurvatis, ad apices minute undulatis; epidermide flavida, radiis interruptis; dentibus cardinalibus parvis corruga- tisque; lateralibus curtis, subcrassis subcurvisque; margarita argentea et iridescente. Shell smooth, triangular, somewhat inflated, flattened at the sides, obtusely angular behind and rounded before; valves somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent, incurved, minutely undulate at the tips; epidermis yellowish, with interrupted rays; cardinal teeth small and corrugate; lateral teeth short, rather thick and somewhat curved; nacre silver white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 156. Hab.—Clinch River, Anderson Co., and Holston River, East Tenn., Miss A. E. Law; North Alabama, Rev. G. White. ss DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA, 29 My cabinet and cabinets of Dr. Lewis and Mr. Wheatley. Diam. °7, Length 1:2, Breadth 1°4 inch. Shell smooth, triangular, somewhat inflated, flattened at the sides, obtusely angular behind and rounded before; substance of the shell somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent, incurved, minutely undulate at the tip; liga- ment short, thick and light brown; epidermis yellowish, with interrupted green rays over about half of the disk, with rather close marks of growth, umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope cordate, with an indistinct impressed line from the beaks to the margin; cardinal teeth small and corrugate; lamellar teeth short, rather thick, corrugate and somewhat curved; anterior cicatrices distinct, small and deeply impressed ; posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices within the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow; cavity of the beaks somewhat deep and angular; nacre silver white and iridescent. Remarks.—This is another of Miss Law’s species from Clinch River, and belongs to that group of triangular smooth Uniones of which obliquus, Lam. may be con- sidered the type. It is very nearly of the same outline, but is more compressed, is a thinner shell and has not the beaks so much elevated. It also has some resem- blance to rubiginosus (nobis), but is not rubiginose nor quite so angular. In outline very near to Tuscwmbiensis, but more inflated. It may easily be distinguished from tumescens (nobis), an allied species, by the latter being more inflated and being of a darker color. The specimen from North Alabama sent to me many years since by Mr. White, is larger than the four from Miss Law, and is higher in the beaks, is more inflated and has more distant marks of growth. Indeed, Mr. White’s specimen may prove, when we have more to examine, to be really distinct. Unio paucipticatus. Pl. 9, fig. 26. Testa plicata, subrotunda, ventricosa, valde ineequilaterali, postice carinata, antice rotundata; valvalis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominentibus, tumidis, recurvatis, ad apices minute undu- latis; epidermide rufo-fusca, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, elevatis, sulcatis crenula- tisque; lateralibus longis, lamellatis, corrugatis subcurvisque; margarita argentea et valde irid- escente. Shell plicate, subrotund, very much inflated, very inequilateral, carinate behind and rounded before; valves thick, thicker before; beaks prominent, swollen, re- curved and minutely undulate at the tips; epidermis reddish-brown, without rays; cardinal teeth thick, raised, sulcate and crenulate; lateral teeth long, lamellar, corrugate and slightly curved; nacre silver white and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 156. - 8 30 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID &. Hab.—Austin, Texas, Prof. C. G. Forshey, C. E. My cabinet, and cabinets of Acad. Nat. Sci. and C. M. Wheatley. Diam. 1:3, Length 2, Breadth 2'5 inches. Shell plicate, subrotund, very ventricose, very inequilateral, carinate behind and rounded before; substance of the shell thick, thicker before; beaks prominent, swollen, recurved and minutely undulate at the tips; ligament long, thick and dark brown; epidermis reddish-brown, without rays, with very distant marks of growth; umbonial slope rounded ; posterior slope carinate, with an impressed line in each valve from the beak to the margin; cardinal teeth thick, raised, sulcate, crenulate and disposed to be treble in the right valve; lateral teeth long, lamellar, corrugate and slightly curved; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather large, deeply impressed and very corrugate ; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and slightly impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed on the under side of the cardinal teeth; cavity of the shell deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks deep and obtusely angular; nacre silver white and very iridescent. Remarks.—Several specimens of this species were received from Prof. Forshey, with purpuratus Lam., gracilis Bar., Berlandierti (nobis), etc. “When first received, I was disposed to think it to be a marked variety of plicatus, Lesueur, but it differs from that species in being rotund and in having fewer folds. In some specimens the folds are so obsolete as scarcely to be observed. The color of the epidermis is also different from plicatus. It has a rufous disposition mingling with a slight greenish tint in the only specimen before me, which is not old. All the specimens were dead shells, The inclination to redness in the epidermis is marked by a line of the hue around the margin of the nacre. The beaks of a single specimen are perfect enough to trace two or three very minute undulations at the tips. In its rotundness and some other characters it is closely allied to Brazosensis (nobis), and when good suites of both shall be obtained it may prove to be only a variety of that species. Unto LeNtTICULARIS. PI. 9, fig. 27. Testa levi, subrotunda, compressa, lenticulari, subzequilaterali; postice obtuse biangulari, antice rotunda; valvulis subtenuibus, antice crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide vel tenebroso- fusca vel luteo-fusca, obsolete radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis crenulatisque ; Jateralibus sublongis, lamellatis, corrugatis subcurvatisque ; margarita albida et iridescente. Shell smooth, rounded, compressed, lenticular, nearly equilateral, obtusely bian- gular behind, round before; valves rather thin, thicker before; beaks a little prom- inent; epidermis dark brown or yellowish-brown, obscurely rayed; cardinal teeth DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID 4. 31 small, compressed and crenulate; lateral teeth rather long, lamellar, corrugate and slightly curved; nacre whitish and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 155. Hab.—Tellico River, Monroe Co., East Tennessee, Miss A. E. Law. My cabinet and cabinets of Dr. Lewis and C. M. Wheatley. Diam. °7, Length 1:3, Breadth 1:7 inch. Shell smooth, rounded, compressed, lenticular, nearly equilateral, obtusely bian- gular behind, round before; substance of the shell rather thin, thicker before ; beaks a little prominent ; ligament rather short, somewhat thin and light brown; epidermis dark brown or yellowish-brown, obscurely rayed and with close marks of growth; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope compressed, subcarinate; cardinal teeth small, compressed, crenulate and very slightly curved; anterior cicatrices con- fluent, well impressed; posterior cicatrices distinct and moderately impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed on the upper side of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow, dishlike; cavity of the beaks rather shallow and obtusely angular ; nacre white and iridescent. Remarks.—Several specimens are before me. The figured specimen is subcir- cular and well characterizes the species. Some of the others are inclined to be more oblique, particularly where the beaks have been much eroded. In outline it is nearest to Chickasawhensis (nobis), but not quite so round, nor is it so much inflated. It is also a smaller species, has less robust cardinal teeth, and has closer marks of growth. ‘This species is allied to lens (nobis), but that is compact and heavier. ‘The rays on Jenticularis are all, as those before me indicate, nearly obso- lete. In young specimens the epidermis may be found to be yellowish-green and the interrupted rays no doubt well developed. None of the specimens sent by Dr. Lewis have beaks sufficiently preserved to exhibit undulations. Unio Tetuicornsis. Pl. 10, fig. 28. Testa levi, subtriangulari, subinflata, inequilaterali, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotunda; valvulis crassiusculis, antice parum crassioribus ; natibus subprominentibus ; epidermide crocata, polita, parum radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, crenulatis, conicis; lateralibus curtis, subcrassis subrectisque ; margarita salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, subtriangular, somewhat inflated, inequilateral, obtusely angular behind, round before; valves somewhat thick, a little thicker before; beaks some- what prominent; epidermis brownish-saffron, polished, slightly radiated; cardinal teeth small, crenulate and conical; lateral teeth short, somewhat thick and nearly straight; nacre light salmon color and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 155. 32 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. Hab.—Tellico River, Monroe Co., East Tennessee, Miss A. E. Law; East Tennessee, J. C. Anthony. My cabinet, and cabinet of Mr. J. C. Anthony. Diam. °7, Length 1°8, Breadth 1°7 inch. Shell smooth, subtriangular, somewhat inflated, inequilateral, obtusely angular behind and round before; substance of the shell somewhat thick, a little thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent; ligament small and dark brown; epidermis brownish-saffron, polished, with a few short interrupted, indistinct rays and with close marks of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope com- pressed, cordate, with slightly impressed lines from the beaks to the margin; car- dinal teeth small, crenulate and conical; lateral teeth short, somewhat thick and nearly straight ; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather small and deeply impressed ; posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed on the upper side of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks rather deep and subangular; nacre light salmon color, deeper towards the margin, very iridescent. Remarks.—Two specimens only are before me; one was obtained by Miss Law and sent to Dr. Lewis, of Mohawk, N. Y. To him I am indebted for the possession of it. The other was found by Mr. Anthony. In outline this species is nearest to glandaceus (nobis), but may easily be distinguished by its being less inflated, less thick in the substance of the valves, in having a polished epidermis, closer marks of growth, and in the color being brownish-saffron. In the specimens before me there are only a few close interrupted pencil rays. Other specimens may be likely to have more rays, and some may be totally devoid of them. The beaks being eroded, no undulations can be observed. The color and polish of the epl- dermis are somewhat like those of pyriformis (nobis). Unio Yapkinensis. PI. 10, fig. 29. Testa levi, oblonga, compressa, valde inequilaterali, postice subbiangulata, antice rotundata; valvulis crassis; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusea, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvi- usculis, compressis, corrugatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis, cor- rugatis subeurvisque ; margarita vel salmonea vel purpurea et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, oblong, compressed, very inequilateral, subbiangular behind, rounded before; valves thick; beaks slightly prominent; epidermis dark brown, without rays; cardinal teeth rather small, compressed, corrugate and double in both valves; lateral teeth long, lamellar, corrugate and somewhat curved; nacre salmon colored or purplish and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 156. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. 33 Hab.—Yadkin River, near Salisbury, North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley, Esq. My cabinet, and cabinets of Mr. Wheatley and Dr, Hartman, Diam. 1:1,- Length 1:9, Breadth 3 inches. Shell smooth, oblong, compressed, very inequilateral, flattened at the sides, sub- biangular behind, rounded before ; substance of the shell thick, very slightly thicker before; ligament rather large and dark brown; epidermis dark brown, without rays, slightly sulcate before and rugose behind, with very distant marks of growth; umbonial slope very obtusely angular; posterior slope carinate, narrow elliptical ; cardinal teeth rather small, compressed, crenulate, corrugate and double in both valves; lateral teeth long, lamellar, corrugate and somewhat curved; anterior cica- trices distinct, large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, very large and slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; ventral cicatrices very small; cavity of the shell rather shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks very shallow and rounded; nacre salmon colored or purplish and very iridescent. Remarks.— Myr. Wheatley received quite a number of this species from the Yadkin River, and I owe to him a fine suite of them. It is of the complanatus group, but is not so wide as complanatus, and is higher on the umbonial slope. It differs from planilateris Con. from the same river in being less wide and having a very different epidermis. It is very near to quadrilateris and humerosus (nobis), but is less quadrate than the former and not so long as the latter. The remarkable character of possessing a ventral muscular attachment, leaving a small cicatrix, is worthy of notice. All the specimens before me have it more or less developed. The nacre of these specimens is salmon more or less deeply colored, except one, which is pale purplish. None of them have a white nacre. The beaks, being much eroded, present only the remains of undulations at the tips, very like those of complanatus. Unio ConasauGAEnsis. Pl. 10, fig. 30. Testa levi, suboblonga, subinflata, inequilaterali, postice subbiangulata, antice rotundata; valvulis percrassis, antice crassioribus; natibus subprominentibus; epidermide rufo-fusca, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, subcompressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus curtis, crassis, obli- quis rectisque ; margarita alba et aliquanto iridescente. Shell smooth, rather oblong, somewhat inflated, inequilateral, subbiangular be- hind and rounded before; valves very thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat prom- inent; epidermis reddish-brown and without rays; cardinal teeth rather small, somewhat compressed and crenulate; lateral teeth short, thick, oblique and straight; nacre white and somewhat iridescent. 34 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID&. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 155. Hab.—Conasauga Creek, Monroe Co., East Tennessee, Miss A. E. Law. My cabinet. Diam. 1:1, Length 1:6, Breadth 2°5 inches. Shell smooth, rather oblong, somewhat inflated, inequilateral, subbiangular behind, rounded before; substance of the shell thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent; ligament large and dark brown; epidermis reddish-brown, roughened towards the margin, rayless, with rather close marks of growth; umbo- nial slope rounded ; posterior slope narrow elliptical, with obscure indented lines; cardinal teeth rather small, somewhat compressed and crenulate, slightly disposed to be treble in the right valve; lateral teeth short, thick, oblique and straight ; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather large and deeply impressed; posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed on the upper side of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather shallow; cavity of the beaks some- what deep and obtusely angular; nacre white and somewhat iridescent. Remarks.—Among a number of Uniones from Kast Tennessee a single specimen of this species was sent by Miss Law to Dr. Lewis. In outline it is very near to subflavus (nobis), but it is a stouter, more inflated species, may easily be distin- guished by its having a rougher epidermis, more close marks of growth, and in being darker in the epidermis. The teeth also differ, being much smaller and thinner in subflavus. The beaks being eroded in the specimen under examination, the undulations cannot be described. Unio conspicuvs. Pl. 11, fig. 31. Testa levi, elliptica, subinflata, inzequilaterali, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotundata; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominulis, ad apices undulatis ; epidermide rufo-fusca, per- radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, crenulatis, compresso-conicis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus prelongis, lamellatis, parum curvatis; margarita conspicua, persalmonia et formoso-iridescente. Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat inflated, inequilateral, obtusely angular behind and rounded before; valves thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent, undu- late at the tips; epidermis reddish-brown, radiate all over the disk; cardinal teeth rather small, crenulate, compressed conical, double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and somewhat curved; nacre very bright, deep salmon colored and beautifully iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 156. Hab.—Yadkin River, near Salisbury, North Carolina, C. W. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinets of C. M. Wheatley and Dr. Hartman. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID. 35 Diam. 1°5, Length 2:5, Breadth 4°3 inches. Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat inflated, inequilateral, obtusely angular behind and rounded before; substance of the shell thick, thicker before ; beaks somewhat prominent, undulate at the tips; ligament large and dark brown; epidermis reddish- brown, radiated all over the disks and with distant marks of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope narrow elliptical, rough and dark in the adult; cardinal teeth rather small, crenulate, compressed conical and double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and somewhat curved; anterior cica- trices distinct, very large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed within the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and wide; cavity of the beaks rather shallow and obtusely angular; nacre very bright, deep salmon colored and beautifully iridescent. Remarks.—This is another fine species obtained from North Carolina by Mr. Wheatley, to whom I am indebted for a fine suite. It is closely allied to radiatus Lam. Like it the rays are fine and usually cover the whole disk. The outline is very nearly the same. It is rather more inflated than the radiatus of the Delaware, Schuylkill and Susquehanna Rivers. It differs in the cardinal teeth being more compressed. The color of the nacre of all the specimens I have seen is of a very beautiful salmon. In some this color is intense. Unio Brevis. Pl. 12, fig. 32. Testa levi, subtriangulari, subcompressa, ad latere subplanulata, inequilaterali, postice obtuse bian- gulata, antice rotundata; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epider- mide flavida, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, subcompressis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus lamellatis, parviusculis obliquisque; margarita vel alba vel salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, subtriangular, somewhat compressed, flattish at the sides, inequi- lateral, obtusely biangular behind, rounded before; valves somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent; epidermis yellowish and without rays; cardi- nal teeth rather small, subcompressed and double in both valves; lateral teeth rather small and oblique; nacre white or salmon colored and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 157. Hab.—Conasauga Creek, Monroe Co., East Tennessee, Miss Law. My cabinet and cabinets of Dr. Lewis and C. M. Wheatley. Diam. 6, Length 1:3, Breadth 1:9 inch. Shell smooth, subtriangular, somewhat compressed, flattened at the sides, ine- quilateral, obtusely biangular behind, rounded before; substance of the shell some- what thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent; ligament rather short, 36 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. thick and dark brown; epidermis yellowish, without rays, with somewhat distant marks of growth; umbonial slope very obtusely biangular; posterior slope carinate, narrow elliptical, with an obscurely impressed line from the beaks to the posterior margin; cardinal teeth rather small, subcompressed and double in both valves; lateral teeth rather small and oblique; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices distinct, rather large and well impressed; dor- sal cicatrices placed above the centre; cavity of the sheli shallow; cavity of the beaks obtusely angular and somewhat deep; nacre white or tinted with salmon color and very iridescent. Remarks.—Two specimens were received by me from Dr. Lewis and Mr. Wheat- ley. Neither of the shells was perfect at the beaks. The character of the undu- lations of the tips is therefore unknown. In outline it is between gibber (nobis) and rubiginosus (nobis). Along the inferior margin the epidermis is somewhat rough and imbricate. One of the specimens before me has a few obsolete rays. Unio ANDERSONENSIS. PI. 12, fig. 33. Testa levi, triangulari, inflata, ad latere planulata, emarginata, valde inzequilaterali, postice obtuse angulata, antice oblique rotundata; valvulis percrassis, antice crassioribus; natibus valde elevatis, tumidis recurvatisque; epidermide vel luteola vel fusca, obsolete radiata; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, crenulatis, conicis; lateralibus crassis, curtis subcurvisque; margarita argentea et irides- cente. Shell smooth, triangular, inflated, flattened at the sides, emarginate, very ine- quilateral, obtusely angular behind, obliquely rounded before; valves very thick, thicker before; beaks very much raised, swollen and recurved; epidermis yellowish or brownish, obscurely rayed; cardinal teeth thick, crenulate, conical; lateral teeth thick, short and somewhat curved; nacre silver white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 155. Hab.—Holston River; and Clinch River, Anderson Co., Kast Tennessee, Miss A. EK. Law. My cabinet, and cabinet of Dr. Lewis. Diam. 1:4, Length 1:7, Breadth 1°6 inch. Shell smooth, triangular, inflated, flattened at sides, emarginate, very inequi- ‘lateral, obtusely angular behind, obliquely rounded before; substance of the shell very thick, thicker before; beaks very much raised, swollen and recurved; ligament short, thick and chestnut brown; epidermis yellowish or brownish, obscurely rayed, with rather close marks of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope cordate; cardinal teeth thick, crenulate, conical; lateral teeth very thick, short, somewhat curved and corrugate; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather small DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID&. 37 and deeply impressed; posterior cicatrices very distinct and deeply impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed on the upper side of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks deep and obtusely angular ; nacre silver-white and iridescent. Remarks. —Among the specimens sent last season by Miss Law to Dr. Lewis was a single specimen, large for the species and well developed, but with beaks much eroded. During the present year (1871) Miss Law sent from Clinch River four other specimens, smaller but in better condition. The youngest is not quite one-third grown and has a bright polished, yellow epidermis nearly covered with delicate green rays; in this respect resembling Edgarianus (nobis). The three specimens of intermediate age are nearly of one size, have dark epidermis with a few very obscure rays on the umbones. The sides of the valves are so impressed as nearly to make a wide furrow, and this indenture causes the emargination of the basal margin. This species emphatically belongs to the Edgarianus group, but may be distinguished by its being more inflated, less rayed, and in having a less polished surface in the adults than Edgarianus. The specimen figured is the largest of the five. Unto vestcutaris. Pl. 12, fig. 34. Testa levi, elliptica, inflata, valde inequilaterali, postice et antice rotundata ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-oliva, obsolete radiata; dentibus eardinalibus parvis, suleatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus sublongis, lamellatis sub- rectisque; margarita albida et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, elliptical, inflated, very inequilateral, rounded behind and before; valves a little thick, thicker before; beaks slightly prominent; epidermis dark olive, obscurely rayed; cardinal teeth small, sulcate and double in both valves; lateral teeth rather long, lamellar and nearly straight; nacre whitish and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 156. Hab.—Lake Ocheechobee, Florida, Dr. Budd and C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet, and cabinet of Mr. Wheatley. Diam. °5, Length °7, Breadth 1:3 inch. Shell smooth, elliptical, inflated, very inequilateral, rounded behind and before ; substance of the shell a little thick, thicker before; beaks slightly prominent; liga- ment rather long and thin; epidermis dark olive, obscurely rayed, with distant marks of growth; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope narrow-elliptical; car- dinal teeth small, sulcate, somewhat compressed and double in both valves; lateral teeth rather long, lamellar and nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, small and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, rather large and moderately 10 38 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and wide; cavity of the beaks shallow and obtusely angular; nacre whitish, rich and very iridescent. Remarks.—Many years since I received from the late Dr. Budd of New York two opposing not well matched valves of this Unio. Both valves evidently belonged to females and both were much eroded. Not being entirely satisfied from imperfect odd valves that they belonged to an undescribed species, I placed them aside in the hope of getting others from Florida like them. The provided name vesicularis was placed on the label. Now after about twenty years my friend C. M. Wheatley, of Pheenixville, sends me a single smaller specimen from Lake Ocheechobee, which is evidently a male. The description and figure are made from this more perfect specimen. In outline it is very much the same with parvus Bar., but it is not so thick a species and the epidermis is lighter colored and is rayed. Neither of the specimens is perfect enough to exhibit the undulations of the beaks, which is much to be regretted, as this character might give us with certainty the key to the group in which it belongs. Unio curvatus. Pl. 18, fig. 35. Testa levi, late oblonga, subinflata, ad latere planulata, valde inequilaterali, postice angulata, antice rotundata; valvulis parum crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso- fusca, aliquanto polita, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, sulcatis, compressis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarita pallido salmonia vel purpurascente et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, widely oblong, somewhat inflated, flattened at the sides, very ine- quilateral, angular behind, rounded before; valves somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks a little prominent; epidermis dark brown, somewhat polished, without rays; cardinal teeth small, sulcate, compressed, double in both valves; lateral teeth long, lamellar and nearly straight; nacre pale salmon color or purple and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 159. Hab.—Pfeiffer’s Pond, Mecklenberg Co., North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet, and cabinet of C. M. Wheatley. Diam. °7, Length 1:1, : Breadth 2:4 inches. Shell smooth, widely oblong, somewhat inflated, flattened on the sides, very ine- quilateral, angular behind, rounded before; substance of the shell somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks a little prominent, placed towards the anterior end; ligament long, thin and brown; epidermis dark brown, somewhat polished, without rays, with two or three distant marks of growth well developed; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope subcarinate, narrow elliptical; cardinal teeth small, sul- DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID 4. 39 cate, compressed, double in both valves; lateral teeth long, lamellar and nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices distinct, large and slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed above the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell wide and very shallow; cavity of the beaks shallow and obtusely angular; nacre pale salmon color or purple and very iridescent. Remarks.—Three specimens are before me by Mr. Wheatley’s kindness. This species is allied to virens and Catawbensis (nobis), more so in outline to the latter, but it is rather wider and not so large a shell. It is not quite so flat on the sides as Catawbensis. None of the specimens were perfect enough to display the charac- ter of the undulations of the tips of the beaks. Unio ampLus. PI. 13, fig. 36. Testa levi, oblonga, fere alata, inflata, inzequilaterali, postice obtuse biangulata, antice rotundata ; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus subprominentibus; epidermide rufo-fusca, nitida, obsolete radiata, transverse vittata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, rugosis, compressis; late- ralibus prelongis lamellatisque; margarita vel alba vel purpurea vel salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, oblong, almost winged, inflated, inequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, rounded before; valves thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent ; epidermis reddish-brown, shining, obscurely radiate and transversely banded; car- dinal teeth rather small, rugose and compressed; lateral teeth very long and lamel- lar; nacre white, purple or salmon colored and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 157. Hab.—Irwin’s Creek, Mecklenberg Co., North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of C. M. Wheatley. | Diam. 1°3, Length 2, Breadth 3:6 inches. Shell smooth, oblong, almost winged, inflated, inequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, rounded before; substance of the shell thick, thicker before; beaks some- what prominent; ligament rather long and somewhat thin; epidermis reddish- brown, shining, obscurely radiate and transversely banded, with rather distant marks of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope carinate, ellip- tical, almost winged, with two slightly impressed lines from the beaks to the mar- gin; cardinal teeth rather small, rugose and compressed ; lateral teeth very long and lamellar; anterior cicatrices distinct, very large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, very large and moderately impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; nacre white, purple or salmon color. Remarks.—Among the North Carolina shells sent to me by Mr. Wheatley, were four of this species. The largest of these is figured. The lines of growth are well 40 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID &. defined and on this specimen are five in number. It belongs to the group of Raleighensis (nobis), and may be placed between that species and Abbevillensis. It is larger than the latter and is higher in the wing than either. ‘The beaks of all the specimens were too much eroded to give the character of the undulations of the tips. Unto 1nsoLipus. Pl. 13, fig. 37. Testa levi, oblonga, parum compressa, ad latere parum planulata, inequilaterali, postice obtuse bian- gulari, antice rotundata; valvulis subtenuibus, antice parum crassioribus ; natibus subprominent- ibus, ad apices undulatis; epidermide pallido-viridi, obsolete radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis; lateralibus longis, lamellatis rectisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, slightly flattened at the sides, ine- quilateral, obtusely biangular behind, rounded before; valves rather thin, rather thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent, undulate at the tips; epidermis pale green, obscurely radiate; cardinal teeth small, compressed; lateral teeth long, lamellar and straight ;' nacre white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 159. Hab.— Abbeville Dist., So. Car., Dr. Barratt; Fredericksburg, Va., Dr. Emmons; Irwin’s Creek, Mecklenberg Co., North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of C. M. Wheatley. Diam. °7, Length 1:3, Breadth 2°3 inches. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, slightly flattened on the sides, ine- quilateral, obtusely biangular behind, rounded before; substance of the shell rather thin, thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent, undulate at the tips; ligament long, thin and light brown; epidermis pale green, obscurely radiate and with rather distant marks of growth; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope carinate, narrow- elliptical, almost winged, with two green lines from the beaks to the margin; car- dinal teeth small and compressed; lateral teeth long, lamellar and straight; anterior cicatrices confluent, rather large and very slightly impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent and scarcely perceptible; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks shal- low and obtusely angular; nacre white and iridescent. Remarks.—I have had three specimens of this shell many years from Dr. Bar- ratt of Abbeville District, S. C. This species is so near to U. decoratus (nobis) in many characters, that I thought it might be merely a well-marked variety of that species. Having about thirty specimens from Mr. Wheatley taken in a more northern habitat of a different State, I do not hesitate to consider it distinct. It differs from decoratus in being more oblong and in having rather larger teeth. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. 41 The specimen from Virginia seems to be a male, while the others are generally females, judging from the enlargement of the umbonial slope. Unio atrenuatus. PI. 14, fig. 38. Testa levi, lata, attenuata, ad latere subcompressa, valde inzequilaterali, postice subbiangulari, antice oblique rotundata; valvulis crassiusculis, antice parum crassioribus; natibus prominulis, fere terminalibus; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, aliquanto nigra, radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis, crenulatis, obliquis, in utroque valvulo-duplicibus; lateralibus prelongis, lamellatis subrectisque; margarita alba et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, wide, attenuate, somewhat compressed at the sides, very inequi- lateral, subbiangular behind and obliquely rounder before; valves somewhat thick, slightly thicker before; beaks slightly prominent, nearly terminal; epidermis dark brown, somewhat blackish, radiated; cardinal teeth small, compressed, crenulate, oblique, double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and nearly straight; nacre white and very iridescent. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 157. Hab.—Savannah River, Geo., Dr. Barratt; and Beaver Creek, Houston Co., Geo., J. Lewis, M.D. My cabinet and cabinet of Dr. Lewis. Diam. °7, Length 1, Breadth 2°7 inches. Shell smooth, wide, attenuate, somewhat compressed at the sides, very inequi- lateral, almost terminal, subbiangular behind and obliquely rounded before; sub- stance of the shell somewhat thick, slightly thicker before; beaks slightly promi- nent; ligament long, thin and brown; epidermis dark brown, somewhat blackish, radiated, with very distant marks of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope subcarinate, narrow elliptical ; cardinal teeth small, compressed, crenulate, oblique, double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamellar, nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, somewhat large and moderately impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent and slightly impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell wide and subcylin- drical; cavity of the beaks shallow and obtusely angular; nacre white and very iridescent. Remarks.—There are five specimens before me. That which is figured is from Beaver Creek, Geo. It is the most perfect and the whole disk is covered with small dark green rays. The old specimens are quite black and without rays. ‘The nacre in all these is white and finely iridescent. None were perfect enough in the beaks to display undulations at the tips. It is very near in outline to rostriformis and Hazlehurstianus (nobis). 11 42 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. Unio pirrertus. PI. 14, fig. 39. Testa Jevi, suboblonga, ventricosa, subsequilaterali, postice obtuse biangulari, fere rotunda, antice rotundata; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus vix prominulis; epidermide subpolita, ~ luteola et obsolete radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, corrugatis, compressis et in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarita vel albida vel salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, suboblong, ventricose, subequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, almost round, rounded before; valves thick, thicker before; beaks scarcely promi- nent; epidermis somewhat polished, yellowish and obscurely radiated; cardinal teeth rather small, corrugate, compressed and double in both valves; lateral teeth long, lamellar and nearly straight; nacre salmon colored or white and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 158. Hab.—Georgia? Major J. Le Conte. My cabinet and cabinet of the Academy Natural Sciences. Diam. 1°3, Length 1-7, Breadth 3:2 inches. Shell smooth, elliptical, ventricose, subequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, almost round, rounded before; substance of the shell thick, thicker before ; beaks scarcely prominent; ligament rather short and thick; epidermis somewhat polished, yellowish and obscurely radiated; umbonial slope rounded ; posterior slope widely elliptical, subcarinate, with several impressed lines from the beaks to the margin ; cardinal teeth rather small, corrugate, compressed and double in both valves; late- yal teeth long, lamellar, nearly straight and enlarged at the posterior end; anterior cicatrices distinct, large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and moderately impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell deep and wide; cavity of the beaks shallow and rounded; nacre light salmon colored or white and very iridescent. Remarks.—Two specimens are before me. That which is figured is more inflated than the other and is probably a female. They came from the late Major Le Conte’s collection, and although no habitat was attached to them, I have no doubt that they came from Georgia, as many of the new species given to me by him were from Liberty County of that State. The lines of growth are very distant. There are two specimens before me and these are moderately large and no doubt full grown. In outline differtus is near to Savannahensis (nobis), but differs in not having the side flattened and having a rounded umbonial slope. It is also near to Cuvierianus (nobis), but is not quite so oblique. One of the specimens, although eroded, shows imperfect undulations of the tips. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID A. 43 Unio cuspipatus. Pl. 14, fig. 40. Testa levi, lata, subinflata, ad latere parum curvata, valde inequilaterali, postice cuspidata, subbian- gulari, antice rotundata; valvulis crassiusculis; natibus prominulis, fere terminalibus; epidermide tenebroso-olivacea, eradiata, transverse vittata et polita; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, subcom- pressis, corrugatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarita alba et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, wide, somewhat inflated, somewhat curved at the side, very ine- quilateral, pointed behind, subbiangular, rounded before; beaks somewhat promi- nent, nearly terminal; epidermis dark olive, without rays, transverely banded and polished; cardinal teeth small, somewhat compressed, rough, double in both valves; lateral teeth long, lamellar and nearly straight; nacre white and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 159. Hab.—Buckhead Creek, Burke Co., Geo., Bishop Elliott; and Abbeville Dist., South Carolina, Dr. Barratt. My cabinet. Dian: 37%, Length 1°3, Breadth 2°7 inches. Shell smooth, wide, somewhat inflated, somewhat curved at the side, very ine- quilateral, pointed and subbiangular behind, rounded before; beaks somewhat prominent and nearly terminal; ligament long, thin and light brown; epidermis dark olive, without rays, transversely banded, with rather close lines of growth and shining; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope slightly carinate, narrow ellip- tical; cardinal teeth small, somewhat compressed, rough and double in both valves; lateral teeth long, lamellar and nearly straight ; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather large and somewhat impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and slightly impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed over the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks very shallow and rounded; nacre white and very iridescent. Remarks.