3 1924 066 284 708 ■ ¥ • ‘V r " . ' A r ft. o Kj y ‘ .■ ■ * t 't j f. ■ / -’^A. 5 *- * * #• . * jfu: ' O-'.-i' •\ - < ! '•< • • ' < •t ' :■ •,•<•'* » / #• JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL VOL. LV. PART I. (History, Antiquities, &c.) (Nos. I TO III. — 1886 : with 9 plates.) EDITED BY JhE J^HILOLOGICAL jSECRETARY. ** It v/ill flourish, if naturalists, chemists, antiquaries, philologers, and men of science in different parts of Asia, will commit their observations to writing, and send them to the Asiatic Society at Calcutta. It will languish, -if such communications shall be long intermitted ; and it will die away, if they shall entirely cease.” Sir Wm. Jones. CALCUTTA : PRINTED BY J, W. THOMAS, AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS, AND PUBLISHED BY THE ASIATIC SOCIETY, 57, PARK STREET. 1887. T f ^ .‘r f I\ , 1 ^ -v uf Vi." » I n- ■*• « ■%. , ;,i* •r /. j fe ( CONTENTS OF JOURN'AL, ASTATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, Vol. LV, Part I, FOR 1886. Pane No. I. Some Copper Coins of Akhar found in the Kdngrd district. — Py E. E. Oliver, M. I. C. E., M. R. A. S., &c., (with 2 Plates),... 1 The Antiquity^ Authenticity and Genuineness of the Epic called The Prithi Raj Rasa, and commonly ascribed to Chand Barddi. — By Kavi Raj Shyamal Das, .M. R. A. S., Poet Laureate and Member of the State Council of Mewar, . . 5 Notes on the Chittagong Dialect. — By F. E. Pargiter, B. A., C. S., . . . 66 Birthday of the Emperor Jaldluddm Muhammad Ahbar. — By Kavi Raj Shyamal Das, M. R. A. S., and F. R. Hist. Society . . . 80 • No. II. The Decline of the Sdmdnis and the Pise of the Ghaznavis in Md- luard-un-Nahr and part of Khurdsdn. — By E. E. Oliver, M. I. C. E., M. R, A. S., (with three Plates), . 8 Place-names in Merwdra. — By R. S. Whiteway, B. C. S., Ajmer, 136 On a Collection of South Indian Coins. — By Captain R. H, C. Tufnell, Madras Staff Corps, (with two Plates), . 157 No. III. Note on some of the Symbols on the Coins of Kunanda. — By W. Theobald, Esq., M. R. A. S., . 161 The Mind tribe of Jdjpur, in Meioar. — By Kavi Raj Shyamal Dass, M. R. a. S., F. R. Historical Society. Translated by Babu Ram Prasad, . 169 Coins supplementary to Mr. Thomas^ “ Chronicles of the Pathan kings of Delhi. ” No. IV. — By Chas. J. Rodgers, A. M., A. S. B., &c., (with 2 Plates,) . 183 Buddhist and other legends about Khoten. — By Babu Sarat Chandra Das, C. I. E., . 193 r i ■ m r i K ■ %. K 1 'V r \ i ■f !f' ' >. 1 » ' tT t. / I A « -» ■ • ,, i /‘t 4 LIST OF PLATES IN JOURNAL, ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, Vol. LV. Part I, FOR 1886. Pis. I — II (pp. 1 — 5). Copper Coins of Akbar. Pis. Ill — V (pp. 127 — 135). Coins of the Samanis, Gliaznavis, Khans of Turkistan, Governors of Sijistan, Buwaihi, and Mahmiid of Ghazni. Pis. VI — VII (pp. 157 — 160). South Indian Coins. Pis. VIII — IX (pp. 186 — 191). Coins supplementary to Mr. Thomas’ “ Chronicles of the Pathan kings of Delhi. ” LIST OF ERRATA IN JOURNAL, ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, Vol. LV, Part I, FOR 1886. Errata in Babn Sarat Cbandra Das’ paper, Buddhist and other legends about Khoten : Paee 194 line 11, for “ Sramanas ” read “ Dharmapalas.” 55 55 55 16, 55 195, 55 25, I5 2, 55 55 55 55 55 196, 55 23, 55 55 55 31, 55 197, 55 2, 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 19, 55 55 55 25, 55 198, 55 10, 55 55 55 16, 55 55 55 22, 55 55 55 34, 55 55 55 37, 55 55 55 55 55 199, 55 I5 55 200, 55 2, 55 55 55 13, 55 55 55 15, 55 55 55 25, 55 201, 55 2, 55 55 55 31, 55 202, 55 34, 55 203, 55 5, 55 55 55 II5 )tn( >> J5 5J )) n )) )) )) (( )» jampo Ching “ Dongma ” “ Lhodal ” “Bathdi” “ Chan dan Choni” “ Ganda ” “ Kooli ” “ Chandana Choni ” For Salana read Salanu throughout the paper. )) J5 J) ) J )) J) n >) >) >) >) )) )) >> jj >> jj j) )j 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 5J 55 “ Chhale ” “ Sramanas ” “ LiWlden ” “ from ” “ Shel-chhale”, Srideni ” „ “ Vairochana ”, “ Manj ” “ Ghumatir ” ,, “ Yyayayasa “ Suhha ” 55 55 55 “ Satu ” “Vairochana”,, “toan” “ Srang-toan-,, 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 “ Chhab.” “ Dharmapalas.” “ Lha-lden.” “ five.” “ Shel-Chhab.” “ S'ridevi.” “ Vairachana. ” “ Manju.” “ Ghumtir.” “ Vijaya Yasa.” “ Simha.” “ S'atru,” “ Vairachana,” “ tsan. ” “ Srang-tsan- gampo.” “ Cheng.” “ Dongmar.” 55 “ Lhopal.” “ Bande.” “ Chandan Cho- vo ” “ Gandha.” “ Kaoli.” “Chandana “ Cho- va. viii List of Errata. Errata in Mr. Theobald’s Paper on some Symbols on the Coins of Kunanda, J. A. S. B., 1886, p. 161. Page 163, line 14, for ‘ upper ’ read copper. 165, „ 21, „ ‘ upper ’ ,, copper. 166, „ 13, „ ‘cut’ ,, end. 169, » 16, » ‘ carp ’ ,, loop. JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. Part I.— HISTORY, LITERATURE, &e. No. I.— 1886. Some Gopper Goins of AJcbar found in the Kdngrd district. — Bg E. E. Oliver, M. I. C. E., M. R. A. S., &c. (With two Plates.) While on tour last cold weather as I was just leaving the Kangri. Valley a haniyd from Chintpurni, a village on the boundary line separat¬ ing the Kangra from the Hoshiyarpur district, brought up to my camp a large bag of the copper coins of Akbar, numbering several hundred. All had been found together and were in excellent preservation, the lettering and ornamentations being almost as sharp as if fresh from the mint. Al¬ though struck at widely distant places and considerably differing dates, the larger portion of them could hardly have been long in circulation. They might not improbably have formed a part of one of the bags of 1,000 paisa which Bernier says, in Aurangzeb’s time at least, were kept ready for distribution, and have been sent up to the valley for the payment of troops during one of the Mughal expeditions under Jehangir or Shah Jehan, and have lain hid away ever since. A selection of 90 or 100 of the best resulted in the following list of mints and months, and from these again I give in a couple of plates some 30, which may be of interest in continuation of recent papers on similar coins by Mr. Rodgers in the pages of this Journal. ILAHt ” YEARS. Nos. Wt. Month. Mint. Year. SI'S. ^ r Ob. 1 312 Farwardin A^ak Banaras 41 j 318 .. 40 it it 2 E. B. Oliver — Some Coj)per Coins of Alchar found in'Kangrd. [No. 1, Mint. Nos. Wt. Month, on PL in grs. 319 Farwardin Gobindpur 14 319 2 315 Ardibiliist Dehli 518 318 3 314 Kliurdad 316 Year. Bairatab Multan 47 Obv. 45 )) j) 1a^ if DeliH G obindpur 38 Obv. 35 4x 41 4x a 11 11 Lry 11 11 11 6 7 Debli Fatbipur Gobindpur Sambbal 314 „ Lahore 322 Sbabrewar Gobindpur 4 320 Tir 315 „ 319 ,, 5 318 Amardad ( Obv. 4.^ I ^ 1 ” ( ( Bev. Pd c5t * ^ 44 3 44 Obv. *rtj^ 317 Mibr 8 318 Aban 316 15 11 it Debli Gobindpur Delhi Sabaranpur 4x 4x Obv. t Obv. C Rev. 39 45 Obv, .A' 11 ^1a^ 38' Obv. 41 ii >> »# «• «• 11 *c 9 326 Azar (? Sirsa Banaras) 45 Obv. Rev. Fd C5t^t jif «• 321 average of three others. 316 „ Lahore 37 Obv, 10 316 Di Lahore 39 Obv, 11 315 „ Debli 4x »> It 11 Gobindpur 4x 11 318 Babman Atak Banaras 40 11 If 316 „ Multan 38 11 II 317 „ Lahore 38 11 11 317 „ Gobindpur 46 11 12 318 Isfandaramuz Debli 45 11 11 318 „ Bariatab 45 11 II 319 „ Lahore 41 11 If 13 320 Zarb Sirbind 41 If 11 318 (average of 4) Mubr-i-Ilababas 31 11 If 35 ( Obv. 316 (average of4)Urdu-i-Zafarkarin 37 < 39 (.Rev. Lsh^f 1886.] E. E. Oliver — Some Copper Goins of Ahhar found in Kcingra. 3 Nos. Wt. on PI. in grs. Mint. 16 317 Falus Allaha Akbar. Daru’l khilafat 987 < Year. j r Obv. Td 987 . ( '•Bev. ^ ^ 1 «jAV 17 318 Zarb falus Akbar (abad ?) 981 >> 18 313 Falus Hazrat Dehli 988 >> 1 Obv. 986 \ 19 321 Zarb falus Darn’s Saltanat Fathipur 987 j V ^ Rev J A A kl A S A 1 20 320 Falus Daru’l khilafat Jaunpur 986 ti 21 315 Zarb falus Daru’l khilafat Agra C 977 (989 »> 320 Zarb falus Daru’l khilafat Lakhnau 987 320 Zarb falus Daru’l khilafat Akbarabad 977 i> 319 Zarb falus Daru’s Saltanat Lahore • 987 M 22 318 Sikka falus zarb Bakhar 98 j i 23 314 Sikka falus zarb Kanauj 987 ») 318 Sikka falus zarb Ajniir 982, 983, 987 f) 991, , 993 »> 24 318 Zarb falus Sherpur 982 »> 25 319 Zarb falus Miratb 987, 989 1 316 Zarb falus Alimadabad 980 323 Zarb falus Narnol 962 34 (average) ditto, 963, 964, 965, 966, 969, 977, 986 318 Zarb falus Urdu Zaferkarin Alif 27 320 Falus Daru’l zarb Patnah 28 316 Zarb Sirhind >> >) »> f) >» 318 Zarb Baldah Sirhind 29 322 Zarb falus Daru’l Islam Doganw 320^ (average) 980, 981, 986, 987, 992, 986 987 987 >> 987 ' Obv. 1 Rev. OAftit J fObv. 98 j 992,^ 1 ^Rev. 4 E. E. Oliver — Some Copper Coins of Alihar found in "Kdngrd. [No, 1, Tlie whole are struck as falus or ni7n tanJcahs, the average of 90 coins weighed by me being 318J grains ; several exceeded 320, in one case touching 326 grains. Some of the mints, 28 in all, exclusive of two unread, are new to me, or are variants of known mints, and one or two I have not been able to identify. Possibly some of the more experienced contributors to this Journal may be more successful. Akbarabad, Mirath, Narnol, Fathipur, Sherpur, Gobindpur, Bairatah, Deogir, Doganw, and (? Sirsa Banaras) are not mentioned by Abul Fazl in his list of mints given in the A'in. Daru’l Saltanat Fathipur is, however, presumably what he refers to as “ the seat of government,” (Daru’l Khilafat) Akbarabad is of course the Muhammadanised name of Agrah. Narnol or Narnaul was well-known for its copper mines and is very common, but I do not remember seeing Mirath mentioned as a mint of Akbar’s before. Sherpur may not improbably be the town in the Bogra district, Bengal, referred to both in the A'in and the Akbar- nama as an important frontier post, and usually called “ Sherpur Mur- chha” to distinguish it from another Sherpur in Maimansinh. Raja Man Singh, Akbar’s Hindu General in Bengal from 1589 to 1606 is said to have built a palace here, and have used it as a centre for military opera¬ tions in Southern Bengal. In 1660 it finds a place in the Dutch Government maps under the disguise of ” Ceerpoor Mirts.” Of Gobin- purs there are two or three in Bengal, now insignificant villages. The name, however, survives in certain fixed divisions and in a mart in Gaya, that may formerly have been of greater importance. Bairatah or Bairat, General Cunningham takes to be Virat, the capi- ' tal of Matsya or Gujarat, where Hindu legends make the five Pandus spend their exile from Dilli. As Bairatnagar the old city was deserted for several centuries, but probably repeopled again in Akbar’s time. It too was always celebrated for its copper mines and is mentioned in this connection by Abul Fazl in the A'in. Deogir, the Daulatabad of Mu¬ hammad bin Tughlaq, is variously called in the A'in by both names and as Dharagarh, but whether during Akbar’s time, or at any rate prior to 986, the date of this coin, it had any right to be termed Daru’l Khilafat may perhaps be doubted. Daru’l Islam Doganw I have so far altogether failed to identify. Comparing some dozen coins there seems no reason to doubt the reading to be as above, and the prefix “ Daru’l Islam” points to a place of some importance. The dates of the coins in my cabinet extend over 12 years, or from 980 to 992 A. H. The termination ganw or gaon was common, and we have Satganw, Panchganw, Chalisganw, Chittagaon, Sunargaon, Lohgaiiw, Deoganw and numerous others mentioned in the Ain and the Journ., As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LV, Pt. I, for 1886, PLATE I. PHOTOZINCOOHAPHBD AT THB SnBVBY OP INDIA OFPICT59, OADCUTTA, JANUARY 1986 COPPER COINS OF AKBAR. i^i.7 * , - ■ • a Journ., As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. LV, Pt. I, for 1825. PLATE II. PHOTOZHTOOOBAPUBD at TITB eUBVltT of INDIA CFFIOPe, CAHiCOTTA, JAN7ART 1886 I « I 1 5 1886.] Kavi Kaj Sbyamul Das — On the Prithi Raj Rasa. the Akbarnama, but I have not been able to trace any mention of a Doganw. No. 9. (? Sirsa Banaras) is quite open to other readings, and I only offer this tentatively. I have not found any mention of such a place. Atak Banaras and Katak Banaras we know, but did Akbar ever christen any place Sirsa Banaras ? It will be noticed the falus struck at Narnol commence from the year 962 A. H. or a year before Akbar’s accession, but the only inscription is “ Zao'h falus Ndrnol ” and the coinage at this place may possibly have been continuous from the time of Sher Shah to whose copper issue these pieces bear a marked likeness. It is perhaps not a little curious in connection with this one find that it should have included specimens of the whole twelve Persian months from Parwardin to Isfandarmuz, in many cases of several mints. The Antiquity, Authenticity and Genuineness of the Epic called The Prithi Kaj Kasa, and commonly ascribed to Chand Barddi* — By Kavi Kaj Shyamal Da's, M. K. A. S., Poet Laureate aiid Member of the State Council of Mewar. This famous Hindi epic — generally believed by scholars! to be the work of Chand Bardai, the court bard of Prithi Kaj Chauhan, and describing the latter’s history from his birth to his death — is not genuine, but was, in my humble opinion, fabricated several centuries after Chand’s time, by a bard or bhat of Kajputana, to show the greatness of his own caste and of the Chauhans, who had come to the province from other parts of the country, and were not held in great esteem by the Princes of Kajputana. The poem appears to have been composed by some literate bard of the family of Kothdria or Bedld Chauhans, to prove that they were related to the kings of Kajputana ; the author chanted the praise of ■ * [The author wishes it to be stated that this paper was written by him in Hindi, and translated into English by Munshi Earn Prasad. Ed.] t Mr. Beames snpi^oses the ‘ Poem ' to be the ‘ earliest work of Hindi Poetry’ ; in the Journal A. S. B. [1873, P. I., No. 1, page 167] we find “ Chand is the earliest poet in the (Hindi) language.” He also says that it was written about A. D. 1200. [In. Ant. Vol. I.] Had the poem been actually composed by Chand, the learned gentleman’s suppositions would have been correct ; but it was written comparatively later on, as I shall show in the following pages ; and several Hindi poems written earlier than the ‘ Easa ’ exist : e. g., the ‘ Eamayaa ’ of Tulsi Da.,— the ‘ Eae Mul Easa.’ 6 [No. 1, Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the Prithi Raj Rasa. the Princes of Mewar in high terms, with a view to persuade them to connive at the facts and admit the narrative to be true, so that the Princes of the other Rajputana States might also be led to believe it, as really happened. The author ascribed the poem to Chand Bardai, and did not men¬ tion his own name, as he was afraid he would not be believed. I. There is not the least doubt that the epic was composed in Raj¬ putana (or by a poet of the Province) as it teems with terms and ex¬ pressions commonly used in the poetry of this Province, and not found in that of Braj Bhasha or any other eastern dialect of India. In the opening stanzas of the poem we have (a.) W Adi Parva, 2nd Chhappai Chhand. (6.) sft i II A. P. 4th Bhujanga-prayati. In these lines the words ” and ** ” belong to the poetry of Rajputana. (c.) In the dJchet chuh canto occurs the couplet— ^ I ^ ll 5th Chhappai. Here means ‘ to kill treacherously,’ a sense in which it is never used in any other part of Hindustan. In the Journal A. S. B. referred to in the preceding footnote, p. 175 Mr. Beames says : “ Chand always puts an anuswara to the last syllable ' of his words when writing Gatha. He seems to be under the impression that by doing so he is making them into Sanskrit.” But this was not the author’s meaning, he intended to turn the style into Magadhi or Bhala Bhasha, as poems composed three hundred years ago, were written generally in that tongue. The author had not himself studied the language, but had apparently heard of some Magadhi poems, and to make his own composition appear ancient, he used anuswdras ; but unfortunately the words thus framed were neither Magadhi, Hindi, nor Sanskrit. It is plain from his use of anuswdras that he was totally ignorant of Sanskrit. Only a few examples are cited for shortness’ sake ; thousands of expressions could be quoted from the poem that are found only in the poetry of Rajputana. Any intelligent Hindi poet on devoting atten¬ tion to the poem would find it to be wholly in the style of the poets of Rajputana who compose two kinds of poetry : — (1.) In the Marwari dialect, called Bingal. 