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A ne ; am, @ if 3° ® ‘ ° es . - 42 . ne " ‘ bia a «2 a S ; i t ¥, .,* -— * ra ae : os pe. ahi $ Ft atgh : > ' soe ¢ a - v_ie-& . > 6s te : : Prdatat © oe, . 4 A fa “ . ig Crt eas 5 * . . 7 ,. a «- . . ‘ ~_—- - . a ’ ti5* a“9* o*,? * ae “s * Pr 8 s at, yt aa * 2° -@-# + # @- e eye Pe ee es o weer soe OLE ALN NEA A EN a JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. VO. Tat: PART II. (NATURAL History, &c.) (Nos. I to IV.—1882: with 4 plates.) EDITED BY JHE NaTurRar JtIsTORY SECRETARY. *¢ Tt will flourish, if naturalists, chemists, antiquaries, philologers, and men of science in different parts of Asza, will commit their observations to writing, and send them to the Asiatic Society at Calcutta. It will languish, if such communications shall be long intermitted ; and it will die away, if they shall entirely cease.” SIR WM. JONES. CALCUTTA: PRINTED BY J. W. THOMAS, AT THE BAPTIST MISSION ‘PRESS, c AND PUBLISHED BY THE ) s ASIATIC SOCIETY, 57, PARK STREET. ISSR. ~) \ : \ LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. —_-_?-— BianForpD, H. F. ;—Some further results of sun-thermometer ob- servations with reference to atmospheric absorption and the supposed variation of the solar heat as Cocksurn, J. ;—On an abnormality in the horns of tie Hog- be axis porcinus, with an amplification of the theory of the evolu- tion of antlers in Ruminants ;—On the habits of a little- ane i ape Bracby- saura Ornata.., DE Nice’vittze, L. face re list of Butterflies taken in ; Sibead im October 1882, with notes on habits, Sc. «+. ;—See Woop-Mason, J. Gopwin-Avusten, H. H. ;—otes on and Drawings of the Animals of various Indian Land Mollusca (Pulmonifera) Plate V MOxLLENDOoRE, O. F. ;—Ox a collection of Japanese Olausilize made by Brigade-Surgeon hk. Hungerford in 1881 (Plate I) ;—Clausilia nevilliana, a new species from the Nico- bars ;—Descriptions of some new Asiatic Clausiliz Marsuatt, G. F. L. ;—Some new or rare species of RKhopalocerous Lepidoptera from the Indian region (Plate IV) ——_—_—_——_ ;—_A new species of Hipparchia aes ibe: phalocera) from the N. W. Himalayas we or Woop-Mason, J. ;—On new and little-known Mantodea ... ; and DE Nick’viLuE, L. ;—Second List of Diianat Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands, (Plate 1I1I and two wood-cuts) ve By oe ie se Page 14, Date of issue of the different numbers of the Journal, Part II, 1882. No. I.—Containing pp. 1—36, with Plates I and III; and Title-page, Index, and 3 Plates for Vol. L, was issued on August 21st, 1882. Nos. 11—Iiil. —Containing pp. 37—66, with Plate XVI for Vol. L, was issued on December 30th, 1882, No. 1V.—Containing pp. 67—90, with Plate V, and Title-page, Index, &e., for Vol. LI, was issued on March ist, 1883. LIST OF PLATES. I.—New Japanese and Indian Clausilia. I1.— Wanting. IiJ.—Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. IV.—Bhopalocerous Lepidoptera from the Indian region. (This plate will be published with No, I of 1883.) V.—Indian Land Shells. _ 0. F, von MOELLENDORFF; Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LI, Pt, II, 1882. 2; I, : & ' NEW JAPANESE & INDIAN CLAUSILIZ, ae - * 7 & dio JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. —_@—- Part II.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE. —a~a—x{T--er_— 60 reo see eee eee I.—On a collection of Japanese Clausilize made by Brigade Surgeon R. Hungerford in 1881.—By O. F. von Moutenporrr, Pu. D., Vice- consul for Germany, Hongkong. (Received January, 3rd ;—Read February, 1882.) (With Plate I). When E. von Martens (Preuss. Exped. n. Ostasien, Landschnecken) published the first connected list of Japanese landshells in 1868, there were only 8 species of Olausilia known from that country, but their number has so rapidly increased of late-years that Kobelt in his Fauna of Japan was able to enumerate not less than 35 species, including one Balea. These showa great variety of forms, and have necessitated the creation of many new sections and groups of the subgenus Phaedusa, many of which are confined to Japan. Asonlyasmall portion of the Japanese archipelago has been ex- plored as yet, and that for the greater part by travellers for whom conchology had only a secondary interest, it is not not to be wondered at that Brigade Surgeon Hungerford’s excursions have been most successful. His collec- tion, made in a few weeks, contained, as the following list will show, 21 species of Clawsilia, ten of which I consider to be undescribed. In enu- merating them, I follow the judicious arrangement of Phaedusa by Dr. Boettger in his “ Clausilien studien” (Cassel, 1877) and “Systematisches Verzeichniss der Gattung Clausilia’”’ (Frankfurt, 1878), which I find corro- borated nearly throughout. Ina few instances, however, the creation of new groups for some of the novelties will eventually prove to be necessary. I may add here that I have used throughout the terminology now generally adopted in Germany. We use the term “ lamellae” only for the 1 2 O. F. von Mollendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausilie. [No. 1, parietal and subcolumellar plaits, 2. e , lamella supera, infera, spiralis, sub- columellaris ; while all the palatal ones are termed “ plicae.”’ Of these latter the long upper plait, in many species the only one, is called “ plica principalis,” those above the principal are “ plicae suturales,’ those below it, “ plicae palatales.” Genus Cravusiita, Drap. Subgenus Phaedusa, H. and A. Adams. a. Group of Clausilia Shanghaiensis. Pfr. == Euphaedusa, Bottg., Claus. Stud. 1877, p. 57. 1. CLAUSILIA DIGONOPTYX. 1877. Clausilia digonoptyx, Béttger, Claus. Stud. p. 58. 1878. Jahrb. D. Mal. Ges. v, p. 45, t. iii, f. 1. — Syst. Verz. Claus, p. 54. 1879. Jahrb. D. M G. vi, p. 108. —_—_ Kobelt, Fauna Jap. extramar. p. 69, t. wait, 4. 405 The type from Kamatokogiro; var. minor, diam. maj. 113 mm., near the same place. 2. CLAUSILIA TAU. 1877. Clausitia tau, Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 58. Nachrichtsbl. D. M. G. no. 6, p. 70. 1878. — Jahrb. D. M. Ges, vi, p. 46, t. ili, f. 2. ——— — — Syst. Verz, p. 54. 1879. —— Jahrb. D. M. G. vi, p. 108. — Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 70, t. viii, f. 18. Very numerous at Kioto, Kobi, Nara, and other places in the island of Nippon. 3. CLAUSILIA PROBA. 1868. Clausilia proba, A. Adams, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. i. p. 471. — aculus, EK. von. Martens, Ostas. Landschn, p. 33, t. xxii. f. 15 (nec Benson). 1877. —— Bottger, Claus. Stud, p. 58 (ex parte), 138783 —— —— Jahrb. D. M. G. v, p. 49, t. ii, f. 3. —_>- so ——- Syst. Verz. p. 54. 1879. Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 71 t. viii, f. 19. 1879. Olausilia proba, Béttger, Jahrb. D. M. G. VI, p. 108. Common at Nagasaki (where the species was likewise collected by Professor Rein) and at Utsonomda and Mamada. 4. CLAUSILIA HUNGERFORDIANA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 1, Testa subrimata, fusiformis, pellucida, sericina, arcuatim striatula, corneofusca, maculis albis interrupte signata (quasi zebrina) ; anfr. 9 con- vexiusculi, suturd profundad disjuncti, ultimus rotundatus pone aperturam 1882.] O. F. von Méllendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausilie. 38 subinflatus, irregulariter costulato-striatus ; apertura subobliqua, rotun- dato-piriformis, sinulo recto, peristoma continuum solutum, superne via sinuatum, valde protractum, expansum, reflexiusculum, parum incrassatum ; lamella supera obsoleta, interdum in margine peristomatis noduli instar via distinguenda, lamella spiralis recedens, lamella infera a margine valde remota, late arcuata, subcolumellaris tmmersa. Plica principalis modica, palatalis una supera brevis cum lunellad interrupté fere obsoleté subtus ramum parvum retrorsum mittente convexa. Clausiliam latissimum, sub- quadratum antice acuminatum. Alt. 124, lat. 22, apert. alt. 23, lat. 2 mm. Has. Nara in insula Nippon. In its closing apparatus this pretty little novelty greatly resembles Clausilia proba. The upper parictal lamella is, in the majority of speci- mens, only marked by a slight thickening of the lp. Rarely there is a minute knob. After a distinct interval the “lamella spiralis” setsin. The lamella infera is somewhat like that of Clausilia digonoptyx, Bottg., so that the parietal lamellae would approach very close to one another, if the upper one were properly developed. The specific character of our species is the fine sericine epidermis with alternating white and brown spots. b. Group of Clausilia valida, Pir. = Stereophaedusa, Bottger, Clausilienstudien, p. 61. 5. CLAUSILIA HILGENDORFI. 1877. Clausilia Hilgendorfi, v. Martens, Sitz. Ber. Ges. Nat, Fr. Berlin, 17 April, p- 106. 1877. — Béttger, Claus. Stud. p. 60. 1878. —— —— s Syst. Verz. p. 55. 1879. — Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 76, t. ix, f. 2. Three specimens of a large Clausilia, from 30 to 35 millim. in length, of a dark chestnut-brown colour, collected by Mr. Hungerford at Chinsinji, agree very well with Prof. von Martens’ diagnosis and Kobelt’s figure of O. Hilgendorfi. In one specimen the subcolumellar lamella is somewhat receding. 6. Crausinta KOoBENSIS. 1876. Clausilia Kobensis, Edg. Smith, Quart. J. of Conchology, i, p. 122 (February). « — «3 — Nipponensis, Kobelt, Jahrb. D. Mal. Ges, iii, p. 275, €. viii, | £34. 1877. — japonica, EK, von. Martens, Sitz, Ber. Nat. Fr. Berlin, p, 108 (an Crosse ?). — Ss ——_ japonica (cum var, Nipponensis), Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 62. 1878. — — Syst. Verz. p. 1879. — _ —— Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 74, t. viii, f. 10, 11. & ©. F. von Mollendorff—-On a collection of Japanese Clausilie. [No. 1, * An Clausilia japonica, Crosse (Journ. de Conch, XIX, 1871, p. 228, t. XIIT,.£..6) ? I am by no means sure of the correctness of the identification of Clausilia Kobensis, Smith, with japonica, Crosse, as proposed by Bottger and Kobelt. Crosse’s diagnosis is very vague and incomplete, and I have seen neither figures nor specimens of the true japonica. On the other hand, there is no doubt that Kobelt’s nipponensis and Kobensis, Smith, belong to one and the same species, and that Smith’s name has the priority. Mr. Hungerford collected numerous specimens of the type at Kobi, the original habitat, and near Koma Kasunga. A much smaller form from Suma Yushi, I propose to distinguish as var. PALLENS, nova. differt a typo testé minore—23 millim longa—tenuiore pallide flavescenti- corned, lamelli inferd magis elevatd, superae in profundo magis approxi- matt. 7. -CLAUSILIA OOSTOMA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 2. Testa elongato-fusiformis, solidula, subpellucida, striatula, corneo-fusca, spira gracilis apice obtuso, anfr. 12—12% subplani, ultimus subdistortus rotundatus; apertura oviformis, subrecta, peristoma continuum, solutum, expansum, reflexiusculum, superne leviter sinuatum. Lamella supera mara ginalis, obliqua, cum spirali contigua, infera marginem haud attingens, re- trorsum valde elevata, spiraliter torta, fere horizontalis, intus ultra lamel- lam spiralem producta, lamella subcolumellaris emersa usque ad marginem protracta ; plica principalis mediocris, palatalis supera brevis cum princi- pali divergens, infera obsoleta vel nulla, luneila nulla. Clausilium latissi- mum sicut precedentis specter. Alt. 254%, lat. 53, apert. long. 6, lat. 4¢ millim. Has. Only three specimens from Hakoni. A near relation to the preceding species, but sufficiently distinguished by the more elongate shape, the thinner shell, the very regular oviform aperture, the more valid and still more spirally twisted, nearly horizontal lower parietal lamella, the much more divergent upper, and obsolete lower, palatal plait. 7 e. Group of Cl. Yokohamensis, Crosse = Megalophaedusa, Bottg. (Clausilienstudien, p. 62). 8. CLAUSILIA VASTA. 1877. Clausilia vasta, Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 62. 1878. Jahrb. D. M. G. v, p. 51, t. ili, f. 4. —S$S Ss — SS Syst. Verz. p. 66, 1879. —— —— Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 82, t. viii, f. 15, Has. Nagasaki. 1882.] O. F. von Moéllendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausilie. 5 9. CLAUSILIA DUCALIS. 1876. Clausilia ducalis, Kobelt, Jahrb. D. M. G. iii, p. 152, t. v, f. 7. 1877. Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 63. 138788 —=— _- —— Syst. Verz. p. 56. 1879. — —— Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 83, t. viii, f. 10. Two magnificent specimens of a Megalophaedusa from Hakoni agree fairly well with Kobelt’s diagnosis and figure of Olausilia ducalis. They are, however, longer—88 millim. instead of 36,—of a dark chestnut colour with a slight violet tint, not “ yellowish horn-coloured” (luteo-cornea) as Kobelt describes his CO. ducalis, and the subcolumellar lamella is completely immersed so that it can only be seen by holding the shell in an oblique position. There being but two specimens known of Clausilia ducalis, it seems advisable to class the specimens collected by Mr. Hungerford with that species provisionally, although they may deserve a new name as a variety. d. Group of Clausilia cylindrica, Gray == Cylindrophaedusa, Bottger (Claus. Stud. p. 64). 10, CLAUSILIA GRACILISPIRA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 3. Testa elongato-fusiformis, subcylindrica, tenera, pellucida, subtiliter costulato-striata, viridifiava, anfractus 10-11 subplani suturé valde distinctd discreti ; apertura parva, subobliqua, rotundato-piriformis, peristoma con- tenuum solutum, superne leviter sinuatum, breviter expansum. Lamella parietalis supera marginalis, obliqua, satis valida, cum spirali continua, infera remotissima, via conspicua, subcolumellaris immersa; plica princi- palis mediocris, lunella nulla, plicae palatales tres quarum prima et tertia subaequales, media brevis. Olausilium angustum linguiforme, acumina- tum. Alt. 93—133, diam. 2, apert. long. 2, lat. 1$ millim. Has. Near Kobi. A very well-marked species, which I can only compare to Clausilia cylindrica, Gray. The slender, subcylindrical shape, the small aperture, the absence of a lunella, the very remote and oblique lower parietal lamella, the immersed subcolumellar lamella indicate its relation to the group Cylindropheedusa created by Béttger for Cl. cylindrica. It differs, besides size, shape, colouring, and sculpture of the shell, by the spiral lamella com- pletely continuous with the lamella supera instead of ‘“ fere contigua,” by the three palatal plaits instead of two. I think, therefore, that the Japanese species has to be placed in the group Cylindrophaedusa. The clausilium is like that of the next group, Hemiphaedusa. | Before passing on to the last-named group, I shall here enumerate two new species which do not very well agree with any of Béttger’s subsections of Phaedusa, and for which I should propose to make a new group, if I 6 O.F. von Mdllendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausiliz. [No. 1, knew any species of Bottger’s Acrophaedusa (1. c. p. 64). This group, com- prising two Javanese Clausilie, O. Junghuhni, Phil., and cornea, Phil., is perhaps the only one to which these novelties could be referred. On the other hand, there are relations to the first subgroup (‘“ Formenkreis’’) of Hemiphaedusa. Unfortunately, Mr. Hungerford collected only a few specimens of each, and I have been unable to study the clausilium of either species. The decision whether they belong to Hemiphacdusa as a special subgroup or ought to form a new group by themselves has to be reserved until more material will allow the breaking up of some specimens. 11. CLAUSILIA SERICINA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig, 4. Testa ventricosulo-fusiformis solida cornea subtiliter striatula sericina , anfr, 10—103 convexiusculi sutura distincta, ultimus subdistortus, haud magis striatus ; apertura subobliqua, rotundato-piriformis ; peristoma con- tinuum, solutum, valde incrassatum. Lamella supera valida, obliqua, ad marginem descendens, cum spirali contiqua, infera antrorsum vix conspicua, subtus truncata, subcolumellaris vix emersa; plica principalis profunda, in apertura haud conspicua, palatales duo, supera brevis, secunda punctifor= mis vel obsoleta, infera lunellaque nullae. Clausiliwm ? (non vidi). Alt, 223, lat. 5, apert. long. 54, lat. 4 millim. var. MINOR alt. 203 millim. anfract, 11, lamella subcolumellaris im- mersa. Has. ‘Two specimens of the typical form from Chinsinji, and one specimen of the smaller variety from Yumagaaishi. The palatal plaits might be compared to those in the group Stereophae- dusa, from which our species is otherwise widely different. The lower parietal lamella refers Cl. sericina to Hemiphaedusa. 12. CLAUSILIA CARYOSTOMA, n, sp., Pl. I, Fig. 5. Testa ventricoso-fusiformis solidula, striatula, pallide cornea, anfr. 9 subplani suturd distinctd discreti, ultimus penultimo vie altior ; apertura rotundata, subobliqua, peristoma continuum, superne haud sinuatum, brevi- ter solutum, expansum, incrassatum. Lamella supera mediocris, obliqua, cum spirali continua, infera valde remota, parva, intus furcata, subcolumel= laris immersa ; plica principalis valida, longa, lunella nulla, plicae palata- les tres ventrales quarum prima et tertia subaequales, breves, secunda punc- tiformis. Clausilium ? Alt. 143, lat 34, apert long. 33, lat. 3 millim. Has. Kobi; four specimens. This novelty likewise does not seem to fit into any of Dr. Bottger’s subdivisions of Phaedusa. The lower parietal lamella reminds one of that 1882.] O. F. von Méllendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausilie. 7 of Ol. subgibbera, also of O2. hyperolia, v. Mart. The palatal ‘ plicae’ are so far up in the shell that they are visible above the aperture, a position for which Ad. Schmidt has introduced the appropriate term “ ventralis.” The same position of the “ plicae palatales’” occurs in Cl. awrantiaca, Bottg. Our species differs from the group Hemiphaedusa by the immersed sub- columellar lamella, and the absence of alunella. The small number of specimens prevented the examination of the clausilium, and, as mentioned before, the final classification of this species and Ol. sericina has to be reserved. e. Group of Clausilia pluviatilis, Bens == Hemiphaedusa, Bottg. (1. ¢ p. 65). a. Subgroup of Clausilia validiuseula, v. Mart. 13. CLAUSILIA HTHIOPS, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 6. Testa elongato-fusiformis solida, striata, obscure castaneofusca, anfr. 12 subplant ; apertura subobliqua, ovali-piriformis, peristoma satis incras- satum, vix solutum, reflexum, albolabiatum. Lamella supera obliqua, mar- ginalis cum spirali contigua, infera oblique ascendens in profundo dextror- sum retorta, subcolumellaris modica, emersa, marginem attingens. Plica principalis mediocris, sat profunda, palatales tres laterales obliquae quarum media minor, lunella nulla. Clausilium ? Alt. 33, lat. 65, apert. long , lat. millim. Has. The unique specimen was collected near Nagasaki. This fine Clawsi/ia is a near relation of Ol. Hickonis, Bottg., with which is has all the characteristics of the closing apparatus in common. It differs, however, by the habitus (which has nothing of the curious claviform shape of Cl. Hickonis, but is rather slender), the considerably larger size, the dark brown colour, and some smaller differences of the lamelle and plice ; so that I do not hesitate to make it a separate species. 14, CLAUSILIA TETRAPTYX, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 7. Testa fusiformis, solidula, spird gracilis attenuataé apice acutiusculo, subtiliter costulato-striata, corneofusca ; anfr. 95 convexiusculi ; apertura piriformi-ovata, subobliqua, marginibus parallelis, peristoma continuum, superne leviter solutum, leviter incrassatum et expansum; lamella supera subobliqua, marginalis cum spirali continua, infera spiraliter recedens, haud JSurcata, antrorsum complanata, subcolumellaris valida, emersa, marginem attingens. Plica principalis longa, palatales quatuor quarum prima et quarta subaequales majores, mediae subaequales minores. Clausilium satis angustum, antice haud incrassatum, rotundato acuminatum. Alt. 17—18, lat. 4, apert. long. 4, lat. 83} millim. Has. Fujisawa. By the shape of the clausilium and the four palatal plaits instead of a lunella this form belongs to the subgroup of Ol. validiwsculs, v. Mart. 8 O. F. von Méllendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausilix. [No. 1, It is well characterised by the small size, the less solid shell, the sculpture, the less oblique upper parietal lamella. B. Subgroup of Clausilia platydera, v. Mart. 15. CLAUSILIA PLATYDERA. 1876. Clausilia platydera, v. Martens, Jahrb. D. M. G. iii, p, 362. 1877. —— Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 67. 1878. — — — Syst. Verz. p. 57. 1879. —— — Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 91, t. ix, f. 9. var. ELONGATA, Béttger, Syst. Verz. Clausilia, p. 57. Mr. Hungerford collected some elongate slender forms of 273—292 millim. in length at Nara. These I think are Bottger’s var. elongata. Another form was found numerous near Kobi. It is more ventricose, has a more solid shell, a broader and rounder aperture than the type; the lunella is shaped nearly as in Bottger’s var. Jambda (Claus. Stud. p. 67), forming a right or obtuse angle with the plica principalis. On the other hand, the peristome is always solute above and the subcolumellar lamella always reaches the margin, while Bottger says of his variety, “ peristoma superne hawd solutum,” “ lamella subcolumellaris subimmersa.”” This form therefore shows a transition from the type to var. /ambda, and might deserve a new name as a variety or a subvariety. 