THE JOURNAL OFTHE ALABAMA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Qll . J68 V. 71 no. 4 Oct 2000 000 VOLUME 71 OCTOBER 2 NO. 4 Cover Photograph: Male (left) and female (right) Wolf Spider, Arctosa sanctaewsae. In the male the ends of the palpi are enlarged for the transfer of sperm into the female, the female lacks palpal swellings and has an enlarged abdomen. Photo Credit: R.L. Jenkins THE JOURNAL OF THE ALABAMA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE VOLUME 71 OCTOBER 2000 NO. 4 EDITOR: James T. Bradley, Department of Zoology and Wildlife Science, Auburn University, AL 36849 ARCHIVIST: T roy Best, Department of Zoology and Wildlife Science, Auburn University, AL 36849 EDITORIAL BOARD: Douglas Watson, Chairman, Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 Michael B. Moeller, Department of Chemistry, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35632 Prakash Sharma, Department of Physics, T uskegee University, T uskegee, AL 36088 ASSOCIATE EDITORS: William Osterhoff, Department of Criminal Justice, Auburn University at Montgomery, AL 36193 Lawrence C. Wit, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 Publication and Subscription Policies Submission of manuscripts: Submit all manuscripts and pertinent correspondence to the EDITOR. Each manuscript will receive two simultaneous reviews. For style details, follow instructions to Authors (see inside back cover). Reprints. Requests for reprints must be addressed to Authors. Subscriptions and Journal Exchanges: Address all Correspondence to the CHAIRMAN OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD ISSN 002-4112 BENEFACTORS OF THE JOURNAL OF THE ALABAMA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE The following have provided financial support to partially defray publication costs of the Journal. AUBURN UNIVERSITY BIRMINGHAM-SOUTHERN COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF MONTEVALLO AUBURN UNIVERSITY AT MONTGOMERY UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA TROY STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM JACKSONVILLE STATE UNIVERSITY SAMFORD UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA TUSKEGEE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF MOBILE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH ALABAMA Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science, Vol. 71, No. 4, October 2000. CONTENTS Articles Ecology of the Wolf Spider, Arctosa sanctaerosae (Araneae, Lycosidae), on Dauphin Island, Alabama Heather McNatt, Ronald L. Jenkins and W. Mike Howell . 151 Pteridophytes of Northeast Alabama and Adjacent Highlands I. Annotated Checklist and Key to Families Daniel D. Spaulding, R. David Whetstone and J. Mark Ballard .... 159 Pteridophytes of Northeast Alabama and Adjacent Highlands II. Equisetophyta and Lycopodiophyta Daniel D. Spaulding, J. Mark Ballard and R. David Whetstone .... 173 Feminization of Poverty in the Labor Force: 1980-1998 Janice E. Clifford Wittekind and Arthur S. Wilke . 193 Index . 214 Membership Roll . 224 Minutes of Executive Committee Meeting . 230 Errata JAAS 1 1 (3) 232 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from IMLS LG-70- 15-01 38- 15 https://archive.org/details/journalofalabama7142alab Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science, Vol. 71, No. 4, October 2000 ECOLOGY OF THE WOLF SPIDER, ARCTOSA SANCTAEROSAE (ARANEAE LYCOSIDAE), ON DAUPHIN ISLAND, ALABAMA Heather McNatt Department of Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294 Ronald L. Jenkins and W. Mike Howell Department of Biology Samford University Birmingham, AL 35229 ABSTRACT Arctosa sanctaerosae (Gertsch and Wallace, 1935) is a North American wolf spider that inhabits sandy beaches of the nonhem Gulf of Mexico. In 1983, Dondale and Redner reported that its range extended from the panhandle of Florida west to Mississippi. Dauphin Island a barrier island simated 8.9 km off the coast of Alabama, harbors an isolated population of these spiders. Arctosa sanctaerosae was surveyed at different beach locations on the island at various times throughout the year in a variety of climatic conditions in an effort to determine its ecology. This smdy concluded that A. sanctaerosae prefers beach areas with extensive dune systems and is most prevalent on the secondary dune of said systems. The stretch of beach on Dauphin Island that possesses dune areas with such a high degree of stmcture was situated on the gulf side between the Audubon Bird Sancmary and the Dauphin Island Sea Lab. INTRODUCTION Arctosa sanctaerosae, family Lycosidae, is a wolf spider. Defining characteristics of this family include an anterior row of four small eyes, a recurved posterior row of four larger eyes, and the presence of three claws on the last segment of the leg (Kaston, 1978; Jackman, 1997). Wolf spiders are typically nocturnal hunters and rarely make webs. Females are well- known for their habit of transporting egg sacs on their spinnerets (Jackman, 1997). A. sanctaerosae can easily be distinguished from other members of its family. It is off-white to orange and possesses a bluish, gray, or tan anterodorsal abdominal mark commonly referred to as the cardiac mark (Cover photo). Diagnostic characters of die species include the presence of a single, dorsal macrosetae on tibia I and three teeth on the promargin of the cheliceral fang furrow (Dondale and Redner, 1983). The holotype, allotyjj-e and paratypes of this species were 151 Wolf Spider Ecology all collected on Santa Rosa Island, Florida by H. K. Wallace in the spring of 1934 (Dondale and Redner, 1983). In 1935 Willis Gertsch and H. K. Wallace provided the original description for the spider. In 1996, invertebrate zoology students and their professors from Samford University spotted A. sanctaerosae while smdying nightlife on the beaches at the east end of Dauphin Island. This paper is the first description of A. sanctaerosae for the state of Alabama and is the product of an investigation of the ecology of this wolf spider. METHODS Arctosa sanctaerosae and other wolf spiders were observed on the gulf and Mississippi Sound beaches of Dauphin Island on March 19, April 17, September 11, and October 30-31, 1998 (Figure 1). Wolf spiders were located at night with the aid of Petzl Duo headlamps with incandescent and halogen bulbs. Due to a reflected bluish-green luminescence from the tapetum of their eyes, spiders as small as 3 mm could be spotted from a distance of 20 ft. Once located many of the specimens were photographed in situ at night with a Nikon N90S camera equipped with a 105 mm micro lens and a SB23 flash mounted to extend to the end of the lens. Our interest centered on the specific island habitat, locations, and requirements of A. sanctaerosae in comparison to those of other wolf spiders. Therefore, we counted individual wolf spiders of all species at different survey stations relative to dune location (up to tertiary dune) and vegetative cover. All counts were made along stretches of sand dune 30.48 m (100 ft) parallel to the shoreline, including the entire sand dune (approximately 30 horizontal ft). Weather conditions were noted on each survey occasion for each survey station. Figure 1. Map of Dauphin Island, Mobile County, Alabama and survey sites (1 to 9). The west end of the island, approximately 11 km, is not shown. 152 McNatt, et al. