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Pd Ty - he cao 54 ae Ae ab 3, . eases oa ; ; "i * y a a « - f a ra es ae e. se. nF ee » . yy ey ee : - 274 ‘ * <7 4 @ +. 2-2 4-2 6 7 6.4 8 4.8.4 ¢- 4-4 + Bet 6_v-4 6 6-6 60 4.4 210 4 @ 4 6 4 46-43-28 < 6 BOD 6-46 44 8 84.8 8 2 6 eS 60 BH ee +6 = @ 9 4-0 0 % 6.4.6.0 4% = 4 4 4.3.4 -~-* 6.6 &é 6 4 4-8 & 4-4 4 © 0-4-8-@ eta & «~ ¢ 8. sw Ke ae e is - ee ~ e at, ~ ~ oan : Pek el ot et eS a . . *, 24 2th bg 8 4H 4KAZAA RS £48 i - ead CP MEE Pa PPP Pt pe gt Pe Ee oD _o_4_2-4 ee Sad ad OM C4 E tM AA EC BEG Ce A - ; Oe ee ee ee ee 4:6 6 6 64.4 56 £4 GAA 44D SE KH 3 rs Pot et oe ee 4 a ~ Pap aS Af gt A hd al al set ne ee > ae a : 4 “ Ae teas rar ‘Cb Ee DN OO A WF : . eae « 1% 6 + 8 Be Ome FP wd # re £6 + * 4% eae se te eee iva +e tee G4 o-9 8.8.6.4 CA 4A SHA AN ‘ + ow be Sa 8 oe ee eS aE we “ » ‘ o< ea @ .< Po PP ey Assam, GOVERNMENT OF ;—List of Earthquakes recorded in Assam during the Years 1879 and 1880, Batt, V.;—On the Identification of certain Bishiona Mines in India which were known to and worked by the Ancients, especi- ally those which were visited by Tavernier. With a note on the History of the Koh-i-nur, (with two Woodcuts), ;—Additional Note on the Identification of the Pe Diamond Mines visited by Tavernier,. Buanrorp, H. F.;—On the Relations re oe oe Beinfall ‘a Temperature in India, and on the opposite Variations of Density in the higher and lower Atmospheric Strata, (Plate XV), W. T.;—On the Voles (Arvicole) of the Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan, (Plates I & II), a ;—On Pao een fuscicapillus, Blyth, (Plate IL, part), ;—LNotes on an eet PRES ok Varanus from Tenasserim, and on other Reptilia and Amphibia, (Plate XVI), ;—A numerical Hstimate of the Species of Animals, chiefly Land and FKresnwater, hitherto recorded from British _ India and its Dependencies, FEISTMANTEL, O. ;—A Sketch of the iar of the ecu of the Indian Gondwana System, Nevitt, G.;—New or little-known Mollusea of the jn Mulan Fauna, (Plates V, VI, & VII), ;— Description of a new Species of Rastelldrin Srom the Bay of Bengal, ce wee dee Nice’vitis, L. pe;—A yee of Butterflies taken in Sikkim in October, 1880, with Notes on Habits, ¥e, gs: ne —__—___—— ;— See Woop- Mason, Peat, S. E.;—Report on a Visit to the Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier, February 1879, (Plates VIII—XITD), THEOBALD, W.;—List of Mollusca from the Hills between Mart and Tandiani, ee Woop- Mason, J. ;—On some Babee Insects belonging to the Rhopalocerous Genera Euripus and Penthema from India and Burmah, (Plates III & IV, part), ... ae — Page 61 dL 219 44 85 iv List of Contributors. Woov-Mason J. ;—Description of a new Species of the Lepidopte- rous Genus Huripus from North-Eastern India, (Plate LV, part), ——§ & L. DE Nice’vit1e ;—List of Diurnal Lepidop- tera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands, (with a Woodcut), a & L. DE Nicer’vinuE ;—Second List of Rhopalo- cerous Lepidoptera from Port Blair, Andaman Islands, with Descriptions of, and Notes on, new and little-known Species and Varieties, (Plate X1V & Plate IV, part), SON es Dates of Issue of different numbers of Journal, Part IT, 1881. No. I.—Containing pp. 1—67, with Plates VIII, IX, X, XI, XIT,,& XIII, and Title-page, Index, &e. to Vol. XLIX, was issued on April 380th, 1881. No. II.—Containing pp. 69—123, with Plates 1, II, & XV, was issued on July 380th, 1881. No. III.—Containing pp. 125—238, with Plates V, VI, & VII, was issued on October 22nd, 1881. No. IV.—Containing pp. 289—273, with Plate XIV, was issued on December 21st, 1881. ac a a a ee Se Oe Page 272 224 243 nis? OF .PLATES. —Q—. a t Dentition of Arvicolae and of Ellobius fuscicapillus. I wv 4 Butterflies from India and Burmah. Land, Freshwater, Estuarine, and Marine Shells, mostly belonging to the Indo-Malayan Fauna. bi 1X. X. } Outline Sketches of the Nongyang Lake and surrounding scenery. Al. Dell. XIII. Map, showing proposed route from Assam to Yang-tse. XIV. Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera from the Andamans. XV. Elevation and Section of a Raingauge-evapometer. XVI. Varanus macrolepis. OP ees: 0 ee EO Eee ERRATA AND ADDENDA, — > — Page 53, line 10, for ‘ Pupilio” read “‘ Papilio.” 92 53, 9? 37, 29 55, ) 27, » 58, , 20, ,, “ Shtbochiona” read “ Stibochiona.” » 94, ,, 1, 4, “the upper molar” read “the last upper molar.” 95, lines 10 and 12 from bottom, for “the anterior lower molar’ read *‘ the anterior upper molar,” 108, line 18 from top, for “are added (2) as” read “are added (2). pean” , 121, ,, 21 from top, ,, “received” read “ viewed.” » 121, , 5 from bottom for “molars” read “ molar.” » 187, , 8 from top, after ‘‘ mil.” insert “and Conch.-Cab. II, Pl. 26, figs. 16-17.” » 187, ,, 4 from top, dele “ or Conch.-Cab. II, Pl. 26, figs. 16-17.” » 168, ,, 3 of foot note, for “1886” read “ 1866.” », 196, ,, 23, for “ kingianam” read “ kingianum.” w209. , bk , “rhombicas” ,, “rhombicus.” » ‘* Mycaleris” read “ Mycalesis.” ape £ ¥ RP *WaSZOTVIVO ‘BOLTASO a i ill en i lig a aa eh Fi Rn ia a ek KG CEL Uy KG eB A LMOM suv $y te - ook ane ial ee fimeng “$seih Tat IIIA GLVId ‘Teel “T‘10A ‘eBueg ‘00g ‘sy “UMO;—“T¥Ed “GS S. E. PEAL.—Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol L, Pt. II, 1881. Wath 7§fo° Y } aS ~ RO Ry SS F PLATE IX. Ba tay) y {/ I i ANYF .) WE ‘ H /; iG if y y S. BE. PEAL.—Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. L, Pt. II, 1881 ° ss go" 96° (vo foe Pass at Y 3,400 above Sea. Crest of Patkai, contracted between 1 > A - Outline of the Hills East from Sonkap Bim, 96v to 100 vv is the hollow where clouds rest in the mornings, and site of the old passes. ° si PLATE X, 1§2 4) Yue 2 . 200 i i fa Zz _— ma XY Vb we ee a YAOTOSINCOGRAPHED AT THE SURVSYOR GENERAL'S OVFICE, CAtcUTTs, ‘90° & 174°. High Peak of Maium, Sonkap Vilage. = Longyoi Pipoi, SE - ——EeEeE——E———E_——eeeeEeaee Oe S. E. PEAL.—Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. L, Pt. II, 1881. Outline of the Hills seen from Nongyang Lake to the S.-H. & South (from the Western end) . Outline of the Hills to the South of N z Part of the Island. (20 A 70 Ty dd RAL! Sel ve SS ee ee ae - = aad, fongyang Valley looking towards Namyiing. Maium Peak 6,939 ft. 2SS- a a REO (Gs epithe: Big Outline of Patkai from Nongyang Lake facing West. f SES aL 2 bef 179 PLATE XI S¥/ ‘TIX 0d 29 woyomweguoo soy Continued from Plate XI. 8. E. PEAL.—Journ. As, Soc, Bengal, Vol L, Pt. 1, 1881. Fier SSS Dae oa — off ; om ~, Uf (a Vee a ral) fp es i itd iid ty eh ns lade WM Pod —————_ LM fiat ft ¥eE tt. Outline of Patkai from Nongyang Lake facing North ~~. Pass and path, dotted lines......--. iM xl a s, ara / wrath IA Nid ay 4 Se PLATE XII. AL Outline of Patkai to the left and Digam Bim to right, from West end of Nongyang Lake looking Hast. 2 | aby [ao F, PHOTOZINGOORAPRED AT THE SURVETOR ORMRRAL'S OFIOB, CALOUTTA, MAROH 1881 cpg , ai wn ale is ity §, tal 5 isi OY he vk 34 hee ai ia Salv' oye: ‘ aT Blue ME 5600S, ron De S Pyramid, H. 4 260F£ ( Signed) S. EB. Peal ‘ \ Sibsagar Assam es g “Mares, 1879 PLATE XIII. MAP SHEWING PROPOSED ROUTE FROM ASSAM TO THE YANG-TSE. JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. —o—- Part II.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE. annem No. I.—1881. ~ eee I.—Report ona visit to the Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier, February 1879.— By 8. E. Prat, Esq. [Received November 11th ;—Read December Ist, 1880.] — (With Plates.) Last year, I prepared a short note on the old Burmese route over Patkai, oi4 Nongyang, viewed as the most feasible and direct route from India to China,* and, having a month’s leave in the cold season, I determined to proceed, if possible, to the pass over the Patkai leading to Upper Burmah, report on the same, take altitudes, &c., and explore the Nongyang Lake, in the valley of the same name beyond, on the Burmese side of the water-parting. Permission to travel east and to cross the frontier was kindly given to me by the Chief Commissioner of Assam, in time to enable me to start from Jaipur, on the Dihing river, by the end of January 1879. Hitherto, on this line of route considerable delay and inconvenience have always been caused to travellers from the want of a sufficient number of trustworthy load-carriers; parties have been detained eight and ten days while the necessary men were collected, and en rowte exorbitant demands have often been made. At times, as in the cases of Major Sladen’s, and Mr. Cooper’s parties it completely frustrates all attempts at progress. I therefore secured enough men whom I could rely on as porters before starting. The party consisted of seven picked Bengali coolies, an Assamese * Journal, A. 8. B., Vol. XLVIII, Part II, 1879. 1 2 S, E. Peal—Report on a visit to the [No. as orderly and his mate in charge of my arms and instruments, &c., a cook used to camping, a Khampti boatman and his Duania mate, and, subse- quently a Singphti guide,—as small a party as possible. Among us all we could manage to speak English, Hindustani, Bengali, Sonthali, Assamese, Khampti or Shan, Singpht, and N aga. The lingua franca of the party was Assamese, though as we went east Singpht and then Naga of the Namrup was chiefly spoken to outsiders. Three Alpine tents, 7 ft. x 7 ft., weighing about 8 tb each, poles included, enabled us at any moment to camp comfortably and very quickly ; at the same time, when rolled up they served as padded poles on which to tie baggage. Six small and extremely light boxes, measuring 10 in. x 12 in, x 18 in. and provided with locks and hinges, served to carry stores, presents and sundries securely, a great object being to avoid bulky and heavy or open packages. As it was desirable to explore the Namtsik river and Nongyang lake, a small dug-out (ob Roy) was also taken slung on a bamboo between two men, with bedding stowed inside. A Snider carbine, a double-barrelled central-fire No. 12 shot-gun, a revolver, and a Deringer were the arms. Our first day’s march was east to Jaipur, at the junction of the Dhodur Ali with the Dihing river, formerly a place of considerable import- ance, and likely to become so again. Large steamers can reach it from the Brahmaputra in the rains, and small ones during about eight months of the year. Coal, petroleum, and timber are also to be found in large quanti- ties not far off. It is also the point at which a route from Burmah would practically emerge. Government has wisely reserved large tracts of forest up-stream, and already some teak has been planted. The first care on arrival was to secure a good boat for the heavy stores to go by water up the Dihing, and, this done, an application in person to old Turkong, of the Phakial or Khampti village, secured mea good boatman — named Ming, a Khampti who has piloted many up and down this river, who knows all the people, villages, and folk-lore of these parts, and is withal intelligent and communicative. By noon all supplies of rice, tobacco, salt, opium, cloths, sugar, &c., were stowed, and six of the men started lightly laden, by land, the rest of us in the large canoe. Soon after leaving the station of Jaipur we passed up some very beautiful reaches of the river, where the water, deep and still, slowly winds among wooded hills (the gorge in fact), with huge bedded sandstone rocks along the flanks covered by ferns, bamboos, wild plantains, canes, and other products of a sub-tropical jungle. Towering above all, here and there, rose the great bare branches of dead rubber-trees, once so plentiful and now so rare, a silent protest against reckless tapping. Some of the reaches are nearly a mile long, water 80 and 40 feet deep, though here and there becoming more shallow and rapid. 1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 3 At one spot a picturesque pile of rocks, capped by forest trees, divides the stream equally, and is called “Hita Tatol, from Sita’s tat-hal, the weaving-hall in which Sita was found by Ram. Here and there we passed camps of people who were cutting bamboos to raft down to Jaipur for building, also native boats of the usual small dug-out pattern. Having the Rob Roy, I was enabled to paddle ahead or stay behind sketching, and at one place made a small careful memo. of a huge dead rubber-tree that had fallen over into the river,—the trunk and branches resembled a huge dragon. As rain appeared to be coming on, we camped early at a large high sand-bank, near a rapid called Digoli Gagori. In a very short time we were all comfortably housed, fires blazing under the cooking-pots, and a pile of dry logs got in ready for the night-fire. Our three tents and the boatmen’s bivouac were generally so placed as to form a cross, the openings facing a log-fire in the centre, that was at once light and heat for all. The assembling round this camp-fire every evening after dinner was generally looked forward to all day. Here we met strangers, heard the local news or stories, the inexhaustible Mung generally giving us the traditions, often illustrated by very creditable maps in the sand. Villagers, if near, always joined our circle, enabling me to collect a large amount of information, or explain the objects of my trip, which is an item of some moment in cases of this nature. The monotonous rush of the rapid at last was the only sound heard. The night turned out cold and foggy. Once the echoing bark of the little hog-deer roused me, and I put the logs together that had burnt apart. In the early morning the dew-fall was sufficiently heavy to be audible several hundred yards off, the moisture condensed on the higher foliage falling like a steady slow shower on the dried leaves on the ground. Ere starting at 9 a. m. I made all the people cook and eat their breakfasts. At 10 a. M. we passed the mouth of the Namsang river on our right (but the left bank of the river). It rises among the hills of the Namsang Nagas, and near its mouth is a small tea-garden. More or less scattered up and down the river Dihing, there are names and traditions that unmistakably indicate this as the old Ahom route to and from Burma,—-a highway of the past. The earlier portions of the “ History of the Kings of Assam,” detailing the Ahom invasions, clearly enough point to the Dihing river as the line of entry, and Nongyang as the part of the Patkai where they crossed, the name Patkai having originated there. About 11 a. mM. we came to Woralota, a tree-covered ridge jutting into the Dihing river, which derives its name from Nora-ulota, 7. e., Nora’s returned. In November 1228 A. D. Sukapha Raja coming to Assam from Munkong with 1,080 men, 2 elephants and 300 ponies, brought also “ Chum Deo” (unknown to the owner) Noisanpha Nora Roja of Munkong, Noisanpha 4 S. E. Peal— Report on a visit to the [No. 1, missing Chum Deo, sent’ men after him for its recovery who followed to the Dihing whence they returned, this spot being now called ‘‘ Nora-ulota,” a Nora’s returned. The following is a copy of the passage in the History of the Kings of Assam. Fatal ssee Fat sv Aten BacafH srry Ata PaTsl TH HS BCLS ALS Bal wWyYR seve, usta ath >, wafer atl », catai woo, ate qr far Aq as apagal citate @ dtey, sax mitre, split bamboos also at the corners to hold offerings, and a long rich red silk Burmese cloth hung on a bamboo some way off, strips of red and white cloth hung all about on sticks, and waved with a curious effect, the jungle forming a background. On reaching the canoe I gave Chauing a dozen rounds of Snider ammunition to shoot a tiger which was killing their cattle, and started on up the Namrup, finding that the rapids at once became more frequent and difficult. At places we had to clear out a track or passage by rolling the boulders aside ere we could drag the canoe up, a work that we became pretty expert at, and these same passages were again very useful on our return, At the Singpha village of Sambiang, or Gogo, we landed and secured a guide named Lah, who was known to Ming, our boatman, and was re- puted to have influence among the Tkak Nagas. He owned a gun that he desired to fire off “for luck” ere starting, so sitting on shingle he pulled the trigger several times in vain, as the hammer stuck at half-cock. I ad- vised a hard jerk and turned to go to the canoe. Hearing a fearful bang, I returned and saw the guide’s feet and gun pointing skywards through the smoke. He assured me, though in a nervous way, that it was all right, and usually did that when he put in six fingers of powder and two balls! From hence to T’kak we had three other Singphus travelling with us, and at starting most of us walked over the shingle, gravel, and sand near the river to lighten the boat. I noticed these three men at one place busy catching some insects, and found that they were bugs an inch long which lay under the stones, and which had an unmistakable odour. On enquiry, one of them said they were going to eat them as they were a capital substitute for chillies! and asked me to give them a fair trial! By 4 o’clock we found a good camping-ground near the Nmbai Muk, on the wide dry sands of an “era hute,” open on each side and with high forest behind and in front. Fires were soon blazing, every one felt com- fortable, and dinner was over by sunset. Gradually the moon rose over the tree-tops and lit up the entire scene. While I enjoyed a cigar, the Bengalis did justice to their ¢amukt, Ming and the Singphts lit up their little brass bowl pipes, and we enjoyed the long evening. There seemed few birds or beasts about, the ripple of the rapid not far off yielded the only sound. Then we discussed Nongyang and the routes: none except Lah had been there. Queer stories abounded, such as that the island in the lake floated about and shifted its position with a change of wind. I heard also that the valley had once been densely peopled with Khamongs or Kamjangs, Aitonias, and ‘lurong Turai, who had all left in consequence of raids by the Singphius. Some of these same Aitonias being now near Goldghat, and the Kam- jangs gone to the east, the valley is now-a-days utterly destitute of en ee ee ee ee ee 1881. ] Noygyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 11 people. Mting drew some creditable maps on the sand, and seemed to thoroughly understand the relative positions of the various countries, routes, passes, rivers, and mountains, with their inhabitants. From all he could learn, the Singphti track v7é@ Sitkha was difficult mainly on account of the want of supplies en route, and at best not so easy as that over Patkai. All agreed that the line over Dopha Bim to Manchi from the Upper Dihing was reported both long and difficult, and people very seldom traversed it. After a while, the moon sank, leaving the line of forest opposite strongly marked against the sky. One by one we went to sleep, and all was quiet. About 6 A. M. we were all astir, boxes packed, camp-chair folded and stowed, tents rolled up, and for once we pushed on before breakfast. A cup of hot coffee and milk with a biscuit was my chota hazri. ‘This same prepared coffee and milk is a most-useful item, and can be made almost in a moment and milk cannot be procured en route. Here and there we occasionally saw some fine mahsir, 20- and 380-pounders, and I regretted not having tackle. Fine views of the snow-capped hills to the east were seen ere the mists rose, and Dopha Bim looked beautiful in the early light, the shadows sharp and blue, while the snow was of that peculiar creamy white, so difficult to get out of any colour-box, the sky colour behind all being a clean pale vrey. A good telescope, to one travelling eastward is a necessity ; without it he misses half the “ sights’’ of these parts. About 11 a. M. we passed the Mganto Muk, one of the three old channels of the Dibing, and saw there some huts of elephant-catchers and rubber-cutters. After passing it, we again found the Namrup perceptibly smaller, several long shallows so bad indeed that the men had all to carry their loads ahead and return to drag the canoe over. My Rob Roy, drawing only two inches of water, of course experienced no such difficulty. Later in the day we passed the entrance to the Nmbai, or Lumbai as some eall it, for at times they seem careless which itis, This is not really a river, but a loop from the Namrup which leaves it here and rejoins the main stream above Kherim Pani. Still later we passed the third channel of the Dihing called the Kasan on the same (right) bank, reaching Namtsik before sunset, and camping on a sand below the huts of the elephant-catchers employed by, Mr. Vanquelin. He was encamped close by, and paid me a visit, giving some information in reference to routes, and kindly lent me a smaller boat to assist me in getting up the river Namtsik. I was here induced to take the Namtsik and Tkak route vid Sonkap, instead of the one straight on vid the Namrup, or, as it is here called, Namhtk, the route by which Mr. H. L. Jenkins and my brother travelled in 1869. 12 S. E. Peal—Report on a visit to the [No. 1, Next morning we re-arranged the baggage, leaving some needless items till our return, and taking only loads which the men could easily carry in the hills. At first the Namtsik was a succession of deep clear pools, among wooded hills, with rapids at every bend. The timber was remark- ably fine, the best I had ever seen. Huge nahars (Mesua ferra), mekahi and gondserat, rising here and there to immense heights, certainly 100 feet to the first branch, being 10 and 12 feet, or even 16, in circumference at the base. Large tree-ferns and wild plantains rose above on either side, and creepers hung in profusion everywhere, long lines often hanging down into the water, as a rule everything was beautifully reflected in the still clear water. Eventually we reached a rapid towards 4 o’clock, where an immense rubber-tree overhung a deep pool, but with a ledge of shingle intervening, on which there were remains of some huts made by the ubiquitous rubber-cutters, these we speedily demolished, and after levelling ‘the ground, pitched our tents in a line. Somehow this evening, in consequence of the gloom, the weird look of the whole place, queer hootings, and a slight drizzle, the party all seemed inclined to the superstitious, and I had to compel them to cook and eat. After they had done so, I issued a small “ tot”? of grog to all who would take it, which served to rouse them up. During the night it rained, but, as before, our waterproofs kept us dry. About 9 a. M. next morning, after all had eaten, we started on, passed some long rapids and shallows, where I had even to get out and tow my Rob Roy. At one place I was ahead looking for deer, and enjoying the beauties of the gorge. Some of the tree-ferns I estimated at 30 feet high. Dead rubber-trees were also seen here and there, the dead arms standing out conspicuously against the clear blue sky overhead or fallen over bodily into the river bed. Suddenly, on turning a corner, I came on some Naga men and women who were out for jhiming, they were all nearly naked, the men wearing a narrow strip of cloth and the women a series of fine cane strips, so girdled as to look like a miniature crinoline that hung down about a foot below the waist, and to which a narrow strip of dirty cloth was fastened horizon- tally. The women also wore nose-studs (which covered the nostrils) made of pewter, and the size of four- or eight-anna pieces, A profusion of glass beads, as usual, made up for the scantiness of the costume in other ways, and brass wire rings were worn through the upper part of the ear, from which the red and green skins of a small bird depended. Brass wire brace- lets, a bead coronet, large red cane loops in the hair, two bone skewers, and shin-rings seemed to complete the outfit. Two lads of 16 or 17 were quite nude. None of them could speak a word of Assamese, and seeing me alone they were considerably astonished, especially as but one or two of them 1881.] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 13 had ever seen a white person before (when the surveyors were there). Though taken aback, they evinced no distrust, and by signs I called the lads to haul my canoe up the top rapid; soon after my followers came up, and my guide could talk to the lads. They were from a village up on the northern flank of the Patkai. The dress and general appearance of these Nagas was almost precisely the same as of those found up the Tirap valley, twenty miles west. As we ascended the Namtsik if maintained its picturesque look, a suc- cession of deep still pools, often overhung by rock and trees, shallows and rapids here and there blocked by fallen trees, at times long ledges of dark slippery rock with narrow channels, through which the river rushed, mak- ing it difficult to get the canoes over. In places the gorge was almost in twilight, in consequence of the masses of foliage all around and above, where it was not always possible to see much sky. The large whitish trunks of immense trees (hulong and mekai more especially) here and there rose very conspicuously against the darker background ; there were also many large trees that seemed new to us. Ailiks, or Hylobates, the black gibbon, were very common, and made the forest echo with their hallooings. The great hornbill, too, was seen in flocks of twenty and thirty at a time, and could easily be heard, as their wings seemed to rasp the air, from a quarter to balf a mile off. Otters were common, and made off with a great fuss; no doubt, from the signs we saw, they have a nice time of it. At one place we came to a huge mekat stem hanging or projecting out in the air from the jungle on the left hand; after passing under I got out of the canoe and scrambled up on it, the stem was fully four feet thick, and projected about thirty. On walking back on it, and dividing the jungle with my knife, I found it was poised on its centre on an island, and that an equally large portion overhung the other branch of the stream,—it had evidently been carried along and lodged there during some big flood. Towards the afternoon we began to get glimpses of dark green and blue forest-covered hills not far off to the south, the group of Sonkap Bim on which there were several Naga villages. The highest peak of the ridge is about 3,000 feet, and as it stands well out north of the main range of Patkai, it affords some magnificent views. At 5 P.M. we arrived at the mouth of a small dark gully, which the guide said was the route to the Tkak Naga villages. Here we camped, and in the early morning arranged all the loads carefully. Three men were then left in charge of the boats, while the rest of us went up to the village. For some way the .path led up the rough and slippery stream bed, subsequently over a level spur, through clearings, where we had to scrain- 14 S. E, Peal— Report on a visit to the pal Eb Ce Ya ble from log to log and walk along large and small tree-stems at all angles of inclination, the ground being as a rule completely hidden under a thick mass of creepers, foliage, and smaller lopped branches, all drying so as to be ready for being set fire to about March. How the leading men kept the path under such circumstances was wonderful, for no trace of a track of any sort was visible. In some forest beyond we met a Tkak Naga and his young wife, who were rather taken aback on seeing our party. A palaver ensued as to which of the two villages we should go to, and during it we suddenly saw a long string of Nagas advance in single file, and, the path being very narrow and in dense undergrowth, they had to pass us closely. As they went by many spoke to our guide, and some stopped and gave him some tobacco, asking who we were and where we were going, many- had flint guns, and all carried the Khampti dao. Generally, they passed me hurriedly and seemed more comfortable when they had got by, then turned round, and stared. Those who had loads carried them in a conical basket (the Naga hura) by a strap over the forehead; more than half had spears, and all wore the little cane crinoline and small strip of cloth passed between the legs which forces the testes into the abdomen, a usual custom among these Nagas (East). They were not tattooed, and hence looked much paler in the face than do the tribes who live further west. I found they had all been summoned by a Singpht Chief to assist in building him a new house. After passing through another Jhwm we reached Tkak, a village consisting of ten houses ona spur facing the Nambong valley, where the guide made arrangements for us to stay in the outer end of the head- man’s house. After an hour’s rest, the carriers went back to the boats for the other things, and the whole party came up. While they were away I had breakfast. It was no easy matter communicating with these folks, as the only language they knew besides their own was a little Singphu, Lah, the guide, and Mung, the boatman, hovever, were generally somewhere at hand to interpret. The village was evidently not more than five or six years old, as I saw the stumps of the forest trees everywhere about, and often the stems as large logs. The houses were not arranged on any plan, but just built where the owner had a fancy, on a fragment of level eked out by posts, not over 30 or 40 yards apart, no two houses consequently were on the same level or faced the same way. They were more or less on the same pattern as are all the houses of the hill tribes in or about Assam except those of the Garos and Khasias, 2. e., a long bamboo shed, with floor raised on posts some 4& or 5 feet, | It is singular how this custom survives even among people who have left the hills and been resident in the plains for some 500 or 600 years, as 1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 15 for example the Deodhaings, who came in as Ahoms in 1228, and are now seen occupying a few scattered villages not far from the Disang river, in the Sibs4gar district. The Aitonias and the Miris also afford other examples. ‘The custom in all cases seems due to the necessity of keeping the floor out of the reach of pigs and goats. It may be called the “Pile platform” system, and to some extent marks a race distinction between Aryans and non-Aryans. It is probably the same system which occurs throughout the Malay peninsula, and has latterly been traced in the Swiss lake-dwellings, and present Swiss chalet. . Among the Nagas, where houses have been built on a declivity, I have seen one end of the house only a foot or so raised from the ground, while the other end, supported on bamboos 30 feet long, overhung a fearful gully,—the little platform at the extremity, on which the people sit out and sun themselves and their children, having no rail or protection of any kind. The people seemed very quiet and civil, but were more or less curious to see our things. While they were examining them we heard a loud wail raised in a house not for off, that made all mute, soon after another, and they all went there in a hurry, gradually joining in the chorus. It turned out most unluckily that the old headman, who had been very ill for some time, took it into his head to die just after our arrival. It made my guide and Ming and the three other Singphis look serious for a while Guns began to go off, too close to sound pleasant, and were pointed about promiscuously ; I began to think matters were getting serious, as the son, a grown man, rushed about demented, yelling and slashing and cutting everything within reach of his daéo,—floor, walls, baskets, all got a fair share of his fury, an unlucky cock that ran past lost his head, and dogs kept aloof. Guessing that a good deal of the rumpus was “a form of sorrow” in these parts, I kept our party as unobtrusive as possible, and in about half an hour the bereaved son came to me, quiet, but crying, and asked for some caps, as they had a nipple-gun which they desired to use in the row. On giving him a few, I remarked that had I known the old gentleman was so nearly dead, I should have gone to the upper village, but he explained that his death had been daily expected for some time, and I must not be put out at the noise and fuss, which was their custom. He turned out after- wards to be a very decent and intelligent fellow, and rendered me good assistance. The row still going on, I took my note-book and strolled out by the path towards Patkai. A fine view which I had of the Namtsik valley shewed it to be wide, and filled with low rolling hills and undulating land, and not nearly so steep or high as I had anticipated from the shading on the Government maps, which extends as far as this village. 16 S. E. Peal Report on a visit to the [Noa Patkai here at least presented a high and tolerably level ridge to the south at 3,000 feet up to 6,939 feet at the Maium peak, all seemed deep blue, instead of green, forest-covered to the top, and at some five or ten miles off, the Nambong river below, dividing it from Sonkap, and receiving the drainage from both sides, to flow east and join the Namrup. The six or seven large spurs from Patkai are all included in the prospect. Early in the evening the men arrived with the remainder of the loads, and I pitched the tent in the usual form on a clear little flat just at the outer edge of the village. After dinner we had a large audience as usual of Nagas, men and women, the latter being in the outer circle. The object of my visit (7. e.. to see Nongyang lake) was explained, and routes in various directions discussed. There was but one to the lake from hence, 7. €., vid the Nambong to Ninki, a stream between two of the large spurs, then across Patkai by the regular and only pass. They made many enquiries regarding “ rubber,”’ and I was able to show it to them in various forms, as waterproof sheet, coat, air-pillow, elastic rings, &c. It was little wonder that they were interested, inasmuch as till about a year ago any enterprising Naga could earn 2 to 4 rupees a day by its collection, and, both the inhabited and uninhabited tracts on each side of Patkai had been ex- plored. Here, as before, remarks were freely made in favour of our Raj, hill was favourably contrasted with the state of insecurity known to exist in Upper Burma, and here also before our arrival in Assam. They spoke of the visit of the Survey party some years before, to which they made no objection. A good many of them had been as far as Bisa or Makim and Tirap, but few to Jaipur, and very few indeed to Dibrugarh. They seem to work pretty hard, the men and boys in clearing the forest (jhiming) and house building, while the women plant and weed the crops, reap, look after the family, cook, &c., though the earrying of water in the bamboo tubes, often for considerable distances from some gully below, is no joke. They also bring in immense loads of firewood from the clearings, but as a rule the women and girls are remarkably sturdy, and think very little of carrying 150 or 200 pounds on their shoulders and backs, slung by bands across the forehead. Like most Nagas, they have no special agricultural seminal but use the ever handy dado, which is also a weapon. Spears were pretty common. They were iron-headed and of the elementary form common all over the world, the other or butt-end often having an iron spike to help in climbing; the young men also seemed fairly expert with the crossbow. Old flint muskets of English make, were not uncommon, the powder being made on the spot by the Nagas, nitre collected from the sites of old ant Se ee a 1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. ip cow-houses ; where the sulphur came from I could not ascertain. The charcoal was made of the wood of citron-trees, jawra tenga of the Assamese. This powder is not granulated or very strong, so large charges are necessary. At 9 a. mM. the boiling-point thermometer showed 209°. 60, the temperature of the air being 64° F. After a fine cool clear moonlight night we were up at dawn, and our party had an early breakfast, the loads were carefully arranged, and I prevailed on five Nagas to carry extra rice for us. Leaving the village at 11 4. M, we at once passed through the last year’s shim towards the south-east, and down a long spur, towards a tract of low wooded hills, on one of which we passed the last Naga village in this direction, a small one of some five or six houses. There are no Nagas east of the Dihing and Namrup. Thence through their shim partly felled, and on down to the bed of a stream, along which we travelled a little way, coming out on the Nambong, a small river that carries the northern-drainage of the Patkai east to fall into the Namrup and Namphtik. There was not much water in it, though here and there we saw pools; the bed was rock, boulders, gravel, and sand alternately. How they kept to the path it was not easy to see, for we often cut off bends by suddenly parting the jungle and finding a rude track below,—at times even this was not to be seen, as it was over boulders and rock. Still, the faculty of keeping or finding the track is part of the savage nature all over the world, and when studied and understood is not at all wonderful On opening their eyes anywhere in the jungles, these savages can read the surroundings like a book, it is their book in fact, though sealed up, or the signs invisible, to the civilized intelligence. Near the mouth of the Nuki, which drains a valley between two of the large spurs of Patkai, we camped at a clear spot, where there was also plenty of firewood, and wild plantains, for the guide, Mung, and the Nagas to make a hut of. Bedded rock, laminated shale, was passed frequently inclined at 60° or 70° dipping south. At dusk, when cooking, the stones under the fires, or supporting the various pots, frequently exploded, so that the operation beeame rather exciting, and it was agreed by the Bengalis that the Nambong Deo, or spirit, had objections to it; however, it was all over ere long, as we were hungry, and, on the moon coming out, we spent a very pleasant evening. Stories and jokes abounded; now and then a general howl was raised to warn off a tiger that prowled about, though none seemed much afraid of him (his tracks were fresh and plain on patches of sand not far off in the morning). At 9p. m. the thermometer stood at 60° F. After breakfast, at 9 Aa. M., we again started on and soon struck 3 18 S. E. Peal—Report on a visit to the [No. 1, the Nunki, up and beside which we travelled for some hours, and which in places is anything but easy walking, and, though bare-legged, I found shoes were necessary. Here and there a man had an ugly fall, and it was well the things were well packed, as the loads had rough usage. Gradually it began to rain, which wasa damper in every sense, as where we went on the banks leeches abounded, and in the river bed the rocks and boulders and the smaller shingle became very slippery. A small lean-to shelter or old hut marked where the path left the Nunki bed to ascend the spur, and here I made the men halt. The Nagas and Singphtis and Ming at once pulled out pipes, so I made my fellows all take a little rum “ medicinally.”’ We then started on and found the first 1,000 or 1,500 feet pretty steep, the path being unmistakeably visible, both by the track below and the blazes on the tree stems of all ages, from one to ten years; a peculiar feature of the path was that it very seldom varied from a dead level for perhaps two miles or so, and never descended anywhere as much as 380 feet, and was in the main fairly straight. Vegetation began to vary a little, not only trees, but plants and herbs of new kinds were seen, and after about a couple of hours’ pretty easy walking the track got steeper and steeper, where the long spur joined the main range. At last the climbing became no joke, to the men who had wetted loads especially, and we had frequently to rest ; half an hour or so of this work brought us through some kako bamboo to the crest of the ridge, which was quite narrow and densely wooded, the views either way being simply of clouds and mists. At about fifty yards from the path we camped on a small level, and the rain left off in time for the people to hang out and dry their clothes, blankets, &e. The only thing now needed was what we had too much of already, z.e., water. Some of the Nagas, however, went away to the bamboos, getting about a gallon from the joints, which sufficed for cooking my dinner and brewing tea for all the party. I repeatedly told them there was a spring of good water some 400 yards down the path on the east side, in a gully off the same, but both Lah and the Nagas denied it, and said it was useless to go. Subsequently, when at Bor Phakial, Il heard that it was true that there was water there. At 9 p.m. water boiled at 205°. 75, air being 57° F. Considering our wet- ting and fasting, the people were all in very good spirits, and we were anxious to see through the veil of mist to the south,—but no sueh luck, the night proved foggy too. In the early morning I put my orderly to watch for the view at a part of the crest where there was a patch of grass some two acres inextent. At about 8 a. m. he reported by shouting to me that the clouds were clearing and mountains showing beyond. I at once went up with my prismatic compass, and now and then the driving white 1881.]. Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 19 ; mists or clouds that swept up showed signs of parting. Suddenly below us, and some way out among the clouds, we saw a patch of bright yellow, and another to west, of blue, both for the moment a mystery. It turned out the yellow was dead grass on the plain in sunlight, and the blue was the lake. In a little time it had so far cleared that I secured bearings of the most conspicuous features, including the peak of Maitim, to the south- west, which is just 7,000 feet high. While I made a hasty outline sketch, the men struck the camp, and by 9 a. M. we were off down the path that leads to the Nongyang ford and from thence wid the Digum Bim and Loglai Kha, to Namyong villages in Hukong. After a short time, having first consulted with the Nagas, we left the path and struck south through the jungle, down across deep khuds and over little hills, where the load-carriers had a job to get along, especially those in charge of the canoe, the incline in many places being 50° and 60° from the horizontal. But Nagas are at home in the jungles, and soon piloted all of us down to the level, which we reached far sooner than we expected, but found it so soft and swampy that it was too dangerous to go on, and we had to return to the flanks of the smaller hills trending towards the lake. After about an hour’s walk we came to where the bottom was more firm and sandy, and we crossed to the low wooded hills that run along the northern edge of the lake, passing among which we suddenly emerged on it and had a splendid view. Giving directions to pitch the camp on the little hill-side facing the lake, where there are some large hingori trees, we crossed a patch of reeds and stood on the actual margin. | The Nagas, Singphus, and Kamptis at once began some sort of puja, each after his own fashion muttering away, bowing, and touching his forehead with some of the water. I then had the canoe launched, but they all begged me so hard not to take the gun, that I left it, and the wild fowl which I saw out on the lake’s opposite shore got off. One and all said we should be sure to have heavy rain if I fired, or a bad storm, as the Deo of the lake would be certain to be offended. So I turned the Rod Roy’s bow out, and felt the peculiar pleasure of being the first who had paddled on that sheet of water, certainly the first who had done so in a Rob Roy. As I went out I saw the margins were low all around, and no forest near, except where I had started from, The basin of hills, beautifully reflected in the smooth water, swept right round in a green-blue curve, the valley of Nongyang extending south some six or eight miles as a dead flat covered with grass and scrub. The whole bottom of the valley was flat, except where three small tree-covered hills stood like islands in the sea of grass east of the lake. ‘The banks were so low and flat all around that I could see a considerable way inland from 20 S. E. Peal— Report on a visit to the [No. I, the canoe. Turning westwards, I began the circuit of the lake at some 100 yards from shore, and soon found little bays and headlands, though no sign of out- or inlet. When half round, I looked across and saw the smoke of the camp fires rising blue against the foliage. The water-fowl had apparently crossed over there. ‘Towards the south-east corner I. passed up a channel, separating banks barely a foot high, covered by a small sedge, and found I was rounding the island, a very low flat patch of an acre or two in extent, with some very scrubby trees on it. The water was here so shallow, being often barely two inches deep, that had not the silt been soft I must have stuck. This silt, however, was so soft and light that the paddle, held upright in it, sank in 23 to 8 feet from its own weight. Of course I got out of such a dangerous corner as quickly and quietly as possible,—an upset there meant certain death. I was surprised to see neither stones, sand, nor clay, all was silt and peat, except a little sand where I had started, the outlet was from the south- east corner not far from the island. After about an hour’s paddle I returned for breakfast, made all snug, took some observations and memo. sketches, and in the evening went out again, going nearly round, and finding several inlets. The number of wild fowl must be considerable, as the edge of the lake was almost everywhere denuded of sedge or vegetation for a couple of feet in, and had plenty of feathers trampled in. At one place I saw marks made in the bank by the two tusks of a large elephant at water- level, evidently one which had got in and could not easily get out, of which there were other signs beyond. Report says there are large numbers of tusks in the silt everywhere. Other tracks were very common, though no game was visible, but no deer, buffalo, nor indeed any large game tracks except those of elephants. In the evening we had some strong puffs of wind, and we made all taut for the night, after dinner settling with the men who were to take turns at watching. 'The Nagas also drew creepers and some dead branches and leaves about us outside, so that anything approaching would at once be heard, then we turned in and slept soundly. In the morning I started the five Nagas to their homes they were not wanted and wished to be off, and then prepared to sketch the lake and hills and get bearings. This occupied me all day, and we prepared to start next morning for the Nongyang ford, where I desired to search for the inscriptions in Ahom cut some 500 years ago near the ford, where the road crosses. The men, however, whom I had sent ahead to find a path, returned in a great mess, and declared it utterly impossible to cross the valley, as the peat, or pitonz, was too soft and deep to bear their weight. This was most unfortunate, and a second attempt, backed by a good prize if successful, failed equally, so there was nothing for it but to return to ‘ 1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 21 Patkai at any rate. I then determined to lash my canoe in the large arms of a big hingoré tree, and did it so as to prevent its being blown, or shaken down, resting it bottom up on three boughs; being of a very lasting timber, it may remain safely for some years to come, unless elephants can reach it, which I doubt, or the Nagas hear of it from Lah. We therefore, instead of crossing for the Nongyang ford, started back by the road we had come, and found the return to the pass comparatively easy, it took but 2 hours or 23. There being no water on the crest, I had made the men cook and carry extra rations and water in my kettle, From the crest, it being a fine clear day, I made a sketch and took bearings again, also by boiling-point thermometer at 4 Pp. M. and 9 Pp. M., and again at 9 A. M., secured the altitude, which was worked out for me by Mr. H. F. Blanford, to whom all the observations were submitted. Apparently, the crest of the Patkai at the pass is about 3,500 feet above mean sea-level, probably 3,000 above the bed of the Nambong on the Assam side, while the Nongyang lake and valley stand at about 2,200 feet, showing, say, nearly 1,300 feet difference in the levels. The valley of Assam, in fact, being much the lowest, and the Nongyang lake lying about on a level with the Sonkap villages. From the pass, looking southwards, the valley extends as an irregular triangle for some eight or ten miles north and south, by three or four in width, the lake being near the Patkai end where broadest, and being itself, say, three-fourths by half a mile. Apparently the lake once filled the entire valley, the junction of the level with the hills all around being a well marked line ; the surface also mainly consists of grass and scrub jungle, and showing very few trees, is apparently all swamp. ‘The three small conical and wooded hills east of the lake, and at, say, one-fourth to half a mile distant from it, look precisely like islands, the exit from the lake passes close to them. Later in the day I attempted to get along the crest eastwards, but it was an interminable succession of gullies or saddles and ridges, which would need a whole day to explore, and the dense forest precluded a view in any direction. Ata mile east a peak rises which dominates all around and beyond. While we were camped on the summit a party of Singphis crossed from Assam en route to Hukong for buffaloes. Starting from the Nambong that morning about 9 a. M., they intended making the Nongyang ford ere dusk, thus crossing from water to water iz one march. Three or four of them had guns. ji Early on the 14th we struck the tents, and started back down the northern slope, seeing the tracks of cattle which had crossed since we did. In about three hours we reached the Ninki, where we had breakfast. I here caught some orange coloured butterflies which seemed new to me, and 22 S, E. Peal— Report on a visit to the [No. 1, measured a mekai sapling which was 10 inches diameter at foot and 5 inches diameter at the first branch, 60 feet from the ground. It was a lovely morning, and, excepting for one or two bad falls, we got down to our old camp easily and quickly, finding three Tkak Nagas there. At dusk we heard a barking-deer not far off, a Naga took his gun and quietly disappeared, a loud report soon after told us he had succeeded, though, being dark, he could not trace it; by dawn, however, he was out and returned with it on his shoulders. I gave him some beads for a leg. These men knew the country pretty well, and had cut rubber on the Upper Loglai. They said large numbers of Nagas from our side go east on the side of Burma, taking food for twenty days, and in parties of thirty and forty or more. It is a large tract of country, and totally uninhabited. After breakfast, about 9 a. m., we all started on together up the Nam- bong, thence over the undulating forest land and low hills, jhims, &e. One of the Nagas we dropped at the first Tkak Naga village, and soon reached the one we had camped in at night, where we rested an hour and waited for the guide, who had loitered behind. In the jham close by I observed each person’s little store-house of yams, chillies, pumpkins, &e. quite open and exposed, often without doors, yet I was told on all sides that the contents were quite safe. So close to the path were the things, and so very tempting, that I had to collect and warn my people against innocently supposing they might stoop and take what they saw, or there might have been no small row. While resting in the Tkak village, a Naga woman came and presented me with a large basket of moad, or rice-beer, which, after tasting, I passed round; it was not so good as that of the Nagas living west near me. Like the Singphts, these people make very neat wicker- work baskets, and line or plaster them with rubber-juice, so as to be not only water but spirit-proof. They also make pretty bamboo mugs, with two handles in loops, some of them absurdly like Dr. Schliemann’s early Greek pottery. When the guide joined, we went on and climbed another 500 or 600 feet to the Upper Sonkap village of some ten or twelve houses. Several women and big girls at once, and without a word from us, brought out and handed over bundles of firewood for nothing. It was done so quietly that I take it to be a regular custom, and one form of welcome. Water, however, was at a premium. Some for present purposes was given us in huge bamboo vessels, but I had to get the Naga boys and girls to bring more at a pice per tube. Even then, there was a short allowance, till the spring filled, or they found a lower one next day. I went to see it, and how they managed to get down and up in the dark surprised me. The . want of water has a perceptible effect on the complexions of these people,— the older women seem especially partial to charcoal dust and ashes. : * EE ‘ 1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 23 We pitched our tents in a row, on a clean piece of ground offered us among the houses, and after dinner a most motley crowd of people came ‘ound our fire, to whom I had more or less to show myself, my clothes, guns, lamps, &c. The imperceptible effect of custom was curiously seen in many very trivial things here, as elsewhere: for instance, though more or less all prepared for wonderful guns, I found that whenever I opened the D.-B. B -L. suddenly and the barrels dropped, there was an instantaneous “ Awa! he’s broken it,” the idea of a joint at the breech being the last to occur naturally. At last we got to sleep, after telling them all I would remain over the next day, perhaps two, and there was plenty of time to see every- thing. Early next morning I was up, but the range of Patkai all along was invisible. In the dark, however, I must mention the Nagas were up and the women and girls at work and going for water. The muffled tread of many feet and tinkling of the many shin-rings awoke me, and they came back in the dark ; meantime, the dull “‘ bump, bump” of the rice husking went on in every xan till dawn. I took a turn to the upper few houses of the village, some 800 yards east, while my man was getting chota hazri (little breakfast) for me, and _ on my return in half an hour, failing to make a sketch east on account of the mist I found a lot of the women and girls squatted about weaving, and “ got up regardless,” in beads, red hair, red cane, and such like in lieu of costume, the tout ensemble when some of them stood up was certainly most remark- able. The long and in some cases profuse straight black hair was secured on the poll of the head by two large (engraved) bone hair-pins, from the projecting ends of which, behind, beads depended, round the head or over the hair some twenty rings of scarlet cane were fastened, and over the forehead a bead coronet. A large brass ring hung from the upper edge of each ear, a bright green bird’s skin dangling below to the shoulder ; the pe- culiar nose-studs, or nostril-plugs, completed the head. - A profusion of large small bead necklaces hung from the neck, some close, others long and reaching to the waist. Pewter armlets, bright and dull, on the arms, and -wristlets of brass of various sorts, from plain wire to a curious piece of casting, were on the arms, now and then red goat’s hair being attached in a fringe or bunch. Round the waist was the curious series of cane rings, some fifty or sixty, more or less attached to each other, or long strip coiled round and round, but generally worn as a little crinoline, very much too short, and which was helped out by a strip of native-wove cloth, going all round, but ends not joined,—the whole contrivance barely decent. Red cane bands were often worn round the leg below the knee, as is the custom with the men, and then the remarkable pewter shin-rings, four or five on each leg 24 S. E. Peal— Report on a vistt to the [No. 1, placed on edge in front and tied round the leg in some way that prevented them all from slipping down. In walking or running these made a pretty loud tinkling as they touched each other. To-day the belles of the village came out strong, they seemed for once to have washed themselves and donned all the finery available. As I went about with an interpreter, looking at the weaving and little sticks used as a loom, and asking all sorts of questions, they seemed as much amused as we were, and when laughing, the whole costume seemed to join in, the nose-studs in particular. I could hardly help every now and then thinking what a sum one would realize as a model at the Academy life-class, especi- ally some of them who were remarkably well made and not bad-looking. The children, as a rule, were not at all prepossessing, and had heads and faces round and uninteresting as a turnip, the nose a little round knob, and little eyeholes as in a mask, utterly destitute of modelling. The men’s costume was limited to the cane crinoline and a jacket without arms, occasionally a necklace and topi with hair or feathers; but they do not dress themselves as gaudily as the women, or as the Naga men further to the west. The looms I saw were simply two little upright sticks of any sort driven into the ground, and one loosely tied across the offside, to which the woof was wound, another similar one being in front and looped to a band, against which the weaver leaned back to pull it tight. A huge flat paper-knife seemed to complete the arrangement, being some four inches wide it, when placed on edge, opened out the strings enough to allow a little ball of thread to pass through ; letting the said paper-knife lie flat seemed to open the strands the other way, and the little ball was rolled back again: with this they wove cloths with a simple pattern, which were from a foot to eighteen inches wide. Several were weaving men’s cloths of the strong bonrhea, 5 feet long by 38 inches wide, and with ornamental ends. After an early breakfast at 9 o’clock I started with several men for the summit of the hill, and after a steep climb reached it and found it had been jhiimed about two years before, so we set to work and in an hour cleared off a good deal, enough to enable me to see round and get bearings. The view was a fine one, bounded on the north by the Mishmi Hills, north-east by Dupha Bum 15,000 feet, well snowed down to 2,000 feet or so from the summit; east the Phiingan Bim, 11,000 feet, was well seen, but had no snow on it, the distance about 53 miles; thence round towards the south I saw the eastern prolongation of Patkai, with the depressions in the range where the old Burmese route crossed, at probably 1,500 or at the least 1,000 feet lower elevation than the present pass of 3,500 feet. Over and beyond this marked depression could be seen a rather high group ' 1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 25 of hills,—a feature visible here alone, as elsewhere the range of Patkai hid them from view. The hills seen beyond were expressively called the “ Loglai Patkai”’ by the Naga headman, who caught me making an outline and taking bear- ings. They may be the group that lie between the Loglai and Turong rivers. From this point west, the entire line of the Patkai crest was visible, but slightly undulating till near Maium, where there seemed to be several depressions, before the rise to the 6,939 feet of that peak. The seven large spurs, running north and more or less at right angles, were very distinctly seen with their intervening valleys, all, like the main range, densely wooded, the Nambong draining all that was lying in this direction. Some of the more western spurs of Patkai were sufficiently high, and form the sky-line, as Longvoi Pipoi, and Nongya Sapon, projecting into the Namtsik valley, which lay west, and seemed filled with low rolling hills, one behind the other, for a long way. ‘Towards the north-west at some miles off, and seen more or less on end, were the ranges dividing the Namtsik from the Tirap basins, some peaks, as ‘ Mung phra,’ Kongtam, Rangatu, and Yungbhi, were from 2,500 to 4,000 feet Ingh; further west again about Makum, the hills gradually sank to the level of the plains, in a sea of forest. I observed that the mists in the early part of the morning, or before noon, poured for hours over the lowest part of Patkai above indi- eated, like milk from a jug, and the phenomenon was repeated daily during our stay, thus marking it unmistakeably as the lowest part of the range. Kast of this part (which seemed the Upper Namrup on our side and Loglai on the other) the range rose again, though not to any great height. Between Patkai and Dupha Bim, beyond Dihing, rose a fine group of hills called by these people Miao Bum, and between Miao and Sonkap, on which we stood, were the small hills called Nan-nan and Tantuk, between which Pemberton says the old route lay and the Namrup flowed, under the name of the Nam-huk or Namhok, and near the village of Namphuk; the alternative route to the Nuinki, v7@ Nambongmiuk, passed hence also, it was taken by Mr. H. L. Jenkins and my brother some years ago, in 1869. Towards the afternoon we descended through a clearing, where we saw boys lopping the tree branches that overhung a gully, seemingly a very perilous job and needing some nerve, as the branches fell quite 500 feet. In the evening, an old Naga gave many particulars about the Nonyang lake and valley, and the previous inhabitants, routes to Burma, &c. He gave the length of the valley as one day’s journey, and says he lived with other Nagas once on the hills overlooking the western end of the lake, where there are now no villages, The original inhabitants were, he said, Khamjangs, Aitonias, and Turong Turai, confirming what I had 4 26 S. E. Peal—Report on a visit to the [No. 1, heard before, and that Nagas inhabited the hill ranges around on the west. At night we had again a large audience, the men and boys seated round the camp-fire, the women and girls in a circle standing outside. I was asked all sorts of questions about my country and people, the Queen, railways, and steamers, on which Mung had been dilating more or less, Next morning after chota hazrt, 1 started eastwards with my orderly and a couple of Nagas, and got into a jum on the eastern flank of our hill, from whence I obtained a fine view. At noon we returned and had breakfast and after a rest, 1 made an outline sketch of the Namtsik valley, and then saw a fine sunset. I also fired a few rounds from my revolver, at a mark, to the delight of the young men, who cut out all the bullets at once from the old stump. Some eight or nine Kessa* Nagas came to the village from the other side of Patkai, and were pointed out to me. They were, I could see, in various ways somewhat different to the Nagas I was among. Paler in colour, more ugly and sinister in looks, destitute of arms or of orna- ment, and each wore a large wrap of bonrhea cloth. They also did not tattoo. It was difficult to communicate with them, as only one or two knew a few words of Singpht, and their “ Naga” was also very different. The Sonkap headman and others told me they belonged to a tribe who sacrificed human beings, and, as this was news to me; I took some pains to get it confirmed by them. The Nagas replied by explaining that it was done as an old custom, to secure good crops when there was likelihood of failure, and not through wantonness, and that they explained this to the victims, men and women, captured or bought, who were tied to a stake, aud killed, as far as I understood, by a cut across the abdomen transversely in some way. It would be very desirable to verify this on the spot, and, if it proved true, endeavour to suppress the practice of such a custom at our doors. The entire Naga question must be taken up sooner or later and properly settled, or it will be a source of constant trouble to us. We have had very fair success with the Aryan populations of India, but seem to fail signally among non-Aryans. Dr. Hunter’s remarks regarding such races are worthy of the most careful attention. They seem to need a com- bination of the autocratic and patriarchal,—an essentially Personal as distinguished from a Departmental Government, with its cloud of Babus, a race mortally detested by the Nagas and such like tribes (and with reason). This indispensable element of personal regard our Government seems to systematically ignore, the most potent tie which can connect us with these people is frequently and recklessly severed, with results that * Nagas on our side of Patkai are called “‘ Hijud Nagas,” or cooked, 7. ¢, civi- lized, those on the Burmese side are Kessa = Kutcha, or raw. ‘ 1881.] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. E act disastrously on them. Yet, instead of blaming ourselves, who should know better, we blame the savage, and wonder at the result. In time no doubt these people might be educated and understand us and our institu- tions, but in the meanwhile they need an intelligent ‘‘ Chief” over them, rather than a department, and one not changed for every little frivolous pretext, but one who will elect to live and die among them and work for them. From being a set of treacherous and turbulent races, they would become a prolific source from which our Indian army could recruit most valuable and trustworthy material. They are particularly susceptible to personal kindness. It is to be lamented that with the opportunity and power to govern them successfully, there should be deliberate blundering through thoughtlessness. Such men as Captain John Butler are needed, they are few and far between perhaps, but are still to be found with a little trouble. But to return to these Kutcha Nagas; what they were like in their houses I can’t say, but here they wore a sinister truculent look, and there was more difference between them each individually than is usual, though the colour was somewhat uniform; they wore the hair cropped to a horizontal line across the forehead, as is so common among all Nagas. They spoke very little, and in undertones, to each other, their numerals, like those of all the races in Hastern Assam, being on the same. basis, with minor variations. At last we got to sleep, and after a pleasant night were up at dawn. I asked the Naga headman to assist me in procuring some curios, personal ornaments, costumes, &c., but it proved to be no easy matter. They might give away, but how could they sell such things? Of course, if given, a present was expected in return of, say, at least double value. At first they quite failed to see why I wanted their costumes and orna- ments, unless for some unstated purpose, not a good one,—to perform magic with, perhaps; but gradually I got them to see it as a harmless and laughable peculiarity of mine, and I secured a few. of the things, though at exorbitant rates. I got them to see it best and easiest by selecting a girl well got up, and saying I would like to take the “ lot” as it stood, bar the girl. Naga-like, they could not resist the temptation to palm off bad things for good. Eventually, we got what we wanted, had breakfast, and, while packing, I showed them all another village through the telescope. Their astonishment was considerakle, and, as usual, they thought the village had been brought near by magic. Ere midday we were off down for the Namtsik, where, meeting a young Naga I secured some samples of his gunpowder in exchange for some bullets, on which he set a high value. The powder was kept in dry bamboo tubes, with a stopper and bit of cloth. I also made him sell me 28 S. E. Peal— Report on a visit to the [No. 1, his jacket and crinoline, or at least three-fourths of it, for he said if he went up home without it, he would be a laughing-stock to all the girls, even though he had his cloth on. Our men soon appeared emerging from the gully, and we shipped everything and got off, the dropping down stream being very pleasant work, and the rapids giving very little trouble. At one place, a long deep pool shaded by overhanging rocks and trees, we found a party of Nagas fishing ; their mode was to stake the shallows above and below, and set a series of traps, then to hoe or dig in by stakes or daos a lot of the bright red fine clay of the bank at that place, which renders the water like pink cream, whereupon the fish in the pool clear out, and in so doing all get caught. They go about, too, on bamboo rafts, and beat the water, to scare the fish ; generally each person gets two or three big fish to take home. We shot along pretty quickly, and at last camped ona bed of shingle at the river side, where there was plenty of grass to sleep on, and firewood. Here the dam-dums, or moans, small flies on silent wing, tormented us. Their bites or stings itch the next day and often cause bad sores. : Next morning we got off early, and shot some rapids in a way that made us all hold our breath. ‘The river had risen somewhat. At one place we came to a huge rock that rose out of the Namtsik, in a deep pool, and it had four large sculptured circles on it in contact, each about a foot in diameter, and containing an eight-petalled rose,—whether a Hindu or Buddhist emblem I cannot say. It is, however, well known to the people about, who declare it a work of the Ahom Rajas many years ago; a part of two circles which is missing is said to have been struck off by lightning. By 4p. m. we reached the mouth of the Namtsik and the elephant- stockade, having taken in our remaining stores we pushed on to the Nmbai mtik the same evening. I had seen the young Singpht Chief, Kherim Gam, at Namtsik, and he agreed to meet me at Tirap. Next day we pushed on, passed the Kasam, Mganto and Kherim Pani, into the Dihing river, landed at Gogo and saw some peculiar men, said to be Eastern Singphts, from far up the Dihing; the headman wore a peculiar Chinese-looking cap, jacket, &c., and had a most celestial look about him, he proved kindly and intelligent, and made some shrewd remarks. IT also saw here a huge pair of jangphais or amber ear-plugs, worn by a very old but remarkably good-looking woman. She would not part with them, though I offered a large sum, their full market value in Assam. Again we started on and shot some very bad rapids in a way that astonished all on board, in some places we went for fully 300 yards at about ten to twelve miles an hour flying over the boulders only just below us, and which seemed to pass like bands of colour,—to have caught in a A “ a 1881. ] Nongyang Lake, on the Burmese Frontier. 29 one would either have split the canoe in two, or sent us and it rolling pell-mell into the deep water below. Ming, however, seemed to know his work, and only once showed a little weakness, when in shooting down a rapid with a bend in it, and that seemed to end in a huge pile of snags and branches, the leading paddlers jumped overboard, and I had just time to jump forward and give six or seven hard side-strokes with my large-bladed ob Roy paddle, which served to convert a frightful upset into a hard bump, We reached the bend above Tirapmik about 3 Pp. M., and most of us got out and walked across the chord of the are on the sand and grass; five or six of the men, who had gone on foot and earried light loads, here joined us, and we got to Tirap itself about 4 P. M,, camping where we did before, on the sands, just above where the rivers joined in the fork, and opposite the end of Kherim Gam’s village. They soon had the tents up, firewood in, and were hard at it cooking, when my dak by two men turned up, it had been waiting a week. They also brought a few acceptable stores. Kherim arrived at night, and in the morning came over and we had a long talk together on many matters. He seemed much pleased to see me, and asked after Jenkins Saheb and my brother, with whom he had gone to Hukong in 1868-69. He particularly wanted me to promise to repeat my visit next cold season, and offered to go anywhere with me I liked,—especially Hukong, where he was well known, and has two sisters married to Chiefs. One of these two, over on a visit to Assam came as soon as Kherim was gone and interviewed me. She is married to Dubong Gam, on the Turong, and asked me to visit them, guaranteeing my safety. She was a smart, intelligent little woman, and it was now twenty years since she had been home to Assam. She had her four children with her. Through an interpreter we had a long conversation. She seemed thoroughly to understand the relative positions of the Singphts on our side and hers, and declared the keeping of slaves not so bad after all, and in some cases necessary ; at the same time, they all admired the peace and security to life and property seen on our side. As usual, she came with a small present,—fowls, rice, milk, &c.,—and in return I gave her an assort- ment of strong needles, some threads, tapes, and handkerchiefs for the children. She was soon to return to Hukong, and several of their slaves had come to take her and the children back, a ten days’ journey v7é the Naga villages and Namyong. As far as I could see, the system of slaver y in force in Hukong is not the curse John Bull so often supposes it to be. and seems particularly well adapted to the state of society prevalent there. The slaves, often either Assamese or their mixed descendants, are treated more or less as part of the family, a proof of their happiness being that they do not run away and join our side when possible. Leaving the Tirap, we went down to the small Khampti village of Manmo, where I saw and 30 S. E. Peal—Report on a visit to the Nongyang Lake. [No. 1, sketched a pretty little Buddhist chang and school-house with very fair carving about it. For some reason, the Bapu, like the one at Bor Pakhial, has gone to Burma, and they did not know whether he would return. It seems a great pity if Buddhism is doomed to die out here among these people ; theoretically and practically it seems infinitely better than what they are - getting in lieu of it, z. e., a mixture of the dregs of several superstitions. We reached Bor Pakhial about 3 P. M. and camped this time up on the bank near the houses and some bamboos, and soon had a collection to learn of our success. A little before sunset I fixed up the telescope pretty firmly, and showed them several canoes full of people in the distance ; there was great excitement over it, for, though very far off, the boys kept calling out the names of the girls and women in the boats, and were able to recognize them. As they came nearer it was a pretty sight, and they made the boats travel, as most of them had oars and were paddling. As the canoes were too small to sit down in, all were standing in a row, five or six in each long and narrow dug-out, then they all ran up to see us. Several old men reiterated the story about the people who had originally inhabited the valley of Nong- yang, and who were driven out by the Singphis. They also indicated the difficulties of a route east vi@ Manchi or Bor Khampti, up the Dihing, of the Sitkha ; of this latter route, they could only speak by repute. Taking the configuration of the whole country and the ranges around, in regard to the countries beyond, it seems that the only feasible in or outlet is vz7é@ the Namrup basin and Nongyang or Loglai; eastwards the Patkai not only rises, but the approaches from either side become more and more difficult and traverse an uninhabited country. Westwards, again, though inhabited by Nagas, the hills are also more difficult, and the actual water-parting at a much higher elevation, the tract of mountainous country on either side becoming much wider. The discovery of the actual route where it crossed the Patkai in olden times is not now very difficult, its locality is known, and exploration on the spot is all that is necessary. ; It is not unlikely that in ascending some one of the several gaps in the lower part of the range east of the present pass, and not more than two or three miles distant, the path may be found to debouch almost at once on the level, or but little above it, rendering a route anything but difficult to open there. 