7 1886.] Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the Prithi Bdj Bdsd. (2.) In the Braj Bhasha and other Hindi dialects, called Pingal in Rajputana. [The literal meaning of ‘ Pingal ’ is a “ Treatise on Prosody.”] All kinds of verses are in reality habits, bnt the term is restricted here to two, viz., Chhappai* and Manoharan ; in like manner the poetry of Braj Bhasha came to be called Pingal in the Rajputana phraseology. Pingal is written always in one and the same style — but the poets of Rajputana mingle the idioms of Pingal and their native expressions in Pingal : hence the poetry of this Province bears no resemblance to that of Agra, Delhi and Beuares &c. provinces. It should be remembered that there is some difference between the poetical and colloquial dialects of Rajputana. The poem is thus proved to have been composed in (or at least by a poet of) Rajputana. II. The Prithi Raj Rasa was not written in Prithi Raj’s time, or by Chand, but later. I shall prove this first by quoting passages from the poem, and then refuting them. The dates and eras given in the poem are for the most part incorrect : e. y., the year of Prithi Raj’s birth is given as follows : — ■ (a.) \ ^ ^ if U I. 46.t Translation, In the auspicious year 1115 of Yikram’s era was born Raja Prithi Raj to take his enemy’s territory, (5.) A little further on we find the following : I Cv vJ \ ^ I « ^fl I vj II *■ Lit. a verse having six feet. t [The references given by the author being to MSS. in his own possession and not accessible to the public, have been corrected in accordance with the complete list of the cantos of the Prithiraj Rasa given by me in Proceedings A. S. B. for 1872, p. 62. Ed.] 8 Kavi Raj Shyamal Dds — On the Frithi Fdj Bdsd. [No. 1, 1 Tlf^ I ^ n i ^ f 'Slf^ W f^NTsr I) 'O ^fx #W VT^T I nriTW %W (I ^ ¥r KJi I ^=RT?: ffr^r v*jr ii I. 53. This Chhand describes the horoscopic announcements at the birth of Prithi Raj ; Translation. 1. Raja Somesar Dev (the father of Prithi Raj) sat in a darbar and called the astrologers before his presence. 2. He said to them “ give an account of the birth, destiny, and pursuits of the infant there reigned joy as soon as (the assembly) heard the lucky moments of its birth. 3. The Sam vat was 1115, the 3rd day of the dark fortnight of Baisakh ; = 1115 ; according to the Dehli-dipak Nyaya — — a poetical license, the term in the middle of and applies to both, making and Dehli-dipak, lit. the light on the threshold which illuminates the inside as well as the outside of a room. 4. It was Thursday, Siddhi Yoga,* and Chitra Nakshatra ;t the Guru or spiritual preceptor named the child with great cheerfulness. 5. One ghati (24 minutes), 30 pals, and 3 amsas had elapsed of the Usha Kal (the interval of four ghatis immediately preceding sunrise) when the infant was born. 6. Jupiter, Mercury and Venus were in the tenth mansion ; and the consequences of Saturn being in the eighth mansion were given. 7. The Moon and Mars were in the fifth mansion ; Rahu was in the eleventh, which means the annihilation of the wicked (enemies). 8. The Sun was in the twelfth mansion, which meant the child would win great glory, and be able to trample down inveterate foes. (c.) In the same Chhand, the astrologers have prophesied the age of Prithi Raj to his father Somesara Dev in the following terms ; — fcr^ I II ’’ * A division of a great circle measured on the Ecliptic. (J. A. S. B. Vol. 9, p. 365.) f A star-asterism. 1886.] Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the PritM Raj Rasa, 9 Translation. In the Kali Yug he would be a protector of the earth for forty-three years — in other words he would enjoy the age of forty-three years. (cZ.) Again, there is a chhappai chhand, called Kahit by the poets of Rajputana, describing the adoption of Prithi Raj by his maternal grand¬ father Anang Pal Tun war king of Delhi, who had no male issue : — ^ f?r ^ 1 rii II ^ #fT ^ I ' 'j ^ ^ ^ iTfr TTf%=fT II \J \J vj W5T rT^r ii XVIII. 31. Translation. (1.) It was Samvat 1138, and commencement of the season of Hemant (winter) — and the bright fortnight of the propitious month of Mag sir. (2.) It was the 5th day of the lunar half — Thursday complete in all its parts — the moon of the ominous Magsir Xakshatra complete in all its phases — Sidhi Jog, which is a wholesome dose of aromatic powder. (3.) King Anang Pal made over his kingdom to his daughter’s son with a cheerful heart ; he renounced all sorts of enjoyments, viz., comforts of the body and gratifications resulting from females and their company — and went on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Badri Nath. (e.) Again in the Madho Bhat Katha. ^ ^ VT I fit Xl^ II XIX. 65. Translation. 1. Bohd — Prithi Raj became king of Delhi in S. 1138 ; hearing this Sultan (Shahabuddin Ghori) ordered martial music to be struck. 2. Aril — (Prithi Raj) Chauhan became king of Delhi in S. 1138. This hero is worthy of giving currency to an era in his own name, although he is not Vikram. The stern rule of Prithi Raj is current. 10 [m. 1, Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the PritJii Raj Rasa. (f.) Again, the date of the battle gained by Kaimas, who is still famed as a wise Rajput among the servants of Prithi Raj, over Shahab- nddin Ghori, is thus given : — II XLIY . 3. (^) I I (^) ^ ^ I (8) WRR litR I f^%T— f^JT tjIr II ib. 14. Translation. (1.) In S. 1140 ('^=11 in Astrology) — on the 1st of Chait Badi — Sunday, when it was Paushya Nakshatra, Shahabuddin Ghori encamped his army. (2.) In S. 1140, on the date of Chait Badi, when the moon of the 2nd day had risen [it seems that and fell on the same day> therefore is mentioned], Shahabuddin invaded (Hindustan) and reached the Panjab. (3.) He had with him three laks of cavalry, and three thousand mad elephants : he travelled by marches, and proceeded with a howl towards Juggini or Delhi. (4.) The brave warriors rejoiced in heart, but the cowards trembled on hearing of battle : Minister Kemas who gave him (Prithi Raj) counsel, and a great warrior Ohamand sat close by him. (y.) Again, (x) ^ I WT II (^) QTfTR— I ^R? ^R fR VTR II (^) I ^RR ^R II XLIV. 38. Translation. (1.) In S. 1140, on Monday the 11th of the dark half of Ghait, the Chauhan (Prithi Raj) stood in arms ready for battle. (2.) The Sultan divided his army into five detachments, the 11 1886.] Kavi Raj Shyamul Das — On the PritM Pdj Pdsd. Chaulian also made five sections of his own forces, the young soldiers hastened to the battle-field like demons and gods. — (3.) Chand saith 0 people of the world hear! — a kind of poison in the form of anger shone forth from the forehead* of warriors. The foremost warriors joined in battle, and one watch passed between them, e., the battle between the parties lasted for one watch (nearly = 3 hours). (h.) Again, The canto describing the six seasons has. II LIX. 84. In S. 1151, on Sunday the 3rd of Chait (Badi ?) the Lord of Sambhari started to see Kanauj. (f.) Again, The canto narrating the last battle between Prithi Raj and Shahdb- uddin has tr® (\) 1 II Ttr ii LXIV. 63. Translation. (1.) In S. 1158, on Saturday the Kark Sankranti, half the month of Shrawan having passed, (the battle took place) . (2) . On the ( Amavasya) fifteenth day of the dark half of Shra¬ wan, an auspicious day — the sun having risen for two ghatis — was the first fury of the forces of the two Religionists (Muhammadans and Hindus) the meeting of the heroes intent on battle. (y.) Again, we have on p. 1, leaf 380 : {\) # ^'fr— I WT II (^) I * f Some MSS. read here— but it does not matter whether we read or — both are incorrect. [The readings in Tod’s MS. differ much from those given above. — En.l 12 [No. 1, Kavi Raj Shyamal Das — On the Prithi Pdj Bdsd. V '/ '3 ^fX— II Translation. (1.) 0 n Wednesday the first of the bright half of Shrawan in S. 1158. (2.) (When it was the) Vajra Jog Rohiiii Nakshatra Karn Balaw, and Taitil in addition : six ghatis remained of the last watch, — and one ghati and 5 pals had passed of the first day (pratipada). (3.) The news of the battle spread very easily and the day was very unfortunate for Delhi. The battle took place in such a manner that it appeared as if the goddess of wealth (^. e., Lakshmi) fought with Saraswati (the goddess of talents). [The rivalry between them is well known in the Purans — if one of them favours a person, the other will not care for him — i. e., a learned man is seldom seen to possess riches, and a rich man is seldom a man of letters.] The Sun also stayed to witness the action. I have done with quotations — all of which have been ascertained by comparing the several MSS. of the poem in our library which are the same as that of Bedla. Only one Samvat would have sufficed, but I thought it advisable to adduce several passages of Samvats, so that no one might argue that it might be a mistake of the scribe, and I hope the readers will thus be satisfied that no such error was committed. III. Now, to discuss the Samvats found in the foregoing quotations. (a.) We must note the year when Prithi Raj fought with Shahab- uddin Ghori, and the time when he ruled over Delhi. The ‘poem ’ gives us S. 1158 as the year of the battle. But there is only one correct answer, viz.y that Prithi Raj fought with Shahabuddin in the Panjab in S. 1249 = A. D. 1193, and ruled over Delhi before that time. The reasons given below will testify to the truth of the statement. The author of the ‘ Tabaqat Na9iri ’ (written in A. H. 602 = A. D- 1205 = S. 1262) writing about Shahabuddin says : — “ Shahabuddin Ghori took Multan in A. H. 571 (= A. D. 1175 = S. 1232) ; and came towards Naharwara in A. H. 574 (= A. D. 1178 = S. 1235) via Urcha and Multan ; he encountered the forces of the Raja 13 1886.] Kavi Raj Shyamal Das — On the PritJd Bdj Rasa. of Naliarwara, Bhim Dev or Basil Dev by name ; the Sultan’s army retreated and he returned without success. He took Lahore from the descendants of Sultan Mahmud in A. H. 577 (= A. D. 1181 — S. 1238). “Ill A. H. 578 (= A. D. 1182 = S. 1239) the Sultan came to¬ wards Deval and seized the maritime districts — ^he obtained much booty. “ In A. H. 580 (= A. D. 1184 = S. 1241) he again went to Lahore and plundered the whole territory ; imprisoned all the descendants of Mahmud and built the fort of Sialkot ; created Ali Karmakh (who was the Commander-in-chief of his forces) Hakim (Governor) of Lahore, and Sirajuddin Minhaj (the author’s father) was appointed Qazi of the troops stationed in India. “In A. H. 587 (= A. D. II9I = S. 1248) he took the fort of Sirhinda and entrusted it to Qazi Ziauddin who was a cousin of the author’s maternal grandfather. The Qazi garrisoned the fort with 1200 men to guard it till the Sultan’s arrival. But Rae Kola Pithaura had approached and the Sultan arrived as well ; all the Rajas of Hindustan were on Pithaura’s side. The Sultan attacked Raja Govind Rae of Delhi who was seated on an elephant, and knocked down two of his teeth with a lance. The Raja threw a stone that severely wounded the Sultan’s arm who was supported, while falling down from his horse, by a Khilji soldier, and all the Sultan’s men took to flight. “ Rae Pithaura beseiged Qazi Tolak in the Port of Sirhinda, the battle was continued for thirteen months. “ The Sultan returned to Hindustan to take vengeance. The author heard from Muiz-uddin, a trustworthy person, that the Muham¬ madan army on the occasion consisted of one hundred and twenty thousand cavalry. “ Before engaging in battle, the Sultan divided his army into four separate detachments, and ordered his men to shoot arrows from all directions, and to give way when the elephants and soldiers of the enemy (Hindus) made an attack. “ The Muhammadans defeated the Hindus by acting up to his will and order ; God granted victory to the Sultan and the heathens fled. “ Pithaura descended from his elephant and gallopped ofl the field on horseback instantly ; but he was captured in the land adjoining the Saraswati, and sent to hell (killed) . “ Govind Rae of Delhi was killed, whose corpse was identified by the Sultan who had himself broken two of his teeth in a former battle. “ Delhi, Ajmere, Hansi and Saraswati were annexed to the Empire. This victory was gained in A. H. 588 (= A. D. 1192 = S. 1249) ; the 14 [No. 1, Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the PritJii Bdj Rasa. Sultan appointed Qutb-ud-din Aibak in charge of the Fort of Kahram, who took Mirath and Delhi, and also the Fort of Kol in A. H. 589 (= A. D. 1193 = S. 1250). “ The Sultan proceeded to Kanauj and Benares from Ghazni in A. H. 590 (= A. D. 1194 = S. 1250-1251), and repulsed Raja Jaichand near Chandawal \ more than three hundred elephants formed part of the booty. “ Qutb-uddin conquered Naharwara, Kalewa, Badaon and many other districts. “ God willing, an account of these battles will be written in the Fath Qutbi (a book that seems from the title to give a history of Sultan Qutb-uddin Aibak).” Now, the year 587 A. H. corresponds to A. D. 1191 = S. 1248. „ 588 „ „ A. D. 1192 = S. 1249. This shows the battle between Shahabuddin and Prithi Raj Ohauhan, and the latter’s death, to have occurred in S. 1248-49 ; that is about 90 years after the date mentioned in the ‘ Prithi Raj Rasa.’ (S. 1158,) Although the author of the ‘Tabaqat Na9iri ’ was a foreigner, he could not have committed mistakes in the dates, if he did in names. The 2nd Vol. of the ‘ Abul Fida’ [written in A. H. 700 = A, D. 1300 = S. 1356-57, originally in Arabic, and afterwards translated into Persian and Urdu] narrating Shahabuddin’s advent into Hindustan, states briefly the events that happened in the years A. H. (586, 587, 589) and does not mention anything about Prithi Raj’s battle ; but the existence of Shahabuddin Ghori is proved to a certainty from the narra¬ tive, and all the later histories available uniformly mention S. 1249 (= A. D. 1192-93) for the battle between them. The time of Raja Jaichand and Shahabuddin having been ascer¬ tained and settled, there remains no doubt as to that of Prithi Raj, seeing he was their contemporary. Having done with the testimony borne by books, I now proceed to refer to stone Inscriptions found in Mewar, and some copper-plate grants (given in the Journals of the Society) that all go the same way'. Inscription* I. This Inscription exists in the village of Bijholi in Mewar, about 100 miles from the capital, on a rock under a Mahwa (Bassia latifolia) * The Sanskrit texts and translations of the Inscriptions referred to in this paper will bo found in the Appendix. 15 1886.] Kavi Raj Shyamal Das — On the Prithi Bdj Pdsd. tree, close to tlie wall, to tlie north of the tank at the shrine of Parswanath’ It records the grant of the village of Rewna by Somesvara Dev, the father of Prithi Raj ; and was executed by a Mahajan in S. 1226 = A. D. 1169. This shows that Prithi Raj could not have lived or died in S. 1158, = A. D. 1101 as mentioned in the ‘Rasa.’ The Inscription concludes the genealogy of the Chauhans at Someswar Dev ; this shows that Prithi Raj (his son) had not ascended the throne when the Inscrip¬ tion was placed in Phalgun Badi S. 1226. hiscrijption II. Found on a pillar over the northern gateway of a palace in Menal garh in Mewar ; recording the erection of a monastery by Bhav Brahma, while Prithi Raj Chauhan was the reigning monarch, Dated (Malwi) Vikram’s Samvat 1226 (= A. D. 1169). Comparing this Inscription with the preceding it is concluded that Prithi Raj must have ascended the throne between Phalgun Badi and Chait Badi S. 1226. However, if it was customary to reckon the commencement of the Samvat from any other month than Chait (as is still usual in some pro¬ vinces) a greater interval may have elapsed between Phalgun Badi and Prithi Raj’s succession to his father’s throne. It is the general rule that Histories mention the events of the time, and may contain some exaggerations or false statements even — but for the most part the true facts are recorded — there is no error in dates or years ; if there is, it is in books (like the Prithi Raj Rasa) forged in the names of former authors as is usual with the founders of new reli¬ gious systems, who compose new books, and name them after older authors to give them the authority of the Purans. Had Chand Bardai, the court-bard of Raja Prithi Raj Chauhan composed the poem, so grave a mistake of 90 years* could not have been made : and the poet could not have expected to gain anything by writing an incorrect date intentionally. There are some copper- plate patents of Raja Jai Chand of Kanauj, bearing dates S. 1233 — 1243 (= A. D. 1177 — 1187), mentioned in the Journal of the Society for 1873, p. 317. He was overthrown by the Muhammadans in A. D. 1193 (= S. 1249). Prithi Raj had married Sanjogita the daughter of Jai Chand, who was defeated by Shahabuddin Ghori in Kanauj, after the latter had con¬ quered Delhi, as mentioned in the “ Tabaqat * 1249 — 1158 = 91. 16 Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the Fritlii Bdj Bdsd. [No. 1, Colonel Tod lias given S. 1249 for the battle between Sliahabnddin and Prithi Raj ; but he does not adduce any arguments against S. 1158 given in the Prithi Raj Rasa. Again, he describes the existence of Rana Rah up, (son of Rawal Samar Singh’s"* grandson) in the 13th century of Yikram’s era, who lived really in the fourth quarter of the 14th century. The Colonel is not to blame, because the ‘ Prithi Bdj Bdsd ’ has caused mistakes of dates in the histories and annals of Rajputana ; and it was difficult, rather impossible for him, to write otherwise, when materials for History were available with great difficulty. If he is to blame at all, it is simply that he did not attend to the sequence of facts in his book.f His narrative misled many authors, as for instance, Forbes in his ‘ Ras Mala; ’ Prinsep in Yol. II. of his ‘Antiquities ; ’ and Dr. Hunter in Yol. IX. of his ‘Imperial Gazetteer’ p. 166 [London edition, 1881], where we read “In A. D. 1201, Rahnp was in possession of Chittore, ” i. e., in S. 1257 — 58 ; but we find no trace of Rawul Samar Singh even till after S. 1324 (= 1267 A. D.), as the next Inscription in this paper will show. lY. Next, something must be said about the mistakes occasioned by the ‘ Prithi Raj Rasa ’ in History. The Muhammadans had a regular system of writing History, the Hindus had no such system ; if there was anything of the kind, it was simply the genealogies, and very little, if any, historical accounts written in the books of the bards, or exaggerated poems of the times. It is worth keeping in mind that the genealogical tables given in such books are found to be somewhat correct after the Samvat year 1600 ; those between S. 1400 and S. 1600 are wrong in several instances ; but those previous to S. 1400 (= A. D. 1343) found in them are all wrong and guesswork. When the ‘ Prithi Raj Rasa ’ was forged and made known to the public as a poem by Chand, the bards and poets adopted the 12th cen¬ tury of Yikram’s era for Prithi Raj’s death, in all their books bearing on the history of Rajputana. As for example — (1) The marriage of Rawal Samarsi Ji of Mewar with Pritha, the sister of Prithi Raj, narrated in the ‘ Rasa,’ led them to adopt the S. 1106 as that of Rawal Samarsi’s ascending the throne of Mewar, * Called also Samarsi, t Tod’s ‘ Eajasthan.* 17 1886.] Kavi Raj Sbyamal Das — Oa the Frithi BciJ Bisd. and S. 1158, tlie 3rd of the waxino^ moon of Shrawan for liis death with 13,000 cavalry, simultaneous with Prithi Raj’s death in the battle against Shahabuddin Ghori. To confirm this Sam vat 1158 adopted for Rawal Samar Singh’s death, they inserted by guesswork Samvats, in their books, of all the kings who ruled between Ravral Samarsi and Mokul : — 1. Rawal Samar Singh. 11. Rana Bhuvan Singh. 2. Ratna Singh. 12. Bhim Singh. 3. 5) Kama Singh. 13. Jai Singh. 4. Rana Rahup. 14. o Lakshman Singh. 5. n Karpati. 15. J5 Ari Singh. 6. J} Dinkaran. 16. 5) Ajai Singh. 7. )> Yashakaran. 17. Hamir Singh. 8. >) Kag Pal. 18. ») Kshetra Singh. 9. 5 J Puma Mai. 19. Laksli Singh. 10. ?5 Prithvi Pal. 20. JJ Mokul Ji. The people of the Rajputana States believed in the Samvats given for these kings by the bards, and inserted in their books. It is impossible that Rawal Samar Singh could have married the sister of Prithi Raj who lived about a century before him. A masonry bridge constructed over the Gamhliiri that flows past the celebrated Port of Chitor, is attributed to Maha Rana Lakshman Singh’s son Ari Singh ; though I have not found it stated in any Persian history, yet some Muhammadans attribute the architecture to Khizr Khan, the son of Alauddin Khilji ; whosoever might have been the builder, this much is certain that it was built towards the close of the 14th century of Vikram’s Samvat, land the style is strongly in favour of its being a Muhammadan structure. Inscription III. There are nine arches in the bridge ; in the eighth arch (taken from the east to the west), there is a slab bearing an inscription dated S. 1324 (= A. D. 1267), when Rawal Tej Singh, father of Rawal Samar Singh was reigning over Mewar. It appears to have been originally placed in some temple, and afterwards put in its present position when the bridge was built, i. e., some materials for it were taken from the debris of the temple. The characters are so deeply chiselled in that they have suffered very little from the constant action of water against the tablet (during the floods) for several centuries. Two lines of the Inscription are extant, and they are given in Appendix III. c .18 Kavi Raj Sliyanial Dds — On the Frithi Udj lldsd. [No. 1, hiscription IV, In the ninth arch of the same bridge we find an Inscription S. 13 — 2, the 13th of the bright half of Jeshtha, recording that Rawal Samar Singh granted a piece of land, on the bank of the river below the Lakhota Bari (gate) on the northern border of the Fort of Chitor, for the good of his mother Jaitalla Devi It is a pity that this Inscription is much broken, and thus cannot furnish any important information. Of the four figures of the year, the third is broken. However, so much is certain that it was executed fn Samar Singh’s reign; seeing the century to be 13 and the unit’s p’ace occupied by 2, I think the decimal place must have been taken up by 3, thus making up 1332 ; because the style of this Inscription closely resembles that of Inscription III, (dated 1324) and probably one and the same person was the author of both. Inscri^tioyi V. Found embedded in the inner yard of a palace at Chitorgarh, dated S. 1335, Thursday, the 5th of Baisakh Sudi — of Rawal Samar Singh’s time. It records the grant of land by him to a temple of S'yam Paraswa- nath, built by his mother Jaitalla Devi, Queen of Rawal Tej Singh. Inscription VI. The Inscription exists in a monastery adjoining the temple of Achai- lesvara, near Achalgarh on Mount Abu. Its date is S. 1342 (= A. D. 1285) — and it records the erection of a golden pillar for, and the repara¬ tion of, the monastery by Rawal Samar Singh. Inscription VII. This Inscription is dated S. 1344 (= A. D. 1287) — Baisakh Sudi 3rd recording a land- grant to a temple of Vaidya Nath Mahadev, when Rawal Samar Singh was the reigning sovereign at Chitor. The temple was originally built in the tank dug by Ohitrang Mori. There are altogether eight lines — the character is Devakshara — it is on a pillar called Surah bearing the figure of a cow in relief, and one of the Mahadeva lingam. I found this valuable writing on a white stone (not exactly marble) pillar, at the third gate from the Suraj Pol (Sun-gate), and had it removed to Oodeyporc, the present capital — and it lies here in the palace. 1886.] 19 Kavi Raj Shyamal Das — On the Prithi Edj Pdsd. Text. [1] ^ [2] ft [3] ft [4] [in?] TT^ m ^T% [5] ¥rf rJT ft ^ [6] TT. . .^TT ^ T^sft 1?T. , • [7] qm ^ 1?% ’Elf fi ^JT [8] ftsTOT EffTTlfqrf I) These inscriptions prove that Rawal Samar Singh’s father Tej Singh was the reigning sovereign of Chitor and Me war in S. 1324 ; and that Rawal Samar Singh reigned from S. 1332 — S. 1344 (= A. D. 1275—1287). Thus we see, the reign of Samar Singh conld never have been be¬ fore S. 1324, though there is nothing improbable as to his having reigned a few years after S. 1344, Therefore, the S. 1158 (= A. D. 1101) written in the * Priihi Edj Edsd ’ for the death of Rawal Samar Singh with Prithi Raj, cannot be correct any how. Moreover Rawal Samar Singh cannot be proved to have been in existence even in S. 1249 (= A. D. 1192-93). the actual year of the battle between Prithi Raj and Shahabnddin Ghori. Hence, it follows, if Prithi Raj’s sister was married at all to any ruler of Chitor, she must have been wedded to another prince ; because Prithi Raj was killed in S. 1249, and Samar Singh’s inscriptions are dated S. 1332 — 1344 ; that is, his reign falls 83* years after the death of Prithi Raj : hence the assertion that, the latter’s sister was married to this Samar Singh, is absurd. It may be argued that there may have been another Raja, bearing the name Samar Singh at Chitor : but the argument falls to the ground by the following correct and infallible genealogy, extending from Bapa Rawal to Samar Singh, and copied from a stone Inscription : — ■ 1. Bapa Rawal— 2. Guhil— 3. Bhoj— VfTof 4. Shil— 5. Kalbhoj— 6. Bhartri Bhat — 7. Agh Singh — 8. Samhayak — 9. Khaman — 10. Allat — 11. Naravahan — 12. Shakti Kumar — # 1332 — 1249 - 83. Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the rrithi BciJ Bdsd. [No. 1, 20 13. Suclii Varma— 22. 14. Naravarma — 23. 15. Kirti Yarma— ^fnr 24. 16. Bairad — 25. 17. Bairi Singli — 26. 18. Bijai Singh — 27. 19. Ari Singh— 28. 20. Chond Singh — 29. 21. Vikram Singh — 30. Ksliein Singh — Samant Singh— Kumar Singh — Mathan Singh — Padma Singh — Jaitra Singh — Tej Singh — Samar Singh — Ratna Singh — In this list there is only one Samar Singh (No. 29) who ruled at Chitor — and the ‘ Rasa ’ also mentions Samar Singh, as the son of Raw^al Tej Singh, and that Ratna Singh (No. 30) was his elder son. (Kumbh Karan was the younger.) These facts identify the genea¬ logical No. 29 to be the person meant by the author of the “ Rasa,” who has by mistake placed Samar Singh’s name in the poem in connection with the 12th century of Yikram’s era. Alauddin Khilji of Delhi took the Fort of Chitor after severe bloodshed in S. 1359 (= A. D. 1302-3) when Ratna Singh, the son of Samar Singh, was the reigning prince there : this fact disproves the statement of the ‘ Rasa ’ that Rawal Samar Singh married the sister of Prithi Raj, and was killed with him in S. 1158 (= A. D. 1101) which is impossible, because a son and successor can by no means reign two cen¬ turies after his father’s death. (1.) Thus, a mistake of a very serious nature was caused by the ‘ Prithi Raj Rasa ’ in the history of Mewar, viz.^ that “ Rawal Samar Singh ascended the throne of Mewar in S. 1106 (= A. D. 1050) and wa.s killed with Prithi Raj Chauhan fighting on his side against Shahabud- din Ghori in S. 1158 ( = A. D. 1101). This statement makes Rawal Samar Singh flourish about two* centuries earlier than his actual existence, and having been believed to be true by the bards and poets of Rajputana, the period intervening between Rawal Samar Singh and Mokul Ji was thus lengthened ; and the poets had to adjust this ignorantly or blindly made up long period among the reigns between Samar Singh and (the death of) Mokul Ji, and the gap was thus bridged over. (2.) In like manner, the historians of Jodhpur took for granted the S. 1132 (= A. D. 1075) for the accession of Raja Jai Chandra Rathor of Kanauj, because Prithi Raj had married Sanjogita, daughter of Jai Chandra. They too divided the hundred years of the error among the number of generations between Jai Chandra and (the death) of Rao Chanda of Mandore. 1344 — 1168 = 186 years. 1886.] Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the Prithi lidj Pdsti. 21 Jai Chandra’s accession could nofc possibly have been in S. 1132 (= A. D. 1075). The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1864, Vol. XXXIII, No. 3, p. 232, has a table of the Rathors of Kanauj, by Major-General Cunningham ; V. s. A. D. Chandra Dev . .... 