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA for a single criterion of classification with unequal replications. The single criterion of classification for the statistical analysis was the presence or absence of a particular spider in a certain location. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Survey Sites Based upon these observations of the beaches of Dauphin Island, the population of A. sanctaerosae varied considerably from one beach site to another. Of seven principal gulf beach sites surveyed, the dunes at the Audubon Sanctuary contained the greatest overall number of A. sanctaerosae. Combining all data without regard to weather conditions, specific dunes, or time of year, the beaches at the sanctuary contained a mean of 1 1 ^ 9 /I. sanctaerosae per 30.48 m of sand dune. The dunes immediately west of the DISL and at the public fishing pier also contained large populations, with means of 7 ^ 2 and 9 9 of A. sanctaerosae per 30.48 m of dune, respectively. These three sites had significantly (p _< 0.05) higher counts of A. sanctaerosae per 30.48 m of dune than the other localities given in Figure 2. Survey Sites (see map) Figure 2. Mean ±_ SEM. of Arctosa sanctaerosae counted per 30.48 meters of dune at seven different gulf beach locations on Dauphin Island, AL. EDISL: east of Dauphin Island Sea Lab, DISL: Dauphin Island Sea Lab, WDISL: west of DISL, Sanct: Audubon Bird Sanctuary, GolfCor; golf course. Pier: public fishing pier, W.Is.: west end of the island. Mean number of spiders counted that are represented by different letters (a, b, c) are significantly different (p 0.05). 153 Wolf Spicier Ecology Dune Locality and Vegetation A. sanctaerosae had a preference for the secondary dune of highly structured dune systems on the beaches of Dauphin Island. Regardless of all other variables (specific beach site, weather conditions, season of the year), there was a mean number of 12.9 ±_ 2.8 A. sanctaerosae per 30.48 m of dune on secondary dunes. This was significantly greater (p _< 0.05) than the mean number of spiders counted from 30.48 m of primary dunes (3. 1 0.9) and tertiary dunes (4.2 2.0) (Figure 3). The discovered burrows of A. sanctaerosae were located solely on the sandy areas of the gulf beaches and rarely covered by any vegetation. Likewise, individual specimens encountered were either in or near their burrow opening or motionless on a stark area of white sand (Figure 5). East Versus West Island The eastern half of Dauphin Island contains a maritime forest which extends from the Dauphin Island Sea Lab to the public fishing pier, except for the golf course. The most dense part of this forest occurs at the Audubon Bird Sanctuary. The west end of the island is 14- primary I I secondary 12.9 ± 2.8 ^ 12H o 0) c io¬ ns "(/) 8 0) ■D ■q. (A c 4- (0 0 6- 2- 0- [] tertiary 3.1 ± .9 p<.05 4.2 ± 2.0 2.8 ± .9 I 2.2 ± .5 1.1 ±.9 • A. sanctaerosae A. littoralis Species 10.214.9 6.6 1 1.4 4.611.5 Other Lycosids Figure 3. Mean ±_ SEM. of all counts of A. sanctaerosae, A. littoralis, and other species of wolf spiders per 30.48 meters of primary, secondary, or tertiary dunes(^raphed in that order). Other lycosids include Hogna carolinensis, Lycosa punctulata, Lycosa lenta, Lycosa baltimoriana, and Geolvcosa escambiensis . Significant difference is indicated between secondary dunes and primary or tertiary dunes for only A. sanctaerosae. 154 McNatt, et al. essentially a low-level sand bar covered by low scrub brush. Combining data on all dunes, the mean number of A. sanctaerosae counted east of the public fishing pier was 6.3 ± 1.5 spiders per 30.48 m of dune. This was significantly greater {p ^ 0.005) than the mean of 1. 1 0.2 per 30.48 m of dunes west of the public fishing pier. More A. sanctaerosae reside on the eastern end of the island where a maritime forest predominates. Mississippi Sound Side of Dauphin Island The sound side of Dauphin Island has very few sand dunes; and the dunes there are covered with vegetation. Surveys of spider populations on the bay beaches (Figure 1, site 8) at the west end of the island and at the airport (Figure 1, site 9) revealed only populations of Arctosa littoralis and Hogna carolinensis . The meager beaches of the bay side of Dauphin Island are not favorable habitats for /I. sanctaerosae. Weather Conditions and Other Sources of Variation A. sanctaerosae populations were observed during spring and fall months and under varying weather conditions. The number of A. sanctaerosae encountered on the dunes on calm, warm evenings (Mar. 19 & Oct. 30-31, 1998) was as high as 24 spiders per 30.48 m. On the one rainy evening with temperatures below 10° C (Sept. 11, 1998), only one A. sanctaerosae was discovered from five sites (not all sites surveyed due to severity of weather). Of other interest is the effect Hurricane Georges (Sept. 29, 1998) had on counts of this spider. About a month after it made landfall, mean counts of A. sanctaerosae (secondary dune only) were as high as those for April (Figure 4). 25 20 0) CO (/) o 5 15 2 o c CO C/) 'o ^ 10 c CO H.S. Diploma 39.7% 34.4% 66.5% 84.8% 45.4% 43.3% 65.3% 68.8% Marital Status M. Spouse Pres. 34.8% 31.5% 82.7% 85.4% 38.4% 38.3% 69.9% 68.4% M. Spouse Absent 55.8% 53.8% 79.3% 74.8% 50.7% 50.3% 71.4% 72.3% Widowed/Divorced 60.1% 67.1% 79.2% 87.7% 53.9% 60.9% 74.0% 74.1% Never Married 42.6% 50.1% 49.7% 55.3% 41.3% 48.4% 53.7% 55.4% Race White 39.0% 37.3% 71.6% 85.1% 40.1% 42.4% 63.5% 69.0% Black 47.6% 45.0% 62.0% 78.5% 50.0% 51.6% 65.6% 66.1% Other 46.0% 42.3% 62.1% 77.3% 40.9% 47.2% 55.0% 65.0% 205 Feminization of Poverty have increased their labor force participation, unlike their white counterparts who experienced a decline. Gender, Marital Status and Employment: Distributions and Changes In the period from 1980 to 1998, several interrelated changes have occurred with respect to the labor force. First, most of the Baby Boom (those born 1946 to 1964) have passed from the youngest cohort under study (20 to 39 years of age in 1980) to the older cohort (40-59 years of age in 1998). Second, the economy has changed, especially in the technical area and in the requirements for credentials. Third, the household-family composition, reflected in marital status, has changed. To provide a snapshot of the changes in full and time employment by marital status by gender for the two age cohorts under study, 20 to 39 years of age and 40 to 59 years of age, marital status and full and part-time employment. Table 2 was constructed. Table 2 examines trends in female full and part-time employment in two age cohorts relative to men. This examination of the proportions of various types of workers in the total labor force provides a way to directly assess if the labor market is remaining dynamic, but fundamentally unchanged in its structure. There are some elements of a zero-sum game operating with some age and sex subcategories doing better as others do worse. Table 2 shows that between 1980 and 1998: 1. Full-time employment for males and females has decreased (85.5% to 78.8%). 2. Full-time employed males have declined relative to all workers (52.6% to 45.5%) while the proportion of full-time employed females is virtually unchanged (33.9% to 33.4%). 3. The younger cohort (20-39 years of age) of males and females who are married with spouses make up a significantly smaller proportion of all full-time employees (males: 21.1% to 13.4%; females: 11.2% to 8.3%) while in the older cohort (40-59) males have declined somewhat (17.1% to 15.3%) and females increased (7.8% to 15.3%). 