3 Certainly, the elevation cannot be over 600 or 800 feet above the tributary of Loglai first met, that river itself probably running at about 1,000 feet below the crest. Nongyang is but 1,200 feet below a much higher portion. There are reasons for presuming that this old route was in use as the ‘ Doi bat”’ in 592 A. D. by the earliest Shans from Mogong. In illustration of this paper see Plates VIII to XIII. 1881.] V. Ball—Diamond Mines in India. 31 IIl.—On the Identification of certain Diamond Mines in India which were known to and worked by the Ancients, especially those which were visited by Tavernier. With a note on the history of the Koh-i-nur.— By V. Batt, Hsq., M. A., F. G. S., Geological Survey of India. (Zwo woodcuts.) [Received 26th January :—Read 2nd February, 1881.] Having recently published a general account of Indian diamond deposits* in which I unfortunately allowed myself, in more than one instance to be misled by untrustworthy authorities and having still more recently had an opportunity of consulting original works not available to me when I wrote, I am anxious, on this the first opportunity to correct, as far as possible, the errors to which I have given currency and to place on record some of the more important conclusions at which I have arrived. Undoubtedly the best general account of Indian diamond deposits published up to within the past few years is that by Karl Ritter in his Erdkunde Asien (Vol. VI, 1836). This most careful and assiduous compiler has been quoted and misquoted, generally without acknowledgment, by a host of subsequent compilers, none of whom have supplemented his account by re- ference to the modern researches published by the Geological Survey of India. Jam compelled to add that one of the latest writers on Indian Diamonds,f has by not having had recourse to this last source of information, misled his readers as to the positive amount of knowledge possessed at present regarding the mode of occurrence of Indian Diamonds. He has rehabili- tated several long exploded theories as to their age. In his identification of the localities visited by Tavernier he has been rather wide of the mark while other parts of his paper especially his table of diamond weights are internally inconsistent with one another. Tavernier’s visits to India took place in the middle of the 17th century. He describes the mines at three localities, namely, Raolconda in the Carnatic, Gani or Coulour in the kingdom of Golconda and Soumel- pour. The identification of these three localities, has, so far as I can ascertain never been successfully made out. It is the object of this paper to describe the result of my investigations and also to draw attention to the fact that the Diamond mines mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbari as being situated at Beiragarht are known to have been at a spot where traces of the mines are still to be seen. * Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, 1880. Tt Quarterly Journal of Science, N. 8S. Vol. VI, 1876. } Vide Gladwin’s Translation, Vol. II, p. 58. 32 V. Ball—On the Diamond Mines [No. 1, It is not within the scope of this communication to describe the mines themselves, that I have done already elsewhere and hope to do so again more fully hereafter. It is from the historical point of view alone that they are discussed at present. I. Gawnr-Covtour not identical with Gant-Partik{t Lat. 16° 39’ Long. 80° 27’ but with Koutur Lat. 16° 42’ 80” Long. 80° 5’. (Atlas Sheet No. 75.) The mines at Gani called also Coulour by the Persians were situated, according to Tavernier, seven days’ journey eastwards from Golconda.* In a subsequent chapter} to that in which the above statement is made he adds some details regarding the route. The itinerary being as follows : Golconda to Almaspinde, ..... eta csvewece OF GOETIE Aimaspinde to Kuper, 00. sjssenes cs san sus cwe, | orn Kaper to Nontecoun 5. ss ie ieie ais ste Se ro 0 ee Montecour to Nagelpar,’ cs ..<> ae ss ae anaes .-. oe ee Nagelpar to Hhigada,;.. 02.06 #s0 0s piss a6 J 6/avare 6. dag Eligada to Sarvaron,..... SA Ganerarare’et tie aintectenens : eyes. Sarvaron to Mellaserou, .........0. NRT 6 erate [ieee Mellaserou to Ponocour, ......... i eal saison se From Ponocour you have only to cross the river to Coulour or Gani. Total 142 Gos. The total of these items amounts to 143 gos and in the English edition of the Travelst amounts to 15%. But it must be concluded that both tables contain misprints since Tavernier expressly says that the distance was 182 gos or 55 French leagues the gos being equal to 4 leagues. ‘Taking this league to be equal to 4,4443 metres its value expressed in English miles would be 2°78 and therefore the gos (2°78 x 4) would be equal to 11:12 English miles,§ or rather less than the modern Indian stage distance of © 6 coss or about 12 miles. The distance of Coulour from Golconda was therefore, by the route taken by ‘Tavernier, 153 miles (11°12 x 18°75.) It is impossible to identify all the names of stages mentioned in the above list, some of them as Almaspinde and Montecour have a very * Voyages, Liv. II, Chap. XVI, p. 304, Paris, 1677. t+ Idem., Chap. XVIII, p. 316. t Lond. fol 1684, p. 142. § Heyne (Tracts, p. 94) mentions the Gow as a term in use in his time (1795). It was, he says, equal to eight miles, Ieee oF OE Se ee ee, a i ea * a A ee a ee ee, _. '-— 1881.] visited and described by Tavernier. 33 un-Indian sound about them; but Eligada seems to be Oorlagondah of Atlas sheet 75 (Lat. 17° 15’ Long. 79° 55’) and Sarvaron and Mellaserou may very possibly be represented by the modern Singawarum and Mailla- cheroo, they being separated from one another and from the crossing of the Kistna river to certain diamond mines, by distances which correspond, nearly, to those given by Tavernier. If the diamond mines of Coulour were situated south of the Kistna and that was the river crossed and not its tributary the Moonyair then they were wholly distinct from those of Partial. In favour of this there is much to be said. On the south bank of the Kistna west of Chintapilly in Lat. 16° 42’ 30” and Long. 80° 5’ there is a diamond locality which on the oldest engraved map I have seen, that by Thomas Jefferys, (London, 1768) is called Kalur or Gani. This it may be thought would finally settle the question, but as I shall have to say when speaking of Raolconda both this authority and Rennell evidently took their information, from Tavernier, and not from independent sources. Fortunately a manuscript map by Col. Colin Mackenzie, of the Nizam’s dominions, which is dated 1798, indicates this locality as Coulour and marks it as a diamond mine. Partial is written separately in its proper place as Gani-Purtial and so also is a well known intermediate locality at Istapully and both are marked as having diamond mines. I think on the whole we are bound to conclude therefore that Tavernier’s Gani Coulour was not identical with Gani Purtial the modern Partial but with the modern Kollur as it is written on the Atlas Sheet No. 75. So far as can be seen from the map its surroundings are not inconsistent with Tavernier’s description, he says the mine is close to a large town on the same river (Kistna ?) which he crossed on the road to Raolconda, and that a league and a half from the town there are high mountains which are in the form of a cross. In the intervening plain the search for diamonds was carried on. The locality too, it may be added, is in the middle of presumedly diamond bearing rocks. Now as regards this word Gani there is still a remark to be made. Its recurrence in the titles of two mines which I have shewn were distinct, suggests that it was not a proper name, and that in fact it really meant ‘ mine of ’ being only a corruption of Aan 7.* We know that the letters Gand K are interchangeable in some Indian languages and therefore no particular effort is required to accept the view that Gani Coulour meant simply the mine of Coulour, ¢. ¢., the modern Kollur, So that to speak of, the mine of Gani, as is often done, is meaningless tautology. -* T am indebted to Mr. Baden Powell, C.S. for this interpretation, vide * Punjab Manufactures’, p. 197. 5 34. V. Ball—On the Diamond Mines [No.4 Identity of the Great Mogul Diamond with the Koh-i-nur. As the identity of the Great Mogul or Kollur diamond has been the subject of much controversy I think it well to include the following note here since it properly comes under the head of Gani-Coulour or Kollur. Tavernier states that not only it, but many other large stones were pro- duced there, and he adds, that, in his time the miners still continued to find large stones in the same mines. I shall first quote verbatim and then analyze what Tavernier has written regarding this diamond. Having gone to take leave of the Great Mogul (Aurangzeb) on the Ist of November 1665, he was invited to return on the following morning to see the Emperor’s jewels. He says,* “ The first object which Akel Kan (the Custodian of the Jewels) put in my hands was the great diamond, which is a rose, round, very convex (? haute) on one side; at the edge of one side there is a small notch (cran) with a flaw in it. The water is perfection and it weighs 819} ratis which are equal to 280.of our carats the rati being ¢ of a carat. When Mirgimola who betrayed the king of Golconda, his master, made a gift of this stone to Shah Jehan from whom it is descended it was uncut and weighed 900 yatis which are equal to 7874 carats and it had many flaws. If this stone had been in Europe it would have been differently treated, for some good pieces would have been taken from it and the stone left much larger, as it is it has been almost polished away. It was Siewr Hortensio Borgio, a Venetian who cut it, for which he was badly paid. They reproached him with having spoilt the stone which ought to have remained heavier and instead of paying him, the Emperor made him pay a fine of 10,000} (rupees) and would have taken still more if he had possessed it. If Hortensio had known his work better he might have taken some good pieces off without doing injury to the king and without having expended so much trouble in polishing it, but he was not a very accomplished dia- mond-cutter.” It is now believed by some authorities that very large pieces, inclu- ding the Orloff diamond were as a matter of fact cleaved off from the original Great Mogul. Certainly cleavage had as much to do with the shape of the Koh-i-Nur as polishing. In the chapter on his visit to the mines at Coulour,t he says that the Great Mogul diamond was found there. If this be true and also that the mine was only discovered about 100 years before his visit, which * Voyages, Vol. II, Livre, 2, p. 249. Paris Ed. 1677. + Even this item is variously stated by compilers who seem to have been the cause of much of the confusion that exists about the weights &c., of this historical gem. tlc. p. 306. + , 1881. ] visited and described by Tavernier. 35 took place between the years 1665 and 1669, then this diamond cannot have the great antiquity claimed for it by some of those who consider it to be identical with the Koh-i-nur. Tavernier’s third mention of this diamond which is accompanied by a ficure is as follows: ‘ This diamond belongs to the Great Mogul who did me the honour to show it to me with all his other jewels one sees the form which it received on being cut. On my being permitted to weigh it I have found its weight to be 3193 ratis which are 279,% of our carats. In its rough state it weighed as I have said 907 ratis which are 793-5, carats. The stone has the same form as if one cut an egg in two.” He gives us therefore two different accounts of its weight in the rough, 900 ratis or 787% carats and 907 ratis or 793,% carats. It is obvious that there is a mistake as the two do not agree in any respect even the equivalent values calculated at 1 rati = 2 of a carat should be 7874 and 793%. I have already pointed out strange and unaccountable defects in Tavernier’s arithmetic. Different weights and measures appear to have been used in different parts of the country in his time, the mangelin = 1 carats or 7 grains at Raolconda and Coulour - the ratz = } of a carat or 83 grains at Soumelpour.. If we could wiv approximate accuracy fix the value of the rat mentioned by Tavernier we might succeed perhaps in instituting a fair comparison between the Great Mogul and other diamonds, It seems to be difficult to believe that it equalled 33 grains as he states. In Nagpur in the year 1827 according to Mr. Jenkins the rat was only 2°014 grains. The French grain was equal to about °77 of a troy grain, therefore since the ratz contained 33 of these, its value would have been 2°695 or say 27 troy. This fact seems to have been overlooked by some who have endeavoured to. reduce the weights given by Tavernier: non-experts too, appear to have forgotten that the diamond grain is not identical with any other grain, though our English carat contains 4 of these grains it only consists of 3174 troy grains.* So calculated, the weight of the Great Mogul would _ 319°5 x 27 3174 see our way to putting the value of Tavernier’s ratz at 1°84 instead of 2°7 then the exact weight of the Koh-i-nur when brought to England would be obtained but for this there is perhaps no necessity. Another system of calculation is used by the writer of a note in the Great Exhibition Catalogue of 1851, in which he adopts the known maximum weight of a ra¢7 at 25°; grains (? what grains) and thence deduces 175 carats as the weight of the Great Mogul. This is somewhat short of the 18675 carats of the Koh-i-nur while the other is too large. Supposing the Koh-i-nur to be identical with the Great * Vide Encyclopedia Britannica, Art. Diamond. = 271:78 English carats. If in this equation we could 36 V. Ball—On the Diamond Mines [No. 1, Mogul it may have been mutilated during its travels and this may account for the loss in weight 271°78—186:06 = 85°72 carats, and for the difference in its shape when brought to England from the sketch given by Tavernier. Tue Great Mocuru Tue KouH-I-NUR (From sketch by Tavernier), (Before recutting). It is probable moreover that Tavernier’s sketch or diagram as it might be called, which is here reproduced for comparison, was from memory and was therefore more regular in outline than the original. The name Great Mogul was, of course, not of native origin but was’ probably first conferred by Tavernier. By the natives, it was in all probability originally known as the Kollur diamond. In reference to this I was quite accidentally informed, by a native jeweller of Calcutta that it has been suggested, if not absolutely stated by some native writer that the title Koh-i-nur really owes its origin to a change in the originally meaningless name Kollur. Such changes, in which, while the sound is more or less retained, a meaning is acquired are not by any means rare in Oriental languages while they sometimes occur in those of Europe. Thus English surnames in the mouths of natives become changed into words of similar sound which have a meaning in Hindustani or whatever the language spoken may be. From the above J think it will be admitted that there are good reasons for believing in the identity of the Great Mogul or Kollur diamond of Tavernier with the Koh-i-nur. In spite of the slight differences in weight in his two statements we cannot suppose that he saw two distinet diamonds, and the hypothesis that the Great Mogul diamond still exists in Persia under a different name is wholly without foundation. Il. Raoxtconpa, identical with Rawduconda, Lat. 15° 41’ Long. 76° 50’— District of Mudgul in Haidrabad. It has hitherto been supposed by all the authors to whose writings I have had access that Tavernier’s Raoleonda can no longer be traced and certainly the investigation presents some difficulties, but I venture to believe that the following affords the right clue to its identification. 1881.] visited and described by Tavernier. 37 According to Tavernier* Raoleconda was situated in the Province ‘ Carnatica’+ five days’ journey from Golconda and eight or nine from Visapour (Bijapur). Remembering that he states that he crossed the river separating the kingdoms of Golconda and Visapour, 7. e., the Kistna or its tributary the Bhima and fixing the rate of travelling at 20 miles a day which seems to have been Tavernier’s average, we should arrive at the con- clusion that Raolconda was situated somewhere in the angle between the Kistna and Toongabudra rivers and not far from their junction ; but as in the case of Gani-Coulour, Tavernier gives a route list of the stages between Golconda and Raoleonda which, on analysis, proves to be quite inconsistent with the above stated distance between them. ‘This list is as follows :— Ey Goleonda to Camapour, .-.........c0.ccsecees 1 Gos. Canapour 66 Parquel, ....0.00..00.. cee csesee eee? 2g Parg@el bo Caken0l i sesccs ccctee cen vor voaae 1 @akenol to Canol-Candanor,...,......6...0-8 3 Canol-Candanor to Setapour,... . 1 Setapour to the river,...... Tre Pete seues 1 (This river is the frontier of the kingdoms of Golconda and Visapour, 2. e., the Kistna). Beat ne river 0 Alpeury, 15: iiccdsscncecisdescevee ee Alpour to Canol, | ....0ciisseses eee vas fe Ganol to Hadlconda, - is... ek os nae cose veaves or ee. 2) w (P) (?) bo tole leo ~~ ss The total of these items would be 142 Here again there is something wrong in the arithmetic since Tavernier gives the total as being 17 gos. probably the items 7 and 8 are misprints for 3 each. To begin with there are here given 9 stages and the distance 17 Gos. or 68 French leagues must have been, according to the method of calculation adopted above in the case of Gani-Coulour,t about 189 miles, If Gani-Coulour 150 miles distant from Golconda wasa seven days’ journey it follows that Raoleonda must have been much nearer nine than five, and therefore it seems probable that Tavernier really meant to write exactly the converse of what he did write, and that we should transpose the distances given respectively of Raoleonda from Golconda and from Visapour. This being done and these new indices of position being applied to the map, we are led unhesitatingly to identify Tavernier’s Raolconda with the * Voyages des Indes, Paris, 1867, Ser. II, Chap. XV, p. 293. + This term or rather Karnata was an ancient Hindu geographical division which comprehended the tableland of South India above the Ghats. See Hamilton’s Hindustan, Vol. II, p. 247. Also Ferishta’s History by J. Scott, Vol. I, p. 45. ft «4. ¢., one league = 2°78 English miles, 38 V. Ball—On the Diamond Mines [No. 1, modern Rawduconda in Lat. 15° 41’ and Long. 76° 50’. That Raoleonda was not on the Kistna or its tributary the Bhima as some writers have supposed is evident from the fact that Tavernier states that on his return journey from Raolconda the governor gave him an escort of six horsemen in order that he might traverse in safety the tract under his government up to the river separating the two kingdoms and which was, as shewn above, at the 6th of 9 stages on his outward journey. Rawduconda, as the crow flies, is situated 165 miles south-west from Golconda and by road it must be quite L189 miles. From Bijapour (or Visa- pour) it is about 110 miles or some five days’ journey to the south east. The town is 6 miles distant from the western bank of the Toongabudra river one of the principal feeders of the Kistna. From the station of Raichtr on the Madras Railway Rawduconda is about 50 miles distant in a south-westerly direction. I believe it will be.admitted by all who care to investigate the question that the above is a legitimate conclusion. Tavernier’s two statements as they stand are clearly contradictory, but the first being amended as I have suggested their united testimony seems to compel the conviction that we have at length identified his Raoleonda. Tavernier describes the neighbourhood of Raolconda as being sandy and full of rocks and thickets somewhat similar to the environs of Fontaine- bleau.* I have not seen any recent account of the locality and the geology can only be guessed at. All round at no great distance crystalline rocks are known to occur, but Tavernier’s account of the matrix seems to indicate a rock other than any belonging to the crystalline series. However, it is no part of my present object to enter further into this question nor is it necessary to reproduce Tavernier’s account here. Captain Burton}t who appears to have located Raolconda on the Bhima as he certainly did Gani (z. e., Coulour) relates that he heard of diamonds in Raichtr and that Sir Salar Jung offered to arrange for his going there, but that he gave up the idea on hearing that there were only crystalline rocks there. It is possible that a tradition of diamonds at Rawduconda in the Mudgul Cirear adjoining Raichtr may still linger at Haidrabad. I let the above stand without alteration though since it was written I have had an opportunity of examining a number of old maps at the Sure veyor General’s Office, for which my thanks are due to Mr. James. * This description is very similar to that given by Newbold of the opposite or eastern bank of the river where granite rocks rise from a wide expanse of furrowed sand. Vide Madras Journal of Literature and Science, Vol. XI, p. 126. Unfor- tunately Newbold never mentions Rawduconda though he passed within a few miles of it while on two of his traverses. t Vide Quarterly Journal of Science, Vol. VI, 1876, EE — } i dae 1881. | visited and described by Tavernier. 39 Thomas Jefferys’ engraved map of India, dated 1768 gives Tavernier’s stages to Raoleonda which is placed in the angle between the Bhima and Kistna with such accuracy that it is impossible not to conclude that the route was laid down to fit Tavernier’s supposed line and not from indepen- dent evidence, there is too, other internal evidence that Jefferys took some of his localities from Tavernier. Rennell’s map of 1788 is open to precisely the same criticism. But a manuscript map of the Nizam’s dominions by Col. Colin Mackenzie, dated 1798 largely drawn from actual surveys, does not represent any similar route terminating at Raolconda, but it does give Rawduconda in its right place. A village called Alpour situated south of Raichtr on this map may be identical with the locality, two marches from Raolconda, which is mentioned by Tavernier. Similarly Boorcull another village near Gol- conda may be Tavernier’s Parquel. Heyne itis true ina map _ published with his tracts calls Karnul, Canoul and Candul in the text, these are ~ almost the same words as Tavernier’s Canol. , In conclusion if Kaolconda be not identical with Rawduconda I can only suggest that 1( may be Ramulkota a known diamond mine in Lat. 15° 34’ Long. 78° 3’ 15” but being 120 miles as the crow flies from Haidrabad and 150 miles from Bijapur, two rivers, the Kistna and Tungabudra having to be crossed to reach it, en route from the former, it does not fit so well with Tavernier’s description. Ramulkota is only about 19 miles south of Karnul whereas Rawduconda must have been 30 miles from Tavernier’s Canol. III.—Soumenpour of Tavernier situated in Chutia Nagpur and not identical with Sambalpur as has been supposed by some authors. Possibly represented by the modern Simah in Palamow, Lat. 28° 35’ N. Lung. 84° 21’ #. When writing of Ptolomey’s Adamus flus in the paper already quoted I pointed out that though doubtless it was intended for the Mahanadi its upper reaches are represented as passing through a region called Cocconage which is supposed to be identical with Chutia Nagpur. Though this is not exactly the case still one of the principal tributaries of the Mahanadi, namely, the Ebe, which is itself believed to be diamond bearing, passes through a large portion of Chutia Nagpur. Although I included Tavernier’s description of Soumelpour under the heading of Sambalpur I recognised that the facts did not seem to fit which I attributed to defective geographical knowledge on his part. There ean be no question, however, that the Soumelpour which was visited by him was situated far to the north, being if not identical with, at least not very far removed from, the localities in Kokrah or Chutia Nagpur which 40 V. Ball—On the Diamond Mines [No. 1, were discussed in a paper by the late Mr. Blochmann* who states that the Generals of Akbar and Jahangiri were led to invade Kokrah and attack the Raja on account of the diamonds which it was believed they would find there. Mr. Blochmann believed the river to have been the Sunk and I mention in my paper that a spot is still shown in that river where diamonds are said to have been found. Tavernier’s list of stages from Agra to this mine as in the other cases presents some perplexing items. It is as follows with the real distances in miles added for comparison. Actual distance Costes. in miles. Agra to Hulabas (Allahabad),............ 130 276 Hulabas to Benarous (Benares), ......... 33 95 Benarous to Saseron (Sasseram), ......... 4 1 a Saseron to Great Town, Pa00. 1 nine ae Great Town to Rodas (Hhotasy, Gaveants 4: 24 Total 192 465 Rodaz to Soumelpour; - 1 ace | SO There are several manifest inaccuracies in the above. The distance between Allahabad and Benaresis in reality about one-third of that between Agra and Allahabad yet Tavernier makes it only one-fourth. The ‘ Great Town’ mentioned, probably lay between Benares and Sasseram not between Sasseram and Rhotas. The items 4 and 21 should be transposed. If Sasseram were 8 costes from Rhotas then since the distance is 24 miles, the cost would equal 3 miles and the same result would be obtained, nearly, from the distance between Allahabad and Benares, but by dividing the above totals of the table, z. e., 465 by 192 we only get 2:4 as the value of the cost. If again we strike the average between these, 2°4 and 3, we get 2-7 as a final approximate value. Now multiplying the 30 costes which are stated to intervene between Rhotas and Soumelpour by this we obtain 81 miles as the distance between these places. The next question to deter- mine is what locality at this distance from Rhotas answers to the following description of Soumelpour, “ The Raja lives half a league from the town in tents set upon a rising ground at the foot whereof runs the Gouwel de- scending from the southern mountains and falling into the Ganges.” Just 80 miles from Rhotas at the foot of the Neturhat plateau there are the remains of an ancient town called Simah Lat. 23° 35’ Long. 84° 21’ rather more than a mile from the left bank of the Koel where it enters the Palamow subdivision from the highlands of Lohardagga. « J. A. 8. B. Vol. XL. pt. 1, p. 11. Pr rh dee. 1881. ] visited and described by Tavernier. A] Simah I take to be the same as Semul the name of the silk cotton tree (Bombax malabaricum) which attains an enormous size in that particular region, and Simah or Semul-ptir might have very probably been written Soumelpour by Tavernier. ‘That the name of the river, Gouel, is identical with Koel, under the circumstances, admits of no doubt what- ever as the Koel runs northwards to join the Sone and so reaches the Ganges ; but it is perhaps open to question whether the present Koel or its tributary, the Aurunga, may have been intended. Tavernier states that the diamond searchers worked up to the sources of the river in the hills 50 costes distant to the south. This though an exaggeration as applied to the length of the Koel would be wholly in- applicable to the Aurunga, but on the maps by Rennel of a century ago the name Koel was applied to the Aurunga while the present Koel, above the junction, bore the name Burwah or that of the region where it takes its rise. The highlands separating Palamow from Lohardugga proper form part of a water-shed between the rivers of the Ganges basin which flow northwards, and those of the Brahmini and Mahanadi basins which flow to the south. Among the former the Koel and the Aurunga are the principal and among the latter the Sunk and another Koel both of which, flowing Beiwards, combine to form the Brahmini. If there were really two sets of diamond mines, one in each basin, it is probable that the sources of the diamonds were identical being situated in these ranges of hills which form the water-shed, unfortunately we do not know much of the geology although neighbouring areas have been pretty closely worked, but it will be interesting to see whether future research will prove the existence of an outlier of Vindhyan rocks—representatives of the formation being rarely absent from the vicinity of diamond mines in India. On Jeffery’s map to which allusion has been made on a previous page, Soumelpur is placed on a river (doubtless the Koel) south of Rhotas and 15’ north of a town called Jounpur. Asno other towns save Soumelpur are given in the same region, it is clear that Jefferys took his data from Taver- nier. Rennell, however, in his map of this region marks diamond mines south of the water-shed, 2. e., on the Sunk river. There is still another point of interest to be mentioned with reference to the identification of these mines. A large picture, representing the attack upon the fort of Palamow in 1660 by Daud Khan, which has been described by the late Col. Dalton* contains a figure of the Zamindar i Kén a almas, or lord of the diamond mines, in the back ground. He is considered _ by Col, Dalton to be a Kol (Nagbunsi) Raja but why should he not be regarded as being precisely what heis described. He was probably the very * J, A.S. B. Vol. XLII. pt. I, 240. 42 V. Ball—On the Diamond Mines [No. 1, person whom Tavernier found living in tents on a rising ground only five years later. I have reason to believe* that the late Mr. Blochmann was somewhat perplexed by the statement in the Tuzuh-i-Jahangiri that the presence of diamonds was indicated at particular spots by the hovering (?) over them of insects called Jhinga. Might not this term Jhinga have been a technical one meaning the same small pebbles which Tavernier calls ‘ thunder stones’ and by the occurrence or absence of which the skilful miners, he says, knew whether the sand contained diamonds or not. They are believed to have been small spherical masses of iron ore. IV.—Berragarn—mentioned in the Ain i Akbari identical with Wat- ragurh in the Chanda District C. P. lat. 20° 26’. Long. 80° 10’. In the Ain i Akbari} which was written towards the close of the 16th century it is stated that there is a diamond mine at Beiragurh which had been conquered lately by Bubjeo otherwise called Chanda who was the zemindar of an ancient city in Subah Berar called Kullem. ? An earlier notice of the locality occurs in Ferishta’s Historyt from which we learn that the diamond mines at Kullem in Gondwara, where stood many temples, were taken possession of in the year 1425 by Ahmed Shah Wali Bhamuni. z : Again in the ‘ Brhat Sanhita,’ in the chapter on Trying of Diamonds, the peculiarities of stones from the following localities are described. Vena river, Kocala, Surashtra, Supara, Himalya, Matanga, Kalinga Pundra. The second of these is I find from Genl. Cunningham’s Ancient Geography probably Berar with Chanda for its capital town. Possibly, however, it here indicates quite a different place, namely, the modern Chicacole on the East Coast which might very possibly have been a mart for the sale of diamonds ; but the Vena river is believed to have been the Weingunga, It is needless to enumerate the various suggestions as to the identity of Beiragurh by Rennell, Karl Ritter and others. It has now been clearly established that the ancient Kullem was identical with the modern Chanda and that Beiragurh is to-day represented on the maps by Waira- gurh on the Sath river a tributary of the Kophraguree which is itself a tributary of the Weingunga. The exact position of the town is Lat. 20° 26’ and Long. 80° 10’. On — the opposite bank of the river the map shews a town called Hirapur. The existence of ancient excavations long since deserted and which are locally asserted to have been made for diamonds is attested to by Messrs, * Vide J. A. S. B. XL, pt. I p. 114, note. + Gladwin’s Translation, London, 1800, Vol. II, p. 58. t{ Ed. J. Briggs, London, 1819, Vol. II, p. 406. ee ee Oe ea ee a a 188]..] visited and described by Tavernier. 43 Jenkins and Wilkinson, residents at Nagpur,* by Messrs. Hislop and Hunter} and more recently by Mr. Beglar of the Archeological Survey. The fact is also recorded in the Central Provinces Gazetteer under the heading of Wairagurh where, however, there is no mention of the identity of Beiragurh with Wairagurh although it is fully set forth in the historical account of Chanda in the same volume ; but this I did not see until I had independently come to the same conclusion. As not improbably referring to this last locality it may be of interest to add the following from the account{ of the Travels of Nicolo Conti in the early part of the 15th century. I cannot agree with the writer of the Introduction to the volume which contains this account that Golconda was intended. Nicolo Conti says that at 15 days’ journey north of Bizengulia (by which Vijayanagar the modern Bijapur is intended) there is a mountain which produces diamonds called Albenigaras. Now Beiragarh, the modern Wairagarh, is as the crow flies about 324 miles north-eastwards of Bijapur and therefore within a possible 15 days’ journey though, as the actual distance traversed would be greater it would require very hard travelling. However _ Albenigaras looks so like Beiragarh with the Arabic prefix E/’ or Al’ that I am inclined to believe that it was the place intended. He goes on to say that the mountain being infested with serpents it is inaccessible, but is commanded by another mountain somewhat higher.. ‘“ Here at a certain “period of the year men bring oxen which they drive to the top, and “having cut them into pieces, cast the warm and bleeding fragments upon “the summit of the other mountain by means of machines which they “construct for the purpose. The diamonds stick to these pieces of flesh. “Then come vultures and eagles flying to the spot, which seizing the meat “ for their food, fly away with it to places where they may be safe from the “‘serpents. To these places the men afterwards come, and collect the ~“diamonds which have fallen from the flesh.’”? Nicolo Conti continues with an account of how other less precious stones are obtained, and his description is that of ordinary Indian diamond mining. The travels of Sindbad the Sailor and of Marco Polo whose account apparently refers to localities in Golconda on the Kistna, have made this tradition of throwing pieces of meat in order that the diamonds may stick to them familiar to most people; yet an adequate explanation of the origin of the myth does not appear to have been offered hitherto. I believe the following to be a probable one. Heyne in the account of his visit to the mines at Kadapah (Cuddapah) states that they were under the particular protection of Ammawaru (the * Vide Calcutta Journal of Natural History, Vol. III, p. 290. ¢ Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. XI, p. 355. ¢ India in the 15th century. Hakluyt Society, p. 29. 44 W. Theobald—List of Mollusca from the Hills [ No. 1, sanguinary goddess of riches, 2. e., Lakshmi) and the miners objected to. his riding on horseback up to the mines for fear of offending her. Now what can be more probable than that the miners, before opening a ~ new mine, in order to invoke the aid of this sanguinary goddess made an offering to her of cattle or buffaloes. Bloody sacrifices are known to be offered to Lakshmi in one of her forms. The opening up of new mines was and is we are told by several autho- rities preceded by various rites and ceremonies. The miners were probably never Hindus, and the custom of offering up cattle in sacrifice by the aboriginal tribes from the Todas to the Sontals is too well known to require special illustration. If it be admitted that the opening of amine was preceded by the sacrifice of cattle and the throwing the fragments of the flesh to be devoured by the fowls of the air, we at once arrive at the foundation of fact upon which this superstructure of fable has in all probability been erected. Casual spectators and travellers may very easily have supposed that the slaughter of cattle and the subsequent throwing about pieces of meat was an essential part of the operations. Any one with experience of how ~ Oriental imagination can erect a tale of fiction on a small substratum of fact will find no difficulty in conceding that in the above supposition there is a sufficient explanation for the origin of the whole story. It may be added that this propitiation of malefiant spirits was and is by no means limited to mining operations connected with diamonds. In the Journal of this Society* will be found an account of one of the richest gold bearing tracts in Assam which had been deserted by the indigenous gold washers in consequence of the expense connected with the propitiation of the evil spirits who guarded the mineral treasures, being greater than they could afford to pay. TiL—List of Mollusca from the Hills between Mari and Tandiani.