16. CLAUSILIA FUSANGENSIS, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 8. Testa gracili-fusiformis interdum decollata, solidula, striatula, cornea ; anfr. 12 convexiuscult, sutura satis profunda disjuncti; apertura recta, basi recedens, ovato-piriformis, peristoma continuum, solutum, undique ex- pansum et reflecum, albolabiatum. Lamella supera valida, obliqua, margi- nalis, cum spirali continua, infera a margine satis remota oblique ascendens, Surcata, im profundo dextrorsum retorta, intus lamellam spiralem superans, subcolumellaris immersa. Plica principalis mediocris, lunella cum plicd palatal superiore et inferiore parvis connexa figuram litterae graecae d instar formans. Clausilium angustum. alt. 27—80, lat. 5, apert. long. 6, lat. 4 millim. Has. Chin-sin-ji. Nearly related to Olausilia platydera, especially to the var. elongata, this fine form offers by the much slenderer shape, the invisible subcolumel- lar lamella, the more twisted lower parietal lamella etc., sufficient differ- ences to deserve a new name, which I have formed from Fusang, the old poetic name of Japan. 17. CLAUSILIA AURANTIACA, Béttger. 1877. Clausilia aurantiaca, Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 68. 1878. Syst. Verz. p, 57. eaten Lbieeies —_— — Jahrb. D. M. G. v, p. 101, t. iv, £..5. 1879, —— Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 95, t. ix, f. 11. 1882.] O. F. von Mollendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausilix. 9 var. MINoR, v. Moll. Differt a typo testé minore, graciliore, peristo- mate vix incrassato, lamella subcolumellart immersd vel vix emersé—mar- ginem haud attingente. Alt. 83—11 millim. Has. Nara. The differences above mentioned excepted, this dwarf variety agrees very well with the type, especially in the orange-brown colour, 18. CLAUSILIA BILABRATA. 1876. Clausilia bilabrata, E. Smith, Quart. J. of Conchol., Febr. p. 120. 1877. ——, Bottger, Claus. Stud. p. 68. 1878. —— —_ —— Syst. Verz. p. 38. ae Te ae Pea es —— Jahrb. D. M. G. v, p. 103, t. iv, f. 6. 1879, —— — Kobelt, Fauna. Jap. p. 96, t. ix, f. 12. Has. Kobi. y. Subgroup of Clausilia hyperolia, v. Mart. 19. CLAUSILIA HYPEROLIA. 1877. Clausilia hyperolia, EK. von Martens, Sitz. Ber. Ges. Nat. Fr. 17 April, p- 110 — —— Béottger, Claus. Stud. p. 69 1878. —— —— Syst. Verz. p. 58. 1879. —— —— Kobelt, Fauna Jap. p. 99, t. ix, f. 13. Two specimens collected by Mr. Hungerford near Jotsuka, I think I ean safely identify with E. von Martens’ species, although I have seen but one not quite full grown specimen of the latter. Diagnosis and figure agree very well. 20. CLAUSILIA RECTALUNA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 9. Testa fusiformis, solidula, subpellucida, striatula, pallide cornea ; anfr. 11% ultimus penultimo subaequalis, irrequlariter costulatus ; apertura subobliqua, tetragono-piriformis, peristoma continuum, solutum, expansum, valde incrassatum, reflextusculum. Lamella supera valida marginem attin- gens cum spirali contigua, infera antrorsum fere obsoleta, retrorsum subver- ticaliter ascendens, in margine peristomatis incrassata, nodulifera; lamella subcolumellaris valida emersa usque ad marginem producta, fossuld ab inferd discreta. Plica principalis obsoleta punctiformis cum lunelld recté corjuncta, plica suturalis post lunellam una brevissima, palatales nullae. Alt. 18—20, lat. 4, apert. long. 4, lat. 3 millim. Has. Kamatokogiro. By its peculiar inner structure this remarkable shell can only be come pared with the last mentioned species, with which it has in common the almost vertical and receding lower parietal lamella, the long and straight 2 J 10 O. F. von Méllendorff—On a collection of Japanese Clausiliz. [No. 1, lunar plait, and the strongly emersed subcolumellar lamella. It is, however sufficiently characterised as a separate species by the short plica prineipalis (which does not exist in O. hyperolia), the existence of a short sutural plait, the want of spiral lines on the epidermis, the horny colour, and the lower end of the lamella infera. This is more spirally twisted, gradually evanescent towards the peristome, but again thickens on the margin into a small knob, while the same lamella of C. hyperolia is cut off abruptly. 21. CLAUSILIA apTycHia, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 10. Testa ventricosulo-fusiformis, solida, subpellucida, subtilissime striatu- la, paliide flavescens, saepe decollata; anfr. 113 convexiuscult, ultimus penultimo subaequalis, apertura subobliqua votundato-tetragona, peristoma continuum, solutum, valde incrassatum, reflexiusculum. Lamella supera margimalis, mediocris, cum spirali contigua, infera antrorsum obsoleta, sub- tus truncata, verticaliter ascendens, intus validissima ante lamellam spira- lem tenuem evanescentem abrupte desinens, lamella subcolumellaris valida emersa usque ad marginem producta. Plicae palatales nullae, lunella obsoleta. Clausilium satis angustum, marginibus parallelis, antice rotunda- tum, Alt. 22, lat. 43, apert. long. 5, lat. 4 millim. Has. Hakoni. Another interesting novelty of the subgroup of C. hyperolia, nearly related to the two preceding species, but larger than either of them and somewhat more ventricose. ‘There are not any palatal plaits and even the lunella is in some specimens entirely obsolete, in the others there is a thin layer of calcareous matter parallel with the outer edge of the clawsiliwm. The spiral lamella is very low and thin and its inner end almost evanescent, although it extends beyond the inner end of the lamella infera. ‘The latter is comparatively short, but very thick and high. Its abruptly cut off outer end is more like that of Ol. hyperolia, but somewhat more visible in the aperture; it then ascends vertically almost without any spiral twist and occupies nearly half the width of the whorl, the inner end being again truncated. The systematic arrangement of these three species ought to be: recta- luna, hyperolia, aptychia, the first having rudimentary principal and sutural plaits and being thereby more nearly related to the preceding groups. I have, however, given Clausilia hyperolia the first place as the only species hitherto described. 1882.] . O. F. von Méllendorff—On Clausilia Nevilliana. 11 II.—Clausilia Nevilliana, a new Species from the Nicobars. By O. F. von Moutenporrr, Pu. D. (Received January 15th ;—Read April 5th, 1882.) CLAUSILIA NEVILLIANA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 11. Testa elongato fusiformis, subtiliter oblique striatula, fusca, nitidula ; anfr. 10 convexiusculi, apertura medioeris, fere verticalis, elongato-pirifor- mis, sinulo recto perlongo, peristoma continuum, solutum, tenue, brevissime expansum, superne profunde sinuatum fere angulatum. Lamella supera obliqua, marginalis, valida, cum lamelld spirali continua, infera a supera valde remota, spiraliter recedens, brevissime conspicua. Plica principals longa, palatales duae majores profundae, ventrales, (antice intuenti supra aperturam conspicuae), lunella nulla. Olausilium ? (non vidi.) Alt. 20, lat. 4, apert. long. 4, lat. 3 millim. Has. This very fine novelty was discovered by Mr. de Roepstorff on the island of Camorta, Nicobars, under a fallen tree in a damp place. The small number of specimens—I have seen but two—has prevented as yet the examination of the inner structure of this interesting new Clausilia. This is the more to be regretted as it does not seem to belong to the same group as the only other species of the genus hitherto recorded from the Nicobars, Cl. wiillerstorffi, Zeleb. This species (of which I have seen onespecimenin Brigade Surgeon Hungerford’s collection) is nearly related to O/. javana, Pfr., and should find its place in Béttger’s second seetion of Phaedusa (Pseudonenia) and therein in the 5th subgroup (“ For- menkreis”’) of C7. javana. Our Clausilia neviliiana has nothing of the Nenia-like shape of that group, effected by the small number of whorls, the very large aperture, which is more or less protracted below. It is on the contrary rather slender, the aperture is rather’ small and though not very oblique still not quite vertical. The closing apparatus agrees pretty well with the characters given by Bottger of his section Acrophaedusa (Clausilienstudien, p. 64), vzz., a very long “ principal plait,”’ two or three rather long and deep palatal plaits, no lunella, small parietal lamelle, piri- form aperture, not dilatate peristome. This group was created for two Javanese species, Cl. cornea and junghuhn, Phil., and includes the Indian forms O/. monticola, Godw.-Aust., and aracana, Theob, Unless the break- ing up of a specimen should necessitate a different classification, I think that Clausilia nevilliana can more safely be considered to be an Acrophae- dusa. 12: O. F. von Méllendorff—New Asiatic Clausiliz. [No. 1, III.—Deseriptions of some new Asiatic Clausiliz. By O. F. von Mouuenporrr, Pu. D. (Received and read May 3rd, 1882). CLAUSILIA (PSEUDONENIA) ANDERSONIANA, n. sp., Pl. I, Fig. 12. Testa ventricosulo-fusiformis, solidula, subtilissime striatula, fere laevigata, pallide corneofusca, apice obtusiusculo ; anfr. 10 convexiusculi, ultimus valde attenuatus, subtus rotundatus, distinctius striatus; apertura parum obliqua, oblique piriformis, peristoma continuum, valde solutum, expansum, reflexiusculum, pallide corneum. Lamella parietalis supera obliqua, sat valida, cum spiralt continua, infera crassa ante marginem subabrupte desinens, subcolumellaris immersa. Plica principalis valde elongata, palatales tres subventrales, divergentes, infima arcuata. Clausi- lium ? Alt. 20, lat. 4, apert. long 43, lat. 34 mill. Has. In insula Mergui provincie Tenasserim leg. Dr. Anderson. This fine new Clausilia, of which Dr. Anderson discovered only two specimens in Mergui, is, as Mr. Nevill justly pointed out to me, nearly related to Cl. insignis, Gould, of the same province, to which species Dr. Boéttger has assigned a separate group (“ Formenkreis”’) in his sub- section Pseudonenia of Phaedusa. It differs by the smaller size, less ventricose shape, the number of whorls 10 instead of 9, the more elongate and oblique aperture, the freer and more protruding peristome and its pale colouring and by the closing apparatus. The latter is much more immersed inasmuch as the palatal plaits of Cl. insignis are lateral, while those of our novelty are nearly ventral and are, together with the inner end of the very long principal plait, conspicuous in the penultimate whorl above the aperture. Besides, the number of palatal plaits is only three against five of Cl. insignis. I add the diagnoses of two new Japanese species, which have recently been obtained by Brigade Surgeon Hungerford. CLAUSILIA MICROPEAS, N. sp. Testa gracilis, elongato-fusiformis, tenera, pellucida, subtiliter costu- lata; pallide cornea; anfr. 93 convexiusculi, apertura rotundato-pirifor- mis, peristoma continuum, salutum, expansum, reflexiusculum, albolabiatum. Lamella parietalis supera marginalis obliqua sat valida cum spirali con- tinua, infera valde remota, vie conspicua, subcolumellaris immersa. Plice principalis sat brevis, palatalis una supera brevis lateralis, interdum 1882.] O. F. von Méllendorfi—Wew Asiatic Clausilie. 13 secunda punctiformis. Olausilium linguiforme, marginibus parallelis, subtus acuminatum, haud ierassatum. Alt. 103-114, lat. 22-24, apert. alt. 2-24, lat. 12-2 mill. Has. Ad lacum Chinsinji insule Nippon leg. cl. B. Hungerford. Affinis Cl. gracilispirae differt numero anfractuum minore, habitu minus gracili, apertura paullo majore, plica principali breviore, plica pala- tali (plerumque) unica. Speciem utramque ad subsectionem Oylindro- phaedusam Boettgeri referendam esse existimo. CLAUSILIA (HEMIPHEDUSA) SUBULINA, Nn. sp. Testa gracili-fusiformis, subtiliter striatula, solidula, subpellucida, ? cornea, anfr. 10 subplani, ultimus rotundatus subinflatus, rugoso-striatus, apertura rotundato-piriformis, peristoma solutum, expansum, reflexiuscu- lum, incrassatum, albo-labiatum, superne sinuatum. Lamella parietalis supera marginalis valida, obliqua, cum spirali valida continua; infera remota, antrorsum evanescens, nodulum ad marginem enittens, subcolumel- laris emersa. Plica principalis modica, palatalis supera divergens, lunella lateralis subobsoleta vel plicis 2 aut 3 punctiformibus confluentibus constituta. Clausiliwm linguiforme sat angustum subtus rotundato-attenua- tum haud inerassatum. . Alt. 16, lat. 3, apert. alt. 33, lat. 22 mill. Haz. Ad lacum Chinsinji insule Nippon leg. cl. R. Hungerford specimen unicum. EXPLANATION oF Puate I, Fig. 1. Clausilia hungerfordiana, n. sp., x 2, p. 2. Fig. 2. oostoma, 0. Sp., nat. size, p. 4. Fig. 3. — _ gracilispira,n.sp., x 2, p. 5. Fig. 4. —- sericina, un. sp., x 2, p. 6. Fig. 6. — caryostoma, D. sp., x 2, p. 6. Fig. 6. — ethiops, n. sp., nat. size, p. 7. Fig. 7. —_ tetraptyx,n.sp., x 2, p. 7. Fig. 8. —— fusangensis, n, sp., nat. size, p. 8. Biz. 9. — rectaluna,n.sp., x 2, p. 9. Fig. 10. — aptychia, n. sp., x 2, p. 10. Fig. 11. —— nevilliana, n. sp., x 2, p. 11. Fig. 12. — willerstorfi, Mérch, nat. size, p. 11. Fig. 13. —— — andersoniana, n. sp., x 2, p. 12. 14 J. Wood-Mason & L, de Nicéville—Second List of [No. 1, 1V.—Second List of Diwrnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. By J. Woop-Mason, Deputy Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and L. DE Nick’vVILLE. [Received April 10th ;—Read May 8rd, 1882.] (With Plate III.) RHOPALOCERA. Family NYMPHALIDA, Subfamily Danatya. 1. RADENA SIMILIS, var. NICOBARICA, W.-M. & de N. J. A. 8S. B. 1881, vol. 1, pt. ii, p. 225, @ ¢ (woodcut). Upperside. ne Underside. Upperside. o% Underside. Great Nicobar. 2. DANAIS LIMNIACE, Cramer. Nankowri, Kamorta, and Katschall. WOOD-MASON & L, de NICEVILLE, Journ. As, Soc. Bengal, Vol. LI, Pt. II, 1882, Pl, III. . elk, ae Fig. 1 Fig. 2. Evpra@a simvunarrrx, 9. Fig. 4. ELYMNIAS MIMUS. @. EupL@A sIMULATRIX, g. Fig. 3. ELyMNiAs MiMuS, @. Fig. 5. CrrrHocHROA NICOBARICA, g. * 1882.] Diurnal Lepidoptera from the Nicobar Islands. 15 3. DANAIS AGLAIOIDES, Felder. Nankowri, Kamorta, Kar Nicobar, Katschall, Trinkut, and Great Nicobar. 4. DANAIS GENUTIA, Cramer. ‘ Nankowri, Kar Nicobar, Kamorta, and Katschall. 5. Dawnars curysrtppus, Linn. One male from Katschall. 6. DANAIS HEGESIPPUS, var. NESIPPUS, Felder. Nankowri and Great Nicobar. 7. Eupia@a Esrert, Felder. Kamorta, Katschall, Pulo Kondul, and Trinkut. 8. EUPL@A CASTELNAUI, Felder. Kar Nicobar; and Mergui, Lower Tennasserim. *9, KupL@a Novara, Felder. Kar Nicobar (Felder); and Upper Tennasserim. 10. Evurria@a camorta, Moore. Nankowri, Katschall, Kamorta, and Kar Nicobar. “11. EHurna@a simunateix, W.-M. & de N., Pl. III, Fig. 1 3,2 ¢. J. A.S. B. 1881, vol. 1, p. 229, g ; p. 228, @ (as aberrant 9 of Z. camorta from Gt. Nic.). @. Wings above and below all lighter and more broadly bordered externally with paler of much the same tint as in HZ. camorta. Anterior wings above with an increasing series of three subapical spots, an elongated subcostal spot, a minute dot near the end of the cell, and a larger one just beyond it near the base of the interspace between the second and third median veinlets, all white. Posterior wings above spotless. Wings below with the discal spots of all, and the subapical ones of the anterior pair, larger and more prominent, but with the submarginal series of the posterior incomplete and less distinct, only two speck-like representas tives of them being present in one wing and three in the other, with a short linear dash between the submedian and the first branch of the median forming a seventh circumcellular mark in the posterior ones, and with all the spots coloured as in the male. A second and smaller specimen approaches the male in the colour of the upperside and in the breadth of the pale outer borders; it lacks the seventh circumcellular mark, and has only one indistinct representative of the submarginal series of dots, on the underside of the posterior wings. Length of the anterior wing 1:88—1:54; whence expanse = 3°86 —3'18. Great Nicobar. . Appears to be very closely allied to the Javan #, sepulchralis, Butler. 16 “J. Wood-Mason & L. de Nicéville—Second List of [No. 1, Subfamily Saryrin», 12. Mycanesis mMEpDvUS, Fabr. Nankowri, Kamorta, Katschall, and Great Nicobar. 13. Mycatesis prusta, Cramer. . Nankowri, Kamorta, Kar Nicobar, Katschall, and Great Nicobar. 14. MELANITIS ISMENE, Cramer. $ ¢. Kamorta. 15. Enymnias mimvs, W.-M. & de N., Pl. III, Fig. 3 3,4 9. Kar Nicobar, Pulo Kondul, Kamorta, and Katschall. Subfamily NympHaniwa. 16. CETHOSIA NIKOBARICA, Felder. Nankowri, Pulo Kondul, and Great Nicobar. 17. CrrrHocHROA NicoBaRIca, W.-M. & de N., Pl. III, Fig. 5 ¢#. J. A. S. B. 1881, vol. 1, p. 281, go. : Great Nicobar. 18. MerssaRAS ERYMANTHIS, var. NIKOBARICA, Felder. Kamorta, Katschall, and Great Nicobar. 19. ATELLA ALCIPPE, Cramer. Katschall. 20. PyYRAMEIS CARDUI, Linn. Kamorta. *21. JUNONIA ASTERIE, var. NIKOBARIENSIS, Felder. Kar Nicobar (Felder). 22. JUNONIA LAOMEDIA, Linn. Kamorta, Nankowri, and Katschall. 23. HYPoLIMNAS MISIPPUS, Linn. @ Nankowri and ¢? Katschall. 24. HypoL~imnas Borns, Linn. Great Nicobar and Tillangschong. 25. NEPTIS NICOBARICA, Moore. Kamorta, Nankowri, Kar Nicobar, and Katschall. *26. NeEptTis MatTuTA, Hubner. Nankowri (elder). 27. NEPTIS MANANDA, Moore. Kar Nicobar. 28. TANAECIA CIBARITIS, Hewitson. Nankowri. Family ERYCINID&. 29. ABISARA BIFASCIATA, Moore. Kar Nicobar. - 1882.] = Diurnal Lepidoptera from the Nicobar Islands. 17 Family LYCANIDZ. 80. CuRETIS THETYS, Drury. Nankowri and Trinkut. *31. OASTALIUS MANLUENA, Felder. Kondul (Felder). | 32. LAMPIDES HLIANUS, Fabr. Kamorta, Nankowri, Trinkut, and Katschall. 33. LampipEs pAnpAvA, Horsfield. ‘Nankowri, Kamorta, Katschall, and Trinkut. 34. LAMPIDES sTRABO, Fabr. Nankowri, Kamorta, and Trinkut. 35. LAMPIDES PARRHASIUS (Fabr.), Horsfield. Nankowri and Katschall. 36. LAMPIDES PLATO, var. NICOBARICUS, W.-M. & de N. Nankowri, Kamorta, Trinkut, and Katschall. 37. LAMPIDES aRDATES, Moore. Kamorta, Katschall, and Nankowri. 38. LAMPIDES PLUMBEOMICANS, var. NICOBARICUS, W.-M. & de N. Katschall. *39. LAMPIDES CNEJUS, Fabr. Kamorta (Moore). *40, LAMPIDES KINKURKA, Felder. Kar Nicobar (Felder) and Nankowri (Moore). #41, JLAMPIDES KANKENA, Felder. Kar Nicobar (elder). #42. LAMPIDES KONDULANA, Felder. Kondul (felder). *43. LAMPIDES MACROPHTHALMA, Felder, Pulo Milo (Felder). 44, LAaMPIpDES RosImMoN, Fabr. Nankowri. 45. POLYOMMATUS KARSANDRA, Moore. Kamorta, Katschall, and Trinkut. 46. PoLyOoMMATUS sSANGRA, Moore. Kamorta, Katschall, and Trinkut. 47. HYPOLYCHENA THECLOIDES, Felder. Nankowri and Katschall. *48. SITHON SUGRIVA, var. ARECA, Felder, Kar Nicobar (Felder). 49. SrirHon KamMoRTA, Felder. Numerous males from Kamorta, Nankowri, and Kar Nicobar; and numerous females from Kamorta ; Great Nicobar (Fedder). 18 J. Wood-Mason& L. de Nicéville—Second List of [Ne. 2, *50. DeEvpoRIX ORSEIS, Hewitson. Kamorta (Moore). 51. Myrina atymyvus, Cramer. Nankowri. Family PAPILIONIDA. Subfamily Prerinz. 52. 'TERIAS HECABE, Linn. Kamorta, Katschall, Trinkut, and Nankowri. 53. TERIAS NIKOBARIENSIS, Felder. Kamorta; and Kar Nicobar (Fe/der). 54. TERIAS DRONA, Horsfield. Kamorta, Nankowri, and Katschall. 55. 'TACHYRIS HIPPO, var. HIPPOIDES. Pap. hippo, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1779, ii, pl. cxcv, figs. B. O, 9. A pair from Kamorta are nearest to the N.-Eastern Indian variety (TP. hippoides, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 312, ¢ 2); ‘differing only in the wings of the male being not quite so broadly margined with brown either above or below. 56. Tacuyris PANDA (Godart), Snell. v. Vollenhoven., Great Nicobar. 57. TacHYRIS PAULINA, var. GALATHEA, Felder. Males and a female from Nankowri, Katschall, and Great Nicobar. The specimen of the latter sex differs from N.-E. Indian and Madras ones only in having the base and outer margin of the posterior wings washed. with sulphureous. *58. CATOPSILIA CROCALE, Cramer. Kamorta (Moore). 59. PIERIS CORONIS, var. LICHENOSA, Moore. Kar Nicobar and probably Kamorta. Subfamily PapPrnionrna. 60. PAPILIo ARISTOLOCHIA, var. cAMORTA, Moore. Nankowri, Kar Nicobar, Kamorta, Katschall, and Great Nicobar. 61. PapmILiIo POLYTES, var, NIKOBARUS, Felder. Males and females of the 1st form from Nankowri and Kar Nicobar ; males from Pulo Kondul and Great Nicobar; and one female of the 2nd form from Nankowri or Kamorta. *62, PAPILIO AGAMEMNON, Linn, Kamorta (JLoore). Family HESPERIID A. *63. TaGIaDES HELFERI, Felder. Pulo Milo (Felder). ee ae a — 2 a to ae 1882.] Diurnal Lepidoptera from the Nicobar Islands. 19 64. TaarapEs RAvI, Moore. Nankowri, Kamorta, and Katschall. 65. IsmENE EXCLAMATIONIS, Fabr. One female from Kamorta. 66. IsmMEeNE MALAYANA, Felder. Two females from Kamorta, and one from Katschall without the small semitransparent yellow discal speck between the two posterior branches of the median vein. 67. HespErraA conaca, Moore. Kamorta, Nankowri, Katschall, and Trinkut, 68. Hersprerra agna, Moore. Kamorta (Moore) and Katschall.° 69. HESPERIA KARSANA, var. SATURATA. Hesperia karsana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 576, 3 9, pl. Ixvii, fig. 6. Much darker and without a tracesof sputs on the upperside. One female from Kamorta; and Kulu, N. W. Himalayas. 70. PaMPHILA PALMARUM, Moore. Nankowri and Katschall. 