4. Among the full-time employed, males and females 40-59 who are widowed or divorced showed about the same total percentage growth (males: 1.4% to 2.5%; females: 2.9% to 3.9%). 5. Never married females and males in both age cohorts show a small increase in their proportions to the overall number of full and part-time employed persons. 6. Of those married with spouse present, males have increased their proportion of workers who are working part-time (20-59: 1.3% to 3.7%). The same is true for females (20- 59: 7.0% to 8.2%). 7. Widowed and divorced as well as never-married persons with part-time jobs have also seen their proportion of all workers edge upward (widowed, divorced, never married- males: 2.0% to 3.5%; females 2.7% to 5.0%. Low Income or Deprived Workers In terms of labor force participation alone, the trend in the feminization of poverty thesis is not particularly conclusive. While there is a gender disparity in income, to look more critically at the contribution of jobs and labor force participation as enhancing or detracting from the feminization of poverty, those making less than $7.05 per hour in constant (1998) dollars were examined. In 1980, workers (both male and female) holding either a full-time or part-time job and who worked for deprivation income (less than $7.05 per hour) made up 14. 1 % of the 206 Wittekind and Wilke TABLE 2. Distribution of Labor Force by FuU-Time and Part-Time Participation, Marital Status, Age and Gender: 1980 and 1998 1980 72,343,350 1998 92,573.122 Full-Time Part-Time Full-Time Part-Time 068. 455|24, 529 96 / 2.457.774 7.287 154 42.091,388 30,887 443 6.^2.761 ^.741 53C Mantal Status Age Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Married, Spouse Present 20-39 21.1% 1 1 .2% 0.8% 4.0% 13.4% 8.3% 1.7% 3,9% 40-59 17.1% 7.8% 0.5% 3.0% 15.3% 9.5% 2.0% 4.3% Married, Spouse Absent/Separated 20-39 0.8% 1.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.8% 0.9% 0.1% 0.3% 40-59 0.5% 0.6% 0.0% 0.1% 0.7% 0.7% 0.1% 0.2% Widowed or Divorced 20-39 1.8% 2.7% 0.1% 0.4% 1.6% 1.9% 0.3% 0.6% 40-59 1.4% 2.9% 0.1% 0.5% 2.5% 3.9% 0.4% 1.1% Never Married 20-39 9.0% 6.7% 1.7% 1.7% 9.6% 6.8% 2.5% 2.9% 40-59 0.9% 0.9% 0.1% 0.1% 1 .6% 1.5% 0.3% 0.4% 52.6% 33.9% 3.4% 10.1% 45.5% 33.4% 7.4% 13.8% Total Full Time 1980 86.5% Total Part Time 1980 13.5% Total Full Time 1998 78.8% Total Part Time 1998 21.2% 207 Feminization of Poverty full and part-time employed persons (n = 72,343,350). By 1998, these ranks increased to 17.7% of the employed (n = 92,573,122). Table 3 examines 20 to 39 year old males and females for the years 1980 and 1998. The proportion of full-time deprived workers during this time remained stable at about 64 %. Of the full-time workers, males grew from 24.2 % of deprived workers to 31.2% of all full-time workers (see Table 3), with the greatest increase seen in the ranks of the non-married. The female decline was primarily found in the ranks of full-time workers who were married with their spouses present. The part-time deprived workers also remained relatively stable at 36%. Of the part-time workers, males grew from 9.6% of the deprived workers in 1980 to 11.8% in 1998. Table 4 dealing with deprived workers 40 to 59 shows that the proportion of full-time workers increased from 49.7% in 1980 to 66.2% in 1998. Of the full-time workers males increased their proportion of all workers in the deprived category from 13.9% to 25.8% while females increase was more modest, from 35.8% to 40.4%. Among part-time deprived workers, males experienced a slight up turn (4.8% to 6.6%) while females experienced a major decline (45.5% to 27.2%). While the gender disparity remains, the shift away from part-time work along with the growing proportion of males, especially those working full-time, suggests now complementing the female disadvantage is a masculinization of poverty. Males 40 to 59 who are married with a spouse present and working full-time increased their proportion of deprived workers from 9.7% to 16.0%. They also experienced increases in all other subcategories of marital status. Females also showed increases in each subcategory. In the part-time subcategories, males increased their proportions in all but the married, spouse absent subcategory while females saw an increase in all marital subcategories, except widowed or divorce and married-spouse present, major declines in the never-married subcategory and married, spouse-absent subcategory. Table 5 examines the distribution of deprived workers among each of the sex, age, marital status subcategories. It shows that of all full-time workers, married males with spouse present and low income make up a growing proportion of the category. More dramatically, they make up a larger portion of all those who are married and the spouse is absent. Deprived working females who work full-time show a slight downward trend in their proportion to full-time female workers. Part-time working males show increases in the proportion of age-marital subcategories except 40-59 year olds with spouse absent and never-married persons 20-59 years of age. Female part-time workers who earn deprivation incomes have witnessed declines in every age-marital status subcategory. DISCUSSION In summary, this study looked at the conditions of labor force participation and pay for the U.S. population based on gender and marital status. The aim was to see if labor force and labor force participation trends are illuminated have bearing on the feminization of poverty thesis. While attention on the feminization of poverty thesis has focused, appropriately, on the household as the unit of analysis, we also looked at labor force participation and income. While many in our study, including those with subpar incomes. 208 Wittekind and Wilke TABLE 3. Distribution of Full-Time and Part-Time Deprived Workers By Marital Status Aged 20-39: 1980 and 1998 Workers Workers Marital Status Full-Time Part-Time 980 1998 1980 1998 Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Married, Spouse Present 9.6% 19.2% 10.7% 12.8% 1.7% 14.6% 2.1% 9.3% Married, Spouse Absent 0.8% 2.3% 1.7% 2.1% 0.2% 1.1% 0.4% 1.4% Widowed or Divorced 1.2% 4.3% 1.5% 3.2% 0.2% 2.0% 0.4% 1.8% Never Married 12.6% 13.4% 17.3% 14.3% 7.5% 9.2% 8.9% 12.0% Total 24.2% 39.2% 31.2% 32.5% 9.6% 27.0% 11.8% 24.5% Total 1980 (7,633,212) Total FT; 63.5% Total PT: 36.5% Total 1998 (10.488.986) Total FT: 63.7% Total PT; 36.3% TABLE 4. Distribution of Full-Time and Part-Time Deprived Workers by Marital Status Aged 40-59:1980 and 1998 Marital Status Full-Time Workers Part-Time Workers 1980 1998 1980 1998 Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Married, Spouse Present 9.7% 22.8% 16.0% 23.4% 1.7% 19.4% 3.7% 18.5% Married, Spouse Absent 0.8% 2.5% 2.1% 3.0% 2.0% 7.2% 0.3% 1.6% Widowed or Divorced 1.6% 8.3% 4.0% 10.3% 0.4% 3.4% 1.2% 5.3% Never Married 1.8% 2.2% 3.8% 3.7% 0.7% 15.6% 1.3% 1.9% Total 13.9% 35.8% 25.8% 40.4% 4.8% 45.5% 6.6% 27.2% Total 1980 (2,547,589) Total FT: 49.7 Total F ’T: 50.3 Total 1998 (7,226.994) Total FT; 66.2% Total PT: 33.8% 209 Feminization of Poverty can be found in multiple income households, as early trends have indicated, the contribution of additional income is now showing up in married couple families