— By W. TuEopatp, Deputy. Supt. Geological Survey. [Received Nov. 25th ;—Read Dec. Ist, 1880.] The following list, which embraces three new species, was drawn up during a five months’ residence at Tandiani, the hill station of Hazara. — : It will give a good idea of the molluscan fauna of the region, but is most unquestionably not exhaustive, and I trust to some of my younger colleagues taking up the work, which I regard as here only begun. * Vol. XXII, p. 511. ee ee eee eee 1881. | between Mari and Tandiani. 45 The work of the naturalist should resemble in its method, no less than in the devotion bestowed on it, that of Bees :— “Ergo ipsas quamvis augusti terminus aevi Excipiat, neque enim plus septima ducitur estas At genus immortale manet, multos que per annos Stat fortuna domus, et avi numerantur avorum,”’ Fam. ZONITIDZ. HeEicaRion Freminat, Pfr. This species is extremely abundant at Tandiani though not of quite so large a size as specimens obtained by Stoliczka at Mari. My largest shell measures diam. max. 36, min. 27 alt. 16, whereas a Mari shell measured 40 mills. To judge by Mr. Nevill’s measurements (40 x 23 x 12) his measure- ments are taken somewhat differently to mine. My ‘diam. maj.’ or length, ‘min.’ or breadth and ‘alt.’ (or axis of Mr. Nevill) are all measured at right angles to each other and with a straight limbed measure, like a shoe- maker’s, not curved callipers, whence my ‘alt,’ or axis’ is larger than Mr. Nevill’s, though the shell is a trifle smaller. ) H. Avusrenranus Nev. (Mollusca of the Yarkand mission). This species is scarce at Tandiani. The animal is furnished with a large mucous pore behind, and carries a long linguiform process of the mantle, capable of extension to the apex, and is one of those species which E though so provided does not possess a polished shell. The texture of the _ shell (epidermis) is during life delicately sericeous, from the fine striation t of the epidermis. Mr. Nevill correctly describes it, as ‘glossy,’ that is like ~ me silk. My largest specimen measure diam. maj. 16° min. 13°], alt. 8 mills. The animal is rather more depressed than H. Flemingi. H. SrortczKanvus, Nev. (Yarkand mollusca). This species abounds on the north-east flanks of Sirban hill opposite - Damtour in a grove, frequented by picnic parties from Abbottabad. My largest specimen measures : Diam, maj. 27°5, min. 21, alt. 14°5 mills. The colour of the body whorl is greenish, of the earlier whorls rusty. The shell is transversely rugous above, crossed by fine, above almost micros- copie lines, giving it above a sericeous lustre; beneath the shell is smooth or sub-polite. 46 W. Theobald—List of Mollusca from the Hills [No. ], MacrocHLaAMys pRronA, Nev. (Mollusca of the Yarkand mission), This species occurs not unfrequently at Tandiani, though it does not quite correspond with the Naini Tal type. The spire of my specimens is convex not ‘ flat,’ and my largest shell is rather larger than Mr. Nevill’s type, but the shells are I doubt not identical. An unusually large specimen of 6 whorls measures, diam. max. 15, min. 13°4, alt. 7°8 mills. Adults are rare, as I have only two. The animal is long and slender, and dark slaty above, with long tentacles. A stout dwarf form measures diam. max. 11°8, min. 10°3, alt. 5:9 mills. BENSONIA MONTICOLA, Hutton. This species is not rare at Tandiani and the shells are usually of a dark rich chesnut colour, though pale individuals also occur. The abun- dance of dead shells in the surface soil in sheltered spots among rocks, suggests here, as in Kashmir that the species was formerly more abundant than now. I adopt M.. Nevill’s generic name as a convenient one for this species, but I am disinclined to refer to it (as Mr. Nevill does in his Yarkand memoir) Macrochlamys splendens, Hutton, with its lustrous, highly polished shell which would seem to fall more naturally into the ‘ vztrinoides’ section of the genus, (Nanina). Microcystis Neviiii1anus, Theob. This pretty little species is not rare at Tandiani. I do not deseribe it here as I have furnished specimens to Col. Godwin-Austen for his forth- coming work on the genus; it is a very snug little form of 6 whorls, of a pale brown colour, warmed with orange towards the mouth. My largest specimen measures diam. max. 8, min. 7:4, alt. 46 mills. TROCHOMORPHA TANDIANENSIS, N. Sp. Testi trochiformi, carinatd, anguste wmbilicatd, tenut corned ; Anfractibus sex, lente crescentibus, transverse rugose striatis. Apertura parum obliqui, lunate-quadratd. Margine simplict, columellari juata brevissime reflexo. Lat. maj. 9°6, alt. 6°7 mills. Habitat ad Tandiani (in sylvis) montibus Hazarz, ad pedes 8500 alt. The animal has a distinct overhanging mucous pore. The nearest ally of this shell is perhaps 7. hyba, B. which is found from Chamba to Kashmir, but like the present is a somewhat rare shell and of limited distribution. KALIELLA FASTIGIATA, Hutton. Three individuals of this widely distributed, but not common shell were taken by me at Tandiani, | 1 ; . ; =~ 1881.] between Mari and Tandiani. A7 Fam. HELICIDA. VALLONTA HUMILIS, Hutton. Not very rare, on trees at Tandiani. Fam. LIMACIDZ. ANADENUs ALTIVAGUS, Theob. This large slug is not uncommon at Tandiani, though only seen abroad after heavy rain. Mr. Nevill doubts if I am correct in writing with this, the A. gigan- tews, Haynemann, which Mr. Nevill thinks is a larger and distinct species, of which he has seen specimens from Nipal. Naprm®us pomina, B. A dextral form of this shell is very common on the hills between Tan- diani and Abbottabad, from 4000 to 6000 feet. It is identical with the form found at Mari and typical (sinistral) forms also occur. Long. 26, Lat. 9°6 mills. A small variety is found in places and in the Pakli valley north of Abbottabad. It is dextral and varies rather in form. Two specimens of this var. minor measured, a. Long. 20, Lat. 9 mills. b. Long. 19, Lat. 7 mills. Specimen 6 is intermediate between ‘ domina’ and ‘ spelzeus.’ N. Breppomeanvs, Nev. (Mollusca Yarkand mission). This is rather a common species at Tandiani. There are three varie- ties of it var. typica 10 whorls, Long 12, Lat. 2°6 mills. Var. turrita 11 whorls, Long. 12°4, Lat. 3 mills. Var. pusilla 9 whorls, Long. 8°5, Lat. 2°5 mills. - This is the most aberrant species of its genus, and is certainly not very near any of its allies. The flat expanded peristome it sometimes displays, suggests a relationship to some pupas, P. canopicta, Hutton, for example. It is not a little strange too that I have hitherto failed to detect a single Pupa at Tandiani though the prevailing rock being limestone, would seem favourable to their presence. N. Martnwarineranus, Nev. (Shells of Yarkand mission). A variety, as I take it of this shell is locally not rare on the hills north-west of the Pakli valley from 4000 to 5000 feet. It has one whorl less than the type (which is described as having 7) but is slightly larger, a difference probably due to the lesser elevation at which my specimens 48 W. Thoebald—List of Mollusca from the Hills [No 1) lived. Shell with six whorls, outer edge of aperture not quite so convex, or full, as in Nevill’s plate. In most other respects corresponding with the description of the type. The surface under a lens displays a microscopi- cally decussated sculpture, not mentioned in the type. Two varieties occur. Var. major Long. 15, Lat. 6:2 mills. Var. intermedia Long. 12, Lat. 44. This last I do not term ‘ minor’, as it is actually larger than the type from Mari. N. Smiruet, B. This species was found by me at Mari, rarely. PERONHZUS NEVILLIANUS, 0. Sp. Testa turritd, rimatd, costaned, Anfract. 8 ad 9 convexiusculis, trans- verse plicatis, lineisque spiralibus leviter decussatis, ultimo brevissime ascendente. Apertura oblonga, vertical. Margine pallido, simplici, ex pan- siusculo, et jucta columellam breviter reflexo. Long. 15°7, Lat. 41 mills ad Long. 11:9, Lat. 4 mills. Habitat ad Tandiani, montibus Hazare ad 8500 ped, cirea radices arborum. : I have named this elegant species after Mr. G. Nevill whose work on the Yarkand mollusca and other Indian Pulmonata has so helped to eluci- date the synonymy and relations of many species of that order, CLAUSILIA WaAAGENT, Stol. This species is tolerably abundant at Tandiani on trees. My speci- mens vary from 11 whorls (Long. 17, Lat. 4 mill.) to 12 whorls (Long. 21, Lat. 4°75 mills.) C. CYLINDRICA, Gray. This species is very abundant in rotten wood. An undecollated specimen of 11 whorls measured 15°4 mills, a decol- ated specimen of 5 whorls only 11°8 mills. Appended is a list of the mollusca known to me from the Mari and Tandiani hills. T. Tandiani. M. Mari. H. Hazara. (An asterisk denotes the species is recorded on Mr. Nevill’s authority.) Helicarion Flemingt, Pf. T. M. H. H. Austenianus, Nev. T. Hi. Stoliczkanus, Nev. H. Ai. monticola Pir. H. Macrochlamys, prona Nev. T. 1881.] L. de Nicéville—A dist of Butterflies taken in Sikkim. 49 M. chloroplax, B. M.* M. Jacquemonti v. Mart. M.* Bensonia monticola, Hutton T. M. H. Microcystis Nevillianus, Theob. T. Trochomorpha Tandianensis, Theob. T. Kaliella fastigiata, Hutton 'T. M. Vallonia humilis, Hutton T. M. Anadenus altivagus, Theob. T. M. Napeus domina, B. M. H. N. Beddomeanus, Nev. T. M. N. Mainwaringianus, Nev. T. M.* N. Smithei, B. M. Peroneus Nevillianus, Theob. T. Olausilia Waagent, Stol. T. M. O. cylindrica, Gray T. M. IV.—A list of Burrerriies taken in Sikkim in October, 1880, with notes on habits, §e.—By Lionet DE Nice’vILue. [Received December 12th, 1880; Read 6th April, 1881.] _ Part I. Insects taken on the road between Siligori, elevation 397 feet above the sea, and Chunabatti, 2,260 feet. | 1. Danais melaneus, Cramer. Common in the Terai and the wooded slopes below Chunabatti. 2. Danais aglea, Cramer. Lower hills. 3. Danais septentrionis, Butler. One male on lower hills. 4. Danais chrysippus, Linneus. Common in the open between Siligori and the Terai forest-belt. - 5. Danais plexippus, Linneus. Common in the Terai. 6. Huplea (Trepsichrois) midamus, Linneus. Males only observed in the Terai. 7. Huplea core, Cramer. Both sexes very common in the Terai. 8. Lethe rohria, Fabricius. Very common on the road through the Terai. 9. Lethe europa, Fabricius. Only one male seen in the Terai, 7 oe ll C war” eg Soe ee ee ce 50 L. de Nicéville—A list of Butterflies [No. 1, 10. Mycalesis perseus, var. visala, Moore. Common amongst grass and bushes. ‘11. DMycalesis malsara, Moore. Common, settles on the road in damp places. 12. Yphthima philomela, Johanssen. Freqtents grass and herbage, where I found it common. 18. 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"490% “490 "06 4s "ma6°." "‘pigg “ ‘uysT “ VES ea: PLATE XV, * A { t { t { 1 4 nv a ‘ H t RF Scale of one i = xs 2 S : ee F | o $ 3 - = i ote A Be | a - O-~« & g Z w Ss a “y me ee iis ~*~ » QO $$ B a) 8 i z R ~ z 8 < 3 % ge , 3 © . a ee ae f a Co 2 tS ' FA he SS x as 2 us 8 a. _! E r iE 8 § of a Ra ed Soe a oe, ee ee Gee .——-Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal ANFORD eal 4 . x fh \. ‘i ae ee: fy r .. ee Se Pet = > j ‘ Ne ee Cait ide ey ty ean ee : Tey ere ; Bia - - r, . , oy = ‘* ” hea - v/ aes Pe: Bo a Re Sn ale PF ed ¥ | eee, ee = JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. ——G— Part I1.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE, Ver woe eee renee s:_ 00 OOOO No. II.—1881. PSNI a a a a et a il VI.—On the relations of cloud and rainfall to temperature in- India, and on the opposite variations of density in the higher and lower atmos- pheric strataa—By Henry F. Buayrorp, F. R. 8., Meteorological Leporter to the Government of India. [Received 25th March, 1881 ;—Read 6th April, 1881. ] In the Report on the Meteorology of the year 1879, which I drew up last autumn, and which will shortly be issued, I had occasion to discuss the two subjects enumerated in the above title, in connection with the anomalous variations of temperature and barometric pressure, exhibited by the Indian registers during the last two or three years. As, however, they have a much wider bearing than merely in reference to the cotemporary phases of our Meteorology, and indeed may claim to rank among the more important physical operations which influence Indian Meteorology, I have thought that.it might be of interest to extract these notices from their original setting in the pages of the Annual Report, and to ask the ~ Society to give them an independent circulation in its Journal. I have been the more prompted to do this, because, in a recent number of the Journal of the London Meteorological Society,* Mr. Douglas Archibald has discussed at length a nearly cognate subject, viz., the “ Varia- tions in the barometric weight of the Lower Atmospheric Strata in India.” In this paper, Mr. Archibald refers to certain articles which the late Mr. * Vol. VI. New Ser. No. 36, October 1880. Mr, Archibald’s paper was read on the 19th May 1880. 10 70 H. F. Blanford—On the relations of cloud [No. 2, J. Allan Broun, F. R. 8. contributed to “ Nature” shortly before his decease, and in which he endeavoured to show, that while air must unquestionably expand and contract according as its temperature rises and falls, the varia- tion in density so produced in no way adequately accounts for the annual variation of monthly mean barometric pressure at the surface of the earth. Mr. Ar chibald, following a method which I proposed in a paper in the Phil. Trans. in 1874, computes the variations of density, which the at- mospheric column below Darjiling undergoes month by month, in conse- quence of the variations of temperature, humidity and top-pressure ; and shows that the lower stratum of the atmosphere, thus subjected to a physical analysis, conforms in its changes, with near approximation, to the indications of theory ; and that, of the several causes affecting its density and static pressure, temperature is by far the most influential. This con- clusion is also that at which I arrived in the paper above referred to, work- ing on far more restricted data than those discussed by Mr. Archibald, but the best then available to me. Mr, Archibald has taken as the subject matter of his paper, oh nor- mal or average values of pressure, temperature &c., as given by many years’ registers at Darjiling and Goalpara. In the latter part of the present paper, I have compared the abnormal variations of temperature with those of the density of the atmospheric column, below the three hill stations Chakrata, Ranikhet and Pachmarhi, and have shown that, in their case also, tem- perature and density vary inversely, in accordance therefore with the results previously obtained by myself and Mr. Archibald, and in accordance also with the indications of theory. It seems, therefore, to be fairly established that, as regards the lower stratum of the atmosphere, the anomaly pointed out by the late Mr. Broun does not exist. Observation and theory are here as consistent as the char- acter of the data would lead us to anticipate ; and we must therefore look to the condition of the higher strata of the atmosphere, those which lie above the level of our Indian hill stations, Darjiling, Chakrata &c., for the expla- nation of the apparent inconsistency to which Mr. Broun drew attention. In connection with this enquiry, the facts brought forward in the present extracts from my report seem to me to have much significance. I may mention that the whole of this was written and in type (for the Report) before I had seen Mr. Archibald’s paper above referred to. Some other general questions of importance are referred to incidentally in the course of discussion, in the extracted passages. On the mean of all Indian stations, the temperature of the year 1879 was slightly below the average, but it was by no means generally so in Northern India. In the North-West Provinces and Bengal, the mean 1881. | and rainfall to temperature in India. 71 temperature of the year was slightly excessive ; and in the Punjab, this was the case at as many stations as showed the opposite variation. This excess was due to the preponderance of the high temperatures of the first five months, which were not quite compensated by the depression of tem- perature which prevailed during the rains, and, more or less generally, in the later months of the year. In the Central Provinces, however, and Rajputana, the great depression of the closing months of the year more than counterbalanced the excess of the earlier months; and in the Dakhan and the Peninsula generally, a depression of temperature characterised the greater part of the year. In Burma and Arakan, only the first three months of the year showed an excess of temperature ; that of the remainder of the year being rather below the average. Thus the progressive increase of the average temperature of India, which, as was shown in the Meteorological report for 1878, had been in progress during the four years 1875-78, reached its climax in the last of these years, and has been followed by a considerable fall. The mean ano- malies of the five years are as follows :— 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. Number of Stations a a 72 q2 74 74 70 Mean anomaly .. oe «+ | —0-29° | +0-08° | +.0°17° | +0:62° | —0-13° Progressive variation a a eae +021 | +025 | +045 | —0°75 The result, therefore confirms the conclusion which I drew in the Meteorological report of 1878, and shows that the variation is not apparent ~ only and due to any progressive change in the instruments employed. So far, it coincides with that found by Gautier and Képpen for land stations in the tropics generally ; since the maximum coincides, approximately, with the recent minimum of sun-spots. j A recent notice by Dr. K6ppen, in the July number of the Journal of the Austrian Meteorological Society, gives some highly interesting data of the temperature anomalies of large land areas of the Northern Hemi- sphere, during the last five years; which indicate that the oscillation of temperature, shown above, was not restricted to India, but was shared by a large portion of Europe and North and Central America.. The data are reproduced in the following table, in which the temperature anomalies are reduced from Dr. Képpen’s table, to their corresponding values in Fahren- heit degrees :— rials H. F. Blanford—On the relations of cloud [No. 2, 1876. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. Central Europe, oe »» | —1:06 | —014 | +0°23 | 40:59 | —2°32 Eastern North America, .. -. | 2°30 | —0°31 | +2°02 | 43°38 | +0°38 ~ San José Central America 10° N., .. | —0°72 | —0O°07 | +1:31 | +1:55 | —0°47 European Russia South of 55° N., .. | —2°34 | —0°72 | —0°36 | 41°80 P Ditto ditto North, ,, +. | —842°| 1°08 | 0-86 | are ? In another table Dr. Képpen gives the temperature anomalies of the same years for those parts of Europe and Asia which show a departure from this regular oscillation. It is to be observed that these include all those countries which are most directly influenced by the Gulf-stream :— 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. ee Scandinavian Peninsula, .. | —0°92 | —1:06 | +1:96 | +0°90 | —1-04 England, ee .» | —O14 | 40°52 | +011] +018 | —3-20- Scotland, es .» | +049 | —O-16 | +0°74 |] +036 | —2:05 Iceland and Faroe Isles, ve bed eee +0°9 OT —0°5 +0°4 West Greenland, ve oo | +18 +0°9 +18 +3°6 ? Italy, aks .. | —0°7 +0°2 +0°4 ae ? Caucasus, 4 Stations ne —0'7 +1:3 +11 +0°4 ? South-West Siberia and Amu Darya, 6 Stations, : ap —07 —0'5 +11 4 South-East Siberia and Pekin, 4 Sta- tions, ve oe | ot 02 +0°4 +0°2 —0°02 r The subject of Dr. Képpen’s paper appears to have been suggested by a paper of Mr. Douglas Archibald’s in ‘ Nature’ (26th February 1880), wherein it is sought to show that the periodical heat waves, brought to light by Professor Piazzi Smyth, on the evidence of the rock temperatures of Calton Hill, Edinburgh, are dependent on variations in the mean cloudi- ness of the atmosphere; since the periods of highest ground temperature are those of minimum cloud and vice versd. This view of Mr. Archibald’s, viz., the dependence of temperature on cloud proportion, appears to be in part identical with that which I put forward originally in my paper, “ On some recent evidence of the variation of the Sun’s Heat,” &c., in the XLVth Volume of this Journal (June 1875), wherein I endeavoured to show that, the temperature of the lower atmosphere, on the land surface, in India, depends much more on the quantity of cloud and on the rainfall — than on that variation of the solar heat intensity, the periodicity of which 188].] and rainfall to temperature in India. 73 was brought out in the data discussed in the paper. As regards India, I go beyond Mr. Archibald, however, in attributing even greater importance to the evaporation of rainfall than to obscuration of the sun by cloud. In a short paper, written in reply to some criticisms of Dr. Hann and Dr. K6ppen, which I have lately communicated to the Journal of the Aus- trian Meteorological Society, I had given some recent data which bear strongly on these views ; since they show that both the ground tempera- ture and that of the lowest stratum of the atmosphere are dependent, in a very high degree, on cloud and rainfall; and that, in India at least, this effect is so great, that it must, in all probability, outweigh and mask any direct influence of variations in the intensity of the solar radiation. In the first place, I give a comparison of the mean temperatures of the air and ground at Alipore (Calcutta) Observatory, in the first five months of the two years 1879 and 1880. The air temperatures are those recorded under a shed of the usual pattern, consisting of a thatched roof simply supported on posts, and open, therefore, on all sides to the wind, beneath which the instruments are exposed, about 4: feet above the ground. The ground temperatures are obtained with a verified standard thermome- ter, the bulb of which rests on the ground at the bottom of a wooden tube, 3 feet below the surface, the arrangement being similar to that known as Lamont’s. The place of exposure is a grassy surface, (the grass being short and in the dry weather thin), freely exposed to sunshine and rain :— TEMPERATURE. CLoup PRo- | RAINFALL: AIR Grounp PORTION, INCHES, Rarny DAYS. —_—_——— eS ||. 1879. | 1880. | 1879. | 1880. | 1879. | 1880. | 1879. | 1880. | 1879. | 1880. January, .. 65°0 1° 65°8 |: 72°4 | 72°6.| 0°39 2°03 val 0:05 p Hepruary,... | 71°7 | 69°9 | 74°65 | 747 | 174 | ..3:05| 0:21 |) 2°91 1 6 Mipreme..... | 7971 ( 786.) 79°8 |. 78°3 \ 0-79 2°72) Nil 0°54 2 April,.........| 85°2 | 842] 863 | 841] 2-43 | 964! wi | 1-91 6 J ae 85:2 | 836 | 90'2 | 85°5 | 4°59 a21} 3°22 4°87 9 12 Mean or Sum| 772 | 764 | 80°6 | 79:0 | 1:99] 3°13] 3°43 | 10:28] 10 27 Difference,...| ... |—0°8 wo» =|—1'6 sent EAT ce «§ + 6°85 +17 Hence, it appears that, in the month of January, an excess of 1°64 of cloud, with an insignificant rainfall, accompanied an increase of 08° of air tem- perature. But in February, an increase of only 1°31 of cloud and of 2:70 inches of rain lowered the mean temperature 1:3°._ In March, an increase of 1:93 of cloud and of 0°54 inch of rain, on only two days, coincided with a reduction of 0°5°. In April, an increase of only 0:21 of cloud and 1°91 inches of rain, on six days, a reduction of 1:0°; and, in May, an increase of 0°62 of cloud and 1:65 inches of rain, on three additional days, a reduc- tion of 1:6° of temperature. But the temperature of the ground, in which 74 H. F. Blanford—On the relations of cloud [No. 2, the cooling effects of cloud and rain, (the latter especially,) are cumulative, exhibits their influence in a far more striking manner. As the result of the differences of the five months, the ground temperature of May 1880 was not less than 4°7° below that of the corresponding month of 1879. That the effect of the cloud and rainfall on the temperature of the air was so much smaller than on that of the ground, is doubtless owing to the fact that, after January, the winds of Calcutta are chiefly from the sea. This too perhaps explains the wery striking fact, that on the average of two complete years’ observations, the temperature of the ground, at a depth of 8 feet, is not less than 5° higher than that of the air: Such being the effect of cloud and rain, at a station situated only 60 miles from the sea, and but 20 miles from the broad estuary of the Hoogh- ly, up which much of the sea wind blows to Calcutta, it may be expected that, in the continental climate of Upper India, this influence will be far more pronounced. ‘That such is, in fact, the case, is strikingly shown by a comparison of the temperature, cloud and rainfall of the North-West Pro- vinces in the dry and rainy seasons of 1877 and 1879 respectively. In the former year, the months of March, April and May were unusually cloudy, and the rainfall, although not excessive, was, on the whole, above the average. In 1879, these months were unusually dry and serene. On the other hand, the conditions of the rainy months, June, July, and August of the two years, were relatively reversed ; the rainfall of 1877 being very deficient, while that of 1879 was more copious than usual. The result of these variations on the temperature is well shown in the following table, which gives the mean temperature anomaly, the mean cloud proportion, monthly rainfall and number of rainy days deduced from the abstract registers of the five stations, Meerut, Agra, Lucknow, Allahabad, and Benares :— TEMPERATURE | CLOUD PRO- | RAINFALL: ANOMALY. PORTION. INCHES. Rarny DAYS. 1877. | 1879. | 1877. | 1879. | 1877. | 1879. | 1877. | 1879. Mirch, i. | —14 | +09 | 3:85 | 2-47] 0°58 | 0-18] 2°0 1 April, a7 43 —4'0 | +3°7 | 3:22 103! 052 OOF | He 0 May, —1'3 | 4+4°7 | 2°63 1°38 0 43 0°02 1°6 0 Mean, ... ie sion | HSL | S23 1°63 | O51 0°09/ 1:7 0 Difference, eon eee eee + 5°3 see ——11‘60 eos —0°42 ooo —0* June, re suis o. | €1°8 |—O'S | 3°26 4°66} 1°40 4°78! 30 92 July, ace ban oo. | t+4°3 | —2°0 5°48 7°91} 3:00 | 11°61 6:0 16°2 August, ... Re | +68 |—2°0 | 4°41 $07 | 3°21} 1147498 226 Mean, ... ae wo | $43 | —1°6 | 4°38 6°88 | 2°54 9°18} 46 16:0 Difference, ww. |—O'9 + 2°50 +6°64| .. ©11°4 ee ————— a a 1881.] and rainfall to temperature in India. | 75 It must not be overlooked that, both in the dry season and in such an autumnal season as that of 1877, cloudless weather is accompanied by hot westerly winds, while cloudy weather is usually characterised by compara- tively cool easterly winds; and it may therefore be objected, that a large part of the temperature difference shown in the above table, is dependent on the wind and not on the local effect of cloud and rain. And this objec- tion may be admitted, in so far, that the temperature effect is not strictly of local origin. But the heat of the westerly wind, itself, is simply owing to the dryness of the adjacent tract. For the heaviest rain that falls in the North-West Provinces in July and August is brought by westerly winds, which come from the Arabian Sea. These blow across Rajputana and Central India, the surface of which has then been cooled by the rain already fallen; and under these circumstances westerly winds are cool winds. The supposed objection, therefore, has no real validity. The above data show that, both in the dry season and the rainy season, the anomalous temperature of the air depends principally on the cloud and rainfall; the effect of both these being to lower the tempera- ture ; in the case of the former, by obscuring the sun, in that of the latter, by the evaporation which ensues, and which reduces the temperature of both the ground and the air in contact with it, not only on the days of rainfall, but generally for one or two days afterwards. In November and Decem- ber, however, when the temperature is falling rapidly, the influence of these agents is relatively less powerful, and the final result is of a different . character. In these months, the total loss of heat by radiation from the ground, under a clear sky, exceeds the total gain from solar radiation under similar conditions ; and, accordingly, the presence of cloud, which tends to arrest both, results in maintaining the temperature above the average. The winds, which bring the vapour to form the cloud, also contribute to maintain a high temperature ; since they come from the seas around India, the temperature of which, at this season, is higher than that of the land. It is true that, in the cold season, as in the hot dry season, a warm period due to southerly winds and cloud, if rain falls, is almost always followed by a few days of excessive cold, as in the dry season; but, on the whole, the former effect is preponderant ; and in November and December accord- ingly, the rule which holds good for the greater part of the year is revers- ed, cloudy and rainy months having a positive, and clear dry months a negative, temperature variation. This is well shown by the following table, which gives the mean temperature anomaly, cloud proportion, rain- fall and number of rainy days of the six Punjab stations, Dera Ismail Khan, Rawalpindi, Sialkot, Lahore, Ludhiana, and Delhi, for November and December, in each of the five years 1875-79 :— 76 H. F. Blanford—On the relations of cloud [No. 2, ‘sXep Aureyy | : = Oo ‘SOYOUL : UIVY : Hy 3 =) no iS) = ‘uoryz0doad pnojg | x 2 re = 2 “ATRULOUV oINyeIEduUtd T, a a SS ES SS SS SS PE SS x mt . Po) shep Aurey | : Ss 3 “SOYOUL : ULBIT | ie , eae = co SM es ie @ doad n S ‘uoryz0dord pno : : A 4 jet 6) | Ss 5 so Nes) ‘ATvUoUY oinyvrodura J, S —-) i I~ skep Aurey | = a ea S ‘SOYOUL : UIE | 2 & s ee = a ~ —————— ers ~ i I~ =, ‘uorzodoad pno[g | = Ze = ut ‘Ayeumouv ornyerodua J, x =) ‘ de fe pee I wo a skep Aurey | = = 19 Ye) ‘SOYOUL : UleY | Se 2 . oO o 5 2 =z oe * . ° S uorjazodoad pno[g | z = a ° ‘ATeuoue oinqered way, | 2 = eee eee co N *shep Aurey | Bs 5 = S e . i soyour : UIvyYy | 3 = S g A oo ; id pno : : a uorz0doid pno[g | NN Fi Oo ce ‘ATeuouR orngerodure - nN tl 4 L + + - 5462”) 5-499” Pressure of upper station, ... | 26°335” | 26°252” | 26°225” | 23°209” | 23:153” | 23:118” On the other hand, the months in which the temperature is lowest on the plains, and the lowest stratum of air, on the average, most dense, are December and January; but at the level of the Himalayan hill-stations Murree, Chakrata, Darjeeling, &c., the pressure in December is lower than, in November, and in January still lower; and at that of Leh it falls from October to February, in which month, according to our present data, occurs the absolute minimum pressure of the year. These facts seem to point to the conclusion that, at some greater elevation, (perhaps at that of the Karakoram plateau), the annual oscillation of pressure is probably approximately the reverse of that which takes place on the plains of India, the maximum occurring when, in the lower atmosphere, the summer mon- soon is at its height ; and the minimum in January or February. In seeking the physical explanation of these changes, it may be postu- lated at the outset, that the variations in the density of the atmosphere with which we have to deal, whether those of the higher or lower strata, are mainly due to variations of mean temperature ; to which, indeed, the influence of variations in the quantity of vapour constituent, (regarded as replacing dry air of the same tension), is of quite subordinate importance. I have shown elsewhere, that the reduction of barometric weight, which a column of air, 7,000 feet high, undergoes from January to July, over the plains of Bengal, is due to the rise of temperature in the proportion of 44, to only ;2;, consequent on the replacement of dry air by vapour; and the relative importance of temperature may be shown more in detail and with more direct reference to the present discussion, by the following compari- son of the temperature and barometric anomalies, extracted from Tables XI and VIII in the Report on the Meteorology of 1879. 82 H. F. Blanford—On the relations of cloud [No. 2, CHAKRATA AND RANIKHET AND PACHMARHI AND RooRKEE, BAREILLY. HosHANGABAD. = boy ea dos 1948 gor Se | saa] #9 | ssl 82 | gaa Ae | aed ad deg fg |asd 298 SHO 2 90 SHS me) SHS ae | | a A a = A ofa Qe Sag Qe SAS 3 sag SAMUEL fa va wate eietails eoe| —'007 +20 | —-010 +2°7 | —002 +0°3 February sesccoce covveese| —O19 +13 | —014 +15 | +°041 +0°9 WLGBOR. pris esse cian ae aS ae + O11 —0'4 +007 —0'4 + ‘014 —1°'7 AE Oe is oes Vash ald eae o's —'035 +36 | — 038 +35 | —021 +0°8 May oso os teenies ste SOS aire —°044 +43 | —'048 +5'4 | —'016 +0'7 NEG Sony's ce ete erase a fe 5.0 «| +°'058 —2'6 +°046 —1°'6 +014 —1'8 POU esas a6 atvgaek Cea ener + 042 —1°5 +°044 —1'9 +001 +0°4 PGT Ct) eae See win Mew ele +°'031 —2'0 +°030 | —16 +'014 —1'3 September ...... eseceees| +°024 ue +'017 | —O1 +021 | —I1'1 BOCODET oer cw ewes ack ae 8s +°009 Nas + ‘002 —0°4 +009 —1°6 Mioversben!}s 40 Reaver tvs .| -+°067 —2°5 +°037 —2°7 + °034 —4'9 TIECEMDED |} alse loa slant a tale +°028 —1'3 +°015 —2°4, +'024 —d'l Considering the character of the data, that they can be regarded, at best, as affording rough approximations to the mean condition of the atmospheric stratum dealt with, as regards both density and temperature, and that variations of superincumbent pressure and humidity are entirely left out of account, the opposite march of temperature and density, exhibited by this table, is sufficiently striking, and affords a very satisfactory con- firmation of the fundamental postulate. With respect to the higher atmo- spheric strata, direct evidence is of course wanting; but it may fairly be inferred that the variations of temperature therein, are at least as influen- tial, relatively, on the density, as in the lower atmosphere here dealt with. If these views be admitted, the frequent concurrence of a diminished density in the lower strata with an increased density of the higher, and vice versd, resolves itself into this, that the temperature of the higher and lower strata tend to vary at opposite directions, the one being in excess when the other is in defect; and the discussion of the problem resolves itself into that of the processes by which the temperatures of the lower and higher strata are respectively influenced. The conditions which principally affect variations of temperature on the land, (in India) have already been discussed. It has been shown that the most influential of these are the presence or absence of cloud and the evaporation of rainfall. That, excepting in one or two of the winter months, an increase of cloud is accompanied by a reduction of temperature, and, at all seasons, without exception, the evaporation of rain produces a similar effect. But the effect of cloud and the precipitation of rain, on the temperature of the higher atmospheric strata, must be of precisely the 1881. ] and rainfall to temperature in India. 83 opposite character. In the first place, the very condensation of the vapour which forms them, sets free a quantity of latent heat, which retards the fall of temperature, that would otherwise take place in every ascending current ; and such currents exist in the large majority of rain clouds, if not in all; and, secondly, the solar radiation, which the cloud stratum sbuts off from the earth, must be partly absorbed in the evaporation of the cloud surface. Hence, there seems to be much probability, that the temperature ano- malies of the higher strata of the atmosphere, as a general rule, are of the opposite character to those shown by our land observatories at low levels ; but if so, the elevation at which this law holds good, must be considerably greater than that at which the hill observatories of the Himalaya afford the means of verifying it. Ne VII.— Description of a rain-gauge with evapometer, for remote and seclud- ed stations. By H. ¥. Buanrorp, F. R.S8., Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India. (With Plate XV.) [Received 25th March 1881. Read 6th April 1881.] In the autumn of 1879, I received, through the Government of India, a description and sketch of a rain-gauge proposed by Mr. Hutchins, Assistant Conservator of Forests in Mysore, for the purpose of collecting the rainfall at remote and rarely visited stations, such as in certain forest tracts, and other places, where there are no permanent residents, and which can be visited only at longer or shorter intervals. There are, it is true, several forms of rain-gauge provided with mechanism for the purpose of registering the fall, but these are expensive at the outset, and if, as fre- quently happens, the mechanism becomes deranged, the gauge must asa rule be sent to a Presidency town or some large Government workshop for repair ; involving further expense and an interruption of the record, ata time, perhaps, when it is most inconvenient. Mr. Hutchins’ idea was to provide a gauge of sufficient capacity to hold the rainfall of a month or even longer period, which might be mea- sured on periodical visits to the station ; and since, under such circumstances, there must always (except in prolonged wet weather) be an appreciable loss by evaporation, he proposed to use an evapometer with the gauge, which should show the evaporation in the intervals of the measurement ; which quantity, being added to the rainfall collected and measured, would give the total fall in the interval. 