—Some years since, among the many new and fine species sent to me by the late Bishop Elliott, were two of the above described species, one of which is only half grown. The description was delayed in hopes of getting more speci- mens, which I had failed to do until two half-grown specimens came from Dr. Barratt. In outline it is near to Barrattii (nobis) and approaches that of Burkensis (nobis). It differs from the former in having a less pronounced umbonial slope, in having a thinner shell, less greenish and in being polished; also, in being rayless. In the color and polish of the epidermis it is like Burkensis, but it is wider in propor- tion, rather more inflated and more pronounced in the umbonial slope. It has also some resemblance to naviculoides (nobis). The lines of growth are rather close and well defined. The beaks are too much eroded in these specimens to display any character. 44 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. Unio RosTELLUM. PI. 15, fig. 41. Testa levi, lata, compressa, ad latere planulata, valde ineequilaterali, postice obtuse biangulari, antice rotunda; valvulis tenuibus; natibus parvis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, obsolete radiata; dent- ibus cardinalibus compressis, crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus prelongis, lamellatis rectisque ; margarita vel albida vel purpurea et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, wide, compressed, flattened at the sides, very inequilateral, ob- tusely biangular behind, round before; valves thin; beaks small; epidermis dark brown, obscurely rayed; cardinal teeth compressed, crenulate, double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and straight; nacre white or purple and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 160. Hab.—Macon, Georgia, J. C. Plant. My cabinet, and cabinets of Mr. Plant and Mr. Wheatley. Diam. ‘6, Length 1, Breadth 2°6 inches. Shell smooth, wide, compressed, flattened at the sides, very inequilateral, ob- tusely biangular behind, round before; substance of the shell thin; beaks small; ligament rather long, thin and dark brown, obscurely rayed, with indistinct, rather distant marks of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope slightly carinate, very much compressed, with impressed lines from the tips to the posterior margin; cardinal teeth compressed, crenulate, double in both valves ; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, large and slightly impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and very slightly impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks scarcely perceptible; nacre white or purple and very iridescent. Remarks.— Half a dozen specimens are before me, all of which were received from Mr. Plant long since. I have delayed describing it in hopes of getting better specimens, but have not succeeded. This species is near rostriformis (nobis), but it is not quite so acute. It is a smaller species and more compressed. The figure is probably from a female. It is near to ewacutus (nobis), but is smaller and less solid. The beaks of all the specimens are much eroded, but there are remains which indicate a number of small undulations at the tips. Unio Irwinensis. Pl. 15, fig. 42. Testa levi, suboblonga, parum compressa, ad latere parum planulata, valde inequilaterali, postice obtuse biangulata, antice rotundata; valvulis subcrassis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominulis, ad apices undulatis ; epidermide olivacea vel fusca, obsolete radiata; dentibus cardinalibus sub- grandibus, parum compressis, sulcosis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis, sub- lamellatis subcurvisque; margarita alba vel purpurea vel salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID&. 45 Shell smooth, somewhat oblong, rather compressed, somewhat flattened at the sides, very inequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, rounded before; valves rather thick, thicker before; beaks slightly prominent, undulate at the tips; epidermis olivaceous or brown, obscurely rayed; cardinal teeth rather large, somewhat com- pressed, sulcose and double in both valves; lateral teeth long, somewhat lamellar and slightly curved; nacre white, purple or salmon colored and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 159. Hab,—Irwin’s Creek, North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of C. M. Wheatley. Diam. 1, Length 1:8, Breadth 3:1 inches. Shell smooth, somewhat oblong, rather compressed, somewhat flattened at the sides, very inequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, rounded before; substance of the shell rather thick, thicker before; beaks slightly prominent, undulate at the tips; ligament rather short, thick and brown; epidermis olivaceous or brown, obscurely rayed, with distinct and somewhat close marks of growth; umbonial slope raised and obtusely angular; posterior slope carinate, narrow elliptical; car- dinal teeth rather large, somewhat compressed, sulcose and double in both valves ; lateral teeth long, somewhat lamellar and slightly curved; anterior cicatrices dis- tinct and deeply impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and slightly im- pressed; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell somewhat deep and wide; cavity of the beaks shallow; nacre white, purple or salmon colored and very iridescent. Remarks. — Quite a number of specimens were sent to me by my friend Mr. Wheatley. In outline this species is near to rufusculus (nobis), but it is not so compact. Some specimens had ventral cicatrices and obscure rays. It reminds one of Gastonensis (nobis), but it is not so high in the wing. Unio Exacutus. Pl. 15, fig. 43. Testa levi, prelata, subcompressa, ad latere planulata, valde inzequilaterali, postice exacuta, subbian- gulari, antice oblique rotundata; valvulis crassiusculis; natibus prominulis, fere terminalibus, ad apices minute undulatis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, perradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis suleatisque; lateralibus longis, rectis lamellatisque; margarita vel alba vel purpurea et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, very wide, somewhat compressed, flattened at the sides, very ine- quilateral, pointed and subbiangular behind, obliquely rounded before; valves some- what thick; beaks a little prominent, nearly terminal, minutely undulate at the tips; epidermis dark brown, very much rayed; cardinal teeth small and sulcate ; lateral teeth long, straight and lamellar; nacre white or purple and very iridescent. 12 ’ 46 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID &. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 159. j Hab.—Savannah River, at Governor Hamilton’s, Geo., Dr. Barratt. My cabinet. | Diam. °7, - Length 1, Breadth 8 inches. Shell smooth, very wide, somewhat compressed, flattened at the sides, very ine- quilateral, pointed and subbiangular behind, obliquely rounded before; substance of the shell somewhat thick; beaks a little prominent, nearly terminal, minutely undulate at the tips; ligament long, thin and light brown; epidermis dark brown, very much rayed, with rather distant marks of growth; umbonial slope slightly raised and obtusely angular; posterior slope narrow-elliptical, subcarinate; car- dinal teeth small, sulcate and disposed to be double in both valves; lateral teeth long, straight and lamellar; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather small and well im- pressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and slightly impressed; dorsal cica- trices placed nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks scarcely perceptible; nacre white or purple and very iridescent. Remarks.—The odd valves of two adults and several complete young specimens are before me, It is a very wide species, allied to folliculatus (nobis). It is nearly of the same outline with nasutus, Say, but may be easily distinguished by its being a thicker, more robust shell, in being rather more compressed and in having more oblique rays. - UNIO SUBPARALLELUS. PI. 16, fig. 44. Testa levi, oblonga, subcompressa, ad latere planulata, inequilaterali, postice subbiangulari, antice rotundata; valvulis crassiusculis, antice parum crassioribus ; natibus prominulis, ad apices con- centrico-rugoso-undulatis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, nitida, radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, conicis, rugosis, in utroque valvulo subduplicibus; lateralibus przlongis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, flattened at the sides, inequilateral, subbiangular behind, rounded before; valves rather thick, slightly thicker before ; beaks a little prominent, at the tips concentrically and roughly wrinkled; epider- mis dark brown, shining and radiate ; cardinal teeth rather small, conical, rugose and somewhat double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and some- what curved; nacre salmon colored and very iridescent. : Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 158. Hab.—Irwin’s Creek and Fox River, North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of C. M. Wheatley. Diam. ‘9, Length 1°4, Breadth 2°7 inches. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID A. 47 Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, flattened at the sides, inequilateral, subbiangular behind, rounded before; substance of the shell rather thick, slightly thicker before; beaks a little prominent, at the tips concentrically and roughly wrinkled; ligament rather large and dark brown; epidermis dark brown, shining and radiate; umbonial slope somewhat raised and obtusely angular; posterior slope carinate and rather narrow-elliptical; cardinal teeth rather small, conical, rugose and somewhat double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and some- what curved; anterior cicatrices distinct, large and rather deeply impressed; pos- terior cicatrices confluent, rather large and slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks shallow and rounded; nacre salmon colored and very iridescent. Remarks, —I have four specimens before me. This species is nearly allied to Catawbensis and rufusculus (nobis). It is not so wide as the former, but is higher in the wing. All four are salmon colored. The old ones have no rays remaining ; the younger are full of obscure rays. In outline it is near to Irwinensis described herein, but it is more compressed and has more distant marks of growth. It reminds one of nubilus (nobis) and is close to it in outline. None were perfect at the tips. * Unio sussquamosus. Pl. 16, fig. 45. Testa levi, oblongo-elliptica, compressa, ad latere subplanulata, valde inequilaterali, postice obtuse biangulari, antice oblique rotundata ; valvulis crassiusculis; natibus parvis, prominulis, ad apices rugoso-undulatis ; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, subsquamosa, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus par- vis, sulcatis, in utroquo valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus prelongis, lamellatis subrectisque ; mar- garita alba et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, oblong-elliptical, compressed, somewhat flattened at the sides, very inequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, obliquely rounded before; valves somewhat thick; beaks small, a little prominent, rugosely undulate at the tips; epidermis dark brown, somewhat squamose, without rays; cardinal teeth small, sulcate, double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and nearly straight; nacre white and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 160. Hab.—Yadkin River, North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of C. M. Wheatley. Diam. °8, Length 1:5, Breadth 3:1 inches. Shell smooth, oblong-elliptical, compressed, somewhat flattened at the sides, very inequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, obliquely rounded before; substance 48 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. of the shell somewhat thick; beaks small, a little prominent and rugosely undulate at the tips; ligament rather long, narrow and dark brown; epidermis dark brown, somewhat squamose, without rays, with distant and well-marked lines of growth ; umbonial slope very slightly raised and obtusely angular; posterior slope slightly carinate and very narrow elliptical ; cardinal teeth small, sulcate, compressed coni- cal and double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, very large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices con- fluent, large and slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks scarcely observable; nacre white and very iridescent. Remarks.—My. Wheatley has furnished me with seven specimens of this species. In outline it is nearest to rostrum (nobis). It is somewhat squamose like squameus (nobis), but it differs in outline and the beaks are more medial. There is a strong disposition to sulcation on the exterior, particularly on the anterior portion of the valve. Unto Basaus. Pl. 16, fig. 46. Testa levi, oblonga, subinflata, ad latere subplanulata, ineequilaterali, postice obtuse biangulari, antice rotundata, ad basim recta; valvulis crassiusculis; natibus prominulis; epidermide luteola, radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, subcompressis, sulcatis ; l#teralibus sublongis, lamellatis cur- visque ; margarita vel albida vel purpurascente et iridescente. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat inflated, flattened at the sides, inequilateral, | obtusely biangular behind, rounded before, straight at the base ; valves somewhat thick; beaks a little prominent; epidermis yellowish and radiate; cardinal teeth rather small, rather compressed, sulcate; lateral teeth rather long, lamellate and curved ; nacre white or purple and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 161. Hab.—Carter’s Creek, near Columbus, Georgia, G. Hallenbeck. My cabinet. Diam. °8, Length 1°5, Breadth 2°5 inches. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat inflated, flattened at the sides, inequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, rounded before, straight at the base; substance of the shell somewhat thick; beaks a little prominent; ligament short, thick and dark brown; epidermis yellowish, rayed, with rather close marks of growth; umbonial slope raised and rounded; posterior slope carinate, narrow elliptical; cardinal teeth rather small, somewhat compressed and sulcate; lateral teeth rather long, lamellar and curved; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather small and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and moderately well impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID. 49 nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep ; cavity of the beaks very small; nacre white or purple and very iridescent. Remarks.— A single mature and several young specimens are before me. In outline it is near to neglectus (nobis), but it is more oblong and not ventricose. The tips of neither of the specimens are perfect enough to observe the character of the undulations. The specimen figured is evidently a female. Unio tigatus. Pl. 17, fig. 47. Testa levi, ovato-oblonga, subcompressa, inzequilaterali, postice obscure biangulari, antice rotundata; valvulis suberassis ; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, polita, obsolete radiata, transverse vittata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, corrugatis et in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis, lamellatis, corrugatis subcurvisque; margarita vel alba vel salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, ovately oblong, somewhat compressed, inequilateral, obscurely biangular behind, rounded before; valves rather thick ; beaks rather prominent ; epidermis dark brown, polished, obscurely radiate and transversely banded; cardi- nal teeth rather small, corrugate and double in both valves; lateral teeth long, lamellar, corrugate and somewhat curved ; nacre white or salmon colored and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 157. Hab.—Irwin’s Creek, Mecklenburg Co., and Long Creek, Gaston Co. NEC; C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of Mr. Wheatley. Diam. ‘8, Length 1°6, Breadth 2°8 inches. Shell smooth, ovately oblong, somewhat compressed, inequilateral, obscurely biangular behind, rounded before; substance of the shell rather thick; beaks rather prominent; ligament rather long, thin and dark brown; epidermis dark brown, polished, obscurely radiate and transversely banded, with distant marks of growth; umbonial slope rounded ; posterior slope subcarinate, narrow elliptical, with obscure impressed lines from the beaks to the posterior margin; cardinal teeth rather small, corrugate, crenulate and double in both valves ; lateral teeth long, lamellar, corrugate and somewhat curved; anterior cicatrices distinct, large and well impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and slightly impressed ; dorsal cicatrices small and placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks shallow and curved; nacre white or salmon colored and very iridescent. Remarks.—Specimens of this species were sent to me by Mr. Wheatley, to whom I am obliged for many new and interesting Uniones from North Carolina. 13 50 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID. The well defined transverse bands of the marks of growth are more developed than usual, and the obscure capillary rays over the whole disk are unusual. The nacre is generally of a fine salmon color, sometimes it is white. None of the specimens before me are purplish, nor were they perfect enough to display the character of the tips of the beaks. This species belongs to the group of which Abbevillensis may be considered the type. That species has not the smooth polished epidermis which ligatus has. - Unio BELLULUS. PI. 17, fig. 48. Testa levi, obliqua, tumida, ad latere parum planulata, valde inzequilaterali, postice obtuse angulari, antice oblique rotundata; valvulis percrassis, antice crassioribus; natibus pyramidatis, fere ter- minalibus; epidermide luteola, valde radiata; dentibus cardinalibus subcrassis, rugosis; lateral- ibus curtis, crassis rugosisque; margarita argentea et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, oblique, tumid, somewhat flattened at the side, very inequilateral, | obtusely angular behind, obliquely rounded before; valves very thick, thicker before; beaks pyramidal, nearly terminal; epidermis yellowish, very much rayed; cardinal teeth rather thick and rugose; lateral teeth short, thick and rugose; nacre silver white and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 161. Hab.— Holston River, Dr. Edgar; Tennessee River, Rev. G. White; Mussel Shoals, Tennessee River, Alabama, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of C. M. Wheatley. Diam. °9, Length 1:2, Breadth 1:3 inch. Shell smooth, oblique, tumid, somewhat flattened at the sides, very inequilateral, obtusely angular behind, obliquely rounded before; substance of the shell very thick, thicker before; beaks pyramidal, nearly terminal; ligament short and light brown; epidermis yellowish, with broad interrupted green rays and somewhat dis- tant marks of growth; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope cordate, yellow, with two dotted rays from the beak to posterior margin in each valve; cardinal teeth rather thick and rugose; lateral teeth short, thick, rugose and very oblique ; anterior cicatrices distinct, small and deeply impressed; posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed nearly over the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and rounded; cavity of the beaks deep and obtusely angular; nacre silver white and very iridescent. Remarks.—Several specimens of different ages are before me. Some of middle age I have had for many years. The adult from Mr. Wheatley, recently received, satisfied me that the species was undescribed. The beautiful broad green inter- DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID&. 51 rupted rays nearly cover the whole disk. This species is nearly allied to mundus and Lawii (nobis), but is not so oblique as either. None of the specimens had the beaks perfect enough to present the character of the tips. Unio 1nFuscus. Pl. 17, fig. 49. Testa levi, elliptica, subinflata, inequilaterali, postice obtuse biangulari, antice rotundata; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominulis, ad apices parum undulatis; epidermide tenebroso- fusca, submicanti, obsolete radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus suberassis, compressis corrugatisque ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis, rngosis subcurvisque; margarita vel salmonia vel purpurascente et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat inflated, inequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, rounded before; valves thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent, slightly undulate at the tips; epidermis dark brown, somewhat shining, obscurely radiate; cardinal teeth somewhat thick, compressed and corrugate; lateral teeth long, lamellar, rugose and somewhat curved; nacre salmon colored or purple and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 160. Hab.—Fox River and Irwin’s Creek, North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of Mr. Wheatley. Diam. °9, Length, 1:5, Breadth 2°8 inches. Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat inflated, inequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, rounded before; substance of the shell thick, thicker before; beaks some- what prominent, slightly undulate at the tips; ligament rather large and dark brown; epidermis dark brown, somewhat shining, obscurely radiate, with very dis- tant marks of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope narrow- elliptical, carinate, with two indistinct impressed lines from beaks to margin; car- dinal teeth somewhat thick, compressed and corrugate; lateral teeth long, lamellar, rugose and somewhat curved; anterior cicatrices distinct, large and well impressed ; posterior cicatrices distinct, large and slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks shallow and rounded; nacre salmon colored or purple and very iridescent. Remarks.—Many specimens of various ages were received from Mr. Wheatley. The younger showed small undulations at the tips. The nacre generally salmon color, some of them quite brilliant; some were purplish, none white. The rays on the more perfect specimens are capillary; on the old specimens they are obsolete. This species is nearly allied to igatus herein described, but it is more transverse, with more distant bands and is higher on the umbonial slope. 52 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. Unio ostoneus. Pl. 18, fig. 50. Testa levi, oblonga, compressa, ad latere planulata, valde inzequilaterali ; postice obtuse biangulari, antice rotundata; valvulis parum crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide luteola, micanti, radiata vel eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, lobatis, corrugatis, in utroque valvulo duplici- bus; lateralibus prelongis subrectisque; margarita alba vel purpurascenti vel salmonis colore tincta et iridescente. Shell smooth, oblong, compressed, flattened at the sides, very inequilateral ; obtusely biangular behind, rounded before; valves somewhat thick ; beaks a little prominent; epidermis yellowish, shining, radiated or without rays; cardinal teeth small, lobed, corrugate, double in both valves; lateral teeth very long and straight ; nacre white, purple or salmon color and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 158. Hab.—Irwin’s Creek, North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of C. M. Wheatley. Diam. °9, Length 1°4, Breadth 3 inches. Shell smooth, oblong, compressed, flattened at the sides, very inequilateral ; obtusely biangular behind, rounded before; substance of the shell somewhat thick ; beaks a little prominent; ligament long, somewhat thick and brown; epidermis yellowish, radiated or without rays and with distant marks of growth; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope carinate; cardinal teeth small, lobed, double in both valves; lateral teeth very long and straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices distinct, large and moderately impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed over the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell very shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks very small and wide; nacre white, purple or salmon color and iridescent. Remarks.—I have several specimens of this species, but none perfect enough in the beaks to give the character of the tips. Some have a few rays; generally they were without rays, the prevailing character of the epidermis being yellowish. All the specimens but two had white nacre: one was purple and one salmon colored. ‘This species is nearly allied to Raénsis and aberrans (nobis), also to subparallelus herein described. Unto ratus. Pl. 18, fig. 51. Testa levi, quadrata, subcompressa, ad latere subplanulata; valde inequilaterali, postice obtuse angu- lata, antice rotunda; valvulis subcrassis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-olivacea, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, subconicis, sulcosis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus sublongis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita purpurascente et valde iridescente. DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONID 4. 53 Shell smooth, quadrate, somewhat compressed, slightly flattened at the sides, very inequilateral, obtusely angular behind, rounded before; valves somewhat thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent; epidermis dark olive, without rays; cardinal teeth small, subconical, sulcate and double in both valves; lateral teeth rather long and somewhat curved; nacre purplish and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 160. Hab.—Neuse River, North Carolina, Prof. E. Emmons. My cabinet. Diam Gy Length 1-2, Breadth 2:2 inches. Shell smooth, quadrate, somewhat compressed, slightly flattened at the sides, very inequilateral, obtusely angular behind and rounded before; substance of the shell somewhat thick, slightly thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent; ligament rather thin and dark brown; epidermis dark olive, without rays and with distant marks of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope subcarinate and narrow elliptical ; cardinal teeth small, subconical, sulcate and double in both valves ; lateral teeth rather long, lamellate and somewhat curved; anterior cica- trices distinct, well impressed and corrugate; lateral cicatrices confluent, large, indistinct; dorsal cicatrices placed over the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell not deep; cavity of the beaks scarcely perceptible; nacre pur- plish and very iridescent. . Remarks.—A single specimen was received a long time since from Dr. Emmons. The description has been deferred with the hope of other and better specimens being found. The beaks being eroded, the character of the tips cannot be observed. In outline it is near to hebes (nobis), but it is not so high on the carina. It reminds one of subgibbosus (nobis). Unio pissimiuis. Pl. 18, fig. 52. Testa levi, sublata, compressa, ad latere planulata, valde inzequilaterali, postice obtuse angulari, antice rotunda; valvulis subtenuibus; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, micanti, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, subcompressis, sulcosis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateral- ibus prelongis, lamellatis subrectisque; margarita alba et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, rather wide, compressed, flattened at the sides, very inequilateral, obtusely angular behind, round before; valves rather thin; beaks slightly promi- nent; epidermis dark brown, shining, without rays; cardinal teeth rather small, somewhat compressed, sulcose, double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and nearly straight; nacre white and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, p. 161. 14 54 DESCRIPTION OF FIFTY-TWO SPECIES OF UNIONIDA. Hab.—Long Creek, Gaston Co., and Pfeiffer’s Pond, Mecklenburg Co., North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of C. M. Wheatley. Diam. ‘8, Length 1:9, Breadth 3:1 inches. Shell smooth, rather wide, compressed, flattened at the sides, very inequilateral, obtusely angular behind, round before; substance of the shell rather thin, slightly thicker before; beaks slightly prominent; ligament long, somewhat thick and light brown; epidermis dark brown, shining, without rays, with rather close marks of growth ; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope narrow elliptical, with indis- tinct lines from the tips of the beaks to the margin; cardinal teeth rather small, somewhat compressed, sulcose and double in both valves; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, large and moderately im- pressed; lateral cicatrices confluent, large and slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed over the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell very shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks scarcely observable; nacre white and iridescent. Remarks.—Neither of the six specimens before me has beaks perfect enough to exhibit the undulations of the tips. In outline it is near to viridiradiatus (nobis), but it is wider and more flat. It is also in outline near to pullatus (nobis), but is not so thick in the valves, while it is more compressed. [55 J SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONID i. Unio cirratus. PI. 19, fig. 53. Testa levi, oblonga, subcompressa, inequilaterali, postice obtuse biangulari, antice rotunda; valvulis suberassis, antice parum crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, subcirrata, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, sulcatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus sublongis, lamellatis subrectisque; margarita vel alba vel salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, inequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, round before; valves somewhat thick, a little thicker before; beaks a little prominent; epidermis dark brown, somewhat roughened, without rays; cardinal teeth rather small, sulcate, double in both valves; lateral teeth rather long, lamellar and nearly straight; nacre white or salmon colored and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873, p. 422. Hab.— Abbeville District, South Carolina, Dr. J. P. Barratt. My cabinet and cabinet of C. M. Wheatley. Diam. 1°1, Length 1:8, Breadth 3°2 inches. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, inequilateral, obtusely biangular behind, round before; substance of the shell somewhat thick, a little thicker before; beaks a little prominent; ligament rather large and dark brown; epidermis dark brown, somewhat roughened, without rays and with rather close marks of growth; umbonial slope somewhat raised and rounded; posterior slope subcarinate, elliptical; cardinal teeth rather small, suleate and double in both valves; lateral teeth rather long, lamellar and nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and moderately impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and wide; cavity of the beaks shallow and rounded; nacre white or salmon color and very iridescent. Remarks.—This species is closely allied to Abbevillensis (nobis), and is from the same locality. For a long time I thought it a variety of that species, but by addi- 56 SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONIDA. tional specimens I am satisfied that it is distinct. It may be distinguished by its being more quadrate, of a darker epidermis, and having the marks of growth much more close. None of these specimens have the beaks sufficiently perfect to display the undulations of the tips. Unio wastatus. Pl. 19, fig. 54. Testa levi, transversa, subcompressa, valde inequilaterali, postice angulata, antice rotunda; valvulis crassiusculis, antice parum crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide luteo-oliva, obsolete radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, subcompressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarita alba et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, transverse, somewhat compressed, very inequilateral, angular behind and round before; valves somewhat thick, slightly thicker before; beaks slightly raised; epidermis yellowish-olive, obscurely rayed; cardinal teeth small, somewhat compressed and crenulate; lateral teeth long, lamellar and nearly straight; nacre white and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873, p. 423. Hab. —New-Market, Abbeville District, South Carolina, Dr. L. R. Gibbs and Dr. J. P. Barratt; Rocky Creek, near Macon, Georgia, J. C. Plant. My cabinet. Diam. ‘6, Length 1-1, Breadth 2:5 inches. Shell smooth, transverse, somewhat compressed, very inequilateral, angular be- hind, round before; substance of the shell somewhat thick, slightly thicker before; beaks slightly raised; ligament long, thin and light brown; epidermis yellowish- olive, obscurely rayed, with distant marks of growth; umbonial slope very slightly raised and rounded; posterior slope narrow elliptical, slightly carinate ; cardinal teeth small, somewhat compressed and crenulate; lateral teeth long, lamellar and nearly straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather large and somewhat impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and slightly impressed ; dorsal cicatrices placed nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell wide and very shallow; cavity of the beaks very shallow; nacre white and very iridescent. Remarks.— Many years since I received two specimens of this species from Prof. Gibbs, and shortly afterwards a single valve from the late Dr. Barratt. I was greatly in hopes of getting more and better specimens, but none have been observed, to my knowledge. ‘The outline is somewhat like that of Barrattn (nobis), but that species is not so transverse, is darker in the epidermis and has more rays. It is also a straighter shell. It properly comes between Barratiw and productus Con. It cannot be confounded with the latter shell. Neither specimen has beaks perfect enough to display any undulations of the tips. SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONID&. 57 Unio strumosus. PI. 19, fig. 55. Testa levi, rotundata, inflata, ineequilaterali, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotundata; valvulis crassis; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca vel nigra, eradiata; dentibus cardinali- bus subgrandibus, rugosis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis, rugosis curvatisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. Shell smooth, rounded, inflated, inequilateral, obtusely angular behind, rounded before; valves thick; beaks a little prominent; epidermis dark brown or black, without rays; cardinal teeth rather large, rugose, double in both valves; lateral teeth long, rugose and curved; nacre white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873, p. 4238. Hab.—Yadkin River, North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of Mr. Wheatley. Diam. 1, Length 1-7, Breadth 2:6 inches. Shell smooth, rounded, inflated, inequilateral, obtusely angular behind, rounded before; substance of the shell thick; beaks a little prominent; ligament large and dark brown; epidermis dark brown or black, without rays, with distant marks of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope somewhat raised and narrow elliptical; cardinal teeth rather large, rugose and double in both valves ; lateral teeth long, lamellar, rugose and curved; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather large and well impressed; lateral cicatrices confluent and large; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather large and somewhat deep; cavity of the beaks rather deep and obtusely angular; nacre white and iridescent. | Remarks.—The three specimens before me are all white. One has a slight tint of salmon color. Others may be found purple or deep salmon. Neither of these specimens is in good condition, and the beaks being much eroded there is no indication of the undulations of the tips. In outline it is allied to rotundatus Lam., but cannot be confounded with that species. Unio susoLivaceus. Pl. 20, fig. 56. Testa levi, oblonga, subcompressa, inequilaterali, postice obtuse angulari, antice rotundata; valvulis crassis, antice parum crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide luteo-olivacea, subnitida, ~ eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus grandis, sulcatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus per- crassis obliquisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, inequilateral, obtusely angular behind and rounded before; valves thick, rather thicker before; beaks slightly 15 58 SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONIDA. prominent; epidermis yellowish-olive, somewhat shining, without rays; cardinal teeth large, sulcate, double in both valves; lateral teeth very thick and oblique; nacre white and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873, p. 422. Hab.—Catawba River, Fox and Yadkin Rivers, N. Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinet of Mr. Wheatley. Diam. 1:1, Length 1-7, Breadth 2:7 inches. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, inequilateral, obtusely angular behind, rounded before; substance of the shell thick, rather thicker before; beaks slightly prominent; ligament short, thick and light brown; epidermis yellowish- olive, somewhat shining, without rays and with rather distant marks of growth; umbonial slope raised and obtusely angular; posterior slope subcarinate, elliptical, with impressed lines from the beaks to the posterior margin; cardinal teeth large, sulcate, double in both valves; lateral teeth very thick, corrugate and oblique; anterior cicatrices distinct, large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and moderately impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather deep and wide; cavity of the beaks rounded; nacre white and iridescent. Remarks.—I have eight specimens before me from different habitats. All have a pale olivaceous epidermis. In outline and general character it is closely allied to U. Savannahensis (nobis). It is rather smaller, more compressed, and differs in the color of the epidermis. None have beaks perfect enough to exhibit the character of the tips. UNIO SUBCYLINDRACEUS. PI. 20, fig. 57. Testa levi, valde transversa, subcylindracea, valde inzequilaterali, postice obtuse biangulari, antice oblique rotundata; valvulis crassis, antice parum crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide luteo-viridi, perradiata; dentibus cardinalibus subparvis, compresso-conicis crenulatisque; late- ralibus prelongis, lamellatis subrectisque; margarita vel alba vel purpurea vel salmonia coloris tincta et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, very transverse, subcylindrical, very inequilateral, obtusely bian- gular behind, obliquely rounded before; valves thick, somewhat thicker before; beaks a little prominent; epidermis yellowish-green, much radiated; cardinal teeth rather small, compressed conical and crenulate; lateral teeth very long, lamellar and nearly straight; nacre white, purple or salmon colored and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873, p. 422. Hab.— Rocky Creek, near Macon, Georgia, J. C. Plant; and Carter’s Creek, Georgia, J. Postell. | —_— SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONID&. 59 My cabinet, and cabinet of J. C. Plant. Dian ts Length 1:6, Breadth 3'8 inches. Shell smooth, very transverse, subcylindrical, very inequilateral, obtusely bian- gular behind, obliquely rounded before; substance of the shell thick, somewhat thicker before; beaks a little prominent; ligament long, rather thick and light brown; epidermis yellowish-green, much radiated and with rather distant marks of growth; umbonial slope very obtusely angular; posterior slope scarcely raised, narrow elliptical, with two impressed lines in each valve from the beaks to the posterior margin; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather large and well impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed above the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell wide and somewhat deep; cavity of the beaks very shallow, scarcely observable; nacre white, purple or salmon color and very iridescent. Remarks.—There are four specimens before me, all of different ages. Three are from Mr. Plant and one, the youngest, from Mr. Postell. None of them are perfect enough to present the undulations of the beaks. In outline it is nearest to exacutus (nobis), but it is a stouter species and not quite so transverse. Unio cornevus. PI. 20, fig. 58. Testa levi, oblonga, subcompressa, ad latere parum planulata, inquilaterali, postice biangulari, antice rotundata; valvulis crassiusculis; natibus prominulis; epidermide cornea, perradiata; dentibus cardinalibus crassiusculis et in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis, crassis subeurvisque ; margarita pallido-purpurea vel salmonis colore tincta et iridescente. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, at the side slightly flattened, ine- quilateral, biangular behind and rounded before; valves somewhat thick; beaks slightly prominent; epidermis horn color, very much radiated; cardinal teeth some- what thick and double in both valves; lateral teeth long, thick and somewhat curved; nacre pale purple or salmon and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873, p. 428. Hab.—Columbus, Georgia, G. Hallenbeck; Abbeville District, South Carolina, Dr. Barratt; Marietta, Georgia, J. C. Anthony. My cabinet and cabinet of Mr. Anthony. Diam. ‘8, Length 1-4, Breadth 2:1 inches. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, at the side slightly flattened, ine- quilateral, biangular behind and rounded before; substance of the shell somewhat thick; beaks slightly prominent; ligament rather long, narrow and light brown ; epidermis horn color, nearly covered with green rays, with rather distant marks of 60 SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONIDA. growth; umbonial slope very slightly raised and obtusely angular; posterior slope carinate, narrow elliptical, with two green rays in each valve; cardinal teeth some- what thick, corrugate and double in both valves; lateral teeth long, thick and some- what curved; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather small and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, rather large and slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell shallow; cavity of the beaks very shallow and rounded; nacre pale purple or salmon and iridescent. Remarks.—I have had several specimens of this species in my possession for some years. Only one, which is figured, seems to be full grown. It is closely allied to Abbevillensis (nobis) and I have had doubts of its being more than a variety, but the specimens subsequently received have satisfied me as to its being distinct. While nearly of the outline of Abbevillensis it differs in not being so yellow in the epidermis, and in being usually covered with green capillary rays. It is devoid of the strong marks of growth which are so remarkable in that species. None of the specimens had perfect beaks—therefore the undulations are not known. Unio inFULGENS. PI. 21, fig. 59. Testa levi, suboblonga, inflata, ineequilaterali, postice subbiangulari, antice rotundata; valvulis crassis, antice parum crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide nitida, polita, eradiata; dentibus car- dinalibus subgrandibus, suleatis et in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis, crassis sub- rectisque ; margarita salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente. Shell smooth, suboblong, inflated, inequilateral, subbiangular behind, rounded before; valves thick, rather thicker before; beaks slightly prominent; epidermis bright, polished and without rays; cardinal teeth rather large, sulcate and double in both valves; lateral teeth long, thick and nearly straight; nacre salmon colored and very iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 18738, p. 422. Hab.—Stewart’s Pond, Union Co., North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My.cabinet and cabinet of Mr. Wheatley. Diam. 1:3, Length 2, Breadth 38:4 inches, Shell smooth, suboblong, inflated, inequilateral, subbiangular behind and rounded before; substance of the shell thick, rather thicker before; beaks slightly promi- nent; ligament large, thick and dark brown; epidermis bright, polished, without rays and with rather distant marks of growth; umbonial slope somewhat raised and obtusely angular; posterior slope carinate, with a -broad slightly impressed groove from the beaks to the posterior margin; cardinal teeth rather large, sulcate and double in both valves; lateral teeth long, thick, slightly corrugate and nearly SC Uh eee ee SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONID&. 61 straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, large and deeply impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent, large and well impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed above the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell wide and somewhat deep; cavity of the beaks shallow and rounded; nacre salmon colored and very iridescent. : Remarks.— Among the numerous Unionide received by Mr. Wheatley from North Carolina were five of this species, which I believe has not been before described. It is nearest in outline to U. Savannahensis (nobis), but differs in being not so oblong, in having a remarkably polished epidermis, giving it the appearance of having been varnished. All these fine specimens have a more or less tint of salmon color. Other specimens may be found to be purple or white. None of the beaks were perfect enough to exhibit undulations at the tips. Scnizostoma Lewisu. PI. 21, fig. 16. Testa crebrissime striata, subcylindracea, subtenui, luteo-fusca, imperforata; spira conica, plicata ; suturis valde impressis; anfractibus instar septenis, ultimo grandi; fissura obliqua brevique ; apertura grandi, rhomboidea, intus vittata; labro crenulato, sinuoso; columella alba, incrassata et contorta. Shell closely striate, subcylindrical, rather thin, yellowish-brown, imperforate ; spire conical, folded; sutures very much impressed; whorls about seven, the last one large; fissure oblique and short; aperture large, rhomboidal, banded within outer tip crenulate and sinuous; columella white, thickened and twisted. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1869, p. 125. Hab.—Coosa River, Alabama, Dr. E. R. Schowalter. My cabinet and cabinets of Dr. Schowalter, C. M. Wheatley, Dr. Hartman and Dr. Lewis. Diam. °5, Length ‘9 inch. Remarks.— A fine suite of different ages was sent to me by Dr. Schowalter. There can be no doubt as to its being an undescribed species. At first view it would be mistaken for Goniobasis impressa (nobis), but the well-indented cut at once distinguished it. It differs also, slightly, in having the strie rather coarser and the length being less. The colored bands are very nearly the same. In the young the ground is yellow with five well-defined brown bands inside, and the folds are rather close and not much raised. I have great pleasure in naming it after James Lewis, M.D., who has done so much to make our fresh-water Molluscs known. Aperture about half the length of the shell. 16 62 SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONID 4. GonroBasis LAWRENCEI PI. 21, fig. 17. Testa levi, subcylindracea, subcrassa, tenebroso-cornea, dilute vittata vel evittata; spira elevata ; suturis impressis; anfractibus planulatis; apertura parviuscula, rhomboidea, intus albida; labro acuto, sigmoideo ; columella incrassata et contorta. Shell smooth, subcylindrical, rather thick, dark horn color, faintly banded or without bands; spire raised; sutures impressed; whorls flattened; aperture rather small, rhombic, white within; outer lip acute, sigmoid; columella thickened and twisted. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1869, p. 125. Hab.—Washita River, near Hot Springs, Arkansas, Dr. Lawrence. My cabinet and cabinet of Smithsonian Institution. Diam. °3, Length 1 inch. Remarks.—Ten specimens were sent by the Smithsonion Institution, not one of which was nearly perfect, but some were sufficiently so to satisfy me of its being undescribed. One only had bands, three in number and indistinct. The epidermis in all is uniformly of a solid polished appearance. The basal channel is wide and turned back, and resembles G. Chrysti (nobis) in this character. The specimens were all too much eroded to enable me to ascertain the number of whorls. ‘The upper whorls may in perfect specimens be found to be folded or carinate. Aper- ture about one-fourth the length of the shell. GONIOBASIS BACULOIDES. PI. 21, fig. 18. Testa levi, cylindracea, subtenui, luteola, quadrivittata; spira valde elevata ; suturis irregulariter impressis; anfractibus planulatis; apertura parva, rhomboidea, intus vittata et caruleo-alba ; labro acuto, vix sinuoso; columella vix incrassata, contorta. Shell smooth, cylindrical, rather thin, yellowish, four banded; spire much ele- vated; sutures irregularly impressed; whorls flattened; aperture small, rhombic, banded and bluish-white within; outer lip acute, scarcely sinuous; columella slightly thickened, twisted. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1869, p. 125. Hab.—Coosa River, Alabama, Dr. EK. R. Schowalter. My cabinet and cabinets of Dr. Schowalter and Mr. Wheatley. Diam. ‘4, Length 1:2 inch. Remarks.—Two specimens only of this fine species were sent to me by Dr. Schowalter. It must be rare in the Coosa, as he has only recently found it after so many years’ explorations. It has some resemblance to fascinans (nobis), but SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONIDA. 63 differs in being larger, being cylindrical and having four bands, while fascinans has but three. Neither of the two specimens before me is perfect in the upper whorls, so that the character of the upper ones cannot be ascertained, nor can their number. I presume there must be nearly ten. In the larger and more perfect specimen there is a disposition to put on obtuse and indistinct folds. Aperture more than one-fourth the length of the shell. Puysa Carttonu. Pl. 21, fig. 19. Testa levi, obtuse fusiformi, inflata, valde polita, tenui, subpurpurea; spira excerta, acuminata ; suturis impressis; anfractibus senis, ultimo pergrandi; apertura ovata, grandi; labro expanso, intus marginato; columella impressa et contorta. Shell smooth, obtusely fusiform, inflated, very bright, thin, purplish ; spire raised, acuminate; sutures impressed; whorls six, the last very large; aperture ovate, large; outer lip expanded, margined within; columella impressed and twisted. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1869, p. 125. Hab.—Mount Diablo, California, W. G. W. Harford. My cabinet and cabinets of Mr. Harford and Academy of Natural Sciences. Diam. °5, Length ‘9 inch. Remarks.—This is a remarkably fine large species, which I owe to Mr. Harford. It differs from any I have seen from California in the color and size. The largest specimen, which is slightly broken at the apex, is an inch long and more than half an inch wide. A specimen two-thirds grown is entirely perfect and presents a very graceful form. ‘These specimens have generally two longitudinal bands of growth. These bands are strongly marked with two colors, dark brown and light salmon. The color of the shell is peculiar, approaching to a purplish mahogany color. There is no species from the Pacific States which this can be confounded with except Lordi, Baird, which is figured in the Smithsonian Miss. Col., Part II. p. 76, by Mr. Binney. I have specimens of Lordi which differ in being less inflated as well as in color. These shells were found in a creek in the vicinity of Mount Diablo by Mr. H. P. Carlton, and were given to Mr. Harford, who kindly sent them to me. I name the species after Mr. Carlton. Paysa Worriana. PI. 21, fig. 20. Testa subrotunda, valde inflata, polita, tenui, tenebroso-cornea; spira valde obtusa; suturis impressis; anfractibus quaternis, ultimo pergrandi; apertura ovata, grandi; labro expanso; columella medio parum impressa et parum contorta. Shell subrotund, very much inflated, bright, thin, dark horn color; spire very obtuse; sutures impressed; whorls four, the last one very large; aperture ovate 64 SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONID. and large; outer tip expanded; columella slightly impressed in the middle and slightly twisted. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1869, p. 125. Hab.—Hot Springs, Colorado Territory, Prof. J. W. Powell. My cabinet and cabinets of Mr. J. Wolf and Academy of Natural Sciences. Diam. °2, Length °3 inch. Remarks.—A number of specimens were sent to me by Mr. John Wolf, of Can- ton, Illinois, and I name the species after him. Mr. Wolf writes to me that they were collected by Prof. J. W. Powell, of Bloomington, Tlinois, and that they were obtained from the Hot Sulphur Springs in Colorado Territory, 6500 feet above the level of the sea. The temperature of the spring where the specimens were taken out was 110°. This species is nearest, perhaps, to Cooperi, Tryon, from Oregon, but it is larger, more inflated and of a darker color. The aperture is three-fourths the length of the shell. Unto Dootryensis. Pl. 22, fig. 60. Testa levi, oblonga, valde compressa, valde inequilaterali, postice biangulari, antice rotundata; val- vulis subtenuibus; natibus prominulis; epidermide luteo-oliva, obsolete radiata; dentibus cardi- nalibus parvis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis, lamellatis rectisque ; margarita livida et iridescente. Shell smooth, oblong, very much compressed, very inequilateral, biangular be- hind, rounded before; valves rather thin; beaks somewhat prominent; epidermis yellowish-olive, obscurely radiated; cardinal teeth small and double in both valves; lateral teeth long, lamellar and straight; nacre livid color and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873, p. 424. Hab.—Dooley Co., Georgia, Rev. G. White; Abbeville, South Carolina, Dr. J. P. Barratt. My cabinet and cabinets of C. M. Wheatley and Dr. Lewis. Diam. ‘6, Length 1:2, Breadth 2-4 inches. Shell smooth, oblong, very much compressed, very inequilateral, biangular be- hind and rounded before; substance of the shell rather thin; beaks somewhat prominent; ligament long, thin and dark brown; epidermis yellowish-olive, ob- scurely radiated, with rather distant marks of growth; umbonial slope oblique and obtusely angular; posterior slope narrow elliptical, rising to a wing, with a slightly impressed groove; cardinal teeth small, double in both valves and sulcate; lateral teeth long, lamellar and straight; anterior cicatrices distinct, rather large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, large, very slightly impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONID 4. 65 shallow and wide; cavity of the beaks shallow and rounded; nacre livid color and very iridescent. Remarks.—Quite a number of specimens have been in my possession for some time. Recently I have compared them with their allied species and am now satis- fied the species is distinct from any described. It is very near in outline to errans (nobis), but it is not so stout. It is also allied to Hallenbeckii (nobis), but that species is much more ponderous and is of a darker epidermis. Unio Grsneri. Pl. 22, fig. 61. Testa levi, suboblonga, inflata, ineequilaterali, postice subbiangulari, antice oblique rotundata; val- vulis suberassis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominulis ; epidermide tenebroso-fusea, vel radjata vel eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus crassiusculis, in utroque valvulo subduplicibus sulcatisque ; lateralibus longis, crassis lamellatisque ; margarita livida et iridescente. Shell smooth, suboblong, inflated, inequilateral, subbiangular behind, obliquely rounded before; valves rather thick, thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent ; epidermis dark brown, radiated or not radiated, cardinal teeth somewhat thick and somewhat double in both valves; lateral teeth long, thick and lamellar; nacre livid color and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873, p. 424. Hab.—Uchee River, near Columbus, Georgia, Dr. W. Gesner and Bishop Elliott. My cabinet and cabinet of Dr. Lewis. Diam: -9) Length 1°6, Breadth 3:1 inches. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, very inequilateral, subbiangular behind and rounded before; valves rather thick, somewhat thicker before ; beaks somewhat prominent; ligament moderately thick and dark brown; epidermis dark brown, obscurely rayed, with rather distant marks of growth; umbonial slope rounded; posterior slope narrow elliptical; cardinal teeth rather small and sulcate, and somewhat double in both valves; lateral teeth long, thick and lamellar; ante- rior cicatrices distinct, rather large and well impressed; posterior cicatrices conflu- ent, well impressed and large; dorsal cicatrices above the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell wide and rather shallow; cavity of the beaks very shallow and rounded; nacre livid color and iridescent. Remarks.—Eight specimens of various ages were sent to me by Dr. Lewis, who received them from Dr. Gesner, and I am glad to name the species in honor of him. One specimen came from Bishop Elliott. In outline it is near to Chathamensis (nobis) and reminds one of errans (nobis), but it may easily be distinguished from them. The younger specimens all have close, fine rays over the whole disk. The undula- IU 66 SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONIDA. tions of the tips of the beaks of the young and perfect specimens are very much like those of complanatus, Sol. 7 Unio invenustus. PI. 22, fig. 62. Testa levi, oblonga, subcompressa, valde inzquilaterali, postice subbiangulari, antice rotundata; val- vulis crassiusculis, antice aliquanto crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, obsolete radiata ;-dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis sulcatisque; lateralibus sublongis, curvatis lamellatisque; margarita livida et iridescente. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, very inequilateral, subbiangular behind and rounded before; valves rather thick, somewhat thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent; epidermis dark brown, obscurely rayed; cardinal teeth rather small and sulcate; lateral teeth rather long, curved and lamellar; nacre livid color and iridescent. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873, p. 424. Hab.—Columbus, Georgia, G. Hallenbeck; Russell Co., Georgia, Dr. Neisler ; Irwin’s Creek, North Carolina, C. M. Wheatley. My cabinet and cabinets of C. M. Wheatley and Dr. Lewis. Diam. °7, Length 1:1, Breadth 2°2 inches. Shell smooth, oblong, somewhat compressed, flattened at the sides, very inequi- lateral, subbiangular behind and rounded before; valves rather thick, somewhat thicker before; beaks somewhat prominent; ligament small, thin and dark brown; epidermis dark brown and obscurely rayed, with rather close marks of growth; umbonial slope obtusely angular; posterior slope compressed, narrow elliptical, with a broad slight impression from the beaks to margin; cardinal teeth rather small and sulcate; lateral teeth rather long, curved and lamellar; anterior cicatrices dis- tinct, rather small and well impressed; posterior cicatrices confluent, rather large and moderately impressed; dorsal cicatrices placed nearly in the centre of the cavity of the beaks; cavity of the shell rather shallow; cavity of the beaks very shallow; nacre livid color and iridescent. Remarks.—Nearly a dozen specimens have been in my possession for some time, without my being able to place them in any species with which I am acquainted. It is near basalis herein described, but the beaks are not so medial, and it is smaller and more compressed. It is also higher in the wing and more obliquely rayed. Neither of those before me is perfect enough in the beaks to display undulations of the tips. SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONIDA. 67 SOW PeAek IS. Ok. UN ON 1 an. Unio TAappaniAnus, Lea. Soft Parts.—Branchial uterus occupies more than two-thirds of the anterior portion of the outer branchiz, the sacks being filled with mature embryos as well as ova which had merely segmented. Branchia large, semicircular, inner ones the larger, free the whole length of the abdominal sack. Palpz small, obliquely trian- gular, united only at the upper posterior edges. Mantle thin, with a rather thick, broad border. Branchial opening rather small, with small papille on the inner edges. Anal opening small, without papille on the edges, but slightly crenulate. Super-anal opening rather long and united below. Color of the mass light salmon? Remarks.—I owe to the kindness of Prof. S. S. Haldeman the specimen from which the above description was made. He had had it for a long time in alcohol, and it was not in a very good state for description. It was, however, a well devel- oped female and the embryonic form was easily made out. Unio Rowe ui, Lea. Soft Parts. — Several specimens were sent to me in alcohol by Mr. J. McNiel, having taken them in Estero Real, Nicaragua, West Coast. None had ova in the ovarium or branchial uterus. Branchie large, inner ones the larger, curved below, free the whole length of abdominal sack. Palpi small, oblique, united towards the top. Mantle very thin, thickened at the margin. Branchial opening large with numerous dark brown papille. Anal opening large, dark colored, with very minute numerous papille. Super-anal opening not large, united below. Color of the mass white. For hard parts see Observations on Unio, vol. vii. p. 74, and Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1859. ANopontA LEONENSIS, Lea. Soft Parts.—Seven specimens were sent to me by Dr. John H. Janeway, Post Surgeon at Fort Hays, Kansas, having taken them in the Smoky Hill River branch of the Kansas. Three had charged branchial uterus. No ova in the ovaries. Branchie large, gently curved below, free the whole length of abdominal sack. Palpi large, ovate, united half way on posterior edge. Mantle thin, thick on the 68 SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONIDA. border. Branchial opening large, black, with large papille. Anal opening not large, black and without papille. Swper-anal opening long, black, and free above. Color of the mass whitish. ‘The form of the embryonic shell is very like that of Ferussaciana (nobis), but is a little broader. For hard parts see Observations on Unio, vol. xi. p. 29, and Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1864. Unio Hyperanus, Lea. Soft Parts.—Four males and one female were received from Dr. G. W. Law- rence from Ouachita, Arkansas. No ova were found in the ovaries or branchial uterus. Branchie rather large, inner one much the larger; slightly curved below; united the whole length of abdominal sack. Pali rather small, subtriangular, united near the top. Mantle very thin, thicker at the margin. Branchial opening large, with rather large papillz on the inner edges, which are black. Anal opening rather small, with numerous rather small papille. Super-anal opening rather large and united below. Color of the mass whitish. EMBRYONIC FORMS OF UNIONIDA. Unio Nasuvitirensis, Lea. Pl. 21, fig. 1. Pouch-shape; dorsal line short and straight; side margins flattened above and curved below; basal margin gently curved; color light brown. Has no hooks. Columbus, Mississippi. Unto nasutus, Say. Pl. 21, fig. 2. Pouch-shape; dorsal line rather short and straight ; side margins regularly curved; basal margin round; color white. Has no hooks. Buffalo, New York. Lae Unio parvus, Bar. Pl. 21, fig. 8. Pouch-shape; dorsal line short and very slightly curved ; side margins regularly curved ; basal margin nearly round; color very light brown. Has no hooks. Columbus, Mississipp1. Unio concesrator, Lea. Pl. 21, fig. 4. Narrow pouch-shape; dorsal line nearly straight and rather short; side margins gently curved; basal margin nearly round; color clear white. Has no hooks. Columbus, Georgia. Unio ruBELLINUS, Lea. Pl. 21, fig. 5. Pouch-shape; dorsal line rather long and slightly curved; side margins much curved, above flattened; basal margin round; color clear white. Has no hooks. Othcalooga Creek, Georgia. Unio excavatus, Lea. PI. 21, fig. 6. Pouch-shape; dorsal line very slightly curved; side margins much curved, above inflected ; basal margin round; color clear white. Has no hooks. Othcalooga Creek, Georgia. SUPPLEMENT TO ISAAC LEA’S PAPER ON UNIONID 4. 69 Unio supus, Lea. Pl. 21, fig. 7. Pouch-shape; dorsal line rather short and nearly straight; side margins gently curved, flattened above; basal margin nearly round; color clear white. Has no hooks. Columbus, Georgia. Unio FALLAX, Lea. PI. 21, fig. 8. Pouch-shape; dorsal line rather short and straight; side margins very slightly curved; basal margin nearly round; color clear white. Has no hooks. Columbus, Georgia. Unio Cuarpornensis, Lea. Pl. 21, fig. 9. Narrow pouch-shape; dorsal line rather short and straight; side margins straight; basal margin well curved; color nearly clear white; granules very small. Has no hooks. Columbus, Mississippi. Unio erpzosus, Bar. Pl. 21, fig. 10. Widely pouch-shape; dorsal line long and straight; side margins slightly curved ; basal margin round; color clear white. Has no hooks. Columbus, Mississippi. . Unto Orxucatoocensis, Lea. Pl. 21, fig. 11. Subrotund; dorsal line long, slightly curved upwards; side margins well bowed; basal margin round; color clear white. Has no hooks. Othcalooga Creek, Georgia. Unio tortivus, Lea. PI. 21, fig. 12. Subrotund; dorsal line rather long and straight; side margins regularly rounded; basal margin round; color clear white. Has no hooks. Columbus, Georgia. Unio purruratus, Lam. Pi. 21, fig. 18. Wedge-shape; dorsal line short and straight; side margins at the middle curved outwards, towards the base curved inwards, at the base much curved outwards; basal margin well curved, wider than dorsal, forming acute angles with a minute hooklike process on each angle; clear white. Hooklike processes very small—four—one on each angle of the basal mar- gin. Both valves inflated, being opened at both sides; color light brown; granu- lations indistinct. a, an oblique view showing the interior and two hooks at the base: D is a side view showing two of the four hooks: c is the broad side view: d shows the end of a valve with the two hooks. Columbus, Mississippi. Unio Tappantanus, Lea. Pl. 21, fig. 14. Subtriangular; dorsal line long, slightly curved upward in the middle; side margins much inflated above and nearly straight below, forming an obtuse angle below; basal margin with a serrated obtuse angle. Has well developed hooks; color hight brown. Columbia, Pennsylvania. MARGARITA SPILLMAN, Lea. Pl. 21, fig. 15. Subtriangular; dorsal line very long and nearly straight, slightly raised in the middle; side margins much inflated above and slightly curved below; basal margin rounded, furnished with imperfect hooks; color ight brown. Columbus, Mississippi. 18 i) iy Pe leh [71] On the Homologies and Origin of the Types of Molar Teeth of Mammalia Educabila. By Epwarp D. Corr, A.M. I. Tue TYPES oF MAMMALIAN MOLARS. It has been already stated* that the transition from simple to complex teeth is accomplished by repetition of the type of the former in different directions. salina the cetaceans this occurs in the Squalodonts; the cylindric incisors are followed by flattened ones, then by others grooved in the fang, and then by two-rooted, but never by double-crowned teeth. This is the result of antero-posterior repetitive acceleration of the simple cylindric dental type of the ordinary toothed cetacean. ‘Another mode of dental complication is by lateral repetition. Thus the heel of the sectorial tooth of a carnivore is supported by a fang alongside of the usual posterior support of a premolar, and is the result of a repetitive effort of growth- force in a transverse direction. More complex teeth, as the tubercular molars, merely exhibit an additional lateral repetition, and sometimes additional longi- tudinal ones. As is well known, the four tubercles of the human molar commence as similar separated knobs on the [primitive] dental papilla.” Accordingly the simple tubercle may be regarded as the least specialized form of tooth. It may be low and obtuse, as in the Chiromys, or walrus; more elevated and conic, as in the dolphins; or truncate, as in sloths and some rodents. ‘The form is complicated in two ways, viz., either by the folding of the sides, as in Glyptodon and many rodents, as Arvicola, Castor, Lepus, etc.; or by the develop- ment of tubercles on the crown, as in Mus, Dicotyles, Homo, etc. Upon this basis are constructed the more complex types of teeth exhibited by the various families of Ungulata and some Rodentia, as has been pointed out in the following language: “The genus Hobasileus has been shown to be a Proboscidian which combines some important features of the Perissodactyla with those of its own order. . . . The number of such characters was shown to be somewhat increased in Bathmodon, which therefore stands still nearer to the common point of departure of the two orders. This point is to be found in types still nearer the clawed orders (Ungui- * Method of Creation, p. 10, Philadelphia, 1871. 72 ON THE HOMOLOGIES AND ORIGIN OF THE culata) in the number of their digits (4, 5), and in which the transverse and longi- tudinal crests of the molar teeth are broken up into tubercles more or less connected, either type of dentition [/. e. Proboscidian or Perissodactyle] being derived according as such tubercles are expanded in the transverse or longitudinal directions.”* The proper homologizing of the various forms of dental structure of the Ungu- lates with each other, and with the primitive types of tubercular teeth, is entirely essential to their intelligent classification, and therefore comprehension of .their mode of origin. In order to lay a foundation for this work, I define the four types as follows, giving the subdivisions of the first two in brief, and discussing those of the third and fourth more fully afterwards. vie.1. Division I. Haplodont type; the crown undivided or simple. i a. Crown low, obtuse; Cetacea (Beluga), Carnivora (Rosmarus). b, Crown elevated, acute; Cetacea (Delphinus); canine teeth in gen- eral. c. Crown truncate; Edentata (Bradypus); Rodentia (Geomys Dipodo- Globicephalus. mys). Division Il. Ptychodont type; the crown folded on the sides; the folds fre- quently crossing the crown. a. Sides only folded; Rodentia (Arvicola Castor); Hdentata (Glyptodon). : | b. Summit of crown also folded; Rodentia (Lepus, Chinchilla). Division III. Buwnodont type; crown supporting tubercles. ee a. Tubercles few opposite; Ungulata, Achcenodon,t Dicotyles, Elo- ID therium ; Carnivora, Procyon ; Rodentia, Heliscomys. Jaculus hudsonicus. b. Tubercles few alternate; Hyopsodus. c. Tubercles numerous, irregular; Mastodon, Phacocherus. Leptochoerus. Division IV. Lophodont type; the summit of the crowns thrown into folds of transverse or longitudinal direction. This division embraces the many types observed in the Ungulates, some Rodents, and possibly Carnivora. Inas- much as the teeth of the maxillary and dentary (mandi- bular) bones do not always conform to the same type (. g. Symborodon, Equus), it will be necessary to consider them separately. Besides the difference in type, they differ in Rhinoceros. their relative development in width in the more special- * On the primitive types of Mammalia Educabilia, published by E. D. Cope, May 6th, 1873. + See Cope, Palxontological Bulletin, No. 17, p. 2. TYPES OF MOLAR TEETH OF MAMMALIA EDUCABILIA. 73 ized forms; thus in Homo, Mus, Mastodon, and such genera, the molars of. both jaws are identical; in Palcotherium, Eobasileus, Tapirus, etc., and most Carnivora, the superior are the wider, the inferior narrower appropriately to the greater slenderness of the mandibular bone. The latter, or anisognathous type, may then be regarded as the more specialized. The Bunodonts, except some Carnivora, are all of the former or isognathous type; among Lophodonts the few Rodents, the Dinotheriide, and Elephas are isognathous, while all of the other Proboscidia, the Perissodactyla, and Ruminantia are anisognathous. Examples may be selected as follows :— . : Tsognathous ; Bunodonts, Homo, Dicotyles, Sus Mastodon, Elotherium ; Lopho- donts. Dinotheriide, Elephas ; Rodentia, Sciuride. | Anisognathous ; Bunodonts; Macacus, Lemuroidea, Procyon ; Lophodonts; Mint plotherium, Hyopotamus, Oreodon, Ruminantia, Perissodactyla, Bathmodon, Eobasileus. II. THE SUBORDINATE TYPES OF LOPHODONTS. 1. The Mawillary Teeth. In the essay already quoted* the following remarks (p. 7) explain the relation between the Bunodont genera and several of the Lophodont types of superior molar teeth. ‘In the superior molar series the flattening of the outer tubercles may proceed so far as to produce, on wearing, a confluence of the [resulting] crescentoid SIMTACESy anos.) In both Paleosyops and Hyrachyus these tubercles of the upper molars are confluent into two Vs (more or less open when unworn). In the former the inner tubercles retain their primitive conic tubercular form, but in Palgothe- rium, Rhinocerus, Lophiodon, Hyrachyus, and Tapirus they elongate transversely so as to meet the corresponding outer tubercles (now crests) forming the familiar cross- crests of those genera. If alternate, the oblique crests of Paleotherium; if opposite, the cross-crests of Tapirus. If, on the other hand, the inner tubercles flatten like the outer, we have, on wearing, the quadricrescentoid [Selenodont] type of the Rwmi- nantia and Anoplotherium. But it is important to observe that the lower types of Quadrumana and Carnivora present the quadrituberculate crown with tendency to flattening of the outer tubercles and the entire loss of the inner, the ‘heel’ being in the dogs and cats, e.g., their only representative. In the Quadrumanous families, including man, the primitive quadrituberculate type of molars is preserved.” Four types of Lophodont dentition are included in the above discussion, and three others may be added. ‘They belong to two series, viz., those in which the * Primitive Types of Mammalia Educabilia, May, 1873, and Hayden’s Report on Geological Survey of Mon- tana, Wyoming, etc., 1873, p. 646. 19 74 ON THE HOMOLOGIES AND ORIGIN OF THE crests represent the modification of opposite tubercles, and those where the tuber- cular elements of the crown are alternate. These series may be called the Amebo- dont (alternate), and Antiodont (opposite), and the component types are— ANTIODONTS. Selenodont (Ruminants); Tapirodont (Tapir, Rhinocerus) ; Trichechodont (manati, Elephant). AMCBODONTS. Paleotheriodont (Paleotherium, etc.); Symborodont (Paleosyops Symborodon, etc.); Bathmodont (Bathmodon, etc.), Loxolophodont (Uintatherium, etc.). These types are defined as follows :— 1. ANTIODONTS. Selenodonts. The tubercles separate or united at their angles, much elevated, narrow cres- centic in section, separated by deep valleys. To this group belong the molars of the Ruminants, the Tragulide, the Oreo- dontide, and Merycopotamide ; of Perissodactyles the Equde. Tapirodonts. The outer tubercles longitudinally compressed, subcrescentic in section; the inner transversely compressed, continued as transverse ridges to the end or middle of the corresponding exterior crests. Rhinoceros, Tapirus, Hyrachyus, Lophiodon, and Hyraz represent this type; the last molar of Lophiodon appears to be Amebodont. Trichechodonts. Tubercles confluent into two or more transverse crests. The Dinotherium represents this form, so does Elephas, Trichecus (the manati), and a number of the larger Marsupiaha. 2. AMCBODONTS. Palceotheriodonts. External tubercles longitudinal, subcrescentic in section; the inner united with them by transverse oblique crests. Paleotherium and Anchitherium present this type, which only differs from the Tapirodont in the alternation of the opposing tubercles. TYPES OF MOLAR TEETH OF MAMMALIA EDUCABILIA. 75 Symborodonts. External tubercles longitudinally compressed and subcrescentic in section; the inner independent and unaltered, 7. e. conic. To this group are to be referred the types of Palevosyops, Titanotherium, and Symborodon. They, of all Lophodonts, approach nearest to the Bunodonts. Bathmodonts. The posterior pair of tubercles approximated and connected, together com- pressed and subcrescentoid in section; the anterior outer connected with the ante- rior inner by an oblique crest forming a V with the preceding. Bathmodon and Metalophodon. The homologies of the crests are difficult to make out; the subcrescentic crest may include only the posterior outer tubercle and thus be entirely homologous with the posterior crescent of Palseosyops. In support of this view we have the structure of the premolars where it becomes the only external crescent, while the anterior transverse crest turns round on its inner side, supporting the inner anterior tubercle of the tooth. But the fact that there are two crests on it in the true molars, that one of these is near the position of the inner anterior tubercle, and the fact that there is no other posterior tubercle, render it probable that the homologies expressed in the above diagnosis are correct. Lowxolophodonts. Anterior inner tubercle connected with the two external by oblique crests; the posterior inner tubercle rudimental or wanting. Uintatherium and probably Tillotherium represent this group, both being like those of the last, extinct genera from the Kocene of Wyoming. 2. The Mandibular Teeth. The types of structure are less numerous than those of the maxillary teeth, since I am only acquainted with six. Still more distinctly than those of the upper jaw, do they represent the types of opposite or alternating tubercles, or the antio- dont and amcebodont. ‘The essential principles of modification are the same as in the maxillaries, and they correspond with them as to genera, as follows :— Antiodont. Inferior. Superior. Selenodont. Selenodont. Hyracodont. Tapirodont pt. Trichecodont. cpu odlonieype: Trichecodont. 76 ON THE HOMOLOGIES AND ORIGIN OF THE Amebodont. leotheriodont. Symborodont. Palcotheriodon Symborodont. Hippodont. Selenodont pt. Bathmodont. Loxolophodont. | athmodon Loxolophodont. The characteristics of these groups are as follows :— A. ANTIODONTS. Selenodonts. Constructed, typically, like the upper molars. Ruminantia. Hyracodonts. External tubercles compressed longitudinally and crescentic in section, continu- ous by a cross crest with the corresponding tubercle of the inner side. The animals which possess this type of teeth are the Rhinocerus, Hyracodon, and the Hyraw ; it is nearly approached by some of the Hyrachy:. It corresponds in structure with the true tapirodont arrangement of the maxillary teeth; but many of the Tapirodonts have the Trichecodont type of mandibular teeth. Trichecodonts. Definition the same as for the maxillary teeth. : Tapirus, Lophiodon, Hyrachyus, Dinotherium, Elephas, Trichecus (the manati), and the Kangaroos and their extinct allies belong here. B. AMGBODONTS. Hippodonts. In the horses the maxillary molars are constructed on an opposite crested basis, while the mandibulars represent an alternate crested type. ‘This is not constituted as in the next form, by a union of alternating tubercles, but as in the Selenodonts by the special development of each crest into a crescent extended antero-posteriorly. As alternating, the inner crescents stand at the apices of the outer, and are con- nected with them. In Anchitheriwm the inner are so reduced as to constitute a condition intermediate between the Hippodont and Symborodont types. Symborodonts. The alternating tubercles connecting by oblique ridges which form together two Vs. | To this type is to be referred a great number of Perissodactyles, e. g., Anchithe- rium, Palwotherium, Paleosyops, Titanotherium, Symborodon, Anchippodus. TYPES OF MOLAR TEETH OF MAMMALIA EDUCABILIA. 17 Loxolophodonts. Alternate cusps connected by two cross ridges from the outside forwards, and one from the inside forwards; from which result an oblique posterior cross ridge, and a V opening inwards. Here are Eobasileus and Bathmodon ; the last molar of the latter having the anterior ridge of the V quite low. 3. COMPARISON OF THE OPPOSING SERIES. In review, the above types of molar dentition may be classified as follows, with reference to the amount or complication of the modification of the tubercular type. The orders of Ungulata with which they correspond, are also given. a. Both inner and outer tubercles crescentoid. Ruminantia. Selenodonts. (Anoplotherium, Oreodon, Hyopotamus). Perissodactyla (Equde). 3. External tubercles only crescentoid; the inner transverse or tubercular. Tapirodonts. Palzotheriodonts. Perissodactyla in gen. Symborodonts. y. Neither kind of tubercles crescentoid, but united in pairs. Trichecodonts. Bathmodonts. Proboscidia. Loxolophodonts. ) It may be added that the groups arranged under y are the only ones in which the types of crests of the superior and inferior molars are fundamentally simple and alike. Thus in the group a, tubercles of both upper and lower series are modified independently to produce the type; in group @, the tubercles of the upper series are modified independently of each other, while those of the inferior series unite, in order to produce the result; in division y the tubercles of both jaws unite entirely across the crown, without any distinction between those of the outer and inner sides. ‘Thus the molar type of dentition of the Proboscidians is the most generalized among the Ungulates, resembling in this respect the type of con- struction of the feet. . III. THE ORIGIN OF THE TYPES OF LOPHODONT DENTITION. The four types of molar dentition, the Haplodont, Ptychodont, Bunodont, and Lophodont, are by no means sharply defined, but pass into each other by insensible gradations at many points. With regard to the two types last named, the transi- 20 78 ON THE HOMOLOGIES AND ORIGIN OF THE tions are very obvious, so much so as to lead to the belief that the several subdivisions of the Lophodonts represent modifications of corresponding types of Bunodonts, and that the two are partially “homologous groups.” Both present corresponding Amcebodont and Antiodont types; as an example of the former kind of Bunodont, the mandibular molars of the genus Hyopsodus may be cited; of the latter kind, the same of the genus Achenodon, both the earliest, or Eocene genera. It remains to indicate the intermediate forms, if any there be, which give color to the sup- position that the various divisions of Lophodonts have descended from Bunodont predecessors. Here, then, I mention a fact of prime importance; ¢. e., that in America at least, no Selenodonts are known from formations of older age than Miocene; while the greatest development of Bunodonts is in the beds of the next older epoch, the Kocene. The special forms of Lophodonts may be separately considered as follows :— First, as to the opposite and alternate types, or the Antiodont and Amcebodont. They pass into each other by many intermediate conditions among the Bunodonts, as in Notharctus, Limnotherium, etc. of the Wyoming Kocene. There is reason, also, to believe that this has been the case with some of the Lophodonts after they had left the bunodont stage behind. Thus Equus is an antiodont as to its upper molars, but has been probably derived from Palceotheriodont ancestors, which are amcebodont: this is rendered especially probable by the fact that the mandibular teeth are of the amoebodont division (hippodont). It is also highly probable that the antiodont genus Tapirus, though so near to Palcotheriwm, was derived from an antiodont Bunodont. Hence, while the discrimination between opposite and alter- nate types is in some cases most radical, in others its importance is but slight. I. Antioponts: Bunodont type Achenodon. (Fig. 9.) Fig. 6. 