with children under 18 (see Figure 3). Our data suggest that labor force participation has witnessed changes in the older age cohort, 40 to 59 years of age. Figure 3 shows that males seem to be stagnating or witnessing some declines in income while females, still lagging behind in overall pay seem to be very slowly improving. From these data, we see that the overall number of females in the labor force have increased over the past two decades. This paints a picture of expanding oppormnities for women in paid labor, however these are mitigated by the structure of the work. These results show a dramatic shift in the structure of the labor force such that women regardless of age are faced with the difficulty of entering or retaining full-time employment. The default option is availability of part-time participation in the labor force. These jobs are typically low pay positions with little oppormnity for advancement. Given the nature of the labor market and household composition, it does not appear that efforts to promote more labor market activity, especially under conditions of capped incomes, will substantially reduce the economic pressures on young families and on a growing portion of the nation’s labor force. TABLE 5. Low Paid Workers by Sex as a Proportion of Workers in Each Marital Subcategory; 1980-1998 Marital Status Full-Time Workers Part-Time Workers 1980 1998 1980 1998 Age Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Married, 20-39 3.1% 6.3% 5.6% 6.7% 3.6% 33.3% 4.3% 18.9% Spouse Present 40-59 2.4% 5.7% 3.7% 5.3% 3.0% 34.7% 3.4% 16.8% Married, 20-39 4.6% 12.9% 11.2% 14.3% 6.3% 41.3% 9.8% 32.7% Spouse Absent 40-59 4.8% 14.2% 8.1% 11.9% 12.8% 41 .6% 5.5% 26.1% Widowed or 20-39 2.9% 10.2% 4.8% 10.6% 4.8% 39.1% 5.1% 24.4% Divorced 40-59 2.3% 1 1 .9% 3.5% 9.2% 4.3% 48.7% 4.8% 20.2% Never Married 20-39 8.5% 9.0% 11.9% 9.9% 23.7% 29.2% 18.6% 25.0% 40-59 6.2% 7.7% 7.1% 7.0% 23.3% 28.9% 11.3% 15.9% 210 Wittekind and Wilke The current situation is one where females participate at much higher rates, but only in a part-time status, a situation that also confronts males. The availability of full-time employment has declined, especially for females ages 20-39. At first glance, we suspect that the labor market is a good way for females to avoid the drudgery of economic instability. We now come to realize that the mechanism supposed to assist females avoid or pull out of economic ruin is the exact driving force precipitating it. If the labor market was expanding and offering more opportunities for women then ideally there would be a reduction in the number of female-headed households living in deprived economic conditions. However, examining trends in mother-only families living in poverty show this relationship does not hold true. Given the expansion of jobs in the labor market, why then do poverty rates continue to rise? The implication is clear. It is the change in structure of the labor market that has perpetuated the feminization of poverty and inflicted negative consequences on persons living in these economically deprived conditions. These findings are suggestive in linking economic stability to factors beyond family structure. 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Zopf, P. Jr. 1989. American Women in Poverty. New York: Greenwood Press. 213 Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science, Vol. 71, No. 4, October 2000. INDEX ABC Costing Systems in Service Industries . Academic Misconduct: A Study of Discarded Cheat Sheets . Accounting, Motivating Introductory Accounting Students to Major in . . Accounting Theory . Adcock, Marvin . Advincula, Rigoberto . Aerobic Fitness Prediction Methods . Aggarwal, M.D . Aids Discrimination in Health Care and Employment . Al-Gasseer, Naeema . Al-Hamdani, Safaa H . Alabama Redbelly Turtle, Diet of . Alexander, Paulette S . Alexander, James G . Alexander, Janet G . Allison, David T . Amsler, Charles D . Anantharaman, Sekhar . Angus, R.A . Arnold, Steven E . Aromatase and Steroidogenic Factor-1 in a Reptile . Atkinson, Bruce W . Atrial Myxoma: The Clinical Spectrum . Azobenzene Dyes in Polymer Ultrathin Films . Bachman’s Sparrow {Aimophila aestivates) Breeding Habitat, Geographic Study of Vegetation Structure . Balbiani Bodies in Cricket Oocytes . Baldwin, Mary Sue . Ballard, J. Mark . Balloon Angioplasty, Gender Differences in Health-related Quality of Life Banks, Bonnie . Barks, Berrien . Bartolucci, A . BeJ, Asim K . Belyi, Sergey . Beowulf Cluster Applications of Java/CORBA . Bezoari, Massimo D . Bhat, K . . 37 . 46 . 34 . 35 . . . . 32,36 , . . . 23,26 . 53 . 31 . 42 . 48 . 5 . 18 . . 33,34,38 . . 33,34,38 . 89 . 27 , . . . 8,14 , . . . 35,36 , . 12,14,15 . 22 . 5 . 30 . 48 . 26 . 120 . 12 . 89 . 159,173 . 52 . 37 .... V. 38 . 46 11,13,17,21 . 30 . 62 . . . 41,42 . 31 214 Index Biodiversity of the Freshwater Turtle Community in the Weeks Bay Watershed . 9 Black Population in Alabama: 1980-1990, Economic Status of . 38 Bowen, William R . 41 Bradford, Ivy D . 25 Bradley, James T . 12,40,130 Brouillette, Christie G . 24 Brown Alga Hincksia irregularis, Surface Hydrophobicity and Light on Spore Settlement . 8 Bryant, Barrett R . 62 Buckner, Ellen B . 50 Burdett, John . 56 Burt, Carol . 58 Camp Counselors, Survey of Female . 50 Campbell, P.S . 10 Carter, Jacqueline . 20 Casciano, D.A . 19 Casey, Saundra L . 45,46 Chasens, Eileen R . 47 Chlorophyll Concentration, Plants’ Spectral Properties . 5 Cline, George R . 20 Cognitive Behavior, Multilevel Interleaved Serial Order . 63 Cold Tolerance Response in Vibrio vulnificus . 11 Cold-Tolerance in Pseudomonas flourescens 30-3 in Antarctica . 21 Collaborative Interpreting System Design and Development . 61 Collier, Lydell . 13 Color Vision Sensitivity in Primates and Goldfish . 17 COM and CORBA Interoperability . 64 Component Architecture for E-Business . 58 Component Architecture, Securing . 58 Credit Cards and College Students . 36 Croll, George A . I Cryptobiosis: Tardigrada, Biology of . 8 Cultural Adaptations in Southern Costa Rica: Cabecars and Settlers Compared . 66 Cunningham, Adele W . 2 Cunningham, David . 18 Cyrus, Wendy K . 48 Data Mining with the Intelligent Miner . 63 Dating Violence . 47 Davison, Paul G . 3 De Vail, Wilbur B . 28 Deferred Taxes . 35 215 Index DeLucas, Lawrence J . 24 Denton, Tom E . 51 Depressed and Non-Depressed Family Caregivers of Stroke Survivors . 46 Diamond, Alvin R . 2,4 Digital Regional Geologic Map of the Northern Alabama Piedmont Constructed with GIS . 27 Distributed-Object Systems, Experiences in Building . 57 Domon, O.E . 19 Donaldson, Steve . 63 Duvall, Melody G . 7 E-Commerce . 34 Eastern Mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki Effects of Paper Mill Effluent on . 15 Elliott, Timothy R . 46 Embryonic Chick Organ Culture, Effects of Selective Cholinergic Agents on Digestive Enzyme Release from . 13 Estridge, B . 12 Evans, David . 17 Evolution of Adoption: A Preliminary H.R.A.F. Survey . 65 Exercise Protocol to Recondition the Pelvic Floor Musculature . 49 Falany, M . 12 Family Practice Center, Impaired Fasting Glucose in . 55 Fan, Xiaowu . 23 Female Juvenile Delinquency, Influences of Sexual Abuse on . 44 Feminization of Poverty in the Labor Force: 1980-1998 . 45,193 Fiddler Crabs, Lekking in . 1 Fisher, A . 27 Fisher, Gerald P . 44 Fournier, Eric J . 110 Free Product Recovery . 