84 H. F. Blanford—Deseription of a rain-gauge with Ne; 25 = The instrument proposed by Mr. Hutchins consisted of two cylindrical vessels of equal size, viz., 8 inches diameter, one three times as deep as the other,* which were to be buried side by side in the ground. The deeper which was to receive the rain, was surmounted by a funnel of the usual char- acter, also 8 inches in diameter ; having a small hole at the bottom, through which the rain should run into the receiver. The other, which was to serve as an evapometer, was closed by a conical cover with a small hole at the apex; and over this was supported a second conical cover of the same diameter, leaving an interspace of about 1 inch, through which the vapour might diffuse and escape around the edges. Both were to be padlocked, to prevent any vitiation of the results, by unlicensed interference, on the part of any too curious enquirer. Before having the instrument constructed, I slightly altered the design, by reducing the size of the outer or protecting conical cover of the -evapometer, and surrounding both the receiving cylinders with a second outer cylinder, in order to protect the upper part of the receiver more effectually against direct heating by the sun. The instrument, thus modi- fied, is represented in the accompanying figure ; it was made at the Mathe- matical Instrument department and in March 1880 was set up at the Alipore observatory ; (buried in the ground, in the immediate neighbourhood of the 5 inch Symons gauge, which serves for the daily measurement of the rainfall. At the beginning, 4 inches of water, as measured in the measure-glass, for the 8-inch gauge, was placed in the evapometer, and an equal quantity in the receiver of the gauge, (in order to provide for evaporation in antici- pation of rain). At the end of a month, the water in both cylinders was measured ; and the difference taken as representing the rainfall of the period. Four inches of water was then replaced in each cylinder, and the instruments were closed and left untouched for another month. : Thus the rainfall collected in the new gauge was measured once a month only, while that in the smaller Symon’s gauge was measured daily ; and as this comparison was carried on throughout the rains and the subse- quent fine and cold season, the new form of gauge has been fairly tested. The results are given in the following table ; the rain of both gauges having been carefully measured, and the accuracy of the measuring-glasses verified by weighment of their contents. The small corrections, resulting from the verifications, have been applied to the figures in the table. * In the drawing sent one was 20 inches the other about 7 inches in height. Fig, 1. PENTHEMA LISARDA, 3. Fig. 2. PENTHEMA DARLISA, 3. J. WOOD - MASON, Journ. As. x Fig. 2. EurrPpus CONSIMILIS, VAR. MERIDIONALIS Fig. 1. PENTaoEMA BINGHAMY, é. Fig. 4. Euripus cINNAMOMZUS, Q Fig. 3. Eurreus consImitis, Q. 4 2) Fig. 5. TagraDES BHAGAVA, VAR. ANDAMANIC4, < "=e @ | Peer ee ee ee ere — ; 1881. ] evapometer, for remote and secluded stations. 85 ee re table of the rainfall at Alipore observatory, as measured daily im a 5-inch gauge, and monthly in an 8-inch gauge with evapometer. AcTUAL MEASUREMENT, wes aa MontTHLyY. os "aS | = © Month. id ah Ba ) 5 vapo- iffer-. © 45 meter. Gauge. ence. B f = 8 3S 8 HA Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches Loo SS eee 3°08 5°91 2°83 2°88 2°01 + 0°87 AT Sn eiiw si Piekeeseeeieenh) | 008 8:90 5°53 5°63 4°88 + 0°75 NOR Ee cea d oc ees ee ee ca 3°68 18°70 15°02 | 16°31 14 78 + 0°53 MMMM Gay cleces cccsne sees) oOo | 17°03 13 45 13°71 13°46 + 0°25 PD EUSH «000 Neewtenigisessh es Gey) LATS be aa 1 13-76») 13888 + 0°37 BePrCMIDOF kes cccse uesees 363 | 16°95 | 135382 | 13°67 | 18:17 +0°40 Re ges cine sesess| oO 8:97 bw yi 5°37 5'11 + 0:26 ENOVGRADET’ 2 = oh + a ¢ y ‘ i hy ~ « * ) , + =~ ' iin es is . iar % : Ly 4 4 / 7 . 1881.] Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 89 mentioned at p. lxviii of the “ Memoir on the Mammalogy of the Hima- layas,” by W. Ogilby, published as an appendix in Royle’s ‘ Hlustrations of the Botany &c. of the Himalayas,’ and the dried skin was said to be undistinguishable from that of A. arvalis. In the same memoir, on the preceding page (Ixvii), another short-tailed rodent is said to have been observed by Hodgson and Herbert, and supposed to be a Lemming. ‘The animals noticed were doubtless Arvicole, no Lemming having ever been found as yet in the Himalayan area. The original specimen of A. roylez has been preserved in the British Museum, and was originally procured by Royle, it is said from Kashmir. The next notice in order of date was by Mr. Hodgson, who, in 1849, recorded the occurrence of an Arvicoline animal in Sikkim. For this form, which he considered the type of a new genus, he proposed the name Weodon sikimensis. As will be shown presently, the genus cannot be maintained as distinct from 3 bird 99 The hinder upper molar has two strong salient angles on the anterior portion of the inner side; on the outer side there are anteriorly two weak angles rather close together, then a deep sinus or emargination opposite to the second inner angle, and behind this the tooth terminates in a narrow elongate process with two slight projecting angles on the external side only, none on the inside. This process behind the second inner angle is much less than half the length of the tooth. The only two specimens of this species hitherto examined are from the high plateaus of Northern Ladak (Western Tibet). * In the figure given in the ‘Scientiflc Results of the Second Yarkand Mission the colour is too dull and brown; it should be more rufous, 98 W. T. Blanford—On the Voles (Arvicola) of the [No. 2, 2. Arvicola stracheyi. (Teeth, Plate I. fig. C.) Arvicola stracheyi, Oldfield Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Oct. 1880, ser. 5, vol. vi. p. 332. Colour light brown, with a grey tinge above, white below ; forehead rather dusky ; feet and tail white. Fur soft, long, slaty grey at the base; on the back there is a pale whitish band on the hairs, a little way from the skin (this may, perhaps, be an individual peculiarity or due to season, only one specimen being known) the first and third fourths of the length being slaty grey and the terminal fourth brownish yellow, some hairs with black tips being interspersed. On the lower parts the basal half of the hairs is grey, the terminal half white. Ears small, not projecting beyond the fur and thickly covered inside and out with moderately long hair. Feet of moderate size; claws pale, overhung with hairs; thumb quite rudimentary and clawless; fourth toe in the fore foot slightly longer than the second, and the third longer than the fourth by about the same differ- ence. In the hind foot the second and fourth toes are nearly equal, third very little longer. Tarsus hairy below. Tail short (vertebre preserved), apparently not more than one fifth the length of the head and body, covered with white hairs, which extend half an inch beyond the end. inches. Length of head and body ....ccsereceeeee OTF “ tail without hairs, ....... eye Cites 6 OR A tarsus and hind foot without claws... 0°65 The description and measurements are from a single dried skin brought by Capt. (now Lieut.-Gen.) R. Strachey from Kumaon, and presented to the EHast-India Museum, where it was entered in the Catalogue as Oricetus songarus. When the zoological specimens of the East-India were incorporated in the British Museum, the skull was ex- tracted by Mr. Thomas and the real nature of the animal recognized. The following are the characters of the molar teeth :— Upper molar 1, 5 spaces, 3 external and 3 internal angles. ” > II, A ” 3 ” ” 2 ” ” ” », III, 3 ” 4 ” ” 2 ” ” Lower molar 1,7 , 5 y 3 ” ” ” yy? Ey aS, amine » 38 ” ” ” >» Td, ar? 5 3 ” » 3 ” 3 The hinder upper molar much resembles that of A. stoliczkanus, and like the latter, has two strong salient angles on the anterior portion of the 1881.] Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 99 inner side followed by the straight inner edge of the long posterior lobe. On the outer side there are, anteriorly, two weak angles rather close to- gether, then a deep sinus opposite to the second inner angle, and behind this the tooth terminates in a narrow elongate process with two slight angles on the outer side only; none inside. This process, behind the second inner angle, is half the length of the tooth. In the first lower molar the anterior inner and outer angles are almost rudimentary on the crown, but they form distinct folds on the sides of the tooth*. The first three spaces in this tooth are confluent, the first two especially are scarcely separable. The same is the case with the first and second spaces in the second lower molar, and with the second and third spaces in the third; in the latter case the two are just sufficiently distin- guishable to be counted apart. 8. Arvicola wynnei. (Teeth, Plate I, fig. B.) Arvicola wynnei, W. Blanford, J. A, 8. B. 1880, Vol. XLIX, Pt. II, p. 244. Colour above dark rich brown, with a slight greyish tinget; head rufescent ; lower parts pale brown; tail the same colour as the back; feet ' covered with brown hairs above, soles pale. Fur very soft; hairs very dark leaden grey, nearly black at the base, and for three fourths to four fifths of their length on the back, the tips being rufous-brown in general, some more or less grey ; the terminal por- tion on the lower parts pale brown. No longer hairs on the back; a few scarcely exceeding the rest of the fur, on the rump. The length of the hair on the back in skins collected in the summer and autumn is half an inch or rather less. Ears short and rounded, completely concealed by the fur, thinly clad with long hair on the external surface, and with short brown hair on the inside towards the border ; a tuft of long hair on the anterior edge of the inner surface. Whiskers brown, the lower greyish, the longest reaching the ear. Feet moderate ; fore feet rather large ; claws long, compressed, white, not overhung with long hairs. Thumb of fore foot short, with a short compressed claw ; the middle toe exceeds the fourth by about half the length of the terminal phalanx ; the fourth is scarcely longer than the second, which extends by about the length of its last phalanx beyond the fifth. In the hind foot the third toe is very little longer than the second, * They are not counted in the original description ; but I think that similar folds should be noticed, and they appear to be included by Blasius. + In one specimen preserved in spirits the greyish tinge is wanting, and the colour above dark chestnut. 100 W. T. Blanford— On the Voles (Arvicola) of the [No. 2, which, again, is but little longer than the fourth. This exceeds the fifth by more than the length of its last phalanx, and the fifth is longer than the first by about half the same length. There are five pads or tubercles beneath the fore foot; the two hinder the largest, opposite to each other and to the base of the thumb ; the three distal pads small, and arranged in a triangle at the base of the toes. Onthe sole of the hind foot there are also five tubercles—two in front, one on each side of the base of the middle toe, another pair at the base of the two outer toes, the outer nearer the distal extremity of the foot than the inner, and the fifth at the proxi- mal extremity of the naked sole, and about as far behind that at the base of the fifth toe as the latter is from the pair at the base of the middle toe. Lower portion of tarsus hairy. Tail between one third and one fourth the length of the head and body, almost cylindrical, diminishing but little in thickness towards the end, clothed with long hair at the base, and with short brown hair through- out the terminal three quarters of its length. The hairs only project one eighth to one fourth of an inch beyond the end of the tail. The following are the dimensions of the specimens, both adult males, in spirit® :— in, in, Length of head and body from nose to vent .e.e.eee 475 35 Tail from vent (hair at end not included) .......... 1835 12 Height of ear from orifice...... eek « cevceccccte O20 ee Breadth of Gives 1 see sears ale Nig mie Meleis:o tele oo. O25" Ze Length of fore foot without ee ait thal a ste ssoon UE 0.4 ks hind foot and tarsus without claws .....- O07 0:7 Claw of middle toe... 0.30% Thin ic wieteee . Of sore The incisors are deep orange. The following are the characters of the molars :— Upper molar 1, 5 spaces, 3 external and 8 internal angles. 39 9 It, 4, 9 3 99 ” 2 ”» ” 9) 9 IIT, 4 9 3 9? > 2 3 39 Lower molar 1,7 ,, 4 M tO ms sf 9 9 UH, 3 Ped 3 9) ”? 3 9 > 99 bP) Ii, 3 9 3 ” 9? 3 ” 99 The two anterior upper molars resemble those in all other Himalesam Arvicole except A. sikimensis and H. melanogaster, and in the majority of European and American forms. The hinder upper molar has two small salient angles on the outer side in front, much closer together and smaller than the two inner angles. Behind the second outer angle there is a sinus, * Spirit-specimens always measure rather less in the length of the body and ears than freshly-killed animals, * 1881.] Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 101 a very little deeper and somewhat broader than that between the first and second. ‘The posterior portion of the tooth is a nearly oval longitudinal lobe, forming rather more than one third the length, more prominent externally than internally, so as to form a blunt third external angle, but not sufficiently prominent on the inner side to form a third inner saliency. The spaces or prisms of a tooth like this are always somewhat indefinite ; _ the first space is enclosed by the anterior outer and the corresponding inner angle ; the second is not separated-from the first, and is enclosed by the second outer angle, the third by the second inner angle, and the fourth corresponds to the posterior lobe. In the first lower molar the first three spaces are confluent, and so are the fourth and fifth. The anterior outer and inner angles project less than those behind ; the first inner angle especially, which is close to the extre- mity of the tooth, and much in advance of the first outer angle, is weak and rounded ; these two anterior angles enclose the first space, which is oblong-ovate, with its longer diameter diagonally placed. The third inner and outer angles are so nearly opposite to each other that it is almost a question whether the two spaces they enclose should not be considered as one. In the secend and third lower molars all the spaces are lozenge- shaped, the outer and inner angles being nearly or quite opposite to each other, and each space being bounded both by an exterior and an interior angle. The outer external angles of the third lower molar are rather less prominent than the inner. The third molar is considerably narrower than the second, and the second somewhat narrower than the first. The interparietal bone is subtriangular. The hinder margin, neglect- ing small projections and emarginations, runs nearly straight, and consists of two slightly concave halves meeting in a trifling angle, projecting in the middle ; the anterior margin is formed by two almost straight lines meet- ing in the middle of the skull at an angle a little more open than a right angle, without any point. projecting anferiorly beyond the angle. The nasals in the only skull I have extracted are slightly injured behind, so I cannot determine the shape of the posterior extremity ; the outer edge of each appears to be convex throughout, not emarginate posteriorly. The following are the dimensions of a skull :— inches. Length from occipital plane to end of nasals ....-..... Ld oo ei ase hale og Wee eae wees E Ree oR Seen 3. § OSS Breadth across widest parts of zygomatic arches ....... a O74 # between orbits where narrowest ..... Pie te2 «eu ay One 3 of dear bored mm front (ls Vise See ta eaeleteiacs out) Olt R of interparietal bone .....ecerseeeereeeeenes O28 Length of upper molars together ..... die SU Dae oe OAS 14: 102 W. T. Blanford—On the Voles (Arvicola) of the [No. 2, Distance from upper molars to incisors .....ccecerceceese O'S Length of lower jaw from condyle to symphysis ....... . O75 if of lower molars together ....ee.cesees Saiew as . OF This species has been described from two specimens in spirit and two skins, procured at the hill-station of Mari (Murree) in the Punjab by Mr. A. B. Wynne, of the Geological Survey of India. All the specimens were captured, I believe, by a house-cat ; so the animal is probab!y common in the gardens of the station. The native name is Kanis (Kunnees). There is in the British Museum a specimen in spirit of an Arvicola of unknown locality, but probably Himalayan, and very possibly from Kashmir, having the same dentition as A. wynnez, but differently coloured with larger ears. This specimen was obtained by purchase, together with a specimen of Wesokia bengalensis (NV. indica, Blyth and Jerdon) and some other mammals, all apparently Indian, but all supposed at the time to be from Africa, I shall not name a specimen of such dubious antece- dents ; there is not sufficient evidence that it is even Indian, or that it comes from the same country as the associated specimens ; but as it is far from improbable that it may prove to be Himalayan, the foliowing charac- ters may enable the species to be identified when met with :— Colour brown (about the same as a wild rabbit, not dark rufous brown like typical A. wynnez) above, whitish below. The tail much darker above than below. Feet brown above, similar in proportions and pads to those of A. wynnei. Ears rounded, projecting considerably beyond the fur. Teeth as in A. wynnet, inches Length of head and body from nose to vent ...ssseeeeee 4& 7 tail from vent (hair at end not included)........ 18 Height of ear from orifice ..... ¢ 0,0» 9100's 8 seein ae 0:42 Breadth iol, ditho sais se ees SECT Te ee ooo) ian Length of forefoot without claws ...sccscccccensscesee O89D ; hindfoot and tarsus ; ,,~s% ou06 46a chek 060 oe ai ene It should be mentioned that the peculiar form of the last upper molar, characteristic of the Section Alticola, has hitherto only been found in Himalayan species of Arvicola. 4, Arvicola roylei. (Teeth, Plate I. fig. D.) Arvicola roylei, Gray, Ann. §. Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. X, p. 265 (1842) ; Schreber, Stiugth. Suppl. III, p. 587 (1848) ; Giebel, Saiugth, p. 613 (1859) ; ? Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. As. Soc. p. 125 (1863) ; Jerdon, Mammals of India, No. 202, p. 216 (1867). 1881. ] Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 103 Oolour above yellowish brown,* rather rufous in the middle of the back, below paler and isabelline or fulvous; tail brown above, white below ; feet apparently the same colour as the lower parts. Fur dark slaty at the base and for about two thirds of the length, the terminal third being tawny at first, the tips partly brown, partly black on the upper parts; on the lower parts all the tips are tawny. Ears small, hairy, concealed by the fur. Feet small; claws pale, short, overhung by hairs; thumb in the fore foot very small, but with a distinct claw ; middle finger but little longer than the fourth, which is considerably longer than the second. The cha- racters of the toes in the hind feet, which are contracted in the dried skin, cannot be made out clearly. Tail nearly cylindrical, apparently rather more than a third of the length of head and body together, and covered with short hair, which only -extends a short distance beyond the end, and is rather darker and more rufescent above than below. The measurements are taken from the dried skin (1) ; those given by Jerdon, from a specimen collected by himself, are added (2) as will be shewn presently, it is not certain that this specimen was of the same species. Cd) (2) a in, in. Wem minor head and), body... sc... fspeis1 ssn cases. careberes (OH OO ns of tail-vertebree ............. Brae eta geet: 1, tse 7 of tarsus and hid: Sot mito cine re ace 0:8 The following are the characters of the molar teeth :— Upper molar I, 5 spaces, 3 external and 3 internal angles. ” ” II, a ” 3 ” ” {II, 3 ” 3 Lower molar I, 7 | ” oP) II, 5 ” 3 ” ” 3 ” 23 ” iif, 3 mins ” jy te In the first upper molar the anterior outer angle is a little in front of the corresponding inner angle. The last upper molar has three nearly ” ) 2 ”? ”? * Gray calls the colour rufous-grey. As he undoubtedly described the same skin as I have examined, I can only say that his ideas of coloration were different from mine, for it is difficult to believe that the colour has changed from rufous-grey to yel- lowish brown. A change from yellowish brown to rufous-grey would be far more likely to result had the specimon been exposed to light ; to the best of my belief, how- ever, the skin has not been exposed. Jerdon calls the colour ashy brown, with a tinge of rufous more or less apparent ; but he described different specimens, and as he did not examine the teeth itis by no means certain that they belonged to the same species. 104 W. T. Blanford—On the Voles (Arvicola) of the [No. 2, equidistant outer angles, but the hollow between the two posterior angles is much deeper than that between the two anterior, the three inner angles are also nearly equidistant ; the hindmost portion of the tooth behind the third internal angle is a longitudinal lobe, forming about one third of the whole length, and without angles; the anterior space is continued between the first inner and first and second outer angles; the second space corre- sponds to the second inner angle; the third space is enclosed by the poste- rior angle on each side and the lobe. In the first lower molar the anterior angle on each side is very small and blunt, and there is a rudimentary fifth external angle in front; the first and second spaces, the latter corresponding to the second inner angle, are not separate. In the second lower molar the first space is confluent with the second, and the third with the fourth. Similarly in the third lower molar the first and second spaces are not distinct, nor are the third and fourth. The above description is from the single type, a dried skin in poor condition, obtained by Royle in Kashmir. Jerdon states that he found this species in Kunawar near Chini, and observed it on the Pir-Panjal pass, south of Kashmir; but he had no opportunity of comparing specimens ; and as so many additional species have since been described it is possible the voles he saw may not have been 4. roylei. The locality given by Blyth (Pind Dadun Khan, in the Panjab) is probably, as already noticed, due to a mistake. 5. Arvicola blanfordi. (Teeth, Plate I, fig. HE.) Arvicola blanfordi, J. Scully, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Nov. 1880, Ser. 5, Vol. Vi, p. 899. Colour above rather light greyish brown, with a very slight rufous tinge, below greyish white; feet white; tail brown above, sullied white below. ; Fur soft, the hairs slaty grey at the base, and on the back for about three quarters of their length, the terminal fourth on the upper parts fawn- colour, numerous rather longer hairs with black tips being interspersed. On the lower parts the tips of the hairs are white. . Ears of moderate size, rounded, projecting considerably beyond the fur, covered with moderately short hair inside near the margin, and out- side except on the anterior part of the outer surface, where the hair is longer. Whiskers long, some of them extending beyond the tips of the ears, the greater portion white, a few dark brown. Feet of moderate size ; claws white, compressed, not long, overhung, with long hairs; thumb of fore foot very small, almost rudimentary, but 1881. ] Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 105 furnished with a small claw; middle finger very little longer than the fourth, but there is much more difference between the latter and the second, about as much as there is between the second and fifth. Tubercles beneath the fore foot five in number, all of good size and near together, three in a triangle at the base of the middle toes, and two opposite to each other and to the base of the thumb. In the hind foot the second and fourth toes are very nearly the same length, and but very little shorter than the third ; the fourth exceeds the fifth by rather more than the length of the termi- nal phalanx of the former, and the difference between the fifth and first is less, being about the length of the distal phalanx of the fifth toe. There are six pads or tubercles on the sole of the hind foot, the three inner much further apart than the three outer, the last outer being rather smaller than the rest, and the last inner pad, which is considerably behind all the others, being situated rather nearer to the most distal tubercle than to the heel. Lower portion of tarsus well covered with hair. Tail between one third and one half the length of the head and body, cylindrical, scarcely diminishing in diameter towards the tip, well clad with hair, which projects about one fifth of an inch beyond the end of the verte- bre. The following dimensions are (1) of a fresh adult male specimen taken by Dr. Scully, and (2) of an adult male in spirit :— (1) @) in. in, Length of head and body from nose to vent .....-.. 4°55 389 of tail from vent (hair atend not included) 2:05 1:9 9) Mehran eal SOM OFINCO. 0.3.5 2.« saree ssiteiiedenssad sounds 07 058 MIRC CAI a oe aki se ewe te nant ac due tie deere - O68 054 Length of fore foot without claws .................006. O4 O-4 of hind foot from heel with out claws......... 0°75: O-7G ” The molars have the following characters :— Upper molar I, 5 spaces, 3 external and 3 internal angles, o2 99 II, 4 ? 3 7 ” 9) 2 99 ? mae ott, SS, 3 Lower molar I, 7 iy iy ae = fa ot 3 AE s 3 ” 9) Fit, 3 3 3 9) bP] In the first upper molar the anterior outer angle is distinctly nearer the hinder part of the jaw than the anterior inner angle. The third upper molar has three nearly equidistant outer angles, the sinus intervening be- tween the second and third angle being much deeper than that between the first and second, The inner angles in this tooth are much more promi- wewa w 106 W. T. Blauford—On the Voles (Arvicola) of the [No. 2, nent than the outer. The longitudinal lobe forming the posterior portion of the tooth behind the third internal angle is of small length, scarcely one fourth of the tooth; there are two rudimentary external and one internal angle on the lobe that are not counted. The spaces are not very different from those in A. roylei, although one more is counted; the first is bounded by the first internal and first two external angles ; the second corresponds to the second internal angle; the third, which is small, to the third external angle, whilst the fourth is iucluded by the third internal angle and the posterior lobe. On the first lower molar there is a rudimentary anterior external angle that has not been counted, the first internal angle is much smaller than the others, and the first external somewhat less prominent. The first and second spaces, the latter corresponding to the second inner angle, are not separated. In the third molar the second space is almost double, the two angles not being quite opposite, and it is a question whether this tooth should be considered as having 3 spaces or 4. | Interparietal with the hinder border almost straight; each of the lateral margins forms an ogee curve, concave anteriorly, convex behind, and meeting the posterior margin at an angle rather less than a right angle. The lateral angles are not produced; the anterior angle projects very slight- ly forward. Dr. J. Scully has done me the honour of naming this Vole after me. It is found commonly on the mountains around Gilgit at an elevation of 9000 to 10,000 feet. It is closely allied in the structure of the teeth to A. roylei, but differs widely in external characters, the tail and ears being much longer and the coloration quite different. This species, in which the posterior lobe of the last upper molar is less developed than in the other four forms of the section, shows a passage to Paludicola. Section JJ. Panupicona. The first lower molar with normally 7 spaces, 4 or 5 external and 5 internal angles; the first upper molar with 5 spaces, 3 inner and 8 outer angles; the second with 4 spaces, 5 outer and 2 inner angles; the third not terminating in an elongate lobe. 6. Arvicola blythi. (Teeth, Plate II, fig. B.) Phaiomys leucurus, Blyth, J. A. S, B., 1863, XXXII, p. 89; Theobald, J. A. S. B., 1862, XXXI, p. 519; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B., 1865, XXXIV, p. 110. Mee Arvicola leucurus, Gerbe (1852) ; nec idem, Severtzoff (1878). 1881. ] Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 107 Arvicola blythi, W. Blanf. J. A. 8. B., 1875, XLIV, pt. 2, p. 107; cd. Scientific Results Second Yarkand Mission, Mammalia, p. 389, pl. VIII, fig. 2, & pl. X, d. fig. 1. Colour above earthy brown (yellowish brown with a greyish tinge), below brownish white. Feet the same colour as the underparts; tail ight brown. Fur soft, the basal two thirds on the upper surface, and about one half on the lower, dark slaty ; the tips on the upper surface of two kinds— the finer isabelline, the coarser dark brown, almost black ; tips on the abdomen brownish white. Hars small, round, not extending beyond the fur, thinly clad with light-brown hairs inside, more thickly and with longer hairs outside. Whiskers dark brown above, white below, the longest nearly an inch in length. Heet of moderate size; claws compressed, horn-coloured ; thumb short, with a short compressed claw. Tail cylindrical, about one fourth to one third the length of the head and body, covered with short hair. The-following dimensions are (1) from a fresh specimen taken by Dr. Stoliczka, (2) from another fresh specimen, a large female, by Mr. Theo- bald, (3) from an adult specimen in spirit :— @ @ @) in. in. in. Trenath of head and body ......scccccteseescereeeressorvooree 4 49 3-7 Por tail, without hairs at’ end !...........ccseeeeese. P85 °125 11 29 PR MNGER ORE 5 £2.55 gigs wucle wot vis evicuises sas, aunigetaetedasn 1881. | Himalayas, Tibet, and Afghanistan. 113 descriptions have been published, a large proportion of the anatomical de- tails figured and explained in Mr. Hodgson’s notes prove to be common to whole genera or even families. Such is the case in the present instance. There appears nothing in the anatomy of A. sikimensis to distinguish that species from European Voles.* The intestines in two specimens, both females, were 26 and 28 inches long, the cecum 3% and 4 inches, and # wide, in one case 10 inches, in the other 18 from the anal end of the intestine. In a male the intestines measured 25 inches ; the cwcum, 11 inches from the anus, was 62 inches long and rather less than half an inch broad. “ Liver 3-lobed, each lobe divided, anda lobulus. Gall-bladder deeply imbedded in largest and central lobe, and having a large clear duct. Spleen 1 inch, tongue-shaped, and deep red.”? In the stomach the two orifices are said to be about a quarter of an inch apart. Several measurements, evidently from fresh specimens, are given. They are useful as showing to some extent the amount of variation. i. do , ~24) $d, guy. * 46S" we bs in. in. in. in. in. Length from nose to anus......... newelaes ee 44 32 At 4 See Oe Head: GO WAP |"; aa Pakabsron to"Coulour (Kollur), oi. c ec s.ega ree cone ee ll °,, Se There runs a great river by the town of Coulour, which falls into the gulf of Bengala near Masulipatam. Coulour to Kah Kaly,... s eee ee oad ¢ se wale Kah Kaly to Beyouar (Berwada)% Mee We pihel Mie het, Fe 6 Near Beyouar you must repass the river of Coulour (7. 6, Kistna) Beyouar to Vouchir, i. 0s ice. | Vouchir £6 IIVHWIGN, csiesies seweae ccs seseaten xanteeusets a7 ate ee Sr or Half way between Vouchir and Nilimor you cross a ereat river on a timber floating bridge. Wiltmior to Malmo) cece. ce cdscecaes iclaadeswnate caaenceeate 6 Milmol to Masulipatam, It would be useless to attempt to fit Tavernier’s distances too -closely with modern measurements, but it would seem from the equivalent measurements in miles, taken from the map, that the coste here was under 13 miles. Tavernier speaks of the badness of the roads which no doubt necessitated many turnings. He praises the palkis, wherein “ you are carried with more speed than in any part of India,” The value of the vrati in Tavernier’s time is a sore puzzle. He gives it as equal to 84 grains; these in my calculation of the weight of the great Mogul diamond, as it was when he saw it, I treated of as French grains the equivalent of which would be 2°7 English grains, and I stated that if instead of this we could put into the equation 1:84 or more properly — 1:848 we should get out the exact weight of the Koh-i-Nur. Now accord- ing to Mr. H. Thomas, F. R. 8. the old ratz in the normal Hindu system * Travels, Part II, Book I. Chapter XI, p. 69. t+ Percy’s metallurgy, silver and gold, p. 375. —— 1881.] V. Ball— Additional note on the ancient diamond mines. 223 = 1-75 grains and in Akbar’sj,time = 1'935 grains, the mean of these or 1:8437 was so near the required figure that the matter appeared settled ; but in Capt. Hamilton’s ‘ East Indies’ dated 1727 there is a very full table of weights in which the ratz is stated to be equal to 85 grains English, so that one may fairly despair of solving this question, In reference to the myth regarding the method of obtaining diamonds described by Marco Polo, Nicolo Conti and many others, not omitting Sindbad the Sailor, I have, since my paper was printed, met with numerous accounts of sacrificial rights connected with the opening of mines. The late Mr. M. Fryar when visiting a tin-washing at Maleewoon in Tenasserim was requested to take off his boots as he was told that on a former occasion a European visitor having walked up to the stream without having done so, the guardian spirit took offence, and the supply of tin ceased till the washers had gone to the expense of sacrificing two buffaloes. Of especial interest as accounting for the wooden structure which Nicolo Conti supposed was for the purpose of. flinging the pieces of meat from one mountain to another is a description by Dr. John Anderson of a sacrifice witnessed by himself during his expedition to Yunan. Two buffaloes were offered up by the Khakyens to the Nats or evil spirits. The animals having been slaughtered over two bamboo altars were cut up and the meat distributed, certain portions with cooked rice being placed on a lofty bamboo scaffolding for the use of the Nats. The Nats under such circumstances would infallibly be represented by birds, and among the birds, in most of the hilly regions of India there would probably be included some of the common white scavenger vultures (Weophron). Curiously enough one of the early accounts mentions white eagles, among the birds which carried away the meat with diamonds sticking toit. A naturalist, however, would object to the idea of this bird carrying anything in talons or bill, it would devour the offering on the spot. The rest of the story is doubtless due to the fertile imagination of a traveller who supposed the preliminary sacrifice to be part of the actual process of finding diamonds. In conclusion it may be stated that the forthcoming volume on the Economie Geology of India contains a full réswmé of information on these subjects and that there is also one though less complete in a small volume recently published on the Diamonds, Gold and Coal of India. OO ee a a a a a 224 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—List of [No. 3, XIV.—List of Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands.—By J. Woov-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Caleutta, and LIONEL DE NICE’VILLE. : [Received January 1st ;—Read March 2nd, 1881. ] (With a Woodcut.) In Mr. F. Moore’s paper on ‘The Lepidopterous Fauna of the Anda- man and Nicobar Islands’* only 33 species of Rhopalocera are recorded from all the numerous islands of the latter group. The Museum has, during the past and present years, received from Mr. F. A. de Roepstorff several small collections of Nicobar butterflies numbering some 42 distinct species, of which 25 have not been previously recorded; and, since this paper was read, we have been indebted to the kindness and courtesy of Lieut.-Colonel T. Cadell, V. C., Chief Commissioner of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, for a collection consisting of very numerous individuals of about 28 species, eight of which we had not before obtained and five of which prove to be new to the Islands; so that in all.there have passed through our hands, 47 species of which 30 are now for the first time recorded; this number, of which 4 are new to science and 8 are described as varieties of known forms, added to the 34 previously recorded brings up the total of species known from these islands to 64. ‘ In the absence of Danais chrysippus one cannot help speculating as to what Nicobar females of Hypolimnas misippus may be like: are they dark-coloured like the males or do they mimic some other red Danazs ? LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA. Family NYMPHALIDA. Subfamily Danarn a. 1. DANAIS LIMNIACE. Pap. limniace, Cramer, Pap. Exot., 1775, vol. i, pl. 59, figs. D, E. Nankowri Island (foore). One male and two females from’ Kamorta (Colonel Cadell). 2. DANAIS AGLEOIDES. D. agleoides, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatschr., 1860, vol. iv, p. 398, & ; Verh, zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 486 ; xon Boisd. D. grammica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 581. Four males and six females from Nankowri, one male from Great Nicobar (Sambelong), and two males and one female from Kar Nicobar, all absolutely identical in structure, markings, and colour with one another * Proc, Zool. Soc, Lond., 1877, p. 580. “27 NOe pe “ ? _— 1881.] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 225 and with specimens from Rangoon (J. W.-JL.); and Felder states that his specimens from the Great Nicobar agree with the typical ones from Malacca in the Malay peninsula. The specimens obtained by Mr. Meldola on Kamorta Island doubtless belong to this species and not to D. grammica (Boisduval), which is apparently restricted to South India and Ceylon (D. ceylanica) : it is, to say the least, improbable that two such closely allied varieties should inhabit the same limited area (Kamorta, Nankowri, Great Nicobar, and Kar Nicobar Islands). Nankowri, Kamorta, and Trinkut Islands (Colonel Cadell). 