1106 1050 Madan Pal . . 1136 1080 Govind Chandra .... ..... 1171 1115 Bijai Chandra . . . 1221 1165 Jai Chandra . . . 1231* 1175 That is Jai Chandra lived about one hundred* years after the Sam- vat accepted by the Jodhpur historians for his accession, as concluded from the * Prithi Raj Rasa.’ Again, referring to the inscriptions in the Journal of the Society of Bengal for 1858, No. 3, pp. 217-221, that is, copper-plates published and translated by Pitz-Edward Hall. (u) Madan PH Dev’s Grant— S. 1154 [= A. D. 1098, p. 221]. (5) Govind Chandra’s Grant — S. 1182 [= A. D. 1126, p. 243]. That is, even these sovereigns lived later than S. 1132, the year fixed upon for Jai Chandra’s accession, who really lived much later than they. (3.) In the same way, the bards of Amber (Jaipur) adopted S. 1127 and S. 1151 corresponding to A. D. 1071 and A. D. 1095 for the accession and the death respectively of Prajun Ji Kachhwaha, who is named among the heroes of Prithi Raj, the hero of the ‘ Pdsdd These dates also can never be correct. Though I have nowhere come across the exact year when Prajun Ji preceeded to the gadi, yet, if he was a warrior of Prithi Raj, he must evidently have lived about S. 1249 (= A. D. 1193) which is the correct year of Prithi Raj’s death. (4.) In like manner the annals of Bundi, Sirohi, and Jessalmer &c. have recorded incorrect eras, as found in or deduced from the ‘ Rasa ’ — a fact which interfered seriously with the true aim of annalists to re¬ cord true years. The argument that the scribe through mistake might have put down Samvat 11 hundred for 12 hundred, will be refuted on the followino* grounds : — (a.) The term ‘ twelve ’ cannot be replaced by ‘ eleven ’ in poetry, as the metre would not hold good. (h.) The ‘ Astrological terms ’ ‘ S'iva ’ and ‘ Har ’ used in the ‘poem ’ for ‘ eleven’ cannot indicate ‘twelve,’ nor can twelve be substi¬ tuted for them. 1231 — 1132 = 99. 22 Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the Prithi Raj Rasa. [No. 1, (c.) The same years (viz., eleven hundred) are found in the MSS. of the ‘ Rasa ’ about one or two centuries old, as well as in comparatively modern ones. (cZ.) It is not as if the years were mentioned only in one or two places which might be due to a mistake of the scribe ; they are found in many places, and moreover the years, months and dates are written in words in the form of couplets and verses in the horoscope of Prithi Raj, given in the Rasa. The horoscojDe on being examined by Narayan Dev Shastri [a learned Pandit of Benares, and who is in the Mewar State service] has not been found to tally with the data, according to his calculations given below Data. *‘Born in S. 1115, on Thursday, the third of the waning Moon of Baisakh. It was the Chitra Nakshatra, and Sidhi Jog — one and a half ghatikas previous to sunrise, when the child was born. His name being Prithi Raj, his Rashi is the first half of Chitra, ^. e., Virgo or Kanya : the Moon and Mars are in the 5th mansion, and Virgo is also in the same : that is, the birth took place in the Vrisha Lagna ; Saturn is in the eighth ; Jupiter, Mercury and Venus in the tenth j Rahu in the eleventh, and the Sun in the 12th mansion. Qucesita. Required to find out whether these combinations are correct or otherwise according to astronomical calculations. Now, according to the Suryasiddhanta the third date of Baisakh Badi S. 1115, falls on Sunday. Kali Jug Ahargan, i. e., the number of days since the commencement of Kali Jug is 1519100 ; (clear Sun) — 11/21/24/49 ; (clear Moon) — 6/16/27/17 ; Nakshatra should be Swati — (^T^) and Jog should be Vajra — (^If)- Since the birth happened before sunrise, the Sun could never have been in the 12th mansion from the Lagna ; the Sun is in the 12fch man¬ sion in the Vrisha Lagna, when it is in (Aries t) ; but in the data it is in (Pisces) — which is impossible. The position of the other Planets or Grahas, e. g., Mars, &c. need not be discussed ; because the position of the Sun having been shown to be incorrect, it is certain that the other combinations recorded in the horo¬ scope are also impossible. 23 1886.] Kavi E,aj Shyamal Das — On the Prithi Bdj Rasa. In the same way the Samvat 1158 is assigned by the Rasa ” to the last battle with Shahabnddin, which resulted in the death of Prithi Raj — and the date is said to have been Amavasya or the 15th day of the waning Moon of Shravan ; the Sun to have been in (the sign of) Cancel* the Nakshatra Rohini and the Moon to have been in Taurus (^). Now, if the Moon be in Rohini, the Sun should be in Taurus : but according to the rule, the Sun and the Moon must be in one and th e same Rashi. That the Sun should have been in Cancer seems correct ; but the Moon could not have been in Taurus as told in the ‘ Rasa ’ j on the other hand it must have been in Cancer. Thus it seems the author was quite ignorant of astronomy, and hence he did not notice this mistake : it is also rendered manifest that he was not the court-bard of Raja Someswara Dev or Prithi Raj, as in that case he must have known the true dates and combinations of the planets when the latter was born. I think the arguments so far stated are sufficient to prove that the * Prithi Raj Rasa ’ was not composed by Chand or in his time. lY. Then the question naturally arises, “ When and by whom was the Epic composed ? ” if not by Chand Bardai. I have stated the poem to be the work of some poet of Rajputana, and I venture to say I can prove the period of the composition on the following grounds : — (1.) In the poems composed in Rajputana before Akbar’s time and still available, Persian words and expressions are not met with : only the words of Sanskrit, Braj Bhasha, Magadhi or Prakrit, Rajputana dialects, and sometimes of Gujarati also are found. The Princes of Rajputana opened intercourse with the Imperial Court daring Akbar’s time. Raja Bhara Mai Kachhwaha of Amber (Jaipur) went to the Court in S. 1619 (= A. D. 1562) for the first time. In his domains there were very few Marwari poets, and Braj Bhasha poetry is still widely prevalent there. The poems now available about the Rajas of Jaipur or their brotherhood, are found to have been composed by Marwar or Mewar poets : that is Marwar stands first, and Mewar holds the second place as far as Marwari or Dingal poetry is concerned. The intercourse of the poets of Marwar and Mewar with the Im¬ perial Court commenced during the latter days of Akbar’s reign. When the dispute between the sons of Rao Mai Dev of Jodhpur was over, and Udai Singh was established on the throne in S. 1639 24 Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the Prithi Baj Bdsd. [No. 1, (= A. D. 1582), he commenced living at Akbar’s Court: since that time the intercourse of the Mar war poets became more frequent, and severa other famous Hindi poets got encouragement at the same time, e. g.\ Gosain Tulsi Das, Kesav Das, Sur Das, Barhuts Narhar Das, Tswar Das, and Lakha &c., &c., and a greater proportion of Persian words found way in the poems of Hindi produced in Rajputana. On perusing the ‘ Prithi Raj Rasa ’ Persian words are found to exist in it in the proportion of 1 : 8, or 1 : 10 to Hindi, Marwari and Sanskrit words or to those of any other Indian dialect. After S. 1640 (= A. D. 1583), the people of Mewar commenced intercourse with the Imperial Darbar : the Maha Rana of the time (Pratap Singh) did not go there, but some of his relatives, who were dissatisfied with him, did go, as for instance Shakat Singh, Jagmal and Sagar Singh, and many poets accompanied them ; and Persian words came to be greatly introduced in the poems of Mewari and Marwari tongues. The ‘ Prithi Raj Rasa ’ was in my humble opinion composed at some date during the thirty years between S. 1640 A. D. 1583) and S. 1670 (= A. D. 1613) ; which I proceed to show: — I. In the Hammir Kavya composed about S. 1540-42 (A. D. 1484-86), which describes the battles fought by Chauhan Hammir and liis ancestors, the description given of the battle between Prithi Raj and Shahabuddin Ghori, does not agree with that given in the ‘ Rasa ; ’ neither do the genealogical tables of the Ohauhans agree in these two poems. It is a matter of common sense that, if a standard work like the ‘Prithi Raj Rasa’ had been composed before the ‘Hammir Kavya,’ the author of the latter would certainly have borrowed facts from it. II. Had the ‘ Rasa ’ been composed even a century or two after Rawal Samar Singh’s time, mistakes of so serious a nature could not have occurred, as are actually seen. We generally do not find such mis¬ takes in the Samvats or dates of kings who lived two, or two and a half centnries before a history is written. Thus it follows, the ‘ Rasa ’ was composed about three centuries after Samar Singh’s time ; and the latter lived about a hundred* years after Prithi Raj. Hence it follows that the ‘ Prithi Raj Rasa ’ was fabricated about four centuries after Prithi Raj’s or Chand’s age ; and the author based his fabric on some corrupt history. * Prithi Raj died in S. 1249. Rawal Samar Singh rnled till about S. 1344 ; the difference in their periods is thus 1344 — 1249 = 95 years. 188b.] Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the Prithi Pdj Pdsd. 25 Now, I proceed to prove the ‘ Rasa ’ to have been written after S. 1640. The author has praised the kings of Mewar very highly in the name of Rawal Samar Singh — whom in one place, where pronouncing benedic¬ tions, he calls by the following epithets : — (a) TIV ; (b) WJi; (c) ; (d) ?!■ 31*?! ; (e) ; (/) '^^^1^ 11” These, when translated into English, would stand respectively thus: — (a) (Like the god) Kedarnath for (removing the stain of) those who are charged with anything disgraceful ; (b) (Like the sacred shrine of) Prayag (the modern Allahabad) for the sinful ; (c) Yanarasi [correctly ‘Varanasi’ the modern Benares] or ‘the Sacred City of the Hindus ’ for those who are charged with murder — one of the deadly sins ; (d) The Ganges for drunkards or proud kings TR]. (e) Who liberated (the) Sultan after once taking him prisoner. (/) Who crushed (the) Sultan’s pride. All these titles allude to Maha Rana Sangram Singh of Mewar. The fourth epithet (d) suggests that the other Rajas yielded to the Muham¬ madan Sultans and prided themselves, also that they indulged in wine. The Rands of Mewar did not take wine — hence the title jfjT (Ganges), for the purification of those Rajas, is given to them (Rands) with a taunt to the latter. The fifth title (e) alludes to the fact of Maha Rand Sangrdm Singh’s having captured Sultdn Mahmud of Mdlwa in A. H. 924 (= A. D. 1518 = S. 1574), and afterwards setting him free. The last title (/) alludes to the kings of Gujardt, whom the Maha Rdna had defeated and plundered their territory. Several other poets of the period have described the Rands of Me- war similarly : — ^3T ft II D 26 Kavi Eaj SLjamal Das — On the Frithi lidj Bdsd. [No. 1, Translation. (1.) 0! Akbar, O ! Turk, to tliy glory, all tlie Eajas yielded, except the Dana (of Udaipur). (2) Akbar resembles a deep darkness ; all other Hindus felt their eyes heavy with slumber; whereas Rand Pratap Singh* was on the watch, who was a great benefactor of the universe. [The poets stamp a stain of disgrace on those Hindu Rajas who offered service, and gave away daughters in marriage, to the Moslem kings.] From the six epithets quoted above, it is easily inferred that the ‘ Rasa ’ was composed after Mahd Rand Sangrdm Singh had defeated the king of Mdlwd in S. 1574 (= A. D. 1518^ ; and the presence of Persian words in the ‘ Poem ’ indicates that it was composed after S. 1640 (= A. D. 1583), when the first intercourse of the poets of Rajputdnd with the Imperial Court was opened, and they allowed Persian expres¬ sions to adulterate their style. (B.) Having shown the ‘ Rdsd * to have been written after S. 1640 (= A. D. 1583), I shall now prove that it was composed before S. 1670 (= A. D. 1613). In the Dilli-ki-kathd ^ sp^) Prastdv we find the couplet : — fr* I t ^ffrr I Ht III. 31. = In S. 1677 (= A. D. 1620) of Vikram’s era, the lord of Chitor would conquer Delhi. Here the poet delivers a prophecy that the kings of Chitor would take Delhi. Therefore, it is quite evident that the couplet and hence the poem was written some time before S. 1677. It was probably written before S. 1671 (= A. D. 1614) — because in that year a treaty was concluded between Mahd Rdnd Amar Singh I., and the Sultdn Jahdngir, through the mediation of Prince Khurram. Therefore the above-mentioned prophecy could not have been deli¬ vered after S. 1671, when the treaty was concluded, because then all thought of ever conquering Delhi on the part of the Rdnds had vanished. They had left off shaving (the head), eating out of a metallic plate, * Eeigned from S. 1628—1653 (= A. D. 1671—1596). t [Col. Tod’s MS. has for — Eo.] 1886.] Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the PrUhi Raj Rasa. 27 fastening the sword to the belt, and keeping the kettle-drum in the van of their processions, long before S. 1671, in Maha Rana Pratap Singh’s time (whose reign ended in S. 1658 = A. D. 1601), — with an oath to revive* these customs only on retaking Delhi. The noble deeds of the Ranas of this State during S. 1640-70, and the awe inspired by Maha Rana Sangram Singh and his predecessors in the minds of the people led them (people) to cherish a sanguine expecta¬ tion that some Rana or other would take Delhi ; and with this idea the author of the ‘ Rasa ’ inserted the couplet in his production. I do not hold the narrative of the ‘ Prithi Raj Rasa ’ to be totally incorrect ; but it is clear enough, that the author must have based his fabric on some wrong annals. My main object in writing this paper (for publication) is to caution the public against the incorrect dates given in the ‘ Rasa ’ and against the belief that it was composed by Chand Bardai, or even by any author who was his contemporary. The spuriousness of the Rasa, and my doubts as to its antiquity, are further confirmed by the fact that its narrative, and the names of per¬ sons and dates as found in it, do not agree with those in the Persian works of Prithi Raj’s time. I second the statement made by Vincent A. Smith, Esq., B. 0. S : — “ The Rasa as we now have it, is misleading, and all but worthless for the purposes of the Historian.” [J. A. S. B. 1881. Pt. I, No. I, page 29.] APPENDIX. Inscription I, [This Inscription is very corrupt, being full of mistakes made by the Inscriber, who makes no distinction between ^ and ll, and has made a mess of the vowel-marks (??RT) and the Anuswaras and Yisargas. Here and there some letters have been defaced : thus it is very difficult to arrive at the original readings and the author’s meaning ; but the Pandits here have tried their utmost to make the best of it as it stands. The transcript was taken on Gokank paper, and deciphered by Pandit Ram Pratap Jotishi, a good Sanskrit scholar and the only anti¬ quarian in the city. * Not revived till now. Tlie Ranas do eat out of a metallio dish, but still a leaf-platter is placed undei’neath it. 28 [No. 1, Kavi Raj Slijamal Das — On the PritM Bdj Rasa. The iuscription measures 12 ft. 9 indies at the longest, and 8 ft. 6 inches at the shortest part in length, and the breadth is about 3 ft. 8 inches. Altogether, there are 30 lines, and 92 dokas. The first ten slokas are a salutation to the Baudha divinities : then a genealogy of the Chauhans, in which all the names are not clearly made out, is comprised in the dokas 11 — 29 (inclusive). Our translation extends only so far, as the rest of the inscription is not pertinent to our purpose ; the inscription is valuable for the date and the genealogy, which differs from all other tables. — Trans.] T^'anslation (from the Hindi).