1, Selenodont type approximated by the bunodont Hippopotamus, where the tubercles Fig. 5. Achenodon. are compressed, thus: the intervening valleys are deepened, and the cusps wear readily into FES TYPES OF MOLAR TEETH OF MAMMALIA EDUCABILIA. 19 separate crescents. Another intermediate form is seen in the genus Anthracothe- : rium, where the tubercles of Hee the mandibular teeth are compressed, while they re- main conic (Fig. 7); seleno- dont forms of Omnivora pre- Anthracotherium velaunun. sent us with near approaches to these Bunodont genera. Thus in Hyopotamus and Ano- Hyopotamus americanus. plotherium, the crowns, when unworn, present four principal tubercles, which are openly V-shaped in section, and which are separated by open valleys. The latter are deeper than those of the truly Bunodont genera, but much shallower than those of the typical Selenodonts. In Oreodon the valleys are some- what deepened and the crescents elevated, while in the deer the same infolding is carried still further. In the cavicornia the type reaches its full- est expression in the loss of the / Vas) shoulder at the base of the crown, the great elongation of the latter, and correspondingly deep infolding Procamelus robustus. Merychyus major. of the terminal valleys. Prof, Lartet* states that the most ancient deer have very short-crowned molars, and the depressions on the surface are so shallow that the bottom is always visible, while in the Cervide of the more recent tertiary periods, and especially the Plisto- cene and living species, these same cavities are so deep that whatever be the state of attrition, the bottom cannot be seen. ‘This, he says, is a perfectly reliable rule for distinguishing the ancient from the more modern forms of deer, and can be applied to other animals as well as the Cervide. The writer nearly contemporaneously+ recalled the observations of Leidy that the teeth of the Oreodont “Merychyus are more prismatic, have larger crowns and shorter roots, approaching the sheep, as Oreodon does the deer.” Now Oreodon is Miocene, and Merychyus Pliocene. It was then observed: “This phenomenon suggests an explanation on the score of adaptation which the other cases do not. The existence during the later period, of a [hard]er material of diet would increase the rapidity of wearing of the crown of the tooth, and require a longer crown and greater rapidity of protrusion. This necessitates a diminution of the basal shoulder and shortening of the roots producing the prismatic form aforesaid.” * Comptes Rendus, 1868, p. 1119. + Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1868, p. 274: Origin of Genera, 44. 80 ON THE HOMOLOGIES AND ORIGIN OF THE ‘These observations render it highly probable that the selenodont molar is pro- duced by a modification of the antiodont bunodont molar. Also, that the manner of the change has been by constant acceleration of growth of the folds of the tooth upwards and perhaps downwards in its long axis; and an acceleration in the lengthening of the crown. 2. Tapirodonts.—This form is so nearly similar to the Palzo- theriodont, that any series annectant between the latter and the Bunodonts will render very probable such a connection for the 'apirodonts also. Indeed, it is clear that the same evidence will Tapirus. be sufficient in both cases, since the premolars and last molar of Lophiodon are amcebodont, like Paleotherium. In point of fact, however, the tubercles of the molars of Achenodon are partly united in transverse pairs, while there are connecting tubercles connecting the opposite cones in some molars of Elo- therium. These structures foreshadow this group as well as the Trichechodont. 3 Trichecodonts. —The Mastodons and Elephants form a most complete series between this form and the Bunodonts, as has been pointed out by Falconer. In this series, the transverse rows or pairs of tubercles, as well as the crests, may be few or many. Thus in Llotherium, Halitheriwm, and Trichechus they are few; in Trachytherium and Dinotheriwm more numerous ; in Mastodon, Stegodon, Tetra- caulodon, and Elephas, most numerous. The tubercles are united into serrated cross-crests in Halitherium, the extinct sea cow; in Trachytherium, another fossil ally of the Manati, the tubercles are not united. The succession from Mastodon to Elephas may be represented by the accompanying fig- ures. Fig. 12 (from Cuvier) is a molar of M. angustidens, where, besides the principal tubercles, numerous lesser ones appear. Fig. 13 represents Tetracaulodon ohioticus, in which the opposite tubercles are nearly united into transverse crests. In Dinotherium (Fig. 14) and Elephas (Fig. 15) the union is complete. The relations of these genera have been described TYPES OF MOLAR TEETH OF MAMMALIA EDUCABILIA. 81 as one of “inexact parallelism ;” a condition supposed by the writer to depend on modification in descent under the law of acceleration. The language used is:* coDhe young tooth of Elephas, moreover, is represented by a series of independent parallel laminz at first, which when they unite, form a series of crests similar to the type [z. e. pattern] of the genus Mastodon [Stegodon] and others of the beginning of the series. The deposit of cementum takes place later, till the valleys are entirely filled up. Thus the relations of this part of the tooth structure in the series are also those of the successional growth of those of Elephas or the extreme of the series.” The history of the origin of this type of dentition is no doubt similar to that of the Selenodonts. Fig. 16. The transition from the bunodont type to the present one in the mandibular dentition is seen in the Eocene genera Microsyops and Limnotherium, where the opposite cones are connected by a low Microsyops elegans. cross-crest. II. Ama@soponts; Bunodont type Hyopsodus.t Fig. 17- 4. Symborodonts.—In Hyopsodus the ex- Hig. 18: » | terior cones are already somewhat excavated ((} ) on the inner side, so that a section’ of each is somewhat triangular. It is obvious that FHyopsodus. but little more compression and curvature is required to produce the type of Palcosyops, etc. (Fig. 18). The angles of the outer cones in Hyopsodus are also slightly —— pateosyops levidens. produced as low ridges to the bases of the alternating tuber- cles of the opposite side: the elevation of these ridges is only necessary to produce the two Vs of the mandibular dentition of Palgotherium, Paleosyops (Fig. 20), Symborodon, Anchippodus (Fig. 19), and all their allies (Fig. 21, Palgotherium). Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Paleotherium.t Anchippodus. Paleosyops. * Origin of Genera, p. 17. + I originally (On the Primitive Types of Mammalia Educabilia, p. 9; Hayden’s Geolog. Survey Terr., 1872, 1873, p. 648) selected Olzgotomus, Cope, for this position, but as it has a considerable diastema, it is probably better exchanged for Hyopsodus, where the dental series is uninterrupted. 21 82 ON THE HOMOLOGIES AND ORIGIN OF THE ~ molar we have that of Hipposyus,* where intermediate tubercles stand between Fig. 22. the inner subconic and the exterior longitudinal cres- centoid tubercles. ‘They are compressed so as to be transverse, and only need more complete connection with the adjacent tubercles to give the oblique trans- verse ridges of Anchitherium, Palewotherium, and Hyra- Hipposyus. codon, Rhinocerus, etc. Hipposyus was originally com- pared with Anchitherium by Dr. Leidy, and the writer in ignorance of his language remarked:+ “An interesting annectant form is seen in Orohippus procyonnus, where the two intermediate tubercles which separate the inner cones from the outer Vs in Limnohyus are so developed as to constitute parts of an incomplete pair of transverse ridges which disappear in front of the bases of the outer Vs. They represent the oblique crests of Paleotherium and Anchitherium, and thus the genus Orohippus furnishes a station on the line from Palgosyops to the horses.” Contemporaneously and quite independently Prof. Marsh expressed similar viewst as to its affinities. 3 A greater longitudinal extent of these ridges or longitudinal expansion of the tubercles in the molars in both jaws, the oblique connections being still retained, gives the type of Equus (Fig. 25). The elevation of the tubercles and deepening of the valleys gives us the Selenodont type of superior molars again in this genus; while the lower molars only differ from that type in having the crescents alternate instead of opposite, forming the Hippodont pattern (Fig. 26). There can be little Fig. 24. Fig. 26. Hipposyus. Hypohippus. Equus. doubt that the line of the horses comes through Hipposyus from the Bunodonts, rather than through Palgotherium, as has been suggested by some writers. * This genus was named by Leidy June, 1872 (Philada. Acad., p. 37); August 3d, 1872, the writer called it Helotherium; and Aug. 7th, 1872, it was named Orohippus by Marsh, etymology from “I7zos and Svs, hence distinct from Hppohyus C. and F. + Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Montana, etc., 1873, p. 647. { Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1873, p. 407. 5. Paleotheriodont type.—Immediately following the form of the Palwosyops . a ey TYPES OF MOLAR TEETH OF MAMMALIA EDUCABILIA. 83 6. Bathmodont type.—I know of no genus which by its intermediate structure connects this type of molar with the Amcebodont form of Bunodonts. Such will doubtless be discovered, for it is impossible that the upper molar of Bathmodon could have been produced by the modification of any known Paleotheriodont, the type which it most nearly resembles. The structure of the feet of the animal forbids any such supposition. Such intermediate types would have, firstly, the (oblique) crests more nearly equal in length and similar in direction. A depression of the crests and indication of diagonal ridges connecting the tubercles in the opposite direction would produce an approach to a W, and the form of Hyopsodus. That this was probably the history of this curious type is rendered probable by the form of the mandibular teeth, which exhibit two of the intermediate stages above anticipated. Thus the last inferior molar exhibits two obliquely transverse crests of subequal length, with rudimental oblique or diagonal ridges connecting | i), Hy y them. In the median lower HH } molars one of the latter is O10 : yh NGA developed, giving a V, as in Lf AN Paleotherium, but. the pos- terior one is undeveloped, leaving only the original ae oblique cross-crest.* 7. The Lowxolophodonts.—Like the preceding group I know of no type connect- ing this form with the Bunodont, but anticipate the discovery of a type with a rudimental posterior V on the upper molars, which shall connect it with the W- shaped type proposed above as the probable predecessor of Bathmodon. Or, a pair of oblique parallel crests with rudimental diagonals like the posterior lower molars of Bathmodon may intervene between this form and the Bunodont. ‘This is, how- ever, not probable in view of the eo diagonal crest of the upper mo- lars (Fig. 28, Uintatherium ro- bustum), and especially if the parallel with the type of the lower molars is kept up. ‘These are like those of Bathmodon, ex- cept that the type of the middle * See Proceed. Amer. Philosophical Society, Sept. 1872, ‘On the Dentition of Metalophodon.” 84 ON THE HOMOLOGIES AND ORIGIN OF THE molars of the latter is continued to the posterior end of the series in Uintatherium (Fig. 29); that is, the last molar of the latter consists of a V and an oblique cross- crest. . IV. RELATIONS OF THE TYPES OF DENTITION TO TYPES OF Foot STRUCTURE. I hope that I have succeeded in showing that the Bunodont and Lophodont types of dentition form two homologous series, similar to those already indicated among Batrachia, Cephalopoda, etc.* That this relation indicates descent of the corresponding terms of the one series from those of the other has also been ren- dered highly probable. This conclusion has also been previously stated as a theo- rem,t as follows: “V* The heterologous terms or genera in the later series are modified descendants of those of the earlier series ;” in other words, that certain groups higher than genera are produced from others of a similar high value by “descent with modification.” As already pointed out, the Bunodont primary genera belong to the older geo- logic epoch of the Eocene, while most of the derivative ones belong to later periods. Some were contemporary with the primary forms, but doubtless have descended from pre-existent members of the same type as yet unknown to us. The genus Acheenodon, Cope, is especially generalized in three respects: (1) the simplicity of the construction of its molars; (2) the same simplicity of the premolars, which are without inner or posterior lobes; (3) the absence of all diastemata and conse- quent continuity of the dental series. Hence it may be regarded as more prim1- tive than Palwocherus, Cheromorus, Dicotyles or Elotherium, in ali which there are marked diastemata. ‘The two series may then be arranged as follows: with the understanding that in some cases names of genera used, represent rather family groups, in which the special generic lines have not yet been made out. * See Origin of Genera, p. 53. + Loe. cit. p. 79. 85 TH OF MAMMALIA EDUCABILIA. x vy} TYPES OF MOLAR TEE Loxolophodont Bathmodont snapspqoyy + wopowyng od A4 M Svmborodont Paleeotheriodont Selenodont pt uv snnb ir | wnrsayjoddyy ad«y > WNUIYIVYIUP snhsoddupy uopoonLhyy snhyouwuy | | snposdohyy é LNOCOAWAN V = < 2 2 } S 5 3 3 2 5 é 2 3s i) = a D soydayy snwidnT, sog Ssnsa00ury ay Snntay | | | UWNULIYJOIUDYY wnrwayjourg Uopoa.ld | | uoposoquhg | snuvjodohyT | uopohayg snwpjodoohuayy UOPO)NDIDLIAT, Uoporsn yy snipjododdiyy WNULIYIOUT | | : * | saphjoou Fs J Uopoue Yor LNOGOLLNV syuopoudory | | 84 | + sjuopoung 86 ON THE HOMOLOGIES AND ORIGIN OF THE The preceding table has been already published in its essential features in the Report on Geological Survey of the Territories, 1878, ‘p. 648.* 3 It remains now to ascertain whether the genealogical or taxonomic relations ex- pressed by the teeth coincide with those derived from the other diagnostic regions of the body. First of these must be selected, as of chief importance, the limbs and feet. We may look on the Artiodactyla—even-toed or cloven-footed mammals—as one of the most homogeneous groups in the class, not only in respect to the structure of the extremities, but also in that of the cranium, vertebree, ete. But here we have both Bunodont and Selenodont types of molars. The Perissodactyla, as defined by the feet, axis, palate, etc., present us with the Symborodont, Palootheriodont, Tapirodont, and Selenodont types of dentition in the superior series, and the Hip- podont, Hyracodont, Paleotheriodont, and Trichechodont types in the mandibular teeth. The pentadactyle, plantigrade type, for which I have used the name Pro- boscidia, presents us with the Trichechodont, Bathmodont, and Lowxolophodont types of molar structure. Among Sirenians, as defined by the marked peculiarities of the entire skeleton, we have the great differences in dentition presented by Halicore and Trichecus, the former being Haplodont, the other Trichecodont. Finally, the Marsupial group is unquestionably well defined, and here Phascolomys is Ptycho- dont ; Hypsiprymnus Bunodont ; Petaurus between Bunodont and Selenodont, and the Kangaroos and their gigantic extinct allies the Diprotodontide, Trichecodont. It is thus evident that the molar types are everywhere subordinated to those which we call ordinal; therefore in the case of the placental mammals, and especially those with complex folding of the cerebral hemispheres, to the types of construc- tion of the feet. As to the modifications presented by the canine and incisor teeth; these exist within a still more narrow range of variation ; for instance, in the allied genera Equus, Rhinaster, and Symborodon ; Sus and Phacocherus ; Bathmodon and Eobasileus, and others. It is thus probable that modifications in the three points of structure considered were introduced in the following order :— First, Of the feet. Second, Of molar type. ° * Tt was previously published in a separate form in “On the Primitive Types of Mammalia Educabilia,” May 6, 1873. An error occurs in this edition in the reversal by a lapsus calami of the positions of the types Omni- vora and Anoplothercwm. It is also important to note, that in the “Report G. S.,” p. 645, where it is stated that “during the Eocene they (the orders) were in process of differentiation,” etc., Mammalia Educabilva and not Lissencephala, are referred to. + In the case of the Marsupzalia the relation of the dental and extremital types may be reversed. Thus we haye pentadactyle plantigrade forms (Opossums) and (nearly) didactyle digitigrade forms (Macropus) in the same order. Also Halmaturus and Diprotodon, both Trichecodonts, differ in the type of feet, as do the car- nivorous Didelphys and Thylacinus, both Bunodonts. TYPES OF MOLAR TEETH OF MAMMALIA EDUCABILIA. 87 Third, Of the relations of canines and incisors. With regard to the significance of the three types of feet, Proboscidian, Perisso- dactyle, and Artiodactyle, it has been already remarked: “It is to be observed that the lines of Ungulata, Quadrumana, and Carnivora originate in plantigrade types, a state of things quite predominant among the lower series or Lissencephala (smooth brains). It is universal in Edentata and very usual in Rodentia and Insectiwora. The lower forms of Marsupialia and all of the Monotremes present it. In the Mar- supials, Rodents, Ungulates, and Carnivores we have series whose highest expression is in the most highly digitigrade genera.”* To this it may be added that the lower terrestrial vertebrates are plantigrade, with some exceptions. Thus in some Anurous Batrachia there is a partial digitigradism; the only digitigrade Reptilia are some Dinosauria, especially such carnivorous forms as Lelaps ; all birds are digitigrade. The digitigrade modification evidently has reference to speed in run- ning or projectile force in leaping. The connecting points between the different types of foot-structure among the Mammalia Educabilia are as obvious as in the case of the types of molar structure. Examples may be adduced as follows :— Artiodactyla. Approximations to the Perissodactyla are to be seen in Hippopotamus in the increase in development of the lateral or first and fourth digits, thus equalling the number in the fore foot of Tapirus and Brontotherium, though preserving the equality of the two median digits. But an inequality ofthese digits appears in the genera Anoplotherium and Cenotherium, as has been stated} in the following language: “In Anoplotherium secundarium the digit ii is developed in each foot, though not nearly so long as ¢77, which is nearly symmetrical in itself. ‘There is an approach to the same structure in the manus of Caenotherium.” The only approximation to the Proboscidian type is to be seen in the shortening of the metapodial bones in Hippopotamus, a point of very inconsiderable value. Perissodactyla. Approximation to the preceding order is made in the anterior foot of Bronto- therium, in which, according to Marsh, there are four toes of nearly equal size. Approximation to the Proboscidia is seen in Symborodon, where the cuboid facet of the astragalus is rather larger than in Rhinoceros, and developed much as in * Mammalia Educabilia, p. 8; Hayden’s Geological Survey, 1873, p. 647. + Huxley, Anatomy of the Vertebrated Animals, p. 321. ¢ American Journal of Science and Arts, 1873, p. 486. 88 ON THE HOMOLOGIES AND ORIGIN OF THE Bathmodon ; the small third trochanter of the femur is also much like that in Bathmedon. The osseous horn-cores may be compared with those on the front of Loxolophodon, The knee was probably free from the integument of the abdomen, as in Proboscidians. In all other respects there is no approximation to this order. Proboscidia. The approximations to other orders in the structure of the feet are only to be seen in the Eocene genera Bathmodon and Eobasileus. ‘The latter, or its ally Uin- tatherium, presents, according to Marsh, but four toes on the hind foot; the ante- rior has five. In the former point we have a resemblance to Hippopotamus, but one of little significance, in view of the radical differences between the two in the form of the astragalus, caleaneum, and cuboid bones. ‘The former 1s essentially Proboscidian in all respects, with the addition of a cuboid facet alongside of and behind the navicular, as in Symborodon ; thus constituting a Perissodactyle char- acter, but leaning to the forms of that order which betray probably the closest, though slight, approach to the omnivorous division of the Artiodactyla, Thus while the Eobasiliide present the Proboscidian type of feet and molar dentition, if they present any ordinal characters resembling those of the Artiodactyla, they are equally shared by certain extinct Perissodactyla. From the hints above furnished, we may regard the succession of modifications of foot structure to be nearly as follows :— Ruminantia. Rhinocerus. Equus. Elephas. | Omnivora. Paleotherium. Hipposyus. ae ee | Symborodon. Paleeosyops. Eobasileus. Veena (on Co Bathmodon. ae DS is V. Tue ANCESTRAL TYPE OF MAMMALIA EDUCABILIA. I trust that I have made it sufficiently obvious that the primitive genera of this division of mammals must have been Bunodonts with pentadactyle plantigrade feet. It therefore follows that Hlephas was not the descendant of Hobasileus nor Bathmodon in a direct line, but from some common ancestor with tubercular teeth, through Mastodon. We may anticipate the discovery of such a genus, and believe that it will not be widely removed from the Eocene Hyopsodus, or perhaps Ache- nodon. This will then be the primitive ungulate. TYPES OF MOLAR TEETH OF MAMMALIA EDUCABILIA. 89 But it will be more than this; it cannot be far removed from the primitive carnivore and the primitive quadrumane. ‘The carnivora are all modified buno- donts, and the lower forms (Ursus Procyon, e. g.) are pentadactyle and plantigrade. As to the Quadrwmana, man himself is a pentadactyle plantigrade bunodont. This view has been already expressed, as follows: ‘“ ‘The type of Tomitherium, already described, evidently stands between lemurine monkeys and such small allies of Paleotheriide with conic tubercular teeth (Oligotomus, Orotherium, etc.) , and which abound in the Eocenes of Wyoming. . . . The dentition of the two types is, indeed, but little different in the Quadrumanous and Ungulate types respectively, being a continuous series of I. 1 or 2; C.1; P.m. 3—4; M. 8; the canines but moderately developed.”* Such a hypothetical type might be expressed by the name Bunotheride, with the expectation that it will present subordinate variations in premolar, canine, and incisor teeth. The premolars might be expected to differ in the degree of development of the internal lobes, the canine in its pro- portions, and the incisors in their number. In respect to the limbs proper, neither the Quadrumana nor Carnivora attain to the specialization seen in the Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla, for the ulna and fibula are never atrophied nor co-ossified with the radius and tibia, but are always distinct and free; the only modification of structure in these points being the slight one involved in developing the rotary capacity seen in the higher monkeys. Thus the human series preserves in its feet, limbs, and dentition, more of the characteristics of the primitive Bunotheriwm, than any other line of descent of the Mammalia Educabila. It even exhibits a retrogression, in the transition from the anisognathous Tomitherium to the genus Homo, where the teeth in the two jaws are exactly alike, as well as in the resumption of the continuity of the dental series after the diastema had prevailed among the higher monkeys. In one respect it has steadily advanced, viz., in the number of convolutions and extent of the cere- bral hemispheres and relative size of the brain as a whole. * Hayden’s Geological Survey of Montana, etc., 1872, p. 645. Nore.—The extinct genera of American formations alluded to in this paper, have been mostly brought to light through the explorations of the Territories under Dr. F. V. Hayden, U. S. Geologist. 23 baa ee A ibe Ta iy » Y y é % ‘ ; 4 a, : ' . A aN, F i j : Poe xd ee | SEC INC Un oon : a ce ae 2 | Chak : < y ‘ ci ; ee - pane ae a OMY 20 rey | ae wQ 09 gg 09 UQ dQ do og XK Fig. LIST OF WOOD-CUTS. . Tooth of Globicephalus. From Cuvier. . Teeth of Jaculus hudsonicus. From Cuvier. . Leptocherus spectabilis. From Leidy. . Rhinocerus crassus. From Leidy. . Hippopotamus amphibius. From Cuvier. . Anthracotherium velaunum. From Blainville. il 2 3 4 .5. Achenodon insolens, Cope. 6 a 8 . Procamelus robustus. From Leidy. 9. Merychyus major. From Leidy. 10. Hyopotamus americanus. From Leidy. 11. Tapirus malayanus. From Cuvier. 12. Mastodon angustidens. From Cuvier. . 13. Tetracaulodon ohioticus. From Cuvier. . 14. Dinotherium giganteum. From Cuvier. 15. Elephas indicus. From Cuvier. . 16. Limnotherium elegans. From Leidy. . 17. Hyopsodus paulus. From Leidy. . 18. Palzosyops levidens. From Leidy. .19. Anchippodus minor. From Leidy. . 20. Palzosyops major. From Leidy. .21. Palzotherium crassum. From Cuvier. Fig. 22. Hipposyus formosus. From Leidy. Fig. 23. The same, worn upper molar. From Leidy. g. 24. Hypohippus affinis. From Leidy. . 25. Equus excelsus. From Leidy. Upper. . 26. Equus excelsus. From Leidy. Lower. . 27. Bathmodon radians, Cope. . 28. Uintatherium robustum. From Leidy. . 29. The same, last lower molar. Published March 30, 1874. Last upper molar. by y a Tan ayo) ) ms ' Art. 1V.—On the Batrachia and Reptilia of Costa Rica. By E. D. Cope. Costa Rica, the most southern of the states of Central America, lies between eight and eleven degrees of north latitude, and presents great inequalities of surface. Its length is traversed from northwest to southeast by the range of the Cordilleras, which rise in their highest point, the Pico Blanco, in the southern part of the republic, to an elevation of 11,800 feet. In the middle of the country the range forms the western border of a plateau whose elevation is about 5000 feet, and whose eastern rim is marked by a chain of volcanoes. The principal rivers of the country, which flow into both oceans, take their rise in this plateau. Here also the more important part of the population dwells in the two towns of San José and Cartago. The climates of the eastern and western regions present material differences. The eastern slope of the country receives the trade-winds loaded with the moisture and clouds derived from the evaporation of the Caribbean Sea under a tropical sun. Constant rain falls on the mountain sides, and the rivers flowing into the Caribbean Sea are remarkable for the volume of water they contain as compared with the length of their courses. The climate of the country west of the mountains is much drier, but not so much so as to constitute aridity. ‘The entire republic, but especially the eastern region, is covered with a dense tropical vegetation. Dr, Wm. M. Gabb, from whose explorations much of my information is derived, has discovered that the major part of the rocks of the country are of miocene age, and that the elevation of the Cordilleras took place after the close of that period of geologic time. The volcanoes bounding the plateau on the east are of later age. The material on which the present investigations are based consists chiefly of two collections. One made by Dr. Van Patten of San José was derived from the country in the neighborhood of that city. The larger collection, made by Dr. Wm. M. Gabb of Philadelphia, under the auspices of the government of Costa Rica, was obtained in the southern portion of the region of Costa Rica which lies east of the elevated mountain range which traverses that country, and at different elevations on the range itself. According to Mr. Gabb, the most elevated point, the Pico Blanco, in the southern part of the State, rises to the height of 11,800 24 (93) 94 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. feet above the sea. ‘The coast region includes a wide belt of swamps, and then gradually rises to a height of two hundred feet at fifteen miles inland. From this point the surface rises rapidly, so that at twenty-five miles the elevation is 2500 feet above the sea. ‘The vegetation of the entire region is exceedingly dense. ‘At an elevation of from 5000 to 7000 feet is the region of greatest precipitation ; rain falls here, according to Mr. Gabb, on more than two hundred days of the year, and heavy fogs are of daily occurrence. The surface is often covered with a deep layer of moss, and swamps abound. ‘There is no belt of pines, as in Mexico, but the extreme summits of the peaks are covered with a sparse vegetation con- sisting chiefly of an Artemisia much like that of the Rocky Mountain region of the United States, with whortleberries, a bamboo-like grass, a stunted tree fern, ° and scattered tufts of grass. The collections were made at Limon and Old Harbor, on the coast, and from the latter locality inland to the foot of the Pico Blanco, and thence to its summit. The principal inland stations were Sipurio, fifteen miles from the coast, elevated 900 feet, and Uren, twenty-five miles, elevated 2500 feet. Opportunity being thus offered for determining their hypsometrical distribution, I give the following lists of species which occur at different elevations. Thus certain species do not occur further inland than ten miles from the coast; these are: Dendrobates typo- graphus ; D. tinctorius auratus ; D. talamance. Bufo auritus is a coast species. From Sipurio we have nearly all the snakes and lizards, and the following Batra- chia: Hyla gabbii, H. wranochroa, and H. eleochroa; Bufo hematiticus. From between this point and Old Harbor came Mocoa assata and Opheobatrachus ver- micularis, From Uren, Cranopsis fastidiosus and Trypheropsis chrysoprasinus. From higher points on the Pico Blanco, chiefly in the rainy zone, at from 5000 to 7000 feet, we have the following list :— BATRACHIA. Lithodytes habenatus, Cope. Opheobatrachus vermicularis, Gray. Lithodytes melanostictus, Cope. Edipus morio, Cope. Lithodyles megacephalus, Cope. Crepidius epioticus, Cope. Lithodytes g OSes: Cope. Ollotis cerulescens, Cope. Hylodes cerasinus, Cope. Atelopus varius, Stann. Ranula brevipalmata, Cope. Hyla nigripes, Cope. OPHIDIA. Hyla punctariola, Peters. Catostoma psephotum, Cope. Phyllobates hyleformis, Cope. Contia calligaster, Cope. Lithodytes podiciferus, Cope. Bothriechis nigroviridis, Peters. Lithodytes muricinus, Cope. Sixteen species of Batrachia, three of Ophidia, and none of the other orders. On ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 95 the summit of the Pico Blanco Mr. Gabb obtained the Gerrhonotus fulvus of Bocourt, the only lizard obtained from above the base of the mountains, and the extreme southern point of distribution of the genus Gerrhonotus, so far as yet known. It is worthy of remark that the elevated regions between 2500 and 7000 feet are the habitat of four genera with rudimentary auditory apparatus, while but one (Atelopus) presenting that character was discovered by Mr. Gabb in the lower country. Three of the four genera of frogs with imperfect organs of hearing known from South America, viz.: Alsodes, Phrynobatrachus, and Telmatobius, are also from mountainous regions. The Aguacate Mountains to the west of the plateau furnished a species of lizard to the collection, the Chalcidolepis metallicus. The collection obtained by Mr. Gabb embraces eighty-nine species, viz. : Testudinata, 5; Lacertilia, 19; Ophidia, 35; and Batrachia, 30. The number of species not previously known to science is thirty-seven. A report on a collection made by Dr. Van Patten in the valley of central Costa Rica was published by the writer in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy for 1871, p. 204, which included forty-six species. Of these twenty-six do not occur in Mr. Gabb’s collec- tion. The names of these species are as follows :— BATRACHIA. Colosteus rhodogaster, Cope. Agalychnis moreletii, Dum. Ninva atrata, Hallow. Smilisca baudinii, Dum. Bibr. Ninia sebxe, D. B.; maculata, Pet. Tantilla melanocephala, L. LACEHERTILIA. Phyllodactylus. Cyclura acanthura, Wiegm. Sceloporus malachiticus, Cope. Anolis hoffmannit, Peters. Anolis nannodes, Cope. Anolis insignis, Cope. Anolis microtus, Cope. OPHIDIA. Epicrates cenchria, L. Colobognathus dolichocephalus, Cope. Colobognathus brachycephalus, Cope. Colobognathus hoffmannit, Peters. Colobognathus nasalis, Cope. Rhadinxa serperaster, Cope. Conophis lineatus, Dum. Bibr. Liophis epinephelus, Cope. Herpetodryas carinatus, L. Drymobius margaritiferus, Schl. Dipsas gemmistratus, Cope. Thrasops mexicanus, D. B. Dryiophis brevirostris, Cope. Pelamis bicolor, Daud. Elaps multifasciatus, Jan. Hlaps ornatissimus, Jan. Elaps nigrocinctus, Gird. Bothriechis affinis, Boe. Crotalus durissus, L. A number of species, chiefly batrachians, have been sent to the Smithsonian Institution by C. N. Riotte, which are of considerable interest. In addition to the collections sent to the United States, others have been sent to Europe, and 96 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. have been the objects of study by M. Bocourt of Paris, Peters of Berlin, Giinther of London, and Keferstein of Guttingen. The explorers who have furnished the material to these herpetologists have been Messrs. Hoffmann, Salvin, and Seebach. The total number of species known from the investigations, now amounts to one hundred and thirty-two. But many species have been described from the adjoining states of Nicaragua and Chiriqui, and from Veragua, adjoining the latter, of which many will be found to enter Costa Rica also. Thus it is evident that this region is very rich in terrestrial cold-blooded vertebrata. The State of Costa Rica is about equal in extent to that of South Carolina. BATRACHIA. GYMNOPHIONA. 1. SrpHonors MEXICcANUS, Dum. Bibr., viii. 284. From the forest country near the coast at Limon. URODELA. 9. OPHEOBATRACHUS VERMICULARIS, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, 297. Cidipina uniforms, Keferstein, Archiv. fiir Naturgesch., 1868, 299. Three specimens, one from the Pico Blanco, at 6000 feet elevation, of large size, measuring m. .162 in length. The cranium of this one is completely ossified above, but the choane are not isolated, but open into the orbit by a wide fissure. The two other specimens are from the lower country, twenty miles from the coast. 3. Gprpus Mor10? Cope, Proc. Academy Philadelphia, 1869, p. 103. A partly preserved specimen from the eastern slope of the Pico Blanco. ANURA. BUFONIFORMIA. 4. CRANOPSIS FASTIDIOSUS, Cope, gen. et sp. nov. Bufonidarum. Char. Gen.—No ostia-pharyngea nor tympanum; no vomerine teeth. Cranial integument entirely occupied by a rugose ossification; parotoid glands present. Fingers and toes distinct, the latter palmate. This genus is Peltaphryne, Cope, with the auditory apparatus wanting. Char. spec.—Size of the Bufo lentiginosus. The head wide, not depressed, the cranial ridges consisting of elevated canthus rostralis, supra- and post-orbital border and a supra-tympanic crest extending to the parotoid gland. These, especially the last, are obtusely thickened. The supra-tympanic crest is produced downwards ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 97 behind the orbit as a rugose osseous plate to opposite the inferior border of the pupil of the eye, bounding the position usually occupied by the membranum tympani by a rough concave margin. The canthus rostrales are short and inclose a groove between them; the loreal and labial regions are rugose with small tubercles. The profile of the muzzle descends abruptly to the lip, which it does not overhang. The nostrils are as far removed from each other as each one is from the orbit. The posterior outline of the cranial ossification is squarely truncate in adults. The parotoid glands are short, subtriangular, sublateral, and as deep as long. They are not continued into a fold. The upper surfaces of the body and limbs are studded with round warts, so closely on the latter region as to resemble a pustular disease. A row of larger tubercles extends from the parotoid gland to the axilla. The inferior surfaces support numerous smaller tubercles. The fingers are short and free, and the palmar tubercles are very obtuse. There are neither tarsal folds nor tubercles, those of the sole being very obscure. Toes half-webbed. The end of the longest toe reaches the end of the muzzle when the limb is extended, and the longest finger reaches the vent. The color above is yellowish-brown; below, dirty brown. A blackish band extends from the parotoid to the axilla, the color not affecting the apices of the tubercles in its course, and sometimes extending to the abdomen. Throat with a black spot; top of head yellow or brownish-yellow. M. Length of head and body . : : : : : U9 Xo) ee tOnOrbite ‘ : : : ‘ : . 005 “ to posterior border of cranium : : : : OG “« to axilla : : : ; : 6 . : . 023 “Sotetore limba : ; ; ; : ; : . .035 ot hand : : : : ; : : : . .013 “of hind limb . : : 5 : ; : : 6 AGO eeorhindstoot.. . : : 5 , : ; : . .035 Several specimens from 2500 feet elevation on the slope of the Pico Blanco, in the district of Uren. 5. CREPIDIUS EPIOTICUS, Cope, gen. et sp. nov. Bufonidarum. Char. Gen.—No ostia-pharyngea, membranum tympani, nor vomerine teeth ; parotoid gland present. Cephalic derm not occupied by ossification. The digits of all the feet inclosed in the skin, leaving the longest median toe projecting ; inner digits of both feet rudimental. In this new genus the structure is much as in Atelopus, resembling also, but in 25 98 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. less degree, the genus Oedipus of the salamanders. In other respects the form is that of Ollotis, Cope. Char. Specif.—Size medium; cranial crests consisting of supra-tympanic, supra-orbital, and canthal ridges, the last two continuous with each other and extending in a nearly straight line to the nares, with a slight thickening opposite the front of the orbit. The intervening concave surface is of moderate width. The superciliary ridges send inwards a short tuberosity at the posterior third of the orbit. The supra-tympanic is short and very protuberant, giving the cranium an angulate outline. There is a low, narrow, post-orbital ridge. No trace of mem- branum tympani. Parietal region with several small osseous nodules on each side. Parotoid very small, subround. Skin everywhere rugose with minute. tubercles, which are sparse on the dorsal, dense on the ventral, regions. Soles smooth, no tarsal, carpal, or solar tubercles or folds. Longest digit on both extremities projecting 2.5 phalanges beyond the flat mass which includes the other digits. Femur half-inclosed in inguinal integument. A concave dermal fold from end of each sacral diapophysis to parotoid gland, which is easily obscured. M. Length of head and body . : ‘ : : : : . .035 ee Dare en yew or i oy a: AOE “to angle of jaw : : : : : : ee nee eel “ tolaxilla a re i Pe te ee hy 3 (OL *« to groin ‘ ‘ : : : : : : . 030 * of forelimb . : ; : : : : : ae SOLS Ol tore toot. : : ; : : 5 : 00K ‘© of hind limb (free portion) . : : : 5 -/ 2030 oo Oe Jnningl 1OOR : : : : : : : 5 lS General color black, above a little lighter with a few darker spots on each side ; soles yellowish; entire scapular region brown; sometimes a brown median dorsal _ band. From 5000 feet elevation on Pico Blanco. 6. OLLOTIS CERULESCENS, Cope, gen. et sp. nov. Bufonidarum. No ostia-pharyngea nor membranum tympani. Parotoid glands present. Digits free on all the feet. Cranial derm not occupied by ossification. This genus may be regarded as Bufo with the auditory apparatus incomplete, agreeing in this respect with the preceding genera Crepidius and Cranopsis. Char. Specif—The largest specimen is about an inch in length, and hence perhaps not adult, although there are no marks of immaturity observable. ‘There ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 99 are no cranial ridges except a protuberant supra-tympanic ; the superciliary ridges are slightly prominent and continued behind in straight lines by two angles of the parietal bone. No trace of membranum tympani. -The canthus rostrales are straight and angular, and the lores elevated; the nares are nearer to each other than each is to the orbit. The tongue is large and elongate. ‘The skin of the back and sides is studded with numerous spaced tubercles, and the lower surfaces are nearly smooth, ‘There is no tarsal fold, and the palmar and plantar tubercles are obsolete. The digits are all distinct, those of the hind foot halfwebbed. The wrist of the fore limb, and the end of the second toe of the hind limb extended, reach the end of the muzzle. M. Length of head and body . 3 5 ; . 025 Width of head behind : ; ; : ; é 3 . 008 Length to orbit . : : ; , : : é . 003 “* to axilla ; ; : ‘ : ; : p Se ROO ‘a to eroin 7 ' i : : 3 : : 5 > Uzi ‘ot tore limb ‘ alse : : ; : s ile « of fore foot . : : : ; : ‘ ‘ . 005 “ of hind limb . ; ; : ; ; a ; pe 023 “of hind foot - : 3 : : 5 ; z 5. ADS Upper surfaces blackish, the tubercles brown; below black, thickly marked with light blue spots. From 3000 to 5000 feet elevation on Pico Blanco. 