71. TELEGonts THYyRSIS, Fabr. Probably from Nankowri. Although upwards of one thousand specimens, the product of a whole year’s collecting carried on by Mr. de Roepstorff in conjunction with the native collectors whom Col. Cadell, Chief Commissioner of the Andaman and Nicobars, had so courteously placed at our disposal, have been examined since our first little list of Nicobar Butterflies was published in this Jour- nal, we have but seven fresh species to add to that list. The meagreness of this result appears to be entirely due to the exceptional difficulties that beset the path of the collector of zoological specimens at the Nicobars, —difficulties arising partly from the unhealthiness of the climate, and partly from the visits of the settlement-officers to the more distant and produc- tive islands, such as Katschall, Teressa, and Great Nicobar, being necessarily so few and of such short duration, but chiefly no doubt from the almost complete absence of clearings and of paths through the dense and often impenetrable forests, and the consequent uniform distribution of attractive flowering plants and anthophilous insects,—and not to the poverty of the fauna, for the above list speaks to this being a rich one, and, besides, it would be unreasonable to suppose that a group of islands clothed, as the Nicobars are, almost to the water’s edge, with a rich and fairly varied tropical vegetation only supported some 70 species, or little more than one 20 J. Wood-Mason & L. de Nicéville—Second List of Butterflies, Sc. third of the number that could in one season be obtained in the Calcutta district, which has been under cultivation for ages. But small as the net results of our work are, they already afford a tolerably clear indication that the Nicobar fauna, so far as the Rhopalocerous portion of it is concerned, possesses a much stronger Malayan element in its composition than that of the Andamans, whence we have received twice the number of distinct species. It would be premature to attempt a detailed analysis, but we cannot allow this opportunity to pass by without pointing out that, of the five recorded species of Huplea, three are unquestionably Malayan forms, and that neither of the five is represented either in peninsular and northern India or at the Andamans; that the only Hlymnias is a local form of a Javan species with a representative in Burneo; that the Javan Tachyris panda appears never to have been before recorded from any place so far to the westward as Great Nicobar ; that Hypolycena thecloides has hitherto only been reported from the Malay Peninsula and Singapore ; that in Sithon kamorta and S. areca we have two striking and congeneric lyceenids whose affinities are decidedly Malayan, instead of one, as in the Andamans; and that the Nicobar form of Radena similis more nearly resembles the Javan than it does any other. In conclusion, we have to state that in the foregoing list Hesperia agua = P. mathias of our former paper (see Moore, Lep. Ceylon, where the differences between these too closely allied forms are for the first time pointed out), that Huplea castelnaui = EH phebus (Mr. W. L. Distant having made out to his own satisfaction and to ours that Felder’s name has priority over Butler’s), and that Danais genutia, Cramer = D. plexippus (Messrs. Salvin and Godman and others having recently shown that Linné’s D. plexippus is not the Oriental species which had so long gone by that name, but an American species, and that the former ought to be known by the name bestowed upon it by Cramer); and we ought after having so pointedly drawn attention to their apparent absence, also to draw atten- tion to fact of the presence, at the Nicobars of Hypolimnas misippus Q and of Papilio polytes $ second form, which latter, however, would appear to be of exceedingly rare occurrence. An asterisk (*) is prefixed to the names of those recorded species of which we have not as yet received specimens. EXPLANATION OF Pirate III. Fig. 1. Euplea simulatrixz, W.-M. & de N., * Fig. 2. ——_— Fig. 8. Elymnias mimus, W.-M. & deN., g. Fig. 4. —— 9. Fig. 5. Cirrhochroa nicobarica, W.-M. & deN., g. iil aE 1882. ] J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 21 V.—On new and little-known Mantodea.—By J. Woop-Mason. (Read August 2nd, 1882.) Subfamily AMORPHOSCELIDZ, Stal. AMORPHOSCELIS ANNULICORNIS. Stal, Oefersigt af Kong]. Vetenskaps-Akad. forhand. Stockholm, 1878, p. 401. I received an imperfect spirit specimen of this small but remarkable form several years ago from Nazeerah, Assam ; and, while I was in Eng- land on furlough in 1877-79, Professor Westwood presented me with a dried female which, although also defective in many respects, has those parts present that in the Assam insect are absent, and which enables me to | complete Stil’s somewhat imperfect diagnosis drawn up from a specimen that had lost its abdomen. This part is Jong and almost linear, tapering : very slightly and gradually towards the extremity, which extends a short distance beyond the closed organs of flight; its supra-anal plate is trian- gular with the sides slightly concave, as long as it is broad at the base, and earinate ; and the cerci are racket-shaped, the basal joints being cylindri- eal, the two penultimate ones compressed and subfoliaceous, and the last expanded into a great broadly-oval plate. The anterior tibie have the tarsus inserted rather nearer to the base than to the apex, although from Stal’s description—* tarsis anticis ante medium tibiarum insertis’’—one would have expected to find the reverse of this to be the case. Subfamily EREMOPHILIDA, CH@RADODIS BRUNNERI, n. sp. ?. Closely allied to Ch. rhombicollis, Latr., and Ch. Servillei, W.-M., differing from both in the size, shape, and position of the femoral blotch (which is nearly thrice as long as broad, extends rather further in front of the ungual groove than it does behind it, and is followed by four black puncta arranged along the lower margin of the joint at the bases of alter- nate spines), and in having the posterior margin of the pronotum slightly convex instead of concave; from the former in its much narrower and from the latter in its rather broader tegmina ; and from the latter in the upper margin of its fore femora being coarsely granulated, and sinuous instead of straight, in which latter respect it approaches the former. Has. Santa Fé de Bogota, New Granada. The nymph from Bogota assigned by me (J. A. S. B., 1880, Vol. XLIX, pt. II, p. 83) with hesi- tation to Ch. rhombicollis agrees perfectly with the specimen briefly de- scribed above in the form and colouring of the fore femora and without fi | 22 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea, __[No. 1, doubt belongs to the same species, as also in all probability do the specimens from New Granada named Oh. strumaria by Stil. EREMOPHILA ARABICA. Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 3 me fase. Suppl. 1871, p. 378, 9, from Djeddah. For the first specimen of an Eremophila from the desert country on the north-western frontier of India, I am indebted to Mr. Francis Fedden, of the Geological Survey, who obtained it in Western Sind. It isa female, and it differs from de Saussure’s description of the above species - only in having five instead of four spines on the outer edge of the fore tibie. I have recently received from Mr. Murray of the Karachi Museum three females and two males of the same species, which exhibit a consider- able amount of variation in size, in the roughness of the integument, and in the number of spines on the outer edge of the fore tibiew, two specimens _ having only four and another only three developed on one tibia but the usual number on the other in each case. A male taken some years ago in the Suliman Range, and presented to me with some other insects, by Professor V. Ball, differs from the Sind specimens in having the band on. the underside of the tegmina broader and 14 teeth instead of 18 on the inner side of the fore tibiae. The four posterior legs, of which de Saussure makes no mention in his description, and which may have been wanting in his type specimen, are all annulated with brown and roughened with spiniform granules on the upperside in the Indian specimens. No species of this remarkable desert genus has before been recorded from any place further to the eastward than Djeddah in Arabia. TARACHODES INSIDIATOR, N. sp. 8. Body and appendages brown of the colour of a dead and decayed leaf. Antenne rather coarsely setaceous. Pronotum with a polished conical spine on each side at the junction of the anterior with the lateral margin, which is obsoletely denticulated as far back as the level of the supracoxal groove. Organs of flight extending by about 1/6 of their length beyond the extremity of the abdomen, not quite perfectly hyaline, being just per- ceptibly milky, with the veins and veinlets horn-coloured, short-streaked or annulated with darker in the anterior area of both pairs, though much less distinctly so in the wings than in the tegmina, the latter semiopaque horny anteriorly, as also are the foriner in a less degree ; the stigma of the latter long and linear, pale whity-brown, almost colourless. Legs obsoletely and rarely punctated and mottled with darker, and only moderately pubescent. The anterior ones marked with darker-brown ~ (? red in the living insect) on the inner surface, the smooth-crested coxa 1882.] J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 23 being tipped at both ends, the trochanter streaked, and’the femur orna- mented along the middle with a streak commencing at the base and_taper- ing to a point before the extremity of the joint; fore tibia furnished with 15 and 13 spines on the inner and outer edges respectively. Abdomen slightly fusiform, with at least the 2nd to 7th of its ventral ares bimaculated with dark brown. Cerci rather broad. Total length 47 millims.; height or length of head 6:5, breadth 8 ; length of pronotum 11°5, greatest breadth (between the lateral bulgings) 6; length of meso. + metanotum = 10; of abdomen 23:5, greatest breadth of abdomen 6°75 ; length of tegmina 40, breadth (just before the middle) 11:5, of the marginal field 2; length of wings 35; length of fore coxa 7, femur 10; of intermediate femur 7, tibia 6°75; of posterior femur 8°75, tibia 8°75 ; of cerci. 7. Has. Nyassa. TARACHODES DISSIMULATOR, N. sp. g. Pale greyish testaceous or earth-coloured, with the head, the upper (outer in the anterior ones) surface of the legs, and the pronotum symme- trically, speckled and mottled with darker. Head with the line of the vertex very slightly bisinuous. Antennz extremely finely-setaceous. Pronotum with two conical tubercles on each side at the junction of the obsoletely denticulate lateral with the anterior margin, which latter has a minute rounded median emargination. Organs of flight in repose extending but little beyond the extremity of the abdomen, not quite hyaline, with veins and veinlets pale testaceous marked, especially in their anterior arexw, with dark brown short coalescent * streaks, both more clouded anteriorly, the tegmina with an oval discoidal pale patch before the middle devoid of dark marks followed by another irregular and less distinct ; the stigma shorter and brownish. Legs and leg-bases long-pubescent; the anterior pair internally yellowish and conspicuously marked with shining black, the coxa (which has its upper erest minutely 4-denticulate) throughout except at its two ends, and the femur from the base to the end of the second third, processes being given off from the lower margin of the black patch to all but the apical one of the black spines of the inner and inferior crest and from its distal end along each side of the femoral brush ; fore tibie armed internally with 14 teeth concolorous with the outer surface and internally with the same number of jet-black spines. Prosternum marked behind the middle with a large and conspicuous deep, but dead, black cordiform blotch, which is succeeded by a pair of similarly coloured puncta placed near the posterior margin of the somite ; and by a small roundish, also dead black, spot on the middle of the meta- thoracic sternum, 24 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. [No. 1, Abdomen more broadly fusiform ;. its cerci, though narrow, have the four or five terminal joints distinctly foliaceous. Total length 41 millims. ; height of head 6, breadth 7:25; length of pronotum 10:5, greatest breadth 5:25; length of meso. + metanotum 9; of abdomen 20, greatest breadth 7; length of tegmina 31, breadth 8'5, of the inarginal field 1°5; length of wings 26; of fore coxa 65, femur 9:5; of intermediate femur 6°5, tibia 6; of posterior femur 7°5, tibia 7°5 ; of cerci 5°5. . Has. Cameroon Mountains, West Africa. Genus DipymMocorypHa, W.-M. Ann, and Mag. Nat, Hist. 1877, March, p. 222. DIDYMOCORYPHA ENSIFERA. Didymocorypha ensifera, Wood-Mason, loc. cit. Pyrgocotis gracilipes, Stal, Syst. Mant. 1877, p. 17, @. In the structure of the head this remarkable form differs from the similar and allied Pyrgomantis of Africa in having the juxtocular lobes prolonged into two tall cones which touch one another in the middle line instead of the middle of the vertex together with the juxtocular lobes elevated into a median azygous process. The part of my description (loc. supra cit.) relating to the prothorax should read thus :—‘ Prothorax narrow, with its sides suparallel, slightly narrowed behind the insertion of the fore legs, then widening again slightly to its base ; its supracoxal dilatation and cervical groove hardly perceptible ; its neck quadrate ; its disk,” &., &. The structural differences between the Asiatic Schizocephala bicornis and the African Hpiscopus (olim Schizocephala) chalybeus are of similar kind and of equal importance ; in the former the “ocular spines” are in reality prolongations of the juxtocular lobes of the vertex, while in the latter the faceted cornea of the eyes is itself produced upwards into a conspicuous spine. Has. ‘Tinpahar, on the eastern flank of the Rajmahal Hills; Ceylon (Stal) ; and Kulu, Kangra, in the N.-W. Himalayas. The names proposed by me for this remarkable form have priority over those of Stal by several months. EPISCOPUS CHALYBEUS. Schizocephala chalybea, Burm., Handb. d. Entom. 1839, vol. ii, p. 552. Oxyophthaima chalybea, Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 4me fasc. 1872, p. 12, fig. 22 4, g. Episcopus chalybeus, Stal, Syst. Mant. 1877, p. 18, from Damara Land. @. Organs of flight abbreviated. Tegmina about 13 times as long as the pronotum, scarcely extending to the middle of the fourth abdominal - ee 1882.] J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 25 somite, thin-coriaceous, opaque, light yellowish green, the anal gusset alone membranous and semihyaline. Wings reaching toa little beyond the end of the 8rd abdominal somite reduced nearly to a quadrant of a circle, their anal emargination almost none, their anterior area semicoriaceous, yellow, their posterior area at the base. and along the abdominal margin membra- nous and milky like the anal gusset of the tegmina, ornamented in the middle by a large violet-brown metallic blotch (on which the veins are broadly margined with paler and yellower brown), at the basal end of which are 3 or 4 small opaque yellowish spots on transverse veinlets, and between which and the outer margin are alternate arcs of violet-brown and opaque yellow. Total length 47 millims.; length of pronotum 11; of tegmina 16 ; of wings 12°5. Has. South Africa (J. P. Mansel Weale). DYSAULES LONGICOLLIS. Stal, Syst. Mant., 1877, p. 18, ¢@ non 9, from Bengal. @. Wings and tegmina, abbreviated, semiopaque; the latter scarcely longer than the pronotum, yellowish horny with the meshes all faintly smoky or sordid, and with the apex and a discoidal punctular spot fuscous ; the former with the anal emargination very slight and shallow and obtuse- angled, with the anterior area reddish-horny tipped with fuscous, and the posterior bright yellow and bearing near the base a large oval dark violet- fuscous patch, which is succeeded by a number of concentric lines of the same colour extending to and becoming successively closer and closer to- gether towards the outer margin, where they unite to form with the fuscous apex a fuscous outer border decreasing from the apex to the posterior angle of the organs. Total length 56 millims. ; length of pronotum 18; of tegmina 19, width of tegmina 6; length of wings 15. g. 2. Anterior femora marked on the inside just in front of the ungual groove by a small round black spot. Has. $$ Kulu, Kangra, in the N.-W. Himalayas and Bengal (Sta). Var. BREVIPENNIS. ¢. Organs of flight more abbreviated ; the tegmina being shorter than the pronotum, and the wings having the shape of a quadrant of a circle with the anal emargination less evident. Length of pronotum 18°75, of tegmina 15:5, and of wings 12°5 millims. Has. Bangalore, Mysore, 8, India: obtained by a soldier of H. M.’s 45th Regt., whom I formerly employed to collect for the: Museum. The eyes in all specimens of the species are furnished near the summit with a very minute and smooth granule, or blind spot, overlooked by Stil. 26 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. _—_[No. 1, Subfamily MANTIDZ. GONYPETA AUTHZMON, n. sp. ?. Body and appendages pale fleshy brown or earth-coloured thickly punctulated and marbled with darker; the still darker markings of the tegmina and legs of a rich warm vandyke-brown, arranged on the latter in rings, especially on their two terminal divisions ; postacetabular portion of the prosternum, all but the anterior margin of the mesosternum, and the intermediate coxe internally, jet-black. Facial shield crescentic, about thrice as broad at its anterior or inferior margin as itis long. Pronotum strongly dilated at the insertion of the fore legs, whence it narrows to either end, its setulose margins scarcely denticulated and slightly hollowed out posteriorly ; the dise of its anterior lobe convex, raised into a prominent trilobed obcordiform boss, that of its posterior lobe bearing an indistinct raised median longitudinal line, on either side of which is a row of smooth and very low rounded tubercles arranged in four pairs, of which the one next to the posterior margin of the somite is the most prominent, coloured dark brown, and separated from those in front by a transverse depression. Tegmina subcoriaceous, abbreviated, about 23 times as long as the pronotum, not reaching to the extremity of the abdomen, their marginal field spotted longitudinally with rich dark brown, their veins and long linear stigma whity-brown, the former spotted and streaked with dark brown, their membrane concolorous with the body and legs, their discoidal field marked across the middle of its length with a large spot or band narrower at each end and broader in the middle, their posterior area or anal gusset with the meshes brown and the net-work whity-brown, their interior radial vein and the first branch of the ulnar both simple and un- divided, and the anal and axillary veins anastomosed very close to the posterior margin. Wings semiopaque, dull red, with the outer margin of both areas rather narrowly margined with fuscous, on which the transverse veins are-whity-brown indistinctly edged with subhyaline; anterior margin having the veins towards the apex streaked with darker and the membrane paler and consequently presenting a spotted appearance ; anal emargination distinct, the apex of the posterior area reaching the level of that of the anterior. Legs all annulated with bands of brown punctulations, the anterior ones externally ; with the first joint of the tarsus in all longer than the rest taken together. Anterior tibiz more richly (almost black) banded internally than externally, armed below in the outer edge with 11 and on the inner with 9 spines exclusive in cach ease of the terminal claw ; anterior ere fe 1882.]_ J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 27 coxe scarcely denticulated on the upper crest, furnished with hairs rather than with spines, punctulate externally but internally washed with fuscous along the middle ; femora dilated, triangular, only about twice as long as broad with their superior crest sharp and arcuate, and with a large oval black blotch preceded by and marked with a whity-brown patch on their inner face. Total length (about) 28 millims.; length of pronotum 5°75, of which the anterior lobe is 25, width of pronotum at dilatation 3°5; width of head 5:3; length of tegmina 15, width of tegmina 45, of marginal field 1; length of wings 12, width of their fuscous outer border about 1; length of fore coxa 6, femur 6°5, width.of femur at angulation 3 ; length of intermediate femur 8, tibia 6, tarsus 6; of posterior femur 9, tibia 9°5, tarsus 9°5. Has. A single specimen was obtained at Minthantoung, on the Tenasserim river, near Mergui, by Dr. J. Anderson on December 22nd, 1882. EUCHOMENA THORACICA. Mantis (Thespis) thoracica, De Haan, Orthopt Orient. p. 94, 9. Phasmomantis ? thoracica, Saussure, Mélanges Orthopt. i. 3° fasc. p. 192 (44); ibid. p. 403 (279). Fischeria thoracica, Saussure, op, cit. ii. 4° fasc. p. 58. . Euchomena thoracica, Wood-Mason, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 5th ser. vol. i, 1878, 144, 9. : a heteroptera, De Haan, op. cit. p. 78, pl. xviii, fig. 1, g (nec fig. 2, 9). _ Many years ago I recognized an insect obtained by my native collector at Johore in the Malay peninsula, as the Mantis thoracica of De Haan, a species briefly described in Latin from a specimen without locality, and in 1878 I published a short account of it referring it to the genus Huchomena. I have since received from Mr. H, O. Forbes, who obtained the insects at Bantam in the island of Java, two spirit-specimens of the male of De Haan’s Mantis heteroptera, which, on comparison with the female insect above-mentioned, prove to be examples of the opposite sex. ‘The insect from Celebes considered by De Haan to be the female of his Mantis heteroptera consequently represents, as indeed its totally different structure shows, a totally distinct species, for which the name heteroptera may con- veniently be retained. ‘The following are the measurements of one of Mr. Forbes’ specimens of the male :— Total length of body 62°5 millims. ; height of head 38, breadth of head 6; length of pronotum 28, of which the anterior lobe is 5, breadth of pronotum at narrowest part just behind dilatation 1:5; length of tegmina 35, width of tegmina across middle 6, width of marginal ficld 1°3; length 28 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. __[No. 1, of abdomen 24; of fore coxa 12°5, of femur 15, of its unarmed part 8; of intermediate femur 15, tibia 12°5; of posterior femur 16:3, tibia 16°3. The fore tibiz are armed with 7—14 teeth. The legs.are all banded and the apex of the fore femur is dark brown on the inner face, as in the female. HIERODULA (SPHODROPODA) QUINQUEDENS. Mantis 5-dens, MacLeay, King’s Survey. Hierodula quinquedens, Mél. Orthopt. 