* 1. Obeisance to Him, who has given up all worldly concerns. I bow to, praise meditate upon, and seek the protection of the light existing in the soul, which is intelligent, self-effulgent, without beginning and without end, felt only with wisdom, ever-glorious ; — which enlightens the understanding of the creatures, is known by the name “ Syat,”t and but to exist, is all-pervading, the most wonderful, the summum honum or the source of all good and joy, and ever- existing. 2. May the peerless sun of righteousness be the source of your (i. e., of the audience-mankind) peace and happiness — that never sets, is not reckoned among the inauspicious planets, the strength of whose rays is not unbearable . who does no one ill. 3. There was the sage S'anti Natha — whose both beautiful hands with brilliant nails stretch out to cherish and satisfy the accomplished goddess (Lakshmi) of happiness for the people of the world, blessed with sons and prosperity, and for these fortunate (or learned) men bending low with humiliation, like the decorated ground of Braj for Lakshmi, the spouse of Vishnu, to sport upon, 4). I bow to the very mighty one Nemi Natha — who sounded the Pancha Janya or Krishna’s conch, while breathing through the nostrils . . . with the tip of the lotus-like . . ; who fully strung the bow of Vishnu called S'arnga (^Tlp) with his thumb, like Bala-Rama (who had a plough for his weapon), and whirled it about with the finger. [This is an allusion to Nemi Natha’s having gone to Dwarika where Krishna lived, and blowing his conch and stringing and whirling his bow — each of which was unwieldy for any one else but Vishnu himself. A lotus was his (Nemi Natha’s) emblem. — This story has been taken as recited by a Jati, and is well-known to the Jains.] [The Hindi is, as will be seen, rather a loose paraphrase of the ori^nal Sanskrit. It is impossible to effect a literal agreement between the two, the general sense of the Sanskrit seems, however, fairly expressed in most places. — Ed.] t The formula for the Deity, of the Syadvadin sect of the Jains^ 1886.] 29 Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the PritM Raj Rasa. 5. May the Tirthankara'^ Parswanatha have success \ whose lecture- ground is gazed upon by the curious spectators in great admiration, the fore-part of the lofty rampart of which is closely crowded with the lead¬ ing gods, which is surrounded on all sides with streamers, brilliant with the sun- gem and rendered vocal with jingles or bells. 6. May the ever-prevailing enshrinement of (Vardhamana) Maha- vira who excels the heroes, ever be on the increase. [In this sloka the poet makes a display of his poetical talent ; he repeats the same line twice, which admits of a double meaning by 7. I pray Saraswati who bestows riches, strength and the essence of things, who is wise, and an incarnation of the Yrittis,f and generous in giving enjoyment and salvation to her votaries. 8. We worship with success the lords who always remain absorbed in devotion, who are independent or self-willed, and as it were an ocean (of ambrosia in the form) of the greatest degree of mercy ; at the head of whose list stands Nabheya (the son of Rabhi Raja), ^. e., Rishabha Deva They who have obtained salvation by receiving the best portion of the light of these lords, adorn like a garland of pearls the bosom of the fair one (who is) deliverance. 9. Oh ! ye twenty-four (Tirthankaras) of Jainism, the source of rejoicing to the hearts of humble or good persons, the support of ‘ True Piety ’, who destroy the actions which cause birth and death, a series of the sources of good, who have undisturbed wisdom, and take an interest in the good of beings, the (cradle) source of (the goddess Lakshmi of) bliss, the sustainers of the world, ye guide us aright into good actions. * The following is a list of the 24 Tirthankars 1. Rishabha Natha. 2. Ajita Natha. 3. Sambhu Natha. 4. Abhinandana Swamin. 6. Sumati Natha. 6. Padma Prabhn. 7. Suparswa Natha. 8. Chanda Prabhn. * 9. Snbndha Natha. 10. S'itala Natha. 11. Sreyamsa Natha. 12. Vasn Pujya. t 1. 2. 3. and 4. called the third Vritti of poetry. 13. Bimala Natha. 14. Ananta Natha. 15. Dharma Natha. 16. Santi Natha. 17. Kuntha Natha, 18. Arn Natha. 19. Main Natha. 20. Mnni Snvrata Swamin. 21. Nemi Natha. 22. Aratha Nemi Natha. 23. Parswa Natha. 24. Mahavira Swamin. In this sloka Saraswati IS 30 [No. 1, Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — Oti the Prithi Raj Rasa. Genealogy of the Chauhdns. 10. The rare first-born (king) in the noble race o£ the Chanhans was Jadawtadwa* [or Jadaw Chandra] who was ever-thriving, suc¬ cessful in all his actions, knew the hidden policy of kings, possessed armies and other influence, and never bowed to anybody. 11. Noble-looking, free from blemish, brilliant, tender-bodied like a wreath of flowers, wearing garments, white like limpid and pure wavelets, bending (modestly) with the weight of (breasts in the form of) highf (?) hills, such a one, the goddess SakambaraJ is like Lakshmi the spouse of Vishnu. 12. In Ahikshetrapura, the first ruler was Purnatalla surrounded with numerous warriors, like a bed smiling with flower-plants. 13. From him were descended Jai Raj and Vigrah Raj — Chandra and Gopendra — the last was succeeded by Duidabh Raj, then ruled Gurvak, Shashi Nrip, and after the latter Guwak and Sachandan ; (then the throne was occupied in turns by) Vapyai Raj, who ruled over the Vindhya mountains, Singh Rao and Vigrah ; then ruled Durlabh, Gundii, Vakpati, and lastly his younger brother Virya Ram succeeded. 14. Then ruled Chand, Sri Singh the foremost among the Ranaks, from the latter was descended Dusal, then came his brother Bisal, the beloved (lord) of Raj Devi ; his son was Prithvi Raj I., the lord of Rasalya Devi, to him was born Jaidev, the consort of Saumalla Devi. 15. Who after killing three Rajas, the first of whom was Yasho Raj the Padhingamichal, defeated the chief whose name was Solhan Dand in the field of battle ; and as it pleased him best, he kept him in irons, and committed him (alive) to a fortress with an entrance resem¬ bling the mouth of Yam, 16. His son was Arno Raj who kept Hari (Vishnu) in his heart, who was the seat of virtue, whose vastness or range was aimed at, who was rare (great) in depth and generosity, whose depth could be sounded by none. The king as well as the ocean were the seats of Hari, but it is marvellous that unlike the ocean the former had neither mire, nor was capable of being churned, nor deprived of wealth (Lakshmi) ; neither the generator of the mine of guilt§ (the Moon), nor was he served by double-tongued (serpents) hypocrites. This name cannot be properly made out in the transcript, which in this and in other places seems full of mistakes. t . . appears to be y 'A J The name Sdmhhar is the present form. § may also mean ‘that which causes night.’ 31 1886.] Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the Prithi Bdj Bdsd. 17. His stern rule (iron-hook) had as a matter of course, freed his kingdom from (the elephant of) wickedness, or conquered the country of Kusavaran. It is to be wondered at that, he had thrown the reputation of Indra into the shade by acquiring salvation and Narayan with his piety. 18. From Arno Raj was descended Yigrah Raj, the light of the earth, which is no matter of surprise. But it is astonishing that the descendant of that Arno Raj (ocean), namely the Moon, is devoid of sensation, liable to waning, and marked with spots. [Whereas Vigrah Raj, son to the king Arno Raj, was free from these defects.] 19. His hand imparted its beauty to his terrible sword, which was graceful in the act of killing, and crushed the pride of mad and noble elephants. 20. He was prepared to proceed to the world of Yam a he, one of the noblest among men, seizer of lands, expert in wielding the lance, ascended into Heaven, as he was really a Protector of the needy and the distressed. 21. He converted Javalipur into Jwalapur (‘ City of Flames ’) by setting it on fire ; reduced small villages into hamlets or mere collections of huts ; his anger rendered the strength of his foes as frail as the thread of the mandar-cotton (the white flower with radiating threads that issues from the plant called Asclepias gigantea) . 22. Whose fame, acquired by means of his getting a sword and wearied from not succeeding in taking Delhi, spread in the streets as well as in chimney-rooms. [ ^f^rf has been explained above = “ acquired by means . sword." If the reading is the meaning would be = Whose fame, blackened only by his failure in taking Delhi," &c.] 23. His elder brother’s son was named Prithvi Raj II, who re¬ sembled Vishnu in preserving his subjects, and chased away poverty from his dominions, by giving away kine and gold(-en hills) in charity to the poor. 24. He, who was thoroughly devoted to religion, dedicated the village of Morakri to the self-revealed Parswa Hatha for enjoyment (in this world) and salvation (in the next) . 25. He cherished the Brahmans by giving them gold in charity, and by performing the ceremony of Tuladan (giving his own weight in gold) on ten several occasions, as well as by grants of towns (and villages), he defeated the intelligent king Vastu Pal and took his beauti¬ ful elephant named Mansidhi. 26. He was followed by king Someswar who got his kingdom with the blessing of the god Someswar ; and being his true devotee, he came to be regarded like Siva among mankind. 32 Kayi Raj Shyamal Das — On the Trithi Bdj Udsd. [No. 1, 27. He, the very potent one, got the surname of Pratap Lan- keswar : from liis presence the chief (among the powerful) enemies fled, and many met their death by his sword. 28. Actuated by a desire to enter the Heaven, he*ofPered the village of Rewna (during his administration), to the self-existent Parswa Natha : [The slokas 29 — 90 give a genealogy of the person who built the temple.] * * Dated S. 1226 (= A. D. 1169) — Thursday the 3rd of the dark semi- lunation of Phalgun at the time of the Rohini Nakshatra, Vridhi Yog, and Taitil Karan. Inscri2)tio7i VI* [This Inscription measuring 3 feet 2 inches by 3 feet runs to the length of 48 lines, each containing 70 letters on an average, and consists of 62 slokas of different metres. The ordinary salutation to the gods ends at sloka 10th ; then we read a genealogy of the Ranas of Udaya- pur, from Bapa Rawal to Samar Singh, which ends at the 48th sloka. The following translation is an English version of the Hindi rendering of the Gujarati translation (of the text) found in a collection of in¬ scriptions, published in Ahmedabad in Guzerat. — Translator.] Translation. 1. Obeisance to S'iva ! whose might, capable of being known to himself and naturally free from impurity, is but little appreciated by Brahma (the Creator) and other gods. May the lord Achaleswara, free from all concern with the universe, who liberates the beings of the world who are absorbed in Him from its bonds, be pleased ever to give us bliss. 2. Who seated on a lotus [or a Padmasana, a seat or throne made in the shape of a lotus, on which idols are placed], offers the oblation of souls (vitality) to (the sacrificial fire of) the body for Creation’s sake ; prior to such a one the Omnipresent Being, was born Sfiva having a Nila-lohita (with a blue neck and red hair) body. May Sankara (Sfiva), holding in his lotus-like hand, the brilliant fifth head of Brahma, forcibly detached from the trunk, with the tip of the nail of his (Sfiva’s) wicked* thumb, protect you. * Because charged with Brahmd-hatya = murder of a Brahman. 1886. j 33 Kavi Raj Sliyanial Das — On the Pritlti Rdj Rasa. 3. May the elephant- faced god Glaneis, grant yon wealth, who is the remover of misfortunes, whose brilliant temples (like mountain- peaks) are buzzed about till now by a swarm of black bees, which are as it were performing penances to him, with a desire to get rid of their black colour, and repeating a humming prayer composed of (letters or) sounds which we cannot make out, having given up all other occupation, and feeling honourable pride or intoxication. 4. May Hanuman deliver us from evil, whose wonderful leap to cross the ocean,* set the terrestrial sphere a-whirling, by causing a cloven range of mountains to fall down in the shrinking ocean, caused the sky to burst asunder and come down and the points of the compass to contract to a centre, that disturbed the equilibrium of the (vessel of the) universal frame, and thus threw the world into a state of agitation resembling that (which happens) at the end of a kalp (the destruction), although the day had not arrived. 6. The foremost (noble) race of Gohil is triumphant, whose line¬ age, is formed of a number of clans and sub-clans, having good quali¬ ties, recognised as the head of Princes or ruler of mountains, resembles the bamboo plant, of which the joints have a number of branches large and small, which is suited to have a bow-string fastened to it, and crowns the crests of hills. 6. That the race of this Gohil has the reputation of Narayaii or Vishnu among the kings, is right, else how could the kings, [whose purpose is to attain salvation, holding white dandas (mendicants’ staff) in the form of canes (for inflicting punishment), inclined to the protec¬ tion of lives, and ever enjoying the blessing of wealth, allow their hands full liberty to deal in charity by giving away money], have reposed confidence of protection in it ? 7. The territory, well- suited to remove misfortunes, saturated with the filthy odour exhaled from the (decomposing) fat of wicked persons (killed) by Bapa Rawul, excelling the Paradise in beauty, and bringing the pride of all other cities of the world to a test, bears the name Med-^dt (the modern Me war) . 8. There is in this land of Mewar a town (named) Naghrid (now the village of Nagda) well- deserving celebrity, where the sage Harit rich only in penances, performed austerities. 