7. Buro AURITUS, Cope, sp. nov. Vertex flat, bounded by a vertical superciliary crest on each side, which is slightly bent where it gives off the postorbital crest, and then continues to the posterior border of the cranium. Post-orbital ridge prominent, presenting an open angle where it gives off the supratympanic, particularly prominent as the anterior border of the tympanic membrane. Supratympanic horizontal, prominent. Supra- orbital crests abruptly incurved at the loreal region, and separated by a narrow groove at the summit of the muzzle. No preorbital crest. End of muzzle narrow, produced beyond the line of the upper lip; external nares nearer each other than the orbit. Parotoid gland quite small, surmounted by several dermal spines. Tubercles of the skin small, spinulose, most numérous on the sides, wanting below. Tarsus without fold, spinulose; palmar and solar tubercles insignificant. Digits elongate, the fingers remarkably so; the toes half-webbed. The wrist reaches beyond the end of the nose, as does also the heel of the extended hind limb. The 100 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. membranum tympani is distinct in its anterior half, and the ostia-pharyngea are minute. Length of head and body . : : HO ys 6 6 : 031 Width of head behind : ; 5 ‘ : : : 6 LONG Length to orbit . : : : : 4 : 5 é . 004 “to posterior border skull . : é . : : 5 40) Co aconaxaliley : ; ; ‘ : : ; : Be Oilke * to groin : : 5 : : : : : . 026 « of fore limb . : : : : : : : 6 US “of fore foot . : : é : 5 ; 5 OO ‘of hind limb . : : 5 6 ‘ ; , Be AU SIS) “ of hind foot . : i : 3 ; : 5 AOI Color brown; a quadrate patch on vertex from orbits to occiput, an oblique band from the latter outwards on each side, and a spot on each lateral sacral region black. Belly marbled with black; throat and limbs below, dusky. This species resembles in its general appearance the Crepidius epioticus, Cope, but differs in many points, both generic and specific. It is also allied to the Bufo veraguensis, Schmidt, but according to that author the supra-tympanic crest is much smaller than in B. auritus. Two specimens from the Kast coast region. 8. Buro VALLICEPS, Wiegm. 3B. nebulifer, Girard, U. S. Mex. Boundary Survey, II.(2) 25, Pl. XL. f. 1. A variety with narrow cranial crests, and less fully webbed toes; the ground color is light, and is marked with large black spots forming a row on each side of the median line. ‘Throat and breast black, pale spotted. Buro coccirerR, Cope. Proceed. Acad. Philada., 1866, p. 130. Parotoids round semi-globular. Muzzle narrowly rounded, nearly as long as orbit. Strong bony, canthal, pre-, sub-, and postorbital, supratympanic and supra- orbital ridges; the last regularly curved and sending a parietal branch towards the median line; the first rapidly converging, leaving only a gutter between. Tym- panum one-fifth orbit. Everywhere minutely tubercular, those of the sides and forearm conic; soles rough, web short, metatarsal tubercles small, obtusely promi- nent; tarsal fold scarcely visible. Heel to axilla. Two obtuse metacarpal warts. Gray brown; a yellow vertebral line, with numerous chestnut brown light bordered spots on each side. Sides with two longitudinal brown bands; one from ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 101 parotoid and one from groin. Limbs irregularly light varied above. Under sur- face immaculate. Length of head and body 2 in. 6 1.; breadth at angle of jaws below, 1 in.; length of fore limb 1 in. 51; length of foot 1 in. 31. C. N. Riotte. Smithsonian collection, No. 6490. This handsome species resembles the B. ocellatus, Gthr., in coloration. 10. BuFo sTERNOSIGNATUS, Gunther, Catal. Batrach. Salientia Brit. Mus. 1858, p. 68. Said to have been found in Costa Rica by Keferstein, Archiv. fiir Natur- geschichte, 1868, 294. 11. Buro agua, Daudin. Large and small specimens from the Eastern coast. This species is especially abundant about houses. 12. Buro HH#MATITICUS,* Cope, Proceed. Acad. Philadelphia, 1862, 157. Sipurio. FIRMISTERNIA. 13. HypoPAcHts VARIOLOSUS, Cope. Hngystoma variolosum, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Philada. 1866, p-131; Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1869, p. 166. Hypopachus seebachit, Keferstein, Nach- richten Géttingen, 1867, p. 352; Archiv. f. Naturgeschichte, 1868, Tab. 1X., figs. 1, 2. The genus Hypopachus resembles Engystoma, but differs in the important par- ticular of the possession of a claviculus, as was first pointed out by Dr. Keferstein. It is therefore to be referred to the family of the Phryniscide. Two strong compressed metatarsal tubercles, a sublongitudinal cuneiform and subtransverse opposite it: toes slightly webbed. Width between tympanic regions nearly double the length from muzzle to nuchal fold. Muzzle prominent, as long as orbit, nostrils nearly terminal. Mandible with two symphyseal notches, and median knob. ‘Tongue flat, elongate; slits of vocal vesicle large. Heel to front of scapula. Dark brown above; under side, limbs, and belly darker, with numerous large ‘yellowish spots. Sides anteriorly blackish-brown, which color has a serrate margin above. Femora, forearms, and tarsi brown behind, with coarse yellow vermicula- tions: some yellow spots behind the angle of the mouth. Length of head and body 1 in. 4.5 1.; of posterior limbs 1 in. 7 1. Chas. N. Riotte. Mus. Smithsonian, No. 6486. * The Bufo symus, Schmidt, Denkschriften K. K. Akademie Wien, 1858, p. 254, will probably be found in Costa Rica. 26 102 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 14. ATELOPUS VARIUS, Stannius. Very abundant both on the Pico Blanco range, and in the lower country. ‘The markings are vermilion on a black, or, in the case of the mountain specimens, a green ground. In some of the latter the red markings are few, and in others altogether wanting, leaving a uniform pea-green. 15. DENDROBATES TYPOGRAPEUS, Keferstein, Archiv. f. Naturgeschichte, 1868, p. 298, PI. IX. fig. 7. Dendrobates ignitus, Cope, Proceed. Academy, Phila., 1874, p. 68. The form described by me as D. ignitus differs from the one observed by Kefer- stein, in the uniform red of the dorsal region. Both occur in Mr. Gabb’s collection. From the low country, not more than ten miles inland. 16. DENDROBATES TINCTORIUS, Wagl., var. auratus, Girard, Steindachner Verhandl. der K. K. Zool. bot. Gesselsch., Wien, 1864, p. 261. Numerous, and exclusively from the lower country, not extending far inland. 17. DENDROBATES TALAMANCZ, Cope. Allied to the Dendrobates lugubris, Schmidt, ‘Denkschr. K. K. Akad., Wien, 1858, p. 200. First finger longer than the second; the skin of the upper surfaces entirely smooth; tympanic membrane very obscure. Head elongate, muzzle depressed, truncate, the nares equidistant from each other and the orbits. When the limbs are extended, the wrist reaches the front, and the heel the middle of the orbit. No tarsal fold; palmar and solar tubercles insignificant. Color brown above, separated by a border of light pigment from the white of the lower surfaces. This border continues as a light border of the upper lip round the end of the muzzle. Top of muzzle, and a band from the eye to the groin on each side, yellowish. Upper surface of fore limbs yellow. External surfaces of femur and tibia covered with a light pigment. Posterior face of femur black, with a short yellow band on each side directed outwards from behind the groin, forming with the light band of the superior face of the femur, a hook-shaped pattern. M. Length of head and body . : : : : : : 22 «of head to angle jaw ; 6 : : : : 2 2008 Width of head behind ; : : ; 5 ? : . 006 Length to orbit . : : : : ‘ : : ; . 008 « to axilla ; d : , s ‘ i : a ROO “ of fore limb . d cian ‘ : : : ae Oe “ of fore foot . : ; : : 3 : ‘ 2 009 « of hind limb . A : : ‘ : : , e OZ CR Cee ea ae eer ete co ON From near Old Harbor on the East coast. ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 103 ARCIFERA. 18. HyLA GABBII, Cope, sp. nov. A rather large species resembling the Smilisca baudinii, D. B. Vomerine teeth in two short transverse series between the interior nares. Choane and ostia pha- ryngea subequal; tongue round, scarcely free behind. Head short, wide; canthus decided, concave; nares much nearer each other than each one is to the orbit. Membranum tympani less than half the area of the orbit. Integument of upper surfaces nearly smooth. Fingers well webbed to the base of the penultimate phalange of the longest; toes webbed to near the end of the corresponding phalange of the hind foot. Digital dilatations large, about equal to the tympanum. Lower surfaces areolate. | Color ashy-brown, the pigment forming a narrow band on the upper face of the femur. Anterior and posterior faces of femur dusky, without coloration figure. Some large irregular brown spots on the back, groin marbled with light-brown and white. Lip with a faint pale border, no large spots on it or the lores. ‘Tibia and cubitus with broad pale-brown cross-bands; lower surfaces all whitish. Length of head and body . : : ° : 6 : 4 056 ‘“« of head to angle of jaws : 5 : : ; ee OIG Width of head at angle of jaws . ; : 5 : 5 m2 0) ensthetororbiter ss) = epee ‘ : : : 5 5 OT 6D @paiillle, : : : : : : ; 5 s2e Se ofstore limb ~ , : : : : : ‘ . 032 ee otehiudelianby. : : : : j Saberss . 093 OL nindstootee. : : ; : ‘ : : . .040 This tree-frog resembles the Smilisca baudinii, but differs in the absence of the post-orbital process, the more extensive palmation of the fingers, and the absence of the characteristic spots on the upper lip. It is dedicated to William M. Gabb, of the Geological Survey of Costa Rica (formerly of Santo Domingo and of Jalifornia), to whom herpetological science is indebted for the collection now described. From near Sipurio. 19. HyLA URANOCHROA, Cope, sp. nov. A species of the size of the Hyla carolinensis, and related to it in general structure. The vomerine teeth are in two fascicles exactly between the inner nares, which are small and just equal to the ostia pharyngea in size. Tongue - round, little free. The head is wide and the muzzle rounded, the canthus rostralis 104 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. obtuse and moderately concave. Nostrils considerably nearer each other than to orbit, which is large and equal to twice the area of the tympanum. The toes are short, and digital dilatations large; the fingers have a short web, which is deeply emarginate; the toes are not fully webbed, the membrane notched to opposite the proximal end of the antepenultimate phalange. Head and body elongate, so that when the limbs are closed the knee and elbow are not in contact. The heel reaches the middle of the orbit, and the longest finger the femur. Skin smooth above, areolate below. Color above, blue; below ? yellow (whitish pigment in alcohol). ‘The blue pigment is sharply bordered along the sides and extends on the upper surfaces of the humerus and femur, as well as cubitus, tibia, and tarsus, and on the base of the outer finger, and entire surface of outer two toes. Upper lip yellow bordered all round; vent yellow, no inguinal, femoral, labial, or other spots. M. Length of head and body . : : : ; 6 F . 040 « to angle of jaw : : : : : a ONO) ue toramillla ; : : re ia : 5 . « Ol CORSON : ; : : 6 ‘ : 7 O30 Width of head behind ; : 3 : ; i : . 014 Length of fore limb . ‘ : : ‘ : : » oe tO 22 CO OWS 1OOW ‘ ; : : : 5 : 5 ADO ot sind elimi : ‘ : : : 5 : . 055 oo hind foot ‘ ; . : : : ‘ . 025 From near Sipurio. 20. HyLA NIGRIPES, Cope, sp. nov. A species of the size of Hyla carolinensis, with longer head and limbs than the last described species. Vomerine teeth in two short transverse series between the inner nares; the latter equal to the ostia pharyngea. Tongue longer than wide. The head is an oval, but the muzzle does not project; the canthus rostrales are a little concave, and the lores are oblique. The orbits are large and from four to five times the area of the tympanum. The digital dilatations are moderate, the web of the fingers extending about half-way to the end of the longest, notched deeper than the line of the penultimate phalange. Web of toes not extending to end of penultimate phalange. Upper surfaces smooth, the lower finely areolate. Color dark-brown, limbs and feet blackish. Lip brown, groin finely white and blackish marbled; no lateral border or band. Posterior face of femur black, unspotted ; no spots on any other region. Sides of throat black-dusted. ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 105 M. Length of head and body . : : ae . : » SY) CO CHO : : . : : : 5 : 005 « toangle of jaws . . : : . : : oe Odgh Width of head at angle of jaws 5 : : : 5 = .010 ‘ Length of fore limb . ‘ : : ‘ 4 : : 5 AUR: «© of fore foot . : : : : ‘ : : - AO Ge Joyiyaval hielo) : : 5 : : 6 ‘ 00S om hincdtootn s. , ; : 6 ‘ 3 5 ALLO When the limbs are closed, the knee and elbow overlap some distance. The species in form and sombre colors resembles some of the Scytopes, but is a true Hyla. 18. HyLA ELHOCHROA, Cope, sp. nov. A small species with elongate oval head and uniform coloration. The vomerine teeth are entirely between the nares, and form two short series directed backwards towards the middle line; in some specimens the backward inclination is very slight. The choanz are larger than the ostia pharyngea, and the tongue longer than wide. The muzzle is elongate and plane above, and slightly projecting. The nares are as far from each other as from the lip border, and nearly twice as far from the orbit. Eyes large, four or five times the area of the membranum tympani. Digital dilatations large; fingers entirely free. Toes with emarginate webs not reaching the end of the antepenultimate phalange of the longest toe, which is rather short. Skin above smooth, below finely areolate on the abdomen. Legs long, the heel reaching the end of the muzzle, the wrist not quite reaching the same point. Color above and below a uniform olivaceous, without spots. A pale area below the eye; lip faintly marbled. M. Length of head and body . , : 5 : 6 : . .026 « toangle of jaws . : : ; : : : e009 Width of head at angle of jaws . 6 6 : 5 : 5 A00Y Length of head to orbit : ‘ 5 ‘ : ; ; . 0045 “ to axilla : : . : ; ae ee : acne ‘“ of forelimb . ; : ‘ ; P ; : OG ‘© of fore foot . 5 : ? : ; ; ; ee OO “of hind limb . ; : ; : ; : : . O44 “ of hind foot . ; : : : : : 5 5 dug 27 106 - ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. The pre-frontal bones in this species are unusually wide. Three specimens from the east foot of the mountains near Sipurio. 19. HyLa PUNCTARIOLA, Peters, Monatsberichte K. Preuss. Acad. Wiss. 1863, p. 462. Five specimens from the Cordilleras, at from 5000 to 7000 feet, agree in essentials with the above-named species, but differ entirely from it in coloration, as well as from each other. Two of the specimens agree with each other exactly in this respect, and as Hyle are, as far as my experience extends, very constant in coloration, I suspect that the forms below described are true species. The H. punctariola is distinguished by the posterior position of its vomerine teeth, the small tympanic membrane, and the free fingers. In all of the Costa Rican specimens the fingers are not entirely free, but a web extends between the outer two to the middle of the first phalange. The area of the tympanum in the same is one-fourth that of the orbit. The head is short and wide, and the heel extends nearly or quite to the end of the muzzle. Subspecies pictipes: color light brown above, not sharply bordered on the sides, below white. Edge of upper lip, tarsus, and outer toe, white. The sides are marbled with dark-brown and yellow from near axilla to groin; and the front and back of the femora on each side of the superior brown longitudinal band are yellowish-brown, spotted with bright yellow. ‘Two outer toes brown, inner toes yellow. Humerus, cubitus, and two outer fingers, brown above. Back, lips, and belly, unspotted. ‘Two specimens. Subspecies moesta. Above brownish-black, sides and femora, except above and below, deep black. Some white spots on sides behind axille, and some small yellow ones near groin. A few minute white points on front and back of femur, and upper surfaces of feet. Otherwise the limbs and hands, except the thumb, are black. Lower surfaces thickly black spotted except on breast and tibia, where the white predominates. One specimen. Subspecies monticola. Color light grayish-brown with large dark-brown spots, forming transverse bars, one between the eyes, one in front of the scapule, one behind the scapulz, and one at the sacrum. Below unspotted white. Limbs with light-brown surfaces above; concealed surfaces pale, unspotted. No inguinal spots; a few specks of brown on sides. Length of head and body .037 m. Size of H. p. moesta identical; of H. p. pictipes a little smaller. One specimen. The original H. punctariola is from Veragua, Panama. Before leaving the genus Hyla, I may mention that the Hyla polytenia, Cope, (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1869, p. 164) has been described by Prof. Peters as H. striata (Monatsber. K. Preuss. Acad. 1872, p. 681). ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 107 20. SMILISCA BAUDINII, Dum. Bibr. (Hyla). Smilisca, Cope. San José, Dr. Van Patten. 21. AGALYCHNIS MORELETI, A. Dum. (Ayla). Agalychnis, Cope. Hyla holochlora, Salvin. San José, Dr, Van Patten. 22. PHYLLOBATES HYLAIFORMIS, Cope, sp. nov. A species of medium size, resembling a Hyla in its habit. The head is a broad oval, and the muzzle is not produced, but is depressed. Interorbital space wide, plane; canthus rostralis obtuse, straight, lores oblique. Tongue an elongate oval narrowed before, flat, and one-half free. Ostia pharyngea very minute; membranum tympani one-sixth of orbit. Fingers and toes free, dilatations rather large. Skin smooth above and below. | Color above rich brown, divided on the vertebral line by a narrow red stripe. Femora light brown before and behind. Gular region with large vocal sac, of a rose color. Abdomen and inferior surfaces of femur and tibia with a rosy or orange pigment. M. Length of head and body . . . : : : 5 MY S(O Oreos 5 ; : : 5 6 : 6 . 003 “ . to angle of jaws. : 6 . : . : 5 OY) Width between angle of jaws. : : : 6 : . .010 < orbits : : 6 6 : : : . .003 Length fore limb ; : : : : 5 6 6 5 AY “fore foot : : : . ° 6 5 6 . .006 «¢ hind limb , ‘ : : 5 d A 6 peUarl «hind foot : : 5 : ; : ‘ : . O18 From the mountain of Pico Blanco, at 7000 feet elevation. 23. LIYLA GUENTHERII, Keferstein, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 1868, p. 296. Allied to the species of Lithodytes, and unknown to me. 24. LitHODYTES PQDICIFERUS, Cope, sp. nov. Allied to the ZL. conspicillatus. The head and body short, and the hinder limbs long. Canthus rostralis straight, end of muzzle truncate, not projecting beyond lip. Vomerine teeth in two short series entirely behind the internal nares, but directed forwards and outwards towards them. Outline of mouth an oval. Muzzle plane above, parietal region slightly concave. Membranum tympani two-thirds the size of the orbit. Ostia pharyngea a little larger than choane. Nostrils much nearer to each other than to the orbits. Skin smooth. The muzzle extends beyond 108 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. the wrist of the appressed fore limb, and marks a point a little beyond the middle of the tibia. Digital dilatations very small. All the specimens from the level of from 5000 to 7000 feet. The colors of this species vary remarkably, more than I have observed to be the case in any other frog. All of the varieties agree in having a large triangular brown patch below the vent, a dark line along the canthus rostralis, and dark crossbars on the legs. They differ as follows :— Var. A. Dark-brown above and below; speckled on the lower surfaces with dirty-white; side of head deep-brown to membranum tympani. Sometimes a white vertebral line, and a transverse one like it on the posterior face of the femur, Numerous specimens, all from 7000 feet on the Pico Blanco. Var. B. Similar to the last, but with a bright rufous spot extending from the eye forwards to the lip border; a white spot from the tympanic disc downwards and backwards. ‘Two specimens. | Var. C. Cherry-red everywhere except on the abdomen; a brown spot below the eye, one behind the tympanum, and several on the back. Sole of tarsus and — foot black. One specimen. Var. D. Dirty-white, with four longitudinal brown bands above. An oblique brown band from orbit to abdomen, ceasing at the middle of the side. A broad blackish band with pale centre from groin upwards parallel to and well removed from the other oblique band. Lower surfaces white. One specimen. | The small digital dilatations and obtuse muzzle are characters which distinguish this frog from the L. conspicillatus as at present defined. 25. LITHODYTES MURICINUS, Cope, spec. nov. Canthus rostralis straight angular, muzzle narrowly truncate. Tympanic disc equal eye. Vomerine teeth in two short transverse fasciculi behind the internal nares, well separated from each other, and not extending outwards beyond the line of the inner border of the inner nares. ‘Tongue elongate, flat, and extensively free behind. Digital dilatations small; the heel of the extended hind limb marks the end of the muzzle. Sides of head and body and upper surfaces of limbs black, unspotted ; below light-brown unspotted; above uniform red purple. M. Length head and body : ; 4 : : ° . .0200 « to angle of jaws . ; : : ; : . 0075 “ of fore limb . ‘ : 5 : : : a AU: “ of hind foot . , , ; ; 4 ‘ ) . .0150 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 109 The shorter hind limbs and larger tympanic membrane, with the more transverse and widely separated vomerine teeth, distinguish this from the last species. Represented by one small specimen from the Pico Blanco. 29. LiTHODYTES HABENATUS, Cope, sp. nov. This species, also represented by one specimen, agrees with the Lithodytes muricinus in the points just-enumerated in which it differs from the L. podiciferus. Its general color is blackish-brown above, and dirty-white below. On each side above, a white band extends from the orbit to the middle of the side, where it is continuous with the pale color of the abdomen. ‘The vomerine teeth are in small fasciculi, well separated, and both behind and within the line of the nares. M. Length of head and body . : : : : : : ee O22 Inve! Wurm) . : : ; : : : . 037 “ hind foot . ; ; : : 3 : : ~ AdulS From the Pico Blanco. 30. LiTHODYTES MELANOSTICTUS, Cope, sp. nov. A species of distinct type from the preceding in its short head and longer body. Size of Rana temporaria. The vomerine teeth are in two short transverse series entirely behind the inner nares, well separated from each other and not extended outwards beyond the line of the inner margin of the nares. Choane and ostia pharyngea sub-equal; tongue sub-round, one-third free, and a little emarginate behind. Head flat, wide, muzzle projecting a little, canthus rostrales straight convergent. Nostrils more than twice as far from orbits as from end of muzzle ; their distance apart 1.33 times in their distance from the orbit. Loreal region and lip oblique. Diameter of eye equal distance from its border to the nostril, its area four times that of the membranum tympani, which is a rather narrow vertical oval. Skin everywhere smooth. Limbs long, dilatations of fingers large, of toes moderate. The muzzle marks the middle of the cubitus and a little beyond the middle of the tibia. The order of lengths of the fingers is, 1-2—4—3 ; first and third toes equal. The sternum is a wide cartilaginous shield notched at the end. ‘There is a well-developed zygomatic process of the squamosal bone, but no corresponding malar process. Length of head and body . . : ‘ ; By a ths E 050 ie to angle of jaws (axial) ; : ; . O15 Width of head at angle of jaws ; : : : : o aeZ Length to orbit (oblique) . 6 6 He ON Bs . . 5 ol 28 110 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. Length to axilla . ‘ ‘ 4 ; : : 5 ; . duly) Width of sacrum : ; , : : ‘ ‘ ; 5 A0OY Length of fore limb . : 3 : : ; : : ae Oa “ of fore foot . ‘ é : : : 3 3 » OMS “ of hind limb . : ‘ i ; 5 ; ; », 6 G5 ae JawunGl SOO : 3 : : 5 : ; . O45 Ground-color above, brownish-gray; below, dirty-white. The limbs are cross- banded rather distantly with blackish, the bars extending on the front and back faces of the femur as well as on the upper surfaces. A white median band from muzzle to vent, which is bounded on the sides at different points with blackish. A pink band extends from above each tympanum to the end of the ilium, and is broadly bordered with black on the outer side, this color extending on the sides of the animal as oblique black spots. The tympanum is black and sends a black bar to the rictus oris; two black bars pass directly from the orbit to the lip, and another by the canthus rostralis and nares to the same. One specimen from 7000 feet elevation on the Pico Blanco. 31. LirHODYTES MEGACEPHALUS, Cope, sp. nov. A large species with the physiognomy of a Ceratophrys. Head very large, wide, and depressed, with oblique lips and lores. The end of the muzzle descends obliquely from the nares to the lip. Orbit as long as the distance from its border to the nostril, which is close to the line of profile, and distant from its fellow two- thirds its distance from the orbit. Canthus rostralis distinct, not prominent, very little concave. Orbits oblique, the superciliary borders rising from the end of their anterior third into a strong ridge, which runs in a straight line and terminates abruptly in a slight thickening at the posterior border of the cranium. The posterior half of the cranium above is thus deeply grooved, while the top of the muzzle is plane. The tympanic membrane is a vertical oval equalling one-third the area of the opened eye; its long diameter enters the latter 1.75 times; its short diameter, three times. The vomerine teeth are in two short approximated series entirely behind the posterior borders of the choane. Each is convex forwards, and does not extend exterior to the line of the inner boundary of the choane. ‘The tongue is oval, longer than wide, and widest behind where it is entire. Ostia pharyngea larger than choane. The limbs are short, and the fingers and toes entirely free. The dilatations are small, especially on the hands, but the terminal phalanges are T-shaped. ‘The wrist extends beyond the end of the muzzle, while the heel only reaches to the middle of the orbit. There is a ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 111 small but prominent obtuse cuneiform bone at the base of the inner toe; other than this there are no folds or tubercles on the tarsus or carpus. The skin is smooth on the upper and lower surfaces, with the following exceptions: A dermal fold extends from each exoccipital region on each side of the back, pursuing a concave course to the middle of the transverse process of the sacrum. A similar fold extends from the vent on each side, in an oblique direction to the end of the transverse sacral process. Sides of body areolated. The exoccipital bone sends inwards and backwards a recurved crest, in antici- pation, as it were, of the “parieto-quadrate” arch of Ceratophrys. There is also a strong zygomatic process of the squamosal, but no malar process to meet it. The color above, in spirits, is a light ash; below white, the sides of an inter- mediate shade. A black spot extends from the tympanum to the scapula, and sends a line to the eye. The posterior face of the femur is black marbled distally with ash; the black extends asa well-defined patch to the vent. Entire sole of foot black. Legs distantly cross-banded above. Lips brown; some small dark spots on the lower rim of the orbit. The breast, abdomen, and lower side of ‘femur and tibia are marked with black, forming a figure like the refuse of the plates of a button-maker, #. e., representing the interstices between large confluent white spots. M Length of head and body . ; : : 6 : ; 0 0) “ to orbit (oblique) . ; : : : : : 5 su “ to angle of jaws (axial) . : : : : é 20 Width at angle of jaws , : ‘ : : : : . .035 ‘of interorbital region , : : : : : 5 NOt « of sacrum 5 6 s : : . : d 5 AUT Length of forelimb . ‘ ‘ : 6 Eile < . 038 Co OE HONS TOO . : . : 2 6 é O16 « of hind limb . : : : ; . » : , Wey « of hind foot . ‘ 3 6 : : 6 : . 045 This species is intermediate between the Ceratophrydine group of Cystignathide and the Hylodine, and illustrates the propriety of their union as I proposed in 1865. I find no technical characters by which to separate it from Lithodytes, in which genus it is analogous to the Hylodes sulcatus in the genus Hylodes, where the same elevation of the superciliary borders appears. With present experience in the genus Bufo, such a character does not appear to warrant generic separation. A female specimen, containing eggs ready for deposit, was taken by Mr. Gabb on a spur of the Pico Blanco, at 6000 feet elevation. 112 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 32. LITHODYTES GULOSUS, Cope, sp. nov. The description of the L. megacephalus applies in many details to the present frog. Thus, the vomerine teeth, tongue, tympanum, cranial crests, and extremities are the same. The differences are seen in the absence of dermal plice, the coloration, and perhaps in the larger size. The color isa dark leather brown, except on the pectoral and abdominal regions and inferior surfaces of the femur and tibia, where the brown is irregularly marbled with white. There is a black spot across the tympanum and one under the eye. The type specimen is a female containing mature eggs, and is twice as large as the type of the L. megacephalus, equalling the Gnathophysa ocellata in bulk. Its head is relatively smaller than in that species. Thus the width enters the length of head and body in the former, more than twice; in the latter, less than twice; the length of the head enters the same in the L. gulosus three times; in the L. megacephalus 2.66 times. M. Length head and body : : : : ‘ 5 sh08 « head to orbit (oblique) . 5 : : : . O15 « head to angle jaws : : , ; ‘ ; . .030 Width head at angle jaws : : : ; : oO Eel «head between orbits : : : : : oe 5 AS Length fore limb . : : : . .060 c) tore foot : : : : : . .022 «© hind limb : : : : : : 5 ellis) Co rhind toot ; : : ‘ : . .065 The sternum of this species is a large cartilaginous plate, wide and deeply emarginate behind, and slightly narrowed in front. From the same locality as the last species. 33. HYLODES CERASINUS, Cope, sp. nov. A slender species with oval head, and large digital dilatations. The vomerine teeth are in two fasciculi well separated from each other, and well behind the line of the internal nares, at the extremities of two longitudinal ridges, which diverge slightly forward towards the inner margin of the choanz. ‘The latter are about the size of the ostia pharyngea. The tongue is of a narrow oval form. ‘The head is flat and the lores oblique. ‘The muzzle is not produced beyond the lip, but is narrowed towards the end, the canthus rostralis being concave. The nostrils are twice as far from the orbit as from each other. Orbit large, tympanic membrane distinct, very small, one-eighth the area of the eye. The skin is smooth above in ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 113 the specimen, which is soft through the effect of weak spirits ; skin of sides and abdomen areolate. Limbs rather long, digits long, free. The wrist and heel of the extended limbs reach the end of the muzzle. The lengths of the fingers are in order, commencing with the shortest, 1-2-4—3. Dilatations truncate. M. Length of head and body . : ‘ 5 ‘ : : . .0385 “to orbit (oblique). : : ; : Seige 006 « to angle jaws ; ; : 5 : . 6 . O13 Width to angle jaws . : : : : . : 5 US) *< _ between orbits ; : : : ‘ : : . 0032 Length of fore limb. : : ; : : . .022 « of fore foot . : : : ‘ : : , OD Soksnincelim|li. . : : 5 : : : . .055 PMN oem pues Mite. (s8h ous gana Mn AA 084 The sternum of this species is a parallelogrammic cartilaginous plate, deeply notched distally and not distinguished into style and disk. General color brown above, white below. A rose-colored vertebral band. Four pale lines from orbit and one from nostril cross the upper lip. Anterior half of sides finely reticulate with black, groin cherry-red. Upper posterior face of femur and inner face of tibia cherry-red; lower posterior face of femur brown punctate with white. This beautiful species is apparently related to the H. bicumulus, Peters, from Venezuela, but differs in several points. In H. cerasinus the nares are terminal, many times nearer the end of the muzzle than to the orbit; in H. bicumulus less than twice as far from orbit as from snout. The tympanic disk is smaller in the H. cerasinus, and the coloration entirely different. These compari- sons are rendered possible by the fulness of Prof. Peters’s description, and it is a gratification to refer to them as models worthy of imitation in all departments of biology. One specimen from the eastern slope of the Pico Blanco. 34, GNATHOPHYSA OCELLATA, Linn. (Rana); Cystignathus, Dum., Bibr.; Gnathophysa, Cope. From the east side of the Cordillera. 29 114 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. RANIFORMIA. 35. TRYPHEROPSIS CHRYSOPRASINUS, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philada., 1868, p. 117. Ranula, do., Cope, 1. c. 1866, p. 130. From Uren, 2500 feet. In examining a collection sent to the Smithsonian Institution from Costa Rica, from Charles N. Riotte, I was much surprised to notice what was apparently a Hylorana near H. erythrea. Doubting the correctness of the locality, I laid the frog away. Having since seen other and allied species from Tropical America, I recog- nize the existence of a genus representing Hylorana, but differing in the important particular of the incompleteness of the ethmoid arch, its superior plate being represented by cartilage. In the present species the terminal phalanges are slender, and furnished with a transverse limb, though the dilatations are small; the latter are distinct in the Rana ceruleopunctata, Steindachner ; in an undescribed species from Vera Paz the transverse limb is very small, but present. The generic characters then are— Ethmoid arch superiorly cartilaginous; prefontals narrow, longitudinal, widely separated. Distal phalanges slender, with transverse limb; no metatarsal shovel ; tongue bifurcate. ¢ The species is allied to the above named, but has a relatively shorter muzzle and limbs. Nostril nearer end of muzzle than orbit (equidistant in cwruleopunctata) ; muzzle 1 and 1-5th orbit (1 and 2-5ths Steind.). Under jaw anteriorly abruptly truncate. Canthus rostralis straight, strong, muzzle acuminate from its extremity, projecting; loreal region vertical. Tympanum elliptic, two-thirds orbit. Vomerine teeth weak, in convergent fasciculi behind opposite nares. Skin shagreened above, a glandular fold on each side. The longest finger cannot be extended to vent; heel to middle loreal region. Toes fully and widely palmate, three distal phalanges of fourth free; one minute metatarsal tubercle. Color brilliant leek-green, the groin and belly approaching golden; a golden band from lip to shoulder, and a faint one on each side of back. Limbs above, and tarsus and forearm below, black, the femur with a few golden spots on black ground behind. Head dark above, from eye to shoulder black; below pale yel- lowish-green, immaculate, except some dark shades on sternal regions. Length of head and body 1 in. 91.; of fore limb 1 in.; of hind limb 2 in. 7.5 1. 36. RANULA BREVIPALMATA, Cope, loc. cit. 1874, p. 131. The upper lip and lower surfaces brown spotted. From Pico Blanco. ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 115 REPTILIA LACERTILIA. LEPTOGLOSSA.* 37. Mocoa assaTa, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila. 1864, p. 179. From Old Harbor; originally described from the west coast of Salvador. 38. MABUIA ALLIACEA, Sp. nov. Distinguished by its long acute muzzle, and reduced number of rows of scales. The former exceeds the width of the head between the eyebrows, and is narrow at the end. There are seven superior labial scuta, of which the fifth subtends the orbit, and is very elongate. The internasals are very narrow and are separated above by a small median scutum in front of the internasal. This scale may be abnormally distinct. Interfrontonasal wider than long, in contact with frontal; latter long, narrowed behind, its apex received into a notch between the frontoparietals. * HPAPHELUS SUMICHRASTII, Cope, gen. et sp. nov. Char. Gen.—A scincoid allied to Gymnophthalmus, without eyelids. Toes 4-5. Nostril in a single plate; no supranasals; one loral. Frontonasals distinct. One large supraocular, and one large supraorbital; frontoparietals and interparietal confluent ; parietals distinct. Scales large, smooth, and subequal. Meatus auditorius open. This genus is characterized by the greater simplicity of the cephalic scuta than any of the genera of this group with toes 4-5. Char. Specif.—Twelve rows of scales on the body. Labial scuta 4, the last inferior very narrow. Behind the symphyseal is a very large mental, which is a little wider than long, and behind it two pairs of large transverse infralabials meet on the middle line. The frontal is very small, scarcely one-fourth the size of the supraorbital, which is a little larger than the interfronto- nasal, and much less than the interparietal. Behind each parietal are two transverse scales, each pair separated on the median line by a scale like those of the back. Three scales margin the vent, of which the median is the least. The extremities appressed to the sides fail to meet by the length of the hand. Color light rose-color, metallic on the upper surfaces, the tail bright pink, the top of the head bluish. Sides of head and body to groin deep brown, the color abruptly defined above; below unspotted. M. Total length . : 0 : 6 c 0 0 : c 0 : - 0450 Length to vent : : c : é : 6 : : : : - 0205 3 ieee aiiey : ° : c . c : : 0 : - .0090 re to ear : : c : 0 . . . 0 : 0 - 0038 SE OLMTOLE Leo. . : : : : : : : : : . .0040 ‘“* of hind leg - 5 . : 5 : : : : : . 0065 “of hind foot : é ; : : : 3 : 0 : - .0037 Since the above description was written I have obtained a specimen of identical proportions, but of twice the size. It was obtained by Dr. Francis Sumichrast in the western part of the State of Tehuantepec, and is of interest as the first naked-eyed scine discovered in Mexico. It is dedicated to its discoverer, who has added so largely to our knowledge of that country. 116 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. Four supraorbitals, second large. Interparietal longer than wide, separating the wide, undivided parietals. ‘Two transverse narrow occipitals. Nuchal scales equal those of the body, which are in twenty-seven rows. Preanal scales three, large and subequal; subcaudal scales small except where reproduced, when they are transverse and narrow. When the limbs are appressed to the sides the ends of the toes mark the middles of the fingers. | Color above, sap-green shaded with brown, below leek-green. A light blue band from the lip to the groin; a pale shade from the eyebrow to above the femur, brown bordered above. From the low country. The large preanal scuta and long muzzle distinguish this species from the M. copedei. 39. MABUIA CEPEDEI, Gray; Cope, Proceedings Academy Phila., 1862, p. 186. With twenty-eight rows of scales. From below Sipurio. 40. CHALCIDOLEPIS METALLICUS, Cope; gen. et spec. nov. Eepleopidarum. Char. Gen.—Dorsal scales smooth, in uninterrupted transverse annuli round the body, the size subequal on the various regions, including the nuchal and gular. Toes 5-5, all clawed. Superior head shields; interfrontonasal, two prefrontals, a frontal, two frontoparietals, two parietals separated by an interparietal. ‘Tympa- num distinct; nostril in the single nasal plate. No femoral pores. Teeth com pressed, with a principal cusp and a denticle on each side. This genus is one of the Ecpleopide, but presents a manifest resemblance to the Chalcidide in its squamation. The absence of the lateral band of small scales, and continuity of the transverse series across the median line of the back, distinguish it from certain genera of the family, and the uniform character of the squamation of the neck and body distinguishes it from others. = Char. Specif.—A slender lizard with very long tail and feeble limbs. The head is narrowed and acute in front, with produced rostral shield. The interfrontonasal plate is as wide as long, and the frontal elongate. There are four supraorbitals on each side. ‘The interparietal is elongate and with parallel sutures with the larger parietals. The latter are bounded externally by a large temporal, forming with them a diagonal suture. These are all bounded posteriorly by a series of four shields across the occiput, and these again by a transverse series of seven scales larger than those of the nape which follow them. ‘The nasal plate is followed by a large loreal, and this by a smaller preocular. Seven superior labials; their rela- tive lengths, beginning with the shortest, are, 5-1-6-2-1-3-4. Two pairs of infra- labial scuta are in contact on the median gular region, of which the posterior pair ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 117 are twice as long as the first; there are twenty scales in a cross-row between the angles of the lower jaw. There is some irregularity in the pectoral scales which gives the last row of the neck the appearance of a collar. Twenty-three series of scales in an annulus of the body; twelve transverse rows between the large post- occipital row and the line of the axillze, and forty-three to the line of the posterior faces of the femora. There are two large longitudinal anal scuta, which embrace a scale between them on the anal border; they are preceded by another large pair, but of reduced size. The tail is nearly twice the length of the head and body, and the hind limb is one-fourth the latter measurement. M. Total length : : : ; : : 5 OLIOS Length of head and body . : 5 » dae et excillles 5 ; : 2 ; : : : SOT «“ of head to tympanum . : : ; ‘ 5 LIL a SE COLOLUIG iam : ; : : : - 0045 Or iors lily, : oan 5 : : : . .0180 ol nindslimnb ss : : : ‘ ; : ‘ . 