3. DANAIS SIMILIS, var. NICOBARICA, nov. Upperside. 2. Underside. &. 9. Nearest to D. exprompta, Butler, from Ceylon, from the figure* of which species (probably that of a female, though the sex is not stated) it differs, im the anterior wing, in having the streak in the base of the interno-median area broader, occupying all but the entire breadth of the space, shorter, and marked along the middle by a linear streak (instead of being divided into two long and narrow streaks connected at the base only) ; and, in the posterior wing, in having the cell entirely subdiaphanous greenish or bluish white except for two excessively fine and faint longi- tudinal and apically-divergent dusky lines much as in D, juventa (instead of being divided by two very broad and black ones into two streaks, the posterior of which is strongly recurved at its free end), the discal series of bluish streaks immediately beyond the cell much narrower and shorter, and the ground-colour around them consequently of greater extent and giving to this portion of the wing a much darker appearance, again much asin D. juventa. The male differs from the female in the bluish markings of both wings being of a much deeper shade and, with the exceptions to be stated, larger ; * Moore, ‘ Lep. Ceylon,’ pl. 2, fig. 2, 2. 226 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—List of [No. 3, in the anterior wing being narrower and externally slightly emarginate (instead of well-rounded), with its outer submarginal series of spots re- duced to small specks, and the three posterior ones of its inner series externally distinctly tridentate; and in the posterior wing being also apparently somewhat narrower and less rounded externally, with both series of submarginal spots much smaller,—with its two posterior veins margined on both sides with fuscous of a far lighter and duller tint than the rest of the ground,—and with the submedian one of them more prominent with the wing-membrane on each side of it raised into a slight fold and the two light streaks that bound it dirty whitey-brown: the male of this species is, in fact, provided with a distinct, though little-specialized, sexual mark or scent-gland. Length of anterior wing, # 1:5, ¢ 1:55; whence expanse = ¢ 3:1, @ 3:2 inches. . One male and three females, ‘the latter agreeing exactly with ene another, from Great Nicobar. D. vulgaris, Butler, from Upper Tenasserim, Malacca, and Borneo, D. exprompta from Ceylon, D. juventa from Java, and D. nicobarica from the Nicobars appear to us to be only constant geographical varieties of D. similis from Formosa and China. Mr. Butler in describing the first-named species (Ent. Month. Mag., 1874, vol. xi, p. 164) gives ‘Nepal, Bengal’ as localities for it in addition to Singapur and Borneo. This is probably a mistake ; we have seen no specimen of it from any region further to the west than Upper Tenasserim. , 4. DANAIS PLEXIPPUS. One male and two females from Nankowri Island; five males from Kar Nicobar ; also Kamorta (Moore). Numerous specimens of both sexes from Kamorta and Nankowri (Colonel Cadell). 5. DANAIS HEGESIPPUS, var. NESIPPUS.. D. nesippus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot, Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 486, ¢ ; Reise Novara, Lep., p. 347, d 2. > Four males and five females from Nankowri Island ; and Great Nicobar (Felder). 6. Evurra@a (Macrorpt@a) PH@BUS. Euplea phebus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 270, d ¢. Macroplea phebus, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, 1878, vol. xiv, p. 292. One very fine male from Kar Nicobar Island agreeing (except in its rather larger size, its expanse being 5°8 inches) exactly with continental specimens from Cherra Punji. 1881.] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 227 7. Eurtma (SALPINx) NOVAR. Euplea novare, Felder, Verh, zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 482, 3 ; id., Reise Novara, Lep., p. 317, pl. 89, fig. 7, d. — Kar Nicobar (Felder). 8. EuvprpL@aA ESPERI. Euplea esperi, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 482, 9, from Kar Nicobar. Luplea frauenfeldii, Id., ibid., p. 479, g, from Ceylon; Reise Novara, Lep., p. 342, d 9, pl. 41, fig. 4, ¢, from Ceylon! Euplea felderi, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 275, 9, from Sumatra. Euplea lorquinit, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., p. 340, 3 ¢, from Southern China. Two males and two females from Pulo Kondul; three males and a female from Kamorta ; and six males and three females from Trinkut Islands. Of the males from Pulo Kondul, one differs from the specimen de- scribed and figured by Felder in the ‘ Novara Reise’ solely in presenting no trace of a cellular spot in either wing, in having a minute whitish dot intercalated between the first and second and another larger added at the posterior end of the submarginal series of spots on the upperside, and a short linear cellular mark in the right wing only (instead of a geminated one in both wings) with a still shorter streak (obsolete in the left) beyond it on the underside, of the anterior pair of wings; and in there being only a very indistinct cellular point present in the right wing, and in the minute geminated spot (= the foremost of the submarginal series) between the third median veinlet and the discoidal vein being absent from both wings, of the posterior pair on the underside. The other male differs from the preceding in having, on the upperside of both anterior wings, distinct shadows of the rounded white cellular spots of the under- side, the second dot in the submarginal series absent, the two discal spots larger, and, on the underside, a discal oval violet-white spot just behind the subcostal followed from before backwards by two linear marks beyond the end of the cell, all three faintly marked on the upperside and larger in the left than in the right wing; on the underside of the posterior wings it presents a distinct rounded cellular spot smaller than those of the anterior wings and a submarginal series of minute dots commencing in one wing with the geminated one, in the other between the two discoidal veinlets and both ending between the submedian and first median veinlet; and on the upperside, no trace of cellular spots, but the submarginal series much as below. The two females differ from one another chiefly in the size of the markings, and from Felder’s description in having, on the upperside, three discal white spots (one cellular) with a streak in front of the two extra- cellular ones, eight submarginal ones with, in one specimen, two linear- dashes between the first of the series and the subscostal spot, and, on 228 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—LZist of [No. 3, the underside, a small spot and, in the next cell but one, a linear streak behind the second subcostal spot. The three males from Kamorta differ from the second of those de- scribed above in having the second submarginal dot in the anterior wings more often present than not, a double series of marginal spots in the posterior wing, and all the spots larger and more prominent ; the female has no second subcostal spot and the cellular spot in the anterior wings is rounded. Of the six males and three females from Trinkut, the former also agree with the second of the two from Pulo Kondulin the anterior wings, differing in the great development and prominence of the two marginal series of spots in the posterior ones; the females differ from those of Kondul Island in no respect of any moment. All the specimens differ from the continental variety H. longuiniz in the wings being merely glossed with dark purple-violet, and not “ vzvide violaceo-cyaneo suffuse.” 9. EuUPL@A CAMORTA. E. camorta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 582, 3. Two males and two females from Nankowri Island ; two males and one female from Katschall Island; three males and one female from Kar Nicobar; one female from Kamorta Island; and two females from the Great Nicobar. The males from all the islands shew no variation whatever, all have the basal dark porticn of both wings glossed with very dark blue-violet. The females, however, present considerable variation. Those from Nan- kowri differ from their males only in the subcostal spot on the anterior wing below showing through on the upperside. The one from Katschall is exactly like its male, except in the absence of the usual sexual characters, The Kar Nicobar specimen shows the subcostal spot and another just outside the cell between the second and third median veinlets on the upperside, and a spot between the two branches of the subcostal on the posterior wing; there are also two small indistinct specks near the apex of the anterior wing, the posterior of which only is visible below. That from Kamorta is altogether much paler, the borders to both wings being pale fawn-colour ; it has the subcostal and cell-spots on the upperside of the anterior wing. The Great Nicobar females are the most aberrant of all: the anterior wing has on the upperside an increasing series of three subapical spots, a spot at the end of the cell and another just outside it between the second and third median veinlets, and the subcostal spot; and the posterior, a prominent spot between the two branches of the subcostal; all these spots (which are coincident with spots on the underside) are violet-white ; on the underside of the anterior wing the spot in the cell, the subcostal one above it, the three subapical ones, an increasing series of spots outside 1881.] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 229 the cell, one in each median interspace, and a large patch below the median vein are all very prominent and (except the three subapical ones, which are whitish above) violet-white; in all the other specimens seen (except the Kar Nicobar one, which has five) and described, there are only four spots ; in these there are eight. 10. Evpim@a (CRAstia) SIMULATRIX, n. sp. $. Wings above spotless black-fuscous suffused with the deepest violet-blue, externally tolerably broadly bordered with paler unglossed fuscous. Posterior wing with an oval patch of iridescent lighter modified scales occupying about the second and third fifths of the length of the organ, extending fromthe middle of the discoidal cell to the middle of the interspace between the costal and subcostal veins at its widest part, and bounded in front by an indistinct streak of cretaceous white; and with the wing-membrane in front of this oval patch and of the apical portion of the first subcostal branch cinereous. Wings below lighter and less sombrely coloured, their dark basal portions being distinctly glossed with purple-violet, more broadly bordered with paler fuscous, and marked with prominent spots and streaks. Anterior wing with eight spots, vzz., a subapical series of three dots, the posterior of which is equal to the other two taken together, a somewhat elongated large spot between the first and second median veinlets, nearly pure white ; a reversed comma-shaped spot near the end of the cell, a rounded one and a short linear streak beyond it, the former between the second and third median veinlets and the latter between the second median veinlet and the discoidal vein, and a subcostal spot on a level with the end of the cell, bluish or violet white ; with a streak pointed at both ends in the middle of the interno-median area, and, posterior to this, a similarly shaped and placed patch divided by the submedian vein, cretaceous-white ; and with the sutural cell behind the whitey-brown patch cinereous and satiny. Posterior wing with a submarginal series of minute violet-white dots, a cellular spot and a curvilinear series of six just outside it, bluish white, in addition to the usual basal dots. Length of anterior wing, 1°8; whence expanse = 3°7 inches. A single specimen from Great Nicobar. On the upperside, it very closely resembles H. camorta, of which it is in all probability a mimic, differing from that species, however, in its rather darker and more sombre hue and in being devoid of a silky sexual streak, and on the underside in the presence of a submarginal series of dots in the posterior wing, 30 230 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—List of [No. 3, Subfamily Saryrin a. 11. Mycanesis (ORSOTRI@NA) MEDUS. Papilio medus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 488. », Aesione, Cramer, Pap. Exot., 1775, vol. i,-pl. 11, figs. C, D. Orsotriena medus, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 160. One male from Katschall Island; a male and a female from Great Nicobar; a female from Nankowri Island; and Kamorta Island (Joore). Numerous specimens from Nankowri and Kamorta Islands (Col. Cadell). 12. Mycanesis (CALYSISME) DRUSIA. Pap. drusia, Cramer, Pap. Exot., 1775, vol. i, pl. 84, figs. C, D, 2. Mycalesis drusia, Butler, Cat. Satyride, B. M., 1868, p. 183; id., Cat. Fabrician Lep. B. M., 1869, p. 33. Calysisme drusia, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1880, p. 161. Five males and three females from Nancowry Island; one male each from Katschall and Kar Nicobar Islands; one female from Great Nicobar ; and Kamorta Island (Jfoore). Numerous specimens g 9 Kamorta and Nankowri (Col. Cadell). | 13. ELYMNIAS MIMUS, N. sp. &. Wings above black fuscous of a fuliginous tint somewhat paler on the costal margin of the anterior wing, still paler at the apex of the same wing, and on the outer margins of all the wings, the extreme edges and the points of the lobes of which margins are again darker; with the incisural cilia whitish. Wings beneath brownish, coarsely and confluently striated with rich dark chestnut for their basal two-thirds, whence both wings become sud- ‘denly lighter owing to the striation being more rare as well as lighter coloured. Anterior wing with the outer margin of the closely striated portion sharply defined, and angulated outwards between the first and second dis- coidal veinlets ; and with the ground colour immediately beyond the anterior and shorter of the two lines forming the angulated outline of the basal portion whitish. Posterior wing with the ground beyond the chestnut base pale sepia passing to whitish around the outer-marginal ocelli, obscurely and rarely striated before, but more richly and closely at the outer margin beyond the ocelli with vandyke-brown; and with seven suboval black ocelli occupy- ing the same positions as those of 2. dusara, of which the second is the largest of all but only slightly larger than the fifth, the first is subequal to the sixth, and the third, fourth, and seventh (which touches the sixth in the same cell) are subequal and much smaller than the rest, the first and 1881. ] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 231 second have a white pupil (which in the latter is eccentric) irrorated at the edges with light metallic greenish-blue scales, and the rest have the pupil almond-shaped with some mauve-coloured irrorations on and around its inner end. @. Wings above much lighter, with a submarginal whitey-brown common band which passes straight across both wings from near the anal angle of the posterior one to the second branch of the discoided vein of the anterior, at which point it turns sharply off at a right angle to the costal margin; with the light intervals between the striations of the under- side visible as light bars on the anterior margin, and the apical dark portion lighter than the basal, of the anterior wing; and with two infuscations (less perceptible/in the darker male) on the posterior wing corresponding to the fifth and sixth ocelli of the underside. Wings below lighter, with the anastomozing chestnut striz less confluent permitting more of the ground-colour to be seen; and with the anterior ocellus larger and much diffused circumferentially, the second with the pupil rudimentary, and the third larger than the fourth. Length of anterior wing ¢ 1°38, ¢@ 1:4; whence expanse = $f 2°7, @ 2'9 inches. One male from Kar Nicobar and one female from Pulo Kondul. Closely allied to H. dusara (panthera, Fabr.), Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. Co., 1829, pl. v, figs. 7, 7a, 2 (no description), from which it would appear to differ in having the light band of the anterior wing distinctly angulated and the costal margin of the same barred with lighter, inits more highly developed and unequal ocelli, in the more abrupt definition of the basal chestnut from the rest of the underside, and apparently also in its more strongly lobed wing-margins and finer tails. It in all probability mimics Huplea camorta, a species which abounds on all the islands of the Nicobar group. Subfamily NymMpPHALina. 14. CETHOSIA NIKOBARICA. C. nikobarica, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 484, ¢ ; id., Reise Novara, Lep., pl. 48, figs. 7, 8,¢; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 583, 2. Five males and five females from Nankowri Island ; one female from Great Nicobar ; and two females from Pulo Kondul Island. This species is equally common at Port Blair, specimens from which place are absolutely identical with those before us from the Nicobars. 15. CIRRHOCHROA NICOBARICA, n. sp. $. Wings above bright fulvous powdered with fuscous scales at the bases, and along each side of the discocellular veinlets. 232 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—List of [No. 3, Anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly, the apex broadly, and the external margin decreasingly fuscous, and with a small obscure patch of fuscous scales near the inner angle. Posterior wings with a thin discal striga somewhat discontinuous and nearly straight anteriorly but zigzaged posteriorly, seven rather large rounded spots, and a short streak between the median and discoidal veins in the same line as the spots, black, and beyond the spots three regularly engrailed fuscous strigee, one of which is marginal and the innermost of which is the darkest and is connected with the discal thin striga by the dark brown margins of the veins, with the usual white blotch between the anterior black spot and the discal striga, with the dusky fulvous interval between the two outermost marginal fuscous strigee continued for a short distance on to the fuscous margin of the anterior wing at the inner angle. Wings beneath much paler, all faintly suffused with lilac, with a common opalescent discal band inwardly bounded with dusky, scarcely perceptible in the anterior ones but prominent in the posterior, in which it is nearly straight externally but dentate internally. Posterior wings with five of the black spots of the upperside (two interspaces being devoid of a spot) smaller than above, seated, the foremost one wholly, the second and last (which is twinned) partially, upon a dusky ground, the remaining ones upon fulvous of a brighter shade than the rest of the wing; beyond the spots with two opalescent lunular bands, the first the broader and internally margined with diffused dusky and the second the narrower and sharply defined, both of which bands are continued faintly and diffusedly on to the anterior wings; and with the usual basal and discocellular pale fuscous marks. Length of anterior wing 1:2; whence expanse = 2°5 inches. A single specimen from Great Nicobar. Apparently most nearly allied to O. malaya, Felder, from the Malay Peninsula. 16. MEsSSARAS ERYMANTHIS, var. NIKOBARICA. M. erymanthis, var. nikobarica, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 486. Great Nicobar (Felder), one male from Kamorta (Col. Cadell). 17, ATELLA ALCIPPE. One very small male from Katschall Island. 18. PYRAMEIS CARDUI. Papilio cardui, Linneeus, Syst. Nat., 1767, I, 2, p. 774, One male from Kamorta (Col. Cadell). 7 ¥ 1881. ] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 233 19. JUNONIA ASTERIE, var. NIKOBARIENSIS. J. asterie, var. nikobariensis, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch, Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 482. Kar Nicobar (elder). 20. JUNONIA LAOMEDIA. Four males and five females from Nankowri (A. de #.) and Kamorta (Col. Cadell). 21. HYPoLIMNAS MISIPPUS. Two males, but no females as yet, from Nankowri or any other island. 22. HYPOLIMNAS BOLINA. One male from the Great Nicobar; and Tillangschong Island (Fe/der). 23. NEPTIS NICOBARICA. N. nicobarica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 586, ¢2. Numerous males and females from Nankowri Island, one female each from Nankowri (Co/. Cadell), Kamorta, and Kar Nicobar Islands, and Takoin. 24. NEPTIS MATUTA. NV. matuta, Hubner, Felder, Verh. zool,-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 4838. Nankowri Island (elder). 25. NeEpTIS MANANDA, Moore. NV. mananda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 586, ¢ 2; pl. lviii, fig. 4, 2. One female from Kar Nicobar Island. It agrees with Port Blair (Andaman) specimens, except that the markings are pure instead of ochre- ous white, and the subbasal band of posterior wing is wider. 26. TANAECIA CIBARITIS. One female from Nankowri Island identical with Port Blair specimens. Family ERYCINIDZ. 27. ABISARA BIFASCIATA. A. bifasciata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 587 ; pl. lviii, fig. 1, 2. One male from Kar Nicobar Island. It differs from female specimens (the Museum has as yet received no males) from Port Blair in the mark- ings on both upper and underside being dusky greenish instead of pure white ; the upperside is also brilliantly suffused with purple, especially on the posterior wing ; the female shows no trace of this colour. 234 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—Lust of [No. 3, Subfamily Lycmyipm. 28. CURETIS THETYS. A single female of this variable and widely distributed species from Nankowri Island, and another from Trinkut (Col. Cadel/). 29. CASTALIUS MANLUENA. Lycena manluena, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol, xii, p. 484, ?. Kondul Island (elder). 00. LAMPIDES ALIANUS. Two males and a female from Kamorta, Trinkut (Col. Cadell), and Nankowri Islands all extremely pale, especially below. 31. LAMPIDES PANDAVA. Numerous specimens from Nankowri (Col. Cadell and A. de R.) and Katschall Islands (4. de #.); Nankowri and Kamorta (Moore) ; Trinkut and Kamorta Islands and Takoin (Col. Cadel/). 32. LAMPIDES STRABO. Three males from Nankowri (Oo/. Cadell and A. de R.) ; two males Trinkut, one male Kamorta, and one female Takoin (Co/. Cadell). 33. LAMPIDES PARRHASIUS. Lycena parrhasius, (Fabr.), Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. Co., 1829, p. 86, # 9. A male from Nankowri. 34, LAMPIDES PLATO, var. NICOBARICUS. Numerous males and females from Nankowri (A. de #.) ; Kamorta, Nankowri, and Trinkut, (Col. Cadell). The males differ from specimens of the same sex from Calcutta, Sikkim, S. India, Ceylon, and Bombay in the greater extent of the blue on the anterior wing, the broad black outer border of which does not stretch back towards the middle of the costa in the manner described by Horsfield. 35. LAMPIDES PLUMBEOMICANS, var. NICOBARICUS. L. plumbeomicans, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xlix, pt. 2, 1880, p. 231, d 2. One male from Katschall Island differing from Andaman (Port Blair) specimens in having the underside purplish slate-colour, the marginal and submarginal macular fascia more distinct, iron-grey, narrower, and separ- ated by a wider space of the ground-colour from the discal fascia; in 1881. ] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 235 having a very much larger subanal black spot, which is more broadly encircled with brighter orange ; and in having all the fascize more sharply defined. 36. LAMPIDES CNEJUS. Kamorta (Doore). 37. LAMPIDES KINKURKA. Lycena kinkurka, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 481 ; id., Novara Reise, Lep., p. 273, pl. 34, figs. 24, 25, 2. Kar Nicobar (Felder) ; and Nankowri (AZoore). 38. LAMPIDES KANKENA. Lycena kankena, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch, Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 481, 3; id., Reise Novara, Lep., p. 270, pl. 34, fig. 87, ¢. Kar Nicobar (elder). 39. LAMPIDES KONDULANA. Lycena kondulana, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wein, 1862, vol. xii, p. 484, g ; id., Reise Novara, Lep., p. 271, pl. 34, fig. 6, @. Kondul Island (fe/der), 40. LAMPIDES MACROPHTHALMA. Lycena macrophthalma, Felder, Verh. zool-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 488, g¢ ; id., Reise Novara, Lep,, p. 275, pl. 34, fig. 35, g. Pulo Milo (felder). . 41. LaAMPIDES ROSIMON. Pap. rosimon, Fabr., Syst. Entom.,, 1775, p. 528. A single bad specimen from Nankowri (Col. Cadell). 42. PoLYOMMATUS KARSANDRA. P. karsandra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 505, n. 106 ; pl. 31, fig. 7. One female from Kamorta (Col. Cadell). 43. POLYOMMATUS SANGRA. P. sangra, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc, Lond., 1865, p. 772 ; pl. 41, fig. 8, ¢. Kamorta Island (Moore). 44. UYPOLYCHNA THECLOIDES. Myrina thecloides, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatschr., 1860, vol. iv, p. 895, @ 3 Hypolycena thecloides, Hewitson, Ill. D. Lep., Lyc., pl. 22, figs. 9, 10, 3. One male from Katschall and two from Nankowri Islands; Malay Peninsula (Felder) ; and Singapore (Hewitson), 236 J. Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville—List of [No. 3, 45. SITHON SUGRIVA, var. ARECA. S. sugriva, var. areca, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, vol. xlix., pt. 2, p. 232, d 2. Kar Nicobar (Felder). 46, SITHON KAMORTA. Myrina kamorta, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 485, .—Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, vol. xlix, pt. 2, p. 233, ¢. One male each from Nankowri and Kar Nicobar Islands; and Great Nicobar (felder). 47, DEUDORIX ORSEIS, Kamorta (Moore). 48, MyYRINA ATYMNUS. Three males from Nankowri Island (Col. Cadell and A. de R.). Family PAPILIONID. Subfamily Pirerinz. 49. 'TERIAS HECABE. Katschall, Trinkut, and Nankowri Islands; and Takoin, probably a small village near the settlement. Very common. 50. TERIAS NIKOBARIENSIS. T. nikobariensis, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 480. We have at last received from Kamorta, through the kindness and courtesy of Col. Cadell, V. C., Chief Commr. of the Andamans and Nico- bars, 10 specimens all males, which are no doubt referrible to this species ; in one specimen only, however, is the external margin of the posterior wings narrowly and obsoletely bordered with fuscous, the border being reduced to dots sometimes so small as to be barely visible and connected or not with one another by a few fuscous scales ; the colour of the specimens is bright lemon-yellow. Kar Nicobar (Fe/der). 51. TERIAS DRONA. T. drona, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. Co., 1829, p. 187, pl. 1, fig. 18. Two males and three females from Kamorta and one female from Nankowri (Oolonel Cadell). 1881. ] Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. 237 52. TACHYRIS PAULINA, var. GALATHEA. Pieris galathea, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gegellsch. Wien., 1862, vol. xii, p. 485, g. Two males from Nankowri and Katschall Islands, both having a round spot of black scales between the 2nd and 38rd median veinlets on both sides of the anterior wing, the remains of the intense black spot occupying the same position in the females of typical Z. pawlina; and Great Nicobar (Helder). 53. TACHYRIS PANDA. Pieris panda, Godt., Snellen v. Vollenhoven, Faune Entom. Arch, Indo-Néerland., 2 me. Monogr., Fam. des Piérides, p. 44, 3 9. A male from Great Nicobar agreeing perfectly with Vollenhoven’s description ; Java (Horsfield, Vollenhoven). 54, CATOPSILIA CROCALE. Kamorta Island (Moore). | 55. PIERIS CORONIS, var. LICHENOSA. P. lichenosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 591. One male from Kar Nicobar Island. Subfamily Paprntonina. 56. PAPILIO ARISTOLOCHI®, var. CAMORTA. P. aristolochia, var. camorta, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 592, @. Three males and two females from Nankowri Island; three males and one female from Kar Nicobar Island ; two males from Great Nicobar Island ; and Kamorta (Moore). 57, PAPILIO POLYTES, var. NIKOBARUS. P. pammon, var. nikobarus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1862, vol. xii, p. 483, ?. One male and two females from Nankowri Island ; seven males from Pulu Kondul; two males and one female from Kamorta Island; two females from Kar Nicobar; and two males Takoin (Col. Cadell). All the females from all the islands are of the First Form, 2. e., like the males. The male specimens from Pulu Kondul all have on the underside of the posterior wing external to the discal white macular band a series of irregular patches of beautiful blue scales, which forms a very distinct blue macular band across the wing, 58. PAPILIO AGAMEMNON. Kamorta Island (Joore). 938 List of Nicobar Diurnal Lepidoptera. [No. 3, Family HESPERIDZ. 59. TAGIADES HELFERI. Pterygospidea helferi, Felder, Verh. zool,-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1860, vol. xii, ° p. 483, ¢. Pulo Milo (Felder). 60. 'TAGIADES RAVI. One male from Nankowri Island. 61. HESPERIA MATHIAS. Hesperia mathias, (Fabr.), Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus., 1869, p. 275, pl. 3, fig. 8, g. Kamorta Island (JZoore). 62. HESPERIA COLACA. Two females, one from Kamorta (Col. Cadell) and one from Nankowri Island (4. de &.). 63. PAMPHILA PALMARUM. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 690, pl. 45, figs. 6, 7, ¢ 9, from Calcutta. . Two males from Katschall and Nankowri Islands, agreeing perfectly with Calcutta specimens. 64.- TELEGONUS THYRSIS. Pap. thyrsis, Fab.. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 532; Hesperia pandia, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 790. One male (Col. Cadell). JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. —_—>-—-- Part II.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE. NS IN IL kil LIN ek ee ee EO eee No. IV.—1881. PDP Pee XV.—Wotes on an apparently undescribed Varanus from Tenasserim and on other Reptilia and Amphibia.— By W. T. Buanrorp, F. R. S. [Received November 3rd ;—Read December 7th, 1881.] (With Plate XVI.) The notes appended are on a few reptiles from very different parts of the dependencies of British India, and on a species of Pseudophidian from the Himalayas. The Varanus described has been in my possession for at least three years, and I hoped to identify it with some known species, but I have not succeeded in doing so. VARANUS MACROLEPIS, sp. nov. V. digitis longiusculis ; naribus oblongis, obliquis, ab oculis parum distantibus, subtus spectantibus ; squamis nuchalibus magnis, planulatis, rotundatis ; dorsalibus paullo minoribus, sed multo majoribus quam in ceteris speciebus Indicis vel Burmanis, ovatis, obtuse carinatis ; corpore cauddque exempli juvenis fasciis latis nigris transversis ornatis. Description.—The toes are as long as in V. dracena and V. nebulosus, the middle fore toe being considerably longer than half the distance between the eye and the end of the snout. The nostril is peculiar: it is in the anterior portion of a single large shield, and the opening is oblique, - directed backwards and downwards. The nasal shield is much nearer to _ the eye than to the end of the snout, the distance from the latter being about twice that of the former. Tympanum rather smaller and rounder 31 240 W. T. Blanford—Description of a new Varanus, with [No. 4, than in the allied forms, the breadth being but little inferior to the height and the diameter less than the length of the eye. All the scales of the upper part of the body are larger than in any other Indian or Burmese form. ‘The scales of the nape above the neck are flat, about as broad as long and much larger than those on the head. The dorsal scales are oval and bluntly keeled, nearly as long as those of the nape, but narrower, and rather larger than those of the sides. A few smaller scales are interspersed, both on the back and nape. The ventral scales are nearly or quite as broad as long, not more than half as long as the larger dorsal scales; there are about eighty scales between the gular fold and the thighs. Scales above the limbs bluntly keeled. The scales on the top of the head are flat and do not vary much in size; those in the middle of the superciliary region are slightly enlarged, but less so than in V. nebulosus. Tail very much compressed with the upper lateral scales minute, only half the length of those on the lower portion of the tail, where several longitudinal rows are larger and sharply keeled. In the young individual examined, the colour of the body and tail consists of broad transverse alternating black and yellow bands, the black bands on the body being more than twice as broad as the intervening yellow rings, but, on the tail, the difference between the breadth of the two decreases. The black bands disappear upon the lower parts, except towards the end of the tail. There is a broad black band across the hinder parts of the neck, extending to the side in front of the shoulder, and giving out, on each side, a narrower black stripe that extends above the ear to the eye. There are three broad black bands between the shoulders and the thighs, one between the thighs, eight on the tail. None of the bands are broken up by spots or mottling on the upper parts. The limbs are blackish above with small yellow spots, yellow below with a tendency to dark transverse marks. The head and nape are uniform yellowish above; there are a few short vertical dark marks on the upper and lower labials. The total length of the only specimen procured is 8°5 inches, of which the tail from the anus measures 4°5, head from hinder edge of tympa- num to end of nose 1 inch, fore limb to end of middle toe 1:2, middle toe without claw 0°88, hind limb to end of fourth toe 1:45, fourth toe without claw, from division between third and fourth, 0°45, third from the same 0°37. This well-marked species may be immediately distinguished from all other Indian forms by its peculiar nostri], situated in a single scale, by the larger scales on the upper part of the body, and especially by the scales of the nape being larger than those above the head, or those on the back. These structural differences will of course be found in adults. The coloura- tion also is quite peculiar, but young Varani are very differently coloured 1881.] Notes on other Reptilia and Amphibia. 241 from adults, and it is probable that the bands of colour are not persistent in older individuals. For the only specimen of this remarkable monitor that I have seen I am indebted to Mr. W. Davison, who obtained it in Tenasserim, and, I believe, in the neighbourhood of Tavoy. The specimen was carefully labelled, but the label, being of paper, has unfortunately become detached. There isa Philippine species of Hydrosaurus (H. nuchalis, Gthr. P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 145) that has somewhat similar, though much smaller, scales on the nape and back, but it is of course distinguished by the form and position of the nostrils. DRACO THENIOPTERUS. In J. A. S. B., 1878, Vol. XLVII, Part 2, p. 126, I noticed some specimens from near Tavoy, collected by Mr. Davison, and expressed a slight doubt as to whether they were identical with the typical D. teniop- terus described by Ginther from Siam (Reptiles Brit. Ind., p. 126). On comparing the ‘Tenasserim specimens with the type in the British Museum, I find they agree very fairly. In the latter the markings on the ‘ wings’ are more distinct and darker ; to see them in the Tenasserim form the wings should be held up against the light and looked through. ‘There is a very small tubercle behind the orbit, and the nuchal crest is too rudimentary to be of any importance. NaJA TRIPUDIANS. A few snakes collected by Major Biddulph in Gilgit have been pre- sented by him to the British Museum. Amongst them are three specimens of a cobra differing in colour and to some slight extent in structure from any Indian form known to me. Of the three specimens two measure 4 feet 5 inches each, both being of precisely the same length, and one specimen is young, being only 1 foot 9 inches long. In the two larger specimens, the colour above is uniform dark brown, below white throughout with the exception of a few irregular dusky marks on the ventral scutes chiefly anteriorly and near the tail, the subcaudals being pretty dusky. The smaller specimen is light grey above with rather faint darker cross bands, angularly bent forward in the middle of the back, and rather broader than the interspaces. The lower parts are white with the exception of two dusky bands across the throat as frequent- ly found in Indian cobras. Neither in the adults nor in the young is there any spectacle-mark or ocellus on the back of the neck, but in the young there is a blackish spot with indistinct edges on each side of the neck where the anterior dusky band crosses the ventral shields. In the larger specimens there are 23 to 27 longitudinal series of scales on the neck, in the smaller 25 to 27, in all 23 round the middle of the body, 242 W. T. Blanford—Deseription of a new Varanus, with, Fe. [No. 4, The number of ventrals in the three specimens is 203, 205, and 207, there are 72 pairs of subcaudals in two and 74 in the third, the smallest indivi- dual, in which the number of ventral shields is 207. It is manifest tht this variety is more elongate than the forms usually found in India ard the countries to the eastward. All of the varieties of cobra described in Ginther’s ‘ Reptiles of British India’ have less than 200 ventrals. The colouration too is peculiar, especially in the young specimen, and remark- ably similar to that in the Central Asiatic type described by EHichwald under the name of Tomyris oxiana.