9. There are many well-to-do householders, who have commenced a series of sacrifices for the welfare of the world, being pious, and having a store of articles fit to be burnt as oblations (or virtue), they satisfy Agni (the god of fire) with those substances. There are also a great many sages, who have won felicity by practis- * While on search for Sita. — Pvamayan. £ 34 Kavi Rdj Shyamal Das — On the Tritlii Bdj Hdsa. [No. 1, ing Pranayam (a system of Yog in which the breath is drawn in throngb the nostrils, and then exhaled in the opposite direction after a periodical stoppage), who have acquired true wisdom, and seated in a lovely and charming spot, perceive the Deity existing in the soul. 10. In that forest, where ascetics practise Yog and are generally freed from the bonds preventing the approach to heaven ; Harit Rishi who subdued the senses by the practice of Yog, who clearly sees the occurrences of the universe, and attained final absorption into Siva, the abode of the result of ascetic severities, granted (the goddess of) royalty to his votary, the renowned Bapa Rawal. 11. Bapa Rawal artfully transferred the characteristics of a Brah¬ man (acquired during his breeding in a Brahman household) to Harit Rishi resembling Brahma in his prowess, as it were by means of his services to the sage : and in return he received, the splendour of a Kshatriya from the Rishi, in the form of a golden anklet. The descend¬ ants of Bapa called Gohils incessantly adorn the earth like so many incarnations of Kshatriyadom up to the present day. 12. Bapa Rawal’s son was Gohil who dealt out justice impartially ; the Rajas descended from him are distinguished by the title of Gohils (the modern Gohilots or Gehlots) . 13. From Gohil was descended Bhoj, whose intellect was brilliant like a ray of nectar, whose ornament was (the ambrosia of) learning, who could easily hold the passion of love in subjection, and was of ex¬ tremely good and charming (amiable) manners, who crushed the pride of the ocean, (which is deep and a seat of fortune) and was a worshipper of the Lord of Lakshmi, ^. e., Vishnu. 14. He was succeeded by a king named Shil, whose hand was terrible with a wanton sword, who had a horripilation expressive of exquisite delight or spiritedness, and a body like an incarnation of the high sentiments themselves, who was a great warrior, and enjoyed the wealth of the enemies (slain by him). 15. His son was Kalbhoj, who cut asunder the love of the females (of Dravida and Kalinga or) who wear garments reaching down to the toes, the crown of the kings of noble races, who inflicted punishment on the rulers of the Carnatic, who took delight in worshipping the images of Vishnu, well- versed in the mysteries of law and witticism, (whoso strictness was) unbearable from his dealing punishment with a violent bow true to its aim and terrible like death. 16. Then came Bliartri Bhat, who satisfied women with his jDrotec- tion, and the learned men with presents, the quarters of the world with lots of conveyances, the Brahmans with (handsome) presents and gifts on the occasions of births (of descendants), who were made as happy as 188(5.] 35 Kavi R^j Sliydmal Das — On the Trith'i Raj Rasa. tlie fountains of delight, who had stout progeny and was very charming, protected the earth and crushed the pride of the Kalpa Briksha (the fabulous tree that grants all felicity). 17. To him was born a Prince named Acfli Sinodi, who was slen- der-waisted and broad-chested, terrified the kings, who suioport the earth (like the elephants at the corners), or the mad elephants of the moun¬ tains. 18. His son was Samhayak who trusted to his own valour and prowess, never yielded to any one, and bore the heavy burden of State (or the earth, like the King of Serpents), from (the sparks of) whose anger (resembling the fire in fierceness) the troubled foes were dispersed, and in which (sparks) wicked people feeling a difficulty in subduing the senses, fell like so many insects (gathering round a lamp or fire). 19. He was followed by Khiiman, whose sword (like a nimbus- rain-cloud) fell upon (drenched) the best of warriors with its sharp edge (like a piercing shower) in the sky of the day of attack, overclouded with the dust rising up from the ground by the tread of forces : it is wonderful that the red powder, besmearing the breasts of the wives of warriors (killed by him), was washed away with the tears black with the collyrium of their (wives’) eyes, and similarly, the hearts of clear-intel- lected men are peeling like a roar of thunder when lightning falls (to the ground) . 20. Then succeeded Allat, who was invincible in battle and a rival of death in killing, as his terrible sword conquered the forces of his enemies in mere sport. 21. Next was born Karvahan, who captured the conveyances of his rival kings in battle, worshipped Siva with conscientiousness, struck awe and terror in the hearts of all his enemies. 22. After him succeeded Sakti Kumar who eradicated the policy of all his enemies with his valour, who was free from stain and possessed good qualities, the renown of whose noble deeds excelled even the stars in brilliance. 23. From Siva, whose feet rest over high mountains, was born the beautiful Swami Kartik : so from Sakti Kumar, whose feet rested on the crown of great Princes, was descended king Suchi Varma who dis¬ played his terrible strength to his enemies. 24. Verses celebrating the heroic deeds of whose hands were chaunted by the celestial maidens of melodious tones, who was entitled to the reputation of Indra in heaven, on account of his great and noble actions, such a one Suchi Varma was succeeded by Kara Varma, who turned pale the complexion of his enemies’ wives agitated with love, who illuminated all the worlds with the lustre of bis renown. 36 [No. 1, Kavi Rdj Slij'amal D^s — On the Prithi Rdj Rasa. 25. On Nara Varma’s desiring to taste the delight of meeting the wives of the gods \i. e., when he entered Heaven], the earth was pro¬ tected by Kirti Varma, who was on a par with Indra in piety. 26. On Kirti Varma’s, — who was very fierce, and weak from con¬ stant love (to acquire new possessions) and also devoted to very austere penances, — performing ablutions in (the sacred stream of) the Ganges (the Sindhu of Heaven) and sporting with the heavenly damsels, Bairad succeeded to the throne, who pulled down the houses of enemies Avith his hands, and had the forehead of his foes kept lower than his throne (in homage) on account of his valour. 27. On the death of Bairad, a source of delight to the host of his enemies, succeeded Bairi Singh, Avho made his name quite significant, as he Avas a lion among his rivals. 28. After him reigned a king Vijai Singh by name, who was a Lion with Victory for his title or surname, Avho had abroad chest and a slender waist, and caused mountains or (the hearts of) kings to tremble, even in sport ; he was a destroyer of (elephants in the shape of) enemies. 29. His enemies’ Avives, pressed down with grief for their hus¬ bands’ death, gave up the whiteness of their bodies with the sandal-paste applied to their breasts, and thus acted as it were the part of a Karnikar a species of the bread-fruit tree Lacucha) flower, which is red inside with a yellow coating on the outside. [In just the same way the interiors of their bodies Avere red, while the outside appearance was lan¬ guid and pale with grief]. 30. (He was succeeded by) Ari Singh a great hero, who wrote doAvn inscriptions of his noble deeds in all the quarters, with the ink composed of the smoke (soot) rising from the corpses of his enemies, burnt (to ashes) in the fire of his energy (rage) . 31. Through his favour, learned* men’s wives were enabled to paint their eyelids with collyrium, and filled their eyes with tears of delight. On the other hand, he deprived the eyelids of his enemies’ wives of their collyrium (that was) washed away with tears of mourn¬ ing ; and thus it is wonderful that one and the same king produced double effects. 32. From Ari Singh was born Ohond Singh, glorious as the Sun and brilliant like the crown-gem of princes, his throne shone over mountains as that of the Sun over Sumeru 33. The son of Ohond was Vikram Singh, Avhose sword fell upon the temples of elephants (and cut them asunder), who overtook even * If is taken to mean ‘ gods’ wives,’ there would be an allusion to the belief that heroes killed in the battle-field become gods. 1886.] Kavi Rdj Sliyamal Das — On the PritM Raj Rasa. 37 Deatli itself in tlie battle-field, and spread a tale of bis valour among bis enemies. 34. Then ruled Ksbem Singb for tbe prosperity of tbe eartb, be rooted out all tbe (tborns) formidable enemies witb tbe strength of bis bands. 35. Tbe wives of demons, grown senseless, and graceful in tbe act of staggering, occasioned by satiety or intoxication from drinking a por¬ tion of tbe blood, gave it in skulls filled up to tbe brim and overfiowing, to tbeir husbands, who drinking to an excess out of tbe vessels placed in tbe hands of jolly female attendants, merrily sing aloud tbe noble acts of that king in tbe battle-fields. 36. Ksbem^ Singb found a successor in Samant Singb, protector of tbe earth, excelling even Cupid himself in beauty, who seized all tbe property of tbe petty kings in bis empire. 37. Kumar Singb then became tbe leader of tbe armies of tbe Gobils, of which tbe glory is curious [as led only by generals after Kbu- man whose descendants did not command in person]'* which never sustained a defeat, and be retook tbe lands that bad been taken by ad¬ versaries. 38. Then succeeded a king whose name was formed by two words, one signifying a Lion, and tbe other meaning tbe crusher of tbe pride of bis enemies’ armaments ; that is, bis name was Mathan Singh, really sig¬ nificant of bis qualities, for he defeated bis foes witb bis valour. - 39. His sword could assume double aspects in tbe field of battle : (1) While in tbe scabbard it did not sprinkle any blood at all ; (2) When active in tbe field in spilling blood, it was not satiated and did not seek tbe scabbard. 40. After him king Padma Singb, tbe essence of tbe rest, protected tbe land of Mewar, and made it happy. 41. Tbe learned Padma Singh, glorious like tbe lustre of a pearl got from tbe globes (resembling bill-peaks) over tbe beads of bis enemies’ mad elephants unseamed by his sword, nicely inscribed tbe song or nar¬ rative of tbe vigour of bis arms on tbe tablet of battle-fields. 42. On Padma Singh’s ascending tbe seat of immortals (i. e., Heaven), succeeded king Jaitra Singb,f tbe strength of whose bands shook tbe foundations of an enemy called Kadole, and who was to the army of tbe Turks like Agastya to tbe Ocean. [As tbe sage Agastya * = separation. Taking it ( = to mean constant atten¬ dance, tlie [ ] would stand thus : ‘ as constantly led by the descendants of Khuman in person.’ t There is a small pillar at Ekling Ji, bearing the S. 1270 (= A. D. 1213), and records the name of Jaitra Singh as the then sovereign. 38 Kavi Raj Shjamul Das — On the PritJii Ttdj Rasa. [No. 1, sucked up the Ocean, so the Turkish army was (devoured, i. e.,) killed with the sword of this Prince.] 43. Verses celebrating the heroic deeds of Jaitra Singh’s hands are loudly echoed up to the present times in battle-fields by demons, intoxi¬ cated with a drink of the blood of the soldiers of the Sindhis (slaughtered by Jaitra), as well as jolly with the embraces of their (own) wives sur¬ rounding them. 44. After Jaitra Singh the earth waS made splendid by the re¬ nowned piety of Tej Singh, Avho was quite free from fear, and planted the root of anxiety in the hearts of enemies. 45. Tej Singh, a tourist among crores of cultivators, sowed the seeds of (the pearl of) salvation (in fertile grounds) by giving away lands in charity, and by Avatering them Avith the handful of Avater (indi¬ cating a vow) for giving alms, and bestowing care on the field in the form of advices from a good spiritual preceptor, he obtained the fruit of virtue : and afterwards having performed ablutions, he raised a store of mounds of the spreading renown of his Avealth in all the quarters. 46. This clever prince Samar Singh (son to Tej Singh), the tip of Avhose grinders shines like a touchstone delivered (the land of Gujarat) from its droAvning state in the ocean (of the Turkish army), like the Boar Incarnation of Vishnu, and is administering his kingdom with a liberality and charity equal to that of Kurna and Bali (the types of Bounty) . 47. 0 ! son of Tej Singh, the renown established by your sword is celebrated in battle-fields till noAV, by demons holding in both hands the heads detached from the bodies of the slain (in battle), and striking them together as if to beat the time to the fourth cadence, and thus add harmony to the fine art of music, leading their beloved ones into a dance, and intoxicated Avith the blood of the enemy. 48. O ! lord of men, all your noble qualities cannot he recounted, as there is a fear of their sAvelling up the volume of the book, because your character is formed of crores of strings of good qualities that cannot be numbered. 49. Abu reigns supreme as a gem among the mountains served by the gods, in which the sage Vasistha, free from the 16* sources of vanity, performed austerities. 60. That bestows every sort of prosperity on those who are impatient under difficulties, and gives sah^ation to those who hold the passions in check, that is a seat of fortune, whose body is pure from the company of the sacred stream of the Ganges, in such a mount Abu, the powerful lord * 1, Earth ; 2, water ; 3, light ; 4, air ; 5, ether, = the 5 elements ; 6, ear ; 7, touch ; 8, nose ; 9, sight ; 10, taste &o. = the 10 senses ; and 16, the mind. 39 1886.] Kavi Raj Sliydmal Das — On the Frithi RdJ Rasa. of Bliawani, that is, Siva, the symbol of the all-pervading attribute, and thus moveable, has acquired a permanent and stationary abode. 61. Is not the monastery over this mountain a heap of the essence of all beauty? (a monastery) that had no beginning, and is wonderful and a fit abode for devotees. 52. In which a great many devotees and men of unblemished char¬ acter, and also many gods have acquired emancipatiou of the soul, and thus (attained) the Supreme Being in all the (three) subdivisions of ‘time/ of which the origin has been described with that of Abu by the authors of the Purans, that monastery holds in this mountain the wealth of the three worlds, under the guise of (its existence in) the (three) past, present and future. 63. Samar Singh, lord of the masters of the earth, ordered the reparation of this monastery at his own expense for his welfare, because he is possessed with a zeal in such virtuous deeds, and very willingly founded an almshouse, with arrangements of dainty and sumptuous food to be distributed to the sages* at a great expense. 