0145 The limbs are surrounded by large scales except on the concealed faces of the humerus and femur, where the scales are small and flat. The color is light gray with red and green metallic reflections; the sides are brown, and the middle of the back darker than a line above the brown of the side. Near the light bands a few scales are blackish, forming a row on each side. Below dusted with brown. Head with deep brown sides and white upper lip. Sides of tail brown with a zigzag upper margin. The lower eyelids of this species are very narrow, and having been dried I cannot ascertain the presence or absence of a transparent disk. This new lizard was found by Mr. Gabb on the Aguacate Mountains. 4), AMIVA FESTIVA, Licht. and Von M. A. eutropia, Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., Feb. 1862. In adult males the dorsal band is wanting. The central preanal plate is fre- quently followed by two scuta but little smaller. 42. AMIVA GABBIANA, Cope, sp. nov. Abdominal scuta in eight longitudinal series, median gular scuta but little larger than those surrounding them. Premaxillary teeth 4-1-4. Mesoptychial scales in a single row of one median and three rapidly diminishing laterals on each side; the border of the collar with minute scales. One row of brachial scuta nearly continuous with two rows of antebrachials. One principal row of rather 30 118 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. small postbrachials. Anal scuta; one large round submedian disk, and two or three much smaller in advance of it. Two rows of large tibial scuta, with a few odd scuta on the inner side. No anal nor heel spurs. Nostril on the naso-inter- nasal suture. Frontal scute rather short, undivided; parietals and interparietals short, followed by a few scales larger than the granular ones which cover the back and the nape. The hind limb extended reaches the front of the tympanum by the end of the longest toe; the fore limb extends to just beyond the end of the muzzle. M. Total length : : ; : : Siniierce Poh eee ao le) Length to vent . : ages : ; : : : 6 Wels to @xalllles aioe ie : : : : . 035 ‘“ totympanum . : : : : : 5 : Rea ET! GS TO OHO : : : : s : : : - 008 Width of head at angle of jaws . : : : . O18 Length of hind limb . ‘ ; , : : : ; . 056 « of hind foot . : .030 Color olivaceous; two lateral light bands separated by a darker shade than that of the dorsal interval, and crossed, like the side below the lower line, by black bars. Below immaculate, or with black spots on the gular region. Three specimens of this species were obtained at Old Harbor by Mr. Gabb, to whom I dedicate it. Its affinities are with the A. guttata, Wiegm. DIPLOGLOSSA. 43. DIPLOGLOSSUS MONOTROPIS, Kuhl. 44, GERRHONOTUS FULVUS, Bocourt, Bulletin Archives du Museum, 1872, p. 104. Agrees with the description of Bocourt excepting in having the prefontal plates distinct, and in having a narrow dark band on each side of the back. From the summit of the Pico Blanco. NYOTISAURA. 45. COLEONYX ELEGANS, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1845, p. 162; Dumeril, Gymnodactylus coleonyx, Archives du Museum, 1856, p. 483; Brachydactylus mitratus, Peters, Monatsber. K. Preuss. Akad., 1863, p. 42. Costa Rica, fide Peters. 46. PHYLLODACTYLUS, indet. 47. SPHMRODACTYLUS GLAUCUS, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Philada., 1865, p. 192. Variety with dark bordered interscapular and sacral transverse spots. Near Sipurio. ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 119 48. THECADACTYLUS RAPICAUDUS, Houtt. Mouth of Estrella or North River, E. coast. IGUANIA. 49. ANOLIS MICROTUS, Cope, Proceedings Academy Philadelphia, 1871, p. 214. Auricular opening not larger than nares. Scales generally larger than in A. insignis ; four rows between orbits, two rows of large ones above orbits; seven rows between rows of canthus rostralis at middle of muzzle, three loreal rows at middle; three large smooth infralabial rows. Scales of tail and fore leg three or four keeled. Brown with cross-bands of large paler ocelli crossing the sides behind the axilla, at middle, and at crura. Hye and a broad band to shoulder, dark brown. Description.— Scales of back, sides, and belly equal and smooth. Tail com- pressed at base, distally cylindric, covered with equal scales. Front without ridges but with well-marked concavity; all the scales covering it equal and smooth. Occipital or parietal region concave, with high lateral posterior bounding ridges, which do not unite, but leave a notch between them (in one specimen). Occipital region covered with small scales. Zygomatic arch prominent, canthus rostralis not tubercular. Face well developed. First two infralabial scales larger than the others. Limbs short, stout; anterior not reaching groin; posterior extending to angle of lower jaw. Dilatations well developed. M. Total length . : : ; E ; ' : : 5 Osi Length to orbit : : ‘ : : : . : ne COOLS < .tovdar .. : : Sece® 2 : j : : > 3) “« to axilla : : ne. ; . : : 5 AUD — toyerom : : : : : 3 : : 1919) “« to convergence of parietal crests. : e029 [ol fore toot : : : : : : ; 5 AY Sore tibia R ; : : : ; A UL83 ‘of bind toot. : : : : ; ; 5 Adar Width at anterior angle of orbits ; ; ; : : . 0125 “« at zygomatic arch . 4 : 3 : : : 5 ADIL This species is darker than the next, and is much less ornamented. The color is a rich yellowish-brown; where the epidermis is lost on the head a strong yellow pigment appears, so that it is probable that it could in life change to that color at will. A deep brown band commences by covering the whole eye and extends to 120 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. the shoulder, where it is marked by pale centred ocelli. It is separated above by a narrow paler band from a large dark brown patch that covers the nape and scap- ular regions. Limbs and tail broadly and indistinctly brown cross-banded. Belly and throat immaculate. San José, Costa Rica; Dr. Van Patten. This large species is allied to the next, but perhaps resembles more the Anolis biporcatus, Wiegm., the largest Anolis of Mexico. The latter has, among other points of difference, keeled abdominal scales and a shorter muzzle, with very differ- ent coloration. The unform size of all the scales is a noteworthy character of the A. microtus. 50. ANOLIS INSIGNIS, Cope, Proceed. Academy Philadelphia, 1871, p. 213. Auricular opening half as large as eye. Scales intermediate; seven rows between orbits; one or two supraorbital rows but little larger than the others; eight rows across middle of muzzle, and six across loreal region at middle. Three large and two small keeled infralabial rows. Scales of arm smooth, of tail striate. Fawn-brown, with four double bands of greenish-blue between axilla and tail. Between these the brown is divided by a yellow band which widens below and breaks into spots above. A large round greenish-blue spot with brown centre in front of axilla. Interorbital and occipital regions deeply concave, the latter bounded posteriorly by two elevated osseous ridges which meet behind at an acute angle. No facial ruge, front flat except a slight median elevation. Muzzle with broad median ridge. Scales of front equal, those of canthus osseous. Postfrontal and zygomatic arches prominent, rugose. Inferior loreal row of scales larger than others, nares surrounded by small scales. Fan very largely developed. An elevated crest or dermal fold on the nape. Scales of the sides and back (except some median rows) flat, pavement-like, equal, smooth, one-third the size of the smooth ventrals. Four median dorsal rows subconic, smaller than the ventrals. Tail proximally com- pressed, covered with equal scales. Limbs stout, the anterior extending four-fifths way to groin; the hinder reaching nearly to the ear. Scales of the limbs small ; dilatations distinct. The colors of this Anolis are very elegant. Besides the large spot behind the angle of the mandible, there is a blue one on the angle surrounded by fawn-color, and this by yellow. Sides of the temporal region and neck with yellow spots. Bluish of first cross-band in a coarse netted figure. Top of head fawn-color; face entirely vermilion; belly light yellow. Tail with broad blackish annuli; limbs with dark cross-bars, three on tibia, femur, and forearm; two on humerus. » ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 121 M. Total length : ; : : ; : . 0.440 Length to orbit : : : : : ‘ : 5 Able yetorent. : : : : 6 : ; : > AUB “ to axilla : 5 : : : et Digi : 5 We” “to groin : : : : ; ; : : Te liao “to angle of parietal crests. : . 6 ° . 035 Width at anterior angle orbits . : ; : 5 ; 5 ke! “© at zygomatic arches 5 : i : , 5 ILE Length of fore foot . 5 : : : : . 0 5 A ol tibia : 5 5 : ‘ : : : 29 SS eOtnind foots. ; gs 5 ‘ é F 17.040 From San José. Dr. Van Patten. This is a large species, being about equal to the A. edwardsii of Jamaica. It is one of the most elegantly colored among the species of a beautiful genus. Its affinities, as already pointed out, are to the A. squamulatus, Peters, which is very near the A. laticeps of Berthold. 51. ANOLIS coPEI, Bocourt, Mission Scientifique de Mexique, Reptiles, p. 77, Pl. xv., f. 10, 10 a. Three specimens from Old Harbor. Color in life blue and brown. This animal haunts sunny spots on the edge of the forest. 52. ANOLIS TROCHILUS, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Philadelphia, 1871, 215. Specimens from Talamanca and San José. Abdominal scales small, flat, smooth; tail cylindric, with similar scales. Dorsal scales smaller than ventral, pavement-like, very weakly keeled, graduating into those of the lower part of the side, which are smaller. Head moderately elongate ; width between anterior margins of orbit equal length of muzzle from same point, measured on the side. Interrugal concavity of the front well marked, occupied by very small scales, much less than those of the ruge, in nine rows. Scales between rugee and canthus large. Two rows separate the superciliaries, which are separated by three or four rows from the occipital. Five rows of loreal scales. Six smooth scales in the supraorbital disc, three inner large, transverse, the three outer longitudinal. Four rows of infralabials medially; nostril surrounded by small scales. Auricular meatus one-half eye-slit. Limbs long, toes slender, the dilatations well marked. The fore limb appressed reaches the groin; the hind limb extended attains the end of the muzzle. Fan little developed. 31 122 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. Above and below brilliant metallic green, with a few black dots along the vertebral line. Head and anterior part of sides, brown; a black V extending from the auricular openings, which are connected by a broad black band with the orbits. Another V extends towards the occiput from the limbs of the nuchal V, enclosing a narrow brown area with it. Top of muzzle and limbs blackish. M. Total length . : : : : : : oy OMKOS Length to orbit : : : 1 2005 MO CBE : : : : : : : ; on Oe Cee conaxalllla : : é ; : 5 Ais “ to groin ; : : ‘ : j : . 0378 Width of head behind : : Sham : : : a 0.06 Length of hind foot . : ' : ‘ ey Os San José. Dr. Van Patten. This small species is very abundant in Costa Rica, and is found also in Nica- ragua. 53. ANOLIS PACHYPUS, Cope, sp. nov. Tail slender, cylindric, with equal scales, swollen at the base. Scales of the abdomen smooth, those of the sides very small, on the back gradually enlarging to two or three largest and faintly keeled rows on the median line, which are much smaller than those of the belly. The head is rather short, its length equalling that of the tibia, and one-half greater than its width. Scales of top of head sub- equal in front, keeled; smaller and angular behind, covering a three-sided area behind the orbits, which is abruptly distinguished from the minute granules of the temples and nape. No facial ruge distinct from canthus rostrales, but the frontal region concave from between the orbits to the middle of the muzzle. Superciliaries not larger than the scales of the five rows which separate them; frontal concavity with similar scales, and a little smaller than those of the three rows which separate them from the canthal row. Latter consisting of six scales, and continued on the edge of the eyebrow to near its middle in a manner unusual in the Anolide. Supraorbital region covered with projecting granules, except a single row of three or four small keeled supraoculars near the supraorbital border. Four rows between supraorbital series and occipital scale; eight loreal rows. Only one series of very small infralabials, the gulars running up to them in longitudinal lines. Meatus auditorius larger than occipital scale. The feet are stout and clumsy; the wrist reaches the front of the orbit, and the end of the third toe of the hinder foot, the end of the muzzle. The digital dilata- ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 123 tions are little or not more expanded distally than proximally, and the distal joints are covered with wide keeled scales above. Fan well developed. M. Total length : : : : : : : : : . 138d Length to vent . ‘ . 3 : 5 5 ; 5 EET) “« to axilla . : : : : ; : : ; oe 020 « to tympanum . ; : 5 6 : : ‘ OE Sor tore limb 97: : 5 : : : » AZ tc of fore foot : : : : : : : : » 00D ‘of hindlimb . : : ; : : 3 . 043 of hind toot : ; : : ; : ; 5 OEY) Ce Oltibiae A : 3 ‘ : 6 a ADIL Color emerald-green, with a broad brown band from the orbit to the middle of the side, and a narrower one on each side of the sacrum. A green band from orbit to below tympanum, and a dark-brown band from orbit below the canthus rostralis. A dark-brown cross-band between the superciliary borders across the ‘front. A deep brown spot behind the occiput, and a smaller one on the nape Femur with a longitudinal black band behind, and an oblique one across the supe- rior face. Tibia and forearm with a broad cross-band. From the slope of the Pico Blanco; elevation not known. A species markedly distinct in many respects, approaching the A. scypheus in its few small supraocular scales. 54. ANOLIS OXYLOPHUS, Cope, spec. nov. A species above medium size of the group with keeled ventral scales and without caudal crest or serra. ‘The dorsal scales are distinctly larger than the lateral and about equal to the ventral. They are flat, subhexagonal, not imbricate, and have a median keel. There are at least twenty rows of equal size, those exterior to them graduating in size to the laterals. The scales of the upper surface of the head are very small, but flat, seven rows separating the rugal, and two the super- ciliary scuta. Small scales separate the rugal and canthal scuta. Occipital scute of moderate size, bounded laterally and in front by a number of scuta of the same size and form. Supraorbital disk composed of two rows of slightly keeled scuta with some small ones adjacent. Ten rows of loreals; 13-12 labials. Infralabials all very small and carinate. The canthus rostralis is distinct to near nostril. The facial ruga is remarkably prominent and acute, but not extending beyond the middle of the canthus. Auricular opening about one-fourth as long as the eye diameter. The form of the head is regular, and of good proportions; it is as long 124 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. as the tibia. ‘The middle of the third finger reaches the end of the nose, while the end of the longest toe reaches the middle of the orbit. The color is a dark brown, the limbs and feet with pale cross-bands. A distinct whitish band extends from the scapular region to near the groin. Abdomen yel- lowish, with a broad brown border on each side. The fan is very large, but the color is altered by the alcohol. | M. Total length : : : : : : : Sneaky Length to vent . ; : : ; 6 WIG CT cone TON : : : é : » A071 « to axilla ‘ : : 3 : : : : . 085 BO, Cae 6 : ; eee : sa air 5 WIG (tolonbitue. : : . : : : : : . 008 Width of head at angle of jaws . ; : : of OUI Length of hind limb . : : : : : : ‘ 2060 Sof Inuol teow : : : ; : 7 2029 Both & and @ specimens, the latter considerably smaller. This species is allied to A. pecilopus, Cope, and A. concolor, Cope (Proceed. Academy Phila., 1862, pp. 179-80). From the former it differs in the much more prominent frontal rug, the larger facial and especially posterior cephalic scales, and in the shorter hind legs. ‘The latter differs in its obtuse ridges, larger facial and loreal scales, fewer labials, and other points. 55, ANOLIS INTERMEDIUS, Peters, Monatsber. K. Preuss. Acad. 1863, p. 143. One specimen. 56. ANOLIS CAPITO, Peters, Monatsber. K. Preuss. Acad. Wiss. 1863, p. 142. Five specimens from Old Harbor. 57. ANOLIS TESSELLATUS, O’Shaughnessy, Annals and Magaz. Nat. History, 1875, p. 279. “ Costa Rica.” 58. PoLYOHRUS MULTICARINATUS, Peters, Monatsberichte K. Preuss. Akad. 1869, p. 786. Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mexique, Pl. XVII. fig. 8. Unknown to me. 59. CoRYTHOPHANES ORISTATUS, Merrem. Dum. Bibr. IV. p. 174. Sipurio. 60. IGUANA RHINOLOPHA, Wiegmann, Herp. Mexicana, 44. From the low country; Dr. Gabb. 61. CycLURA ACANTHURA, Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, 42, t. 2. San José; Dr. Van Patten. ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 125 62. BASILIsScUS vITTATUS, Wiegm. Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 40, Pl. 15, 1834. Corythxolus vittatus, Kaup, Wiegmann. Basiliscus, Duméril. Basiliscus nuchalis, Cope, Proceed. Academy Philada., 1862, p. 181, (Southern form.) Drs. Wiegmann, Wagler, Kaup, and Gray have described only the female of this species, and have established the genus Corythophanes on characters which belong to the female sex only. Prof. Duméril finds the male to possess the essen- tial features of the genus Basiliscus, and I follow him in referring the species to that genus, as the specimens of the Smithsonian collection abundantly demonstrate the correctness of the view of the French herpetologist. The specimens from Nicaragua and Costa Rica differ from those of the north in their smaller size and larger dermal appendages. ‘This variety I named B. nuchalis. The species ranges north to Vera Cruz. Abundant. Numerous specimens from Sipurio. Mr. Gabb, like Dr. Sumichrast, states that this species runs over the surface of the water whose shores it frequents, like a spider. The species of the genus Basiliscus known to me differ as follows :— I. Dorsal and caudal rayed crests present. Two dermal head-crests, the anterior narrow; both with large scales; four rows of interorbital scales; yellow spots; no longitudinal bands. B. plumifrons. One dermal head crest, with large scales; one row of interorbital scales; no longitudinal bands. B. mitratus. One expanded head crest with small scales; one row of interorbital scales; no longitudinal bands. B. guttulatus. One tassel-like head crest with small scales; more than one interorbital row; no longitudinal bands. B. goodridgii. II. A dorsal, no caudal rayed crest. A single membranous head-crest covered with large scales; two or three inter- orbital rows; one or two longitudinal light bands on each side. B. vittatus. III. Neither dorsal nor caudal rayed crests. A membranous head-crest of a horizontally elliptic form, covered with large scales; uniform green. B. seemanniz. 63. BASILISCUS PLUMIFRONS, Sp. nov. Represented in Mr. Gabb’s collection by five male and one female specimens in fine preservation. It is more nearly allied to the B. mitratus, Daud., than to the B. goodridgii and B. seemanii of Gray, or the B. vittatus, Wiegmann. The abdominal scales are smooth, and both back and tail support elevated crests traversed by osseous rays. ‘The head crest consists of a principal posterior portion 32 126 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. . and an accessory anterior portion. The former commences above a point a little in front of the anterior margin of the meatus auditorius, and extends upwards and backwards to a subacute termination. The posterior border descends in an open sigmoid to the nape of the neck to a point a little behind the angle of the jaws. It is covered with large thin smooth scales, and its borders are acute. The anterior part of the helmet rises abruptly from a point in line with the posterior border of the orbit, its anterior border sloping backward to the obtuse extremity, which marks the basal third of the principal helmet. It is separated to the base from the latter by a fissure. The top of the head is covered with small scales, which are weakly or not at all keeled. The supraorbitals are smaller than the supraocular row, and weakly keeled; those covering the occipital protuberance are equal to them and nearly smooth. Three or four rows separate the superciliary series. Two distinct plates precede the nasal plate, the anterior in contact with the corre- sponding one of the opposite side. Labials, counting to the posterior border of the eye, seven above and seven below. The anterior three infralabials in contact with the inferior labials. Loreal rows four. The dorsal scales are smaller than the ventral, but little larger than the lateral, and faintly keeled. Those of the upper surfaces of the limbs are as large as the abdominal and strongly keeled. The dorsal crest is highest behind the middle ; its elevation exceeds that of the body by one-third; it is supported by fifteen rays. The scales covering it are smooth. The caudal crest is also elevated, and includes fifteen rays; it is covered by thin subequal scales, of which there are eight in a vertical row. Scales of the tail strongly keeled below, weakly keeled elsewhere. The fore foot is rather short; the ends of the metacarpals mark the muzzle when the limb is extended; the same point is reached by the ends of the basal phalanges of the extended hind limb. Color everywhere green, becoming blue on the different crests. No longitudinal or transverse bands on the head, body, or throat. A row of distant round yellow spots from the axilla to the groin, and a similar row along the upper side of the back, which is wanting in some specimens. Various scales of the helmet and crests are paler than the others. ‘Three vertical pale-bordered black spots on the dorsal crest, which may be obsolete in some individuals. Crested part of the tail green, the remainder yellowish, with brown rings to the end of the proximal two- thirds. M. Total length (25.75 inches) . : : : : 3 : . 695 Length to vent . : : : ; : : : : je glla7 “« to axilla 5 : ‘ ; ; ? ; : . .090 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 127 M. Length toear. . : rake : . 045 GC TO GH ca ed. : : : ; OLG “« of helmet : : ‘ : : ; ; : . .060 “of dorsal crest (vertical) . : ; 4 : . Rae 39) Width between eyebrows . : 3 : ‘ ; : > AvP Length of fore limb. : : ° f ; : : 5 lst OL OrenoOOt ell. ; ; : ; : ; ‘ . .040 Sot hind limi. : : : : 5 Be « of hind foot . 4 : : ‘ ‘ : O82 Sot tibiae ; 5 : ‘ : 5 5 . 057 Four of the specimens were taken at Sipurio. Having had, through the attention of Professor A. Auguste Duméril, the oppor- tunity of consulting the types preserved in the museum of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, I can compare the present species with the original specimen of Seba, the type of the B. mitratus of Daudin. In. that species, the anterior plume-shaped process of the front is wanting, and the helmet has a more posterior position. There is but one row of scales separating the superciliaries. There are five blackish transverse spots at the base of the dorsal crest, and two longitudinal pale stripes on the head and neck. These characters are borne out by two specimens procured by the expedition under Lieut. Michler from the Isthmus of Darien,* which offer other peculiarities also. ‘Thus the caudal crest is chiefly covered by three longi- tudinal rows of large scales, there being but two or three of small ones below them. M. Bocourt (Miss. Sci. de Mexique, p. 127) states that the rays of the dorsal crest of the B. mitratus are 17-8, and of the caudal, 23; in the B. plumi- frons they are constantly 15-15. The name of the species refers to the plume- shaped process in front of the helmet, which is constantly present. In the female the crests are wanting, and the helmet is very small, posterior, and without plume. Mr. Gabb states that this species, like the other Basilisci, haunts the shores of rivers, where it lies on the bases of the leaves of the large canes which fringe the water. Its green color protects it from observation in this position, and it remains motionless when approached, so as to be readily caught by a noose of thread or hair. 64. SCELOPORUS MALACHITICUS, Cope, Proceed. Academy Philada., 1864, p. 178. San Jose; Dr. Van Patten, C. N. Riotte. * Vid. Proceed. Academy Philada., 1862, p. 356. 128 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. OPHIDIA. SCOLECOPHIDIA. 65. HELMINTHOPHIS FRONTALIS, Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Ak. 1861, p. 517. Unknown to me. Although no Stenostomide have yet been brought from Costa Rica, to my knowledge, yet they doubtless exist there, as the Stenostoma albifrons has been sent to the Smithsonian Institution from Panama by C. B. Adams, and a second species of the genus has been obtained in the western part of Tehuantepec by Dr. Francis Sumichrast. This appears to me to be new to science, and may be described as follows: I first compare it with those species of the genus which have but two labial plates, and no production nor angulation of the rostral plate, and in which the superciliaries are in contact with the first scale of the middle series, which is of the same form as those of the body. This species belongs also to those with large transverse temporal scales, and a narrow superciliary. a. Superciliary in contact with first labial. Last labial reaching one of the two temporals. S. albifrons. aa. Superciliary superior not reaching first labial. 8. Last labial in contact with but one temporal. y. Two temporals. Rostral wide, nostril inferior; caudal scales 18; black. S. grouti. Rostral narrow; first labial not rising to eye; caudal scales 15; black lined. S. phenops.* Rostral narrow; nostril terminal; first labial reaching eye; caudal scales 26; black lined. S. melanoterma. yy. One temporal. Rostral narrow; first labial not rising to eye; caudal scales 15; black lined. S. signatum. * The StENosToMA PHENOPS from Tehuantepec is represented by numerous specimens, which are of small size and dark colors. Scales in 13 rows. The eye is distinct, and the nareal suture extends to the rostral plate. The lower surfaces are without marking, but the scales of the upper surface are black with pale borders. There are three white spots; one on the end of the rostral plate; one at the apex, and one on the under side of the tail. Total length, m. .156; tail, .009. The same species was obtained from near Coban, Guatemala, by Henry Hague. The Stenostoma melanoterma, Cope, of the above table, was brought from Paraguay; see Proceed. Acad. Philada. 1862, p. 350. The S. groutii, Cope, is a new species, discovered by Dr. Alden S. Grout, near the Umvoti Mission, Zulu Country, South Africa. Scales in fourteen rows. The nasal plate is much narrowed at the labial border, and the first labial only rises as high as the nostril, which is half way from the edge of the lip to the orbit. Color uniform black, except a white spot at vent and one at apex of tail. Dedicated to Dr. Grout, who has sent numerous valuable specimens from the Zulu Country to Philadelphia. ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 129 GG. Last labial united with two temporals. First labial not reaching eye. : . S. goudottit. ASINEA. 66. XIPHOSOMA ANNULATUM, sp. nov.* Scales in fifty-four longitudinal rows on the body, and in forty-two at two inches behind the head. The top of the muzzle is covered with about fourteen small shields, of which two, a little larger than the rest, separate the nasals and bound the rostral. The latter plate is higher than wide, and has two long sutural borders on each side, and a short one on each side of the apex. Top of head covered with small smooth scales, of which twelve may be counted between the eyes, with superciliaries not distinguishable. The superior labial shields number fourteen, and are all pitted; only the posterior two-thirds of the inferior labials are pitted. Three loreal plates and one preocular; one series of scales separate the orbit from the labials, and bound the labial pits above. Gastrosteges 260; anal entire; urosteges 82. . Ash-colored, with darker ash-colored oval figures on each side. ‘These are simply rings vertically placed, and they are occasionally connected on the median line above, where their color is more distinct. Head and lower surfaces uniform. M. Total length : ; 5 : : . «105 Length of tail. P : ; 5 ; 3 3 : 5 ol BY “« to rictus of mouth . : ‘ . O79 This species exhibits the lip-pits and scutellation of the X. caninum, with the squamation and colors of the X. hortulanum. * XIPHOSOMA RUSCHENBERGERII, Sp. nov. Scales in forty-seven rows on the body, and thirty-five rows two inches posterior to the head. Rostral plate higher than long. Superior labials all strongly pitted to the side of the rostral above, and on the posterior half below. The pits below the orbit are not separated from the latter by the projection of the row of scales above the labials, but these are enclosed in the pits which are thus continuous with the orbit. Top of the head covered with large scuta, the largest each subtriangular and separating the nasals. These are followed by a series of scuta above the canthus rostralis, which terminate in two or three large superciliary plates. The latter are sepa- rated by smaller scuta, the whole number between the orbits being in nine longitudinal rows. Only two loreals, and one preocular. Yellowish-brown, with occasional yellow scales above. Below bright yellow, on each side of the gastrosteges a series of brown spots. Tail black with yellow spots. Size of the X. caninum. This species resembles the X. hortulanum more than the other species, but differs in the larger scales, large plates of the head, the pitted upper lips, and the coloration. There are fourteen rows of scales between the eyes in that species. Obtained at Panama by Dr. W.S. W. Ruschenberger, President of the Academy, to whom the species is, with much pleasure, dedicated. 33 130 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 67. EPICRATES CENCHRIA, Linn., Dr. Van Patten. 68. BoA IMPERATOR, Daudin. x Not an uncommon species from the east coast to the foot of the mountains. 69. LEPTOGNATHUS ANNULATA, Giinther, Annals and Magaz. Nat. Hist. 1872. Not seen by me. 70. LEPTOGNATHUS ARGUS, Cope, sp. nov. Body compressed; scales in fifteen rows, smooth, larger above than on the sides, the median row not abruptly larger than those adjoining it. Head wide, muzzle very short, orbit bounded in front by the loreal and prefontal scuta. Rostral plate triangular, as high as wide, very small; internasals small, prefontals large. Frontal and occipitals large, the former with parallel sides equal to the anterior border. Superior labials seven, orbit bounded by the fourth, fifth, and sixth. Inferior labials seven, the first, second, and third smaller than those that follow, the first pair not uniting behind the symphyseal. Geneial plates three pairs, the anterior two each longer than wide, the third quadrate, smaller. Postorbitals two, temporals 1-2. Gastrosteges 212; anal entire; urosteges Ae Total length : ; : Solel ae : : ; : : 34D Length of tail . : ; : : ; : ; : 2 a0 “ to rictus oris . : : ‘ : : : 2 , sor Width of head behind Oe re ioc 05118. O07 Color above from the third row of scales greenish-ash, with two series of alter- nating light ocelli with black borders. Below, yellow to the third row of scales; the sides below that row with a series of black-edged ocelli like those of the back. Below, blackish speckled on the posterior half of the length. A large black- bordered ocellus on the nape. Head vermiculated with black ; lips yellow, with black specks. This species belongs to the same group of the genus as the L. anthracops, Cope. From Sipurio. 41, LEPTOGNATHUS PICTIVENTRIS, Cope, Sp. nov. Belonging to the same group of the genus as the L. argus, i. e. with the verte- bral series of scales not enlarged; scales smooth, and a pair of elongate colubriform geneial shields. It differs in the peculiarity that the front of the long geneials is in immediate contact with the wedge-shaped symphyseal. Scales in fifteen series, the lateral smaller. The muzzle is not so short as in the L. argus, but more as in L. nebulata. Internasals transverse triangles; frontal wide, occipitals long. Nasal undivided; orbit bounded by the prefontal above, the loreal medially and a pre- ocular below. Postoculars two, the inferior separating the seventh labials from the ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 131 orbit. Superior labials eight, fifth and sixth bounding orbit, the sixth the longest, the seventh the widest plate, the four anterior higher than wide. ‘Temporals 1-2. Inferior labials seven, four anterior smallest. ‘Three pairs of geneials, two poste- rior pairs short, wide. The colors of this species have been somewhat injured by spirits. The belly is yellow, with brown cross-bands on the anterior part of the body, the posterior part with large alternating brown spots. Back, at some points at least, crossed by continuations of the same. Throat and lips brown spotted. Urosteges 121. This species differs from the last in the arrangement of the head plates both superior and inferior, as well as in the coloration. 72. LEPTOGNATHUS NEBULATA, Linn. The dark colored variety. 73. DIpSAS GEMMISTRATUS, Cope, Proceed. Academy Philadelphia, 1861, p. 296; Van Patten. 74. Drpsas cencHoa, Linn.* 75. SIBON ANNULATUM, Linn. With twenty-one rows of scales. From Old Harbor. 76. OXYRRHOPUS PLUMBEUS, Wied. Brachyrhyfon plumbeum, Dum. Bibr. I had occasion to observe on a former occasion that this species is a devourer of snakes, having received a specimen from Martinique which had swallowed the head and part of the body of a fer de lance (Bothrops lanceolatus). 'The present collection contains a specimen of m. 1.950 in length which had swallowed a Her- * TRIMORPHODON COLLARIS, Cope, sp. nov. Scales in twenty-three longitudinal rows; posterior geneials very short, separated by an intervening scale. Superior labials nine, fourth and fifth entering orbit. Loreals three; oculars 3-3 ; temporals 3-3-4-5. Head short and wide; internasal plates small; frontal in contact with superior preocular, and about as long as occipitals. Body compressed, tail one-fifth the total. Ground color white (or ? yellow), crossed by six- teen black spots on the body in the type specimen (No. 148). The anterior three or four of these are longitudinally extended (the third, eleven scales long); the others are transverse diamond- shaped, the lateral apices extending well on the gastrosteges. Hach is divided transversely by a narrow white line. Between each pair of spots is a small black spot on the border of the gastro- steges. Middle line of belly unspotted. Head black above, muzzle and lips yellow; a large projection of the yellow collar occupies a space on each side of the common parietal suture. Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Dr. Sumichrast. After examination of a large number of specimens of the genus Trimorphodon, Cope, I can recognize five species, viz.: J. tau, Cope; 7. upsilon, Cope; T. collaris, Cope; T. lyrophanes, Cope, and 7’. biscutatus, Dum. Bibr. The last-named authors describe the T. biscutatus as having twenty-three series of scales, and I therefore on a previous occasion regarded it as unknown to me, and named the most common species of Central America and Mexico as T. major. I believe, however, that the latter is most probably the species of Duméril and Bibron, and that the number of scales given by those authors is not correct, as I find twenty-five and twenty-seven rows in the numerous specimens at my disposal. 132 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. petodryas carinatus of m. 1.970 in length, forty-two inches of the victim projecting from the mouth of its captor. As is necessarily the case, in both instances the captured snake had been seized by the muzzle, and so prevented from biting. Where venomous snakes are abundant the introduction of this harmless Oxyrrhopus would materially lessen their numbers. According to Mr. Gabb, it is a spirited and irascible species, making fight when attacked by man. *1. OXYRRHOPUS PETOLARIUS, Linn. Red with subequidistant black half rings; muzzle black. Preocular not reaching frontal; two temporals in contact with postoculars. From Sipurio, the most northern locality for this snake. 48. DRYIOPHIS BREVIROSTRIS, Cope, Proceed. Academy Philadelphia, 1860, p. 555. Similar to the type specimen, but with the scales nearly smooth. They are ‘n fifteen series, the smaller lateral graduating into the larger dorsal. Muzzle rather short, nasal plate very narrow. Preocular reaching frontal. Labials six, eye resting on fourth, third entering the orbital ring. Postocular one, temporals 1-2. Seven inferior labials, first pair with long common suture, nearly equalling pregeneials, which are longer than postgeneials. Length m. .563; of tail .220. Color blue, paler below; lips yellowish. Body compressed, gastrosteges rounded. From Gabb’s collection. Typical examples from Dr. Van Patten. 49, DRYIOPHIS ACUMINATUS, Wied. 80. LEPTOPHIS ZRUGINOSUS, Cope, sp. nov. : The genus Leptophis has been called Ahaetulla by Dr. Giinther, and Thrasops by Dr. Hallowell. The former name was given by Dr. Gray in 1825 to the genus subsequently named Dendrophis by Boie, and, as I showed in 1860, must be retained for it. In Dr. Gray’s list of species of Ahaetulla, not one is a member of the genus Leptophis. In the same year Bell gave the name Leptophis to a mixture of species of the two genera in question, commencing with an Ahaetulla (Gray). Having at one time adopted the rule of accepting the first species named. by an author under a generic head as its type, I referred Leptophis to Ahaetulla, Gray, as a synonym, and employed Thrasops, Hallow., the name next in order of date. Having long since abandoned this position in favor of the more practicable one of regarding as the type of an author’s genus the species remaining after the subtrac- tion of all genera based on component species at prior or later dates, the name Leptophis remains for the species included by Bell, which are not Ahaetulle. This course has been adopted by Duméril and Bibron. Scales in fifteen series not keeled, but finely striate. Ventral scuta with very faint lateral angulations well separated from each other. Loreal present, subquad- ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 133 rate; preocular scarcely reaching frontal; postoculars two; temporals 1-2; nasal plate not elongate. Superior labials nine, fifth and sixth entering orbit. Inferior labials ten, six in contact with geneials, of which the posterior pair is the longer. Parietals bounded by small scales behind. Gastrosteges 146, anal divided; uro- steges 142. Total length 405; of tail .155 m. Golden-brown above, or yellowish- green without the epidermis; vertebral line yellow on one row of scales for the anterior half of the body. Below blue, fading to yellowish on the gular region. A black band from eye along top of last superior labial. From the low country. 81. LEPTOPHIS SATURATUS, Cope, sp. nov. Scales in fifteen rows, one on each side of the median vertebral, weakly keeled; scales of the lateral rows wider than those of the median dorsal series. Gastro- steges not angulate. Head short and wide, eye large, its diameter equal to the length of the muzzle, or the width of the frontal with one superciliary plate. Internasals and prefontals wider than long, the frontal, superciliaries, and parietals _ wide for the genus, the last openly emarginate behind. Nasals not elongate, the anterior the higher; loreal present, nearly twice as long as high; orbitals 1-2, preorbital nearly reaching frontal. ‘Temporals 1-2, the anterior large. Labials nine above, the fifth and sixth bounding the orbit; ten inferior labials, six in con- tact with the geneials, Gastrosteges 160; anal divided; urosteges 133. M. Total length ; : ; : . : : : : » ool Length of tail. 6 ‘ : ‘ ; 5 : : . 040 * to rictus oris . 5 E i : : : 3 22 Go 1) OOM 5 ; : ; : : ; 5 é 5 Or Color in spirits, indigo blue, very dark on head and vertebral rows of scales. Lips dark green, a blackish shade above the labial plates from the orbits posteriorly. The last maxillary tooth of this species is much longer than those that precede it without interval. The wide and depressed head as well as the smooth scales and color, distinguish this species from the L. mexicanus, D. B. The muzzle, and hence the scuta, are less elongate than in the L. depressirostris, Cope. One specimen from Sipurio. 82. LEPTOPHIS MEXICANUS, Dum. Bibr. Valley of Costa Rica; Dr. Van Patten. 83. LEPTOPHIS PRH/STANS, Cope, Proceed. Academy Philada. 1868, p 309. Sipurio. 