4me fasc. p. 42, 9. This curious species unquestionably belongs to the section Sphodro- poda as by Stal defined ; being provided with a marginal series of tubercles on the under surface of the anterior lobe of the pronotum, as well as with a preacetabular spine, and having the margins of the outer face of the fore femora granulated. The form and colouring of the fore coxe are remark- able: these are broadly bevelled rather than grooved at the upper margin of their inner face, and the bevelled edge is rich orange-coloured marked with white or lighter vertical stripes, the prolonged bases of the margi- nal spines, the rest of the surface being pale violet. The colours of the tegmina and wings are no less remarkable, the latter being hyaline yellow, but the former opaque reddish brown varied with yellow of the colour of the stigma throughout except on the under side of the marginal field, which is red-violet broadly bordered externally with black. The front edge of the tegmina is denticulate, but the four posterior femora are devoid of all traces of a lateral ridge; as in AH. (S.) dentifrons, Stal. Has. Trinity Bay and the northern territory of South Australia (C. French). HIERODULA (SPHODROMANTIS) BICARINATA. Hierodula bicarinata, Saussure, Bull. Ent. Suisse. vol. iii, 1869, p. 68, ¢ 9, et Mél Orthopt. 3me fasc. 1871, p. 222, pl. 5, fig. 22, 2. Mantis kersteni, Gerstaecker, Arch. f. Naturg. 1869, p. 209, 3, ef v. d. Decken’s Reisen in Ost-Africa 2te Band 2te Abth., 1873, p. 13. I have a large series of both sexes of this species from the Cameroon Mountains, Somali Land, South Africa, and Sierra Leone. Like the closely allied H. gastrica, Stal, this species has the front edge of the tegmina strongly toothed* so as to serve as a stridulating organ, and a strong ridge on the apical half of the upper or posterior face of each of the posterior femora, by which doubtless the toothed edge * See Fig. 2 of my memoir ‘On the Presence of a Stridulating Apparatus in certain Mantide,’ in Trans, Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 2638 e¢ seg. 1882.] J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 29 of the partially separated tegmina is rubbed; for, if the tegmina of a limply-articulated spirit-specimen be moved horizontally outwards, so as to be slightly separated from one another, their toothed anterior margin comes quite naturally into relation with these ridges, and, if either of the four posterior legs be then rapidly moved backwards and forwards, a crepitating or rasping sound is given out, which in the living insect, with its wings so disposed as to act as resonators, would, I feel confident, be as loud as that made by many grasshoppers in scraping their toothed femora across the sharp projecting nervures of their tegmina. While I was engaged in correcting the first proof of this paper Mr. J. G. Furnivall, a gentleman who had lived and travelled for many years in South Africa, informed me that stridulating Mantises very fre- quently came under his notice during his residence in that country; that the sounds emitted by them were as loud as, but more crepitating in character than, the hiss of a large snake; and that, on account of their possessing these sound-producing powers in so eminent a degree, it was a common practice with native children to bring specimens of them alive as curiosities to the European settlers. The species observed by Mr. Furnivall was in all probability Idolomorpha capensis, Burmeister. HIERODULA (SPHODROMANTIS) ARABICA, N. sp. Hierodula trimacula, Wood-Mason, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, 5th ser. vol. i, p. 147, (mec Saussure). ; ?. Very closely allied to H. (S.) béoculata, Burm., but differing in its much less expanded pronotum (which is scarcely more enlarged ante- riorly than that of HZ. trimacula/, in its more pointed and thinner tegmina (which are thin-coriaceous in the marginal field, but membranous and only slightly clouded throughout behind the principal nervure), in its less strongly spined cox (two or three spines of which are similarly connected with yellowish callosities on the inner face), and in the four-branched dis- coidal vein of its wings. Total length 65; length of head 7°75; breadth of head 9:5; length of pronotum 22:3, of which the anterior lobe is 6:5 ; length of tegmina 43, breadth 13, of marginal field 4; length of wings 87; of fore coxa 17, femur 20; of intermediate femur 17:5, tibia 17; of posterior femur 21, tibia 23°5. Has. Oman, Arabia. Obtained by Colonel Miles. The anterior edge of the tegmina is delicately toothed and the four posterior femora are laterally ridged ; the sides of the anterior lobe of the pronotum are peculiarly straightened as if truncate ; and the fore tibie are armed with 10 teeth on the outside and with 16 or 17 on the inside. 5 30 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. __[No. 1, HrieroputaA (SPHODROMANTIS) MUTA, Nl. sp. 9. Of small or moderate size, green. Facial shield broader than long, 2-4 carinate, the two lateral carinz obsolescent. Pronotum of about the same shape and proportions as in HI. trimacula, but with the margins more narrowly rounded at the dilata- tion, and very distinctly denticulate nearly to the base of the posterior lobe. Organs of flight extending little if at all beyond the extremity of the abdomen, with the apex of their anterior area sharply pointed. The tegmina coriaceous with the posterior margin broadly, and the anal area wholly, membranous; their anterior edge appearing indistinctly and irregularly jagged under a lens; their stigma elongate, narrow, with a brown point at either end. Wings hyaline a little obscured with greenish along the front margin and at the very apex, where, also, the transverse venulation is denser; their discoidal vein two-branched on one side and three on the other. Fore coxa armed on the upper crest with numerous very small teeth (five or six of which, a little larger than the rest, are yellow-based, and arise from the inner face), devoid of the usual marginal groove, but ornamented on the inner face with two large subquadrate or subrotundate depressed yellow spots extending from the edge of the upper crest for more than two-thirds of the distance towards the lower margin, separated from one another by a large oblong jet-black spot about 13 times as large as either of them, and each bounded at its free end by a jet-black line, and with a very much smaller yellow spot touching the black encircling line of the basal one of the large spots ; posterior femora not ridged on their upper or posterior faces, as in the stridulating species. The fore tibiae are armed in the outer side with 10 (there are only 8 and a rudiment on one tibia, owing probably to an injury received during larval life), and on the inner with 18 teeth. Total length 57 millims.; length of head 6°5, breadth of head 8; length of pronotum 19, of which the anterior lobe is 6, breadth of pronotum at dilatation, 6; length of tegmina 86, breadth of tegmina 10, breadth of marginal field 3; length of wings 81; of fore coxa 13, femur 16'5 : of intermediate femur, 16, tibia 18°5; of posterior femur 20, tibia 20°5. Haz. Cameroon Mountains, West Africa. HIERODULA SIMULACRUM, Mantis simulacrum, Fabr., Ent. Syst. vol. ii, 21, 34 Burm., Handb. d. Entom, vol. ii, p. 536. Hierodula simulacrum, Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 3me fase. p. 225, fig., 23, 9, 238 ¢. A specimen of the female has been received from Mr. H. O. Forbes from Bantam in Java. a he ad 1882, ] J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 31 HIERODULA STERNOSTICTA, Nn. sp. @. Allied to H. vztrea, Stoll, from which it differs in being larger and much more robust, in its much more opaque tegmina (which are finely serrated on the anterior margin so as to serve as stridulating organs), in having the fore tibiz armed with 12 and 15 instead of 11 and 14 teeth, in having the basal half and the lower apical lobe of the fore coxa, with the lower half of the base of the fore femora to a little beyond the ungual groove, washed with red on the inside, in the prosternum and mesos- ternum being symmetrically punctated with dark red-brown of the colour of the lower apical lobe of the fore femora, and in the tegmina being bordered in front with pale red-violet on the underside. Total length 85 millims.; length of pronotum 30:5, of which the anterior lobe is 9, breadth at supracoxal dilatation 10; length of tegmina 52, breadth 20:5, breadth of marginal field 6:5; length of fore coxa 19, femur 24; of intermediate femur 20, tibia 18; of posterior femur 23:5, tibia 25; breadth of head 12, length 10. The discoidal vein of the wings is 4 and 5-branched in the type specimen, 3 and 4 in another, and 3 and 4 in a third, in which the anterior branch of the three-branched wing is forked. Has. Near Trinity Bay, Australia (C. French). Nine specimens, 8 adult females, and 3 nymphs of each sex. HIERODULA (RHOMBODERA) ATRICOXIS, var. GRANDIS. ?. Differs from typical Hzerodula atricoxis, W.-M., in its larger size, in the relatively narrower foliaceous expansions of its pronotum, and in having the two anterior black spots of the prosternum squarish instead of pyriform. Total length about 100 millims. ; length of pronotum 83, of which the anterior lobe is 10, greatest breadth of pronotum 16, breadth of pri- mitive pronotum at supracoxal dilatation 11:5; length of tegmina 62, breadth of tegmina 23°5, breadth of marginal field 7°5; length of fore coxa 21°5, femur 27; of intermediate femur 22°5, tibia 20°5; of posterior femur 27, tibia 29°5. Has. Murray Island, Torres Straits. HIERoDULA (RHOMBODERA) FLAVA. Mantis flava, De Haan, Orthopt. Orient. p. 68, ¢ 9, from Java. Mantis macropsis, Giebel, Zeitschr. f. gesammt. naturwiss. 1861, p. 111, from Banka. Hierodula (Rhombodera) macropsis, Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 3me fase. p. 218, fig. 18, 9 ; Suppl. p. 408; et 4me fase. p. 36, de A specimen of the female of this very distinct species has been for- warded to me from Bantam in Java by Mr. H. O. Forbes, 32 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. _[No. 1, The fore margin of the tegmina is minutely and irregularly jagged, but not modified to serve as a stridulating organ, as in some of the other Eastern species of the same section. HiIERoDULA (RHOMBODERA) BASALIS. Mantis basalis, De Haan, Orthopt. Orient. p. 67 Q. Hierodula (Rhombodera) basalis, Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. 4 me fasc. p. 35, fig. 6, 7, 2, from Java and Malacca. Three fine specimens of the female were recently obtained near Mergui by Dr. J. Anderson, all having the stigma encircled with rich dark brown. From the anal orifice of one of them, there project the terminal coils of two specimens of a species of Gordius measuring five and eight inches in length respectively. The fore margin of the tegmina is not serrated. Mantis, Linn., Sauss. All the species furnished with 9 spines (African) on the outer edge of the fore tibiz are distinguished from those (Kuropean, Asiatic, and African) with only 7 by having marginal denticles on the under surface of the anterior lobe of the pronotum, as in Bele ae: and Sphodromantis, sections of Hierodula. The following species belongs to this category :— MANTIS CALLIFERA, 0. sp. @. Pronotum much slenderer than in J. pia, Serville, and more suddenly narrowed behind the insertion of the fore legs. Anterior coxze armed on the upper crest with numerous minute den- ticles, and ornamented on the inside with four large highly polished convex oval callosities (red or yellow in the living insect) connected with the bases of as many minute spines springing from the side of the crest ; femora without black marks; tibiz armed with 9 spines on the outer edge and 13 on the inner in one specimen and with 8 to 9 and 12 to 18 in the other. Total length about 62 millims.; of pronotum 20°75, of which the posterior lobe is 15, width of pronotum at dilatation 5:25; length of tegmina 47 ; of fore coxa 14, femur 18 ; of intermediate femur 14, tibia 11 ; of posterior femur 17:5, tibia 17°'5. Has. Cape of Good Hope,—two specimens. IRIS ORIENTALIS, n. sp. $. 2. Much slenderer than J. oratoria, Linn., from which it also differs in being without a trace of tale-like fenestre in the anterior area of the wings. 6. Organs of flight long, very delicately clouded with green and almost perfectly hyaline everywhere except in the marginal field of the 1882.] J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 33 tegmina and at the anterior margin of the wings, in which parts they are semiopaque bright green; posterior area of wings ornamented with a large oval violet-fuscous subbasal blotch succeeded by four or five concentric lines of the same colour, which are successively narrower and less distinct from within outwards. @. Organs of flight much abbreviated. Tegmina semicoriaceous, light bright green like the body and legs. Wings reduced nearly to a qua- drant of a circle, the margin and the apex of their anterior area yellowish- green, the rest of the anterior, together with the base of the posterior, area dull wine-red, their posterior area bearing a huge violet-fuscous discal blotch, between which and the outer margin the ground-colour is yellow marked with a series of about four concentric violet-fuscous lines suc- cessively decreasing in width and distinctness from within outwards. Total length g¢ 40, @ 42 millims.; length of pronotum ¢ 11, 2 12, width of pronotum at dilatation ¢ 3, 2 35; length of tegmina S 28, 2 18, width of tegmina ¢ 65, 2 5; length of wings ¢ 25, ? 10°5. Has. Kulu Valley, Kangra, in the N.-W. Himalayas, where it was discovered in extraordinary numbers in 1880 by Mr. A. G. Young. POLYSPILOTA INSIGNIS, nN. Sp. $. Head 14 times as broad as long; facial shield pentagonal, also about 14 times as broad as long; ocelli all oval and equal and rather close together, the two posterior being not much further from one another than either of them from the anterior; antenne black, concolorous with the head at base. Posterior lobe of pronotum about 33 times as long as the anterior, strongly roof-shaped with a prominent but smooth raised dorsal ridge ; supracoxal dilatation well-developed, rounded, on either side of which the margins of the pronotum are tolerably finely denticulate for about half the length of each lobe. Organs of flight very long, extending by about one-fourth of their length beyond the extremity of the abdomen. Tegmina semicoriaceous, ferrugi- nous-brown, the posterior margin and the anal gusset being alone membra- nous and pale smoky or sordid; marginal field with a large opaque black- fuscous blotch at the base followed by another and by six (including the apical one) fuscous-black transverse bands all commencing at the costa and extending to the middle of the discoidal field, growing paler as they go, and finally blending insensibly with the sordid of the posterior moiety ; anal gusset with its transverse veinlets pale and lined with hyaline, Wings dark smoky-quartz-coloured, with the longitudinal veins much darker and the transverse veinlets much paler and very narrowly lined with 34 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. _[No. 1, hyaline on both sides; with the apex of the anterior area and six bands all commencing at the anterior margin and extending successively from the base of the organ further and further into the posterior area (where they pass insensibly into the paler ground-colour) very much darker smoky-quartz- colour; with the venation and membrane between these bands much lighter than elsewhere, so that the organs appear alternately banded with light and dark; and with the outer margin of the posterior area very narrowly semihyaline. Fore femora and coxe bifasciated externally with fuscous, the latter furnished with 8—9 minute, slanting, sharp, conical spinules on the upper crest, the former black on the inner side from the base nearly to the apex ; fore tibiz armed with 10 + 15 spines on their two inferior edges ; the femora of the four posterior legs present obscure traces of transverse fascie. Abdominal terga black-fuscous with the lateral margins paler. Total length 85 millims.; of pronotum 31°5, of which the anterior lobe is 7, width of pronotum at supracoxal dilatation 7°75 ; height of head 7, breadth of head 95; length of fore coxa 16, femur 19°5 ; of intermediate femur 20, tibia 18°5 ; of posterior femur 24, tibia 25; length of tegmina 67, breadth of tegmina (across middle) 12°5; length of wings 59. Has. Cameroon Mountains, West Africa. The female differs from the male in her larger size and stouter build, and in her shorter and broader organs of flight, the tegmina being only about 13 times the length of the pronotum and the wings reduced nearly to the form and proportions of a quadrant of a circle. Genus MrsopTEeryx, Sauss. Bull, Entom. Suisse. vol. iii, 1870, pp. 234, 235.—Mél, Orthopt. 8me fasc. p. 188. MESOPTERYX ALATA. Saussure, op. supra. cit, Has. The Philippines. Manilla. MESOPTERYX PLATYCEPHALA. Tenodera platycephala, Stal, Syst. Mant. 1877, p. 56 @. 8. Much slenderer than the female. Pronotum smooth and rounded, carinate only for a short distance from the base ; slightly enlarged at the insertion of the forelegs ; the trans- verse impressed black lines of the underside of its lateral expansions having the form of elongate puncta barely extending half the distance from the base to the margin. 1882. | J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. 35 Organs of flight when closed not extending further than the 8th abdo- minal somite, hyaline with horn-coloured (? green in the living insect) veins everywhere except in the marginal field of the tegmina (which is coriaceous opaque and bright-green margined posteriorly along and behind the principal vein with semiopaque horn-brown (? green) concolorous with the veifis and shining stigma), and at the anterior margin of the wings, which is obscured with horn-brown (? green). The cerci are long and compressed from the middle of their length to the tip, in both sexes, but especially in this sex, in which they are narrowly foliaceous at the extremity. Total length 97 millims.; length of pronotum 35:5, of which the pos- terior lobe is 29 ; length of head 5, width of head 8:5; length of tegmina 51; length of fore coxa 16, femur 18°5; of intermediate femur 19, tibia 17 ; of posterior femur 25, tibia 25. The above description has been drawn up from a specimen captured by any native collector between Moulmein and Meetan in 1877. Another specimen from Nazeerah measures pronotum 33°5 and tegmina 48, and a third, obtained by Mr. 8. E. Peal in the Sibsagar district, Assam, pronotum 34 and tegmina 505 millims. - Specimens of the female differ a good deal in the degree of develop- ment of the organs of flight, two specimens from Moulmein measuring— total length about 100—105 millims.; length of pronotum 387:75— 39, of which the posterior lobe is 830°5—81°5 ; length of head 6°75—7, width of head 10—10; length of tegmina 51°5—55:5, width of tegmina 11—11, of marginal field 3—8; length of fore coxa 19:°25—20, femur 21—21°75 ; of intermediate femur 20—20°5, tibia 19—20°5 ; of posterior femur 26—27, tibia 29-31; one from the Himalayas—total length 110 millims.; length of pronotum 42, of which the posterior lobe is 34; length of head 7°5, breadth of head 10°5; length of tegmina 55; of fore coxa 21, femur 24; of intermediate femur 28, tibia 21; of posterior femur 30, tibia 33; one from Sibsagar—total length 108 millims.; of pronotum 42, of which the posterior lobe is 34; length of head 7, breadth of head 10°5; length of tegmina 40; of fore coxa 21'5, femur 24; of intermediate femur 22°5, tibia 21°25; of posterior femur 29:5, tibia 32; and the specimen described by Stal having the tegmina scarcely longer than the pronotum. Has. One male from the banks of the Houngdarau, on the road from Moulmein to Meetan, Upper Tenasserim ; another from Nazeerah (Dr. Foster), and a third from Sibsagar (S. #. Peal), Assam. Two females from Moulmein (Captain Hood), a third from the ‘ Himalayas,’ belonging in all probability to the Asiatic Society’s collection, and a fourth from Aideo, Sibsagar (S. #, Peal). 