64. A high golden flag-staff was erected in honour of Achaleswar by Samar Singh, who perceived the life to be transient like wind and lightning. 65. This monastery was formerly occupied by Bhdvdgni the master of the place, who had rooted out all causes of the least dishonour in the world, by fastings in the worship of Siva. 66. Having bodies pure from giving up all mutual enmity, whose minds are affectionate and who look upon mankind with pity, who have fully found out the principles of redemption, such lions and elephants perform austerities about this convent. 67. Bhav Sankar, the disciple of Bhavagni and like him in faith, is engaged in penances difficult of performance, with a desire of final absorption into Siva. 68. The trees growing over mount Abu, always richly laden with fruits and flowers, express in numberless ways (by their roots and leaves), the diligence in continence of the sages who have eradicated the inclina¬ tion for the pleasures of the sense, to the visitors. 69. Guided by the counsels of Bhav Sankar, king Samar Singh built this monastery with a golden flag-staff on Mount Abu. 60. Yeda Sarma the son of Priya Patu, a Nagar Brahman of Chit- tore, who prepared the inscription that was placed in the village of Elding Ji, among the temples of (Ekling Ji)f the lord of the three a Braliman of the fourth order (of life). t The shrine of Ekling Ji lies about 12 miles to the north of the capital, in a fine valley. 40 Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the Frithi Bdj Bdsd. [No. 1, worlds, the Divine Samadhis Chakra, is the author of this Inscription also charming to the minds of the learned, and pure because it describes distinguished (and hence noble) qualities. 61. May this Inscription be a means of livelihood to the poets who read it, so long as the Lord Achalesvar lives in (the company of) Mount Abu. 62. This innocent Inscription was marked with characters by Subh Chand, and chiselled out by a clever mason named Karma Singh. 63. Dated S. 1342 (= A. D. 1285) on the first of the waxing Moon of Magsir (October). APPENDIX. I. Text, 11 ^xfT^smr ^ ^ ^ cpcw n Trei? TO’gff ’^fJT^ftrstTrrftrwTffr cT^^rfoiTTmr^cTJT *ri<0 ITcT! fiZT'f l\ll ^f^tVT^T 11^,11 - - - sfcTsiT if it^4T ^ |15?,|| HcTT trftcT! Xfixl^: ll^ll - - TRirat^! I licTJI^flT^TtEjf^aift ^3p5fi^Tftt^W cT^^^lftr 8 Hrayi=h lighten f%?!rtr»T: ^TJTcng^, ’jfww ll^il ii^ii ^ gScTi q:girTfl^ ^^TITSHTfT^! ^:gcrt ^SHTSUrtT^^f! ^ xtK-.^rtT^ TR®TTTTftgw^Tl^'!f\:*r 5sj^%Tf%!TiK^TJr*n5tn?T 41 1886.] Kavi Raj Shyamal Das — Oa the Prithi Bdj Rasa. II 011 cT^TT^f^^ f%^fcT ^ vr^TPTT filt^4T5j%TVt^fc1! ^^TstTfTI^TT^ITOincft'S^^T ^gf^’?rf%! t f%{?i tisi^ Wr^cT?! Iiyjl fr^T!T ?TK^%pr%T% <» 'srt^fiw^'ft^^ftTcTt iref% ?;'^'t^1:= 5t€tPmT^! TU’^Wcnnyjfift yt ct — f^nryisTcr: ?rsi(T?j% - -qxiJicT! ^¥?rftcr i ^?:^5Tfr^T5r - - TTH BTUxRfi fmn cfl^ tr^fcr ^tf*r^! ?Tii R®ii 't>fiT%^T;! h^i- *rrafl'?T^^ — -^f^TJEii^rcritrTTT — sj cTT! ^fifsiTyK^ - ffl^fffiT! ?f7rWt?i:'5^- ^8 fiT(5rH^Tf^%T^%r Ji^t yfnw'^ vfyrRm f^5?;tci5RT! f^r%tf5 ftfjnJii?mTf% f fe^- ^(%tf5R! ^tWJir a fyrsffWJTT! cm %t^- ^T’JTR^T ftt^r^JT^n - ^=#T TTmf^^^xmir'niT %Tynw^W' tiN! yr^ TfTftrqtni irg': s:i?rmx!3y%Tf%w^flwr- areft’tJt! ?r iiTcr^rfcT ?^TxmiTf«cT! '^wtft^xNwwT i cny- li’l^ll 5EH'?rT5gxTt?icn yiTpcw ^^T^uncnryuTJrrJXcf fsrF^ ! «•= f¥ tT^T! ■9?jr%crcr f^Rfcff^frfir^:! ^ %Tf2- w# f^lT ^^T^I: f%Tr^ ^TT%! f%ITFf TW ^Tfs^cr^ ^%T51W fY^WJT *rKJirr 'St Tf^st ^crqcn^ tdOuclr *T^^t5r Tf^-q^'ffipn^- iK^iii — *n ssrfir^ra^T^ '=<> - ’gn^i^TniRrfir srt- d f • ♦ ♦ ^T^*r ^r; ^ftt^sr %Eiig^5n*rw’L'^\ ^■• ^iTfra-cT! ^fn ^fticTwr wf^T^Tf^ffOad nsy iJnr^T^^ '^- d s» %T^^f^=5rV ^T cTCf^ iK^ii ^xx^TW'^^ ^it TT^ cTT^f^^- fmi WJlT^ ^ffrf fmt ^8 ftfW^^^Tfq- xiT O ^ Si NJ Taig ^xraaaf^jg ^ a^sai^r^a aK ir^fqaiiat wfa - ^:t5ii - %aa q^rraiT tliT3i^ 'aa Ji^)jfiTaTO^=a ^ 48 Kavi Raj Shyamal Das — On the Trithi Raj Rasa. [No. 1, V. Text, ftsiTHf^ WJiTg'^ ^’33muf! Wtr^ ^ s« 6\ f^T?: '^T%91 Hf^q-^T HJ>qxir3Tfvqf3 ^%5I- firfTli’gT ^SiTTflTlT^qm^rft 3^1^- - ji^tq n^nzrsi wq'q ^fci^qt •^KTqr^iq ciTOTfJI 5ciT'gJ53>|,% - — gi3i! qqTTi?;%T^tf3! ^ro^w^Tti! ^%THJtm: qfa- *n^ ^HgqKJi^q'qgfq'iiffi fsiq - ^T?:T'tft qBFT^RX'q nsfqqitqi 5?,8 ?i^r !3T[x:ra^?ciqi4' \8 fi'siT ^ jx^ft^it^ix n'^fqqixm! ^*Rr 95^ fl^fqqixqt^ • ^8 ^xx^^^r^ixfn ^TtrOi ^qqiWix fjiq^qq^cqx: ^iTctfi^:xf3x ^ix ?rfct! ^inj^ft- oqx'qf^H^^jn ^ciwfflTcrflrq^ ^tx;«f ^ sifH- fnf^icqx - q>xfx; 11 VI. Text, ^ q^cX giR m% 'qx'^ ^ Ni qx xx3^ qfqx^xt fix^i%x55 ^gvfcrc li\ti g: 11 gqfl! fsxqxq 11 ^wiqqqvx! ^txt qtfcx qrfir q^?%x ifq «0?r%g q'?! ^qxqfqstq f^fqfq^ f sqq 1 wqtiaqq: ^?fqq- wqiiHxqxR! qtt%^T %(qixqT Jxq%qix:! « fq^xg ^q; s liqil M! xnq'# ii\ii wrq ^35 sqx9i qfqq; q^x?x^ sx®: vrsifq ^5i%Tf%ttqq jfx fqqt^! qvx^i '1 sq ^lixnq q'qjx qtgfsR! qiqi q5ia% fqjq^ q^x ll^ll ^T IKII I HT^^JT^TTrfiET ft'cT^T «|JT- 3T5T^@rT%^: ^ f^T*^ 49 1886.] Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the Prithi Bdj Rasa. Il«ll ll?ll II Sera- ^ ^ -N -X jfcj^T’wfh ■T5jT 311^=3 11 sn STTJI'f^ 3IT3T ^tT^TW fn'5 ll ftllift? =?T€tcl3:Tfil CT%T- yst! ii'=ii %fti iifii ij^wisrsifira! 55® tftJjrfcr f%c|T O':!! g gjJtaf trreSi^tTITqTfTT! I %Tai^^33T! 3r3?fficr^ 5I5I«f5^f3aT’W^f% ^5t II^S^II if ifH»5, ^ifffT! Il\l^ll if%tw iffpit 3j%[5i cT^n I ^t%r fti! v> ii\8|i %r5^3; 1|\^|| fcUa^Jfl^^s^q^wt ^30T%^?; ^^ff! S|^5i5Tr iT^si: I cif^if nffflflJUflJfpsf^i '^Ifiqiqi: 5!fiT \\\^\ mm G 50 Kavi Raj Slij aiiial Das — Oh the Prithi Raj Rasa. [No. 1, ||\8|| f»T 4f^T: wl: ;g^T nx'^^ II ^'^V: ftx iri^4»i?T HSHZ feft^tXfitT JIS^T ftx=f flWc}! IIX^^II ^f%XX IIX4II %?rfl«X! 1 4?ifci ii\'S|i cr^i=3=ire n^xfti^: 'fxfjx^: «n: ix^cT ftxx:T gx vitjft^x;! II\<|1 UTJiW HI'aiSX^qKtlxn fi^fV?X! ^5! qcTjrx Tw ii\tii gjTun^ cici! g5iTX!if^5if?r^t3fft?:oiT 3CR«?:! ftxqg IHHTTir VTXir iiX^sii st% I f nif^ 5X11^ f^^^ifi!! ftxari^^ T)%T iTif « ^fyxiT flxqxfix f^w^fci ii\£ii ^rfsi cr?T! %fiTxri^! ?f jx^; ^nfr I w ilx.si fX^i 5i5xfci ^ ^^x^! iRoii ^^«xffx ^cxWt *ix;^f 'fJX! ?xfflfa ?r'fcx»jxxft^x’f*x: fsRJX ^raxi^fwci e^m^ftsxsi^ ||?’\|| f^fif^ixcif%’ggfs« ii\£ii ^qx ^jxn^Wi I irfls f m IRRIl ^x€t tx%x sxKxxft: gf=g ^JfliiXHX ?i:?g%iifcTTi:^ftici’a5uxnx I Ni 3% JX^tX^fsTK! ^ f%%f3XcXi$: SXflt Roll f^SXX® JCg r^flW«cX^! i,s^^|| ^ifx^ ^l'5i?|! 5^€itiXf5 ^HX^ *I IIR^II ?;^^xnx xx^fticf g^xfH ^a: j^b 5ix% ■gx;^ i?fx;g»x«^x?xg- g<^% ^xflxgwxavw IRBII ^xg=gxflfii^x ixaxfqfsi iK’x,ii fti STOfixfii ftfgf ^ix^ ^XTims I ^xfs- <5^ *N ^ ^ ^Ixft^Tx fqqwa: ^xftsfq^ssjiB-y ^f^xit: IR^II gq?;g ?Tf^ gf^axt^Faf^fix i q-fcig IK^ii 'fgxcx fasi Jxxflx iK-sii wxj^t;^ gxsxflw ^^xqfftxcx \j gjx^! I f%Si%qxr^! gxax IR^II I^E^tXX- ?;xix^f%cr Jx^^rq ga f^aax^tfg fa?;^x txarifxx ^xagar aifmcRx IK8II CT 'aiqi ^sf; Ttfr tfritaqii 1188I1 IK 8 II Ti|%qi^5i istrit^ ^tJiRffl! fticqtt Tr?f^r ffct?:! ^ *N ♦ * TtKta ^ qif I iiqttit%Tf3 Ttsat triu q^t i?it W9iflT5r sn5^ ^Ji ^^11%^ «Rin^^^I% ftsis? STTJg^Isi sf^cT JTJT^ TrftTISB- •s "* 55i. ^ %s: ^tts;f^cr srwt "5 fsi^iif ^51=^ »jfH% ^lITTSr ^HcTT % ^9n%siT9r || ^ I1 %fiprm in iimi^ ^t xft^jys: ^=? -gt JHIT ^sr% ^3Ili^T 9X13 %T st'fl 351^1311 m 35lTgt 33% 9II'!7 ^3%T ^T'f ^if 353131 ^ §f3%T %t 3131 % 54 Kavi Raj Sliyd-mal Das — On the PritM Bdj Bdsd. [No. 1, ’ara fsi?? amsi^jr ir%%T f%ac% srscTWT^t 9iT'5 snirm , e\ St ?THT5r tr?;T =gsi^?; gwrai ^fir %t es?:cTrw II 8 II fsi^ SJTJ^Til %% ^ m®) ?rf ^T % 5:H ^ ^’1' TTi’a^rx^r sig %t btht t ^iT^iir %T3% =^citi?i %^ciT^'V% ^TfR%t% ^W'f% ;fT^^T*r ’t'ff ^I’siJT*! '^i^Tci?;iii i^5iT^'^^ ^jg^ifcT- JTfjff =^*T8ficft ^ % II yLlI ^T^fiar^ciT ^T5;t ^'51 fsi^ % I n’fTft?;^ufl ’^alf ^ % ^T«t^T ^^icr ^ixf^x- <5^ TOcTK^T 11 ^ 11 ^tRtar%T =ggx: ^^cr%T ^Fft^xx *rsiY%t «^ir ^nif xiftor ^?;cni ii « ii ^ftciT^f '^Txc ^ffr ^ ^mcT K=^*ii R ^rmcft ^ 8 I f5f?;crt: cm^r ^?rw ^ ’TtH^iift ^sn fiPT^xft ^J3cr% fsTR^jm cjtn^i^iT % f^Jt% W9!:% ^-tw- »rtJi% xfT'^ %i^% ffa%t xn%®^ ^%ixr< '5R tra?: % 11 ^ II 5^8 ^^TcT ft^cT ^TST ^miT: Si'S? iT^Jir ^,Wiw 5inraK%^% tifk % ’gist%T gxfcRTx;gRK;%%- ^^nn^Tft'51^% ?rflT?:%r xiraJt ^’^flfcT%i- ^ 11 £ II 5^,8 % ’TW ^ 8t»i?ra 8 8^ 188G.] 55 Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the FritM Raj Rasa. 4. §5Tmi1T^?5ft 0\ W fiTfl^iiT^gTt nif^maTf \’= ^4. 5?,;^ 5^8 ^'^msRjnjr 53^t % ^^%T siisi^^raT ?Ri^ %!?; $=gTf^ «n Jtlt »fi^T 1I\®|1 ^ sj \j xrf^5r5i% 53HT*T w n4%r % 5EWR %ii ^*t 3*1% WR% Ui^tst: 4t«Tir ^ vj sl: iiiAii iif%% ■^wa? 5tmH m fit 5^t% «tT S^T ^TtT 'STR^T t?tT TTJHciW ^»I=Tr tTSTT 11^^11 tT5II% SITO^ ft?Jtt[5I Ht tr5f 9tf3l’3ir Tim^ atgg tT5r st fsi*ftH fWaiw tT5i fts^n ftfwftR ^1t fTOf qfcr =3^T f lZTWrt: ftftsi tTH ll«,^ll C\ * Yar : lect : ^51^. 56 Kavi Rcij Shyamal Das — On the Trithi Itdj Bdsd. [No. 1, vrrl: ?:T5r qfa ^T3t ?;re^ itfir tzr 5i?ix^ nfyjtffl'^^i ^TTJTTTT^ 5j^Tcr5T % ^ ?:i3n^%t jtk’?!?; 5i^€t %TW® •tT5i^%T 5i»Ti;T3r% b«i«i jprf^i% %^s% ?;^T% ^5i?)Tt; 5e^T f??JT 111,111 5^1 %«T % =5^%! s/ ¥1 ^^IcT TI¥:t5in^T ^T¥f f ^ ^ lit % JtHt^:ciT %K ^^T¥:cIT ^¥itT % Jl'ft tn^TJT?!! % ¥T«I fsTWT ^siT^"? sif^t ^T % ftr «nmn% ^Tii %^T ^ TT¥:g ¥ittt®i ¥r ^=^-5 ^i- ¥:5I II H'q'%% ^33J H T¥I% %t il=ft iimilT %< ¥i4 ^xife^T % %5IiI=rt lit, <11 fsi¥I¥;T5iI % W % f9I^Rin^9I ^T'sftil fti^T 31^ ¥IT fsi^T ITS?! irra'^''ft'f ^ % iiPfci s^T iTf i u'f ^TcT ^i^4ii=fl % fqii; f^^- ¥1% $T umJT %TcIT % t^IT ¥(TII% ^ ^IS^Tllit Os %TW Jircriu!! %i^T% gm^gsicir irffi^r hji^ nt ii\'Q|i ^¥t ?;T5I% %T f^¥T'5?;T5i iiTH^ IT^tt jg^T X¥i ^ra4 iiYt % TTKg ¥i'f ^1^4 % fti ^¥t ¥:t% ¥il^^T 'q'q SI'S (JTil) % '-^t^tifiT % ^Ti; qisi^i ¥ifw % \'= ftlHT ^ 5RTf^%T \iL ^T%% 5^%- Jl^rr ^ %T^t^T ir^%T xt^ * " C\ tis Jitq^T ^¥1% Dft'q%qT^T qi¥;fsqT ■f%¥i q¥;iqifls sffeqm STcig^si gqgqiKf^qT f^¥is q®:^T 3i^¥i 'q's w^im ^^irat ^¥iTq’3i ■qqit ^PcqiT^ sit¥t% bth qi f%¥iif s qiisims ^iqx 5^5?, 57 1886.] Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the Fritlii Bdj Bdsd. f%a5% 5tT^ n^1^i% ^151% ^JfcIT%T ^fsifflcT ^ Hfa 1%% ig f^?i% ^ ?,<> ^t- g^T iTJtti% xrtT5i% mV ^upff *1^1 31% ^r?: '^gTO^rr %t ^ct 3W 1R3; *rr3T^ f%3rt3r?iT % 5i?n^% f5i?r% 3:T55r m^iT %T%’st?: jiw f%M^T3;3n% f% '3^'V sf^ci ^(jr’Tf M'f T Hcrm trcrm % jitm %t itrar ^n’!^ %Tt: 33% %tI: MT3ni% ^■s %^T % ^3; ire in’g*!!^ ^3H%t ^11% Kisg ?i3re^f ^ •s ^ ^W3n% ^gurr ?jth ms ftiUT e.o cf^ cfirem^qsi ^jBiiTT ?fqcr f%sRjft iRt^ig3r ^ 5'^'ire ^f^%t3r ^f3ra^<3!i II II VI. Translation, ire iic% mM ^=5%’5t3: 3i'ft%^^i % g-?r% qiB % 3l3%f % t%^T%3gifiT in^tcre flt^^t%T si3reiire % f%3r%T $% ^t- %^33t ^II%%T IT’f'^re^ %t33I crat % fil33W $% f5TiI% %3r %T f^t^cT 3RT^ Sires ^ sret 3:f%s 3i%l3;sr% %T%i %i ssre mx ^s%’g3; mj, ptfcr nfcits^M ll\ll ireiTssr S3;t3^3: 3;s%% ig §tT ^ii% arek^n ^f%%r mst srerf $% stss^it jfts %tF?s (^3 3?tT33 %3: srer ’4) ssr fs^reiT aiCre %t fire^ ssis ^35,7% *'3sf^ ^ 13^3;% ^T3f %T S^T% sIlTMS H 38 Kavi Raj Sliyamal Dds — On the FriiM Bdj Itdsd. [No. 1, IRII ; HflU) W ^T% f51fl% ^ ^5IT 3fq % fsi^T^T %re 5RT%r if irR;^ (^nuft^JT % fsis^ f5t?i% ^i ^t^irqsr fiRftT f^if^r % 'ffrjfR4l %t 5113!:% iisii stffgt 3TOTf3T ^?Rr 5r4l f i4l 5t41^<% 5ith '% ^st «i3j^T 3rT3 fiTflJrft fst^ $% Jiiiifrai 54x(t 41 ii^l srat siR5?i T:TaiT % Tf^a?: aa%i li.ftns’c f4aTtRit5rf4?f^ aai stam^ % iiiji IlftstaiT a9f KTSTT^I'^ VtJRTa stTK:R3!I% 5f«H ai'l^IcfT % % $?n: ff ira^t irai% f4% ai^fnaRt^l: %r t%i ai?;% KWT ^ f4 $?fT %R tnw41 kwt f4ff41 $BT ^R ^^1% ^=ftH % ?fT3I sist KWT % 'fi'aJf f4%f^ $% TJ5TT ai^' ll^ll ^3t 41 sRi %i ^141^13^^ '^5^ % ^3t at aRtaarif ^a- Jiaarl 41 %a 41 a?:iifa% aa% ^atar atTaf4aT ^aii % aiaaa ^ C\ gat ^3t41 sflaT affaai % ^a%T 41aT % %r ata w’f ^t 41 9ilWT% aa%T ai^^allf att^at^r aalwt asa^aiatt a:aiT %Taa ar3 aR%r ^Rar ai^ ^ ii'Sii aaf araaT3 aiaat ^ata ^3taf aatt % ^ttnr axa la axaat awai- % ai't aama ^ aa f4a% '? trlaajal % aa^mairt % ll'=ii %R am aaa% f%a% 14% aiRHfaiat % a^r aiaata fa%i% a% faM aa jzam aaa gaa nlrntraial aatas^ a^sj^ 'sfaa^laar f a% tTaa% aata^) aa% ai’ ataa % %ra ^faat st^taaa % a^'fl 59 1886.] Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — Oti the Prithi Bdj Bdsd. si siiJT% f 331?; ^3iR3i?;% mm % gjg %t?: w % cit3 ’^13 5f%5(3 ^larr^f ?:% ^ t^%T % £ sTf r ?rf % ^ %r?: wsirr 5iTi is sim % ?cti %TJr fjCT ®l: % f5i?t3 ijT ^TCt3 ^ 3113 % iTri3%T irai'ir ^ ^ii3 % 3T9i^i 33 %i 11% f%f5% %T '5IKt3 %3t^f 3??IT3 1% % ?;T35I ^ st %3T% 13% 5[^T% 3nT3 '?Rt3 lf3% ira% xr?;^ tit 1?:% iiKt 3t iit) 3t 133?;% mir® ti ^tiT 13?: 33 gii ftiir ft^tt 33% 33n s% % trfl3 12|t% ^333 3tT 1fr3%r% 33331 13 1% f33cR: ?rtH ^ ll\\ll 3T3r3l333I 33 333% 333t3T%3fl3 3I«t 3T3T S3I (33% |i3% 33rn% S% 3T3T 31(33 3T3% iflllt 313 3 |1\3I1 %T t 3t(%3% 3I?Z3% (333 3 3313 3(^31% (3111 3^ ^?S33r 313*313 31?t f33l(3?|t> 313^1% 33 IT 3(33313 wtllT 3jm(331% 3i3t3 313 3Tl(3% «t 311% 33%l 3113 31% %?; 3i^% ifll %33 3(3313} 1131 M% (333 311 3(31 13 cRlll 3(^3 H3133 I’llllt 90|3 313 l^lf 31 %ratt3l31 tl3(331 3t?;33?:33T3r 131 313 133 3313 31^13 331 % 1^ (3331 331 3g;i3(l 3}33T3( 333'( %( 31^ 311% 3(3 1 313T II \ 8 II 3?3( 3S3(33i 333 3^311% 313} %T ^ (Ullt 331* flfl 313313% %13 93=131 311 3l(33 %!?: 3(3^ 11% 331 31 tl 313 (3^1 % 13 3313% 13t91% I'ftni} ^) 3( 3(3 31 31lt 31% f33T3 ?:i313l('3( ifWlW ^33^3 319133 t9I3 1T3T3T i^tt 31% JW313 %( 3(33T3i % ^(3331% % 333 11331 ^13=1%% 31% 311331113 ^ 331 m(?:'5re 3133% %'3( ^ 3133 3313 «333 3'('g3r3333 353?;3 Hill 331 133 313 %(331%( 3131 1133 nJ 60 Kavi Raj Shyamal Das — On the Prithi Pdj Rasa. [No. 1, f5i?l^T W it 0\ ^WTiT mW ^?iT in^^^T% nl$r ws W3 *iTflt *i^ ll\^fi3: ^'t ci4 %i3: iftt irt %t 3; iRt cT3;qf ^t3:i!r ^ % HU ft3fi% HctTWit 51^31% i3:^3;T9n’ sr ijfT'fl %T 3;?t ^3n 3?R:fl3; ^r3: ktsit ^xf% 3f9!:it R^ifta ftsar ii^eii ci^iff f^%i% ^5Rr %r 5;^ 3;T5fti i33r%T if 513 fmr ^t3; 13:3 3t 3333 ^3^333 % 33: f33r3 331 3333 % ll^^ll 333% 33^ 3m ftil% 3333 3^3 ^ 33p33I% 333 % ftC353 33 33333 333 % ^33 3T fti'5333 ft?333 3% ^ ^ ^333 3333% %333TJft <333 S% l|^<|| 62 Kavi Raj Sliyamal Das — On the Frithi Fcij Rasa. [No. 1, fsi^n % %t Mt ira^ %T ^T fw’f wm n^^ii •v ♦ ^ ^ §iT ftr'f <1511 TtftW 11^811 ftif^cT ^0^^ 11^^?;% %MTg »n^ % Jifci fsi^r^ fst^rii irc %wi5t $%: f^gi t:?isit % ^fcii[?(tr^T% SH ^ T§iu^i ?rr«r aiw tiffi^i S> it ^ wR ’(faatait: swa f'laii: a’? fsi^iaii ?ra: Jti% % iRiii "Sh f?r’t% aiw^w Hi trsri ait hu’ct fn't ainl araa? ?:T5ri ^ ifsiTi ft^T3T% ft^^raiTKai % ar ^iwfsiH^fl ft?;'? € T 5i?t ilTf?^ %aT ?rt fC'a ^ ^ irw JIT ST €"1 ffllT ft^? TTSIT S^I ll^^ll Tai aiT % n?? aiT aw 9ra aff^ %aT aii aaa - ai? Hfta sajT %T H?a ftr? aw% Tiai a?;T?iuT ai?;% aar saii n^^n NJ NJ ' ftaraH st as^ afar it a^irar a'ft % afaa NJ $T ^tciT s^T ftiaiaii §|T si?t HiaaT a?n aiir % aaa fti? ?i?if ftaa a aiT?iaaT% aia^i aifiT % '^Sf afaa %Ta' ftaia afi tnax % n^an ataaia HaHia ^ a^i fti? awft ar^t ©^aasa aaa aiit ii0®ii Taaa % aai at^niJi ^wari % fti fiara ftr?% ^aax iia?ax aaa xi«xJ!i sait % ftai^ ax %x fti wx ftax aisn^ iaa %aTaft% ^xtta T? asa sia aiH aiaa fiJl aa'g f axa ftr?