26 G-Protein in Y-Organs of the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus . 6 Gabre, Beminet . 21 Gabre, Helen . 34 Gabre, Teshome . 38 Garrison, Mark B . 65,66 Gattwood, M . 27 Ge, Shanyou . 63 Gebremikael, Fesseha . '.33 Geis, Alyssa A . 11 Gender Inequality in the South Central U.S: 1980-1998 . 44 George, Joseph . 40 Germany-Decker, Julie M . 54 Ghost Crab Burrow Diameter . 20 216 Index Giger, Joyce Newman . Gilbert, Jonathan . 20 GIS: Documenting Physical Growth and Campus History . 59 Glotfelty, Henry . 29 Goudreau, Kelly A . 52 Grant, Joan S . ^ Green, Kimberly . 10 Greer, Stephen P . 8 Gresham, C . 53 Guillain Barre Syndrome, Profound Hypokalemia Presenting as . 49 Guo, Liang . 62 Guthrie, Joseph C . 15 Hacimusular Site, Site Structure and Faunal Remains Recovered from . 66 Haggerty, Thomas M . 120 Hailey, William A . 37 Halbrooks, Elizabeth A . 44 Hall, James A . 2 Halophilic Bacterium Isolated from an Inland Salt Spring, Effect of Glycation Reversal Agents on Glucose Toxicity in . 16 Hammer, Hugh S . , . 3 Han, Deug Woo . 6 Hargrave, Alan D . 31 Hawksbill Sea Turtles, Sexing Technique for Juvenile . 11 Hays, M. Peggy . 51 Haywick, D . 27 Hefelfinger D . 53 Hepatitis C, Update . 55 Hobson, Cheri TaShan . 59 Holley, Paul J . 35 Hooper IV, Archie . 16 Howell, W. Mike . 151 Howell, William M . 15 Hu, Bei . 61 Hudiburg, Richard A . 43 Human Remains from a Late Roman/Early Byzantine Church at Hacimusular, Turkey . 65 Human Odyssey Program at Auburn University . 40 Hurley, Molly J . 43 Hutto, Bryan . 22 Hyatt, Robert M . 62 Imam, Mohammad R . 25 Internet; Revision of the Computer Hassles . 43 Jackson, Patricia . 24 217 Index Jain, Rohit . 34,37 Java, Language to Platform . 56 Java™ 2 Enterprise Edition Architecture, Client/Server Computing in . 60 JAVA™, Graphics Programming in . 64 Jeffrey, Mark . 65 Jenkins, Ronald, L . 15,151 Jini™, Is It the Distributed Computing Panacea? . 56 Johnson, Adriele D . 13,39 Johnson, J.U . 13 Johnson, Vicki Y . 49 Johnstone, J.K . * . 59 Jones, Shiloh . 9 Jones, T. Morris . 35 Jones, Warren T . 61 Kaufman, Greer . 11 Keller, George . 100 Kennedy, Paul W . 18 King, Cheryl A . 10 Kloc, M . 12 Kowalski, Gregory S . 44 L-Arginine Tetrafluoroborate Crystals, Bulk Crystal Growth of Nonlinear Optical . 31 Laboratory Exercise in Biology, Informed Decision Making . 41 Lai, R.B . 31 Lanthanum Zinc Double Nitrate, Wavelunctions of a Water Molecule in . 29 "The Law" as a Basis for Teaching Planning Theory and Practice . 29 Lawrence, John M . 2,3 Lawrence, Addison L . 3 Lawton, Erica R . 24 Learning Styles in an Adult Arena . 45 Lee, Yi-Chien . 24 Lefkowitz, Elliot J . 61 Leitner, Carol A . 6 Lietner, Carol A . 62 Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Nesting of on Dauphin Island . 16 Long-term Health Care and Financial Security . 35 Loop, Michael S . 17 Louise Kreher Forest Ecology Preserve . 28 Ludwick, Adriane G . 25 Lumpkin, Sam . 58 Mair, G.C . 7 Management Accounting Systems Used in Huntsville Firms . 37 Mateescu, Madalina C . 17 218 Index Mathematica Uses in Introductory Physics Courses . 31 Matheny, Charles A . 7 McAllister, William K . 29 McClintock, James B . 1 2 3 4 14 McDaniel, Gretchen . 89 McGarrity, L.J . I9 McLaughlin, Ellen W . . McNatt, Heather . 15 151 Meade, Mark E . 7 15 Medical Imaging Applications, Internet-based . 59 Meleth, A.D . 12 Menon, Govind K . . Miller, Donna H . 9 Miller, Harvey A . 9 Minority Programs for Science, Engineering and Mathematics Students . 39 Mishkoff, Matthew C . 54 Mobile Agent Computation Model . 57 Moeller, M.B . 23 Montgomery, Marion . I73 Moody, Kelley . 13q Moore, James . 59 Morgan, S . . Morris, S.M . I9 Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. Age as a Variable in the Induced Masculinization of Mosses Female . 12 Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. Effects of Masculinization on the Reproductive Fitness of Female . 14 Mosses and Liverworts, Black Belt . 9 Muccio, Donald . 24 Mullins, Dail W., Jr . 39 Murdock, Chris . 5 Muscle Shoals District, Illegal Chemical Activities in . 22 Myer, T. Joshua . 15 Myers, Michael L . 13 NaAD Bound to NAD-Synthetase, Conformation Determined by Transferred Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy . 24 NAD Synthetase, Natural Product Inhibition Studies with . 24 Nelson, David H . 9 16 18 "New Economy." . ’33 NSF Instrumentation Grants, Undergraduate Chemistry Curriculum . 41 Nurses and Midwives in Decreasing Maternal Mortality, Is There a Role for? . 48 Nursing Student, Self-regulated Learning in . 52 219 Index O’Donnell, Daniel J . 26 Oboe, Engineering the Voice of with Acoustical Principles . 62 Odeispie, Ebenezer . 21 Ohene-Nyako, Eric . 37 On Time Invariant Systems . 30 Opportunistic Pathogen, Effect of Serum on Growth of . 13 Orthopoxvirus Genetic and Bioinformatics Database . 61 Ortloff, Victor C . 42,46 Owens, C . 31 Ozgen, Ilknur . 65 p-Dimethylaminocinnamic Acid, UV-Visible Spectrosopy of . 22 p-N,N-Dimethylaminocirmamic Acid, Structure and Properties of . 22 Pair, Tyler . 36 Panicker, Gitika . 21 Park, Mi-kyoung . 26 Payne, Jonathon . 46 Phenolic Resins: Structure Property Relationships . .• • • • 25 Pieroni, R.E . 48,53,54,55 Pike County Pocosin, Survey of the Fall and Winter Vascular Flora . 2 Pillion, Dennis J . 47 Police/Citizen Dyads, Expectations and Outcomes of . 44 Polymer/Clay Nonocomposite Multilayers . 23 Polymethylsilane to Polycarbosilane, Thermal and Photochemical Conversion of . 25 Polytropic HIV-1, Disease Progression Following Acute Infection by . 54 Postoperative Pain, Effect of Relaxation on . 50 Poverty Amid Affluence in Alabama . 33 Poverty in the Labor Force: 1980-1998, Feminization of . 45 Pressure Ulcers . 54 Problem-Based Learning, Authentic Assessment . 89 Problem-Based Learning Environment, Coping with Course Content Demands . 110 Problem-Based Learning in a Scientific Methods Course for Non-Science Majors ... 100 Programmed Cell Death: Toxicity of the Therapeutic Imidates . 19 Prostate Enlargement, Saw Palmetto Phytotherapy . 10 Pteridophytes of Northeast Alabama and Adjacent Highlands, I. Annotated Checklist and Key to Families . 159 Pteridophytes of Northeast Alabama and Adjacent Highlands, II. Equisetophyta and Lycopodiophyta . 173 Pullen, Robert . 46 Pybus, Brandon S . 24 Pyrlik, Mike . 22 Radula (Hepaticae), New Species in . 3 Rahimian, Eric . 32,33.36 220 Index Raje, Rajeev R . 5-7 Rayburn, James . 20 Reed, Linda F . 52 Reef Study Tank, Comparison of Par and UV Light Transmission . 6 Regan, Gerald T . Iq Richardson, E . 53 Richardson, Mark T . 53 Rickardson, V.B . I9 Roberts, Bryce L . 52 Roberts, Keith L . 5 Rodriguez, Jose G . 7 Romano, Frank A . 8 20 41 Rowell, C.B . ’ ’7 Roy, Jane L.P . 53 Runquist, Jeanette . 65 66 Rush, Melinda E . 47 Saddle Embolism in a Young Diabetic . 53 Salter, Donald W . j5 Sauterer, Roger . 20 School Children vs. Prisoners: The Battle for Public Funding . 32 Schwarzschild Solution, Conformal Fluctuations of the Interior . 32 Scoliosis; Heredity or Environment? . 5I Sea Star Pisaster ochraceus. Effects of Temperature and Food Level on the Incidence of Cloning . 4 Sea Star Regeneration, Novel Genes Expressed During Larval . 14 Sea Urchin, Effects of Dietary Protein on Gonads . 3 Sea Urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. Early Life History Strategies . 2 SETI; Teaching Science with a Single Equation . 