* This snake has since been shewn by Strauch,f who re-examined the original specimen, to be a true Waja closeiy allied to WV. tripudians, but distinguished by the form of the head and the characters of the temporal shields. MV. owiana is founded on a young specimen, the only one hitherto recorded, 40 centimetres (152 inches) long, and having 202 ventrals and 66 pairs of subcaudals, so that it resembles the Gilgit snake in the great number of the former. The essential differ- ences, however, are considered by Strauch to consist in the facts that in NV. oxiana the length of the head is thrice the height and nearly twice the breadth in the temporal region (whereas in WV. tripudians the length is only twice the height and one and a half times the breadth), and that there are two larger temporals in front in contact with the postoculars, the posterior temporals being numerous and scarcely larger than the back scales, whilst in the Indian cobra the temporals consist of 4 or 5 subequal shields. Now in the Gilgit snakes the temporals vary in form. The two anterior are generally the largest, but the lower posterior temporal is nearly, some- times quite, as large. The anterior lower temporal is in contact with 3 others. In each of the larger specimens 3 temporals are in contact with each occipital, in the smaller 4. I find precisely similar temporal shields in many Indian cobras in the British Museum. ‘The head tooin the Gilgit snakes is precisely similar in form to that of WV. tripudians. If, therefore, Strauch is correct in considering the distinctions he has pointed out in the type of WV. oxiana of specific value, it is clear that the Gilgit snakes cannot be referred to that species. The temporals are so variable in form and number in cobras that, were there no other distine- tion, I should doubt whether the Central Asiatic form really deserved separa- tion, but the shape of the head is a more important character. At the same time it is very interesting to find in Gilgit, where several birds and mammals belonging to Central Asiatic types occur, a cobra presenting so re- markable a similarity in colour and structure to the form described from . Central Asia. * Zool, Spec., III, p. 171: Fauna Casp. Cauc. p, 180, pl. xx, ¢ Bull. Acad. Sci. St, Pet. 1868, xiii, p. 81. ) > y X V JWOOD-MASON & DE NICEVILLE, Journ. As. Soc. Benqod Vol: 1. Pt. +1881 PI. XI West, Newmar & Co chr Lith Behari Lil. Dos del Y Figs.1.2. PAPILIO CLYTIA,var. FLAVOLIMBATUS. 6. Hige.3.-4 6 5.8 HERRBOMOIA ROEPSTORFFIL. 1881.] On the Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 243 ICHTHYOPHIS GLUTINOSUS. Peters, in his recent monograph* of the Cecilians, gives as localities for this species (the Hpicriwm glutinosum of Giinther’s ‘ Reptiles of British India,’ p. 441,) Ceylon, Siam, and Java, and, on Giinther’s authority, South India, Khasi hills, and Tenasserim. So far as I am aware, no Pseudophi- dian has hitherto been recorded from the Himalayas. I received four or five years since, from the late Mr. Mandelli, two specimens of this species, obtained near Darjiling, and I find, in the British Museum, two more from the same locality, procured by Dr. Jerdon. In both my specimens, and in one of Dr. Jerdon’s, the lateral band is wanting, but there is no structural difference from other specimens. XVI.—Second List of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera from Port Blair, Anda- man Islands, with Descriptions of, and Notes on, new and little-known Species and Varieties —By J. Woov-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta, and Lionet DE NICEVILLE. [Received July 26th ;—Read August 3rd, 1881.] (With Plate XIV.) At the end of 1880, we contributed to this Journal an account of the Rhopalocerous portion of the collection of Lepidopterous insects formed during that year for the Indian Museum by Mr. F. A. de Roepstorff, an Assistant Superintendent on the Port Blair Establishment, to whose energe- tic labours zoologists are almost entirely indebted for such knowledge as they possess of the interesting Lepidopterous fauna of the Andaman Islands, for by far the greater number of the specimens belonging to both divisions of the order reported upon in 1877 by Mr. F. Moore was also collected by this officer. The collection sent to us in 1880 by Mr. de Roepstorff com- prised no less than 90 distinct species, of which 25 had not been previously recorded. ‘The present list is based upon a very fine collection (numbering more than 1000 specimens in the finest condition, and especially valuable as furnishing us with the opposite sexes of most of the species) sent to the Museum in instalments during the current year by the same assiduous collector, and it adds 22 fresh species to the fauna. In order to render it a record complete to the end of the year 1881 of the species of butterflies inhabiting the Andaman Islands, several corrections have been made in the paper since it was read, and a few additional species, together with the names of the few forms which have been recorded by Mr. Moore but not ‘* Monatsbericht Ak. Wiss, Berlin, 1879, p. 931, 244 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [No. 4, seen by ourselves, inserted with an asterisk prefixed to each of the latter to distinguish them from those of which we have received examples. LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA. Family NYMPHALIDA. Subfamily Danarnz. 1. HeEsTIa CADELLI. H. cadelli, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, vol. xix, ph. iy p. 226.ph., xuiadie a a's Since our first paper was published, we have received numerous speci- mens of both sexes of this species from South Andaman from Mr. de Roepstorff. @. All the wings broader, with the markings of the same shape, situation, size, and shade as in the male, from which, in fact, the female differs in the proportions of the organs of flight just in the same manner as does H. hadenit 9 from H. cadelli $ (vide J. A. S. B., 1880, Pl. XITI). *2. HESTIA AGAMARSCHANA,T Felder. Andaman Islands (Felder). 3. DAaNAISs MELANOLEUCA, Moore. 4, Evpn@a corn, Cramer. We have received no specimens of this common species since 1872, when the native collector Moti Ram forwarded a single example from Port Blair. 5. EvuprpL@a ANDAMANENSIS, Atk. Subfamily SaryRinz. LETHE EUROPA, Fabr. MELANITIS LEDA, Linn. MELANITIS ISMENE, Cramer. 9. MELANITIS ZITENIUS. Pap. zitenius, Herbst, Natur. Syst. Ins. Schmett. viii Theil, p. 5, pl. 182, figs. 1, 2. The single male received from Mr. de Roepstorif has the round black spot on the yellow-red band of the anterior wings divided longitudinally ow into two parts by the yellow of the band, and the white pupil obsolete. In other respects, especially in its less faleate anterior wings, it agrees best with specimens in the Museum from Upper Tenasserim. 10. Mvycanesis (CALYSISME) PERSEUS, Fabr. ll. Mycaresis (CALYSISME) DRUSIA, Cramer. 12. Mycatesis (Virapa) RADZA, Moore. + ? ‘agamarsena’ from a&yamos, ‘ unmarried,’ and &ponv-%poevos, ‘ male,’ in allusion to the fact that the describer was ignorant of the opposite (female) sex, — — 1881.] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 245 13. Etymntas corronis, Hewitson. Hewitson states that the sexes are alike in this species, but the three females before us have the outer margins of all the wings lighter with a more or less distinct submarginal rounded-angulate macular band in the anterior ones corresponding to the band of blue spots in the males of EH. undularis, and in two specimens two, and in the other four, distinct whitey-brown spots, the blurred pupils of the obsolete ocelli of the under- side showing through, on the upperside of the posterior wings ; below, they are much lighter than the males, the subapical triangular patch of lilacine . ground-colour in the anterior wings and the submarginal lilacine ground of both wings, but especially in the posterior pair, being whiter and conse- quently more distinct than in the male; there are also six pupils of ocelli instead of one distinctly traceable, and the anastamozing chestnut striation besides being lighter is less confluent. The females, in fact, much resemble the males of #. undularis. Hewitson makes no mention of the beautiful rich deep plum-colour which suffuses the dark parts of the upperside in both sexes almost equally, nor of the faint red-violet reflections emitted by the light borders. Danais plexippus, the model of the females of the allied continental form, has not yet been detected at Port Blair. Subfamily MorpeHin a. 14. AMATHUSIA PHIDIPPUS, Linn. Two males and one female. 15. DiscorpHora cELinD®, Stoll. Two males. Subfamily NympHaina. 16. CETHOSIA NIKOBARICA, Felder. 17. ATELLA ALCIPPE, Cramer. *18. CrrRRHOCHROA ANJIRA, Moore. 19. CrrrHocHRoA THAIS, Fabr. 20. CynTuia EROTA, Fabr. 21. MEssARAS ERYMANTHIS, var. NIKOBARICA, Felder, : 22. PYRAMEIS caRDUI, Linn, 23. JUNONIA @NONE, Linn. 24. JUNONIA ASTERIE, Linn. 25. JUNONIA aLMANA, Linn. 26. DoLESCHALLIA BISALTIDE, Cr. 27. KAtLIMA ALBOoFAscIatTa, Moore. The underside is, as might have been expected, excessively variable. 28. EURYTELA HORSFIELDII, Boisduval. A single specimen of the very differently coloured female. 246 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [ No. 4, 29. CYRESTIS COCLES, var. ANDAMANICA, nov. Our single male differs from a continental (Sylhet) one in the Museum eollection only in its larger size, whiter ground-colour throwing up the slightly darker markings, in the finer and rather indistinct submarginal black lines of all its wings on the upperside, and in the more distinct ochraceous-fuscous markings of the underside. Mr. Hewitson, we find, referred a series of specimens of a Oyrestis from the Andamans to this species, and he justly said of them that for delicacy of colouring they were some of the most beautiful things he had ever seen. 30. CYRESTIS FORMOSA, Felder. Cyrestis formosa, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. vol. iii, p. 412, ¢. horatius, W.-M. & de N., Proc. As. Soc. Bengal 1881, August, p. 142. @. Allied to C. cocles, with which it agrees almost exactly in the character of the markings of the upperside, but from which it differs in its pure white ground-colour painted with different shades of sepia-brown instead of pale ochraceous and ochraceous-fuscous and black, the black marks of C. cocles being represented by the darkest of the sepia colouring, in its larger and more distinct ocelli, and in having a distinct but pale fulvous patch at the anal angle of the posterior wing; and, on the under- side, in having only the lightest portions of the sepia markings absent and replaced by white or whitish. Length of anterior wing 1:16; whence expanse = 2°4 inches. Nine specimens exactly alike from S. Andaman. We have since received a tattered male specimen from Khurda, a place 25 miles S.S. W. of Cuttack, the chief town of Orissa, in Continental India. 31. CYRESTIS THYODAMAS, Var. ANDAMANICA, Nov. We entered the name of this species in our previous list without remark because we had at the time but a single specimen before us and the characters which distinguish it from the typical continental form might have proved to be inconstant. We have since received a very large series of specimens of the male all agreeing perfectly with one another and differing from all continental (from Kulu to Upper Tenasserim) ones in the blacker apex and outer margin, in the prominent somewhat diffused black spot on the third median veinlet between the third and fourth common black strige at the point where these bend towards each other in the anterior wing; and in having the fulvous marks of the anal half of the abdominal margin, of the anal angle, and of the outer margin as far as the discoidal vein, of the posterior wing, much diffused and darker ;—in having, in fact, all the markings and colouring darker and coarser both above and below. 382. HyYPoLIMNAS BOLINA, Linn, 33. Herrona anDAMANA, Moore. 34, ParTHENOS GAMBRISIUS, Fabr, 1881.] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 247 35. LIMENITIS PROORIS, var. ANARTA. 36. Nepris cNnacanis, Hewitson. One male and two females. 37. NEPTIS JUMBA. N. jumba, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. Co. 1857, vol. i, p. 167, pl. 4a, fig. 5; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1858, p. 7. A male and a female from S. Andaman. 38. NEPTIS MANANDA, Moore. 39. NeEpTIS ANDAMANA, Moore. 40. ATHYMA RETA. Athyma reta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1858, p. 12, pl. 50, fig. 3 3, from Sumatra. Athyma selenophora, Kollar, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Ben- gal, 1880, vol. xlix, pt. ii, p. 229, 9. ?. Anterior wings above with the divided cellular mark, the triancu- lar spot beyond this, a subapical largish spot, and a much smaller one just in front of the second median veinlet in the discal series, orange, and with the curved series of six discal spots white, diffusedly bordered, from the costal margin increasingly and afterwards decreasingly to the inner margin, with orange. Posterior wings with the discal band white decreasingly from the anterior margin narrowly edged externally with orange, and with the sub- marginal sinuous band narrower, broken up into lunules, and orange- coloured. Length of anterior wing 1:44; whence expanse = 3:04 inches. 41. TANAECIA CIBARITIS, Hewitson. 42, ADOLIAS ACONTIUS. Adolias acontius, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1874, ser. 4, vol. xiv, p. 358; Exot. Butt. vol. v, Adolias, pl. iv, fig. 11, 9. Tanaécia acontius, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 586.—Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 229, 2. $. Wings above almost black, the ground-colour being very dark brown of a bronzy tint, and the prominent cellular and basal marks, the outer margins, and the common discal and submarginal submacular bands velvety black, the former of the two last-named bounded externally at its anterior end by a series of four indistinct U-shaped white marks, and the latter provided at its inner and anterior extremity with two small elongat- ed subcostal white spots (the posterior of which is the larger), and, in the posterior wings, composed of distinct subelongate spots each with an inconspicuous dash paler than the surrounding ground-colour at either end. The posterior wings strongly glossed with dark greenish-purple anteriorly. 32 248 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [No. 4, Wings below much as in A. garuda, but all more strongly glossed with amethyst-purple submarginally and having their basal half coloured greyish- green and conspicuously marked with black as in the female. Length of anterior wing 1:28; whence expanse == 2°72 inches. The characters of the venation and the structure of the palpi remove this species from the genus Zanaécia, in which it has been placed by Moore, to Adolias, whilst the form and colouration of the wings in the male assign it a position in the system next to, or in the immediate neighbourhood of, A. garuda, of which, indeed, the above described insect might, on a cursory view of the upperside, be mistaken for a black local race. 43, SYMPHMDRA TERUTA, var. TEUTOIDES, 44, NYMPHALIS ATHAMAS, Drury. Family ERYCINIDA. *45, ABISARA KAUSAMBI, Felder. 46. ABISARA BIFASCIATA, Moore. Our specimens of the female all agree with Moore’s figure of the upperside, but they all have three anterior ocelli on the underside of the posterior wing ; the front one, however, reduced to an almost rudimentary condition. Our numerous males all have the diseal light bands of the anterior wing less bent than in the females, but all except two (which have a rudi- ment of the foremost one) present only two ocelli in the anterior series ; and our unique Nicobarese specimen agrees with them except in having the discal band if anything a little more angled. It is probable that the two foregoing species will prove to be identi- cal. Family LYCANIDA, 47, CURETIS THETYS, var. SARONIS. 48. PirnHEcorps HyLAX, Fabr. 49. CASTALIUS ETHION, Hewitson. Four males and a female from 8, Andaman. 50. CasTaLius ELNA, Hewitson. Three males and a female from 8S. Andaman, variable in the size and connections of the black spots and bands of the underside and wanting the minute black spot at the anterior end of the common white band of the upperside. 51. Castaxnrus roxus, Horsfield. Three males and two females. 52. LamPpimpES ZLIANuS, Fabr. 53. LamprpEs straso (Fabr.), Butler. A single male from 8. Andaman, 1881. } Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 249 *54, LAMPIDES KONDULANA, Felder. 55. LAMPIDES MALAYA. Lycena malaya, Horsfield, Cat. Lep, E, I. Co. 1829, p. 70. One specimen from S. Andaman. 56. LAMPIDES arDATES, Moore. 57. LAMPIDES ELPIS, Godart. 58. Lampipes panpava, Horsfield. 59. Lamprpes confer PACTOLUS. 60. LampPimpEsS PLUMBEOMICANS, W.-M. & de N. 61. Potyvommarus sanera, Moore. 62. APHN#HUS LOHITA, var. ZOILUS. 63. Hypotyc@Na ERYLUS, Godart. *64. HypoLycmna ELTOLA, Hewitson. 65. SITHON sUGRIVA, var. ARECA, W.-M. & de.N. Six more males and two females. 66. ‘SITHON’ WESTERMANNII, var. ANDAMANICA, nov. Another male. 67. ‘SirHon’ TarprIna, Hewitson. Three more males and two females. 68. ‘SITHON’ ALBIMACULA, Na. sp. é. Anterior wings above brown-black of a vinous tint with a large conspicuous oval white discal spot equai in length to half the breadth of the part of the organ on which it lies, equally distant from the opposite margins, and so placed that its major axis and more pointed anterior end are directed towards the middle of the costa. Posterior wings above dark violet-blue bordered increasingly from the base of the anterior margin to the apical angle and thence deereasingly to the anal angle with fuscous-black and from the submedian vein to the abdominal margin with greyish-black ; with a fine black anteciliary line and, immediately internal to this, a very faint and fine silver-grey line decreasing from the anal angle and dwindling to nothing before reaching the apical angle; with the cilia dark brown evenly tipped with silvery white ; and with the tails black-brown, the unequal submedian and second median ‘shorter ones edged internally with silvery white cilia, and the longer inter- mediate first median one white-tufted at its inner extremity. Wings below much lighter. Anterior pair with a broad and prominent white band bordered both sides with fuscous of a darker shade than the rest of the ground-colour, passing off from the greyish-white basal portion of the sutural area across the organ to within a short distance of the costa, increasing in its course to a little beyond the first branch of the median vein and thence decreasing to its anterior extremity (which is washed with fuscous), so that its outline, 250 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [No. 4, while almost straight internally, is bluntly obtuse-angled externally ; and with the outer margin at the inner angle obsoletely trilineated with white as in the posterior pair. Posterior pair with a narrower and less conspicuous discal whitish band of uniform width throughout, not sharply defined, but on the contra- ry diffused externally, and bordered internally with a line of fuscous which is darker than the ground, sharply bent inwards at right angles to itself to the abdominal margin, and externally margined with brassy, at its posterior end; with the deep black spot of the small anal lobe, a large patch of grey scales between the ends of the submedian vein and the first median veinlet, an intense black spot next to and about half the size of this between the ends of the first and second median veinlets, and a very short and trans- versely elongated or narrow similar but inconspicuous black spot between the ends of the first.and second median veinlets, all internally margined with a discontinuous line of brassy scales which extends from the point where the dark discal striga with its brassy edging reaches the abdominal margin all along the outer margin of the organs, following the inner contours of the above-described spots, up to the second subcostal veinlet ; and with the external margin finely lineated with three regularly concentric silvery white lines separated from one another by the black anteciliary line and the brown bases of the cilia. Length of the anterior wing 52; whence expanse = 1:09 inches. A single male of this beautiful little species, the nearest ally of which is MW. ciniata, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 35, pl. XIV, figs. 80, 31 2. 69. DEvUpDORIX EPIJARBAS, Moore. 70. DEvporix DIENECES, Hewitson. 71. Dervuporrx varuna, Horsfield. 72. DrupoRIx orsEeIs, Hewitson. 73. MYRINA ATYMNUS, var. PRABHA. 74. AMBLYPODIA NARADA, Var. ERICHSONII. A single male with the upperside coloured the deepest and richest metallic violet bordered with fuscous-black exactly to the same extent and in just the same manner as, but more darkly than, in Calcutta specimens of A. narada, One of the females in the tint and extent of the blue of the upperside closely resembles Calcutta specimens of dA. narada, but it is otherwise darkly and richly coloured as in the rest of the Andaman speci- mens. 75. ARRHOPALA CENTAURUS, var. coruscANS, W.-M. & de N. Numerous additional males and females. 76. ARRHOPALA AMANTES, Amblypodia amantes, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. 1862, p. 4, pl. 2, figs, 1-3. One small female, 1881. ] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 251 *77, ARRHOPALA NAKULA, Felder, 78. NARATHURA FULLA, var, ANDAMANICA, nov. Ambiypodia fulla, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. 1862, p. 10, pl. vi, figs. 67, 68 6, from Boirou. Narathura fulla, var. andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Proc. As. Soe. Bengal, August, 1881, p. 143. Narathura subfasciata, Moore, 'Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond, 1881, September, part ili, p. 312, ¢ ¢, from the Andamans. $. Wings above brilliant violet-cyaneous, all slightly more broadly bordered with black-fuscous than in Hewitson’s figure of the typical form. Wings below pale ocraceous-fuscous, with faint traces of a discocellu- lar mark in both wings and of three or four basal spots in the posterior wings, besides the markings beyond the middle of the wings, darker than the ground-colour. The end of the first submedian branch of the posterior wing forms a minute tooth on the outer margin. This very slight variety seems intermediate between WV. fulla, Hewit- son, from Boirou, and WV. arsenius, Felder, from Luzon. Mr. Moore compares his species to Amblypodia canuta, Hewitson, a name which we have failed to trace. 79. SURENDRA QUERCETORUM, Var. LATIMARGO. *80. AMBLYPODIA ZETA, Moore. Family PAPILIONIDA. Subfamily Prerinz. 81. TEeRIAS HECABE, Linn. 82. Trrras HaRtNA, Horsfield. *83, TERIAS NIKOBARIENSIS, Felder. We have received specimens from the Nicobars (vzde supra p. 236), but none as yet from the Andamans. *84, FleBoMOIA GLAUCIPPE, Linn. 85. Hesomora nonpsrorrrit, W.-M. Pl. XIV, Figs. 3&4 3,5 Q. Since this species was described, we have received a very large series of both sexes. Z 86. Ixras anpaMana, Moore. 87. CaTopsILIA cATILLA (Cramer), Butler, One male only. 88. CATOPSILIA CROCALE, Cramer. Two males with the apex of the anterior wings slightly more broadly bordered with black than in Butler’s fig. 1, pl. ix, Lep. Exot., and two others approaching very closely his fig 4, representing C. flava, but with the apex of the anterior wings equally broadly black-bordered with 252 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [ No. 4, the two former, and the outer portion of all the wings, especially of the posterior ones, paler than the basal. Also two females, *89, CATOPSILIA CHRYSEIS, Drury. 90. PIERIS NADINA, var. NAMA. 91. PIERIS CORONIS, var. LICHENOSA. 92. FERONIA VALERIA, var. NARAKA. 93. TacHYRIS PAULINA, Cramer. Subfamily Paprnionrn a”. 94. ORNITHOPTERA POMPEUS (? rectius HELIACON). Mr. Moore does not inform us, and we have not succeeded in dis- covering, in what points his Orn. helila]conoides differs from the Orn. pompeus of Sikkim and Assam. In one of our four males from Port Blair all the submarginal black spots of the posterior wings are wanting except the first or anal, which is fused with the marginal conical spot as it all but invariably is in Continental specimens; in another the second spot is present on the upperside only ; in a third, the second and third, and in a fourth, the second, third, and sixth, while in the feminine male upon which Mr. Moore founded his Ora. heliaconoides the second, third, fifth, and sixth are present on both sides: all of which variations are to be met with in a sufficiently large series of Continental specimens, particularly in our own fine one from the Sikkim and Khasi Hills. Of our five females two have the anterior wings conspicuously rayed with white like some Assam specimens, and three (two from the Little Brother Island and one from 8. Andaman) have the veins of these wings either simply bordered both sides with paler black than the general ground- colour or only exhibit here and there faint traces of white scales like others from the southern slopes of the Khasi Hills (Sylhet). The males which are least differentiated from the females in point of markings, also resemble them in the fuller and more broadly rounded inner angle of their anterior wings. 95. PaPpILio MAYO. P. mayo, Atkinson, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 736, pl. 63, fig. 1, ¢ P. charicles, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1874, ser. 4, vol. xiv, p. 356, 9 ; Exot. Butt. 1875, vol. v, pl. xiv, Pap. fig. 45, 9. The shape of the wings and the presence of red markings on the under- side of the hinder pair prove that P. mayo is more closely allied to P. androgeus than to P. polymnestor ; nota single red scale being to be detect- ed in the hind wing of the latter except at the base of the organ, and the conspicuous blue-grey band on the upperside of the former being no- thing more than an excessive development and concentration of the radiating 1881. ] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 253 lines of grey scales with which P. androgeus is more or less conspicuously ornamented between the veins and folds of all its wings, but especially of the posterior pair, on the upperside. P. mayo is also adorned in the anterior wings with radiating shorter lines of luteous grey scales, a point not mentioned by Atkinson nor represented by him in his figure. It is a well-known fact that the Continental P. androgeus is provided with three different forms of female, two tailless like the male and one tailed, which mimicks the red-spotted P. dowbledayi just as the corre- sponding female of the closely allied P. memnon does the yellow-spotted P. coon. The two rare tailless females of its Andaman representative have not yet been detected; but there is no doubt whatever that in the P. charicles of Hewitson we have the commoner tailed form, which mimicks the red-tailed P. rhodifer. Our first specimens of the supposed two species were captured by the native collector Moti Ram in 1872 all together in the same spot; and all the numerous specimens (upwards of fifty in num- ber) of P. mayo which have passed through our hands during the past two years are males, and all the (some 6 to 8) P. charicles females. From these facts we can come to no other conclusion than that the two are the opposite sexes of one and the same species, and we accordingly unite them under the former as being the prior of these two names. 96. PapiLio POLYTES, var. NIKOBARUS, Felder. 97. PAPILIO AGAMEMNON, Linn. 98. PAPpimLio EURYPYLUS, Linn. 99. Paprnio RHODIFER, Butler. @. Differs from the male in having all its wings broader, and the crimson of the posterior ones not quite so bright. 100. Papim“io cLYTIA, var. FLAVOLIMBATUS. Pl. XIV, Fig. 1, 2, &. We have since received many males and a female, the former all quite constant, and the latter differing from them only in its broader wings and in the paler fulvous markings of both sides of the posterior ones. *101. PAPILIO ANTIPHATES, Cramer. 102. _Papinio La=sTRYGONUM, W.-M. g. Wings all lighter above in consequence partly of their greater breadth, partly of the bands and other black markings being narrower or less developed, and partly of the smaller extent of grey present on the posterior pair: the fifth forked black band not reaching the inner angle on either side and none of the bands of the anterior pair being connected by a black edging at the inner margin, and the two marginal and sub-marginal lunular bands of the posterior pair being smaller and less diffused and more distinctly divided from one another by light scales anteriorly on the upperside. Length of anterior wing 1:8; whence expanse = 8°75 inches. A single specimen, 254 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [No. 4, 103. PAPILIO PREXASPES. P. prexaspes, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. vol. i, p. 107, pl. xv, fig. d, g, from Malacca.—Oberthiir, E’tudes D’Entom. ivme livr. p. 46, ¢ 9, from the Andaman Isles. @. Wings above lighter and dingier, much in fact, asin P. chaon, Westw., with the fascia of the underside of the anterior ones faintly indicated. Anterior wings below with an incurved ashy-white fascia beyond the end of the cell, commencing near the costal margin, interrupted by the veins and folds, and rapidly decreasing to the third median veinlet, where it ends to recommence at the first, whence it increases to the submedian vein. Tails of the posterior wings broader at the expanded extremity . and narrower at the constricted portion, just as in P. chaon 9 as compared with its males. Length of anterior wing 2°35; whence expanse == 4°86 inches. Seven males and two females. Family HESPERIDA. 104. IsmEeNE cHRomuUS, Cramer. Andaman females all have only a single small semitransparent subapical speck between the last two branches of the subcostal of the anterior wing ; but those from Continental India have sometimes one and sometimes two besides this on the disk of the same wing, which in one from Bangalore in South India are enlarged into two conspicuous reversed comma-shaped spots. , 105. IsmENE MALAYANA, Felder. The females have a small semitransparent yellowish discal speck be- tween the two posterior branches of the median vein and of course lack the oblique band of short lines of modified scales seen in the males of this as well as of the preceding closely-allied species, 106. IsmenE arta, Moore. 107. IsMENE LEBADEA, var. ANDAMANICA, nov. é. Wings above dark brown of a slightly greenish tinge, all without spots. Anterior wings bearing a huge and dense pear-shaped sericeous patch of sete glossed with greyish-greenish and extending nearly from the bottom of the angle formed at the base of the organ by the subcostal and submedian veins about to the level of the end of the fourth fifth of the length of the latter vein, with all the setze directed backwards and slightly outwards ; with the costal margin purplish; the outer portion beyond the setulose patch bronzy ; and the cilia pale luteous. Ss ee le ek eer ee !|hCU lhe a 1881. ] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 255 Posterior wings purple-glossed, with two subparallel raised discal longitudinal lines of modified scales attached to the apparently thickened bases of the first and second median veinlets, and with the cilia pale orange. Anterior wings below bronzy-brown with a patch of brilliant amethyst- purple sparsely irrorated with white scales and extending from the end of the cell nearly to the apex of each organ, and with the basal portion of the wing-membrane behind the median vein and its first branch whitey- brown passing to ashy posteriorly, and with a tuft of brown-tipped yellow sete arranged longitudinally upon and on each side of the basal half of the submedian vein. Posterior wings below purple-glossed, darkest over the scent-glands, with an interrupted transverse discal band of white scales from near the abdominal margin to the middle of the organs, where it diffuses itself widely over a diffused patch of amethyst-purple. @. All the wings above and below paler and duller and glossed with purple, the anterior ones spotted. Anterior wings suffused with purple on the disk, which bears three semitransparent yellow lustrous spots of the same size, relative proportions, and shape as in C. at¢ina, Hew., with a fourth smaller and elongate yellow opaque spot placed just in front of the submedian vein rather beyond the middle of the organs. 3. 2. Eyes blood-red. Antenne purplish brown with the club bright luteous below. Length of anterior wing g 1:25, @ 1:25; whence expanse = $ 2°65, ¢ 2°65 inches. The patch of setze on the upperside of the anterior wings, the yellow tuft (which probably serves as a scent-fan) on the underside of the same wings, and the lines of modified scales (which probably cover the scent- glands as they seem soiled as if by some exuding fluid) on the upper- side of the posterior wings are structures peculiar to the male sex. 108. IsmENE DRUNA, Moore. 9. Differs from the male only in the absence of the sexual streak in the anterior wings. In both sexes of this species the anterior wings are tipped with paler on both sides. 109. IsMENE EXCLAMATIONIS. Hesp. exclamationis (Fabr.), Butler, Cat. Diurn. Lep. Fabr. 1870, p. 269, pl. iii, fig. 2. Numerous males and females. 110. IsMENE HARISA. I. harisa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1865, p. 782, g Q. A single female. 33 256 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [No. 4, 111. IsmMENE BADRA. Goniloba badra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 778, g ¢. A single female in very fine condition. 112. Ta@tapEs atica, Moore. Numerous specimens of both sexes. 118. - TaarapEs RAVI, Moore. 114. TAGIADES MENAKA. A Pterygospidea menaka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Lond. 1865, p. 778, 6 9, from ‘N. E, Bengal.’ Male and female. 115. ‘laGIADES BHAGAVA, var. ANDAMANICA, nov. Pl. IV, Fig. 5, @. Satarupa bhagava, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 781, 3, from ‘N. HE. Bengal.’ Numerous males and a female from S. Andaman. $. With the cream-coloured subbasal band of the posterior wings in one specimen narrower and not continued on to the anterior wings, in an- other as broad as in an Upper Tenasserim example, and continued faintly on to the anterior wings ; with the spot at the end of the cell larger than in the female and not isolated from the fuscous outer margin; and with the transverse abdominal band concolorous with the subbasal. @. Wings above paler, with the spots of the anterior wings whiter and larger, and the band of the posterior ones pure white, much broader, and extending on to the anterior ones broadly up to the submedian vein and thence narrowly up to the first median veinlet between the two pairs of black spots. Posterior wings with a black speck at the end of the cell on a white ground on both sides, and the two anterior of the semicircular series of black spots on the upperside nearly, but on the underside wholly, placed on the white subbasal band. A specimen from the Sikkim Hills, 8000 feet, differs in having the band broader both on the» posterior wings and between the two pairs of spots in the anterior ones. 116. PrEsionEURA atysos, Moore. Our specimens from §, Andaman, the Sikkim Hills, and the N. E. Frontier districts (Sibsagar, ete.,) all agree with one another in always having three conjugated obliquely placed subapical semitransparent spots and usually three in the reversed oblique series, the innermost of which is separated from the next to it by a greater interval than this is from the outermost, which latter is the absent one in those specimens with only two in the series. Males and females. 1881. | Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 257 117. PLESIONEURA PARALYSOS, n. sp. Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, August 1881, p. 143. g- @. Closely allied to P. alysos, but differing therefrom, on the upper- side of the anterior wings, in the discal oblique semitransparent white lustrous band being broader with less irregular margins, and in only one small spot, placed between the third median and the discoidal veinlet, midway between the discal band and the outer margin, being present; and, on the underside of the posterior pair, in having one or two small white opaque lustrous spots, one near the end of the cell, the larger and the more constantly present, and the other just beyond it between the first and second median veinlets. Three males and one female. Length of anterior wing g °78, 9 ‘82; whence expanse = g 1 66, 9 1°74 inches. Specimens from the Sikkim Hills ; Sibsagar (S. Z. Peal), Dhunsiri valley and Dafla Hills, Assam (4. H. Godwin- Austen) ; Trevandrum, S. India (# W. Bourdilion), and Ceylon (F. R. Mackwood) are devoid of all traces of the spots on the lower surface of the posterior wings, 118, PLESIONEURA DAN, var. ANDAMANICA, nov. Pap. dan, Fabr., Mant. Ins, ii, p. 88 ; Hesperia fatih, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv, pl. 18, figs. 5, 6..—Plesionewra dan, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 789. Our specimens from Port Blair differ from Continental ones in baving the discal series of spots all run together so as to form an unbroken band, and the three subapical spots conjugated and in the same straight line, with their conjoined inner margin nearly straight and their outer festooned : and two examples exhibit in addition two smaller dots placed nearly par- allel to the outer margin just below and external to the three subapical ones, Numerous specimens. 