^ ax %ax arsix aaiasat aia a:a xa: ataix % sai xiaixa a?x %xjxx ai?ax ’aa aiax laff ^x asaH xsaa hi? ?aiaax% %aaig^ aft tiJl n ftaxa ? HHxa a? ftr? ax^ix % xa »t%w? 63 1886.] Kavi Raj Shyamal Das — On the Prithi Bdj Bdsd. *iY5t 'fT^T sKHt kttm Jiffl^iTHTfe^r ^ II k Tf?i %^ciT ^re^itK ^ ?r^?:T5iT ^ srs^T 51^ kk g^^eiTSii ?r?^Tt fti% ?WT5t Si'^ *ftrf KPTT ^3#t^ s% ils^li fkf^kT 'st %5iT^ ^fw% fl%T=*TTr f^kra ^ifkitsti ^Tsjj^k fm % j?ir fk^rar $% Prsn^ ^tsifi^ 'fT^i‘ xr?;t^JT ir jitW ^ s^ (s:?! k^ ftujT % %r «ir k^ k% '^rfkk) ^ k¥ kr wsakt k^ifk^K ’jbt ^ra^fka: '^si fk? ?:TSTt fk’f^ ?ra:^r«i% €t 33^1^ fW 118811 ®^nrf kt iikt niitk^^^T ^ jt'? ksf fkf ti3n% jjjkk arrir ^tn kakt krat^T ^faiaiT tmr ^Tsti %3 kt’aai?: ?tmsT at?;^ at' aag^a atarmt %a»T: %r: aiat aiia k^ ■fkatai fa fii^aia aaii B?: ^ stiar ainar iisy^n af%T#t afJTTa kuna nia % atcaiT k^ fmnafr k% ^T{t aai^ gassR gaa? ^ nfaw % ^arara kt m faiat % krsc a'fksf fki aii aa aisiT kf aa aisiT kifkata nna fki- ?i5it ^kt ^raJf afar ataiT ^ta aik amtk nnia aia «a!?;aT p^ii ^ktki araar aii\ f%5W ^ift cflf# ^igi; ^T'g3;3!RX% W'ST %T3: %^5IT %i3r ^T<*fr# fit€fTr% f%%Tl #%t ^raif jfcx nt%^ t^tit it?; ^%T ifTifi % f%5f%t ir^w ^cifTfti'T ^mg?r 5ff%5T 3nnT % %T 3115 #%i '^35% sKKir ^3f 3S(^ tncri^i # ^51 3f^j,ii * 5# 'sratsT #T ^SRIH t#5H5T Ifirl IHIX #5 5151 515 #2 5T5 S5» ' 65 1886.] Kavi Raj Shyamal Das — On the Prithi Bdj Pdsd. •S sfqi ^?it % 5r*t ^rt: Ctt%^33T % fic^ %T f^=f ci^iT'fT’^ irra ciTrggT^c % lli^ii HT^ “^fti^’’ fii^ cicii?;cri^T^ WT^ 91^?: srint ftro ^TT-g^ ^TT^t ^1% f%% 5:5% %r f T?rHlT % ^?fT cPT % lli«ll tTlc]% % qi5i ij%T ^T ?i9rst ^ VT?;tI SRKI^qTt SIT STTiltn^ % *fq^ qreqT ^tIH $% fq?rfncifq^^ fq^r w^ct gsfix?; ^'•C^ ^ fq^q SJTJT qiX;^qT% iftsjJf ^ ?C fqXTfl TxraW ^ gjT 5fr?: 51:5 5BT f?X5ra % |I1'=1I ?in?: ftrf ?;i5iT^ «t^ ^^9i% in -nz ^qif^iTxiTflTf ^3T S3^ if sr^ig $% oil ^ 5iTiT5lt9t '^sR^uft ggti% q-^ ^ ^ s> §|T ^T v\-m %T mzm ^tjtct 11^ oil ^’3I%T ^R^!T C\ qi% qifq^^T ?r? q^iftr ^i^^fqqsT^q' %tq ii< < 11 ?r? ^sq^T 591% fsijft %K yfeqTJf fk^Tf IK=lll fqqiH \^8q, ^5% 9SJI93:?: \ 591%qi€t 5:f% Hratm?; * qrq Tf^qt %r mjq spq qis: q;? jiv q95i%i s^i I 1 66 F. E. Pargifcer — Notes on the Chittagong Dialect. [No. 1, Notes on the Chittagong Dialect. — Dy F. E. Parqiter, B. A., C. S. Introductory Remarks. The language spoken in Chittagong is a dialect of Bengali, but greatly corrupted, owing to the remote position of the district, the strong Mubammadan element in the population, and the tendency in East Bengal to speak quickly and clip the words. These causes have been at work in Bakarganj, and the country east of the Meghna, and the language spoken there differs from ordinary good Bengali, the difference increasing as we proceed south-eastwards. The extreme is reached in Chittagong where the difference is so marked that a native from other parts of Bengal does not readily understand the language. Thus ^Tft?r means ^1, I can¬ not see ; means everything ; stands for after that. Ordinary colloquial Bengali is also met with there, or at least words used in ordinary colloquial Bengali, but such words are mixed up with purely local expressions, so that without a knowledge of the latter, it is not easy to understand what is said. In offering these notes on the Chittagong dialect I know how incomplete they are, how many matters are unnoticed, and how much remains to be filled in to render this sketch thoroughly serviceable. These notes were collected some years ago, when I was residing in Chittagong. I have since then collected memoranda when studying the colloquial in other districts of Eastern Bengal where I have been. Several of the peculiarities here noticed are not confined to Chittagong, but prevail generally throughout Eastern Bengal, though not in so marked a degree. I may hope, however, that these notes, incomplete though they are, may be of use to others, whether as an aid in learning the vernacular, or as an inducement to supply what is wanting. Notes on the Grammar of Chittagong Dialect. Pronunciation of the Letters. The letters are the same as in pure Bengali ; but the following peculiarities may be noticed — ^ at the beginning of a word very often has the sound of the let¬ ters ^ (h) and ^ (kh) in the Hindustani — thus “ a split bam¬ boo ” is pronounced l^aim ; “ whither P ” khonde ; “ who ” khaun. is often pronounced like ; and is sometimes corrupted to thus ftfq, “ I should recognise him if I his face.” saw 67 1886.] F. E. Pargiter — Notes on the Chittagong Dialect. ^ is almost invariably pronounced like s ; thus “ I am ” is pronounced asi. ^ and ^ are often corrupted to ; thus for “ get up ” ; SIlf% for SIl^ “ earth ” ; for “ the court-yard in a house.” ^ at the beginning of a word is very often pronounced like Tp, /, — thus for 'sdTti' “ I can.” ^ is often ^^I’onounced like ^ or ^ — thus for ‘‘ I threw ” ; and for “ throw.” *T sometimes and 31 generally, at the beginning of a word, are pro¬ nounced like ^ h — thus “ all ” becomes hakal ; C*^T?r “ a noise ” becomes hiir. ^ in combination is almost always distinctly pronounced as y — thus “ kargya.” When the vowels 'SI and immediately precede the phala, they are pronounced as if the vowel ^ came in between, and this is especially the case when the ^ in combination is followed by the vowel «i| — thus 5lTC^J “ he measured,” is pronounced maipye ; 3^1 evidence saikhya ; ‘^TC3TJ “ he came ” aisye. Similarly “ in the presence of,” ” before,” is pronounced samaikhye. Corruption op Words. The chief peculiarity of the dialect spoken in Chittagong is the extent to which the words are shortened by corruption. The chief ways in which this occurs are these — • (1) A single consonant, especially a hard one, occurring between two vowels is often elided, and the vowels open one on the other without blending ; the elision is almost invariable if the second vowel be ^ or ^ — thus; “call” becomes and ^Tf^5“come” become and ^1^6 ; ^^1 “ a bamboo hedge around a tank ” becomes “ to see ” becomes “all” becomes and then “ he binds ” becomes “father-in-law ” becomes “ I ate ” becomes “ sit down ” becomes “ having opened ” becomes and *^1^ ; “ draw out ” becomes But SI in such a position is often changed to anuswar ; thus “ I ” become “ thou ” becomes ; ’^ISIT^ “tobacco ” becomes and ^1^^ ; “ my ” becomes ; and “ thy ” C'lt^r. (2) A compound consonant preceded by a long vowel in the middle of a word is generally reduced to a single one, all except the last being omitted or being replaced by anuswar thus “ dry ” becomes 1511. (3) Final ^ is often dropped, especially in the locative affix r.^ in nouns, and in the infinitive of verbs — thus “at home” becomes “ to say ” becomes 68 F. E. Pargiter — Notes on the Chittagong Dialect. [No. 1, (4) Final ^ is omitted in the 3rd person, Past and Pluperfect Tenses, in verbs ; thus for for for (5) Short words with in the first syllable, sometimes insert ^ (less frequently ^ ) after the in pronunciation — thus for “ to-day ” ; for ^T?l “ rudder ” ; for “ before (6) In words of several syllables, especially those borrowed from Persian and Arabic, the accent is thrown back as far as possible, and the following syllables are lightened ; thus (Arab. “ charge becomes “a haola ” (a tenure in which the tenant receives “ charge ” of a tract of jungle to be reclaimed) ; ^il«^T^l (Arab. AjiU) “connexion” becomes Declension of Nouns. The declension of nouns does not differ materially from ordinary Bengali, allowance being made for the changes due to corruption, thus the t^?I1 of the Instrumental is corrupted to f^. The chief peculiarities are these — the Nominative often ends in s. small pond. looking at, inspection, at¬ tention. ^t^?r s. fancy, thought, opinion, (= JU^). With to re¬ cognise, know. s. = "5^^. s. double drum. s. flood. s. fish-basket. 76 F. E. Pargiter — Notes on the Ohittag&ng Dialect. [No. 1, s. a funnel made of bamboo for catching fish. s. bamboo hedge around a tank. ^511 s. small cloth, or scarf = Hind, gamcha. s. fish-basket carried on the ■ 5. a kept mistress. (= ) after that. adv. for, for the purpose of. s. tobacco. [Mags. s. red-bordered cloth, worn by ^T?r s. bracelet for the upper arm. s. cross-beam of a roof. prep. from. s. mound of earth at the side of a field. l^ron. he, she. (Arab. ) adj. deputed, despatched. V. a. to search, seek. (?) V. n. to wake, be awake, from (ablative). V. a. to get notice (of a thing) . V. n. to wait, stand, remain. V. n. to stand : thus stand upright.”- prep. from. W^JWfW pulling one another. s. salt in lumps or cakes, ifl 5. an oar, the blade of which is a separate piece of wood fas¬ tened on to the handle. s. a sort of beaded bali (q. V.) pusliing and palling one another about. a beetle for ramming earth down. CSIt<11 (from ) 5. the frame of a door. ? s. narrow path between two houses. ^1% s. a jhali made of split bamboos spread out and inter¬ twined cross- wise. V. n. to roll about on the ground. V. n. to run away, flee. s. eave of a house. 5. open foot-path, foot-track. V. a. to search for, seek. IS. earth impregnated with ^511 J salt. s. difference of opinion, want of unanimity. 77 1886.] F. E. Pargiter — Notes on the Chittagong Dialect. s. a wife’s going to lier fa¬ ther’s house, s. dancing. adj, fastened, bound (as a door). 5. a drain. adj. pnlled out. adv. excellently, well. (= ) s. stone roller used in preparing spices. s. the semi-cylindrical mat- covering over a boat. V. a. to enter, go in. s. vegetation that grows on the surface of a tank. V. a. to store up. •pf 5. (pala) a hemispherical basket, with a narrow mouth at the top, for fishing. ) s. light, moon- j light; blaze, fiame. adj. alluvial. 5. an oar, made of one piece of wood. Also s. stern (of a boat). s. assembly, gathering (for purposes of discussion). (= f*tc^ ) 5. fiat stone on which spices are prepared. s. heap, pile. s. inhabitant of a para, low (grass; jungle. s. a low pot, similar to a (.^^1. s. boat hire. s. side, direction, s. bale (of cotton). o^dv. at the back, behind. V. a. to beat (the ground so as to smooth it) . C5lT^l fastening one’s hands behind his back. Mag priest (unable to read or write). 'BaTmese phungyi. V. a. to ask, question, interrogate. (= ) s. stone roller used in preparing spices. s. tank. Sansk. about 4 A. M., see -l^s. lime-pit, lime-kiln. father’s sister’s son. s. paternal aunt. (corrupted from ?) s. the Eastern part of Thana Sat- kaniya, east of the hills. s. basket for collecting cow^- dung (= ). s. dry paddy grass. = C^?im s. a snake. C‘5dtf^C15 1 V. a. to cut in a sawing ) manner. (loc. case) early in the morn¬ ing, before day-break, see adj. separate. Arab. (jj^. V. a. to throw. s. a square-shaj)ed chili bas¬ ket. CTpcp = ‘sqs^i. s. an oar (= ?) s. a tank. adv. lying on one’s back. s. division, partition. s. shout, noise. s. a hollow kharu. s. concord, agreement. V. n. to live, dwell. 78 F. E. Pargiter — Notes on the Chittagong Dialect. [No. 1, V. a. to pull, row (a boat) ; drag (a fisliing-net). 5. scattering (seed). 5. bracelet. ^ s. piece of bamboo used for carrying things on the shoulder. (with V. a. to build, construct. j ^.bamboo thicket or clump. (■«t«l ?) V. a. to bewitch, enchanter. ^ITf adv. without. Arab. after. ^tClr adv. besides, except, id. ^1^1 s. pledgment, mortgage. a large boat, bound and fastened with bamboo and cane. s. a nose-ring (fastened through the septum). s. inhabitant, resident. (= ^1^) 5. a fathom. s. large fishing-net. s. hand-pankha. adj. unmarked, unstamped, unbranded. ^^T?r1 c^dj. illicit, unlicensed. V. n. to decide. s. ditch, channel. s. torch of twisted straw. ) (from C^^T^) adj. all, i every. s. property, wealth. [paddy. s. a basket, holding 8 aris of s. large glass jar with a narrow mouth, enclosed in wicker-work (^Tf^) with a wickerwork handle ; a tall jar. s. the threads of a weaving instrument (?T®i). (bora) s. a (pan) garden. s. gold nose-ring with pen¬ dants. I (corrupted from ?rjtC5lT^) s. 5JT^3 illness, sickness. 5. handle (of a knife). 5. mud floor of a house. adv. under, below. 51^^? 5. time for lighting the lamp, about half-an-hour after sunset. Arab. sunset, west. 5I?rl V. n. (to be killed, hut generally) to be drowned. V. n. to beg, live by beg- ging. 5. young woman, wench ; mis¬ tress, leman. 5. headman, foreman (of a boat, or of coolies). 5. a man who digs earth. adj. earthen. 5IT^^ s. word, speaking, question. s. talking, conversation. 5lTt^C^ V. n. to speak, utter sound., ^ s. barber ; carpenter. ^ (from facing towards. It is compounded with and ; thus with the two former, northwards, and eastwards, s. a hill. to make the place hot, to have the authorities down on one, lit. to set the country (Arab. ) on fire. s. ground, floor. s. feast, banquet. C5lc!^1 (mela) v. n. to go along, walk along. 79 1886.] F. E. Pargiter — Notes on the Chittagong Dialect. s. help, aid (by money or advice). s. a Mag headman of a vil¬ lage. 51^1% s. Mag priest and teacher. V. n. to become angry. s. ’weaving instrument. 5t«j (Pers. ejlj thigh) s. the side of the thigh. adj. well-known, manifest, plain, clear. Pers. true. C|[?IT^ s. kind of bracelet (= C'^l- tf5^). ^ ] prep, close to, near. I prep, with (with gen. case). to make salt by boiling off the water from salt-water. s. peon ; from English ‘ num¬ ber’, each peon having a badge with his number on it. ^^1 5. prison, jail. s. Sir ; it is used interrogatively when a person does not under¬ stand what is said to him, “ Sir ? ”. prep, with — see (corrupted from ^TfVf ?) prep, by reason of, on account of. s. basket. s. an outer or secondary verandah. V. a. {= ^^C^) to catch, seize. adj. leased out, sublet. V. a. to lease out (land) ; to transplant (paddy). s. verandah. (from prep, below, down-stream. (from J(^) adj. naked. V. a. to lay down or place / on the ground. adv. lying on one’s back. ' V. n. to lie down. s. kind of hard light mud that covers a field, prep. upon. *^>§1 s. flame of fire. adj. dry, dried up. adj. hollow. ^jTC^T^ (from ) a person related to one through one’s wife, wife’s relation. adv. quickly, without delay. 5. step-mother. e. rival wife, co-wife. Sansk. co-wife’s daughter. not acting willingly. Arab, perversity. adv. commonly, ordinarily. s. a dug-out, plain open boat made out of a single tree. 31T^TC1/1 adj. born of the same fa¬ ther, but a different mother. adj. able, capable. s. frame of the roof on which the thatch is laid. (= ) s. 4-anna piece. (from 9f5i well) adv. very well. V. a. to sweep. C^T?r®lff] s. salt-water inundation. ) s. father-in-law. 5^^ (= *t|^^ ) s. mother-in-law. (= ) everything. 80 Kavi Raj Sliyamal DaB^Birtliday of the Emperor [No. 1, V. n. to awake. I (from ) s. evening, twiliglit. s. ridge in a cliili field. V. a. to uproot. ^1:5:5 (liatata) (= s. lialf-brother. ^tl5l 5. cloth hand-bag. 5. verandah. s. ladder. f s. jointship in food and 5151151151 I business, commensa- lity. Pers. eating together. ^5i