36 J. Wood-Mason—On new and little-known Mantodea. MESOPTERYX ROBUSTA, N. Sp. ¢. Prothorax longer and more robust than in JL. platycephala, Stal, and slightly dilated at the insertion of the fore legs; its dorsal are roof- shaped, with the raised median longitudinal line coarse and prominent throughout, and with the free edges of its relatively narrower foliaceous expansions straight posterior to the supracoxal dilatation instead of slightly convex and the under surface coarsely rugose-punctate, with the puncta translucent instead of black. Organs of flight when closed reaching just to the extremity of the last, abdominal somite. The tegmina green with the marginal field coriaceous, the rest of the organs being membranous. The wings hyaline with the anterior margin alone clouded with green, Legs rather more robust. The fore tibiz armed with 12 blunt teeth on the outside and with 18 on the inside below. . Cerci only slightly compressed. Total length 118 millims. ; length of pronotum 45°5, of which the posterior lobe is 36°5; length of head 7 5, breadth 11; length of tegmina 65, breadth of tegmina 14°5, of marginal field 35; length of fore coxa 24, femur 27:25; of intermediate femur 23, tibia 21:25; of posterior femur 29:25, tibia 31°75 ; of cerci 12:5. Haz. A single specimen obtained probably by myself on South Anda- man Island in 1872, but possibly by one of the Museum collectors under Captain J. Butler in the Naga Hills, Assam. OEE << JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. —@— Part II.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE. NN LOO eee sec Sk OO 0 0 0 0 0 eee Nos. II and IIlI.—1882. LPL? LL BID Oe Members and Societies who h for 1881 are requested to substi present No. of the Journal. ave already received a copy of Plate XVI tute for it the Plate bound up with the spot on the forewing Witu am snumvuney we the first median nervule at the inner edge of the dark border. Unprrsipg pure glossy brown, a narrow lilacy-white transverse line continuous across both wings, even, narrowly edged internally with very dark brown, the brown ground-colour deepens from the base to this line, and outside the line it is abruptly and uniformly paler. Forewing with two submarginal ocelli, small, white pupilled, and. ringed with lighter brown. Hindwing with seven ocelli, the three upper small, the fourth, sixth, and seventh minute, the fifth only prominent. Length of forewing 1 inch, whence expanse = 2°1 inches. 6 38 G. F, L. Marshall—Zare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera. [No. 2, Taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the Donat range in Upper Tenas- serim in January. The type specimen, which is unique and much muti- lated, has been deposited in the Indian Museum, ‘The female is unknown. It is closely allied to Mycalesis (Loesa) oroatis Hewitson, from Java, and of which it is the continental form. 2. ZOPHOESSA DURA, N. sp. Plate IV, fig. 2 ¢. 3. Wings above dark velvet brown, with a faint purple gloss and in some lights a golden sheen, the outer margin of both wings abruptly paler, the pale margin widening on the hindwing where it occupies nearly half the wing. orewing with an indistinct similar submarginal line on the pale ground ; hindwing with four round blackish spots on the pale ground, and beyond them a dusky marginal line followed by the usual outer yellowish lines divided by a fine dusky line. UNpeRsIDE as in Z. sura, Moore, to which it is closely allied, but the silvery grey and chesnut markings are less prominent, and the grey zigzag lines at base of the hindwing are much more convex in outline. The spots on the upperside of the hindwing are much smaller than in Z. sura, the two on the median interspaces are prominent, the other two are obsolescent. Length of forewing 1:35 inches, whence expanse —= 2°8 inches. Taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the lower Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim in May. ‘The type specimen, which is unique, has been presented to the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 38. HIPPARCHIA SHANDURA, 0. sp. Plate IV, fig. 3 ¢. ¢@. Allied to H. briseis, Linneus, from northern and western Asia, but smaller and notably differing in having a large white patch in the discoidal cell of the forewing completely filling the cell except at its extremity ; and in this feature approximating to the species of Melanargia (galathea, lachesis, psyche, clotho, &c.) in colouring. Wings above dull black with creamy white markings. Forewing with the costal margin streaked and mottled with grey and black ; a large blotch of creamy white in the discoidal cell, filling it completely from the base to near the extremity where it ends abruptly, and a discal series of longitudinal creamy white streaks, consisting of a short streak above the subcostal nervure, a very long one below it bearing a round black spot in the centre, a very short narrow streak between the discoidal nervules, a larger streak below 1882.] G. F. L. Marshall—Rare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera. 39 the third median nervule, a larger one still below the second median nervule divided transversely by a large blackish spot, a shorter streak filling the whole width between the first median nervule and submedian nervure and bearing a blackish spot near its outer upper end, and a short streak below the submedian. Cilia long, white, broadly inter- rupted with black at the ends of the nervures. Hindwing with a broad discal transverse band of creamy white longitudinal streaks completely coalesced, widest at the middle where it extends half way into the discoidal cell and narrowest at the margins especially the costal margin ; cilia long, white, scarcely perceptibly interrupted with black. Unpersipe. Forewing, cos- tal margin and apex whitish finely mottled with brown ; cell white mottled with: brown at upper edge, and with a blackish bar near extremity ; the discal series of streaks as above but alllarger, completely coalescing, and sharply defined with dark brown internally and externally except at the apex where they merge into the mottled ground, the two black spots of the upperside reappearing as black ocelli with white pupils. Hindwing white mottled with brown, the mottlings deepening into three irregular dark brown mottled transverse bands darkest at their outer edges, one sub- . marginal, one near the base of the cell, and one between these two. Length of forewing 1:15 inches, whence expanse = 2°4 inches. Taken by Major John Biddulph on the Shandur plateau in Northern Kashmir. The type, which is unique, has been deposited in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 4, ZkEUXIDIA MASONI, Moore. This species was described from a specimen of the female taken in the Limborg expedition at Meetan in Upper Tenasserim in April, at an eleva- tion of 3,000 feet, in the following terms. “Allied to Z. amethystus, Butler, from Sumatra. Female, differs in the paler colour of the wings, and in the greater breadth of the yellow oblique band; the band entire and termi- nating at the middle median branch, below which are two similar-coloured spots ; a small pale patch before apex of the wing ; hindwing pale cinnamon- brown broadly along outer border. Expanse 4:5 inches.” A male specimen of a Zeuxidia has recently been taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the lower Thoungyeen forests which evidently belongs to this species, the male of which has not as yet been described. It differs from Z. amethystus 8 on the forewing in having the lilac band extending to the hinder angle; and in the hindwing in having the lilac patch extending from just above the third median nervule to the submedian nervure: instead of extending from just below the body to the fold between the second and third median nervules. 40 G. F. L. Marshall— Rare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera. [No. 2, Description, ¢, UppERSIDE velvety blackish brown, paler at the outer margin and glossed with purple about the dise of each wing; fore- wing with a broad whitish purple transverse band suffused with darker purple at the edges and extending from the costa, where it is broadest, outside the cell to the hinder angle where it narrows to a point ; hindwing with the outer margin broadly pale purple extending from the fold above the third median branch to the submedian nervure, the extreme margin and tail being brownish. UnpersipE bright golden brown, deepening out- wards towards a narrow dark brown almost regular line which crosses. both wings just at the end of the discoidal cell from the costa of forewing’ to a little short of the anal angle of hindwing near which this line is abruptly and acutely angled back towards the base. Horewing with three lilac grey bars across the cell, and the transverse dark line outwardly and the costal half of the wing outwardly irregularly suffused with lilac grey. Hindwing with the dark transverse line outwardly and the basal half irregu- larly suffused with lilac grey, and with two moderate sized ocelli, one between the subcostal nervules brown, with a yellowish pupil and yellowish and narrow dark brown rings ; the other between the first and second median nervules dull yellow finely ringed with dark brown and excentrically marked with a brownish spot bearing a yellowish pupil. Length of forewing 2 inches, whence expanse = 42 inches. This species is manifestly very closely allied to the Sumatran Z. amethystus, but both are extremely rare, and in the absence of specimens of the latter, we must retain the Indian species as distinct, The specimen was caught between March and May, but the exact date is uncertain, and adds one more to the numerous and valuable discoveries which we owe to Captain Bingham’s careful research. 5. THAUMANTIS LovIsA, Wood-Mason. The male of this species was described and figured by Mr. Wood- Mason in the Journ. A. S. B., Vol. XLVII, part II, p. 175 (1878), from two specimens in the Limborg collection, taken in Upper Tenasserim on the Taoo plateau at an elevation of 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Captain C. T. Bingham has recently captured a fine specimen of the female, hitherto undescribed, in the lower Thoungyeen forests which are also in Upper Tenasserim, and not far from the Taoo plateau but at a considerably lower elevation, T. lowisa 9 differs from the figure of the male, in pis following particulars. UpprrsrpE with the fulvous ground-colour on the hindwing extending completely up to, and embracing the heads of, the hastate border spots, the ground-colour of the outer portion of the wings being not white but pure french grey, the only traces of pure white being on . 1882] G.F. L. Marshall— Rare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera. AL the forewing, at the middle of the costal margin and outside the median transverse line and decreasing from its costal end. The dusky tipping at the apex also extends below the subcostal nervure. UNpErstpE with the fulvous portions not luteous, but strongly suffused with grey and altogether of a far colder tone; the hastate border spots of the upperside pale but perfectly distinct and complete ; hindwing with the outer submarginal lunular line obsolete, the inner one slender and incomplete, whereas in the figure of the male both these lunular lines are complete and prominent. Length of forewing 2°8 inches, whence expanse = 5°8 inches. The specimen from which the description is taken was captured between March and May, exact date not recorded. It of course lacks the tuft of erectile hairs on the hindwing which is present in the male. an 6. PoLYOMMATUS ELLISI, n. sp. Plate IX, fig. 4 g. @. UpprrstpE dark greyish black, the basal portion of both wings powdered with metallic greenish golden scales, the outer half with a bronzed sheen; Forewing with a dark centered white spot at end of the cell, and a discal series of four prominent white spots sometimes dark centred ; Hindwing also with a white spot at end of the cell, and a small white one above it near the costa ; a discal series of four white. spots, corresponding with those on the forewing. UNDERSIDE creamy white, Morewing brownish on the dise with the outer margin broadly paler, the spots of the upper surface large, indistinct and paler still. Hindwing with the base metallic greenish golden deepen- ing into brown up to the discal row of spots, the outer margin creamy white, the spots of the upperside large, indistinct, white. The female appears to differ in lacking the brilliant metallic scales. Expanse 0°9 to 1:05 inches. The type specimen (which has been presented to the Indian Museum) was taken on the Sanch pass in Pangi, N.-W. Himalayas, at an elevation of 14,000 feet above the sea in August by Mr. Robert Ellis, after whom I have named it. Several other specimens were taken at the same time all corresponding with the type specimen. Others were taken in Pangi in June at an elevation of 12,000 feet which have less of the metallic sheen, and have the white spots on the upperside considerably smaller; these latter evidently belong to the same species, but whether they are seasonal or geographical varieties is uncertain, 42 G. F. L. Marshall—Rare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera. [ No. 2 7. PapmLIo CLARA, n. sp. Plate IV, fig. 5 . &. Wings above velvety brown, almost black in some specimens, paling at the outer margin broadly at the apex and decreasing towards the hinder angle. Forewing with four short streaks of powdery blue at the end of the cell, behind which are four longer and narrower streaks toward the base, also a discal series of eight bluish streaks increasing in length from the costa and each extending from near the outside of the cell to the edge of the paler outer border, the two lower streaks between the submedian and median nervures, the remainder one between each pair of nervules. Hindwing with a prominent submarginal row of pure white longitudinal streaks one on each side of each nervule leaving a wide brown margin beyond on which in some specimens indications of the continuation of the white streaks to the margin show through from the underside ; a rounded yellow spot at the anal angle bordered inwardly by a blackish lunule. Body black, spotted with white. UNDERSIDE uniform paler brown of the same tint as the margin on the upperside, the forewing unspotted except with faint traces of whitish at the hinder angle ; hindwing with the row of white streaks as on upperside but continued up to the margin, the yellow anal spot and black lunule as on upperside and a round white spot at base above the costal nervure. Length of forewing 1:9 inches, whence expanse = 3°9 inches. Habitat.—U pper. Tenasserim. P. clare is closely allied to P. hewitsoniz, Westwood, from Borneo, of which it may possibly be only a permanent geographical variety. It differs from P. hewitsoniz in the presence of the blue streaks on the forewing which are visible more or less in all the thirteen specimens examined, in some very prominent in others partially obsolete, but none are without blue at the end of the cell and in the interspaces immediately beyond it. It also differs in the paling of the margin of the forewing ; and in the hindwing in the single row of prominent white streaks. Its northern ally P. slateri, Hewitson, differs in the shape of the forewings having them narrower and more acuminate, and also entirely lacks the white streaks on the upperside of the hindwing. In shape of this wing P. clare corresponds with P. hewitsoniz. | The difference between Assam and Tenasserim species in regard to the absence or presence of white spots on the hindwing has curious parallels among the Hupleas which are mimicked by this group of Papilio, E. deione, Westwood, and EH. hopet, Felder, from Assam lack the white border spots on the hindwing, while their representatives in Tenasserim cd 1882.] G. F. L. Marshall—Rare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera. 43 LE. limborg?, Moore, and £. grote, Felder, have the white spots prominently developed. Four specimens were taken by Captain C. T. Bingham on the Donat range in January. Three were taken by Captain C. H. E. Adamson in the Thoungyeen forests in February, and six in the same locality by Captain Bingham in May. | 8. Paprm~tio PAPONE, Westwood. This species was described by Westwood in 1872 in the Trans. of the Ent. Soc. Lond., with “ habitat in India orientali,” and no subsequent notice has been recorded of its occurrence so far as I know. A specimen has now been taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in Upper Tenasserim, which satisfactorily establishes the exact locality for this rare butterfly ; the capture was made in the ‘Thoungyeen forests on the 12th March. It will be seen that the materials for the foregoing paper are almost entirely due to the careful researches of Captain C. T. Bingham, whose investigations as an ornithologist are already well known, and to whom I have been indebted for most valuable and generously rendered assistance in the getting together of data for the handbook of the “ Butterflies of India,” &¢., the first part of which has been published; Captain Bingham has succeeded during the past two seasons in capturing nearly every species formerly recorded from Tenasserim, besides numerous species and sexes of Species new to science and some new to the Indian list, and I take this opportunity of warmly acknowledging not only his labours but the gene- rous way in which he has placed the whole of his collection at my disposal. EXPLANATION oF Prats IV. Fig. 1. Myculesis surkha, Marshall, 3. Fig. 2. Zophoessa dura, A os Fig. 3. Hipparchia shanduray ,, ae Fig. 4. Polyommatus ellisi, - g- Fig. 5. Papilio clare, as d. 44 J. Cockburn—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer, [No. 2, . VII.—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer, Axis porcinus, with an amplification of the theory of the evolution of antlers in Ruminants.—By Joun Cocksurn, Offg. 2nd Asst. to Supdt. Indian Museum, Calcutta. | [Read March 1882.] The specimen exhibited to the meeting is a frontlet of the Hog-deer in which the left horn is abnormally developed as in a stag of the elaphine group. The frontlet is a specimen that belonged to the Asiatic Society’s collection and is without history. There is, however, fair presumptive evidence that the horns belonged to a feral animal.* Before proceeding to any explanation of the variation a description is necessary. The right horn is normal and measures 14” from burr to tip along the curve. The brow tine 33”; the external tine 5”, internal tine 22”, Circumference at burr 53 of beam midway 28. The left horn has five tines on it, as in a stag of ten, and the beam describes a sweeping curve ' posteriorly. The burr and brow tines are normal, though the latter is slightly curved inwards; an inch and a half further up the beam is a tine measuring 34” in length which I take to be representative of the bez tine. This tine, though otherwise justly proportioned, is curved inwards and back- wards. Three and a quarter inches further up the beam is a third snag measuring 23” along the curve; this snag though flattened and rae I take to be analogous to the oul tine. Lastly the tip is bifurcated, it appearance being that of the sur-royal in Cervus canadensis. These snags are palmated and the inner furcation, which has lost its tip, grows Seni = to the inner tine C on the opposite horn. Abnormalities in Cervine horns are not uncommon. Judge Caton in his recent work “On the Antelope and Deer of America” discusses the question and attributes these growths to accidental injury to the horn, while tender and growing. Admitting that the majority of abnormal horns come under this category, I am nevertheless inclined to think that the specimen under review is to be otherwise explained. As a disciple of the doctrine of evolution it appears to me more rational to attribute the con- dition of the left horn to reversion or atavism. The circumstance of the variation being unilateral does not invalidate my hypothesis ; polydactylism, the occurrence of supernumerary mamme, and other phenomena of this nature being very frequently unilateral. * The horns are bleached as if by exposure, and the polish where visible appears to me rather that of a feral than domestic animal. 