119. PLESIONEURA LEUCOCERA. Hesperia leucocera, Kollar in Hugel’s Kaschmir, 1848, vol, iv, p. 454, pl. xviii, figs. 3, 4. Plesioneura sumitra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 787, from N. E. Bengal. =p pulomaya, Id., loc. cit. p. 787, from ‘ Darjeeling’. ———— anbareesa, Id., loc. cit. p. 788, from Maungbhoom, Bengal. chamunda, 14., loc. cit. p. 788, from Bengal. putra, Id., loc. cit. p. 788, from Bengal. Our large series of specimens from the Sikkim Hills, Cherrapunji in the Khasi Hills, the N. W. Himalayas, Travancore, Ceylon, and S, Anda- man furnishes us with an almost complete series of gradations between those with the smallest number and the greatest amount of coalescence and _ those presenting the largest number and the least coalescence of the spots on the disk of the anterior wings; moreover, the orange spots in the pos- terior wings are to the last degree capricious in their development, being 258 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Khopalocerous [No 4, exceedingly prominent in some and totally wanting in others ; not a single character, in fact, which we have chosen in our attempts to divide our series into local races has proved to be constant, 120. PLESIONEURA PRABA. P. praba, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 790, g¢ ¢. Three males from S. Andaman. 121. Hersprerra canrra, Moore. The three females have, in addition to the eight spots present it males, a more or less well-developed triangular bright yellow opaque one touching the submedian rather beyond the middle of this, and appearing on the under- sides as an imperfect band between that vein and the first median veinlet ;— and, moreover, have the whole underside thickly and evenly clothed with rufous-brown scales. 122. Hesprerra ocErA, Hewitson. g. Wings above rich dark purple-brown with bronzy reflections. Anterior wings typically with eight semitransparent pale yellow lustrous spots, namely, two, dot-like, at the end of the cell, of which the posterior is the larger, a third subquadrate, the largest of all, between the first and second median veinlets, a fourth, about half the size, between the second and third median veinlets, with a dot, the fifth, beyond and in front of it, and a series of three dots, the sixth, seventh, and eighth, in a series, in front of this again. Posterior wings each with a conspicuous tuft of long dark brown pale- based sete inserted into the wing membrane immediately behind the base of the subcostal trunk, Wings below lighter and duller. Anterior wings with a huge oval ashy patch of a most brilliant satiny lustre, occupying the middle four fifths of the portion of the organs between the median vein and the posterior margin, and in the middle of which is so placed as to be divided by the submedian vein a very much smaller oval patch of brown modified scales. ?. Wings above paler and scarcely at all suffused with purple, with the sete olive-green and the cilia pale luteous. + an Anterior pair all but invariably with nine spots, an additional opaque one being present just in front of the submedian vein a little beyond the middle of the organs. Wings below pure dead uniform olive- brown. Length of anterior wing ¢ ‘74, ? -86; whence expanse == d 1:63, ? 1°88 inches. In the male of this species the basal tuft on the upperside of the pos- terior wings probably serves as the scent-fan, while the patch of modified scales on the underside of the anterior ones covers, and collects sponge-like the odorous fluid secreted by, subjacent glands. 1881. ] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 259 Obs. The female has been described by Mr. Moore as that of his HI, cahira (vide supra). The male varies considerably in the number of spots in the anterior wings, while the female is almost constant. These variations may most conveniently be exhibited in such a formula as the following, in which the numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 stand for the semicircular series of eight discal spots seen in typical examples numbered in the order of their sueces- sion from before backwards inwards and forwards, the eypher (0) wherever it occurs indicating that that particular spot the place of whose number it occupies is absent, and w representing the submedian additional spot all but invariably present in females only :— aed + bo + co + eae = Typical. Rae Ce ae eee coin et ae Soe Os RRB Re YH eee | COCO OOOO OHR EEF ++tH++4+t4+)++44+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4++4 MPNNPNNMNNMNNNW) CNHNNMMNYWPNNWNMNNWKNWLD tt++t+tH++4+ [+++ 4¢t¢¢+¢++4+4+4+ WOUOWWWWWWW,) WWWWWWWWwWWwWW WD WD Peete tee ete tt te t+4++4+ PEEP SE LEE SE COCOCOOCOROCKR KEKE BE ++t+4+4+4+-4+t/+t+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4 OU Or OV OT OU OA OL OV OU] Ot St OV Ort OV Or OS OV OF G1 OU SU OV OH ete deh ree eel teh ee eh eo DDD DD DAD DAD) ARDAAAIMWAwWAIAAIAIA OS Ht+t+t+t+et /+++4¢4+4+¢4+4¢444+4+4+4+ NNSNSNN S| NNN NNN NSN NN SST tHe tttHet(tttt+ ttt ettet+set CODDADAAMOMA! TAAMAAWDOAOHDHOO WO + 2) +z Helis +a1§ + of Bs +4¢|H ae + 2) + 0 123. Hesprerta conaca, Moore. Two males and four females. 124. HESPERIA SALA. Hesperia sala, Hewitson, Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond., ser, 3, vol. ii, 1866, p. 500, from Singapore. @. Wings above vandyke-brown with a very faint vinaceous tinge. Anterior wings with four semitransparent white lustrous spots all close together in the middle of the disk, two in the cell, the posterior of which is double the size of the anterior, which is the smallest of all, another immedi- ately behind and in the same straight line with these, quadrate, the largest of all, being fully double the size of the posterior of the two cellular ones, 260 Wood-Mason & de Nicéville—On the Rhopalocerous [No. 4, and the fourth placed quincuncially between the second and third and rather smaller than the former of these. Posterior wings immaculate. Wings below paler, darkest around the spots in the anterior ones, all also suffused with vinaceous, Anterior ones with the sutural area ashy and a large patch in the — internomedian area whiter and showing ae on the upperside as a some- what diffused whitish speck. Posterior wings clothed with ashy scales and bearing a cellular round- ish spot darker than the ground-colour, around which spot are semicireularly arranged three or four similar ones, as in H. divodasa. Cilia dusky-ashy. Length of anterior wing ‘56; whence expanse == 1:23 inches. Closely allied to H. divodasa, Moore. The “three minute brown spots before the apex’ of the anterior wings mentioned by Hewitson are not discernible in our two specimens ; they correspond to the dark brown marks which bound the apical dots on both sides in some specimens of H. divodasa, and, consequently, represent the apical semitransparent dots of that species. 125. HESPERIA NAROOA. H. narooa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 687, pl. 45, fig. 4, ¢ ?, from Bombay and Ceylon. A male agreeing exactly with Moore’s figure, but not quite so perfect- ly with his description, five discal spots being described but only four figured. Obs. This species is said by Mr. Moore to differ only in its larger size from the H. contigua of Mabille, a species which we have failed to trace in the literature. 126. HESPERIA ACROLEUCA, N. sp. Telegonus acroleucus, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, August, 1881, p. 143. Hesperia hiraca, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. September 1881, p. 318, 9. 6. Wings above dark brown slightly suffused with vinous. Anterior wings tipped with ashy-white and with three large semitrans- parent pale yellow quadrangular lustrous spots arranged as in Z. thraa, namely, one in the cell with its outer margin bifestooned and its inner biscalloped, another larger and elongated below and partly under this between the first and second median veinlets, and a third, the smallest of the three, rhomboidal, between the second and third median veinlets, and with the cilia dusky at the apex, but gradually becoming pale yellow towards the inner angle. Posterior wings darker towards the outer margin with all the cilia pale yellow. | 1881. ] Lepidoptera of the Andaman Islands. 261 Wings below paler and duller, suffused with purple on the disk, and ornamented, especially on the medial area of the posterior sas, with scat- tered ochreous setiform scales. Antenne black with the straight portion of the club broadly and conspicuously incompletely ringed with cretaceous white and the much shorter terminal hooked portion red internally. @. Differs from the male only in its larger size; and in not having the anterior wings tipped with ashy, nor the antenne nearly so conspicu- ously ringed with white. dé @. Hyes blood-red. Palpi with the terminal joint rudimentary. Length of anterior wing 6 1:05, ¢ 1:09; whence expanse = ¢$ 2:26, 2 2:32 inches. 127. TrLEGoNUs THyrstis, Fabr. The male of this species presents, on the upperside of each anterior wing, three lines of modified scales, namely, one along the posterior side of the median vein between the origins of its first and second branches, ano- ther on each side of the first median veinlet from the origin of this up to the second discal spot, and a third, also double, along an equal portion of the submedian vein, and a thick clothing of sete paler than the eround.- colour at the base of the internomedian area and a similar clothing of paler setee on the middle three-fourths of the sutural area ; and, on the under- side, a conspicuous and equally long furry patch of pale-fulvous coarse sete divided by the submedian vein. Five males and a female. 128. Hare Bpeturta, Hewitson. 129. PaMPHILA MATHIAS. Hesperia mathias (Fabr.), Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus, 1869, p. 275, pl. 3, fig. 8, ¢. The are referred to H. chaya in our previous list are now placed under this species. 130. PAMPHILA PURREFA. P. purreea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 594, pl. lviii, fig. 10, ?. Larger than the male, with the yellow discal band throughout in the posterior wings, but only in the internomedian area in the anterior ones, and the yellow portions of the cilia, especially towards the inner and anal angles, darker, inclining to orange. Length of anterior wing ‘55; whence expanse = 1°18 inches. A male and a female. 131. Pampnina gota, Moore. 132. Pampnina mMa#sorpEs, Butler. 133. PampuHina averas, Linn, T'wo males. 262 Description of a new Species of Rostellaria. [No. 4, EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. Fig. 1. Papilio clytia, var. flavolimbatus, Oberthtr. 3. Upperside. 5s ee —_ ———_ ¢. Underside. 5 8. Hebomoia roepstorfii, W.-M., g. Upperside. » tk g. Underside. Os ——_—_—- ——— 8. Upperside. XVII.—Deseription of a new Species of Rostellaria, from the Bay of Bengal. By Grorrrey Neviun, C. M. Z. S. [Received November 38rd ;—Read December 7th, 1881.] ROSTELLARIA DELICATULA, N. sp. Distinguished at once from all the other living species of the genus by its thin, delicate, and translucent substance, in these respects showing a highly important approach to some fossil forms. Colour a pale ochra- ceous brown lineated on the last whorl with four narrow white bands, each of which terminates in one of the four projecting digitate processes of the — outer lip, one only of these bands appearing in the middle of the preceding four whorls ; spire not quite half the entire length, apex moderately acute ; whorls 104, moderately convex, the last conspicuously convexly tumid and like the preceding one, marked with a slight sutural depression, produced at the base into a short canaliculation, relatively less developed than in any of the other known species, this “ canal” is slightly tortuously deflected, more conspicuously so than in &L. magnus (Chemnitz); the first three or four whorls are sculptureless, the next three or four inconspicuously but regularly spirally striated, striae about ten in number, filiform and slightly punctured, becoming obsolete on the last two whorls, except at the base of the last of all, where they reappear more coarsely developed than before ; there are also five varices, somewhat inconspicuous, at intervals on the last four whorls, which also show, under a lens, minute longitudinal striation, the striae close set, fine, and flexuous ; aperture oval, rather large, with the peristome thickened and Jonfipuineaa with four equidistant, relatively somewhat small, digitate processes. : Long. 76, diam. 28; from the apex to suture of the last whorl 294, from base of the aperture to end of the “ canal” 64 mill. This highly interesting and very characteristic form, quite unlike any of the other seven known living species of the genus [as restricted] was dredged in deep water off Cheduba, Arrakan Coast, by Surgeon J. Arm- strong, late Naturalist to the Indian Marine Survey. 1881. ] W. T. Blanford’s Census of the Indian Land Fauna. 263 XVIII.—A numerical Estimate of the Species of Animals chiefly Land and Lreshwater hitherto recorded from British India and its Dependen- cies.— By Witu1am T. Buanrorp, F. R. 8. [Received November 10th ;—Read December 7th, 1881.] A few months ago I endeavoured to obtain an estimate of the number of species belonging to the animal kingdom that are found in British India and its Dependencies. I learned, somewhat to my surprise, that not only did no such census of the nominal species exist, but that, with the exception of the Vertebrata, the classes and orders had but rarely been catalogued in such a manner as to render an estimate of the number of species found in different countries practicable. I learned, moreover that, owing doubtless to the difficulty of ascertaining the number of species described, it was impossible to obtain a general enumeration of the fauna of any large area of the earth’s surface. The marine fauna inhabiting the seas around India is necessarily of vast extent and very imperfectly known. Confining myself, in the sub- kingdoms except the Vertebrata, to the land and freshwater fauna alone, I found anything like a correct estimate of the known species, except amongst the Vertebrata and the Mollusca, very difficult to procure. With the assistance of some friends, to whom I am greatly indebted for their aid, I have, however, obtained a rough idea of the number of species hither- to recorded in several orders, and this estimate leads to some very curious results, so much so that I think it may be useful to publish the data I have obtained, imperfect as they are. In the first place, I should state precisely what is the area that I understand as comprised in the title of British India and its Dependencies. Of course the whole Peninsula of India proper is included, together with Ceylon. On the westward, Baluchistan is classed as a dependency, but not Afghanistan, so that the western frontier extends to Persia. Kashmir carries the boundary northward beyond the Karakoram pass to the confines of Eastern Turkestan, but this is the only Trans-Himalayan region com- prised in the limits adopted; further east the small Himalayan states between Kashmir and Kamaon, with Kamaon itself, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan, are allincluded as Dependencies, although in the case of Nepal and Bhutan the position politically is open to some question. But the fauna of these countries has always been included in that of India, and but few forms are known from them that do not occur in Sikkim or some other truly dependent state. All Great Tibet is excluded and so are the Hima- layan tracts east of Bhutan. Assam with the hills to the south of the valley, Manipur, Cachar, Sylhet, Tipperah, Chutiaganj, and British Burmah 34 264 W. T. Blanford’s Census of the Indian Land Fauna. [No. 4, (Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim) are comprised within our limits, but not Inde- pendent Burmah. On the mainland the frontier chosen doves not run south beyond the end of Tenasserim, the Straits Settlements being excluded ; but the fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is added to that of British Burma, of which they form dependencies. It would be easy to find reasons for modifying various portions of the boundaries chosen, but they are believed to coincide as nearly as possi- ble with the “red line” that marks the limit of British power. The most questionable addition of the whole is perhaps Ceylon, for this island, though entirely British, is in no sense a dependency of British India. But Ceylon is included for zoological reasons: its fauna differs very little indeed from that of Southern India, and the most important and typically Indian portion of the fauna would be imperfect were the animals of the island omitted. The area thus circumscribed includes portions of two great zoological regions, the Oriental and the Palearctic. To the latter belong northern Kashmir and part of Baluchistan together with all the Himalayas above an elevation varying from about 7000 to about 10,000 feet in different parts of the range ; the former comprises the remainder of the area. The comparatively small tract of the Palearctic region includes parts of at least two separable subregions of the higher Himalayas and portions of the Cen- tral Asiatic plateau, whilst in the Oriental part of the area the whole of two of Mr. Wallace’s subregions* and portions of the other two are in- cluded. The following are the numbers of species known, so far as I have been able to determine them. I repeat that whilst the number of Verte- brate species is, I believe, a fair approximation to the real number inhabit- ing the country, the Invertebrates are, as a rule, much less accurately known, and that whilst in the Vertebrata both land and marine forms are included, amongst the Invertebrata, the land and freshwater species alone are enumer- ated. The data for the Mammals are various. I have collated the various works by Jerdon, Blyth, Dobson, Anderson, and others, and as nearly as I can estimate the following species are known :— OUADRUMANA. (5. aes tasvancenee ali sisdaciyen eisai onesie sgh 23 DLEMATERG, cn sgdox banaue ta deeaen ied ce ooatec ents bia chee SE 3 CHIROPUUBA,) is; sac sesies'a edcieskipapint nie shen dea ca canoes oe enn TNSEOTIVORA; 1. iphs tes oct co letews castes an seamsiiey tee ieeer eee CARNIVORA,! sttisindesseonsinniocbitgeadhaakischtesecl ste aaiaene eee * It must be understood that Mr. Wallace’s subdivisions are open to a considera- ble revision, and, as I shewed some years since, the boundaries of his Indian and Ceylonese subregions at all events are not correct, : ; : 7 s 1881. ] W. T. Blanford’s Census of the Indian Land Fauna, 265 CRPAGHA, at icbctedstias tiidecabardesistes soaccvindvovade sith Ce PLODMITEA wi esietvasis ecee van Sich ohn Weber aad va at hike ecaee ae ‘ene EMME TAS Vans Cres s1sa RRLIN GHA t oexd eine LabeaWibeD tadcdvoasaases 4:7 SIRENIA, WeRPCA AIA ARP AUS UN kalau nih ave a Id Raut ah ala gaia die 1 UADEWEATA, scccccscons Hadad vadtcuat Mite a hawt Ndeiaientdeasae Oe 405 For Birds, I take Mr. Hume’s lists* in ‘ Stray Feathers,’ Vol. VIII, pp. 81—1i16. It is scarcely necessary to say that the birds of India are better known than any other class. For the convenience of Indian ornitho-« logists too, to whom the new classification is, as yet, not sufficiently familiar, I adopt the old as employed by Jerdon, although I must apologize for having recourse to an artificial and unscientific arrangement. I give the numbers of some of the more important orders and families. As Mr. Hume has shewn, about 70 species here included are doubtful. RAPTORES : PME EDS na nicedicrs's canis nie ladies tepeen causes 97 Striges, 0000000010 e COR roi coe ree see roses 805 80@ sas 52 INSESSORES : CoLUMBI, . RASORES : GRALLATORES : 149 SESE COE ead asd dae diside con nteedbdngoae o natives, AKO Picarie, covececcerne Oboe rer rer res COO rerresces 212 ME SSENCSNS s Haclete euncee a ceiaeeey gebeaire Pindew 952 — 1182 COC CEC CO EHEC HEH HHH FE OHT HEHEHE HEHSHT OSS soe seer eseeeeeese eH see 46 LE LOPOCUIOOE,. aoa weccivenies visaed taleamy eras. 8 GRO rivsene ves dcrad at nee states huienecn OF 72 1449 Otidide, eoeree OCCCFOreseesereos OS eoeeee e@oeseo 6 PERE COPS 5 occ Se naioksc utouvultinn kala bietmote «cs 67 eee hare cae Cassin da eaten dee Be hes ado oak os nasla's odicca hs feioben ogc nenaree \aee Oe Sak as ea Sic teehee keene. O * Mr. Hume’s limits differ from mine by excluding Baluchistan and the Mergui Archipelago, which I include. There are not, however, I believe, half a dozen birds known from the two together that are not found within Indian limits elsewhere. 266 W. T. Blanford’s Census of the Indian Land Fauna. NATATORES : The data for CHELONIA, CROCODILIA, LACERTILIA : OPHIDIA: Arderd@. i sau sdecacadsiis css batted feateYsvemseeewea as -c ae, aS Staphylintd@y w.sisisversestaescbiveonssccesces son Rata vlms 476 PselaQntd a ceace sutne sods age se shasusen esse teesnrada st .n as eee SCY DUENULE, a swsanices sansua ane vine. vecueesena access dst ieee SUI PHI, acon stow cwiiasaNs eens Scan pexsevctaees eaeeteseas 11 DPrithopterry quads: devs 6d vaiiveaae toa ¥esdseicsaiets pe odes ceugl gees SCaphidaeda, sh ciishvews ele som -nap ets eslete anh aeons sae 7 Pl astenidaes ide sah di daha Be eva odabo. de Ode c 2a oak et ee Phalacrid@,. 320i Get Fed dak } Gt ce Shghna, ds ee deauN ieee 18 DV ULNA, «Lass vos «dues sqevn0 sds sess oeneeyctenesieenenyy Wee DVD GOSUULE. sc eaiidne'eys sce ages coeanenenssheenetepes ie 9 Oolyditdd, .,..0ccoreere beeeeceereecees Ro slcn s4a0s ace eee 19 PAYSON ULE, 5: is5 ads ney «fe besepeces sx teesssssta5s)hvaceeeane 3 OCUCUIIDD, © .aenaa ves ans anyone (her esasnadiavsaoseeagereed ey aan Ory ptoplagide, wacraixss susxes sésasnagiaks teh teeta 9 Piathriderde,. saesey aie odesed caoes seeks eek’ avon My cetophigide, \.. cc el Gas ona vceem tintin tad vee ypelee ke Bgcastdads:. sts intuit. ta ete ewes vane eee Onyopidad,. [NA texscadee aGebitadénawe 5 Daltrendaby. cis: bil aedecidaodss do dassivotns ae 12 108 To these may be added about a dozen scorpions making 120 ARACHNIDA. The Myriopopa may be estimated roughly at 50. The Crustacea land and freshwater ean scarcely exceed 100. Of Vermes I can only find some 14 described species, 7 Planarians, 5 The following is a summary of the enumeration given above. VERTEBRATA. Reptiles, subst atetnipa's tis otic can Eee 1 PHI Cie eeelg RASA TC Reet AAR ec a SR eats) a ced cam betesscee cations aoes Roches oes Number of species. 4058 MOLLUSCA (Lanp snp FRESHWATER ONLY). Pree OPO DOOD, fr5. css ion ndedee setenededecaca vl ias Demme DraRC IIa. 4 3... wah voee-cctaatiewrwensp as INSECTA. Coleoptera, ; Baia thie BA VROPMAPUEEAS caustic saline idkeis tan hee Lrincinioas SPREE Oy, Sakis bold Dai bide th omide dni bbAboiabias DPA AG hcl dt hid edahaeeidsad cLideabiadl bs iphymehota,! 2. Gaivs lack. ladewde «cas Neuroptera, ....... bid chide « ysl edctaca Od flidel Lad okie MUG BUCA LT tuist.. Cited. tyi/d silane a hlde, Anlenise 35 900 Iam indebted to Professor Jeffrey Bell for 272 J. Wood-Mason—On a new Species of the [No. 4, MYRIOP ODA, [sedan Sebestipae ti tenaeenbeies Cateye REEE 50? A RACHINIDA, (0 csasa¥icsunts dincichereieinp ele eae HeR EEE 120 CRUSTACEA SU 0Pe0i as fasten gence sevanbe ee eens 100 ? —— 270 12,370 VERMES. Only about 14 species appear to be recorded. I repeat that the numbers given for the Arthropoda are in some eases little more than guesses. I have not had time to go through some lists, an examination of.which would have enabled me to give more accurate estimates. But except in the case of the four numbers to which a note of interrogation is appended the figures given are I believe a fair approxima- tion to the truth, and the result is one that I think should make Anglo- Indian naturalists endeavour to improve our knowledge of the fauna. It is scarcely creditable that in a perfectly accessible country, with facilities for travelling and for living in different parts of the area unrivalled within the tropics, we should remain so ignorant of the zoology. It is ridiculous to suppose that the Indian Coleoptera are scarcely more numerous than the Lepidoptera, that the Hymenoptera (which very probably rival and may excel, each of the other orders) are only between + and 4 as numerous, or that the Newroptera, of which, Mr. McLachlan tells me, about 1000 are known from Europe are only represented by 350 species. Asto the spiders, it is no exaggeration to say that in most parts of India 108 species might be collected in a few days’ search. Itis to be hoped that the next five years will witness a very considerable increase in our knowledge of the fauna of India. XIX.—Description of a new Species of the Lepidopterous Genus Kuripus Srom North-Eastern India.—By J. Woop-Masoyn, Deputy Superin- tendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta. EvBIPUS CINNAMOMEDS, n. sp., Pl. IV, Fig. 4. ¢@. Anterior wings above purplish black-brown darkest at the base and along the edges and glossed with steel-blue on the disk, with a conspicuous suboval or subtriangular patch of changeable lilac-blue divided by the dark veins, commencing broadly just in front of the ultimate subcostal fork and rapidly narrowing to the inner angle, and with an indistinct submarginal series of small roundish white spots placed upon the inner edge of the narrow black-brown outer border and extending from the inner angle up to the third median veinlet. : ‘ : 1881. ] Lepidopterous Genus Euripus. 273 Posterior wings above black-brown of a richer tint, broadly and inter- digitatingly bordered externally with clear cinnamon-brown, which is traversed by the dark brown veins and bears, midway between the black base and the wavy purplish-black narrow outer border of the organs, a series of four impressed white specks all encircled internally with black- brown, one in each interspace from the first median to the second subcostal veinlet, and, at.its junction with the wavy black outer border, a similar but more complete series of white specks, two to each interspace (except the second, in which there are four, the middle one of the three being divided) from the internal vein to the first subcostal veinlet, and all round- ish, except the first two, which present the form of linear marks parallel to the outer margin. Wings below cinnamon-brown all narrowly bordered externally with purplish black-brown, with the veins rich dark brown and the submarginal spots more numerous and distinct than above. Anterior pair slightly darker for their basal two-thirds, with a short streak of pale lilac between the first and second median veinlets near the base of the cell and an ill-defined roundish clump of scales of the same colour beyond it, an externally forked streak of dark violet-blue occupying the basal two-thirds of the internomedian area and followed by a indistinct clump of violet-grey scales, a grey streak in the apical half of the sutural area, and a submarginal series of violet-white spots situated upon the inner edge of the black outer border, and extending from the sutural area to the apical angle, with all the spots round except the first six (which have the form of linear streaks) and the last (which is elongate), and arranged two in each interspace except the eighth from the apex (in which there are three) and the last, in which there is only one. Posterior pair uniformly coloured, with a discal series of seven violet- white spots and dots, arranged in two series, an anterior curved one of three, and a posterior straight one of four, the three foremost of which latter, with the last of the anterior series, coincide with the four impressed spots of the upperside; and with a submarginal series of spots of the same colour, situation, and extent as in the anterior wings, but differing somewhat in shape, the last three being linear streaks parallel to the outer margin and the rest more or less elongate and those of each pair divergent externally as if they were the remaining outer ends or horns of lost lunules. Length of anterior wing 1°6 ; whence expanse = 3°34 inches. Has. Shillong, Khasi Hills, N. HE. India. A single specimen of this beautiful and distinct species has been communicated to by Mr. L. De Nicéville. It was captured in November last by the late Mr. J. P. Cock. PN Di Bon tes Names of new Genera and Species have an asterisk (*) prefixed. Abietaceze, 206 Alethopteris, 184 Abisara bifasciata, 233, 248 3 indica, 2. » fylla, 55 re lindleyana, 74. » kausambhi, 248 ‘3 lobifolia, 186 » prunosa, 86 ” medlicottiana, 184 Acanthini, 267 ” phegopteroides, 185 Acanthopterygii, 267 Algee, 179 Acavus, 133 Accipitres, 265 Achatina amentum, 138 Alticola, 93 Alyczeus expatriatus, 149 Piet a montanus, 149, 167 a bottampotana, 139 © leas hungerfordianus, 149 3 ceylanica, 137 9 stoliczkii, 7d. > darnaudi, 135 (Diors yx) Swinhoei, 150 R gemma, 7). Amathusia phidippus, 245 $s involuta, 7d. Amblycephalidee, 267 jerdoni, 136 Amblypodia amantes, 250 4 nilagirica, #0. ft canuta, 251 ‘ oreas, 135, 136 S55 fulla, 7d. a orophila, 137, 138 - narada, 250 es paritura, 135 »» var erichsonii, 7d. % perotteti, 136, 137 zeta, 251 Ammonites, 212, 213 Amphibia, Census of Indian, 271 Amphidromus daflaensis, 134 sennaarensis, 135 Acmella, 144 *Acmelia hungerfordiana, 143, 167 ,, moreletiana, 143 masoni, 7, Acontiophide, 267 Amphithalmus, 165 Acrochordide, 7d. as inclusus, 166 Acreea vesta, 50, 54 53 obesus, 2d. Acrostichum, 171 * a pellyze, 165 Actinopteris bengalensis, 195 pupoides, 166 Acusta, 133 Ampullaria j javanica, 155 Adolias, 248 ‘3 stoliczkana, 155, 167 bs acontius, 247 - turbinoides, 155 a apiades, 58 i garuda, 248 ¥ kesava, 58 sananda, 58 Beista, 133 Afghanistan, Voles (Arvicole) from, 88 Anadenus altivagus, 47, 49 ‘s giganteus, 47 Anchistoma, 128 Andaman Islands, Rhopalocerous Lepi- doptera from the, 243 Angiopteridium, 190 Agamide, 266 i comp. ensis, 191 Agelenidee, 270 e ensis, 190 Agricola, 92 s infarctum, 191 Albertia, 206 vs me’Clellandi, 190 Alethopteridez, 186 ” spathulatum, 7d. 36 276 Ankistrodon indicus, 217 Annuloida, 211 Annulosa, 7d. Anomodontia, 217 Anomozamites, 196, 197, 198, 218 fissus, 197 jungens, 7d. lindleyanus, 198 morrisianus, 7b. af princeps, 2d. Anseres, 266 Anthicide, 269 Anthribiide, 76. Apatura parysatis, 51, 58 Aphneeus lohita, var. zoilus, 249 = syama, 58 Appias hippo, 52, 54 Arachnida, 271, 272 Araucarites, 207 brodiei, 7b. cutchensis, @. ‘3 macropterus, 208 Archegosaurus, 171, 215 Ardeidee, 266 Arrhopala amantes, 250 centaurus, 59 mS % var. coruscans, 250 3 - nakula, 261 Ariophanta, 132 Arthropoda, 268, 270, 271, 272 Arvicolz of the Himalayas, Tibet and Afghanistan, 88 agrestis, 92, 94, 108, 118 amphibius, 92, 938, 113 arvalis, 89, 92, 94 bengalensis, 88, 117 blanfordi, 93, 94, 95, 104 blythi, 89, 93, 95, 96, 106, 107, 109 brandti, 92 campestris, 70. glareolus, 91 Gs eregalis, 92 guentheri, 95 ” hydrophilus, 117 " indica, 88, 117 leucurus, 106 mandarinus, 90, 98, 95, 96, 108, he 99 9 109 = melanogaster, 89, 93, 94, 96, 100, 114 5 myothrix, 117 - neotoma, 7. + nigrescens, 110 ¥ nivalis, 92, 108 “ pyctorhis, 117 = ratticeps, 92 4 riparius, 94 ‘ roylei, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 102, 106 a rutilus, 91 Index. Arvicola, savii, 92 ‘ saxatilis, 7d. sikimensis, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 100, 110, 113, 114, 116 re socialis, 92 5 stoliczkanus, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 3 stracheyi, 93, 95, 96, 98 » subterraneus, 92 a thricolis, 110 & thricotis, 110, 112, 113 ¥ wynnei, 93, 95, 96, 99, 102 Arvicole, 118, 120, 121, 122 Asplenium, 184 * indicum, 1d. (Lepidopteris) macrocarpus, 187 i whitbyense, 184 Assam, Earthquakes recorded in, 61 Assiminea, 154 eS beddomeana, 158,.167 : brevicula, 159, 167 7 = subvar, bibalteata 159 ; “ subvar. bicolor, 70. > helicoides, 158 Ds hungerfordiana, 158,.167 6 marginata, 159 i microsculpta, 158, 159, 167 - miniata 159 - rubida, 7. ‘i rubella, 7, Ms theobaldiana, 158, 167 e woodmasoniana, 7b. 76. Astictopterus diocles, 60 Atella alcippe, 232, 245 Athyma inara, 51 5 leucothoé, 7d. | oe mahesa, 58 i; selenophora, 51, 58, 247 rs reta, 247 Attagenidee, 266 Austenia, 129 - a Axina, 134 , * Balea dohrniana, 139 ») peruviana, 7b. — » pyrenaica, 7d. o - var. luchonensis, 140 Barleeia (?) microthyra, 165 “7 Batrachia, 173, 218, 267 Beddomea, 134, 7 Beiragarh identical with Wairagarh, 42 J Belemnopteris, 194 | * wood-masoniana, 75, Belodon, 172 Bensonia monticola, 46, 49 Bicunedens perfuseus, 110 Birds, Census of Indian, 271 Bombyces, 269 Bostrychide, 7d. Boysia Reussii, 128 Index. Brachiopoda, 212 Brachyops laticeps. 170, 216 Brachyphyllum, 209 2 mammillare, #5, Brenthida, 269 Bruchide, 78. Buliminus ceylanicus, 134: ” 166 be olivieri, 138 Buprestidee, 268 Butterflies from Sikkim, 49 Byrrhidz, 268 Bythinea evezardi, 157, 167 goniostoma, 156 inconspicua, <8. 35 lutea, ¢d. ES moreletiana, 156, 167 Lo. philippinensis, 156 - pulchella, 157 ~ carinatum, 151, 152, 153 - " (Tropidophora) erroneum, 152, 153 os i a var, subligatum, 153 . o » var. subocclusa, 7d. = 4 - var.subunicolor,id. ms fimbriatum, 151 % liénardi, 7b a ligatum, 153 “, mauritianum, 154 ¥, scabrum, 7d. tricarinatum, 151 78 Cyathopoma, shevaroyanum, 146, 167 3 tignarium, 127 Cycadeacee, 195, 196, 205, 206, 218 Cycades, 170, 204 Cycadinocarpus, 206 Cycadites, 204 confertus, 2d. “ constrictus, 7d. Pe cutchensis, 7d. rajmahalensis, 7. Cyclomorpha, 144 Cyclophorus, 143 . exaltatus, 148 * 5 formosaensis, 7). - i (Theobaldius) orites, 147, 166 > (Ostodes), 144 oe ” pealianus, 146, 166 ” speciosus, 148 * » var. aureolabris, 7d. 7 stenostoma, 145, 146 * sublaevigatus, 147 5 » var. pealiana, 146 Cyclopitys, 218 Cyclops, 132 Cyclopteris, 185 " oldhami, ¢d. 5 (?) pachyrhachis, 186, 218 Cyclostoma, 131, 154 5 barclayanum, 153 biangulatum, 144 ” (Tropidophora) caldwellia- num 150, 151, 154, 167 unicolor, 151, 152 Cyclostomacea, 129 Cyclotopsis, 127 conoideum, 78, Cyclotus pusillus, 143, 144 * var. nana, 143 Cynthia erota, 50, 86, 245 Cyrestis, 246 3 cocles var. andamanica, 7, me formosa, 75. % horatius, 1b, Index. Cyrestis, risa, 57 ~ thyodamas, 50, 57 ” ee ‘andamanica, 246 Czekanowskia, 210 *Dactylopteris, 194 Danzopsis, 182 rajmahalensis, 70. Danaine, 224, 244 Danais, 224 », aglea, 49, 53 », agleoides, 224 5, ceylanica, 86, 225 » chrysippus, 49, 224 5, exprompta, 225, 226 » grammica, 86, 224, 225 5 hegesippus, var. nesippus, 226 » juventa, 225, 226 », limniace, 924 » melaneus, 49, 53 5, melanoleuca, 244 5» nhesippus, 7d, »» nicobarica, 226 5, plexippus, 49, 226, 245 », sSeptentrionis, 49, 55 » similis, 226 ah ae’ »» var. nicobarica, 226 » vulgaris, 226 Dapedius, egertoni, 214 Dascillidee, 268 Dawsonella meeki, 128 Deinosauria, 217 Delias agostina, 59 », pasithoé, 2d. Dendrophide, 267 Dermestide, 268 Deudorix dieneces, 250 - epijarbas, 70. ‘ orseis, 2386, 250 Fs petosiris, 59 varuna, 250 Diadema, 127, 144 = (Hestina) consimilis, 85+ a (Pterocyclos ?) parvus, 144 i, rotella, 145 Diamond mines visited by Tavernier, Identification of, 31, 219 Dichopteris, 188 ellorensis, 7), Dicksonia, 183, 184, 218 56 bindrabunensis, 183 an hughesi, 7d. Dictyopteridex, 193 Dictyopteris, 203 Dictyoteniopterides, 191 Dictyozamites, 203 js indicus, 7b, Dicynodon orientalis, 217 Dicynodontia, 177 Dinosauria, 172 ; Diplommatina burti, 160 Index. 279 jp pprommintatia, hungerfor diana, 150 japvoensis, 7d. semisculpta, 7d. sherfaiensis, ib, : tumida, 7d, Dipnoi, 215 Dipsadidee, 267 Diptera, 270, 271 Discophora celinde, 57, 245 lepida, 86 Diurnal Lepidoptera of the Nicobar Islands, 224 Dodona ouida, 55 Doleschallia bisaltide, 245 Draco teniopterus, 241 Drassidze, 270 Dryophide, 267 Dyctis patna, 57 Dytiscidze, 268 Earthquakes recorded in Assam in 1879 and 1880, 61 Echinodermata, 211 Kchinostrobus, 208 oe expansus. 7d. eo rajmahalensis, 7d. © rhombicas, 209 Edentata, 265 Elapide, 267 Elaterids, 268 Ellobius fuscicapillus, 119, 122, 123 ss talpinus, 119, 121, 122 Elymnias caudata, 86 + cottonis, 245 i dusara, 250, 231 ee mimus, 230 % panthera, 231 - undularis, 51, 245 Endomychide, 269 Ennea (Huttonella) moerchiana, 130 », stenopylis, 7d. Epeiride, 270 Epicrium glutinosum, 243 Equisetaceze, 179 Equisetites, 180 Equisetum, 7d. Sy miinsteri, 7d. as rajmahalense, 7b. Ergolis ariadne, 50, 57 Eronia avatar, 59 » valeria, 252 ‘ $5 var. pingasa, 86 Erotylide, 269 Erycide, 267 Erycinidz, 233, 248 Eryon comp. barrowensis, 212 Estheriz, 171 os kotaensis, 211 9 mangaliénsis, 171, 212 Eucnemide, 268 Eucochlius, 127 * Kuploea andamensis, 244 ag camorta 228, 229, 231 Si core, 49, 86, 244 pe esperi, 227 is frauen feldii, 7. i felderi, 7d. 9 lorquinii, ib. si midamus, 49, 55, 57 = ? montana, 86 ie novare, 227 3 phoebus, 226 iy rhadamanthus, 51 és simulatrix, 229 Kuripus and Penthema from India” and Burmah, 85 EKuripus, new species of genus, 272 sea cinnamomens, 7, * consimilis, 85 * var. meridionalis, 86 ” 5 halitherses, 51, 57 EKuryphyllum, 210 whittianum, 7d. Eurytela horsfieldii, 245 Evapometer, description of a raingauge with 83 Hvotomys, 92, 93 *Fairbankia (?) feddeniana, 158 ae ? (an Bithynia?) turrita, 157 Filices, 182 Fishes, Census of Indian, 271 Fossils of the Indian Gondwana System, 168 Fucoids, 179 Gangamopteris, 179, 193, 194, 217, 218 angustifolia, 193 anthrophyoides, 194 is buriadica, 193 9 cyclopteroides, 7. as hughesi, 194 = major, 193 whittiana, 194 Gani- coulour identitical with Kollur, 32, 221 Ganoid fishes, 213 Garettia, 144 Gasteracanthidz, 270 Gasteropoda, 213, 267, 271 Geckotidee, 266 Geometres, 270 Georychus fuscocapillus, 118, 110 Gibbus, 154 bacillus, 130 dupontianus, 130, 166 » lyonetianus, 129 Bs 5 var. antoni. 70. ee var, sinistrorsa, 1, 43 versipolis, 130 Gingko, 209 »» crassipes, 7d. 280 Index. Gineko lobata, 210 Girasia magnifica, 129 Gleicheniaceze, 182 ,, bindrabunensis, 70. Glessula, 135 4 peguensis, 139 Glires, 123 Glossopteris, 169, 174, 175, 177, 179, 191, 1938, 217, 218 a angustifolia, 192 93 browniana, 2d. 3 aM var. indica, 7d. 1 communis, 7, = conspicua, 7d. as damudica, 7d. FS decipiens, 7d, Py divergens, 70. formosa,