34 134 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 84, DENDROPHIDIUM MELANOTROPIS, Cope, sp. nov. The genus Dendrophidium was first defined by the writer in the Proceedings Philada. Academy, 1860, p. 561. Its dentition is isodont and coryphodont, in which, with its two preoculars, it resembles Bascanium (Masticophis). From this genus its strongly keeled scales separate it. Its type is Herpetodryas dendrophis of Schlegel: a second species is H. brunneus, Gthr., from Equador. Posterior maxillary tooth a little longer and much stouter than the anterior teeth, the three or four preceding teeth forming a graded series of intermediate size. Scales in seventeen series, all keeled excepting the inferior two on each side; the lateral scales wider than the median ; the keels of the row on each side of the vertebral stronger than those of the others. Gastrosteges not angulate: Head elevated, eye large, its diameter one and a half times in the length of the muzzle, and equal to the width of the frontal and one superciliary shield. Supe- rior labials nine, the fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the orbit. These plates are rather small to the eighth, which is much longer than high, and the ninth, which is higher than long. Rostral plate not protuberant, wider than high; postnasal higher than prenasal. Loreal much longer than high, angulate above owing to the oblique suture with the superior preocular. Preoculars two, the superior wide, not reaching the frontal; the inferior much smaller, resting on the middle of the fourth superior labial; on one side united with the superior preocular. Postoculars two, equal, narrow and elevated. Temporals 2-2, short and deep. Internasals longer than wide; prefontals longer than wide ; frontal bell-shaped, wide in front, contracted behind; superciliaries rather narrow. Parietals wide, remarkably short, their greatest length equal to that of the frontal, less than that of the superciliary ; their posterior borders convex, including a notch. Scales behind them smooth. The scales of the body are biporous, the pores situated at a distance in front of the apex of the scalc, and dark pigmented. Gastrosteges 152; anal divided ; urosteges 94. Color above and including the external fourth of the gastrosteges green; the skin between the scales and the keels of the median three dorsal rows, black; lower surfaces light yellow. M. Total length . : : : : : : : : . 1.240 Length of tail . 3 ‘ : : : . ‘ : - 2 2009 “to rictus oris ‘ ; é : : : 3 . 085 Width between supercilia : ‘ : : : : » AUUZ Diameter of eye : : ‘ ; : : : 5 008 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 135 This fine species is of aberrant character; it resembles in size and coloration the Thrasops prestans, Cope, of the same region. 85. DRYMOBIUS MARGARITIFERUS, Schlegel. San José. 86. DRYMOBIUS BODDAERTII, Seetz. Talamanca and San José. 87. HERPETODRYAS CARINATUS, L. Scales in ten longitudinal rows on the front, and eight on the posterior part of the body, keeled and about as large as the parietal scuta excepting the first row on each side, which is smaller and smooth. The keels of the two median rows are stronger, and become very prominent on the posterior part of the body, forming together an elevated flat-topped ridge, which gradually disappears on the tail, so that the scales of its distal half are smooth. The third row of scales is smooth on the posterior part of the body. There is usually a single pore at the end of the scale, but sometimes it is wanting. Nine upper labial scuta, the fourth, fifth, and sixth bounding the orbit. Loreal nearly as high as long; oculars 1-2, the poste- riors equal, the anterior not reaching the frontal. Last upper labials not elevated ; temporals 2-2. Parietals wide, short, as long as superciliaries, bounding a deep notch behind. Gastrosteges 162; anal divided; urosteges 135. Color black above, below yellow, the former encroaching on the latter and obliterating it on the posterior part of the belly, and on the tail. Total length . : ; 5 ; ; ; : : 5 LS@ Length of tail . . : “ of head to rictus oris : : 0 ; 6 5 We The only specimen of this snake was taken from the stomach of an Oxyrrhopus plumbeus of one foot less length. The tail and a portion of the body projected from the mouth of its captor. From the low country. 88. HERPETODRYAS GRANDISQUAMIS, Peters; Spilotes grandisquamis, Peters, Monetsibetonte Ke Akad. Berlin, 1868, p. 451. 89. SPILOTES PULLATUS, Linn.; Coluber variabilis, Wied.; Spilotes variabilis, Dum. Bibr. 90. SPILOTES corals, Cuv., Gunther, Catal. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus. 1858, p. 98; subspecies MELANURUS, Dum. Bibr. This form ranges from Panama to northern Mexico, preserving the oblique black mark on the neck and the black tail. When the black involves the entire body and head, it becomes the subspecies S. c. erebennus (Spilotes erebennus, Cope; 136 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. Coluber obsoletus, Holbr., not Say). ‘This subspecies extends from the Rio Grande to Alabama. San José and Talamanca. 91. SPILOTES CHRYSOBRONCHUS, sp. nov. Scales in twenty-five series, all smooth excepting the row next the vertebral, which is weakly keeled. Head flat; orbit large, contained 1.66 times in side of muzzle, and 2.25 times in space between their superior borders. Rostral plate broad as high, not protuberant; nasals large, subequal. Loreal small, longer than high; preocular 1-2, the anterior wide, not reaching the frontal. Postoculars subequal, bounded by two temporals. Internasals wider than long, frontal longer than wide in front, little shorter than parietals; latter rounded behind. Temporals 2-2-2, one long, one bounding two upper temporals below. Superior labials seven (a partial division into eight on one side of one specimen); third, fourth, and fifth bounding the orbit. All of them low, the sixth not triangular, the seventh on both sides of two specimens, more than twice as long as any of the others. Twelve inferior labials, eight in contact with the geneials; first pair large, second to sixth narrow and deep; eleventh narrow and longitudinal. Geneials elongate subequal. Gastrosteges 220; anal entire; urosteges 117. Scale-pores in pairs. ~ Color brown, the scales dotted with lighter, head darker; one or more borders of the scales black. Upper lip, throat, and anterior part of the: belly, yellow remainder of lower surfaces passing from brown to black below the tail. The only | markings are small black dots on the two lower rows of scales, commencing at the neck and extending to the end of the anterior fourth of the length. M. Total length . : : : : : : ‘ : 5 ao Length of tail . 6 : : : : 5 A : i) eae “ to canthus of mouth : : : : , : . 040 From the coast region. This species is evidently near to the S. fasciatus, Peters. There are many trivial differences to be found in the description of the latter, and a few of import- ance. The frontal of S. chrysobronchus cannot be said to be “very wide,” and it 18 not in contact with the preorbitals, as in S. fasciatus. The parietals are not trun- cate, and the dorsal scales are not so much keeled as in the latter. In S. chryso- bronchus the number of gastrosteges exceeds that of the urosteges by 108; in S. fasciatus by only 59, The coloration is materially different, the latter having black cross-bands, spots, etc. 92. LioPHIs EPINEPHELUS, Cope, Proceed. Academy, Philada., 1862, Feb. San José; Dr. Van Patten. ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 137 93. CoNOPHIS LINEATUS, Dum. Bibr.; Tomodon lineatus, Dum. Bibr.; Conophis lineatus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1871, p. 204. San Jose; Dr. Van Patten. There are five species of this genus, distributed from Costa Rica to Yucatan, which differ as follows :— I. Seven upper labials ; a. 'Temporals in two rows; loreal higher than long. Body without bands, but faint traces of them on first, third, and seventh rows of scales. C. vittatus, Peters. Body banded on third and eighth rows. C. sumichrastii, Cope. Var: second row not covered by lateral band; dorsal bands distinct. Subspecies sumichrastii. Var: second to fifth and eighth to eighth covered by lateral and median band. Subspecies viduus. II. Eight upper labials. a. Two rows of temporals. Loreal higher than long. Six longitudinal bands, the lower on the first row of scales, two dorsal, none on the belly; head brown yellow banded. C. pulcher, Cope, Loreal long, or longer than high; no bands except a short one from muzzle through eye. C. concolor, Cope. a. One row of temporals in front; large ones behind. Loreal longer than high; bands on all the scales except those of the fifth row on each side. C. lineatus, D. & B. The Conophis sumichrastu, Cope, has been found by M. Sumichrast in the west- ern part of ‘Tehuantepec, and near Guadalaxara by I. I. Major. The subspecies C. s. viduus is also from Tehuantepec, from M. Sumichrast. It is a mimetic ana- logue of Coniophanes piceivittis, Cope, from the same place. 94. CONIOPHANES FISSIDENS, Gunther, Catal. Col. Snakes B. M., 36 (Coronelia). Sipurio and Old Harbor, abundant. I am acquainted with seven species of this genus from the region north of Panama and south of Coahuila. They may be readily distinguished as follows :— I. Scales in twenty-five longitudinal rows. Superior labials eight; three broad longitudinal black bands. C. piceivittis, Cope. II. Scales in twenty-one rows (labials 8). Sides dark above; a broad dorsal band; light lines on the sides of the nape; belly unspotted. C. punctigularis, Cope. 39 138 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. Sides shaded above; no dorsal bands nor abdominal spots; light lines on sides of nape. C. fissidens, Gthr. Lines very indistinct, none on nape; two rows of brown spots on belly. C. bipunctatus, Gthr. III. Scales in nineteen rows. Labials seven or eight; sides dark, a narrow vertebral line; a light band behind each orbit. C. proterops, Cope. Labials eight; sides dark, a broad dorsal band from head; a light band from end of muzzle above eye. C. imperialis, B. & G. Labials seven; frontal plate wide; head black, body red. C. lateritius, Cope. 95. PLIOCERCUS DIMIDIATUS, Cope, Proceed. Academy Philada. 1865, p. 190. Tail two-fifths the total length; urosteges 120, nearly equal in number to the gastrosteges—127. Scales in seventeen rows, the median scarcely narrowed. Head very distinct, flat, muzzle truncate. Top of rostral shield round, curved back on the upper plane. Internasals very small; lateral borders of frontal (vertical) nearly parallel, a little shorter than anterior. Occipitals large. TTemporals, 1 very narrow, 1 pentagonal, 2. Loreal nearly a rhomb, lower than postnasal; preoculars three, upper not reaching frontal, lower cut from labial. Superior labials nine, fifth and sixth entering orbit; postoculars two, superior in contact with occipital only. Nine inferior labials, sixth largest; geneials equal. Teeth equal. Red, crossed by fourteen black rings on the body, and eight and a part on the tail. These are separated by nearly equal spaces below, and rather narrower (33 scales) above. A black space involves the nape to the tips of the occipital and last upper labial plates and all the last lower, and does not meet on the jugulum. The remainder of the head above black except the anterior part of the frontal and the first, second, and third superior labial shields. Lower labials bordering anterior geneials, with symphyseal, black. Costa Rica; sent by Charles N. Riotte, correspondent of the Smithsonian Institution: Mus. No. 6363. 96. RHADINHA DECORATA, Gth. |. c. 35 (Coronella). Sipurio; abundant. The genus Rhadinea is nearly coextensive with Enicognathus, Jan, and Ablabes, Giinther. Ablabes of Dum. Bibr. was, however, established on the Coronella rufula of Schlegel, which has the prolonged series of gastric hypapophyses, and is there- fore quite different, while Henicognathus is characterized by a peculiar structure of the mandible, which, so far as I am aware, occurs in only one American species, the H. annulatus, D. B. Consequently the majority of species attached to this ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 139 genus belong to Rhadinea, as the E. melanocephala, D. B., etc. In the descrip- tion of this last species three are mingled, as I have ascertained both from a reading of the same and from an examination of the originals in Mus. Paris. One of these is our R. obtusa, the other is the true R. melanocephala, and the third is a species which I described under the name of Lygophis nicagus, Cope. Duméril and Bibron give both the Island of Guadaloupe and Brazil as habitats of their species. I suspect, however, that the specimen of R. obtusa was accidentally introduced into the jar containing the other two, and that it is confined to South America, where it is not uncommon. It is figured by Jan in his “Tconographie”’ as the second specimen of R. melanocephala. THis first specimen of the same as figured is our Lygophis nicagus, a serpent with a diacranterian dentition. The true R. melanocephala is probably confined to Guadaloupe and the neighboring islands. It is probable that the Dromicus teniatus, Pet., D. godmani, and D loreatus of Giinther, belong to this genus, as does the D. ignitus, Cope. The posterior tooth is a little longer than the anterior. in most of the species, and when one or two teeth in advance of it are broken off or shed, the result may resemble the dia- cranterian type of dentition characteristic of Dromicus. Dr. Gtinther expressly states that the dentition of his D. loreatus is not of that type. The species of Rhadinga may then be distinguished as follows, with the premise that the charac- ters of those above named are only known to me from the descriptions of the authors who made them known :— I. Scales in twenty-one rows. Loreal longer than high; three principal bands, with other less prominent ones between them. R. godmanii.* II. Scales in nineteen rows. Loreal longer than high; nine longitudinal bands. R. serperastra, Cope. IIL. Scales in seventeen rows. a. One preocular. Loreal higher than long; sides with dark line above; a black-edged pale band from eye to side; head pale, lips spotted. R. vermiculaticeps.t Loreal high as long; three broad brown bands; the light ground color extending to the eye; lips unspotted. R. fulvivittis.t * Dromicus godmannii, Gunther. { Teniophis vermiculaticeps, Cope. { RHADINZA FULVIVITTIS, Cope, sp. nov. Head small, not very distinct from body. Frontal a little longer than the suture from it to the nasal, and a little shorter than common suture of occipitals, two-thirds as wide as long. 140 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. Loreal longer than high; a narrow lateral and broad (sometimes divided) dorsal band; the included band reaching side of muzzle; urosteges 90-108. Rt. teeniata.* Sides with dark border above; an oblique yellow band from eye crossing the last labial; urosteges 60. R. lachrymans.t A dorsal band; a yellow band encircling head on labials and nape; a yellow band through orbit to nape. R. loreata.t aa. [Iwo preoculars. Sides dark above, with a superior pale border, which becomes a yellow band on each side of head to orbit; no dorsal band; lips unspotted. R. ignita.§ Sides dark above, with superior pale border; two yellow spots on each side of occiput and nape; urosteges 90. R. decorata.|| 97. RHADINAA SERPERASTRA, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Philada. 1871, p. 212. This species agrees with those regarded as typical, when the genus was first defined (see Proc. Academy N. Sci. 1868, p. 132). That is, the teeth are equal, the scales smooth and poreless, the anal plate divided, the nasals two, loreal one, and oculars 1-2. In this serpent the scales are in nineteen series. Superior labials eight, not elevated, fourth and fifth bounding eye. Temporals 1-2-3. Internasals trans- verse, narrow; postnasal larger than prenasal. Frontal wide, superciliary suture shorter than anterior, total length exceeding that of common parietal suture. Loreal square; geneials subequal. Gastrosteges 164; anal 2, urosteges 78. Dark brown with six longitudinal yellow or white lines, of which the first and second are brightest. The second dark band is wider than the first and vertebral ; and like the third is partly divided by a faint white line. Another white line on each side is produced by a series of dark spots on the ends of the gastrosteges. Labial plates black, yellow spotted. Head dark brown above with a pale shade across frontal and two just behind parietals. Chin and belly yellowish. Rostral small, low; postnasal higher than long; loreal as high aslong. Superior labials eight, seventh highest; temporals 1-1. Inferior labials ten, sixth largest, in contact with middle of postgeneials. Scales poreless. Gastrosteges 177; anal divided; urosteges 91. Color above fulvous, below fulvous-yellow. The three brown bands extend from the end of the nose to near the end of the tail; the lateral involves the fourth and the half of each adjacent row of scales, and is black edged; the dorsal is three and two half scales wide, and is also black edged. The brown is paler on top of the head, and the ground color is a narrow yellow band to the eye. Lips yellow, like the lower surfaces unspotted. From Orizaba, Vera Cruz; obtained by Dr. Sumichrast; No. 7075 Mus. Smithsonian. * Dromicus, Peters. + Lygophis, Cope. { Dromicus, Gunther. § Dromicus, Cope. || Coronella, Gunther. ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 141 98. ERYTHROLAMPRUS VENUSTISSIMUS, Wied. Sipurio. 99. XENODON ANGUSTIROSTRIS, Peters, Monatsber. K. Preuss. Akad., Berlin. Sipurio. 100. STENORHINA VENTRALIS, Dum. Bibr., Erp. Gen. vii. 867. Several specimens from Old Harbor. The genera related to Stenorhina are numerous, and their characters may be tabulated as follows :— I. Internasal plates wanting. a. Rostral produced backwards to the frontal. Nasals and first labial confluent. Ficimia, Gray. aa. Rostral not separating prefontals. Nasals confluent with first labial; anal entire; prefontals in contact medially. Sympholis, Cope. Nasals and first labial distinct; anal divided. Conopsis, Giinth.° II. Internasals confluent with nasal plates. Dentition glyphodont. Stenorhina, D. B. Dentition isodont; rostral shovel-like. Chilomeniscus, Cope. III. Internasals and prefontals distinct. a. Internasals separated by backward production of the rostral. Nasals confluent with first labial. Gyalopium, Cope. aa. Prefontals separated by forward production of the frontal. Nasals one, distinct from labial. Toluca, Kenn. aaa. Prefontals in contact medially. @. Dentition isodont. y. Subcaudal scutella divided. No loreal; anal divided; two nasals; rostral produced. Geagras, Cope.* * GEAGRAS REDIMITUS, Cope, sp. nov. Head not distinct; muzzle depressed, projecting much beyond the mouth, so that the first superior labial is mostly inferior. Superior face of rostral as wide as length of prefontals; that of internasals narrower, both pairs much wider than long. Frontal large, wide, and produced behind; parietals as long as frontal, narrowed, bifurcate behind, the notch occupied by a large scale. Superciliary plate small. Nasals elongate, very distinct, the posterior angle produced to the preocular, on one side cut off, forming a loreal. Oculars 1-1, the posterior barely touching by its posterior angle the anterior angle of the single temporal. Labials five above, the eye resting on the middle of the third, which with the fifth is the longest. Inferior labials six, of which three are in contact with the pregeneials, and the fourth and largest with the short post- geneials. The symphyseal is wide, and in full contact with the pregeneials; postgeneials not 36 142 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. A loreal; anal entire; two nasals; rostral produced. Cemophora, Cope. A loreal; anal divided; one nasal; rostral much produced. Chionactis, Cope. A loreal; anal divided; two nasals, rostral obtuse, not produced. Sonora, B. & G. @. Subcaudal scutella entire. Rostral produced ; scuta normal. Rhinochilus, B. & G. BG. Dentition glyphodont. Rostral little produced ; nasal distinct, undivided. Ogmius, Cope. IV. Prefontals continuous on the middle line. . Internasals distinct ; rostral produced. Ligonirostra, Cope. Internasals medially united. Prosymna, Gray. The preceding genera are all Mexican, Sonoran, or from adjoining regions, excepting Ligonirostra and Prosymna (African). Ligonirostra, Cope (Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1863) was formerly called Temnorhynchus by Smith, but that name was preoccupied. There are only two species of Stenorhina, but several subspecies, which differ as follows :— Fight inferior labials, fifth largest. No loreal; narrow cross-bands. S. kennicottiana, Cope. Seven inferior labials, fourth largest. Seventeen rows scales; temporals 1—2. S. degenhardtii, Berth. Subspecies I. Adults plumbeous-brown; no loreal; young with broad cross- bands. S. d. ventralis, D. B. Subsp. II. A loreal; scales above the third row with a black tip; ground color pale brown. S. d. apiata, Cope. Subsp. III. Loreal present or absent; five black longitudinal bands on a light brownish ground. S. d. freminvillei, D. & B. The S. d. apiata is from Tehuantepec, from Sumichrast. 101. TANTILLA MELANOCEPHALA, Linn., Dum. Bibron, vii. p. 359. From Van Patten’s collection. separated from each other by scales. Scales of the body smooth, poreless, and in fifteen longi- tudinal rows. Gastrosteges 118; anal double; urosteges 25. Color very pale yellow, each scale, excepting those of the first row, with a brown apical spot, which is in all except the two outer of these, continued to the base of the scale as a brown line. Head above dark brown, with an oval yellowish ellipse surrounding the middle portions, passing round the muzzle and superciliary, and through the length of the parietal plates as a wide band. Below unspotted. Total length m. 166; length to rictus oris, .005; of tail, .020. Found by Dr. Francis Sumichrast on the west side of the State of Tehuantepec, Mexico, and sent by him to the Smithsonian Institution (No. 8). To the above description I add that the Toluca frontalis, Cope, from Colima, is congeneric with this species in all technical characters. ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 143 102. TANTILLA ARMILLATA, Cope, sp. noy.; Tantilla melanocephala, var. Cope, Proceed. Acad. Philada. 1871, p. 205. Form slender; scales in fifteen longitudinal rows. ~ Rostral plate not protube- rant; prefontals three times as long as internasals, equalling the parietal suture of the frontal. Frontal wide, considerably shorter than parietals. Nasals little notched below, the posterior reaching the preocular. Seventh superior labial much the largest; temporals 1-1, the anterior bordering the postoculars. Inferior labials six, first pair slightly united, four in contact with geneials, fourth largest, elongate, touching both geneials. Gastrosteges 166; anal divided; urosteges 50. Above chocolate-brown; head and nape for five scales, black, with a yellow spot in the individual described, on the end of the muzzle, on the posterior part of each parietal plate; and two on the lip behind the eye, and one below the nostril. The black is bordered behind by a yellow collar of two scales width, which is also bor- dered by black behind except where it sends off on the third and fourth rows of scales on each side a narrow light band which extends to the tail. Below this, and on the median row of scales, is a narrow brown line. Below immaculate, Middle Costa Rica; Dr. Van Patten. The species of Tantilla may be distinguished as follows :— I. Superior labials six; orbitals 1-1. Muzzle produced; preorbital not in contact with superciliary nor nasal; three longitudinal bands. T. calamarina, Cope. Muzzle less produced; preorbital in contact with superciliary and nasal; temporal one; three bands. T. bimaculata, Cope.* Temporals two; no bands. T. gracilis, B. & G. II. Superior labials seven; orbitals 1-1. Coloration uniform. T. planiceps, Blainv. III. Superior labials seven; two postoculars. a. Postnasals in contact with preocular, or nearly so. * TANTILLA BIMACULATA, Cope, sp. nov. Scales in fifteen rows. Rostral strongly protuberant beyond mouth. Nasals little notched below by first labial; postnasal barely or quite reaching preocular. Frontal large, longer than suture to rostral, not presenting an angle forwards; superciliaries not reduced; parietals about as long as the frontal. One temporal barely touching postocular; fifth upper labial highest. Five inferior labials, first pair widely separated, only three in contact with geneials, third largest ~ in contact with both geneials. Gastrosteges 130; anal double; urosteges 34. a Color light brown with three darker narrow longitudinal bands. Top of head dark colored in continuation of the middle band; on each side of the occipital plate behind a large yellow spot. Below immaculate. This well-marked species was found near Mazatlan by Mr. Bischoff, and is No. 6834 of the Smithsonian Catalogue. 144 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. Gi Posterior labials elevated, separated from parietals by one temporal. Form slender; a yellow, black-bordered collar near parietal plates. T. miniata, Cope. 8G. Posterior labials elevated, bounded above by two temporals. Labials higher; first inferior labials separate; black with wide yellow collar. T. moesta, Gthr. Frontal narrower; posterior labials higher; body banded. 7. melanocephala, Linn. Frontal wider; posterior labials lower; body uniform red. T. rubra,* Cope. G8. Posterior labials low, bounded above by two temporals. y. Inferior labials of first pair in contact on the middle line. Postnasal very small; collar far behind head ; body banded; urosteges 51. T. armillata, Cope. Postnasal large; collar crossing parietal scuta; body unicolor. T. coronata, B. & G. yy. Inferior labials separated by symphyseal. Urosteges 67; postnasal large, bounded below by first labial; a yellow collar. T. reticulata, Cope. Urosteges 57; postnasal chiefly bounded by second labial; head black, no collar. T. nigriceps, Kenn. Urosteges 39; first labial rising to nostril; head and body uniform. T. canula,} Cope. * TANTILLA RUBRA, Cope, sp. nov. ; Scales poreless, in fifteen rows. Rostral plate little prominent; frontal wide, its anterior borders longer than its superciliary, and forming together an anterior angle. Superciliaries well developed; parietals much longer than frontal, notched behind. Nasals strongly notched below for the first labial; the postnasal barely touching the large preocular by its angle. Last three labials elevated, the seventh most so; temporals 1-1, the anterior in contact with postoculars. Only six inferior labials, first pair in contact, the fourth largest, elongate, and in contact with geneials of both pairs. Gastrosteges 149; anal divided; tail injured. Length of head and body m. .310. Color red; top of head black, followed by a yellow collar which involves the extremi- ties of the parietal plates, and is followed by a black collar three scales wide. A pale spot below nostril and one on lip behind orbit. From Dr. Sumichrast, from Japana, Tehuantepec. + TANTILLA CANULA, Cope, sp. nov.;, Tantilla vermiformis, ‘‘Hallow.;” Cope, Proceed. Academy Philada. 1866, p. 126. This small species is represented by two specimens (Nos. 413 and 737) taken by Arthur Schott in Yucatan, while attached to the Comision Scientifica under the direction of Governor Illaregui. Comparison with four of the T. vermiformis of Hallowell establishes the specific difference of the two in a satisfactory manner. Scales in fifteen rows without apical pores; muzzle rather wide, but projecting beyond the mouth. Internasals and prefontals narrow, transverse, frontal rather small, longer than suture to rostral, to which it presents an angle. Superciliaries rather large; parietals longer than frontal, notched behind. Temporals 1-1; eye over suture between third and fourth labials ; seventh labial the largest. Postgeneials short, in contact with each other. Fourth labial below, the largest, in contact with pre- and postgeneials. Color leaden, darker above. Head shields with paler borders and centres. Gastrosteges 110; anal divided; urosteges 37. Total length m. .172; of tail .037. ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 145 Urosteges 25; nasals not interrupted by first upper labial; head dark with a pale occipital spot. . T. vermiformis, Hallow. aa. Postnasals separated from preocular by a wide space. No loreal; last upper labial larger than sixth; body above with black and white half-rings. T. semicincta, D. & B. A loreal; last upper labial smaller than sixth; body with complete black and white rings. T. atrocincta, D. & B. 103. MicRopRoMUS VIRGATUS, Gtinther, Ann. Magaz. Nat. Hist. 1872, Pl. IV. Unknown to me. 104. Nina aTRATA, Hallow.; Streptophorus drozii, Dum. Bibr. San José; Dr. Van Patten. 105. NINIA SERA, D. & B.; subspecies MACULATA, Peters, Monatsber. K. Preuss. Akad. 1861, p. 924. Subspecies TESSELLATUS, Cope. This distinct color variety resembles the typical in squamation, as in the nine- teen rows of scales all keeled, seven superior labials with the third and fourth entering the orbit, and in the four lower labials in contact with the geneials. The color above is a rosy brown, marked with numerous transverse bands of black with zigzag borders, as the color covers entire scales. Neck of the same ground color; head above brown. Lower surfaces black, with square ? red spots on the gastrosteges. This portion of the coloration is quite distinct from that of the N. s. maculata, or other varieties. 106. CoNTIA PACHYURA, Sp. nov. Scales smooth, in seventeen longitudinal rows, generally poreless, sometimes with one pore. Head rather elongate, rostral plate not prominent; internasals wider than long; prefontals long as wide. Frontal rather elongate, but shorter than the parietals. Nasals oblique; loreal large, higher than long, encroaching on the single preocular, which does not reach the frontal. Postoculars two, smooth, - subequal; temporals 1-1. Superior labials eight, the fourth and fifth entering orbit, the posterior rather low. Geneials equal, rather elongate. The tail is long, entering the total length three and three-fifth times, and is thickened to near the end. Gastrosteges 133; urosteges 50. Total length m. .335. The color is black, the lower lateral rows of scales with a rufous shade. Scales of the first row with gray tips. Head blackish-brown, a black line from eye above labials; latter yellowish, unspotted. Belly yellowish, each scutum with a black extremity. From Sipurio. 37 146 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. This species is allied to the C. calligaster, differing in its physiognomy and coloration as well as in some technical characters. Thus the loreal plate is larger and differently formed, and the tail is longer and stouter. It is less than one-fifth the length in the C. calligaster. 107. CoNTIA CALLIGASTER, Cope, sp. nov. Form stout, head little distinct. Teeth gradually increasing in length to the posterior, which is smooth. Scales smooth, poreless; one nasal plate, a subquadrate loreal, one pre- and two postoculars. Muzzle narrowed; side of frontal plate longer than the front, not reaching the preocular. Superior labials seven, third and fourth bounding orbit; temporals 1-1-2. Inferior labials eight, fourth and fifth largest, first barely in contact behind symphyseal. Scales acuminate, in seventeen rows. Gastrosteges 152, anal double; the urosteges 46. Pre- and postgeneials equal. Color above dark brown, with a narrow vertebral black band. Two lateral paler bands, on the first and second and fourth and fifth rows of scales, the space between black. A black band along the ends of the gastrosteges; belly yellow, except a series of black crescents on the median front of each suture. Labials broadly black bordered. Middle line of tail below black. In a second specimen there is an additional superior labial in front of the orbit, and the temporals are 1-2-2. The lateral light lines are wide and indistinct, and the entire base of each gastrostege is black. i From the Pico Blanco. 108. CATOSTOMA PSEPHOTUM, Cope, sp. nov. Scales in seventeen longitudinal rows, keeled except the inferior. Form rather slender, the head moderately distinct. Maxillary teeth extending as far as the posterior border of the first upper labial. Front somewhat convex, internasals four- sided. Frontal with convex anterior suture, and lateral and two posterior sutures subequal. Orbit bounded by the prefrontal and large loreal; nasal undivided. Postorbitals two, temporals 1-2-2. Superior labials six, fourth immediately under orbit, but the third touching it; sixth longest. Inferior labials six, first pair joined behind symphyseal; all these, with the pregeneials, tuberculate (in one specimen). A pair of short postgeneials. Median keels stronger than the others; tail with triangular section. Gastrosteges 162; anal entire; urosteges 73. Color above uniform black; below black with the half or less of an occasional scutum red, forming a tesselated pattern; but few spots on the urosteges. M. Total length ; : : ; : ; : a ezech) Length of tail. ; : : : ; 5 olk2as) Cs to) AGU) CaS. : : ; 3 ‘ : : = AOU Width of head behind : : 3 : ; i ; OOS ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 147 109. CATOSTOMA DOLICHOCEPHALUM, Cope; Colobognathus dolichocephala, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Philada. 1871, p. 211. Scales in thirteen longitudinal series, carinate to the urosteges on the tail, to the first row of scales on the posterior, and to the second row on the anterior part of the body. Head elongate conic, scarcely distinct from the neck. Internasals very small, prefrontals very long. Frontal wide, openly angulate in front, with superciliary margins distinct from the parietal; latter plates well developed. Superior labials six, second bounding nasal and loreal; third a little, fourth largely in the eye, fifth longer than high, in contact with parietal. One temporal above sixth labial, which is higher than long. Inferior labials six, second and third minute, fourth long and narrow. Postgeneials small, separated by a scutum. Oculars 0-1, Rostral elevated, not separating internasals. Tail slender, 5.75 times in the total length. Gastrosteges 131, anal 1, urosteges 39. Color of body above and entire tail, black, a series of large distant red spots on each side, which often meet above, forming half-rings. These disappear on tail and neck. Below red, lower lip and chin black. Length 12-14 inches. San José, Costa Rica. * Dr. Van Patten. This species differs from the C. nasale, Cope (Proceed. Academy, 1868, p. 131), in the fewer scale-rows (the latter has seventeen), the coloration, ete. 110. CATOSTOMA BRACHYCEPHALUM, Cope; Colobognathus brachycephala, Cope, loc. cit. 1871, p.211. Scales in fifteen longitudinal rows, smooth except a faint trace of carination near the posterior part of the body. Head flat, rather wide behind and distinct from neck. Postgeneials small, separated by a scale. Rostral moderate, inter- nasals not minute, prefrontals nearly as broad as long. Frontal broad, convex in front, superciliary and parietal sutures nearly continuous. Oculars 0-1. Superior labials six, two behind orbit, sixth longer than high, separated by one temporal; fifth longer than high, bounding parietal; third and chiefly fourth in eye. Lower labials seven; geneials short, wide. Gastrosteges 124, anal 1, urosteges 38. Color of body above and entire tail, black; gastrosteges reddish, brown mar- gined. A yellowish or orange collar crosses behind the parietal plates and a band of the same color extends from the side of the neck to the tail on the second and third rows in front and third to fifth behind. This band is composed of two rows of alternating narrow spots, which are not always perfectly united. Total length eight inches, the tail one-sixth of the total. The species just described agree with the C. nasale, the C. semidoliatum, and the Colobognathus hoffmannu, in having the first labial behind the eye in contact with the parietal shield. They are intermediate in the structure of the jaws, between 148 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. the types of the two genera named. In the C. semidoliatum the maxillary bone is developed and bears teeth opposite the first labial plate. In the Colobognathus hoffmannii, it with the palatine is cartilaginous in front, and bears no teeth anterior to the fourth labial shield. In the C. brachycephalum and C. dolichocephalum, the maxillary and palatine are better developed, the teeth extending to the posterior margin of the second superior labial. In the serpent described by me (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1869, p. 131) as Catostoma nasale, the dentition is precisely as in the two species here described, while in the C. bicolor, Gthr., the character of the dentition is intermediate between them and that of the C. semidoliatum. In the genus Colo- phrys, Cope, from Guatemala and Yucatan (1. c. 1868, p. 130), the maxillary is still better developed, the teeth commencing at the anterior part of the second upper labial. 111. CoLnoBoGNATHUS HOFFMANNII, Peters, Monatsber. K. Preuss. Acad. 1863, p. 214. PROTEROGLYPHA. 112. PELAMIS BICOLOR, Daudin. This sea-snake has been now frequently brought from the Pacific coast of Cen- tral America since the first note of its occurrence there, Proceed. Academy Phil- adelphia, 1859, p. 347. 113. ELAPs MULTIFAScIATUS, Jan, Revue et Magazine Zoologie, 1859, Pl. A. Cope, Proceed. Acad. Philada. 1871, p. 209. San José; Dr. Van Patten. 114. ELAPs ORNATISSIMUS, Jan, loc. cit. San José; Dr. Van Patten. 115. ELAPs nigRocinetus, Girard, U. S. Astronomical Expedition, II. p. 210, plate. San José; Dr. Van Patten. 116. ELAPs cIRCINALIS, Dum. Bibron. Several specimens with the rings varying in number from eleven to eighteen. Scales in the intervals black tipped. Talamanca. SOLENOGLY PHA. TTELEURASPIDES, Cope, Proceed. Academy Philada. 1871, p. 205. This group of the rattlesnake family embraces those with undivided anal shields and no rattle. It stands immediately between the true T’rigonocephali and the Crotali, as the former have divided caudal scutella and the rattle absent, the lat- ter possess the rattle with simple scutella. One genus of this division was described ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 149 long ago by Beauvois, and adopted by Gray and others, that is the Ancistrodon of North America and Mexico, but most of the genera have only been recognized within a recent period. In March,-1859, Prof. Peters distinguished a second genus of the group, and towards the close of the same year the writer named a third. Prof, Peters named another genus, which may be retained, though in a sense quite different from that in which it was originally intended. I allude to Bothriopsis, first defined by the four small scuta on the top of the muzzle of one of the species, a character not worthy of such a valuation. The characters adopted will be seen below. All the known species are found between north Mexico and Peru. I. Head scaled above. a. Body compressed, tail prehensile (arboreal). A series of horn-like scales above the eye, outside of the superciliary shield. Teleuraspis. Superciliary reaching to the edge of the eye opening; no horns. Bothriechis. aa. Body cylindric, tail straight (terrestrial). Nasal plate one. Porthidium. Nasal plates two. Bothriopsis. II. Head with nine plates above. Body cylindric; two nasals. Ancistrodon. 117. TELEURAPSIS SCHLEGELII, Berthold, Abh. Wiss. Gottingen, 1847, iii. 13 (Trigonocephalus), Cope, Pr. A. N. Sci. 1859, p. 338; 1860, p. 345. This species is abundant in eastern Costa Rica, and displays three color varie- ties. All the specimens have twenty-three rows of scales, and some eight, and others nine superior labials. There is no tendency to division of the urosteges. From Ecuador to Costa Rica. Var. I, nitida, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1859, nov. Tab. (Lachesis), 1. c. 345, et 1868, p. 110. Green with brownish-red vertical bands on each side which usually alternate ; belly green and yellow varied with black, punctulate. Ecuador. Var. II. Green with a series of small brown dorsal spots; below as in Var. I. Var. III, nigroadspersus, Steindachner, Sitzungsberg. Wien. Akademie, 1870, May, Pl. VIII. Golden yellow; lower surfaces unspotted. According to the observation of Mr. Gabb, this is a dangerous species, its bite requiring prompt treatment to prevent a fatal result. It is distributed from the coast (Old Harbor) inland to an elevation of 5-600 feet above the sea. 38 150 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 118. Boruriecuts ‘NIGROVIRIDIS, Peters, 1. c.; Cope, 1. c.; Monatsber. K. Preuss. Akademie, 1859, p. 278; Cope, Pr. A. N. Sci. Phila. 1859, p. 345; Thamnocenchris, Salvin. This genus is, like the last, confined to the great forests of Central America and the northwest of South America. Species have been found further north than those of Telewraspis. Like the latter they inhabit trees, filling the place in America of the species of the East Indies which belong to the Bothropes, and of the tree- vipers of Africa, Atheris, Cope. All the species of these different groups are of green colors, in contradistinction to those of terrestrial habits, which are of various shades of brown. This is evidently related to their convenience in the struggle for existence in the localities in question. From an elevated point on the Pico Blanco. Mr. Gabb states that it occurs in the central valley also, from which it has been brought by Dr. Van Patten. 119. BoruriEcHIs LATERALIS, Peters, Monatsb. K. Preuss. Acad. 1862, p. 674; Bothrops bilinea- tus, Pet., 1. c. 1859, p. 278; ? Bothrops bicolor, Bocourt, Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1868, p. 201. Costa Rica. 120. Boruriopsts AFFINIS, Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1868, p 201; Telewraspis mexicanus, Cope, Pr. A. N. S. 1859, p. 339; Bothriechis do., Cope, l. c. 1860, p. 345; nec Airopus mexicanus, D. B. Mexico, as far north as Tuxpan, and Central America to Costa Rica. Superciliary shields very narrow; no small scales surrounding rostral, Scales in 28 (“25”) rows, three inferior smooth; small scales on canthus, four rows below eye; rostral broad as high; nine superior labials, fourth largest. Twenty-two dorsal rhombs. The species of this genus are all of terrestrial habits, and approach in this respect the Ancistrodontes. They have a more extended range than any of the preceding, occurring from the upper or Peruvian Amazon to northern Mexico. | They are very venomous, but not so much dreaded as the true Bothropes of the same regions, which attain a larger size. 121. BoTHRIOPSIS PROBOSCIDEUS, Sp. NOV. A rather small species of sombre colors, allied to the B. brachystoma, Scales in twenty-three series, all carinate, the inferior but slightly; those of the top of the head and muzzle not very different in size, also keeled. Superciliary plates each a broad oval, the two separated by five rows of scales, of which the external on each side follows the inner border of the plate. A narrow shield on each side of the end of the muzzle which is bent up at its middle, lying against the posterior side of the rostral plate, and in contact with its fellow, the extremities of the two having a bilobed outline. Rostral plate three times as high as wide, lying against ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 151 the plates just described by its upper part, the three forming an erect appendage or short proboscis. Nasal plates distinct, the posterior impressed, the anterior in the plane of the rostral, with an anterior angle produced between the rostral and superior plate of the muzzle. Pit surrounded by small scales; one large preocular. Labials nine above, fifth longest, separated from the orbit by three rows of scales. Lower labials nine, one pair of short geneials, followed by two pairs of shorter scales. M. Total length : : : 3 : , : 5 colle Length of tail. : : 5 ; : : . .040 « to rictus oris . ; ~ WLS Width of head at supercilia : : : : : : . 