1882.] J. Cockburn—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer. 45 The fact, however, that reversion to an extinct ancestor implies degra- dation in the Rusine is I confess a difficulty. The Rusine type of antler prevailed in Pliocene times, and is a comparatively elementary state. Nevertheless Cervus dicranos, whose antlers are described by Boyd Daw- kins as “so complicated as to defy description,’ existed during that epoch, The question of the atavism of these Hog-deer antlers is an important one, and asit is notoriously difficult to assign a clear and true value to certain conditions which would entail the destruction of a fancied discovery, I shall first attempt to put in as strong a light as possible the opposite argu- ment to my view, vz, that the horns here described are accidental pro- ductions. It may be advanced: Firstly, that of four of the so-called tines only one, the bez, bears any resemblance to a well formed tine, and the fact of its turning down at the tip seems to point to an inherent tendency which the inner tine has (in this species) of curving downwards ; that it is in fact nothing more than the inner tine C arrested in its growth at the. lower portion of the beam. Secondly, that the so-called royal tine is on the inner side of the beam. Finally that the terminal bifurcation is due to a law announced by myself further on, that all terminal portions are capable of furcation. Other abnormalities doubtless exist in private collec- tions of horns and this paper, if it results in no further good, may possibly have the effect of leading to the description of some of these. The evolution of antlers in Ruminants appears capable of being brought under a theory of development. The honour of being the first to apply a definite law to the development of the horns of the Cervide belongs to the late Prof. A. Garrod, who published a paper on the anatomy of the Ruminants in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for January 1877. Garrod’s law may be most briefly stated in his own words. ‘“ What may be called the typical antler is composed of a bifurcate beam, with a brow-antler springing from the front of its basal portion. ‘These three parts may be termed A, B, and © as in the accompanying diagram (fig. 1.) “They occur, uncomplicated, in the genus, Rusa, in C. porcinus, O. axis and C. alfredi (fig. 1), On the assumption that most of the complicated many-pointed antlers that occur are the result of the exaggerated develop- ment of one or other, or both of the extremities B and OC, their special _ features may be explained. For instance imagine both B and C bifurcate, remaining of equal size, and we arrive at the condition found in Cervus schomburgki (fig. 2). C. duvaucelli differs in that B is extra developed at the expense of C (fig. 3). ....... Following out the ingeniots hypothesis of Mr. Blyth, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 835, C. eld only differs in the still greater development of the anterior branches of B (fig. 4). ....... In Cervus dama, and in the species included in the genus Pseudawis ...... a different condi- 7 46 J. Cockburn—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer. [No. 2, B c B G F , ¢ i 2 3 Bile c B B Le) B | A \ pe : Diagram of Antlers of Deer. tion obtains, B being greatly reduced and C correspondingly enlarged (fig. 5). In the Elaphine Deer this is carried further, the continuation of the beam C being divided terminally into many points (fig. 6). ...... With reference to the brow-antler A, it is evident that its duplication (the bez tine) is more associated with the actual size of the antlers than with any other peculiarity.” (This last assertion is by no means evident.) Although Prof. Garrod’s theory satisfactorily explains the development of a large number of Cervine antlers, it is powerless to explain the horns of the Elaphine those of Elaphurus davidianus, Oervulus, Coassus, Se. It is apparent that his so-called typical antler is already a complex organ possessing as it does 3 tines, while there are existing species of deer whose antlers never proceed beyond the condition of a simple spike, Coassus rufus for example. It therefore appears more philosophical to assume the typical antler to be a simple spike, a condition which all cervine horns exhibit in the first year’s growth. | Some months after the publication of Prof. Garrod’s paper on the anatomy of the Ruminants, Prof. Boyd Dawkins published a most im- portant paper in the Quar. Jour. of the Geol. Society (Vol. XX XIV—Read 19th Dec. 1877) “on the history of the Deer of the European Miocene and Pliocene strata.” The general conclusions he arrived at regarding the paleontological history of the development of antlers are given below in an abstracted form. ; } y 7 ; 4 j a alll _———_ = ao! a 1882.] J. Cockburn—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer, 47 “In the mid-Miocene age, the cervine antler consisted of a simple forked crown only. In the Pliocene it becomes larger and longer and altogether more complex, some forms, such as the Cervus dicranios of Nesti, being the most complicated antlers known either in the living or fossil state. These successive changes are analogous to those which are to be observed in the development of the antlers in the living deer, which begin with a simple point and increase their number of tines until their limit be reached.” More recently (Nature Nov. 1881) he has repeated the same generalization in slightly different language which I here quote, “ In other words the development of antlers indicated at successive and widely separated pages of the geological record is the same as that observed in the history of a single living species.” Boyd Dawkins regards the antlers of the extinct Procervulus, which is the simplest type hitherto met fossil, as the starting point of the antlered ruminants both in the old and new worlds. But the antlers in this genus were more or less branched, and bearing the existing Ooassus rufus in view, they can hardly be regarded as quite elementary. Considering the imperfect state of the Geological record it may be foretold that an antlered ruminant with simple deciduous spikes for horns will yet be discovered fossil. Prof. Dawkins has not attempted to apply his theory to an explanation of the horns of existing deer as Garrod had done, but Sir Vincent Brooke who published an elaborate paper on the classification of the Cervidae, with a synopsis of the existing species, in the P. Z. S. for 1878 p. 888, has fol- lowed Garrod’s theory closely. There is therefore room for an amplification of Dawkins’ phylogenetie law, which I would state thus, as bearing on both extinct and existing cervines. The development of the antlers of individual species of cervines is a recapitulation of the history of the development of antlers in the group. I would assume the typical antler to be a simple spike, as in Coassus rufus, capable of extensive furcation, reduplication, arrest and redundancy of growth in parts. In certain species the terminal portions of the main stem, when the limit of length has been reached, have a tendency to develop an almost unlimited number of snags, possibly referable to palmation of the horns in an extinct ancestor. This tendency is markedly manifest in Cervus elaphus and Panolia eldi and in a lesser degree in Rucervus.* I shall take up the development of the horns of the Wapiti, Oervus canadensis, to illustrate my theory. * The fine horns of Rucervus duwvaucelli figured by Blyth, P. Z S. 1867, fig. 3, show this character, and also a tendency to palmation. The horns are yet in the Museum. 48 J. Cockburn—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer. [No. 2, The growth of the antlers in the Wapiti has been carefully described by Judge Caton whose observations extended over a period of 15 years and included over 100 deer. The horns of the 1st year are usually spikes, a condition I illustrate by fig. 1. 1 2 3 4 The second antlers have both brow and bez tines, this condition I therefore regard as a double furcation, fig. 2. The third antlers almost invariably have the Royal tine, see fig. 3. The fourth and fifth year may or may not produce the sur-royal, fig. 4. The horns of Cervus elaphus and its numerous races are, I consider, the most difficult of comprehension in the whole group, and the above is I believe the first rational explanation of their development that has as yet been offered. Capreolus caprea and Elaphurus davidianus are both primi- tive types. In these two genera the primary bifurcation takes place on the beam at some distance from the burr. The development of the horns of Capreolus offer so admirable an instance of fureation from a simple beam, that the marvel is that the theory I have brought forward has not occurred to some one before. The horns of Hlaphurus davidianus which were a stumbling block to Prof. Garrod, who states that they were “ quite beyond his comprehension,” are easily explained by the same theory. The primary furcation takes place some distance up the beam, the forward branch (brow tine) subse- quently furcates again, while the posterior branch, which in the stag (H/aphus) has hitherto been considered the beam, remains simple tapering and pointed. It thus becomes obvious that superiority of growth in either the anterior or posterior branches of the primary furcation would constitute the main stem or beam. The tendency towards fureation of the anterior branch or brow tine is yet manifest in various existing cervines. In an extinct species of deer, Megaceros hibernicus the brow tine was constantly furcate at the extremity, and a tendency to this order of things is to be observed throughout the Rusine family.’ I would in this manner explain the studs and snags so commonly present in the brow tine of Aais maculatus. I observe that it exists in 8 out of 15 heads, and such being the case, it appears doubtful 1882.] J. Cockburn—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hog-deer, 49 whether it should not be rather considered the normal condition, and the typical antler of Garrod the reverse. In the majority of instances there is a small conical snag at the base of the brow tine, but in more than one specimen there is a double snag, and in one of these specimens the anterior snag measures 33 inches in length. The extreme of this form of development is to be observed in Panolia eldi where the brow tine has commonly 3 snags (trifurcate). It is of less common occurrence in Rucervus duvaucelli, and in BR. schomburgki exhibits the same type as in Megaceros, viz., a well marked fureation of the extre- mity of the brow tine. &. schomburgki has probably the most exuberant horns of any existing cervine. The Sambar of India, Rusa aristotelis, can, as a rule, be distinguished from other races by the circumstance of the tines B and C being of nearly equal length, and the posterior being set on immediately behind the other. It is thus in the same plane as the furcation at the brow. In the Assam and Burmese races the outer tine B is, as a rule, longer than B which is set on the beam in a transverse direction pointing inwards and upwards. It thus approaches the horns of Asis porcinus. I would throw out the ‘suggestion that as both these animals frequent grass jungles, the more or less transverse direction of the posterior tine has been produced through the resistance offered to the growing horn by the grass and that this cause operating similarly on both species through a series of generations has resulted in a permanence of the type. With reference to the horns of Panola eldi, an examination of a large series of horns in every stage of growth has convinced me that Prof. Garrod’s diagram is incorrect. (P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 16, fig. 4.) The tine C has no existence in the position assigned to it in any specimen I have seen. Horns of the 2nd year’s growth are in the form of a C without the top stroke. The next stage is furcation of the anterior extremity. Mature horns of _ PP. eldi often have as many as 9 or 10 small snags on the main beam, in additicn to a terminal furcation. This is particularly to be noticed in the Siamese race of brow-antlered deer named Cervus platyceros by Gray. Good figures of these Siamese horns are given by Blyth, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 841. The palmation of the extremity is evident (hence the name), and the numerous snags are, I consider, of the nature of the spillers in Dama and Alces. I cannot at present offer an explanation of these spillers beyond that already given. 50 J. Cockburn—On the habits of a little known Lizard. [No. 2, VIII.—On the habits of a little known Lizard, Brachysaura ornata.— By JoHNn Cocksurn, 2nd Assistant to Superintendent Indian Museum. [Received 26th January; Read 1st February.] BRACHYSAURA ORNATA. Blyth, J. A. S. B. Vol. XXV p. 448. Giinther, Reptiles of Brit. India, p. 161. Jerdon, P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 78. Stoliczka, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 77. Very little is known of this lizard. It was originally described by Blyth in the J. A. S. B. Vol. XXV from specimens procured by Dr. Jerdon at Saugar in Central India Dr. Ginther includes it in an appendix to the Reptiles of British India, and remarks that it is just possible that this animal may be recognized when re-discovered, but from the description alone it is impossible to characterize the new genus Brachysaura or to fix its position in the family of the dgamide. In the P. A. S. B. for 1877, Dr. Jerdon in his Notes on Indian Herpe- tology remarks that all his endeavours to procure specimens for a more minute examination of this curious form had hitherto failed and “ till some one with sufficient scientific proclivitios examines these districts we must rest satisfied with our incomplete information.” The type appears at this time to have been lost. In 1872, five specimens were procured in Kachh by that enthusiastic naturalist Dr. Stoliczka, and described in the Proceedings for May, 1872. During the last rainy season I found B. ornata excessively common in the vicinity of the town of Banda and was enabled to send more than twenty living specimens to the Zoological Gardens, Calcutta, as well as to present a series to the Indian Museum. The results of my observations show how much of interest there may be in the life history of a small lizard. There are certain anomalous sexual characters about this lizard, the females being larger than the males. The superiority of the female in size appears to occur irregularly throughout the province Sauropsida. The female of Sitana minor is a third larger than the male, but in Calotes versicolor the reverse is the case. In Brachysawra, which is closely allied to Calotes, not only is the female larger, but she is normally more brilliantly coloured than the male. Certain peculiarities in the behaviour of the females leads me to suspect that they seek and attract the males. In more than one instance I observed a female make decided advances towards a male. She sidled up to him in a most insinuating way, with a crouching wriggling motion and open jaws, and seized him by the nuchal crest. Dr. Stoliczka P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 72 remarks that the head-quarters of Brachysaura appear to be westward. This is not strictly correct, but even in ignorance of Stoliczka’s paper I fell into a similar mistake and in a q 1882. ] J. Cockburn—On the habits of a little known Lizard. 51 letter to Dr. Anderson, wrote, “ B. ornata appears to be essentially a Central Indian species. The black volcanic soil of these provinces seems its peculiar habitat. I, however, once (in 1873), captured a pair on the north bank of the Jumna at Allahabad near the mouth of the Sussor Kuderee, Sztana is plentiful in this locality, but I never found another pair of Brachysawra. It is unknown in the Duab, and the probability is that these individuals were the offspring of others brought down in some flood from. Bundlekhand.” It now appears likely that Brachysaura ornata will be found in arid tracts throughout the Gangetic provinces, from the confluence of the Jumna westward to the extreme limits of the Empire. It would appear to range with Psammophis condanurus, and Sitana minor. Its southern limit beyond Saugar is yet unknown. There are several points in which my specimens appear to differ from Dr, Stoliczka’s and I have therefore described the lizard anew. Brachysaura ornata, Blyth, ¢. A squat thick-set pot-bellied ground lizard, with a large head and short tail, Scales on the upper surface of body, limbs and tail strongly keeled, this character being less defined on the lower surface of the abdomen and thighs. The scales of the body are in nearly vertical series down the flanks, following the line of the ribs, and gradually inclining upwards in the direction of the costal cartilages on the ventral surface. Counted round the body at the 30th spine they are 55 in number in an adult. From the 1st nuchal spine to the extremity of the tail are 110 scales. A dorsal and nuchal crest of sharp spines is present in the male sex only ; the nuchal portion of this crest, composed of 9 scales, is most deve- loped, there is then a hiatus of 8 strongly keeled scales, when the spines again occur. They are continued in the form of a strong median series of keels to the tips of the tail. Total length. Head and body. Tail from to centre of vent. centre of vent. 6 #63 33 33 Q@ 52 36 15 (Imperfect. ) 2 . 335 2-42. The fore limb when laid backwards reaches the inguinal region, and the hind limb laid forward extends to the angle of the lower jaw, all four limbs are strongly keeled to the extremities of the digits. The keels are very strongly marked on the scales of the tail, so much so as to impart to it a polygonal appearance in its lower half. They dimi- nish in a binumeral ratio from 12 in number at the basal half of the upper third, to 6 at the extremity. No preanal pores have been observed. Head large, with a prominent and overhanging superciliary ridge composed of 8 inflected scales, counted between the nostril and the posterior 52 J. Cockburn—On the habits of a little known Lizard. [No. 2, margin of the orbit where it abruptly terminates. Nostril round, in a single large inflated shield, its position being immediately above the 3rd 12, R 12. PS MT The lips are thick and fleshy and there are two rows of scales, similar to the upper labials, covering the lip. Both upper and lower labials are perforated with pores varying from 1 to 5 in number on each scale ; the loreal region also exhibits these pores. The upper surface of the head requires minute description ; itis more or less covered with tuberculated and keeled scales. Beginning from the rostrum it will be seen that the 4th and 5th scales on the mesial line from this shield are tubereculated and enlarged into a rudimentary nasal appendage. The number of scales in transverse series at this point are 2 on each side, or, including the tubercle, 5 in all. In other specimens, particularly in females, this character may be described as a rosette-like group of tuberculated scales. These scales are not so strongly marked in immature specimens. Posterior to this region are the convexly prominent superior surfaces of the orbit, characterized by a deep mesial groove, and also covered with enlarged tubercular scales. In the centre of the vertical region, which may be defined by an imaginary line drawn across the head from the posterior termination of the super- ciliary ridges, is a large round scale with a central depression and white horny central point. Separated from it by a single scale are two small conical isolated spines, and a few enlarged keeled scales. Further beyond, on the posterior edge of the temporal region, are two groups of spines as in Oalotes. These groups are made up of from 5 to 7 elongate conical spines, a central spine being always more developed than the others. There is one other character of importance in the head. This consists of a ridged cheek piece of much enlarged and keeled scales which extends from below the hinder angle of the orbit to the tympanum, The number is not constant, and from 6 to 12qmay sometimes be found. The normal colour of the females consists of various shades of earthy brown, with three rows of rhomboidal or circular blotches—one median, which is the largest and extends down the tail, and two lateral rows of smaller size. The blotches have a pale straw or flesh-coloured edging. Females taken under sexual excitement are either wholly crimson, or crimson, with the exception of the back, which is dusky olive. The gular fold is deep black. In this stage the female does not exhibit any markings or blotches whatever, and at the least provocation or excitement becomes quite crimson. The prominent and pendulous abdomen in this sex is evidently connected with the stowage of ova. The males are normally of an uniform dusky brown. In this sex the blotches are not so well marked as in the female, and imuch smaller. ‘The and 4th labials. Labial formula, a 1882.] John Cockburn—On the habits of a little known Lizard. 