39 Sewastynowicz, James . . Sex Differentiation and Gonadal Maturation in Tilapia Estrogen . 7 Shah, A . 4g Shaw, George M . 54 Sheridan, Richard C . 22 Shift Report Interaction Behaviors . 51 Shim, Hi Shin . j3q Shortwave Ultraviolet Radiation, Sunscreens in Protecting Snail Embryos from . 19 Simmons, Carolyn . 42 Sleep Disturbances, Nocturia and Diabetes in African-American Community Dwelling Older Adults . 47 Smith, Myra A . 5q Software Parallel Aixhitecture in Open Networking Environment . 60 Software Quality, Teaching the Need for . 37 221 Index Sparkman, Paul . 9 Spaulding, Daniel D . 159,173 Speegle, Heath F . 65,66 Spinner Dolphin, Sella Turcica of . 10 Spotted Salamander Ambystoma maculatum, Genetic Diversity . 7 Sprague, Michael L . 54 Srinivas, Raghavan N . 56 Stanko, J.P . 14 Student Learning in a Middle School Science Class, Can Technology Enhance? . 40 Subdivision Surfaces . 59 Tao, Tao . 57 Tax Compliance Issues for Telephone Cooperatives . 36 Terrapene Carolina, Sexual Dimorphism . 20 Tew, Kyla E . 66 Tilapia, Polymorphic Enzyme Systems Among . 15 Tilapia in Rural Farm Ponds, Cage Culture of . 18 Titanium Surfaces . 21 Turner, William M . 18 Umlauf, Mary G . 47 Undergraduate Project for Science Laboratory, Using GCMS to Analyze Wine . 42 van Amerongen, Krista K . 9 Vibrio cholerae 01, Response and Tolerance to Cold Temperatures . 17 Vickery, Michael C.L . 14 Vickery, Minako S . 2,4,14 Violence in Northern Ireland, Children and . 43 Vitellogenesis in the Cricket . 120 Wallace, Brenda D . 2 Wang, Xin . 58 Wang, W.S . 31 Wang, Yibing . 60 Warea in Alabama . 4 Watson, R. Douglas . 6 Watts, Stephen A . 2,3,7,18 Weak Acid Titration Experiments by Stochastic Modeling . 23 Web Application Design . 58 Wedgewoith, S . 55 Week Bay Baldwin County, Sedimentation Record Within . 27 Weimer, Jeffery . 21 Welfare Continuum . 38 Whetstone, R. David . 159,173 Wibbels, Thane . 5,11 222 Index Wilke, Arthur S . Williams, Bonita F . Wilson, Constance J . Wilson, Elizabeth M . Wilson, Misti H . Wittekind, Janice E. Clifford . . ^ ^ ^ . Wolf Spider, Arctosa sanctaerosae, Ecology of on Dauphin Island Wolfe, K . Wong, Daisy Y . Woods, Michael . Wu, C. Victor . Wu, X . ^ ^ ^ ^ . . Yang, Chunmin . York, Gary . Young, D . Zeta and Mobius Functions as Tensor Products of Matrices Zhang, Mila . Zhang, Zhenyi . 44,45,193 .... 40 . . 38,59 .... 15 .... 7 . 45,193 ... 151 . . . . 12 . ... 61 . . . . 2 . . . no . . . . 59 . . . . 60 . . . . 59 . . . . 27 . ... 30 . . . . 64 . . . . 25 223 Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science, Vol. 71, No. 4, October 2000. 2000 MEMBERSHIP ROLL BY SECTION SECTION I BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Aarons, David J. Agee-McWhorter, Grace Aikman, Stephanie Alexander, Stephanie Al-Hamdani, Safaa Allan, Mary Ann Angus, Robert Bagley, Joy E. Bailey, Mark Baker, Dan Barbaree, James M. Beaird, Janis Beasley, Phil Bej, Asim Kumar Best, Tory L. Beyers, Robert J. Blackwell, Eric A. Blanchard, Paul D. Boettcher, Anne Boettger, Stefanie A. Boggild, Andrea Bowen, William R. Boyd, Robert Bradley, James T. Braid, Malcom Brumlow, William B. Buchanan, Lisa White Buchner, Richard L. Campbell, P. Samuel Canerday, James V. Carey, Steven D. Carroll, Jeffrey W. Carter, Jacqueline Carter, Gregory A. Cassell, Gail H. Clements, Ben A. Cline, George Cohen, Glenn Collier, Lyndell Conway, Rebecca P. Conway-Myers, Barbara Croll, George A. Croll, Suzanne Curl, Elroy A. Dapper, J. William Davenport, Lawrence J. Davis, Michelle Davison, Paul G. Denton, Tom E. Diamond, Alvin R. Diener, Urban L. Dindo, John Dusi, Julian L. Dusi, Rosemary D. Dute, Roland R. Duvall, Melody G. Estridge, Barbara H. Fadool, Debra A. Fadool, James M. Falany, Marina L. Frandsen, John C. French, Elizabeth Gannon, Andrew T. Garstka, William Geis, Alyssa German Nina S. Gilbert, Jonathan L. Gray, Steven Green Kimberly Greer Stephen Grizzle, John M. Gudauskas, Robert T. Haggerty, Thomas M. Hall, Rosine W. Hammer, Hugh S. Han, Dueg Woo Harrison, Jennifer Henderson, James H. Higgingbotham, Jeri W. Hileman, Douglas R. Hill, Curtis E. Hill, Geoffrey Holland, Richard, D. Holliman, Dan C. Hopkins, Thomas S. Hunter, Eric Ivey, William D. Jandebeur, Thomas S. Jenkins, Ronald L. Johnson, Adriel D. Johnson, Jacqueline U. Kaufman, Greer Killough, Gayle H. Kittle, Paul Koopman, William J. Leahy, Joseph G. Lee, Kara J. Leitner, Carol LeLong, Michel G. Lishak, Robert S. Loop, Michael S. Mahon, Andrew R. Marion, Ken Roy Mateescu, Madalina Mayne, Jeffrey Mayne, Katharine McCall, John McClintock, James B. McGregor, Stuart W. McKenzie, Gail O. McLaughlin, Ellen W. 224 Roll Meade, Mark E. Measels, Michael Menapace, Francis, J. Meyer, Thomas Joshua Miller, Donna H. Miller, Harvey Miller, Michael E. Mirarchi, Ralph E. Moore, Debra S. Moore, Jack H. Moore, Teresa Kelley Morgan, Darrell Moriarity, Debra M. Morris, James Moss, Anthony G. Murdock, Chris Myers, Michael L. Nancarrow, D. Virginia Nance, Marione E. Nelson, David H. Neidermeier, William O’Brien, Jack (John J.) O’Hare, Sean Patrick Olander, Charles Otto, Chris Panicker, Gitika Parrish, Scott C. Pierson, J. Malcom Powell, Mickie L. Pritchett, John F. Quindlen, Eugene A. Ramsey, John S. Regan, Gerald T. Reynolds, W. Ann Richardson, Velma Riley, Thomas N. Roberts, Pamela H. Robertson, Blair E. Robinson, George H. Rohrer, Shirley Romano, Frank A. Rowell, Craig Salter, Donald W. Samuels, Ivy Sauterer, Roger Schlundt, A.F. Scott, Kaggia K. Shardo, Judith D. Shew, H. Wayne Singh, Shiva P. Sizemore, Doug Smith, Bruce F. Spaulding, Dan Spector, Michael Spencer, Elsie Ssenkoloto, Margaret Stanko, Jason Stephens, Patrick Strada, Samuel J. Sundermann, Christine Suppiramanian, Vishnu Thompson, Larry E. Thomson, Sue Thurston, Cindy L. Tingle, Trade A. Tolar, Joe Turner, William van Amerongen, Krista Varner, Morgan Vawter, Nancy V. Vickery, Michael C.L. Walker, J.H. Walker, Jennifer M. Wall, Benmamin R., Jr. Wallace, Brenda Walser, Chris Watson, R. Douglas Watts, Stephen A. Webber, Cliff Whipkey, Stephen L. Whitehead, Alan Wibbels, Thane Wilkes, James C. Wilson, Thomas H. Wit, Lawrence C. Woodard, Andrew Woods, Michael Wujek, Daniel E. SECTION II CHEMISTRY Abdalla, Mohamed O. Advincula, Rigoberto Arendale, William F. Arnold, Steven E. Asouzu, Moore U. Barrett, William J. Bezoari, Massimo D. Bradford, Ivy D. Brouillette, Wayne J. Brown, Mary Ann Higgs Bu, Lujia Bugg, Charles E. Bush, Russell C. Cappas, Constantine Chastain, Ben B. Claude, Juan Pablo Crouse, Brian Dillon, H. Kenneth Duncan, Wendy Finkel, Joe M. Finley, Wayne H. Friedman, Michael E. Gabre, Beminet Gebeyehu, Zewdu Gray, Gary M. Haggard, James H. Hamilton, Tracy Hazlegrove, Leven S. Ihejeto, Godwin Isbell, Raymond E. Johnson, Eric Scott Kelly, Janice Koons, L.F. Krannich, Larry K. Ludwick, Adriane March, Joe Mays, Jimmy 225 Roll McDonald Nancy C. Moeller, Michael Moore, McDonald Mountcastle, William Muccio, Donald Musso, Tamara M. Nichols, Alfred Odutola, J. Adeola Olive, Brentley S. Ponder, Morgan C. Rampersad, Dave Rawlings, Jill Riordan, James M. Rutland, Travis J. Sheridan, Richard C. Stanton, Clyde T. Thomas, Joseph C. Thomaskutty, Mary G. Thompson, Davis Hunt Tieken, V. June Vallanino, Lidia M. Verbeck, Guido F.,IV Vincent, John B. Vines, Kimberly K. Vulcan Chemicals Watkins, Charles L. Webb, Thomas R. Weiss, Stephanie T. Wells, David Wheeler, G.P. Wierengo, C. John Zha, Corgziang (Charles) SECTION III EARTH SCIENCE Bersch, Michael Blackwell, Keith