008 Cd eal temples . ‘ 5 : : 5 : . .016 Color yellowish-brown above, blackish below. On the upper surface of the body eighteen quadrate spots divided by a narrow, light vertebral line, and divided in the transverse direction so that each is composed of four spots, which are smaller and most separated on the anterior part of the body. Lips black, the lower with vertical white bars. A brown band from eye to behind angle of mouth, bordered by white in front; a semidiscoid brown spot below eye. This venomous snake resembles the Porthidiwm nasutum of Bacourt, according to the description of that author, but it is stated to have but one nasal shield, while all of the specimens of the B. proboscideus possess two. Not rare at Sipurio, at the base of the mountains. TRIGONOCEPHALI. 122. BotHrops ATROX, Linn. Abundant in the coast region; one specimen measures six feet, and Mr. Gabb assures me that it reaches eight feet in length. It is the most formidable veno- mous snake in the country, and is known by the name of Tamagaf. Its bite is generally fatal, unless very promptly treated. Dr. C. R. Lordley, a resident in the country for many years, has saved many cases by the following treatment: He forbids alcohol, and administers fifteen drops of ammonia diluted every quarter or half hour, which, if not speedily beneficial, is replaced by the same amount of tincture of iodine. Salt is especially to be avoided, as well as fresh vegetable food, light animal diet being recommended. Hemorrhage into the stomach and alimen- tary canal is said to be aggravated by salt. The bowels are to be kept open by sufficient doses of castor oil. The usual violent thirst is not to be quenched by water, but by tea of cinnamon or guaca. 152 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 123. LACHESIS STENOPHRYS, Cope, sp. nov. Scales in thirty-six longitudinal series, of which ten on each side of the median line support a central tubercle. The muzzle is short and depressed, and the rostral plate is an equilateral triangle. The superior labials number nine, of which the third is much the largest. The second is low, and does not bound the maxil- lary pit. The latter is bordered by three scuta; the superior narrow, bounds the two preoculars; the inferior wider, stands on the third labial, and the anterior, which is subcrescentic, and stands on the second superior labial. A trapezoid dorsal bounds the large superior preocular in front. Four rows of scales separate the orbit from the labials. ‘The scales of the top of the head are flat, hexagonal, and faintly keeled; twelve series separate the superciliaries, which are quite narrow. Inferior labials thirteen, the first large, and with the second in contact with the geneials. The latter form but one pair, are squarely truncate in front, and narrowly rounded behind. Gastrosteges 200; urosteges, double 32, quad- ruple 17; caudal spine well developed. Color (in spirits) fawn brown, with twenty-three reddish-brown median rhombs on the dorsal region. The lateral angles of these are dark spots, sometimes isolated, and do not extend below the fifth row of scales. On the middle of the body the rhombs have pale centres, posteriorly they are darker, and become confluent into a zigzag band. Tail dark brown, with narrow, light cross bands. Lower surfaces all greenish-yellow, except the throat and chin, which are white (in spirits). A black band extends from the eye above the labials, and is broken upon the neck into a series of black spots. ‘Lop of head uniform brown. M. Total length ‘ : ‘ : : : : : : . .495 Length of tail. 4 : 6 : : : b : . .050 “© of gape . : : : : : : ; 5 AU One specimen from Sipurio. This species is of much interest as increasing our knowledge of the structural and geographical range of the genus Lachesis, heretofore represented only by the L. mutus of Surinam. As such, it has the distal caudal scutella four-rowed and tubercular. CROTALI. 124. CRoranus purissus, Linn.; C. horridus, Auctor., Pluv.; Caudisona durissa, Laurenti. This large species was not found by Dr. Gabb in Talamanca, but was brought by Dr. Van Patten from the neighborhood of San José. ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. 153 TESTUDINATA. 125. SPHARGIS CoRIACEA, Linn. Young specimens from Limon, indicating a breeding place for this species. 126. CINOSTERNUM LEUCOSTOMUM, Dum. Young and adults from Old Harbor and Sipurio. 127. CINOSTERNUM ALBOGULARE, Dum. Boc. Miss. Sci. Mexique, p. 24. 128. PSEUDEMYS ORNATA, Bell; Callichelys ornata, Gray, Supplem. Catal. Shield Reptiles, p. 48. 129. CHELOPUS GABBII, sp. nov. Form resembling Testudo, stout, and with short thick feet with very short webs. Outline of carapace a regular ellipse, the margin not incised, but a little revolute behind and before. Top of shell flat in profile, bearing a well-marked’ but obtuse keel from nuchal plate to the caudals. Vertebral scuta (in an adult) broader than long, with straight transverse sutures; penultimate narrower behind, the last one the largest of all, wider than long. Plastron flat, turned up at the bridges and in front, strongly notched behind. The anterior lobe is concavely truncate in front, with a tooth-like protuberance at each outer angle; the sides oblique to the axilla. Gular scuta wide, their common suture not longer than that of the humerals. Muzzle nearly vertical, beak not notched ; symphysis recurved, horny alveolar ridge minutely serrate. Forearm with large scales in front, on the outer edge, and in a transverse band behind the wrist. Hind leg with a row of large scales on the inner front of the lower half of the tibia, continuous with those covering the inner toe. ‘Two scales on the outer posterior border of the hind foot, followed by a large one covering the rudimental outer toe, which forms an obtuse process. Tail smooth. Color above wood brown, middle of plastron from humeral scuta to posterior border darker brown; remainder of lower surfaces, wax-yellow. Head brown above, a faint red band round the muzzle, and a short one on the median fine above. A yellowish brown-edged band from the temple to the middle of the neck, and a similar one from the eye to the tympanum. Neck and limbs yellowish, speckled with brown and black ; hind legs blackish on the outer side. M. Length of carapace. : ; ; : ; ‘ : 5 ollisly Width of ss : : 3 ; ; : 20 Elevation of “ : ; ; : : : 4 5 Noo This essentially terrestrial tortoise resembles the C. areolatus, Duméril, and the C. annulatus (Rhinoclemmys, Gray). The former has a roof-shaped back, and has 39 154 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF COSTA RICA. the vertebral scuta longer than wide. According to Gray, the keels of the ver- tebral scuta of the C. annulatus are confined to their anterior part, and the colors are materially different. It also resembles the C. incisus, Bocourt; but this turtle is represented as without the row of scuta on the inner front of the tibia; the edge of the carapace is strongly dentate, and the gular scuta are much longer, and have a very different anterior margin. I only know this species from the figure and description of Bocourt. The Chelopus gabbii is dedicated to the learned geologist who made the col- lection here described. 130. CHELOPUS FUNEREUS, Sp. Nov. Represented by four specimens, none of which are adult, the largest having.a carapace 4.75 inches in length. On examination with the view of ascertaining whether they represent the young of the C. gabbii, I find so many distinguishing features as to render it necessary to name them. As in young tortoises, the carapace is wider than in adults of the same species. It is not revolute and very slightly serrate behind. An obtuse vertebral keel. Plastron notched behind; the anterior lobe with a shallow concavity of the ante- rior border, the edge on each side of it projecting in three teeth. The free border of the humeral scute is strongly convex behind the gular. The feet are more strongly webbed in this species than in the last, and there are five scuta on the external border of the hind foot, which do not terminate in a large one, since there is no projection representing the outer toe. There is no row of scuta on the inner face of the tibia; but the forearm is plated in front, on the outer edge, and in a band behind the wrist. In the smaller specimens there is a slight notch in the border of the upper jaw, in the larger it is absent. ‘The median suture of the gular scuta is twice as long as that of the humerals. The first vertebral scute is relatively longer than the others, while the last one is only half as large as those that precede it. Color black on the upper surface of the head, neck, and carapace ; plastron black, except a narrow, yellowish border. ‘Throat, limbs, and marginal scuta below, yellowish, black speckled. Outer side of hind legs and feet, and outer edge of fore legs black. Some rows of black spots on the lower jaw and front of fore leg ; anterior toes yellow, with black borders No markings on the upper side of head and neck. The adult of this species will probably be found to be of very obscure color. It displays unusual tardiness in the ossification of both carapace and plastron, the largest specimen being very soft. It is probably allied to the Mauwremys fuli- ginosa of Gray. From Limon. Art. V.—On the Batrachia and Reptilia collected by Dr. John M. Bransford during the Nicaraguan Canal Survey of 1874. By E. D. Cops. BATRACHIA. 1. C@cILIA OCHROCEPHALA, Cope, Proceed. Academy Philada. 1866, 132. From the Atlantic side of the Isthmus. 2. MicROPHRYNE PUSTULOSA, Cope, Proceed. Academy Philada. 1864, 180. Buchio Soldado. 3. BuFO HAMATITICUS, Cope, loc. cit., 1862, p. 157. Camp Mary Caretta. 4. BUFO PLEUROPTERUS, Schmidt, Denkschriften Wiener Academie, 18. Buhio Soldado and Camp Mary Caretta. 5. Buro aaua, Daudin. 6. HyLA ELHOCHROA, Cope, Journal Philada. Academy, 1875, supra, p. 105. ?From the Pacific side. 7. PHYLLOBATES RIDENS, Cope, loc. cit., 1866, p. 131. 8. LITHODYTES DIASTEMA, Cope, sp. nov. Approximating Phyllobates in the slight development of the vomerine teeth, and further characterized by the shortness of its feet. The former are in two very short transverse patches behind and within the line of the middle of the choane, and separated by an interspace as wide as the length of each. The tongue is obpyriform, rounded and extensively free behind. The ostia pharyngea are minute. The membranum tympani is indistinct, with a diameter of less than half that of the eye slit. The head is an oval in outline, with narrowly truncate and depressed muzzle. The canthus is obtuse, but not concave. Nares subter- minal; diameter of orbit about equal length of head in front of it. Cranium above slightly convex in both directions. The toes are short, and the digital dilations are large on all the feet. On the anterior the first toe is shorter than the second. On the posterior the fifth is longer than the third, and reaches the base of the penultimate phalange of the third. The muzzle marks the wrist and the middle of the tibia of the extended limbs. (155) 156 ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF NICARAGUA. Color above dark brown; a darker brown between the eyes, which is paler bordered anteriorly. Below, pale brown. M. Totallensth 9 a.c) Ge eee ts 0 Length to axilla ; ; : ; : : : : 00208 “« to tympanum : : : 5 q ‘ : 5 slOED Width head at tympanum : : : 3 : - 0070 Length of fore limb : : : ; E 5) AUIS (OL torestootmms ; : : . .0085 “of hind limb . : : : : : : » 270 ( Olemindetootmr : : : : : : : 5 AUIERO «of tibia : : : ; : 3 ee OUS5 “ of tarsus : 3 : : ; 5 : . .0060 This species resembles the Lithodytes habenatus, Cope (supra, p. 109), in the position of the vomerine teeth, but differs much in the form of the feet. In that frog the dilatations are much smaller and the feet much longer. In the hind foot this is chiefly due to the elongation of the fourth toe, which exceeds the third and fifth by three and a sixth phalanges. : The Lithodytes diastema was found by Dr. Bransford at the camp Mary Caretta, Panama. LACERTILIA. 9. CORYTHOPHANES CRISTATUS, Merrem. Buhio Soldado. 10. BASILIScUS GUTTULATUS, Cope, sp. nov. Represented by a young male, which displays a number of remarkable charac- ters. The back and median line of the tail support the membranous crest stretched between the elongate neural spines as seen in B. plumifrons, B. mitratus, etc., but the head-crest, instead of being covered, as in those species with large thin scales, presents only small smooth scales like those of the occipital region. This crest is also of smaller size than in the species named, only beginning to rise from a line connecting the tympanic drums, although preceded by a keel to near the line of the border of the orbits. It is not much elevated, but is prolonged chiefly back- wards, and has a truncate posterior outline. Points in which the species differs from the B. cristatus are, the presence of two large scuta bounding the rostral shield above, and the presence of two large labials behind the point of junction with the suborbital ring of scales. ‘There are only ten rays to the dorsal fin, and ON THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF NICARAGUA. 157 fifteen to the caudal, the latter graduating imperceptibly to the usual keel. Neither crest is bordered at the margin with large scales. ‘The ventral scales are entirely smooth, while the dorsals are smaller and keeled; the lateral are smaller still. Color olivaceous-brown above, shaded with leaden on the sides; yellowish below. A few black spots at the base of the dorsal crest. Sides and throat with small black spots. A black band from eye to tympanum, bordered with yellow below. Hind legs and feet with brown, yellow-bordered cross-bands. M. Total length : Ih : : ‘ : ; : : . .465 Length to vent . : : 5 : : ; : ; eel “ to axilla : ; : ; $ 3 ‘ : . 060 *« to tympanum . : 6 : : . .030 GS TO OMOH , : ; ; : 5 : : - 019: Width between orbits . : ‘ : : : : > UG Length of fore limb . : : : : ; : ; . .060 ots liimedalinaly >. : : : : ; ; , 5 olBO Con mind toot. oe ; 5 : : : . 063 From camp at Buhio Soldado, Panama. 11. ANOLIS TROCHILUS, Cope, Proceed. Academy Philada., 1871, p. 215, Buhio Soldado. 12. ANOLIS PETERSII, Bocourt, Miss. Scient. Mexique, p. 79, Station 19. 13. ANOLIS CAPITO, Peters. Rio Frijole. 14, AMIVA PR&SIGNIS, Bd. Gird. OPHIDIA. 15. Sprnores corAts, L.; subspecies MELANURUS, Dum. Bibr. 16. XENODON ANGUSTIROSTRIS, Peters. Camp Mary Caretta. 17. SIBON ANNULATUM, Linn. From the Atlantic side. 18. TELEURASPIS SCHLEGELT, Berth. From the Atlantic side. Total number of species obtained by Dr. Bransford, eighteen. 40 Art. VI.—Report on the Reptiles brought by Professor James Orton from the middle and upper Amazon, and western Peru. By E. D. Cope. Tue following pages contain a list of the species as expressed in the above title, including descriptions of such as have not been previously known to zoology. A report on the Batrachia obtained by Prof. Orton has already appeared,* which included thirty-six species; of these fourteen were believed to be new. ‘The present list embraces seventy-four species, of which seventeen are new. ‘The Lacertilia number thirty-three species, the Ophidia forty-one. The localities at which the greater number of species were obtained are: Santarem (on the lower Amazon); Solimoens (or middle Amazon); the Marajion (or upper Amazon) at several points, viz., near the mouth of the Napo, at Iquitos and Nauta on the Peruvian and Ecuadorian borders; on the Huallaga between Balsa Puerto and Moyabama, and near Moyabamba and Rioja, Peru. A few specimens were obtained near Lake Titicaca, which represent three species, viz. : Cyclorhamphus emaricus, Cope; Tachymenis chilensis, Schlegel; and Proctotretus multiformis, Cope. ‘These all belong to genera of the Pacific side of the Andes, none of which are known from east of that range, and the Tachymenis chilensis is the commonest snake of Chili and western Bolivia. The indications respecting the fauna of eastern Peru furnished by Professor Orton’s collections are, that it differs in no essential respect from that of the great Amazon valley. The Peruvian species were mostly derived from the valley of Jequetepeque, which extends from the Cordillera of Caxamarca to near the coast at Pacasmayo. They are sixteen in number, and include type forms of the West Coast Fauna in the genera Microlophus and Craniopeltis. LACERTILIA. LEPTOGLOSSA. 1. MABUIA CEPEDEI, Gray; Cope, Proceed. Academy Philada. 1862, p. 186. Nauta. 2. MAUBIA SURINAMENSIS, Hallowell, Cope, loc. cit. From the Maration near the mouth of the Napo. * Proceedings Academy Philada., 1874, p. 120. (159) 160 ON THE REPTILIA OF PERU. 3. PRoPUS VERMIFORMIS, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Philada. 1874, p. 70. From Nauta. 4, LEPIDOSOMA CARINICAUDATUM, Cope, sp. Nov. Scales large, angulate, strongly keeled on the back and sides; four abdominal rows with the keel reduced to an angle and mucro, otherwise like the dorsal scales. The dorsals are a little larger than the ventrals, and these a little larger than the inferior lateral. A few small scales in the groin and axilla, and above the humerus. No granular scales on the side of the neck, but keeled scales between the arm and ear. Nuchal scales like the dorsal; the gulars a little smaller than the ventrals, keeled and mucronate. Four superior rows of caudal scales strongly keeled, forming four continuous ridges. Two lateral rows weakly keeled; four inferior series strongly keeled, forming ridges. Twenty-six oblique rows of scales between occiput and posterior line of femora; twenty-seven between infralabials and femo- ral pores, and twenty-one in a circle round the body. Two large preanal scuta, each flanked by a small lateral, and preceded by an oval median scale, which has a small one on each side. The frontonasal plate is broader than long; the prefrontals not extensively in contact, and the frontal is twice as long as wide. The frontoparietals are largely in contact, and the parietals and interparietals are longitudinal and subequal in size. Two loreals, one above the other, no preoculars; five supraoculars and four supra- orbitals. ‘The temporal scales small, smooth; larger and keeled behind. Cranial plates behind the prefrontals with one or two linear ridges. Three pairs of very large infralabials, a row of granules only separating ths last pair. Eleven femoral pores on each side. The diameter of the oval meatus auditorius is equal to that of the eye-slit. The limbs are covered with large keeled scales, except the postero- inferior faces of the femur and humerus, which are granulated. The limbs are short, the anterior reaching the middle of the orbit, the posterior five-sixths the distance to the axilla. Thumb clawed. M. Total length (tail partly renewed) : : : : : se ello Length to vent . : : : : : : . : . 000 Gio axaulles « : : : : : é : : oo 02M BO CARP : : : : 5 . cee Oil SO OMG 6 : ; : : d ; i . 008 Width of head at angle of jaws . ‘ : : 6 : . 0085 Length of hind lhmb . ; . : : . 023 “ of hind foot . s x : , ; : we Ola ON THE REPTILIA OF PERU. 161 Color above cinnamon-brown, below yellow ; sides, from ear to an indefinite point on the tail, black, inclosing a narrow yellow band from axilla to groin. Black on scapular region, pale bordered above. From nape to tail a median series of small black spots. Head brown; throat yellow. This handsome species differs from the L. scincoides of Spix in the absence of a band of granular scales on the sides of the neck, and in the keeled scales of the tail. ‘The coloration is quite distinct. It differs in many specific details from the Loxopholis rugiceps, Cope,* besides in the quadrate form of the abdominal scuta, in which that genus differs from Lepidosoma. From the Maranon. 5, NEUSTICURUS ECPLEOPUS, Cope, sp. nov. Scales of the back small and flat, becoming granular on the nape. Mingled with the former are large oval keeled scales in two separate rather irregular series near the middle, and a double row of similar ones on each side. The sides are thrown into vertical folds, which support mingled small and large scales. The nape and sides of the neck are marked by rows of small round warts, of which there are eight between the lines of the tympana. The abdominal scales are in eight longitudinal rows, the median as broad as long, except at the sides. There is a well-marked collar of seven scales, large in the middle and small exteriorly. In front of this are four or five cross series of large scales, all but the posterior composed of two scales only. The throat is otherwise covered with round, smooth, convex scales. The preanal region is covered with three rows of scales, the anterior two containing two each, the last or marginal including two large, and a small median one. ‘The limbs above are granular, with scattered tubercles; femur and forearm in front, and tibia below, with large scuta. ‘Tail, with whorls of oblong scales with two keeled rows above, which are separated by a few flat scales only. The head scuta are the usual ones, with the omission of internasals. The parietals are about as large as the frontoparietals, and are separated by a larger interparietal, which projects further backwards, forming with the parietals a nearly rectangular outline, the angle median. Four infraorbitals, five supraoculars. A loreal and upper preocular, which cover part of canthus rostralis. ‘Temporal scales granular. Upper labials seven, four to the coronoid process, large, especially the fourth; fifth subtriangular. Inferior labials four and five to coronoid, of which some two are confluent in the typical specimen. A large postsymphyseal; four * Proceed. Academy Phila. 1868, 305. 41 162 _ ON THE REPTILIA OF PERU. large infralabials, of which three are in contact with the labials, and two pairs with each other. Ear as large as eye opening. Femoral pores fifteen on each side. Color chocolate-brown above, showing darker spots in proper lights; below yellow, brown speckled, except the throat and chin and lips, which are black. Length (tail partly reproduced) . : : i 130 : ce MItONVert of: : : : : : ; : . .066 “ to axilla : : : 5 : : : : ; 083 “« to tympanum : : : P 5 5 : . O15 GB 1D OHO ; : ; : : : : . 005 Width of head behind , , ; : : : 5 5 OLY Length of fore limb . : : 5 : : : : 5 ZY «© of hind limb . ; : : : : : : . 030 “ - of hind foot . : ‘ ‘ ; : 3 : a OS The characters which distinguish this species from the long-known and large N. bicarinatus, are the larger gular scuta, the smaller occipital and temporal scales, the eight (not six) ventral rows, and the fifteen (not thirty) femoral pores. The characters of the head scuta of this genus are those of the Hepleopide ; while those of Thorictis and Crocodilurus are those of the Teide. 6. CROCODILURUS AMAZONICUS, Spix. 4. CENTROPYX PELVIOEPS, Cope, Proceed. Academy Philada. 1868, 98. Nauta. 8, CENTROPYX DECODON, Cope, loc. cit., 1861, 495. Santarem, Brazil. 9, CENTROPYX ALTAMAZONICUS, Cope, sp. nov. Dorsal scales very small, hexagonal, smooth, but little larger than the lateral. Ventrals keeled, in sixteen longitudinal rows, and thirty-five transverse to the line of the femoral pores. ‘Two rows of keeled collar scales, the second largest. Gular scales small, equal, and smooth. Four rows of carinate preanal scales, the last composed of six scales. . Internasal scuta barely attaining mutual contact; frontonasal broader than long; mutual contact of prefrontals short. Frontal longer than wide, parietals nearly as wide as interparietal (the specimen young). ‘Two narrow transverse occipitals. Nostril on suture between internasal and nasal; one large loreal, one inferior preocular; six supraoculars, and three supraorbitals. Scuta on the upper ON THE REPTILIA OF PERU. 163 and front sides of humerus, and front of cubitus; other faces granular. Femur and tibia granular above, the former behind also. Inferior tibial scuta keeled. Caudal scuta keeled below, nearly and quite smooth above. Color of a young specimen bluish, with a median light band from the middle of the back to the end of the nose, covering the muzzle and front as far as the frontoparietal scuta. A light band from orbit to near femur and another from tympanum to groin, the intervening space crossed by vertical black spots and bars. Lower surfaces green immaculate. M Total length 6 : : : 5 5 3 es ‘ 5 oll LW) Length to vent . : ‘ : : . : : : O40 ‘Se toraxila : ; : ; ; : : : . OLD Se toreaks : : : ; 3 Sar ; 5 AVY) Se tOVOrDIt : : 5 5 : : ; : . 004 Width of head posteriorly . . : : : 6 5 5 WO Length of hindlimb... , : j : : ; 029 “ of hind foot . ene : : F : Q , O15 This species is nearer to the C. calcaratus than to the C. decodon, but differs from it in the more numerous ventral scales, keeled preanals, less numerous femoral pores, ete. From Moyabamba, Peru. 10. DIcRODON CALLISCELIS, Cope, sp. nov. The inner cusp of each tooth smaller than the outer. Nostril in the internasal plate close to the posterior and inferior suture. Scales of the belly large, trans- verse, smooth, in eight rows; those of the back commencing as granulations on the interscapular region, and gradually increasing in size until they are similar in size to the large ones which cover the tail in whorls. Like the latter they are keeled, the keels forming continuous lines. There are thirteen series at the groin, and eighteen one-third the length behind the axille. Nuchal scales and those of the sides of the neck and body granular. Posterior face of humerus, postero- superior faces of cubitus, superior and posterior faces of femur, and superior face of tibia granular; other faces of limbs scutate. Femoral pores eighteen on each side. Anal scuta in three longitudinal series of alternating rhombic plates. Mar- gin of neck fold granular ; its middle with five transverse rows of unequal trans- verse scales. Internasals and prefrontals in extensive contact; the frontonasal hexagonal, longer than broad. Frontal narrow behind, angulate in front, divided transversely by a suture at the penultimate supraorbital scute. Frontoparietals very small, 164 _ ON THE REPTILIA OF PERU. separated by the small interparietal which is in contact with the frontal. Two small suboval parietals on each side, and ten or twelve large scales surrounding them behind. Loreal elongate; labials 5-5. Four supraorbitals, the last two separated from the frontal by granules. Six large infralabials, the last three smaller and separated by two plates from the labials; the anterior pair in contact. Gular scales small, smooth, a wide band of smaller scales separating them from those of the collar. M. Total length : : : : : : : : ° . 3843 Length to vent . : : ; : : : - .099 “ to axilla : a, : : : ; : : . 040 ms tovear 4 : : j ; : ; : : 5 022 cet OROROIt ane ; : : : : : : -) O11 Width of head behind y : : ; ; : ‘ . O14 Length of hindlimb . ‘ : : . 073 “of hind foot . ; , : ; : : ae Oa Color olive above, becoming yellow posteriorly and on the tail; below yellowish- olive. A dark line bounding the dorsal scales on the side, and a row of small blackish spots along the middle of the granular lateral band. Femur yellow behind, with two parallel black bands. Tail with light bluish spots on the sides. Head, back, and belly unicolor. This fine and very distinct species was brought by Prof. Orton from Pacasmayo, on the Pacific coast of northern Peru. 11. CNEMIDOPHORUS LEMNIScATUS, Daudin. Duméril, Bibron, V. p. 128. From the Marafion and the Amazonas at Santarem. 12. CNEMIDOPHORUS ARMATULUS, Sp. Nov. Tongue not furcate behind, but not received into a sheath as in Amuiva. | Abdominal scales smooth in eight longitudinal rows; preanal scuta in three rows of two each, followed by two small round scuta in longitudinal line, surrounded by small scales except in front. On each side of these a group of five spur-shaped scales, with projecting acute apices, in two rows, of which the posterior includes three. Gular fold bordered with small scales, which are preceded by two cross- rows of large scutella. Gular region with a few median scutella of the same size which graduate into those surrounding. Head rather elongate, frontal not divided ; frontoparietals distinct, longer than wide. Three supraorbitals, the anterior partly isolated. Parietals and inter- parietals each longer than wide, surrounded on the sides and behind by one series ON THE REPTILIA OF PERU. 165 of flat scales much larger than those of the nape. The latter, with those of the back and sides, subequal, flat, subhexagonal, and of small size. Scuta of front and back of humerus continuous with each other, and nearly so with those of cubitus, which form two rows, the posterior very wide. Femoral pores twelve. The fore foot reaches the nostril; the posterior, the middle of the tympanum. Color bright olive-green, with yellow muzzle, and a pale dorsal band. There are three pale lines on the side, from the orbit, ear, and axilla respectively, of which the middle one is interrupted and separated from the superior by an irregular black band. Below white, sides blue. Length from end of muzzle to vent, m. 048. From the valley of Jequetepeque, Peru. This species resembles the Amiva hedracantha, Boc., Miss. Scient. Mexique, p. 263, in its preanal spines and other respects. According to M. Bocourt that spe- cies has but one frontoparietal shield, which is of unusually short proportions, thus resembling the genus Verticaria, Cope. It also differs from the C. armatulus in the presence of two preoculars (one in C. armatulus), and in having a single large median preanal plate. 13. AMIVA SURINAMENSIS, Gray, Dum. Bibr. Erp. Gen., V. p. 100. Rioja and Nauta, Peru; Marajion, and Santarem. IGUANIA. 14. ScyroMYCTERUS L&VIS, Cope, gen. et sp. nov. Anolidarum. Char. Gen.—General structure as in Anolis, the posterior teeth with three cusps, the median larger. Rostral plate produced into a flexible appendage. This form approaches nearest to the Anolis gracilis, in which the end of the muzzle is slightly protuberant, but is not prolonged into a process. ‘This species has been erected into a genus by Dr. Gray under the name of Rhinosaurus, with- out, as it appears to me, sufficient reason. The name is also preoccupied. Char. Specif.—Scales of the body smooth, of nearly equal size; those of the tail larger, the median superior series not different from the others. Scales of the head large and smooth, only three rows between those of the canthus rostralis at the middle. ‘The latter are unusually wide, and the median row larger than those on-each side of it. The latter are continued posteriorly into the superciliary rows, which are large, and in contact along the entire middle line. ‘The middle row of the muzzle is replaced by two rows in the shallow frontal concavity. There are four rows between the nostrils. The occipital is large, in contact with superciliary shields in front, and with flat scales behind. One row of loreal scales, 42 166 ON THE REPTILIA OF PERU. except at the orbit, where there are two. Postocular and temporal scales equal to or larger than the dorsal. A series of large infralabials in contact with the labials throughout. Auricle half the size of the eye-slit. The legs are short; the fore foot only reaching to the front of the orbit, and the hind limb falling considerably short of the axilla. Toe expansions rather narrow. Lateral occipital crests prominent. ; Color above dark gray, below pigmented white (in spirits). The two colors are abruptly defined between the orbit and the scapula, and there are brown spots behind the axilla. ‘Tail distantly annulate. M. Total length : : " ; : : ; 5 ; - 39 Length to vent . : : : : 6 : : : 5 GO) ‘ey tovaxalla : ‘ : : : : d : OZ ‘© to meatus ¢ . ; : ; : ; : OLY SO) OMOME ; : : 3 : 2 : : 5 AOD Width of head behind : : : : : : : 009 Length of fore limb . : : : : : : 5 AUIS Oe eiocl. G2 ‘ : i ‘ : : : a ODT hor himd toot a A ; : ; 2 : vate tae 2 SOE WOG Width of head behind ; : : : , : . .008 Length of hind limb . : é : : . : : OAS (wot Ming toot me 4 : : ‘ : ; : 5 alls) One female specimen from Nauta. 19. ANOLIS BOMBIOEPS, Cope, sp. nov. Abdominal scales keeled; dorsals much smaller, smooth, and a little larger than the almost granular laterals. ‘Tail subround, with equal scales. The head ON THE REPTILIA OF PERU. 169 is short, wide, and convex above, with very large orbits. Its length to ear is less than that of the tibia, and the length of the muzzle less than the width at the front of the orbits. Occipital scute subround, larger than tympanum, surrounded by numerous smaller smooth scales. Superciliaries separated by two rows of small scuta, Rugze distinct, low, inclosing a concavity containing smaller scales than the rugal, in four longitudinal rows. Ten rows crossed by a section of the muzzle at the middle. Supraorbitals seventeen or eighteen, smooth or nearly so. Loreals six rows ; infralabials scarcely distinct, keeled. Meatus round, equal half diameter of eye-slit. Fan small. The hind limb reaches beyond the front of the orbit, and the fore limb to-beyond the end of the muzzle. M. Total length 5 d 5 5 : : . : 3 . .1300 Length to vent . : 5 . . j : . . 0460 ee topaxdllar: : - . : , . .0230 [ee COL Ca Ln. 5 : : : : : : 3 . .0118 ‘to orbit. ; ‘ ; : ‘ : : . .0040 Width of head at jaws ent ‘ : : . .0065 Length of hind limb . : : ; ; 5 : . .0400 on mind tootes- : : . : ‘ : . 0170 General color bright olive, shaded with brown above. A dark band from ear to shoulder, and vertical blackish bars on the sides. Fan dark Yindigo. A longi- tudinal black band on the former behind. A white spot on each side of the lower jaw in three specimens. Four specimens from Nauta. This species is near the A. trachydermus and A. lemurinus, Cope. From the former, the very different form of head, the distinct rugal scales of the front, inclosing larger and smoother scales, with the small smooth dorsal scales distinguish it. ‘Lhe A. lemurinus resembles it in form, but has larger dorsal scales. 20. Norops DUODECIMSTRIATUS, Berthold; N. macrodactylus, Hallow. Two specimens from Santarem, Brazil. 21. IGUANA TUBERCULATA, Laur. 92. ENYALIUS LATICEPS, Guichenot in Castlenau’s Anim. Nouv. ou rare Amer. Sud, pl. 23. ENYALIUS COERULESCENS, Cope, sp. nov. A dentellated nuchal crest, a vertebral band of linear scales; no caudal crest ; all subround in section. Head wide, the muzzle parabolic, its entire surface includ- ing the supraorbital region covered with equal, acutely tubercular scales. Three 43 170 ON THE REPTILIA OF PERU. rows intervene between the superciliary rows ; occipital scarcely distinct. Nostril pierced in a small round shield; nearer orbit than end of muzzle. Loreal region very short, with ten scales on a vertical line. Supraocular scales eighteen, counting to nostril. Labials 11-11, a short series of distinct, smooth infralabials. Auricu- lar opening large. Dorsal scales very small, keeled, in transverse rows; abdominal scales larger, in cross series, interrupted on the middle line, keeled. The hind leg and wrist extend to front of orbit. Color black, with numerous indistinct blue cross bands. Limbs, especially the forearm, and the sides of the neck, dark blue. Lower surfaces white, except throat and chin, which are blackish-blue. M. Total length : , : : : ; : . 185 Length to vent . : ‘ 5 . : : : OZ ee toraxallays ‘ : : : i 3 4 ; . 084 Se tOveara is E : : : 5 : : : . 018 BO Grote - : : : ; ; ; : ; . .006 Width at anterior angle of orbit .009; apparently allied to the E. brasiliensis, Lesson (Voyage Coquille Reptiles, Pl. L., fig. 3), but that species has a dorsal crest of erect scales. 24. HYPERANODON OCHROCOLLARIS, Spix, Dum. Bibr. Erpet. Gen., V. 25. HYPERANODON PELTIGERUS, Cope, sp. nov. Scales of belly, sides, and back of about equal size, the former keeled, those of sides and back without median keel, but with a strong mucro (the epidermis is lost). A crest of processes on the nape which extend on the back to its middle only as a row of keeled scales. ‘Top of head covered with large scales; the occi- pital broader than long, bounded behind by small scales and at the middle on each side by a small oval parietal. Three scales on the front between the canthus rostrales, the outer ones the front of the superciliary series, which are partially united between the orbits. Six scales across the front behind the nostrils. Supra- orbitals in a single row of four transverse scales, which are bounded by a series of small ones on the inner border, and from one to two rows on the outer margin. Rostral narrow, horizontal; four upper, five lower labials. Symphyseal deeper than wide, truncate behind; one anterior infralabial larger than the rest, smooth. Scales of the limbs smooth, except a few with obsolete keels on the upper side of the humerus and of the femur. Cervical dermal fold strong, extending to a point above the humerus. Tympanum large; nostril in a single plate, which is sepa- rated from the rostral and superior labial by a single row of scales. When the ON THE REPTILIA OF PERU. 171 limbs are extended, the wrist reaches nearly to the end of the muzzle, and the longer toe to the posterior border of the orbits. Color dark yellowish-brown above, light brown below. Nine dark cross bands on back between scapule and rump., A black spot in front of the scapula, with a pale shade above it. Head plates brown, with blue reflections. Tail annulate with brown. Total length : : 5 A : : 6 Sys Meecite Length to vent - ‘ 5 : : : : : : . dWis7 ee toraxalla 4 ; , : : : ; ; 5 Avas7/ CO OLbiter. : : : ‘ : : : : O08 Width of head behind 3 : ‘ : : ‘ , > Que Length of hind limb . : ; : 5 6 ; : , aor “< of hind foot . : ; ; ; : ; : 5 AUS This species differs materially from the last in its larger head-scuta, especially the supraorbitals, and smooth abdominal scales. 26. DoRYPHORUS FLAVIOEPS, Guichenot in Castlenau’s Voyage in Amér. Meridionale. 27. HypsIBATES AGAMOIDES, Wiegmann, Dum. Bibr. From Moyabamba, Peru. 28. MIcROLOPHUS HETEROLEPIS, Wiegmann; Tropidurus heterolepis, Wiegm. Nova Acta Caes. Leopold. Nat. Cur., xvii. p. 223, tab. 16. Scales granular, a series forming a low crest from the nape to the end of the tail. No femoral nor anal pores. Tail compressed. Head with a broad inter- ‘parietal shield, and large supraorbitals. Ear distinct; nostril above canthus rostralis. ‘Two prehumeral folds, which nearly meet in the middle. Abdominal scales much larger than the others, smooth, in transverse rows ; those of the tail of equal size, half keeled. Nine smooth scales in a line across the middle of the muzzle. Nostrils subvertical in one plate, which is separated from the rostral by one scale, from its mate and from the labials by two scales. Superciliary rows in contact; interparietal broader than long. Five transverse smooth supraorbital scuta bordered within by one, and without by two rows of small scales, with a few of intermediate size between them and the latter. One very long suborbital; eyelids fringed with narrowly conic scales. Four loreal rows. Labial scales 7—-7 to the coronoid elevation of the lower jaw, very narrow ; the rostral broad, angulate above. ‘Three large smooth infralabials separated from the inferior labials by small scales. Some weak dermal folds on the side of the 172 _ ON THE REPTILIA OF PERU. neck, and two similar to them along each side. A strong vertical fold in front of each shoulder. Total length (tail reproduced at end) . : : . 5 5 ote Length to vent . : OO) Adi ; : 5 ; ‘ -) ONO “ to axilla , : : ; : ; : : > OBZ “ to meatus of ear. ; ‘ ; é : , . O15 Width of head behind 3 : : ‘ : : 3 . O18 Length of hind limb . 5 : é : : : » Aah ‘rot lind toot. ‘ : : ‘ ; i : - 02K The ear is partially closed in front by a narrow flap of skin, which supports several flat, acuminate, dermal denticles, of which two are most prominent. The limbs are rather short, the fore limb reaching the end of the muzzle, the hind limb not quite reaching the ear. Color above light grayish-brown, with about eleven transverse series of small brown spots. Back also with distant yellow speckles; head light and dark brown speckled. Under surfaces yellowish-white, except the thoracic amfugular regions, which are black. 29. MICROLOPHUS INGUINALIS, sp. nov.; MJicrolophus lessonii, Var. Dum. Bibron, Hrp. Gen., iy. p. 341. Dorsal scales small, flat, a median larger row, scarcely elevated on the nape and tail, flat on the back. Two lateral folds from tympanum to groin; a prehu- meral fold nearly meeting its mate on the thorax ; a series of four or five denticu- lations in front of the ear. Parietal shield large, broader than long, ‘Two rows of frontals (superciliaries), which unite on top of the muzzle in a circular rosette of seven smooth shields inclosing a small one in the centre. Four rows of scales between the nasal plates. One row of large, and one or two rows of small loreal scales. Four or five rows of infralabials, the gulars abruptly distinguished from them, and considerably smaller. The end of the external digit of the fore limb reaches the end of the muzzle, and the longest hinder toe reaches the nostril. Length (tailentire) . : A : : . : 6 : 15