53 flesh-coloured edging might in them be rather described as an interrupted flesh-coloured line. The general colour assimilates itself to the black cotton - soil which this lizard particularly affects. I have never captured a male in the crimson state, but have observed that they can assume a faint rosy tinge and also abright green. The males havea distinct physiognomy, slenderer bodies, but stouter limbs than the females. The tail is bulbous and thick at the base, with the usual sexual projection, and suddenly tapers. It is always a third longer than in the female. The gular sac is developed in both sexes, but is more massive and has a distinctive masculine outline in the male. These notes on colouration present the sexes in breeding livery, August and September. The tissue below the nuchal and dorsal crests would appear to be of an erectile nature. These crests I observed much developed in a male during a paroxysm of excitement when it acquired a distinctly arched outline. Many of the females when captured were entirely scarlet and evidently under strong sexual excitement. Their bebaviour is then remarkable and most amusing. A female under these circumstances twirls the tail, inflates her gular sac, and gives the body a peculiar wriggle. Brachysaura is a sluggish lizard. with a dull and heavy habit of body, -and grows much larger than any specimens I have sent to the Museum. Both B. ornata and Sitana minor are ground lizards, but I have observed them hanging in an awkward fashion from nearly bare stalks 34 feet above ground. Though both frequent the open by choice, their holes are usually at the roots of a Spurgewort (Cwlotropis) or a Bair bush (Zizyphus) ; a deser- > ted rat burrow is often used. ‘They do not seem to be very prolific, laying from eight to ten eggs, yet they are numerically abundant in certain spots ; for I captured no less than 50 within a mile of my house, chiefly on the Banda race-course. This lizard must be considered decidedly stupid. Large, and heavy specimens are hardly able to run, and in fact do not attempt it; but if pressed show fight with open jaws, actually leaping,at an offending object. It can give a sharp nip and holds ou like a bull dog. I am at a loss to conceive how Brachysaura maintains itself in such numbers against the numerous predacious animals that prey on lizards. The genera Corvus, Milvus, Poliornis, Herpestes, Felis, Canis, Ptyas, Naja, Varanus and a host of other enemies all abound in the localities where it is found ; Oalotes and Uromastix are an important item in the food of these animals, Sitana I have often observed impaled on a thorn by a Lanius. The only explanation I can offer is, that it has some objectionable flavour or poisonous protective quality which renders it secure from attack. I was in hopes that the experiment of offering one to some Raptor would have been made at the Zoological Gardens here, but the subject seems to have escaped attention. I may mention that the natives of Banda firmly 8 54 L. de Nicéville—Second List of Butterflies. [No. 2, believe this lizard to be poisonous and get out of its way at once; I was also informed that if eaten they would produce insanity. The circumstance of its feeding with impunity on insects that are themselves protected in this way seems in favour of this theory. The contents of the stomach of one I killed on purpose were, (1st), fragments of a small species of Julus ; (2nd), one small carnivorous beetle; (8rd), fragments of other Coleoptera. It is very easily kept alive, feeding readily on flies, grasshoppers and beetles, and all kinds of stinking bugs. These bugs and Julus have a pro- tective odour, and I have found all birds reject them. When caught or frightened this lizard emits a short but not unmusical squeak. The facully of voice has not been observed before in the Agamide. It appears to be nocturnal in its habits, and it is only in the evening, or when their holes are flooded, that they are to be seen in numbers. IX.—Second List of Butterflies taken in Sikkim in October, 1882, with notes on habits, Ye.— By Lionet DE Nice’VILLE. [Received 29th November ; read 6th December, 1882.] In the second part of this Journal for 1881, vol. 1, p. 49, I contributed a list of the Butterflies taken by me during five days collecting at different elevations in Sikkim in the month of October, and enumerated 129 species. This is but a very small portion of the Rhopalocerous fauna to be met with even in one month in the vicinity of the Station of Darjiling, as I therein indicated, and as the list that follows shews. The whole of the species now enumerated were not taken by myself, as I was accompanied on several occasions by Mr. Otto Moller (an enthusiastic collector, who has most generously placed the whole of his extensive collections of Sikkim Butterflies at Major Marshall’s and my disposal for examination in the preparation of our work on “ The Butterflies of India’’), and a party of five Lepchas, who make what they can by catching insects and selling them to visitors. These men were very glad to sell us what we wanted of the specimens they caught at a pice a piece ; especially as we told them that we required small species more especially, these latter, unless very bright- coloured, they never take any notice of. On two different days they took us to two parts of the same hill stream (“ Jora’”’), and shewed us their principal hunting grounds. These chiefly consist of open sandy spaces by the side of the stream which attract vast numbers of Butterflies to settle, and to suck up the moisture. In one place upon a large flattish stone near the middle of the stream, the men had put some sand and kept it i ] , T j J 1882. ] L. de Nicéville—Second List of Sikkim Butterflies. 55 watered, and it was surprising the numbers of Butterflies that came to their ‘trap’ and were caught. Judging from what I there saw, I am of Opinion that nearly all the Butterflies which are bought from the common Lepcha boxes at Darjiling are caught in this way, and in the low valleys averaging perhaps 2,000 feet elevation above the sea. Here Butterflies in immense variety literally swarm, and in one fine day a man can easily fill a box with large and showy species. For facility of reference I have repeated, with the addition of an asterisk, the names of all the species given in my first paper which we did not meet with on this trip, commencing the numbering of the fresh species at 180. The latter were all taken between the elevations of about 4,000 and 2,000 feet above the sea. The species that were met with on this as well as on the first occasion have no number prefixed, . LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA. Family NYMPHALID. Subfamily Danatna. Danais ( Parantica) aglea, Cramer. 130. Danais (Caduga) tytia, Gray. Danais (Caduga) melaneus, Cramer. Danais (Tirumala) septentrionis, Butler. In the neighbourhood of Calcutta D. limniace alone occurs, in Sikkim it is replaced by D. septentrionis, but at Simla and in the neighbouring hills and in many other localities both species occur together. 4. *Danais (Salatura and Limnas) chrysippus, Linneus. 5. Danais (Salatura) genutia, Cramer. : This is the D. plexippus of my former list. 131. Huplea (Salpine) rogenhoferi, Felder. One male only of this rare Butterfly was caught by a Lepcha. 132. Euploa (Salpine) rhadamanthus, Fabricius. ~ One male only at 2,000 feet. Euploa (Trepsichrois) midamus, Linneus. * Huploa core, Cramer. 133. LHuploa (Stictoplaa) hopet, Felder. One female was taken by a Lepcha. It is by no means a common Sikkim butterfly. Subfamily Saryrin a, 184. lwin-Austen Jour Asiat. Soc. Bengal. Plate : 1 | (ra! ther e INDIAN LAND SHE 4. Godwin-Austen, del. et lith Maclure & Macdonald Inip ‘Ss a og aX - ae i , ae . a 1882.] animals of various Indian Lind Mollusca (Pulmonifera). 69 OXYTES BLANFORDI. Theobald. Plate V, fig. 1. [Darjiling] (Stol. MS. drawing. No. 47.) Vide Nevill’s Handlist (1878) p. 48. No. 265, as Hemiplecta ? For notes on this genus vide last paper, J. A. 8. B. Vol. XLIX, L880, -p. 151. Oxytes, KoonpArnsts (Juv.?) W. BIf. Plate V, fig. 2. [ ? Young Kunderensis.] Stol. MS. Drawings, fig. 4. “ Botanical Gardens, Calcutta.”’ “Dull white, pinkish on neck and end of foot, small horn, sole not furrowed”’ (Stol.). Nanina Koondaensis, W. Blf. J. A. S. B. (1870), p. 16, Plate IIT, fig 12. from Sispara in Koonda Hills. South India. The young specimen now figured is referred to, as probably imported with plants from South India. It is said to be allied to N. endica, Pfr. and WV. Shiplayi, Pfr. I would remark that this species measures when fully grown 25:0 mm. in major diam. The drawing which is natural size is only 12:0, and possesses 5 whorls, which is the same number as in adult shell. There is certainly wrong identi- fication here. 1t has more the appearance of young serrula, Bs. a Khasi Hill form. MacROcHLAMYS TUGURIUM, Bs. “ Tuguriwm, Bs.” Plate V, fig. 4. [“ Darjiling.” (Stol).] fig. 22 of MSS. Drawings. In pencil by G. Nevill. “ Rotula fide Stol.” ‘Nevill’s Handlist (1878) p. 30, No. 94, as Nanina. The animal is described from this drawing as follows: “Tail very pointedly truncate with a nearly upright alae d large horn-like projection above; body of an earthy brown colour.” From the position in which this has been drawn, it would be ee to see either of the shell lobes. A specimen of tuguriwm, from Darjiling in spirit given me by Mr. W. T. Blanford, proved to belong to Macrochla- mys. Fig. 46 of these drawings, would represent this species, for the shell lobes are delineated, Mr. Nevill has written over this maznwaringiana in pencil; it is very different from fig. 21, also bearing this MS title. Bensonia (?) .MAINWaARINGI, G. Nevill, MS. Plate V, fig. 3. [“‘ Darjiling, Zubrica ?” (Stol.)] fig. 21 of the MS. Drawings. ‘This is the species referred to in Nevill’s Handlist, 1878, p. 49. No. 272, under Nanina (Bensonia?) n. sp. with the following note: “Perhaps better classed near WV. ¢uguriwm. From a drawing of Dr. 70 H. H. Godwin-Austen—Woles on and Drawings of the [No. 4, “‘ Stoliczka’s the animal appears to be of a brick red colour, witha pointedly “ truncate tail and remarkably developed nearly vertical horn above,—20 sp. “ Darjiling, coll. Dr. F. Stoliczka and Col. G. B. Mainwaring.” In the MS. book of Drawings, Mr. Nevill has written in pencil, “This is not Macro. lubrica ? is it Mainwaring: or an ally ? It is a species of Rotula, fide Stol.” Sub-Geuus RHYSSOTA, Albers, Die Heliam, p. 61, (1850). Type WV. ovwm, from Luzon. RAYssoTA CONFERTA, Pfr. Plate V, fig. 6. [“‘ Haughtont. Andamans. Animal dark brown reddish at the pedi- “cles. Mantle thick, greyish brown, freckled with white, body very rough, “ look like shielded ? (s¢c) pedal row very distinct and the elongated tuber- “cles whitish, basal edge pale greyish brown. ‘Tail gland distinct sur- “rounded by a swollen edge.” (Stol.)]. Fig. 88 (uncoloured) of MSS. Drawings. Nevill’s Handlist (1878), p. 46, places it in the Sub-genus Rhyssota, which I follow until an anatomical comparison shall be made with R. ovum the type of the genus by Albers. Nevill says (1. c.) “The ‘‘animal very closely resembles that of WV. ligulata,* in a less degree V, “ orobia the tail of which is less truncate &c., and some species of Ario- “phanta.” H. conferta, Pfr. P. Z.S. p. 828 (1856). Hab.? type in Brit. Mus. Compared with Andaman specimens by Mr. Edgar Smith and myself. HI, haughtom, Bs. A. M. N. H. Vol. XI, p. 87, (1863). H. chambertinit, Tryon, Amer. J. Conch. Pt. II, Vol. V, p. 109, Pl. X, fig 2 (1869). As Ruysota haughtoni by Theobald in Sup. Cat. Cone. Ind. (1876), p. 23. EUPLECTA ORNATISSIMA, Bs. Plate V, fig. 8. [Darjiling (Stol.)] Fig. 50 of MSS, Drawings. Placed in Sec. B of Machrochlamys by Theobald—but it has no shell lobes to the mantle. It is no doubt a close ally of HL. vidua, Blanford, described in J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 190, where he shows (taking subopaca from Ceylon as the type) how very similar if is in the odontophore and form of the animal to that species. To the list of species of Huplecta given on page 193, should be added partita, Pfr. from Ceylon, and I would add also camura, Bs. Darjiling ; tugurium, Bs, has I find from a spirit specimen give me by Mr. Blanford, shell lobes to the mantle, and will therefore come into the sub-genus Macrochlamys. * Vide J. A. 8, B. (1880) Pl, XI, fig. 3, a 4 < = = *% -1882.} animals of various Indian Land Mollusca (Pulmonifera). 71 Eupiecta ? camMuURA. Plate V, fig. 5. (Not named) [“ Darjiling, Stol.”] fig. 49 of MSS. Drawings, In pencil by Nevill. “1 think WV. camura.”’ In Nevill’s Handlist, (1878) p 380, No. 95. Nanina camura, Benson. *¢ Animal ashy-grey, no projecting lobe above the caudal gland ; sole doubly “and broadly margined. This mollusk precisely resembles NV. andica, to which it is evidently closely allied” [W. T. B.] 15, Darjiling, coll. Dr. F. Stoliezka and Col. G. Mainwaring. “1. Darjiling 7000 ft. Dr. F. Stolicezka. “Ina drawing which I take to be of this species there is a pointed horn- “like projection on the lobe above the mucous gland not so large, however, “asin LV. tugurium ; the tail is also more abruptly truncated.” This last description no doubt refers to this drawing fig 49, and William Blanford’s description from life does not at all agreeas regards the horn above the mucous gland, and we therefore cannot be at all certain what species has been drawn. EvupLecta ? crosset, Pfr. Plate V, fig. 10. [No Genus, “ Crossed, Singapur,” Stol.] Fig. 34 of MSS, Drawings. Nevill’s description of animal is probably taken from this drawing. Handlist (1878) p. 32, No, 111, as Nanina crosset, Pfr. “Tail abruptly truncate, gland relatively rather small, surrounded “ with a broad swollen margin ; it is evidently congeneric with WV. ligu- “ lata, the animal of which it closely resembles,’’ 20 sp. from Sinkip Island ex, col. J. Wood-Mason, 20 sp. “‘ Singapur, coll. Dr. F. Stoliczka.”’ Evrrecta? Plate V, fig. 7. [Pedina but query. Bombay (Stol).] Fig. 31 of MSS, Drawings, Evrrrecta? Species unknown. Plate V, fig. 9. [Kandale, Stol.] Fig, 18 of MSS. Drawings. Is this Khandala, Bombay? This carefully executed drawing repre- sents a very remarkable species. The very yellow colouring being character- istic and the mucous gland peculiar in form, there being scarcely any over- hanging lobe. It may be related to pedina, if from the Bombay slde. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Oxytes blanfordi, Theobald. Do. koondaensis, W. Ble. Rotula mainwaringi, G. Nevill MS. Macrochiumys tugurium, Benson. ' Euplecta camura, Benson, Rhyssota conferta, Pfr. Euplecta ? pedina, Fig 2 ee ee 72 H.F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. [No. 4, 8. uplecta ornatissima, Benson. 9. Do. unknown. 10. Do. crosset, Pfr. XII.—Some further results of sun-thermometer observations with reference to atmospheric absorption and the supposed variation of the solar heat. —By Henry F. Buayrorp, F. R. 8., Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India. [Received 28th December, 1882.] In 1875, I read a paper before the Society, in which I discussed the temperatures observed with the sun-thermometer, at eleven Indian stations, during the years 1868-1874, and arrived at the conclusion that the solar heat had undergone a rapid increase from 1868 to 1871, and a less rapid decline afterwards, up to 1874, . ; The data were discussed according to various methods, but that on which I chiefly relied, as taking count of the largest amount of data, and being the best calculated to exclude the disturbing influence of atmospheric variation, was to select days on which there was either no cloud, or on which the cloud canopy, on the average of the 10 a. M. and 4 P. m. observa- tions, did not exceed one-fifth of the sky expanse; and having taken the monthly averages of all the sun-thermometer readings on such days, to compare these averages for homonymous months at each station, in each pair of consecutive years. The months June, July, August and September were excluded from this comparison, inasmuch as, at nearly all the stations, the registers of which were discussed, these months are too cloudy to fur- nish a sufficient number of available readings. For the remaining months, the mean progressive variation of all the stations was taken, for each pair of years; and finally, the mean of the eight months gave the adopted varia- . tion for the consecutive years. : In order to ensure that such comparison should be valid, the investi- gation was restricted to stations, at which the same instrument had been in use in each pair of years compared, exposed in the same way, and on the same site. The curve of annual variation, resulting from these data, coincided, in a marked manner, with the sun-spot curve; but, in reality, striking as it was, this result was vitiated by errors from two sources, both of which tended to disturb and diminish the coincidence. One of these was the inclusion of the Silchar registers, which, as I afterwards discovered, had not been kept under similar conditions throughout ; so that those of all the earlier years gave too low a temperature ; and hence a marked énerease of insolation temperature, shewn by this station in the later years, (when, according to the general result, that temperature was falling,) was not real. The other, the effect of which was however small, was an error of method: © EE ~ 1882] H.F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. 73 the figures discussed were the actual readings of the sun-thermometers, readings which notoriously depend, not only on the intensity of the sun, but also on the temperature of the air; and it has been shewn by Koppen and others, that there is a cyclical variation of air temperature, of the opposite character to that disclosed in the curve, resulting from the regis- . ters of insolation temperatures. Hence it is at least probable that, the deduction of the air temperatures, and the discussion of the residual excess of temperature due to the solar action would have resulted in a curve of the same type, and of still greater amplitude. Since this paper was published, I have attempted to carry on the comparison of the insolation temperatures, from year to year, by a rough and ready method; but as I am now convinced, one of very precarious validity. In the first place, all sun-thermometers are compared before being issued, with a common standard, by actual exposure to the sun, side by side, for 30 or 40 days, and their registers are corrected for the differ- ences thus determined. All readings are recorded as excess temperatures (above those of the maximum thermometer in the shade), and in order to avoid the tedious process of picking out days of comparative clearness, I have taken simply the highest difference recorded at each station in each month, and the average of all these monthly maxima, as representing the solar intensity for the year. ‘This method is, however, open to many objec- tions, which I need not here specify; and I have therefore now reverted to my former method, (with one essential improvement), as the only one which is calculated to yield any trustworthy information, on the question of the supposed variation of the solar heat. In the present paper, which is to be regarded only as a first instalment, I have taken the registers of eight stations, representing a great variety of climates, and which fulfil the three essential conditions, that the register of each station is that of the same instrument throughout ; that it is exposed in the same manner, and also at the same place. Those of one and the same station are therefore as rigorously comparable in consecutive years, as can be ensured by the ordinary arrangements of our observations. The selected readings are those of days, on which the average estimated cloud at 10 4. mM. and 4p. m. did not exceed oneefifth of the sky expanse; and the figures compared, are those of the excess temperature, shewn by de- ducting the self-registered maximum shade temperature, for each day, from the reading of the masimum black-bulb thermometer in vacuo,* on the same day. It is unnecessary to give these first results in extenso. As an example of the data thus obtained for one year at a single station, I reproduce the following, which is a fair specimen of the whole: * Except in the case of Vizagapatam, where the thermometer is not enclosed in an exhausted tube, 74 H. F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. [No. 4, TaBLEe I.—Observed differences of shaded and exposed (blackened bulb in vacuo) maximum thermometers, and cloud proportion, at Allahabad during the year 1878 on clear days. Means. JANUARY. FEBRUARY. Marcu. APRIL May Cloud | £8] Cloud | & &] Cloud | £8] Cloud | £8] Cloua | £8 Propor- as Propor- aS Propor- aS Propor- aS Propor- as tion. | oS] tio. | oZ tion. | OU] tion oS] tion 53 ~ ~~ ~ ~ +» 5 ott ae a Pe mn © M as Q o- nN os wn os a iow s © lion lien) § 3 fioh.ien! & 3 fion.tish| $ 3 fon lien! 3 3 1 0; O}| 63:1] ... 0} O| 64-2 BB AD cna face ana 21501 0} GEOL. 0 | 0 | GaBReO | 0 | 642 coe Doves | one 3 0} 0 |: 650]... . fe 0 O | 52°6] ... var. t Hae : 4\ 0) 01 6G48f.0). 0.) 59°41 0). 0) 6Y8].. 0 }.,0 of aes pe os Oy} 4) GEER 0). 0) Gr'4 | Pe aes ; 6)40 | 0 | 6G297..: |... . O48 EZ Oh (Bee ce are Kailas op oa 0 1. 2b26) .. mee On £ : 8, 1] 0 | G42)... | >. ai Oo 2) Oat iyo |. sas Orie eee isk ON oe tae Ses, a ere 3 0| O|} 63°8 0\''@ : 10 a cre eT phe 0) O | 61°3 3 0 : 11 ‘tues ee Sn ee i Ot. 1 poe Oa : 12 o oes OF (0: |*70e 04 T | GOOR +. 1S: , Oe ie , 13 sald tats ee 0.|. ON bisies 1 0 | 59°44 .. oe soot ieee RY 14 eee 1). 0 | SieeeO |) 4) GOST us.) un sie, Mo wae | cake ; 15 ' 0O|\ 0 | 596m 2) 2 | 595] ... ; rm ae ‘ 16. |) 0 154°} 600105), 2 6h BaRa ..:.. das 04.0 ; ee, : cae Oe Oo) SOE... hase 04100 . lc Renae : ed Oh 2 SDS : a 07.0 : 19.4(.4144 0.) 607 a : ote og Ee : 07°. . 20 see * vee coe eee ee eee 1) y is TA 4 0 4 OOZES, | oes Re! | eae er “ee eres peer coo | es re Po soe std 0; O| 61°6 DY i Vie 23 bes A ake ee CR coc) ae AR ie eS: 5) PO Bg oem, 9 10 oa : 24: fl Baee UE Mie 8 es 4) (ROM ares ia Pattie th ace We OR ae 20) iss o oo 2 ees ee ARS Oe ile en Oe ee : : oak yes Uospan zen 0 0 ‘ 24) Ml acres ; aes a nace: Wt vais : oe ee 28 | ice 5 see 0} O'} S50 ... he a % oy ‘ 29/} O|} O| 594 ge 0; O|} 583 ; 0| O : 30} O| O|} 62:5 a O| O} 58:4 : > 1.0 ’ 381| 4! O|} 642 O|} 2| 584] . = a | 0 12) 5 : aye: | Mee eee fe OS: Meme meer par cde), Mr mses fee "Gi ew | aes : * There seems no reason to question this reading. A little rain had fallen the previous evening. JUNE. SEPTEMBER. OcToBER. NovEMBER. DECEMBER. i 1882.] H. F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. 75 Cloud | &.8] Cloud | £8] Cloud | £8] Cloud | §.8] Cloud | & 8 , Propor- a8 Propor- as Propor- a8 Propor- as Propor- Fh g tion. oS tion. o's tion. oy tion. oS tion. oy ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | ; Aa fA m- a 7 4 2 oD oD oD oo oo 4G |lOhj16éh/ 2 3 flohji6éh| 2 5 floh|16h| ¢ 3 lOh 16h) FS floh|6h| Fs ca) es <3 ad aT; SP 1|} O| O| 57-4 i ae . | 0! 