G. Brande, Scott Clark, Murlene Cranford, Norman B. Dean, Lewis S. Fisher, Anthony Fisher, Stephanie Geological Survey of AL Haywick, Douglas W. Kopaska-Merkel, David Lamoreaux, P.E. Lowery, James R. McMillan, Richard C. Neathery, Thornotn L. Neilson, Michael J. O’Donnell, Daniel J. Raymond, Dorothy E. Rindsberg, Andrew K. Robinson, James L. Selby, James K. Sheldon, M. Amy Sitz, Willard L. Skotnicki, Michael C. Stock, Carl W. Thurn, Richard L. Trimmier, David A. Williams, Aaron SECTION IV GEOGRAPHY, FORESTRY, CONSERVATION,AND PLANNING Baucom, Thomas F. Boyer, William Brown, James S., Jr Curtis, Kendrick J. Dabbs, Merilyn 0. Devall, Wilbur B. Ehsan, Arjang Ryan Gardiner, Frederick D. Gibbs, George S. Henderson, H.A. Himmler, Frank N. Holland, A. Priscilla Izeogu, Chukudi V. Kiser, Kelley Klimasewski, Ted Kush, John S. Mance, Angel ia Martinson, Tom L. McAllister, William K. Mercer, Terry Mullen, Michael W. Richetto, Jeffrey P. Richey, Chester Rivizzigno, Victoria Roy, Luke A. . Strong, William R. Sutherland, Elizabeth Tang, R.C. Vickery, Minako SECTION V PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS Aggarwal, Manmohan D. Alford, William L. Atkinson, Bruce W. Bachmann, Kurt T. Baksay, Laszio Bateman, B.J. Bauman, Robert P. Bearden, T.E. Beiersdorf, Peter Belyi, Sergey Boardman, William J. Brannen, Noah Samuel Byrd, Gene G. Carnevali, Antonino Comfort, Richard Datta, Anjali Essenwanger, Oskar M. Forte, Aldo Furman, W.L. Glotfelty, Henry W. Harrison, Joseph G. Hawk, James F. Helminger, Paul Holliday, Gregory S. Horsfield, Christopher Howell, Kenneth B. Jenkins, Charles M. 226 Roll Jones, Stanley T. Knight, Martha V. Komman, Paul T. Legge, Jennie Lester, William L. Lundquist, Charles A. Marian, Gyongyi Massey, Julia E. Menon, Govid Mixon, Stacy Tyrone Miyagawa, Ichiro Moore, Carey Omasta, Eugene Reid, William J. Reisig, Gerhard Roberts, Thomas G. Robinson, Edward L. Ruffin, Paul B. Sanders, Justin M. Sharma, P.C. Shealy, David L. Smith, Micky Stanley, Sonya S. Stewart, Dorathy A. Swinney, Kenneth R. Tan, Arjun Tarvin, John T. Thomas, Jeffrey A. Varghese, S.L. Wheeler, R.E. Wills, Edward L. Young, John H. SECTION VI INDUSTRY AND ECONOMICS Absher, Keith Alexander, Paulette Anantharaman, Sekhar Banks, Bonnie M. Barrett, Doug Briggs, Charles Bullard, William R. Cameron, Michelle A. Campbell, Sharon N. Crawford, Gerald Ferry, Jerry Findley, Henry M. Gabre, Helen G. Gabre, Teshome Gabremikael, Fesseha Griffin, Marsha D. Jain, Rohit Jones, T. Morris Keener, Manuel Lovik, Lawrence W. McCain, J. Wayne Murray, Gerald D. Pride, Tywana M. Rahimian, Eric Singleton, Tommie Suwanakul, Sontachai Viohl, Frederick A. Wheatley, Robert Williams, Robert J. Yancey, Donna SECTION VII SCIENCE EDUCATION Alexander, Janet G. Anderson, Trudy S. Baird, Bill Benford, Helen H. Biddle, Laurie R. Bilbo, Thomas Caudle, Sandra 1. Fish, Frederick P. Froning, Michael George, Joseph D. Kastenmayer, Ruth W. Landers, John 1. Morgan, Eugenia L. Nall, Jane O’Brien, James M. Riggsby, Dutchie S. Riggsby, Ernest D. Robinson, Jermifer Rowsey, Robert E. Shepard, Susie H. Shumaker, Anne W. Smith, Karl Dee Tinsley, Mandy Wilson, Karl M. SECTION VIII BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Banks, Janice Barty, Peter F. Becl^ith, Guy V. Brown, David C. Buckalew, L.W. Burke, Garfield, Jr. Burns, Jerald C. Cantrell, Clyde H. Easterday, Norman E. Fisher, Gerald P. Halbrooks, Elizabeth A. Harris, Louis M., Jr. Haynes, Mike Holliman, Diane Carol Hudiburg, Richard A. Johnson, James A. Jones, Tim R. Joubert, Charles E. Luskin, Joseph Miller, Ellaine B. Mullins, Larry C. Newton, Dahlia B. Norton, Emily C. Osterhoff, William F. Pashaj, Irena Raymaker, Henry, Jr. Richardson, Roger A. Roberts, Robin Taylor, Karen Trussed, Maureen C. Van Der Velde, Robert J. Vocino, Thomas 227 Roll Weber, B.C. Wheelock, Gerald C. Wittekind, Janice Yeager, J.H. SECTION IX HEALTH SCIENCES Alcazar, Gwendolyn P. Anderson, Cathy U. Baggett, Emily Beth Bannaga, Osman Barker, Samuel B. Beaton, John M. Beck, Lee R. Bohannon, Alice S. Boots, Larry R. Briles, David E. Buckner, Ellen Chasens, Eileen R. College of Nursing S.AL Conary, Jon T. Cusic, Anne Cyrus, Wendy Davis, Richard Davis, W.R. DeRuiter, Jack Eley, John G. Emerson, Geraldine M. Findlay, Margaret Foster, Portia French, James H. Fruh, Sharon Gilbert, Fred Goudreau, Kelly A. Grant, Joan S. Guthery, Dana S. Gwebu, Ephriam T. Gwebu, Noma Han, Jian Harris, Jennifer E. Hays, M. Peggy Herbert, Donald Hicks, Julius Iddins, Brenda W. Jackson, Charles Johnson, Vicki Y. Johnston, Sarah R. Jones, Jason A. Katz, Judd A. Lester, Belinda A. McCallum, Charles A. Mullins, Dail W., Jr. Navia, Juan M. Nelson, Deborah B. Parsons, Daniel L. Phillips, Joseph B. Pieroni, Robert E. Pittman, James A., Jr. Pitts, Marshall Reed, Linda Revis, Deborah Rodning, Charles B. Ross, M. Candice Roush, Donald Rudd, Steven Rush, Melinda Schnaper, Harold W. Selassie, Michael M. Shoemaker, R.L. Skalka, Harold W. Smith, Myra A. Sprague, Michael L. Sullivan, Linda Thompson, Jerry N. Turrens, Julio F. Vacik, James P. White, Carolyn S. Wilborn, W.H. Wilder, Barbara F. Winters, Alvin L. Wynn, Theresa A. SECTION X ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE Barrett, John Bekele, Gete Bright, Tommy G. Bryant, Barrett Cameron, Marietta E. Craig, Thomas F. Dean, Susan T. Donaldson, Steve Drake, John M. Feinstein, David L. Francis, Lara Garza, Gene G. Ge, Shanyou Heran, William H. Hilyer, William A. Hollis, Daniel L., Jr. Hu, Bei Jacobs, Paul L. Kurzius, Shelby C. Parker, Donald L. Pitt, Robert E. Pun, Oceana Raju, P.K. Ren, Jing Roy, Sanjeev R. Selvaraj, Madhanraj Sloan, Kenneth R. Sprague, Alan P. Tao, Tao Thomas, Robert E. Venkatasubramnian, L. Walters, J.V. Wang, Xin Wang, Yibing Wisniewski, Raymond B. Wong, Daisy Wu, Xiaqing Yang, Chunmin Yerramsetti, Ramesh Zhang, Mila 228 Roll SECTION XI ANTHROPOLOGY Driskell, Boyce N. Gage, Matthew D. Henson, B. Bart Holstein, Harry O. Hurley, Molly Mann, Jason A. Rowe, Bobby Runquist, Jeanette Shelby, Thomas M. Speegle, Heath F. Twe, Kyla Elizabeth 229 Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science, Vol. 71, No. 4, October 2000. MINUTES AAS Fall Executive Committee Meeting Southern Research Institute Birmingham, Alabama October 2 1 , 2000 The minutes of the Spring meeting were approved. Bl. Dr. Omasta introduced the members of the Board of Trustees who were present at the meeting. B2. Report of the President -- Dr. Hudiburg is to put names of officers and committee members on the internet. B6. Treasurer’s Report: Dr. Krannich noted a total of $72,814.32 in the treasury. This is about $3400 less from what we had one year ago, but the Academy has not yet received the income check from Samford University for last year’s meeting. The dues situation is about what it was last year at this time. The Academy might have to pay (out of this year’s money) for the second issue of the Journal (numbers 3&4). Krannich moved (Omasta 2d) to accept the budget. The motion passed unanimously. B7. Dr. Bradley was absent but Dr. Hudiburg brought up the idea of accepting an offer by the Gale Group to make the Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science available electronically to the subscribers. It is felt that such a move would encourage more investigators to submit manuscripts to the journal. Such a contract is a three-year commitment and requires that we continue to produce a hard copy during that time. Dr. Kraimich moved (Romano 2d) to permit Dr. Hazlegrove to sign the contract for the Academy. After considerable discussion, the motion passed unanimously. B8. Counselor to the Alabama Junior Academy of Science — Dr. Bateman briefly discussed the problem of block scheduling and its impact on the number of schools participating in the Junior Academy. B9. Science Fair Coordinator — There was no report but the committee discussed the need to fill this position. Names of possible candidates were mentioned, and Dr. Omasta agreed to contact these people. Also discussed was the money available for this officer to use to carry out the coordinator’s Job. Finally Ellen Buckner requested that the Resolutions Committee thank Mary Thomaskutty for her service. 