1/640] 0! O| 590 | O} O| 64:5 LO eee + .. | 0} 0| 60:3] 0} O| 601 3| 0} O| 643 Sok ns Poet (Ga Ooby O:|- 41-38. . 2 17.6 | 5o5 4/ 0!] 0| 536 . | 21 0] 58-4 eS 0} 2] 59°4 5! 0O| 0] 539 2 Ler 16 ? ad 21 0 ? 6| 0! 0O| 53-7 .. | O| O| 558 a) OP Ft '53°3 . 0} O|} 561 8| 0! 0O| 53-4 cep Of}. OO) S56R or fr of of soe eee 2 he 2, .. | O| 0] 566] O| 0] 588] 0| O| 58-6 1} 0} 4!| 585 .. | O| O|] 5711 O| O| 5951 O| O| 58-7 11 / 4] 0| 63-4 ..{ 0} 0| 576] 0] O|} 581] O| 0} 629 12} O| 2| 521 . | O| 0/| 5741 0} 0] 598] 0} 0] 62-9 IS See oe . 1 0} 0/589! O| O|] 586] O| O| 61-1 14/} 0| 2] 540 ge, Bes | GEE SOR SS On.BF SE: Ol (0 | 68-9 mae | lk Met ital lack Ol (6 P69 Sr..0s) 0.) 644 16} 0] 0| 514 eo NP LB es 1s OF OP ORC O | 0K) 64 7) 0| 4| 539 .. | 1| 1/ 61:2] 0] 4! 606] 0} 0} 608 i re hoe io | SBOn Ls TS 218 Oa ees 19| O| 4] 548 sa Oe) COUP BOR. PA. ORO) FOr ees - ES es a) 30M SRB FSP et 8. ea ee ree eke 21| 0|} 0O| 50-9 . | O| 0] 567] O}| O| 59:2] O| 0! 644 0 \ A .. | O] 0] 5761 0}] 0] 595] 0] O| 648 23 i . | O| 0} 5907 O| Of 55:2] 0} O| 651 24 1|} 2/667] 0} 0/595] 3] 0/} 606] 0] 0O| 63-0 25 . | c.f O}| 01 59:4f 0! 0} 600] 0} O| 619 26 : .1| 0] 0/|] 601] 0} O|] 613] 05 0O| 68:1 27 ve | oe | O] O| 6CO57 O| O| GOO] O| O| 63:5 28 «41 O} OVGEVSE LP} Oo) 597|° 0 | O!| 640 29 ; oS) 666) v.44. | 0! 1/664) 0] oO | 62:8 30 ie ok) Seer OF 1 Ga2r 0 | 0 |60-6 31 : et Pager ae ; ae é | | 53:6 i af 58 3 | | 603 | four Peshawar, being situated in a very dry region, affords sufficient com- parable observations for every month of the year ; Jessore and other stations, within the reach of the heavy monsoon rains, do not afford a sufficient number of valid observations from June to September, and these months are accordingly excluded. Allahabad and Sirsa hold an intermediate place. The mean value for each month of each year, obtained from such data as the above, is given in the following Table (II) for each station separately. 11 76 4H. F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. [No. 4, Taste II1.—Monthly mean values of the excess of sun over shade tempera- tures at eight stations. i B | 8 a/ 81a] ¢ 2 5 © ® ais |6 | 8 9) o Zi om) (| 1875 | 843] 38-1} 81:2| 29:1] 25°4) |. 27°6| 31:0| 36°4 A 76 | 34-6| 373] 31:0] 268] 297] ... a 31:3| 35°7| 326 g| 77 | 282| 27-1] 276) 28:1] 28:5] ... ‘3 28'3| 32:4) 322 8 78 | 82:6| 23-9] 21°7| 22°6| 21:0]... x 27°9| 32°8| 318 a 79 | 800] 28:1] 26:1) 21:9} 23-4]... 263) 26:0| 27°8 & 80 | 25:0| 25°8| 223] 20:8} 21°8| .. . we | 26°7| 28°3| 270 i 81 | 26:1| 24-9} 22:1] 20°8| 21°3] .. i ove | 28:9]. 27° | BRT Mean | 30°1| 292| 26°0} 243) 24°4 soe). ape | BEL). 20% | BE f 1876 | ? P P | 59°6} 59°5 see | vee } 66°5| 68:9) 65-2 77 | 648 631 597) 60°5| 59:9 a 2 57°3| 48-7 78 | 507| 60:3} 536, 56°8| 56:1 i ... | 602] 59°7| 61:4 4 58'8| 56:9} 53°8| 52:0} 53:1 66°5| 57:1| 53°7| 53°7| 55°2 548 | 543} 52°9) 53°9| 523 57 6| 59°4| 58-2 602) 599) 55:8 561) 57:1\ 55:7 Sironcha. 571! 66°3| 547) 56:1) 56:0 ? P ee ? 4 62°8| 63:°9| 62°5| 62°0| 60°0 62:°0| 62°7) 61:4} 60:1) 591 58:3| 60:1| 58:2) 56°4| 548 57:0| 56°7) 55°2| 54:5} 64°8 55'8| 568] 566} 562 | 54°7 ww. | 601) 604) 57°5 ai vs . | 61°6| 61:4, 61°7 +s ae .. | 604) 599) 638 s 57:0| 55°4) 585 ans .. | 57°9| 56°7| 56°6 sine we | 65°7) 559} 55°7 oe | 667) 55°9| 55:8 Bombay. 59:0} 60:0) 58°8| 57°8) 56°7 ? ? ? e ? 55'0| 55'7| 55°0| 53:4) 54°3 54°9| 57°8| 57°0| 543) 53:1 56°0| 58°9| 52°2) 53°5| 56°9 w. J 68:2) 57-5} 58:6 56°7| 56°5| 546 ... | 640] 58°2] 60-0 ~~ | 699) Soy ore -- | 565] 576) 551 Jessore. 55°3| 55°8| 54°7| 53°7| 548 p ? if ? P 54°1| 55:2} 56:0) 55°0| 56°6 58°8| 57°6| 56:4) 60°4| 56°7 59.3| 57:0} 56:7 57°5| 55°2| 54°4 59°2| 576| 58:2 57°7| 557) 549 Hazaribagh, ——A_ eee, Ne, eo eee a 5 9 5 a es) ~T Or i a ene 78 | 57-0| 541] 55:3} 55°8| 58-0 58°8| 57°8) 57-2 49 | 66:5| 579) 57-0) ? ? Mean | 566} 562| 56:2| 57:1] 57-1 | 58:3] 56°6| 56°2 1876 | 62°6| 62 2| 600| 565] 52:6) 53-1 . | 59:0! 596] 611 , 77 | 59°5| 63:2} 597] 58°3| 561] 53-2 ... | 58°5| 58°6| 605 € 78 | 624| 60°8| 61:3] 60°4| 58 4] 536 . ». | 583) 603] 61-7 — 79 | 60°7 | 60 4| 59°8| 58°5| 57-9] 56:8 oo. see) O88 | GOS GR S 80 | 59°5| 603] 56:4] 55°8| 581] 57:3] 57:0; 58:1] £7°7 - 81 | 588) 57:4) 58°0| 563] 56:4] 588 Mean es fe: 59:2) 576] 566] 55°5| 1. | we | oe | 585) 69°41 603 F. Blanford—Some further results of the sun-thermometer. 1882.] H. 77 1877 .. ) 64:0) 61°6| 61°7| 61:2) 57:0) 56:1| ... | 57:5) 59°8| 67-9| 5993 78 | 61:4| 63°5| 62°7| 64:2] 61:0] 56:9| 57:8 ... | 59°2| 593] 60°0| 607 a 79 | 61:3| 622] 63°6] 62°6| 61:5| 56°8| 59:9) ... | 60°5| 58°7| 62°2| 60°0 4 80 | 60°'1| 60°2| 61:9} 61°9| 60°4| 57°9| 59°8 .. | 62°4| 599] 58°7) 69°1 a 81 | 610! 61:9| 66°6| 63:2} 60°5| 59°4) 63°3 62°1| 588] 60-7} 59°0 Mean | 60°9| 62'4|,63°3| 62°7| 609| 57°6| 59:4) ... | 60°38!) 59°3| 59:9] 59°6 ra H Pe % Po * 2 | 2 2 f | a |. | ee; 2/4818 PLS ETE el] g lS] el e]3 78] 8 (2) Sins ORES Oe, ai gh ace at ot haem gles ie eS Ditto. ditto, Indexeie our ean ccdme es occa wic aieiora bole ates bide oar Catalogue of Books and MSS. in kena bie, Paeen: ‘and Und, eae ex The Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. I. Translated into English, with notes and indexes, by H. BlochmanWyeer Bo, /6s.2\ . \dbg aes ck eeeen | The Prosody of the Persians—By H. Blochmann, M. A., ...... The Tabaqat-i-Nagiri. Translated by Major H. G. Raverty, LOASC.S ta: < Soe antes in cen el aw PER kak of cate Sia Sete Aborigines of India, by B. ee Hodgson, Esq., B. Gr Biscvis-seuban ¢ RBS. AS, — o> Of OfCO Now Complete. HISTORY OF THE BIRDS OF Ss kanar Parts I To TL. By Caprain W. V. LEGGE, 8. a., 5. ‘L. 8. Royal 4to., pages xlvi. 1237, which 34 plates iS epttedang and a Map. Complete in three parts, price £2 each, In this work the geogra- phical range, habits and nidification of each species is fully worked out. Intending purchasers should communicate with the Be whose address is Aberystwith, Wales. r , a % ”- WE.) — JOURNAL OF THE || ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, Vol. LI. Part I, Nos. II & I1I,1882. | EDITED BY | 3 Tue | NaTuraL FlistorY pECRETARY. vA The bounds of its investigation will be the geographical limits of Asia: and within these limits its inquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by man or produced by nature.’—Sir WitLiam Jonzs, *,* Communications should be sent under cover to the Secretaries, Asiat. Soc., to whom all orders for the work are to be addressed in India; or, in Lon- don, care of Messrs. Triibner and Co., 57 5 59, Ludgate Hill. AR NAR een rn nn CALCUTTA: PRINTED BY J, W. JHOMAS, AT THE PAPTIST MISSION PRESS, AND PUBLISHED BY THE PSIATIC SOCIETY, 57, PARK STREET, | T 3 sf FE 52 5.5 7 — Ce __- Price (exclusive of postage) to Subscribers, Rs. 1-8.—To Non-Subscribers Rs. 2. Price in England, 4 Shillings. Issued December 30th, 1882. CONTENTS. VI.—Some new or rare species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera from the Indian regions—By Mason G. F. L. Marsuart, Page | = pat? aa - ee oe” | “7 4 2 ra Bo BS CWith Plate WN Ak i ee 2 oe Gig 4 V1I.—On an abnormality in the horns of the Hoy. eon Asie cone | nus, with an amplification of the theory of the evolution of — antlers in Ruminants.—By Joun Cocxsunn, Offy. 2nd Asst. to Supdt. Indian Museum, Caleutta,.. sae 45, VIII.—On the habits of a little known Lizard, Br Sica Oriati: —By Joun Cockgurn, 2nd Assistant to Calbia Indian Musewm, ........ ra. BOs IX.—Second List of Butterflies Pere in n Sitleim & in 5 Ondiber 1882, with notes on habits, §¢.—By Lionen DE Nice’vi01%,... sae BAL Now. Complete. “HISTORY OF THE BIRDS OF CEYLON. Parts I ro III. By Caprary W. V. LEGGE, z. a, & 1. 5. Royal 4to., pages ales 1237, which 34 Bisbee by Keulemans aud a Map. Complete in three parts, price £2 each, In this work the geogra- AS: phical range, habits and nidification of each species is fully worked out. Intending purchasers should communicate wie the eds whose address is Aberystwith, Wales. | Pa oe es) ee _ | Pe ee ee ee ee ee * CONTENTS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PART (PT. II.) OF THE - JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL FOR 188]. No. 1, Gina Apsil 30th, 1881.) Report on a visit to the Nongyang Br on the Burmese Fr ontier, February 1879. (With Pls. VITI—XI TI). j By S. EB. Peau. On the Identification of certain Diamond Mines in India, which were known to and worked by the Ancients, especially those which were visited by Tavernier. With a note on the history of the - Koh-i-nur. (With two Woodcuts).— By V. Batt, Geological Survey of India. List of Mollusca from the Hills between Mari and Tandiani. —By _W. THropatp, Depy. Supdt. Geological Survey. A list of BurYERFLIES taken in Sikkim in October 1880, with notes on habits, Se.—By LioneL pu Nice’vinte. List of Ear thquakes recorded in Assam during the years 1879 and 1880.—By the GoverNMENT oF Assam. (Title, Contents, and Index te Vol. XLIX, 1880.) No. 2, (issued July 30th, 1881). On the relations of cloud and rain- silt to temperature in India, and on the opposite variations of density in the er he and lower atmospheric strata —By H. F. Buanrorp, Meteorological _ Reporter to the Government of India, Description of a rain-gauge with __ evapometer for remote and secluded stations. (With Pl. XV).—By H. F. - Bouanrorp, Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India. On some e Eatidopiorow Insects belonging to the Khopalocerous Genera Euripus and Penthema from India and Burmah, (With Pls. III and ILV).—By J. Woov-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Musewm, Calcutta. On the Voles (Arvicole) of the Himalayans, Tibet, and Afghanistan. (With - Plates I and I1).—é4y W. T. BuanForp. On Myospalax fuscicapillus, SF paste (With part of Pl. I1).—By W. T. Buanrorp. No. 8, (issued October 22nd, 1881). New or little known Mollusca of o7 “Indo-Malayan Fauna, (With Plates V, VI, VII).—By Grorrrey - Nevitre, A sketch of tha history of the fossils of the Indian Gondwana , system. —By OrrokaR FEIsStTMANTEL, Palgontologist, Geological Survey of India. Additional note on the identification of the ancient diamond mines visited by Tavernier.—By V. Batt. List of Diurnal Lepidoptera : eine the Nicobar Islands. (With a Woodeut)—By J. Woop- Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta, and LioNEL DE - Niow’vitie (With a Woodcut). No 4, (issued December 21st, 1881). Note on an apparently unde- ‘scribed Vavanus from Tenasserum and on other Reptilia and Amphibia. (With Plate XV1).— By W.T. Buanrorp. Second List of Rhopalacerous Lepidoptera from Port Blair, Andaman Islands, with Descriptions of, and Notes on, new and little-known Species and Varieties. (With Plate XIV and part of Plate IV).—By J. Woop-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta, and LIonEL DE Nice’vinir. Deser iption of & new Species of Rostellaria, from the Bay of Bengal.—By Gworrrey Nevitt. A numerical Estimate of the species of Animals chiefly Land and Fresh-water hitherto recorded from British Isles and its Dependencies. — By W.'T. Buanrorp. Description of a new species of the Lepidopterous Genus Kuripus from North-Hastern India, (With part of Plate 1V). —By J. Woov-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta. PUBLICATIONS -FOR SALE AT THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, — No. 57, Park Street, Calcutta. Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, from Vols. XII to XVII (1843 - to 1848) ; Vols. XIX to XXII (1850 to 1852) ; Vols. XXVI, - XXVII (1857; 1858), and Vols. XXXIII to XLVIII, (1864 — to 1881). . | a Asiatic Researches, from Vols. VI to XI and Vols. XVII to XX, CACHING. So iste'e s:c ek o'y. oR MEM ble ERS bile.ois pre thie wa ties pete th eee ee Ditto dgpo TnGer Hs Sacee elacs gee ke tend oath od od aa a 5 Catalogue of Books and MSS. in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu,...... 1 ~The Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. I. Translatedinto Hnglish, with notes and — indexes, by GH sBlochmann:: MICAS) 6 as cv aging sien va Roam ule The Prosody of the Persians.—By H. Blochmann, M. A., ...... 5 The Tabaqat-i-Nagiri. ‘Translated by Major H. G. Raverty, _ LAVAS SRE say AS a aie toh ea bet acy 267 b 0", tele Sie heriace ah wlatareral's gee deen ee Aborigines of India, by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., B. C.S.,.....,535. 8 Cie Gab OSS THE BUTTERFLIFS OF INDIA, BURMAH AND CEYLON. _ | cae? “By ngs f Mason G. F, L. MARSHALL, R. E., AND. LIONEL pre NICE’/VILLE. A descriptive handbook of all the known species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera inhabiting that region, with notices of allied species occurring in the neighbouring countries along the border ; with numerons illustrations. my | | Vol. I, Part i, is now available at the Publi hers, containing Glossary of Tech- — nical Terms, Notes on Collecting and Preserving, Synopsis of the Families and Sub- families, and detailed descriptions of all the Danaine, with one coloured plate, nine autotype plates, and four wood engravings. Price, Rs. 6. aus Part ii, which completes Vol. I, is now passing through the press, and will be available in about three months; containing the detailed descriptions of all the Saryninz, Elymniine, Morphine and Acreine, with eight autotype plates, and nine or ten wood engravings. Price, Rs. 8. PERS Nes athe . The book will be completed in four or five volumes, the remaining volumes to be issued as prepared. The exact period of publication cannot be guaranteed, nor the precise cost of the total work, but every effort will be made to complete the publication within three years at the outside, and to keep the cost within Rs. 60 for the entire work, whe PUBLISHED BY THE CALCUTTA CENTRAL PRESS COMPANY, LIMITED, 5, Councit House STREET, — aah eats NEW SERIES. VOL. LI. CELT - JOURNAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. | VOLT: Part II, No. Iv .—1882. | | Jue Nlavunar fiisrony Secreray, —S - = Sea'eNe ‘eeeeaa in « The bounds of its investigation will be the geographical limits of Asia: and | { within these limits its inquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by man or produced by nature.”—Sir WILLIAM JoNEs, #,,% Communications should be sent wnder-cover to the Secretaries, Asiat. Soc., _ to whom all orders for the work are to be addressed in India; or, in Lon- don, care of Messrs. Triibner and Co., 57 SF 59, Ludgate Hill, -~_—- CALCUTTA: PRINTED BY J, W, THOMAS, AT THE PAPTIST MISSION PRESS, AND PUBLISHED BY THE ASIATIC SOCIETY, 5J, PARK STREET, 1883. — ed Lae. igs Price (exclusive of postage) to Subscribers, Rs. 1-8.—To Non-Subscribers Rs. 2. Price in England, 4 Shillings. *% Issued March 1st, 1883. CONTENTS. ac ane ee Page X.—A new Species of Hipparchia (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera) From the N. W. Bet ar ae —By Mason G. F. L. Mar- | SHALL, R. E.. Cais Westets 67 XI.—No. 2. Wotes a on eo Dracine of ‘be aninate ofon various Indian Land Mollusca (Pulmonifera).—By Lr.-Cou. H. H. ‘Gopwin-AustEn, F: R. S., F. Z. 8., de. (with Plate V.)... 68 XII.—Some further results of Sun-thermometer observations with reference to atmospheric absorption and the supposed vari- ation of solar heat.—By Henry F. Buayrorp, F. R.S., Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India......... 72 Now Complete. "HISTORY OF THE BIRDS OF CEYLON, Parts I ro III. e By Captain W. V. LEGGE, z. a, F. 3.8. aval Ato., pages xlvi. 1237, with 34 plates by Keulemans and a Map. Complete in three parts, price £2 each. In this work the geogra- phical range, habits and nidification of each species is fully worked out, Intending purchasers should communicate with the author, whose address is Aberystwith, Wales. © 4 — 2s eC -7™ ; “ae = or 3 es ea i ‘ + Fay’ WT, iy & | : ge ‘(as a hy ee gese © Ba teries'. im y Bs" 2 ~ z x “e 2 ! isd ; 7 ' ee CONTENTS E ‘ ‘ ~~ roe ay ‘ ‘ . OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PART (PT. Il.) OF THE JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL FOR 1881. ee No.1, (issued April 30th, 1881.) Report on a visit to the Nongyang EB: Lake, on the Burmese Frontier, February 1879. (With Pls. VIII—XIII). —By 8. E. Peat. On the Identification of certain Diamond Mines in India, which were known to and worked by the Ancients, especially those which were visited by Tavernier, With a note on the history of the Koh-i-nur. (With two Woodcuts).—By V. Batt, Geological Survey of India. List of Mollusca from the Hills between Mari and Tandiant.—By _ W. Turopaxp, Depy. Supdt. Geological Survey. A list of BuTTERFLiEs taken in Sikkim in October 1880, with notes on habits, §c.—By LioNEL DE — Nice’vitte. List of Harthquakes recorded in Assam during the years 1879 and 1880.— By the GoveryMeENT oF Assam. (Title, Contents, and _ Index to Vol. XLIX, 1880.) — No. 2, (issued July 30th, 1881). On the relations of cloud and rain- fall to temperature in India, and on the opposite variations of density in the higher and lower atmospheric strata.—By H. F. Buanrorp, Meteorological _ Reporter to the Government of India. Description of a rain-gauge with _ evapometer for remote, and secluded stations. (With Pl. XV).—By H. F. - Branrorp, Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India. On some Lepidopterous Insects belonging to the Rhopalocgous Genera Euripus and _ Penthema from India and Burmah. (With Pls. III and IV).—By J. Woop-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Musewm, Calcutta. On the Voles (Arvicole) of the Himalayans, Tibet, and Afghanistan. (With Plates I and Il).—By W. T. Buanrorp. On Myospalax fuscicapillus, | Blyth. (With part of Pl. I1).—By W. T. Buanrorp. | ean ip No. 3, (issued October 22nd, 1881). New or little known Mollusca of the Indo-Malayan Fauna. (With Plates V, VI, VII).—y Grorrrey _ Nevints, A sketch of the history of the fossils of the Indian Gondwina system.—By OTTOKAR FEISTMANTEL, Paleontologist, Geological Survey ‘4 of India. Additional note on the identification of the ancient diamond ite mines visited by Tavernier.—By V. Baw. List of Diurnal Lepidoptera inhabiting the Nicobar Islands. (With a Woodcut).—By J. Woop - Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta, and Lionrt DE _ Nice’yitte (With a Woodcut). No 4, (issued December 21st, 1881). Mote on an apparently unde- : sevibedeVoranus from Tenasserim and on other Reptilia and Amphibia. (With Plate XVI).—By W.T. Buanrorp. Second List of Rhopalacerous Lepidoptera from Port Blair, Andaman Islands, with Descriptions of, and Notes on, new and little-known Species and Varieties. (With Plate XIV and part of Plate 1V).—By J. Woop-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Caleutta, and Lionen dE Nice’vinun. Description of a new Species of Rostellaria, from the Bay of Bengal. By Gno¥rrrey Nevitn. A numerical Estimate of the species of Animals chiefly Land and Fresh-water hitherto recorded from British Isles and its Dependencies. — By W.T. Buanrorp. Description of a new species of the Lepidopterous Genus HKuripus from North-Eastern India, (With part of Plate IV). —By J. Woop-Mason, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta. PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE AT THE -ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, No. 57, Park Street, Calcutta. Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, from Vols. XII to XXI (1843 to 1851); Vols. XXVI, XXVII (1857, 1858), and Vols. XXX, XXXIII to XLVIII, (1861, 1864 to 1881). Asiatic Researches, from Vols. VII to XI, XIII, XVII, XIX and XX, each at Be gral CRG atcianwtw Rist bd Wei Gia lore a h'blaied ois Ree 10 DRC OCCIGHOS LIOR Gs Sid ase a Wis tae via 6 ctwale'< lew inva s cos at pide oo cn nee Catalogue of Books and MSS. in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu,...... 1 The Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. I. Translatedinto English, with notes and &> indexes, by. Ht. Blochmann, My 2A.) ve isc. ess sb eiea bes sie ore The Tabaqat-i-Naciri, Translated by Major H. G. Raverty UE TASC Ergo otra 0:5 lath mtu dyy are a atin >, uo sheehe ha ac ale aie ml Sea Aborigines of India, by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., B. C.S.,.....,055. 3 CO fpf oOf9CO THE BUTTERFLIES OF INDIA, BURMAH AND CEYLON, BY . Mason G. F. L. MARSHALL, R. E., . AND . LIONEL pe NICE’VILLE. A descriptive handbook of all the known species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera inhabiting that region, with notices of allied species occurring in the neighbouring countries along the border ; with numerous illustrations. . Vol. I, Part i, is now available at the Publishers, containing Glossary of Tech- nical Terms, Notes on Collecting and Preserving, Synopsis of the Families and Sub- families, and detailed descriptions of all the Danaing, with one coloured plate, nine autotype plates, and four wood engravings. Price, Ks. 6. Part ii, which completes Vol. I, is now passing through the press, and will be ~ available in about three months; containing the detailed descriptions of all the Saryvrine, Elymniine, Morphine and Acreine, with eight autotype plates, and nine or ten wood engravings. Price, Rs. 8. . The book will be completed in four or five volumes, the remaining volumes to be issued as prepared. ‘The exact period of publication cannot be guaranteed, nor jthe precise cost of the total work, but every effort will be made to complete the ruc within three years at the outside, and to keep the cost within Rs. 60 for the entire work. PUBLISHED BY THE CALCUTTA CENTRAL PRESS COMPANY, LIMITED, 6, Councitn Hovsz SrTReEeEt, Pbee nity a r 4 ( | ee ae a a ll OR te anil Sat ee rm A A A i ly ee e ee ee a 3 S : “ - Aon coer a ee Demet A a te