230 Minutes B 1 1 . Counselor to AAAS -- a person was suggested to fill this position, and Richard Hudiburg promised to contact him. B12VII. Jane Nall presented a brief oral report. C3. Anne Cusic was absent; instead, Ken Marion discussed the possibility of allowing Academy members to pay dues for more than one year at a time. C5. Long Range Planning - There was considerable discussion regarding the establishment of a web site. Richard Hudiburg was willing to take on the project. Also needed was the need for a secretariat. C9. Place and Date of Meeting -- the following represent future meeting sites and dates: Site/Date Local Chair Auburn 2001 Dr. Barbaree 334-844-1647 barbaim@aubum.edu U. of West Alabama 2002 Dr. Holland 205-652-3414 rholland@uwa edn Jacksonville State U. 2003 Dr. Romano 256-782-5038 fromano@isucc.isu.edu CIO. Newsletter - Lynn Stover, Chair of the Newsletter Committee, wishes to resign. There was discussion as to whether we need a newsletter in addition to an active website. Richard Hudiburg agreed to study the situation, and we would make a final decision at the Spring meeting. C16. Resolutions - Richard Hudiburg suggested resolutions thanking Mary Thomaskutty and Sam Barker for their years of service. C19. Gorgas ~ Ellen Buckner indicated that the Gorgas Committee was dealing with the question of whether to allow students to take Gorgas money to colleges out-of-state. The Committee chose to study the question and then revisit it next year. E. New Business ~ see handout. Amy Sheldon, the mentor of a student who was recently disqualified at the International Science and Engineering Fair, described the situation to the Executive Committee. After considerable discussion, Ellen Buckner moved (Michael Moeller 2d) to look into this situation (along with Ms. Sheldon) and, if appropriate, write a letter to the ISEF group, addressing: (1) the nature of the transgressions thought to have occurred; and (2) asking for clarification of the mles for future reference. Am Sheldon also proposed a Joint meeting this Spring between the AAS and the Alabama Imaging and Microscopy Society (AIMS). Roland Dute, a member of Auburn’s Committee on Local Arrangements, asked her to contact James Barbaree, the committee chair, with her request. Meeting adjourned. 231 ERRATA Auburn University Printing regrets the low quality of printing for figures in papers by George Keller and by James T. Bradley and co-workers published in the July, 2000, issue of the JAAS. These figures are republished at their original size on the pages that follow. Errata Figure 1. Assessment of P6L Effectiveness 1 2 3 4 5 6 Question Figure 1. JAAS 71(3): 107. 232 Errata Figure 2. Assessment of Course Objectives 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Question Figure 2. 7/1/15 71(3): 108. 1 2 3 4 5 Question Figures. 7/1/15 7 1(3): 109. ^ t A :k c S Ir Errata Figure 1. JAAS 71 (3): 135 Errata kDa 205 116 97.6 66 1 2 3 4 5 i' ^YP2a \YP2b YP3 YP4 29 Figure 2. JAAS 71 (3):136. Errata BP BP I la. 1 2 3 §P"“RNAse TO Figure 6. JAAS 71 (3):145. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS Editorial Policy: Publication of the Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science is restricted to members. Membership application forms can be obtained from Dr. A. Priscilla Holland, Office of Research, UNA Box 5121, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35632-0001. Subject matter should address original research in one of the discipline sections of the Academy; Biological Sciences; Chemistry; Geology; Forestry, Geography, Conservation, and Planning; Physics and Mathematics; Industry and Economics, Science Education; Social Sciences; Health Sciences; Engineering and Computer Science; and Anthropology. Timely review articles of exceptional qual¬ ity and general readership interest will also be considered. Invited articles dealing with Science Activities in Alabama are occasionally published. Book reviews of Alabama authors are also solicited. Submission of an article for publication in the implies that it has not been published previously and that it not currently being con¬ sidered for publication elsewhere. Each manuscript will receive at least two simulta¬ neous peer reviews. Submission: Submit an original and two copies to the editor. Papers which are unrea¬ sonably long and verbose, such as uncut theses, will be returned. The title page should contain the author’s name, affiliation, and address, including zip code. The editor may request that manuscripts be submitted on a diskette upon their revision or acceptance. Manuscripts: Consult recent issues of the Journal for format. Double-space manu¬ scripts throughout, allowing 1-inch margins. Number all pages. An abstract not exceeding 200 words will be published it the author so desires. Use heading and sub¬ divisions where necessary for clarity. Common headings are; Introduction (including literature review). Procedures (or Materials and Methods), Results, Discussion, and Literature Cited. Other formats may be more appropriate for certain subject mat- tei areas. Headings should be in all caps and centered on the typed page; sub-headings should be italicized (underlined) and placed at the margin. Avoid excessive use of footnotes. No not use the number 1 for footnotes; begin with 2. Skip additional foot¬ note numbers if one or more authors must have their present address footnoted. Illustrations: Submit original inked drawings (graphs and diagrams) or clear black and white glossy photographs. Width must not exceed 15 cm and height must not exceed 20 cm. Illustrations not conforming to these dimensions will be returned to the author. Use lettering that will still be legible after a 30% reduction. Designate all illus¬ trations as figures, number consecutively, and cite all figures in the text. Type figure captions on a separate sheet of paper. Send two extra sets of illustrations; xeroxed photographs are satisfactory for review puiposes. Tables: Place each table on a separate sheet. Place a table title directly above each table. Number tables consecutively. Use symbols or letters, not numerals, for table footnotes. Cite all tables in the text. Literature Cited: Only references cited in the text should be listed under Literature Cited. Do not group references according to source (books, periodicals, newspapers, etc.). List in alphabetical order ot senior author names. Cite references in the text par¬ enthetically by author-date. The Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science. American Museum of Natural History Received on: 06-05-01 AMNH LIBRARY